Qass V 'f Book_^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/cyclopediaofclasOOIitt 4 _ ! A 1-l CYCLOPEDIA OF CLASSIFIED DATES CYCLOPEDIA OF CLASSIFIED DATES WITH AN EXHAUSTIVE INDEX BY CHARLES E. LITTLE COMPILER OF BIBLICAL LIGHTS, AND HISTORICAL LIGHTS AND SIDE-LIGHTS FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS OF HISTORY, AND FOR ALL PERSONS WHO DESIRE SPEEDY ACCESS TO THE FACTS AND EVENTS, WHICH RELATE TO THE HISTORIES OF THE VARI- OUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, FROM THE EARLIEST RECORDED DATES ' FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY NEW YORK AND LONDON, 1900 IT wl TWO COPIES RBCEr'e ,_ JA i 2- ignn Register of Copyrights, ^ 51023 Copyright 1S99, by FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY [REGISTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON] PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SECOND COPY, INTRODUCTION. This book is designed for general use, as it possesses the essential features of a Universal History, a Biographical Dictionary, a Geographical Gazetteer, and, besides these specific uses, a general utility fitting it to become a companion to the Dictionary, both in the library of the scholar, and in the homes and schools where young people are pursuing their studies. It aims primarily to serve as a volume of historical annals for students and general readers, who may desire immediate access to historical facts relating to the persons or events referred to in any publication, or wish to obtain the historical setting of such facts, in the current of simul- taneous events. It also aims to serve as a digest of the history of every country; and yet further to show the trend of history almost at a glance, by noting the relative space allotted to each of the several topics, under which events are classified. The author has kept constantly in mind that accuracy of date and statement are of primary importance in a book of dated facts. No other excellence can atone for inaccuracy, because this is a fundamental feature. In pursuit of this purpose immense difficulties have been encountered, yet neither labor nor expense have been considered too great to make the information here given reliable. Many difficulties have been occasioned by the general terms so often used by authors in describing events, which by the plan of this book must be made specific, and by the frequent absence in one or several historical narratives of some of the essential facts which the plan of this work requires, hence much laborious research has often been required to obtain only a small part of a single item. More serious impediments have been found in the disagreeing statements of various authors. Some of these disagreements are quite surprising. Concerning such an important event as the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, historians are wide apart, respecting both the date, and the number of persons landing. The date celebrated in Plymouth, Mass., and that adopted by many historians, is the 22d of December; others, with satisfactory evidence, accept December 21st as the anniversary day. The error probably arises from an attempt made in the ISth century to fix the New Style date, by adding eleven days to December 11th, Old Style, whereas only ten should be added, as the landing occurred in the 17th century, when ten days were required to correct the calendar. Respecting the number of colonists who came over on the Mayflower, some historians give it as 100, others as 101, and yet others as 102 persons; the last being correct. Another familiar event illustrates the confusion in historical narratives. The famous Captain Wadsworth, who hid the charter of Connecticut in an ancient oak, is designated by some persons as William, by others, and more properly, as Joseph Wadsworth. If we could be misled by the Rev. Samuel Peters, the fabricator of the Blue Laws of Connecticut, we might conclude with him that Captain Wadsworth's Christian name was Samuel, and that the famous tree was an elm. Much confusion has been caused by the reluctance with which the Protestant countries accepted the reformation of the Calendar, made by Gregory XIII. in the year 1582, nearly one hundred and twenty years having elapsed before its adoption by the Protestant states of Germany, and one hun- dred and seventy years before it was adopted by Great Britain. Hence the same event would have a date ten or eleven days apart, according as it was given by a Catholic or a Protestant writer. Readers are aware that the dates of very ancient history have only an uncertain value. The fallibility of human testimony relating to simple events in modern times is well known ; but when its evidence consists entirely in a current tradition, its unreliability is evident. Here the commonly received chronology has been followed without indicating any suspicion of uncer- tainty ; but when a point is reached in the history of a country, after which dates may be accepted as authentic, the fact has been stated in the text. In the dates given to the earlier Biblical events, the order of Usher's Chronology has been fol- lowed, for the lack of something better; but these dates are placed a,\ the end instead of the begin- ning of the item, and are enclosed in parentheses with the chronologist's name, to indicate uncer- tainty. Differing authorities are often added in the same manner. When the chronology is com- monly accepted by modern scholarship the dates are placed in the style followed throughout the book. For the events of recent years which have not yet passed under the pen of the historian, the best digests of daily news have been consulted, and the books noted, are those which have been commended by the most seholarly reviews. VI CYCLOPEDIA OF CLASSIFIED DATES. Notable as well as important events have been included in this work. By notable is meant such events as excited widespread interest at the time of their occurence, and are often ignored by the historian; as the brief excitement respecting domestic silk-culture in some New England States, and the burning of Barnum's Museum in New York. By utilizing this class of events, it is hoped that these pages may in some sense reflect the current thought of each period. Special attention is directed to features of the book which are believed to be worthy of par- ticular mention. Besides the combination of the topical and chronological systems already men- tioned, the vast assemblage of historical facts may be noted; also, the locality of events which has been systematically indicated by a locality word; the simultaneous exhibit of concurrent events; the names of contemporaries under the heading Births and Deaths; the exhaustive Index, with numerals referring to the column, as well as the page; and finally the free use of several kinds of type, making it easy for the eye to search the pages. Ancient Greece, Rome, and the Bible Lands have been treated with much care and fulness, in order to meet the needs of students of Classical and Biblical history. The aid of experts has been enlisted in the compiling of the Greek and Assyrian events. Obviously the value of a work of this kind depends in great measure on its adaptation for practical use. It is believed that the arrangement and style of this book favors quick access to de- sired information; the grouping of iiems under a common subject, the use of bold face type, and the uniform use of a locality word, are all contributary to this end. But the most valuable feature is the unique combination of the two common methods of arranging events, so that both the chrono- logical and the topical orders may be seen at once, yet so that neither is impaired by the union. Throughout the book it will be found that the two opposite pages, that come under the eye, have dates relating to a common period; on these pages are all the events the book contains for that period, relating to the country there named, except as shown by cross-references in the Index, whenever events are common to two or more Countries; hence, there is no turning of pages after a period sought for is found. Seven classifications of items may also be seen; these are made by grouping them under comprehensive topics. Thus, without marring the important chronolog- ical order, the reader has the advantage of knowing where to look for a fact, under its proper topic. Thereby he avoids the loss of time involved" were one item to be selected from all the items on the page, instead of selected from only one group. If he chooses, he may now discard all the other classifications and read one topic continuously, from page to page, and thus obtain the record of a nation's activity in a single department from the beginning. Yet at any time, he may find the historical setting of an event amid the variety of concurrent events, all of which fall under his eye at the same time, as the item which engages his attention. The seven topical classifications are chiefly self-explanatory, yet additional explanation may aid the reader in all cases where subjects may seem to have relation to two or more topical classifications. Army and Navy includes the organization of military and naval expeditions; the equipment and movements of armies; sieges; and the great battles of history, whether on land or sea, with the strength of the forces engaged, the names of opposing commanders, and statistics of the casualties. Special attention has been given to important conflicts which have occurred in recent years, and an exceptionally full treatment is given to the Civil War in the United States. Here also are grouped items relating to the launching and testing of war- vessels with their subsequent movements, and the promotion of the higher officers of the army and navy. Art includes such events as relate to the fine and industrial arts, their progress, increase; fostering organizations; noted architecture; important engineering works; paintings; statuary; the drama; music; and the founding and meetings of societies for the promotion of art. Science includes discoveries; important inventions; the founding of scientific institutions; and organizations for the advancement of science. Nature includes such notable phenomena as the appearance of comets; eclipses; the occurrence of earthquakes; storms and various other meteorological events. Births and Deaths includes the names of many thousands of persons who have taken prominent part in the achievements of mankind; in addition, their vocation or official position is recorded. Church includes all items relating to religious and ecclesiastical aifairs; these are treated without sectarian prejudice, partiality, or editorial comment. Facts are grouped which relate to the beginnings and progress of all religions; especially the origin and development of Christian bodies; the general councils of the Church; general assemblies; general conferences; yearly meetings; and national and international gatheriags; various philanthropic, educational, and missionary organizations; young peoples' societies of many names; Young Men's Christian Asso- ciations, and like organizations; reformations; revivals; heresies; disruptions; secessions; reunions; the founding of religious orders; the consecration of the higher clergy, and the changes in the CYCLOPEDIA OP CLASSIFIED DATES. Vll papacy. Biblical events and the history of Palestine may be found under Turkey; events relating to early Christianity are chiefly narrated under Italy ; here are also the names of all the popes, in the order given by the Roman Almanac Gerarchia Cattolica. Letters includes whatever relates to education and literature; such as the founding of institutions of learning and libraries; pioneer and important newspapers; appearance of magazines, together with popular and important books; the organization of educational societies; educational gatherings. Society includes events which have their chief value as exhibitions of humanity in the social relations, whether expressive of human brotherhood or of "man's inhumanity to man;" such as notable benefactions for human weal; congresses and conferences for the betterment of human con- ditions; the anti-slavery agitation; temperance reformation; organization of fraternal associations and brotherhoods; founding of asylums, hospitals, institutions of mercy and reform; also crimes; scandals; suicides; prize fights; lynchings; slavery; strikes, and all indications of social unrest. Under State are grouped the events relating to the government, whether administrative, legis- lative, or judicial; the founding and federation of states; political agitations; revolutions; arbitra- tions; alliances; conventions; treaties; ministries; ambassadorships; the opening and the closing of Parliament. In the United States it includes the organization of political parties and their national conventions; national elections, with both the popular and electoral votes for presidents; the sessions and acts of the Continental, Federal, and the United States Congresses; the speakers of the House of Representatives; cabinet, judiciary and diplomatic appointments; the inauguration of govern- ors; and statistics of national currency, revenue, and expenditure. Miscellaneous comprises all items not related to the seven classifications already mentioned; such as affairs concerning commerce; railroads; steamship lines; races; accidents; wrecks; fires; epidemics; panics; census returns, and many other subjects. Two stars (**) preceding an item in the text indicate that the year-date has not been found; three stars ( * * * ) indicate an indefinite period. The locality word, printed in italics at the beginning of an item, indicates the modern name of the country to which it relates; when given of ancient times these localities may be only approx- imately correct. The space given to the Index and the evidence of the labor applied to about 300 pages of con- densed references, indicate its estimated importance. A large volume for reference without direct reference guides is like a city without a directory, the larger the city the greater the confusion of the stranger. Here a stranger to the book may find an item sought by the use of the Index, as quickly as the author. It has not been deemed advisable to burden the Index with numerous cross-references to analogous subjects; the reader, however, may extend his information by turning to the names of such as are closely related. As the references are arranged chronolog- ically, the history of religious, reformatory, and other movements, as well as personal biographies may be traced; also the histories of important cities and federated states. For further explana- tions concerning the Index the reader is referred to page 1162, which immediately precedes it. The labor expended on this work can hardly be estimated by the average reader. The work was begun in 1890, and concluded in December, 1899 ; and from two to five persons have been continuously employed in collecting materials, verifying dates, spellings, and statements, or in critically revising copy and printer's proofs. It is a real pleasure to publicly acknowledge the valuable services of those persons who have shared the toil of the author. Sincere thanks are tendered to John D. Peince, Ph.D., Professor of Semitic Languages and Comparative Philology in the New York University, for assistance in revising "Babylon" and "Assyria;" to Horace C. Wait, B.A., late Principal of Hasbrouck Institute, of Jersey City, for revising "Greece;" to William Clarke, B,A,, author of school-books, for assistance in the preparation of "Great Britain;" to Thomas Cambell- Copeland, editor and statistician, for revising "France" and "Great Britain;" to Charles E. Little, Jr., and William Clarke Jr., for assistance in research and compilation; to Louis E. Van Norman, A.M., for assistance in matters relating to general literary form, and in seeing the book through the press; and to Frank H. Vizetelly, editor and critic, for valued suggestions on the plate-proofs and Index, and for assistance in securing general typographical accuracy. Acknowledgments are due to several legations at Washington for courteous coopera- tion in the revision of the proof-sheets of those portions of this work which relate specifically to the countries that they represent. Jersey City, N. J., Dec. 7, 1S99. C. E. L. TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS. These auk Used Chiefly ix Items itndeb Births and Deaths and in the Index. Acad., A.D., adj., Academy, Anno Domini, adjutant, admiral, advocate. Afghanistan. Africa. | agncultur agr., 1 rtfcl H.UIIUIC ui ( agricultural. Arg. Rep., Argentine Republic. Ala., Alabama. Alas., Alaska. Alex., Alexander. Alf., Alfred. Alg., Algeria. Am., America or American. antiq., antiquary. Arab., Arabia. archbp., archbishop. Ariz., Arizona. Ark., Arkansas. asso., association. Assyr., Atty.-Gen., Assyria. Attorney-General. au. or autli. author. Aust., Austria. Austral., Australia. av. b., born. B., Baron. Bait., Baltimore. Bapt., Baptist. B.C., Before Christ. Belg., Belgium or Belgian. Benj., Benjamin. bp., bishop. brig., brigadier. Kr. or Brit. British. Bulg., Bulgarian or Bulgaria. Cal., California. Can., Canada. capt., captain. Card., Cardinal. Oath., Catholic. eel,, 1 celebration or 1 celebrates. •ch., church. clianc, chancellor. Chas., Charles. -chron., chronologist. cl., clergy. Colo., Colorado. Com., Commodore. conf., conference. Confed., ( Confederacy or 1 Confederate. Cong., Congress. Conn., Connecticut. ■cons., consecrated. conven., convention. ct., ■eye, cyclopedia. D., Duke. -d,, died. B.C., ( District of Columbia \ or Washington. Del., Delaware. Dem., 1 Democrat or \ Democratic. Den., Denmark. Depart., Department. ■dio., diocese. Dis., (of Christ), Disciples. •dis., disco versor discoverer. Dom. Rep. Dominican Republic. dram., dramatist. E., Earl. Eben., Ebenezer. Ecua,, Ecuador. ed., editor. Egy., Egypt. Elizabeth. Eliz., emp., emperor. ency., encyclopedia. Eng., England. eng., engineer. engra., engraver. Epis., Episcopal. ethnol., ethnologist. Eur., Europe or European. Evan., Evangelical. Ezek., Ezek i el. Fla., Florida. fnd., found or founded. Fr., France or French. ft., tort. Ga., Georgia. G. A. R., ( Grand Army ) of the Republic. G. IS., Great Britain. Gen. Ass., General Assembly. genea., genealogist. Geo., George. geog. , geol., geographer. . j "Washington City. \ Woman's Christian Temperance TJl West Virginia. Wyoming. Zecharian. Cyclopedia of Classified Dates. ABYSSINIA. 329-1842. Abyssinia is an extensive country of Northeastern Africa, and comprises a part of ancient Ethiopia ; estimated area, 190,000 square miles ; estimated population, 5,000,000. The people are Indo-Caucasians ; the prevailing religion is Coptic. The empire comprises the kingdoms of Tigr£, Lasta, Amhara, Gogam, and Shoa, with, many outlying dependencies. The early history is very uncertain. In the first and second centuries the kingdom of the Auxumitie flourished. ARMY — WAVY. 562 * * Expedition of Chosroes, king of Persia, against the Christian kingdom in Arabia, founded by Abyssinians. 1520 * * A Portuguese fleet enters the Red Sea to aid the Abyssinians against the Turks. 1528 * * Mohammed Gragn with armies of Mohammedans overruns the coun- try and drives the Emperor into the mountains. [The country disturbed for 12 years.] 1539 * * Another Portuguese fleet un- der Stephen de Gama arrives at Masso- wah to fight the Turks. 1540 * * Christopher de Gama, brother of the admiral, is joined by the natives, and after some success is defeated and executed by the Turks. * * Mohammed Gragn is shot and his army routed. CHURCH. 329 * * The Abyssinians are converted to Christianity by the Coptics. 346 * * Prumentius, bishop of Auxuma (Axum), preaches in Abyssinia. 350 * * The Bible is translated into Ethiopic, probably by Frumentius. * * Saints are excessively honored, re- ceiving almost divine reverence. 470 * * Many monks enter the country and perpetuate monachism. 520 * * Christians are persecuted by the king of the Homerites from the op- posite side of the Red Sea. 1490 * * The Jesuits introduce Cathol- icism. * * * After being lost to the annals of the world for a thousand years, the Abys- sinian Christians are rediscovered by officers of the Portuguese navy, after sailing around the African continent. 1520 * * Father Alvarez arrives from Portugal, with other Jesuits. 1555 * * The Jesuits send out thirteen missionaries. 1580 * * Bermudez, the Catholic pri- mate, quarrels with the Emperor, who refuses to publicly confess himself a convert. * * Bermudez is obliged to leave. 1601 * * Father Paez arrives, and by his skill and tact soon wins the favor of the court. 1603 * * Another Jesuit mission estab- lished, the former having been recalled by a papal bull. [Twenty years of in- trigue, civil war, and slaughter follow.] 1621 * * An ineffectual attempt is made by the Jesuits to Install a patriarch, and the result is disastrous. 1624 Dec. * The Abyssinian church for- mally submits to the See of Rome. 1625 * * Mendez succeeds Father Paez. 1633 * * Disheartened by failure, Mendez abandons the country. * * The Jesuits are expelled after labor- ing for a century and a half. 1750 * *-54 * * The Jesuits reestablish themselves. 1826 * * The first Protestants arrive ; Messrs. Gobat and Kugler, missionaries of the Church Missionary Society, are well received by the Ras of Tigre\ 1828 * * The Roman Catholic mission renewed. 1830 * * Bishop Gobat is favorably re- ceived at Gondar. Missionary Isenberg succeeds Chris- tian Kugler, deceased. * * Missionaries Charles Henry Blum- hardt and John Ludwig Krapf arrive. 1833 * * Bishop Gobat returns to Europe. 1834 * * Bishop Gobat returns to Tigre. 1836 * * 111 health compels Bishop Gobat to return to Europe. 1838 * * The missionaries are expelled through the opposition of the native priests against all foreigners. * * Missionaries Krapf and Isenberg go to Shoa and compile the Amharic dic- tionary, a geography, and prayer book. 1840 * * The Amharic translation of the Bible is revised by the British and Foreign Bible Society. 1841* * The Abuna appointed by; the government comes from the Church Mis- sion School at Cairo. 1842 * * Missionary Krapf leaves Shoa because of intrigues against Protestants. 1 STATE. 522 * * King Caleb, or Elesbaan, ex- tends his kingdom into Arabia, and a period of great prosperity begins. 562 * * The Abyssinians are driven out of Arabia by the Persians. 960 * * The Jewish Princess Judith secures the throne and most of the king- dom by murdering nearly all of the royal family. 1268 * * The kingdom is restored to the former line, and Icon Imlac reigns. * * * Abyssinia is supposed to be ruled by Prester John. 1507 * * The Emperor sends Matthew, an Armenian, to the King of Portugal to request his aid against the Turks. * * The intruding Portuguese are odious to the people and driven out. 1535 * * The Emperor sends Bermudez to Portugal to again solicit aid against the Turks. 1550+ * * The Galla tribes enter Abys- sinia from the South. [They gradually overrun the whole country]. + * * The empire is broken up. 1633 * * The Emperor dies, and his son Facilidas succeeds him. 1838 * * Through suspicion of foreign in- terference, all foreigners are expelled. * * * The country is divided into four 1841 Nov. 16. Major Harris, envoy from India, concludes a treaty of com- merce with the King of Shoa. MISCELLANEOUS. 1490 * * Pedro de Covilham, with an exploring expedition , enters the country. 1605+ * * Churches, palaces, and bridges are constructed under the direction of Father Paez. 1768 * * James Bruce, the traveler, visits the country. 1770 Feb. 16. Bruce enters Gondar, the capital, and visits the Emperor. 1773 * * Bruce makes his second visit. 1809* * Henry Salt explores the country by the order of the British government. 1818+ * * Lij Kassa (subsequently King Theodore) horn in Kuara. 1849-1894. ABYSSINIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1855 Feb. * King Theodore routs the governor of Tigre after defeating the chief of Godjarn. 1860* * Theodore's army numbers from 100,000 to 150,000 fighting men. * * Theodore terribly avenges the death of two Englishmen, Plowden and Bell, by the slaughter or mutilation of nearly 2,000 rebels. 1867 * * Theodore's army reduced to a skeleton by rebellions and desertions. Sept. 7, 8. -68 * * "War with Eng- land. A pioneer force under Sir Rob- ert Napier sails from Bombay to rescue the British captives from Theodore. Oct. 21. A British force of more than 32,000 men lands at Zoulla, and begins a journey of 400 miles into the moun- tainous interior. Oct. 26. Napier issues his proclamation to the Abyssinians. 1863 Jan. 4. Arrives at AnnesleyBay. Apr. 2. He arrives below Magdala. Apr. 10. Battle of Arogie ; 3,000 Abys- sinians suddenly attack Napier, are re- pulsed, and driven back in good order. Apr. 11. Theodore sues for peace. Honorable treatment is promised on the surrender of the captives and the promise of Theodore to submit to Queen Victoria. Lieutenant Prideaux conveys the let- ter, which Theudure receives with scorn; an insulting reply follows. Apr. 12. Theodore sends an apology. He surrenders the captives and makes a present of 1,000 cows and 500 sheep ; the released European artisans and fam- ilies enter the British camp. Present rejected ; Theodore in despair. Apr. 13. Theodore attempts to escape. Part of the Abyssinian army mutinies; the British bombard and storm Mag- dala ; Theodore is defeated and commits suicide. Apr. 17. Theodore being dead, his troops are sent away, and the fortifications of Magdala destroyed and the town burned. May 2. The British force retires, after rewarding Prince Kassai of Tigr6, their valuable ally. * * Report of animals used by the British In the expedition : 45 elephants, 7,417 camels, 12,920 mules and ponies, 7,033 bullocks, 827 donkeys. * * Report of British expense in the war, $44,887,500. 1871 June 21. Civil "War* between Gobazye, the king of Amhara, and Kas- sai, prince of Tigre, who successfully seeks independence. 1871 July 11. Gobazye defeated and captured. 1875* *-76* * "War with Egypt. [Is- mail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt to conquer Abyssinian territory.] * * The Khedive's army enters Abyssinia; the natives retiring. * * The Abyssinians surprise, defeat, and massacre the Egyptians at Kherad Iska. Oct. 16. The Abyssinians again defeat the Egyptians in a desperate battle nt Gonda Gouddi. 1876 Feb. 19. After a three days' fight the Egyptians defeat the Abyssinians. 1877 Junel5±. Civil War. Mene- lek, King of Shoa, is totally defeated by King John. 1885 Sep. 23. Conflict at Kufeit near Amadib between Arabs and Abyssinians. 1887 * * War with Italy. Jan. 18+. Abyssinians defeated in their attack upon Massowah and the Italian outposts. Jan. 25, 26. Abyssinians under Ras A lu- lu cut off about 500 Italians, proceeding with supplies to Sahati, at Dagoli, near Massowah. Mar. 27, 28. Italians have skirmishes with the Deber tribe. Nov. 10. Abyssinians besiege Masso- wah. 1888 Aug. * By native treachery the Italians are defeated in a conflict at Sanganeiti on the border, and four offi- cers are killed. 1SS9 Jan. 23. King John prepares for war with Menelek, King of Shoa. Mar. 7. King John besieges Kassala, Senoussis' army is marching on Khar- tum. Mar. 9. Civil War is declared against King John by King Menelek of Shoa. Mar. 10. King John attacks the der- vishes in their stronghold at Netemmeh, but is defeated and badly wounded. Mar. 12. The dervishes make a sortie, and rout "King John's army, killing the king and his officer, Ras Area, besides many others. Mar. 14. Menelek, proclaiming himself Negus, marches upon Adowa. June 6. Announcement made that Ital- ian troops occupy the Keren district. June 12. Italians capture and occupy Senalfe. Aug. 21. Ras Alulu is defeated at God- felassi by the Italian General Baldessara. Nov. S. General Baldessara resigns. Dervishes tight the Abyssinians. Nov. 9. General Orero succeeds General Baldessara in command of Italian troops. Dec* Menelek' s forces wholly defeat the dervishes. 1890 Feb. 3. The ItaUan troops leave Adowa and recross the Mareb. Feb. 13. King Menelek defeats Has Alulu, severely wounding him. Mar. S. Menelek reported to have joined forces with the Italians in preparation for an advance on Adowa. 1891 Oct. 5. Ras Alulu and another officer rout the forces of Debeb, an aspirant to the Abyssinian throne. 1S93 Dec. 22. The Italian troops de- feat the dervishes near Massowah; sev- eral hundred dervishes are killed, the Italian loss being about one hundred. 1894 Dec. 19. Italian (native) troops under Major Toselli defeat a party of Arabs near Halai. CHURCH. 1849* *The Roman Catholic mission- aries are expelled. 1855 * ♦ Bishop Gobat sends Protestant missionaries BLrapf and Fad to engage ii* secular as well as spiritual work. 1858 • * The Society of Basle has six missionaries at w«>rk. 1859 * * Xegussie, King of Tigre and Si- men, sends an embassy to Rome, to an- nouncesubmissiou to the Roman Church. * * The king gladly receives the vernacu- lar Scriptures furnished by the London Bible Society, and distributes them. * * King Theodore again expels the Jesuits from his kingdom. 1860 * * Dr. Stern is sent by the London Society as a missionary to the Jews of Abyssinia; soon after, the Scotch So- ciety sends Mr. Staiger on a similar mis- sion. 1863 * * Missionary Stern and Mr. and Mrs. Rosenthal arrive. Oct. * Missionary Stern is beaten and im- prisoned by King Theodore. 1864 Jan. * All the missionaries are imprisoned for pretended insults. * * * Maricha, a Protestant, becomes chief minister of Prince Kassai of Tigr£, and the country enjoys peace. 1869 * * The country is closed to mission- ary work. 1871 * * Catholic missionaries are pun- ished for interference in politics. 1884 * * The Gospel of Mark in Ethi- opic characters is published. 1887 * * Swedish missionaries, having been expelled, return with the Italian army. 1889 May 8. A treaty is made with Italy permitting missionary work. * * The Swedish Evangelical Society re- ports mission stations at Arkibo, at McKullo, and also at Djimma. * * Balli in the Shoa district is occupied by a missionary of the St. Chrischona Pilgrim mission. * * * [The native church is ruled by the Abuna; Christianity and Judaism are strangely mixed; its spirit is savage.] 1891 Sept. 10. The new year begins. Sept. 26. The anniversary of the find- ing of the true cross is celebrated as usual, it being the greatest feast of the year. * * [Male and female babes are circum- cised when eight days old : 260 regular fast days are appointed for each year, requiring abstinence from both eating and drinking.] * * Russia seeks a religious alliance with the Negus, whereby the church shall be brought under the jurisdiction of the Holy Synod of St. Petersburg. * * The clergy are reported as the only educated people, and they hold all power in their hands. * * * In recent times the church is di- vided respecting "the unction of Jesus Christ," and two parties have excommu- nicated each other. SOCIETY. * * * Blacksmiths are hereditary sor- cerers. ■* * * Matrimony is entered at the age of 12 years, girls having their dowry in oxen. ABYSSINIA. 1849-1894. 1868 Apr. 9. Theodore massacres about 300 native captives. * * Henry M. Stanley accompanies the British expedition to Abyssinia as cor- respondent of the New York Herald. June 5. It is reported that the Mahdists in "Western Abyssinia have destroyed whole flocks and herds, sold into slavery thousands of Christians, while many others have been butchered without mercy, and hundreds of the noblest in- habitants have been taken to Mecca and sold for slaves, in violation of treaties. 1889 Oct. 7. Abyssinia agrees to help suppress the slave-trade. Dec. 1. Greeting of explorer Henry M. Stanley at Massowah by newspaper cor- respondents. 1890 Apr. 7. King Menelek asks Italy to represent him in the Brussels anti- slavery congress. STATE. 1855 Feb.* Has All is deposed by his son-in-law, Lij Kassa [Theodore III.], who takes the throne. 1862 Feb. 9. British Consul Cam- eron arrives at Massowah. Oct. 7. Consul Cameron is received by Theodore, to whom he presents the Queen's gifts and letter. Oct. * He is dismissed with a letter to the Queen of England desiring alliance against the Turks. [No reply given.] 1863 Aug. * Consul Cameron returns. Oct. * Missionary Stern beaten and imprisoned for alleged intrusion upon Theodore. Nov. * Despatches are received from Eng- land, but no reply to Theodore's letter. 1864 Jan. * Consul Cameron, his suite, and missionaries Stem and Ro- senthal are imprisoned for pretended insults. July 24, A British messenger, Hormuzd Kassam, arrives at Massowah with a let- ter from the Queen. July * Kassam asks permission to present the Queen's letter, and receives no reply. 1865 Aug. 12. Kassam is informed by note that Consul Cameron is released, and that he may come to the King. Nov. 21. Hormuzd Kassam, Lieut. Prid- eaux, and Dr. Blanc arrive at Metemeh. 1866 Jan. 25. The party reaches the camp uxDaniot, and is well received. Mar. 12. The captives are all released and the mission progresses favorably. Apr. 13. ± After starting for the coast, the entire party is compelled to return, and is placed in gentle confinement. * * Theodore sends Mr. Flad to England with a second letter to the Queen, ask- ing for workmen and machinery. July * The prisoners are put in chains and severely treated. Oct. 29. Mr. Flad arrives at Massowah with the Queen's letter and workmen. Dec. 19. ± Theodore receives the Queen's letter, in which machinery and workmen are promised when the English prisoners are surrendered ; it has no effect. 1867 + Jan. * Rebellions against the burdensome exactions of Theodore break out ; his power is waning. * * Shoa has shaken off the yoke of Theodore, and Godjam has become vir- tually independent. Tigre continues in the hands of his enemies. * * The peasantry leave the fertile plains and escape to the mountains to avoid the demands of Theodore's army. Apr. 16. Lord Stanley's ultimatum sent to Theodore, demanding the release of the captives in three months. [It was not received.] May * Mr. Flad is received by Theodore, and forced to join his family in prison. July * The British government decides to send an armed force into the coun- try under Sir Robert Napier. Sept. 9. A formal letter sent bythe Brit- ish government to Theodore. [It was not received.] Sept. * ± Tigr€ revolts against the rule of the rebel chief "Wagsham Gobazye, and becomes independent under Dejach Kassai. Nov. 11. The captives reported well. Nov. 25. The Gallas reported to he in rebellion against Theodore. Nov. 26, 27. Eng. Parliament appro- priates $10,000,000 for the prosecu- tion of the war. 1868 * * A third ultimatum sent by Napier; it was suppressed by Kassam as endangering the lives of the captives, he having received it through a rebel chief. Apr. 12. The captives and foreigners are released. Terunish, Theodore's queen, accompanies the British troops in returning to her own country. July 14. Eng. Theodore's son Alama- you (aged 7) arrives at Plymouth. 1869 Jan. 26. Eng. Alamayou sails for India to be educated. July* Kassai punishes the Catholic missionaries for partisanship, and en- ters an alliance with Egypt. 1872 Jan. 12. Kassai is crowned with much ceremony at Axum, as King John II. 1879 Oct. * Colonel Charles George Gordon, of the Egyptian service, con- cludes a peace, granting a seaport to Abyssinia. 1884 May 26. ± King John receives Admiral Hewett from Suakin, and en- ters a treaty respecting Massowah, etc. Aug. 19. Two envoys from Abyssinia ar- rive in England. 1885 Feb. 6. The Italian flag hoisted by the side of the Egyptian at Massowah. Dec. 2. The government of Massowah assumed by the Italians. 1S87 May 2. Proclamation issued by Italy announcing war and blockade of ports of Massowah and its dependencies. Oct. 18. The Chief Kantibay submits to the authority of Italy. 1888 May8+. King John makes a treaty placing the country under an Italian protectorate. July 1. Italy notifies the powers that she has annexed Massowah. Aug. 3. The Italian protectorate is pro- claimed at Zulla. 1889 Feb. 14. The Cossack expedi- tion at Taljarah, on the Gulf of Aden, organizes a large caravan with the in- tention of proceeding to Ankolvar. Mar. 12. King John killed ; Menelek, king of Shoa, proclaims himself Ne- gus, and marches on Adowa. Apr. 10. Dagiac Maugascia, the succes- sor of King John, is his nephew. ± King Menelek ignores Maugas- cia's claim and assumes authority. ± Many of the most important chiefs, including Ras Michael, have recognized Menelek as Negus. * * The king despatches a mission of twenty persons, including several im- portant chiefs, to the King of Italy. June 2. The Italians occupy and annex Keren without resistance. Aug. 5. Massaval and the whole of Abys- sinia, except the Province of Tigr£, have submitted to Menelek. Oct. 14. Italian Government declares a protectorate over Abyssinia. Nov. 3. Menelek II. and Queen Taitri are crowned at Aretoto. Dec. 9. Menelek orders a suspension of trade relations between his country and Italy. War is imminent. Dec. * Menelek having overcome the reb- els in the province of Tigre, establishes his reign over the whole of Abyssinia. 1890 Mar. 5. Menelek agrees to ac- cept Italy's assistance in all negotia- tions with foreign powers, and to give it preference in all industrial and commer- cial concessions. Mar. 11. The Abyssinian territory ceded to Italy extends to Mareb. Apr. 7. Menelek asks a free passage through Italian territory for arms to be used in fighting the dervishes. 1891 Apr. * Russia sends an expedi- tion of six or seven men to Abyssinia, which purports to be " scientific," but is, presumably, political. Oct. 5. Debeb, an aspirant for power, is routed by Kas Alulu. MISCELLANEOUS. 1855 * * Theodore HI. is " the best shot, the best spearman, the best runner, and the best horseman in Abyssinia." 1868 Apr. 13. King Theodore commits suicide. A48. May 10. Queen Terunish, who accom- panied the British, dies on the march to the interior. 1879 Dec. 14. Eng. Prince Alamayou dies at Leeds. 1S90 Feb. 14. Reported death of Ras Alulu from wounds. [False report.] * * Population about 6,000,000, and much superior in every respect to their Afri- can neighbors. 979-1878. AFGHANISTAN. Afghanistan is an inland country of Asia, lying east of India, and having Ell-defined boundaries. It is ruled liy an absolute sovereign called the Ameer. Kabul is the capital. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Estimated area, 279,000 square miles ; estimated population, 4,000,000. ARMY. 1213 * * Ghengbis Khan with three ar- mies overruns northern China. [1219. Conquests in Western Asia.] 1358 * * Tamerlane begins his con- quests. [1398. Enters India.] (See India.) 1504* *Baber takes Kabul. [1521. He invades India. 1525. Again conquers Kabul.] 1715* * Afghans conquer Herat. 1731 * * Nadir Shah takes Herat. 1737 * * -38 * * Nadir Shah takes Ka- bul and recovers Kandahar. He gains the good will of the Afghans, and enrolls many of them in his army. 1747* * Ahmed Shah resolves to throw off the Persian yoke; he seizes the booty taken from India by Nadir. 1761 June 6. Ahmed Shah wins great victory over Mahrattas at Panipat. 1823 * * The Afghans defeated by the Sikhs at Naoshera. 1838 * * The Persians, influenced by Russia, lay siege to Herat, the key of Afghanistan and India. Dec. * Shuja Shah, with an army led by British officers and paid by British money, marches toward Sind. 1839 * * First war with the British. Feb. 20. A British army passes the Indus about 12,000 strong, and having 40,000 camp-followers, besides the new levies of the Shah. Mar. * The Bolan Pass is traversed ; most of the baggage is lost. Apr. 7. The Kojuk Pass is traversed. Apr. 25. Kandahar, abandoned by the Afghan princes, is entered by the British under Sir John Keane. July 22. Ghunzee, a great stronghold, is taken by storm, and Dost Moham- med's army disbands. The war ends. 1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed sur- renders to British, and is sent to India. 1841 Nov. * -4.2 Apr. * Famous de- fense of Jelalabad, by Sir Robert Sale, against the revolting Afghans. Nov. 2. The Afghans, led by Akbar Khan, revolt and expel the British from Kabul; 24 British are killed. Nov. 3. The forts at Kabul close to the British camp are occupied. Nov. 5. General Elphinstono talks of buying a free passage out of the country. Nov. 9. The commissariat fort has its garrison of SO men overpowered, and is taken by the Afghans. The British menaced with starvation. Nov. 15. The British force demor- alized by the incapacity of its com- mander, who negotiates for a cessation of hostilities. X)ec. 23. Akbar Khan treacherously as- sassinates Sir "William Macnaghten and others. Dec. (?) * Shuja Shah assassinated. 1842 Jan. 1. The British capitulate. They agree to pay the Afghans S950.000 in coin and sign bills lor £700.000 more ; to leave nearly all their artillery and ammunition, and evacuate the country. The chiefs promise safe conduct, pro- visions, and baggage-cattle. Jan. 6. The British, with 4,500 combat- ants and 12,000 camp-followers, begin their march for India. * * Cold, snow, disease, and want, with utter disorder, reduce their number. Jan. 6-13. Annihilation of the Brit- ish army. Terrible massacre of about 3,849 sol- diers and 12,000 camp-followers at Khai- bar Pass, by the Ghilzais. Dr. Brydone and a few natives escape. [Later ninety- five prisoners are recovered.] Mar. * General Pollock is reenforced at Peshawur and begins his march to re- lieve the troops in Afghanistan, via the Khaibar Pass. July * Lord Ellenborough, Governor-gen- eral of India, orders a general advance on Kabul from Kandahar by General Nott, and Jelalabad by General Pollock. Aug. 20. General Pollock arrives at Gundamuck. Aug. 23. He defeats a body of Afghans. Aug. 30. General Nott takes possession of Ghuznee. Sept. 6. General Nott defeats the Af- ghans at Alydan. Sept. 8. General Pollock carries the Jugduluk Pass. Sept. 13. He defeats the main body of the Afghans at Tezeen. Sept. 15. The British occupy Kabul, and release Lady Sale and others. Sept. 17. The two armies joined at Kabul. Sept. 29. General M'Caskill storms Is- talif and destroys the town in revenging the massacre of the garrison at Char- ikar, and the harboring of the murderers of Burnes. * * Captain Cragie and a Sepoy garrison brilliantly repulse the Afghans in an at- tack on the fortress of Kala't-i-Ghilzai. Dec. * British evacuate Afghanistan. 1850 * * Balkh reconquered by Afghans. 1S56 Oct. 25. Persians take Herat. 1858 * * Dost Mohammed forms a regu- lar army, containing 1G infantry regi- ments (nominally) of 800 men, 3 of cav- alry, of 300 men, and about SO field pieces, and a few heavy guns. 1563 May 26. Dost takes Herat from Ahmed. Ahmed is a vassal of the Per- sians, who are under the influence of Russia; Herat is regarded as the "Key of India." 1564 June 6. Shere Ali, the Ameer, defeats his brother Azim and confeder- ates at Kujhbaz. June 14. Shere Ali enters Kandahar. 1S66 Mar. 2. Kabul is surrendered to Azim by Ibrahim, a son of the Ameer. May 10. Shere Ali defeated at Sheik- habad ; he flies for Kandahar. 1867 Jan. 17. Shere Ali defeated by Azim and Abder-Rahman at Kujbbaz. Sept. 17. Shere Ali is again defeated and his general killed. 1868 Apr. * Azim's army defeated and Yakoob, son of the Ameer, enters Kandahar. Sept. * Azim's army dissolved by deser- tion. Nov. * -Dec. * Shere Ali resists Abder- Rahman. 1869 Jan. * Shere Ali routs Abder- Rahman and Azim. 1870 May 6. Yakoob takes Herat from his father. 1878 Sept. 22. ABritishmissionwith an armed escort are threatened at a fort in the Khaibar Pass, if they advance; they retire. * * -81 * * Second war with the British. Oct. * A religious war against the Brit- ish is proposed by Shere Ali. Nov. 21. The British army (34,730 na- tives and 12,740 Europeans) advances. Nov. 22. The British shell AH Masjid, and take 21 guns, losing 2 officers and 35 Nov. 23. Dakka and Pisheen occupied. Nov. 25. Kuram fort occupied. Dec. 2. The British, under General Rob- erts, defeat the Gocrkhas at Peiwar Pass, losing 2 officers and 80 men killed and wounded. Dec. 20. Jellalabad occupied. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1162 * * Genghis Khan, emperor and con- queror, born. 1227 * * Genghis Khan dies in Mongolia. 1336 * * Tamerlane is born at Kesh. 1405 Feb. 17. Tamerlane dies at Atrar. 1483 Feb. 14. Baber. founder of dynasty and < 1530 Dec. 2G. Baber dies, A 48. 1715 * * Mir Wais, sovereign of Kandahar, d. 1724 * * Mahmud, son of Mir Wais, dies. 1747 * * Kadir Shah, sovereign, assassinated. 1773* * Ahmed Shah, Ameer, dies. 1793* * Timor Shah, Ameer, dies. 1798± * * Dost Mohammed. Ameer, born, 1829 * * Mohammed Shah dies. 1830 Abder-Rahman Khan, Ameer, born. 1642 * * Kamran, Ameer at Herat, dies. 1863 June 9. Dost Mohammed. Ameer, dies, A ± 85. 1867 Oct. * rfzel, rival Ameer, dies. 1869± Jan. * Azim, rival Ameer, dies. 1878 Aug. 17. Abdoola Jan, the Ameer's heir, dies. STATE. 979 * * Mahud, Sultan of Ghazni, ex- tends his dominions by adding Trans- oxiania, also Kabul and a part of India. 1350+: * * A native dynasty called Kurt3 springs up in Western Afghanistan. AFGHANISTAN. 979-1878. 1369 * * Tamerlane proclaimed sov- ereign at Balkh. 1495 * * Baber enthroned at 12 years of age. 1526 Apr. 21. By tlie victory of Pani- pat, Kabul and Kandahar become a part of the empire of Delhi, under the so- called Mogul dynasty which Baber founded. 1530+ * * Afghanistan divided be- tween Persia and Hindustan. 1715 * * Herat taken by conquest. 1720 * * The Afghans revolt. 1731 * * Herat is taken by Nadir Shah. 1737 * * Nadir Shah invades the coun- try, and subdues and rules the Afghans. 1747 * * Nadir Shah assassinated. * *-73* * Ahmed Shah, an Afghan, be- comes the successful ruler and warrior. He resolves to throw off the Persian yoke. Under his rule Afghanistan first takes a place among the kingdoms of the earth. 1748 * * He expels the Mogul governor from Kabul and Peshawur, and overruns the Punjab. 1749 * * Herat recovered by the Af- ghans. 1773 * * -93 * * Timur Shah (son) en- throned; he becomes a tyrant. 1774 * * The seat of government is re- moved from Kandahar to Kabul. 1793 * * Timur dies; his 23 sons struggle for the crown, and Zaman gets it. He conceives the idea of consolidating the Mohammedan power of India. 1800 * * Zaman is dethroned, and his son, Mahmoud Shah, succeeds as Ameer. 1803 * * Mahmoud is dethroned, and Shuja Shah (his brother) succeeds him. 1808 * * Afghans lose Sind. 1809 * * Mahmoud is restored to be Ameer by Fatteh Khan. 1816 * * The jealous Mahmoud brutally tortures and murders Fatteh Khan. 1818 * * The Barakzai brothers drive Mahmoud from Kabul, and he gains Herat, where he becomes ruler. 1819 * * Afghans lose Kashmir. 1826 * * Dost Mohammed Khan, one of the Barakzais, becomes Ameer. 1829* * MohammedShahdies,andKam- ran, his son, rules at Herat. 1837 * * Captain Alexander Burnes sent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as am- bassador of the British government, to offset the intrigues of Russia. 1838 * * Persians vainly attempt to wrest Herat from the Afghans. The British find the Ameer is not sub- servient to their interests, and they at- tempt to restore Shuja Shah, a pen- sioner of India, to the throne; war follows. 1839 Aug. 6. Kabul opens its gates to the British. Aug. 7. Shuja Shah enthroned at the capital; Mohammed a fugitive; the real government in the hands of William Macnaghten, the British envoy. Nov. * Akbar Khan attempts to re- store his father by expelling the British. 1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed, having surrendered to the British, is sent to India. * * Penjdeh is assured to Afghanistan by Lord Auckland. * * -41 * * Insurrections succeed each other. 1841 * * British occupation costs the In- dian treasury $6,250,000 yearly. KTov. 2. An insurrection against the British breaks out in Kabul; envoy Burnes and others slain. Dec. * Semi-anarchy follows the death of the Ameer, who falls at the hands of an assassin. Dec. 23. At a conference with Dost's son, Akbar Khan, this chief murders Sir W. Macnaghten, the chief British envoy, with his own hand. 1842 * * British power broken. Akbar Khan rules in place of his father. Jan. * The British enter a convention to evacuate the country. Jan. * The convention disregarded by the Afghans and the army massacred. * * Dr. Brydone is the only European who reaches Jelalabad and he is wounded and nearly dead. Oct. 12. The British leave Kabul and march for India. Oct.± * Dost Mohammed restored to the throne. 1855 Jan. * Afghans and British make a treaty of peace. Dost Mohammed becomes an ally. 1856 Oct. 25. Persians seize Herat. 1857 July 27. Persians restore Herat. * * The revenues of Dost Mohammed are estimated at 4,000,000 rupees, or about §2,000,000, exclusive of the revenue from Herat, which he does not hold. 1863 May 26. After ten months' siege Dost Mohammed captures Herat from Ahmed. June 9. Shere Ali (3d son) enthroned as Ameer ; his 15 rival brothers oppose him. 1864 * * Unsuccessful insurrection of the Ameer's brothers, Ufzul and Azim. May 16. Azim a fugitive. June 2. Ufzul acquiesces in the de- mands of the British. Aug. * Insurrection of Abder-Rahman ; Ufzul in prison. * * Shere Ali enters Kabul. 1866 * * Kabul has two rulers, the sen- sual Ufzul and the cruel Azim. 1867 * * Azim rules alone, on the death of Ufzul. * * Shere Ali holds only Balkh and Herat. 1868 Mar. * Azim quarrels with Ab- der-Rahman, who deserts him. July * Azim abandons Kabul. Sept. 8. Shere Ali again occupies Kabul. Nov. * -Dec. * The British help Shere Ali with arms and money. 1869 Mar. 27- Shere Ali receives a subsidy from the British. 1870 May 6. Yakoob, his son, rebels and takes Herat. 1871 June* Feramoz Khan, Shere Ali's general, assassinated. July * Yakoob reconciled with his father through British influence, and made governor of Herat. Sept. * Yakoob again rebels. Oct. * Shere Ali makes new boundaries; British pay him another subsidy. 1873 Dec. * Shere Ali names Abdoola Jan, his youngest sou, as his successor, and thus angers Yakoob, his oldest son. 1874 Dec. * Yakoob confined by his father. 1878 Aug. * Stolietoff , a Russian envoy, signs a treaty; Russia to be the guardian of the Ameer. Sept. * The Ameer dismisses the envoy from the viceroy of India with presents, and declines intercourse with the British, Sept. 22. A British mission with mili- tary escort is stopped at the Khaibar Pass ; they retire toward Peshawur. Oct. 20. The British send an ultima- tum to be answered before Nov. 20. Nov. 19. The Ameer sends an evasive reply. Nov. 23. The viceroy of India issues a proclamation to the Afghans. Dec. 13. Shere Ah flees from Kabul; the Russian mission retires, and Ya- koob Khan ass um es authority. Dec. 26. General Roberts annexes the Kuram district to India by proclama- tion. MISCELLANEOUS. 997* * Mahmoud patronizes literature. 1150+ * * Ghazni is one of the most splendid cities of Asia. 1413* * -24 * * History of the conquest of Swat by Shakh Mali, written by a chief of the Yusufzais and a leader in the conquest. 17th Century * * Abdarrahman, the poet, flourishes. 1750+ * * Ahmed Shah writes poetry. * * In a single night Ahmed Shah's army loses 18,000 men from cold, near Herat, while retreating from Persia. 1754 * * Modern Kandahar is founded. 1809 * * .First visit of an English envoy (Elphinstone). 1832 * * Visit of Lieut. Alex. Burnes from 1837 * * The remaining population of de- clining Farrah is carried off to Kandahar. 1841 * * Massacre at Kabul. 1842 * * Sir G. Pollock's expedition visits Jelalabad and destroys the town walls. 1855 * * The Church Missionary Society starts a mission for the Afghans at Peshawur. 1857 * * -58 * * Major Lumsden's party explores the Kurram Valley. 1857 Jan. * Sir John Lawrence has an interview with Dost Mohammed at Peshawur in the Punjab. [A treaty fa- vorable to British influence is entered into, promising arms and a subsidy ; Maj. Lumsden enters Kandahar, and the Indian mutiny follows.l 1879-1894. AFGHANISTAN. ARMY. 1879 Jan 6. Afghans leave Kandahar. Jan 7. Roberts defeats the Mangals near Matoon ; occupies Kandahar. Feb. 16. The Alizais attack the British and retire. Apr. 2. Action near Futtehabad, 5,000 Khugianis defeated by the British. June 8, The British retire. Sept. 5. Mutiny at Herat and many of- ficials killed. Sept. 6. The British commence a march toward Kabul. Sept. 19. Natives defeated at Shutar- gardan. Sept. 24. General Baker at Kushi. Sept. 28. Baker at Kabul. Sept. 29. Baker occupies Dakka. Oct. 2. The British repulse an attack at Shutargardan. Oct. 6. Battle of Char-asiab ; 70 killed or wounded on the British side. Oct. 8. The Afghans retire. Oct. 12. Gen. Roberts occupies Kabul. Oct. 14. Gen. Gough occupies Jelalabad. Oct. * -Nov. * Many Afghan mutineers tried, and S7 executed as murderers. Dec. 1 1-14. Frequent fighting and heavy losses. Dec. 14. The British army concentrated in the Sherpur cantonments. Dec. 23. Roberts and Gough defeat 25,000 Afghans near the Sherpur cantonments. Dec. 24. The Afghans retire from Kabul. Dec. 26. The British reoccupy Kabul. Dec. 29. Colonel Norman repulses an at- tack at Jagdalak. 1880 Jan. 10. Mohammed Jan seizes Ghazni and holds it for Musa Khan. Apr. 3. Mohammed Jan killed in battle. Apr. 16. Pathans attack a camp at Du- wai and kill the garrison. Apr. 19. The Ghilzais in force attack General Stewart at Ahmad Khel and are repulsed. Apr. 25. Col. Jenkins checks 4,000 Loga- ris, till reenforced by Gen. Macpherson at Char-asiab, then they are routed. May 2. Gen. Sir Donald Stewart as- sumes command at Kabul. July 14±. Shere Ali's troops at Kan- dahar revolt and join Ayoob Khan, the governor of Herat. July 27. General J. Burrows attacks Ayoob Khan, who has an intrenched force of about 20,000 men at Maiwand, on the river Helmud, with about 12,000 men, and is defeated with severe loss. July 28. The British, about 4,000 strong, hold the citadel at Kandahar. Aug. 9. Ayoob at Kokaran. General Sir F. Roberts starts from Kabul to relieve General Burrows at Kandahar. Aug. 1 1 . The British troops withdraw from Kabul after an interview with Abder-Rahman, the Ameer. Aug. 16. Unsuccessful sortie by British from Kandahar, 180 men and several officers killed. Aug. 25. Ayoob reenforced by the Ghilzais, making an army of about 20,000 men. Aug. 30. Ayoob retires from Kandahar. Aug. 3 1 . Roberts, with about 10,000 men, arrives at Kandahar. Sept. 1. Roberts defeats Ayoob at Mazra and captures his camp. 1881 July 26. Ayoob defeats the Am- eer's army at Karez-i-atta, G holam Hyder commanding it. July 30. Ayoob occupies Kandahar. Aug. 21. GholamHyderatKhelat-i-Gliil- zai receives reenforcements from Kabul. Sept. 22. Ayoob defeated at Old Kan- dahar, chiefly by the desertion of his troops ; he flees to Herat. Sept. 30. The Ameer occupies Kanda- har. Oct. 2. Ayoob's adherents defeated. Oct. 4. The Ameer enters Herat; Ayoob flees to Persia. 1883 Apr. 27. ± The Shinwarris de- feated by the Ameer. 1887 Apr. 19. The Ghilzais reported to have defeated the Ameer's troops. Apr. 25 ±. Again defeated at Khelat-i- Ghilzai. June 9. A mutiny of Ghilzais at Herat is violently suppressed. June 13-16. Reported defeat of the Ghilzais by Gholam. July 15. Disastrous defeat of the reb- els at Mashakai reported. July 26. Conflicting reports of victory at Kotaldab by Gholam Khan. Aug. 31. Hot fighting with the insur- gents at Mashakai. Sept. * Ayoob, having entered Afghan- istan with a few followers, is driven out. Sept. 7. The Ameer's troops fight the in- surgents near Mukur ; their leader, Ja- lander Khan, taken prisoner. Sept. * -Oct. * Occasional fighting re- ported. Nov. 15. Another fight with the insur- gents reported ; 60 killed.. 1888 May 9. The Afghans defeat the Turcomans in a fight. Sept. 29. Ishak Khan defeated by the Ameer's troops at Tash Kurgan. Sept. 30. Ishak again defeated at Mazari Sherif. 1889 Jan. 19. Ishak Khan and follow- ers, and Sultan Murad Khan with 3,000 families of Afghan "Wynegs, cross the frontier and enter the Bokharan service. Feb. 3. The Shinwarris defeated by the Ameer's troops under Gholam Hy- der. Feb. 12. Russian troops on a hurried march to reenforce frontier posts. Gen- eral Komaroff and Russian staff arrive at Chardjin on the Amu Darya. Feb. 14. Komaroff, with a strong force of Russians, arrives at Bokhara. Feb. 22. Russian troops are ordered to attack the Ameer if he approaches the Russian frontier. Feb. 27. Th-- Ameer crosses tho Rus- sian frontier, committing cruelties. Feb. 28. Reported thai 18,000 Russian troops are massed on the frontier. Mar. 1. Afghans advancing from Herat, and the Emir of Bokhara preparing to attack them. 1890 Mar. 20. Reported that Ishak Khan has a large force at Bokhara, and is preparing to invade Afghanistan. Aug. 7. Troops are sent to quell a revolt among the Alehayaras in Kandahar. 1892 Apr. 29. Afghans rise against soldiery between Herat and lianiian. Aug. 4. The Afghans skirmish with both Russians and Chinese on the Alichur Pamir and take a number of Kirghiz prisoners. Aug. 11. More tigh ti n g reported between the Afghans and Russians at Pamir. Aug. 22. Afghan troops defeated by Hazara tribesmen. Aug. 30. The Ameer, Abder-Rahman Khan, is preparing to resist a Russian advance. Aug. 31. The Ameer's troops capture Kamsan from the revolting Hazaras. Sept. 2. Punjab infantry and cavalry, with a mountain battery, to be sent to the Wana Comul Valley, unless the Ameer of Afghanistan recalls the agents dis- turbing the peace on the Indian frontier. Sept. 12. The Ameer is supporting the mountain tribes in their resistance to British authority. A British force is on its way to the Valley of the Indus to destroy the town of Balo. in which Haskim All has been harbored. 1894 * * The Ameer has a regular army of 50,000 troops, and the tribal levies are incorporated with these as irregular auxiliaries, with the exception of the horsemen who follow feudal chiefs. * * An arsenal established at Kabul manufactures powder. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1879 Feb. 20. Shere Alidies (announced). STATE. 1879 May 26. Treaty of Peace signed with Yakoob Khan, son of the deceased Ameer, at Gandamak. The British to occupy certain territory, have a resident at Kabul, and pay an annual subsidy uf S30U.000 t<> the Ameer. Ayoob the governor of Herat for his brother. Sept. 3, 4. Revolt of Afghans, who mas- sacre British residents and their guards. Sept. 5. Mutiny in Herat; both mili- tary and civil governors killed. Oct. 14. Gen. Roberts proclaims martial law and Gen. Hills and Gholab Hussein Khan to be military governors. Oct. * Yakoob TOian abdicates. Oct. 30. Roberts announces the occupa- tion of Kabul, etc. Dec. * Mohammed Jan Wardak combines tribes against the British. Dec. 17. Musa Khan, son of Yakoob. reported to be Ameer. AFGHANISTAN. 1879-1894. 18S0 Jan. 6. Gen. Roberts proclaims an almost universal amnesty. Mar. 21. The new Ameer, Musa Khan, and the chiefs at Ghazni submit to the British. * * The British make Shere Ali, cousin of the late Ameer, Governor of Kandahar. July 22. The British proclaim Abder- Kahman, Ameer at Kabul. Dec. * Shere Ali resigns ; retires to India. 1S31 Oct. * Abder-Rahman becomes sole ruler. 1SS2 Feb. * Afzul Khan is chosen by the Ameer as British resident at Kabul. 1333 June 21. Shinwarris accept peace. July 21. The Ameer accepts a subsidy from India. 1884 Apr. 2. The Ameer meets Lord Duiferin, the viceroy, at Rawalpindi. Aug. * The Ameer accepts the proposal of the Afghan frontier commission. 1885 July* England and Kussia dif- fer respecting the Zultikar Pass. July * Strong Russian force posted at Askabad. July * The Penjdeh surrendered to Russia. Aug. 22. It is announced that the Rus- sians give up their contention respecting the Zultikar Pass. Sept. * The dispute between Russia and England is closed by signing a Protocol at London. Nov. 12. First boundary pillar set by the joint commission. 1886 Feb. 13. Russia occupies Penjdeh. Sept. 6. Joint commission having con- cluded its work is dissolved. Oct. 30+. Revolt against taxation. 1887 July 8. Proclamation of peace, amnesty, and remission of taxes for two years issued by the Ameer. July 13. Execution of Taimar Shah, chief of the Herat mutineers. July 20. The Afghan Frontier Com- mission meet at St. Petersburg and set- tle the boundary question. Aug. 14. Ayoob Khan escapes from Teheran ; he raises his standard against the Ameer. Aug. 29+. Rebellion reported at an end, and several tribes return home. Nov. 9. Reported that Ayoob Khan has surrendered to the viceroy of India. Nov. 13. Peace reported in Southern Afghanistan. Dec. 10. The Ameer issues an amnesty proclamation. 1888 Sept. * Revolt of Ishak Khan, the governor of Afghan-Turkestan. 1889 Feb. 13. The insurrectionary leader, Ishak Khan, is treated with great honor at Samareand, Russia. Feb. 20. The Ameer has appointed Gho- lam Hyder Khan Governor of Afghan- Turkestan. Aug. 7. The Alehayaras in Kandahar re- volt ; troops sent to quell disturbance. 1890 Aug. 6. The new Ameer sends an embassy to Russia to conclude a com- mercial treaty. Summer. Abder-Rahman, the Ameer, continues at Mezar, the chief place in Afghan-Turkestan, for the purpose of crushing hostilities and reorganizing the administration. * * The Ameer has given the Russians important trade concessions which are denied to the English. * * The Ameer seeks to replace pillage and violence with commerce and peaceful industries. Aug. 11. The Ameer arrives at Kabul and is given an enthusiastic reception. 1891 Sept. 7. Reported arrest of Gen- eral Alikhanoff , charged with being a Russian spy. * * The Russians send out an expedi- tion for political purposes, which has a strong Cossack support, and starting from Osh, in the Russian province of Ferghana, it enters the Pamir region, and claims a great part of it. 1892 Apr. 11. The Ameer issues a State paper to the "Noble Chiefs of Afghan- istan," advising their adherence to Great Britain rather than to Russia. Apr. 15. The Ameer gains possession of one of the two passes leading through the Pamir country to India, the British having possession of the other. July 8. Reported that the Russians are encroaching on Afghan territory on the Murghab River and in the Pamirs. [The Afghans make an effort to pro- tect their frontier against the advances of the Russians. (See Army.) Aug. 9. The revolt of the Hazara tribes grows more serious daily. Aug. 14. Owing to increased complica- tions the Ameer negotiates with the rebels. Aug. 23. Reported that the Ameer has asked the Government of India to in- tervene to prevent Russian aggression in the Pamir country. Sept. 12. The Ameer is said to be sup- porting the mountain tribes in their re- sistance to British authority. Dec. 16. Sher AfzulKhan.murdererand usurper, is driven from Chitral. Dec. 22. The Ameer is recognized as Suzerain of Chitral. 1893 Feb. 4. Overtures made for a con- ference between Russia, England, and China to consider the frontiers of Russia, China, and Afghanistan. Mar. 13. The Ameer declines to meet Lord Roberts to confer concerning the trouble among Indian frontier tribes. Oct. 2. Arrival at Kabul of Sir Mortimer Durand's Mission. !N"ov. 15. The Ameer announces, at a military review, that the frontier ques- tion and other matters long pending be- tween Afghanistan and India have been satisfactorily adjusted. MISCELLANEOUS. 1879 Sept. * Commencement of the Quetta Railway. Oct. 16. The British lose arms, ammuni- tion, and about 20 men by an explosion. * * The British use a portable heliograph in their campaign. * * The Ameer secures a regular sub- sidy of about $25,000 a month from the Indian treasury. 1880 Jan. * The joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission complete the boundary delimitation. Oct. * The work on the Railway is stopped. 1884 Apr. * Work on the Railway is re- sumed. 1885 Oct. 28. Opening of the Lower Bolan Railway, connecting with India. 1887 Mar. 14. The rails are joined of the Sibi and Quetta sections of the Sind- Pishin Railroad via the Harrai route. May * Russians, under General Ozan Tora, occupy the town of Kerki, on the left bank of the Oxus, between Bokhara and Herat. Aug. 14. Ayoob Khan, the cousin and rival of Abder-Rahman, escapes from Teheran, where he was kept interned by the British. 1888 July * The opening of the rail- road through Bokhara to Samareand is celebrated with festivities. General Annenkoff, who directed its construc- tion, is appointed its chief director for two years. Oct. * Ishak Khan a fugitive in Russian territory. Dec. 26. The Ameer barely escapes as- sassination. * * Railroad connection is completed to the Caspian Sea, a distance of 900 miles. 1889 Feb. 16. Exportation of goods resumed ; no obstacle against the impor- tation of Russian goods. Apr, 9. Tranquillity prevails along the frontier. Dec. 26. The Ameer is fired at by a sepoy of the Herat Infantry, who is executed on the spot. * * The railroad is dependent upon the supply of naphtha, the only fuel available. 1890 * * Kabul supposed to have 100,000 inhabitants. * * The tomb of Shah Ahmed at Ka- bul is so sacred that the king may not remove a criminal who has taken refuge within its walls. * * The Ameer demands a tax of from 10 to 30 per cent of the produce of the land, according to the amount of irriga- tion. 1891 * * The Ameer is endeavoring to extend new manufactures. 1893 * * Manufactures are chiefly silk, felts, carpets, and postins. * * Exports consist chiefly of fruits and nuts and large quantities of asafetida. * * The population exceeds 4,000,000. * * The Ghilzai, Durani, and other tribes inhabit the central parts of the coun- try ; the Tajiks cultivate the soil and ply peaceful trades ; the Aimaks, Haza- ras, and Uzbecks dwell in the northern part of the country. * * A large number of the Hazaras and the Kizilbashis are Shiite Mohamme- dans. lllB.C-1866 A.D. ALGERIA. Algeria is a country of Northern Africa, organized as a colonial possession of France, and divided into three departments, Algiers, Oran, and Constantine ; capital, Algiers. The government is vested in a governor-general, appointed by France, and a Superior Council ; the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Area (Algeria proper), 1*22,870 square miles ; imputation in 1801, 3,910,399. ARMY — NAVY. Ill * * b. c. War between Rome and Numidia begins. (See Italy.) 46* * b. c. Juba, the last king of Nu- midia, is killed at the battle of Thapsus. 42* * b. c. Suetonius suppresses a revolt in Mauritania. 533 * * -35 * * A. D. Justinian's great general, Belisarius, conducts the Ro- mans successfully against the Vandals. 637 * * -709 * * The Saracens subdue the country. 1248 * * William, Prince of Achaia, con- quers the Moors. 1492 * * The Moors are driven out of Spain into Algiers. 1505* * Ferdinand, King of Spain, sends a powerful fleet under the Count of Navarre against the country ; he soon captures Oran, Bugia, and other towns. 1509 * * Algiers is taken by the Span- iards. 1516 * * The Turks aid in expelling the Spaniards, under Horush Barbarossa. 1516* *-20* * Algiers is retaken by Horush and Hadher-ed-Din Barbarossa, and made the capital of a Mohammedan state. 1518* * The Spaniards capture Horush Barbarossa and put him to death. 1541 Oct. 28+. The Spanish Emperor Charles V. loses the greater part of a fleet of 370 vessels and an army of 30,000 men, in an expedition against Algiers ; Charles himself escapes with difficulty. (See Miscellaneous.) * * The Spaniards are driven out. 1616 * * The Algerine fleet consists of 40 sail, of ships of between 200 and 400 tons, and a flag-ship of 500 tons. 1617 * * A French fleet is sent against the Algerines, and captures two ves- sels. 1620 * * The English send out an un- successful fleet under Sir Robert Manscl . * * * The Venetians send out a fleet un- der Admiral Capello, which captures IS galleys. 1655* * Cromwell sends Admiral Blake with a fleet, which soon subdues the Algerines. 1680 * * The French send out a fleet under Vice-Admiral Duquesne, which destroys 14 Algerine ships. 1683 May * Duquesne appears before Algiers, and threatens to bombard the town. The pacific Bev is murdered, and also all the French in the town. The French Consul is fired at the French fleet from the mouth of a mortar. Duquesne de- stroys the fortifications, the shipping, and the chief part of the town. 1792 * * The Spaniards surrender Oran. 1815 * * Commodore Decatur of the United States navy encounters the Algerine squadron, captures a frigate and a brig, and forces the surrender of American prisoners. 1816 Aug. 27. The city of Algiers is successfully bombarded by the Brit- ish fleet, under Lord Exmouth, who also burns its fleet. 1817+ * * The Algerines more strongly fortify their city than ever before. 1826* * Algerine pirates openly seize Italian vessels in the Mediterranean and extend their incursions to the North Sea. 1830 * * War with France. Caused by insults given to ambassadors, and to great restlessness in France. May * The French prepare a fleet at Toulon, for war on a large scale. June 14. Rout of the Algerines after a fierce attack in strong force. July 4. The French begin the bombard- ment of Algiers, and subdue the town. July 5. Algiers surrendered to the French under General Bourmont and Admiral Duperre, after severe conflicts. The French force consists of 37,000 in- fantry, and 4,000 cavalry, and a good sup- ply of artillery; Hussan Bey's army numbers 60,000. The spoil consists of 12ships, 1,500 bronze cannon, and nearly $10,000,000 in specie. * * General Clausel succeeds General Bourmont. 1831 Feb.* General Berthezene is ap- pointed commander-in-chief. * * He makes unsuccessful attempts to chastise the hostile tribes of the interior. * * Revolt of the natives against the tyranny of the French. Oct. * The Kabyles capture Bona. Nov. * General Savary, Due de Rovigo, reenforces the French with 16.000 men. He exasperates the natives by cruelty and treachery. 1832 * * The Arab chief Abd-el-Ka- der preaches a holy war, and collects an army of 11,000 men. May * He attacks the French at Oran, and, after bravely fighting three days, is repulsed with considerable loss. 1835 * * Jealousy inspires war with Abd- el-Kader. June 28. At the Makta River the French are defeated with great slaughter. The French under Marshal Clausel with 11,000 men invade Mascara. Dec. 5. The French take Mascara and fire the city. 1836 Jan. * Marshal Clausel undertakes an expedition against Tlemcen; he captures and garrisons the town. * * Abd-el-Kader defeats 3,000 men un- der Count d'Arlanges on the Tafna. July 6. General Bugeaudeompletelyde- f eats the Arabs on the Sikak River. Nov. * Marshal Clausel conducts an un- successful expedition of S.OOO men against the Bey of Constantine. 1837 May 30. Abd-el-Kader thor- oughly defeated. ' Oct. * A French army of 20,000 men marches against the Bey of Constantine. Oct. 12. The French storm and capture Constantine, losing General Danr£- mont. General Valee succeeds him. 1839 Oct. * Boundary disputes and intrusion lead to war. * * Reenforcements of 20,000 men are sent out from France. Dec. * Abd-el-Kader suddenly attacks the French in the plain of Metidja, and routs them with great slaughter. 1840* * The French garrison of 123 men defends Fort Masagran against the attack of 12,000 to 15,000 Arabs, for three days. 1841 * * General Eugeaud, with from 80,000 to 100,000 men, subdues raiding Arabs by use of flying columns. 1842 Jan. * Tlemcen is taken by the French. Fort of Tafna captured and destroyed. 1843 * * Sprint/. The French under the Duke of Aumale surprise Abd-el- Kader ; they take several thousand prisoners and much booty. 1844 Aug. 14. The Arabs from Mo- rocco, under Abd-el-Kader, are defeat- ed by General Bugeaud, on the river Isly. 1845 June 18. General Pelissier suf- focates about 500 Arab men, -women, and children in a cave after they re- fused to surrender. 1847 Dec. 23. Abd-el-Kader finally surrenders to Lamoriciere. 1849 * * General Pelissier marches against several of the rebellious tribes and subdues them. 1850 * * Several revolts are subdued. 1851 * * Kabyle insurrection subdued by the French under Geueral St. Arnaud, after several sharp engagements. 1852 * * General Macmahon is sent out against Kabylia. * * General Pelissier takes Laghouat by storm. 1854 * * An expedition subdues the Arabs in the south. 1857 Oct. * General Randon subdues the tribes of Great Kabylia, and the au- thority of France is undisputed. 1859 Oct. 31. The Arab tribes rebel, attack the French, and are defeated. Nov. 6. They rebel again with like result, 1864 Apr.* The Arabs of the south rise in formidable insurrection; rebellion provoked by an insult. June * After defeat the Arabs submit. Oct. 2. Fresh revolts ; insurgents de- feated by Jolivet. 1865 Oct.* Fresh insurrection in Oran; subdued by Colonel de Colomb. 1866 Mar. 16. 'Anotherinsurreetion in Oran is subdued by the same officer. ALGERIA. Ill b.c. -1866 ad. 9 BIRTHS— DEATHS. 260± * * Arnobius. Rhetorician of Numidia. 354* * Augustine. Saint. (Numidian bishop of Hippo), born, 4th Ce/itury. Donatus, Numidian schismatic. 430 * * Augustine, Saint, Numidian bishop, A76. 1059 * * Abdallah-Ibn-Yasin, founder of the empire of the Almoravides, dies. 1546 * * Barbarossa, Hadher, (Jreek-Alge- 1718 * * Baba-Ali, Dey of Algiers, dies. 1773i * * Hussein or Houssein Pasha (Dey) 1607 * * Abd-el-Kader (Emir) born. 1825* * Allemand-Lavig-erie (Fr. Cardi- nal) born in Bayonne. 1838 * * Hussein or Houssein Pasha, last Dey of Algiers, dies, A ± 65. 1864 May 22. Marshal Pelissier, governor- general, dies. CHURCH. 1050+ * * Abdulla-ben Yazim forms the prosperous sect of Moabites. 1540+ * *Pope Paul III. issues a bull offering the remission of sins and the crown of martyrdom to those lost in fighting the Algerians. 1828 * * Abd-el-Kader makes his sec- ond pilgrimage to Mecca, and receives the title Iladji. 1832 * * Abd-el-Kader preaches a holy war. SOCIETY. 1520+ * * Thirty thousand Christian slaves are employed in constructing a mole in the harbor of Algiers. [Finished in three years.] * * The Algerine pirates are dreaded and subsidized by all the commercial nations. 1816 Aug.* Under British pressure the Dey liberates 1,211 Christian slaves, and promises that piracy and the enslave- ment of Christians shall cease forever. 1832 * * A Holy "War excitement pre- vails. 1860 Sept. * Algiers is visited by the French Emperor Napoleon HI. 1865 May 3-June * Napoleon is -wel- comed with enthusiasm. STATE. 46 * * b. c. A part of Mauritania (Alge- ria) is conquered by the Romans. 45* * B. c. Mauritania becomes aEoman province, with Sallust for proconsul. 42 * * B. c. Mauritania is divided into two parts. 439 * * a. d. Mauritania is conquered in part by the Vandals. 533 * * The Vandals are expelled by the Romans, and the territory is reunited to the empire. 690 ± * * The Saracens subdue this prov- ince. [It becomes divided among many petty chiefs, and relapses into barbar- ism.] 935+ * * The town of Algiers is founded by the Arabs near the site of ancient Icosium. 1075+ * * The sect called Moabites sub- due rival chiefs and lay the foundation of the dynasty of the Almoravides. 1147 * * -1231 * * The dynasty of the Almohades follows. 1273 * * Change of dynasty; the country is divided into small states. 1509 * * Spain acquires dominion. 1516 * * The Algerians revolt and seek aid of the famous Turkish pirate, Horush Barbarossa. * * The invaders being expelled, Barba- rossa murders the prince, Selim Cut- smi, and mounts the throne. * * He extends his dominions by force and treachery. * * Algiers becomes nominally a prov- ince of Turkey. 1518 * * Hadher Barbarossa, as Pasha of Algiers, succeeds his brother, who is slain by the Spaniards. + * * He solicits aid from Selim I., and acknowledges his sovereignty. + * * The Moors establish the pirati- cal states of Algiers and Tunis. * * * Viceroys, or pashas, ap"pointed by Turkey, continue to govern the coun- try till the 17th century. 1600+ * * Turkey permits the janizaries to choose their own dey or governor. 1609 * * Many Moors flock to Algiers after their expulsion from Spain, and as able sailors raise the power of the state. 1686 * * The English conclude a favor- able treaty with Algiers. [It is only par- tially enforced for a long time.] 1705 * * The last Turkish pasha is ex- pelled by Dey Ibrahim. 1710+ * * The office of pasha is united with that of dey. The janizaries control the appoint- ment of chiefs, and they declare inde- pendence of the Turks ; all regular tribute is withdrawn. 1795 * * The Americans refuse any longer to subsidize the Dey of Algiers. 1S16 * * A new treaty with England is made, and Christian slavery is abolished. 1818 * * Hussein Bey succeeds to the government. 1823 * * The French demand reparations for insults to their consul and for out- rages committed on French vessels, but without success, and an army follows. 1830 July 5. The French depose the Dey, and overthrow the barbarian gov- ernment. The Dey retires to Naples. * * General Bourmont is superseded by General Clausel, who makes little effort to conciliate the natives. 1833 * * The French ministry declares its purpose to retain the government and to colonize the country, in opposition to its agreement with England. Mar. * General Avizard is appointed interim Governor on the retirement of Rovigo. [He dies soon after.] * * General Voirol is nominated Gov- ernor. 1834 * * Abd-el-Kader enters a treaty acknowledging the supremacy of France, and is recognized as the Emir of the province of Mascara. May 20. The French ministry announces its intention to retain Algiers perma- nently. * * France is displeased with the treaty, and General Desmichels, Governor of Oran, is recalled. July * General Drouet d'Erlon he- comes Governor-general of the colony. 1835 * * Marshal Clausel supersedes Count d'Erlon as Governor-general. 1837 May 30. The French sign a treaty of peace with Abd-el-Kader on the banks of the Tafua ; he recognizes French supremacy. Dec.+ * General Vale'e is appointed Governor-General of the colony. 1841 Feb. 22. General Bugeaud suc- ceeds Valee. 1842 Feb. * Algeria annexed to France, and the Emir declared a rebel. 1848 * * General Cavaignac appointed Governor-general of the Colony. Jan. 29. Abd-el-Kader is taken a pris- oner to France, contrary to the agree- ment of the French. 1852 * * Louis Napoleon releases him from prison on the condition that he retires to Asia Minor. 1857 * * French authority undisputed. 1858 * * The government entrusted to Prince Napoleon as special minister. [The special ministry is soon abolished.] 1860 Nov. * Marshal Pelissier, Duke of Malakhoff, is appointed Governor- general, with a council of thirty mem- bers. 1863 Feb. * The emperor promises a constitution, with a representative as- sembly, securing the rights of the Arabs, saying, " I am as much emperor of the Arabs as of the French." 1864 May 22. Death of Marshal Pelis- sier. Marshal Macmahon, Duke of Magenta, succeeds him. 1865 July * More rights and privileges are promised by the French to the na- tives. MISCELLANEOUS. 1520 * * Under Barbarossa, Algeria be- comes famous for its pirates. [They infest the seas till 1S30.] 1541 Oct. 28. A fearful storm at- tended by an earthquake nearly destroys the fleet of the Spaniards in the port of Algiers. 1670 * * The city of Tlemcen is destroyed by fire. 1716 May* -June* Earthquakes de- stroy 20,000 people. 1866 * * Population by census returns '2,921,146. * * The crops are almost entirely de- stroyed by locusts. 10 1867-1894. ALGERIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1867 Jan. * A new expedition subdues the refractory Arabs of the south. 1868 Jan. * Si-Hamed leads a revolt and is killed by the French ; his follow- ers are routed. 1869 Jan. * Several large bodies of in- surgents in the extreme south move northward and surprise Tagguin. Feb. 2. Colonel Sonis defeats about 4,000 Arabs, and routs them. June * The insurrection is quelled. 1870 Aug. 15. Algeria proclaimed in a state of siege. 1871 * * "Widespread insurrection of the Arab and Kabyle tribes, prompted by the weakened oondition of France. June 24. State of siege raised after the fall of the Commune at Paris ; [a contri- bution of $0,000,000 imposed upon the rebels]. 1879 June* Another insurrection j it is soon subdued. 1881 Apr.* Dispute between the French government and Tunis respect- ing the sheltering of insurgents. The French land an army in Tunis. June * Arab insurrection headed by Bou Ameema. July 13. Bou Ameema is said to be de- feated by the French, and a fugitive. Aug. 1. Reported preparation for a fresh revolt ; a strong force marches against Bou Ameema. Aug. * Indecisive actions with the rebels. 1882 Apr.* A topographical expedi- tion is attacked, and more than 40 per- sons are reported killed. 1883 June* Announcement of the sub- mission of revolting tribes. 1891 Dec. 23. The Amours tribe re- bels against French authority, and fight- ing begins. * * Each of the three military depart- ments in Algeria is under the direc- tion of the commandant of the 19th corps of the French army. 1892 * * An insufficient military expedi- tion sent by the Sultan of Morocco to punish the people of the oases for de- claring their freedom from tribute and their sympathy with France, fails in its purpose. 1894 Jan. 25. Timbuctu occupied by French Troops. Feb. 9. Colonel Bonnier, commanding the French force which took Timbuctu, is killed by the Tuaregs, together with seventy-eight officers and soldiers. Aug. 28, The Tuaregs, after three days' fighting, defeat the French troops at Timbuctu, and compel them to retire. DEATHS. 1883* * Abd-el-Kader, Algerian chieftain, 1889 * * Algiers has synagogues, a hand- some cathedral, and three other Catholic churches, a Protestant chapel, six col- leges, an Episcopal seminary, and bish- op's palace. * * The London Society for the Propa- gation of the Gospel among the Jews reports a mission station at Algiers. SOCIETY. 1870 * * Native Jews are admitted to French citizenship. 1890 May 19. Arabs pillage a Jew's store at Quelma, and are dispersed by troops. 1893 * * The French colonists and officials discourage any attempt to elevate the natives, and persistently oppose the proposition to establish schools. STATE. 187 1 * * A war contribution imposed on the rebels by the French. Oct. * The military rule abolished and a civil government established, [which brings peace and prosperity.] 1873 * * General Chanzy is appointed governor. 1878 July* General Chanzy accused of governing despotically ; his resignation not accepted by Marshal Macmahon. * * He is replaced by Albert Gre"vy. 1879 June * An insurrection, which is soon quelled. 1881 Apr. * Dispute between Algeria and Tunis respecting incursions of the Kroumirs into Algerian territory. May 12. The French force the Bey of Tunis to cede territory and become the vassal of France. Nov. 6. Resignation of the governor, A. Gr^vy, announced. Nov. 26. * Louis Tirman appointed governor. 1882 Dec. * Announcement of the an- nexation of the province Mzab. 1883 * * The French government has proposed to expropriate tribal lands of the nomadic Arabs and a part of those of the sheep-raising Kabyles of the mountains, in order to advance coloniz- ation by Europeans, whose presence will give security to the French dominion. 1891 * * Governor-general Tirman re- tires from office. Apr. * Jules Camborn is appointed gov- ernor-general. (There are three departments, each of which elects one senator in Algeria and two deputies.) 1892 Jan. 23. The sherif of Wazen is forcibly detained in Algeria by the French. MISCELLANEOUS. 1867 Jan. * Several villages destroyed by an earthquake ; a prolonged drought and famine follow. * * The cholera destroys 50,000 persons. 1871 * * The French government grants land and means to start in agriculture to 10,500 refugees from Alsace-Lorraine. 1872 * * Population 2,146,225. 1875* * Population 2.448,091. 1876 * * The most prosperous year of the I k>lony, 1880 Mar. * M. Mouchot, by a mirror, collects solar rays, and boils water, drives an engine, etc. 1881 Oct. * Reported death of 61 per- sons killed by a waterspout. * * There are 2,328,636 persons engaged in agriculture. 1883 * * A project fur making the Sahara desert an inland sea Is entertained. 1884 * * Railroads completed, 903 miles. 1886 * * Population 3.910,399. 1887 * * Railroads completed, 1,290 miles. * * A plague of grasshoppers damages the growing crops. 1888 July * Another plague of lo- custs. * * Swarms of crickets devastate vegeta- tion in many localities. * * The first section of the Trans-Sahara Railroad is opened. 1889 Jan. 5. The Governor orders the expulsion from the country of two editors of a Spanish newspaper published at Oran. 1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid pilgrimages to Mecca on account of the prevalence of cholera in Arabia. June 25. Cardinal Lavigerie favors a Trans-Saharan railway. Aug. 26. Fire rages in the Soukari's forest ; two villages destroyed. Sept. 26. Destructive storm and cyclone. 1891 Jan. 15. Three violent shocks of earthquake occur. Aug. 19. A forest fire destroys 35,000 acres of trees. * * Population by last census returns. 3,G3G,967 in the civil departments, and in the interior military departments, 487,765. * * Locusts destroy the pastures. * * There are 3,262,478 persons engaged in agriculture, 187,000 of whom are Euro- peans. * * Value of imports, 652,609,645 ; ex- ports, $45,494,950. * * The Trans-Sahara Railroad, starting from El Guerrah, has been carried across the mountains up to the edge of the Tuareg country, and extends from oasis to oasis, to Biscara, 390 miles. It is projected to Lake Chad, 1,887 miles. 1892 Aug. 2. Astrongsiroccoprevails. * * Roads to the interior, with wells sunk along them, have been established be- tween the military posts. * * Railroads completed cover 1,910 miles ; telegraphs, 7,000 miles. 1S93 * *The Trans -Sahara Railroad reaches within SO miles of the oasis of Fignig. 1894 * * Fr. The annihilation of the French advance column at Timbuctu causes deep feeling in France. AMERICA. 955 B.C. -1121 a. d. 11 includes both North and South America and the adjacent islands. Estimated area, 15,700,000 square miles ; estimated population in America is a name applied to the Western Continent, i Greatest length, 10,500 1 miles ; greatest breadth, 3,000± mil 1891, 121,713,000. Explanatory Note. — The early history of each American country is given in fuller detail under its proper title, except that of the United States, which appears under the title of America only until the Declaration of Independence in 177G. Mexican, Central and Soutli American dates are of uncertain value until the sixteenth century. All items relating to the No America can hardly be considered well-established historical records. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 4th Century b. c. The spherical shape of the earth is taught by the Greeks. 4th Century a. t». The compass is used by mariners on the Indian Ocean. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 945 ± Mex. Nauhyotl, king, dies. 1007 Mass. (?) Sonorri, son of Thorflnn, born in Vinland. 1054± Peru. Manco Capac, founder of the state, dies. 1070t Mex. Huemac Ateopanecatl, last Tol- tec king, dies at (.'apultepec. CHURCH. 999 * * Scan. Leif, son of Eric the Bed, becomes a convert to Christianity [and in the year 1000 takes Roman mission- ary priests to Iceland, by whom many are converted.] 1000± * * Peru. MancoCa pac (from China?), accompanied by his wife, and sister Mama Ocello, appears. They announce themselves "children of the sun," sent by deity to civilize the people by teaching agriculture and the arts, publishing laws, and by introdu- cing religious rites. {Peruvian Annals.) 1056 * * Iceland. A bishop's see is erected in the east and southwest. 1106* * Iceland. A bishop's see of 175 parishes is erected in the north. 1121* * Eric Gnupsson is appointed " bishop of Greenland and Vinland in partibus infidelium," by Paschal II. DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 635* * Mex. The Chichimecs leave Chicomoztoc in their progress toward Mexico. 648* * Mex. Toltecs invade Mexico. 8th Century. Greenland is visited by Northmen. 860* * Iceland is discovered: Nad- doddr, a Norse pirate, is driven to the coast by adverse winds. 865* * Iceland is visited by Floki, the viking. 876 * * Greenland discovered : Gunn- bjorn, a Norwegian, driven by adverse winds beyond Iceland, views its coast. 985-1- * * Greenland. Eric Raude, with a number of Icelanders, is said to have spent three years in exploring the coun- try. (Its name is suggested by its abun- dant verdure.) 986* *Ameriea discovered: Her- julfson, a Norse navigator, sailing from Iceland, is caught in a storm and driven southwestward to the coasts of New- foundland and Labrador, but does not land. 1000 * * New England is visited by Leif Ericsson with a crew of about 35 Icelanders. He arrives at Labrador, and explores the coast as far as Massa- chusetts, where he remains more than a year at Vinland. 1002 * * Me. Thorwald, a brother of Leif Ericsson, accompanied by his wife and a crew of 30 men, visits Maine and Massachusetts. 1003 Summer. Thorwald extends his explorations, to the southward. 1004 * * Mass. Leif explores the coast northward [reaching the present site of Boston], where he is slain by the na- tives. 1005 * * New Eng. Thorstien, another brother of Leif Ericsson, explores the New England coast. 1006 * * Mass. — Pi. I. Thorflnn Karl- sefne, with three ships, containing 1G0 men, and a number of women and cattle, explores the coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and possibly sails as far south as Virginia, but is driven away by the natives. 1011 * * Mass. Freydis visits Vinland, accompanied by 30 men. * * Greenland. Helgi and Finnbogi, with 35 men, sail from Greenland to cut timber in Massachusetts. (?) 1012 * * Mass. (?) The Northmen, under Thorwald, having murdered Helgi and Finnbogi, with their followers, sail for Greenland. 11th, 12th Centuries. The Arabs explore the Atlantic, seeking to find its limits. 1116 (P)* * Mex. The Aztecs' migra- tion from the north reaches Chico- moztoc. 1120 (?)** Mex. The Chichimecs, a half-savage tribe, invade Mexico. LETTERS. * * * Mexican annals of a remote pe- riod are recorded by picture-writing. [Their value is uncertain.] 4th Century e. c. The story of the Island of Atlantis is mentioned by Plato. SOCIETY. 686 (?) * * Mex. The Toltecs evince an advanced civilization in weaving, building, jeweling, and making orna- ments of feathers ; among them are as- trologers, poets, sorcerers, philosophers, and orators. 1011 Winter. Mass. (?) The North- men's games cause dissension. Thorwald, the husband of Freydis, avenges an insult by the massacre of the 35 men and five women of a neighboring expedition of the brothers Helgi and Finnbogi. * * Peru. Communism prevails in ag- ricultural labor and products. * * Mex. and Peru. The masses of the people are serfs or slaves. * * * Peru. Manco Capac, with his ■wife, and sister Mama Ocello, arrives from China (?), claiming to be sent by deity to reclaim the tribes from savage life ; civilized society begins. [This account is received with some incredu- lity by scholars.] STATE — SETTLEMENT. 955 * * b. c. Mexican history begins [according to Brasseur de Bourbourg]. 470 i * *B. c. Peru. The Pirua dynasty begins [as some allege]. 4th to 7th Century A. d. Mex. The Wahuas dwell in the Mexican plateau. 503* * Mex. "With the appearance of the Toltecs on the tableland authentic his- tory begins [according to Ixtlilxocliitl]. (Clavigero, 69G, Vetia, 697.) 686+ * * Mex. The Toltec empire is finally established. The Toltecs are the true founders of civilization in this pert of North America. 714 * * Antillia, or the Island of the Seven Cities, is settled from Spain. (?) 830 * * Peru. Fall of the Pirua dy- nasty. (?) 835 * * Greenland is inhabited. (?) 875 i* * Iceland. The Icelandic com- monwealth is founded by Norsemen, under Ingolf, the son of Orn. 9th Century. The Irish visit Iceland. 895(?)* * Mex. Topiltzin Ceacatl Quetzalcoatl, the most famous of the Toltec sovereigns, founds a new seat of government on the plain of Huitzilapan. [La Puebla?] 930 * * Iceland. First meeting of the Althing, a general assembly secured by the influence of Ulfljot, a leader among the Icelanders. 983 * * -985 * * Greenland. Eric Raude returns, and founds two settlements on the west coast. * * * Peru. Manco Capac arrives and reforms the people. (13th Century, Wi 1007 * * Can, Colonies are planted [in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia], which are soon abandoned. 1041 * * -47 (?) * * Mex. Irruption of the Chichimecs-Teotenancas into the valley of Mexico. 11th Century. Mex. The fall of the Toltec power. Tho Toltecs. greatly redn bers, leave America. 11th Century. Mex. After the fall of the Toltec empire, a great migration cf Northern tribes southward begins. [It continues for three centuries.] "and enter Central 12 1121-1492, Oct. 12. AMERICA. ARMY — WAVY. 13th Century. Mex. The ferocity of the Aztecs causes their neighbors to band together against them. Many forays and bloody wars follow. 1415 * * Mex. The Tepanecs invade the territory of the Tezcucans and are invaded in turn. I425± * * Mex. The Tepanecs subdue the Tezcucans. 1433* * Peru. Peruvians invade Chile, conquering the southern part. 1450± * * Mex. Montezuma I. subdues the country to the Gulf of Mexico. 1469 * * Mex. A military expedition tinder Axayacatl moves down the Isth- nius of Mexico as far as Tehuantepec. He ravages the Totonac region, securing immense plunder and many captives. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 12th Century. The Catalans and Basques use the compass. 1267 * * Eny. The OpusMajor*by Roger Bacon appears, teaching the sphericity of the globe. 1306 * * It. Map of Marino Sanuto, the beginning of Atlantic cartography, ap- pears. 1367 * * -73 * * Pizigana's map of the Atlantic appears. 1439 * * Valsequa's chart of the Atlantic appears. 1436 * * Variation of the needle shown on maps. 1446* * Mex. Earthenware pipes used for conducting water to the capital from Chapultepec. 1470 * * Nicholas Donis's map appears — the earliest engraved map in which Greenland is shown. 1472 * * Mex. Art and culture center 1484 * * Regimontanus adapts the astro- labe for use on the sea. 1486 * * Sp. The Laon Globe appears. [Dated 1493.] 1486 * * Sp. The project of Colum- bus is referred by the king to Ferdinand de Talavera, who summons astronomers and cosmographers to confer with Co- lumbus before a jury of ecclesiastics, where his theories are overturned with biblical texts and extracts from the great divines. 1491 * * Talavera denounces the pro- ject to the king as impracticable. 1492 * * Somewhere 200 leagues west of the Canaries, lay on ancient maps the Lost Island of the Seven Cities. * * Columbus, after long study and much conference with the best authori- ties, concludes the globe to be only ten or twelve thousand miles in circumfer- ence ; he also overestimates the size of the Asiatic continent. Sept. 13. Columbus is startled to find the needle moving westward and no longer pointing to the pole. Sept. 15. A meteor falls five lengths from Columbus's ship. * * Cuba. Columbus concludes that fee has reached Cipango. Afterward he changes his mind, and decides it to be the mainland of India. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1357 Mex. Techotl, ruler of the Chichl- 1435-56 It. Columbus. Christopher, born. [1445i Uarri&se: 145G l'ayne.J 1451 It. Vespucci, Amerigo, Mar. 9. b. 1466 Mex. .Montezuma II., emperor, b. 1469 Afex. Montezuma I., emperor of the Aztecs, dies. 1472 Mex. Nezabualroyll, king of Tez- cuco, dies. 1474 Sp. Casas. Eartolome de Las. "The Apostle of the Indies," born. 1481 Mex:. Axayacatl, emperor of the Az- tecs, dies. 1486 (?) Mex. Tizoc, king qf Tezcucans, d. CHURCH. 1121 * * Greenland. Bishop Eric Gnups- son goes in search of Vinland. (Massa- chusetts and Rhode Island.) 1124* * Greenland. Bishop Arnold is consecrated. 1325 * * Mex. Mexicans adopt the prac- tise of offering human sacrifices in worship. 1450 * * Mex. Mexicans recognize a Su- preme Creator, and also worship a plurality of deities. * * Mex. Fully 5000 priests are at- tached to the principal temple of the city of Mexico. 1487 * * Mex. Ahuizotl celebrates the dedication of the great temple of Huitz- ilopochtli by slaughtering 7'2,344 human victims. (Probably an exaggeration.) 1489 Dec. * Sp. Columbus, learning that the Sultan of Egypt has threatened to raze the tomb of Christ, makes a vow to devote the proceeds of his discovery to the defense of the holy sepulcher. 1492 * * Sp. Juan Perez, prior of the monastery of La Rabida, writes a letter to Isabella, Queen of Castile, which se- cures an interview for Columbus. Columbus asks powers which the arch- bishop declares " arrogant and presump- tuous ; " therefore his mission fails. Apr. 17. Through the influence of Perez and others, Columbus is recalled to the Spanish Court and receives his commis- sion. Columbus bears a letter to. the grand Khan of Cipango, whom he hopes to con- vert to Christianity. Before sailing, Columbus, with most of his officers and crew, confesses to Juan Perez, and receives the holy sacrament. Oct. 12. W. I. The first procedure by- Europeans in the New World is an act of devotion to God, while over them is unfurled a flag bearing a green cross. The natives conclude that the gods have come from their celestial abode. DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 1135 Apr. * Greenland visited by- Scandinavians, who sail as far north as latitude 73°. * The Northmen visit an island In Baffin's Bay, where they erect a mon- ment. [Discovered In 1821] 1153 * * Cfer. Indians said to have been cast upon the German coast. 1170 * * Welshmen under Madoc dis~ 12th Century. Guatemala occupied by the Quiches and CakcfcL Peru supposed to have been visited by Kublai Khan. 1347 * * The coasts of Labrador and New England visited by Norwegian sailors, who bring the last tidings concerning Vinland. 1393(1394?) July * Greenland visited by three ships under Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian, who had sailed from the Faroe Islands. 1396± * * Greenland. Antonio, a broth- er of Nicolo Zeno, explores the coasts. (?) 1424* *Antillia first found on the maps. 1444* * America. Biscayans said to have discovered western land. 1463 * * -64 * * Newfoundland. Cor- treal, a Portuguese navigator, said to have visited the coast. * * * Newfoundland visited by the Dutch. (?) 1470± * * Columbus concludes that much of the world is still undiscovered, and that Asia may be reached by sail- ing westward. 1470 * * -84 * * Portugal visited by Co- lumbus. 1474 * * Columbus explains his views to Paola Toscanelli, a Florentine navi- gator, from whom he receives hearty encouragement. 1476 * * Skolno coasts along Labra- dor. (?) 1477 Feb. * Iceland visited by Colum- bus. 15th Century. Greenland ceases to com- municate with Europe. 1480 * * -92 * * Sp. Columbus, impov- erished and disheartened by many rejec- tions, finds a sympathetic friend in Isabella, Queen of Castile. 14S4 * * Port. Columbus, having vain- ly appealed to John H. for three ships with provisions for one year, leaves the Portuguese service. Columbus, having been deceived by John II., goes to Spain. 1485 * * It. Columbus lays his project before the Genoese, who reject it. ± * * It. Columbus appeals to the Ve- netians for aid without success. * * ± Columbus sends proposals to Henry VU. of England, offering to sail under the English flag. (14SS?) * * Fr. Columbus iu the French pirati- cal service. ± * * Sp. Fernando de Talavera, the confessor of Isabella, fearing hetero- doxy in the ideas of Columbus, pre- vents his access to the king. * * * Cardinal Mendoza, "the third king of Spain," presents Columbus to Ferdinand. (14S5 or 14SG.) AMERICA. 1121-1492, Oct. 12. IS I486 * * jfijjjp. Columbus enters the Cas- tilian service. 148S * * -89 * * Cousin visits the South American coast. (?) 1491* * Sp. A clerical committee ap- pointed by the King to investigate the project of Columbus report adversely. "The project in question is vain and impossible, and not becoming great princes to engage in, on such slender grounds as had been adduced ; " a con- clusion reached chiefly by controverting Scripture texts. 1492* * Sp. Columbus states his lofty- terms, and his proposal is declined by the King. He demands the office of admiral, with the vice-royalty of the lands he may dis- cover, and one-tenth of the gains to be received from them : the King declines the conditions. Apr. 17. Sp. Columbus is recalled, and articles of agreement are drawn and signed at Santa Fe\ Aug. 3. Friday. Sp. Columbus sails from the port of Palos, with 119 men in three ships. (90 men ?) The Santa Maria, of 90 feet keel, is decked over from stem to stern ; the Pinta and Nina are undecked caravels. Some of the crew are obtained by offer- ing advanced pay and two months' ex- emption from arrest after their return, while others are sec iired by impressment. Aug. 6. The Pinta loses her rudder. Aug. 9. Canary Islands. The expedi- tion puts in at Teneriff e to refit the Pinta. Sept. 6. Columbus resumes his voyage. Sept. 16. The expedition enters the region of the trade winds. " The air was so mild that it only wanted the song of the nightingales to make it like the" month of April in An- dalusia." (Columbus.) Sept. * The vessels enter the Sargasso Sea ; immense quantities of floating sea- weed are observed. Sept. 17. Columbus calms his alarmed sailors with a fictitious explanation of the variation of the compass. Sept. 18. Many birds are seen, and they awaken expectations of land. Sept. 20. Two pelicans appear. All are sure of the nearness of land. The wind shifts to the southwest, and the crews are glad that they will not ever be urged forward by an east wind, against which it would be impossible to return. Sept. 23 . A storm prevails, and the crews insist that Providence should be tempted no further. Sept. 25. Alonzo Pinzo, deceived by a cloud, raises the false cry of ' c land ; " " Gloria in excelsis " is sung. Oct. 1. Columbus predicts his entrance into an Asiatic port within forty days. Oct. 7. Sailors on the Nina, under the illusion of land in view, raise a flag and fire a gun. Oct. * The crew approach a condition of mutiny, and despairingly threaten to throw Columbus overboard. Oct. 11. The Pinta fishes up a cane, a log of wood, and a stick with a piece of iron attached. The Nina sights a stake covered with dog-roses ; " all of them breathed and were glad." Oct. 11. At 10 o'clock at night Columbus perceives a distant light ; " no one sleeps this night." Oct. 12. If. I. Land discovered on Friday at two o'clock in the morning. Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor on board the Nina, is the first to see it; all the vessels lay to, and the voyage of 36 days is ended, (it is Guanahani, or Watling Island, one of the Bahamas.) LETTERS. 12th Century. Iceland has an intelligent people and nourishes learning by many schools, four of which have the character of universities. 1195+ * * Mex. The Aztecs celebrate the festival of tying up the * ( bundle of years," and begin a new cycle. 1215+ * * Iceland. The Ileimskringla, or Chronicle of Snorro Sturleson, [one of the greatest historical books in the world,] is written. 1264* * Iceland has well- developed literature, consisting of poems, his- tories, and legends. 14th Century. Mex. The civil year of 365 days is divided into 18 months of 20 days, and 5 supplementary days, the month into 4 weeks of 5 days each. 1442 * * Ger. Johann Faust opens the first printing place ; the art of print- ing facilitates the work of discovery and exploration in the New World. SOCIETY. 1241 Sept. 22. Iceland. Snorro Stur- leson, " the good," a warrior, states- man, and poet, is murdered. * * * Iceland. The people are remarkable for their moral qualities. 1469 * * Mex. Axayacatl ascends the throne, and follows the usual custom of raiding the south country to get thou- sands of prisoners whose sacrifice should grace his coronation. 1480+ * * Mex. The King of Tezcucohas 2,000 concubines in his palace. 1486 * * Mex. King Tizoe is assassi- nated. STATE. 12th Century. (?) Mex. The Aztecs mi- grate from place to place. 1170 (?) * * Mex. The rude Chichimecs enter Anahuac (Mexico). 1177± * * Mex. The Aztecs, or Mexi- cans, arrive in Anahuac, leading a mi- gratory and precarious life. 1184 (?)* * or 1186 (P) * * Mex. The Aztecs establish themselves at Cha- pultepec. 1240+ * * Peru. Rule of the Incas be- gins with Manco Capac. (Or 1021+.) 1260+ * * Peru. Reign of Sinchi Rocca. 1262 * * Iceland loses its republican in- dependence, and becomes subject to Hakon, King of Norway. 1280+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Lloque Yupanqui. 1300+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Mayta 1325 * * Mex. The Aztecs, under the- reign of Tenuch, found the city of Ten- ochtitlan (Mexico), probably at first only a cluster of huts, on a low island in a great lake. It is the earliest established date in Mexican history. 1340+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Rocca. 1349 * * Greenland. The Eskimos ap- pear. 1350 * * New Eng. A great plague, which depopulates Iceland and Green- land, also destroys the Norsemen in Vin- land, thus cutting off communication with the New World. (?) * * Greenland. Hostile Eskimos dis- tress the settlers. * * * Mex. Toltecs convert the- hunting Chichimecs into an agricultural people. * * * Peru. The Incas exercise a pater- nal authority in government, which is, in fact, a despotism. These unwarlike kings have domin- ion founded on policy, superstition, and the arts. 1357 * * Mex. Techotl, a great Chichi- mec ruler, dies and is succeeded by Ixtlilxochitl. 1360+ * * Peru. Reign of the Inca Ta- huar-Huaccac. 1380+ * * The commerce of Iceland and Greenland being restricted by Den- mark, these islands begin to decline. * * Peru. Reign of Inca Uira-Cocha. 1400+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Pachaeu- tec Yupanqui. 1415 * * Mex. Invasion of the Tepanecs in Tezcuco. 1418* * Greenland. Settlements of Norsemen are destroyed by natives, and the foreigners reduced to slavery. 1430+ * * Mex. The Acolhua, Aztec, and Tepanec Kings form a triple alliance. (The Aztecs soon become predominant.) 1440* *-69* * Mex. Montezuma I.,. the soldier king, reigns. * * Peru. Reign of Inca Tupac Capac. 1450 (?) * * Mex. The government be- comes an elective monarchy. 1464 (?) * * Mex. Overthrow of the empire of the Tutul-Xius. [The new empire continues till the arrival of the- Spaniards.] 1469 * * Mex. Axayacatl succeeds Mon- tezuma I. 1472 (?) * * Mex. Nezahualcoyotl, King of Tezcuco, dies, and is succeeded by his son Nezahuapilli. 1481 * * Mex. A-xayacatl dies, and is- succeeded by his brother Tizoc. 1492 Oct. 12. W.I. Columbus, vice- roy of the New World, assumes authority as its first European ruler. A part of the expedition lands at sun- Columbus, richly clad in official dress, leads, and all, kneeling down, kiss the ground and give thanks to God with tears- of joy. Columbus rises, draws his sword, shakes out the royal banner, and takes possession of the land for his sovereigns,, and names it San Salvador. 1492± * * Peru. Huayna Capac begins his reign. (Or 1483.) 14 1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. * AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1494 * * Mex, Military force is first used in the New World to subdue the outraged natives to the rule of Spain. By a brilliant coup de main the cacique Caonabo is captured and his people sub- mit to the Spaniards ; not one of the 3IX) soldiers is lost. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * * Peru. Many of the useful arts, as agriculture, architecture, pottery, spinning, and navigation, are developed. Peruvians know how to give hardness to copper, for making edge tools, by melt- ing it with tin. * * * Central America. The Spaniards find semi-civilized nations, wearing woven clothes, and constructing works of art, as temples, grottoes, and fortifi- cations. * * * Chileans practise weaving and agriculture. 1493 Jan.* Haiti. Columbus completes the first European structure in the New "World at San Domingo. It is a fort made out of the timbers of the Santa Maria, which has been wrecked by had steering. * * * Peruvians far surpass the Mexi- cans in both the practical and elegant arts of life. They excel in masonry, using hard chisels, and they ornament their work with carvings, 1496 * * Haiti. Columbus discovers gold mines, and concludes he is in the Land of Ophir. 1497 * * Sebastian Cabot sails within twenty degrees of the North Pole, while seeking a northwest passage to the Pacific. CHURCH. 1493 Feb. * Terrified by a storm the sailors, and probably Columbus also, vow to attend mass in their shirts at their first opportunity. Feb. 1S±. Azores. The sailors keep the vow made in their distress, by going to the church at Santa Maria. * * Sp. Columbus presents nine Ameri- can Indians for baptism. May 3, 4. It. Pope Alexander VI. (a Spaniard) issues bulls "out of our pure liberality, certain knowledge, and pleni- tude of Apostolic power," " and by vir- tue of the authority of omnipotent God," granting to Spain all newly acquired lands west of an imaginary line running north and south 300 miles west of the Azores ; Portugal receives dominion east of this line. He divides the world between two men. Sept. * Sp. Columbus renews his vow to rescue the Holy Sepulcher, and prom- ises within the next seven years to equip at his own expense a crusading army of 50,000 foot and 4,000 horse, and in five years thereafter to follow this with a second army of like dimensions. Sept. 25. Sp. Christianity is formally introduced. Twelve missionaries sail for the New World. * * Haiti. Religion consists of simple fetishism and ancestor worship. * * W. I. Bernardo Boyle is appointed by the Pope to the office of Apostolic Vicar for the Indies, probably the first clergyman sent to America. 1498* * Eitfj. Henry "VTI., being a good Catholic, is deterred from claiming the benefits of Cabot's discoveries, because of the Pope's inconsiderate grant to the crowns of Castile and Leon in 1493. 1500 Apr. 26. Easter. Brazil. Cabral takes possession for Portugal, and erects an altar and plants a stone cross, and calls the country the Iiand of the Holy Cross. DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 1492 Oct. 14. Watting Island. Colum- bus coasts along the shore northward. Oct. 19. The Island Isabella is discov- ered. Oct. 28. Cuba is visited. Oct. * — Jan. * Columbus discovers Ex- uma, Bahia, and Santa Catalina. Dec. 6. Haiti. He discovers Hispan- iola [later called San Domingo and Haiti]. Dec. 25. Haiti. "Wreck of the Santa. Maria. 1493 Jan. * Haiti. Columbus erects a fort from the wreckage of the vessel, and calls it La Navidad. Jan. 4. Columbus sails for Spain in the Nina. Feb. 12. In a terrifying storm Columbus places a record of the voyage in a cask, and commits it to the deep. Feb. 18. Azores. Columbus arrives at Santa Maria. The Portuguese governor disallows his commission, and threatens to seize him. Feb. 24. Azores. Columbus renews his voyage. Mar. 4. Port. The Nina, under stress of weather, drops anchor near Lisbon. Ad- miral Columbus is received with highest honors by the King. Mar. 15. Friday. Sp. Columbus com- pletes his voyage amid great rejoi- cings. The gold, cotton, parrots, curious arms, mysterious plants, strange birds and beasts, and, above all, nine captured In- dians, greatly interest the Court and the people. Sept. 25. Sp. Columbus's second voy- age. He sails from Cadiz with a fleet of sev- enteen ships, carrying 1,500 people, with animals and implements for starting a colony. Many of his company are worth- less adventurers. Nov. 3+. Carihbee Inlands. Discovery of Dominica and several others of the "Windward Group : also Porto Rico. Nov. 4. jr. /. Guadaloupe is discov- ered. Nov. 10. W. /. Antigua is discovered. Nov. 22. Haiti. Columbus arrives at La Navidad, finds the fort burned, and learns that the colony has perished. Dec. * Haiti. The eltj -.i Isabella, the first settlement by Europeans in the New World, is founded. The fortone-eeeken are disappointed and censure Columbus; they are Igno- rant, proud, contentious, and" insubordi- nate. 1494 May 3. if. I. Jamaica is dis- covered. June 12. Cuba. Columbus signs a doc- ument, drawn by a notary, attesting the discovery of continuous land — the coast of Cuba. June 13. W. I. Evangelista Island (Isle of Pines) is discovered. Sept. 29. Haiti. Columbus returns from his voyage of discovery to Isabella, and lies sick for five months. * * -1507 * * Alleged improbable voyage of Behaim to the South American coast. 1496 Mar. 5. Eng. Henry VTL signs the commission of John Cabot, a Ve- netian, to make discoveries and take possession of lands for the English flag. "No day in the history of the New World was more important." (Ridpath.) Mar. 10. Haiti. Columbus leaves in the Nina for Spain to meet the malicious charges of his enemies. June 11. Sp. Columbus returns to Cadiz, lands in great dejection, wearing the costume of a Franciscan. 1497 May* Eng. John Cabot sails from Bristol, on a voyage of discovery, accompanied by his son Sebastian. May 10. Sp. Amerigo Vespucci, an educated Italian, sails on bis first voy- age, with Tanez Pinzon and Juan Diaz de Solis, who visit the north coast of Honduras, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and the Bermudas. [Disputed.] June 24. Can . First discovery of the American continent, at Cape Breton (or Labrador), by John Cabot; he calls it Prima Vista. He raises two banners, one the flag of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the other the flag of the Republic of Venice. The private enterprise of John Cabot and Sebastian, his son, leads to the discovery of the American continent, and its annexation to the British realm, the prudent King not sharing the risk of the voyage. 1498 Apr. * Sebastian Cabot sails on his second voyage to the Atlantic coast of North America. He has five or_ six ships. 300 men, and explores the coast line from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Chesapeake Bay, and probably as far as Cape Hatteras, claiming all* the territory for England. (Ridpath.) May 30. Sp. Columbus sails on his third voyage, from St. Lucar. He has a fleet of six ships : three bound for San Domingo, and three others to continue his discoveries. July 31. JT. I. Trinidad Islam! is dis- covered by Columbus. Aug. 1. T'enez. Columbus beholds the continent for the first time, and mis- takes it for an insignificant island ; he enters the mouth of the Orinoco River. Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus returns to Isabella. AMERICA. 1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. * 15 * * Eng. Thomas Bradley and Lance- lot Tbirkill sail for discoveries iii the " New Isle." 1 499 * * Brazil is discovered by Vincent Pinzon, a Spanish navigator, who fol- lows the coast from 30° northwestward. May 16. Sp. Vespucci sails on an important voyage in the expedition of Alonzo de Ojeda and Juan de La Cosa. They coast from some point in North- ern Brazil to Paria, and westward to Maricabo and to Cape de La Vela. On his return be gives an exciting report. June * Guiana —Colombia. Ojeda discov- ers Surinam, the Gulf of Venezuela, and New Granada. 1500 Jan. * Brazil. Diego de Lepe ex- plores the coast to about 10° south. Feb. 28. Brazil. Discovery of the Amazon River by Pinzon. Apr. 24. Brazil. Pedro Alvarez Cabral, a Portuguese, bound for India, is driven by adverse winds from his track, and anchors in Port Seguro. [He follows the coast from about 12° to 16° 30' south.] May 3. Brazil. Cabral discovers the mouth of the Amazon, and names the country Terra Sanctse Crucis. * * Can. Labrador is visited by Gas- paro Cortereal, a Portuguese, who also explores the shores of Canada for 600 or 700 miles, and discovers and names Conception Bay. Oct. * -02 Sept. * Veiiez. Voyage of Rod- rigo Bastidas and La Cosa, who trace the Pearl Coast westward to Point Manza- nilla. Nov. 25. Sp. Columbus returns from his third voyage. LETTERS. 1493 Feb. * -Mar. * Columbus writes the narrative of his discoveries. * * * Mex. Books are made of long strips or webs of cotton cloth, leaves of aloe after preparation, and skins of animals ; they are neatly joined, with pages folded in a zigzag manner, and they are pro- tected by covers of wood. * * * The Aztec language is copious and polished ; some of its words have twelve or fifteen syllables. The written language is essentially picture-writing, with few symbols or real hieroglyphs. SOCIETY. 1492 Oct. * Cuba. Columbus finds the natives enjoy the smoking of tobacco. ±* * The aborigines of America differ. They speak from 400 to 500 different languages, vary in size from the semi- dwarf of the Arctic regions to the Pata- gonian giants of the South, and embrace a. variety of shades of brown in their color ; they cultivate the soil and pro- duce maize, beans, pumpkins, and to- bacco. The universal vice is indolence. 1493 Mar. * Sp. Columbus is made a grandee. May 4. Sp. Columbus receives a mag- nificent scutcheon, having the royal castle and lion of Castile and Leon blazoned in combination with the four anchors of his old coat of arms. * * W. I. Discords and mutinies pre- vail among the fortune-seekers who come to the New World. 1494* * W. I. Columbus enslaves 500 Indians, and sends them to Spain to be publicly sold. 1495 June 24. W.I. Five ship-loads of Indians are embarked for Seville by Columbus, to be sold as slaves. 1496 * * W. I. Bartholomew Columbus ships 300 natives to Spain to be sold as slaves. [A third of the gentle Indians are said to have perished within two or three years after the arrival of the Spaniards.] 1499 June 20. Sp. Isabella, moved with indignation at the enslavement of Indians, procures the instant libera- tion and speedy return of the last gang brought into Spain. * * Haiti. Indians are assigned to labor, in support of certain Spaniards, by a kind of villenage. * * * North America. The Indians prac- tise polygamy, treat their wives with cruelty and their children with indiffer- ence. The women raise maize, beans, and pumpkins for the support of their families. * * * Chile. Chileans make a fermented drink of maize, and drunkenness is a common vice. * * * Civilized nations of the Toltecan family occupy Mexico, Peru, and Bogota. * * * Civilization is found to follow closely the chain of the Andes, and is specially developed in Mexico and Peru, the latter being the most highly civi- lized empire in America. * * * Mex. Beggars abound, and are decimated by frequent famines. Immutable custom regulates society, and chains the wheels of progress. Chicha, a fermented infusion of maize, and pulque, made from the sap of the great aloe plant, are intoxicants drunk by the people ; public festivals are pro- longed drinking bouts. To maintain the occupations, one part of the population abstains while the other part indulges. The masses are attached to the soil, allotments of which are cultivated in common by the slaves of nobles for their own subsistence. " The excessive use of pulque appears to have occasioned the decay of the Tol- tecs." (Payne.) * * * Pent. An intoxicating beverage is made from the quinoa bean. The mass of the people are in a state of mild servitude, under a kind of nobil- ity, who are ruled by Incas. Harems are maintained by the Incas. " The excessive use of chicha appears to have been nearly connected with the ruin of the Peruvians." (Payne.) 1500 May* Haiti. Columbus is im- prisoned and put in chains by Bobadilla, who has been sent out to investigate his conduct. * * While returning to Spain, Villejo, cap- tain of the caravel, proposes to remove the chains. Columbus replies, " I will wear them as a memento of the grati- tude of princes." STATE. 1493 Jan. 16. Haiti. Columbus leaves 43 men at the fort called Navidad (Isa- bella), and sails for Spain. May 3, 4. //. Bull of demarcation. Pope Alexander VI. draws a line from the North to the South Pole, 100 leagues west of the Azores, and gives to Spain the dominion of the hinds westward, and to Portugal those lying eastward, includ- ing Western Africa. * * -1527 * * Sp. Bishop Fonseca is all-powerful in Indian affairs at the Spanish court. 1494 Apr. 24. Haiti. Columbus leaves his colony in the care of a council of regency, under his brother Diego, with Pedro de Margarite for captain-general, while he pursues a voyage of discovery. June 4-7. Sp. Convention at Torde- sillas, which moves the meridian line, dividing Spanish from Portuguese pos- sessions, 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. 1495 Oct. * W. I. Juan Aguado ar- rives at Isabella, commissioned to investigate the complaints against Columbus' rule. 1496* * Haiti. Columbus founds the city of San Domingo. May* Columbus again leaves Diego in charge of the colony, and sails for Spain. He fails as a planter of colonies and as a ruler of men. 1497 June 24+. The discoveries of John Cabot along the Atlantic coast form the basis of English claims to the territory of North America. 1498 Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus is compelled to compromise with Roldan, who leads a revolt. * * Fr. Louis XII. is enthroned. 1499 May 21. Haiti. Bobadilla, the enemy of Columbus, is made governor of the Spanish colony, and given charge of all fortresses and arms. 1500 Aug. 23. Haiti. Bobadilla ar- rives, and confusion and disaster follow. [He entertains accusations agains Co- lumbus of injustice, severity, and venal- ity, and sends him and his two brothers to Spain, wearing chains.] Oct. * Haiti. Prosperity begins to favor the colonists in the opening of success- ful gold mines. Indians are settled in villages and Christianized ; Columbus estimates the royal revenues may average (Ml ,000.000 reals ($7,500,000) in three years. [The new governor reverses the prosperity.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1492 Oct. * -Dec. * Haiti. Columbus concludes that San Salvador is the Land of Ophir, from whence Solomon ob- tained his gold. 1495 * * W. I. Columbus still believes that he has discovered the Indies ; hence the islands are called the "West Indies. 1498 Aug. * Venez. Columbus enters the mouth of the Orinoco, and he ima- gines it to be the great river Gihon, having its rise in the Garden of Eden. 16 1500, Dec. 17-1518. AMERICA. ARMY - NAVY. 1503 * * Mex. Montezuma's expedi- tion against the Tlascalans, to get vic- tims for sacrifices, is disastrously de- feated. 1509 * * Porto Rico is subjugated by Ponce de Leon. 1511 * * Cuba is conquered by Diego Velasquez. CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 1519 Feb. 10. Cuba. Hernando Cor- tez sails for the invasion of Mexico. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1508* *-12 * * Sp. Amerigo Ves- pucci renders important service to sci- ence, in his position of royal pilot. * * * Mex. The Spaniards find the na- tives skilled in the arts. Pyramids, temples, grottoes, bas-re- liefs, and arabesques slunv their skill in the fine arts ; roads, aqueducts, fortifi- cations, and mining operations exhibit their practical arts. Buildings with vaulted roofs, obelisks covered with mythical figures, pictorial and hiero- graphical inscriptions, evince their intel- ligence and skill. * * * Mex. The calendar of the civil year is composed of 365 days divided into 18 months of 20 days, and having five supplementary days. The Mexicans spin thread, weave cloth, build stone houses, cultivate maize, potatoes, plantains, and raise cotton. * * * Peruvians have admirable pub- lic roads, one extending 1,500 miles; rivers are crossed by suspension bridges. They excel other nations in navigation, using sails on rafts, which they tack and veer ; other races having only the canoe and paddle. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1503 Mex. Ahuitzotl, Aztec king, dies. 1504 Sp. Isabella of Castile, patron of Columbus, Nov. 12 dies. 1506 -Sp. Columbus. Christopher. May 20, A61±. 1512 It. Vespucci, Amerigo, navigator, d. 1515 Mex. Nezahualpilli, Aztec king, dies. 1516 Sp. Ferdinand V., king, dies. Arg. Rep. Sobs, Juan Diaz de, navigator, 1516 Peru. Manco Capac [2d], inca, born. CHURCH. 1502 * * Sp. Bartolome' de Las Casas sails with Columbus. * * Haiti. Franciscans enter Hispan- iola. 1503 * * It. Pius III., later Julius II., is elected pope. 1508 * * Fr. North American Indians are baptized in France. 1510 * * Haiti. Las Casas is ordained a priest, probably the first ordination in the New "World. * * Haiti. Dominican monks arrive, and rebuke the avarice and cruelty of the Spaniards. 1513 * * It. Leo X. is elected pope. 1514* * Haiti. Las Casas, "the pro- tector of the Indians." is converted to anti-slavery work by a Bible text. He arrays the authority of the church against oppression, after first freeing his own slaves. 1517* * Ger. The Reformation under Luther begins. [It ultimately affects the religious development of North Am- 1518* * Mex. Numerous prisoners are immolated in honor of the dedication of the temple of Coatlan, the last slaughter of this kind in Mexico. DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 1501 Mar. 19. Eng. Henry VII. grants a patent to a company of discoverers. [They probably reach America.] May 14. Port. Vespucci sails on his third voyage with Nuno Manuel (?) along the coast of Brazil. He recognizes the discoveries in the New World as no part of India. [He afterward publishes a narrative which omits all reference to Columbus, and so gives his name to the continent.] * * Cortereal sails again, seeking a passage to the East Indies, and is lost on the voy- age. * * Colombia. Bastidas visits the coasts of New Granada. 1502 Jan. 1. Brazil. Vespucci dis- covers the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. May 9. Sp. Columbus, 57 years (?) old, sails on his fourth voyage, with four caravels and 150 men, seeking for a western passage to Asia. [He coasts fromCape Honduras eastward andsouth- ward to the Gulf of Darien.] May 10. Port. Gasparo Cortereal being lost, his brother Miguel sails in search of him [and never returns]. * * Haiti. Columbus is refused permis- sion to refit his largest ship in his own colony. June 13. Columbus discovers Marti- nique. July * + Darien — Mex. Columbus dis- covers various islands along the coast of Honduras, and explores the coast of Darien. Aug. 14. Honduras. Columbus first lands on the American Continent at Punta de Cassinas [Cabo de Honduras] ; he claims the country for Spain. Oct. 5 + . JT. /. Columbus discovers Costa Rica and later Nicaragua; he also visits the coast of New Granada [Colombia]. Nov. 2. Panama. Columbus discovers and names Porto Bello. * * Sp. Ojeda's second voyage to Terra Firraa (Brazil). 1503 May 10. W. I. Columbus discov- ers the Tortugas Islands. May * Port. Vespucci sails with Gon- calo Coelho from Lisbon, with six ships, for the Brazilian coast, and meets with disasters. June 23. Jamaica. Columbus's vessel runs aground in Santa Gloria (St. Ann's Bay), [and waits more than a year for relief.] * * Brazil. Christovao Jaques coasts southward to about 52* south on the coast of Patagonia. * * Colombia. Coluinbusdhjcovers Darien. 1504 Sept. 12. Haiti. Columbus takes final leave of the New World, and sails for Spain. Nov. 7. Sp. Columbus returns from his last voyage. * * Guiana. VasCO NuiiLV.de Balboa lands on the coast of Guiana. * * Newfoundland visited by Breton fishermen. * * Sp. Juan de la Cosa sails on his third voyage for South America in a [successful] search for gold. [1.007 and 1500. He sails again.] 1506* * Can. The Gulf of St. Law- rence is examined and sketched by Jean Denys of Honfieur and Cauiart of Rouen. * * Mex. Yucatan is discovered by Juan Diaz Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzon, of Portugal. 1507 * * -08 * * Panama. Las Casas and Vespucci explore the Gulf of Darien. 1508 June 29. Brazil. Pinzon and Solis sail from Portugal, and follow the coast of South America to about 50* south. * * Pinzon said to have discovered the Rio de la Plata. * * Can. Thomas Aubert touches at Newfoundland, and thence carries the French flag up the St. Lawrence River. He takes Indians with him on his return to France. * * Cuba circumnavigated by Ocampo, and foxmd to be an island. * * Newfoundland is visited by the Normans. * * Sp. Sebastian Cabot enters the ser- vice of Spain. [1516. He prepares to sail to seek a northwest passage, but is prevented by the king's death.] 1513 Mar. 3. Panama. Juan Pence de Leon sails from Porto Rico for the fabled Fountain of Perpetual Youth. Mar. 27. Fla. De Leon rediscovers Florida, the land of flowers, and claims it for Spain. Apr. 8. Fla. De Leon lands [a few miles north of St. Augustine]. Sept. 25. Panama. Vasco Nunez de Balboa, having led an expedition of 290 men across the isthmus, discovers the Pacific Ocean. Sept. 29. Panama. Balboa wades into the ocean, draws his sword, and takes possession in the name of the King of Spain. 1514 ** -16 ** Panama. BartolomS Hurtado, Espinoza, and Herman Ponce are sent to explore the Pacific coast; they prepare the way for settlements in Costa Rica. ' 1515* * Uruguay. Solis again arrives. 1516 Jan.* Solis enters the La Plata River, searching for a strait leading westward. AMERICA. 1500. Dee. 17-1518. 17 * * -17 * * Can. Alleged voyage of Cabot to New France. * * Fla. Voyage of Diego Miruelo from Spain to Florida. 1517 * * Yucatan rediscovered by Fer- nando de Cordova, and tbe gulf coast explored as far as Florida. * * Panama. Balboa is beheaded for treason, when about to lead an expedi- tion to Peru. 1518 May* -June* Mex. The im- portant expedition of Juan de Gri- jalva discovers the east coast of Mexico and visits Florida. With 240 Spaniards he enters Mexico ; the Aztees first behold the white man, and give him tidings of the great empire of the Montezumas. Yucatan is visited and named New Spain. He explores the Gulf of Mexico, and returns with masses of gold. * * Can. Baron de Leri attempts to plant a colony on Sable Island, but only succeeds in introducing cattle. LETTERS. 1500 * * Sp. Juan de la Cosca, a Bis- cayan pilot, makes his remarkable map. 1504 * * Sp. Vespucci publishes an ac- count of his voyage. 1507 * * Fr. Martin Waltzemuller from Freiburg in Breisgau, professor at St. Die in Lorraine, originates the name America. In his Introduction to Geography, published at the college press, he says : *' And the fourth part of the world hav- ing been discovered by Amerigo, or Americus, we may call it America." 1509 * * Eng. Sebastian Brant's Ship of Fools is the first English publication to mention America. 1510 * * Sp. The learning and intelli- gence of Spain admit there is a Fountain of Perpetual Youth somewhere in the Bahamas ; Ponce de Leon seeks for it. 16th Century. Mex. Dated records of Mexican events are preserved, and by many scholars received as the begin- ning of accepted history. SOCIETY. 1500 Dec. 17. Sp. Columbus ar- rives as a prisoner in Spain. Dec. * Columbus, richly dressed, is re- ceived by their majesties ; the Queen is moved to tears by bis recital of suffer- ings and wrongs. Great indignation at his dishonorable treatment is aroused throughout Spain. * * Sp. Queen Isabella commands the liberation of the enslaved Indians in her European possessions. 1501 * * Haiti. A few negroes are im- ported as slaves. * * Can. Cortereal captures 57 Indians and takes them to Portugal to be sold as slaves. 1502 * * Can. Cortereal sails again for a cargo of slaves. [Not returning tbe fol- lowing year, his brother sails to find him ; what became of the two slave-ships is an unsolved mystery.] 1503 * * Haiti. There are so many Af- rican slaves on the island that the gov- ernor entreats for the restraint of the traffic. 1504 * * Haiti. Hernando Cortez ar- rives in San Domingo, 19 years of age, and seeking adventures. 1506 May 20. Sp. Columbus dies in neglect at Valladolid. * * W. I. The more important islands are colonized, and the natives murdered or reduced to slavery. 1507 * * Mex. To mark the beginning of a new cycle of years, fire is kindled for , the last time on a human breast by Mexicans. * * * Nicaragua suffers under five Span- ish rulers. "The first had been a murderer, the second a murderer and a rebel, the third murdered the second, the fourth was a forger, and the fifth a murderer." (Boyle.) 1508 * * Haiti. The native Indians be- ing too weak to labor in the Spanish gold mines, negroes are imported from Africa. Thus was " laid the foundation of a traffic which continued to disgrace the civilization of Europe for three centu- ries." (Ency. Brit.) 1510 * * Haiti. The Spaniards revolt against the Dominicans for calling them no better than Mohammedans, be- cause of their cruelty to the natives. 1511* * Haiti. A royal ordinance en- joins the direct transportation of slaves from Guinea, as one negro can do tbe work of four Indians. 1517 * * Cuba. The Spaniards fit up an expedition of three ships for catching slaves ; Cordova is in command. STATE. 1500 Dec. * Sp. Great indignation throughout Spain because of the treat- ment given Columbus ; the Crown disap- proves of the proceedings against him. ± * * Mex. The Aztecs spread by force of arms from the Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico. 1502 Feb. 18. W. I. Nicolas de Ovan- do succeeds to the governorship of the colonies, and sails with a fleet of thirty ships and 2,500 people from San Lucar, Spain. * * Mex. Ahuitzotl, the Aztec emperor, dies, and Montezuma II. is elected. * * W. I. Columbus ceases to be viceroy. ± * * Costa Rica. Spanish adventurers ar- rive. 1503 Mar. * Bethlehem is abandoned. Columbus resolves to leave SO men at the colony of Bethlehem, where gold was found, arid return to Spain for supplies ; but needless quarrels with the natives break up the settlement before he sails. 1504 June * Jamaica. After being re- fused assistance from shipwreck, and waiting one year, Columbus is at last rescued by Ovando. * * Brazil. The Portuguese, led by Amer- igo Vespucci, establish a small colony at All Saints. The name Brazil is fre- quently given to South America. * * W. I. Hernando Cortez comes to the New World. 1509 * * Colombia. Alonzo de Ojeda at- tempts to colonize New Andalusia and conquer the natives ; he calls his colony San Sebastian ; it is soon abandoned. * * Haiti. Arrival of Diego Columbus as governor of the Indies. * * Eng. Henry VIE. is enthroned. * * Panama. Arrival of Francisco Pi- zarro. * * W. I. Ponce de Leon is appointed governor of Porto Rico. 1510 * * Brazil. Diego Alvarez at Bahia. * * Darien. The colony of Santa Ma- ria del Darien is planted by Enciso ; it is the first permanent settlement on the continent of America. * * Panama. Nombre de Dios is founded, by Nicuessa. 1511* * Cuba. Diego Velasquez and Cor- tez, with 300 Europeans, settle at Ba- racoa. Velasquez subdues the Cubans. * * Brazil. The Portuguese appear in Rio de Janeiro Bay. * * _17 * * Darien. The Spaniards hear reports of the wealth of the Incas. 1512 Apr. 2. Sp, Ponce de Leon is empowered to settle Bimeni, the great unknown land to the north, which is re- puted to have a fountain of youth. * * Sp. Ferdinand V. is enthroned. 1513 * * Fla. Spain claims Florida by the right of discovery made by Ponce de Leon ; England lays a claim to the whole continent by the original discovery of Cabot. 1514* * W.I. Santiago becomes tbe capital of Cuba. Trinidad is settled. 1515 * * Brazil is colonized by the Portu- guese ; it is the first agricultural col- ony. * * Cuba. San Cristoval de la Havana, on the south coast, is settled. * * Fr. Francis I. is enthroned. * * Mex. King Nezahualpilli dies. 1516 * * Sp. Charles I. is enthroned. Las Casas is made " Universal Pro- tector of the Indians." 1517* * Panama. Nata is founded by Spaniards. Unfortunate Balboa is beheaded as a traitor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1500 * * Sp. Columbus preserves his fetters in his cabinet, and desires that they may be buried with him. 1501 * * -02 * * Newfoundland. Portu- guese fisheries are established. 1504 * * Can. Cape Breton fisheries are visited by Bretons, Normans, and Basque sailors. 1509 June * Domestic animals, in- cluding fowls, are first sent to America. 1513 Mar 3. W. I. Ponce de Leon sails with three ships from Porto Rico for the Bahamas, to find the Fountain of Youth. 18 1519-1529. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1519 Mar. 4. Mex. Cortez, with 11 ships and 550 men, lands at Tabasco, and begins the conquest of Mexico. Apr. * Mex. Cortez negotiates with Montezuma, who orders the invaders to depart. * * * Mex. Cortez is elected general by the troops. Cortez scuttles his vessels to cut off retreat. Aug. * Cortez leaves Vera Cruz, and marches for the city of Mexico with 450 men, beside his Tlascalan allies. Sept. 18. Mex. Cortez enters the con- quered city of Tlascala. Nov. 8. Mex. Cortez arrives at the city of Mexico, and is received with great distinction. Dec. * Mex. Cortez seizes Montezuma in his own house for a hostage. He compels the king to acknowledge himself a vassal of the King of Spain, and to agree to pay an annual tribute, besides an immediate payment of a sum amounting to $6,300,000. 1520 * * Mex. Velasquez, the jealous Governor of Cuba, sends Pamfilo de Narvaez with a military force to chas- tise Cortez. May 26. Mex. Cortez, with about 225 men, surprises and captures Warvaez, his rival, near Vera Cruz. He gains 10 or 12 cannon, 80 horses, and about 900 soldiers. June 24. Mex. Cortez returns to tbe capital, and enters the city without mo- lestation. June 30. Mex. The Mexicans revolt and kill Montezuma, in indignation at his capitulation. July 1. Mex. The retreating Spaniards are furiously attacked on one of the causeways, while leaving the city, and suffer terrible loss. July 7. Mex. On the Plain of Otumba Cortez decides the fate of Mexico by de- feating the great army which had driven his forces out of the city, after a gallant defense of 75 days. Dec. * Cortez, reenforced and re-sup- plied, assumes the aggressive, and marches again into the interior. Dec. 31. Mex. Cortez occupies Tescuco. 1521 * * Mex. Conquest of Iztapala- pan. Apr. 28. Mex. Cortez begins the siege of Mexico. May* -Aug. 13. Mex. Cortez, having built and transported a fleet, launches it en the Lake of Mexico [and takes the city after a long siege]. Aug. * Mex. The empire of the Mon- tezumas is overthrown, and its cap- tured king, Guatemozin, executed, after suffering torture. Mexico submits to Cortez, who governs it with unlimited power, as a province of Spain. * * Fla. The Caribbee Indians drive Ponce de Leon and his men back to their ships. 1523 * * Guatemala invaded by Pedro de Alvarado, under orders of Cortez. 1524 * * Honduras. Cortez sends Chris- toval de Olid, one of his captains, from Mexico to assume authority. * * Guatemala. Alvarado, the conqueror, is also governor [for 17 years]. Oct. * Honduras entered by Cortez. Nov. 14. Colombia. Francisco Pizarro with 100 foot-soldiers and G7 horsemen, sails from Panama for Peru. [He makes observations, and returns.] 1525 * * S. C. The Indians of Chicora drive off De Ayllon, tbe treacherous slave -catcher. * * -26 * * San Salvador is conquered for Spain by Alvarado. 1526 Mar. 10. Peru. Almagro and Luque sign a contract for the conquest of Peru, Gaspar de Espinosa supplying the funds. [It is an attempt at private conquest]. May * Mex. Cortez returns to Mexico in great splendor. * * Colombia. Pizarro sails from Pan- ama on his second expedition to Peru, and lands most of his men at San Juan, when Almagro returns for supplies. 1527+ * * Colombia. Pizarro makes his third start from San Juan, and again halts at the Island of Gallo and sends back to Panama for supplies ; here the Spaniards suffer incredible hardships. * * Colombia. Pizarro makes his fourth start from near the Island of Gallo, and discovers Peru. He then returns to Panama for reenforcements. * * Mex. Conquest of Yucatan is begun. 1528 Apr. 12. Fla. Pamfilo de Nar- vaez lands at Tampa Bay an army of conquest. It consists of 260 foot and 40 horsemen. [Unparalleled sufferings and perils by land and sea await them ; the four survi- vors are finally rescued at San Miguel on the Pacific coast.] * * Cuba. The buccaneers burn Havana. * * Peru. Pizarro returns to Spain for aid and volunteers, after the Governor of Panama has refused them. 1529 July 26. Sp. Pizarro arranges a capitulation with the Spanish crown for the conquest of Peru. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 152 1 ± * * Peru. The Spaniards discover the potato. 1522 Sept. 7. Sp. Magellan's ship completes the circumnavigation of the globe. 1524 Mar. * Verrazano, a Florentine, is supposed to be the first to sail di- rectly west in crossing the Atlantic. * * The Cabots notice the immense shoals of fish which throng the waters of New- foundland. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1530 Mex. Montezuma II., last Aztec king, dies. 1525 Peru. Capac, Huayna, inca, dies. CHURCH. 1519 Mar.* Mex. Tbe Mexicans believe tbe Spaniards to be gods, and nend to Cortez human beings for sacrifice. 1521* * Fenez. LasCasasprosecuteshhj humanitarian work on tbe Pearl Coast. * * The Dominicans are driven from the Pearl Coast by natives who have been exasperated by slave-catchers. 1522 * * Las Casas becomes a Dominican. * * It. Adrian VT. is elected pope. * * Mex. Franciscan missionaries ar- 1523 * * //. Clement VTXL is elected pope. 1526 : " * Fa. Dominican missionaries arrive, and erect a chapel on tbe James River. Antonio Montesino is tbe mis- sionary preacher. They are the first re- ligious teachers sent to this country. * * Mex. Dominican missionaries ar- rive. * * * Chile. Chileans believe in a supreme being, and good and bad spirits, but have neither temples, idols, nor religious rites. They believe in a future state, hold vague traditions of a deluge, and of persons saved on a high mountain. * * * Mex. Religion is savage in spirit and more degrading than that of the un- civilized Indians, their deities being hid- eous creatures to whom human sacrifices are yearly offered in great numbers. ***Peru. The Incas are regarded as a sacred race, possessing divinity derived from the great deity, the sun. They are supreme pontiffs as well as sovereigns. The sun, moon, evening star, the spirit of thunder, and the rainbow, are all wor- shiped, and temples are erected in their honor ; sacrifices are chiefly the edible fruits or grain, and are always bloodless. 1528 Apr. 16. U.S. Franciscan monks accompany Pamfilo de Xarvaez in his conquest of Florida. [They perish of starvation.] * * Mex. Pedro de Musa, a lay-brother, reports 200,000 converts in six years. DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 1519 Aug. 10. Sp. Fernando Magel- lan, a Portuguese navigator, sails on his eventful voyage. [He enters the Plata River and later the Pacific Ocean.] * * Fla. Alvarez de Pineda, seeking a strait leading westward, coasts from Cape Florida to the River ranuco in Mexico. Aug. * Pineda enters the mouth of the Mississippi. * * Yucatan, Cortez arrives on -the coast and proceeds to Mexico. * * Pa7iama. Espinoza coasts westward on the Pacific as far as Cape Blanco (Costa Rica>. * * Francis de Garay explores the Gulf of Mexico. 1520 Oct. 21. Chile. Magellan en- ters the Strait of Magellan. Nov. 2S. Chile Magellan enters the Pacific Ocean. AMERICA. 1519-1529. 19 * * JT. T. The Spaniards visit the shores of New York, and leave the Pompey stone. (?) * * S. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon brings an expedition consisting of two vessels to American shores in search of Indians to be taken as slaves. A storm drives him northward, and he enters St. Helena Sound (South Caro- lina), and names the country Chicora, and the river he calls the Jordan (Cam- bahee). 1521 * * Fla. Ponce de Leon lands in Florida the second time, is mortally wounded by the Indians, and taken back to Cuba, where he dies. 1522 Sept. 7. Sp. The circumnavi- gation of the globe is completed by the return of Magellan's ship. * * Discovery of the Bermudas. * * Nicaragua is regularly explored by an expedition sent out from Panama, under Gil Gonzalez Davila. 1524 Mar. * + Giovanni Verrazano, a Florentine, sailing under the French flag, explores the coast of North Caro- lina, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York Bay, and onward to Acadia (Nova Scotia). The country between the 28th and 50th degrees of latitude he calls New France. This voyage lays the basis of the claims of France to this territory. (He is the fourth Italian of great dis- tinction in the discovery of the New "World, — Columbus, Vespucius, John Cabot, and Verrazano.) Apr. * ± Verrazano enters New York Bay. (?) Nov. 14. Panama. Francisco Pizarro sails on an unsuccessful voyage for Peru, reaching only one-third the distance. * * R. I. Verrazano carefully inspects the spacious harbor of Newport. (?) 1525 * *Estevan Gomez sails from Spain and follows the east coast from Labra- dor to Florida. June 13. N. Y. Gomez discovers the Saint Anthony (Hudson) River. * * California discovered by Cortez while seeking an eastward passage. 1526 * * Voyage of Sebastian Cabot under the Spanish flag ; he explores the country about Buenos Ayres, and enters the La Plata and Parana Rivers. * * Paraguay and Uruguay are explored. * * N. F. Nicolas Don visits Newfound- land. * * Lucas Vasques de Ayllon, a Span- iard, follows the Atlantic coast as far as the Chesapeake Bay. 1527 * * John Rut, an Englishman, coasts north to 53° north, and on his re- turn visits Newfoundland, Cape Breton, and the coast of Maine. * * Pamfilo de Narvaez, a Spanish ad- venturer, visits the coast of the upper Gulf of Mexico. * * Mex. Cortez despatches an explor- ing fleet to the Pacific coast. 1528 Apr. 14-1- . Fta. Pamfilo deNar- vaez with four ships, carrying 400 men and 80 horses, lands in Appalaehe Bay, and thence explores westward ; four persons survive many disasters, and wandering 2,000 miles, they finally arrive at Culiacan, Mexico. May 1. Narvaez, with 300 men, of whom 40 are mounted, strikes for the interior. Aug. * Narvaez reaches the shore (St. Mark's Bay) without finding his ships. * * Cabeza de Vaca, a surviving compan- ion of Narvaez, crosses the mouth of the Mississippi, and discovers fresh water. * * Panama. Pizarro sails for Spain, and reports his success. LETTERS. 1519 July 10. Mex. Cortez writes his first letter concerning his explorations. 1520 Oct. 30. Mex. Cortez writes a second letter. 1522 * * Mex. Cortez writes a third letter. 1524 * * Mex. Cortez writes a fourth letter. 1526 Sept. * Mex. Cortez writes his fifth letter. 1529 * * Mex. Earliest phonetic render- ing of Mexican tongues. SOCIETY. 1520* * S. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, with six others, entices the natives of Chicora aboard his ships, and when the decks are crowded, sails for San Domin- go, loaded with slaves ; one vessel sank and most of the natives died en route. * * S. C. De Ayllon returns for more slaves, but is driven off by the natives. * * * Chileans are a brave- spirited people, without ferocity ; they are the most manly and energetic of all Ameri- cans. STATE. 1519 Aug.* Panama. The seat of gov- ernment is transferred by Pedro Arias from Darien to Panama. * * Cuba. The name Havana is given to the capital. * * Mex. The golden riches of Mex- ico inflame the avarice of the Spaniards. Cortez founds the colony of Vera Cruz, and causes himself to be elected its captain-general. 1520 June 30. Mex. MontezumaH., the last of the Aztec kings, dies. * * Venez. The first settlement is made at Cumana by Spaniards. 1521 Aug. 13. Mex. By the capture of the capital, Mexico becomes a Span- ish province. * * * Mex. The native government is a perfect feudal monarchy, in which the nobility and the priests monopolize all the power. The government has a system of cou- riers for conveying intelligence, and a kind of police for cleaning and watch- ing the city. The first visitors find notame animals, no roads, and no money for interchange of commerce. * * * Chile. The Spaniards find fifteen independent tribes, who maintain them- selves chiefly by agriculture. * * * Peru. Government is a theoc- racy and paternal in character ; it is administered and tithes are collected by officers placed over the people, who are arranged in parties of ten families. Others rule over five or ten tithings, and others fifty or a hundred ; the Inca is both pontiff and sovereign. The Peruvians, having the least warlike spirit, maintain the largest empire; it covers 2,500 miles of territory. ± * * Colombia. Hernandez de Cordova is beheaded as a rebel by Pedro Arias, the bloody governor of Panama. * * Fla. Ponce de Leon, with two ships, attempts to find a site for a colony, but is driven away by the Indians. * * Port. John III. is enthroned. 1522 * * Nicaragua. The city of Granada is founded by Gil Gonzalez Davila. 1523 * * Peru. Huascar becomes Inca. 1524 July * Giovanni Verrazano claims for France the coast from the latitude of Wilmington to Nova Scotia, and calls it New France. ± * * S. C. Charles V. of Spain appoints Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon governor of Chicora, with a grant of territory as a reward for his success in stealing slaves. 1525 Nov. * Peru. The great Inca, Huayna Capac, the twelfth king in suc- cession from Manco, dies. * * Can. A [short-lived] Portuguese colony is planted at Cape Breton Island. 1526 Mar. 10. Panama. Francisco Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque formally renew their compact to conquer Peru, and divide the revenue between them- selves. May * Mex. Cortez returns from Yuca- tan. * * Fla. Charles V. appoints the un- scrupulous Pamfilo de Narvaez gover- nor of Florida, with the privilege of con- quest. * * Va. De Ayllon begins a settlement called San Miguel, and is aided in the work by negro slaves. [It is on the site of Jamestown of 81 years later, and is soon abandoned.] 1528 * * Mex. Cortez goes to Spain, where he is made Marquis del Valle de Oajaca. * * Venez. Germans settle at Caro, be- tween St. Martha and Maracapana. * * Paraguay. Sebastian Cabot arrives and builds a fort called Santo Espiritu. MISCELLANEOUS. 1519± * * Cuba. City of Havana is re- moved [to its present site]. * * Panama is founded by Pedrarias. [1521. It becomes a city.] 1524 * * The French prosecute the New- foundland fisheries vigorously, while the English continue to fish in the Icelandic Seas. May* Sp. An important congress is held at Badajos. 1527 * * A r . F. Normans and Bretons arrive. 20 1530-1541, Feb. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1530 * * Sp. Francisco Pizarro, with his four brothers and a band of enthu- siastic followers, sails for Panama en route for Peru. Dec. 28. Colombia. Pizarro makes his fifth start from Panama for Peru, hav- ing three vessels, about 200 men, and 50 horses. CONQUEST OF PERU. [Pizarro, with an army of 1,000 men, conquers Peru in little more than a year. "The easy conquest of this country has not its parallel in history."] 1531 Jan. 14. Peru. Pizarro plunders a town in the province of Caque. [Re- enforced by 130 men, he proceeds to build the town of San Miguel.] * * * Peru. "War between the Inca and the usurper, Atahualpa ; the Inca is taken prisoner. 1532 * * Peru. Pizarro again arrives at Turubez. Sept. 25±. Peru. Pizarro, with two- thirds of his army, starts for the interior. Nov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with his little army, enters Caxamarca. Nov. 16. Peru. Pizarro treacherously captures the dominant Inca, Ata- hualpa, and massacres a host of Indians, without loss to his army of 177 men. 1533 Feb. * Peru. Pizarro's colleague, Almagro, arrives with reenforce- ments. Spring. Peru. Francisco Pizarro, with 20 horsemen and half a dozen arquebus- iers, makes a journey of 400 miles and desecrates the famous temple of Pacha- camac. Aug. 29. Peru. After raising a ransom valued at $17,500,000, Pizarro puts Atabualpa, the captive Inca, to death. * * Peru. Hernando Pizarro is sent to Spain with the royal share of the plunder. Nov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with 500 men, enters the city of Cuzco, after a fierce battle, and proclaims as Inca, Manco Inca Yupanqui, the legitimate succes- sor. 1534 * * Eucador. Alvarado marches from Puerto Viego to Quito. * * Peru. Spaniards occupy [Lima, the capital city]. 1535 * * Arg. Hep. Mendoza, having founded Buenos Ayres, conquers the adjacent country with a force of about 2,000 men. Autumn. Peru. Unsuccessful inva- sion of Chile by Almagro with 200 Spaniards and many Indian allies. * * -36 * * Peru. Rebellion of the na- tives against the Spaniards. The Peruvian allies desert Almagro and return ; the natives in many parts of the country revolt and cut off com- munication between Lima and Cuzco. The Spaniards send to Panama, Guate- mala, and Mexico for succor. 1536 * * 1537 * * Colombia. Spaniards under Ximenes de Quesada conquer New Granada. Feb. * -Aug. * Peru. The Spaniards are besieged in Cuzco by the Peruvians, who make frequent and vigorous as- saults. Sept. * The Inca attacks Almagro in the valley of Yucay, and is defeated wit h much slaughter. 1537 Apr. 8. Peru. Almagro seizes Cuzco as a rival of Pizarro, after having returned from Chile. He places the brothers Hernando and Gonzalo Pizar- ro in confinement. [They soon escape.] * *-48** Peru. Civil disturbance and bloodshed among the Spaniards. * * Peru. Decisive defeat of Manco Capac by Rodrigo de Orgonez, Alma- gro's lieutenant ; the natives retire to the Andes. 1538 Apr. * Sp. Ferdinand de Soto sails for the conquest of Florida with a fleet of seven large and three small vessels. Apr. 26. Peru. Almagro is defeated in the battle of Las Salinas by Pizarro. The victorious army is commanded by Hernando Pizarro, a brother of Fran- cisco Pizarro. July 10. Peru. Almagro executed by Hernando Pizarro. * * Cuba. French destroy Havana. 1539 May 18. Cuba. De Soto sails for the conquest of unknown cities and the discovery of mines of gold. May 30. Fla. De Soto, with his selected cavaliers, 900fc strong, all gaily dressed and bountifully furnished, lands at Tampa Bay. 1540 Mar. * Peru. Valdivia marches to Chile. 1540-41 * * Louisiana is conquered by De Soto. * * Can. Jacques Cartier erects the fortress of Charlesburg. Oct. 18. Ala. De Soto has a terrible battle with the Mobile Indians. (See Discovery — Exploration.) * * -42 * * New Mex. Coronado with an army visits the Zuni. (See Exploration.) 1541 Feb. * The Spaniards under De Soto are attacked by the Indians and lose 170 men and the remainder of their baggage. (See Discovery —Exploration.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1530* * Col. First information concern- ing the Pueblo Indians. 1540+ * * Venez. Indications of gold are discovered at several points along the coast. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1533 Peru. Altahualpa, usurper, executed. 1538 Peru. Almagro, Diego, invader, exe- cuted. CHURCH. 1531* * Can. Cartier consecrates New France to Christianity by the erection of a great wooden cross on an eminence, as if to signify a religious mission in his discovery. * * Eng. Henry YI11. declares the Eng- lish Church independent of Koine; he is recognized as its head. * * It. Pius m. i* elected pope. 1534* * Peru, Pizarro converts a hea- then temple into a Dominican monas- tery at Cuzco. 1536* * Haiti. Las Casas goes to Gua- temala to protect the Indians. 1537 May 2. Guatemala, Las Casas is prepared for his mission " in the land of war." [He wins a complete and peace- ful victory.] * * ft. The Pope issues a brief forbidding the further enslavement of the Indians. 1539 * * Fla. Missionaries accompany De Soto's expedition ; all perish. * * Father Mark, a Spanish monk, at- tempts to establish a mission to the Zuni in the city of Cibola ; he plants a large cross, but fails in his mission. DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 1530 * * Mex. An Indian slave tells the Spaniards of the wonders of the seven cities of Cibola, the land of the Buffa- loes. * * Venez. A mbrosio de Alfinger leads an expedition into the interior, to find the Eldorado. 1531 Jan. 1. Brazil. Martino Alf on- zo de Sousa, a Portuguese adventurer, discovers Rio de Janeiro, and examines the coast southward. * * Venez. Diego Ordaz seeks the fa- bled Land of Wealth, by sailing up the Orinoco. 1532 May* Cal. Hurtaldo de Men- doza sails up the Pacific coast by order of Cortez, with two vessels, both of which are lost. 1533* * Mex. Cortez builds two vessels, and sends Diego Becarra on an explor- ing expedition ; he discovers a part of Lower California. 1534* *-38* * Venez. George of Spires searches for the Eldorado. June * -Aug. * Can. Jacques Cartier, a French navigator, with 2 vessels and 61 men, surveys the coast of Newfound- land, and enters the mouth of the St. Lawrence, on the banks of which he plants a cross surmounted with the lilies of France. 1535 Oct. 3. Can. Cartier arrives at Hochelaga (Montreal), having ex- plored the great river to this point. In- formation is received of the Great Lakes. * * Cal. Grijalvas' expedition, equip- ped by Cortez, discovers California. 1536* * Can. Cartier explores the upper St. Lawrence country, and takes possession of it for France. May * Mex. Cabeza de Yaca, and three other survivors of the Narvaez expe- dition, after nearly six years of eaptivitj , approach the Pacific at San Miguel. July 6. Fr. Cartier arrives at St. Malo. 1537 * * Mex. Cortez discovers the pe- ninsula of California. (Or Cabrillo in 1542.) AMERICA. 1530-1541, Feb. 21 1538 * * Chile. Dom Pedro de Valdivia, an officer of Pizarro, explores the west coast of South America to 40° south. 1539 Mar. * -Aug. * Mex. A Spanish expedition, under Fra Marcos, search- ing for the seven cities, discovers the Zunis. May 30. Fla. Ferdinand de Soto, with over 900 men, lands on the west coast in search of gold. The Spaniards hope to repeat the suc- cess of Cortez in Mexico, and of Pizarro in Peru. Dec. 25. Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro begins the exploration of the interior forests [builds a vessel on the Napo River, and descends it. Part of the com- pany sail 4,000 miles down the Am *, zon to the sea.] * * Peru. Alonzo de Camargo, a Span- iard, completes the exploration of the west coast of South America by sailing from the Straits of Magellan to Peru. * * Mex. Francisco de Ulloa explores the Gulf of California «for Cortez. 1540 Mar. 3. Ga. De Soto resumes his march for a country governed by a woman and abounding in gold. Apr. * Ga. De Soto arrives on the Oge- ch.ee River. * * Mex. Mendoza, the Spanish viceroy, sends Francisco Vasquez Coronado in search of the seven opulent cities of Cibola, reported by the Indians. He discovers the Grand Cafion of the Col- orado. May 1. S. C. De Soto turns from near the coast westward. May 11. AT. Mex. Coronado arrives at Zuni. Sept. 30. AHz.-Cal. Hernando de Alarcon sent out by Mendoza ; having explored the coast of California as far as 36° north, he discovers and ascends the Colorado River. Oct. 18. Ala. De Soto fights a terrible battle with the Mobile Indians. In it '2,500 Indians are shot or burned ; De Soto's loss is IS killed and 150 wounded, besides 80 horses and nearly all the baggage lost. "Nov. 18. Ala. De Soto leaves the coast and marches inland. Dec. * Miss. De Soto arrives in the coun- try of the Chickasaws (Northern Missis- sippi). The expedition crosses the Yazoo, and winters in a deserted Indian village, subsisting on plantations of ungathered * * Can. Jacques Cartier's French expedition of five ships explores the St. Lawrence. 1541 Feb. * Miss. The Spaniards are fiercely but vainly attacked by the Indi- ans at night. The small remainder of their baggage is burned, so they are henceforth com- pelled to clothe themselves in skins and mats of ivy. Apr. 26. Miss. De Soto leaves winter quarters and resumes his march. May 6. Brazil. Francisco Orellana, having crossed the Andes from Quito, and sailed down the Napo and the Ama- zon, he arrives at the sea, thus crossing the continent. LETTERS. 1531* * Mexico has a printing-press. Shagun, the Dominican, arrives. SOCIETY. 1530 * * W. I. Las Casas goes to Spain and obtains a decree from Charles V. prohibiting the enslavement of Indians in Peru and Chile. 1531 June 12. Mex. Zumarraga, the first bishop, writes that 20,000 victims perished at the annual saturnalia. [Probably an exaggerated number.] 1534 * * Cuban officials apply to the King of Spain for "7,000 negroes, that they might become inured to labor be- fore the Indians ceased to exist." * * *Peru. Pizarro employs great cru- elty in extracting unbounded wealth from the helpless natives, who are driven to exhaustive labors in the mines. 1536 May 10. Can. Jacques Cartier decoys nine Indian Chiefs on board his vessel, and sails away for France. 1539 * * De Soto takes for his expedition a dozen priests, that the festivals of the church may be kept, and chains for the captive Indians, and bloodhounds to hunt those who attempt to escape. 1540* * De Soto burns an Indian guide for honestly confessing that he does not know where there are any regions of gold. * * * De Soto treats the Indians with great barbarity. He pillages their provisions, cuts off the hands <>f etiptivt'S, burns them at the stake, suffers bloodhounds to tear them to pieces, chains them together with iron collars, and compels them to carry the baggage of their tormentors. STATE. 1530 * * Spam. Pizarro returns to America. July 15. Mex. Cortez arrives at Vera Cruz. * * Costa Rica. George de Alvarado sub- dues the Indian tribes and founds a colony. * * Brazil is divided into captaincies by the Portuguese, and is first perma- nently occupied. 1531* * Brazil. Alfonzo de Sousa, a Por- tuguese, founds San Vincente. 1532 * * Pent. The conquests of Pizarro make Peru a Spanish province. Atahualpa usurps the throne of the Incas. 1533 * * Chile. The Peruvian domin- ion ceases. 1534 Mar. 24. Peru. Pizarro allows Manco, a son of Huayna Capac, and the rightful heir, to be crowned Inca. * * Spain. Don Pedro de Mendoza, with the largest and wealthiest expedi- tion that has ever left Europe, sails from Cadiz, Spain, for the Plata River. * * Mex. Cortez marches up the Pacific coast, and settles Lower California. 1535 Jan. 6. Peru. Pizarro founds the city of Lima. Jan. * Chile. Almagro receives his com- mission as governor of New Castile (Chile). Feb. 2. Ara, Pep. Mendoza founds Buenos Ayres. May 29. Fr. Jacques Cartier sails again with three vessels to colonize New France. * * Peru. Arrival of Pedro de Valdivia, Spain's first viceroy, in America. 1537 Aug. 15. Paraguay. Juan de Ayolas founds Asuncion on the Para- guay River. Nov. 13. Peru — Chile. Pizarro and Al- magro make a fruitless effort to settle their disputed boundaries. + * *Arg. Pep. Buenos Ayres is burnt by the Indians; the colony is broken up. * * * Peru. Spanish adventurers arrive by the ship-load, seize estates, despoil temples, and make themselves odious as masters. * * Colombia. Spaniards under Quesada subdue New Granada. * * Cuba. Ferdinand de Soto becomes gov- ernor. 1538 July* Peru. Hernando Pizarro executes Diego Almagro for rebellion. * * Colombia. Belalcazar is at Bogota. 1539 * * Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro ap- pointed to command the province of Quito. [He is absent on an exploring expedition for two and a half years.] * * Colombia. Federmann is at Bogota. 1540 * * Fr. Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, receives from the king the empty title of " Lord Lieutenant-General and viceroy of all American countries discovered, either by the French or English." Mar. * Peru. Pedro de Valdivia leads an expedition to Chile. * * W. I. Cortez again returns to Spain. * * Spain. Vaca de Castro is sent to in- spect the cruel work of Pizarro in Peru. 1541 * * Chile. The conquests of Alma- gro make Chile a Spanish province. MISCELLANEOUS. 1533 June 17. Peru. The Incas' ran- som is divided. Pizarro receives 2,350 marks of silver and 57,220 pieces of gold : his brother Hernando,2,2(i7 marks of silver and 31,080 pieces of gold ; the church deducts as tithes 90 marks of silver and 2,220 pieces of gold. 1535+ * * Panama. It is estimated that 30,000 or 40,000 people perish in transit across the Isthmus of Panama, seeking the wealth of Peru. * * * Peru. Tillable lands are divided into three shares. One share is consecrated to the service of religion, the erection of temples, and the maintenance of priests ; the sec- ond is set apart for the support of the government ; the third and largest share, for the support of the people ; the divi- sion is revised every year. 22 1541, May 22-1563. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1541 June 26. Peru. Francisco Pi- zarro is assasinated by conspirators. * * Chile. Don Pedro de Valdivia, with Indian allien, conquers nearly all of Chile, under orders of Pizarro. 1542 Sept. 16. Peru. Castro, the gov- ernor, defeats the army of Almagro the lad, in the battle of Chupas. [He be- heads the boy at Cuzco.] 1543 Sept. 10. Mex. Arrival of 311 men, the remains of Be Soto's expedi- tion, at Panuco. 1546 Jan. 18. Peru. The viceroy "Vela is defeated and killed at the battle of Anaquito by the Spanish rebels. Nov. * Colombia. Pedro de la Gasca gains possession of the fleet at Panama, in the interest of the Spanish crown. 1547 Apr.* Colombia. Gasca sails from Panama with a considerable force to maintain royal authority in Peru. Oct. 20. Peru. The loyal Spaniards under Diego de Centeno are defeated in a bloody battle near Lake Titicaca by Pizarro. 1548 Apr. 9. Peru. Gasca defeats the Spanish rebels ; Gonzalo Pizarro, the brother of Francisco, is executed on the field. Apr. 12. Peru. Gasca enters Cuzco. 1549 * * Chile. The assaults of the Araucanians imperil the very existence of the Spaniards. 1550 * * Nicaragua. The Spanish col- onists rebel against the mother country. 1554 May * Peru. Rebels under Fran- cisco Hernandez Giron defeat the army of the judges at Chuquingua. Oct. 11. Peru. Giron is routed by the army of the judges at Pucara. Dec. 6. Peru. Giron is defeated and ex- ecuted at Lima. * * Cuba. The French again destroy Havana. 1555 * * Cuba. Jacob Sores, the pirate, plunders Havana. 1560* * Brazil. The Portuguese destroy the French settlement at Rio. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1549± * * Brazil. Gold is discovered at Bahia. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1541 Peru. Pizarro, Francisco, conqueror, assassinated. 1542 La. De Soto, Ferdinand, adventurer, dies. 1544 Peru. Manco Capac, inca, assassi- nated, A 21. 1547 Sp. Cortez, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, dies. CHURCH. 1541 * * Dakota Indians come to worship De Soto and his wobegone cavaliers as children of the gods, but the Catholics refuse their consent to such idolatry. 1542 * * -60 * * Paraguay. Christian missions are established by the Fran- Armenta, Lebron, and Solano. [The latter is canonized later as the apostle of Paragnay.] * * Peru. Loaysa becomes bishop of Lima. 1544 * * Guatemala. Las Casas be- comes bishop of Chiapa. 1545 * * Fla. Louis Cancer de Barbas- tro, a Dominican Father, with three as- sociates, lands at Tampa Bay, where two of his associates are murdered. 1547 * * Gautemala. Las Casas resigns his bishopric, and returns to Spain. * * Mex. Archbishopric of Mexico and New Spain created. * * Paraguay. Bishopric of Paraguay established. 1548 * * Brazil. Jews banished from Portugal come to Brazil. * * Peru. Loaysa is made archbishop. 1549 Apr. * Brazil. Six Jesuits arrive at Bahia with colonists, and undertake the moral culture of natives and colo- nists. 1550 * * Fla. A number of Dominicans make another attempt to establish a mission, but are shipwrecked, and all perish. * * It. Julius IH. is elected pope. 1551 * * Iceland. Protestantism intro- duced. 1552 * * Brazil. The first bishop arrives, and checks the vices of abandoned priests. 1555 * * Brazil. First Protestant mis- sion in the world. The church of Geneva sends fourteen missionaries to Brazil, who land on an island in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro. * * It. Marcellus H., later Paul IV., is elected pope. * * Peru. Catholic priests are pro- vided for the conquered natives. 1556+ * * Brazil. Vallegagnon, the leader of the Protestant colony at Rio, joins the Catholics and dissension fol- lows. * * _70 * * Fla. A French Jesuit mission is planted on the coast (near Augustine). 1558 * * Eng. Dissenters begin to be persecuted by Henry for not admitting his authority in spiritual matters. [And later yet more severely during the reign of Mary, an ardent Catholic — Puritan- ism is developed.] 1559* * Ala. Dominicans labor among the Mobilians. * * It. Pius rV. is elected pope. 1560+ * * Paraguay. The Jesuit mis- sionaries, Salonio, Field, and Ortega, la- bor with small success. 1562 * * Fr. Coligni, the high admiral, proposes a refuge colony in America for his brethren, the persecuted Huguenots. May * S. C. The First Protestant set- tlement in America is made by Hugue- nots at Port Royal. DISCOVERY -EXPLORATION. 1541 May * De Soto discovers the Mis- sissippi River. May 30. Miss. (?) Transports are built for the horses, and the expedition crosses the Mississippi River in search Of Cities and gold. May* Can. Cartier sails on a third voyage, which is devoid of important results. * * Coronado's expedition reaches 40' north, and turns back for Mexico. * * Ark. De Soto's expedition crosses the St. Francis River, and visits the Hot Springs. * * -42 * * I. T. De Soto passes the winter on the banks of the Washita River. * * Venez. Philip Van Huten search- es for the Eldorado. 1542 Spring. Mex. Return of Corona- do's expedition from the land of the Zunis. May* La. The De Soto expedition, greatly distressed, follows the Red River to a point near Natchez. May 21. La. De Soto dies, and is buried in the waters of the Mississippi ; Luis de Moscoso becomes leader. * * La. The De Soto expedition turns to the west, hoping to reach Mexico. Dec. * La. The Spaniards return to the Mississippi, above the Red River. 1543 July 2. La. The De Soto expe- dition sails down the Mississippi in vessels rudely built, aiming to reach the Gulf of Mexico. * * Ore. Juan Cabrillo and Bartolome Perelo, two Spaniards, explore the Pa- cific coast as far as Oregon. Sept. 10. Mex. The 311 survivors of the De Soto expedition reach Pa- nuco. In 17 days they have sailed 500 miles to the sea, and for 55 days have followed the coast to the River of Palms. " Thus ends the most marvellous expedition in the history of our country." (Ridpath.) 1549* * Fr. Hoberval, the French col- onizer, sails on a voyage of discovery, with a great company of emigrants ; their fate is unknown. * * Venez. Pedro d'TJrsua, a Portuguese, seeks the Eldorado. 1553 May * Unfortunate expedition of Sir Hugh "SVilloughby to the Arctic Seas, seeking a northwest passage. 1560 * * Ga. The Spaniards arrive. * *-61 * * Colombia. Pedro de Ursua sails in search of the Empire of Orma- guas, and Lope de Aguirre sails in search of the Eldorado. 1562 * * Fla. John Bibault, at the head of a French expedition, discovers the River of May (St. John). LETTERS. 1551 * * Peru. The University of San Marcos is established at Lima. [The most ancient in the Xew World.] * * Mex. A University is founded in the City of Mexico. [It now remains, but is nearly deserted.] 1554+ * * Brazil. The Jesuits establish a college, named St. Paulo. [It greatly benefits the rising state.] AMERICA. 1541, May 22-1563. 23 SOCIETY. 1542 * * Sp. The " New Laws," for- bidding the enslavement of the Indians for any cause, are promulgated, chiefly through the influence of Las Casas. 1553 * * Cuba. Not an Indian is left. Pestilence, cruelty, and suicide have decimated them ; the remainder escaped in boats to Florida. 1562 * * The English make their first slave voyage to America ; John Haw- kins brings 300 negroes, in three ships, to the West Indies. STATE. 1541 May 22. Can. Cartier sails from St. Malo with five ships belonging to the expedition of De la Koque ; visits the St. Lawrence ; also founds the fortress at Charlesbourg ; the colonists are chiefly noblemen and amateurs. On his arrival he builds a fort near the present site of Quebec, to repel the hos- tile natives. June * Peru. Almagro the lad, a natural son of Almagro, is proclaimed governor. * * Chile. Santiago de Chile founded. June 26. Peru. Pizarro is assassinated at Lima. 1542 June * Can. Cartier returns with his ships to France. iV. F. Sieur de Roberval builds a fort, which is soon abandoned. * *-43 * * Can. Roberval, with a fresh colony, consisting chiefly of criminals, passes the winter [near the present site of Quebec], and then returns to France. Sept. * Peru. Almagro the lad, being de- feated in battle, is beheaded by Castro, the royal judge at Cuzco. * * Arg. Rep. A new colony reestablishes Buenos Ayres. * * Peru. The "New Laws" enacted by Charles V. to restrain the oppression of the natives. [Civil war follows.] * * A court of chancery and royal andiencia, with authority over Guate- mala and Honduras, are established. 1543 Feb. 3. Arg. Rep. Hostile In- dians again break up the settlement at Buenos Ayres. * * Peru. Blasco Nunez de Vela is sent out as viceroy to enforce the "New Laws." 1544 Sept. 3. Chile. Valparaiso is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. * * Peru. Arrival of Vela as viceroy ; he is charged to enforce the "New Laws," aiming at the abolition of slavery and the protection of the natives. Oct. 28. Peru. Gonzalo Pizarro rebels against the violence of the viceroy and the "New Laws." 1545 * * Bolivia. The mines of Potosi are claimed by Spain. Oct. 20. Peru. The " New Laws " are revoked. * * -20 * * Venez. Spaniards found To- cuyo. 1546 Jan. 18. Peru. Gonzalo, having defeated and killed the viceroy in battle, becomes the master of Peru. July * Peru. Gonzalo enters Lima. * * _49 * * ]?i at Luis de Barbastro leads a party of Dominican friars in an at- tempt to form a settlement ; the Span- iards are massacred by the Indians. 1547 June 13. Peru. After repealing part of the " New Laws," Pedro de la Gasca succeeds, as viceroy, in securing pacification and organization. * * F r. Henry LT. is enthroned. * * Eng. Edward VI. is enthroned. 1548 Apr. 9. Peru. Gasca receives the submission of Gonzalo Pizarro. * * Brazil becomes important, and at- tracts the attention of the mother state. * * Eng. First act of Parliament relat- ing to America is one concerning the fisheries of Newfoundland. * * Peru. The Spanish crown assumes the gover nm ent of the country. 1549 Apr. * Brazil. Thome de Souza arrives at San Salvador (Bahia) to estab- lish a city and as the first captain-general. He brings 1220 persons in the king's pay, and 300 free colonists and 400 convicts. * * Can. Roberval again attempts to colonize Canada. * * Brazil. The languishing Portuguese colonies become prosperous by the dis- covery of gold. 1550 Jan. * Peru. Gascasails forSpain. * * Cuba. The seat of Spanish govern- ment in the West Indies is removed from Santiago de Cuba to Havana. * * Iceland. Bishop Jon Aaronson fails to achieve the independence of Ice- land, and is executed by the Danes. All power is removed, and exercised by a foreign government. * * Peru is under the rule of the royal audiencia. * * Venez. The territory is erected in- to the captain-generalcy of Caracas by the Spaniards. 1551 Sept. 23. Peru. Don Antonio de Mendoza, the second viceroy, arrives. * * Peru. An insurrection against the judges is led by Francisco Hernandez Giron. 1552 * * Venez. Barquisimeto is founded. 1553* * Brazil. Duarte da Costa arrives, and assumes the captain-generalcy. * * Peru. The Inoa Sayri Tupac reigns. 1554 Dec. 6. Peru. Giron, the rebel, is executed. Mar. 30. Peru. Alonzo de Alvarado enters Cuzco. 1555 July 6. Peru. The third viceroy, Don Andrez Hurdato de Mendoza, enters Lima. [He soon stamps out anarchy.] * * Peru. The Inca Manco, with his family and nobles, is put to death by the Span- iards, and his son, Sayri Tupac, is his successor. * * Brazil. Coligni sends a Protestant colony from France under Nicolas de Villegagnon, in two ships, to the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. 1556 * * Peru. Mendoza is the first vice- roy to establish a secure government. * * Sp. Philip II. is enthroned. 1557* * Peru. Hurdato de Mendoza be- comes viceroy in Chile. * * Brazil. Large reenforcements of colo- nists arrive from France and Geneva. Villegagnon, having joined the Cath- olics and become oppressive, many colo- nists leave Rio and return to France. * * Port. Sebastian is enthroned. 1558 * * Brazil. Mem de Sa is sent out as captain-general by Portugal. The Portuguese murder some of the French colonists at Rio Janeiro. Jan. 6. Peru. The Inca Sayri Tupac and his people return from the mountains to Lima. * * Venez. The last Spanish expedition to Carolina fails to settle. * * Eng. Elizabeth is enthroned. 1559 Aug. 14. Mex. The expedition of Don Tristan de Luna, with an army of 1,500 men, and a colony including women and children and many friars, leaves Vera Cruz for the conquest and settlement of Florida. [It is wrecked on its coast.] * * Arg* Rep. Mendoza crosses the Andes from Chile, and founds Mendoza. * * Fr. Francis H. is enthroned. * * Venez. The audiencia in Caracas. 1560 * * Brazil. Coligni's Protestant colony at Rio is entirely broken up by the Portuguese. * * Peru. Reign of the Inca Titu Cusi Yupanqui. * * Fr. Charles IX. is enthroned. 1561* *Peru. The fourth viceroy, Conde de Nieva, arrives. 1562 Feb. 18. Fr. Admiral Cohgni despatches a squadron with colonists under Jean Ribault, for Florida; it is his second [unsuccessful] attempt to found a Huguenot colony. May * S. C. Ribault forms a French set- tlement at Port Royal ; Fort Charles is erected. July * S. C. Ribault leaves his colony, and sails for France. * * Chile. Kodrigo de Quiroza is governor. * * Peru. The second Council of Lima is formed. * * Mex. Yucatan is separated from Mex- ico. 1563 Spring. S. C. The French at Port Royal become discouraged, and sail for France in a rude brigantine of their own construction. They are rescued from famine by an English vessel. MISCELLANEOUS. 1540 * * Honduras has large and flour- ishing cities. * * Costa Rica. The colony is renamed New Carthage. 1549 * * Brazil. The discovery of gold attracts emigrants to Bahia. 1555 * * Peru. Wheat is first reaped in the valley of Caiiete by a lady named Maria de Escobar. 24 1564, June 25-1598. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1565 Aug. 28. Fla. Pedro Menen- dez, a ferocious Spaniard, arrives with an expedition to extirpate the Huguenots and colonize the country. Sept. 4. S. C. The fleet of Menendez ap- pears at Port Royal ; but he [retires for a time and begins to build St. Augustine]. Sept. 10. S. C. The French sail from Fort Royal to capture St. Augustine. [They are dispersed by a gale the next day.] Sept. 17. Fla. Menendez assumes the offensive, and starts overland for Port Royal with 500 men. Sept. 20. 8. C. Menendez storms Fort Carolina, and slaughters 142 men, wo- men, and children who are taken with it. Only a few persons are spared. " I do this not as to Frenchmen, but as to Lutherans." Sept. 28. Fla. Menendez murders in cold blood 200 of the French, who, having been shipwrecked, vainly appeal to his clemency. Sept. 30±. S. C. Menendez finds another party of 150 French, who surrender on the promise of safety ; he then butchers them. [Philip II. commends his zeal.] * * Fla. Castle of St. Augustine con- structed by the Spaniards. 1567 Apr. * Fla. Dominic de Gour- gues appears on the St. Johns River with three ships fitted out for ven- geance against the murderers of the French Colony. He successively sur- prises three forts on the St. Johns River, and hangs the leaders with this inscription affixed : " Not Spaniards, but liars and murderers." 1570 * * -88 * * Great struggle be- tween England and Spain for naval supremacy of the "world. 1572* * Mex., etc. Francis Drake makes his first marauding voyage to South America, in which he attacks the Spanish settlements at Nombre de Dios, Carthagena, etc. 1585 * * Fla. The Spaniards are plun- dered by the English under Drake. 1586 * * Brazil. The Spanish colony at Bahia is plundered by the English under Witherington. * * W . I. Admiral Drake sacks Porto Bello, Panama, St. Domingo, and Car- thagena. 1588* * Eng. Great struggle of England with the "Invincible Armada" — the Roanoke colonists are overlooked and perish. 1591 * * Brazil. The Spanish colony of St. Vincent is burned by the English under Cavendish. 1595 * * Brazil. James Lancaster, an English buccaneer, captures Pernam- buco from the Spaniards. 1595 * * Porto Rico repulses the attacks of Admirals Drake and Hawkins. * * Brazil. The Spanish colony of Olinda is taken by Lancaster. * * W. I. Sir Walter Raleigh takes Trinidad from the Spaniards. 1598 * * Can. The Marquis de la 1597 ■ * U. S. Franciscan monks estab- Roehe obtains from the King of France lish the second successful mission in a commission to conquer New France. New Mexico. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1570 * * Chile. An earthquake de- stroys 2,000 lives at Concepcion. 1577 May* Can. Martin Frobisher, an English navigator, approaches Meta In- cognita in the extreme northwest, and thinks it a part of Asia. 1578 Spring. Eng. A" mineral man" of London pronounces a stone brought from Meta Incognita to be gold, and fif- teen vessels sail with gold-seekers. [They return with worthless cargoes.l 1585 * * N.'C. The English colonists for the first time see the corn, the sweet potato, and the tobacco plant. 1586 June 9. Peru. A great earth- quake at Lima. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1566 Sp. Casas. Bartolome, de Las (Miss.), dies. 1568+ Mex. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Al- va, historian, born. CHURCH. 1566* * It. St. Pius V. is elected pope. * * Peru. Arrival of the Jesuits. * * Brazil. John Boles, a Huguenot mis- sionary, is put to death by the Portu- guese after an imprisonment of eight years, in order to terrify his country- men. 1571 * * Mex. The Inquisition estab- lished. 1572 Aug. 24. Fr. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. [It quickens the spirit of emigration among the Huguenots.] * * It. Gregory XII. is elected pope. * * Mex. Jesuit missionaries arrive. 1573 Nov. 19. Peru. First auto da fe at Lima. * * U. S. The first successful mission to the Indians is planted at St. Augus- tine by Spanish Franciscans. * * Mex. A gothic cathedral is built on the sight of the ancient temple at Mexico. 1574 * * Mex. First auto da fe in Mexico. 1578 * * Can. Master Wolfall, an Eng- lishman, celebrates a communion on the shores of Frobisher's Strait, the first recorded in America. 1581 * * Peru. Archbishop Torebio reaches Lima. * *~1776* * Peru suffers from the In- quisition. [59 Europeans are burned, and 29 " autos " occur at Lima.] 1585 * * //. Sixtus V. is elected pope. 1586 * * Paraguay. Jesuits establish their famous mission. 1590 * * It. Urban VTL, later Greg- ory XIV., is elected pope. 1591 * * It. Innocent IX. is elected pope. 1592 * * //. Clement VTLI. is elected pope. DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 1573 * * Va. Pedro Menendez Mar- quez coasts northward from Florida, and enters the Chesapeake Hay. 1576 June * -Aug. * Can. Martin Fro- bisher sails from England oil his first voyage to find a northwest passage . he discovers Frobisher's Strait and Meta Incognita. 1577 May '-Sept.* Can. Second voy- age of Frobisher in the northwest ; his ship is loaded with worthless sand, which is supposed to be gold. 1578 May * -Sept. * Can. Third voy- age of Frobisher, having a fleet of 1G sail and 100 colonists. * * Unsuccessful voyage of Sir Hum- phrey Gilbert. He takes possession of Newfoundland for England, but plants no colony. 1579 * * Cal. Sir Francis Drake traces the western coast of America as far north as New Albion (Oregon), seeking a strait connecting the two oceans. 1580* * X. Mex. Augustin Ruys, a Spanish missionary, discovers New Mexico. 1583 * * Newfoundland visited by Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 1584 July 13. X. C. Sir "Walter Ra- leigh's expedition lands on the Island of Wocokon, and takes possession, nam- ing it Virginia after the Virgin Queen. * * Can. Gasca discovers Davis's Strait. John Davis explores Davis's Strait to 66° 40', visits Gilbert Sound and Cum- berland Strait. 1586* * Can. Davis makes his second voyage, and visits Labrador. 1587 * * Can. Davis discovers the Cum- berland Islands, London coast, Lumley's Inlet (Frobisher's Strait), on his third voyage. 1592 * * Davis discovers the Falkland Islands. * * Can. Spaniards, under Juna de Fuea, visit the northwest coast of the American Continent. (?) 1594 * * Willem Barentz explores Nova Zembla. 1595 * * Guiana. Sir "Walter Raleigh explores the coast, and ascends the Ori- noco 400 miles from its mouth. LETTERS. 1598 * * Peru. The University of San Antonio Abad is founded at Cuzco. SOCIETY. 1565 Sept. 20. Fla. Pedro Menendez massacres the Huguenots on the St. Johns River, sparing neither men, women, nor children — except a few reserved as slaves. * * Fr. Great resentment against the Spaniards because of the massacre of the Huguenots in Florida. AMERICA. 1564, June 25-1598. 25 1565 * * Fla. Part of the French colony on the St. Johns Kiver embark on a piratical expedition against the Span- iards. 1567* * Fla. Dominic de Gourgues, with 150 men, comes from France, and avenges the Huguenots by hanging 200 Spaniards on trees. STATE. 1564 June 25. Fla. A French expe- dition, sent out by Cdligni and led by Rene de Laudonniere, arrives at the mouth of the St. Johns River, and builds Fort Carolina. Dec. * Fla. Some of the French colonists depart, ostensibly for France, but en- gage in piracy against Spain. * * -69 * * Peril. Lope Garcia de Castro rules only as governor. 1565 Aug.* S. C. Sir John Hawkins, the slave merchant, relieves the needs of the colony at Port Royal. Aug. 28. Fla. Jean Ribault arrives at the French colony with 300 men and am- ple supplies. Fla. Pedro Menendez, the agent of Philip II., arrives in Florida, with a commission to exterminate the Prot- estants and establish a colony. Sept. 8. Fla. St. Augustine is founded by Pedro Menendez. It is the first permanent European settlement in [the existing United States of] North America. He comes to conquer and colonize, and brings 2,500 persons with him. [The period of Span- ish discovery and adventure in the New World practically ends.] Sept. 20±. Fla. Menendez annihilates the Huguenot colony on the St. Johns River. (See Society.) Arg. Rep. Spaniards cross from Peru and found Tucuman. * * Chile is under the royal audiehcia. 1567 * * Brazil. The Portuguese, having broken up the French settlement at Rio de Janeiro, now found a colony there, and name it San Salvador. * * Can. The French, having failed with two colonies, abandon the colo- nization of the southern coast, and turn northward. The Marquis de la Roche obtains a commission to establish a colony on the St. Lawrence. [A colony of criminals is sent out and fails.] * * Venez. Caracas is founded by the Dutch. * * Brazil. Sebastian is founded. 1568 May * S. C. Having driven out the French, the Spaniards hold the country. * * Chile. The audiencia established at Santiago. 1569 Nov. 26. Peru. Don Francisco de Toledo enters Lima as viceroy. 1570 * * Arg. Rep. Spain cripples the colonists by restricting navigation and commerce. * * * England and Spain contest the maritime supremacy of the world. 1571* * Peru. Inca Tupac Amaru reigns. The viceroy unjustly beheads Tupac Amaru, the last of the Incas, on the square of Cuzco. 1572 * * Brazil. An attempt is made to divide the colony. * * Va. The colony of Pedro Menendez lands on the banks of the Potomac. 1573 * * Arg. Rep. Spaniards from Peru found Cordova. Don Juan de Garay leads an expedition to found Santa Fe\ * * Costa Rica. New Carthage receives its third governor from Madrid, and the colony is well established. 1574 * * Fr. Henry III. is enthroned. * * Brazil. The colony is divided. 1577 * * Brazil. Many of the Protestant colonists return to France. 1578* * Greenland. Frobisher takes possession of the.west coast in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and calls it West England. * * Brazil. Diego Laurenco da Veiga is appointed governor-general of the flour- ishing colonies. Brazil becomes an appendage of Spain, and is again united under one government. Nov. 19. Fug. SirHumphreyGilbert's first expedition sails to found a colony in America. * * Port. Henry "the Cardinal "is en- throned. 1579 May * Eng. Gilbert's unsuccess- ful expedition returns from Newfound- land. 1580 June 11. Arg. Rep. Another Spanish expedition under Garay recolo- nizes Buenos Ayres and prospers. * * Guiana. The Dutch begin a settle- ment on the coast. * * Port. Anthony is enthroned. * * -1640 * * Portugal and her colo- nies are under the dominion of Spain. 1581 * * Hoi. The republic of the United Netherlands is established. * * Peru. Don Martin Henriquez becomes viceroy. 1582 * * New Mex. Santa F6" is visited by De Espejio. * * Peru. Second council of Lima. 1583 June * N. F. An expedition of genuine colonists, led by Sir Hum- phrey Gilbert, and patronized by Sir Walter Raleigh, sails for America. [It utterly fails.] Aug. 5. Newfoundland. Gilbert lands at St. Johns, and takes possession of the island in the name of his queen. Aug. 27. Gilbert's largest ship is wrecked through carelessness, and 100 perish ; the survivors return to England. * * Chile. Sotomayor is governor. 1584 * * Sir "Walter Raleigh receives his first patent. July 13. N. C. An exploring expedition is sent out by Raleigh, which lands on Roanoke Island, and takes possession of the country in the name of the virgin queen, and calls it Virginia. 1585 Apr. Eng. Raleigh sends out his first colony of 1 10 persons under Gren- ville. Many persons are eager to sail for America. June 26. N. C. Raleigh's colony ar- rives at Roanoke Island and is left in charge of Ralph Lane. It is the first English settlement in the New World. Aug. 25. N. C. Grenville sails for Eng- land. * * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres advances in prosperity. * * Guiana is visited by Raleigh. 1586 June 19. N. C. The English in less than a year abandon the settlement on Roanoke Island and leave with Sir Francis Drake. They carry back tobac- co and the potato. [A supply-ship ar- rives a few days later and departs.] July * N. C. Fifteen days later, Gren- ville also arrives at Roanoke with sup- plies, and leaves 15 men to hold possession of the country. [Their fate is unknown.] 1587 July* N. C. Raleigh's second colonizing expedition of 117 men and women, under Captain John White, ar- rives at Roanoke, but finding no colony it returns. * * Guiana. The Spaniards found St. Thomas Island. 1589 Mar. 7. Eng. Raleigh sells his proprietary rights to a company of merchants. * * Fr. Henry IV. is enthroned. 1590 Aug. 17. Gov. John White re- turns to the Roanoke settlement, and finds " it desert, tenantless, and silent." * * Peru. Herdato de Mendoza is viceroy. 1592 * * Peru. Martin Gracia Onez de Loyola is viceroy. 1594 * * Brazil. French Catholics estab- lish a colony on the Island of Maranhao. 1595 * * Venez. Raleigh visits Guiana, and ascends the Orinoco River 400 miles, in quest of the El Dorado. 1597 * * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres is firmly established. 1598 * * Can. The Marquis de la Roche secures a patent for a colony in New France (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV. La Roche establishes a colony, chiefly taken from the prisons of France, on Sable Island. * * Sp. Philip m. is enthroned. MISCELLANEOUS. 1583 Sept. * Wreck of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's ship ; all perish. 1584+ * * Privateering and coloniza- tion go hand in hand. Sir Richard Grenville, on his return voyage, takes a Spanish merchantman. By a process scarcely differing from piracy, and with little regard for the law of nations, great wealth was speed- ily acquired by many English adven- turers. 1587. Aug. 18. N. C. Virginia Dare, the first child of English parentage, is born at Roanoke. 26 1600-1609. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1603 * * Uruguay, The Charruas Indi- ans defeat the Spaniards in a pitched battle. 1607 * * Va. John Smith ia taken pris- oner by the Indians, and condemned to death ; but is set at liberty after a cap- tivity of seven weeks. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — EXPLORATION. 1602 May 14. Mass, Arrival of Bar- tholomew Gosnold, who is the first to sail directly across the Atlantic, from the Azores, instead of by the Canary Is- land route. May 15. Mass. Gosnold visits Cape Cod. * * Va. Voyage of Samuel Mace to Vir- gin de- * * W. T. Port Royal, Jamaica, stroyed by an earthquake. 1603 Apr. 10. Eng. Martin Pring sails on a voyage of commerce and ex- ploration to New England [where he enters Plymouth Harbor]. * * Can. Samuel Champlain is commis- sioned by a company of French mer- chants of Rouen to explore the country of the St. Lawrence, and establish a trading-post. 1605 May 17+. Me. George "Wey- mouth of England explores part of the coast and some of the rivers. 1607 May * Eng. Henry Hudson starts on his first voyage, instructed to sail northwest and directly across the pole. May * Va. Newport and twenty others return to Jamestown after exploring the James River as far as the falls [near Richmond]. * * Va. Jamestown colonists send an expedition of six men up the Chicka- hominy River expecting to find the Pacific Ocean. 1608 July 21. Va. John Smith re- turns to Jamestown from the first ex- ploration of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. July 24. Va. Smith sails on an. ex- ploring expedition for the Susque- hanna River. Sept. 7. Va. Smith returns to James- town, having explored 3,000 miles of coast. * * Eng. Sir Henry Hudson makes a second attempt to reach India by a northwest passage. * * Va. Capt. Newport sails up the James River to find the Pacific Ocean. 1609 Apr. 4. Hoi. Sir Henry Hud- son sails on his important third voyage, under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. His vessel is a small yacht called the Halve. Moon, having a crew of 18 or 20 men; the icebergs baffle his endeavors in the north, and he follows the coast southward. July * N. Y. Samuel Champlain, the French navigator, enters the lake which bears his name, and is the first white man to set his foot on the soil of the Empire State. Aug. 28. N. J. Hudson anchors in Delaware Bay. [Soon after he explores the coast of New Jersey.] Sept. 3. N. Y, Hudson anchors in the Lower Bay of New York, behind Sandy Hook, and is refreshed with green corn, wild fruits, and oysters. Sept. 5. N. J. Hudson lands. Sept. 6. N. J. Hudson sounds the Nar- rows, and passes through the Kill Van Kull to Newark Bay. Sept. 9. New York. Hudson passes from the Lower Bay into the Narrows. Sept. 11. N. Y. Hudson enters the Great River of the north (Hudson). Sept. 14. Hudson visits the Highlands. Sept. 19. N. Y. The Halve Moon tarries [at Kinderhook] white a small boat as- cends the river [above Albany]. Sept. * Hudson abandons the pursuit of a northwest passage via the Hudson River. * * Va. The colonists of Jamestown be- gin the manufacture of glass beads, for traffic with the Indians. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1600 Corton, -Samuel, pioneer, born. Honkins, Edward, covernor, born, ilason, .Jolin, captain, born. 1601 Coddington, William, founder of R. I., born. 1602 Stuyvesant. Peter. Gov. of N.Y., b. 1603 Bra.lstreet, Simon, Gov. of Mass., born. ± Fenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., b. 1604 Eliot. John, Apostle to Indians, born. 1606 Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of 31d., born. Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn., born. 1607 Gosnold, Bartholomew, colonizer, d. Harvard, John, founder, born. 1609 Clarlre, John, Baptist founder, born. Clap, Roger, author, born. CHURCH. 1605 Aug. 19. Me. The English colo- nists at St. George, an island [in the Androscoggin River], all leave their ships and go ashore, where they have located their plantation, and listen to a sermon by their preacher, after which the laws of the colony are read. * * Paraguay. A second band of Jesuit missionaries — Cataldino, Mazeta, and Lorenzana — begin a successful work. * * It. Leo SI. and later Paul V., pope. 1606 Apr. 10. Va. The charter is issued ; it makes the Church of Eng- land the religion of the colony, and all the people taxable for its support ; the aborigines are to be converted to Chris- tianity if possible. 1607 June 21. Va. The Holy Sac- rament is administered in a chapel having sail-cloth for a covering, rails for walls, and logs for benches ; Rev. R. Hunt, minister at Jamestown. * * Me. Rev. Richard Seymour accom- panies a colony, for the service of the Protestant Episcopal Church. * * JR. I. A Baptist Church (according to some authorities^ formed at Tiverton. 1608 * * Eng. Rev. John Robinson and other Puritans thrown into jail for dissenting, when about to flee from Eng- land. * * Paraguay. Jesuits are zealous in civilizing natives. * * Hoi. Part of the fleeing Puritans reach HoUand. 1609 * * Mat*. William Brewster is chosen elder of the Plymouth colony, and becomes a religious leader. * * * Can. The Jesuit missionaries- commence the work of converting the Indian tribes, and exhibit unparalleled fortitude and great perseverance. LETTERS. 1608 * * The True Itetafion, by Captain John Smith, is printed in London. * * Va. Smith sends to England his com- pleted Map of the Chesapeake Bay. SOCIETY. 1606 Apr. * The London Company is required by a clause in its patent to* hold all property of its settlement in common for the first five years. 1607* * Va. The colony at Jamestown consists of 12 laborers, 10 or 12 mechan- ics, and 48 gentlemen, and no women. * * Va. Suspicion, dissension, and ras- cality prevail among the colonists. Dec. * Va. Capt. John Smith is taken prisoner by the Indians, and sentenced to die, but his life is spared by the in- tercession of Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan. 1608* * Va. A conspiracy is formed to kill John Smith, and abandon the colony. * * Va. Gov. John Smith's first law: " He who would not work should not eat ; " the second, " Each man for six days in the week should work six hours each day." Apr. * Va. Capt. Newport arrives with a company of 34 gentlemen and an as- sortment of gold hunters, adventur- ers, and vagabonds. 1609* *-10 Winter. Va. Vicious- ness and profligacy on the part of the greater number of the colonists bring about dearth ; only 60 persons out of 490 survive till spring. * * Va. Thirty colonists seize one of the vessels and sail away as pirates ; riot and idleness prevail, domestic ani- mals are killed, and firearms traded away. SETTLEMENT — STATE. * * * The Cherokee, Catawba, and Tuscarora Indians hold the Southern mountain country, and approach within about 100 miles of the Atlantic coast. * * * The Dakotas are in the great West and Northwest ; the Mobilians are in the South. * * * The Seminoles are in the Florida peninsula ; the Shoshones between the Rio Grande and lower Mississippi, and in the Great Salt Lake region and north- ward ; the Comanches are east of the Rio Grande and near the Shoshones; AMERICA. 1600-1609. 27 the Klamaths are along the Pacific slope south of the Columbia River ; the Californians are south of the Kla- maths ; and the Athapascans, between the Colorado River and the Rocky Mountains. * * * North American Indian tribes are governed by a chief and council who are elective. Captive warriors are treated with great cruelty; women, boys, and girls are made slaves. * * * The Huron family of Indian tribes dwell north of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. * * * The great Algonkian family rule both forest and prairie, extending along the Atlantic seaboard from the St. Law- rence to Cape Hatteras, and along the Ohio River westward to the Mississippi, and northward to Lakes Superior and Huron. The powerful Iroquois Indian fam- ily, including many tribes, extend south of Lakes Erie and Ontario and the St. Lawrence River for one or two hundred miles, and to the east as far as Lake Champlain. 1602 * * Arg. Rep. Spain permits col- onists to export two ship-loads of pro- duce each year with 50 per cent customs duties. * * Holl. The Dutch East India Com- pany is foamed. * * Mass. The first Hew England set- tlement is made on an island in Buz- zard's Bay, by Bartholomew Gosnold, for the Association of London Merchants. [It is short-lived.] 1603 Mar. 24. Eng. James I. en- throned. Apr. * Me. Martin Pring leads an Eng- glish expedition to the coast. [It returns after an absence of six months.] Nov. * Sieur de Monts, a French Hu- guenot, receives a grant of the country from one degree north of Montreal to the latitude of Philadelphia. 1605. Aug. 9. Me. An English colony is planted at the mouth of the Sagada- hoc (Androscoggin) River, on an island called St. George. Nov. 14. N. S. De Monts establishes the first French settlement in the country at Port Royal (Annapolis) in Acadia. * * Maine is visited by an expedition under George Weymouth. * * N. S. Acadia is the only active set- tlement except those in Central and. South America, after 100 years of explo- ration. 1606 Apr. 10. Great Virginia. The first charter is granted. A great joint-stock company is formed in England for the establishment of two colonies in America. The London or Virginia Company, having jurisdiction from 34° to 3S° north latitude, and the Plymouth or North Virginia Company, with headquarters at Plymouth, having jurisdiction from 45° to 41°; and the in- tervening territory (33° to 41°) to go to the company establishing the first self-sus- taining colony. Aug. * Eng. The Plymouth Company of " knights, gentlemen, and merchants " sends out its pioneer ship for explo- ration, and it is taken by the Spaniards. Autumn. Eng. The second ship of the Plymouth Company goes out, and re- turns with glowing accounts. Dec. 19. Eng. The London Company of " noblemen, gentlemen, and mer- chants" sends out three ships. A Su- perior Council in England and an In- ferior Council in America are to manage its affairs. * * * France claims all the territory north of Florida by right of the dis- coveries of Verrazano. * * * England claims the territory from the Cape Fear in North Carolina to New- foundland, and westward indefinitely, by the discoveries of John Cabot. * * Mass. The French attempt to settle Cape Cod, but are driven off by the In- dians. 1607 May * Va. John Smith is placed in confinement during the latter part of the voyage to Virginia, on the absurd charge of designing to murder the Coun- cil, and make himself its monarch. May 13. Va. Commander Newport lands 105 colonists at Jamestown, on the north bank of the James River, about 32 miles from its mouth. Only 12 are laborers, and 10 or 12 are mechanics, while 48 are gentlemen, and there are no women. * * -10 Spring. N. S. Port Royal is de- serted. May * Va. The Inferior Council elect Edward Wingfield the first governor. * * Va. John Smith is at first jealously excluded from his seat in the Council. June 2. Va. Capt. Newport sails for England, leaving the colonists in a wretched condition. Aug. 8. Me. The second English Col- ony is planted. George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert plant 120 colonists in a fort at the mouth of the Kennebec River. [It is abandoned the next year.] Aug. * Va. General sickness at James- town ; only five men able to do sentinel duty. Sept. 10. Va. Gov. Wingfield and his confederate, George Kendall, a mem- ber of the governing council, are detected in embezzling the stores of the colony. [They are impeached and deprived of office.] Sept. 15. Va. One half of the colonists have been swept away by disease. Sept. * Va. John Ratcliffe is chosen president of the council and governor of the colony. [He is detected in an attempt to abandon the colony, and is deposed.] Dec. * * Va. Jamestown improves un- der the management of John Smith ; by strategy corn is secured from the Indians for winter. * * Va. Only two of the seven members of the council remain, Martin and Smith; Martin elects Smith, not yet 30 years old, President of Virginia. [He becomes the most noted man in the early history of America.] "Winter. Va. Smith is held in captiv- ity by the Indians. 1608 Jan. * Va. Smith returns from captivity. Apr. * Va. Newport returns to James- town with a second company, con- sisting of 120 emigrants, like the first, "vagabond gentlemen," idlers, and gold- hunters ; only 33 remain of the original 105 colonists. Newport sails for England with a lot of worthless earth, supposed to contain gold. July 3. Can. Champlain returns from France to New France with a colony sent out by De Monts, and lays the foun- dation of Quebec. * * Va. The colonists waste the planting season in cold-seeking. Autumn. Va. Arrival of 20 colonists with Capt. Newport, which increases the number to a total of 200 persons. Sept. 10±. Va. John Smith is formally elected President ; he enforces law ; gold-hunting becomes unpopular, and prosperity increases. * * Va. Smith, Martin, and Newport constitute the Inferior Council. 1609 May 23. Va. A second charter is issued, having enlarged privileges. King James revokes the constitution without consulting the wishes of the colonists, and grants the London Com- pany a new charter, extending from Cape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward to the Pacific. May * Eng. Lord Delaware is elected governor of Virginia for life. He is the first one elected by the stock- holders of the London Company; Sir George Somers is admiral ; Sir Thomas Dale is high marshal ; Sir Ferdinand Wainman master of horse, etc. June * Eng. Many noblemen with 20 women and children sail in a company of 500 emigrants for Virginia. One vessel is wrecked, and one run ashore in the Bermudas, and seven ar- rive in Jamestown. The governing commissioners being stranded in Ber- muda, John Smith continues in office, and greets the worst emigrants yet sent out. Sept. 15. Va. Smith sails for England, to recover his health. Sept. * Va. Sir George Percy governs Jamestown as Smith's delegate ; it con- tains between 50 and 60 houses. "Winter. Va. The 450 colonists suffer hunger because of profligacy and ill government. MISCELLANEOUS. 1604 * * Eng. The Muscovy Company sends the first English ship to Green- land. 1605 * * Me. George Weymouth sails on a trading expedition for furs to the coast of Maine. * * Va. Captain John Smith is sick, and so near to death that his comrades dig his grave. 28 1610-1620. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1613 Spring, Me. Captain Argall of Jamestown pillages and b urns the French settlement at Mount Desert Island, it being in the territory of the London Company. * * Can. Smith destroys every building of a French colony at the mouth of the St. Croix River. * * Can. Smith burns the deserted ham- let of Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia). * * A r . Y. Smith destroys the cabins of the Dutch on Manhattan Island, and compels Ihem to acknowledge the sover- eignty of James I. of England. 1614 * * N. Y. The Dutch build a fort on the southern extremity of Manhattan Island. * * iV. r. Fort Nassau is built by the Dutch [near Albany]. 1615 Oct. 10. N. Y. Battle between Champlain and the Iroquois Indians in western New York. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — EXPLORATION. 1610* * Eng. Hudson sails on a north- ern voyage of discovery, seeking a pas- sage westward to the Indies. ■* * Spring. Va. Smith introduces the cultivation of maize, and plants 30 or 40 acres. July 27. Sir Thomas Smythe discovers Delaware Bay. Aug*. 2. Can. Hudson enters the straits which bear his name, and thinks he dis- covers the Pacific [Hudson Bay]. 1612 * * Va. The colonists begin to manufacture bricks. * * Va. John Eolfe [the husband of Pocahontas] begins the systematic cul- tivation of tobacco. 1614 * * N. Y. Adriaen Block of New Amsterdam builds the first colonial ship, the Onrust (Restless). -* * Conn. Block, in the Onrust, explores Long Island Sound, and discovers the Connecticut River. June + * Captain John Smith explores the New England coast, and gives it this name. 1615 * * Can. Champlain visits Lake Huron. 1616 * * Can. Bylot and Baffin are sent in search of the northwest pas- sage ; Wolstenholme's Sound, Lancaster Sound, and Baftin Bay are discovered. 1617 * * Guiana. Sir Walter Raleigh explores the coast. 1618* * Can. Baffin reaches the 78° of latitude in the bay which bears his name. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1610 ? Berkeley, Sir "William, Gov. of Va., b. ? Newport, Christopher, commander, dies. 1611 Day, Stephen, first printer, born. 1613 Bradstreet, Anne, poet, born. 1613 Morton, Nathaniel, historian, born. 1614 Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, born. 1616 Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass., born. Mereloza,de Juan Gonzales, Mex. vicar, A77. 1617 Pocahontas dies in Knrope A22- 1618 West, Thomas Lord Delaware, Gov. of Va., A41. Powhatan, Indian chief, dies. CHURCH. 1610 June * Va. A day given to reli- gious services on the return of the colonists to their homes. (See State.) 1611 June 10. Va. Many godly emi- grants arrive ; they commence the labors of the day by offering prayers in their little church, and order and comfort June 12. N. S. Two Jesuit mission- aries arrive at Port Royal, but their work among the Micmacs is frustrated by the government. * * Va. Gov. Dale requires every man and woman to give an account of his faith to the minister for the test of orthodoxy ; he orders them to be whipped if they refuse, and to be whipped daily till they acknowledge their faith. 1614 * * Va. Pocahontas becomes the first Christian convert, and is bap- tized in the Episcopal church, under the name of Rebecca. 1615 * * Can. Le Caron, a Franciscan, carries the Roman Catholic religion to the Indians of eastern Maine, and west- ward to the Hurons. 1617 * * Eng. The refugee Puritans in Holland apply to the London Com- pany for permission to emigrate to their territory in America, and their request is granted. 1619 July* Va. The House of Bur- gesses confirms the Church of Eng- land as the Church of Virginia, and intends that the first four ministers shall each receive £200 a year, and all persons whatsoever shall attend church on the Sabbath, both forenoon and afternoon. * * Eng. Another request signed by the greater part of the Puritans is sent to the Company. [Dissensions in the Com- pany delay success.] **2f. S. Reformed Franciscans be- gin mission work in Acadia. 1620 Dec. 21. * Afass. Only the Plym- outh people come over as separatists, the other colonists remain in the Church of England seeking to reform her corruptions. The Congregational service is introduced by the Pilgrims. * * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres becomes a bishopric by creation of Pope Paul V. * * Eng. A company of London mer- chants is formed that agrees to loan money to the poor Puritans so they may emigrate ; each is to give his ser- vices for seven years to the company. LETTERS. 1610* *The True Repertory of the Wrack and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, written at Jamestown by William Stra- chey. 1613 * * Good Xftrs from Virginia, by- Alexander Whitaker. "The Apostle of Virginia." 1614 * * Captain John Smith makes a map of the New England coast and country ; names it New England. 1616* * Pern. The coUege of San Carlos is founded. 1619 * * Va. An effort is made to estab- lish a college at Henrico (Richmond). An endowment of £1,500 and 10,000 acres of land is procured ; the massacre of its friends defeats the project. SOCIETY. 1611 June 21. Can. Henry Hudson, his sons, and five others are sent adrift by his mutinous crew, and perish in Hudson Bay. * * Va. The land hitherto held in com- mon is now divided, and each of the 700 colonists receives three acres. Sept. 1. Henry Hudson's mutinous crew is picked up in a wretched condition. 1612 June 29. Eng. A lottery is drawn in London for the benefit of the Virginia plantations ; profit nearly £30,000. 1613 * * Va. Pocahontas is stolen and held for a ransom by the colonists. [In- dian troubles follow.] 1614 * * Va. Capt. Hunt, the deputy governor, treacherously entices the In- dian chief, Santo, with 27 others, on board of his ship, and sails for Spain, where he sells them into slavery. Apr. * Va. Pocahontas is married to John Rolfe, a worthy young Englishman. [King James is scandalized that one not of royal blood should marry a princess.] 1616 * * Pocahontas visits England and is received at Court. 1619 * * Va. Laws are made against the playing of dice and cards, drunken- ness, and idleness; excess in apparel is restrained by a tax. * * Va. The colony is reenforced by the arrival of 1,200 emigrants, including 100 felons sent by the king to he sold as servants among the planters. * * Eng. Bad management of the treas- urer of the London Company. About $400,000 have been spent and only 600 men, chiefly rovers, are found in the colony ; it is discovered that women must be introduced to make the enterprise succeed. Aug. * Va. A Dutch man-of-war brings 20 African negroes to Jamestown, and sells them to the colonists at auction, thus introducing African slavery. 1620 Dec. 21. Mass. The "Pilgrim Fathers " land at Plymouth Rock, and their colony consists of 73 males, 29 fe- males ; 34 adult males, IS adult females ; 20 boys and S girls ; also 3 maid servants and 19 men servants, etc. (Winsor.) * * Eng. Ninety young women of good breeding and modest manners are per- suaded to emigrate to Virginia. Men who become husbands pay 120 lbs. of tobacco to repay the almost bankrupt company the expense of the voyage. AMERICA. 1610-1620. 29 SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1610 May 24. Va. Capt.-gen. Gates and about 150 others arrive from Ber- muda, where they were shipwrecked. June* Va. " The starving time." Vice and famine have reduced the colonists from 490 to only 60 ; they are dis- heartened, and abandoning Jamestown, set sail for the fishermen's fleet at New- foundland. June 10. Va. The departing colonists meet a fleet of 3 vessels with reenforce- ments and supplies, and then return to Jamestown. Lord Delaware, the acting governor, brings peace, plenty, and prosperity to Jamestown. New York. The first Dutch emi- grants arrive at Manhattan. * * Brazil. Jesuit settlements are formed ; communism prevails. * * Ft. Louis XI 1 1. enthroned. * * Nicaragua. The foundation of Leon [the future rival of Granada] is laid. * * N. F. Mr. Gay, of Bristol, founds a colony at Conception Bay. ± * * Paraguay . Jesuit settlements of natives are begun ; civilization follows. * * Va. Delaware returns to England for his health. 1611 May 10. Va. Sir Thomas Dale arrives in the Chesapeake with stores and emigrants ; he assumes the govern- ment as high marshal. Aug.* Va. Sir Thomas Gates arrives with 300 colonists, 12 cows, 20 goats, and supplies ; he enters office as deputy governor. * * Va. Colonists receive individual al- lotments of three acres of land. 1612 Mar. * Va. James I. grants a third charter to the London Company. It includes the Bermudas ; because of the financial failure of the venture the stockholders are given control, and with- out intention, a democratic government is encouraged. * * Brazil. A French colony is founded on the island of Marajo. [Maintained six years.] * * Eng. Sir "Walter Raleigh, having spent $200,000 to found a colony, without success, gives up the undertaking. * * Fr. The Protestants being in power, the great Conde becomes viceroy of the French empire in America. * * New York. The Dutch send the Tiger and the Fortune to trade with the Indians on the Hudson River. Huts are erected on Manhattan Island. (About 45 Broadway.) 1613 May * Me. Madame de Guerche- ville, having secured DeMonts' patent and a new one from the crown, for all lands between Florida and the St. Law- rence River, Fort Royal excepted, sends Saussage and two Jesuits, who settle a small colony on Mount Desert Island. [It is soon broken up.] * * Guiana. A colony of Dutchmen ar- rives. * * New York. The Dutch establish a trading-post on Manhattan Island. * * Va. Captain Samuel Argall of Jamestown breaks up the French settle- ments in Maine and Acadia, also the Dutch trading-station (?) at New Nether- land. 1614 Oct. 11. N. T. A charter is granted by the States-General to the New Netherland Company, includ- ing territory from 40" north to 45° north, with a monopoly of the fur trade for three years. * * Conn. Settlement of Connecticut. The Dutch, led by Adriaen Block, ex- plore the coast, also the chief river, and build a fort [near Hartford]. * * Guiana. The States of Holland en- courage settlements by offering mono- polies for four years. * * Mass. An expedition is sent to New England by Sir Ferdinando Gorges and the Earl of Southampton. * * N. Y. The Dutch form a settlement on Manhattan Island, also erect a fort ; they build another [Fort Nassau] 150 miles up the river. * * New York. Jean Yigne, the first white child, born on Manhattan Island. * * Va. Gov. Gates returns to England, and leaves the government to Sir Thomas Dale [for two years]. The cultivation of tobacco brings prosperity to the colony ; the streets of Jamestown are planted with it, and it becomes the accepted currency. 1615 May± * New Eng. John Smith vainly attempts to form a settlement. * * Brazil. Belem is founded by Calderia. * * Can. Cham plain leads an expedition to Lake Huron. * * N. F. Captain Richard Whitborne is sent to establish order among the fishermen at Newfoundland. * * Va. Private ownership of land begins, each colonist receiving 50 acres for himself and heirs. 1616 May * Va. Sir Thomas Dale re- signs the governorship, and returns to England, leaving George Yeardley as deputy governor. Pocahontas goes to England. * * New Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gor- ges makes persistent effort for the set- tlement of New England. 1617 Jan. * Va. Captain Samuel Ar- gall is elected deputy governor. [Fraud, oppression, violence, greed, and tyranny on the part of the govern- ment check immigration, and the col- ony becomes reduced to 600 persons.] May 15. Va. Argal I arrives in Jamestown. * * N.J. The Dutch from New Am- sterdam start a settlement at Bergen. [The first in New Jersey.] * * N. Y. Fort Nassau [Albany] is de- stroyed by a flood. 1618 * * New Eng. Ferdinando Gorges sends Captain Rocroft from England to New England ; he spoils a French bark on the way, and goes to Virginia, where he is killed. 1619 Jan. 1. N. Y. Expiration of the first New Netherland charter. * * Va. Lord Delaware sails with sup- plies, and dies on the voyage. Ope- chancanough succeeds Powhatan. Apr. 19. Va. Sir George Yeardley is appointed deputy governor. [The col- ony grows and prospers.] * * Sol. The Pilgrims get a patent from the London (South Virginia) Company. July * Va. Popular government in- troduced. Yeardley divides the plantation into 11 boroughs, and issues a proclamation requesting the election of two citizens from each to assist in the government. July 30. Va. The House of Burgesses meets at Jamestown, the first colonial legislature in the New "World. It is an elective assembly for discus- sion only, and has no power without the approval of the London Company. 1620 July 22. Hoi. The Pilgrims de- part from Delfshaven in the Speedwell, having spent the preceding night in prayer and religious conversation. The Pilgrims purchase the Speedwell., and hire the Mayflower. Aug. 5. Eng. The Pilgrims set sail from Southampton for Virginia in the Mayflower of ISO tons burden, and the Speedwell, 60 tons. [The Speedwell proves leaky, and compels their return to Dartr- mouth.] Aug. 20±. The repairs on the Speedwell being completed, the Pilgrims reem- bark. [The Speedwell proves unseawor- thy, and they return to Plymouth.] Sept. 6. Eng. The Pilgrims finally leave Plymouth in the Mayfloiver, and number 102 persons. Nov. 3. Eng. The Plymouth Com- pany reorganized. King James incorporates forty of his subjects as " the Council established at Plymouth for the planting, ruling, or- dering, and governing of New England in America." Nov. 9. Mass. The Pilgrims come in sight of Cape Cod after a voyage of 63 days. Nov. 11. Mass. Pilgrims on the May- flower sign an instrument of republican government, and elect John Carver governor. (Nov. 21, N. S.) Being denied a patent by the king, they proceed to discharge all the functions of an organized state. Dee. 11. Mass. The Pilgrim Fathers disembark at Plymouth Rock, and found a colony numbering 102 persons. New Style, Dec. 21. (Winsor.) Dec. 23. Mass. The Pilgrims begin building a settlement at Plymouth. * * Arg. Rep. The Spaniards erect a new government for Buenos Ayres — the Rio de la Plata, with Buenos Ayres for its capital ; cities and settlements abound. * * Paraguay is separated from Bue- nos Ayres. * * Mass. The whole body of the male inhabitants constitute the legislature. [Continuing thus for 18 years.] * * Va. The 1,000 inhabitants receive an accession of 1,200 more. 30 1621, Mar. 21-1629, Aug. 29. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1621 * * Va. The settlers scour the wilderness, burn Indian villages, and kill some savages; the remainder are driven into the interior. * * Mass. Capt. Miles Standish, with a force of six men, explores the country to learn the disposition and number of the Indians. Aug. 14. Mass. The Plymouth colony sends 14 armed men to awe the Indians. 1622 Mar. 22. Va. Indians attempt to annihilate the settlements by an un- expected attack, in which 3-17 colonists are killed, and 72 settlements destroyed. Only 1,600 men survive in the 8 remain- ing settlements. 1623 * * Mass. Miles Standish with eight men goes to the rescue of Wey- mouth, and defeats the Indians. June± * X. Y. The Dutch build Fort Orange (Albany). X. J. The Dutch build Fort Nassau on the east shore of the Delaware [a little below Philadelphia]. .July* Va. Parties of settlers attack the savages and drive them inland. 1624 July* Va. The Assembly orders another attack on the Indians. * * Brazil. The Dutch take Bahia with- out a struggle. 1628* * Can. Champlain repulses David Kirk in his attempt to capture Quebec ; Port Royal falls into the hands of the English. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1621 * * Va. Workmen skilled in mak- ing iron arrive, bees are introduced, and cotton is planted as an experiment. 1622 * * Va. First grist-mill erected. Twenty-five shipwrights arrive. 1625 * * Mass. Plymouth has already built a little vessel. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1621 Carver, John, Gov. of Plymouth col- ony, A31. fllayhew, Thomas, clergyman of Mass., born. Hubbard, William, clergyman of JIass.,born. 1 623 Laval- Montmorency, Bp. of Que- bec, born. 1625 Cushman, Robert, of Plymouth colony, A45. ? 1627 Yeardley, Sir George, Gov. of Va., d. CHURCH. 1621* * X. Y. Lutherans settle in New Amsterdam. * * It. Gregory XV., pope. 1623* * Mass. Protestant Episcopal service is first regularly established here by Rev. William Morrell of Eng- land. * * X. H. The colonists are tolerant to- ward all religious faiths. * * It. Urban VIII., pope. * * X. Y. The "Walloons are driven to America by persecution. ** * Va. The General Assembly ordains .the suppression " of all teaching or preaching, public or private," of all non-Episcopal ministers, and the expul- sion of non-conformists from the colony. ± * * Mass. The London Company vexes the Plymouth colony by its efforts to thrust on the Pilgrims a minister of the Established Church ; they had come to the western wilderness to escape such oppression. 1626* * Can. Fathers Brebeuf and Daniel, Recollects, begin work among the Hurons. * * New • York. Public worship by the Reformed Dutch at New Amsterdam begins, in the absence of ministers, by the weekly reading of the Scriptures and the creeds in a room over a horse- mill, by two men (Huyck and Krol) sent over as " Comforters of the Sick." 1627 * * X. M. The Franciscan mis- sionaries report 27 new missions, sev- eral large churches, 10 convents, thou- sands of Indians baptized, and over 8,000 converts to Christianity. 1628 Apr. 7. X. Y. Jonas Michaelius, the first Dutch minister, arrives; the Reformed Dutch Church is organized in New Amsterdam. * * X. Y. The first Presbyterian church in America is organized in New Amsterdam. July 20. Mass. The ballot first used in America in the election of John Wil- son as pastor and teacher at Salem after a day of humiliation. The church or- ganized. 1629 Aug. 6. Mass. Organization of the second Congregational church at Salem. John and Samuel Brown set up Episcopal worship in Salem : ap- parently the first to resist the politico- religious law of the colony. LETTERS. 1622 * * Va. The Bishop of London raises £1,000 toward a imiversity for this colony. 1624 * * General History of Virginia, by Captain John Smith, is printed in London. 1626 * *A Translation of Ovid,hy Sandys, appears. SOCIETY. 1621 Mar. 22. Va. Jamestown and other settlements are saved from gen- eral massacre by the warning given by a converted red man, who reveals the plot on the previous night. Mar. * Mass. Massasoit, the great sachem of the Wampanoags, is received by the Plymouth colony with much parade. A treaty of peace follows. [It is faithfully kept for fifty years-l May 12. The first marriage in the Plymouth colony takes place between Edward Winslow and Susanna White. June 18. The first duel in New Eng- land brings disgrace on the duelists. It is fought by two servants with sword and dagger, and both are wounded. The authorities sentence them to lie 24 hours with their heads and feet tied together. * * Va. Sixty more young women arrive; 150 lbs. of tobacco are charged each man who becomes a husband, to pay expenses incurred in bringing bis bride to Virginia. Aug. 21. Va. One widow and eleven maids consigned to the colony from London, to be sold for tobacco at the rate of 120 lbs. of the best leaf for each. 1622* * Mass. The English settlers at Weymouth seek their subsistence by defrauding the Indians, instead of laboring in useful employment ; conflict follows. 1625 June 9. X. Y. The first white child born in Brooklyn. 1626 * * X. Y. The Dutch introduce negro slaves. 1628 * * X. Y. The Dutch on Manhat- tan Island live hi houses thatched with straw and having wooden chimneys, while creaking windmills extend their ungainly sails against the sky. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1621 Mar. 21. Mass. Massasoit visits Plymouth, and makes a treaty. The Pilgrims enter a treaty with the Wampanoags. [It is kept inviolate for 50 years.] Spring. Mass. Of the 102 Pilgrims, only about 50 survive the winter. June 1. Eng. John Pierce receives his first patent for the Pilgrims. June 3. X. Y. The States-General grant to the Dutch "West India Company a charter, with full powers over NewNeth- erland for 24 years. July 24. Va. Sir Francis Wyatt, the governor, brings a new constitution for the colony. It vests the government in a governor, a council of state, and a general assem- bly, for which two burgesses are to be chosen by each town, hundred, and plan- tation. Thegovernorhas the veto power, and every enactment of the assembly re- quires the company's sanction ; on" the other hand, the assembly may veto the acts of the company. Sept. 10. Can. Sir William Alexan- der obtains from the crown of Scotland a patent for all Acadia, under the title of Nova Scotia. [An unsuccessful at- tempt is made at colonizing.] Nov. 19. Mass. Another company of emigrants arrives with scant provisions for the winter. Nov. *-Dec. * Va. First session of the Assembly under the new constitution. * * .Ifass. "William Bradford is elected governor, on the decease of Carver. Pestilence had swept away about one- half of the Indians prior to the arrival of the Pilgrims. "Winter. Mass. Starvation threatens the colonists, and they subsist on half ra- tions for six months. * * Mass. The supply vessel Fortune is sent back from Plymouth, laden with beaver skins and clapboards valued at §2,500, the first returns from the colony. * * X. F. Sir George Calvert plants a colony in Newfoundland [and resides there for several years]. AMERICA. 1621, Mar. 21-1629, Aug. 29. 31 * * Sp. Philip IV. enthroned. ■* * Va. Jamestown exports 55,000 lbs. of tobacco this year. The cultivation of cotton is intro- duced. * * -22 * * Va. Great increase in im- migration. 1622 Aug. 10. N.H. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason obtain a pa- tent for lands between the Merrimac and Kennebec Rivers, called Lacouia. Settlements made on the sites of Dover and Portsmouth. Nov. 6. The king's proclamation prohib- its " interloping and disorderly trading to New England." [This hastens the dissolution of the Plymouth company.] * * Can. Samuel Champlain is gover- nor of Canada [including Michigan]. * * Eng. The London Company is bank- rupt, and the numerous stockholders are divided by dissensions. * * Mass. English fishing vessels arrive and sell food to the starving Pilgrims at double price. Emigrants sent out by Thomas Weston of London begin a new settlement [near Boston] called Weymouth. * * Me. The first permanent settlement in Maine is made at Saco. (Or in 1623.) * * Spring. N. Y. The great West In- dia Company take possession of New Netherland under their charter. * * Va. A massacre of a part of the colonists reduces the plantations from SO to less than eight. The census shows a population of 2,500 people. 1623 Apr. * Eng. Lord Baltimore's patent is granted. [Dies. Patent not sealed.] Apr.* The whole of Long Island is granted to the Earl of Stirling. Apr. * N. Y. Thirty families, called Walloons, arrive from Flanders ; they seek civil and religious freedom, and to escape the persecutions of their own country. •June 25. Va. King James contends with the London Company and en- deavors to annul its charter. -June ± * N. Y. Eighteen of the emigrant families of Walloons ascend the Hud- con, and build Fort Orange (Albany). * * N. J. Walloons, under Cornelia Ja- cobson May, ascend the South River (Delaware) and build Fort Nassau [be- low Camden]. * * Can. Scotch colonists sent out by Sir William Alexander arrive in Nova Scotia, but return when they find French adventurers already established there. July 20. New England is divided among the original patentees. * * Mass. Weymouth [near Boston] is abandoned ; the majority of colonists re- turn to England. John Pierce's second patent issued on his own account, making the Plymouth people his tenants. [He sells it to the Pilgrims for S2.500 — cost price $250.] John Lyford and John Oldham conspire against the -welfare of the colony, and both are banished. The Pilgrims no longer labor in com- mon, but receive allotments of land to individuals for one year. * * Me.-N. U. Settlements are made in New Hampshire and Maine, including Portsmouth and Dover. 1624* * Spring. Mass. Land is no longer held in common ; every person receives a little land in perpetual tee. Edward Winslow returns from England, bringing the Cape Ann patent. Cattle are first brought to Plymouth — three heifers and one bull. June 16. Virginia becomes a royal colony. James I. arbitrarily annuls the liberal charter of the London Company, after it has spent $750,000 above its receipts, and Virginia becomes a royal colony, having Sir Francis Wyatt for governor, with 12 councilors. Dec. * New Eng. After four years of labor and expense, only 180 persons remain; there is no hope of future profit. * * Brazil is invaded by the Dutch. * * Mass. John White, a Puritan minis- ter from Dorchester, England, plants a small colony en Cape Cod. The governor's power is restricted by a council of five. Cape Ann is settled by a few Puri- tans. [Later the colony removes to Naumkeag.] * * N. Y. The Butch ship New Nether- land brings over a colony of 110 Wal- loons of French origin, to the Hudson River region. They bring farm-stock, seed, and implements. The Dutch begin civil govern- ment; Captain Cornelius May is the first governor, and his duties chiefly re- late to the management of a trading- * * Va. About 2,000 colonists the 9,000 sent out. 1625 Mar. 27. Eng. Charles I. en- throned. May 13. Va. Charles I. issues a proc- lamation inimical to the Jamestown colony. * * Mass. Mount Wollaston [near Bos- ton] settled by Captain Wollaston. * * New York. Sarah Rapaelje is born, the first white girl born on Manhattan Island. Three ships and a yacht bring many settlers from Holland and 100 cattle. * * N. Y. "William Verhulst is governor of New Netherland. Walloons settle at Fort Orange (Albany). 1626 Jan. * N. Y. The Dutch West India Company appoint Peter Min n it governor of New Netherland. May 4. N. Y. Gov. Minuit arrives ; also four shiploads of colonists with 300 cattle ; population of New Amster- dam two hundred. * * Guiana. The French settle on the Sinamary River. May * New York. Minuit buys the en- tire Manhattan Island, comprising more than '20,000 acres, for §24 worth of scarlet cloth, brass buttons, etc. * * N. If. A feeble settlement is made on the Piscataqua Kiver (Dover). * * Va. Sir George Yeardley, benefac- tor of Virginia, reappointed governor. 1627 Aug. * Va. The King proposes a royal monopoly of the tobacco trade. * * Summer. Va. One thousand emi- grants arrive. Nov. * Mass. Eight of the Plymouth colonists purchase the entire interest of the London Company in Lhe Plym- outh colony for §9,000. Nov. * Va. The colonists elect Francis "West to fill the vacancy in the gover- norship. [He is soon excluded.] * * Can. The colony of Q,uebec is transferred to the company of 100 mer- chants under Cardinal Kichelieu. * * Guiana. Dutch settlements are es- tablished. * * Mass. The Plymouth colony intro- duce the use of ■wampum as currency. * * Mass.~N. Y. The Dutch and the Puri- tans are fast friends. Dutch embassy is sent to Plymouth with expressions of good will. 1628 Mar. 19. Mass. The founda- tion of the Massachusetts colony is laid by 6 Englishmen. They purchase a belt of land ex- tending from ocean to ocean, and from 3 miles north of the Merrimac Kiver to 3 miles south of the Kiver Charles and the Massachusetts Bay. Mar. * Va. The colonists assent to the royal monopoly of the tobacco trade. Sept. 16. Mass. Arrival of a colony at Salem, led by John Endicott. * * Mass. Endicott suppresses the settle- ment at Wollaston. * * New York Manhattan has a popu- lation of 270 ; the fur trade flourishes. * * Va. John Potts is governor. 1629 Mar. 4. Mass. Charles I. issues a charter to the company which had settled Salem, incorporating the pro- prietors as the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New Eng- land ; M. Cradoclt governor. [Declines.] June 6. N. Y. The Dutch "West In- dia Company created a charter of privileges corporation. Under it certain patroons may each hold in fee simple, as do the hereditary lords of Europe, a tract of land not more than 10 miles long and 8 miles "wide, or other width determined by the position. June 30 ±. Mass. Two hundred addi- tional immigrants arrive ; one-half go to the Plymouth Colony and the other half lay the foundation of Charles- town, dividing the land into two-acre lots, one for each settler. [More than one-half die in a year.] Aug. 29. Mass. The charter and gov- ernment of the Massachusetts Company is transferred to the colony by the Company; John Winthrop is chosen governor. 32 1629-1634, Oct. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1629 * * Can. Conquest of Quebec by the English, who are led by three refu- gee French Calvinists. 1630* * Brazil. The Dutch take Olinda. 1633 * * Conn. The Indians commit their first act of violence in this col- ony by murdering the crew of a trading vessel on the Connecticut Kiver; they apologize, and sign a treaty of peace. * * New York. Fort Amsterdam is be- gun. [Number 4 Bowling Green.] 1634 Oct. * Conn. Plymouth colonists ascend the Connecticut River, and build a fort at "Windsor. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1629 * * Mass. The colonists at Salem commence to make bricks. 1630 * * Peru. Destructive earthquake at Lima. 1631 * * Can. Searching for the north- west passage, Fox discovers Pox Chan- nel; touches Cape Peregrine. James, on the same errand, discovers James's Bay. * * Mass. The little vessel Blessing of the Bay is built. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1630 Johnson, (Lady) Arabella, PilgTim, d. 1633 Smith, John, leader in "Va., A53. CHURCH. 1629 * * Mass. Gov. Endicott sends away the Episcopal brothers Brown, who de- sire services in their own house, as " fac- tious and evil-conditioned." 1630 Feb. 22. Mass. Fast day changed into a day of thanksgiving, be- cause of the arrival of a ship from Eng- land with provisions. * * Conn. Presbyterian worship, con- ducted by Richard Denton, pastor, com- mences at Wethersfield. * * Mass. John Winthrop, an Epis- copalian, chooses affliction with the Puritans. * * N. Y. A colony of Dutch establish the Reformed Dutch worship at Fort Orange (Albany). 1631 Feb. 5. Boston. Roger "Wil- liams arrives from England Apr. 12. Mass. Williams becomes teacher for the Salem church. May 18. Mass. The General Court of the Massachusetts Bay colony decrees, " No man shall be admitted to the body politic, but such as are members of some of the churches within the limits " of the colony. Nov. 3. Boston. Rev. John Eliot ar- rives. * * Mass. Taxes are levied for the sup- port of the gospel ; attendance at church is required by law ; only church members can be elected to offices of trust ; intolerance and bigotry, the vice of the age, is also the vice of the Pu- ritans. The Plymouth colony is more toler- ant than the Massachusetts colony. Roger Williams, aministerof Salem, denounces the intolerant laws. He is the " first in America or Europe to proclaim the doctrine of full religious toleration;" he holds that the state should leave matters of religious opinion and worship to the conscience of the individual, and confine government to secular affairs. 1632 * * Can. The conversion of the heathen is committed solely to the Jesuits. The missionaries are employed to confirm the alliance made with the Hurons, by establishing missions among them. * * Mass. The erection of the first church in Boston is commenced. 1633 Mar. 25. Va. The services of the Roman Catholic church are be- gun on St. Clement's Island, on the Potomac, by Revs. Andrew White and John Altham. Oct. * A 7 ". H. The first Congregational minister preaches in the State. * * Can. Jesuit missionaries resume work in the St. Lawrence Valley. * * Spring. N. Y. A second Dutch minister arrives at New Amsterdam. * * Md. The Society of Jesus begins its labors. * * N. Y. The records of the Re- formed (Dutch) church begin. The first church on Manhattan Island is erected by the Dutch (on Pearl Street, between Broad and Whitehall). 1634 Mar. 3. Md. ' The first colony of 200 Catholics arrives on the Potomac, for the settlement of Maryland under Lord Baltimore. Mar. 25. Md. The English Catholic families land from the two ships, the Arc and the Dove. Mar. 27. Md. Lord Baltimore, a Cath- olic, plants the first colony, composed of both Puritans and Catholics, but chiefly Catholics, near the mouth of the Potomac, and some are men of fortune. * * * Mass. The opposition to the Quakers rests on semi-political grounds chiefly, because they annoy congrega- tions in their worship. May 24. Mass. Commencement of the custom of preaching election-day ser- mons, by Rev. John Cotton. Sept. ± * Mass. Roger "Williams be- comes pastor of the Salem church. LETTERS. 1630 * * The Golden Fleece, by Vaughn, appears. * * A Model of Christian Charity is writ- ten by John "Winthrop while on his voyage to Massachusetts. * * * The Puritans are an educated people. 1633 * * New York. The Dutch estab- lish a school at New Amsterdam. SOCIETY. 1629* * Brazil. Commencement of raids into the interior to capture In- dians for slavery ; the converted Indians in Paraguay are not spared. ' * Eng. The Massachusetts colony in London, directing Gov. Endicott, says: — , though there ■ -;,!■■ yel I to order it as that tL-- >\w.vj.<- may not, for our lucre Bake, be induced to the exces- sive use, or rather abuse of it : and at any time take care our people gixe no ill example : and if any shall exceed in the inordinate kind of drinking as to be- come drunk, we hope you will take care his punishment be made exemplary for all others.*' * * Paraguay. Spanish colonists raid the Indian tribes of the interior, to secure slaves, repeatedly attacking the Indian settlements of the Jesuits. * * -35 * * Va. Gov. John Hervey sides with certain speculators and land mo- nopolists in wronging the people. 1630 * * Brazil. The Dutch send an ex- pedition to Africa to capture slaves from a Portuguese settlement for the colony at Olinda. * * Mass. About 300 of the best kind of Puritans families emigrate to New- England. " Not adventurers, not vagabonds, were these brave people, but virtuous, well-educated, courageous men and women, who, for conscience's sake, left comfortable homes with no thought of returning." The court fixes the prices of labor ; mechanics to receive no more than 2s. a day, under a penalty of 10s. 1631 * * Del. The entire colony of 30 persons at Lewiston is massacred by the Indians in revenge of one murder. * * Mass. Roger "Williams arrives. 1633 * * Mass. One of the laws of the colony directs that " No man shall sell or (being in the course of trade) give any strong water to any Indian." * * * Brazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov- ernor, promotes the amalgamation of the natives and colonists by marriage. The colony grants partial toleration. It enacts that provision be made for all refugees from religious persecution on their arrival, except Jesuits and priests ; blasphemy, idolatry, and witch- craft are made punishable "with death ; immoralities are severely punished ; money is not to be loaned for inter- est ; extravagance in dress is a crime; and the Bible is accepted as the ultimate tribunal when the laws are defective. * * Mich. The Iroquois Indians drive the Hurons on St. Joseph's Island, where many starve during the winter. 1634 * * Mass. Mrs. Hutchinson organ- izes a meeting of "women, they being excluded from speaking in the weekly meetings for social worship. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1629 Sept. 13. Mass. Nine sachems come to Plymouth and offer their alle- giance. (J. Endicott, acting governor.) * * Cayi. Quebec and all Canada is sur- rendered to the English. * * Mass. The name of the Bay Colony is changed from Naumkeag to Salem. * * JV". H. — Me. Mason and Gorges, the proprietors of New Hampshire and Maine, dissolve their union, and each AMERICA. 1629-1634. receives a new grant ; Mason from the Merrimac to the Piscataway River, Gorges from the latter to the Kennebec, and it is called New Somersetshire. * *X.J. Godyn and Blomaert, two Dutch patroons, obtain a grant of the lower part of New Jersey, bordering the Del- aware Bay. * * Vet. Gov. John Harvey arrives at Jamestown, bearing a commission from Charles I. [His presence vexes the col- onists for six years.] Lord Baltimore visits Virginia, and is promised citizenship if he will take an oath, which his Catholic conscience for- bids. He is not permitted to plant a colony here. * * Del. Samuel Godyn, a Dutch direc- tor, purchases from the Indians all their lands from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of the Delaware. 1630 Midwinter. Mass. Two hundred Puritans have perished from the severity of the climate and their inferior shelter. Apr. IS. X. Y. Manors are created. May * X. H. The province of Laconia has its name changed to New Hamp- shire. It is first settled. June 12. Mass. John "Winthrop arrives at Salem with the charter of Massachu- setts Colony. The government is re- moved from England to America. (John "Winthrop is elected the first governor of the Massachusetts Colony.) He is a Christian patriot and states- man, of the Episcopal religion, and of republican principles. [He becomes the controlling spirit of the colony.] July 6. Mass. Fourteen vessels arrive with 1,500 colonists for Massachusetts Bay. [They found Watertown, Dor- chester, and Roxbury.] July* X. Y. The Council ratify the pur- chase from the natives of all land be- tween Cape Henlopen and the mouth of the Delaware by Samuel Godyn. Aug. 9. X. Y. Staten Island is pur- chased from the Indians by Michael Pauw, a Dutch director. [They sell it twice afterwards.] Aug. 23. Mass. The first court of as- sistants is held at Charlestown ; it settles the price of mechanical labor : mechan- ics are to receive no more than 2s. a day, under a penalty of 10s. to giver and taker. Aug. * Mass. Trimountain (Boston) is founded by John Winthrop and a few leading families. Sept. 17. Mass. The court of Charles- town changes the name of the settle- ment at Trimountain to Boston. Oct. 19. Boston. The first General Court in America is held; 110 freemen in the colony. Oct. * Mass. It is found impracticable to transact public business by a primary assembly of all freemen meeting four times in a year ; a Board of Assistants is appointed. Nov. * X. J. Michael Pauw becomes the patroon of Hoboken Hacking (Hoboken). * * Guiana. The first settlement is made at Surinam. * * Brazil. The Dutch seize the coast, and establish a colony at Olinda in Per- nambuco ; Count Maurice comes, and prosperity follows. Regular government is established and a supply of slaves provided. * * Conn. The Council of Plymouth grant to the Earl of Warwick the land 120 miles southeast from the Narragansett River, and extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. [Not settled for five years.] * * Mass. A third and last patent given to the Plymouth Colony, grants lands between the Cohasset River and the Narragansett, and westward to the limits of Pokenakut (or Sowamset). The great emigration begins. Over 1,000 persons brought over in 17 vessels, besides horses, cattle, and goats, also necessaries for planting, fish- ing, and ship-building. Many persons of importance are among the emigrants. * * Me. Settlements are made on the Saco by Biehard Vines and John Oldham. * * X. C. Charles I. grants Sir Robert Heath a patent to Carolina, an im- mense tract south of Virginia. [After 33 years of useless existence, it is re- voked.] * * X. S. St. Etienne, a Huguenot of La Tour, buys the patent for Nova Scotia, of Sir William Alexander, with a con- dition requiring its continued subjection to Scotland. * * X. Y. Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one of the colonial directors, appropriates lands bought of the Indians, north and south of Fort Orange (Albany), 24 miles along the river, and 48 miles in- land. Dutch colonists settle Rensse- laer wyck. * * Va. Virginians are vexed with the rash imposition of frequent fines, which now become the perquisites of Governor Harvey. 1631 Feb. 5. Mass. Arrival of the Lyon from Bristol, laden with much needed food. Mar. 29. Conn. Warwick transfers his claim to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, John Hampden, and others. Spring. Del. De Vries, with 30 Dutch colonists, lays the foundation of Lewis- town, the oldest settlement in Delaware. [All are massacred by Indians.] May 5. X. J. The Dutch purchase Cape May of the Indians. Oct. 18. Mass. The Puritans limit the suffrage to members of the church, thus putting the government in the hands of a minority, excluding from their rights nearly three-fourths of the : * Mass. A fortified town is begun on the Charles River, and called "Newtown (Cambridge). 1 * Me. A division line is drawn by the proprietors, Gorges and Mason, be- tween Maine and New Hampshire, separating the colonies. * * Md. William Clayborne, with other Virginians, makes the first settlement, on Kent Island. 1632 Mar. 29. Fr. Treaty of St. Germain between France and England ; New France, Acadia, and Canada go to the dominion of France ; all British in- terests are surrendered. June 20. Md. Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, receives from Charles I. the grant of a new province, which he calls Maryland, in honor of the queen. [The severing of their territory vexes the Virginians, but they remonstrate in vain.] Oct. * Mass. Governor Winthrop and Pastor Wilson, of the Massachusetts Colony, visit the Plymouth settlement to show good will. * * Conn. Dutch traders visit the Con- necticut. * * Mass. The Connecticut valley be- ing more fertile, emigration is urged thither by Winthrop. * * X. Y. Charles I. reasserts the title of England to New Netherland, by " first discovery, occupation, and possession." 1633 Jan. 8. Conn. The Dutch buy land of the Indians on both sides of the river. Apr. * X. Y. Wouter van Twiller su- persedes Minuet as governor. Oct.* Conn. A trading-post is estab- lished by the Pilgrims, and settlers lo- cate at Windsor in disregard of the claims of the Dutch. Nov. 22. Md. Leonard Calvert, brother of the second Lord Baltimore, sails with a colony of 201 persons, chiefly Roman Catholics and their servants. * * Mass. Men who become eminent ar- rive ; among them are John Haynes, John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, and Sam- uel Stone. * * Mass. Charles I. becomes alarmed at the growing popularity of the liberal Massachusetts government. The Arch- bishop of Canterbury is offended. The governor's power is restricted by a council which is now increasedf rom five to ten. (E. Winslow, governor.) * * Pa. The Dutch buy lands on the Schuylkill. 1634 Mar. 25. Md. Lord Baltimore's first colony lands on St. Clement's Island. Apr. * Eng. Superin tendency of the colonies is removed from the privy council to a special commission led by the Archbishop of Canterbury. May * Mass. The ballot is substituted for a show of hands at a public election. * * Mass. Thos. Prince, Gov. of Plym- outh ; Thos. Dudley, of Mass. Bay. * * Guiana. The French settle at Cay- enne. MISCELLANEOUS. 1630 * * Greenland. Eight men belong- ing to the Muscovy Company are left here by accident till the next season, and yet survive their terrible sufferings. 34 1634-1639. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1635 Apr. 25. Md. Fight between tlie armed boats of "William Clayborne and the colonists. * * Me. The French seize the Penobscot trading-post established by Plymouth colonists, who fail to retake it. * * Conn. The English send over men, ordnance, and ammunition, with $10,000 to build a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut Elver (at Saybrook). A colony led by the younger John Winthrop drives the Dutch from the mouth of the Connecticut River, settles Saybrook, and builds a fort, under a pa- tent given by Lord Say and Seal and Lord Brooke. 1636* *-37* * Conn. The Indians com- mit many ravages near Saybrook. General alarm is felt. THE PEQTJOT WAR. 1636 July+72.7. The Indians of Block Island plunder a trading- vessel and kill its captain. Sept. * -Oct. * Mass. Capt. Endicott ravages the territory of the Pequots in revenge. 1637 Apr.* Conn. Indians massacre nine soldiers at "Wethersfield. * * Spring. Conn. The Pequots seek the alliance of the Narragansetts, with whom they had long been at enmity, but are frustrated by Roger "Williams. May 10. Conn. The colonists in conven- tion declare war against the Pequots. May 26. Conn. Defeat of the Pe- quots in their fort by a force of 80 men, commanded by Captain James Mason, and aided by several hundred doubtful Indian allies. July 13. Conn. Complete overthrow of the Pequots. * * Md. The colonists have a bloody skirmish with William Clayborne at Kent Island, and dispossess him. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1635 A\ig. 15. New Eng. Terrible storm and great tide 20 feet high ; lives and property destroyed. 1638 June 1. New Eng. An earth- quake alarms the people. * * N T. The Dutch on Staten Island are the first of the colonists to distil brandy. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1634 Dongan, Thomas, Gov. of !N".Y.,born. 1635 IVIuson, John, founder in N. H-, dies. 1636 Oldham, John, colonizer, murdered. 1637 Andros, Edmund, Gov. of New. Eng.,b. 1638 Harvard. John, founder of Harvard College, A31. 1 639 Alarcon v Mendoza, de Don Jan, Mex. poet, A39. ? Church, Benjamin, soldier, born. Mather, Increase, Pres. of Harvard, born. CHURCH. 1634 * * Can. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and Daniel, join the barefoot Hurons on their returning from Quebec to their OWtt country, * * Mass. Irreligion, as well as her- esy, punishable. Mr. Lathrop and his flock, fleeing from England, settle at Scituate." Roger "Williams writes a paper declar- ing the grants of land by the King of England are invalid until the natives are justly recompensed. *■ * MfJ. The colonists, with Father White for their priest, worship in an immense wigwam of the departed Indian chief, which is the first English Catholic church in America. * * Va. A band of non- conformists are driven out because of their religious opinion. 1635 Jan. 19. Mass. The governor convenes the clergy to decide " whether it be lawful for us to carry the cross [of England] in our banners?" They divide, and defer their answer. May * Mass. The clergy favor changing the red cross of the English banner to the red and white rose. * * Mass. Roger "Williams and John Smyth, a miller, are banished from the colony because of heresy. Arrival of Rev. Thomas Hooker, the "Light of the Western Churches." Mrs. Anne Hutchinson becomes the champion of her sex against the clergy, whom she charges with defrauding the women of the gospel, also declaring that they were no better than Pharisees ; she advocates Antinomian doctrines. 1636 Mar. 30. Mass. The Council sends a constable to Salem, to suppress those who do not submit to the Estab- lished Church. * * Can. Fifteen Jesuit Missionaries are among the Indians. * * Del. Swedes establish Lutheran worship. * * Mass. The first Congregational organization at Cambridge formed. 1637 Aug. 30. Mass. The Synod of !N"ew England meets for the first time at Newtown, and Anne Hutchinson and her friends are deemed unworthy of the society of Christians, and are banished. [They join the colony under Koger Williams (Khode Island).] ± * * Mass. The Puritans and others are annoyed by the erratic Samuel Gorton, who is rated a heretic. Rev. Francis Doughty, a Presbyte- rian, is driven from Taunton because he favors the baptism of the infants of believers. General Synod of the Congregational church is held at Cambridge ; it con- demns Antinomianism. 1638 May * Ji. I. A citizen of Provi- dence is disfranchised for striking his wife, disturbing her conscience, and preventing her from attending church. Dec* N.H. The First Congregational church organized at Dover. * * Can. Eminent French Catholics endow a public hospital for Indians, and three nuns are sent to serve it. * * Del. First Episcopal service held within the Swedish Fort Christina (Wilmington). Lutherans from Sweden bring a min- ister with them, and settle on the Dela- ware (Wilmington). * * Mass. Arrival of John Davenport, a clergyman, from London. John Wheelwright is banished for expressing sympathy with the teachings of Anne Hutchinson. * * New York. At New Amsterdam Dom- inie Bogardus writes Van Twiller, the incompetent governor, threatening to give him " such a shake from the pul- pit on the following Sunday as would make him shudder." 1639 Mar. * /,'. I. The first Baptist church in America formed at Provi- dence. [Questioned by some.] Mar. 16. li. I. Roger Williams's views of baptism change. Having been baptized in infancy, he meekly submits to be baptized again by Kzekiel Holliman, a layman, and then Williams baptizes Holliinan "and some ten more;" thus rejecting the doctrine of infant baptism. June* Conn. The leading men of New Haven hold a convention in a barn, and adopt the Bible as the constitution of the State. None but church members to have the rights of citizens. They have no government for the first year. * * Conn. Religious toleration enacted in New Haven. * * Md. The Assembly make the Roman Catholic religion the church of the State. * * Mich. St. Mary's becomes the center of mission work among the Hurons. * * It. I. Roger Williams withdraws from the Baptists because of their non- apostolical succession. LETTERS. 1635 * * Boston. Provision is made for the establishment of a public school. * * Can. The foundation of a seminary is laid in Quebec by the Jesuits. 1636 Oct. 28. Mass. The General Court makes provision for the erec- tion of a college. The Colony Court " agreed to give £400 towards a sehoole or collidge, whereof £200 is to be paid the next yeare, and £200 when the work is finished, and the next court to appoint where, and what building." Tlie act doubles the taxes for this year. 1637 * * Mass. A college is ordered to be erected at "Newetowne." 1638 * * Mass. The name of the college is changed from Cambridge to Har- vard College, because of the bequest of £779 17s. 2d., and his library, by Rev. John Harvard ; the object being "the education of the English and In- dian youth of this country in knowledge and godliness." * * Boston. Stephen Day imports the first font of types. 1639 * * Boston. Day sets up his print- ing-press at Cambridge. The first American almanac appears. AMERICA. 1634-1639. 35 " An Almanac Calculated for New Eng- land, by Mr. Pierce, Mariner." Stephen Day, printer at Cambridge. * * Can. An Ursuline convent for the education of girls established at Quebec. SOCIETY. 1637 Nov. 2. Mass. Rev. John Har- vard is made a freeman of the colony, soon after his arrival. * * Mass. Negro slaves are imported. * * Mass. Ordinary-keepers are ordered not to sell either sack or strong water to the Indians. * * Rhode Island colonists are protected from the dangerous Pequot Indians by the powerful Narragansetts. 1638 May 1. Eng. The King forbids the sailing of S vessels, ready to depart for America, and said to have John Hampden, Oliver Cromwell, and other noted Puritans on board. * * Mass. One person in each of 21 named towns is authorized to retail sack or strong water. 1638 * * N. Y. The Dutch on Staten Island are the first colonists to distil brandy. SETTLEMENT— STATE. 1634 * * Eng. An anti- emigration edict issued, "without the effect desired. * * Massachusetts changes its form of government from a pure to. a repre- sentative democracy ; deputies chosen by the people assume the powers of gov- ernment, while the clergy oppose the change. The Massachusetts Company has some 20 or 30 villages, and nearly 4,000 English- men have come over to dwell in them. * * N. J. Sir Edmund Ployden obtains a grant of the country on the Delaware (New Jersey) from the king of Eng- land, and calls it New Albion. 1635 Feb. * The hostility of the king and church causes the Plymouth Coun- cil for New England to surrender its charter and rights in America, on con- dition that the king disregard various grants, and divide up the territory in severalty among its members. * * Mass. John Haynes, who arrived in 1633, is elected governor of the Massa- chusetts Bay Colony. * * Mass. William Bradford, who ar- rived in 1620, is elected governor of the Plymouth Colony. Feb. 26. Md. The first general assem- bly meets, and enacts laws. Apr. * Md. Hostilities between Mary- land and Virginia. "William Clayhorne's pinnace is seized by a party from St. Mary's. He refuses to recognize the authority of Lord Baltimore. Oct. 8. Conn. John Winthrop, son of the governor of Massachusetts, arrives from England as governor of Connecti- cut. Oct. * New Eng. A colony of 60 persons leaves Boston and settles in the valley Of the Connecticut River ; Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield are founded ; many nearly perish for lack of food. Dee. * Va. Sir John Harvey re-ap- pointed governor by King Charles I. * * Va. The House of Burgesses depose Governor Harvey, whom Charles I. commissioned. Because of his partisanship with un- principled speculators, and they appoint Captain John West in his place " until the king's pleasure be known in the matter." A majority of the councilors favoring, the governor is constrained to go to England for a trial. * * Conn. A Puritan colony having ob- tained a charter, drives the Dutch from the mouth of the Connecticut and settle Saybrook. * * Guiana. A French colony established. * * Mass. Roger Williams is banished into the wilderness. Political troubles in England stimu- late emigration. Three thousand emigrants arrive, and Henry Vane, the younger, and Hugh Peters, are among them. Musket bullets are made lawful cur- rency by enactment. Twelve families of immigrants found Concord, 16 miles from Boston. * * New Eng. Selectmen are first ap- pointed as the officers of townships. * * N. E. Permission is given to the French to cure and dry fish 3 for a consideration. * * Eng. A Quo Warranto issued against the Massachusetts Company. 1636 Apr. * Mass. Springfield i s settled by William Pynchon and others from Roxbury. June * R. I. Roger Williams having bought the land of the Indians, with five others lays the foundation of the city of Providence. June * -July * Conn. Ministers Hooker and Stone, with their congregations, migrate from Newtown (Cambridge), Massachusetts, and buy land of the In- dians on the Connecticut River. * * Can. Quebec has 100 inhabitants. * * Mass. The General Fundamen- tals, a code of laws, is established at Plymouth. An unsuccessful attempt is made to rescind the charter [and again the next year]. The [afterward distinguished] Henry Vane, a young man of great talent and much piety, is elected governor. Wins- low is reelected governor of Plymouth. * * N. J. New Albion (including New Jersey) granted to Sir Edward Plowden, the viceroy of Ireland. 1637 Spring. Mass. John Winthrop re- elected governor. Also Wm. Bradford. May 10. Conn. The first General Court declares war against the Pequots. July * Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gorges appointed Governor of New England by the king. [He did not leave England.] Summer. N. Y. The Dutch Company buy back the lands in Pavonia and Staten Island. Price [$10,000j. Aug. * Mass. Henry Vane returns to England. * * Conn. Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford become the colony of Con« necticut. 1638 Mar. * Bel. Swedes settle in Northern Delaware, after buying the land of the Indians ; they call their col- ony New Sweden, and greatly prosper. Peter Minuet, governor. Jan. * Md. An act of attainder is car- ried against William Clayborne, as one indicted for piracy and murder ; he flees from justice to England. Mar. 7. R. I. Civil government is es- tablished at Newport by John Clarke, M.D., and 17 others, who left Massa- chusetts for religious freedom, the Jew- ish Nation furnishing their model of government. Mar. 29. New York. William Kieft, the governor, arrives at New Amster- dam. Mar. 30. Conn. A colony of Puritans, led by Rev. John Davenport and The- ophilus Eaton, sails from Boston, [and settle New Haven.] May 1. Charles I. restrains emigration by detaining a squadron of eight vessels about to sail from London, in which John Hampden and Oliver Cromwell are said to have embarked. Nov. 24. Conn. New Haven is pur- chased from the Indians. * * Mass. Thomas Prince, governor. * * N. Y. New Netherland is opened for general trade and settlement. * * R. I. William Coddington of Mas- sachusetts, with Mrs. Anne Hutchin- son and a few others, buys Rhode Is- land, and then founds the colony of Portsmouth [later Newport], and Cod- dington is elected the first magistrate. * * * Eng. Persecution hastens emigra- tion to New England. 1639 Jan. 14. Conn. Civil govern- ment organized. Delegates from three towns, Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, draw up a simple and liberal instrument at Hart- ford. Saybrook and New Haven decline to sign it. Apr. * Va. Charles I. treats the colo- nists with contempt ; he restores Gov- ernor Harvey. June 4. Mass. First General Assem- bly of the deputies of each town in the Plymouth Colony. Aug. * Conn. The leading men of New Haven adopt the Bible as the consti- tution of the State ; they exclude from rights of citizenship non-church mem- bers. [They so administer the govern- ment for twenty years.] 3STov. * Va. Sir Francis Wyatt reap- pointed governor. * * Conn. John Haynes chosen govern- or of the Connecticut Colony, and The- ophilus Eaton of the New Haven Col- ony- * * Mass. William Bradford is reelected governor of Plymouth Colony. 36 1639-1646, Aug-. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1640 * *N. Y. The Dutch, » the bloody men," abuse the Indians, and war fol- lows in New Netherland. 1641 * * N. Y. The Raritan Indiana from New Jersey avenge their wrongs by destroying the Dutch settlements on Staten Island. 1642* *-43* * Maryland colonists con- tend with the Susquehannock Indians. 1643 Feb. 25, 26. N. Y. Massacre of friendly Indians by the Dutch, at Pavonia, under orders of Gov. Kieft. A war of revenge follows. Sept. * N Y. Anne Hutchinson and nearly all her family are massacred [near New Bochelle]. Sept. * N. Y. A temporary truce with Indians on Long Island is secured by Roger Williams. * * Conn. Miantonomoh, chief of the Narragansetts, is murdered with the ap- proval of the colony. 1644 Feb.+ * N. Y. Captain John Un- derbill of Long Island leads a force which subdues the Delaware Indians in New Jersey, and also the Indians of Long Island and Connecticut. Apr. 18+. Va. The Indians suddenly attack the colonists, kill 300, and are then chastised in turn. Apr. * -46 * * Conn. Border warfare with the Indians prevails. 1645 Aug. 30. N.Y. Treaty of peace between the Dutch of New Amsterdam, under William Kieft, and the Lndians of the vicinity. New Eng. Treaty of peace between the New England colonies and the Nar- ragansett Indians. * * Brazil. Insurrection against tyranny led by Joao Fernandez Vieira. Spring. -46 Aug. * Md. Rebellion of William Clayborne and Captain Rich- ard Ingle; the latter is practically a pirate. (Or 1644.) 1646 Aug.* Md. Gov. Calvert organ- izes a force, which makes a descent on St. Mary's, and recovers the prov- ince from the insurgents. ART— SCIENCE —NATURE EXPLORATION. 1642 * * N. Y. A stone tavern is built in New Amsterdam. * * Mass. Iron castings are first made at the Sagus Iron "Works. * * Mass. Bostonians are the first colo- nists to manufacture ropes. 1644 Feb. 4. Disappearance of a strange comet of prodigious tail which had distressed the people of New Eng- land. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1640 Hennepin, Louis, Fr. missionary, born. 1641 Minuit, Peter, Gov. of N. Y., A61±. , 1642± Bacon, Nathaniel, patriot ofYa.,b. 1643 Hutchinson, Anne, rel. enthusiast, A52. 1644 Penn, "William, founder of Quakers,!). 1645 Jolietj Louis, explorer, born. CHURCH. 1640 Mar. 16. X.J/. An investigating committee of the Boston church declares the New church of Portsmouth irregu- lar in taking the Lord's Supper with ex- communicated persons. Oct. 21. N. Y. John Young organizes a Puritan church at Southold, Long Island, * * Can. The Sulpicians make Montreal a rendezvous for converted Indians. Charles Raymbault and Claude Pi- cart labor in the Huron Missions, and carry the gospel to the Indians of Mich- igan. * * Mass. Stevenson Reek is labeled for his religious opinions, placed in the pil- lory two hours, and fined §250. * * JV. Y. The Presbyterian church of Southold, Long Island, formed. 1641 June 6. N. Y. The Director and Council of New Netherland grant the "free exercise of religion" to the Church of England. Oct. 4. Can. Two French Jesuits, Fa- ther Charles Raymbault with Father Isaac Jogues, are sent to convert the Cliippeways on the Great Lakes. Starting from Sault St. Marie, for sev- enteen days they sail westward, and on landing, they are met by two thousand Chippeways, who welcome them. * * -44 * * Can. The missionaries re- ceive no supplies, and their clothes fall to pieces. * * R. I. A church is formed at Newport. * * Mass. Samuel Gorton, an Anti- nomian, is driven out of Plymouth. * * Va. The Episcopal Churchis estab- lished by law, and dissenting is declared to be a crime. 1642 Aug. 16. Can. The site destined for the city of Montreal is formally con- secrated. Aug. * N. Y. Father Jogues is cap- tured and tormented by the Mohawks. [The Indians make him their slave, yet he opens a mission, in which he has 70 converts when rescued. In 1646, having recovered from his wounds, he returns to his converts.] (See 1646.) Sept. * Mass. It is enacted that neither freeman nor deputies of New Hampshire are required to be church members. Oct. 22. Can. Death of Charles Raym- bault, the illustrious missionary to the Indians. * * Del. Swedes begin to preach to the Delaware Indians. * * Md. Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, in- vites the Puritans of Massachusetts to settle in his colony. * * * Md. The administration is in the hands of Catholics, while the very great majority of the people are Protestants. * * N. B. The Episcopal minister is banished from Portsmouth by the Puri- tans. * * N. Y. Johannis Megapolensis be- comes the first pastor of the Reformed Putch church at Fort Orange. [§3S0.] * * New York. A stone church is built at New Amsterdam, on the Battery, by the Dutch. * * Va. The Act of Uniformity is made very stringent. 1643 Feb. 28. Mass. Roger Scott is tried by the Court " for common sleeping at the public exercise on the Lord's Day, and for striking him that waked him." [He was severely whipped in December.] Mar. * Va. The colony enacts that dis- believers of the doctrine of the English Episcopal church shall not be allowed to teach, publicly or privately, or preach the gospel in the colony, and non-con- formists are to be banished. * * Mass. The Protestant Episcopal church begins its mission work in New England, on the island of Martha's Vine- yard; Thomas Mayhew, Jr., becomes pastor of the whites, and missionary to the Indians. * * N, Y. Ministers of the Reformed Dutch church labor among the Mo- hawk Indians. Francis Doughty preaches in New York — the first English Presbyterian. Lady Deborah Moody, owner of 400 acres at Swampscott, is obliged to move to Gravesend, Long Island, for denying infant baptism. * * Ji. I. The plantations at Providence, and the English on the Piscataqna, are rejected in forming the New England confederacy, because of their heterodox religion. Freedom of worship is the chief objec- tion raised against granting the request of Rhode Island, 1644 Nov. 13. Mass. Thomas Painter of Hlnghani is whipped for refusing to have his child christened. The General Court orders the banish- ment of rejecters of infant baptism. * * Can. Father Francis Joseph Bres- sani, a French Jesuit, is captured and tortured by the Iroquois, when en route to the Hurons. * * Can. The entire Island of Montreal becomes the property of the Sulpicians of Paris by royal grant. * * It. Innocent X., pope. * * Md. Clayborne and Ingle, having overturned the government, ship Father "White and other Jesuits to England. * * N. Y. German Lutherans arrive. Richard Doughty becomes pastor of Presbyterians at Hempstead, Long Island. * * B.I. The first Baptist church formed at Providence. A Baptist church formed at Newport. 1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. General thanks- giving ordained by Gov. Kieft, through New Amsterdam, for the restoration of peace with the Indians. Oct. 10. N. Y. The Director and Coun- cil of New Netherland grant to Flushing by charter the free exercise of rehgion. ± * * Mass. Hiaccomes is the first In- dian convert engaged in New England fork. AMERICA. 1639-1646, Aug. 37 1646 Feb.* Mass. Wm. Witter of Lynn is arraigned before tlie Court for saying, " They who stayed while a child is bap- tized do worship the devil," LETTERS. 1640* * Mass. The Bay State Psalm Book is published at Cambridge ; it is the first book published in America north of Mexico. * * -64 * * Mass. Rev. Henry Dunster is president of Harvard College. 1642 Oct. 9. Mass. First Commence- ment at Harvard College. 1643 * * A Key into the Language of America, by Roger Williams, appears. * * _44 * * The Bloody Tenet, a treatise against persecution, by Roger Williams, 1645 * * Mass. Every family in New England is required to give either a peck of corn or twelve pence, toward the support of the college. * * Massachusetts passes a law for the establishment of public schools. SOCIETY. 1640* * Brazil. Numerous Southern tribes are reduced to slavery by the Portuguese. 1641 Sept. 1. N. J. Raritan Indians murder colonists on Staten Island, in retaliation of an attack by the Dutch of New Amsterdam. 1642 ± * * Md. The kidnapping of Indians is made a capital offense. * * Md. Drunkenness is to be fined by the payment of 100 lbs. of tobacco ; and if the offender is a servant and unable to pay, he is to be set in the bilboes and compelled to fast for 24 hours, or be imprisoned. 1643 Feb. 25. N. J. Indians who seek protection from the Mohawks are barbarously massacred by the Dutch at Pavonia, opposite New Amsterdam ; 80 are killed, and great indignation is expressed in New Amsterdam at the heartless Governor Kieft. * * Va. Puritans are held in contempt in loyal Virginia, as disturbers of the peace of England. (See State.) 1644 * * Pennsylvania abandons pro- hibition. "The Court, apprehending that it is not fit to deprive the Indians of any lawful comforts which God alloweth to all men by the use of wine, orders that it shall be lawful for all who are licensed to retail wines, to sell also to Indians." 1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. Thanksgiving Day observed, in gratitude for the close of the Indian hostilities. * * Boston. A party sails for Guinea to secure a cargo of slaves. * * Conn. Selling intoxicating liquors to the Indians is prohibited, under a pen- alty of 40 shillings to 5 pounds. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1639 * * Md. A regular representative government is established. * * New Eng. An ineffectual attempt is made to unite the New England colonies. * * N. Y. De Vries colonizes Staten Island. * *R. L Newport is settled by colonists from the other end of the island. 1640 July 7. B. I. Providence has a government formed by 40 citizens after their own model. * * Brazil is restored to the possession of the Portuguese by the Spaniards. * * Conn. Edmund Hopkins is governor. * * Del. Peter Hollander is governor. * * Mass. Thos. Dudley is governor. * * New England advances rapidly. Nearly a million dollars have been spent in development, and more than fifty towns and villages are established ; 298 emigrant ships have anchored in Massachusetts Bay, and 21,200 people have joined the Puritan colonies. * * N. Y. Increased emigration from HoUand. About forty families from Lynn, Massachusetts, migrate, andfound Southampton on Long Island. * * Port. John TV. enthroned. 1641 Mar. 16. It. I. William Codding- ton's Israelite form of government hav- ing failed, a new constitution is adopt- ed at a public meeting of citizens ; civil and religious liberty, justice and equal- ity, are secured to all citizens. Here the first declaration of democracy in the New World was formulated. Dec. * Mass. The Assembly of the Gen- eral Court adopts a code of 100 laws, called The Body of Liberties, as the Constitution of the State. * * Brazil makes a feeble attempt for in- dependence. * * Can. Maisonneuve becomes governor of Montreal. * * Richard Bellingham is governor . of the Mass. Bay Colony ; Peter Hol- lander of the Swedes [in Pa.] ; and Sir William Berkeley in Virginia. * * Eng. Oppressive restriction of colo- nial commerce ; colonial commodities must be sold in English ports. 1642 Feb.* Va. Sir 'William Berke- ley assumes office as governor ; [pros- perity follows]. April 14. N. EC. By the action of its own people, New Hampshire is united to Massachusetts ; it is the only colony east of the Hudson not founded by the Puritans. John Winthrop, governor. * * Md. A company of Puritans, who had been expelled from Virginia, settle in Maryland, and become turbulent. * * New Eng. About fifty towns and vil- lages are reported. Aug. 29. N. Y. The First Represen- tative Assembly meets. Governor Kieft permits a meeting at New Amsterdam of the heads of fam- ilies, who choose 12 of their number to investigate the- affairs of the colony. They soon pass from Indian difficulties to governmental abuses, and they review the despotic acts of the governor, [and resist his control, so he dissolves the Assembly.] * * Va. The trade of the colony is crip- pled, as England claims it for herself. [The restrictions of commerce vex the colonies until the Revolution.] * * Conn. Geo. Wyllys is governor. * * W. I. Tobago is settled by the Dutch. 1643 Jan. * By Act of Parliament the Earl of Warwick is made Governor- in-chief and Lord High-admiral of the American colonies ; he has a council of five peers and 12 commoners, and is to have supreme power over governors and officers. Mar. 14. B. I. Roger Williams ob- tains a patent from the Earl of War- wick for the union of the towns of Prov- idence, Newport, and Portsmouth, under one charter (Rhode Island). May 14. Fr. Louis XIV. enthroned. May 19. New Eng. The first confed- erated government in the New World. A measure for uniting the New Eng- land colonies for mutual defense is adopted; Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- necticut, and New Haven combine into a loose confederacy called The United Colonies of New England. * * Conn. New Haven, Milford, Stamford, and Guilford united in the Republic of New Haven. [Later Southold on Long Island and Branford are added.] Sept. 7. New Eng. The commissioners of the Confederacy open their first meet- ing, and elect John Winthrop presi- dent of the United Colonies of New England. * * -64 * * New Eng. Period of pros- perity. [Civil War in England.] * * Conn. John Haynes and Ed. Hopkins, governors. {Del. J. Printz.) * * Pa. The Swedes establish a colony on the Delaware, within six miles of the mouth of the Schuylkill. 1644 * * Conn. Saybrook is purchased by George Fenwick, one of the proprie- tors, and permanently annexed to Con- necticut, and the union of eight towns called by the latter name. * * Mass. The colony divides its legis- lative assembly into two bodies, the legislature and the governor's council. * * Neio York. A city hall is built in New Amsterdam (Coenties Slip.) * * B. I. Roger Williams returns w T ith a charter for Rhode Island. 1645 Aug. 30. N. t. The Butch of New Amsterdam and the Iroquois In- dians sign Articles of Peace. * * Governors inaugurated : Wm. Brad- ford of Plymouth ; Thos. Dudley of Mas- sachusetts Bay ; Richard Kemp (Lieut.), and later Sir Wm. Berkeley, of Virginia. * * Mass. Boston offers 3,000 acres of land as a bounty for setting up iron- works, also a monopoly for 21 years. * * Md. A rebellion, led by Clayborne and Ingle, overthrows the government ; the governor flees to Virginia. * * N. Y. Only 100 persons left at Manhattan, and 1,500 in the province. 1646 Aug. * Md. Governor Calvert regains the government; a general amnesty is granted. * * Mass. Edward Winslow, governor of Plymouth; J. Endicott, Bay Colony. 38 1646-1654. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1646* *The Dutch are defeated at Guarapari. 1647 Apr. * Mil. Calvert in person reduces Kent Island. 1649 * * Can. The Huron Indians are massacred at St. Ignatius by the Iroquois. * * Brazil. "War between the Dutch and Portuguese colonists ; the Brazil Com- pany aids its people with a fleet. 1651* * Del, The Dutch of New Am- sterdam build and garrison Fort Casi- mir on the Delaware River, five miles below Fort Christiana, to menace the Swedes, who are regarded as intruders. 1652 Mar. * Va. Parliament sends a naval force to subdue the Virginians, who favor Charles I. 1653 Sept. 19. New England colonies declare war against the Niantick In- dians. * * New York. A wall is built across Manhattan Island (Wall Street) for de- fense against the Indians and the ex- pected troops of Oliver Cromwell ; it has breastwork, ditch, and palisades, and extends 2,340 feet. * * Rhode Island declares war against New Netherland. 1654 * * Md. A civil war between Catholics and Protestants rages. * * Del. The Swedes under Gov. Rising drive the Dutch from Port Casimir (New Castle^. * * Brazil. The insurrection against the Dutch is successful. * * Can. Oliver Cromwell sends a strong force against the French in Nova Scotia. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1652 * * Mass. First iron forge set up in Raynham, a town of the Plymouth colony. 1654 Aug. 16. N. Y. The Onondaga salt springs discovered by the Jesuits. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1647 Bogardus, Everardus, Dutch pastor in N. J., dies. Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of Md., A41. Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass., born. Hooker, Thomas, founder of Conn., A61. 1648 P Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, Mex. historian, A80. ? 1649 Winthrop. John, Gov. of Mass., A63. Yale, Elihu, patron of Yale, born. 1650± Kidd, William, pirate, born. 1651 Cruz, Juana Ine's de la, Mex. poet, b. Phips, Sir William, Gov. of Mass., born. 1653 Cotton, John, Puritan minister, A66. Sewall, Samuel, jurist, born. Haynes, John, statesman, dies. CHURCH. 1646 Aug. ± * Me. Father Gabriel Dreuillettes descends the Kennebec to its mouth, and builds a mission chapel for the Indians. Sept. * Mass. The Second General Synod meets at Cambridge, and frames a " Platform of church discipline gath- ered out of the Word of God." It approves the "Westminster Assem- bly's Confession of Faith, as slightly modified by the Savoy Synod. Oct. * N. Y. The Mohawks secure Fa- ther Jogues as a prisoner, kill him, and throw his body into the Mohawk River. Oct. 28. Mass. John Eliot, "the Apos- tle to the Indians," preaches his first ser- mon to the Indians in a wigwam at No- nantum — the first sermon ever preached in North America in the native tongue. * * Mass. Episcopalians in Boston peti- tion for the use of the Prayer-Book. It is enacted that the elders of the church shall choose two persons yearly to spread the gospel among the Indians. Eliot begins his missionary work. He gathers Christian Indians into " praying Indian towns," governed by native magistrates chosen by the people. The first was located at Nat'ick ; the sec- ond, Pakemitt, at Stoughton ; the third, Hassanamesit, at Grafton ; the fourth, Okommakamesit, at Marlborough; the fifth, Waniesit, at Tewksbury ; the sixth, Nashobah, at Littleton; and the seventh, Magunkaquog, at Hopkinton. 1647 * * Can. The wilderness has al- ready been visited by 42 Jesuit mission- aries and 18 assistants. * * JR. I. A law is passed tolerating all religious opinions, whether Christian or infidel. 1648 July4. Mich. Father Anthony Daniel of St. Joseph's, with many Hu- ron converts, is killed by the Mohawks. * * Mass. A Synod of churches at Cam- bridge completes the organization of Congregationalism, and issues the "Cambridge Platform." * * N. J. Richard Stout and other Bap- tists settle at Middletown, the govern- ment being preeminent in granting reli- gious liberty. 1649 Mar. 16. A thousand Iroquois Indians surprise the mission town of St. Ignatius, and only three persons escape the general massacre. Mar. * Fathers Jean de Brebeuf and Gabriel Lallemand of St. Joseph's Mission suffer terrible and fatal tortures after the taking of St. Louis by the Iro- quois. * * Del. The Assembly decrees that no person professing faith in Christ shall be molested in his religion or its free exercise. * * Eng. Organization by Parliament of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England, through the example and success of Eliot. * * Mass. Thomas Cushnian is chosen elder. The General Court lays the Cambridge Platform before the congregations. * * Md. The legislature declares for tol- eration. No person believing in the fundamental doctrines of Christianity to be distressed because of his opinions or practises, and it is a finable offense to use opprobrious epithets in religious controversy. The province becomes known as the " Land of the Sanctuary." ; * Va. Twenty churches are estab- lished, the livings of the ministers being worth on an average " at least £100." 1650* * Mass. Many Indians on Mar- tha's Vim-yard abandon heathenism and accept Christianity. The opinion gains ground that all bap- tized persons of upright and decorous lives shall for all practical purposes be considered members of the church. The theory is .stigmatized as the " Half -way Covenant." * * X. C. Presbyterians settle in this province. 1651 July 13. Boston. John Spur is expelled from the Boston church " be- cause he ceased to commune with them, on the belief that their baptism, singing of psalms, and covenant were human inventions." Sept. 6. Boston. Obadiah Holmes is whipped ; he receives 30 stripes for be- ing a Baptist. While the blood is flow- ing, he says, " Tou have struck me with roses." [Thirteen persons afterwards suffer for showing him sympathy, great public indignation follows.] * * Mass. John Clarke is persecuted for holding Baptist doctrines. Absence from preaching is punishable with a fine. The Cambridge platform is adopted by the congregations ; provides a plan of Church discipline. Thomas May hew reports 190 conver- sions among the Indians of Martha's Vineyard. 1652 Oct. * Mass. The first native church in New England is organized, having 282 members. * * X. Y. A church is built at Flat- bush, the first on Long Island. * * -53 * * B. I. A division occurs in the Baptist church at Providence, a part seceding on the question of the laying on of hands. 1653* * X. C. Dissenting Presbyteri- ans, oppressed by the collection of tithes for the Church of England, leave Vir- ginia, and settle on the Chowan River. 1654 Oct. * Md. The colony is dis- tracted by the dissensions of the Cath- olic and Protestant parties. The Protestant party call an assembly at Patuxent, and disfranchise the Cath- olics, prohibit their worship, and de- prive them of the protection of the laws of their own province. * * Del. A Dutch Reformed church is established at New Amstel (New Castle). * * X. T. Father Le Moyne joins the Mohawks on the Mohawk River. A mission is opened for the Indians of Onondaga, and a chapel built by the Roman Catholics. A Keformed Dutch- church is es- tablished at Midwout (Flatbush), Long Island. LETTERS. 1647 * * Mass. It is enacted that every town or district having fifty household- ers should have a public school ; and one hundred families should have a grammar school. * * The Simple Cobbler of Agaicam, by Nathaniel Ward, appears. AMERICA. 1646-1654. 39 1650 + * * The Poems of Anne Bradstreet and Benjamin Thompson appear. 1651 Jan. 11. Mass. Mr. Experience Mayhew opens the first school in New England for the instruction of Indian children. 1652 * * Experiments of Spiritual Life, and Health and Their Preservatives, by Roger Williams, appears. * * Hireling Ministry and Bloody Tenet Yet More Bloody, by Roger "Williams, appears. 1654 * * -72 * * Mass. Rev. Charles Chauney is President of Harvard Col- lege. SOCIETY. 1647 * * R. I. Drunkenness is forbid- den under penalty of 5s., or G hours in the stocks if unable to pay. Selling to Indians is forbidden under penalty of 5 pounds. 1648* * Boston. It is ordered " that only one person be allowed to sell wine to the Indians." 1649 * * Va. There are 6 public brew houses, 4 windmills, together with 5, watermills to grind corn. 1650 * * Conn. No licensed dealer is to suffer any one to be drunk or to, drink excessively (viz., above half a pint at a time), or to tipple above the space of half an hour, or at unreasonable times. The penalty for drunkenness appear- ing in speech or gesture only is 10s. ; for excessive drinking, 3s. 4rf. ; for tippling over half an hour, 2s. 6d., for tippling at unreasonable hours, or after nine o'clock, 5s. Second offenses have a double penalty. ± * * New York. Negro slaves brought to New Amsterdam. •»■ 1652 May 18. R. I. The representa- tives of Providence and Warwick pro- hibit perpetual slavery, and limit bondage to ten years. 1654 * * Mass. Licensed persons, allow- ing tippling and excessive drinking, are fined 20s. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1646* *Eng. Parliament frees colonial merchandise from all duty for three years, on condition that all productions be carried in English vessels. * * Mass. Gov. "Winthrop is reelected. * * N. Y. "Bruecklyn" (Brooklyn) re- ceives a village charter. 1647 May 11. N. Y. Peter Stuyve- sant assumes the governorship ; he is the last and greatest of the governors of New Netherland. [In office 17 years.] * * Md. Calvert, having recovered author- ity, establishes Robert Vaughn, a Pro- testant, as governor. * * Mich. A settlement is made at Detroit by the French. * *\_U. S.] Governors inaugurated: Md. Thomas Greene. May * R. J. John Coggeshall governor of Providence, Warwick, Portsmouth, and Newport. Governor Stuyvesant claims all the region between Cape Henlopeu and Cape Cod. He restores prosperity to the col- ony, which had been nearly ruined by Kieft, his predecessor. * * R. T. The first general assembly of the province meets, and frames a code of laws. 1648 Aug. * Md. Lord Baltimore dis- misses the Catholic governor, Green, and appoints a Protestant, "William Stone, in his place. * * Conn. The settlement of New Lon- don is commenced. Rhode Island petitions to be admitted into the confederacy of New England Colonies, and is refused, after declining to submit itself to the jurisdiction of Plymouth. W. Coddington, governor. Eng. THE COMMONWEALTH. 1649 Jan. 30. Charles I. is executed. * * R. I. John Smith, governor. (Mass. Bay. J. Endicott.) * * Mass. A definite code of laws is finally secured. * * Md. The Assembly passes a law of perfect toleration for all Christian sects. Many exiled Puritans received from Virginia and settle Annapolis. * * Fa. The Virginians reject Crom- well, and proclaim Charles II. as right- ful sovereign of the British realm. The Northern Neck (between the Rap- pahannock and the Potomac) is granted to Lord Culpepper and a company of Cavaliers, as a refuge for their partisans. 1650 June * Fa. Berkeley receives a new commission from the exiled English king, Charles II. Oct. 3. Eng. The Long Parliament as- serts its supremacy over the colonies. * * Eng. Foreign ships are forbidden to trade with the rebellious (royalist) colony of Virginia. * * Md. The legislature is divided into two houses. To appease the Protestants their settle- ment is erected into a separate county — Anne Arundel. [Charles County is erected later.] * * Governors elected : Thomas Dudley (Mass.) ; Nicholas Easton (R. I.). * * N. Y. An amicable adjustment of the boundary line between the Dutch and New England colonies (near the present line) is treated with contempt by the English government. 1651 Oct. 9. Eng. Parliament passes the first navigation act, forbidding the importation of goods into England except in English vessels. (It is aimed against the Dutch, and designed to pun- ish the royalists of Virginia.) * *[U. S.] Governors elected : * * Mass. Bay. John Endicott. * * R. I. Sam. Gorton (Prov. and "War). * * Eng. Parliament appoints commis- sioners to visit America and assume control of the colonies bordering on the Chesapeake. Stone, the deputy of Lord Baltimore, is deposed by them. * * The war between England and Hol- land somewhat strains the relation be- tween tho English and Dutch colonies, but no rupture occurs. ± * * JSf. C. The first actual settlement made near the mouth of the Chowan River. 1652 Mar. 12. Fa. The loyalists surrender to Parliament when a war- vessel appears with commissioners from Cromwell. It is agreed that " the People of Virginia" ought to have all the liberties of the free-born people of England. Oct. 2. Eng. Roger Williams secures the confirmation of the charter and the union of Providence and Rhode Island. * * Eng. Parliament assumes control of Maryland, and nominally suspends the government in Rhode Island. * * Guiana. The English colony on the Surinam River returns to Paramaribo. * * Massachusetts purchases Maine for $5,334. A mint is erected, and silver coined into shilling, sixpenny, and threepenny pieces. N. Y. Newtown and Flatbush on Long Island are settled under Dutch patents. Fa. Richard Bennett, a Puritan, is elected governor. (R. I. John Smith.) 1653 * * N. C. Oppressed colonists emigrate from Virginia, and settle on the Chowan River. Governor Berkeley assumes jurisdiction, and appoints Wil- liam Drummond governor. Feb. 2. New York. New Amsterdam incorporated, and an elective munici- pal government established. Dec. 16. Eng. Oliver Cromwell be- comes Lord Protector of the British realm. Dec. 10. N. Y. First General assembly of the people, consisting of two deputies from each village ; Stuyvesant is un- willing to sanction it, but is unable to prevent it. * * [C. £.] Governors inaugurated : * * Del. Johan C. Rising. * * Mass. Richard Bellingham. * * R. I. Roger Williams. Feb. * Md. Governor Stone's proclama- tion to make oath of fidelity to the pro- prietary (a Catholic) is resisted. July 15±. Md. Bennett and Clayborne, the governor and secretary of Virginia, come and take the government out of the hands of Stone, and hold it for the Lord Protector. July ± * Md. William Fuller and nine others are appointed commissioners to execute government. Oct. * Md. A factional assembly at Patuxent acknowledges the authority of Cromwell, but disfranchises the whole Catholic party. * * Brazil. The colonies unite under the royal authority of Portugal. * * Mass. Emigration nearly ceases during the commonwealth ; many Puri- tans return to assist in the struggle in England. 40 1655-1662. AMERICA. ARMY - NAVY. 1655 Mar. 25. Md. The Catholic pro- prietary attacks the Puritans at Provi- dence, but is defeated and captured. May 3. W. I Jamaica is taken from the Spaniards by the British under Ad- miral Penn and troops under Venables. Sept. 5. N. Y. Peter Stuyvesant with 600 men sails from New York against the Swedes of Delaware, and subdues them. Sept. * N. Y. The Algonkian Indians vainly rise in rebellion against the Dutch at and near New Amsterdam. [They sue for peace on the return of Stuyvesant and his force from Dela- ware.] 1661 * * Brazil. An uprising occurs against the missionaries. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1659* * N. Y. Bricks made at New Amsterdam ; previously they were im- ported from Holland, and only used for ovens and chimneys, etc. 1662 * * N. Y. A windmill is erected at New Amsterdam. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1655 Winslow. Edward, Gov. of Mass., A60. Standieh, Miles, Puritan soldier, A72. ? 1657 Carrtillac, Antoine «ie la Motte, f'dr,b. Maybe w, Thomas, minister, A36. Hopkins, Edward, Gov. of Conn., A57. Fenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., A54. 1658 De Peyster, Abraham, mayor of N. Y.,b. 1659 Dunster, Henry, pres. of Harvard, d. 1660 Dyer. Mary, Quaker martyr, banged. Dustin, Hannah, heroine, born. Mathews, Samuel, Gov. of Va., dies. 1661 Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, Sieur, foun- der, born. 1663 Leverett, John, pres. of Harvard, b. CHURCH. 1655 Nov. * N. Y. Father Chaumo- not and Claude Dablon join the Onon- daga Indians. * * It. Alexander VII., pope. * * Md. Several persons killed in a con- flict between Catholics and Protestants. * * New York. By special act of the Com- pany at Amsterdam the Jews are per- mitted to live in New Amsterdam, provided they agree to support their own poor. 1656 Feb. 1. New York. Tyranny of the Dutch. The authorities of New Netherland decree all meetings illegal except those of the Reformed divine service. Mar. 13. New York. Jews are permitted to worship in their own houses at New Amsterdam, but not publicly in syna- June 2. N. Y. Corner-stone of the Dutch church laid in the center of State Street at Albany. Oct. 14. Mass. Act passed prohibiting the immigration of Quakers, and ap- pointing 20 lashes and imprisonment to such as should arrive, and death to such as return after transportation. Nov. 8. N. Y. Baptists are perse- cuted ; Wm. Hallet of Flushing fined $250 for permitting meetings to be held in his house. [Afterwards banished for non-payment.] * * Can. Two French missionaries be- gin work among the Ottawas by request of the chiefs. One is mortally wounded in an attack by the Iroquois, and both are captured. Father Mesnard goes to the Cayugas and Father Chaumonot to theSenecas. * * Mass. A day of solemn prayer and fasting observed because of reports from England concerning Quakers who would destroy all churches and governments. Two weeks later two female Quaker missionaries arrive. * * N. Y. Baptist converts are baptized at Flushing. * * E.I. Secession from the Baptist church to form a Six-Principle Baptist church. 1657 Apr. 7. Mass. Henry Dunster, late president of Cambridge college, is arraigned before the Court for refusing to have his infant child baptized. June 4. Mass. A Congregational minis- ters' meeting at Boston adopts "the Half-Way Covenant." It declares " that all persons of sober life and correct sentiments, without being examined as to a change of heart, might profess religion or become mem- bers of the church, and have their chil- dren baptized, though they did not come to the Lord's table." * * Conn. John Eliot is the first to preach the gospel to the Indians at Hartford, in an assembly of Podunks. The Podunk Indians were asked by Eliot to accept Christ ; they answered emphatically, "No," adding, the Eng- lish had taken their lands, and would now make them servants. * * New Eng. The four united colonies prohibit the landing of Quakers. Persecution of the Quakers. "A motley tribe — half fanatic, half insane, and without definite purposes." (Ban- croft.) The penalty for attending a Quaker meeting is ten shillings, and for speaking in such a meeting ten pounds. * * Mass. Faunce is chosen elder of the colony. * * New York. John E. Goetwater, a Lutheran minister, arrives in New Am- sterdam. 1658 Mar. 26. New York. The New Netherland authorities annul the right of Flushing to hold town or heretical meetings, and require all to pay taxes for the support of the minister, or lose their goods and take themselves "out of this government." * * N. C. Presbyterians settle on the Chowan Paver. (See page 38.) * * New Eng. The commissioners of the four United Colonies advise the Court of Massachusetts to execute Quakers returning from banishment ; the law is enacted by a majority of one vote. * * B. I. A Jewish congregation is or- ganized at Providence. * * Va. Religious liberty is universal, except for tbe Quakers, who are ban- ished by law and their return proscribed as a felony. 1659 * * Mass. Two Quakers executed for returning from banishment. 1660 June 1. Mass. Mary Dyer, a Quakeress returning from banishment, is executed. Aug. * Can. Father Bene" Mesnard, an aged man, responds to the request of the Indians, and opens a mission near Kneweenaw, where he is neglected, per- secuted, and finally dies. * * Mass. John Eliot forms a church of converted Indians at Natiek. Prisons are full of Quakers ready for martyrdom. * * * Maryland is an asylum for the per- secuted. 1661 Mar. 14. Mass. "William Ledra, a Quaker, is hanged by tbe Puritans. * * Mass. The death penalty against the Quakers is removed from the statute- book. John Eliot prints the New Testa- ment in the Indian language. * * Conn. Abraham Pierson begins preaching to the Indians about Weth- ersfield. * *R. I. First yearly meeting of Qua- kers established. 1662 Apr. 4, Va. Many Quakers ar- raigned before the Court as recusants. Dec. * Va. Enactments passed to op- press the Baptists. * * Boston. A partial Synod approves the Half -"Way Covenant. A few French Protestant refugees are granted leave to reside in the colony. Ejectment of non-conformist ministers. * * Va. Stringent laws passed against Quakers and all sectarians. * * Va. The Royalists' General Assem- bly provides for a church, parsonage, and minister for every parish. His salary to be £S0, all to be raised in tax levies. [The salary was after- wards changed to 1,600 pounds of tobac- co.] Absence from church for one Sun- day punishable bv fine of 50 pounds of tobacco ; non-conformists to pay £20 for a month's absence ; all non-Episcopal ministers are forbidden to preach. LETTERS. 1661* *-63 Dec* John Eliot com- pletes his translation of the Old Testa- ment into the Indian vernacular. 1662* * Mass. Two licensers of the press are appointed. * * The Day of Doo7n,hy Michael "Wiggles- worth, appears. S0CD2TY. 1655 * * Md. Hostilities between Prot- estants and Catholics. 1656 * * New Eng. Quakers are per- secuted. {See Church.) 1657 * * Mass. Selling liquor to In- dians is absolutely prohibited; penalty 40s. * * Mass. A return is made to the origi- nal prohibitory law of 1639. AMERICA. 1655-1662. 41 It is decreed that "All persons are wholly prohibited to sell, truck, barter, or give any strong liquors to any Indian, directly or indirectly, whether known by the name of rum, strong waters, wine, strong beer, brandy, eider, or perry, or any other strong liquor going under any other name whatsoever." 1658 * * Md. Drunkenness is punished by confinement in the stocks for 6 hours or a fine of 100 lbs. of tobacco (half to the informer) ; for a second offense, by public whipping or a fine of 300 lbs. of tobacco ; for the third offense the of- fender is adjudged infamous, and dis- franchised three years. * * Va. One convicted of drunkenness three times is accounted a common drunkard. 1659 July 26. Can. Indians mas- sacre more than one thousand people at Montreal. * * Conn, Any person found drunk at any private house is to be fined 20s. and the owner of the house 10s. Distillation of corn or malt into liquor is prohibited. 1660 July 27. Boston. Two of the fugitive judges of Charles I., Edward Whalley and William Goff e, are wel- comed, and concealed from royal officers. 1662 June 20. Conn. Three women condemned at Hartford as witches ; one is hanged. * * * Brazil. A hardy race of men is produced at San Paulo, from the inter- marriage of colonists with natives. * * Mass. Adultery is punished with death. * * Va. It is enacted that offspring shall follow the condition of the mother, mak- ing the children of white men by negro women slaves from birth. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1655 Jan. ± * Md. Deputy - governor Stone vainly seeks to regain authority by revolution. * * Conn. Thomas Welles, governor. (Mass. Bay. John Endicott.) Sept. * N. Y. Gov. Stuyvesant compels the Swedes of Delaware to acknowledge the supremacy of New Netherland ; the little State of New Sweden ceases to exist, and the territory is annexed to New Netherland. * * Md. Conflict between the Puritans and Roman Catholics. * * Va. Edward Diggs elected gov- ernor. 1656 July* Md. Josias Fendall, a weak and impetuous man, commissioned as Lord Baltimore's lieutenant. [The council of ten holds him under arrest as a dangerous person. There are two gov- ernments for two years-1 Sept. 11. Conn. Stuyvesant concludes a boundary treaty, limiting New Neth- erland by Oyster Bay on Long Island, and the neighborhood of Greenwich on the mainland. * * Conn. John "Webster, governor. (Va. Samuel Matthews.) * * Del. The city of Amsterdam pur- chases the proprietary of Delaware from the Brandy wine to Bombay Hook, and by purchase from the natives extends its lands to Cape Henlopen. The Dutch own from New England to Maryland. * * Port, Alfonso VI. enthroned. * * -58 * * N. r. A short-lived French colony in western New York. * * * Va. Charles II., now in exile, is invited to join the colony and be "King of Virginia." This incident suggested the title of "The Old Do- minion." 1657* * IU. 5.] Governors inaugu- rated. * * Conn. John Winthrop. * * Plym. Thomas Prince. * * R. I. Benedict Arnold. [1662-63.] 1658 Mar.* Md. The revolt is settled by compromise, Fendall is acknowledged governor, and the Protestant assemblies accepted as valid ; a general amnesty is announced. Sept. 3. Eng. Kichard Cromwell, Lord Protector. * * Conn. Settlement of Southerton (Stonington) commenced. * * N. J. Purchasers obtain a large grant called Bergen, and the station becomes a permanent settlement. * * Conn. T. "Welles and Francis New- man, governors. * * Va. Samuel Matthews elected gov- ernor ; the legislature grants a fixed sal- ary to the office [and repeals the act in the following year]. 1659* * Mass. Settlement of Nan- tucket by Thomas Macy. * * Conn. John Winthrop, governor. (Pa. Alex. D'Hinoyossa (Dutch). [1663. Re- appointed. 1660. R.I. Wm. Brenton.]) 1660 Mar. 12. Md. Popular sov- eignty is exercised by the representa- tives, who vote themselves a lawful as- sembly , without dependence on any other power in the province, thus ignoring the rights of Lord Baltimore. May 8. Eng. Charles II. enthroned as sovereign over the British realm ; " the worst monarch of modern times.'* (Ridpath.) [He oppresses the commerce of Virginia, and sneers at complaints.] Nov. 10. Mass. It becomes well known that the monarchy is restored in England. Dec. 19. Mass. The General Court con- vened, and addresses are prepared for the king and parliament. * *-70* * Eng. Enactment of naviga- tion, trade, excise, and other laws inimical to the colonies in America. * * Costa Rica. Spaniards reappear, and subdue the rebellious Indians again. * * Mass. The government persecutes the Quakers. * * Md. Philip Calvert, governor. (R. I. Wm. Brenton.) * * N. F. The French found a colony at Placentia Bay. * * New Eng. Population, 38,000; Md., 12,000. Arrival of the English regicides. * * Va. Sir William Berkeley is elect- ed governor by the House of Burgesses. He surpasses the tyranny of the king; Baptists and Quakers are persecuted ; personal property is heavily taxed; large estates are exempted ; the biennial elec- tion of burgesses is abolished. [This continues for 16 years.] The people contend against a rising aristocracy for the control of the polit- ical life. The population is estimated by Gov- ernor Berkeley at "40,000, including 2,000 black slaves, 6,000 Christian ser- vants, of whom about 1,500 are imported yearly, principally English." The Chris- tian servants are chiefly ex-convicts. 1661 Mar. 12. Va. The first session of the royalist assembly marks a polit- ical revolution. F. Moryson governor. June 10. Mass. Foreboding collision with the Crown, the General Court makes a declaration of the natural and char- tered rights of the colonists. July 27. N. Y. Schenectady pur- chased from the Indians. Aug. 7. Mass. Charles H. is pro- claimed. Aug. * Conn. John "Winthrop sent to England to obtain a charter. "Wm. Leete, governor of New Haven. * * Eng. By Act of Parliament, sugar, tobacco, indigo, and other " enumerated articles," are not to be shipped from the colonies to any country but Eng- land. * * Mass. Penal laws against the Qua- kers suspended by the king. Indian wampum a legal tender in small transactions. [Continued for 50 years.] * * N. C. A company of New England Puritans establishes a colony on Old- town Creek. * * New Eng. "Warrants arrive for the arrest of the regicides of Charles I., Ed- ward "Whalley, William Goff, and John LMxwell, who have escaped to New Eng- land, and are effectually concealed. * * * Va. The loyal "Virginians are oppressed. Charles II. treats Virginia as personal property, and grants large tracts of both tilled and wild lands to the most worth- less profligates that court his favor, pro- ducing great uncertainty and distress among the planters. The planters also suffer religious oppression. (See Church.) 1662 Apr. 23. Conn. A Liberal char- ter for Connecticut is granted. Charles II. signs the charter prepared by the colonists without the alteration of a word or letter. [It is character- ized as the most liberal charter ever granted by an English monarch ; for 14 years the younger Winthrop is annually elected governor.] * * Guiana. Charles II. grants the en- tire English colony to Lord Willoughby. * * Md. Charles Calvert (Lord Balti- more) is confirmed in the government. An Act is passed to establish a mint. * * Va. The Koyalist Legislature enacts a permanent imposition on all ex- ported tobacco, to provide a perpetual revenue for royal officers, and make them independent of colonial legislation. The Assembly for 14 years denies to the people the right of choosing their own legislators, by assuming to be a perpetual body. 42 1663-1669, Feb. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1663 June 7. N. Y. The Indians at- tack the settlers at Esopus (Kingston; on the Hudson, and are subdued after killing 65 whites. Rondout is almost annihilated by them about this time. 1664 * * Guiana. Cayenne is taken by the French. Sept. 8. New York. New Netherland is taken. A small English fleet takes New Am- sterdam without a struggle ; Peter Stuy- vesant proposes resistance, but is forced by bis council to sign the capitulation. Sept. 24. N. Y. Fort Orange (Albany) surrenders to the British. Oct. 1. Del. The Swedish and Dutch colonists on the Delaware submit to the British, who thus complete their conquest. Dec. * N. Y. Truce with the Indians. * * W, I. Buccaneers, led by [Sir] Henry Morgan, begin their depredations on the colonies of Spain. 1665 May * N. Y. Treaty of peace entered with the Indians. * * Fla. The town of St. Augustine is captured and plundered by a company of buccaneers under Capt. John Davis, an Englishman. * * Cuba. The wall around Havana is commenced. 1666 Jan. 29. Fr, France declares war against England. Jan.+* Can. The French expedition of Courcelles and Tracy goes against the Mohawk Indians. * * Guiana. The Dutch take the English settlement by storm, and a heavy ran- som is exacted. 1667 * * Guiana. Surinam is taken by the English. * * Mass. Ravages are committed by the Mohawks near Northampton. 1668 * * Can. Peace is made between the French and Five Nations. * * Maine yields to the authority of Massachusetts by force of arms. * * Panama. Morgan's 1,200 bucca- neers take Porto Bello and immense spoils. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1663 Feb. 5. Can. Severe earth- quakes. [They continue with short intermis- sions for over 6 months, and change the surface of the earth.] 1664 Nov. 17. New Eng. Abearded comet becomes visible. [It exhibits a tail when it departs.] 1666 Aug. 4. JY. I. Terrific hurri- cane ; Lord Francis Willoughby, with his fleet of 15 sail, perishes in it. 1667+ * * Painters ply their art making portraits of dignitaries. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1663 Mather. Cotton, clergyman and au- thor, born. Bradford, William, printer in Pa., born. 1665 Einllcott, John, Gov. of Mass., A76. 1667 Carr, Sir Robert, English officer, dleB. 1668 Wilson, .John, clergyman of IJoston, d. I)ay, Stephen, first printer in New Eng., A57. CHURCH. 1663 Sept. * Va. Oppression of Sep- aratists, who are fined fur holding meet- ings, and the more affluent are compelled to pay the fines of the poor. Baptists are proscribed, Quakers are fined, per- secuted, and imprisoned. * * Mass. The first Baptist Church formed in Swansea. John Eliot completes the printing of the O. T. in the Indian language. The King's commissioners vex the Puritans by using the Episcopal ser- vice in Boston. The Puritans observed Saturday evening as part of the Sabbath, the commissioners spend it in carousals. 1664 May* It. I. The Assembly estab- lishes religious freedom. * * Boston. Episcopalians petition for the use of the Prayer-Book. (Second time.) * *Mass. Rev. John Cotton preaches to the Indians of Martha's Vineyard. 1665 Mar. 28. Boston. The first re- corded meeting of Baptists (falsely called Anabaptists). Sept. * Can. Claude Allouez goes to Montreal, intending to return to the mission left vacant by the death of Mesnard. He opens a mission on the shores of Lake Superior. * * It. I. The Seventh-day Baptists or- ganize a church at Newport. 1666 June 14. At New Netherland the Lutherans are permitted to worship in their own houses. * * N. Y. First church erected in Brooklyn (site on Fulton Ave., near Lawrence St.). * * Mich. Allouez, the Jesuit, founds the mission of St. Espiritu, south of Lake Superior. 1667+ Aug.* Can. Father Lewis Nicols goes to the Indians of the north- west. * * The Jesuit missions among the Iro- quois reopened. * * It. Clement LX., pope. * * N. J. A Presbyterian church formed in Newark under pastor Abra- ham Pierson. 1668 Spring. Can. The celebrated Father Marquette leaves Quebec, in company with Father Le Bcesme, to join the Ottawa mission. * * N. J. A Presbyterian church is formed in Elizabeth. 1669 Feb. * New York. Jacob Fabri- cilis reaches New Amsterdam as the pioneer preacher to the German Luther- ans. He preaches in their own ver- nacular. LETTERS. 1663 * * Mass. Eliot's Indian Bible is the first one printed in America. 1664 * * Mass. Act passed prohibiting printing-presses elsewhere than at Cam- bridge. 1665 Sept. 5. Mass. Tbe printing of the New Testament in the Indian ver- nacular is completed. SOCIETY. 1664* * Va. Tbe Virginia assembly re- strains tbe clergy. " Ministers shall not give themselves to excess in drinking or riot, spending their time idly by day or night, in playing at dice, cards, and other unlawful games." 1665 * * N. Y. Dealers required not to sell beer above 2d. a quart, or any other liquor above 12s. a gallon, under penalty of 20s. a gallon, so sold. Selling liquor to Indians is prohibited. 1668 * * N. J. Persons found drinking after nine o'clock are apprehended and punished at discretion ; drunken- ness is fined Is., 2s., and 2s. Gd., for the first, second, and third offenses respec- tively. * * Va. It is enacted that "The death of a slave from extremity of correction was not accounted a felony; since it cannot be presumed that prepensed malice should induce any man to de- stroy his own estate." (Or 1667.) SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1663 Feb. 14. Can. The hundred as- sociates surrender their charter, and New France becomes a royal province. Feb. * -July * N. Y. Tbe Dutch West India Company sells the whole country on the Delaware to the city of Amster- dam. Mar. 24. Charles II. issues a patent to Lord Clarendon, General Monk, and six other noblemen who had assisted in his restoration, to lands between the St. Johns River and the 36th parallel of latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with jurisdiction over the same ; it is called Carolina. July 8. It. I. Charles II. renews the charter of Rhode Island and Provi- dence plantations, to the surprise and joy of the colonists. * * M. de Mesey becomes (Fr.) governor of Mich. (Can. ), and Alex. D'Hinoyossa (Dutch) governorof Pennsylvania. [1664. Robert Carr, governor of Pennsylvania. 1665. Richard Bellingham, of Massa- chusetts Bay Colony, and M. de Cour- celles (Fr.), of Mich. (Can.).] * * N. C. The settlers at Puritan on the Chowan River organize a civil gov- ernment, and elect William Drummond governor of the Albemarle Colony. * * Conn. "Whalley and G-offe, two of the regicide judges who voted to put Charles I. to death, flee to New Haven and find protection from the officers sent to arrest them. * * Eng. An act is passed to monopolize the colonial trade; European goods for the colonies to pass through British ports. * * N. J. A company of Long Island Puritans obtain permission to settle AMERICA. 1663-1669, Feb. 43 on the banks of the Raritan, but they delay to migrate. * * Miss. Mississippi is included in the charter of South Carolina. 1664 Mar. 12. New York becomes a Duchy. Charles II., deeming the Dutch in Ne-\v Netherland usurpers, totally regardless of prior grants, arbitrarily grants the entire territory between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers to his brother, the Duke of York ; he also gives him the territory between the Kennebec and St. Croix Rivers (Maine). May 29. N. C. Sir John Yeamans lands several hundred English colonists at Cape Fear River in Clarendon. May * Ft. Louis XIV. grants to a new company of the West Indies the mo- nopoly of all French commerce in North and South America, except the fisheries. June 10. Va. The navigation acts en- forced. June 23. NY. The Duke of York sells his claim to lands between the Dela- ware and the Hudson (in part) to "Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ; Sir George having been governor of the island of Jersey, it is called New Jer- sey ; and it becomes a proprietary state, owned by the owners of Carolina. New Jersey is separated from New York. * * Eng. The king appoints four com- missioners, Nicolls, Carr, Cartwright, and Maverick, to hear complaints and appeals in New England, and settle the peace of the country. July 23. Boston. The king's commis- sioners arrive, and are opposed as hos- tile to colonial liberties. [They leave for New Netherland.] * * N. Y. After much controversy with Holland concerning the title of New Netherland (New York), the English proceed to settle the matter by taking forcible possession. Sept. 8. New York. New Netherland ceases to exist. The Dutch surrender New Amsterdam. (O. S. Aug. 29.) Colonel Richard Nicolls assumes office as English governor, and the name of the city is changed to New York. [The English government lasts nine years.] Sept. 20. N Y. Fort Orange sur- renders to the English, and its name changed to Albany. Oct. 1. The Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware capitulate to the English, and for the first time every mile of the American coast from the N.E. corner of Maine to the southern limits of Georgia is under the British flag. Oct. 25. Mass. A remonstrance against the royal menace of tyranny is issued, and addressed to the king. Oct. * N. J. A village is begun, and named Elizabethtown in honor of Lady Carteret. (Philip Carteret, gov.) Oct. 28. N. J. Governor Nicolls ratines the sale of the Elizabethtown tract by the Indians to Long Island Puritans, while ignorant of the sale of New Jer- sey by the Duke of York. Dec. 1. Connecticut surrenders all claim to Long Island, and obtains a favorable boundary on the coast. Dec. * New York has an estimated popu- lation of 10,000. * * Mass. Act passed prohibiting print- ing-presses elsewhere than in Cam- bridge. * * N. J. Governor Nicolls grants an ex- tensive tract of land on Newark Bay to a company of Puritans. Elizabethtown, Newark, Middletown, and Shrewsbury begun by settlers from New England and Long Island. The lands of New Jersey are dis- tributed to settlers for a quit-rent of a half-penny an acre, payable in the year 1670. * * N. Y. Governor Nicolls makes a treaty with the Five Nations, they ceding their land, and submitting to the authority of Charles II. First settlement [in Central New York] made at Schenectady. (See 1661.) * * W. I. The French occupy San Do- mingo. 1665 Feb. 10. N. J. The earliest constitution, " Concessions and Agree- ments," is adopted. (See 1677, Mar. 3.) Feb. 24. Mass, Deerfieldis purchased of the Indians. (R. Bellingham, gov.) Feb. * N. J. The royalist proprietors offer special inducements of a liberal character to emigrants. Apr. * N. J. "William Goulding and others receive a patent for a grant, ex- tending from Sandy Hook to the mouth of the Raritan. East New Jersey is called Albania. May 26. Mass. The royal commission- ers depart. The General Court refuses to recognize them, and they leave the province in anger. June 12. N. Y. City of New York is incorporated by Governor Nicolls ; a mayor, 5 aldermen, and a sheriff ap- pointed. Thomas "Willet is the first mayor. June * The Carolina grant is extended northward to 36° 30', so as to include the Chowan settlement [in North Carolina]. * * Arg. Rep. Spain relaxes her restric- tions on commerce. * * Can. Courcelles governor of New France. Much emigration and rapid growth. * * Conn. Connecticut and New Haven unite, * * Conn. John "Winthrop is elected gov- * * Maine is taken by .royal authority from Massachusetts, and restored to the heirs of Gorges. * * N. C. A little Puritan colony on the Cape Fear River is broken up by the Indians. The same site is purchased, with 32 square miles of territory, by a company of planters from Barbados, led by Sir John Yeamans. Eight hundred people settle along the river during the first year. * * New Hampshire is officially named. * * IT. J. The English plant a colony under Philip Carteret, the first gover- nor, with Klizabethtown for the capital ; his administration not popular. * * Sp. Charles II. enthroned. * * IT. Y. Governor Nicolls, the deputy of the Duke of York, enacts a code called the " Duke's Laws." (Feb. 28.) * * _67 * * IT. Y. The English oppress the Dutch. Representative government is denied ; old titles to land are annulled, and new titles are obtained at a cost which pro- vides an immense revenue. 1666 May 21. IT. J. An association of Puritans from Connecticut sails up the Passaic, and extinguishes the Indian title to Newark, after holding a council with them. * * Governors chosen : "William Bren- ton (R. I.); Edward Diggs (Va.) for the English Commonwealth. * * Can. Robert Cavalier de la Salle ar- rives from France. * * Conn. Hartford, New Haven, New London, and Fairfield are the four counties, and each has its court. * * IT. J. Colonists from Connecticut settle in Elizabethtown, Newark, and in Hackensack. * * New York. Thomas Delavall the 2d mayor. * * W ■ I. Great depredations by buc- caneers. * * Guiana. Surinam, occupied by the English. . 1667 May* N.Y. The governor, Fran- cis Lovelace, an outrageous and incu- rable tyrant ; the people groan under excessive taxation. July 31. Hoi. The Treaty of Breda, between England, Holland, France, and Denmark, provides the cession of (l)Nova Scotia to France by England, (2) Antigua Monserrat and St. Christopher to Eng- land by France. England retains New Netherland, and Holland Surinam. * * N. C. The Clarendon colony is aban- doned. Sam. Stephens, governor. * * New York. Thomas Willet the 3d mayor. * * W.I. The Bahamas granted to the proprietors of South Carolina. 1668 May 2. Fr. The treaty of Aix- la-Chapelle ends the war between Eng- land and Spain, and the colonists begin to discuss the right of arbitrary govern- ment. May 26. N. J. The first legislative assembly meets at Elizabethtown, and assigns the punishment of death to twelve offenses ; all penalties are made severe. * * Can. Sault Ste. Marie founded by Father Marquette at the entrance of Lake Superior. * * Maine again put under the govern- ment of Massachusetts, upon applica- tion of some of its people. * * Mass. Daniel Gookin and others granted a tract eight miles square, to he called "Worcester. MISCELLANEOUS. 1669 * * Ga. Spaniards still work the gold mines. 44 1669, July-1675, July 8. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1669 * * Mohawk and Mohegan "War. 1670 * * Panama. Morgan reduces the castle of San Lorenzo at Chagres. 1671 Feb. 24. Panama is burned by Morgan's buccaneers. Sept. 7, 8. Mass. Great training-days in Boston ; 1,200 men in the field. 1672 May 28. Mass. First declara- tion of "war in the colonies ; Boston declares war against the Dutch. * * Del. A force of Marylanders invades Lewis ton. * * Pa. The Susquehannock tribe is an- nihilated by the resistless league of the Five Nations. * * S. C. Spaniards from St. Augustine endeavor to drive away the settlers in Carolina, but are repulsed. * * W. I. The English take Tobago from the Dutch. 1673 Feb. 21. Mass. Medfield is surprised by Indians, principally Nar- ragansetts. Eighteen men, women, and children are killed, and half the town is burnt. July * Can. Fort Frontenac is built. Va.-N. J. "War between England and Holland; the Dutch ravage the Virginia coast, and subdue New Jersey. Aug. 8. New York is taken by the Dutch without a shot being fired ; they rename it New Orange. 1674 Feb. 9. New York. According to the terms of peace between England and Holland, the Dutch governor An- thony Colve is to surrender the city to the British. Oct. 31. New York. The Dutch forces evacuate the city. * * Mass. An Indian plot is formed against the colonies ; a friendly Indian missionary reveals it and is murdered. * * W. I. The Dutch retake Tobago from the English. * * Me. A Boston ship captures Castine. 1675 June 24-78 Apr. 12. New Eng. King Philip's "War. Causes : Indian jealousy of the growth of the English set- tlements, and the almost complete alien- ation of hunting-grounds by treaties. June 24. Mass. _ King Philip's "War be- gins at Swanzey, in the Plymouth colony, where eight or nine English are slain. Nearly all of the Indians of New England from Maine to Connecticut combine against the foreign invaders. June 28. Mass. Plymouth colonists at- tack King Philip, routing the Indians. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1669" * Can. Hobertde la Salle leaves Montreal and begins his explorations. Louis Joliet explores the Great Lakes. 1670 * * Mass. Bees are introduced. 1673 June 17. Wis. Jacques Mar- quette and Louis Joliet discover the Mississippi River at its confluence with the Wisconsin. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1672 Hradstreet, Amu-, [lor-teas, A 60. Chauncy, Charles, Pree. of Harvard Col- lege, A 80. Mason, John, conqueror of the Pequotn, A72. 1673 Puendo, Padre, the great preacher of Peru, dies. 1674 Logan, James, statesman, author, b. CHURCH. 1669 Aug. 24. 7?. /. Roger Williams writes of some who deny punishment for sin in a future life. * * Can. A mission for the Iroquois is begun opposite Montreal by French Jesuits. Advent of Claudius Dablon, Superior of the western missions. A new mission is started on the south shore of the Falls of St. Marie, under I#ablon. Marquette enters the mission until now occupied by Allouez, at La- pointe, and there spends the winter studying with an Illinois captive the dialect of his tribe. Allouez proceeds to Green Bay, where he founds the mission of St. Francis Xavier, and spends the wintei and spring in ministering to the needs of the Sacs and Foxes, the Potta- wattomies, and the "\Vinnebagos. * * Boston. Secession from the First Church. The advocates of the Half-Way Cove- nant organize themselves as the Third Church of Boston (Old South Church), and an edifice of wood is first erected. * * Wis. The western shores of Lake Michigan are visited by the Jesuits. 1670 Mar. * Carolina. Locke's consti- tution is modified to tolerate every re- ligion, and yet make the Church of England the State church. * * Can. Father .Andre" is in charge of the Ottawa tribes on islands and shores of Lake Huron, and Father Druillettes enters the work at Sault St. Marie. * * It. Clement X., pope. * * Mass. The first Indian church, with native pastor, is organized on Martha's Vineyard ; 3,000 native Chris- tians on the island. * *-73* *Mass. Eliot organizes seven other "praying-towns" among the Indians. The first Manchage (Oxford) ; the second Chabanakongkoum.of Dudley; the third, Maanexit, was the northeast part of "Woodstock; the fourth, Quantisset, the southeast part of Woodstock ; the fifth, Wabquissit, the southwest part of Wood- stock ; the sixth, Pakaehoog, partly in Worcester and partly in Ward ; and the seventh, Waeuntug, is now Uxbridge. * * S. C. Presbyterian and Independ- ents jointly settle in this Province. 1671 June 4. Mich. Saint Lasson holds a grand conference with many Indian tribes at St. Mary's. * * Can. Father Henry Nouvel enters the mission work at the Falls of St. Marie. Marquette establishes the mission of St. Ignatius among the HuronsatMichil- imackinac. Dablon is recalled to Quebec to be- come Superior of all the Canada mis- sions. ± * * Carolina. Quaker preachers are the first to visit the colonists. * * New York. The German Luther- ans erect a church. * * R. I. Secession from the Baptist church forms a Seventh-day Baptist church. * * Va. The colonists report 4S parishes, and the ministers well paid. 1672 * * Can. Many of the Ottawas settle at Marquette mission. Father Allouez preaches to the Illi- nois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis, and Weas Indians. A little church is organized and chapel built at Sault St. Marie. Allouez and Dablon visit Catholic missions in Wisconsin and Illinois. * * N. C. A Society of Friends settles in Pequimans county, and is visited by William Edmundson, who establishes a quarterly meeting. * * George Fox visits the Quakers of America in all the settlements along the coast. 1673 June* Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette, Jesuit missionaries, with five other Frenchmen, leave Green Bay and explore the Mississippi and cer- tain tributaries, traveling 2,500 miles. * * New York. The Dutch deprive the German Lutherans of their only church edifice. * * Pern. Padre Puendo, the great preacher, dies. 1674 * * Can. Bishop Laval becomes the first Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, his see extending from Maine to Louisiana. * * Mass. Eliot reports two churches and 1,150 church members in his Indian " praying- town." 1675 June 24. Mass. This day ob- served by fasting and prayer, in antici- pation of an Indian war. LETTERS. 1669* * The New England Memorial is published by Nathaniel Morton. 1671* * Va. Gov. Berkeley opposes edu- cation. " There are no free schools nor print- ing, and I hope we shall not have these hundred years ; for learning has brought disobedience and heresy and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best govern- ment. God keep us from both." 1672 * * Mass. Harvard College receives a valuable library by the bequest of Theophilus Gale. 1674 * * Boston. John Foster is author- ized to set up a printing-press. S0CD2TY. 1670 Apr. 20. Va. The importation of convicted felons is prohibited. * * Mass. The selectmen are required to post drunkards' names in public houses and prohibit sales to them, or their frequenting such places. * * Md. Importation of convicted felons prohibited. AMERICA. 16G9, July-1675, July 8. 45 : * New York. Merchants of Manhattan meet every Friday at noon on tlie bridge over the Broad Street canal for barter. : * Va. It is enacted that "all servants not being Christians, imported into this country by shipping, shall be slaves.'* Under Gov. Berkeley the council lays burdensome taxes on the poorer peo- ple, and exempts the holders of large 1671 * * Carolina. Governor Sir John Yeamans introduces slavery* by bring- ing nearly 200 negroes from Barbados to this colony. (1G72. Winsor.) * * Md. Act passed encouraging the im- portation of slaves. * * * W. /. Great depredations by buc- caneers. 1672 * * Va. It is made lawful for " per- sons pursuing fugitive colored slaves to wound or even kill them." SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1669 July 21. S.C. The absurd Fun- damental Constitutions drawn up by John Locke are nominally operative. May * R. I. Benedict Arnold, governor. * * Guiana. The Dutch hold the entire territory. * * N. C. The first legislative assem- bly meets at Albemarle, and organizes a remarkably liberal government; Sam- uel Stevens governor. * * -70 * * New York. Cornells Steen- wyck the 4th mayor. * * Virginia is dismembered by lavish grants. 1670 Feb. ± * S. C. An English col- ony, led by Joseph West and William Sayle, is planted on the Ashley River. May 2. Can. The Hudson Bay Com- pany is chartered. * * N. J. The colonists refuse to pay the quit-rent for their land, having already paid for the same twice to other claimants. (See N. J. 1664.) * * N. Y. Eight towns on Long Island protest against paying a tax of 10 per cent on all imports and exports, on the sole authority of the governor and coun- cil. Protest burned. Oct. * N. Y. Annual assemblies are demanded, and the government refuses to yield them. Va. The right of suffrage is lim- ited to freeholders and householders, and the majority of the people are dis- franchised. * * Maine, east of the Penobscot, sur- rendered to France. * * S. C. The colonists ignore Locke's Grand Model, and show a fine capacity to govern themselves. The Model made strange provisions for a state in the wilderness, "where a few colonists lived on venison and potatoes, and paid their debts with tobacco ; " it provided for " dukes, earls, and marquises ; knights, lords, and squires ; baronial courts, heraldic cere- mony, and every sort of feudal non- sense." (Ridpath.) [It was nominally the law of the colony for about 25 years.] Foundation of (old) Charlestown laid by English settlers on the Ashley River. * * Treaty of Madrid, between England and Spain, settles boundaries of their respective possessions in America on tbe basis of possession. 1671 * * Can. The region of Lakes Hu- ron and Superior taken for France. Courcelles establishes a trading-post on Lake Ontario. Aug. 28. S. C. Joseph "West is ap- pointed governor by the proprietors. [Also 1674.] [Dec. 26. Sir John Yea- mans succeeds him. A revised copy of the Model arrives.] * * N. C. The colonists refuse to pay royal taxes in any form, and seize the records of tbe province, imprison the governor's secretary, and boldly defy his authority. * * Massachusetts is " almost on the brink of renouncing any depend- ence upon the Crown." * * Maryland has a population of 20,000 people. Act passed encouraging the impor- tation of slaves. * * New York. Thomas Delavall the 5th mayor. * * S. C. Dutch emigrants from New York and others from Holland arrive. * * Va. Population 40,000, including 2,000 slaves. 1672 Apr. 19. S. C. The colony de- mands a new government for itself ; all previous parliamentary conventions are dissolved. May 14. N. J. The anti-rent colonists meet in assembly at Elizabethtown, and depose Philip Carteret, the governor. May 31. Mass. Union of the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Ply- mouth. * * Can. Count de Frontenac, having been appointed governor, arrives at Quebec. * * Del. Maryland colonists attempt to absorb Lewistown by force. * *JEng. Third Navigation Law. Par- liament imposes customs upon the col- onies, to be collected by the revenue officers of the Crown. * * New York. Matthias Nicolls the 6th mayor. * * It. I. Nicholas Easton, governor. 1673 Feb. 25. Virginiais given away by Charles II. Charles II. changes his former grant of Virginia, and leases the entire State for thirty-one years to a pair of ignoble gentlemen, 'Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington. Mar. 18. N. J. John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Byllinge, buys Berkeley's in- terest in New Jersey for £1,000. * * Mass. Josiah Winslow is governor of Plymouth ; John Leverett of Mass. Bay. May * N. J. The authority of Captain Berry, Philip Carteret's deputy, is ac- knowledged. Aug. 8. N. Y. The Dutch recapture and rule New York, also New Jersey, which they name Achter Kol ; the au- thority of HoUand is restored [for three months] from the Connecticut to Maryland. New Amsterdam is called New Orange, and Anthony Clove is made governor. * * Eng. Parliament excludes New Eng- land merchants from competing with English merchants in the Southern plan- tations ; free traffic abolished. * * New York. John Lawrence the 7th mayor. * * 0. French Settlers establish them- selves in "Western Ohio. 1674 Feb. 9. New York. New Am- sterdam is surrendered to the English in making peace between England and Holland, by the Treaty of Westminster. June 29. N. Y. The Duke of York's patent enlarged. July 28, 29. N. J. Sir George Car- teret receives a confirmatory grant from the Duke of York. July 31. If. J. Philip Carteret returns. Sept. 21. Va. Agents are appointed to remonstrate with the King against the grant to Culpepper, and the invasion of popular liberties. Oct. 30. N. Y. Sir Edmund Andros assumes the government. [Misrule and arbitrary government follow.] Nov. 10. N. Y. New York is restored to the English authorities. * * Guiana. The New Butch West India Company is founded ; Guiana conveyed to it by charter. The French Colony passes under the control of the Crown after a series of failures through incompetence and mis- management. * * R. I. William Coddington is ap- pointed governor. [1678. Reappointed.] * * N. C. Population about 4,000 ; com- merce is impeded by duties which yield the proprietors $12,000 from New Eng- land trade alone. G. Cartwright, pres. * * N. Y. Gov. Andros advises the pro- prietor, the Duke of York, to grant the clamorous people the right of electing a legislature. The Duke replies that popular assem- blies are seditious and dangerous; that they only foster discontent, and disturb the peace of government; and finally that he did not see any use for them. Treaty at Albany with Indians. * * Va. The common peoj>le, made desper- ate by taxes, make the first movement for reform ; it is easily suppressed. 1675 May 13. Can. Louis IV. grants La Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac (Kingston). July 8. Va. Lord Culpepper is ap- pointed governor of Virginia for life. MISCELLANEOUS. 1670± * * N. Y. Gov. Lovelace orders May races at Hempstead, Long Island. 1672 Dec. 10. A monthly post is established between New York and Boston. * * Mass. The business of whale-fishery is commenced at Nantucket. 1675 Mar. 21. Boston. The castle at the entrance of the harbor is accident- ally destroyed by fire. 46 1675, July 9-1680, May 10. AMERICA. ARMY -NAVY. 1675 July 14. Mass. Mendon is at- tacked by Indians ; several persons killed. July 15. Mass. The Narragansetts en- ter into a treaty of peace with the col- onists. + The Nipmuck Indians become allies of Philip. July * Va. Indians pillage a plantation in revenging a fraud, and are beaten or killed by the settlers. General hos- tilities follow. Conn. Andros, with armed sloops, attempts to establish Ids authority as far as the Connecticut River. Aug. 2. Mass. Captain Hutchinson and 20 men are sent to win back the Nipmucks ; they are waylaid and slain at Brookfield. Aug. 25. Mass. Deerfield is attacked by 180 Indians ; the colonists lose eleven men, and the Indians twenty-six. Sept. 1. Mass. The greater part of Deer- field is burnt by the Indians ; Hadley is attacked, but successfully defended by William Goffe. Sept. 18. Mass. Battle with Indians at Bloody Brook; 700± Indians surround 80 men, killing nearly all of them. Cap- tain Mosley, by hard fighting, drives them away from Deerfield. Sept. * -Oct. * New Eng. The United Colonies assume the burden of the war, and raise 2,000 troops. Oct. 5. Mass. Springfield is attacked by the Indians, and saved by reenforce- ments. Oct. 19. Mass. Philip, with seven or eight hundred Indians, attacks Hat- field, but is driven off. Dec. * Mass. The colonists, fearing the Narragansetts, prepare to attack them, although they have not sided with Philip during the war. Dec. 19. R. I. The numerous and pow- erful Wampanoags are defeated in a decisive battle near Narragansett Bay. The New England army consists of 13 companies of infantry (1, 500) and one of cavalry; Indians kise 1,000 killed and captured, colonists from '200 to 400 ; [the widespread vengeance of the Indians rests upon all white men alike; burn- ings and blood-shedding abound]. * * Va. Six hostile Indian chiefs present themselves to treat for peace, and are put to death ; a war for vengeance follows. 1676 Feb. 10. Mass. Indians attack Lancaster, and nearly destroy it. Feb. 24. Indians surprise Deerfield; many people are killed, and 50 buildings burnt. (Feb. 21, Holmes.) Feb. 25. Mass. "Weymouth is as- saulted by Indians ; houses and barns are burnt. Mar. 14. Mass. Indians attack North- ampton, but are repulsed after six per- sons are killed. Mar. 26. Mass. Marlborough de- stroyed by the Indians. Mar. 28. Mass. Rehoboth ie partly burnt by Indians. [Mar. 20. Providence.] Mar. * Va. Three hundred persons have been killed by Indians in the last twelve months. Apr. 18. Mass. Sudbury is attacked by the Narragansett Indians; several houses and barns are burnt; the pursu- ers are ambushed and slain. Apr. 20. Va, Rebellion begins; 500 men in arms, with Bacon us leader, against the Indians. (See State.) May 8. Mass. Bridgewater is attacked by Indians ; 17 buildings are burnt. May 11. Mass. Plymouth is assault- ed; 11 houses and 5 barns are burnt. May 19. Mass. A camp of Indians near Turner Falls is surprised and destroyed by a company of volunteers. May 30. Mass. Hatfield is burnt by Indians. June 2. Mass. Great battle with the Indians near Mount Hope. June 12. Mass. About 700 Indians at- tack Hadley, and are driven off. June * Mass. The Nipmucks submit to the colonists and abandon the war. Va. Nathaniel Bacon subdues the Indians without permission from the jealous governor. Civil war. Bacon leads a rebellion against the outrages of Gov. Berkeley. July+ * Va. Indians massacre the whites, and are punished by volunteer expeditions. July 3. JR. I. Indian battle near Nar- ragansett. Aug. 12. Mass. The King Philip's war ends with the death of Philip. One-tenth of the private dwellings are burnt, 000 men have been slain in battle, many women and children massacred, and nearly every family is in mourning. The Indi;ni rare is nearly swept out of New England. [The tribe's of Maine and New Hampshire continue hostilities un- til 1678.] Sept. * Va. Jamestown, the only town in the colony, is burnt by its own citi- zens as an act of patriotism. Sept. 6. Me. A Massachusetts force sur- prises and subdues the Indians at Cocheco. Oct. 1. Va. Bacon dies, and the rebel- lion ends. * * Me. A Dutch frigate captures Castine. * * W. J. The French take Trinidad from the English. Dec. 21. Guiana. The French attack Cayenne. 1677 Sept. 9. Conn. Hatfield is at- tacked by Indians ; 20 persons are killed or captured. 1678 Apr. 12. Mass. A treaty of peace is made with the Indians. * * San Domingo. A negro insurrec- tion arises. 1679 * * Colombia. Buccaneers attack Porto Bello. 1680 Jan. * III. La Salle builds Fort Crevecoeur in the Illinois country. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1676 Jan.26. Laying of the keel of the Griffin, the first vessel in the western waters, built by La Salle, 6 miles west of Niagara. Falls. 1679 * * French exploration of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi. May* Can. The Griffin ib launched on Lake Erie. Aug. 7. La Salle sails in the Griffin from Niagara on his remarkable tour of dis- covery through three of the Great Lakes. rfov.ir * A great comet becomes visible. 1680 Feb. 10. The great comet dis- appears. [It terrorized New England, while it enabled Newton to ascertain the para- bolic form of the trajectory of comets.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1675 Marquette. Jacques, explorer of Miss. River, A38. Dudley, Paul, colonial jurist, born. 1676 Bacon, Nathaniel, patriot of Va., "rebel," A34. Calvert, Cecil, 2d Lord Baltimore, dies. Clarke, John, founder of Bap. ch., ACT. Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn.. ATM. Berkeley, Sir William, Gov. of Va.. ACT. Gorton, .Samuel, pioneer settler K. I., A77. ? 1678 Coddington, William, founder of R. I., A77. Conant. Kcz-t. settler in Mass., A *h. Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass., A63. Wheelright, John, Puritan clergyman, A85. Wolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., born. CHURCH. 1675 * * Can. The Recollects are ac- tive, and Hennepin is among them. * * Del. The first Quaker meetings are held. * * Mass. Indians are abused. Fifteen Christian Indians, who had rendered the colonists most faithful service as scouts, and are living peace- fully in their own towns, are taken and with their hands bound behind them, are fastened together by ropes round their necks, marched down to Boston, and thrown into prison. [Finally they are expelled and remove to Deer's island, where hunger, exposure, and disease reduce their number.] 1676* * Can. Rivalry between the Jesuits and other orders. * * It. Innocent XI., pope. 1677 * * Mass. Laws passed for the pun- ishment of persons attending a Quaker meeting. 1678 * * .Y. Y. First record of Protes- tant Episcopal services in New York. 1679* * Boston. Charles II. causes the first Episcopal church to he built. * * -80 * * Boston. The Congregational " Reformed Synod " approves the Savoy confession. * * Hoi. Labadists send Danckers and Sluyter to New York. SOCIETY. 1675 * * Mass. The colonists are terri- fied by an impending Indian war. Superstition adds its terrors : some have seen an Indian bow drawn across the heavens ; others see a scalp on the face of the eclipsed moon ; others see phantom horsemen gallop through the air, or hear the whistling of bullets, etc. AMERICA. 1675, July 9-1680, May 10. 47 Oppression of the Indiana during King Philip's War. "The governor and council issue an order disbanding all Christian Indians, expelling them from white towns, im- prisoning them within live of their own towns, and forbidding them to leave these towns on penalty of death. [Later a reward of §100 was "offered for every Christian Indian killed, if found more than one mile from his town.] Prevent- ed from hunting, not allowed to gather their crops, forbidden to work or buy food in white towns, they are reduced to f;reat suffering, and starvation seems to ace them ; and yet they uttered no com- plaint, but continued steadfast in the faith." (Cyc. of Missions.) 1676 June * Va. The new reform As- sembly absolutely prohibits the sale of wines and ardent spirits; if not at Jamestown, yet elsewhere through the whole country. * * Md. The importation of convicted felons is prohibited. 1677 * * N.J. Selling liquor to Indi- ans is a finable offense ; penalty, $100, and this is doubled at each subsequent offense, with 20 stripes if the offender is unable to pay. 1678 * * N. Y. West Indian or Guinea slaves are valued at about §150 at Man- hattan. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1675 July 9. N. Y. A force under Gov. Andros sails to the Connecticut to claim the territory westward for the Duke of York. July 11. Conn. The Puritans at Say- brooke intimidate Andros, and he re- turns. Connecticut protests against the invasion. * * Md. Sir Charles Calvert becomes proprietor by the death of Cecil, his father, on November 30. Nov. 6. N. J. Carteret resumes the government from which he had been expelled in East Jersey. John Fenwick plants a colony at Sa- lem. Commissioners rule W. Jersey. * * New York. William Darvall the 8th mayor. 1676 Apr. * Va. Bacon's rebellion distracts the colony. Civil war is brought on by the corruption, tyranny, and in- efficiency of Governor Berkeley. Virginians are divided into an aris- tocratic and a people's party. [The lat- ter is suppressed after the death of Bacon, its leader. The rebellion cost the colony £100,000.] The particular causes of the rebellion chiefly lay in the low price of tobacco and wrongs committed in exchanging goods for it, with a dislike for proprie- taries unknown to the charter and bur- densome taxes occasioned thereby; the burdening of trade by parliamentary restraints also excited opposition. Apr. 19. Eng. Charles II. orders that a liberal charter be prepared for Vir- ginia, in response to protests. [May 31. Order reversed.] May 29. Va. Berkeley proclaims Bacon a traitor. * * R. I. Walter Clarke, governor. June 24. Va. Meeting of the New As- sembly that enacts the "Baecn Laws," a series of reform measures. Bacon appointed commander-in-chief against the Indians. July 1. N.J. By a" quintipartite deed," New Jersey is divided into East and "West Jersey; the former is granted to George Carteret, the latter to the Quaker assignees of BylUnge. July 4. Va. Completion of the reform legislation of the new assembly, and momentary joy of the colony. (Date by New Style.) It is the first revolution. July * Boston. Arrival of Edward Randolph as king's messenger, to coL lect evidence against Massachusetts. Aug. 3. Va. A popular convention meets at Middle Plantations (Williams- burg), and votes to sustain Bacon against the Indians, and if possible prevent civil war. Oct. 1. Va. Bacon suddenly sickens and dies. Nov. ± * Va. Thomas Hanford, a pa- triot, is condemned and hanged by Berkeley. He is the first native Amer- ican to perish on the gallows, a martyr to the right of the people to govern themselves. * * Can. La Salle returns as proprietor of a large tract near Fort Frontenac. * * Eng. The king commands the royal governors to strictly enforce the navi- gation laws, as well as those imposing duties (1672) on colonial trade. * * New York. Nicholas de Meyer thie 9th mayor. * * Va. The patriotic citizens of James- town burn their own houses and the entire town to ashes, rather than have it the capital of a tyrant. 1677 Jan. 20. Va. The vindictive gov- ernor Berkeley hangs the patriot, "Wil- liam Drummond, three hours after his trial. Jan 31. Va. Arrival of royal commis- sioners to investigate the causes of the rebellion. [Sir H. Jeffreys, governor.] * * Va. Disastrous consequences fol- low the rebellion. Berkeley hangs 22 of the leading pa- triots, and distresses the people with fines and confiscations ; speaking or writing against the government is made punishable by fine or whipping, when thrice repeated, with death ; arbitrary, tyrannical government ensues. Mar. 3. N.J. The fundamental laws of West New Jersey perfected and pub- lished (Concessions and Agreements) — democratic equality conspicuous ; social government is established. May. * Maine is bought by Massachu- setts for £1,250, after the dispute with the heirs of Ferdinando Gorges is de- cided against them. It becomes a part of their colony. Aug. 25. Va. Lord Culpepper ob- tains the control of the government, as proprietor and governor. * * N. C. An English collector of cus- toms provokes an insurrection in the district of Pasquotank, which over- turns the government ; it is practically an independent state [for two years]. President Miller is imprisoned, and John Culpepper elected to his place. * * New Eng. A postal system is in- augurated, which substitutes the custom of leaving letters at the Town House, to be forwarded at the pleasure of persons who visit that place. * * N. If. The king secures a decision from the judges that the revived Mason claims had always been worthless. * * Md. Thomas Notley, governor. {R.I. Benedict Arnold.) [1678. John Crans- ton. Pa. Sir Henry Chicheley.] * * New York. S. van Cortlandt the 10th mayor. 1678 Apr. 12. Mass. Governor Wins- low makes peace with the Indians, each English family to pay them a peck of corn, annually, as quit-rent. May 12. La Salle receives a grant for the construction of forts, taking lands, and holding a monopoly of trade in the West. June 10. Boston. Arrival of Edward Randolph, collector and surveyor of customs, with specific instruction to en- force the Navigation Act. The people treat him as an enemy invading their rights. Oct. 10. N. Y. Governor Andros de- mands that the ships of New Jersey should pay tribute to New York. * * N. J. Many Quakers arrive. * * New York. Thomas Delavall the 11th mayor. The city contains 343 houses. 1679 July 24. N. II. By a decree of Charles II., New Hampshire is sepa- rated from Massachusetts, and organ- ized as a royal province, and Edward Cranfield is its first governor. * * N. C. Governor Miller escapes from prison, goes to England, and seeks re- dress. {N.J. Sam. Jennings, dep. gov.) * * Mass. The British government as- sails Massachusetts. The General Court opposes the king. (Simon Bradstreet, governor.) It votes " that the acts of navigation are an invasion of the rights and privi- leges of the subjects of his majesty in this colony, they not being represented in Parliament." * * New York. Francis Rombouts the 12th mayor. 1680 Mar. 16. N. H. The first Pro- vincial Assembly convened at Ports- mouth ; John Cutts the royal governor. Apr. 30. N. J. Gov. Philip Carteret is arrested for interference with the authority of the governor of the prov- ince of New York, Sir Edmund Andros, and is taken to New York City. May 10. Va. Lord Culpepper arrives and assumes the office of governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1676 Nov. * Boston. Forty-six dwell- ings, a church, and other buildings are burned. 1679 * * Boston. A great fire occurs ; 80 dwellings and 70 warehouses are burned. Estimated loss £200,000. 1680, June-1685. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1680 * * Panama. Morgan's buccaneers cross the isthmus, and take the city of Santa Maria from the Spaniards. 1681 * * III. Fort St. Louis, on the Illi- nois Jtiver, is founded by La Salle. 1682 i * * The Carolina colonists main- tain war wi th the savages for a year, not so much to punish as to capture them, in order to sell them as slaves in the West Indies. * * Can. The French attack the Hudson Bay Company's posts. 1684 * * A long war begins between the Five Nations and the French, chiefly on the upper lakes. The French Jesuits repeatedly fail to persuade the Five Nations to break their peace with the Dutch and English. The French erect a fort at the Falls of Niagara. Under De la Barre they in- vade the country of the Iroquois, but the mighty Mohawks and the brave Oneidas drive them back with much slaughter. 1685 * * Nicaragua. Leon is sacked by William Dampier. ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1680 * * Hennepin, a French priest, with La Salle, discovers the Mississippi River and the " Falls of Saint Anthony of Padua." 1681 Feb. 6. La Salle is on the Mis- sissippi. Mar. 14. La Salle is near the Arkansas River. Aug. 17. First appearance of a comet having a tail 15° long. [It continues in the view of New Englanders for several weeks.] 1682 Apr. 9. La Salle reaches the Mississippi River, and sets up a cross and the arms of France, having de- scended from the confluence of the Illi- nois River to the Gulf of Mexico ; he calls the great valley Louisiana. [One of the most remarkable exploits in the history of the country.] 16S3 Nov. * Can. La Salle returns from his explorations. 1685 Oct. 31. La Salle,- with four armed French vessels, leaves the Lavaca River on the Gulf coast to find the Mis- sissippi, without success. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1680 Bienville, de. Jean Eaptiste L., Sieur, born. Boylston, Zalxliel, physician, born. 1682 Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier, de, Jesuit, born. Stuyvesant. Peter, Gov. of K". Y., A80. 1683 "Williams. Roger, founder in R. I., A84. 1685 Morton, Nathaniel, historian in New Eng., A73. CHURCH. 1680* * Can. Father Hennepin is cap- tured by the Sioux, and attempts mission work among them, hut without success. * * The Society of Friends (Quakers) begins to spread rapidly in America. * * N. J, Presbyterian church organ- ized in Woodbridge and Fairfield. * * S. C. The first Episcopal clergyman is Rev. Atkin Williamson. ' Boston. A Baptist church edifice erected. * * Va. Four of Cromwell's soldiers are hanged by a mob for religious opinions " as a warning to the remainder." 1681 June 28. N. J. First General Yearly Meeting of the Quakers at Burlington. 1682 Sept. 25. Me. The first Baptist church in Maine organized at Kittery. [Bitter opposition from the " Standing Order" follows.] * * Boston. The quarrel between the First and Third churches ends. * * -90 * * jV. J. Persecuted Quakers and Presbyterians arrive in great numbers. Many Scotch Presbyterians arrive. * * S. C. The first Baptist church is formed in this colony at Charleston. The Episcopal church is also estab- lished there. 1683 Oct.* N. Y. The first General Assembly of the royal province enacts that no person should be in any wise dis- tressed or persecuted who accepts the general doctrines of religion. * * Can. Mission of St. Francis de Sales established at the Falls of the Chaudiere; their work spreads into Maine. * * Mich. French priests plant the cross and the flag of France in the wilderness in the present site of Detroit. * * Boston. John Emblem of England becomes pastor of the Baptist church. * * Md. A Presbyterian church at Rehoboth formed. Francis Makemie, a Presbyterian, sent out from Ireland, arrives. [A new era in Presbyterianism follows.] * * N. J. Many Covenanter Presby- terians arrive in East Jersey, whither they flee from the persecutions in Scot- land on the reestablishment of Episco- pacy. * * N. Y. A Huguenot Presbyterian church established. * * New York. A Catholic, Thomas Don- gau, appointed governor of New York by the Catholic Duke of York. Jesuit Fathers arrive, and com- mence the services of the Catholic church. * * Pa. Mennonites arrive at German- town. 1684 July * Mass. Joseph Gatchell of Marblehead is brought before the Gen- eral Court for discoursing " that all men should be saved." * * Mtl. Francis Makemie organizes the Presbyterian church at Snow Hill. 1685 * * Fr. Blind and bigoted Louis XIV. of France, hoping to make Catholi- cism universal, revokes the edict of Nantes, which protected Protestants in their worship ; he thus exiles 500,000 of the best people of France [many of whom settle in America, chiefly in (South) Carolina, during the following years]. ' • A. ) '. A Huguenot Presbyterian church formed on Staten Island. * ♦ New Jersey becomes the refuge of persecuted Scotch Presbyterians. * * 8. C. First Baptist church organ- i/.'-ii near Cooper River. * * Va. Dr. James Blair i.> sent as the commissary of the Bishop <•( London. [The American Protestant Episco- pal churchis without abishop 100 years.] LETTERS. 1680 Oct. * Mass. The Court grants the ferry between Boston and Charles- town to Harvard College. * * MOSS. A new edition of Eliot's Bible published. 1684* * Va. The first printing-press south of Boston is set up, and soon sup- pressed by the governor. 1685 * * -1701 * * Mass. Increase Mather is president of Harvard College. * * Phifa. William Bradford sets up the first printing-press in the colony, and issues an almanac. SOCIETY. 1680± * * Carolina. Two opposing par- ties contend, the Cavaliers and " Hi- livers," having morals fashioned after those of the profligate court of Charles, and the Presbyterians. Quakers, and Huguenots. 1681 Mar. 5. Pa. William Perni pro- poses a commonwealth founded on free- dom, without respect to color, race, or religion, to subdue the savages by the weapons of love and justice, and to es- tablish a refuge for persecuted Quakers. * * Pa. Penn writes the Swedes who have already settled in Pennsylvania to be of good cheer, keep their homes, make their own laws, and fear no oppression. "Nov. * JV. J. The "West Jersey Assem- bly prohibits the sale of ardent spir- its to red men, and permits criminals, other than murderers, to be pardoned by the persons injured. * * Va. Six Susquehannoek chieftains sue for peace, and are foully murdered. [This shameful atrocity leads to war.] 1682 * * Va. It is enacted that the con- version of servants to the Christian faith does not make them free. 1683 * * Pa. To prevent lawsuits, three peacemakers are appointed for each county. 1635** Pa. The yearly Meeting of Friends, for Pennsylvania and New Jer- sey, declares against intemperance. " This meeting doth unanimously agree and give as their judgment that it is not consistent with the honor of truth, for any that make profession thereof, to sell rum or any strong liquors to the Indians, because they use them not to modera- tion, but to excess and drunkenness." * * Va. Many persons Implicated in the Monmouth rebellion, in England, are sent to this colony, by Jeffries, as ser- vants for'a term of years. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 16S0 June * Va. A royal revenue from a perpetual export duty on to- AMERICA. 1680, June -1685. 49 bacco is voted by the Assembly ; and thus the only check on the administra- tion is dissolved. Aug. * N. J. The Duke of York relin- quishes every claim to the territory of New Jersey. * * III. La Salle is among the Illinois Indians. * * Maine organized as a province of Massachusetts by the governor and Gen- eral Court. * * N. C. John Harvey, president. [John Jenkins.] B. /. Peleg Sandford. * * New Mex. Revolts begin. * * -81 * * New York. "William Dyer the 13th mayor. * * S. C. The colony on the Ashley River at (old) Charleston, move to [the present site of] Charleston, and make it the seat of government. 1681 * * Mass. T. Hinckley, governor of Plymouth. (N. C. Henry Wilkinson.) Mar. 4. Pennsylvania is granted to "William Penn (41° and 43° N.), who be- comes the proprietor of a great state at the cost of £16,000 sterling. Mar. * N. J. The Duke of York confirms Perm's purchase in New Jersey. Mar. 14. Ark. La Salle, near the Ar- kansas River, takes possession of the country for France. June 27 ±. Md. Lord Baltimore, by proc- lamation, arbitrarily annuls the liberal elective franchise, and limits it to freeholders possessing 50 acres, or free- men having a visible estate of 40 pounds, and making no distinction respecting color. July 11. Eng. Penn agrees to the "Conditions and Concessions." Three immigrant vessels are sent out for Pennsylvania. Nov. * N. J. The first General Sessions of the province of West Jersey meets at the call of Jennings, the deputy-gov- * * Md. The opposition to Lord Balti- more as a feudal sovereign and a Catho- lic increases. [In England he is accused of favoring papists.] * * Pa. The first colony arrives, and settles above the confluence of the Schuylkill and the Delaware. 1682 Feb. 1, 2. N. J. William Penn and eleven other Quakers buy the re- mainder of New Jersey from the heirs of Carteret. Feb. * Mass. The General Court ap- points Joseph Dudley and John Rich- ards as its agents in defending its charter before the king. Mar. * N. Y. An attempt to levy cus- toms without a colonial assembly is de- feated by the grand jury, and trade becomes free. Apr. 9. La Salle, having descended the St. Joseph, the Illinois, and the Missis- sippi Rivers to the sea, takes possession of the great valley for Louis XXV., and calls it Louisiana. Apr. 25. Penn, by proclamation, pro- poses that the colonists make their own laws, and pledges not to interfere, or leave it in the power of his successors to do so, " that the will of no one man may hinder the good of a whole coun- try." July 10. Phila. [Walnut Street] sur- veyed by David Hammon. Aug. 24. Del. The Duke of York grants the territories beyond the Delaware (Newcastle) to Penn. Oct. 27. Pa. Penn,with 100 immigrants, first lands at Newcastle. Witnin one year 80 houses and cottages are built. Dec. 4+. Pa. Penn holds a general con- vention of colonists at Chester to or- ganize the territory. * * Can. Frontenac recalled to France. * * III. First English settlement made near the Mississippi River (near Alton). * * N. H. The people revolt against arbitrary government, and the governor abandons the colony. * * N.J. Perth Amboy founded. Newark has about 100 families. Set- tlements commenced on the Jersey shore of the Delaware by 360 emigrants. The Friends, having control of both East and West Jersey, elect Robert Barclay, a Scotch Quaker, governor of the province for life. * * -87 * * N.J. Period of Scotch emi- gration, pressed by persecution. * * -83 * * New York. Cornells Steen- wyck the 14th mayor. * * Pa. Welsh immigrants arrive. * * S. C. Jos. Morton is governor. 1683 Jan. * Pa. Penn buys out the possessions of the Swedes near the Schuylkill. Feb. * Pa. Penn completes the laying out of the city of Philadelphia by blazing the trees. Mar. 12. Phila. The first Assembly is held. [Apr. 2. New charter given.] * * Conn. R. Treat, gov. [N. J. Gawen Lawrie. R. I. Win. Coddington, Jr.] May 23. Fa. Appeals to the king, un- der the value of one hundred pounds sterling, prohibited. June 23. Pa. Penn enters a treaty of peace and friendship with the Indians under an elm-tree at Shackamoxon (Kensington). "The only treaty never sworn to, and never broken." (Voltaire.) July 26. Mass. A writ of quo war- ranto issued against the charter by the Crown. The king will regulate the charter for his service and their good, if submission is made before prosecution. The colony sends a letter of attorney to an agent in England to act in their behalf. Aug. 28. N. Y. Thomas Dongan ar- rives, and succeeds Andros as governor. Aug. * Va. Lord Howard of Effing- ham is appointed governor. Oct. 17. N. Y. First session of the Assembly. Representatives of the freeholders first meet in an assembly of two houses, under Dongan, the Roman Catholic governor. [Oct. 30. It passes the Charter of Liber- ties, enlarging rights, with toleration for all Christians.] Nov. 23. N. Y, Partition line agreed to between New York and Connecticut. * * N. C. Seth Sothel is sent out as gov- ernor ; he oppresses the people and de- frauds the proprietors. * * S. C. A company of dissenters leaves England and settles in Charleston. An Irish company settles in the same province, on the Ashley River. The best blood of Europe, English, Irish, Scotch, and French, combines in these settle- ments. * * Pa. Germantown settled by about 20 families of Germans, chiefly Mennon- ites. * * Port. Peter H. enthroned. * * Va. Arlington surrenders his interest in Virginia to Culpepper. * * * Va. Poverty, misgovernment, and general distress prevail. 1684 June 21. Mass. On a suit of scire facias, the English Court of Chan- cery gives judgment against the colony, declares its charter is forfeited, and its liberties seized by the king. July 25. Virginia becomes a royal province. Lord Howard, governor. Charles II. revokes the grant of Vir- ginia to Lord Culpepper on the ground of his dishonesty, frauds, and many vices. Aug. 2. N. Y. The agent of Massachu- setts, the governors of New York and Virginia, and the sachems of the Iro- . quois Indians meet at Albany, and set- tle on the terms of a lasting peace. Aug.* Pa. Penn sails for England, and appoints Thomas Lloyd president in his absence ; five commissioners are chosen to assist him. Aug. * La. La Salle is sent from France to settle a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi ; [the entrance is missed, and St. Louis is settled and abandoned.] * * -88 * * Mass. The darkest period in the history of this colony. The mother country exasperates the colo- nists by tyrannical government. Jos. Dudley, president Massachusetts Bay. * * New York. Gabriel Minviellethe 15th mayor. * * Philadelphia has about 2,000 inhab- itants. * * S. C. Lord Cardross, with ten families of persecuted Presbyterians, arrives at Port Royal. [Expelled by Spaniards.] Rich. Kirk [Robert Quarry], governors. * * N.J. Thos. Olive, gov. (West Jersey). 1685 Feb. 6. Eng. The Duke of York enthroned as James II. Apr. 20. Boston. JamesII. proclaimed. July 2. Boston. A copy of the judgment of the Court of Chancery received, and the charter expires. July * Tex. La Salle, with four French ships, lands a colony on the coast ; the country becomes a part of Louisiana. Oct. 22. Fr. The edict of Nantes is revoked, and emigration to America quickened. * * [U. S.] Governors appointed: * * N. J. John Skeine (W. Jersey). * *B.I. Henry Bull. * * S. C. Joseph Norton. 50 1685-1691, June. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1686 * * ^V. Y. The French attack the Senecas. * * S. C. The Scotch colonists at Port Koyal are driven away by Spaniards, who lay waste their plantation. 1687 June 13. Can. Denonville leaves Montreal to attack the Senecas. * * N. Y. The invading French under Denonville are again driven back by the Mohawks and Oneidas. 1688 June 17. Guiana. Mutiny of soldiers in Dutch Guiana ; the Gov- ernor is killed. * * Me. Fort Andros is built. 1689 * * -97 * * King William's "War with the French, — a part of the gen- eral war against Louis XIV. June 25. France declares war against England. June 27. N. H. Indians are allies of the French, and they surprise Dover ; 23 persons are killed and 29 captured ; the houses are burned, and the place left desolate. Aug. 4, 5. Can. The Iroquois attack Lachine. Aug. 25. Can. The Isle of Montreal is surprised by l t 500 Iroquois, and its 200 inhabitants are massacred. The war-like Iroquois spread terror throughout Canada as far as Quebec, until peace is finally made. * * Can. Frontenac decides to make a triple descent upon the English colonies. * * -90 * * N. H. Indians commit many depredations. 1690 Feb. 8. N. Y. Surprise and mas- sacre of the English at Schenectady by 300 French and Indians ; 60 persons are killed, 30 captives taken, and the village is burned. Mar. 27. N. H. The Indians surprise and destroy Salmon Falls on the Pis- cataqua River. Apr. * Can. The English under Sir Wil- liam Phips seize Port Royal (Annapo- lis). May 17. Me. The French and Indians take and destroy Casco. Aug. * N. Y. The land-attack on Can- ada fails, through the division and mutual criminations of Leisler and Winthrop, after reaching Lake Cham- plain. Oct. 16. Can. A Massachusetts fleet of 32 vessels, under the incompetent Phips, arrives before Quebec. Oct. 21. Can. The invaders reembark for Boston without making an attack. Oct. * Can. "Wreck of a part of the re- turning New England fleet. Nov. * The exhausted and debt-burdened colonies content themselves with the defense of their frontiers against the French. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 16S6 Apr. 26. La Salle again starts to ascend the Mississippi to Canada. 1687 Jan. 12. Tea;. La Salle and 10 companions set out to walk from the Texas coast to Canada. [He is assassi- nated by one of his men.] * * Peru. Terrible earthquake at Lima. City of Callao also destroyed by an earthquake followed by a tidal wave. 1690 * * Phila. Wm. Bradford estab- lishes the first paper-mill in America at Germantown. * * S. C. Rice is first planted, the seed being given by the captain of a vessel. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1686 Alden, John, Pilgrim settler, A88. 1687 La Salle, de, Robert. Cavalier, ex- plorer, A44. Prince, Thomas, clergyman, born. 1688 Dickinson, Jonathan, clergyman, horn. IWayhew, John, missionary to Indians, dies. Vincennes, Jean de, founder, born. 1690 Allouez, Claude Jean, Jesuit Miss., A70. Barclay, Robert, Scottish writer, A52. Beissel, Johann Conrad, Ger.-Am. mystic, b. Eliot, John, Apostle to the Indians, A86. 1691 Leisler, Jacob, usurper in N.Y., hanged. CHURCH. 1686 * * Boston. Andros, the President of New England, forcibly seizes the Old South Church for Episcopal service. * * New Eng. The Episcopal clergy- man is the only person in all New Eng- land who is authorized to unite persons in marriage. * * Mass. Episcopacy is fully intro- duced by Governor Andros, and the people required to furnish funds to build a church for its service. A tax of the same amount is levied upon each person, poor or rich. Some towns refuse to pay it. Huguenots arrive. * * 5. C. A Huguenot Presbyterian church formed in Charleston. 1687 Mar. 27. Boston. The Old South Meeting-house opened on Good Fri- day, by Andros, for Episcopal service. * * Boston. A Huguenot Presbyterian church formed in Boston. 1688* * Boston. Governor Andros causes the erection of King's Chapel. "Worship after the form of the Protes- tant Episcopal Church becomes regular and permanent among the Puritans. * * Me. Mission work among the Abnaki Indians is renewed by the Jesuits. 1689 * * It. Alexander VIII., pope. * * iV. J. A Baptist church is organized at Piscataqua called "Anabaptist Town." * * Pa. Presbyterians begin to arrive from Scotland and the north of Ireland. A Presbyterian church formed in Phil- adelphia. 1690 May 20. Mass. John Eliot, nearly GO years a pastor and missionary to the Indians, dies, aged 86. * * Ind. French priests establish a mis- sion on the Wabash River at Vincennes (Indiana). * * Md. A Presbyterian organization is formed in Upper Marlborough. LETTERS. 1688 * * XT. Y. Printing - presses are forbidden in the province by royal authority. 1690 Sept. 25. Boston. The first newspaper, called Public Occurrences, issued ; the government suppresses it after the first issue. SOCIETY. 1691 May 16. A*. )'. Governor Slough- ter is made drunk by Royalists, who thereby secure his signature U) the death warrants of the patriots Leisler and Mil- borne. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1685 * * Brazil. Insurrection at Maranham. * * Can. Denonville becomes governor. * *-87* * James II. makes strenuous efforts to take away all the New Eng- land charters. He consolidates all the American colo- nies from Maine to the Delaware, with Sir Edmund Andros as temporary royal governor. * * 2f. T. The Duchy of New York be- comes a royal province. * *XeivYork. Nicholas Bayard the 16th mayor. * * S. C. Great numbers of persecuted Huguenots arrive. A collector of customs for the Crown is established at Charleston. * * Va. Despotism attempted by James II. and resisted by the colonists. * * * Rivalry between France and Great Britain in America. 1686 April 27. N. Y. Governor Don- gan grants a charter to the city of New York. [It remains the basis of its muni- cipal rights for 200 years.] May 14. Mass. Joseph Dudley, a late convert to kingly prerogative, is ap- pointed the royal president of Massa- chusetts by James II. [He is regarded as the betrayer of his country's liberties.] May 25. Mass, The charter govern- ment is displaced. July 22. N. Y. City of Albany incor- porated. Nov. 16. Eng. Treaty of neutrality between England and France, for Amer- ica. Nov. * S. C. James Colleton becomes governor. He foolishlv attempts to establish Philosopher Locke's absurd constitu- tion, hence the colony rebels. Dec. 19. Nev>Eng. Sir Edmund An- dros, vicegerent of New England and the first royal governor, arrives at Bos- ton ; two companies of soldiers are sent to support his authority. Connecticut and [S.] Carolina have writs quo warranto issued against them. * * Eng. James II. resolves to reduce all colonies to a direct dependence on the Crown, * * Mass, Arrival of Huguenots. * * A r . J. Lord Neill Campbell is gover- nor (E. Jersey). (R.I. W.Clarke.) * * X. Y. James II. abolishes the rep- resentative assembly, and resumes ar- bitrary and oppressive government. AMERICA. 1685-1691, June. 51 * * -87 * * New York. S. van Cortlandt the 17th mayor. 16S7 * * Conn.—R. L Charters are re- scinded in England. Jan. 12. Ii. /. Andros dissolves the gov- ernment, and breaks the seal. Five citizens are appointed members of his council, and a commission substi- tutes representative government. Oct. 31. Conn. Gov. Andros visits Hartford to establish his authority. He enters the Assembly, writes FINIS at the bottom of the record, and demands the immediate surrender of their liberal charter; Governor Treat pleads and ar- gues till darkness falls, when Joseph Wadsworth secretly takes the charter away and hides it in the famous oak, and so saves the liberties of Connecticut. Andros assumes the government. * * Can. French diplomacy aims to per- vade the West, and concerts an alliance with all Indians to the Mississippi. About 11,000 persons in New France, one-twentieth of the population in the English settlements. * * Md. A writ quo warranto issued against Maryland. * * N. C. Gov. Colleton attempts to collect quit-rents on cultivated fields and wild lands, and arouses insubordination; the secretary of the province is impris- oned, the records seized, and the gov- ernor and his patrons defied. * * N.J. Daniel Coxe receives Byllynge's interest in "West Jersey. Coxe becomes governor ; Andrew Hamilton is gover- nor of East Jersey. * * N. Y. Got. Dongan is ordered, from England, to protect the Five Nations from the French. 1688 * * New Eng. Continued tyr- anny of Andros ; the colonists send an agent to England to present their griev- ances to the king. * * New York is made a dependency of New England by annexation to the vice- royalty of Andros, its governor-general. Apr. * N. J. Proprietors of East New Jersey submit to Andros, the royal usurper of authority. July * iVeto Eng. The seaboard from the St. Croix to Maryland is under one dominion, having Boston for its capital. Aug. 11. Andros is made governor-gen- eral of British America. Oct. * N J. The proprietors of "West New Jersey vote to surrender their government to New England. Nov. 5. Eng. "William of Orange lands in Devonshire. Dec. 11. Eng. James II. flees for France. * * N. Y. Francis Nicholson appointed lieutenant-governor. (Pa. John Black- well, deputy. Va. Nathaniel Bacon.) ± * * Carolina. Many Huguenots, flee- ing from the persecutions of Louis XIV., join this colony. * * N.C. An insurrection against Seth Sothel; the infamous governor is over- thrown, disfranchised, and banished by the colonists. 1689 Jan. 4. Eng. Col. Henry Sloughter appointed governor of N. Y. Feb. 13. Eng. William and Mary en- throned. Mar. 14. Mass. The king concedes the recall of Governor Andros. Apr. 4. Boston. The Revolution in England known. A messenger announces the invasion of England by William III., and is thrown into prison. Apr. 18. Boston. Tidings received of the accession of William and Mary, the royal government is overthrown [and the despotic Andros is sent to prison]. Apr. 20. Boston. The general court again assembles, and Simon Bradstreet is restored to power. Apr.* Md. An armed force, led by John Coode, is organized against the adher- ents of Baltimore, in the interest of "William III. Apr, * New York. A tumult of gladness over the Revolution in England takes place. May 1. Rhode Island resumes its char- ter privileges which Andros annulled. May 9. -Conn. James II. being dethroned and Andros deposed, the old govern- ment, under Treat, is resumed by the colonists, under the charter so saga- ciously preserved in the oak-tree. May 26. Mass. News of the accession of William and Mary received with great joy. May * N. Y. Bitter feud between fac- tions in New York, each seeking to con- trol the colony for or against William and Mary. June* -92 Aug.* N.J. Owing to many conflicting claims of authority, there is no recognized government ; the peo- ple are vexed by a superfluity of rulers. June 1. New York. The military com- panies persuade Jacob Leisler, their senior captain, to possess the fort and assume the temporary government for William HI. June 5. Mass. The House of Repre- sentatives meets, and refusea to act till the old charter officers of 1686 assume their power as of right. June 8. A r . 1". A committee of safety of ten is appointed, and they attempt to reorganize the government on liberal principles. Aug. 1. Md. John Coode, at the head of "the Association in arms for the de- fense of the Protestant religion," usurps the government, forces the adherents of Baltimore to capitulate, and consent to exclude Catholics from office. Aug. * N. Y. Lieut.-Gov. Nicholson goes to Albany to escape the hostile peo- ple, and denounces Leisler as a rebel. Sept. * N. Y. Commissioners from New England hold a conference with the Mohawks at Albany. Dec* N. Y. A royal letter received, com- missioning Nicholson as governor. * * N. C. Gov. Philip Ludwell conducts an excellent administration [continuing six years]. Huguenots arrive. * * N. Y. New Rochelle is settled by Huguenots. * * -90 * * New York. Peter de la Noy, the 18th mayor. * * S. C. Governor Ludwell comes to South Carolina, and attempts to en- force the absurd constitution of Locke, and confusion, approaching an- archy, prevails. Gov. Colleton pretends to fear danger from Indians or Spaniards, and pro- claims martial law, but can find no force to execute it. * * Conn. Robt.Treat.gov. (Mass. Thos. Hinckley, Plymouth ; Thos. Danforth, acting governor Mass. Bay Colony.) 1690 May 1 . New York. First Amer- ican Congress. A conference of colo- nial governors, respecting the safety of the colonies, is held. They decide to attempt the conquest of Canada, by a force descending Lake Champlain, and another sailing from Boston for Quebec. Mar. 12. N.H. On the downfall of Gov. Andros, the Assembly reannex the province to Massachusetts. * * Car. — Va. Many French Protestant refugees migrate to America, and settle chiefly in Carolina and Virginia. * * Massachusetts issues paper money to * meet her war debt. * * N. Y. Jacob Leisler is recognized throughout the province as temporary governor. * * N. C. Governor Ludwell leaves the colony, despairing of its government. * * S. C. Gov. Colleton is impeached by the colonists for arbitrary government and banished. Seth Sothel, the candidate of the popular party, becomes their vexatious governor [for two years]. +_* * Germany. The ravages of war in their native land drive many Germans to America; Germantown, near Phila- delphia, is settled by them. * * JR. I, Henry Bull, governor. Later, John Easton. 1691 Mar. 19. New York. The new governor, Col. Sloughter, arrives from England. Captain Jacob Leisler resigns his trust, and is immediately arrested on the charge of treason. Apr. 1. Pa. Delaware secedes from Pennsylvania. Penn reluctantly con- sents to the desire of the " lower coun- ties" (Del.) to govern themselves. [They are two years under Markham.] May 16. New York. Leisler and Mil- borne, his son-in-law, are hanged for treason, by the authority of a drunkard, Governor Sloughter. The act considered judicial murder. June 1. Md. King William revolution- izes the government, and takes it as a royal province ; Sir Lionel Copley is sent out as governor. [He establishes the Church of England, and taxes the Catholics to maintain it. He finally disfranchises the Catholics, who established the colony.] 52 1691, Aug.-1697, Mar. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1691 * * Can. Major Schuyler makes a raid, on the French settlements on the Sorel. 1692 * * -94 * * Me. Indian depreda- tions occur. Jan. 25. Me, The town of York is surprised and nearly destroyed by the French and Indians ; about 75 people are massacred, and as many taken into captivity. Feb. * Can. The French send a force against the Mohawks. Frontenac sends 300 French with In- dians against the hunting parties of Senecas in Upper Canada, and under- takes to subdue the Five Nations. Oct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher is com- missioned to take command of the mi- litia of Connecticut ; but the Puritans of Hartford successfully resist him, and he returns to New York. Nov. 26. Can, Port Royal (Annapolis) surrenders to a French ship. * * N. Y. Major Schuyler, of Albany, makes great efforts to pacify the terri- fied settlers, and protect them from the Indians. * * Me. Sir William Phips, the governor, erects Fort William Henry at Pemaquid. * *-1700* * Mexico is reconquered, by Diego de Vergas. * * Newfoundland. The English destroy the French settlement. 1693 Jan. * -Feb. * N. T. A strong French force invades the country of the Mohawks, bent on their extermination. Feb. 6. N. Y. Mohawks are attacked by the French and Indians ; 300 prison- ers are taken. Feb. * N. Y. Major Schuyler leaves Albany with 200 men, pursues the French, and liberates the captive Mo- hawks. Aug. 11. Me. The Abnaki Indians sue for peace after a long and bloody war. * * Can. Frontenac leads a French ex- pedition against the Iroquois, * * England resolves to conquer Can- ada. A British fleet arrived at Boston. 1694 July 18. N. H. About 250 In- dians attack a village on Oyster River ; . 94 persons are killed or captured. . * * Can. Frontenac conducts his last campaign against the Iroquois. 1696 * * Eng. King William gives Cap- tain Kidd a commission and a galley of 30 guns to suppress piracy. [He turns pirate himself.] * * New England suffers from French incursions. June 26. N. H. Indians attack Ports- mouth Plain ; 14 persons are killed. * * Me. The French under Iberville and Castin capture the fort at Pemaquid (Bremen). * * Fla. Spaniards build a fort at Pen- sacola. July 28. Can. The French under Frontenac for the last time invade northern New York. [They are defeated by the colonists and their Iroquois allies.] 1697 Mar. 15. Mass. Indians attack Haverhill; 40 persons are killed or taken captive ; among the latter is Hannah Dustin, the heroine, who kills her sleeping captors. (See Society.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1692 June 7. W. I. Great earthquake in Jamaica ; nine-tenths of Port Koyal buried under water ; 2,000 perish in the convulsion, and 3,000 whites by a follow- ing pestilence. 1693 * * S. 0. The cultivation of rice begins, and with it the prosperity of the colony. (1694?; 1695?; 1698?) 1694 * * Can. A company of amateur actors give a theatrical performance at Quebec. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1692 Bravo, Lonardo, Mex. patriot, born. Dinwiddie, Kobert, Limit. -gov. of Va., born. 1695 Phips, Sir Wm,, Gov. of Mass., A44. 1696 Johnson, Samuel, Pres. of Col. Coll.,b. Pepperell, Sir William, general, born. "Wentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. H., born. CHURCH. 1691 * * It. Innocent XII., pope. * * Md. The colony being made a Royal Province, the Church of England is established by law, and the Catholic col- onists are taxed to maintain it. * * Mass. A Baptist church is organ- ized at Cohansey. * * Va. Francis Makemie goes to Lon- don, and appeals to the Presbyterian ministers for missionaries ; [two young men, John Hampton and George Mc- Nish, are sent out.] (Briggs, 1704.) 1692* *N. J. The "Scotch Meet- ing-house," Presbyterian church, or- ganized at Freehold. * * N. Y. Governor Fletcher attempts to force the Episcopal church on the colonists; but the General Assembly de- crees equality and toleration, and places the Episcopal church on a level with other churches, and permits vestrymen to call non-Episcopal pastors. About one-tenth of the population are Episco- palians. The provisions of the English Test Act are enforced against Catholics. * * Phila. First Presbyterian con- gregation in Philadelphia meets in the *' Barbadoes Company's warehouse." 1693 * * Mass. The General Court pro- vides for common schools and the sup- port of Congregational ministers. * * N. Y. The Assembly provides for the settlement and support of ministers by levying a tax on all the people. Episcopacy is established by law. * * S. C. The Baptist church is moved from Cooper River to Charleston. * * Va. The colonists establish a col- lege (William and Mary) " to educate a domestic succession of Church of Eng- land ministers," as well as to teach the children of Indians to read. 1694 Aug.* R.I. Jews first establish public worship at Newport, and find protection, 1695 Apr. 10. N. Y. The House de- cides that non-Episcopal rninisters may be called in New York. * * X. ('. Churches are erected, and provisions made lor sustaining public worship. * * Phila. First record of Protestant Episcopal services in Pennsylvania; a church is erected in Philadelphia. 1696 May 11. X. Y. The Reformed Protestant Dutch church formed in America incorporated. * * Fla. Spaniards build a Roman Cath- olic church at Pensacola. * * New York. The first Jewish syn- agogue in America is erected. The first Trinity church (Prot. Epis.) is built and endowed ; Kev. W. Vesey pastor. * * Phila. The nucleus of a Baptist church appears in the persons of John Farmer and wife from London. 1697 Feb. 6. New York. The first Trinity church (Prot. Epis.) is opened for worship. LETTERS. 1692 * * Va. William and Mary Col- lege (Prot. Epis.) chartered at Williams- burg, through the efforts of Kev. James Blair and Lieut.-gov. Nicholson. * * Mass. The degree of D.D. is first conferred by Harvard College ; it is given to its president. Increase Mather. * * Phila. A public high school, char- tered by Penn, is established. 1693 Mar. 25. Xew York. Printing is ordered to be introduced. * * Xew York. William Bradford moves to New York, sets up the first printing- press, and is appointed State-printer. [He is called the '"Father of Printing" in the middle colonies.l Aug. 23. Xeio York. The first printing is a proclamation by the governor. * * Va. Rev. James Blair is appointed the first president of William and Mary College. [1729. Active.] * * The Wonders of the Invisible World, by Cotton Mather, appears. SOCIETY. * * * X. Y. The colony is protected from French invasions and hostile Indians, for many years, by the friendly Five Na- tions. 1691* *-17l5* *X.H. Land specu- lators vex the people by buying ancient claims to their lands, and trying to dis- possess them or secure rents, but no judgments are obtained in the courts. 1692 Feb. * Mass. The witchcraft delusion breaks out at Danvers, a part of Salem. A niece of the minister is the subject, and an old Indian servant, Tituba, the victim, whose confession is obtained un- der the rod. Apr. 22. Mass. Edward Bishop, having cured one of the afflicted by flogging him, and proposed that others be cured in the same way, is sent to prison for expressing his opinion. AMERICA. 1691, Aug.-1697, Mar. 53 June 10. Mass. Bridget Bishop is hanged for witchcraft at Salem. June 30. Mass. The General Court con- demns to death five women, all of blameless lives, and all declaring them- selves innocent of witchcraft. July 19. Mass. Rebecca Nurse, a wo- man of blameless life, is taken to church in chains, and publicly excommunicated as a witch ; [later she is hanged]. Aug. 3. Mass. The Court condemns six others as witches. * * Mass. The children of Martha Car- ter witness against their mother, who is accused of witchcraft ; the two sons re- fuse to perjure themselves till tied neck and heels, and the little daughter, seven years old, is made a witness. Aug. 19. Mass. Five witches (?) hanged for witchcraft at Salem. Aug. * Mass. The delusion affects the higher classes, and a clergyman of the highest respectability is executed. * * Mass. Giles Cory, an octogenarian, refuses to plead to the charge of witch- craft, and is pressed to death. Sept. 9. Mass. Six women condemned for witchcraft. Sept. 22. Mass. Two men and seven women are executed at Salem for witchcraft ; one is pressed to death for standing mute. Sept. 28. Mass. Eight persons are hanged as witches. * * Autumn. Mass. Twenty persons have been put to death, fifty-five tortured, and the jails are full of victims. Oct. 18. Mass. Protest made by the people of Andover to the General Court against the witch tribunals. Oct. * Mass. The delusion of witchcraft is rapidly disappearing. * * New York. The whipping- post, pil- lory, and ducking-stool are set up. * * -98 * * N. Y. Gov. Fletcher receives large gifts from the pirates. 1693 Jan. * -Feb. * Mass. It becomes difficult to convict accused witches. * * Mass. Great popular indignation against the prosecutors for witchcraft. 1695 * * Carolina. Gov. John Archdale (a Quaker) protects the Indians from the kidnapping colonists. Some native Catholics are ransomed from slavery, and sent to their homes in Florida. 1696 Apr. 1. John Briggs, the her- ■ mit, dies, aged 97. His figure has become grotesque he- cause of the numerous pieces of leather nailed to his clothes ; one of his shoes is made of about 1,000 pieces of leather. Apr. * Eug. Capt. "William Kidd, a hold, successful American shipmaster, is commissioned to suppress piracy. [He becomes a pirate himself.] 1697 Jan. 14. Mass. Samuel Sewall makes a public confession of his com- plicity in the witchcraft trials. Mar. * Mass. Hannah Dustin, her ser- vant, and a boy kill ten of twelve Indians while they sleep, and then escape from captivity. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1691 Aug. * New York. Capt. Richard Ingoldsby is acting governor ; Governor Sloughter deceased (July 23). Summer. N. Y. The treaty with the Iroquois Indians (Five Nations) is re- newed at Albany. Oct. 7. Eng. King William grants a new and less liberal charter to Massa- chusetts. [He permits Rhode Island and Connecticut to resume their charters.] * * Mass. Increase Mather is permitted to nominate the first officers under the new charter ; he proposes Sir William Phipps for governor. * * New York. John Lawrence,10th mayor. 1692 Jan. 26. Can. Acadia (Nova Scotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts. Feb. * Mass. The witchcraft frenzy breaks out. (See Society.) May 14. Mass. Gov. Phipps arrives with the new charter. Phipps is also governor of Plymouth Colony and the provinces of Maine, Nova Scotia, and the country north of the St. Lawrence ; also, the Elizabeth Islands, Nantasket, and Martha's Vineyard ; unites Plym- outh with Massachusetts. Aug. 13. N. H. The English govern- ment separates New Hampshire from Massachusetts the second time, not- withstanding the protests of the people. Sept. * New York. Benjamin Fletcher, a man of bad passions and poor abilities, arrives, and assumes office as governor. Oct. 21. Pa. The British government takes away Perm's proprietary rights and transfers the government to Fletcher of New York. [Penn is restored in 1694.] Nov. 26. Can. Nova Scotia again un- der the French flag. * * Conn. The Crown claims the control of the militia. * * Md. Sir L.Copley, the first royal gover- nor, assumes office. (N.J. A.Hamilton.) * * New York. The assembly passes a resolution against arbitrary govern- ment, and claiming that the people are a part of the governing power. * * -95 * * Neiv York. Abraham de Peys- ter the 20th mayor. * * S. C. The proprietaries reject all the acts of the democratic legislature. * * Rhode Island and Connecticut retain their charters. * * Va. [and Md.] Sir Edmund Andros, governor. (S. C. Philip Ludwell.) 1693 Apr. * Carolina. Proprietors at length abandon the John Locke scheme of government ; thus the paper Empire of the "West vanishes. S. C. Thomas Smith appointed gov- ernor. (N. C. Alex. Lillington, deputy.) Apr. 26. Pa. Governor Fletcher again unites Maryland to Pennsylvania, and assumes authority. Oct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher of New York goes to Hartford to assume com- mand of the militia. "While reading his commission, Capt. Wadsworth orders the drums beaten, and intimidates the royally commis- sioned officer from intruding on an inde- pendent people. * * Delaware is placed under the rule of the governor of New York. 1694 Mar. 26. Pa. Penn sends Mark- ham to be his deputy-governor, who calls an Assembly of the people to form for themselves a liberal constitution. Aug. 20. Pa. Penn is reinstated in his province, which had been taken from him and annexed to New York. * * S. C. John Archdale, an upright Quaker, is elected governor. He mitigates the hostility existing be- tween the profligate "Cavalier" party and the Presbyterians, etc., who oppose them. * * Md. The capital is removed from St. Mary's to [Annapolis] by the Protes- tants. 1695 Apr. 12. N Y. Votes of the As- sembly first published. Aug. 17. S. C. Gov. Archdale selects for his council two men of the moderate party to one High Churchman. * * Colombia. A company for colonizing Darien is formed. * * Md. A public post is established, and letters conveyed eight times a year from the Potomac to Philadelphia. \ * N. Y. Lord Bellamont is appointed governor. (See 1698.) * * -98 * * New York. William Merritt the 21st mayor. 1696 May * Eng. The affairs of the plantations are permanantly entrusted to the commissioners who form the Board of Trade, and all questions of colonial liberties and affairs are decided from the standpoint of English commerce. Summer. Me. By Iberville's capture of Pemaquid (Bremen) the French fron- tier is extended into the heart of Maine. Nov. 7. Pa. Third frame of govern- ment passed by Gov. Markham on a purely democratic basis. * * Fla. Spaniards build a fort, a church, and a few houses at Pensacola. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -02 * * Md. Nathaniel Blackstone. -97 * * P. I. Walter Clarke. S. C. Joseph Blake. MISCELLANEOUS. * * * N. C. Carolina is noted for its pro- duction of naval stores. * * Va. For many years voluntary im- migration almost ceases, there being such restrictions on commerce as to cause all forms of industry to languish. 1693 June 11. Mass. A terribly ma- lignant disease is brought to Boston by an English military expedition ; 3,100 out of 4,500 members die while crossing from England. * * Brazil. Gold mining commenced. 1695 * * A post route is established be- tween the Potomac, through Annapolis to Philadelphia, the mail-carrier to make eight trips in a year for £50. 1696 * * Neio Eng. Population is about one hundred thousand. * * N. Y. Population of the city six thousand. 54 1697, Sept. -1703. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1697 Sept. 20. The King "William's "War ends by the peace of Ryswick. Sept. 21. N.Y. An impending invasion of the French into the province of New York is averted by the peace of Ryswick. * * Colombia. Cartagena is taken by buc- caneers. 1699* * Miss. Biloxi is fortified by the French. 1700* * S. C.-k The Creek Indians muster about 5,000 warriors. 1701 June * Mich. Be la Motte Car- dillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100 French, is sent from Canada to occupy Detroit. 1702 * *-13 * * Queen Anne's "War, between French and English; it is known in Europe as the War of the Spanish Succession. Sept. * Fla. The colonists of Carolina, led by Gov. Moore, send an unsuccessful expedition against the Spaniards of Florida for plunder. * * III. The French vacate their post on the Illinois. 1703 Apr.* N. Y. The Assembly grants $7,500 to fortify the Marrows, " and for no other use whatever." [The money disappeared, and the Narrows were neglected.] June 20. Me. The Abnakis promise peace. Aug. 10. Me. Irruption of French and Indians. [They desolate the coun- try from Casco to Wells, and massacre or enslave 150 persons.] Aug. * Massachusetts is at war with the Abnakis. [Frontier war for several years.] Dec. * S. C. Indian towns between the Altamaha and Savannah are laid in ashes because of the alliance of their people with the Spaniards. * * Ga. Colonel Moore invades the Apa- lache country. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1699 * * U. S. The Mississippi River is explored. 1701 * * Iberville makes his third voy- age to the Gulf of Mexico. Cal. Father Kino makes his explo- rations in California. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1700* * Faneuil, Peter, founder, born. Joliet, Louis, explorer of the iliss., A55. ? 1701 * * liartram, John, botanist, born. Hennepin, I,., Finnish missionary, A61. Kidd, William, pirate, hanged, A51. Sanvolle, Le Movne, colonial Oov. of La., A50, 1702* * Fitch, James, divine and missionary, A 80. 1703* * Clap, Thomas, pres. of Yale, born. l)e Laneey, James, Gov. of N.Y., born. Edwards. Jonathan, clergyman, born. Isla, Jost- Francisco, dc, Jesuit, born. Pynchon, John, N. Eng. colonist, A 66. Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, born. CHURCH. 1697* * Cat. Tbe Spaniards having been expelled by the ill-used natives, Upper California is granted by Charles XI. of Spain to the Jesuits. * * Phila. John "Watts immerses four Baptists. ± * * S. C. All Christians except Cath- olics are enfranchised. 1698 Dec. 13. Phila. The first Bap- tist church formed in a storehouse ; Jedediah Andrews, minister. * * Cal. The Spanish establish mission- ary stations. Father Kino arrives. * * Carolina. Two-thirds of the colo- nists are Dissenters, yet they consent that one minister of the Church of England shall be maintained at public expense. 1699* * Boston. Ellis Callender becomes pastor of the Baptist church. The Manifesto church is a protest against Matberism. * * Del. Consecration of Trinity Epis- copal church near Wilmington. * * R. I. A (first) Protestant Episco- pal parish is formed at Newport. * * S. C. Baptists at Charleston build a brick church and parsonage. * * Va. A Presbyterian church is or- ganized, and Francis Makemie is li- censed to preach. 1700 * * 7?. /. The Yearly Meeting is established by the Friends, at Newport. Nov. 23. It, Clement XI. pope. * * Mass. The province enacts the ban- ishment of all Roman Catholics and Jesuits. * *N . Y. Because of their hostile influ- ence among the Indians, the Legislature provides for the hanging; of every " popish priest " who shall voluntarily enter the province. 1701 * * Can. Jesuits try to live with the Iroquois [remaining 8 years]. * * Eng. The Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts has for its object the conversion of the Indians, but is diverted by politicians to promote the Church of England in all the American colonies. * * N. Y. J. N. Kurtz is the first Lu- theran minister ordained in this coun- try. * * Pa. Religious liberty is estab- lished. * * Phila. J. Andrews is ordained (?) and installed pastor of the first Presby- terian church in this city. 1702 * * Conn. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel sends Messrs. Keith and Talbot as (Prot. Epis.) mis- sionaries to New London. * * Md. The Anglican Church is estab- lished. Catholics alone subject to intolerance ; no priest or bishop may seek to make a proselyte or teach the young. Not one- tenth of the people adhere to the es- tablished church, * * N J. Liberty of conscience granted to all, except the Papists. The first Episcopal Church in New Jersey is organized. * * .V. J'. Got. Cornbury forges a clause in his commission that he may foster the Episcopal church. 1703 May 6. S. C. Orthodoxy pro- tected by the menace of disfranchise- ment and prisons. * * Carolina. The first minister (Prot. Epis.) arrives. * * New York. The Lutherans rebuild their church (southwest corner of Broad- way and Rector Streets). The " King's Farm " is granted to Trinity Church by Queen Anne. * * Va. A legal opinion is received from London, that a minister is an incum- bent for life, and cannot be removed by his parishioners. Church revenue is paid in tobacco. LETTERS. 1700* * Conn. Tale College is com- menced. " I give these books for the founding of a College in this colony." "Words of ten Congregational ministers, assembled at the village of Branford, a few miles east of Hartford, used in donating books hereby lale Col- * * New York. The first public library is established in America. * * Va. The college of William and Mary graduates its first class. * * The Selling of Joseph, by Samuel Sew- all, appears. 1701* * Conn. Rev. Abraham Pierson the first rector of Tale College. Oct. 9. Conn. Yale College receives its charter, and is formally opened as a school at Saybrook. 1702 * * Jacob Hemmingway the first and only student of Yale until Septem- ber, when seven others enter. * * Mass. Magnalia Christi Americana, by Cotton Mather, appears. Apr. * N. J. Queen Anne prohibits the keeping of a printing-press, and for- bids the publication of any book or pam- phlet without a license. 1703* * New York. The rector and war- dens of Trinity Church are directed to take steps toward the erection of a col- lege. [King's College (Columbia) was the result.] SOCIETY. 1697 * * New York. A night watch is instituted. 1699* * New York. Capt. William Kidd returns from a long piratical voyage, bringing an immense booty. [With great audacity he visits Boston, is arrested, sent to Eugland for trial, and finally hanged.] * * Pa. William Perm, accompanied by his wife, returns to America, purpos- ing to abide there. [1701. He is recalled to preserve his imperiled charter from appropriation by the crown.] 1700 * * N. H. Innkeepers permitting townspeople to remain in their houses drinking on Saturday night or Sunday AMERICA. 1697, Sept.-1703. 55 are fined 5s. ; tlie same fine is to be paid by tbe drinker. * * Carolina. Pestilence and strong drink have reduced the savages to a small number; out of a thousand war- riors, but a dozen weak men remain. * * Pa. Penn legislates for the sanctity of marriage among negro slaves, and also frees his own slaves. 1701 * * Boston instructs its representa- tives " to encourage the bringing of white servants, and to put a period to negroes being slaves." * * N. H. A fine of 5s. is imposed for dr unk enness. STATE. 1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Ryswick ; France and England are each to restore their recent conquests ; Acadia restored to France. * * Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire recognize the authority of Bella- mont, governor of New York, but Con- necticut, and Rhode Island remain inde- pendent. (N. J. Jer. Basse, governor.) * * N. Y. On complaint of the Lords of Trade, Bellamont is instructed to re- strict the liberties of the courts and assemblies in New York, and to increase the prerogatives of the governor and council ; a political struggle thenceforth ensues. * * S. C. The English remove all dis- criminations against French emigrants. * * Pa. Penn proposes an annual con- gress of all the American provinces with power to regulate commerce. 1698 Apr. 2. New York. The Earl of Bellamont arrives with a commission including New York, New Jersey, and all New England except Connecticut and Rhode Island. Oct. * Conn. The Assembly divides, and forms an Upper House. * * [U. S.} Governors inaugurated : -07 * * Conn. Fitz-John Winthrop. R. I. Samuel Cranston. -05 * * Va. Francis Nicholson. * * -99 * * New York. Johannes de Pey- ster the 22d mayor. 1699 Mar. 2. La. A French colony enters the Mississippi, under Lemoine d' Iberville. May * Miss. Iberville erects a fort on Biloxi Bay, and lays the foundation of the State of Mississippi by the French. Sept. 16. La. An English colony under Bienville follows Iberville, but retires on discovering the French. Nov. 30. Pa. William Penn arrives. * * Eng. Parliament oppresses manu- factures. It enacts that no wool or woolen manufactures shall be shipped from any of the colonies, under penalty of forfeiture of ship and cases. * * Me. France claims the coast from Kennebec eastward, and the fisheries of the north coast. * * Mass. — N. II. Massachusetts and New Hampshire are placed under Gov. Bellamont. (May 26.) * *[U. £.] Governors inaugurated : -1700* * Mass. Richard Coote. [1700- 01, Win. Stoughton.] -01 * * N. J. Andrew Hamilton. -05* *N.C. H. Walker (Pres.). [1700- 02, 19. 5. C. James Moore.] * *-1700* * New York. David Provoost the 23d mayor. 1700 Jan. 17. Lemoine d'lberville takes possession of the Mississippi River for France, and plants a colony at Poverty Point. [It languishes.] Mar. 30. Darien. The Scotch settle- ments surrendered to the Spaniards. June 7. Pa. The old constitution is surrendered with the consent of the assembly and governor's council. Sept. 8. Can. A treaty made with the Iroquois. Nov. 1. Sp. Philip V. king. * * La. Bienville reaches the Red River. * * French missionaries occupy various points on the Mississippi, and take pos- session for France. * * 01 * * New York. Isaac de Riemer the 24th mayor. * * Va. Huguenots arrive. 1701 May* Conn. It is decided that the government meet alternately in Hartford and New Haven, June 24. Mich. Sieur de la Motte Ca- dillac, with 100 men, makes the first per- manent settlement in Michigan (De- troit). July 19. N. Y. Alleged treaty with the Iroquois at Albany, surrendering beaver grounds to the English. Aug. 4. Can. The French make a treaty with the Iroquois. Sept. 2. N. Y. A Court of Chancery for the State is organized. Oct. 28. Philadelphia is first char- tered by William Penn. * * La. Bienville is in command of the French settlements. * *-02* * Mass. Government as- sumed by the Council. * * -02 * * New York. Thomas Noell the 25th mayor. John Wanfan, governor. * * Pa. Andrew Hamilton and John Evans are appointed deputy-governors by Penn. * * N. J. The Jerseys become a royal province. Lord Cornbury arrives. 1702 Jan. * Ala. The first settle- ment in the state is made by the French from Biloxi, on the western bank of the Mobile River. (Mobile.) Mar. S. Eng. Queen Anne en- throned. Apr. 17. New Jersey a royal province. The proprietors of East and West Jersey surrender their rights to the Crown. One government is formed and called New Jersey ; by mutual agree- ment all the various claimants surrender the right of government, but retain their rights to the soil. May3. -08* * N. Y. Lord Corn- bury succeeds Bellamont as governor. He unites in one government New York and New Jersey. [The union con- tinues thirty-six years with a single executive, but two separate assemblies.] May 28. Boston. News received of Queen Anne's accession. June 1. Boston. Queen Anne is pro- claimed. * *-15* * Mass. Joseph Dudley governor. Sept. 1. Carolina, by vote of tbe provin- cial assembly, refuses an hereditary nobility, or the dominion of wealth. * * Carolina. The colony is burdened with a debt of £6,000 by its unsuccessful military expedition against the Span- iards at St. Augustine. (The assembly enacts the issuing of bills of credit.) * * Del. — Pa. The two legislatures convened apart [and never again re- united]. * * Ind. Vincennes founded. The French vacate their posts on the Il- linois. * * La. Only 30 French families have been settled. * * -03 * * New York. Philip French the 26th mayor. i703 * *[U.S.] Governors inaugu- rated : -04 * * Md. Thomas Trench. -08 * * ,$'. C. Sir Nathaniel Johnson. * * Mass. Joseph Dudley, governor, quarrels with the General Court over the salaries of State officers. * * N. J. The General Assembly meets at Perth Amboy. N. Y. Gov. Cornbury denies the right of the assembly to ask questions of the governor until the queen has given them permission. * * Pa. The province is set apart from the territories ; Pennsylvania and Dela- are have separate assemblies. Edward Shippen (pres. of council). MISCELLANEOUS. 1697* * N. Y. The Common Council or- ders the city to be lighted by lanterns suspended from poles, which are to pro- ject from every seventh house. 1699* * Pa. The yellow fever appears at Philadelphia, where it commits great 1700* * Miss. A gold-seeking expedition from Biloxi ascends to the Falls of St. Anthony. * * English imports from the North American Colonies amount to §1,975,000. * * Boston. Population about 7,000. * * New York has about 750 dwellings, 4,500 whites, and 750 blacks. * * About 300,000 negroes imported into America by the English in the last 20 years. 1701 * * Population of the American col- onies estimated at two hundred and sixty-two thousand. 1702 * * New York. A pestilence is brought from St. Thomas, and nearly GOO people (one in ten) die. 56 1703-1712. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1704 Mar. 1. Mass. Deerfield is sur- prised and burnt. It is the work of 200 French and 142 Indians under Hertel de Kouville ; 47 are .slain! and 147 captives, among whom is Eunice Williams, are taken through the snow to Canada. Dec. * S. C. Gov. James Moore leads a f reebooting expedition of 50 whites and 1,000 Indians against the Indians south- west of Savannah ; five important towns are carried, and the English flag is borne to the Gulf of Mexico. [The only crime of the Indians is their willingness to be taught agriculture and religion by the Spaniards.] 1705 Dec. 14. Fla. Moore defeats the Indians near St. Marks. Dec. 15. Fla. Moore defeats the Spanish commander on Apalachee Bay. * * Mass. Prowling Indians terrorize the country. Death hangs on the frontier. * * Me. A war party burns the Indian church and village at Norridgewock. 1706 * * S. C. A French expedition from Havana, to enforce French claims for the country, is repulsed at Charles- ton by William Rhett and the Governor. 1707 * * Massachusetts attempts the conquest of Acadia [Nova Scotia] by a costly expedition. May * Mass. Two regiments leave Nan- tasket to attack the French at Port Royal. [The attempt to bombard the fort fails.] 1708* * Can. Awar-council at Montreal resolves to invade "New England with an expedition of Indians and 100 picked Canadians led by French officers. Aug. 30. JST. H. The French and Indi- ans surprise Haverhill, on the Merri- mac, killing 40 and carrying away 100 prisoners. * * Massachusetts offers a bounty for Indian scalps. 1709 ** Costa Rica. A second massacre of the Spaniards is accomplished by the Indians whom they had conquered. * * The English colonies prepare to aid a British fleet in the conquest of Can- ada ; the fleet fails to arrive. 1710* *JST. Y.-N.J. The colonists of New York and New Jersey raise 1,800 volunteers to aid in the conquest of Canada. Sept. * -Oct. * Conquest of Acadia [Nova Scotia] Sept. 18. Boston. A second expedition against the French sails for Port Royal. Oct. 16. N. S. Port Royal is taken by a fleet from England aided by a colonial army ; its name changed to Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne. * * Brazil. One thousand French led by Duclerc attack Rio, but are defeated and captured. 1711 July 30. Boston. A large colo- nial army and a British armament, un- der Sir Hovenden Walker, sail to take Quebec. [The wreck of 8 vessels de- feats the expedition.] Aug. 28. N. Y. A second expedition leaves Albany to march against the French. [It returns on hearing of the failure of the first one.] Sept. 12. Brazil. AnotherFrenchsquad- ron with 0,000 troops, under Admiral Duguay-Trouin, attack Rio and take the town after a battle of 4 days. Sept. * N. C. Capture and torture of Surveyor Lawson by Indians. Sept. 22. N. C. The Indian "War. The Tuscaroras and Cores massacre 130 persons between the Roanoke River and Pamlico Sound. Oct. 10. Brazil. To prevent the burning of Rio by the French, the governor signs a capitulation to pay 010,000 crusados, 500 cases of sugar, and to provision the fleet. 1712 May * Mich. Detroit, the center of New France, is besieged by the Fox Indians, and delivered by its various Indian allies. Aug. * Truce between England and France. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1704* * Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, born. Hubbard, William, ck-rt;yman, A83. Spangenberg. August G., founder of Mo- ravians in Am., born. 1705* * Chauncy, Charles, elenryman, born. Loudoun, .luhn i.'ampbfll, Brit, pen., born. Tennent, William. I'resb. clergyman, b. 1706* * Abererombic, James, Brit, gen., born. Jan. 17. Franklin, Benjamin, printer, philosopher, statesman, born in Boston. Iberville, d', P. Lemoine, Canadian com- mander, A 45. Oliver, Andrew, Lieut.-Gov. of Mass., born. 1707* * Byles, Mather, rlerpyman, born. Hopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration, b. 1708* * Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, A93. Laval-Montmoieney, Francois Xavler, R. C. Bp. of Que., A86. 1710* * Cruger, John, Mayor of N.Y., born. Hamilton, James, governor, born. Lovell, John, educator, born. Trnmbull, Jonathan, statesman, born. 1711 * * Brailstreel, .John, general, born. Cridley, liirliaiil, general, born. Hutchinson, Thomas, nov. of Mass., born. Wheelock, Eleazer, clergyman, born. 1713* * ± Bernard, Sir Francis, Gov. of N. J., born. Ingraham, Benjamin, bishop, born. Lawson, John, surveyor, dies. ± Pontiae, Ottawa Indian chief, born. CHURCH. 1704 * * Md. An Act passed to prevent the growth of Roman Catholicism. Catholic priests prohibited from mak- ing; converts or teaching the young. Children becoming Catholics forfeit their share in the estate of their parents. * * N. C. The Church of England made the established church, and officials required to take an oath to sustain it. * * A 1 ". Y. Protestants send Mr. Moore, a missionary, to the Indians of New York, who returns in one year dis- couraged. * * R. I. A (Prot. Epis.) missionary is sent to Newport. * * S. C. The Church of England made the established church and dissenters disfranchised ; two-thirds of the people are dissenters. * * X. J. First Episcopal church erected in New Jersey at Burlington. 1705 * * Conn. The first Baptist church in this state is organized in Groton. ± * * Fla. The Apalache Indians are Spanish converts to Catholicism ; they live in villages and construct churches. * * Carolina. The first church is built. * * Phila. First American Presbytery organized, having 7 members present. (Briggs, 1706.) 1706 Jan. 17. Boston. Benjamin Franklin is born and baptized on the same day, according to the Boston register. June 10. S. C. Parliament decides that the disfranchising act, because of religion, is contrary to the laws of Eng- land. Nov. 30. Carolina. The colonial Assem- bly repeals the act3 of intolerance, after being declared null by royal au- thority. Dec. 29. K. J. First meeting of the general Presbytery, of which record now remains at Freehold. John Boyd is the first Presbyterian ordained in America. + * * Conn. Absentees from the law- ful church are liable to a fine of 20s. Meetings in private houses are forbid- den. A fine of £10, with whipping for each offense, is imposed on unlawful ministers who administer the sacra- ments. Episcopacy is introduced. The persons, families, and estates of ministers are exempt from taxation. * * Mich. The Jesuit mission at Mack- inaw is abandoned. 1707 Jan.* Kew York. Two Presby- terian ministers are arrested by Gover- nor Cornbury for preac hing without his permission. (Or 1706.) Mar. 22. Pa. Meeting of the general Presbytery at Philadelphia. Apr.* Conn. Organization of the parish of Christ's Church (Prot. Epis.), Strat- ford, the first in the state. First Episcopal society is formed at New Haven. * Kew York. Francis Makemie is tried and imprisoned by Lord Cornbury for the crime of preaching to dissenters. * * Phila. The Philadelphia Association of Baptists formed, including delegates from Pennepek, Middletown, Piscata- way, Cohansey, and Welsh Tract. 1708 Dec. 9. Mass. John Higginson, the first minister at Salem, dies. Sept. 9. Conn. Congregational Synod meets at Saybrook and forms the " Say- brook Platform " of discipline. Pres- byterians and Congregationalists unite on it. [Oct. * General Court approves.] The custom introduced of preaching a sermon on the day appointed by law for the election of civil rulers, proper for the direction of the towns. [Later it becomes a law.] AMERICA. 1703-1712. 57 The General Assembly passes an act removing the penalty from "sober dis- senters " who do not worship with the " standing order." * * Del. The first Episcopal church in Dover is erected. 1709 May 18. Conn. The General Association of Congregational min- isters organized; the first state organ- ization. 1710 June 14. New York. Gov. Hun- ter arrives from England with 3,000 Palatines fleeing from persecution ; [a Lutheran church is soon formed]. * * Can. The Jesuits have become the protectors of the natives against the colonists. * * N. Car. The whole country has hut one clergyman; he is of the Church of England. * * * From New England to Carolina it is commonly believed that baptism is inconsistent with a state of slavery, and that Christian slaves should be set free. * * Conn. A Baptist church is organized at Waterford. * * * Many forms of religion among the colonists. Calvinism predominates in New Eng- land, Quakerism in Pennsylvania, Ro- man Catholicism in Maryland, Florida, and among the French along the St. Lawrence, and Episropalinnism in South Carolina, Virginia, and New York. 1711 May 25. N.J. Important coun- cil of the Baptist church consigning the record of past quarrels to " ob- livion." Vote 42-26. [Prosperity fol- lows.] * * New York. Baptist preaching intro- duced in the house of Nicholas Eyers, by Valentine Wightman. (Or 1712.) * * Eng. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel send Rev. Mr. Andrews to the Indians of New York ; he arrives at Albany. * * N. C. The population is described by royalists as made up of " Presbyterians, Independents, Quakers, and other evil- disposed persons." The proprietors de- termine to establish the Church of England ; the people resist. * * S. C. It is enacted that baptism does not entitle slaves to freedom. LETTERS. 1704 Apr. 24. Boston. The News-Let- ter, the first continuous American news- paper, appears. (Continues till 1744.) Edited, apparently, by John Campbell, and printed on a half sheet, eight by twelve inches in size. 1705 * * History of Virginia, by Robert Beverly, appears. * * Conn. The first printing-press in this colony is set up at New London. 1710 * * Essays to do Good, by Cotton Mather, appears. * * New York. Trinity School estab- lished in connection with the Anglican church. SOCIETY. 1705 * * Va. By the fifth colonial re- vision of the code, a slave is declared real estate and attached to the soil, like a Russian serf. 1709* *New York has a regular slave-market at the foot of Wall Street. 1710± * * The popular belief that Chris- tianity should enfranchise her con- verts proves an obstacle to the " con- version of these poor people." 1711 * * N. C. The colony is called the " Sanctuary of Runaways," as it has hardly any government. 1712 * * N. C. John Lawson, surveyor- general, is burned to death by Indians. STATE. 1703 * * -07 * * New York. William Peartree the 27th mayor. * * Parliament condemns to the navy every pitch-pine tree that is not with- in an enclosure, * * Rice and molasses are added to the list of commodities which are only to be sold in the English colonies. * *[U.S.] Governors inaugurated : -08 Md. John Seymour. N. C. Robert Daniel (deputy). [1705-08. Thomas Carey.] 1705 Dec* Fla. England gains anew claim to the territory of northern Florida by the conquests of James Moore of South Cai*olina. * * Nf C. Anarchy prevails after the death of the governor. * * Neto Eng. Joseph Dudley, Gov- ernor of Massachusetts and a native of New England, takes the lead in the conspiracy against its liberties. * *-06* * Va. Edward Nott, lieuten- ant-governor. 1706 Nov. * S. C. Repeal of the law which disfranchises dissenters. * * -10 * * N. C. The royalists and pop- ular party each has a governor and legislature ; the former lacks popular favor, and the latter lacks legal sanc- tion. * * Port. John V. king. S. C. Governor Johnson becomes the executive. Invasion by the French and Span- ish, who claim the country as a part of Florida. * *_io* * Va. Edmund Jennings lieutenant-governor. 1707 Apr. 7. New York. Samuel Jen- nings reads to Lord Cornbury a sharp remonstrance, passed by the New Jersey assembly, against his acceptance of bribes and " his new methods of gov- ernment." Dec. 17. Conn. Rev. Gurdon Salton- stall, of New London, is elected governor. * *N. C. A band of French Huguenots settle here. * * -10 * * New York. Ebenezer Wilson the 2Sth mayor. 1708 June 26. N. Y. The act vacat- ing extravagant grants of land in New York confirmed. Dec. 18. N. Y. Arrival of John Love- lace, the new governor of the province. (1708-1709.) New Jersey included. * * Can. The French press forward their great design of uniting the region of the Great Lakes with the Valley of the Mississippi by means of trading- posts and missions. * * N. Y. Governor Cornbury stub- bornly curtails the liberties of the colonists, and they stubbornly curtail the revenue of the governor, and peti- tion for his removal. He is dismissed from office, and imprisoned for debt till the death of his father, when he be- comes a peer. 1709 Apr. * N. Y. The assembly meets, and proceeds to contest the governor's claim for a permanent revenue, and de- cides on an annual revenue instead. June 8. N. Y. Paper money is first authorized and issued here. * * -10 * * N. C. "William Grover, gov- ernor. (1709. C. S. Edward Tynte.) * * N.J. Paper money is first issued. * * -10 * * N. Y. Richard Ingoldsby, governor. (1709. N. J.) * * Pa. Charles Gookin becomes deputy- governor. (-1713. Md. Edward Lloyd.) 1710 * * Eng. Parliament provides for a post-office establishment in the col- onies, with New York as the chief office. * * -12 * * N. C. Edward Hyde, gov- ernor. (-1711. S. C. Robert Gibbes.) * * N. Y. GerardusBeekman governor. * * -19 * * N. Y. Robert Hunter, gov- ernor. (1710. N. J.) * *-22* * Va. Alexander Spotswood, lieutenant-governor. He builds iron furnaces, and fosters schools, trade, and peace. The colony flourishes under his administration. * *-ll* * New York. Jacobus van Cort- landt the 29th mayor. 1711**^.0. Thomas Carey, the deputy-governor, being deposed, leads a rebellion against the Assembly and Ed- ward Hyde, the president of the Coun- cil, and proclaims himself governor. Governor Spotswood of Virginia sends an armed force to aid Hyde, and Carey flees. [He is sent to England for trial.] * * -14 * * New York. Caleb Heathcote is the 30th mayor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1710 Apr. 18. Eng. Four Indian chiefs arrive in London, and are carried in the royal coaches to their audience with the queen. ±* * Brazil. Diamonds discovered. 1711 Oct. 2. Boston. Great fire ; lives lost and 100 buildings destroyed. 1712* * N. C. Yellow fever decimates the colonists. * * N. Y. Albany has a /population of four thousand. 1712-1721, Feb. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1712* * Guiana. The French attack the Dutch, and exact a contribution. Jan. 28. N. C. Above New Berne, S. Carolinians under Col. Barnwell re- venge a massacre of settlers on Sept. 22)-, by attacking the Tuscarora In- dians, killing 300 and capturing 100. 1713 Mar. 20. N. C. Col. James Moore of S. C. defeats the fortified Tuscaroras on Cotentnea Creek [Snow Hill], killing many and capturing 800. The tribe mi- grates north, and joins the Iroquois Con- federation as the Sixth Nation. Mar. 31. Can. The Peace of Utrecht ends the hostilities with Canada. 1715 Apr. 26. S. C. Massacre of the English by the Yamasis begins, and .Charleston itself is in peril. [After kill- ing 400 whites, and a struggle of two years, they are finally driven into Flor- ida by Gov. Craven.] 1718 ± * * W. I. The buccaneers are suppressed by Wood Rogers, the gover- nor of New Providence. * * S. C. Pirates on the coast are sup- pressed by the Governor. 1719 * * Me. Fort St. George is built. * * Panama. The Indians destroy several towns which the Catholic missionaries had established. * * "War between France and Spain. 1720* * N. S. The French begin the defenses of Louisburg. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE EXPLORATION. 1715 * *N. J. John Watson, born in Scotland, commences painting por- traits at Perth Amboy, and is the first artist to attain celebrity in America. * * Va. Commencement of the manu- facture of pig-iron in Virginia. 1716 Feb. 8. Peru is shaken by an earthquake. 1717 Feb. 22. Boston. Snowissixfeet deep. 1720 * * Pa. S. Nutt erects a forge in Coventry, and manufactures iron. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1713* * Lewis, Francis, signer of Declaration, born. 1714* * Acrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, born. Andros, Sir Edmund, Gov. of N. Eng., A77. Henry, Matthew, author, A52. 1715* * Dongan, Thomas, Governor of New York, A81. Finley, Samuel, pres. Princeton coll., b. Herkimer, Nicholas, general, born. Johnson, Sir William, colonist, horn. Pomeroy, Seth, patriot, born. Williams, Ephraim, founder, born. 1716* * Boylston, .Nicholas, philanthropist, born. Livingston, Philip, signer of Declaration,!). Patch, Elizabeth, the first female born in Massachusetts, dies. 1717* * Collins, John, Governor, born. Cooke, Nicholas, deputy-governor, born. Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, born. 1718* * Brainerd, David, missionary, born. Church, Benjamin, American officer, A79. Hopkins. Esek, first commodore I'. S. N., born. Penn. "William, founder of Pa., A7-J. Prideaux, .John, soldier, born. Putnam, Israel, general, patriot, born. 1719* * Bellamy, Joseph, clergyman, writer, born. Culpepper, Thomas, Lord, Gov. of Va., dies. Phillips, John, philanthropist, born. 1720* * Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass,, A73. Gates, Thomas, Brit, gen., born. Lennox, Charlotte, novelist, born. Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, born. CHURCH. ■ 1713 * * N. Y. About 150 families of Lutherans settle in Schoharie County. + U . S. Large accessions of Irish Pres- byterians, who are driven to America by the Test Act. 1714* * ya. First Baptist church in this province formed at Burleigh. 1715 * * Md. It is enacted that bap- tism does not entitle slaves to freedom. Benedict Charles Calvert, the pro- prietary, renounces his Catholic faith to receive his inheritance. * * N. Y. A third Reformed Dutch church is built at Albany. * * 7?. /. Roman Catholics are disfran- chised. 1716 Sept. 22. Phila. Presbyterians divide into three Presbyteries, and thus constitute the first, synod, called the Synod of Philadelphia. * * New York. William Tennent ar- rives [and leaves the Episcopal church for the Presbyterian]. 1717 Sept. 17. Phila. The Presby- terian Synod first meets. It " founds a fund for pious uses." * * Can. French priests have flanked the English colonies with more than 60 missions, between Montreal and New Orleans on the great lakes and rivers. * * La. French priests plant the cross and the flag of France on the lower Mississippi, at New Orleans. * * Mass. Dr. Ebenezer Gay, of Hingham, is [supposed to be] the first Unitarian preacher in America. * * Me. Flourishing Catholic mission of Sebastian Kasles, on the Kennebec River. Massachusetts founds an anti-Catho- lic mission among the Indians on the Kennebec. * * New York. A Presbyterian church is organized in this city. * * N. Y. Many more Lutherans come over. * * Tex. Franciscan missionaries begin their labors among the Indians. 1718 May 21. Mass. Increase Math- er preaches the ordination sermon of Elisha Callender, pastor of the Baptist church ; subject, " Good Men United." ±**-30** Pa. The German Baptists, called Dunkers, come to this country. 1719* * Scot. The Synod of Glasgow and Ayr orders one-tenth of a collection to be taken up in aid of Presbyterian worship in New York City. * * New York. The first Presbyterian church in this city is built (Wall Street). 1720* *-23* * Greenland. Hans Egede, a Danish missionary, founds a mission at Good Hope. * * N. H. Mrs. Rachel Scammon moves to Statharn, and i* the first Baptist in the colony. * * N.J. T. J. Frelinghuysen preaches in Raritan and vicinity. May* Pa. William Tennent removes to Neshaminy, where he establishes " Log College." * * S. C. A Presbytery in connection with the kirk is formed. 1721 Jan. 23. New York. Nicholas Eyers, a brewer, is licensed to preach to a Baptist flock by the authorities of New Amsterdam. LETTERS. 1714 * * W . I. The Codrington Col- lege at Bridgetown, Barbados, is founded by the Moravians. 1716* * Conn. The College is moved from Sayhrook to New Haven, and called Yale. 1717 * * Boston has its first auction sale of books. 1718* * Mass. Psalterium Amerieanum, by Cotton Mather, appears. 1719 * * Boston. Mother Goose's Tales are published. The Boston Gazette is first published. * * Phila. The American Weekly Messen- ger (the third newspaper) is published by Andrew Bradford. * * _22 * * Conn. Rev. Timothy Cutler is rector of Yale College. SOCIETY. 1712 * * New York. Negro plot to burn the town ; nineteen negroes convicted and executed. * * Pa. The legislature receives a peti- tion for the " enlargement " of negro slaves by law ; it replies that it is " neither just nor convenient to set them at liberty." * * S. C. Special enactment denying that baptism confers freedom to negroes. 1713 Mar. 31. By the 12th article of the Treaty of Utrecht, an English com- pany secures the exclusive right to carry African slaves into American ports; this defeats the colonial legisla- tures that seek- to stop the slave-trade. * * Pa. The introduction of negroes and slaves is prohibited " as exciting the suspicions and dissatisfaction of the Indians." * * Va. Gov. Spots wood writes to the Board of Trade of London that "the Indians never break with the English without gross provocation from persons trading with them." 1715 * * Md. Two fines are imposed : (1) for carrying liquor to Indian towns, 5.000 lbs. of tobacco ; (2) for selling over one gallon of liquor a day to an Indian, 3,000 lbs. Special enactment denying that bap- tism confers freedom to negroes. AMERICA. 17121721, Feb. 59 1719 * * La. Negroes arrive from Guinea. * * N. if. The names of drunkards aro posted in public houses; the sale of liquor to them is forbidden. STATE. 1712 * * Ghiiana. The French compel the Dutch in Surinam to pay a ran- som to save their city. Sept. 14. Fr. Antony Crozat is granted a monopoly of trade and §10,000 an- nually for settling the Southwest (Loui- siana). * * Mass. Province bills are made legal tender. * * North Carolina is the refuge of many fugitives from justice, and has scarcely any government. * *-13* *N.C. Thos. Pollock, president. * * S.C. Issue on interest of new bills for £50,000. (1715. Chas. Craven, governor.) 1713 Mar. 31. Treaty of Utrecht, be- tween Great Britain and France. By this treaty Hudson Bay and Straits, Nova Scotia, 'Newfoundland, and St. "Christopher of the West Indies become subject to Great Britain. The Five Nations become subject to England with Acadia. The French have certain re- served rights on the "French shores" of Newfoundland. Brazil is confirmed to Portugal. * * Mass. Rectification of the bound- ary line by ceding 100,000 acres of land to Connecticut. "Worcester settled. * * Miss. A trading-post established at Natchez. * * N. Y. The Five Nations and the Tuscaroras of Carolina send their sa- chems to Albany to meet the governors of New York, Pennsylvania, and Vir- ginia. A treaty is made with these six nations, by which the valuable fur trade of the Indians is to be diverted from the French to the English. The English establish a trading-post at Oswego, with a garrison ; the French have strong forts at Niagara and at Crown Point on Lake Champlain. 1714 Aug. 1. Eng. George I. en- throned. * * Mass. Emission of £50,000 in bills, to be let out at five per cent on safe mort- gages of real estate, and to be paid back in five annual instalments. [Not paid ; more issues demanded.] * * Md. Benedict Charles Calvert suc- ceeds to his father's hereditary rights, and he soon restores the authority of the proprietary, after a suspension of 24 years. John Hart rules for [the Dth] Lord Baltimore. * *-21* * N. C. Chas. Eden, governor. * * -19 * * New York. John Johnson the 31st mayor.. * * Term. A trading-post started on the Tennessee River [at Nashville]. 1715 Sept. 1. Fr. Louis XV. en- throned. * * jV. C. Edonton founded. * * Mass. The Council governs. Jo- seph Dudley, royal governor. * *-16* * Mass. "William Taller, gov- ernor. 1716* * Me. English settlements estab- lished on the Kennebec. * * Miss. Natchez is settled, and trade with England begins. * * Fr. Law's- Mississippi scheme be- gins in France. * * Va. Gov. Spotswood crosses the Blue Ridge and is the first to enter the great valley beyond ; he opens a road, and emigration soon follows to the Ohio lands. * * -23 * * Mass. Samuel Shute, gov- ernor. * * S. C. Robert Daniel, governor. * * 0. Route from the Miami River to the "Wabash is opened. * * The French are in the Ohio val- ley. 1717 Sept. * Fr. The "Western Louisi- ana Company obtains its grant. Illi- nois is annexed. * * La. Crogat transfers his interest in this province to a chartered company, headed by John Law, whose national bank and Mississippi speculation (Law's Bubble) involve the ruin of half the French nobility. Bienville appointed governor-gen- eral. * * Pa. Sir "William Keith becomes governor [the last appointed by Penn himself]. 1718 May* Massachusetts imposes a duty on English manufactures, and makes a small discrimination in favor of its commerce. [It is negatived by the king.] July 30. Eng. William Penn dies. Pa. The government is administered for his three sons (minors) by deputies [till the Revolution, when their claims are purchased by the Commonwealth], Aug. 25. La. Arrival of 800 French emigrants at Dauphine Island. They found New Orle ans . Bienville is com- mandant-general. * * Colombia. New Granada becomes a Spanish vice-royalty. * * Ecuador. The province of Quito is detached from Peru and annexed to New Granada. * * * Eng. Period of official corrup- tion. Ofiices in the colonies are used by men in power to provide for their relatives, dependents, and partisans, or sold out- right for cash, or by setting apart a pro- portion of the emoluments for the patron. * * Fa. Parliament extends the post- office establishment to Virginia. * * 0. French settlements made in the Ohio Valley. * * Tex. La Harpe arrives. * * New Eng. Arrival of the Scotch- Irish, who introduce potatoes. * * La. Land grants are issued by the Mississippi Company for settlements on the Bay of St. Louis. 1719 July 31. N. Y. The chief com- mand of the province comes to Peter Schuyler, in the absence of Colonel Hunter. [To 1720.] Dec. 21. S. C. The government of Car- olina is revolutionized. James Moore, having been elected gov- ernor by the people, is inaugurated with military display, notwithstanding the opposition of Governor Johnson in be- half of the proprietors. * * Eng. Parliament first prohibits the manufacture of iron in the colonies. The Mother Country enacts a law pro- hibiting the working of iron or steel in the colonies, and also declaring that no sugar, tobacco, ginger, indigo, cotton, fustic, or dyeing woods shall be trans- ported to any other th;ui Knglish markets under penalty of forfeiture, and requir- ing all goods to be imported in .English vessels, and therefore from English markets ; because "erecting any manu- factories in the colonies tended to lessen their dependence on Great Britain.'* ± * * England restricts American manufactures. "The inhabitants worked up their * wool and flax, and made a coarse cloth for their own use. . . . Hatters were in the marine towns. . . . Six furnaces and nineteen forges were set up for making iron." * * La. Eleven French vessels arrive; 500 negroes imported from Guinea. * * -20 * * New York. Jacobus van Cort- landt the 32d mayor. * * S. C. Arthur Middleton, governor. 1720* * -Brazil. The district of Minas is separated from San Paulo, having 5 prin- cipal settlements with royal charters. * * -26 * * Md. Chas. Calvert, governor. * + Eng. Royal orders forbid the Eng- lish colonies to issue paper money. * *N. Y. "William Burnet, governor [till 1728] ; trade between the French and In- dians prohibited. New Jersey included. * * -25 * * New York. Robert "Walters the 33d mayor. 1721 Feb. ± * S.C. Francis Nichol- son, governor of Carolina, arrives. MISCELLANEOUS. 1713 Mar.* N. Y. A part of the de- feated Tuscaroras leave Carolina, and migrate to northern New York, and be- come the sixth nation of the Iroquois confederacy. 1714 * * Boston has a project for a bank of credit. * * -17 * * New Eng. Period of great commercial activity. The trade with the "West Indies is extensive. 1716 May 2. Fr. Law's bank estab- lished in Paris. 1717 * * Carolina. Population has in- creased but 600 in 41 years. * * Fr. The Company of the "West chartered, with John Law director. * * New Eng. The whale - fishery is begun. 1719* * Mass. Colonists begin to use tea. 1720* * U. S. Clocks introduced about this date, and substitute hour- glasses. ?r England Courant is continued with Benjamin Franklin, the younger brother and apprentice to James, as nominal publisher. 1725 Oct. 16. A". Y. The New York Gazette, the first newspaper in the city and the fifth newspaper established in the colonies, issued by "William Brad- ford. [Continued till 1741.] 1726* *-39* * Conn. Rev. Ehsha "Wil- liams rector of Yale College. 1727 * * The Maryland Gazette, the first in this colony, issued at Annapolis. 1728 Feb. 13. Mass. Cotton Mather, the most learned man in America, dies. 1729* * Pa. Modern Chivalry, or the Adventures of Captain Farrago, by Brackenridge, appears. AMERICA. 1721, May-1730, Feb. 61 * * Phila. The Pennsylvania Gazette, with a circulation of ninety, is bought by Benjamin Franklin. 1730 Apr. 22. New York. A public library founded. SOCIETY. 1721 * * Boston has an inoculation con- troversy. * * Va. Free negroes, mulattoes, and Indians are disfranchised " for the better government of negroes." 1723 * * New York. Benjamin Frank- lin arrives in a penniless condition. * * Phila. Benjamin Franklin, 17 years of age, arrives and works at the prin- ter's trade. 1724 * * Phila, Benjamin Franklin sails for Europe to buy printer's ma- terials. [Dec. * He arrives in London, but is disappointed in his expectations. 172G. July 23. He sails for Philadelphia, in- tending to become a merchant. Oct. 11. He arrives.] * * Va. Strong opposition to the slave trade. * * * Eng. The government opposes ef- forts of colonists to suppress the slave trade. STATE. 1721 May* Mass. Dispute with the governor. The House of Representa- tives declines to ask the governor to ap- prove its choice of speaker, and it also refuses grants of money till the governor shall accept its acts, resolves, and elec- tions. June * La. News of John Law's flight arrives. Sept.* Eng. The Board of Trade presents a plan for consolidating the government of the American colouies, and getting a revenue from them, which endangers the charter governments. Jeremiah Dummer defends the New England charters. * * La. Nearly 1,000 immigrants and 1,367 slaves arrive. * * N. Y. The English hold a conference with the Five Nations at Conestoga. * * Portugal. The Brazil Company is abolished by John V. * * R. I. Notes issued for £40,000, inter- est on which is payable in hemp and flax. * * S. C. Proprietary government is overthrown. * * Va. Free negroes are first disfran- chised. 1722 July * Mass. The legislature de- clares the Abnakis to be traitors and robbers, and offers a bounty for scalps. * * Chile. After a struggle of 180 years the Chileans make a treaty with the Spaniards, separating a part of the country to form Spanish Chile. * * La. German settlers remove from Arkansas, and settle 20 miles above New Orleans. * * Md. Marylanders declare themselves the inheritors of English common law. * * Mex. Don Juan de Acuna becomes viceroy, and evinces ability and in- tegrity. * * N. C. Thomas Pollock, president of council. * * _24 * * N.C. "William Peed, presi- dent of council. * * N. Y. The authorities of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia hold a con- ference with the Iroquois. Burnet builds a trading-house at Oswego. * * -26 * * Va. Hugh Drysdale is lieu- tenant-governor. 1723 Aug. * La. New Orleans made the center of French authority in the South. * * Mass. Gov. Samuel Shute flees to England to arraign the colony for in- subordination. * * -28 * * Mass. William Dummer governor. [1729-30. Again.] * * Pa. Paper money amounting to £45,000 has been issued in the last two years. Franklin assists in introducing paper money. [Afterwards he perceives its evil tendencies.] *• * Va. The negro, mulatto, and Indian are disfranchised. 1724* *-41* * Conn. Joseph Talcott governor. * * -25 * * N. C. George Burrington governor. ± * * 0. The Delawares migrate to branches of the Ohio for convenience in getting game. * * Sp. Louis I. king. Philip V. again king. * *-31* * Vt. French settlements made. * * Vt. Fort Dummer built, the first English settlement. 1725 * * Mass. "Western Massachusetts is settled. Dec. 15. Mass. Dummer makes a treaty with the Indians. * * The rivalry between France and England for the possession of Oswego and Niagara begins. * *N. C. Sir Richard Everard gover- nor. <_S. ('. Arthur Middleton.) * * -26 * * New York. Johannes Jansen the 34th mayor. 1726* * Can. Beauharnois is appointed governor. (To 1747.) * * Mass. Gov. Shute receives an ex- planatory charter from the Crown, giv- ing him more power over the General Court. Treaty of peace made [and long kept] with Eastern Indians. * * N. Y. By treaty, the Senecas, Cayu- gas, and Onondagas place their lands under English protection, with that of the Mohawks and Oneida Indians. * * -35 * * New York. Robert Imrting the 35th mayor. -f- * * England and France dispute re- specting the boundaries along the Lakes and St. Lawrence — the avenue of western communication. The In- dians surrender a strip six miles wide, along the southern shore of Lake On- tario, to the English. * * Pa. Patrick Gordon governor. * * -27 * * Va. Robert Carter is lieu- tenant-governor. 1727 July 11. Eng. George II. en- throned. July * Me. Further treaty made with the Indians at Falmouth (Portsmouth). * * N. Y. Oswego is founded as a for- tress. * * Va. Fredericksburg founded. * * Governors inaugurated : -30* * Md. Benedict L, Calvert. -32 * * R. 1. Joseph Jenckes. -49 * * Va. William Gooch. 1728 * * Conn. England strives to alter the laws of Connecticut. The English law in regard to intestate estates, favoring the eldest-born, is de- clared in force by the English govern- ment, and the colonial law annulled. * * Eng. Sir "William Keith proposes a Stamp Act. * * New Jersey colonists petition the king to separate their colony from New York ; he refuses their request. * * N. Y. Gov. Burnet is transferred to Massachusetts to make way for John Montgomerie, the groom of the chamber of George II. while he was Prince of "Wales. (To 1731). Governor of N. J. * * The Shawnees migrate to branches of the Ohio. 1729 July 29. Carolina becomes a royal government, the king having hought a seven-eighths interest of the proprietors for the sum of £17,500, with £5,000 added for quit-rents. Sept. * Carolina is divided into North and South Carolina, and a governor ap- pointed for North Carolina. * * -30 * * Mass. William Dummer is governor agaiu. * * R.I. George Berkeley arrives. * * S. C. German Palatines arrive. 1730 Jan. 15. New York. Gov. Mont- gomerie grants a new charter to the city. It provides for the annual election of aldermen and other local officers by the people. MISCELLANEOUS. 1721 * * Mass. A scourge of small-pox attacks about 6,000 people in and near Boston ; vaccination is introduced and much opposed. 1722 * * Mass. Population is about ninety-four thousand. 1724 * * Eng. English ship -carpenters complain of the competition of Ameni- cans. 1727 * * English imports from the North American Colonies amount to $2,870,000 ; exports, $2,G85,000. 1730 * * Boston. Small - pox ravages the town ; loss, 500 lives. * * Port. The discovery of diamonds in Brazil being announced, the govern- ment declares them crown property. 62 1730, Aug. -1736. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1731* * N. Y. The French construct Fort Frederick at Crown Point on the west shore of Lake Champlain [and make it a strong fortress], commanding the natural waterway between the Hud- son and the St. Lawrence rivers. * * La. The last of the Natchez war- riors are defeated by the French [near Natchitoches]. 1735 Apr.± * Ala. The French send one expedition from the South and an- other from the North against the brave Chickasaws. [Both of them are de- feated.] 1736 May 20. Miss. The Chicka- saws defeat the French force from Illi- nois under D'Artaguette, and burn him and others at the stake. May 29. Miss. The Chickasaws de- feat a large body of French and their Indian allies under Gov. Bienville. 1736 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe builds a fort on the Savannah River at Augusta, in anticipation of a Spanish war ; various other forts are also erected. [In Eng- land, Parliament appropriates $50,000 for expenses.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1731 May* Phila. Thomas Godfrey obtains a patent for his reflecting quadrant, used in taking altitudes of the sun or stars. * * Bishop Berkeley and his family are painted by John Symbert. 1734 * * W. I. A destructive cyclone visits Jamaica. 1736 Feb. 6. New England is shaken by an earthquake. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1730* * Cardillac, Antoine de la Motte, founder, d. Fairfax, Bryan L., loyalist, born. Hewes, Joseph, signer of l>erkiration, born. Rodney, I'resar, patriot, born, ? Ross, George, statesman, born. Sewall, Samuel, jurist, A78. Steuben. Baron Frederick, I'rus, gen., b. Stockton, Richard, signer of declaration, b. 1731* * Banneker, Benjamin, negro mathematician, born. Clavigero, Francis X., Mexican historian, b. Craik, James, physician, born. Hollis, Thomas, benefactor of Harvard, A72. Huntington, Samuel, signer of Declaration, b. Landiver, Rafael, Jesuit poet, born. Lee, Charles, general, born. McDougall, Alexander, general, born. Moultrie, William, general, born. Treat, Robert, lawyer and patriot, born. "Williams, William, signer of Declaration, b. 1733* * Abbott, Benjamin, Methodist preacher, born. Abbott, Samuel, founder, born. Blair. John, justice, born in Va. Carver, Jonathan, traveler, born. Dickinson, John, political writer, born. Dunmore, John Murray, governor, born. Edes, Benjamin, journalist, born. Erving, John, clergyman, born. Johnson, Thomas, justice, born in Md. Johnston, Samuel, governor, born. Lee. Richard Henry, patriot, born. Marion, Francis, patriot, born. Rittenhouse, David, astronomer, born. Washing-ton, George. Father of his coun- try, born. Feb. 32. 1733* * Conway, Thomas, Count de, general, born. dishing, "William, justice, born in Mass. Deane, Samuel, clergyman, born, Duane, James, statesman, born. Fellows, John, general, born. Law, Richard, jurist, born. Lincoln, Benjamin, general, horn. Whipple, Abraham, naval officer, born. 1734* * Caldwell, James, patriot, I'res. ci., born. Floyd, William, patimi, born. Goodrich, Klizur, cl.-rgvman. horn. Heck, Barbara, Methodist, born. Lee, Francis Liphtfoot. patriot, born. Manly, John, naval commander, born. Mclveau, Thomas, jurist, born. Morris. Robert, statesman, born. Saint Clair. Arthur, general, born. Sumter, Thomas, general, sen. for S. C.,born. 1735* * Oct. 19. Adams, John. 2d President, b. Boone, Daniel, pioneer, born. CarroU, John D.. Archbp. of Baltimore, b. Clayton, Aimer, general, born. Cooper, Miles, i'res. of Columbia Coll., born. Morgan, John, physician, born. Revere, Paul, patriot, born. Trumbull, Benjamin, historian, born. Williamson, Hugh, physician, born. 1736* * Clinton, James, general, born. Henry, Patrick, orator, born. Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born. Montgomery. Richard, general, born. Morcan, Daniel, general, born. Vincennes Sieur, de, Jean, < 'an. founder, A48. Wentworth, Sir John, Gov. of K. H., born. CHURCH. 1730* * Boston. The Presbyterian church is organized. July 12. It. Clement XIII. pope. * * Conn. — B.J. Thirteen Baptist churches hold yearly meetings upon the " Six Principles." * * Me. The Jesuits send a missionary from Quebec, and Norridgewock is re- built. 1731 Dec. 13. W. I. The first Mora- vian missionaries arrive at St. Thomas. 1732 Dec. 13. W.I. O'Leonard Dober and Kitschman, Danish missionaries, arrive at St. Thomas. * *2?.H. Its first Protestant Episcopal church erected at Portsmouth. * * Pa. Catholics come under the min- istrations of English Jesuits. * * W. I. Nassau becomes a mission sta- tion of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 1733 May 20. Greenland. Moravian missionaries first arrive. May * Pa. The Seventh Day (German) Baptists establish a monastic society at Ephrata. * * Ga. Lutherans settle at Ebenezer. The Jews at Savannah organize. * * Eng. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel sends Jonathan Barber, a missionary, to the Mohicans. * * Pa. The first German Lutheran church in America is organized. * * Phila. The only Homan Catholic church north of Maryland, erected before the Revolution, is built. * * W. I. St. Croix becomes a mission station of the Moravians. 1734 Oct. * Conn. Rev. John Sargent, of Yale College, opens a mission station among the Housatonics, receiving £500 annually from the Society for the Prop- agation of the Gospel. * * Ga. The German Lutherans settle in Georgia, with Pastors Bolzius and Gronau. * * -35 * * Mass. The great awaken- ing at Northampton, under the minis- try of Jonathan Edwards. 1735 Oct. 14. Eng. The two Wes- leys sail for America. John Wesley, having declined a quiet rectory,. sets out with his brother Charles for Georgia, to become missionaries to the Indians. Charles Wesley is also to be secretary to the governor. * * John Wesley observes the Mora- vians. A terrible storm convinces Wesley that the German Moravians on board the ves- sel have a fellowship with God, to which he is a stranger. * * Conn. A Baptist church is organized at Wallingford. * * Guinea. The first Moravian mission- aries land at Surinam. * * Mass. The General Assembly orders anew meeting-house built for the Indi- ans, which should be thirty feet wide and forty feet long. * * N. Y. The Church of England mis- sion among the Mohawks reports marked success. * * Va. Lutherans settle Spottsylvania. 1736 * * Ga. The Wesleys change their plan. They abandon the project of establish- ing missions among the Indians, and engage in religious work among the col- onists, but they enforce the forms of the church with a rigor and frequency of repetition which soon tires the people, and provokes resentment and persecu- tion. * * Ga. The Moravians begin mission- work among the Indians. A colony of pious men from Herrnhut and neighborhood arrives, seeking that religious liberty which was denied at home. Some brethren resolved to go with it, in order to preach the gospel to the Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee Indians. The two "Wesleys become ascetics. They deny themselves many of the common conveniences of life, sleep on the ground, eat only bread and water, and John Wesley goes barefoot that he may encourage the poor boys of his school. * * Conn. Mr. Sargent's church among the Housatonics reports 52 members. [Later two hundred and fifty.] * * S. C. Ashley River Baptist church is formed. LETTERS. 1730 * * S. C. A printing-press set up at Charleston. 1731 Jan. 8. The South Carolina Ga- zette issued at Charleston. * * Phila. Franklin establishes the first circulating library in this city. The Library Company and Loganian Library founded. 1732 * * Phila. Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac, the first of any note in the United States, appears. 1733 * * New York. John Peter Zenger issues the Weekly Journal, and criticizes the arbitrary acts of the governor and Assembly in imposing illegal taxes — the first attempt to criticize political measures in a newspaper. AMERICA. 1730- Aug., 1736. 63 Great agitation respecting the free- dom of the press. The aristocratic party denies its right to criticize the government ; the demo- cratic party maintains that right. * * Phila. Benjamin Franklin, at the age of twenty-seven, begins the study of the French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin languages. * * It. I. The first Rhode Island Gazette appears at Newport. (Or Sept. 7, 1732.) 1734 Nov. 17. New York. Zenger imprisoned for defending popular gov- ernment in the Weekly Journal. Zenger is the editor, and is put in prison for criticizing the administra- tion ; the people are clamorous for his release. [He is acquitted shortly after.] 1735 * * Pa. The first newspaper in a foreign tongue is issued in German, at Germ an town. 1736 Aug. 6. Va. The Virginia Ga- zette appears at "Williamsburg. * * Mass. Mr. Hollis of London pledges to support twelve Indian scholars in the Housatonic School at $100 per annum, and Mr. Holden five more on the same terms. SOCIETY. 1732 * * Georgia Colony is planned as a benevolent enterprise. James Oglethorpe, a High Churchman, a cavalier, a soldier, a member of Parlia- ment, and an Oxford man, organizes this, the last of thirteen colonies, in pure benevolence as a refuge for the poor, es- pecially for the thousands of poor debtors who are thrown, annually,' into the prisons of England for no other offense than impecuniosity. Nov. 17. Eng. Oglethorpe sails with. 120 poor people to plant a colony in the wilderness of Georgia. 1733 Jan. 26. N.J. Anegrois burnt alive for an assault on a white woman. May 21±. Ga. Oglethorpe secures a general council with many Indian chiefs ; this spreads his fame for justice and goodness far and wide. Tomo-chichi, chief of the Yamacraws, meets his new neighbor, Gov. Ogle- thorpe, and presents him with a buffalo robe painted on the inside with the head and feathers of an eagle. " Here is a present for you," said the donor. "The feathers are soft and signify love, the buffalo skin is an emblem of protection, therefore protect us." The request was not lost on the philanthropist. July 30. Boston. The first lodge of Freemasons is opened. * * Ga. On the second day after his ar- rival, Governor Oglethorpe declares that " the importation of ardent spirit is illegal." 1734 * * Ga. The councilors of Georgia prohibit the importation of rum into the colony ; slavery is positively for- bidden ; traffic with the Indians is regu- lated by license. * * Phila. The second Freemasons' lodge in the colonies is opened. 1735 July* New York. Alexander Hamilton, a noted lawyer of Philadel- phia, argues for the acquittal of Editor Zenger, who is charged with libel for criticizing the government ; he gains the verdict, and receives a gold bos as a testimonial from the citizens. 1 * Eng. Parliament prohibits the im- portation of liquors into Georgia. Slaves run away to Florida, where the Spaniards welcome them and give them lands; this irritates the colonists and provokes war, as the authorities refuse to surrender such slaves. STATE. 1730* * Brazil. The Government de- clares diamond mines regalia. * * [IT. S.] Governors inaugurated: June-July. Mass. "William Tailer. -41* * J. Belcher. Aug. 10. Arrives. -35 * * S. C. Robert Johnson. * * Kg. Settlers straggle into this country. * * Md. Baltimore founded. * * P. I. "Wild issues of paper money. 1731 May 14. Conn.~N Y. Final settlement of the boundary line be- tween New York and Connecticut. * * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated: -33 * * Md. Samuel Ogle. N. C. George Burnington. -32 * * N. Y. Rip van Dam. * * N. C. It is a royal province again. 1732 Apr. 10. La. The Mississippi Company surrenders its unprofitable charter to the French crown. June 9. Eng. George II, grants [Geor- gia] to James Edward Oglethorpe, the philanthropist, " to be held in trust for the poor ; " 40,000 hopeless debtors lie in English prisons. * * Eng. Parliament prohibits the in- troduction from one colony into another of hats and woolens of domestic man- ufacture, and makes it illegal for hatters to have more than two apprentices. * * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated : -33 * * Md. Charles Lord Baltimore. -36* * N. Y. Wm. Crosby. Aug. 1. Arrives. -36 * * N. J. John Anderson (pres.). -34 * * R.I. William Wanton. * * Md. Tobacco is made a legal ten- der at one penny a pound. * * N. Y. Two parties struggle for supremacy, the democratic party main- tains the freedom of the press to criticize the government, and the aristocratic party, which opposes its freedom. * *-33* * R. I. "Wm. "Wanton gov- ernor. 1733 Feb. 1. Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe lays out the streets of his settlement (Savannah) and lands his colony. Feb. 12. Ga. The colony of Savannah is begun. He designs it as a home for the poor, and a reformatory for prisoners ; 35 families, numbering about 150 persons, settle here. May 21±. Ga. Oglethorpe holds an im- portant council with the Indians. * * Eng. Parliament passes the odious Importation Act, laying exorbitant duties on all the sugar, molasses, and rum imported into the colonies. [This excites resentment, and evasion, and leads to revolution.] * * La. Bienville returns from France with a commission from the king as governor. * * Mass. The province of Massachu- setts Bay petitions Parliament against the grievance of a royal instruction to support the Crown officers by a general instead of an annual grant. [The peti- tion is voted to be frivolous and ground- less — a high insult.] 1734 Mar. * Ga. Germans found Eb- enezer, above Savannah. Nov. 17. Neio York. Zenger, printer of the Weekly Journal, is arrested for libeling Governor Crosby. [Ac- quitted in 1735.] This is the first attack upon freedom of speech. * *[U. £.] Governors inaugurated : -41 * * Md. Samuel Ogle. N. C. Nathaniel Rice (pres.). -52 * * N. C. Gabriel Johnson. % -52 * * R.I. John Wanton. * * Costa Rica. The port of Caldera is opened, and prosperity revives. * * Ga. Augusta founded. 1735 May* Ga. Nine Moravians, or United Brethren, begin a settlement south of Savannah. * * -39 * * New York. Paul Richards 36th mayor. * * _37 * * S. C. T. Brougbton, gov. 1736* * Ga. A party of 100 Scotch Highlanders, with John M'Leod their minister, arrive and [found Inverness on the Altamaha]. Feb. 6. Ga. Governor Oglethorpe re- turns from England, bringing 300 im- migrants, including 25 Moravians and the two "Wesleys. * * [U. 5.] Governors inaugurated. -43 * * N. Y. George Clarke. N. J. John Anderson (pres.). -38 * * N. J. John Hamilton (pres.). -38* * Pa. James Logan (pres.). * * Pa. Benjamin Franklin is chosen clerk of the general assembly. MISCELLANEOUS. 1731* * New York. First fire engines introduced ; a department is organized. * * Philadelphia has 12,500 population. * * Rhode Island has about 18,000 inhab- itants. 1732 * * N. Y. A stage route opened from New York to Boston, a journey of fourteen days. * * S. C. Prevalence of yellow fever ; business nearly suspended. * * W. I. The yellow fever appears in several islands of the West Indies. * * New York province has a population of about 65,000 ; Pennsylvania, about 30,000 ; and Virginia, about sixty thou- sand. 1733 * * Maryland has a population of thirty-sis thousand. 1734 * * Can. Quebec and its suburbs have 4,603 inhabitants. 1735 * * Boston has a population of about sixteen thousand. 1736* * Mass. A regular line of stages runs from Boston to Newport. 64 1737-1744. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1737 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe returns from England with a military commis- sion and a British regiment of GOO men, to protect the colony from the Spaniards. 1739 Oct. 23-48* * England is at" war with Spain to open the ports of Spanish America to English merchants. Nov. 22. Colombia. Admiral Edward Vernon, with six English men-of-war, takes Portobello from Spain. 1740 Jan. 4±, Ga. Governor Ogle- thorpe with 1,200 troops and 1,000 Indi- ans invades Florida as ordered from England. [May 10. Takes Fort St. Di- ego, near St. Augustine.] Mar. * Ala. The French send another expedition against the Chickasaws. June * -July * Fla. Oglethorpe leads a strong expedition to capture St. Augus- tine ; after a siege of five weeks he withdraws. Oct. * W. I. New England troops join Admiral Vernon in an expedition sent to break Spanish power in the West Indies. Nov. * Ala. The Chickasaws promise peace to the French. 1741 Mar. * Colombia. Admiral Ver- non's expedition of 27,000 men against Cartagena is frustrated by disease. * * Cuba. The English colonies partici- pate in an attack upon this island. 1742 July 5. Ga. A Spanish fleet of 51 vessels, with 5,000+: men, carries the war northward into Georgia. [It is foiled by the stratagem of Ogle- thorpe and his small army ; the Span- ish commander is dismissed from the service.] July 15. Ga. The Spaniards retire from the attack on Savannah County. July 18. Ga. The Spaniards attack Fort William and are repulsed. 1744* *-48* *King George's War between Great Britain and France. Mar. 15. France declares war against Great Britain. May * Me. A French force, from Cape Breton surprises the English garrison at Canso and destroys the fort. June 2. Boston receives information that France has declared war against England. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1741 * * Vitus Bering discovers north- western America. 1742 * * Boston. Faneuil Hall is built by Peter Faneuil, and presented to the town. * * Cam,. Middleton and Moore make their discoveries in Hudson Bay, * * Md. Copper-works are in operation. 1743 * * Pa. John Bartram engages in botanical explorations. * * Phil a. Benjamin Franklin estab- lishes the American Philosophical So- ciety. [1753±. Expires. 1769. Revived.] * * S. C. The cultivation of indigo begins. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1737* * Allen. Ethan, colonel, born. Carroll. Charles, patriot, born*. Copley, .liibn SinfiU-ton, painter, bom. Deane. Silas, diplomatist, born. Hancock. John, statesman, born. Heath, William, general, born. Hopkinson, Francis, author, born. Nicholson, James, commodore, born. Paine, Thomas, author, born. 1738* * Boardman, Richard, clergyman, born. Hobart, John i... senator, born. Nelson. Thomas, statesman, born. Palmer, Rotas, general, born. r, born. West, Benjemi] 1739* * liartram, William, botanist, born. Clinton, George, vice-president, Gov. of N. Clymer, (Jeorpe, statesman, born. Duche. Jacob, first chaplain of Cong., born. Dupont, Pierre Samuel, economist, born. JarviB, Abraham, bishop, born. Langilon, John, statesman, born. Pickens, Andrew, general, born. Rutledge. John, justice, born in S. C. 1740* * Harrison, Benjamin, signer of Decl'n, b. Lathrop, John, clergyman, born. Lee, Arthur, statesman, born. Meigs. Return Jonathan, officer, born. O'lirien, Jeremiah, privateer, born. ( His, Samuel A., senator, born. Sullivan. John, general, born. 1741* * Arnold, Benedict, gen., traitor, born. Chase, Samuel, justice, born in Md. Fitzstmmons, Thomas, patriot, born. Kirklami, Samuel, founder, born. Murray, John, clergyman, born. Peabody, Nathaniel, general, born. Peale, Charles Wilson, painter, born. Perkins, Elisha, physician, born. Reed, Joseph, patriot, born. Warren, Joseph, patriot, born. 1742* * Hard, Samuel, physician, born. Bradford, Andrew, journalist, A55. Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, born. ? Cadwallader. John, general, born. Clagget, J. Thomas, bishop, born. iMayton, William Henry, statesman, born. Greene, Nathaniel, general, born. Hooper, William, patriot, born. Hagar, Isaac, general, born, lenrd, Ralph, statesman, born. Middleton, Arthur, statesman, born. I'rovoost, Samuel, bishop, born. Robertson, -lames, pioneer, born. Wilson. James, justice, born in Pa. 1743* * Allen, Thomas, chaplain, born. Blair, James, William and Mary College, d. Dana, Francis, jurist, born. Dexter, Timothy, eccentric citizen, born. Elbert, Samuel, (iovernor of Ga., born. Faneuil, Peter, donor of Faneuil Hall, A43. Fitch, John, inventor, born. Heckewelder, John, missionary, born. Jackson, Jonathan, congressman, born. Jefferson, Thomas, President, born Apr. 2. Porter, Andrew, general, born. Rand, Isaac, physician, born. Rumsey. James, inventor, born. Warner, Seth, officer, born. CHURCH. 1737 Sept. 23. N. Y. Hebrews dis- franchised by the Legislature. * * Ga. Charles Wesley leaves the colony for England via Boston. John Wesley sails for England later in the year, having failed as a mission- ary, and thoroughly cured of mysticism. 1738 Jan. * George Whiteneld, pul- pit orator and consecrated Methodist evangelist, sails for Georgia on his first visit to America. [He projects an or- phan asylum, and soon returns to Eng- land in its interests.] May * Ga. Whiteneld arrives, and es- tablishes an asylum for orphans. Sept. * .S". C. Whiteneld sails from Charleston for England. * * Greenland. Kajaruak, the first Eski- mo convert, is awakened by the Moravian preaching. * * S.C. Peedee Baptist church formed. 1739 Sept. * Bng. George "White- neld Bails from England to visit Amer- ica the second time. [He lands in Philadelphia early in November. He visits New York, preach- ing thrice daily for a week ; goes to Georgia and visits his Orphan House; visits most of the important cities, preaching incessantly, and greatly hon- ored by clergy and people, and power- fully moving the masses of the people by his zeal and eloquence. Twenty thou- sand persons listen to his farewell ad- dress on the Common in Boston ; he raises much money for his Orphan House.] * * Mass. The meeting-house (and school house), built by the Assembly for the Indians, is first occupied. * * Md. Baltimore has its first Protestant Episcopal church. * * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod divided into friends and foes of the revival connected with Whiteneld. 1740 Aug. 17. It. Benedict XTV. pope. * * Conn. Conversion of the Indian, Sam- son Occum, afterward Indian mission- ary. * Mass. Arian views of Christ cher- ished in New England. * * N. Y. Henry Kaueh, the first Mora- vian missionary to the New York In- dians, begins work at Shekosniko. Missionary Henry Rauch is bitterly opposed by the white people. Their large income in trading with the Indians is due to the ignorance of the latter. In proportion to the success of the mission, opposition increases Mis- sionaries and Christian Indians are ar- rested upon absurd and false charges, and the work of Rauch and his co- laborers is obstructed in every possible way. * * Pa. The Moravians begin mission work among the Indians at Bethlehem. * * _47 * * p a . Between these dates Ludweek Hacker set up a Sabbath- school at Ephrata, among the German Seventh-day Baptists there. (Haydn.) [The school-room was used as a hos- pital after the battle of Brandywine, (1777), thus breaking up the school.] * * Phila. Friction in the Presby- terian Synod; cause, revivals. * * S. C. George "Whiteneld is called before the commissary to answer for "certain articles," touching irregulari- ties and breach of pledges made in ordination. 1741 Jan. 16. S. C. TThitefield em- barks at Charleston for England. * * Phila. Schism in the Presbyterian Synod ; the New Brunswick Presbytery is excluded. June 2. Phila. The Presbytery of New Brunswick meets, with others who are excluded from the synod, and organizes the Presbytery of Londonderry. [A synod is called for August, 1742.] AMERICA. 1737-1744. 65 * * New Eng. Whitefield's revival. Between thirty and forty thousand persons have professed conversion dur- ing the last two years, under the preach- ing of Whiteneld. * * N.Y. The Church of England Mo- hawk Mission reports 500 Indians in 2 towns, and 58 communicants. * * Pa. Count Zinzendorf visits America and preaches to the Moravians. It is claimed that Dr. George de Benne- ville first preaches Universalism in America. The Moravians found Bethlehem. 1742 Feb. 11. Pa. Count Zinzendorf ordains two missionaries at Oly.to labor among the Indians. * * Conn. The General Assembly repeals the law exempting " sober dissent- ers" from worshiping with the "stand- ing order." Severe laws enacted against the "New Lights," who favor a more spiritual life in religion — bitter conten- tion with the " Old Lights." Harvard and Yale arrayed against Whitefield ; the General Assembly makes it illegal for any unsettled min- ister to preach at all. * * Md. The first Baptist church formed at Chestnut Ridge, near Baltimore. * *JV. Y. A great revival prevails among the Mohican and other Indian tribes. Aug. * Pa. The Presbytery of New Lon- donderry holds its first meeting ; it con- sists of members who were excluded from the Presbyterian Synod. * * Pa. Arrival of Henry M. Muhlen- berg, the founder of the Lutheran church in America. A new epoch opens for the Lutherans in his organizing work. 1743* * Boston. A second Baptist church formed. May 30. Pkila. The Presbyterian Synod meets, and rejects overtures of peace from the Synod of New York. * * N. Y. The Mohawk mission of the Church of England reports only two or three of the tribe uubaptized. LETTERS. 1739 * * -66 * * Conn. Rev. Thomas Clap is president of Yale College. 1741* * Pkila. The American Magazine, conducted by John Webbe, appears. It is the earliest magazine in America ; but two numbers issued. The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle, the first literary journal iu America, is issued by Benj. Franklin. (Six numbers.) 1742 * * Pa. The first public library in Pennsylvania is instituted by the effort of Franklin. 1743 * * -47 * * Boston. The American Magazine appears. * * Boston. The Boston Weekly Museum appears. (Four numbers.) * * -45 * * Boston. The Christian History appears. * * Mass. The education of Housatonic Indian girls is begun with poor success. * * Neio York. The Neio York Gazette or Weekly Post-£ov issued by Jas. Parker. * * Pa. A German edition of the Bible is published at Germantown. SOCIETY. 173S* * S. C. Desolating insurrection of negroes, inspired by Spanish influ- ence ; leaders are executed. 1740 * * S. C. Teaching negroes to write is prohibited by law. 1741 * * Neio York. Negroes conspire to murder their masters, and burn the city ; a panic ensues, and a public fast is observed. Four whites and IS negroes are sud- denly hanged, 14 negroes are burned, 71 transported, and many imprisoned; the existence of a plot is doubted. [Later it is proved that none existed.] 1743 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe closes ten years of office with the colonists, not having taken for himself an acre of ground, nor even owned a house. The poor colonists clamor for the introduction of slaves; the prohibitory laws are first evaded and then defied. ± * * Ga. Improvident English settlers contend that rum is necessary to resist the climate, and that none but slaves can till the soil. 1744+ * * Va. Mobs persecute the Baptists here and elsewhere ; ministers are frequently imprisoned for preaching. STATE. 1737 * * La. A royal edict permits ten years' freedom of commerce between Louisiana and the West Indies. Mar. * N. C. The Assembly imprisons the king's officers for distraining rent ; because of this it is dissolved, leaving the colony without revenue and the officers without pay. * * -43 * * S. C. Wm. Bull, governor. 1738 * * Jamaica. The Maroons (run- away slaves) are permitted to form set- tlements in the north part of the island. * * New Jersey becomes a separate colony. Colonists again petition for separation from New York, and the king yields, and appoints Lewis Morris governor. * *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated : -46 * *N.J. Lewis Morris. -47* * Pa. George Thomas (deputy). 1739 * * Colombia. The new kingdom of Granada is established under a viceroy. * * Me. A few Germans settle in "Waldo- borough. * * -44 * * jsfew York. John Cruger the 37th mayor. 1740 * * Ga. The Moravians are op- posed to war, and emigrate as a body to Pennsylvania, where they found Beth- lehem and Nazareth. * * -43 * * P. I. Richard Ward gover- nor. * * S. C. Act passed forbidding to teach negroes how to write. * * The jurisdiction of the French north of Baton Rouge, in the Mississippi Val- ley, is only in name ; its expensive colo- nization is a failure. * * Tennessee first explored. * * * Period of colonial prosperity. 1741 * * Eng. Parliament interferes to restrain the issue of paper currency in the colonies. * * New Hampshire is finally separated from Massachusetts, and becomes the only royal government in New England. * * [ U. 5.] Governors inaugurated : -50 * * Conn. Jonathan Law. May 6-49 * * Mass. Wm. Shirley. 1742 * * Va. Richmond is established by legislative enactment. * * Md. Thos. Bladen, governor. 17*43* *[U. £.] Governors inaugu- rated : Sept. 22-53 * * N. Y. Gen. Clinton. -44 * * R. I. W. Greene. [1746, 48-54.] -55 * * S. C. James Glen. Sept. 27. N. Y. Gov. Clinton's first offi- cial act is to dissolve the Legislature, and issue writs calling another. 1744 July 4±. Pa. Commissioners from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia meet envoys of the Iroquois at Lan- caster, and for $2,000 purchase their claim to the region between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains. [Later the English claims extend to the Mississippi.] * * Eng. Parliament provides for the government of the province of Quebec, empowering the king to appoint a coun- cil of administration. * * O. The English seek to occupy the Ohio Valley in competition with the French. [The struggle continues for thirty years.] * * _47 * * iVew; York. Stephen Bayard the 38th mayor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1738 * * Paper currency depreciated; gold is at a premium. One hundred English sovereigns are worth £500 in New England notes, £160 or more in the notes of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland, £1,000 in notes of North Carolina or £1,400 if offered in London. 1739 Aug.* Ga. Governor Oglethorpe, with only three or four attendants, jour- neys through the unbroken wilderness for a month, suffering great hardships, in order to meet Tomo Chichi and other chiefs in a great council at the Indian town of Choweta, 300 miles northwest of Savannah. * * W. I. The yellow fever rages. 1740 * * S. C. Great fire ; best build- ings burned. [Parliament appropriates $100,000 for the sufferers.] 1741 Mar. IS. New York. The chapel and buildings in the fort are burned. 1743 * * Ga. Settlers not permitted to hold their lands in fee simple previous to this date. 66 1744-1751, Nov. AMERICA. ARMY — WAVY. 1745 June 17- N. S. Louisburg, the chief stronghold of the French in America, is taken hy 4,000 colonists from New England, led hy William Pepperell, a wealthy merchant of Maine, aided by a few English vessels. Nov. 16. N. Y. The French and In- dians surprise the village of Saratoga. * * Can. The projected conquest of Can- ada by the united colonists is abandoned on the arrival of a French, fleet. * * Boston becomes apprehensive of an attack from D'Anville's fleet. 1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and Indians take Fort Massachusetts ; part of the prisoners are massacred. 1747 Feb. 4. N. S. Colonel Noble is surprised at Grand Pre\ Jan. 31. N. S. Battle of Minas. June * Can. Montreal is raided by the British. 1748 June 26. Vt. A battle with In- dians is fought at Marlborough; the Indians retire. 1749 * * Can. Fort Rouill£ [Toronto] is built. 1750 Apr. * Can. Hostilities occur in Acadia [Nova Scotia] between French and English respecting boundaries. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1745 * * Benjamin "West, seven years of age, executes his infant sister's por- trait in black and red inks. * * W. I. A theatrical representation given by a company of amateur actors, including the famous Moody, in the Island of Jamaica. 1746 Oct. 28. Peru. An earthquake destroys Lima and Callao. Eighteen thousand persons are buried in ruins; every inhabitant but one, of Callao, is destroyed by the earthquake or the tidal wave attending it. * * Pa. The first iron rolling and slit- ting mill is erected in Thornbury. * * Phila. Franklin experiments with electricity. 1748 * * Phila. Franklin makes an ex- hibition of electricity. At a picnic he " killed a turkey by the electric spark, and roasted it by an elec- tric jack before a tire kindled by the electric bottle." 1749* * Boston. The King's Chapel is built. (1689. First built.) * * Phila. A company of amateurs at- tempt to open a theater. * * Aid. Eight furnaces and nine forges are at work. 1750 Mar. 5. New York. Bichard IXE. is performed at a theater on Nassau Street. * * Boston. Otway's Orphan is acted at the coffee-house in State Street. It is the first theatrical performance in the country, and is immediately pro- hibited. * * Mex. Burns of Palenque" are first discovered. ± ** * Phila. Robert Feke paints por- traits. ± * * Patience Wright models miniature heads in relief, with wax. ± * * Beacon Shem Browne makes some elaborate weather-vanes. 1751 Nov. 21. W.I. Port-au-Prince, St. Bomingo, is ruined by an earthquake. * * La, Sugar-cane is introduced. BIRTHS - DEATHS. Ada s, Al lJelkiiap, Jeremy, historian, born. Bradstreet, John, major-general, dies. Gerry. Elbridge, vice-president, born. jMifflin, Thomas, genera!, born. Parker, Samuel, bishop of .Mass., born. Quincy. Josiah. patriot, born. Romeyn, Theodorie D., theologian, born. Sevier, .John, pioneer, born. Sullivan, James, statesman, born. 1745 * * Asbury. Francis, bishop, born. Avery, Waighlstill, lawyer, born. Bacbe, Sarah, nurse, born. Barry, John, naval officer, born. Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, born. Ellsworth. Oliver, chief-justice, b. in Conn. Harrison, Robert H.. justice, born in Md. Hayne, Isaac, officer, born. Jay. John, chief-justice, born in N.Y. Kitteridge, Thomas, surgeon, born. L'Ouvertnre, Toussaint, liberator, bom. Murray, Lindley, grammarian, born. Paterson, William, justice, born in K. J. Patterson, Robert, senator, born. Pickering, Timothy, statesman, born. Rush. Benjamin, physician, born. Rutgers. Henry, patriot, born. Wayne, Anthony, general, born. 1746* * Allen, John, patriot, born. Andrew, John, clergyman, born. Benson, Egbert, judge, born. Billings, William, composer, born. Livingston, Robert R., statesman, born. Muhlenberg, John P. G., general, born. Neale, Leonard, bishop, born. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, states- 1747* * Brainerd. David, missionary, A29. Coke, Thomas, bishop, born. Dickinson. Jonathan, clergyman, A59. Farrar, Timothy, judge, born. Fitson, John, explorer, born. Howell, David, judge, born. Jones, John Paul, naval officer, born. Moody, Samuel, minister, A7I. Shays, Daniel, insurrectionist, born. 1748* * Deane, James, missionary, born. Few, William, colonel, born. Hicks, Elias. Friend preacher, born. Martin, Luther, lawyer, born. Moore, Benjamin, bishop, born. Williams, Otho H., general, born. 1749* * Backus, Charles, clergyman, born. Baynan, William, surgeon, born. (iansevoort, 1'eter, officer, born. Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, dies. Griffin, Cyrus, statesman, born. Ingersoll, Jared, jurist, born. Lincoln. Levi, statesman, born. Lynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Declaration, b. Palmer, Anthony, statesman, dies. Ramsav, David, physician, born. Rutledg-e. Edward, statesman, born. Sargent, John, missionary, A49. Stevens, John L., inventor, born. Thomas, Isaiah, journalist, born. 1750* * Biddle, Nicholas, navy, born. Daboll, Nathan, teacher, born, ■ Francisco, Miranda. Venezuelan, born. Girard. Stephen, founder, born. Iredell. James, justice, born in N. C. Jasper. William, patriot, born. Knox, Henry, general, born. Lawrence, John, statesman, born. Parsons. Theophilus, judge, born. Pinckney. Thomas, general, born. Taliaferro, Benjamin, officer, born. Trumbull, John, poet, born. CHURCH. 1744 * * N. 5'. The governor opposes the missionaries. Influenced by white opposition, he issues orders " that the several Moravian and vagrant teachers among the Indians of New York should desist from further teaching and preaching to the Indian.-, and depart the province." These orders were executed hy the sheriff.] Rev. David Brainerd is sent by the Presbytery of New York a missionary to the Indians. * * Pa. The " Old Side " or strict Pres- byterians open an academy at New Lon- don. * * George Whitefield makes his third evangelistic visit to America. * * Va. Mobs of persecutors torment the Baptists. 1745 May 25. Phila. Commissioners from the Presbvtery of New York de- cline to accept the report of a Synodical Commission appointed to remove differ- ences ; it proposes to the Synod a mutual agreement to erect another synod, to be called the Synod of New York. Sept. 19. N.J. The Presbyteries of New York, New Brunswick, and New London- derry unite at Elizabethtown and er.-.-i the Synod of New York, thus dividing the Presbyterian church. The division is chiefly caused by differ- ences in opinions respecting ministerial education. The " Old Side" constitute the Synod of Philadelphia ; the " »w Side," the Synod of New York : the latter urge a more spiritual ministry. 1746 May 15. Phila. Fifty-sbc Bap- tists form a Baptist church entirely in- dependent of that at Pennepeck (Lower Dublin). * * N. J. The " New Side " Presbyterians get a charter for the college of New Jersey (Princeton College) ; first locate it at Elizabethtown. 1747* * Mass., etc. John Brainerd suc- ceeds his brother as missionary to the Indians. * * Md. Controversy on baptism by Samuel Finley and Abel Morgan through the press. Sept. 12. New York. A sub-governing body, called the Coetus, is formed in the Dutch Reformed church. Sept. 29. Pa. The first Reformed Ger- man Coetus is formed. 1748 Aug. 14. Phila. Convention of Lutherans meets and organizes the first Lutheran Synod in America ; J. N. Kurtz is ordained for the ministry, the first of this denomination in the colonies. 1749 * * Boston.' The corner-stone of the [present] King's Chapel is laid. [1754, Aug. 21. Reopened.] * * X. Y. A new missionary resumes the work among the Mohawks, which was abandoned during the recent war. 1750 Jan. * Boston. Jonathan May- hew preaches against tyranny and priest- craft. June 22. Mass. Contention drives Jon- athan Edwards from his church at Northampton, " the largest Protestant society in the world " ; he becomes a missionary to the Stockbridge Indians. * * or 1755 * *N. H. The first Baptist church is formed at Newtown (Kewton). AMERICA. 1744-1751, Nov. 67 LETTERS. 1744* * p a . Benjamin Franklin be- comes the projector of the University of Pennsylvania, * * Franklin becomes the founder of the American Philosophical Society. 1745 * * Boston. The American Monthly Magazine is established by Jeremy Gri'dley. * * Md. The Maryland Gazette, the first newspaper printed in this province, is revived at Annapolis, the capital. 1746 Oct. 22. N. Y. Bill introduced in the assembly to raise §11,250 by lot- tery, for the erection of a college (Columbia). * * N. J. The (Presbyterian) Presbytery of New York, in session at Elizabeth- town, New Jersey, founds Nassau Hall (Princeton). * * -47 * * New York. The Evening Post issued by Henry de Forrest. * *A Treatise Concerning the Religious Affections, by Jonathan Edwards, appears. 1747 * * History of the First Discovery and Settlement of Virginia, by William Stith, appears. * * Philosophic Solitude, by William Liv- ingston, appears. * * N. J. The College of New Jersey (Princeton) is removed to Newark. 1748 Oct. 28. N. Y. Governor Clin- ton signs the bill revising an act to raise $9,000 by lottery, to build a col- lege (Columbia). * * S.C. The Library Society is organized. 1749 * * An Inquiry into the Qua! idea- tions for Full Communion in the Church, by Jonathan Edwards, appears. * * N. C. Printing is introduced. * * Pa. The University of Pennsyl- vania (non-sect.) is founded. (Or 1740.) * * Va. ["Washington and Lee Uni- versity] (non-sect.) is founded as a school at Greenville. 1750 * * Mass. Ninety Mohawks come from New York, and put their children in the Stockbridge Indian School. SOCIETY. 1745 Feb. 2. W. I. A conspiracy of negroes in Jamaica to murder their masters, exposed by a negress to her mis- tress. [Severely punished.] 1747 K"ov. 17. Boston. The British impress seamen. An indignant mob expresses the public resentment against Commander Knowles ; the governor withdraws to Castle William. 1750 * * Boston. An amateur theatrical play leads the legislature to prohibit theatrical exhibitions in the province. STATE. 1744 * * Virginia purchases of the Indi- ans the right to extend settlements to the Ohio, and build a fort [where Pittsburg now stands]. * * Wis. Charles de Langlade becomes a settler. 1745* * Md. Frederick City is founded. * * P. I. Gideon "Wanton governor. [1747.] * * Va. Lord Halifax settles beyond the mountains. 1746 * * Sp. Ferdinand VI,, king. * * [CT. S.] Governors inaugurated : -51 * * Md. Samuel Ogle. N. J. John Hamilton (pres.). -47* *N.J. John Reading. 1747 Nov. 17. Boston. Commander Knowles impresses seamen, and his officers are imprisoned by a mob until the release of the men impressed. * *-57* * New York. Edward Holland the 39th mayor. * *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated : -57 * * N. J. Jonathan Belcher. -48 * * Pa. Anthony Palmer (pres.). 1748 July * N. Y. A colonial con- gress held at Albany is attended by representatives of New England and of the Six Nations. Oct. 7. Fr. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle between England, France, and Spain, by which each surrenders its conquests, and Cape Breton is restored to the French. [1749. May 10. It is proclaimed at Boston.] Oct. * N. Y. Gov. Clinton meets an as- sembly at Albany, and demands a rev- enue for the king. The assembly insists on naming the incumbent of each office, and is prorogued. * * Persons in England and Virginia unite to form the Ohio Company. * * Pa. James Hamilton, governor. * * W. I. Tobago is declared a neutral island. 1749 Mar. 3. Eng. Under the pretext of suppressing the flagrant evils of co- lonial paper money, Walpole reports a bill to overrule all charters, and to make the orders by the king, or under his authority, the highest law of America. June 5. N. S. The British government sends emigrants to Nova Scotia at its own expense ; Halifax is founded. Oct. 16. Massachusetts makes a treaty with the eastern Indians. * * Eng. A Stamp Act proposed. * * Massachusetts becomes a hard money colony. * * [CT. S.] Governors inaugurated: -53 * * Mass. Spencer Pliips. -70 * * Va. Lord Albemarle, Thomas Lee, and later, Lewis Bur- well (acting). * * New England is reimbursed by England in specie for her outlay in the Louisburg expedition, and thus enabled to redeem her paper currency. * * N. H. Disputes over the New Hamp- shire grants [continuing for forty years]. * * * The struggle between the French and English for possession of Ohio Valley begins. The French are the first occupants. 1750 * * The Ohio Company obtains a grant of about 600,000,000 acres ahout the Ohio River in territory claimed by France. [War follows for eight years.] * * Arg. Rep. Montevideo enjoys a pro- vincial government separate from that of Buenos Ay res. * * Boston. Jonathan Mayhew makes his bold utterances against England. * * Eng. Parliament attempts to sup- press the development of the colo- nies, to prevent competition in similar productions. It forbids, under penalties, the main- taining of iron-mills, slitting or rolling mills, plaiting-furges, ;uid especially the manufacture of steel ; it also prohibits the felling of pine-trees outside of cer- tain enclosures. * * Md. — Pa. Mason and Dixon are appointed to survey the division line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. [It afterwards becomes the notable boundary between freedom and slavery.] * * N. Y. The colony grows slowly, being outstrix>ped by Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. * * N. S. Conflicting claims are made by the French and English. * * 0. Christopher Gist, G. Crogan, and A. Mentour are in the Ohio country. The Shawnees enter the Ohio country. * * Paraguay. The Jesuits resist the transfer of a part of Paraguay to the Spaniards, till they are subdued by com- bined Spaniards and Portuguese troops. It is in the interest of their missions. * * Port. Joseph Immanuel king. * * J 'a. George "Washington, nineteen years of age, is appointed surveyor-gen- eral of the Northern District. The Ohio Company send Christopher Gist into the west on an exploring ex- pedition. * * - 54 * * Conn. Roger "Wolcott is gov- ernor. 1751 July* N. Y. A colonial con- gress at Albany in which South Caro- lina joins for the first time. Subject, the protection of the colonies from the French. Peace concluded between the English colonies and the Six Nations. MISCELLANEOUS. 1745 * * N. J. A census taken ; popu- lation sixty-one thousand four hundred and three. * * W. I. The yellow fever rages. 1748 * * Md. The population is esti- mated at 94,000 whites and 36,000 blacks ; total, 130,000. * * Colombia. Porto Bello is the great commercial mart for the rich commerce of Chile and Peru. [Now a small village 20 miles northeast of Colon.] 1750 * * New Eng. Popoulation about three hundred and fifty-four thousand. * * W. I. Fire consumes a part of Port Royal, Jamaica. * * Pennsylvania receives 5,317 emi- grants. * * Since 1607 there has been very little emigration to the colonies to this date. 68 1751-1755, Sept. 8. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1751 * * Va. George "Washington, 19 years of age, is appointed Adjt.-Gen. for the Northern District of Virginia. 1752* * Pa, Virginians delay building the fort at the forks of the Ohio. * * O. The French destroy the English trading-post at Pickawillany. 1754* * Lieut.- Col. "Washington, 22 years old, becomes colonel on the illness of Col. Fry. ["Without experience in war he soon strikes the first blow in the final struggle between the French and Eng- lish for supremacy in the New World.] Mar. * Pa. Thirty-three Virginians forestall the French and build a stock- ade in the "West. [On the present site of Pittsburg.] Apr. 17. Pa. The French capture the Virginians, erect a stronger fortress and call it Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg). May 28. Pa. Near the Great Meadows at the confluence of the Monongahela and the Alleghany Rivers, "Washington surprises and defeats a French force under M. Jumonville, who is killed with 10 of his men ; 22 survivors are captured, while only one Virginian is killed and two or three wounded. July 4. Pa. Col. George "Washington has his first defeat in the defense of Fort Necessity (S. "W. Pennsylvania), where he capitulates to a superior force of the French. Aug. 27. JSf. Y. The French and In- dians break up all settlements at Hoo- sick and Sehaghticoke. * * Me. Fort Halifax is built on the Ken- nebec. * * The English establish forts west of tbe Alleghanies. 1755 Feb. * Va. Gen. Braddock, com- mander of British forces, arrives from Ireland. OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN ^VAR. * * -63 * * The French and Indian "War between England and France — a part of the Seven Years' "War in Eu- rope. It is a struggle to acquire su- premacy in the New World. Tbe French have Indians as their allies. Apr. ± * Three expeditions are planned against the French in a council of colo- nial governors : (1) against Fort Du Quesne ; (2) against Fort Niagara; (3) against the fort at Crown Point. May 20. N. S. Two thousand troops sail from Boston to subdue the French in Acadia. [In less than a month, with a loss of only 20 men, the English take the entire country.] May 30. Va. Gen. Braddock advances to drive the French intruders out of the Ohio Valley. June 8. The British fleet off Cape Race attacks a part of a French fleet, and captures two vessels. (June 10 ?). June 7. Md. Gen. Braddock sets out on his disastrous march from Fort Cum- berland. June 16. X. S. Fort Beau Sejour sur- renders to Col. Monckton after a siege of four days. Fort Gaspereau surrenders to Monckton. June * Va. Braddock refuses the aid of Indian scouts and frontier men, having "experienced troops on whom he could rely for all purposes." June * -July * A r . Y. Fort Edward, on the Hudson, is erected against tbe French by General Phineas Lyman, with about G,000 troops ; they also fortify Ti- conderoga. July 7. Pa. Braddock's defeat. Near Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg), Gen. Braddock is surprised by a party of French and Indians, his 1,200 troops are routed, and he is mortally wounded. The enemy consist of 220 French, led by Beaujeu and Dumas, with 637 In- dians ; of Braddock's 85 officers, 26 are killed and 37 wounded, and 714 privates killed or wounded. Colonel George "Washington saves the remnant of the army ; he has two horses shot under him, and, though his coat is shot through, he escapes unscathed. + * * England and France struggle for possession of the Ohio Valley and Acadia. * * Mass. Governor Shirley of Mas- sachusetts is appointed commander-in- chief of the British forces in America. * * Summer. Pa. The disaster attend- ing Braddock's expedition fills the colo- nies with gloom and consternation; it shakes the colonists' confidence in the British soldiers. Aug. 2. Pa. Col. Dunbar leaves a few troops at Fort Cumberland, and retires with tbe rest of his army to Philadelphia. Aug.* N. r. Gen. "William Johnson erects a fort at the head of Lake George. Aug. 30±. A r . Y. Gen. "William John- son with 3,400 men is sent to drive the French from the Lake Champlain region. Sept. 5. N. S. Exile of the Acadians announced. The British, having subdued the French in Acadia, proceed to banish more than 4,000 hapless men, women, and children among the British colonies, and burn their property. "The history of civilized nations furnishes no parallel to this wanton and wicked destruction of an inoffensive colony." (Ridpath.) Sept. 8. N. Y. Col. Ephraim "Wil- liams, with a thousand men, leaves Lake George, and marches for the defense of Fort Edward. He is soon surprised by French and Indians under Baron Dies- kau, and driven back. The English lose among the killed Col. Williams and tbe Indian Chief Hendrick. The French follow the returning fu- gitives to Lake George, where they are repulsed by the New England militia. American loss, 216 killed and 96 wound- ed ; tbe French loss is greater. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1751 + * * PMla. David Kittenhouse (19 years old) discovers the method of fluxions. 1752 Sept. 25. Va. The first play performed in America by a regular company of comedians is acted. The Merchant of Venice and Garrick's Let)n' are performed by William Hal- lam's Company pi English acton at Wil- liamsburg, the capital city. * * Phita. Benjamin Franklin makes remarkable electrical discoveries. Franklin brings electricity down from a cloud, and proves that it is identical with lightning. ± * * Lightning conductors are set up for the protection of buildings by Ben- jamin Franklin. * * S. C. St. Michael's Church at Charleston is built. 1753 Sept. 17- Xew York, Thesecond theater in this city is opened in Nassau Street, by Hallam's Company, with Steele's Conscious Lovers. * * Phila. An Arctic expedition is sent out under the instigation of Franklin. * * Pa. Benjamin "West paints the Death of Socrates at Lancaster. * * * It is commonly believed, even by educated people, in the Old World, that plants and animals degenerate in size and quality when transplanted into the New World. 1754 Apr. 15. Phila. The first thea- ter is opened at the corner of Cedar and Vernon Streets, with the Fair Penitent, by Hallam's Company, at " the store- house " of Wm. Plumstead. 1755 Apr. * Ecuador. An earthquake destroys Quito. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1751 * * Allen, Ira, founder, born. Allen, Solomon, clercvinan, born. Barber, Francis, officer, born. Cabot, George, agitator, born. Dearborn. Henry, general, born. Decatur. Stephen, commodore U. S. N., b. Dudley. Paul, jurist, dies. Ledyard, John, traveler, born. Madison, James. 4th l'resident, born Mar. 16. Phillips, Samuel, bent- fact or, born. Red Jacket, Seneca Indian, born. Smybert, John, painter, A67. 1752* * Bleecker, Ann Eliza, poetess, born. Bowdoin, James, diplomat, born. Bradford. William, printer, A92. Burton, Asa, clergyman, born. Champe, John, soldier, bom. Chijunan, Nathaniel, jurist, born. Clarke, George Rogers, general, born. Duval. Gabriel, justice, born in Jld. Dwight. Timothy. Pres. of Yale Coll., b. Freneau, Philip, poet, born. Garrettson. Freeborn, Jleth. cl., born. Howard, John Kagt-r. soldier, born. Humphreys, David, soldier, born. Linn, William, chaplain, born. Logan, Benjamin, pioneer, bom. Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, born. 1753* * Baldwin, Thomas, theologian, born. Eustis, William, physician, born. HaniKir, Josiali, general, born. Hull, William, general, bora. JlcCrea, Jane, killed by Indians, born. Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson), philosopher, bom. Warren, John, physician, born. Wheat-ley, Phillis, negro poetess, born. Wilkinson, Jemima, impostor, born. 1754* * Barlow, Joel, poet-patriot, born. Burbeck, Henry, army officer, born. Ellieotr.Andrew, astronomer, bom, Hampton. Wade, general, born. Tallmadge, Benjamin, army officer, bora. Thatcher, James, physician, born. CHURCH. 1751 * * Mass. Tuscarora and Oneida Indians join the Christian Indians of StocUbridge, and put their children in the Indian schools. AMERICA. 1751-1755, Sept. 8. G9 Jonathan Edwards becomes pastor of the church at Stockbridge, and mis- sionary to the Stockbridge Indians. Salary, £6 13s. 4c/. * * S. C. Charleston Baptist Association formed. 1752 * * Can. Moravian missionaries land in Labrador. * * Pa. Arrival of Mr. Cuthbertson, a Presbyterian (Reformed) minister sent from Scotland. Arrival of Philip 'William Otter- bein (Ger.), founder of the United Brethren in Christ. 1754 * * N. V. The Coetus of the Re- formed Dutch church takes steps for the formation of a Classis. * * Jamaica. Moravian missionaries be- gin labor among the natives. * * Va. By the laws of this colony, every settlement is to have " a house for the worship of God " ; absence therefrom is punishable with a fine ; traveling or shooting on the Sabbath is interdicted. * * W. I. Friedensthal becomes a mis- sion station of tbe Moravians, at St. Croix. * * Catholic vs. Protestant. The religious future of the New World is in the issue of the French and Indian war ; the success of the French signifies the dominance of»Catholicism ; of the English, thesupreinaeyof Protestantism. LETTERS. 1751 * * N.J. "Woodbridge has the first printing-press in the province. * * N. Y. The sum of £3,443 has been raised to found King's College (Colum- bia). 1752* * New York. The Independent Re- flector issued by James Parker. The Mercury issued by Hugh Gaine. ± * * Struggle in the legislature and through the press to prevent the estab- lishment of seminaries of learning having connection with any religious society; William Livingston leader. 1753 * * Nero York. The Pacquet issued by William Wenman. New York. Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson, of Connecticut, is invited to the presi- dency of King's (Columbia) College ; salary, £250. * * P. I. The Athenseum Library at Providence is founded. 1754 July 17. New York. King's (Co- lumbia) College, under the presidency of Dr. Johnson, opens with a class of ten students, in the vestry room of Trinity Church. Oct. 31. New York. A royal charter for King's (Columbia) College (Prot. Epis.) passes the seals. Governors, the Archbishop of Canter- bury, the principal clergy of five re- ligious denominations in New York, and twenty private gentlemen. Money is raised in England, ami Joseph Murray gives S40.000 and his library. The Society Library is founded. SOCIETY. 1752 Feb. 2. Pennsylvania hospital admits its first patient. * * * New Eng. It becomes fashionable as well as honorable to wear home- spun, because of British oppression in restricting manufactures and commerce. Harvard students make it a point to be graduated in homespun. * * * Ga. The Colony is a financial failure. After nearly 20 years of benevolent ef- fort and the expenditure of more than Siiun.noit in Parliamentary grants, and of private contributions amounting to nearly $90,000, Georgia has only 1,700 whites, and 40O negroes, and a discoura- ging future. The failure of the colony is charged to its benevolent scheme, and lack of wisdom in the proprietary regu- lations. 1753 Oct. 31. Va. George Wash- ington, a surveyor, 22 years old, with four comrades and an interpreter, sets out for the shores of Lake Erie, bearing an important remonstrance from the Governor of Virginia to the commander of the French. Dec. 16. Pa. Washington starts on his return journey, in great peril from Indians. STATE. 1751 * * D.C. Georgetown is laid out at the head of navigation on the Potomac ; it grows rapidly. * * * America refuses to be ruled by ar- bitrary instruction. * * Eng. The colonies are regarded by the mother country as depots for the distribution of home products on a new soil. 1752 Jan. 1. Eng. The calendar is changed. Parliament enacts that the beginning of the new year shall be changed from the 25th of March to January 1 in Eng- land and her colonies. Eleven days to be omitted after September 3d. Mar. * Pa. A plan of American union is proposed. June 13. Virginia treats with the Indi- ans at Logstown, and is permitted to build a fort at the forks of the Ohio. [Delayed.] June 23. Ga. The trustees of this un- successful colony surrender the char- ter to the king, and it becomes a royal province. Sept. 3. Eng. New Style introduced. The CALENDAR CHANGED ; Sept. 3 changed to Sept. 14 in England and her colonies. * *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated : -54 * * Ga. Capt. J.Reynolds (Prov.). Md. Benjamin Tasker. N. C. Nathaniel Bice (pres.). -58 * * Va. Robert Dinwiddie. 1753 May + * O. A large body of French and Indian allies enter the val- ley of the Ohio. Oct. 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborn supersedes Governor Clinton. Oct. 31. The English colonies are irri- tated by the erection of French forts in the interior, at their rear. George Wash- ington commissioned by the governor of Virginia to remonstrate. Nov. 14. Va. Washington starts from Williamsburg on his perilous journey through the forest, to inquire the pur- poses of the invading French at Fort Le Bceuf [Pittsburg]. Dec. 12. N. Y. The Assembly passes an act for the registry of mortgages, to prevent fraud. * * Connecticut colonizes lands in Penn- sylvania. * * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated : -56 * * Mass. William Shirley. -56 * * Md. Horatio Sharpe. -54 * * A r . C. Matthew Rowan (pres.). Oct- 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborne. -55 * * N. Y. James de Lancey. * * Pa. The first settlement in the Ohio Valley is made by "Virginians on the banks of the Youghiogheny. 1754 Jan 16. Va. George Washing- ton brings a letter from the French commander refusing to vacate the terri- tory held by the French in the West. June 19. N. Y. Congress of seven colonies at Albany ; a union for de- fense is proposed. July 4. N. Y. Benjamin Franklin lays before the Congress at Albany a plan for a federal constitution, aim- ing to provide by union for a common defense against French encroachment ; it is adopted [but afterward rejected by some of the colonies, and by the British government]. Dec. * Boston. Gov. Shirley lays before Franklin a scheme of colonial union, which provides for a colonial congress and British taxation. * * Kentucky is settled by Col. Daniel Boone of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. * *tU. £.] Governors inaugurated: -66 * * Conn. Thomas Fitch. -56 * * Ga. John Reynolds. -63 * * N. C, Arthur Dobbs. -55 * * Pa. Robert H. Morris (dep.). * * Va. The French continue to en- croach upon the territory of "Virginia, west of the Alleghanies. 1755 Apr. 14. Va. In a colonial con- gress at Alexandria, Gen. Braddock and five colonial governors recommend taxation of America by Parliament. July * Eng. Halifax proposes to ease the mother country by taxing the colo- nies. MISCELLANEOUS. 1751* * La. Sugar-cane is introduced. * * Pa. Franklin estimates the popula- tion of the colonies at " nearly a mil- lion English souls," about 20,000 of them to be native born. * * Philadelphia has about 17,000 people, including 6,000 negroes. 1752 * * Boston loses about 550 people by a small-pox scourge. The population is 17,574. * * N. Y. The first house is erected in [the city of Troy]. * * -54 * * Iceland. Great famine be- cause of the failure of crops ; thousands perish. 70 1755, Sept. 10-1759, July. AMERICA. ARMY- NAVY. 1755 Sept. 10. Can. Seven thousand Acadians are forced to embark for banishment. [Fisher's estimate, 7,000 ; "Winsor'B, 4,000.] Sept. * N. Y. Fort "William Henry, a useless wooden defense, is erected at Lake George by Gen. Johnson. Oct. 24. Gov. Shirley, commander of the expedition against Fort Niagara, grows weak-hearted, and abandons the move- ment after learning of Braddock's defeat. * * N. Y. The French fortify Ticon- deroga. * * Va. Indian warfare on the fron- tier [continuing several years]. 1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the French for two years, Great Britain makes an open declaration of war. June 9. France formally declares war against Great Britain. June 15. New York. Gen. Abercrom- bie, the second in command under the Earl of Loudoun, arrives with several British regiments. Forty German officers arrive to re- cruit a loyal American regiment of 4,000 June 27. If. Y. Abercrombie, at Al- bany, billets his soldiers upon private houses, and proceeds to while away the summer. June * Gov. Shirley resigns the com- mand of the British troops in America. Aug.± * Can. The Marquis Louis Joseph Montcalm supersedes Baron Dies- kau in command of the French. Aug. 12. Can. Montcalm, with a mixed force of over 5,000 men, and 30 pieces of cannon, commences the siege of Fort Ontario, on the Oswego Kiver. Aug. 13. If. Y. The garrison of Fort Ontario retires to the old fort on the opposite side of the river. Aug. 14. N. Y. Surrender of Oswe- go. Montcalm obtains an immense amount of military stores, also 1,400 pris- oners, and 134 cannon. Sept. 8. Pa. Col. John Armstrong, with 300 volunteers, surprises and de- stroys the hostile Indians in Western Pennsylvania, with a loss of only 1G men. * * III. The French construct a system of forts in the interior, westward, near the Illinois River. * * Rhode Island sends 50 privateers, with 1,500 men, against the French. * * Va. George "Washington drives the the Indians out of the Valley of the Shenandoah. 1757 Jan.* Can. General Stark goes down Lake George with 70 rangers, and turns the strong post of Carillon. June 20. Can. Loudoun sails with a splendid army for Halifax. [He is reen- forced later by additional troops, mak- ing 11,000 men and 16 men of war.] Aug. 3. If. Y. The French and Indians under Montcalm besiege Fort Wil- liam Henry; Col. Monroe sends to Fort Edward 15 miles distant for aid, of Gen. Webb, who has 4,000 men at com- mand; he declines the request, and coun- sels a surrender. Aug. 4. Can. Gen. Loudoun is in- formed that a large French fleet and a garrison of 0,000 men await him at Louis- burg, so he abandons the expedition against it. Aug. 9. If. Y. Col. Monroe with about 2,000 men surrenders Fort William Henry to Gen. Montcalm who has 11,500 men ; the Indian allies, maddened with rum, cruelly massacre the pris- oners at Bloody Pond. * * The French seem triumphant every- where. The campaigns of the last two years have been disgraceful to the British flag ; imbecility and cowardice in the management is the cause. France pos- sesses twenty times as much American territory as England. * * Eng. Lord Jeffrey Amherst is ap- pointed commander of a division of the British army in America ; James "Wolfe is his talented lieutenant. 1758 Jan.± * The imbecile Lord Lou- doun is retired and Gen. Abercrombie succeeds him in command of the British army in America. Lord Howe is next in rank. Mar. * Rogers is defeated on Lake Cham- plain. Apr. 30. N. Y. German Flats are at- tacked by the Indians. May 28 -July 26. if. S. Successful expedition of the British against Louisburg. Gen. Amherst, with nearly 12,000 men, and Admiral Boscawen, with nearly 40 vessels, capture the fortress and destroy the shipping. June 8. If. S. General Amherst lands his forces near Louisburg. July 5. If. Y. Abercrombie and Lord Howe embark on Lake George against Ticonderoga and Crown Point, having nearly 16,000 men and much artillery with them. July 6. If. Y. The French ambuscade the British advance near Fort Ticon- deroga; Lord Howe, " the soul of the army," is killed, and the soldiers are dispirited, having no confidence in Aber- crombie. July 8. If. Y. Battle of Ticonderoga won by the French. The British attack the fort, which is successfully defended by about one- fourth their number. "In no battle of the Revolution did the British have so large a force engaged or meet so terrible a loss." (Ridpath.) July 9. If. Y. Abercrombie retreats from Ticonderoga to Fort George. July 26. N. S. England takes Nova Scotia. After a siege of a few weeks Louisburg capitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst: Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and nearly 6,000 prisoners fall to the British. July * Fort Stanwix is built. Aug. 27. Can. The British, under Col. Bradstreet, take Fort Frontenac (Kingston), also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of war, and a large military store. Sept. 15. Pennsylvania troops and 800 Highlanders under Gen. Bouquet ap- proach the French position at Fort Du Quesne, arc surprised and routed. Nov. 24. Pa. The French abandon and burn Fort Du Quesne at the approach of Gens. Forbes, Washington, and Armstrong, with 9,000 men. Nov. 25. Pa. The English flag is raised over the ruins, and the place is called Pittsburg after the great Commoner. * * Can. Montreal is surrounded by walls. 1759 Jan.± * Va. "Washington (aged 26; resigns his command after the de- parture of the French from Fort Du Quesne. Jan. 23. W.I. The British attack Guadeloupe. ' Jan. * Eng. General Amherst (Lord Jeffrey) is promoted to the chief com- mand of the army in America ; par- liament votes $60,000,000, to carry on the war ; William Pitt proposes to con- quer all Canada. June 21. Can. The English fleet ap- proaches Quebec. June 27. Can. Gen. "Wolfe lands an army of about 8,000 a few miles below Quebec. A French force of 13,000 is in the city. June 30. Can. "Wolfe takes possession of Point Levi, where he proceeds to erect batteries. July 18. Can. Some of Wolfe's vessels pass above Quebec. July 25, Can. Fort Niagara capitu- lates to the British under Sir William Johnson after a bloody battle. French communication between Can- ada and Louisiana is forever broken off. Gen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting of a gun during the siege. July 26. If. Y. The French garrison re- treats from Fort Ticonderoga to Crown Point at the approach of Gen. Amherst. Summer. Pa. Stanwix builds Fort Pitt near Du Quesne. July 31. Can. "Wolfe is checked in an impetuous assault on the French at Quebec, in which he loses 400 men. If. Y. The French abandon the important fortress at Crown'Point, and surrender the valley of the Champlain without a battle. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1755 Nov. 18. New England is shaken by an earthquake. * * Phi-la. Franklin makes experiments in electricity with a kite. "Nov. 18. An earthquake extends from New England to the West Indies. 1756 Feb. 14. if. Y. The Hudson River is free from ice ; recruits sail from New York for Albany. * * Piiila, Benjamin "West is estab- lished as a portrait painter. 1758 * * Co7in. The first paper-mill is erected at Norwich. * * New York: A sail-loft is used for the- atrical purposes by a strolling company. A new theater is built at Cruger's wharf by Mr. Douglas. AMERICA. 1755, Sept. 10-1759, July. 71 BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1755* * Adams, Hannah, authoress, horn. Bancroft, Aaron, theologian, horn. Evans, Oliver, engineer, horn. Gray, Kohert, discoverer, born. Hale, Nathan, patriot, horn. Kenton, Simon, pioneer, horn, King. Ruius. statesman, horn. Marshall, John, chief justice, horn in Va. Moore. Alfred, justice, born in N. C. Truxtun, Thomas, naval officer, horn. "Williams, Ephraim, colonel, founder, A40. 1756* * Burr, Aaron, slayer of Hamilton, horn. Dale, Kichanl, commodore, born. Laurens, John, officer, born. Lee, Henry, general, born. Stuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, born. Tilghman, William, jurist, born. Trumbull, John, painter, born. 1757* * Badger, Joseph, missionary, born. Hamilton. Alexander, statesman, horn. Hammond, Samuel, statesman, born. Laiayette, Marquis de, born in France, Sept. 6. Macon, Nathaniel, sen. for N. C. born. Paine, Elijah, jurist, born. Robbins, Ashur, statesman, born. Wilkinson, James, general, born. 1758* * Ames, Fisher, statesman, born. Armstrong, John, author, horn. Edwards. Jonathan, theologian, A55. Messerve, Nathaniel, colonel, patriot, A43. Monroe, James. 5th President, born Apr. 28 in Va. Paulding:. John, patriot, born. Pinckney, Charles, statesman, born. Prince, Thomas, historian, A71. "Webster. Noah, lexicographer, horn. "Worcester, Noah, clergyman, born. CHURCH. 1755 Sept. 30. N. T. Assembling of the Conferentie of theReformed Dutch in New York. [Much strife and fre- quently some violence in the churches on governmental questions.] * * Can. In Nova Scotia 7,000 Catholic Acadians are banished and scattered for refusing to take the oath of suprem- acy. * * N. Y. The Presbytery organizes a mission presbytery in Hanover County, Virginia. 1756 Apr. 1. Jamaica. The first Mo- ravian missionary lands at St. Johns. Oct. 5. N. J. The Philadelphia Baptist Association decides to raise money for the establishment of a school at Hope- well. * * Mass. Isaac Backus becomes a Bap- tist, and forms the first Baptist church at Middleborough. 1757 Jan. 12. Jamaica. The first Mo- ravian convert is baptized. Sept. 10. N. J. G. Du Bois, the first pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church * of Bergen, is installed. 1758 Jan. 11. Ga. The General As- sembly, meeting at Savannah, legalizes the Church of England as the church of the province. May 22. Pa. The two Presbyterian Synods reunite after a separation of thirteen years, and form "the Synod of New York and Philadelphia" with 94 members. * * Greenland. Lichtenfels becomes a mission station of the Moravians. * * St. Clement XXU. pope. * * N. C. A Baptist Association formed. * * O. Christian Frederic Post first opens a Moravian mission in the Ohio country. LETTERS. 1755 * * Mass. John Adams graduates at Harvard. * * Mass. An Inquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notion respecting that Free- dom of Will which is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency, etc., by Jon- athan Edwards, appears. [Or 1754.] Dec. * N. C. Its first newspaper, the North Carolina Gazette, is issued at New Berne. * * Conn. The first newspaper, the Con- necticut Gazette, is issued at New Haven. * * New York. Sir Charles Hurdy, the new governor, subscribes .$'.2,500 for the founding of a college ; this settles the controversy in favor of the church party. 1756 Aug. 23. New York. Thecorner- stone of King's (Columbia) College is laid. * * N. H. Its first newspaper, the Neiv Hampshire Gazette, is issued at Ports- mouth. 1757 ±. The Great Christian Doctrine of Original Sin Defended, by Jonathan Edwards, appears. * * N. J. The College of New Jersey is removed from Newark to Princeton. * * Phila. The American Magazine ap- pears. 1758 * * Boston. The New England Magazine appears. * * N. J. Jonathan Edwards is called to the presidency of Princeton College. * * -6Q * * N. J. North American Mag- azine appears at "Woodbridge. SOCIETY. 1757 * * Ga. It is enacted that no liq- uor license shall be granted to any joiner, bricklayer, plasterer, shipwright, silversmith, goldsmith, shoemaker, smith, tailor, tanner, cabinet maker, or cooper, who should be capable of getting a livelihood by honest labor and indus- try. 1759 Jan. 6. Va. George Washing- ton marries Martha Custis. STATE. 1755 Sept. 10. Can. The Acadians, occupying territory claimed by England, are forced to embark for transporta- tion, leaving their homes behind them for the English Crown. * * America's first discontent arises from duties levied upon goods imported from foreign countries. * * S. C. The governor induces the Cher- okee Indians to cede a large territory to Great Britain, and to agree to move inland away from the British settle- ments. * * -63 * * The French and Indian "War unites the colonies, and schools them in the art of war. * * Port. A second Brazil company is chartered. * * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated: -57 * *N. Y. Sir Charles Hardy. -56 * * E.I. Stephen Hopkins. [Also in 1758, 1763, 1767.] 1756 May* Can. Montcalm arrives in Quebec. [He becomes the greatest of the governors.] * *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated: -57 * * Mass. Spencer Phips. -58* * Pa. W. Denny; J. Hamilton, deputy. [Also in 1759-62, 1777.] -59 * * S. C. William H. Littleton. * * -63 * * The colonists begin to discuss the political questions involved in the policy of the Home Government, and its endeavor to interfere with their civil rights and industries ; the people are intensely aroused. * * Tenn. The first settlement is made on the Tennessee River (30 miles from Knoxville). 1757 Jan.* Boston. A congress of governors meets and agrees to raise 4,000 men against the French. Another congress of Southern governors meets at Philadelphia. June * Eng. "William Pitt enters the Newcastle ministry, and soon recovers British military prestige in America. [He rejects a stamp-tax.] Pa. A controversy occurs between the governor and the Assembly respect- ing a scheme of taxation. July 27. Benjamin Franklin again ar- rives in London, as ambassador to the king, from the colony of Pennsylvania. * *\_U. £.] Governors inaugurated: -59 * * Del. Henry Ellis. Apr.-Aug. Mass. The Council. -60* * Mass. Thomas Pownall. -60 * * N. Y. James de Lancey. N. J. John Reading (pres.). R. I, William Greene. * * Mass. The General Court and Lord Loudoun have a controversy respecting the quartering of troops. * * -66 * * New York. John Cruger the 40th mayor. 1758 Nov. 26. Thanksgiving Day is observed by the colonists because the French are driven out of Fort Duquesne, and the valley of the Ohio and the great West are opened for the advance of Eng- lish settlers. * * N. S. A constitution is granted to this province. * * Georgia is divided into eight parishes. * *[U.S.] Governors inaugurated : -58 * * N. J. Francis Bernard. -61 * * P.I. Stephen Hopkins. [1767.] -68 * * Va. Francis Fauquier ; John Blair, lieutenant. MISCELLANEOUS. 1755 * * New Eng. Population about 435,000. 1757 * * La. The French population is about 10,000 * * New York City. Population about 12,000. * * Philadelphia. Population about 13,000. 1758** Va: About 70,000 hogsheads of tobacco exported. 72 1759, Aug.-1763. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1759 Aug. 4. JV. Y. Crown Point is occupied by 11,000 British under Gen. Amherst on the retreat of the French. Aug. 11. N. Y. The British embark at Crown Point to follow the French, but soon abandon the effort. Sept. 13. Can. First battle on the Plains of Abraham. After a siege of 69 days, Quebec is as- saulted and the French defeated. Gen. James Wolfe falls with his third wound, and the equally brave French general, Montcalm, is mortally wounded. Great Britain wins a vast empire by a single battle, "one of the most momentous victories in the annals of mankind." (Bancroft.) Sept. 18. Quebec capitulates to the English. Sept. 26. Tenn. Col. Montgomery, with a force from Carolina, attacks the Chero- kees [burning many of their towns]. Oct. * Va. Gov. Lyttleton, by perfidious conduct and insolence, provokes a war with the Cherokees. * * Me. Fort Pownall is built on the Penobscot. 1760 Mar. 3. S. C. Unsuccessful at- tack of 300 Cherokees on Fort Ninety- Apr. 28. Can. The French (tempo- rarily) defeat the English in a second battle on the Plains of Abraham. May 16. Can. English reenforcements arrive, and the French retire from Quebec. June * Tenn. Carolinians, under Colonel Montgomery, invade and ravage the valley of the Tennessee, to punish the Cherokees. They enrage the Indiana without subduing them. July 1. S. C. Arrival of Montgomery on his retreat from the Tennessee coun- try. Aug. 7. Tenn. The garrison of Fort Loudoun capitulates to the Chero- kees [and is foully massacred or taken into captivity.] ALL CANADA TAKEN BY THE BRITISH. Sept. 8. Montreal falls into the hands of General Amherst, at the head of three powerful armies. Amherst approached the city from up the river, white Murray ascended from below, and Haviland marched from the Lake Champ lain region. Nov. 29. Mich. Belfetre surrenders at Detroit. 1761 June 10 +. Tenn. The Chero- kees are defeated by the British under Lieut. Col. James Grant ; their town, magazines, and cornfields destroyed. Summer. Mich. The garrison of De- troit barely escapes a conspiracy to massacre the force by the Seneca and "Wyandot Indians. 1762 Jan. 1. "War between England and Spain. * * N. B. The French gain [temporary] possession of St. John. June 6. Cuba. An English squadron of 32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with 20,000 men, under the command of the Duke of Albemarle and Admiral Pocock, appears off Havana. July 30. Cuba. The Morro Castle is taken by storm. Aug. 13. Cuba. The governor of Ha- vana capitulates. The English gain ships of the line and 4 frigates, and 14,000 prisoners, besides spoil valued at § 10,000,000. Autumn. Fontiac plans his conspiracy. * * W. I. The English take Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. The French "West Indian Islands surrender to an expedition of royal and provincial troops. 1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris closes the French and Indian "War, one of the most important and far-reaching in its results. May 7. -Nov. * Mich. Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, instigates a conspiracy. It aims to surprise every English post between the Alleghanies and the Missis- sippi by a confederacy of all the tribes, and thus exterminate the English in the "West; an Indian maiden at Detroit ex- poses and defeats the scheme at that garrison. May 16. O. The "Wyandots take Fort Sandusky, and butcher the garrison. May 29. Mich. The Chippeways take Fort Mackinaw, and murder nearly all of its defenders. May-f * Mich. Siege of Detroit. July 15. All the English forts of the "West captured by the Indians "except Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit. Sept. 3. Mich. Detroit is relieved from a long siege, conducted by Pontiac, by a vessel from Niagara. Nov. * General Gage succeeds Am- herst as commander-in-chief of the British forces. Dec. 14-27. Pa. The" Paxton Boys'* massacre the Conestogas, who were con- verted Indians. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1760 * * Mass. John Singleton Cop- ley first paints. * * Benjamin "West goes abroad to study 1761 - • AlRop, Richard, poet, born. * harlevolx, Pierre Francois Xavier, miBsIon- Davie's, Samuel, pres. of Princeton C'olL A37. Murray, William Vans. btat.-Muan, bora. Preble. Edward, commodore, born. Spauldim.', Solomon. Hook of Mormon, born. Wistar, Casper, pbvsician, born. 1782' • Abbot, Benjamin, teacher, born. Karle. I'liny, inventor, born. Giles, William liran.-h. statesman, born. Moore, Uichard i harming, bp. of Va., born. Washington, Bushrod,'justice,born in Va. 1763* * Astor, John Jacob, capitalist, born. Breckinridge. James, congressman, born. Delano, Amasa, traveler, born. Holmes. Abiel, clergyman, born. Kent. James, jurist, born. Slaclure, William, geologist, born. art. * * Boy and Tame Squirrel is sent by John Singleton Copley to the Royal Academy. 1761 Mar. 12. Mass. An earthquake shocks this and adjoining states. * * JR. T. Performance of The Provoked Husband at Newport. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1759* * Adair, John, general, born. Barney, Joshua, commodore, born. Cooper, Thomas, scientist, born. Dallas. Alex. James, statesman, born. Gilman, John, Gov. of N. H., horn. Pepperell, Sir William, general, A63. ? Plumer, William, statesman, born. Prideaux, John, officer, A41. Read, Nathan, inventor, born. "Wolfe, James, general, dies. 1760* * Carey, Matthew, philanthropist, born. Dayton. Jonathan, patriot, born. Dessalines, Jean .bn-qnes. Haitian emp., b. Duane, William, politician, born. Duponceau, Peter S., lawyer, born. Van Wort, Isaac, patriot, born. Wolcott, Oliver, statesman, born. CHURCH. 1759 * * N. Y. Samson Occ am , an In- dian convert, is ordained by the Suffolk Presbytery. 1760 Aug. 10. New York. Arrival of Philip Embury, the first Methodist preacher in America. * * Brazil. On the pretext of influencing a native revolt the Jesuits are expelled with great severity. 1761 * * New York. The American peo- ple are alarmed at Episcopacy because of its connection with politics, the clergy of the Colony having, in concealed cor- respondence, urged the Archbishop of Canterbury to promote the abrogation of provincial charters. 1762 June 10. New York. The [pres- ent] First Baptist church is organized. Dec. 9. Mass. Dr. Jonathan May-hew avows Universalism in a Thanksgiving sermon. 1763 * * Can. First Baptist church formed in [British America,] at New Brunswick. * * Fla. The Franciscan Mission in Florida reports at this date 25 stations, 81 missionaries, and over 600 converts. * *N. r. The Synod of New York or- ders a collection to be taken in all its churches for the support of Indian missions. The Presbytery of Dutchess County is organized. * * Pa. The Christian Indians in Beth- lehem and vicinity are persecuted by the whites during the Pontiac War. LETTERS. 1759 * * Mass. Joseph "Warren grad- uates at Harvard. 1760 * * New England surpasses all the other colonies in education. " There was not to be found, in all New England, an adult, born in the country, who could not read and write." (Ridpath.) * * Virginia leads the Southern colonies in diffusing education, and Maryland, Carolina, and Georgia bring up the rear of the column. 1761* *-62* * The American Chronicle issued by Samuel Farley. AMERICA. 1759, Aug. -1763. 73 * * Del. The first newspaper, the Wil- mington Gazette, appears. * * Mass. Speech of James Otis, the orator, against the " writs of assistance." 1762 * * R. I. Providence has its first newspaper, the Providence Gazette. ' * *A Vindication of the Conduct of the House of Representatives, by Patrick Henry, appears. * * Va. Thomas Jefferson graduates at William and Mary College. 1763 Apr. 17. Ga. The Georgia Ga- zette issued at Savannah on its first and recently arrived printing-press. * * Aid. Frederick College (non-sect.) organized. * * New York. Rev. Myles Cooper be- comes president of King's (Columbia) College. SOCIETY. 1760 * * Various social customs in the colonies. Manners and customs of the Puritans prevail in New England ; those of the Dutch on the banks of the Hudson ; those of the Quakers along the Delay- ware ; those of the Huguenots along the rivers of South Carolina. * * * New Eng. Laws prohibit many things. Among them, the defrauding of credit- ors, in order to live in luxury ; " drink- ing of healths, as a bad habit'; " wearing embroidered garments and laces, also sleeves that do not reach the wrist, these must not be more than an ell wide ; the use of tobacco by such as are under 20 years of age, those who use it publicly are finedsixpenee ; all persons are restrained from " swimming in the waters on the Sabbath day , or unreasonably walking in the fields or streets." Those who refuse to vote, or serve when elected to office, are fined for want of patriotism. Thomas Hutchinson is the most con- spicuous man in New England. (Win- sor). * * * Pa. Laws prohibit "stage plays, playing of cards, dice, May-games, masques, and revels." * * * Va. Rigorous laws regulate con- duct. Absence from church is punishable by fine ; the wardens are sworn to report cases of " drunkenness, swearing, and other vices," offenders are liable to punishment by fines, at the rate of "a shilling an oath " for swearers ; minis- ters are to abstain from excess of drink- ing and riot, and are not to play cards or dice. * * * Car. Laws similar to the preceding are enacted in the Carolinas. 1763 * * Ohio. The English introduce the rum traffic (which the Erench had prohibited) among the Indians along the lakes and the Valley of the Ohio ; their demoralization follows. * * Guiana. A formidable insurrection of negro slaves. STATE. 1759 Sept. 18. Can. Ramezay is gov- ernor at Quebec. * * Sp. Charles m. king. * * Massachusetts has self-imposedtaxes. * * Pa. James Hamilton governor. 1760 Sept. 8. Canada, having been sur- rendered to General Amherst, is united to Great Britain [ceded in 1763]. Oct. 25. Eng. George II. dies. Nov. 20. Eng. George TU. enthroned. Dec. 27. Boston receives tidings of the death of George II. * * Eng. The king and aristocracy strug- gle against the people. * * Eng. Franklin denies that Ameri- cans desire independence, or ever will, except they suffer gross abuse. * * Ga. This province issues $37,050 this year in paper money. * * Gviiana. Peace is made with the Au- kan negroes in Dutch Guiana. * * Estimated population of the 13 colo- nies, 1,695,000 people, of which number 310,000 were negroes. * * English imports from the North Amer- ican colonies amount to $3,805,000; ex- ports, $13,060,000. * * [ U. £.] Governors inaugurated : -75 * * Ga. James Wright. June-Aug. Mass. Thos. Hutchinson. [1769-74.] -69 * * Mass. Sir Francis Bernard. N. J. Thomas Boone. -61* * N. Y. Cadwallader Colden. [1761-65; 1769-70.] -61 * * S. C William Bull. [1763-69.] 1761 Jan. 27. Mass. Joseph Hutch- inson is appointed chief-justice. [John Adams considered this date the beginning of the American Kevolu- tion.] Feb. * Boston. James Otis becomes the champion of the colonies in opposing the Acts of Trade before the subservient Chief-Justice Hutchinson. He produces a sensation throughout the colonies by his masterly address, showing the unconstitutionality of the Parliamentary acts, and advocating the rights of the colonies. * * Eng. The British ministry endeavor to strictly enforce the Importation Act. * * Mass. Disputes and bitterness pre- vail over the arbitrary methods of col- lecting customs. Great excitement follows the unjust and tyrannical action of the king's offi- cers in Salem and Boston, who are given " Writs of Assistance " for entering and searching any place for goods suspected of evading the import duty. * * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated: -62 * * N. J. Josiah Hardy. Oct. 26. N. Y. Robert Monckton. 1762 Nov. 1. Phila. Franklin again returns from England. Nov. 3. La. France, by a secret treaty, cedes to Spain the whole of Louisi- ana west of the Mississippi, and also the island of New Orleans. * * Guiana. Peace is made with the Saramaccan negroes in Dutch Guiana. * *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated : R. I. Sam. Ward. [1765. Reappointed.] S. C. Thomas Boone. 1763 Jan. * Pa. The English govern- ment orders Connecticut to cease colo- nizing the Wyoming "Valley. Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris, between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Por- tugal. The Mississippi becomes the western boundary of Virginia ; Spain cedes Flor- ida to Great Britain ; France cedes to Spain all the vast territory of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi Uiver, and the isles of St. Pierre and Miquelon are confirmed to her. England restores Havana, receives Nova Scotia, Canada, and Cape Breton. The French power disappears from the New World. * * -65 Apr. * Eng. George Gren- ville prime minister. Oct. 7. Eng. The king by a proclama- tion defines the respective boundaries of Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and Granada, but the regions north of the Great Lakes and west of the Alleghanies remain Crown lands, closed to settlers. Nov. 3. Treaty of Fontainebleau be- tween England, Prance, and Spain. Nov. 15. Pa. Charles Mason and Jere- miah Dixon begin the running of the "Mason and Dixon line." [It forms the southern boundary of the free State of Pennsylvania in later times.] Dec. 28. N. Y. The governor issues a proclamation claiming the territory (Vermont) west of the Connecticut River under the grants of Charles II. to the Duke of York. Dec. * Va. First collision in Virginia between the prerogative of the king and the authority of the Legislature occurs. The king refuses to sign the law au- thorizing debtors to pay their public dues in money instead of tobacco — the legalized currency. Patrick Henry pleads the rights of the colonists, and denies the king's right to make laws for the colonies. * * Brazil. The capital transferred from Bahia to Rio Janeiro. * * The English occupy all the posts es- tablished by the French along the lakes ^and the Ohio Valley. * * It is believed that England intends to tax the colonies to relieve her financial burdens. * *[U. 5,] Governors inaugurated : -75 * * N. C. William Franklin. -72* * Pa. JohnPenn. [1773-76.] -64 * * R. I. Stephen Hopkins. MISCELLANEOUS. 1759 * * Port. A third Brazil company is formed. 1760 Mar. 20. Boston. One-tenth of the city destroyed by fire. * * Cuba. Yellow fever first appears at Havana. * * 72. 7. Newport has about 650 slaves. 1762 Oct. * Phila. The yellow fever rages with unparalleled violence. 1763 * *N. Y. A ferry established be- tween New York and Paulus Hook (Jer- sey City). 74 1763-1768, June 10. AMERICA. ARMY — WAVY. 1764 June* Col. Bradstreet conducts a campaign along the Great Lakes. Aug. 5, 6. Battle of Bushy Run. * * Major Loftus, with British troops, ascends the Mississippi from New Orleans. Oct. * -Nov, * 0. Col. Henry Bouquet marches against the Ohio Indians. 1765 * * Fort Chartres is turned over to English troops. * * III. English, troops first enter the Illinois country. 1766 Mar. 5. Ulloa takes possession of New Orleans for Spain. * * Boston. The royal artillery arrives. 1767 * * Boston. Irritation caused by the appearance of a man-of-war, the Iiomney ; the colony having broken no laws, and only appealed for redress. ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 1765 * * Thomas Godfrey writes Prince of Parthia, the first play written by an American. 1767 Aug. * IF. I. About 16,000 perish by an earthquake at Martinique. * * New York. A theater is built in John Street. * * Pa. David Rittenhouse projects a large orrery on a new and improved plan. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1764* * Iiiigget.t, l);ivid, si'iiMfor, born. Eaton, William, soldier, born. Emmet, Thomas, lawyer, born. Livingston, lirockholst, V. x. Supreme Court, born. Livingston, Edward, statesman, born. Mitchell, Samuel Latham, physician, born. Perkins, Thomas, philanthropist, born. Pinkney, William, lawyer, born. Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, dies. Van Rensselaer, Stephen, statesman, born. Ware, Henry, clergyman, born. 1765* * Andrada, Sylvae, d', Brazilian statesman, b. Backus, A /.el, college president, born. Pulton. Robert, engineer, born. Gardiner, John S., clergyman, born, Harper, Robert (loodloe, lawyer, born. Meigs, Ketui'ii Jonathan, Gov. of 0., born. Pitkin, Timothy, historian, born. Sinithson, James L. M., physicist, born. Stanwix, John, general, dies. Todd, Thomas, justice, born in.Ky. "Whitney, Eli, inventor, born. 1766* * Appleton, Samuel, philanthropist, born. Barton, Benjamin Smith, naturalist, born. Boylston, Zabdiel, physician, A86. Dunlap, William, painter, born. Finley, Samuel, pres. Princeton Coll., A51. Irving, William, author, born. Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, A46. Perkins, Jacob, inventor, born. Wilson, Alexander, ornithologist, born. 1767* * Adams, John Q., 6th President, horn in Mass.. July 11. Bayard, James Asheton. statesman, born. Black Hawk, Indian chief, born. Brooks, Peter ('., philanthropist, born. Clap, Thomas, Pres. Yale Coll., A64. George, Enoch, bishop, born. Granger, Gideon, statesman, born. Jackson, Andrew, general, statesman, 7th President, born. Thompson, Smith, justice, born in N.Y. Wolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., A88. CHURCH. 1764 Apr. 15. New York. The Re- formed Dutch church has preaching in English by an English pastor lately called. (Much opposition to the lan- guage follows.) 1765 May 9. Mass. The Baptist church of Haverhill is constituted; Hezekiah Smith, pastor. * * Boston. Samuel Stillman becomes pastor of the Baptist Church. [He preaches against the Stamp Act.] * * Mick. Only two Jesuit missionaries remain in the Northwest ; both are at Mackinaw. * * N. C. The Kehukee Baptist Associa- tion is formed. * * Tenn. Two Baptist churches formed in East Tennessee. * * S. C. Jews have a congregation at Charleston. * * Pa. (?) Lutherans start a private the- ological Seminary. * * W. I. Two Moravian missionaries are sent to the Barbados. 1766 * * New York. Methodism is in- troduced. The first Methodist sermon in the New World is preached by Philip Embury at his residence in New York. * * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod unites with the General (Cong'l) Associa- tion of Connecticut to defeat the pro- posed establishment of an Episcopal church for the colonies, to be supported by a common tax ; they also agree to meet in annual conventions. 1767 * * New Eng. Some of the Baptist churches are Seventh-day, some Ar- minian, and a majority maintain the im- position of hands on the immersed as a divine ordinance. * * New York. The Methodists worship in a rigging-loft. * * Pa. Capt. Thomas "Webb introduces Methodism into Philadelphia. A general missionary collection is ordered among Presbyterians by the Synod, to maintain preaching on the frontier. * * Paraguay. The Jesuits are expelled. * * R. I. "Warren Baptist Association formed. * * W . I. Moravian mission work pros- pers in Barbados. * * Expulsion of the Jesuits from Span- ish South America. LETTERS. 1764 Mar. 24. Pa. The New Castle Chronicle first issued. Oct. 29. Conn. Hartford has its first newspaper, the Connecticut Courant. * * Can. The first newspaper in Que- bec is issued, the Quebec Gazette, pub- lished in two languages. * * Mass. The Harvard Library is de- stroyed by fire; about 6,000 books are burned. * * Phila. The first medical school in America is founded. * * B. I. Brown University (Baptist) established at Warren. * * Bights of Britisk Colonies, by Otis, appears. 1765 * * N. Y. Samson Ocum visits Eu- rope, and secures §50,000 for his Indian schools on Long Island. 1766 Nov. 10. N. J. The Reformed Dutch obtain a charter for Queen's (Rutgers) College. (Unsatisfactory and inoperative.) * * Conn. Rev. Eleazer Wheelock estab- lishes a school for training Indian hoys to be teachers of their own race. * *_77* *Conn. Rev. Naphtali Dag- gett is president of Yale College. * * New York. The Chronicle issued by A. and J. Robertson. The New York Journal, or General Advertiser, issued by John Holt. 1767 Oct. * Conn. The Connecticut Jour- nal and New Haven Post-Boy is issued. SOCIETY. 1764 * * Mass, John Adams marries Abigail Smith. 1765* * Conn. Indignation of colo- nists against the Stamp Act. The Connecticut stamp-officer rode into Hartford on his white horse to de- posit his resignation, with a thousand armed farmers riding after him, and said he "felt like death on the pale horse with all hell following him." — Ency. Brit. * * Eng. Parliament authorizes the min- istry to send troops to enforce the Stamp Act; the colonies are to find "quar- ters, fuel, cider or rum, candles, and other necessaries " for them. Merchants resolve to purchase no more goods in England, and the people pledge themselves to buy nothing of English manufacture. * * Stamp Act agitation prevails. Muffled bells toll the fimeral peal of liberty in Boston and Philadelphia ; in New York a copy of the Stamp Act is carried through the streets, having a death's-head nailed to it, and this in- scription attached, The FoUy of England and the Ruin of America. 1766 Oct. * Boston. The Daniel Mal- colm riot ; writ forcibly resisted. 1768 June 10. Boston. Riot against the action of the commissioners of the king's customs, in seizing the sloop Lib- erty belonging to John Hancock. STATE. 1763 * * -64 * * Eng. The ministry seeks to enforce the Importation Act by seizing and confiscating colonial ves- sels in unlawful trade. * * Guiana. A French company sends out 12,000 colonists without provision for tbeir labor or support ; very many suffer and perish. * * Mass. Samuel Adams shows that ac- cording to English common law the peo- ple alone have the right of voting taxes by tbeir representatives ; and the colo- nists have the full right of Englishmen. 1764 Mar. 10. Eng. The House of Commons adopts a resolution affirming the propriety of charging certain stamp duties on the American colonies. [The report soon crosses the sea and produces universal indignation.] AMERICA. 1763-1768, June 10. 75 Apr. 6. Eng. Passage of Grenville's Act, modifying the Sugar Act of 1732, to take effect Sept. 30th. May 24. Boston takes action against taxation by Parliament. Dec. 17. N. H. The governor issues a proclamation declaring the claims of New York to Vermont are obsolete. Dec. * Eng. Franklin returns to Lon- don. * * Mass. Colonists resolve not to use British manufactures. 11 The Rights of British Colonists as- serted and proved" by James Otis, aids the movement for liberty. * * Mo. The French settle the town of St. Louis, making it a trading-post. * * The enforcement of the Importation Act nearly destroys the colonial trade with the West Indies. * * S. C. The Legislature offers large bounties of land to settlers; many im- migrants arrive from Germany, France, England, and Scotland, chiefly poor people. Oct. 27-71 July 1. N. C. Wm, Tyron is governor. * * Fontleroy is sent by the French government to observe the American colonies. 1765 Feb. 6. Eng. George Grenville introduces the resolutions for a Stamp Act, and a favoring vote is taken by the Committee of the House of Commons. Vote 245 — 49. Feb. 27. Eng. The Stamp Act passes the House of Commons without a formal division. Mar. 8. Eng. The Lords pass the Stamp Act without debate, protest, amendment, division, or a single oppos- ing vote. Mar. 22. Eng. Commissioners, acting on behalf of King George III., sign the obnoxious Stamp Act, and it becomes law. After the first of November every legal document is to be executed on paper bearing an English stamp, each sheet costing the colonist from three- pence to six pounds sterling; news- papers, pamphlets, and almanacs to be on paper stamped to the value of one half-penny and increasing to t'onrpence; each advertisement two shillings. Apr. * Eng. The Mutiny Act is ex- tended to the English colonies. May 30. Va. The right of taxation denied. Patrick Henry (29 years of age) makes his famous fiery speech in the House of Burgesses, and the assembly passes reso- lutions in expression of colonial rights ; its effect on the colonies is electrical. [New York and Massachusetts assem- blies pass similar resolutions.] June 6. Mass. The assembly issues a call for a congress of deputies from the several colonies to meet in New York on October 7th. July 13. -66 Aug. 2. Eng. The Rock- ingham ministry. * * Boston. The mob compels Andrew Oliver, the stamp-agent, to resign, and promise he will not aid in the distribu- tion of the stamps. He is hanged in effigy. Aug. 26. Boston. The chief justice, Joseph Hutchinson, is assailed, and his house is sacked. Oct. 7-25. N. Y. An Anti-Stamp Act Congress meets in New York City. Twenty-eight delegates are present from nine colonies. New Hampshire, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia being representatively absent, but quies- cent. It promises loyalty, and sends a petition to Parliament. Oct. 19. New York. The Stamp Act Congress, having drawn up petitions and memorials to the King and Parliament, adopts a "Declaration of Rights." Oct. 31. New York. All the governors of colonies, Rhode Island excepted, take oath to execute the Stamp Act. * * The "Sons of Liberty" are organ- ized to oppose arbitrary government and defend colonial rights. The right of taxation by Parliament is much dis- cussed. * * Pa. Pittsburg is laid out and set- tled. Nov. 1. The Stamp Act comes into force on this day and is universally con- temned ; flags fly at half-mast, bells are tolled, and business suspended. In New York ten boxes of stamps are forcibly seized and destroyed; in Con- necticut the stamp-officer is threatened with hanging; in Boston houses are de- stroyed and the stamps given to the winds and flames ; every stamp-officer in America is obliged to resign or leave the country. Merchants of the principal cities en- ter into engagements with each other to import no more goods from Great Britain till the Stamp Act shall be repealed. Nov. 7. Massachusetts appoints Dennis Deberdt its agent in London. * * French Guiana. Only 918 colonists remain alive out of 12,000 sent out. Nov. * R- I. Governor Ward refuses to take an oath to sustain the Stamp Act ; other governors acquiesce. * *-69* * N. Y. SirH, Moore, governor. 1766 Jan. 14. Eng. Pitt advocates the repeal of the Stamp Act in Parliament. He says, " I rejoice that the Americans have resisted ; if they had submitted, they would voluntarily have become slaves. They have been driven to mad- ness by injustice." (See p. 917.) Jan. 2S. Eng. Benj. Franklin is ex- amined in the House of Commons respecting the Stamp Act. He testifies as to the temper of his countrymen. Mar. 7. Eng. The Declaratory Act is passed by Parliament, asserting that " Parliament has power to bind the col- onies in all cases whatsoever." Mar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act is re- pealed ; great joy among the friends of America ; bonfires, flags, and illumina- tions in London. The act had brought in no revenue. May 6. Eng. Lord Howe and Gen. Howe appointed commissioners for re- storing peace in the British colonies. * * News of the repeal occasions great rejoicing in the colonies ; bells are rung and bonfires lighted and importations encouraged ; a great calm follows, while another storm is brewing. (May 19.) Aug. 10. Neio York. At night soldiers cut down a citizen's flagstaff. Replaced. Dec. * New York. Soldiers again cut down the flagstaff. Great excitement follows. * *_76* * New York. Whitehead Hicks the 41st mayor. * * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated : -69 * * Conn. William Pitkins. -66* *R.I. Samuel Ward. -68 * * S. C. Charles Montague. 1767 June 20. Eng. Parliament en- acts duties on tea, etc. June 29. The irritation of the colo- nies renewed. Royal assent is given to an act impos- ing colonial duties on imported glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea; it also suspends the powers of the General Assembly of New York until it votes supplies for the King's troops in that Erovince. [The flames of resentment urst out afresh.] * * Mass. Non - importation associa- tions again come into vigorous exist- ence. * * Eng. Custom House and Hoard of Commissioners created for America. Nov. 20. The Act taxing colonial im- ports goes into effect. Dec. 26. Pa.—Md. Mason and Dixon complete their important survey as far as a war-path, thirty-six miles from the end of the line, where the Indians com- pel them to stop. Dec. * -70 Jan. * Eng. Duke of Graf- ton prime minister. Hillsborough succeeds Shelburne in the ministry as colonial secretary. 1768 Feb. 11. Mass. The Assembly, by a circular letter, calls upon other colonies to unite in an effort to obtain redress for grievances. June * Eng. The ministry perempto- rily orders the Assembly of Massachu- setts to rescind its circular. June 10. Boston. The commissioners of customs seize John Hancock's sloop Liberty, and the enraged citizens drive them to the fort for safety. MISCELLANEOUS. 1764 June 18. N J. The lighthouse at Sandy Hook first put in operation. 1765 Aug;. 14. Boston. Consecration of the Liberty-tree ; copper-plate af- fixed with the words, " The Tree of Lib- erty. Aug. 14, 1765." * * * The British Board of Trade has checked all manufacturing enter- prise, by means of restrictions which make success impossible. 1766 * * N. Y.—Pa. An express wag- on runs from New York to Philadelphia in two days, and the enterprise is con- sidered remarkable. 1767 * * The colonists again form non- importation associations to destroy the market for British goods ; importa- tions of dutiable articles nearly cease. 76 1768, July-1772. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1768 Sept. * Boston. Two British re- giments arrive, having been sent by request of the royal officers in the colony. (Sept. 28.) Oct.* Mass. General Gage, commander- in-chief, is sent from Halifax to subdue " the insolent town of Boston." He marches through the streets with 700 regulars having fixed bayonets ; the people are enraged at the invasion. * *-71* * X. C. "War of the Regulators. 1770 Mar. 5. Boston. "The Boston Massacre." The citizens exasperate Captain Prescott's company of soldiers, and they fire, killing three citizens and wounding eight. Soon after several thousand colonists appear under arms, and demand that the governor withdraw the troops from the city, and he is forced to yield. 1772 June 10. P. I. The armed ves- sel, Gaspee, is grounded and burned for enforcing customs. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1768 Oct. 5. Cuba. A great cyclone strikes Havana; 4,048 houses and 1,000 lives are destroyed. 1769 July 3. X.'Y. The first theatri- cal performance at Albany is the play, Venice Preserved. * * Cal. San Francisco Bay is discov- ered. * * Eng. Samuel Hearne seeks a north- west passage in the Arctic seas. [He is absent 3 years.] * * Ky. Daniel Boone explores the Ken- tucky region. * * Phila. The American Philosoph- ical Society begins its publications. 1770 * * Conn. The first manufacture of tinware in the colonies begins at Berlin. ± * * W. Billings and others write music for the singing-schools hi New England. ± * * A portrait of Washington, in the uni- form of a Virginia colonel, is painted by C. W. Peale. 1771* * Boston. John Ramage paints miniatures. * * Matthew Prat paints the portrait of Cadieallader Golden for the New York Chamber of Commerce. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1768* * Beissel, Johann, Conrad, mystic, A78. Boyd, John Parker, neutral, born. Dennie, .Joseph, journalist, born. Harris, Thaddeits. clcriryman, born. Jones, Jacob, naval oilicer, born. Mason, Jeremiah, senator, born. Teeumseh, Shawnee chief, born. ? Wadsworth, James, philanthropist, born. 1769* * Barron, James, commodore, born. Brown, Nicholas, patron of Brown Univer- sity, born. Clinton, De "Witt, Gov. of K. T., born. Crancli, William, jurist, born. Messer, Asa, pres. of Brown Univ., born. Miller, Samuel, clergyman, born. Plessants, .lames, senator, born. Pontiac, Ottawa chief, A57- 1770* * Attucks, Crispns, Boston massacre, dies. Blunt, Edmund March, writer, born. Burpress, Tristam. jurist, born. Cahlas, Kraneiseo Jos.-, >,,. Am. savant, b. Clarke. William, explorer, born. IHnwkhlie, Itobert, <■<■'.. ..1 \'a., \T-.. Guess, George— Se-qiioy-ah, Indian inventor — born. Ilopkinson, Joseph, jurist, born. Kirkland, John T., pres. Harvard Univ., b. Mason, John Mitchell, clergyman, born. Moore, Zeph. Swift, pres. of Williams C'oll.,b. Wentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. II., A74. Whltefleld. George, revivalist. A5fi. Zea, Francisco Antonia, statesman, born. 1771 * * Alden, Timothy, college president, born. Ballou, Hoeea. Universalis! clergyman, b. Bovlston, Nicholas, henetaetor. A55. Brown, Charles Brockden, author, born. Fessenden, Thomas Green, author, born. Hopper. Isaac Tatem, philanthropist, b. Irving, Peter, author, born. Johnson, William, justice, born. Morrow, Jeremiah, statesman, born. 1772* * Alexander, Archibald, elergyman, born. Appleton, Jesse, pies, of Bowdoin Coll., born. Burrill, James, lawyer, born. Caldwell, Charles, physician, born. Chauncey, Isaac, navy, born. Crawford, William Harris, statesman, born. Dooly, John Mitchell, jurist, born. Dowse, Thomas, book collector, born. Finley, liobert, elergyman, born. Mae Arthur, Dunean, Gov. Of O., born. Porter, Ebenezer, seholar, born. Quincy. Josiah, statesman, born, Wirt, William, orator, born. Woolinan, John, author, A53. CHURCH. 1768 Aug. 17. X. J. John Wither- spoon is inaugurated president of the college of New Jersey. Oct. 30. N. Y. John Street Methodist church in New York is dedicated by Philip Embury. * * Phila. First organization of Metho- dists ; meetings held in a sail-loft by a class of 7 members. * * Vt. The first Baptist church is founded in Shaftsbury. 1769 May 19. It. Clement XIV. pope. * * Cal. Father Junipero Serra, a Fran- ciscan monk, founds a mission at San Diego. Many of his associates die dur- ing the first months of hardship. Jesuit missions are established in New California. * * Can. The Burgher Presbytery of Truro, Nova Scotia, is formed. * * Phila. First Methodist church (St. George) obtained by purchase. Arrival of Bichard Boardman and Joseph Pilmoor, "Wesleyan Methodist missionaries. * * Va. Methodism is planted by Bobert Williams, a local preacher. 1770 Mar. 20. X. Y. The Reformed Dutch obtain a new charter for a col- lege (Rutgers). Sept. 30. X. J. John Murray, founder of the Universalist church in America, arrives from England, and preaches his first sermon in America at Good Luck. * * Cal. A mission station is founded at Monterey on the Pacific coast, by Fran- * * S. C. Presbytery of Orange is organ- ized. * * There are about 97 Baptist churches in the 13 colonies. 1771 Feb. 27. Ji. I. The Six-PriiiH- ple Baptists secede from the Baptist cburch at Providence, because their president (Manning) did not make impo- sition of hands a bar to conun union, and probably because of his holding to sing- ing in public worship, " which was highly disgustful." July 31. Mass. George UX disallows and rejects the act of the colony in op- pressing Baptists at Ashfield. Oct. 15. 2feto York. General conven- tion of Reformed Dutch ministers and laymen, to plan for union. Oct. 27. Phila. Arrival of Francis As- bury and Richard Wright, being sent by John Wesley to preach Methodism in America. * * Labrador made a Moravian mission station. * * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod approves a scheme for the support of candidates for the ministry. * * W. I. Friedensberg, St. Croix, be- comes a mission station of the Mora- vians, who work among the slaves. 1772 May * ^V. Y. English Shakers emigrate to America. Oct. * New York. The General Conven- tion of the Reformed Dutch church meets and consummates the union of the churches. * * O. Moravians and their converts removed from Pennsylvania, open an Indian mission at Schonbrann, in the Muskingum Valley. * * Xew York. The Classis of Amsterdam gives full approbation to the formation of a Dutch Synod in America, (Jan. 14.) * * Francis Asbury is temporarily ap- pointed " general assistant in America," by John "Wesley. LETTERS. 1768 July 4. Boston. Dickinson's Liberty Song is published. * * X. J. John Witherspoon made president of Princeton College. * * Phila. Phonography suggested by Franklin. * * Circular Letter to Each Colonial Legis- lature, by Adams and Otis, appears. 1769 * * The Croakers, by J. R. Drake, appears. * * X. H. Dartmouth College (Cong.) founded at Hanover. * * Phila. The American Magazine ap- pears. 1770 May* Jt.T. The Baptist CoDege removed from Warren to Providence, James Manning, president. July * Mass. The Massachusetts Spy first appears. * * Peru. The College of San Carlos established. ± * * Poems on Various Subjects, JReligious and Moral, by Phillis Wheatley, a ne- gress, born in Africa appears. AMERICA. 1768, July-1772. 77 1771 Nov. 3. N. Y. First newspaper printed in Albany, the Albany Gazette. * * N. J. James Madison graduates at Princeton. * * The Royal Spiritual Magazine issued. 1772 * * The Progress of Dullness, by John Trumbull, appears. SOCIETY. 1768 Sept. * Boston. The newly arrived British officers are fretted with legal im- pediments, and denounce " this country where every man studies law." 1770 Feb. 22. Boston. A patriotic crowd of men and boys resents the Con- travention Act and is fired on by sol- diers ; a Mr. Richardson and Christo- pher Snider, a boy 11 years old, are killed ; the newspapers announce the boy as the first martyr to American liberty. Mar. 5. Boston. " The Boston Massa- cre." Three persons are killed and eight wounded by the fire of the soldiers. * * Md. Umbrellas first introduced, having been landed at Baltimore, and commonly scouted as evidences of effem- inacy. * * The Indians become civilized. Themissionamong the Onoidas is placed under the care of the London Board of Correspondence in Boston. With their aid, a meeting-house, schoolhouse, saw- mill, grist-mill, and blacksmith's shop are erected. Drunkenness is almost un- known, and the people become " sober, regular, industrious, praying Indians." 1772 Jan. 1. Va. Thomas Jeff erson marries Martha Skelton. * * Founding of the Improved Order of Red Men. STATE. 1768 July 8. Boston. Thirty Bostoni- ans board a schooner seized by custom of- ficers for having 30 hogsheads of molasses onboard; they confine the officers, and remove the molasses. Sept. * Boston. The ministers of the col- ony, in the King's name, require the As- sembly to " express regrets," and rescind their action, but it reaffirms the former action in a circular letter by a nearly unanimous vote. Sept. 24. N. Y. A treaty entered into by the English colonists with the Indians at Fort Stanwix, defining a line between the English colonies and the Indians [later known as the " property line "]. Sept. 27-29. Mass. Convention of the towns to consider the coining of the troops. Sept. * N. C. The " Regulators" bind themselves to resist the payment of taxes, except such as were levied and were to be applied according to law. Oct.* Boston. Troops arrive to sustain the officers. The selectmen of Boston flatly refuse to provide quarters for General Gage's troops ; so they are quartered in 'the State House. * * Baron De Kalb is sent by Choiseul to observe the spirit of the Americans. * * Eng. The term American begins to be used in connection with the sup- porters of colonial privileges, "who adopt the name of " American Whigs." * * La. A temporary French republic established. * * Tenn. Parties from North Carolina settle in Tennessee. * * Governors inaugurated : -77 * * Mich. Guy Carleton. -69 * * R. I. Josiah Lyndon. Va. John Blair lieutenant-governor. -70 * * Va. Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt. 1769 Feb. * Eng. Parliament cen- sures the people of Massachusetts, ap- proves the use of force against them, and urges the trial of leaders for treason in the courts of England. May * Ky. Daniel Boone and a party of Virginians settle in Kentucky. May 16. Va. The Assembly passes resolutions "as bad as those of Massa- chusetts." May 17. Va. The Governor, Lord Bote- tourt, dissolves the Assembly for pass- ing obnoxious resolutions. May 18. Virginia enters into the non- importation agreement. The members of the Assembly hold a meeting in which "Washington presents the resolutions against importing Brit- ish merchandise. The members make a special covenant not to import any more slaves, nor to purchase any that others import. July 15. Mass. Gov. Bernard pro- rogues the General Court, because it refuses to make provision for the support of British soldiers, sent to take away the liberties of the people. * * Mass. Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Hutch- inson assumes authority. Aug.* N. Y. Bernard sails for England. * * Cal. Spaniards occupy the coast. Monterey is founded. * * Ky. Daniel Boone makes explora- tions beyond the mountains. * * Mass. The General Court refuses to do business while a guard is stationed at the door, and adjourns to Cambridge. * * Tenn. The "Watauga Association makes settlements. * *[U. £.] Governors inaugurated: -84 * * Conn. Jonathan Trumbull. -74 * * Md. Robert Eden. -74 * * R. I. Joseph Wanton. 1770 Jan. * Eng. Lord North be- comes prime minister. Jan. * Neio York. Soldiers cut down the liberty pole and the people retaliate. Mar. 5. Eng. The non-importation as- sociations cripple the English colo- nial trade. All duties are now removed except threepence a pound on tea, retained at the express command of the King, who said, "There should always be one tax, at least, to keep up the right of taxing ; " the non-importatiiui agreement is soon relaxed, except with regard to tea. Mass. Public excitement is intensi- fied throughout the colonies by the Bos- ton Massacre. (See Army.) Apr. * Eng. The Townshend Act re- pealed, except that relating to the duty on tea. Aug. 21. New York. An equestrian statue of George III. is erected in Bowl- ing Green by loyalists. Sept. 22. Boston. Covention of dele- gates at Faneuil Hall, from 96 towns, to consider the grievance of a standing army. * * -73 * * There is scarcely any gov- ernment in the colonies, the royal gov- ernment having practically gone to pieces. * * Boston. The King's soldiers cut down a liberty pole which had stood in the park for several years. * * Eng. Edmund Burke becomes agent for New York. [He continues for five years.] * * 0. The Zane family settle on the Ohio, near the mouth of Wheeling Creek. * * Governors inaugurated : -71 * * N. Y. John, Lord Dunmore. -72* * Va. William Nelson, lieutenant- governor. 1771 Mar. 28. N.T. A Mr. McDougal, some time imprisoned as the author of a newspaper article signed "A Son of Liberty," is discharged by the Supreme Court. * * Cuba. The port of Havana is no longer monopolized by Seville and Cadiz, but open to all nations for certain arti- cles of trade. * * N. C. The Regulators attempt to overthrow the government and courts by force. * * \U. .5.] Governors inaugurated : July 1. N. C. James Hasell (pres.). Aug. * -76 * * N. C. Josiah Martin. -77 * * N. Y. William Tryon. -72 * * Pa. Richard Penn. 1772 June 10. R. I. The Americans burn the revenue schooner Gaspee in Narragansett Bay. Aug. 4. Eng. D art mouth succeeds Hillsborough in the Ministry. Nov. 2. Boston. Town-meeting held ; committees of correspondence ap- pointed by the " Sons of Liberty" [out of it grows the Colonial Congress] , Samuel Adams the leader. * * Eng. Parliament orders that the burners of the Gaspee be arrested, and taken to England for trial. * * Guiana. The revolt of the Maroons at Surinam [lasts five years]. MISCELLANEOUS. 1768 * * New York. The Chamber of Commerce founded. 1770* *New York. The Chamber of Commerce incorporated by Act of Legis- lature. Sept. 10. Boston. The governor delivers Castle William over to the king's troops. 1772* *Mass.—R. I. A stage-coach runs between Boston and Providence. 78 1772-1775, Mar, 8. AMHRICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1774* * Indian war; caused by the atrocities of the whites and by the mur- der (Apr. 30) of the family of Logan. Oct. 10. W. Va. Battle of Point Pleas- ant, on the Ohio; 1,500 Shawnees under Chiefs Cornstalk and Logan are defeated by 1,200 Virginians under Gen. A. Lewis, who lose 75 killed and 140 wounded. Sept. 5±. Boston. Gen. Gage erects for- tifications on " the Neck." Dec. 13. Mass, The people take posses- sion of the arsenal at Charlestown, from which the powder had been re- moved by Gen. Gage. Dec. 13±. X. H. A company of men led by John Sullivan [afterward major- general] capture the fort at Ports- mouth, and remove 100 barrels of pow- der and some cannon. 1775 Jan.* Boston. Gage sends troops to Marshfield. * * R. I. At Newport the patriots seize 44 pieces of artillery and convey them to Providence. (Dec. 6.) Feb. 26. Mass. Gen. Gage orders 140 soldiers to go to Salem and seize the military stores; the militia under Col. Pickering raise the drawbridge and otherwise oppose the attempt. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1773 Dec. * Guatemala. An earth- quake swallows up 80,000 inhabitants. * * Phil a. The first steam-engine built in America is set up. * * S. C. A theater is opened at Charles- ton. 1774 Oct. 24. Phila. The Continental Congress recommends a suspension of all public amusements. * * W. I. Port Royal, Jamaica, is de- stroyed by a cyclone. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1773* * Biglow, "William, teacher ami poet, born, liowditvh, Nathaniel, mathematician, born. Caldwell, .Joseph, college president, born. Clayton, John, physician and botanist, dies. Day, Jeremiah, pres. of Yale (.'oil., born. Harrison. William Henry, 9th President, born in Va. Feb. 9. Hull, Isaac, commodore, born. Nott, Elipbalet, pres. of Union Coll., born. Paine, Robert Treat, Jr., author, horn. Randolph. John, statesman, born. 1774* * Bainbridge, "William, commodore, born. Daviess, Joseph Hamilton, lawyer, born. Griscom, John, educator, born. Oliver, Andrew, Lieut. -Gov. of Mass., AGS. Tompkins, Daniel D., statesman, born. Van Rensselaer, Solomon, general, born. Wood, Leonard, clergyman, born. CHURCH. 1773 July 14-16. Phila. The first American conference of Methodist preachers in session at St. George's church ; American membership 1,160. * * Md. The Catholics are left without priests by the complete suppression of the order of Jesuits, by Pope Clement XIV- * * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod appoints a committee on religious publications. * * Eng. Mr. Wesley appoints T/hos. Rankin general superintendent of Methodist societies in America. 1774 Mar. 10. The Presbytery of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of America is formed. May 25. Phila. Second Methodist Con- ference is held. Aug. 16. Xew York. Ann Lee and nine (Shaker) followers arrive in New York. Sept. 7. Phila. Rev. J. Puche, an as- sistant minister of Christ's (Episcopal) church, reads prayers and Psalm xxxv. for the First Continental Congress, in Carpenter's Hall. "It seems as if heaven had ordained that psalm to he read that morning." (John Adams.) Nov. 29. Boston. The Old South Meeting-house is used by the patriots for the purpose of a town meeting, to discuss the tea question, the Dartmouth having arrived with a cargo of tea. Its frequent use for such purposes, when Faneuil Hall was not large enough for the meeting, led the governor to desig- nate this church as the " seed-bed of rebellion." * * Can. Religious liberty is granted to Roman Catholics. * * Eng. During the discussion of the Boston Port Bill in Parliament, Ex-gov. Johnston said : " If you ask an Amer- ican who is his master, he will tell you he has none ; nor any governor but Jesus Christ." * * Greenland. Lichtenan becomes a mis- sion station of the Moravians. * * X. Y. The English Shakers settle near Albany. * * Va. The first Baptist church in Vir- ginia (Simpson Creek) is formed. 1775 Feb. 15. It. Pius VI. pope. Feb. * Mass. The ministers of Salem prevent an outbreak against General Gage, who comes on Sunday to search for powder. LETTERS. 1774 * * Observations on the Boston Port Bill, by Josiah Quincy, appears. * * The Journal of John "Woolman ap- pears. * * History of Redemption, by Jonathan Edwards, appears. * *-75 * * Boston. The Royal American Magazine appears. SOCIETY. 1773 Dec. 16. Boston. The Boston Tea Party. Seven thousand people assemble in town-meeting ; Adams and Quincy ad- dress them ; in the evening come about fifty men disguised as Indians, who, with war-whoops, lead the crowd to the wharves, and then empty 342 chests of taxed tea into the harbor. 1774 June 1. Xew Eng. Thepatriotic colonists make this a day of fasting and mourning, because of the Port Bill. Sept. * Phila. Asserting the rights of British America, Thomas Jefferson laid before the Colonial Congress an anti- shivery paper : — " The abolition of domestic Slavery is the greatest object of desire in these Colonies, where it was unhappily intro- duced in their infant Stat''. But pre- vious to the enfranchisement of the slaves, it is necessarj to exclude further importations from Africa. Y«t our re- peated attempts to effect this have bi en defeated by his majesty's negative." * * Mass, The people of all the colonies send money and provisions for the poor of the proscribed town of Boston, even the settlements beyond the Al- leghanies remember them, and $150,000 are subscribed in London. 1775 Mar. 8. A citizen of Billerica is tarred and feathered by the British ; the Americans adopt it as the mode of pun- ishing Tories. STATE. 1772 * * Mass. Parliament enacts that the salaries of the colonial governors and judges shall be paid out of the colonial revenues without authorization by the General Assembly. (The Assembly soon declares the act of Parliament void.] * * X. C. — S. C. Settlement of the boundary between North and South Carolina. * * Eng. The tea tax produces from the American eolonies a revenue of only S400 a year, at an annual expense of §1,500,000 for collection. * * -76 * * Va. John, Lord Dunmore, gov- ernor. 1773 Jan. * -Feb. * Mass. A contro- versy exists between Governor Hutch- inson and the General Court. * * Mass. Ships loaded with tea arrive at Charlestown. The tea is landed, but its sale is forbid- den ; at New York and Philadelphia the ports are declared closed and the ships are forbidden to enter ; at Boston the town authorities refuse to permit the tea to be landed, although it is consigned to Gov. Hutchinson and his friends. * * The colonial assemblies meet, and be- fore the governors can prorogue them, appoint "committees of correspon- dence," in order to secure unity of action among the colonies. Mar. * Va. Intercolonial committees of correspondence established. May * Eng. The ministry applies strata- gem to dispose of the accumulated tea of British merchants. It removes the export tax, so that with the import tax paid, tea can be bought in Boston cheaper than in Lon- don ; the Americans respond by order- ing captains to take their cargoes back to England. June -July. Miss. About 400 English families emigrate to the vicinity of Natchez. Dec. 16. Mass. The Boston Tea Party. Destruction of tea in Boston Harbor by citizens disguised as Indians ; 342 chests of tea are emptied into the sea. (See Society.) Dec. 25. Xetc York. A tea ship is sent back with her cargo. The captain is escorted out of town with banners flying and the band playing AMERICA. 1772-1775, Mar. 8. 79 God Save the King. Eighteen chests of tea concealed mi board another ship are thrown into the dock. * * Cal. Presidios established in Upper California. * * Can. Celtic settlers arrive in Nova Scotia. * * Eng. Franklin is called before the Privy Council. * * Kentucky is settled by colonists led by Daniel Boone. * * Philadelphians denounce as an en- emy to his country " whosoever shall abet in unloading, receiving, or vending the tea," Charleston and New York adopt similar resolutions. * * S. C. About 300 families of Germans leave Maine, and settle in southwestern South Carolina. * * Governors inaugurated : -82 * * Cal. Felippe de Neve (Spanish). Mass. General Thomas Gage. -75 * * Mass. A Provincial Congress governs. 1774 Jan. 29. Eng. Franklin appears before the Privy Council of George III., to present a petition from Massachu- setts. * * Conventions, to agitate the public mind in favor of liberty, are held in all the colonies. Jan. 31. Eng. Parliament votes to dis- miss Benjamin Franklin from his office of postmaster-general in America because of his patriotic sympathies. Mar. 31. Eng. Parliament passes the Boston Port Bill. It closes that port to all commerce, except food and fuel, and transfers the seat of government to Salem, which declines the honor, and refuses to profit by the band of tyranny. The bill is to take effect on June 1. Apr. 19. Eng. Edmund Burke makes bis famous speech on American taxa- tion. Apr. * Ky. Emigrants arrive ; Harrods- burg is soon settled. * * Eng. The Quebec Bill passes Parlia- ment, which grants unusual concessions to the Catholics of Canada, to secure their fidelity. May 13. Mass. Gov. Hutchinson is superseded by Gen. Gage, who vainly strives to repress the ferment of liberty among the people. May 17. Rhode Island proposes a general congress. May 20. Eng. Parliament subverts the charter of Massachusetts by au- thorizing the removal of certain persons, charged with crime, beyond its limits for trial. * * The colonists are divided into two parties; the patriots, called Whigs, and the Royalists, called Tories. May 20. Ft. Louis XVI. en- throned. June 1. Mass. The Boston Port Bill goes into operation, closing the har- bor against commerce ; business is sus- pended; the day observed in many parts with fasting and mourning. General sympathy for Boston. Boston. Ex-Gov. Hutchinson de- parts. June 17. Boston. A Port Act meeting is convened. Aug. * -Sept. * Mass. County conven- tions held to protest against the Parlia- ment. Aug. ± * S. C. Generous Carolinians send Bostonians 200 barrels of rice and promise 800 more, but urge them " not to pay for an ounce of tea." * * North Carolina raises by subscription §1,000 for the relief of Boston. Sept 5. Phila. The First Continental Congress and second Colonial Con- gress meets in Carpenter's Hall ; 56 del- egates represent 11 colonies. [Later, 68.] Peyton Randolph of Virginia, pres- ident. [Oct. 22. Henry Middleton of South Carolina.] Charles Thomson, secretary. Georgia, having a royalist governor, has no delegate. Congress proceeds to as- sume control of all military movements in all the colonies ; it acknowledges the authority of the king, but opposes the Acts of Parliament. No delegate is in- structed to ask for independence. [Sept. 6. Each colony is given one vote. Sept. 7. Rev. J. Duche elected chaplain. Sept. 10. Approval of Suffolk (Mass.) Resolutions of Sept. 6, " No obedience is due to any part of the recent Acts of Parliament." Sept. 28. Rejects Joseph Galloway's plan of union aiming at per- petual dependence. Oct. 14. Adopts Declaration of Rights. Oct. 20. The American Association is formed by 52 members; it pledges itself for non-inter- course with Great Britain until the of- fensive Acts are repealed. Oct. 21. The Address to the People of Great Britain, prepared by John Jay, approved. A memorial to the several Anglo-Ameri- can Colonies adopted. Oct. 22. Letters despatched to unrepresented colonies at St. John's (now Prince Edward Island), dered. Oct. 26. An Address to the Peo- ple of Quebec, drawn by Dickinson, adopted. Dissol v ed. ] Sept. 28. Mass. The royalist governor dissolves the Assembly. Oct. 5±. Mass. The Assembly meets at Salem, notwithstanding the action of Governor Gage in countermanding the summons which convoked it. [The members of the Assembly, having adjourned to Concord, resolve them- selves into a Provincial Congress, with John Hancock, president, and Ben- jamin Lincoln, secretary.] Oct. * Mass. The colonists are further incensedby the arrival of British troops, and by the measures adopted by General Gage. Oct. 26. Mass. The Provincial Congress proceeds to organize the militia as ** minute-men," and collect stores and ammunition for public defense. Nov. 4. Congress, by its committee, makes a Declaration of Rights. It claims the right of participating in the making of the laws of the land, and in the ordering of the taxes ; of having trial by jury in the vicinage ; of holding, public meetings ; of seeking redress for grievances. It protests against a standing army imposed with- out its consent ; and against eleven governmental acts violating colonial rights and privileges. It proposes peace- able redress by funning an American association pledged not to trade with Great Britain, or the West Indies, nor with those engaged in the slave-trade, and not to buy British goods or tea; a non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exportation agreement is adopted. Nov. ± * Provincial legislatures pass resolutions for obtaining military stores and arming the inhabitants. Nov. 5. Va. The militia assembled at Fort Gower resolve to support their countrymen rather than the tyranny of their King. Dec. * The king, having prohibited the exportation of military stores to America, patriots in Rhode Island take about 40 cannon from the public battery ; in New Hampshire they seize over 100 barrels of gunpowder lying in the fort at Portsmouth. * * Can. A legislative council is es- tablished ; the laws made by the French are confirmed, and the Catholics secured in their religious freedom. * * Connecticut issues paper money, the first of the Revolution. * * Ga. Several millions of acres of land ceded to the King, by the Creek and Cherokee Indians. * * Ky. George R. Clark arrives. * * Mass. A great commotion arises against Gov. Hutchinson and Lieut.-gov. Oliver, whose letters to the British government against the liberties of the colony become known. These offi- cials propose the introduction of troops, and one of them suggests the establish- ment of a "patrician order." The governor advises the abridgement of " English liberties," as he doubted if the people of a colony could enjoy all the liberty of the parent State. * * Spain permits free-trade with several of her South American settlements. * * Newspapers are divided, for and against the government. 1775 * * Eng. Parliament is occupied with American affairs. Jan. 20. Eng. Chatham presents his motion to Parliament for conciliation with America. Feb. 1. Mass. The second Provincial Congress meets at Cambridge. Feb. 10. Eng. Lord North introduces a bill to restrain the trade and com- merce of New England [which soon after passes Parliament]. Feb. * Franklin is in London, conferring with the Howes. Mar. 5. New York. A town-meeting favors a congress ; hoop-poles from a neighboring cooper's yard are used to enforce a favoring vote. MISCELLANEOUS. 1773 * * Conn. An old copper-mine at Simsbury is used as a prison. 1774 * * Boston. The streets are first lighted. * * Conn. Only 1,363 Indians are reported in this colony. 80 1775, Mar. 18-1775. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1775 Mar. 18. Mass. Gen. Gage seizes 13,425 musket cartridges and 3,000 lbs. of ball belonging to private Ameri- cans and stored on Boston Neck. He strengthens the fortifications on Boston Week, and accumulates mili- tary stores. Apr. 18. Boston. Gen. Gage issues orders forbidding any one to leave the town after dark. Paul Revere rides to Concord to arouse the patriots. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. Apr. 19. Mass. Lexington, the First Battle of the War for American In- dependence. Gen. Gage secretly sends a regiment of 800 men to Concord, 16 miles from Boston, to destroy the military stores of the colonists. They attack the patriots at Lexington and partially succeed in their mission, when they are in turn at- tacked by the " minute-men," and driven back to Boston. American loss 49 killed, 34 wounded, and five missing; British loss 273. " This is the world-renowned battle of Concord, more eventful than Agincourt and Blenheim." Apr. 20. Mass. Gen. Putnam arrives at Concord, having ridden his horse about 100 miles in 18 hours. Apr. 20 + -76, Mar. 17,1776. SIEGE OF BOSTON. Apr. 20. Boston under siege by about 20,000 Americans. The isthmus connecting the town of Boston with the main land is blockaded and the siege of the city begins. Va. Gov. Dunmore sends marines in the night, to remove about 20 barrels of gunpowder from the arsenal at Wil- liamsburg, the capital; some of the ex- asperated inhabitants fly to arms. Apr. 25. Md. Baltimoreans seize the provincial magazines, containing 1,500 stand of arms, on receiving the war-news from Lexington. Apr. 27. Mass. Bos tonians deliver up to Gen. Gage a large quantity of guns, etc. May 2. fa. Patrick Henry and 700 patriots force the governor to pay for the powder removed from Williamsburg. May 5. Mass. A naval skirmish takes place at Martha's Vineyard. May 10. N. Y. Surrender of Ticon- deroga ; the gateway to Canada is taken. Ethan Allen of Vermont, with 83 "Green Mountain Boys," surprises the garrison, and demands its surrender of ommander Delaplace, " In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Conti- nental Congress." Thirty-eight prison- ers and a fortress costing $40,000,000, with 120 cannons and vast military stores are taken by these extempunzed troops in ten minutes. [The military supplies are soon hurried to the besiegers of Bos- ton, where they are much needed.] May 12. A'. }". Crown Point is taken by Seth Warner without loss of life. * * Eng. British officers resign their commissions rather than fight the colo- nists. May 25. Boston. Gens. Howe, Clin- ton, and Burgoyne arrive, and com- mand an army of more than 10,000 disciplined soldiers. May 27. Bos/on. Israel Putnam defeats a few British raiders oil Hog Island. May * Boston. Artemas "Ward com- mander-in-chief of the American forces. Conflicts occur in the harbor. Phila. Congress adopts the army before Boston as the Continental army. * * A'. 1". Sir John Johnson flees from the Mohawk Valley to Canada. June 9. Mass. The American army at Cambridge; officers 1,581, privates 6,063 ; total 7,644. June 12. Me. The Margarelta seized at Mac hi as. June 16. Mass. The Americans throw up entrenchments near Bunker Hill during the night, and command Boston with their cannons. June 17. Phila. Continental Congress elects George "Washington com- mander-in-chief of the American army ; he accepts the appointment, re- fusing all compensation. (June 15?) * * Massachusetts authorizes priva- teering. * * Rhode Island commissions two cruisers, and sends Abraham Whipple to Bermuda to seize powder. Mass. Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill). About 3.000 British troops under Gen- erals Howe and Pigot, aided by the fleet, carry the entrenchments on the third assault, the Americans having consumed their ammunition. British loss, 1.054 killed and wounded; Americans lose 150 killed (among them the brave Gen. Joseph Warren), 270 wounded, and 32 Charlestown is burnt by the British. June 21. Phila. Washington leaves to take command of the American army. June * Ky. Daniel Boone builds his fort. July 2. Mass. "Washington arrives at Cambridge. July 3. Mass. Washington assumes command of the army, consisting of 14,500 men. July 27. Phila. Congress establishes a hospital for 20,000 men. July * Can. Col. Guy Johnson holds a conference with the Indians at Mon- treal. Many Indian chiefs agree to support the King's cause, against the colonists, but accomplish very little. Boston. The army in three divisions invests the city. Aug. 21. X. Y. Continental army un- der Gen. Montgomery arrives at Fort Ticonderoga. Aug. 26. Mass. The Americans open their entrenchments on a hill near Boston. Aug. 30. Conn. Stonington is at- tacked by the British. Sept. 2. Mass. Washington begins to commission war-vessels. Sept. * A'. Y. Schuyler from Ticonde- roga moves toward Canada, but yields the command to Montgomery, who captures Chambly. * * Me. Benedict Arnold moves up tbo Kennebec to invade Canada. Sept. * -Dec. * Pa. Hostilities in the Susquehanna country between the Con- necticut and Pennsylvania settlers. Sept. 25. Can. Col. Ethan Allen, with 83 men, attempts to take Montreal ; all are made prisoners. Sept. * S. C. Col. Moultrie, with the militia, takes possession of Fort John- son on St. James Island. Oct. 7. B. I. British vessels sail into the harbor of Bristol and fire upon the town ; Newport is threatened with destruction. Oct. 10. Boston. Lord William Howe succeeds General Gage in command at Boston. Oct. 13. The United States Wavy originated by an order of Congress for the construction of 2 cruisers, mounting respectively 10 and 14 guns. Oct. 18. Me. Falmouth (Portland) is burned by the British under Lieutenant Mowatt. Oct. * -Dec. * The American vessels, Lynch and Franklin, cruise in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Nov. 2. A r . B. The garrison at St. John surrenders to Americans under Gen- eral Montgomery. Nov. 9. Can. General Arnold, with 1.000 men, arrives before Quebec; they are deterred from taking the city by the want of boats. Nov. 12. Can. The Americans under Montgomery, having invaded Canada, attempt to surprise the British and take Montreal. * * Ger. British efforts to secure Ger- man mercenaries begin. Nov. 22. Mass. Americans take Cobble or Miller's Hill near Boston and for- tify it. Nov. 23. British despatch-bearer Con- nelly captured near Hagerstown. while on his way to Detroit, with papers of great consequence. Nov. 25. Phila. Congress declares Brit- ish vessels open to capture by Amer- icans, in retaliation for ordering the attack on American seaport towns by British vessels. Nov. 29. An American privateer cap- tures three British ships containing military stores. Nov. * Eng. Parliament votes to in- crease the British army in America to 40,000 men, requiring an addition of 25,000 men. British subjects decline to enlist, and 17,000 Hessians are hired of Brunswick and Hesse-Cassel, at §36 a head. Dec. 1. Can. Arnold and Montgom- ery unite their forces on the St. Law- Dec. 8. Can. The siege of Quebec Dec. 9. Fa. A slight action takes place at Cedar Bridge. AMERICA. 1775, Mar. 18 1775. 81 Dec. 10. British vessels destroy the buildings on Canonicut Island. Dec. 13. Phila. The germ of the navy department. Congress first determines to build a navy of 13 frigates. Dec. 22. Phila. Congress appoints a corps of naval officers, Esek Hopkins commander, and John PaulJones lieu- tenant, naval affairs being in charge of a " Marine Committee." * * Boston. Admiral Shuldam relieves Admiral Graves as commander of the British fleet. Dee. 30. Can. Gen. Montgomery de- feated and killed before Quebec. Gen. Arnold coutinues the fruitless siege. Dec* Phila. Congress authorizes Wash- ington to push the attack upon Boston, to the destruction of the town if neces- sary. CHURCH. 1775 May 28. B. I. Dedication of a new Baptist church at Providence ; steeple 196 ft. high; bell, 2,515 lbs.; cost, §35,000. May 20. N. C. Presbyterians form the Mecklenburgh Convention, which anticipates the Declaration of Indepen- dence made at Philadelphia. May * Va. Baptist churches issue a patriotic address. LETTERS. 1775 May 10. New York. A mob com- pels President Cooper of King's (Co- lumbia) College to flee for his life because of his Tory sentiments. * *Nov. * Xew York. Kivington's Ga- zetteer office is destroyed by Connecticut marauders. * * Eng. Appeals and addresses, or- dered by the Colonial Congress, arrive in England. William Pitt commends the patriots. " For myself I must avow, that, in all my reading, — and I have read Thucyd- ides, and I have studied and admired the master states of the world,— for solidity of reason, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion, under a compli- cation of difficult circumstances, no nation or body of men can stand in preference to the general congress at Philadelphia. The histories of Greece and Rome give us nothing equal to it, and all attempts to impose servitude upon such a mighty continental nation must be in vain." SOCIETY. 1775 Apr. 14. Phila. The first Aboli- tion Society is formed, with Benjamin Franklin as president, and Benjamin Rush as secretary. Apr. 19. The patriots' victory at the battle of Lexington fires the country. Public sentiment quickly changes from loyalty to an almost universal desire to separate from England. May* Eng. The people are divided in their allegiance. English privilege and officialism are with the kings ; the popular heart and conscience are with the colonists, by a great majority. June 17. The Battle of Bunker Hill, though a defeat, inspires the war spirit in the colonies ; it is discovered that British troops are not invincible. * * Boston. The people suffer because of the rigorous siege. * * Boston. Dr. Benj. Church, director of the hospital, is the first American traitor. Nov. 4. Phila. The Continental Con- gress directs that there should be issued daily to each soldier a pint of milk and a quart "of spruce beer or cider. STATE. 1775 Mar. * Eng. Franklin leaves Lon- don. Mar. * Mass. The movement develops a struggle for liberty. John Adams says, " That there are any who pant after i ndependenee is the greatest slander on the province." [A sudden change soon follows.] Apr. 3. A 7 ". Y. The Colonial Assembly holds its last session, and adjourns. Apr. 19. The political existence of the United States dates from the Battle of Lexington ; its legal existence from the adoption of the Declaration of Inde- pendence on July 4, 1776. * * W. Y. Richmond and Queens Counties side with the Tories, and send no dele- gates to the Provincial Congress. The wealth and influence of New York City are hostile to the patriots. Apr. 22. Mass. The Provincial Congress resolves to raise an army of 30,000 men, of which the quota of Massachu- setts will be 13,600. May 5. Phila. Benjamin Franklin returns from England after an absence of more than ten years. May 10. Phila. The Second Conti- nental Congress opens in Independence Hall. [Peyton Randolph, president; Charles Thomson, secretary.] Colonies represented, 13 ; delegates present, 55. May 15. Phila. Congress resolves to issue paper money as a substitute for taxation. * * Phila. Congress votes to establish a line of posts from Maine to Georgia. May 20. Phila. Articles of confed- eration and perpetual union agreed upon in the Congress. A 7 ". C. The colonists begin to speak of the United Colonies of America: at Charlotte the citizens assemble has- tily to startle the country by adopting the Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde- pendence, [two months before that written by Jefferson. Winsor = May 20 ; some others = May 31]. May 24. Phila. John Hancock is elected president of Congress. June 7. Mass. The General Court con- siders the creation of a naval force, and authorizes privateers. Its action is anticipated by the people of Buzzard's Bay. [.Jeremiah O'Brien is made a naval captain, commanding the prize sloop Margaretta.] June 12. Mass. Gen. Gage by procla- mation arrogantly offers pardon to all " rebels " and " traitors " who may sur- render, but excepts Samuel Adams and John Hancock. June 14. Phila. Congress votes to raise an army of 20,000 men. [June 15. Wash- ington elected commander.] June 15. Phila. Congress makes a last appeal to George III. for justice and liberty. [July 8. Second petition.] June 22. Phila. Congress resolves to emit $2,000,000 in bills of credit. July 6. Phila. Congress issues a man- ifesto, justifying its resistance to England. July 26. Md. The Maryland Convention meets at Annapolis, and resolves to sup- port the measures of Congress ; orders $266,666 bills of credit struck, and decides to raise 40 companies of min- ute-men. Phila. Congress first establishes a post-office; Benjamin Franklin, post- master. Summer. Franklin proposes a plan for confederating the English colonies. Aug. * Georgia joins the other colonies. Summer. The King's authority ia overthrown in all the colonies ; the governors either join the popular cause, or are driven away by the people. Aug 23. Eng. King George III. pro- claims the existence of open rebellion in the colonies, and calls on loyal per- sons to give information against the dis- loyal colonists. * * Phila. Congress passes a Pension Act. Oct. 6. Phila. Congress urges the arrest of Tories. * * Phila. Congress appoints a Naval Committee. Oct. 13. Phila. Congress orders war- vessels to be built. Nov. * Can. Commissioners from Con- gress go to Canada. * * Phila. Bonvouloir sounds Congress by direction of the French government. Nov. 13. Massachusetts authorizes pri- vate armed vessels to cruise. Nov. 29. Phila. Congress first seeks ad- mission into the family of nations by appointing Franklin, Jay, and three others, a committee to confer with friends of the colonies " in Great Britain, Ireland, and elsewhere." * * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated: Nov. * -78 * * R. I. Nicolas Cooke. S. C. William Campbell. Dec. 2. Phila. Congress votes to em- ploy foreign engineers. Dec. 21. Eng. Act of Parliament for confiscating all American vessels and impressing their crews into the British navy. MISCELLANEOUS. 1775 * * Can. Quebec has 5,000 inhab- itants. Dec. 14. Boston. Gen. Howe orders about 100 wooden buildings to be taken down and used for fuel, 82 1775-1776, July 3. AMERICA. ARMY — NAVY. 1775 * * Both the English and Americans seek the aid of the Indians. 1776 Jan. 1. Mass. The Union flag is first unfurled in the camp at Cam- bridge. Va. Norfolk, the principal shipping port of Virginia, is partly burned by the Americans to deprive the British of shelter, and in part by the British Tories under Gov. Lord Dunmore, who had been driven from office by the patriots. * * Washington commissions Samuel Tucker as naval captain. Jan. 20. Sir John Johnson is forced by Gen. Schuyler to disband his High- landers and Mohawks, and give his parole not to fight the patriots. Feb. 4. New York. The Americans take possession; Gen. Charles Lee enters the city and encamps in the suburb on The Fields (City Hall Park). Feb. * The first American fleet of armed vessels begins its cruise. The British seek to transfer the seat of war to the southern colonies. The American regular army num- bers a little more than 14,000 men ; 6,000 Massachusetts militia are available. Feb. 10. Mass. "Washington, at Charles- town, writes: "Without men, without arms, without ammunition, little is to be done." Feb. 27. A 7 . C. Tories and Highlanders under McDonald defeated at Moore's Creek Bridge by the patriots, who take the British general, 350 guns, 1,500 rifles, 13 wagons, 150 swords. * * Mass. The cannons taken at Fort Ticonderoga, having been hauled thither on sleds, are placed along the American line around Boston. Mar. 2. Mass. Americans bombard the British in Boston. An action occurs at Morris Creek. Mar. 3. Ga. Col. Bull and Americans burn British ship Inverness, and 6 other vessels laden for England, near Savan- nah. Mar. 4. W. I. Com. Esek Hopkins takes New Providence from the Brit- ish with its military stores. Mar. 5. Mass. A detachment of Amer- icans under Gen. Thomas takes posses- sion of Dorchester Heights in the night, thus beginning the long-expected attempt to take Boston. Boston. A severe storm delays the storming of the American works by the British, and the works are strengthened. Mar. * Can. The Americans are ex- pelled from Canada by Sir Guy Carle- ton. Mar. 17. Boston is evacuated by the British under Howe without molesta- tion, there being an informal agreement that the city would not be burned if no attack was made. [Eleven days re- quired.] Mar. 18. Boston. Washington enters the city, and finds 250 cannon and 25,000 bushels of wheat. Mar. 23. Philu. Congress issuesletters of marque and reprisal against Eng- land, and declares all British vessels to be lawful prizes. Mar. * -Apr. * Ger. The troops of Hesse-Cassel are first mustered in by the British. Apr. 4. Mass. Washington leaves Cam- bridge for New York. Apr. 6. British ship Glasgow, 20 guns, and her tender, under Captain Howe, attack the brigantine Cabot, 30 guns, Columbus, 28 guns, brig Annodinc, G guns, and sloop Providence, 12 guns, under Commodore Hopkins, and escapes with the loss of her tender. * * Washington ceases to supervise naval affairs. Apr. 13. New York. "Washington and the main'part of the army arrive from Cambridge ; he has about 8,000 effective May 17. Boston. Capt. Mugford, having captured the British ship Nope, with 1,500 barrels of powder, brings tbe prize to port. New York. Washington first learns that 17,000 German troops have been hired by the British, who are landing in Canada. May 19. Can. Gen. Benedict Arnold, with 900 Americans, captures the British post at the Cedars, releasing 500 Amer- ican prisoners. May 25. Phila. Congress resolves to engage the Indians for military ser- May* Can. The Americans are de- feated at Three Rivers. Gen. Thomas retreats from Quebec in command of the Northern army. June 2. Can. Gen. John Thomas dies of smallpox. June 4. S. C. The British fleet appears off Charleston. Gen. Lee arrives at Charleston, for its defense, as Gen. Clinton arrives to destroy it ; both parties proceed to erect defenses. June 15. Can. The British retake Montreal from the Americans. June * ± Can. Gen. Howe leaves Halifax, and sails with his army for New York Bay. June 16. Can. The Americans abandon the province of Canada. June 17, 18. English transports hound for Boston are captured by American cruisers. June 18. Canada is entirely evacu- ated by the Americans, "defeated, dis- contented, dispirited, diseased." June 25. N. 1". Gen. Howe arrives at Sandy Hook with his forces. June 28. New York. Gen. Howe, with the garrison of Boston, on board a British fleet of 40 vessels, enters the harbor, June * Gen. Horatio Grates takes com- mand of the Northern army of Americans. June 27. The British underGen. Clinton and Sir Peter Parker bombard the fort on Sullivan's Island for 10 hours and retire; British loss, 210 killed and wounded ; Americans, 32. [The name of the fort is changed to Fort Moultrie, in honor of its commander.] Incident of bravery: Sergeant Jasper leaps outside the fort and seizes the fallen flag, which he ties to a pole on the parapet amid " iron hail.** June 30. -V. Y. Gen. Howe lands a strong British force on Staten Island, where he is welcomed by the Tories. * * Gen. Ward commissions Capt. Mug- ford to cruise near Boston. * * Paul Jones wit 1, the privateer Provi- dence takes 1G prizes. June* New York. Washington discovers a Tory conspiracy, in which some of the patriot soldiers are involved, and one of the guard, Thomas Hickey, is hanged "for mutiny, sedition, and treachery." Tories take warning. ART - SCIENCE — NATURE. 1775 * * Boston. Tbe Blockade of Boston is written by General Burgoyne, and performed in Boston by British officers. BIRTHS — DEATHS. Barbour. James, statesman, horn, Beecber, Lyman, theologian, horn. Bolder, Peter, Moravian bishop, AtS3. Brown, Jaroh, major-general, horn. Chase. Philander, bishop, born. Eckford, Henry, shipbuilder, born. Embury. Philip, rirst .Meth. preacher. A -16. Hobart, John Henry, Prot.-Epis. bishop of N.Y., author, born. Lviuaii, 1'hineas, general, A 59. Jlillnloler, Philip, pres. of Kutgers Coll., b. Montgomerv, Richard, general, A39. Morgan, William, abducted, born. Quincy. Josiah. Jr.. patriot and orator, A 31. Randolph. Peyton, rirst American Con gress, A52. Spalding, Lyman, physician, born. Warren, Joseph, gen., phys., patriot, A34. CHURCH. 1775 * * Boston. The Old South Church used as a riding-school for Burgoy ne's light-horse. * * Co7in. Discomfort in the churches. Stoves are not yet introduced into Con- necticut churches, though the climate is more severe than in recent years, and the communion bread freezes on the tables, yet new-born infants are taken to the churches to be baptized, accord- ing to the custom. * * Eng. The religious sympathies of the dissenters especially favor the colonists. * * New Eng, The Presbyterian Synod of New England is formed (London- derry, Salem, and Palmer). * * Va. The General Association of Bap- tists appoints 3 bishops; one is elected an apostle by ballot. 1776 May 4. B. I. The Baptists re- pudiate all allegiance to George III. * * All the colonies, with the exception of Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- AMERICA. 1775-1776, July 3. 83 vania, Lave a church established by law, or custom, as the rightful custo- dian of the spiritual interests of the people. June * Francis Asbury, a distinguished Methodist, is arrested and fined £5 for preaching without first taking the oath of loyalty. LETTERS. 1775 Mar. 6. Boston. Joseph War- ren repeats his massacre oration. * * New York. Rev. Benjamin Moore hecomes president of King's (Columbia) College. The Constitutional Gazette issued by John Anderson. (Dies the same year.) * * Phila. The Pennsylvania Magazine appears. * * T'a. Patrick Henry, the greatest orator in America, makes his famous patriotic speech before the House of Burgesses. MeMngal, by John Trumbull, appears in part. 1776 Jan. 8. Thomas Paine issues his Common Sense, which is -widely circu- lated, and greatly aids the Eevolution by showing the importance and necessity of seeking independence. SOCIETY. 1776 Mar. 18. Boston. Washington enters the city at the head of his army ; the whole country is wild with de- light. [Congress orders a gold medal to be struck for General Washington.] Apr. 6. Phila. Congress prohibits the importation of slaves. STATE. 1775* * Governors inaugurated : * * S. C. William Campbell governor, later, John Rutledge, the first governor under the Federal Constitution. 1776. Jan. 1. Mass. The flag of the 13 United Colonies is first raised ; it re- tains the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew on a blue ground, and adds red and white stripes. It is first used by Washington at Cambridge. . * * * Neio York. Gov. Tryon prudently retires on board of a British man-of-war. Jan. 2. Phila. Congress urges strenu- ous measures against the Tories. Jan. * Eng. Pitt makes a speech on the Americans in Parliament. Feb. 1. Eng. Gen. Howe is directed not to use the King's name in the ex- change of prisoners. Feb. 17. Phila. Congress is obliged to issue $4,000,000 additional bills of Continental paper to meet the expenses of the war. Mar. 2. Phila. Congress appoints Silas Deane, of Ct., commissioner to France. Mar.* Phila. Congress commissions Carroll, Franklin, and Chase to go to Canada to effect a union. Mar. 23. Phila. Congress authorizes privateers to prey upon British com- merce. Mar. 14. Phila. Congress urges the dis- arming of disaffected citizens. Mar.* -June* V. S. Notable increase of the spirit of independence. Mar. 26. S. C. The General Assembly adopts a Constitution for the govern- ment of the Province. It is to continue till October 21, " and no longer." * * Phila. Congress issues instructions to privateers. Apr. 6. Congress declares American ports open to the trade of all nations except Great Britain, but prohibits the slave-trade. Apr. 22. Worth Carolina authorizes her delegates to subscribe to a declaration of independence. Apr. * Phila. A finance committee, the germ of the Treasury Department, is appointed by Congress. May 4. H. I. The Assembly repeals the " Act for the more effectually securing to his Majesty the allegiance of Rhode Island and Providence plantations," and provides that in legal papers, the name and authority of the King shall be omitted, and those of " the Governor and Company of this Colony" be sub- stituted. May 10. Pa. The colonial charter is overthrown. Mass. The General Assembly calls upon the people to assemble in town- meetings, and instruct their represen- tatives, "Whether, if the Honorable Congress should, for the safety of said Colonies, declare them independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, they, the said inhabitants, will solemnly en- gage, with their lives and fortunes, to support them in the measure." [Barnstable is the only town in the Commonwealth that hesitates.] May 15. Phila. Congress calls upon the States to provide independent gov- ernments, and totally suppress every kind of authority under the Crown. Va. The Convention instructs the delegates of Virginia in Congress to urge it " to declare the United Colo- nies free and independent States, absolved from allegiance to, or depend- ence upon, the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain." May* Fr.-Sp. France and Spain se- cretly resolve to aid the Americans with money. May 24. Phila. The Continental Con- gress elects John Hancock of Massa- chusetts as its president. June 7. Phila. Congress changes its demand, and asks for independence instead of constitutional liberties. Phila. Richard Henry Lee, in obe- dience to the instructions of the Assem- bly of Virginia, offers a resolution in Congress "that the united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." John Adams of Massachusetts seconds the motion, and a great debate follows. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, and South Carolina are conserva- tive,- and hesitate to support such a radical step. The resolution is post- poned till July first. June 10 and Aug. 11. Phila. Beau- marchais, as agent, receives from the French and Spanish governments mon- eys, and conducts his business under the style " Hortalez et Compagnie." June 11. Phila. Congress appoints T. Jefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Living- ston a committee to prepare a decla- ration of independence. June 12. Va. A Declaration of Rights. is adopted. June * Va. Gov. Dunmore prudently re- tires on board a British man-of-war. June 20. Conn. The General Assembly issues a declaration of independence and absolution from all allegiance to the King of Great Britain. June* A 7 ™ York. Discovery of the "Hiekey Plot," to assassinate Wash- ington. * * Fr. Silas Deane reaches France as the first agent of the United States. * * Phila. The United States solicits money of France. * * Phila. Congress proposes a loan. June 28. Phila. Congress. The reso- lution of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, having been accepted by the committee, is re- ported to the delegates. July 1. Phila. Congress. Debate com- mences on the resolution for Independ- ence. July 2. Phila. Congress. Delegates of all the colonies adopt the resolution of Independence except New York, whose delegates have not been instructed to take such an important step. July 3. Phila. Congress debates the Declaration of Independence with great earnestness, but the discussion is not completed. Note — The Resolution of Independence, the important event, passes on the 2d of July. The reasons for so doing are passed by Con- gress two days later. John Adams predicted the •■ 2d day of July " would be long cele- brated. MISCELLANEOUS. * * * Wealth abounds in many South- ern families ; it is chiefly produced by growing tobacco, indigo, and rice. 1776 Jan. 1. Va. Norfolk is de- stroyed by Are and the cannon balls of the British ; loss, $1,500,000. Spring. Neio York. Hydrant water in- troduced ; reservoir on the east side of Broad Street, near Pearl. 8-1 1776, July 4-1777, Jan. 1. AMERICA The United States of America is a federal republic, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, and occupying most of the southern half of the Continent of North America. It comprises 45 States and three Territories, besides the District of Columbia, Washington is the federal capital. The government is a representative democracy. The Federal executive authority is vested in a President, elected for four years, aided by a Cabinet having eight members ; the legislative authority, in a Congress having two houses, the Senate com- prising two members for each State, and a Ilouse of Representatives having 350 members who are elected by the direct vote of th# people. Batio of representation, one Representative to 173,901 of the population. The Senators are elected by the State Le- gislatures ; the Representatives are elected for two years by the direct vote of the people of the different States. The Federal authority is limited to national affairs. Each State has a Governor and a Legislature of two houses, having extensive inde- pendent power reserved to it under the Federal Constitution, for controlling its local affairs. The Federal judiciary system is distinct from that of the States ; the highest court being the Supreme Court of the United States. All religions are tolerated, and English is the common language. Area, 3,025,600 square miles ; including Alaska, 3,557,000. Population, 1800, G2.C22,250. ARMY — NAVY. 1776 July 5. Conn. New Haven is plundered and pillaged by the British. July 12. N.Y. Sir William Howe lands 9,000 British soldiers on Staten Island. July 15-Oet. 11. S. C. War with the Cherokee Indians. Their settlements are destroyed, and they are driven be- yond the mountains by a force under Col. Andrew Williamson. July * X. Y. General Sullivan is driven from Canada by the British ; he rests at Crown Point. Aug. 1. X. Y. Sir Henry Clinton's army arrives from Charleston, South Carolina. Aug. 8. Northern army under Washing- ton reports 10,514 fit for duty ; 3,668 sick ; 2,946 on command ; 97onfurlough ; total, 17,225. Lieut. Paul Jones receives a captain's commission. [Nov. 2. B. I. He sails in command of the ship Alfred, having 30 guns and 300 men, and the sloop Provi- dence, having 12 guns and 70 men. He soon breaks up the fishery at Cape Breton.] Aug. 14. N. Y. Lords Dunmore and Campbell and Sir Peter Parker, after taking from the Virginians about 1,000 negroes, join Lord Howe on Staten Island, making his entire force about 35,000 men. Aug. 20. X. Y. Gen. Sullivan suc- ceeds Gen. Greene in command of the Americans on Long Island. [Aug. 24. He is succeeded by Gen. Putnam.] Aug. 22. X. Y. Gen. Howe lands 10,000 British soldiers on Long Island near the Narrows. (The British fleet num- bers 437 vessels.) Aug. 27. JV. Y. BattleofLonglsland. Disastrous defeat of 5,000 Americans by 16,000 British and Hessians in Brook- lyn [Greenwood Cemetery]. The Amer- icans under Putnam, Sullivan, and Stir- ling lose 2,000 killed and taken prisoners, including three generals captured ; Brit- ish loss, about 400 men. Aug. 28. X. Y. The British on Long Island make no assault on the Amer- ican lines, but prepare for a regular siege ; the Americans are reenforced. * * * Successive disasters fall to the Americans. Aug. 30. N. Y. Washington, favored by a dense fog, secretly retreats during the night from Brooklyn to New York, Sept. * Pkita. Congress establishes uni- forms for the army and navy. X. Y. Great numbers of the militia desert after the defeat on Long Island ; Washington's army is reduced to less than 20,000 men. Sept. 14. AT. Y. The British enter New York City, and the Americans retire to Harlem. Washington narrowly escapes capture in his reluctant retreat. Sept. 16- A 7 . T. The British make an un- successful attack at Harlem Heights, near New York, losing 20 killed and 100 wounded. Sept. 22. A r . r. Captain Nathan Hale is captured while reconnoitering the British force on Long Island ; he is de- nied the attendance of a clergyman, and speedily hanged by Sir William Howe; his letters to his mother and friends are destroyed. * * Xew York. Oliver de Lancey raises a royalist corps. Sept.-f- * X. Y. The two armies watch each other for several weeks. Oct. 10. Pkila. Congress creates cap- tains in the navy, which comprises 26 vessels carrying 536 guns. Oct. 11-13. Brig.-Gen. Benedict Ar- nold, in command of a small fleet on Lake Champlain, heroically fights a su- perior force under Sir Guy Carleton, Governor of Canada ; the enemy retire?, but afterward returns and defeats Ar- nold, who runs some of his vessels ashore and fires them, while others escape. [Oct. 14. A 7 ". Y. Carleton occupies Crown Point.] Arnold destroys the buildings at Crown Point [and retreats to Fort Ticonderoga]. Oct. 23. New York. Manhattan Island is abandoned by the Americans, while Gen. Howe attempts to gain their rear. Oct. 28. X. Y. Gen. Howe defeats Washington at the Battle of White Plains, near New York; losses, about 400 men on each side. Oct.* X. Y. Finding Ticonderoga strengthened by Gen. Gates, Carleton retires to Canada, and postpones the proposed division of the colonies by con- necting with Howe at New York. * * Capt. Lambert Wickes, of the Re- prisal, takes Dr. Franklin to Europe ; Wickes is the first American to cruise in European waters. * * Esek Hopkins, commander-in-chief of the navy, captures the English hip- of-war Glasgow. [1777. Jan. 2. Dis- missed the service for neglect.] Nov. 4. JV r . Y. Washington withdraws to North Castle, about five miles distant. Nov. * A*. }'. The two armies watch each other. Nov. * X. J. Washington crosses the Hudson to Fort Lee, near New York, on the west bank ; he leaves 7,000 men with Gen. Charles Lee. Nov. 16. A r . Y. The British under Howe attack Fort Washington, and Col. ZUagaw capitulates after a stubborn re- sistance; the British take more than 2,000 prisoners. Nov. 18. X. Y. Gen. Cornwallis, with 6,000 British soldiers, crosses the Hudson to attack Fort Lee in New Jersey. Nov. 20. N. J. Washington, hastily abandoning his artillery, withdraws with his little army of 3,000 men to Hackensack. [Nov. * He retreats to Newark, New Brunswick, and Prince- ton.] Nov. * Gen. Charles Lee is virtually in- subordinate, and refuses to cooperate with and reenforce Washington. Nov. 30. X. J. Washington's army oc- cupies Trenton. Dec. 2-4. X. J. Gen. Lee crosses the Hudson at Haverstraw. [Dec. 11. He finally reaches IVIorristown.] Dec. 8. Pa. Washington, having re- treated across the State of New Jersey, crosses the Delaware into Pennsylva- nia : he destroys all the boats within 70 miles, and is not pursued farther. II. I. The British take Rhode Island, and blockade its ports ; Provi- dence and Canonicut Islands are also subdued. [Held for 3 years.] * * *The militia, especially that of New Jersey, refuses to take the field in be- half of a ruined enterprise. Dec. 13. X. J. A squad of British cav- alry captures Gen. Lee at Basking Bidge. [Taken to New York.] Dec. 14. X. J. The British go into win- ter quarters. Dec. * X. J. Gen. Schuyler, with part of the army from Lake Champlain, re- enforces Washington at Morristown, augmenting his force to 6,000 men. Dec. 20. Pa. Gen. Sullivan with Lee's army arrives at headquarters. UNITED STATES. 1776, JulyJl-1777, Jan. L 85 ARMY — WAVY. Dec. 25. The tide of fortune turns in favor of tlie Americans. ■Washington reerosses the Delaware in the night amid the floating ice with '2,400 men. Dec. 26. X.J. Battle of Trenton. "Washington surprises and surrounds the 1,500 liritisli at Trenton under Col. Kahl ; he captures 1,000 Hessians, losing only two men. [This victory rouses the nation from despondency.] Dec. 27. N. J. The British abandon all their posts on the Delaware River. Dec* Robert Rogers recruits the Queen's Rangers [afterward led by John Graves, Lord Simcoe]. * * Eng. John the Painter fires the Eng- lish dockyards. * * Marshal Broglie makes movements to supersede "Washington. 1777 Jan. 1. N. J. Col. Reed, with six horsemen, makes a dash ziear Prince- ton, captures 12 dragoons, and brings them to the American camp at Trenton. BIRTHS — DEATHS 1776* * Bates, Joshua, cl., college president, born. Boyer, Jean Pierre, Haiti, born. Cheves, Langdon, statesman, born. Eaton, Amos, naturalist, born. Hale. Capt. Nathan, patriot, A21. Morris, Thomas, statesman, born. Murdock, James, theologian, born. Thomas, John, general, A51. Troost, Gerard, rheinist, born. Vanderlyn, John, painter, bora. CHURCH. 1776* * Boston. The churches suffer ; the British have used one church as a riding-school, three as barracks, and one for firewood. * * Cat. Catholic missionaries settle at Verba Buena [San Francisco]. * * Del. All the Methodist preachers sent by Mr. Wesley return to England, except Francis Asbury. LETTERS. 1776 Dee. 3. N. J. First issue of the New Jersey Gazette at Burlington ; it is the first newspaper in the State. * * The American Crisis, by Thomas Paine, appears. * * * New York. Rivington's Gazetteer, the most influential Tory journal in the country. * * New York. John Englishman in De- fence of the English Constitution , issued (for.threejnonths) by Parker and Wyman. * * The New York Pacquet and the Ameri- can Advertizer issued by Samuel Loudon. The Committee of Safety take King's (Columbia) College for a military hos- pital. * * Phila. The Declaration of Inde- pendence is drafted by Thomas JefTer- * * P. I. Dialogue against Slavery, by Samuel Hopkins, appears. * * Va. James Monroe graduates at Wil- liam and Mary College. Hampden-Sidney College (non- sect.) is organized. SOCIETY. 1776 Sept.* Phila. Alexander Ham- ilton, 20 years of age, attracts the atten- tion and wins the long friendship of Washington by his skill in planning the defenses of Fort Washington, New York. Sept. -Dec. General despondency prevails because of the military disas- ters and the loss of hope. Nov. IS. Phila. Congress approves of a lottery bill to defray military ex- penses. * * Phila. Kobert Morris offers his princely fortune for the support of the distressed army. * * Slavery exists in every one of the colonies that enters the struggle for lib- erty. * * "Washington issues orders forbidding " all playing at cards or other games of chance " in the army. STATE. 1776 July 4. Phila. Continental Con- gress : At 2 o'clock in the afternoon the Declaration of American Indepen- dence is adopted by the delegates of 13 colonies. "Resolved that these united colonies are and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are ab- soh ed from all allegiance to the British crown ; and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dis- solved." [Aug. 2. Signed by the last July * The colonists accept the Declara- tion with great enthusiasm ; they ex- press their delight with bonfires, bells, and speeches ; the New Yorkers (July 9) pull down the leaden statue of George III. and cast it into bullets. July 8. Phila. The Declaration of In- dependence is read from the steps of the State House, and to the American army July 9. N. Y. The Provincial Congress assembles at White Plains and formally takes the name of the Representatives of New York, and proclaims its adhe- sion to the Declaration of Independence. [July 10. New York is declared an in- dependent State] July 12. Phila. Dickinson's proposed plan for confederation is presented to Congress. July 14. Gen. Washington refuses to re- ceive a letter from Adm. Lord Howe, addressed to "George Washington, Esq." (And later another to " George Washington, etc., etc., etc." He finally accepts one properly addressed.) Aug. 23. New York. Sir William Howe issues a proclamation of pardon to all who return to the allegiance of the King. Sept. 5. Phila. A report on treason is made to Congress. Sept. 9. Phila. The Colonies are first called the United States of America, by Congress. Sept. 11. N. Y. Adm. Howe, having so- licited a conference respecting rec- onciliation, meets John Adams, Benj, Franklin, and Edward Rutledge, at a house on Staten Island opposite Amboy ; the Americans disdain submission. Dec. * Kentucky is made a county of Virginia. [1791. Feb.* Separated.] Oct. 13. Phila. Congress lays the foun- dation of the American navy by ap- pointing a committee to build 13 frigates. Nov. 2. Phila. Congress establishes a cannon-foundry. Nov. * Phila. Congress appoints Ar- thur Lee and Benjamin Frankhn am- bassadors to negotiate a treaty with France. [Dec. 7. They arrive at Nantes, France.] Nov. 30. N. Y. Adm. Lord and Gen. Sir William Howe issue a proclamation of pardon. It calls upon all insurgents to lay down their arms, and offers pardon for 60 days. [Many persons, especially the wealthy people, comply ; among whom are two delegates of the Continental Congress, and the president of the New Jersey Convention whicb approved the Decla- ration of Independence. For 10 days after its issue from 200 to 300 come daily to take the oath.] * * Phila. Congress orders that persons refusing to take Continental money be arrested. Dec. 12. Phila. Owing to the proximity of the British army, the Continental Congress adjourns to Baltimore. Dec. 20. Aid. Third session of the Colonial Congress at Baltimore. [Dec. 27. It clothes Washington with dictatorial powers to direct all mili- tary operations for six months.] * * -84 * * New York. David Matthews (Tory), the 42d mayor. * * The hiring of Hessian troops to sub- jugate the colonists causes disloyalty to become rampant. * * Governors inaugurated : -77 * * Del. John McKinley. Ga. Archibald Bullock (acting). -79 * * N. C. Richard Caswell. -89 * * N. J. Win. Livingston. _77 * * p a . Benj. Franklin (Committee of Safety). -79 * * Va. Patrick Henry. * * U. S. The States adopt new consti- tutions. (July 2, N. J. ; July 5, Va. ; July 15, Pa.; Aug. 14, Bid. ; Sept. 20, Del.; Dec. 18, N. C.) [1777, Feb. 5, Ga. ; Apr. 20 ; 1778, Mar. 19, S. C. ; 1780, Mar. 2, Mass.] 1777 Jan. 1. Md. Congress authorizes Franklin to negotiate a treaty with Spain. MISCELLANEOUS. 1776 Sept. 21. New York. Trinity Church and 492 buildings are de- stroyed by fire after the evacuation. 86 1777, Jan. 2 -Oct. 16. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1777 Jan. 3. N.J. Battle of Princeton. Washington again surprises and defeats a part of Cornwallis's army and takes several hundred prisoners. British loss, 100 slain, 300 prisoners ; American loss, very slight, includes Gen. Mercer. Jan. * The army is in very bad con- dition, owing to the lack of money, the paper currency having little value. Jan. 5. N. J. Washington withdraws his troops to a strong position at Morris- town, the right wing under Putnam is at Princeton, and his left wing under Gen. Heath in the Highlands on the Hudson. The militia rises in arms and vexes the British, until their lines are contracted about New Brunswick and Amboy. [Washington's headquarters continue here during nearly all of the remainder of the war.] * * Fr. The first vessels leave France with supplies for the American army. Jan. 7. — May 28. N. J. Washington's force is encamped at Morristown. Jan. 7. N J. British troops evacuate Elizabethtown ; Gen. Maxwell attacks their rear, takes 70 prisoners and a schooner loaded with baggage. Feb. 6. Great Britain grants letters of marque and reprisal against the United States. Feb. 13. Fr. Franklin and Deane en- gage Du Portail and other engineers. Feb. 18. N. J. Col. Neilson, with a party of American militia, defeats British troops under Major Stockton, kills 4 and captures the commander and 59 men. Feb. 19. Baltimore. Congress commis- sions five major-generals. They are Stirling, St. Clair, Mifflin, Stephen, and Lincoln. (Benedict Arnold is overlooked.) Eighteen brigadier-gen- erals are also commissioned. They in- clude Glover, George Clinton , Woodford, Muhlenberg (Ger. Lutheran clergyman), Hand, Anthony Wayne, and Conway, the Irish adventurer. * * H. I. The entire American fleet under Adm. Hopkins is blockaded at Providence. Feb. 27. S. C The militia defeats a large force of American royalists, and captures much ammunition and other military stores. Mar. 23. N. Y. British, under Bird, land at Peekskill to seize military stores ; some are burned by Gen. Mc- Dougall, who retires. The British secure much provision, forage, and burn valu- able property. Mar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee writes treasonable negotiations for Gen. Howe. [Discovered after his death.] May 6. Can. Gen. Burgoyne arrives at Quebec to take command of the British forces in Canada. He proposes to cut the colonies in two by an expedition moving through Lake Champlain and down the Hudson River. Mar. * Fr. Three ship-loads of mili- tary supplies sail for America. [Only one escapes the British cruisers, and it brings great relief to the army at Mor- ristown, in April.] * * Spring. Capt. Conyngham is sent out by Silas Deane from Dunkirk, to prey on British commerce. Apr. 13. N. J. The British under Corn- wallis surprise Gen. Lincoln with 500 Americans at Boundbrook ; he retreats with the loss of GO men. Apr. 15. Ky. Indians attack Boones- boro; 4 of Col. Boone's men are killed. Phila. Congress resolves to abolish distinctions between troops, as " Cong- ress' Own Regiment," " Washington's Life Guards." Apr. 17. Capt. John Barry captures the British vessel Edward, the first Amer- ican prize. Apr. * N. J. Washington's force is in- creased to about 7,000 men. Apr. 25. S. C. Marquis de Lafayette, but 19 years old, with 11 officers, lands at Charleston, having raised a corps at his own expense, this forms one of the prom- inent events of the war. 27. Conn. Gen. Tryon, with 2,000 British soldiers, makes a raid on Dan- bury and burns 18 houses and military stores ; the patriotic militia attacks their flank and rear wbile they retreat to the coast. Spring. N. H. A vessel arrives at Ports- mouth from France with more than 11,000 stand of arms and 1,000 barrels of gunpowder; 10,000 stand of arms are received at another port. May 22. Phila. Gen. Schuyler is con- firmed in the command of the Northern army. May 24. NT. Col. Meigs, with 200 Con- necticut militia-men, surprises the Brit- ish post at Sag Harbor, Long Island, and captures 90 prisoners, a gun-ship, 30 loaded transports and vast military stores, and all without the loss of a single man. [Congress afterward voted the gal- lant colonel a sword.] May* Benedict Arnold commissioned major-general and presented by Con- gress with a horse richly caparisoned ; he is yet below the 5 other major- generals. May 28. N.J. Washington removes his headquarters to the heights of Middle- brook. * * Capt. John Mauley sails on a cruise. * * Captain Johnson of the Lexington cruises in European waters. June 1. N. Y. Burgoyne, the suc- cessor of Sir Guy Carleton,' invades Northern New York with an army from Canada. June 19. N. J. Sir Wm. Howe, hav- ing received large reenforcements and supplies, establishes his headquarters at New Brunswick, about ten miles from Washington's army. ± N. Y. Burgoyne lands at Crown Point. June 20+. N. Y. Howe makes various attempts, but fails to draw Washington apart from his strong position into a general engagement. June* X. V. Burgoyne meete the chiefs of the Six Nations in council and induces 400 <>l their warriors to join his army. June* N, Y. Burgoyne^byproclamatiOD, calls on the patriots i>> submit, or to be ravaged by his Indian allies. June 25. X. J. Cornwallis being reen- forced by Howe, maneuvers for position, but dares not attack Washington at Boundbrook. June 30. N. Y. After six months' ma- neuvering and little lighting, the Brit- ish abandon New Jersey, and encamp on Staten Island. [The national spirits revive, and the British are dismayed at the unexpected turn of affairs.] July 4. Kg. Boonesboro attacked by Indians. July 5. N. Y. Gen. St. Clair and 3,000 Americans abandon Fort Ticonder- oga in the night, and retreat through Vermont toward Fort Edward. July 6. X. Y. Gen. Burgoyne takes possession of Ticonderoga, with about 7,000 troops and 7,000 Indians. Burgoyne captures a large quantity of military stores near "Whitehall. July 7. N. Y. The Americans burn Fort Ann , Vt. Burgoyne defeats the Americans under St. Clair at Hubbardton, while on their retreat. July 8. N. y. Battle of Fort Ann; Americans under Livingston defeated ; they retire to Fort Edward, losing 128 cannons, and stores. Col. William Barton of Providence by stratagem surprises and captures Gen. Prescott while in bed at a farmhouse near Newport. [The Americans after- ward exchanged him for Gen. Lee.] July 12. X. Y. Gen. St. Clair arrives at Fort Edward, having in late re- verses lost nearly 200 pieces of artillery and large quantities of military stores. July 19. Ky. About 200 Indians besiege Logan's Fort ; 16 men repel them. * * Pa. Leading Quakers are arrested and sent South. July 23. Gen. Howe leaves a garrison at Staten Island and takes 1S.000 men to sea in transports ; destination unknown to Americans. July 24. N. J. "Washington marches South. [Lafayette, DeKalb, and Pu- laski soon join his army.] July 27. X. Y. Jane McCrea is slain. The Indian allies of the British toma- hawk her while she is being conveyed to her lover in the camp at Fort Edward. [Public horror intensities the hatred of British oppression.] July 30. Burgoyne arrives at Fort Edward, recently deserted by the Amer- icans under Gen. Schuyler (an unsuc- cessful commander), who retire to Saratoga. N J. "Washington crosses the Del- aware to Germantown with his army. July 31. Lafayette, 20 years old, made Major- General in the army by Con- gress (without command). UNITED STATES. 17 7 7,- Jan. 2 -Oct. 16. 87 Aug. 3-23. N.Y. Barry St. Ledger, with a British force, attacks Fort Stanwix. Aug. 3. N. Y. Battle of Fort Schuy- ler on the Mohawk River (Fort Stanwix). The garrison of 600 Continentals, under Cols. Gansevoort and Willet, successfully resists 1,800 Tories, Canadians, and In- dians under Gen. St. Ledger and Indian Chief Brant. Phila. Congress accepts the service of Count Pulaski of Poland ; his fel- low countryman, Thaddeus Kosciusko, 21 years of age, is already serving with General Schuyler. Aug. 6. N. Y. Battle of Oriskany. Gen. Herkimer is defeated and mortally wounded in an ambuscade while march- ing to the relief of Fort Schuyler with the militia of the vicinity. Aug. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne sends a de- tachment under Col. Baum to seize the provisions and military stores at Ben- nington, Vermont. Aug. 15. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne leaves Fort Edward. Aug. 16. Ft. Battle of Bennington. Col. John Stark, with the militia, defeats the British force under Col. Baum, which loses 200 killed and 700 prisoners ; American loss, 14 killed and 40 wounded. [The country is fired with enthusiasm.] Aug. 17. N. F. Gen. Schuyler is re- enforced ; he now has 13,000 men. Aug. 19. Gen. Schuyler is super- seded by Gen. Gates in the Northern Department. Aug. 22. N. Y. Gen. Sullivan and Col. Ogden raid the British on Staten Island, capture 130 prisoners, a few officers, destroy stores, etc. Gen. Benedict Arnold marches to the relief of Fort Schuyler. St. Ledger and his panic-stricken army leave in haste with tents standing. Aug. 24. Pkila. "Washington's army passes through Philadelphia for the Chesapeake. Aug. 25. Md. Gen. Howe, with 16,000 . men, enters the Chesapeake Bay, lands at Head of Elk, and, advancing in two columns, threatens Philadelphia. Sept. 1. W. Va. An attack is made on Fort "William Henry (Wheeling). Sept. 8. N.Y. The Northern army, 6,000 strong, under Gen. Gates, establishes a fortified camp at Bemis Heights, near Stillwater, in Saratoga county. Sept. 9. N. Y. Col. Brown, with a de- tachment of men, seizes the posts at the outlet of Lake George, and a fleet of bateaux laden with provisions for Bur- goyne. Sept. 11. Pa. Battle of Brandywine. Washington is severely defeated by superior numbers under Howe, aided by Cornwallis and Knyphausen ; American loss, 1,000; British loss, 584. Lafayette is wounded in this, his first American battle. Alexander Hamilton is aide to Washington. * * Gen. Arnold is quarrelsome, and de- nied a command under Gen. Gates. Sept. 12. Phila. "Washington reenters with the remnant of his army. N. Y. Gen. Gates, with the Northern Army, encamps at the mouth of the Mohawk River. Sept. 13. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne crosses the Hudson and encamps on the heights and plains of Saratoga. Sept. 18. N. Y. Burgoyne advances within two miles of Gen. Gates's camp. N. Y. Americans under Col. Brown seize the British posts at the outlet of Lake George and at Ticonderoga, taking 293 prisoners and releasing 100 Amer- icans ; they cut off Burgoyne's re- treat. Sept. 19. Pa. The Americans cross the Schuylkill and encamp on the eastern hank. N. Y. Battle of Stillwater (Sar- atoga). Burgoyne attacks Gates ; the action is indecisive ; the British hold the field with a loss of GOO men, and the Amer- icans retire with a loss of 319. The British are distressed for supplies, and the army is put on half-rations. Sept. 20. 4- N. Y. Burgoyne fortifies his camp. Pa. Gen. Wayne, with 1,500 Amer- icans, surprised at Paoli, or Truduffin, by the British ; loss 300. Sept. 23. Pa. Howe crosses the Schuylkill with the entire British army. Sept. 24. Alight at Diamond Island. Sept. 25. Pa. The British encamp at German town. Sept. 27. Phila. The British under Howe enter the capital of the Republic, "the rebel city," while the main army remains at Germantown^y Oct. 3. New York. Gen. Clinton em- barks his troops to ascend the Hudson so as to cooperate with Burgoyne. Oct. 4. Phila. Battle of German- town. Washington, with 1,100 men, suddenly falls on the British under Howe, is successful at first, hut soon retreats ; British loss 535 ; American loss 152 killed and 521 wounded. Oct. 6. A*. Y. Sir Henry Clinton cap- tures Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson, from Gov. George Clin- ton supported by the New York militia. Oct. 7. N.Y. Battle of Saratoga (Still- water). Terrible conflict at Bemis Heights, in which Gqn. Benedict Arnold nghts(with- out authority) with great bravery, and is the inspiring spirit of battle. The British general, Fraser, is mortally wounded. Burgoyne is again defeated. Oct. 8. N. Y. Burgoyne encamps on heights one mile from his late battle- field. Oct. 9. N. Y. Burgoyne retreats to Saratoga, where he finds the Americans entrenched. Oct. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne's army re- turns to its former camp, which it pro- ceeds to strengthen, and waits for Sir Henry Clinton and much needed sup- plies. Oct. 13. N. Y. Burgoyne's retreat being cut off and provisions nearly exhausted, he proposes a cessation of hostilities, and rejects the demand for an uncon- ditional surrender. The British wantonly burn the village of Kingston. Oct. 16. N. Y. British loss in Bur- goyne's army, since July G, in killed, wounded, and desertions, nearly 3,000 SOCIETY. 1777 Mar. 7. N.Jf. James Aitken, con- victed of arson, is hanged on a gallows 60 feet high at Portsmouth. July 27. N. Y. Murder of Jane Me- Crea at Fort Edward by Indians. STATE. 1777 Jan. 5. Fr. Franklin arrives in Paris as ambassador, seeking to negoti- ate a treaty. Franklin's wisdom and sagacity, united with great simplicity, captivate the gay court of Louis XVI. [The American Am- bassadors are lionized ; after Burgoyne's surrender a treaty is made.] Jan. * Md. Congress pays the army in paper money having but little value. * * Md. Congress advises the States to cease the issue of paper money. Jan. 15. Vt. The people of the New Hampshire grants make a declaration of independence, and call their territory Vermont. Feb. * Eng. Parliament votes supplies and men for the prosecution of the war. Mar. 4. Baltimore, Md. The Conti- nental Congress adjourns. Phila. The Fourth session of the Continental Congress. Mar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee, a prisoner and traitor, writes " Mr. Lee's Plan," of destroying the " Congress gov- ernment." Apr. 17. Phila. Congress appoints a Committee on Foreign Affairs. June 14. Phila. Congress adopts a flag ; 13 stripes alternate red and white ; 13 stars, white on a blue canton, which replace the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew. June 26. Ger. Arthur Lee's State papers are stolen in Berlin. Lee suspects the British envoy, states his suspicions to the minister, and his papers are secretly returned. Aug. 25. Pa. Sir "William Howe again by proclamation offers pardon to those rebels who submit. (Aug. 27?) Sept. 18. Phila. Congress adjourns to Lancaster because of the approach of the British. Sept. 27. Pa. Fifth session of the Continental Congress at Lancaster. It immediately adjourns to York. Sept. 30. Pa. Sixth session of the Continental Congress at York. [Its session continues until the British evac- uate Philadelphia.] Oct. * Jacob Duche" attempts to seduce "Washington from the American cause. MISCELLANEOUS. 1777 Oct. * U. S. The Continental bills advance 20 per cent in value after the surrender of Burgoyne. 88 1777, Oct. 17- 1778, Nov. 3. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1777 Oct. 17. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne surrenders his army to Gen. Gates at Saratoga. Burgoyne surrenders his army on con- dition that it march out of camp with honors of war, and the soldiers be taken from Boston to England. The prisoners number 5,791, and include G members of Parliament. Forty-two pieces of brass artillery and immense military stores are taken. Active American force about 11,000. [Congress refuses to ratify the terms.] Oct. 22. N.J. Twelve hundred Hessians under Count Donop attack Fort Mer- cer, at Red Bank, 7 miles below Phila- delphia, on the Delaware River ; the garrison of 400 men, under Col. Chris- topher Greene of Rhode Island, makes a successful resistance. British loss, about 400 ; American, 8 killed and 29 wounded. Oct. 29. Pa. The army under Washing- ton numbers 12,480 men, of whom 8,963 are Regulars or Continentals. Oct. * Philadelphia still occupied by the British army. Autumn. Ger. Frederick the Great stops the German mercenaries from crossing his dominions on their march to embark for America. Oct. 29. Pa. Washington retires to White Marsh, below Philadelphia. * * Pa. Washington is reenforced by about 4,000 victorious troops from the North. Nov. 6. Mass. The "Convention" troops (Burgoyne's from Saratoga) reach the neighborhood of Boston for embarkation. Nov. 10-16. Pa. Admiral Howe's fleet and a land force attack Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, in the Delaware, and a siege continues till the Americans burn the fort and retreat to Fort Mercer. Gen. Howe thus gains control of the Delaware. Nov. 16. Pa. The British occupy Fort Mifflin. Nov. IS. A r . J. Fort Mercer is aban- doned to the British. Nov. 25. N. J. Lafayette is at Gloucester. * * Paul Jones is cruising in the Ranger. Dec. 1. Me. Baron Steuben arrives at Portland, and tenders his services to America as a volunteer. York, Pa. Congress resolves "that Gen. Washington be informed that it is highly agreeable to Congress that the Marquis de Lafayette be appointed to the command of a division in the Conti- nental army." [Antedated July 31.] Dec. 4. Lafayette is appointed to the command of Gen. Stephen's division of the army, whose intemperate habits had caused his dismissal. Pa. Gen. Howe vainly attempts to surprise Washington at "White Marsh, near Philadelphia, but he receives timely information by Lydia Darrah ; Howe maneuvers four days, and then retires to the city. Dec. 8. Phila. Howe's army goes into winter quarters. Dec. 11 +. Pa. Sufferings at Valley Forge. Washington's army goes into dreary winter quarters on the Schuylkill River, 20 miles north of Philadelphia, where, amid his half-clad and half-led army, he spends the darkest days of his life, Con- gress having partly abandoned him, and the people being doubtful of his success. Dec. 23. Pa. Washington's army num- bers 8,200, with 2,898 of them unfit for duty, being barefooted, or otherwise naked and suffering. Dec. * A conspiracy exists to remove "Washington from the chief command, and place Gen. Gates or Gen. Lee (the traitor) at the head of the American forces. 1778 Feb. 3. Boston. Burgoyne's army is denied embarkation. Feb. 7. Ky. Daniel Boone is captured by French and Indians [who hold him a few days]. * * Va. Henry Lee, "Light Horse Harry," raises an independent body of horse. Mar. 4. The British ships Ariadne and Ceres take the American frigate Alfred, having 20 guns. Mar. * "War between England and France, caused by a French alliance and treaty with the Americans. Mar. 7. The American frigate Randolph, Capt. Nicholas Biddle, having 36 guns and 305 men, is blown up by the British ship Yarmouth of 64 guns ; only 4 of the crew are saved. Mar. 18. N. th An action takes place at Quintin's Bridge. Mar. 23 . Nathaniel Greene made quar- termaster-general. Apr. * Eng. Paul Jones makes a de- scent on Whitehaven. May.* Gen. Charles Lee is exchanged for the British Gen. Prescott. Apr. * An address in German is scattered among the Hessians, inviting them to desert. Apr. * PaulJones cruises on the Scottish coast. May 6. Pa. The French alliance is celebrated at Valley Forge. May 12. Baron Steuben enters the American service, Congress having ap- pointed him inspector-general, with the rank of major-general [he improves discipline]. May 20. Pa. Gen. Grant, with 5,000 British, surprises Lafayette at Barren Hill, near Valley Forge, who falls back in good order to the main army. May 24. Phila. Gen. Howe embarks for England. Sir Henry Clinton assumes com- mand of the British army, Gen. Howe being recalled at his own request. June IS. Phila. France having become an ally, the British evacuate Phila- delphia on the approach of the French fleet, to concentrate their force in New York. They retreat across New Jersey. [Washington is soon in pursuit.] June 19. I'tula. Maj.-Gen. Benedict Arnold appointed to command this city. June 28. X. ./. Battle of Monmouth. Gen. Washington turns the retreat un- der Gen. Charles Lee into a victory; severe lighting continue till night, when tbe - British retire and abandon New Jersey, Losses, American, G7 killed. 170 wounded; the British leave nearly 300 dead on the field. [On march, 2,000 Hes lans desert. June29. " Molly Pitcher " l sergeant.] July 4. Gen. Charles Lee is brought to trial for insubordination. [Guilty.] July 4, 5. Pa. Terrible massacre in the Wyoming Valley during the ab- sence of many of the men in the army. / Tories, Canadians, and Indians, under Maj. John Butler, a Tory of Niagara, are responsible for the slaughter of about 300 aged people, women, and children ; Brant, a Mohawk chief, assists Butler. July 8. A French fleet of 18 vessels, with about 4,000 men under Count D'Estaing, arrives at the mouth of the Delaware. He proposes to surprise the smaller British fleet, but finds it has sailed northward ; he seeks it in New York Bay, but the bar prevents his deep frigates entering. * * Washington advises Count D'Estaing to sail for Newport, and aid the Amer- icans in an attempt on Rhode Island. * * -81 * * O. George Kogers Clark, a Kentuckian, under authority of the State of Virginia, leads a band of fron- tiersmen to the capture of the British posts north of the Ohio River covering the country as far as Detroit. July 29. R. I. The French fleet ar- rives at Newport. July * N. Y. Washington conducts his army to "White Plains to cooperate with the expected French fleet against New York. R.I. Lafayette is employed in Rhode Island. The British army, 33,000 strong at its maximum, now holds possession of but two cities, New York and Newport, R. I. * * Admiral Byron succeeds Admiral Lord (Richard) Howe in command of the British fleet in America. * * N. Y. Indian Chief Brant raids the Mohawk Yalley, and burns houses in the Cobbleskill Yalley at Springfield. Aug.* X.Y. Brant burns German Flats. Aug. 5. R. I. D'Estaing enters the Nar- ragansett Bay. Aug. 12. R. I. The French and Brit- ish fleets maneuver to give battle, when a terrible storm separates them. Aug. 15. Sullivan advances on Rhod^ Island (but the French fleet leaving him without support, his expedition returns]. Aug. 8. Ky. Daniel Boone successfully defends his fort against the Indians. Aug. 23. R. I. The French fleet s;uls for Boston to refit, by strict orders. Aug. 29. R. I. Americans under Sulli- van are victorious at Quaker Hill, but soon retire. Lafayette rides from Rhode Island to Boston, 70 miles, in 6£ hours, to beg Count D'Kstaing to return and assist in an attack upon the British. * * The British decide to make a demon- stration upon the Southern States, and invade Georgia from the north and the south. UNITED STATES. 1777, Oct. 17-1778, Nov. 3. 89 * * * The war degenerates into maraud- ing expeditions against helpless villages. Sept. * Mass. The towns of New Bed- ford and Fair Haven are wantonly burned with 70 vessels in their ports. S. C. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln ap- pointed to the command of the Southern (American) army at Charleston. Oct. * N. J. The American vessels at Little Egg Harbor are burned by a band of incendiaries led by Ferguson. Pa. An expedition punishes the sav- ages for the massacres committed in the "Wyoming Valley. Nov. 1. New Yor/c. Departure of 5,000 British troops for the West Indies. Boston. D'Estaing sails for the West Indies. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1777 * * li.l. Cold-cut nails are manu- factured at Cumberland. * * Aid. The first theater is opened at Baltimore. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1777* * Auchmuty, Samuel, clergyman, A55. Bartram, .John, botanist, A7(i. Beasley, Frederick, clergyman, born. Chandler, Abiel, philanthropist, born. Chauncy, Charles, lawyer, born. Clay, Henry, orator, born. Dow, Lorenzo, eccentric Jletli. preacher, b. Fraser, Simon, Brit, gen., dies. Gaines. Edward Pendleton, general, horn. Grundy, Felix, jurist, senator for Va., born. Herkimer, Nicholas, general, dies. Jackson, James, physician, born. Malbone, Edward (J., painter, born. Niles, Hezekiah, journalist, born. Pickering, John, philologist, born, Taney, Roger Brooke, jurist, born. Tennent, "William, clergyman, A72. Trimble, Robert, justice, born in Ky. Wooster, David, general, A67. CHURCH. 1778 Spring. Del. Francis Asbury is compelled to desist from preaching [for about two years], because of his English connections. LETTERS. 1777 * * -95 * * Conn. Rev. Ezra Stiles is President of Yale College. * * New York. The New York Gazetteer, etc., changed to Rivington's New York Royal Gazette. * * The Pretty Story } by Francis Hopkin- son, concluded. SOCIETY. 1777 * * Gen. Stephen, one of Wash- ington's division commanders, is dis- missed because of intemperance. * * Phila. The following resolution pass- es the Continental Congress : — " Resolved, That it be recommended to the several legislatures in the United States immediately to pass laws the most effectual for putting an immediate stop to the pernicious practise of distil- ling grain, by which the most extensive evils are likely to be derived, if not quickly prevented." 1778 Jan. 19. N. J. Francis Furgler, a recluse, dies after living 25 years without fire in an oven-like cell, near Burlington. May * Eng. Nearly $20,000 raised for the benefit of American prisoners, (about 924) in England. May 31. New York. After two and a half years of captivity, Col. Ethan Al- len arrives in the army ; he is received with a military salute. June 28. Gen. Charles Lee and Col. John Laurens fight a duel, occasioned by Lee's disrespect to Washington; Lee is shot in the side. June 29. Having been passionately re- proved at the battle of Monmouth, Gen. Lee demands an apology from "Washington, shows insubordination [and is suspended from the service for a year]. July 4. Gen. CadwalladerandHaj.-Gen. Thomas Conway fight a duel. STATE. 1777 Oct. 29. Alass. John Hancock, the President of Congress, resigns. [Nov. 1. Henry Laurens (S. C.) his successor.] Nov. 15. York, Pa. Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation and Per- petual Union prepared by its committee (Dickinson's plan) ; the confederacy is to be called the United States of Amer- ica. [Nov. 17. Sent to the separate States for ratification.] * * Fr. Lee and Deane quarrel in Paris. Nov. 21. York, Pa. Congress recalls Silas Deane from London, and appoints John Adams his successor. Paris. The United States commission- ers issue instructions to privateers. Nov. * Pa. Congress creates a Board of "War. * * York, Pa. Congress becomes more and more the mere agent of the States in issuing paper and borrowing money ; its national character grows less, while the State jealousies and ambitions in- crease. * * Governors inaugurated: -85 * * Mich. Frederick Haldimand. -79 * * N. C. Kichard Caswell. -95 * * N. Y. George Clinton. Pa. Thomas "Wharton, Jr., President of the Supreme Executive Council. 1778 Jan. ± * York, Pa. The " Con- way Cabal" is exposed. It includes some members of Congress. A few officers, led by an Irish adven- turer, endeavor to undermine the popu- larity of Washington and advance General Gates. [The cabal cowers be- fore the storm of indignation which arises.] Jan. * The military success of the past year facilitates the efforts of the colon- ists in securing foreign aid and influence. Jan. 30. — Feb. 6. France acknowl- edges the independence of the United States, and enters into treaty rela- tions; [America rejoices; England is enraged.] France agrees to send 16 ves- sels and 4,000 men to America. * * Questions relating to the Western ter- ritory delay the adoption of Articles. Feb.* Eng. Parliament renounces the right of taxing the American colonies, except for the regulation of trade, and appoints commissioners to negotiate for their submission. * * Articles of Confederation signed : [Feb. 5. S. C. ; Feb. 6, N. Y. ; Feb. 9, R. I. ; Feb. 12, Conn. ; Feb. 26, Ga. ; Mar. 4. N. H. ; Mar. 5, Pa. ; Mar. 10, Mass. ; Apr. 5, N. C. ; Nov. 19, N. J.: Dec. 15, Va.; 1779, Feb. 1, Del.; 1781, Jan. 30, Md.] Feb. 12. Fr. John Adams is sent to France in Silas Deane's place [where he remains only a short time]. Feb. 17. Eng. Lord North's concilia- tory bills are presented in Parliament. Mar. 9. N. Y. A Great Council is held at Johnstown, between the Six Nations Indians and the New York company. Mar. 11. Eng. Parliament, alarmed at the loss of an army at Saratoga, and at the French alliance, repeals the ob- noxious bills, to placate Americans. Mar. 13. Eng. The treaty of France with the United States is officially an- nounced. Vermont is constituted a State. Apr. 7. Eng. Chatham's last appear- ance in Parliament. [Apr. 11. Dies.] Apr. 30. America receives information of Lord North's .conciliatory bills, of- fered in Parliament Feb. 17th. May 5. Eng. Sensation produced by the treaty of France with the United States. May * Eng. Gen. Burgoyne defends himself in Parliament. May * York f Pa. Congress ratifies the treaty with France. George III. is wil- ling to treat with the Americans. June 4. York, Pa. Commissioners of Parliament arrive with proposals for reconciliation, which are submitted to Congress. [Congress demands independence ; the British Commissioners resort to bribery and intrigue, and Congress declines to have any further conference with them.] June 17. York, Pa. Congress rejects the proposals of the commissioners ap- pointed by Parliament, until independ- ence is acknowledged. June 18. Phila. Three thousand Tories leave with the British troops. June * New York passes a banish- ment act against the Tories. June 27. York, Pa, Congress ad- journs to Philadelphia. July 2. Phila. The 7th session of the Continental Congress opens. July 9. The delegates of eight states sign the Articles of Confederation. [Later in the month Georgia and North Carolina sign them.] July 26. Convention of the United States and France concerning the " Droit d'Aubaine." Aug. 6. Phila. Monsieur Gerard, am- bassador from France, is introduced to Congress ; the first from any nation. Sept. * Massachusetts passes an act against the Tories. Sept. 14. Franklin is sent to France as minister plenipotentiary. Oct. * ///. The Illinois Country is made a county of Virginia. 90 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1778 Nov. 11, 12. X. Y. Massacre in Cherry Valley, Otsego County, by Tories and Indians with terrible cruelty, every house in the village being burned, many persons are murdered, and 40 are dragged into captivity. Nov. 21 £. New York. Departure of 3,000 British troops by transports for Georgia. Nov. 27. N. J. Washington goes into winter quarters at Middlebrook. Dec. 17. Jnd. Gen. Hamilton recaptures Vincennes from the Americans. Dec. 23. Ga. The British troops attack Savannah. Dec. 29. The British capture Savan- nah. Gen. Robert Howe in command of 850 men is driven out of the city by Col. Campbell commanding 2,000 invading British. [This is claimed to be the only real conquest of the British during this entire year; the thinly populated State is easily subjugated.] * * Pa. Col. David Rogers takes stores from New Orleans up the river to Fort Pitt. * * Several vessels of considerable force are purchased or built and added to the navy, including the celebrated Alliance, a frigate of 32 guns. 1779 Jan. 1. Boston. Burgoyne's (Saratoga) army is removed to Virginia. Jan. 7. Mass. France being at war with England, Lafayette sails from Boston in the Alliance to aid his native land, carrying honorable scars, and a sword given by Congress. [Feb. 11. Arrives.] Jan. 9. Ga. Fort Sunbury on St. Cath- erine's Sound, below Savannah, is cap- tured by Gen. Prevost with British troops from Florida. Jan. 29. Ga. Two thousand British under Col. Campbell take Augusta. Feb. 3. First organized mutiny in the American service occurs on board the United States frigate Alliance, bound to France with Lafayette on hoard. S. C. Gen. Moultrie defeats 200 Brit- ish at Port Royal, and drives them off the Island. Feb. 14. Ga. Col. Pickens, with a force of Carolina militia, annihilates a force of Tories west of Broad River, killing Col. Boyd, their commander, and 70 men, hanging five of the ringleaders for treason ; this secures western Georgia to the patriots. Feb. * Charges are made against Gen. Arnold. (See Dec. * 1779.) Feb, 25. Jnd. Col. G. R. Clark cap- tures Gov. Hamilton, and reoccupies Vincennes. * * Ky. St. Vincent, with stores, taken by Americans under Col. Clark; 79 Brit- ish captured. * * S. C. Capt. Anderson defeats the Tories in Carolina. Mar. * Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York, with 1,500 regulars and Tories, goes to Horse Neck to destroy the salt-works. Israel Putnam and the militia resist, but are flanked and defeated ; Gen. Putnam makes his famous ride down the steep declivity. Gov. Tryon burns the village of West Greenwich. Mar 3. Ga. Gen. Ashe, with about CO Continental troops and 1,500 militia, is surrounded and utterly defeated by a British force at Brier Creek below Augusta; he loses 150 killed and 160 prisoners. Georgia is now entirely subjugated. Mar. 19. Phila. Gen. Arnold resigns his command. Apr. 5. Mass. Refugees plunder Nan- tucket and carry off with them two loaded brigs and several other vessels. Apr. 18 -24. X. Y. Gen. Van Shaick destroys the Onondaga towns, killing 12 Indians and capturing thirty-four. Apr. 23. S. C. Gen. Lincoln, with 5,000 men, attempts to enter Georgia via Augusta. Apr. * 1'enn. An expedition is sent against the Tennessee Indians. * * Arnold opens treasonable corre- spondence with Clinton, commander- in-chief of the British forces. Spring. British incursions are made in the Chesapeake. May 8 -June 16. Spain declares war against Great Britain. May 12. S. C. Gen. Prevost demands the surrender of Charleston; being re- fused by Gen. Moultrie [he soon retires at the approach of Gen. Lincoln]. May 14+. Va. Portsmouth and Nor- folk are taken by 2,500 British under Gen. Matthews ; stores, houses, and ves- sels are burned with many small towns in the vicinity. May * Va. The British burn the navy- yard at Gosport, destroying 130 mer- chant ships and several war-vessels on the stocks. May 31. X. Y. Stony Point is aban- doned at the approach of the British under Gen. Clinton. June 1. N. Y. Stony Point is used to subdue Verplanck's Point on the oppo- site side ; both forts are soon strongly fortified and garrisoned by the British. * * Naval war between England and France. June 20. S. C. Americans are repulsed in an attack on the British at Stono Ferry. * * Me. The British occupy Castine. July 5. Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York, with 2,G00 Hessians and Tories, sails for New Haven, and takes the town. July 7. Conn. Fairfield is plundered and burnt by 2,500 British under Gov. Tryon. July 11. Conn. The British under Tryon plunder and burn Norwalk. July 15. 8 p.m. X. Y. Stony Point retaken. Gen. "Wayne, having raised a force of light infantry, suddenly assaults Stony Point on the Hudson, and with a loss of 1." killed and S:J wounded, he captures the garrison (515; and its vast stores ; he destroys the fort; G3 of the British are killed in the attack. [Congress votes Gen. Wayne a gold medal.] July 19. X. Y, AmericfUB fortify West Point. i Boston. The New England fleet de- stroyed. An expedition of 24 transports and 20 armed transports and privateers leaves to subdue the British at Penobscot, Maine. X. Y. Indians under Brant attack Minnisink settlements. July 25. Me. After a useless delay at Penobscot [the vessels of the New Eng- land fleet are all taken or destroyed by the British ; the men escape]. July 31. X. Y. Sullivan begins bis march through the Indian country. Aug. 19. X.J. "Light Horse Harry" (Lee), with a company of militia, sur- prises the garrison at Paulus Hook (Jersey City), takes 150 prisoners, with the loss of only two men. [Congress votes him a gold medal.] Aug. 22 +-. X. Y. Military expedition, under Col. Brodhead, into the Indian country ; about 50,000 bushels of corn burned in 8 Indians towns. Aug. 29 -. X.Y.—Pa. The expedition under Gens. Sullivan and James Clinton defeats the Tories and Indians at Tioga, and the whole country, including 40 In- dian villages, is wasted by the patriots in retaliatory massacres. Sept. 3. Ga. The French fleet under D'Estaing arrives on the Savannah River. He captures a British fleet. Sept. 10. X. Y. The Indian village of Canandaigua burnt. Sept. 15. X. Y. Sullivan begins his re- turn march from the Indian country. Sept. ± * Ga. Gen. Lincoln marches on Augusta, but retires before determined resistance. Sept. 23. Naval battle with the Ser- apis. Paul Jones with the Bon horn me Rich- ard has a battle off the coast of Scotland with the British frigate Serapis, carry- ing 44 guns ; the battle lasts one and" a half hours. The vessels are lashed to- gether, and at last the Serapis surren- ders, and the Bonhnmme Richard sinks; the companion of the Serapis is also taken ; out of 375 Americans, 300 were either killed or wounded. Ga. The siege of Gen. Prevost's army begins at Savannah. Sept. * -Oct. * 5. C. Prevost makes an unsuccessful attempt to capture Charleston. Sept. 27 t. Ga. The French fleet and a part of the southern army besiege Savannah. Sept. * The Spaniards capture British posts on the Lower Mississippi. Oct. 4. Hoi. Paul Jones enters Texel, North Holland, in the Serapis. Oct. 11-25. X. I. Sir H. Clinton with- draws the British forces from Rhode Island, in anticipation of the arrival of a French fleet, leaving his heavy guns and large military stores behind him. UNITED STATES. 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18. 91 Oct. 9. Ga. The Americans and French together attempt the reduction of Sa- vannah; their assault is repulsed by the British, and Count Pulaski is mor- tally wounded. [The fleet now sails for the West In- dies ; great excitement through the coun- try because of the inefficient cooperation of the French fleet.] Oct. 25. N. J. Washington goes into winter quarters near Morristown. Dec* Phila. Benedict Arnold istried by court martial on various charges, chiefly for tyranny and mercenary cor- ruption. (See Jan. 26, 1730.) Great discouragement prevails in the colonies, the French alliance hav- ing brought little help to America; the credit of Congress is almost worthless, the treasury bankrupt, and the army chiefly fed with unkept promises, while freedom is yet out of sight. Dec. 26. New York. Gen. Clinton, with 8,500 men, sails for Savannah, leaving a powerful garrison under Knyphauseu. * * Fort Mcintosh is built. * * The British winter in New York. 1780 * * The British are successful in the South. Jan. 10. Gen. Charles Lee is dismissed from the army for insolence. Jan. 26. Phila. The court martial ac- quits Benedict Arnold of criminal intent, but condemns him to be repri- manded by "Washington. Feb. 2. N. C. A skirmish occurs at Cowan's Ford. Feb. 11. S. C. The British, under Sir Henry Clinton , land on St. John's Island, about 30 miles from Charleston, and begin their attack. * * Military operations are nearly sus- pended at the North during this year, owing largely to the destitution of Wash- ington's army. Mar. * The British propose to subjugate the entire South, beginning atCharleston. Mar. 14. Ala. Spaniards take Mo- bile. Capt. Darnford, with the British garrison of 284 regulars and 51 armed Indians, capitulates to Don Bernardo de Galvez. Apr. * Lafayette returns to America, and brings good news — arms, clothing, and an army are on the way from France. Apr. 9. S. C. Charleston is invaded by British land and naval forces under Sir Henry Clinton. Apr. 12-20. S. C. The British fire on the batteries at Charleston. Apr. 14. S. C. Tarleton surprises and defeats the American cavalry at Monk's Corner, capturing a large quantity of arms, clothing, and ammunition. Apr. 18. S. C. Lord Cornwallis arrives at Charleston with 3,000 fresh troops. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1779* * New York. Stereotyping is in- troduced by Mr. Colden. (?) See p. 121. 17SO Jan. 29. Phila. This is the coldest day in 25 years. Feb. 22. Phila. Ice is 17 inches thick ; an ox is roasted on the river. BIRTHS — DEATHS. llanos. Nulhan, clergyman, born. Kid. lie, Nicholas, naval commander, A28. Buel, Jesse, journalist, born. Gaston. William, jurist, born. Gruber, .Jacob, clergyman, born. Hammond, Jabez 1>., judge, born. Kingsley. .James Luce, scholar, born. Ladcl, William, peace advocate, born. Livingston, Philip, signer of Decl'n, A 62, Peale, Rembrandt, painter, born. Ilitchie, Thomas, journalist, born. Stewart, Charles, rear-admiral, born. Tallmadge, James, jurist and statesman, b. Warren, John Collins, anatomist, born. 1779* * Allston. Washington, painter, born. Baldwin, Ilenrv, justice, born in Pa. Bernard, sir Pram-is, (iov. of N. H., A65. Bowen, Nathaniel, bishop, born. Brownell, Thomas Church, college pres., b. Brute, Simon W. C, bishop, born. Decatur, Stephen, Jr., commodore, born. Drayton. William Henry, patriot, A37- Farrar, John, mathematician, born. Hartsborne, Joseph, physician, born. Humphrey, lleman, Pres. of Amherst, born. Jasper, William, brave soldier, A29. Jay, William, philanthropist,' born. Lynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Decl'n, A 30. Moore, Clement Clarke, poet, born. Parrisli, Josepli, physician, born. Paulding, James Kirke, novelist, born. Pike. Zebulon Montgomery, general, b. Poindexter, Ceorge, statesman, born. Poinsett, Joel Roberts, statesman, born. Ross, (ieorge, statesman, A49. Sergeant, John, jurist, born. Siliiman. Benjamin, physicist, born. Story. Joseph, justice, born in Mass. Tudor, William, author, born. Watson, John Panning, author, born. Wheelock, Eleazer, pres. of Dartmouth, A68. CHURCH. 1778 * * Massachusetts relaxes her severity against the Baptists. 1779 May 18. Fa. On the question of ordinance, more than one-half of the Methodist preachers secede tempo- rarily, and hold a separate conference at Fluvanna. LETTERS. 1778 * * Yankee Doodle sung by the troops. SOCIETY. 1779 * * Ft. Drunkenness is liable to a penalty of $2, if noticeable in speech, gesture, or behavior. Apr. * Md. The Methodist Conference at Baltimore proposes to disown " all persons who should engage in the prac- tise of distilling grain into liquor." STATE. 1778 Nov. * New Jersey signs the Ar- ticles of Confederation. * * Eng. Complications with France, and approaching hostility of Spain and Hol- land, with paucity of military results, alarm the British government. Dec. 10. Phila. John Jay, of New York, is elected president of Congress. Dec. 15. Maryland refuses to vote for the Confederation until the rights for the lands in the Northwest are settled. Dec. * Holland. C. W. F. Dumas he- comes agent for the United States. * * Governors inaugurated : Pa. Joseph Reed, President of the Supreme Executive Council. -86 * * R.I. Wni. Greene, Jr. -89 * * Ft. Thomas Chittenden. 1779 Jan. 2. Phila. Congress calls for a contribution from the States of six millions annually for 18 years, to form a sinking fund. Feb. * -Mar. * Phila. Congress for- mulates its conditions of peace with Great Britain. Mar. 3. Ga. By the utter defeat of the Americans at Brier Creek, the royal government is soon reestablished. Mar. * -July * Phila. A struggle in Congress over the fishing demands of France. Common rights maintained. Apr. * Spain by a secret treaty makes common cause with France against Great Britain. Apr.* Massachusetts passes a Conspir- acy Act against the Tories. June * Eng. Joseph Galloway is ex- amined before Parliament. Aug. 17. La. Independence of the United States declared at New Orleans with beating of drums, etc. Sept. 27. John Adams is appointed commissioner to negotiate a treaty with Great Britain. Sept. 28. John Jay is chosen commis^ sioner to Spain. Sept. * Phila. Luzerne arrives as min- ister from France. * * Pa. Extension westward of Mason and Dixon's line. * * Eng. Controversy in Parliament over the generalship of Sir William Howe and of General Burgoyne. [It continues more than two years.] * * Fa. The seat of government is re- moved from "Williamsburg to Rich- mond. * * Governors inaugurated : N. C. Abner Nast. -81 * * Fa. Thomas Jefferson. 1780 Feb. 19. New York cedes her right in "Western lands to the United States. [1781. Mar. * Congress accepts.] Feb. 28-Mar. 10. Russia issues a dec- laration of armed neutrality. Mar. 1. Bank of Philadelphia chartered. Spring. Ky. Louisville settled by about 600 people. Mar. 18. Phila. Congress resolves to call in by taxes all the Continental money and burn it, and to issue $10,000,000 new money, redeemable in specie within six years. MISCELLANEOUS. 1778 * * * The British and Tories flood the country with counterfeit money. * * * Business is paralyzed for want of currency, and the distress is extreme and widespread. 92 1780, Apr. 24.-1781, Mar. 2. AMERICA : ARMY — WAVY. 1780 May 6. S.C. Fort Moultrie sur- renders to tlio British. May 9. S, C. The British begin to can- nonade Charleston. May 11. X. J. Lafayette rejoins Wash- ington, after an absence of 15 months, and announces the approach of French succor. May 12. S. C. Charleston is taken. Gen. Lincoln with an army of 3,000 men capitulates to Sir Henry Clinton with 5,000 British soldiers, and Charles- ton is surrendered after a siege in which the fortifications were beaten down by 200 cannons ; 6,000 Americans become prisoners of war. May * S. C. Clinton sends off three ex- peditions ; one to intercept approaching reenforcements under Col. Buford, one toward Augusta, and the third toward Camden. May 21. X. Y. Johnstown is burned by Tories. May * S. C. The British take Ninety- Six, an American post 150 miles north- west of Charleston. May 25. X. J. Two regiments of Wash- . ington's troops mutiny ; they are soon persuaded to return to duty. May 26. Mo. The Spaniards at St. Louis are attacked by the English. May 29. S. C. Col. Buford with 400 Americans is pursued by Col. Tarleton and massacred at Waxhaw Creek, while negotiations for surrender are pending. May * Failure of the English plans to capture posts on the Mississippi. June 5. X. J. Knyphausen leads an expedition into New Jersey, visiting Elizabethtown and burning Connecti- cut Farms. He is harassed by the mili- tia and makes an inglorious retreat. S. C. The Americans being subdued, Gen. Clinton, with a large part of his troops, embarks for the North. June 13. Phi/a. Gen. Gates, the most popular American general, is ordered by Congress to take command of the army in the South. June * Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi below the Ohio, is built. June 23. X.J. Gen. Greene defeats the British at Springfield. July 10. R. I. A French fleet arrives at Newport, bringing the Count de Rochambeau and 6,000 soldiers to aid the Americans. [They soon join Wash- ington in New Jersey. The British fleet blockades the French vessels at Newport.] (Winsor, July 12.) July 21. Va. Gen. Wayne has a skirmish at Bull's Ferry. July 25. Gen. Horatio Gates takes command of the Southern army. July 30. S. C. Col. Sumter attempts to surprise a British post at Eocky Mount, but a Tory apprises the com- mander and Sumter is repulsed. Aug. 1. X. I . Indians burn the village of Canajoharie. Aug. 3. X. 1'. Maj.-gen. Benedict Arnold, by his own request, takes command of the fortress at "West Point, on the Hudson ; it contains the most valuable collection of military stores in America. Aug. 6. S. C. Col. Sumter attacks a large detachment of British regulars and Tories at Hanging Rock, and then retires. Here Andrew Jackson, nut 14 years of age, begins his career as a soldier. Aug. 15. S. C. By coincidence, Gen. Gates and Lord Cornwallis set out in the night to surprise each other, at Sanders* Creek. Aug. 16. S. C. Nearly 3,000 Americans defeated in the battle of Sanders 1 Creek near Camden. Gates loses all his artillery, ammunition, wagons, and much of the baggage. Here Baron De Kalb is mortally wounded, and 1,000 men are killed or taken prisoners. [It is one of the worst defeats suffered by any American army.] British loss 325. Aug. 18. S. C. Col. Sumter's force is dispersed by Col. Tarleton at Fishing- Creek ; Gen. Marion retreats toward North Carolina. Autumn and "Winter. S. C. — Ga. An audacious partizan warfare is success- fully conducted in the South by the famous Col. Thomas Sumter and Col. Francis Marion, great leaders of the militia. Sept. 8. X. C. The British at the South advancing northward enter North Caro- lina. Sept. 21. X. Y. Maj. Andre" lands in the night from the British sloop-of-war Vulture, and proceeds to meet Arnold. Treason of Maj. -Gen. Arnold. About midnight, Benedict Arnold meets Maj. John Andre, two miles he- low Haverstraw, on the Hudson, to per- fect the scheme of treason. Arnold bargains to betray his country for :?50,()ou ;ll id ;i commission as brigadier in the British army ; he surrenders to the British descriptive papers of the fortress and directions for approach. Sept. 23. X. Y. Maj. Andr§, the British spy, is arrested near Tarrytown by John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Wirt, who refuse his bribes. Sept. 26. X. Y. Benedict Arnold flees to the British sloop-of-war Vulture, and is taken to New York. Sept. * Conn. Washington and Rocham- beau confer at Hartford. Sept. 26. .#". C. The British on their northward march enter Charlotte ; the Americans falling back without a battle. Sept. 29. X. Y. A court martial at Tappan, consisting of six major-generals and eight brigadiers, finds Maj. Andre" guilty and condemns him to death. Oct. 2. X. Y. Maj. Andre" is hanged as a spy at Tappan. Oct. 7. X. C. Battle of King's Moun- tain. Col. Ferguson with 1,100 regulars and Tories is defeated on the top of King's Mountain by 1,000 militia men under Col. Campbell. Ferguson and 300 men are killed, SOO are taken prisoners, and 10 Tories are hanged. [Druopiug pa- triotism begins to revive.] Oct. 14. Gen. Nathaniel Greene, next to Washington the ablest of the Ameri- can officers, supersedes Gen. Gates in the South. Oct. 16. Ft. Koyalton \s attacked by 300 Indians ; many houses are burned. Oct. * X. Y. The Americans raid Staten Island. Nov. 18. X. C. An action occurs at Fish Dam Ford. Nov. 20. X. C. Col. Sumter defeats CoL Tarleton at BlackstockB. Dec. 2. Gen. Nathaniel Greene assumes command of the Southern army. * * X. C. Col. Jolin Sevier conducts an expedition against the Indians west of North Carolina. Dec. * N. Y. Indians make attacks along the Mohawk Biver and through S the Champlain country. * * X. J. Washington enters winter quarters at Totowa and Preakness. 17S1 Jan. 1. X. J. Kevolt in the army. Washington's army is in a desperate condition— no food, ho pav, no clothing. The whole Pennsylvania line, 1,300 strong, mutiny, and'leaving their camp at Morristown, they start tor Philadei- ghia to lay their complaints before ongress. Jan 3 ±. Va. Benedict Arnold is ap- pointed Brig.-Gen. in the British army. [He conducts a ravaging expedition into Virginia, along the James River.] Jan. * X. J. Emissaries from Gen. Clin- ton meet the mutinous Pennsylvanians at Princeton with bribes to desert the service, which are indignantly declined, and the agents delivered to be hanged as spies. [Concessions from Congress quiet the mutiny.] Jan. 5. Fa. Benedict Arnold, with 1,G00 British troops, burns the stores near Richmond. * *X.J. The New Jersey brigade mutinies at Pompton. It is quelled by force ; 12 of the prin- cipal mutineers are compelled to shoot the two ringleaders. [The insurrections have a good effect on Congress.] Jan. 17. £. C. Battle of Cowpens. Gen. Morgan, with 1.000 men. utterly defeats Gen. Tarleton with 1.100 British troops. Losses, British, 300 killed and wounded, more than 500 made prisoners ; Americans, 12 killed, GO wounded. Jan. * S. 0. The great military race begins by Gen. Greene ordering both divisions of his army to fall back — re- treating northward from the approach of Lord Cornwallis's advance. Jan. 28. S. C. Gen. Morgan's division crosses the Catawba River to the north- ern banks ; Cornwallis arrives late in the day on the opposite side, but floods of rain during the night compel his de- lay for many days, before crossing. Jan. 31. X. C. Gen. Greene takes command of Morgan's army. Jan. *-Mar. * Mich. The Spaniards in- vade Michigan. UNITED STATES. 1780, Apr. 24-1781, Mar. 2. 93 Feb. 1. .V. C. Lieut.-Col.'Wm. Davidson is defeated and killed at Cowan's Ford, on the Catawba, by Lord Cornwallis, whose horse is killed under him. Feb. 7. N. C. Gen. Greene arrives at Guilford Court House, and there joins the remainder of his army. Feb. 15. N. C. Greene, with great tact, completes his retreat by crossing the Ban into Virginia, narrowly escaping his pursuers, but abandoning to them the entire State of North Carolina. Feb. 21, 22. N. C. Greene re-crosses the Dan ; he sends Lieut.-Col. Lee after a troop of Tarleton's dragoons under Capt. Miller. Feb. 23. N. C. Greene's rear guard is attacked by the van of the British while crossing the Yadkin. Feb. 25. N. C. Col. Pyle and a body of royalists defeated near Haw River by Pickens and Lee, without losing a man. Mar. 2. N. C. Cols. Lee and Pickens, with their cavalry, cut to pieces three or four hundred mounted Tories enlisted by Tarleton. ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 1780 May 19. New Eng. The dark day occasioned by a thin cloud, or vapor. * * Boston. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences founded. * * N. H. The first American glass-fac- tory is erected in Temple township. * * New Eng. The making of wrought iron nails is an important home indus- try during the winter months, and in stormy weather, among the thrifty, in- dustrious rural people. 1781 * * John Trumbull paints the Death of Montgomery. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1780* * Anderson, Isaac, pioneer clergyman, born. Andre, John, Iirit. miijor mid spy, hanged. Audubon, John James, ornithologist, born. Binney. Horace, statesman, born. Carver, Jonathan, traveler, A48. Channing-. William Ellery, clergyman, b. Chapman, Nathaniel, physician, born. Cleaveland, Parker, inincraluiiist, born. Le Kalb, John, Baron, gen., k. at Camden, A59. Duane, William John, Sec. of Treasury, b. Dudley, Charles Edward, senator, born. Duer, William Alexander, jurist, born. Featberstonaugh, George William, geologist, Forsyth, John, statesman, born, Redding, Elijah, bishop, born. Hitchcock, 1'etcr, jurist, born. Hutchinson, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., A69. Key, Francis Scott, poet, born. Logan, Indian chief, dies. McKinley, John, justice, born in Ala. Mussey, Reuben Diamond, surgeon, born. Porter. David. euLiimudure, burn. Rush, Richard, diplomatist, born. Sehweinitz, von, Lewis David, botanist, b. Stuart. Moses, theologian, born. 1781* * Abercrombie, James, general, A75. Ashe, John, patriot, A60. Iierrien, John Mcl'herson, senator, born. Drown, John A., financier, born. Greene, Christopher, col., dies. Hare, Robert, physicist, born. Harnett, Cornelius, statesman, A58. Hayne, Isaac, officer, A 36. Holley, Horace, clergyman, born. Lawrence, .lames, naval otlicer, born. Leigh, lienjamin, statesman, born. Miller, William, Advent preacher, born. Stockton, Richard, signer of Declaration, A51, CHURCH. 1780 Apr. 24. Md. The Methodist preachers of the North hold a Conference at Baltimore. May 8. Va. The separated Methodist bodies unite in the Conference held at Manakintown, in Powhatan county. The southern seceders bring slavery as asocial institution among Methodists. * * Mass. First Universalist church formed, in Gloucester. * * Miss. First Baptist church in Missis- sippi formed near Natchez. * * A 7- . H. The Freewill Baptists organ- ize their first society, at Dover. * * N. J. The independent Presbytery of Morris County is formed. * *Pa.~ Va. Christ's Church, Phila- delphia, is the only Protestant Episcopal church left in the State after the war ; 2S Episcopal clergymen remain in Vir- ginia ; 91 (loyalists) leave the State. * * Francis Asbury becomes the de facto Superintendent of Methodism in Amer- ica, the war having detached Methodists from "Wesley. * * -1800 * * Great revival of religion among the colored people. SOCIETY. 1780 Apr. * Md . The Methodist Confer- ence at Baltimore proposes to disown "all persons who should engage in distilling." The first measures are taken for extir- pating slavery among Methodists by declaring " That slavery is contrary to the Jaws of God, man, and nature, and hurtful to society, contrary to the dictates of conscience and pure religion, and doing that which we would not others should do to us and ours." * * Gloom settles over the country. The treason of Benedict Arnold intensi- fies the general depression. June 13. Phila. Women organize the "American Daughters of Liberty," an association to provide clothing for the suffering soldiers. June 17. Phila. A bank is opened for supplying the army with provisions, and §945,000 subscribed. Sept. 23. NY. Maj. Andre", a British spy, is arrested near Tarry town. Oct. 2. N. Y. Maj. Andre* is hanged as a spy at Tappan. * * Pennsylvania abolishes slavery. * * Massachusetts adopts a constitution which abolishes slavery. * * The mothers of America send sup- plies of food and clothing to the camps of the patriots. * * Va. James Monroe marries Eliza Kortright. * * S. C. Negroes in great numbers desert their masters and flee to the British. 1781 Feb. * Lafayette's force of 1,200 men is in a state of extreme destitution. Congress has neither money nor credit ; Lafayette purchases a full outfit from his private purse. STATE. 1780 May 11. Lafayette brings "Wash- ington the appointment of lieutenant- general in the army of France and vice- admiral in its navy, in order to remove vexmg questions of etiquette from the minds of French officers in American service. May* Kg. The Legislature of Virginia incorporates the town of Louisville. Summer. S. C. Bf the capture of Charleston and other American ports, royal authority is re-established over the territory of South Carolina, but not over the people. Aug. 2. Boston. The Massachusetts Constitutional Convention meets. Oct. 5. Phila. The "United States ac- cedes to the armed neutrality at sea. Oct. 7-20. New York. Benedict Ar- nold issues an address and proclamation from the British headquarters. Oct. 10. Conn. The State offers its western lands to the Federal Union with [unsatisfactory] conditions. Oct. 25. Mass. John Hancock is chosen first governor under the New Constitution. * * Henry Laurens, IT. S. minister to The Netherlands, is captured at sea by the British. Dec. * The Hollanders sympathize with the Americans ; they declare war against England. * * Massachusetts adopts a constitution with a bill of rights, which abolishes slavery. Dec. 18. Phila. Congress appoints Francis Dana minister to Russia. * * New York. A Board of Associated Loyalists is formed to aid the British. 1781 Jan. * Virginia offers to condi- tionally give up its lands northwest of the Ohio. (See Mar. 1, 17S4.) Feb. 20. Phila. Congress appoints Robert Morris Superintendent of Fi- nance. Mar. 1. N. Y. The delegates of New York facilitate the completion of the Union by the transfer to the Federal Congress of the vague claims of that State to western territory. Maryland, the last of the 13 States, signs the Articles of Confederation. The Confederation is accepted by all the States as a loose union of inde- pendent commonwealths. Phila. The old Congress of the Revolution closes. Mar. 2. Phila. The new Congress of the Confederation opens. MISCELLANEOUS. 1780 July* U.S. Continental cur- rency notes are worth two cents on a dollar. " It takes a wagon load of currency to buy a wagon load of provis- ions." Aug. * O. Two block-houses are built on the Ohio River (Cincinnati) by Ameri- can troops. 94 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar. AMERICA ARMY -WAVY. 1781 Mar. 6. X. C. The British are worsted in an engagement at Reedy Fort Creek. Mar. 8. Va. "Washington sends Lafay- ette with 1,200 men [and the French fleet from Rhode Island] to Virginia to cap- ture Benedict Arnold. Mar. 15. X. C. Battle at Guilford Court House (Greensborough). Gen. Greene is attacked by Lord Corn- wallis ; American force, 4,400, mostly raw militia; British force, 2,400, chiefly veteran soldiers. Losses ; American, 2,309 killed, wounded, and missing; British, over 532 men. The Americans retire in good order after a bloody bat- tle, with Cornwallis unable to pursue. Mar. 16. Va. The British Admiral Ar- buthnot compels the French fleet to return to Rhode Island. Mar. 18. N. C. Cornwallis retreats from Guilford Court House, leaving the wounded Americans and 70 wounded British. Mar. 25. Va. A British force of 2,000 men under Gen. Phillips reenforces Arnold. The British under Phillips spare the buildings at Mount Vernon on con- dition that supplies are furnished. Mar. 30. The mutiny on board the United States frigate Alliance is fully disclosed on her return from France to Boston. Apr. 7. X.C. Cornwallis at WHmington. Apr. * Va. Steuben is active in Vir- ginia. Apr. 18. S. C. The British evacuate Charleston after firing buildings, and leave their badly wounded behind them. Gen. Greene approaches Camden. Apr. 23. S. C. Col. Lee takes Fort "Watson from the British. Apr. 25. S. C. Battle at Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden ; Lord Rawdon de- feats Gen. Greene, who saves his artil- lery and carries off his wounded. Va. The British under Arnold and Phillips take Petersburg, burn 400 hogsheads of tobacco, a ship, and several small craft. Apr.H- X. H. The first American man- of-war is built at Portsmouth, under the superintendence of Paul Jones ; it is a line-of-battle ship and named America. Apr. 25. Va. Lord Cornwallis under- takes the conquest of Virginia; La- fayette undertakes its defense. May 8. Count De Barras arrives from France, and announces that 20 ships of the line are coming in a few months. May 9. Fla. The Spaniards take Pen- sacola. May 10. S. C. The British under Lord Rawdon evacuate Camden and retire beyond the Santee. May 11. X. Y. Ogdensburg surren- ders to Americans under Gen. Sumter. May 13. Va. On the death of Gen. Phil- lips, Benedict Arnold becomes com- mander-in-chief of the British forces in Virginia for 7 days — the summit of the traitor's glory ! May 14.+ S. C. The British posts at Fort Granby, Orangeburg, and Fort Motte successively fall into the hands of the Americans under Col. Leo. * * Ga. Augusta is besieged. May 20. Va. Cornwallis arrives at Petersburg, and joins the forces lately commanded by Gen. Phillips. May2l. Cann. "Washington and Gen. Jean Roehambeau confer at Wethersfield. June 5. Ga. Americans capture Au- gusta. June 21. Va. Cornwallis evacuates Richmond. June 19. S. C. After maintaining the siege of Hinety-Six for 27 days, Gen. Greene is obliged to retire on the ap- proach of an army under Lord Rawdon. July 4. Va. "Williamsburg is evacu- ated by Cornwallis. July* S. C. Gen. Greene is forced to retire to the mountains. July 6. Va. Lafayette orders an attack on Cornwallis ; Gen. "Wayne makes an assault and retires in good order. X. Y. After 11 months of inactivity at Newport, R.I., the French army joins "Washington on the Hudson. July* Cornwallis refuses to serve with Maj.-Gen. Benedict Arnold in A r irginia; Arnold is sent North. Aug. 1. Va. The British forces are concentrated at Yorktown and Glou- cester, and entrench. Aug. 4. S. C. Col. Isaac Hayne, a patriot soldier, is hanged by the British at Charleston. Aug. 14. X. Y. Washington decides to transfer his army from New York to Virginia. Aug. 28. It. I. De Barras; commanding the French fleet at Newport, suddenly puts to sea, steering toward Chesapeake Bay. Aug. 30. Va. Count De Grasse ar- rives iu the Chesapeake Bay, from the "West Indies, with a French fleet of 23 saihof-the-line. ± X. Y. The British Adm. Graves is re- enforced by nearly 20 ships-of-the-line, from the West Indies. Sept. 5. Va. Adm. Graves arrives in the Chesapeake, and a fight of two hours ensues, off the Capes. Sept. 6-10. De Grasse maneuvers four days, as if for battle, and thus secures a passage for the approaching fleet under De Barras to enter the bay, where they unite to blockade Cornwallis. Sept. 6. Conn. An expedition under Benedict Arnold burns New London, his native town, after capturing Fort Griswold, and killing most of the garri- son after they have surrendered. Sept. 7. Va. Lafayette,withS,000 men, cuts off Cornwallis from retreating into North Carolina. Sept. 8. S. C. Battle of FJutaw Springs, the last important conflict in the South. battles of the war ensues. British loss, nearly 700 killed and woumlcd, and 600 prisoners; American lass. . r ^j men. By thi.s battle tin; British p.-w.-r i- br.ik.-n in the South. [Though defeated in every buttle, Greene finally drives the Briti.-li out of the country.]" Sept. 14. Fa. "Washington arrives at "Williamsburg and assumes command. Sept. 28. Va. The siege of Yorktown begins. The Army of the North, under Wash- ington, 9,000 strong, and the French army under Kuchambeau, 7,000 strong, arrive at Yorktown. Oct. 19. Va. Lord Cornwallis sur- renders his army of 7,247 men, besides S40 seamen, at Yorktown ; this victory practically concludes the "War of Independence. Oct. 20. X. Y. The Mohawk Valley is invaded by Indians. New York. Clinton sails to reenforce Cornwallis in Virginia with 7,000 men. Oct. * Ga. Col. Andrew Pickens invades the Cherokee country- !N"ov. 13. Phila. John Moody is hanged as a British spy. Dec. * The British in the South are confined to the cities of Charleston and Savannah. * * George R. Clark fails in his plans for the capture of Detroit. 1782 Feb.* Xew York. Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) is an officer of the King's Dragoons, but takes no part in the war. Mar. * O. Col. "Williamson massacres 90 inoffensive Indians, — men, women, and children, on the Muskingum, — to take vengeance on suspected murderers. Mar. 24. .V. J. A blockhouse on Toms River is captured by royalists, and its commander summarily executed with- out trial. Apr. * A*. Y. Washington's headquarters is located at!N"ewburgh, on the Hudson. May * -June * Col. "William Crawford leads an expedition against the "Wyan- dot Indians. May* New York. Sir Guy Carleton arrives, and relieves Gen. Clinton of his command. June 6. 0. An expedition against the remnant of the Christian Indians from western Pennsylvania is ambushed and defeated, with the loss of many prisoners. July 11. Ga. Savannah is evacuated by the British. Aug. 15. Ky. Indians attack Bryant's Station, and are repulsed. Aug. 27. S. C. The last battle of the Revolution is fought on the Combahee. near Charleston ; the younger Laurens is killed — much lamented. Nov. 5. X. H. The America, a 74-gun ship, is launched at Portsmouth ; it is the first line-of-battle ship. Nov. * O. George R. Clark conaucts an expedition against the Miami Indians. Nov. 30. Paris. A preliminary treaty of peace with Great Britain is signed. Dec. 14. S. C. The British evacuate Charleston. UNITED STATES. 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar. 95 1783 Feb. 4. Final cessation of hos- tilities with Great Britain. Feb. * N. Y. Col. Marinus "Willett at- tempts to surprise the British at Os- wego on Lake Erie, because they retain the post after the treaty. Mar. * N. F. A plausible address is pri- vately circulated in camp at Newburg, proposing the intimidation of Con- gress for the redress of soldiers' griev- ances. ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 1782 * * Pkila. Oliver Evans patents a steam-wagon. * * Pkila. The manufacture of fustians and jeans begins. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1782* * Benton, Thomas Hart, senator for Mo., b. Bond, Thomas E., editor, born. Calhoun. John Caldwell, Sec. of State, senator for S. C, born. Cass, Lewis. Sec. of State, sen. for Mich., b. Darlington, William, botanist, born. Duer, John, jurist, born. Elliott, Jesse Duncan, commodore, born. Fraser, (..'buries, painter, born. Grimshaw, William, author, born. Guthrie, Samuel, chemist, born. Ingersoll, Charles Jared, author, born. Laurens, John, officer, A26. Lee, Charles, general, A51. Lincoln, Levi, governor of Mass., born. Longworth, Nicholas, horticulturist, born. Loudoun, John Campbell, earl of, gen., A77. Macomb, Alexander, general, born. Ripley, Elea/.er Wlieelock, general, born. Warrington, Lewis, naval othcer, born. Webster, Daniel, sen. for Mass., Sec. of State, born in N. H. CHURCH. 1781 Apr. 24. Md. The United Methodist preachers of the North and the South meet in Conference at Balti- more. June * Ky. The first Baptist church is organized at Elizabethtown. * * Phila. Elhanan Winchester, a Bap- tist minister, joins the Universalists. 1782 Mar. * O. Moravian converts are massacred. Over ninety inoffensive Christian Indians, men and women, of the Moravian missions, are gathered by the whites into two slaughter-pens, and butchered in cold blood. Apr. 17. Va. The Methodist preachers hold a Conference at Ellis's Chapel, Sussex County. May 21. Md. The Methodist preachers hold a Conference at Baltimore. Sept. 12. New Eng. The Presbyterian Synod of New England, being very weak, dissolves. Oct. 13. The Reformed Presbytery is disorganized by its union with the Pres- bytery of the Associate Church. [Dis- satisfaction follows, and there are three organizations instead of one.] Nov. 1. Phila. "The Synod of the Associate Reformed Church" is or- ganized by the union of two Associate Presbyteries with the Reformed Pres- bytery. * * Pa. Dr. William "White [afterward bishop] recommends the bishopless Epis- copalians to adopt temporarily a Pres- hyterian form of government. LETTERS. 1781 * * Ft. First issue of the Vermont Gazette or Green Mountain Post-Hoy at Westminster, the first newspaper in the State. 1782 * * Md. Washington College (non-sect.) organized at Chestertown. * * McFingal, by John Trumbull, ap- pears complete. * * Phila. The first English Bible pub- lished in America appears. June 8. N. Y. First issue of the Brook- lyn Hall Super-Extra Gazette, the first paper in the city. SOCIETY. 1781 Oct. 23. Phila. A messenger from Washington arrives at the capital city, bringing tidings of the victory at Yorktown ; the night watchmen call the hour and often add, " and Corn- wallis is taken.'" * * Eng. The fictitious story of the Blue Laws of Connecticut is published by Rev. Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee. * * U. S. The people pursue the avoca- tions of peace, except in the vicinity of military conflict, for some time before the close of the war ; independence is practically a fact except near the camps of the enemy. STATE. 1781 Apr. 19. Massachusetts cedes her claims to western lands to the Union. May 26. Phila. Congress resolves to establish the Bank of North America. May 9. Ft a. Pensacola is taken by the Spaniards. * * Phila. Robert Morris is appointed treasurer by Congress. He and his friends pledge their private fortunes for the payment of the future obligations of Congress, and so improve the credit of the Government. June 15. Phila. Congress appoints five commissioners to conclude a treaty with Great Britain, — John Adams, Ben- jamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Lau- rens, and Thomas Jefferson. * * An Austro-Russian offer of media- tion between the United States and Great Britain is made. July 9. Phila. Congress ratifies the Articles of Confederation. Aug. 10. Phila. R.R.Livingston is made the first Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Oct. 24. Phila. Congress assembles and listens to Washington's despatch announcing the victory at Yorktown ; the weeping and exulting members, with many citizens, go to the Dutch church, where thanks are rendered to Almighty God. * * Eng. The capture of a second army (Cornwallis's) by the Americans makes the war unpopular in England. Dec. 31. Plula. Congress charters the Bank of North America. 1782 Jan. * Eng. An Act of Parlia- ment is passed to enable George TTT , to make peace with the United States. Mar. 4. Eng. The House of Commons favors peace. Gen. Conway's motion approved, say- ing "the House would consider as ene- mies to his Majesty and the country, all those who should advise or attempt the further prosecution of offensive war on th.e American continent." Mar. 20. Eng. Resignation of the hos- tile ministry of Lord North, and acces- sion of that of the Marquis of Rock- ingham. Apr. 6. Eng. Lord Shelburne sends Oswald to Franklin. Apr. 19. Holland acknowledges the In- dependence of the United States, and receives John Adams as its minister. Apr. 23. Eng. The British Ministry de- cide to send separate negotiators to A'ergennes and to Franklin. May 4-7. Fr. Oswald and Grenville are in Paris, May 23. Eng. The Ministry agree to propose American Independence. May * New York. Sir Guy Carleton arrives, empowered to make proposi- tions of peace. He proposes the cessa- tion of hostilities to Washington. June 20. Phila. Congress adopts the great seal of the United States. June 23. Fr. John Jay arrives in Paris. July 1 K Eng. The Earl of Shel- burne's Administration follows that of Rockingham. Sept. 13. Phila. Congress agrees to ac- cept the offer of Virginia's western lands. Oct. 8. John Adams concludes a treaty with Holland. Oct. 26. Fr. John Adams reaches Paris. Oct. 29. Phila. Congress accepts the lands ceded to it by New York. Nov. 20. Va. Delegates are authorized to complete the transfer of western lands to Congress. Nov. 30. Paris. Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Laurens sign a preliminary treaty of peace with Great Britain. Dec. * Loyalists leave the Atlantic ports in large numbers. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -90 * * Cat. Pedro Fajes (Spanish). Pa. John Dickinson is president of the Supreme Executive Council. 1783 Jan. 20. Fr. England on one hand, and France, the ally of America and Spain on the other, being desirous of peace, suspend hostilities, and sign preliminary articles at Versailles. Feb. 5. Sweden acknowledges the Inde- pendence of the United States. Feb. 16. Pelatiah Webster makes a prop- osition to remodel the Government. Feb. 25. Denmark acknowledges the Independence of the United States. MISCELLANEOUS. 1782 Jan. 7. Phila. The Bank of North America opens for business. Jan. * U. S. The war debt at the close of the struggle is £42,000,000. 96 1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1783 Apr. 11. Phil a. Congress pro- claims the cessation of arms. Apr. 19. Cessation of hostilities is proclaimed in the American army, just 8 years from the commencement of the war. Troops engaged, — regulars, 130,- 711; militia and volunteers, 164,080 j total, 309,781. Great Britian sent to America, during the war, 112,5S4 soldiers and 22,000 seamen. Estimated loss of life to the Americans, 70,000 men, vast numbers of whom died on prison-ships ; 11,000 alone on the prison-ship Jersey. Estimated cost of the war to the Americans, $135,- 000,000 in specie. June 2. "Washington furloughs the sol- diers of the war. June 8. Washington announces his in- tended resignation, as commander of the army, to the governors of the vari- ous States. June 21. Phila. About 300 American troops with fixed bayonets surround the house in which Congress is sitting, and demand a redress of grievances. Oct. 18. Princeton, N. J. Congress is- sues a proclamation that the army will be disbanded from and after Nov. 3. Nov. 2. Washington issues his farewell address to the army. Nov. 3. N. Y. The army disbands. Nov. 25. New York. The British evac- uate the city and Washington enters. Dec. 4. Neiv York. Washington takes leave of the officers of the army. Dec. 23. Annapolis, Md. Washington surrenders his commission to Con- gress. Dee. * Ga. Chief M'Gillivray leads the Creeks in the Oconee War. * * Maj.-Gen. Henry Knox is appoint- ed (second) to command the army. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1784 * * Franklin is appointed by the French Academy one of a commission to investigate mesmerism. Sept. * James Kumsey experiments in steam navigation on the Potomac. 1785 Mar. 11. Phila. The Southwark Theater is opened by Hallam's Com- pany. * * Pa. John Fitch makes experiments in steam navigation on the Delaware. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1783* * Alexander, William, general, A57. Barber, Francis, oihcer in the war, A32. Barbour, Philip P., justice, born in Va. Kiddle, James, roimundore TJ. S. N., born. Churchill, Sylvester, general, born. Cooper, Samuel, patriot, A58. Dorsey, John Svug, surgeon, born. Greenleal, simon, author, born. Irving, Washington . author, born. Macdonough, Thomas, commodore, born. Osborn, Selliek, journalist, born. Otis. James, orator, A58. Reid, Samuel Chester, naval officer, born. Rodney, Oresar, signer of Declaration, A53. Sully, Thomas, painter, born. 1784* * Allen, William Henry, naval officer, born. Allen, William, writer, born. Buckminster, Joseph S., clergyman, born. Cobb, Thomas W., senator for Ga., born. Dewey, Chester, naturalist, born. Gammere, John, mathematician, born. Ha],., Niuhaii, journalist, horn. Hoffman. David, author, bom. Morris, < barh-s. .-oihjii<>.|..iv. horn. Morton, Marcus, Gov. of Maes., bom. Etanneeque, Constantine S., botanist, born. Stevenson, Andrew, statesman, horn. Taylor. Zachary. 1'Jih ITr-M-nt, born. Walsh, Kohert, journalist, horn. Warner. Seth. general I'. S. A., A41. Wool, John E., general, born. "Worcester. Joseph Emerson, lexicogra- pher, born. 1785* * Appleton, Daniel, publisher, horn. Beman, Nathaniel S., clergyman, born. Cartwright, Peter, piou<'<*r preacher, born. Daniel, Peter, V.. Justice, born in Va. Drake, Daniel, physician, born. Dudley, Benjamin Winsluw, surgeon, born. Espy, James P., meteorologist, born. ± Finn, Henry J., actor. '.' Gadsden, Christopher !■:., hishop, born. Havens, Nathaniel Appleton, philanthropist, Hopkins, Stephen, signer of 1 teclaration, A78. McLean. John, justice, born in Ohio. Merrill, Joseph A., clergyman, born. Morgan, Abel, clergyman, A72. Mott, Valentine, surgeon, born. Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, born. Perry. Oliver Hazzard, commodore, born. Pierpont, John, poet, born. Reed, Joseph, statesman, A44. Seaton, William W., journalist, born. Spring-, Gardiner, clergyman, born. Tally, William, physician, born. Wheaton, Henry, puhlirist, born. "Woodworth, Samuel, poet, born. CHURCH. 1783 Mar. 25. Conn. The Episcopal ministers of Connecticut meet at Wood- bury, and elect Samuel Seabury bishop. May 7. Va. A Methodist Conference opens at Ellis's Chapel, in Sussex county. May 27. Md. A second Methodist Con- ference opens in Baltimore. May* Md. The Methodist Conference at Baltimore forbids members to " man- ufacture, sell, or drink intoxicating liquors." Nov. 26. Neto York. Dr. Rodgers re- turns, and begins to restore the Pres- byterian churches ; they having been badly used and some of them partly destroyed during the war. * * Boston. James Freeman of King's Chapel changes the Book of Common Prayer to harmonize with Unitarianism. * * Conn. A Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese is organized. * * Ky. David Rice establishes Presby- terian worship in Kentucky. * * Md. A Protestant Episcopal Diocese is organized. * * Methodism, which has hitherto been almost entirely confined to the country south of New Jersey, begins to advance northward. 1784 Apr. 17. N. F. A law is passed enacting religious equality. Apr. 30. Va. A Methodist Conference opens at Ellis's Chapel, in Sussex County. May 24+. Pa. The- appointment of a Standing Committee of the Episco- pal church is the first step in the forma- tion of a union of the Episcopal churches of America. May 25. Md. A second Methodist Con- ference opens in Baltimore. Sept. 2. Eng. Thomas Coke is conse- crated a bishop for the Methodists of Sept. 7. N.Y. Arm Lee, "Elect Lady" of the Shakers, dies near Albany. Oct. 6. New York. First Protestant Episcopal Convention; 13 clergymen are present. Nov. 3. New York. Thomas Coke ar- rives, the first Protestant bishop in the New World. Nov. 14. Scot. Preparatory steps are taken for the organization of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church of America. Dr. Samuel Seabury is consecrated first American bishop at Aberdeen, by three non-juring bishops — Kilgour, Petre, and Skinner. Dee. 24 - . Md. Organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church at the " Christmas Conference " held in Lovely Lane Chapel, Baltimore, Sixty preachers are present ; Bishop Thomas Coke presides ; Francis Asbury is elected "superintendent" (bishop), after having been ordained deacon and elder; John Wesley's authority over the American churches ends. Total preach- ers, 83 ; total members, 14,000. Methodist preachers are first author- ized to administer the sacraments by the Conference at Baltimore. Origination of the Chartered Fund for Needy (Methodist) Ministers. Dec. 27. Md. Francis Asbury is or- dained bishop of the Methodist Episco- pal Church. * * Cal. Nine missions have already been founded along the Pacific coast. * * Mass. A Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese is organized. * * Md. Dr. John CarroU of Baltimore appointed (Roman Catholic) Prefect Apostolic of the United States. * * Me. A Jesuit missionary arrives at Oldtown, to work among the Abnakis. * * Pa. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of Pennsylvania is organized. * * About 35,000 Baptists are reported in the 13 colonies. * * Eng. Two young men from America are refused ordination, unless they take the oath of uniformity ; Franklin ad- vises them to act as though England and Ireland were sunk in the sea. 1785 Jan. 2. AW. Close of the first Methodist General Conference at Balti- more. June 22. N. Y. First Convention of the Episcopal Diocese of New York. June * Arrival iu America of Bishop Seabury of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Aug. 3. Bishop Seabury (Protestant Episcopal) ordains (four deacons) for the first time in America. LETTERS. 1783* *Cohh, The American Spelling Book, by Noah "Webster, is published. * * Pa. Dickinson College (Meth.-Epis.) is founded at Carlisle. 17S4 Mar. 24. Boston. The Massa- chusetts Sentinel and the Republican Journal first issued. UNITED STATES. 1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. 97 * * The Massachusetts Magazine is first published [and continues to be issued till 1705]. * * New York. The regents of a state university are appointed, who demand what property belongs to King's Col- lege and change its name to Colum- bia. * * Phila. The first American daily- newspaper is issued, The Pennsyl- vania Packet or the General Advertiser, formerly a weekly. * * Notes on Virginia, by Thomas Jef- ferson, appears in Paris. SOCIETY. 1783 Apr. * The Society of the Cin- cinnati is established, chiefly by Gen- eral Knox ; it is restricted to officers of the regular army, who have served in the Revolutionary War. 1784 Dec. * Md. The extraordinary session of the Methodist Conference at Baltimore declares, that members who ■■ buy and sell slaves," if "they buy with no other design than to hold them as slaves, and have been previously warned, shall be expelled, and be per- mitted to sell on no consideration." * * Conn. The Legislature enacts a law for the gradual abolition of slavery- * * There is a strong feeling against the Society of the Cincinnati. * * Laf ayette travels through the States. STATE. 1783 Mar. 24. Spain acknowledges the Independence of the United States. Apr. 3. Treaty of amity and peace for 15 years is concluded by Franklin between Sweden and the United States. Apr. 11. Phila. Congress proclaims the cessation of arms on land and sea. Apr. 18. Phila. Congress appeals to the States for power to levy duties, and for other taxation by which to raise annually for the expenses of the Gov- ernment $2,500,000. [The States with- hold consent.] June 18. Washington issues his last circular to the States. June 21. Phila. Congress, insulted by an uncontrollable mutiny of unpaid soldiers, adjourns to Princeton. June 30. Princeton, N. J. The 8th session of the Continental Congress opens under the Confederation. July * Russia recognizes the Indepen- dence of the United States. Sept. 3. Paris. A definitive treaty with Great Britain is signed. The treaty (1) recognizes the Indepen- dence and establishes the boundaries of the United States ; (2) secures the right of fishery on the Grand Banks, etc. ; (3) binds the payment of good outstand- ing debts; (4) provides that Congress shall recommend the restoration of confis- cated estates ; (5) provides open naviga- tion of the Mississippi River to both parties. Florida is ceded to Spain by Great Britain, by the Treaty of Paris. Oct. 18. Phila. Congress direets that the army shall he disbanded on Nov. 3. (Winsor, Nov. 2.) Oct. 20. Virginia agrees to the terms of Congress, and ce"des its claim to terri- tory north of the Ohio. * * Boston. The Supreme Court de- clares that the statement, " All men are born free and equal," in the Massachu- setts Bill of Rights, is a bar to slave- holding in that State. Nov. 4. Princeton. Congress adjourns. Nov. 26. Annapolis, Md. The 9th ses- sion of the Continental Congress opens ; it is under the Confederation. Nov. * Md. Congress makes repeated and urgent attempts to get a quorum to ratify the treaty of peace with Great Britain. Dec. 23. Annapolis, Md. "Washington is introduced to Congress; he deliv- ers a fitting address, and resigns his commission. * * Many American Tories accompany the retiring British armies to England. * * The public debt of the United States is about $42,000,000; $8,000,000 of this amount is owed abroad. 1784 Jan. 14. Annapolis, Md. Con- gress ratifies the treaty with Great Britain. Vote, 20-10. Feb. 20. Annapolis, Md. Congress ap- points Robert Morris Superintendent of Finance. Mar. 1. Annapolis, Md. A part of Vir- ginia's western lands is transferred to the Federal Union. They lie north- west of the Ohio. Congress accepts the transfer. Mar. 24. Massachusetts resolves to ex- pel dangerous aliens. Apr. 9. Eng. George m. ratines the definitive treaty. (See Sept. 3, 1783.) Apr. 23. Annapolis, Md. Congress con- siders a plan for Federal division of the vast, unoccupied northwest territory. A preliminary plan of adjusting the question of unoccupied territory is pre- sented by a committee, of which Thomas Jefferson is chairman ; it provides for the erection of seventeen oddly named States north and south of the Ohio, and for the exclusion of slavery after the year 1800. [Seven States disapprove and the plan is dropped.] May 12. Annapolis, Md. Congress authorizes Franklin, Adams, and Jef- ferson to make treaties of commerce. June 3. Annapolis, Md. Congress ad- journs. June * North Carolina cedes her west- ern lands to the Federal Government. [In November it annuls the cession.] Oct. 22. N. Y. At Fort Stanwix the Indians surrender their lands west of Pennsylvania. Nov. 1. Trenton, N J. The 10th ses- sion of the Continental Congress opens. Dec. * Tenn. Revolt in western North Carolina against the Government ; the settlers secede and form a State which they call Frankland or Franklin [till the State Government interposes]. * * -89 * * New York. James Duane is the 43d mayor. * * The territory north and west of the Ohio is provided with a temporary gov- ernment by Act of Congress. Dec. 24. Trenton, N. J. Congress adjourns. * * U, S. Governors inaugurated: -87 * * N. C. Richard Caswell. -86 * * Va. Patrick Henry. 1785 Jan. 11. New York. The 11th session of the Continental Congress opens. Jan. 21. A treaty is made with the "Wyan- dots at Fort Mcintosh. Feb. 25. New York. John Adams is ap- pointed the first minister to England. Mar. 10. New York. Thomas Jeffer- son is commissioned minister to France. Mar. 17. Meeting of the boundary com- missioners of Maryland and Virginia. [The Annapolis Convention of 1786 is its successor.] Apr. 18. Phila. Congress votes to ac- cept the offer of western land by Massachusetts. The territory lies west of New York, and extends to the Mississippi Kiver. Apr. 19. N. Y. The State executes a deed renewing the grant of its western lands to the Federal Government. Massachusetts cedes her western ter- ritory to the Federal Government. May 20. New York. Congress passes itB first act relative to western lands. May 31. Mass. Gov. James Bowdoin attempts to start a movement to revise the articles of Confederation. June 1. Eng. John Adams, first Ameri- can ambassador to England, is presented to King George III. July 6. New York. Congress establishes the standard of the American dollar. Sept. 10. A treaty of amity and com- merce is entered with Prussia. Sept. 14. Phila. Franklin again returns. MISCELLANEOUS. 1783 June 27. Eng. Parliament votes half-pay to loyalist officers of America. July 2. Eng. An order in council ut- terly forbids American ships to engage in the British West-Indian trade. 1784* * Boston. The Empress of China sails as the first American ship hound for China. The second bank in the United States is established. * * Pa. Pittsburg is laid out in town lots. * * Conn. Incorporation of Hartford, New Haven, New London, Norwich, and Mid- dletown as cities. * * Eng. Eight bags of cotton from an American ship are seized at Liverpool, on the ground that America could not produce so much cottou. * * O. "Washington inspects the Ohio Valley, preliminary to the forming of the Potomac Company. 98 1785, Sept. 14-1787, Nov. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1785 * * O. Fort Harmar is built. * * The Algerine pirates seize American vessels. 1786 Dec. 25. Mass. Shays' s Rebel- lion. A thousand men, under the leadership of Daniel Shays, force the Supreme Court to adjourn, to prevent its issuing writs for the collection of debts. 1787 Jan. 25 K Mass. Shays's rebel- lion is suppressed by the State militia under Gen. Lincoln at Springfield ; 3 killed. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE* 1785 Nov. 19. New York. The John- street Theater is opened by the " Old American Company" with The Gamester. * * Jean Antoine Houdon comes from Paris to America to execute the statue of Washington. 1786 Apr. 16. New York. Contrast, by Royal Taylor, is performed by the " Old American Company" at the John-street Theater. " The first play written in America by an American and performed by a professional company." (Ency. Brit.) Aug. * The first playhouse in Baltimore is opened. (Or 1773.) * * Conn. John Trumbull paints The Battle of Bunker mil. * * Joseph "Wright paints the portrait of John Jay. * * S. C. A theater is built in Charleston. 1787* * Mass. The first cotton-mill is put in operation at Beverly. [Very im- perfect and soon closed.] * * N.Y. The manufacture of salt at Syracuse begins. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1786* * Barton, "William P. C, botanist, born. Biddle, Nicholas, financier, born. Breckenrid^e, Henry M., jurist, born. Cadwallader, .John, oilicer in the war, A44. Cambreleng, Churchill (/., politician, born. Catron. John, justice, born in Tenn. Cogswell, Joseph (liven, scholar, born. Crockett. David, pioneer, born. Dwight, Sereno E.. clergyman, born. England, John, R. C. Bishop of Charleston, born in Cork. Gales, Joseph, journalist, born. Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, A79. Grayson, William, politician, born. Greene, Nathaniel, general, A44. Greelileaf, Benjamin, author, born. Grimkie, Thomas Smith, philanthropist, b. King, William Ruius. statesman, born. Lawrence, Amos, philanthropist, born. MacLane, Lewis, statesman, born. Marcy, "William L., statesman, born. McDongall, Alexander, general, A55. Norton, Andrews, theologian, born. Nuttall, Thomas, naturalist, born. Porter, Alexander, statesman, born. Rusb, James, physician, born. Sargent, Lucius Manlms, writer, born. Scott, Winfleld. general, born. Tappan, Arthur, philanthropist, bom. Vaux, Robert, philanthropist, born. Verplanck, G Lilian Crommelin, author, born. 1787* * Andrews, Ethan Allen, philologist, born. Bedel, Timothy, patriot, dies. Bouvier, John, jurist, writer, born. Chauncy, Charles, clergyman, dies. Crittenden, John Jordan, statesman, b. Dana, Richard Henry, poet, born. Davis, John, statesman, born. Durand, Cyrus, engraver, born. Frelmghuysen, Theodore, statesman, b. Gallandet, Thomas 1L, teacher of deaf mutes, born. Gould, Benjamin Apthorp, educator, born. Hensen, Joslab, Uncle Tom, born, MacYicar, John, professor, born. Middh-ton, Arthur, patriot, A44. Muhlenberg. Henry M.. founder of Am. Lutheran eh., A76. Say, Thomas, naturalist, born. Southard, Samuel L., senator for N.Y., b. Williams, Elea/.er, clergyman, born. Wilbard, Emma 11., educator, born. CHURCH. 1785 Sept. 14. Mass. The first Con- vention of Universalist ministers and parishes in America is held at Oxford. Sept. 27. Phila. The first General Convention of the Protestant- Epis- copal Church is held ; Bishop Seabury and his clergy decline to attend ; 1G cler- gymen and 2G laymen are present. Oct. 7. Phila. The Protestant Episco- pal Convention adjourns. * * Boston. An organ is set up in the First Church, introducing instrumental music in the Congregational Church. Organic Unitarian ism begins in this city. James Freeman, " lay reader " of King's (Epis.) Chapel (Stone Chapel), secures an alteration in the liturgy eliminating Trinitarianism, and the con- gregation secedes from the Protestant Episcopal Church. * * Mass. Free-Corn munion Baptists or- ganize the Groton Conference. ± * * Me. John Cheverus of Boston makes an annual missionary visit to the Abnakis and other Indians. A church is erected among them. ± * * Me. Mr. Ciquard of St. Sulpice, Bal- timore, is sent as a Jesuit missionary to the Abnakis and other Indians. * * Md. The first Baptist church in Bal- timore is formed. * *N. Y. The Lutheran Synod (min- isterium) is formed. The first Shaker house of -worship erected at New Lebanon. * * S. C. A Protestant Episcopal Con- vention is held at Charleston. * * Va. The first Protestant Episco- pal Convention in Virginia is held after the war ; meets at Richmond. The Abingdon Presbytery is formed. * * The Synod of the Presbyterian Church draws up a plan of govern- ment and discipline, and also takes steps to revise the standards. * * Organization of Protestant Episcopal dioceses in New York, Virginia, South Carolina, and New Jersey. 1786* * Del. Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of Delaware is organized. An adjourned meeting of the (Protes- tant Episcopal) General Convention is held at "Wilmington. * * Ky. The Presbytery of Transylvania is formed. * * New York. Erection of the first Roman Catholic church (St. Peter's). Rev. John Stanford arrives in Amer-' ica, and soon publishes and circulates tracts as formerly in England. Sept. 14. Phila. Meeting of the Sec- ond General Convention (Protestant Episcopal); 10 clergymen and 11 laymen present. * * .S. C. Organization of the " Associ- ated Churches" (Protestant Episco- pal) of South Carolina. * * Va. David Griffith is elected bishop by the Protestant Episcopal Convention. A Sunday-school is taught in Hano- ver County. 1787 Feb. 4. Bng. Bishop White of Pennsylvania and Bishop Provoost of New York are consecrated in Lam- beth Chapel ; bishops of Bath and Wells and of Peterborough giving the apos- tolic succession to the American Church. Apr. * New York. The American Epis- copal Church separates from the Church of England. The Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States has its organization as a national Church made complete by the arrival of Bishops White and Pro- vost; it is no longer attached to the diocese of London. May 1 +. Md. A General Conference of Methodist preachers is held at Baltimore, called by Bishop Coke ; few of the Southern preachers attend, as they had not authorized the call. The Book of Discipline is revised. Sept. 17. U. S. Separation of Church and State is established by the Federal Constitution. " No religious tests shall ever be re- quired as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States." (Art. vi. § 3.) Oct. 7. Pa. The Lutherans deplore the death of their founder, Henry M. Muhlenberg. * * N. Y. The Shakers first gather into a community at New Lebanon. The Reformed Dutch Church adopts domestic mission work. * * U. S. The Presbyterian General Synod sends down the Report on Gov- ernment and Discipline to the presbyte- ries and churches for consideration. * * Va. The Separate and Kegular Bap- tists unite to form " the United Bap- tist Churches of Christ." LETTERS. 1785 * * Ga. The University of Geor- gia (non-sect.) organized. * * Me. The Falmouth Gazette, the first newspaper in Maine, is issued. * * New York. The Manumission Society establishes free schools for the poor colored children of the city. The Daily Advertiser is first issued by Francis Childs and Company ; the first daily in tne city. * * N. Y. Schenectady Academy, the pio- neer of Union College, is founded. * * Phila. The Philadelphia Directory is published ; the first city directory in the Union. * * Tenn. The University of Nashville (non-sect.) organized at Nashville as the Davidson Academy. [It becomes Cum- berland College in 1806.] * * Sketches of American Policy, by Noah Webster, appears. UNITED STATES. 1785, Sept. 27-1787, Nov. 99 * * Conquest of Canaan, by Timothy Dwight, appears. 1786 * * Pa. The Pittsburg Gazette, the first newspaper west of the Alleghauies, is issued. * * _89 * * Phila. The Columbian Maga- zine appears. * * The Anarchiad papers, by Trumbull, Hopkins, Barlow, and Humphreys, ap- pear in the New Haven Gazette. 1787 Apr. 13. X. Y. The Board of Regents of the University of the State is established. May 21. Neio York. Samuel Johnson is elected President of Columbia Col- lege. Sept. 17. Del. Cokesbury College, the first literary institution of the Meth- odists in America, is opened at Abing- don. * * Ky. First issue of the Lexington Ga- zette — the first paper in Kentucky, SOCIETY. 1785 * * Nezo York. The Manumission Society, John Jay president, is formed to secure the freedom of slaves. The gradual abolition of slavery is determined by the State. * * Pa. Benjamin Rush puts forth his famous tract, An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Mind and Body, which creates a profound sen- sation. 1786 * * Massachusetts. The (undenomi- national) Charity Society is organized. * * New York. The Tammany Society is organized. (See 17SS.) 1787 July 13. New York. The Federal Government perpetually prohibits sla- very in the territory north of the Ohio, — the first territory coming under its control. STATE. 1785 Nov. 4. New York. Congress ad- journs. Nov. 7. New Y&rk. The 12th session of the Continental Congress opens. Nov. 30. Eng. John Adams, the Amer- ican Minister to St. James, demands the surrender of the frontier posts to the United States. * * Ga. Treaty with the Creeks at Gal- phinton. * * Noah "Webster publishes a project for an American policy. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -96 * * Conn. Samuel Huntington. -88 * * " State of Franklin," (Tennes- see) John Sevier. -87 * * Mass. James Bowdoin. -86 * * Mich. Henry Hamilton. Pa. Benjamin Franklin is president of the Supreme Executive Council. 1786 Jan. 16. A treaty is made with the Chickasaws at Hopewell. Jan. 21. Virginia invites the States to a general conference for forming a less restricted Constitution. Jan. 31. A treaty is made with the Shawnees. May 11. Connecticut again offers to cede a part of its western lands. May 26. Phila. Congress declares its willingness to receive the Connecticut lands in the West. July 16. A treaty of peace is entered with the Emperor of Morocco. Sept. 11. Mi. A convention of some of the States is held at Annapolis to " regulate commerce on the Chesapeake Bay ; five States send delegates to it. [It is the germ of the Constitutional Con- vention.] Sept. 14. Conn. The deed for western lands is given to Congress. The lands lie east of the Mississippi, between lati- tude 41° and 41° 2', and west of a meridian 120 miles west of the [present] western limit of Pennsylvania. Nov. 3. New York. The Congress of the Confederation adjourns. Nov. 6. New York The 13th session of the Continental Congress opens. Dec. 16. Massachusetts yields the juris- diction over her lands in New York to that State. Dec. 25 ±. Mass. Shays's rebellion arises in the western part of the State ; caused by financial complications. The insurrection infects New Hampshire. (See Army.) * * Ga. A treaty is made with the Creeks at Shoulderbone. * * Massachusetts sells the " Phelps and Gorham Purchase," in New York, — 6,000,000 acres for $1,000,000. * * Portugal orders her fleet in the Mediterranean to protect American vessels from pirates. * * Requisitions of Congress on the States for the last four years amount to $10,000,000; receipts one-fourth of that amount. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -96 * * Mich. Lord Dorchester. -90 * *R.I. John Collins. -88* * Va. Edmund Randolph. 1787 Apr. 13. New York. General St. Clair makes his report to Congress on the British infraction of the treaty on the northwestern frontier. May 14. Phila. A National Consti- tutional Convention for framing (in part) a less restricted Constitution as- sembles, [and Washington is unani- mously elected its President. It does not begin its work till May 25. All of the States (9) except Rhode Island are represented before its close.] May 29. Phila. Edmund Randolph moves the Convention to set aside the Articles of Confederation and adopt a new Constitution ; a committee is ap- pointed. July 5. Phila. New York retires . from the Convention. July 13. New York. Passage of the Ordinance of 1787 by the Congress of the Confederation. It is unanimously passed " for the government of the territory to the northwest of the Ohio ; " it contains an " unalterable " article, forbidding sla- very or involuntary servitude. The or- dinance was drawn up by Nathan Dane, a member of Congress from Massachu- setts. Congress adopts St. Clair's report of Apr. 13th. July 18. New York. Congress ratifies the treaty with Morocco. July * Phila. It is rumored that the Federal Convention in secret session considers the advisability of offering to a foreign prince the Crown of America. July 24. Phila. The Committee on the details of the Federal Constitution be- gins work. Aug. 6. Phila. A draft of a Federal Constitution, in twenty-three articles, is reported to the Convention. It permits the slave trade for twenty years, and concedes that three-fifths of the slaves shall be counted in the appor- tionment of Congressional representa- tives, and that fugitive slaves shall be returned to their masters. These con- cessions are made to secure union. Aug. 9. South Carolina cedes her west- ern lands to the Federal Government. Aug. 19. S. C. The delegates in Con- gress execute a deed to Congress for the western lands of the State. [They partly comprise the area of Tennessee.] A Federal Democratic Govern- ment is established. Sept. 17. Phila. The Federal Consti- tution is signed by the Convention ; the Articles of Confederation are set aside, and the Constitution is to be submitted to Congress. The Convention adjourns. * * U. S. The first political agitation occurs. Federalists favor and Republi- cans or Anti-Federalists oppose the ap- proval of the Constitution by the States. Sept. 28. New York. The Congress of the Confederation sends the new Con- stitution to the several States for their action. * * N. C. The attempt to form the State of Franklin j in the western lands, collapses. Oct. 5. New York. Congress recalls Minister Adams from London. Oct. 30. New York. The Continental Congress adjourns. Nov. 5. New York. The 14th and last session of the old Continental Con- gress opens. MISCELLANEOUS. 1785 * * Pa. Harrisburg is laid out in town lots. * * The regular exportation of cotton begins ; one bag is sent from Charleston to Liverpool, 12 from Philadelphia, and one from New York. * * The Lombardy poplar is introduced. 17S6 Mar. 6. Boston. The Ohio Com- pany is formed by Putnam, Cutler, and others. Apr. 24. Boston. About 100 houses are burned. 1787 Sept. 30. Departure of the first American vessel making a voyage around the world. 100 1787, Dec. -1789. AMERICA ARMY -NAVY. 1787 Dec* Ga. The Creeks are de- feated at Jack'B Creek. 1788 Sept. * IT. S. Lieut.-Col. Josiah Harmar is general-in- chief by brevet. 1789 * * The maximum strength of the army is one regiment of infantry, one battery of artillery, — 840 men. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1788 Apr. 12. Phila. The first pow- er-loom is set up. * * New York. The first dentist's office is established by John Greenwood. * * B. I. A company is formed in Provi- dence for the manufacture of "home- spun cloth." 1789 * * Conn. The Sortie of the Garri- son from Gibraltar is exhibited by John Trumbull at the Royal Academy. ± * * William Rush executes ideal figures and portrait busts in wood and clay. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1788* * Blake, John L., clergyman, born. Blanchard, Thomas, inventor, born. Boyden, Setli, inventor, born. Byles, Mather, wit and divine, A82. Campbell. Alexander, founder, born. CiisliliiL,', Thomas, statesman, A60. Elbert, Samuel, Gov. of Ga., A55. Gadsden, .lames, statesman, born. Grayson, William J., senator for S. C, born. Hill, Isaac, senator, editor, born. Judson, Adoniram. missionary, born. Lovell, John, selinnlniaster, A78. Bobbins, Koyal, historian, born. Stevens, Hubert Livingston, born. Totten, Joseph G., military engineer, born. 1789* * Allen, Ethan, colonel in Revolution, A52. Bond, William ('ranch, astronomer, born. Clay, Clement C, ex-senator, born. Comstock, John Lee, author, born. Cooper, James Fenimore, novelist, born. Deane. Silas, diplomatist, A52. Emory, John, bishop, born in fad. Farmer, John, genealogist, born. Felt, Joseph l-'arluw, historian, born. Francis, John Wakeiield, physician, born. Gould, Hannah Flagg, poet, born. Hillbouse, James Abraham, poet, born. Kearny, Lawrence, commodore, born. Kendall, Amos, statesman, born. Ledyard, John, traveler. A38. Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist, born. Meade, William, bishop of Va., born. Nelson, Thomas, patriot, A51. Petigru, James Lewis, lawyer, born. Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, novelist, b. Sparks, .Tared, hisorian, born. St. Leger, Barry, Brit, colonel, A52. Winslow, Miron, missionary, born. "Woodbury, Levi, justice, born in N. H. CHURCH. 1788 May 28. Phila. The Presby- terian Synod meets. It adopts the amended Report on Gov- ernment and Discipline and the amended Confession of Faith as the constitution of the Church. May 29. Phila. The "Westminster Larger and Shorter Catechisms and the Directory for "Worship are ap- proved as a part of the constitution of the Presbyterian Church. Four Synods comprise the Presbyte- rian Church : New York, Philadelphia, ■ Virginia, and the Carolinas. * * Boston. Mass is first celebrated in New England, and the first Roman Catholic Church is erected. 1789 May 21. Phila. The General Synod meets and resolves itself into the first General Assembly of the Pres- byterian Church. The Synod resolves to send mission- aries to the frontiers. * * The Confession of Faith and the Cate- chisms issued by the Presbyterian Synod of New York and New Jersey. * * Phila. The "Book Concern" of the Methodist Episcopal Church is estab- lished. Capital, $600. * * U. S. The several Annual Confer- ences concur in the formation of a Methodist Council, of bishop and pre- siding elders. July 28. Phila. Meeting of the Gen- eral Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church, Bishop White pre- siding. Bishops "White and Seabury constitute the House of Bishops. Aug. 8. Phila. The General Convention decides on a constitution for the Prot- estant Episcopal Church in America. Sept. 25. U. S. The Constitution of the United States is amended by Congress to prohibit an established religion or interference with freedom in the exercise of religion. (See Dec. 15, 1791.) Oct. 2. Phila. Union of the several dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal Church in one Convention. Oct. 16. Phila. The Book of Prayer is Americanized and formally ratified by the (Protestant Episcopal) Convention. * * Aid. The See of Baltimore is erected, [and John Carroll created its first bishop] ; the diocese includes the entire Republic. * * Va. David Griffith relinquishes the bishopric of Virginia, as the Church fails to pay the expenses of consecration in England. * * Va. The General Committee of the Baptist churches resolves against slavery. " Resolved, That slavery is a violent deprivation of the rights of nature, and inconsistent with republican govern- ment, and therefore (we) recommend it to our brethren to make use of every measure to extirpate this horrid evil from the land, and pray Almighty God that our honorable Legislature may have it in their power to proclaim the great jubilee." LETTERS. 1787 * * New York. The Independent Journal is issued. The New York Journal is sold to Thomas Greenleaf, and the name changed to the Argus or Greenleaf s New Daily Advertizer. Columbia College is incorporated. The New York Magazine and Literary Repository issued. [Stopped 1792.] * *.88* * Neio York. A series of eighty- five papers, entitled the Federalist, by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, appear. * * Phila. The American Museum is pub- lished by Matthew Carey. [Stopped 1792.] College of Physicians is established. * * Pa. Franklin College ("Lutheran) ia established by the legislature in recog- nition of services and virtues of Ger- * * Power of Religion on the Mind ,byLind- ley Murray, appears. * * TJie Vision of Columbus, by Joel Bar- low, appears. 1788 * * A Dissertation concerning the True Nature of Christian Virtue, by Jonathan Edwards, appears. 1789 July 28. Pa. The Pittsburg Ga- zette is published. * * -96 * * Boston. The Massachusetts Magazine appears. * * D. C. The Georgetown Academy (College) (Rom. Cath.) is organized. * * Md. St. John's College (non-sect.) is organized at Annapolis. * * New York. United States Gazette is issued by John Fenno. * * A Dissertation Concerning the End for which God created the World, by Jona- than Edwards, appears. *- * Dissertations on the English Language, by Noah "Webster, appears. SOCIETY. 1788 Jan. 1. Phila. The Quakers emancipate their slaves. May 13. New York. First meeting of the Tammany Society, having a Grand Sachem (chosen from thirteen sachems), a Sagamore, and a "Wiskinskie ; " found- ed on principles of patriotism, and hav- ing for its motives charity and brotherly love." June 8. Eng. On motion of "William Pitt, Parliament votes S6,70O,0O0 for the benefit of loyalists in America. July 26. New York. A mob favorable to the Federal Constitution destroys the Anti-Federal printing-office of Thomas Greenleaf. 1789 * * The slave trade, no longer a Spanish monopoly, becomes free, and rapidly increases. * * Conn. A number of farmers of Litch- field County combine, to do their agri- cultural work without recourse to spirituous liquors. STATE. 17S7 Dec. 7. Delaware is the first State to ratify the Federation Con- stitution, with a unanimous vote in a State Convention. (Fiske, Dec. 6.) Dec. 12. Pennsylvania is the second to ratify the Constitution. Vote, 46 to 23. Dec. 18. New Jersey ratifies the Con- stitution with a unanimous vote. * * New York. The Congress of the Confederation decides to make Philadel- phia the Capital for ten years, and then to select a site on the Potomac. UNITED STATES. 1787, Dec. -17 8 9. 101 * * U. S. Governors inaugurated: -93 * * Mass. John Hancock. -89 * * N. C. Samuel Johnston. 1788 Jan. 2. Georgia, the 4th State, ratifies the Constitution by a unanimous vote. Jan. 9. Connecticut, the 5th State, ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 128 to 40. Feb. 6. Massachusetts, the 6th State, ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 187 to 168. Apr. 28. Maryland, the 7th State, rati- fies the Constitution. Vote, 63 to 12. May 23. South Carolina, the 8th State, ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 149 to 73. June 17. N. Y- A Convention meets at Poughkeepsie to consider the Federal Constitution. June 21. New Hampshire, the 9th State, ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 57 to 46 ; two-thirds of the States favoring the Federal Constitution, it becomes valid. June 25. Virginia, the 10th State, rati- fies the Constitution. Vote, 89 to 79. June 26. New York, the 11th State, ratifies the Constitution and adds pro- posed amendments. Vote, 30 to 27. (Bryant, June 25.) July 14. New York. The old Congress ratifies the Constitution framed by the Convention of the States. July 15. Georgia cedes her -western lands to the Federal Government. Sept. 13. New York. Congress makes New York the Capital City. The old Continental Congress appoints the first Wednesday in January for Fed- eral elections in the several States. Nov. 1. New York. The last Conti- nental Congress dies of inanition, its records cease [and for six months there is no National Government]. * * New York makes a treaty with the Onondagas. * * A Consular Convention is held be- tween France and the United States. * * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : * *-1802 * * 0. Ter. Arthur St. Clair. Pa. Thomas Mifflin is president of the Supreme Executive Council. -91 * * Va. Beverly Randolph * * Iowa is first settled. 1789 Jan. * St. Clair makes treaties with the Indians at Fort Harmar. Jan. 7. XT. S. "Wednesday, the first Na- tional election is held. Feb. 4. XT. S. The electoral votes are cast by the electors. Feb. 26. N. Y. The Cayuga Indians sell their lands to the State. Mar. 4. XT. S. The Constitution goes into force as the law of the land. New York. The First Federal Con- gress assembles in the hall at the corner of "Wall and Broad Streets. Mar. 30. New York. After a delay of many days Congress secures a quorum (30 members present), and proceeds to organize the House. F. A. Muhlenbnrg of Pa. is elected the first Speaker. (Moore, House, Apr. 1 ; Senate, Apr. 6.) Apr. 6. New York. George "Washing- ton of Va. is chosen President by the electors. Tbe electoral vote is counted : George Washington, G9 ; John Adams, 34 ; John .Jay, 9; K.H.Harrison, 6; John Rut- ledge, 6; John Hancock, 4; George Clin- ton, 3 ; Samuel Huntington, 2 ; John Milton, 2; James Armstrong, Benjamin Lincoln, and Edward Telfair, each one vote. Each elector votes for two candi- dates. The person receiving the next largest vote is declared Vice-President. New York. The Senate organizes. John Langdon of N. H. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. Apr. 21. New York. John Adams of Mass. is seated in the Senate as Vice- President. First Administration; Federalist. Apr. 30. New York. George "Wash- ington of Va. is inaugurated, the first President. John Adams of Mass. is Vice-President, he being the next in the number of votes. July 4. New York. President "Washing- ton approves the first Tariff Act — a declaration of financial independence ; the duties average about 8£ per cent. Aug. 7. New York. Congress organizes tbe "War Department. Sept. 10. New York. Congress orders the organization of three executive Departments. * * New York. A President's Cabinet is formed. Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury ; Henry Knox, Secretary of "War; Edmund Randolph, Attorney- General. Sept. 15. New York. The Depart- ment of State is made the depository of the archives of the United States. Sept. * New York. A National judi- ciary is established. Justices appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States : John Jay of N. Y. Chief Justice ; John Bla Va. ; William Cushing of I of Rob- ert H. Harrison of Md. ; John Rutledge of S. C. ; James Wilson of Pa. Sept. 25. New York. Congress passes 12 Constitutional Amendment Bills. [Ten are soon approved by three-fourths of the States.] 1st Amendment of the Constitution : " Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or pro- hibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the rights of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for the redress of grievances." 2d Amendment, respecting the right to bear arms. 3d Amendment, forbidding the quar- tering of soldiers on the people. 4th Amendment, respecting searches and seizures of persons, property, etc. 5th Amendment, respecting indict- ment, martial law, legal process, and eminent domain. 6th Amendment, providing for privi- leges of accused persons and speedy trials. 7th Amendment, guaranteeing jury trial for anything over $20 in common law suits. 8th Amendment, respecting bail, fines, cruelty, and unusual punishment. 9th Amendment, declaring that the enumeration of rights in the Constitu- tion does not impair other rights. 10th Amendment, respecting State rights. Sept. 29. New York. Congress estab- lishes a regular army. 1st Congress : the first session closes. Nov. 21. North Carolina, the 12th State, accepts the Constitution. Vote, 193 to 75. Dec. 22. North Carolina cedes its western lands to Congress. [They partly comprise the area of Tennessee.] It makes the condition that no regula- tion of Congress shall tend to the emancipation of slaves in this terri- tory. * * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : -96 * * Del. Joshua Clayton. -90 * * Ga. George "Walton. -92 * * N. C. Alex. Martin. -94 * * N. J. Win. Livingston. -92 * * S. C. Thos. Pinckney. -90 * * Vt. Moses Robinson. MISCELLANEOUS. 1788 Mar. 21. La. Seven-eighths of New Orleans is burned to ashes. Apr. 7. O. Commencement of Mari- etta, tbe first permanent settlement, by the Ohio Company. * * New York. Questions of official cere- mony and etiquette vex the Govern- ment. Adams desires much ceremony ; Jef- ferson will have none ; Hamilton advises simple formality ; Washington coincides. * * XT. S. The National debt exceeds $80,000,000. July 4. Pliila. Magnificent and varied celebration of National Indepen- dence. In recognition of the Federal Union, the new Constitution is personified by a lofty ornamental car, in the form of an eagle, drawn by six horses ; the Chief- Justice and two of his associates are seated within it, bearing the Constitu- tion upon a staff. Oct. 15. New York. "Washington sets out in his carriage to make a tour of the Northern States. Oct. 24. Boston. "Washington arrives. * * Indiana is first settled. 1789 Jan. * O. Cincinnati is laid out. Mar. 4. Neio Yoi-k. Citizens celebrate the assembling of Congress by the ringing of bells and firing of cannon, at early morn, at noon, and at sunset. * * Tenn. Knoxville is settled. [Named in honor of Gen. Knox.] 102 1789-1792, Nov. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1790 Sept. 19.-1795 Aug. 3. North- western Indian wars; 8,983 men en- gaged ; cause, the Indians claim the territory. Oct. * O. War with the Miami In- dians in the Ohio Valley; Gen. Harmar is defeated. * * Xew York. Castle William (Castle Garden) is erected. * * U. S. The army consists of 1,316 men for service on the Indian frontier. 1791 U. S. Maj.-Gen. Arthur St. Clair is appointed (fourth) commander of the army. June 1. O. Kickapoo Indians are sur- prised on the Wabash ; many are killed and taken prisoners. Sept. 9. O. Gen. St. Clair, with 2,000 men, sets out to subdue the Miami con- federacy. Nov. 4. O. Gen. St. Clair is surprised and routed by the Indians on the Wa- bash, losing half his men. * * General Knox formulates a plan for organizing the militia. 1792 Apr. 11. U.S. Maj.-Gen. An- thony "Wayne is appointed (fifth) com- mander of the army. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1790 June 5. Pa. The steamboat con- structed by John Fitch makes a trip from Philadelphia to Trenton and return. It is propelled by 12 oars. Dec. * li. I. Samuel Slater, an English- man, starts the first successful Amer- ican cotton-factory at Pawtucket, near Providence. ±* * Phila. A statue of Was hingto7i [now in Independence Hall] is executed by William Rush. 1791 * * Ky. The first American fur- nace is erected by Government troops on Slate Creek. * * La. The first dramatic representation in New Orleans is presented. * * Pa. Accidental discovery of An- thracite coal in Carbon and other counties. Broom-corn brooms are first made in Giuseppe Ceracchi executes busts of Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and others. David Rittenhouse succeeds Benja- min Franklin as president of the Amer- ican Philosophical Society. 1792 May 7. Ore. Capt. Robert Gray, of the merchant ship Columbia, discovers and enters the Columbia Kiver. Aug. 16. Boston. The first theater is opened in the new Exhibition Room ; to evade the law, the first play is called the Moral Lecture of Douglas (p. 104). * * _94 * * Qre.^ George Vancouver, of England, explores the Pacific coast. * * John Trumbull paints a Portrait of Washington. BIRTHS — DEATHS. ];;irtl.-it, John Shcrri'ii, editor, born. iiellainy, Joseph, cliTirymmi, writer, ATI. liowdoin, .James, philosopher, statesman, A 63. Capers, William, Meth. Kpis. bishop, South, b. burfee, Job, jurist, M. C. fur K. I., born. Force, Peter, historian, horn in N. J. Franklin, Benjamin, printer, philosopher, patriot, and statesman, A 84. Gibbs, Josiali Willard, philologist, born. Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, clergyman, au- thor, born. Gray, Francis f.'ulley, lawyer, scholar, born. Grayson, William, soldier of Revolution, d. Harper, William, senator for S. C, born. Hooper, William, lawyer and patriot of N. C, A48. Livingston, William, Gov. of N. J., M. C, A 67. Longstreet, Augustus B., Meth. Epis. clergy- man of S. C, born. Putnam, Israel, general in Revolution, A72. Shubrick, William P.ranford, admiral, born. Turner, Samuel Hulbeart, Prot. Epis. clergy- man, professor, born. Twiggs, David Emanuel, Secessionist gen., b. Tyler. John. 10th president, born in Va. 1791 * * Beck, Theodric Romeyn, physician, born. Blair, Francis Preston, journalist, born. Buchanan, James, 15th president, born in Pa., Apr. 22. Bullions, Peter, author, born. Burden, Henry, manufacturer, born. Butler, Richard, major-general, killed by In- dians. Cooper. Peter, philanthropist, horn in Xew York. Hall, Lyman, statesman, A90. Harrison, Benjamin, general, signer of Decl., ex-governor, A51. ? Hayne, Robert Young, orator, born. Hopkinsmi, Kranns, author, signer of Dec- laration, A54. Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, artist, in- ventor, born. Olmsted, Denison, natural philosopher, b. Pond, Enoeh, theologian, born. Sigourney. Lydia Huntley, poet, born. Sprague, Charles, poet, born. Ticknor, < leorge, scholar, -writer, born. Tread well, Daniel, mechanician, born. 1792* * Ainslie, Hew, poet, born. Astor, William B., capitalist, born. Birney, James Gillespie, statesman, aboli- tionist, born. Collamer, Jacob, senator for Vt., born. Cruger, John, mayor of New York, A82. Dallas. George Mifflin, statesman, born. De Kay, James Ellsworth, naturalist, born. Everett, Alexander Hill, diplomatist, b. Fairbanks, Erastus, Gov. of Vt., born. Finney, Charles Grandison, college presi- dent, born. Fisk, Pliny, missionary, born. Fisk, Wilbur, pres. of Wesleyan Univ., born. Harding, Chester, painter, born. Jones, John Paul, naval officer, A45. Laurens, Henry, statesman, A68. Lawrence, Abbott, benefactor, born. Lea, Isaac, naturalist, born. JIason, George, statesman, A67. Mason, Lowell, musical composer, born. Nelson, Samuel, justice, born in N. T. Payne, John Howard, actor, born. Renwick. James, physicist, born. Richards, William, missionary, born. Kumsey, James, inventor, A4B. Sartwell, Henry Parker, botanist, born. Smith, Seba, author, born. Spangenburg, August, founder, A 88. Stevens. Thaddeus. senator for Pa., born. Stone, William Leete, journalist, born. Vassar, Matthew, philanthropist, born. CHURCH. 1790 Sept. 19. Va. James Madison consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop at Lambeth, England. Oct. 1. U.S. The modified Prayer-Book comes into use in all Protestant Episco- pal churches. Nov. 18. P.I. Organization of the (Prot- estant Episcopal) Diocese of Rhode Is- land. * * Xew York. The second Methodist church in this city is formed. * * Pa. Jacob Albright begins his work of reform among the German Christians of Eastern Pennsylvania. [The Evan- gelical Association is developed later.] * * Phila. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets ; Robert Smith, moderator. * * Vt. The ("Protestant Episcopal) Dio- cese of Vermont is organized, and the first Episcopal Convention in Ver- mont is held. * * The Methodist Council becomes un- popular and holds its last session. * * The Methodist Conference omits the words " buying and selling" from John Wesley's rules on intemperance. * * The Methodist Conferences order the organization of Sunday-schools for the instruction of " poor children, white and black." Sessions to be from 6 to 10 A. M-, and 2 to 6 p. M. 1791 Sept. 14. Mass. The presbytery of Salem is dissolved. * * Md. First legislation in the Catholic Church by the Synod of Baltimore*. * * A 7 ". Y. The Xew York Baptist Associ- ation is formed. * * Phila. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets ; John "Woodhull, moderator. * * Pa. Lutherans receive a grant of 5,000 acres of land from the Legislature. 1792 Sept. 11. New York. The (Prot- estant Episcopal) Convention meets. Sept. 17. Md. Consecration of Thos. J. Claggett (Protestant Episcopal) bishop for Maryland. Nov. 1-15. Md. The First Regular General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church is held at Baltimore. LETTERS. 1790 May 31. First Copyright Act in the United States passed, chiefly through the influence of Noah Webster [the lexicographer]. * * X. Y. A proposition in the Assembly to establish public schools is hardly noticed. * * -97 * * New York Magazine appears. * * Va. "William Henry Harrison graduates at Hampden-Sidney College. 1791 Oct. 24. Md. First issue of the Baltimore Daily Repository. * * Con 71. The First Geography is pub- lished by Jedediah Morse. * * Md. St. Mary's Seminary (Rom. Cath.) founded at Baltimore. * * Vt. University of Vermont (non- sect.) founded at Burlington. SOCIETY. 1789 * * "Washington makes a tour of the Northern States, and is greeted with great enthusiasm. 1790 Apr. 30. Xew York. Congress en- acts that every soldier shall have half a gill of rum, brandy, or whisky daily. UNITED STATES. 1789-1792, Nov. 103 Dec. 29. New York. Presentation of tlio " Memorial of the College of Physicians to tlie Senate of the United States Con- gress," deprecating the use of ardent spirits, and recommending the imposi- tion of high duties upon their impor- tation. * * Phila. The Pennsylvania Anti- Slavery Society (Benjamin Franklin Pres.) petitions Congress " to devise means for removing the inconsistency of slavery from the American people." * * New York. A bill is introduced in Congress for taxing distilled liquors. * * Slavery is already prohibited in six of the States. * * U. S. Total number of slaves, 697,897. 1791 July 4. George Buchanan makes his address on slavery. STATE. 1789 * * New York. Jefferson and Ham- ilton representing opposite parties in the Cabinet, Washington is vexed by many disagreements. 1790 Jan. 4. New York. The' 1st Congress: 2d session opens. Presi- dent Washington orally addresses the two Houses assembled to hear him. Mar. 25. Eng. The plan of the British Government for compensating Ameri- can loyalists for losses is suspended. Apr. 2. North Carolina finally cedes its western lands. (See 1789.) New York. Congress accepts the lands ceded by North Carolina. * * Kentucky is organized as a Territory. May 29. Rhode Island, the 13th State, and the last of all, approves the Federal Constitution. Vote, 34 to 32. June * S. C. Meeting of State Conven- tion to frame a new Constitution. * * New York. Congress is urged to as- sume the debts of the several States incurred in the prosecution of the Revo- lutionary War. (§18,271,786.) Southern members oppose and North- ern members favor the plan. [The mat- ter is finally settled by a compromise ; the Northern members consenting to the location of the Capital on the Potomac River.] July 10. New York. Congress resolves to hold its sessions in Philadelphia for ten years, and thereafter on the Potomac. Vote, 32-29. July 16. New York. Congress passes an act locating the future seat of Govern- ment in the District of Columbia. Sixty square miles of territory are ceded to the United States by Maryland and Virginia. Aug. 4. New York. Congress finally passes the bill for funding the debts of the States, which it has assumed, thus putting the finances of the country on a firm basis. Kentucky applies for admission into the Union. Aug. 7. N. Y. The Creek Indian chiefs sign a treaty in the Hall of Representatives, in which the territory south and west of the Oconee is solemn- ly guaranteed to them, they resigning lands north and east of that river. Aug. 12. New York. The 1st Con- gress : the second session closes. Sept. 2. Pa. A new State Constitution is adopted. * * U.S. Philadelphia the Capital City. The seat of the Federal Government is removed from New York. Dec. 6. Phila. The 1st Congress : the third session opens. * * U. S. James Iredell of N. C. is made Justice of the Supreme Court. The Federal Revenue is $4,000,000 ; the expenditure of the Government, including interest on the public debt, is §1,000,000. * * Vt. The jurisdiction of New York in the Province of Vermont is purchased by the latter for S30.000. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -92 * * Cat. Jose" A. Roman (Spanish). -93 * * Ga. Edward Telfair. Pa. Thomas Mifflin. -05 * * P. I. Arthur Fenner. Term. Ter. Wm. Blount. -97 * * Vt. Thomas Chittenden. 1791 Jan. 1. The National debt is 375,463,476. Jan. 10. Vermont adopts the Federal Constitution. Feb. 25. Phila. The Bill to establish a National Bank becomes a law ; it is generally favored by Northern members, and generally opposed by those from the South. Mar. 3. The District of Columbia is fully organized. Mar. 4. Vermont is admitted into the Union as the 14th State. Phila. The 1st Congress ends. June 7. Phila. The Bank of the United States is instituted ; capital $10,000,000 ; it is opposed by Jefferson and the Anti- Federal party. Aug. * Phila. George Hammond, the first minister from Great Britain, is re- ceived. Oct. 24. Phila. The 2d Congress opens. Oct. * Phila. Congress ; Senate : John Langdon of N. H. is reelected President pro tempore. House : Jonathan Trum- bull of Conn, is elected Speaker. * * Phila. Thomas Johnson of Md. is appointed Justice of the Supreme Court. Dec. 15. U. S. The first ten Amend- ments of the Constitution come in force. Dec. * U. S. Thomas Pinckney of S. C. is appointed minister to England. * * O. Gen. St. Clair appointed governor of the Northwestern Territory, with in- structions to drive out the Indians. * * -94 * * Va. Henry Lee governor. 1792 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $77,227,924.66. Mar. 1. Phila. Congress provides by enactment for the Presidential suc- cession in certain contingencies. In case of inability of the Vice-Presi- dent, the office devolves on the president pro tempore of the Senate ; and if he cannot assume the office it goes to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. Apr. 2. Phila. The National Mint is established. Apr. 17. Phila. Congress; Senate: It. H. Lee of Va. is elected President pro tempore. May 8. Phila. The 2d Congress: the first session closes. June 1. Kentucky is admitted into the Union as the 15th State. June 4. Ky. The first legislature meets ; Isaac Shelby governor. June * Rumors circulate of a conspiracy to change the Government into a mon- archy. June * N. Y. Chief Justice John Jay (Federalist) is elected Governor of New York over George Clinton by about 400 votes. Clinton's friends in the canvassing committee throw out three counties on technicalities, and award the office to him. Nov. 5. Phila. The 2d Congress: second session opens. Senate ; John Langdon of N. H. is elected President pro tempore. * * U. S. Second Presidential elec- tion ; "Washington is unanimously re- elected President, and John Adams is reelected Vice-President. The Anti- Federalists, now called Republicans, are led by Jefferson, the Federalists by Hamilton and Adams. MISCELLANEOUS. 1789 * * New York. It is proposed to lay out a park bordering the drainage canal (Canal Street), but the project is aban- doned because of the remoteness of the locality. 1790 * * U. S. The first census is ta- ken. Philadelphia lias a population of 43,000; New York, 33,000; Boston, 18,000; Baltimore, 13,000; the whole country, 3,929,214, including 697,681 slaves. * * U. S. The center of population is 23 miles east of Baltimore. July 17. N. Y. The first bank of Al- bany begins to discount. Aug. 1. Nero York. The yellow fever , rages. Dec. 20. Phila. The Bank of the United States commences to discount. Its notes are payable in specie, and re- ceivable in all payments to the United States. * * JD. C. The city of 'Washington is founded. * * Mass. First American whaling ship for tbe Pacific sails from Nantucket. * * N.C. An Act of Legislature is passed for laying out the town of Raleigh. * * New York. The first bank in this city- is established — The Bank of New York. 1792 June 4. N. Y. The survey of a route from Pennsylvania through the Genesee country is completed. June 11. N. H. The first bank in this State begins discounting at Portsmouth. 104 1792-1794. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1792 * * The army consists of 5,120 men. 1793**0. Gen. Wayne ("Mad An- thony") leads 3,000 men against the Indians. Dec. * 0. Fort Greenville is built by Gen. "Wayne. * * The war between Portugal and Algiers closes, and American vessels are again seized by the pirates. 1794 Mar. 27. Phila. Congress authorizes the construction of 6 frigates, 3 of them to be of the very heavy class, thus beginning the navy. * * O. Fort Recovery is built by Gen. Wayne. Aug. 20. O. Gen. "Wayne defeats the Miami Indians at the Maumee Rapids, and then desolates their country. * * 0. Fort Defiance is built. May 7. D. C. Congress establishes a combined corps of engineers and artil- lery, with a military school for cadets. Sept.* - Nov. + * Pa. The 'Whisky Rebellion. Washington sends a force of militia into western Pennsylvania to put down the Whisky Rebellion, the distillers hav- ing refused to pay the Government tax and fired on its officers. * * Gen. Wayne is victorious in breaking the Miami confederacy. * * U. S. The maximum strength of the army is 3,629. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1792 * * D. C. The Federal Commis- sioners advertise in the newspapers of all the principal cities for designs for a Federal Capitol building and a President's House. * * Ga. The cotton-gin is invented by Eli "Whitney, a Connecticut school- teacher residing in Georgia. [It gives an immense impetus to the cultivation of cotton, and adds many millions of wealth to the South : it has given direction to the politics and history of the country.] * * Dr. S. U. Johnston is painted by Gil- bert Stuart. 1793 Jan. 9. Phi/a. The first balloon ascension in America is made by Fran- cois Blanchard, in the presence of Washington. Sept. 18. D. C. The corner-stone, at the southeast corner of the Capitol at Washington, is laid by Washington in connection with Masonic ceremonies. * * C. "W. Peale paints a portrait of Washington. * * Conn. Eli Terry of Plymouth is the first to manufacture clocks as a busi- ness. * * R. I. Samuel Slater of North Provi- dence erects the first mill for the manu- facture of cotton-yarns. * * Wash. Alexander Mackenzie, trav- eling overland, touches the coast above the Columbia River. 1794 Feb. 4. Boston's first theater building is opened, and called the Fed- eral-street Theater. (See 1775, 1792.) Feb. 17. Phila. A new theater is opened in Chestnut Street by "Wignel. * * Mass. Newburyport has the first fac- tory for the manufacture of woolen goods. * * N. Y. Samuel Morey builds a stern- wheel steamboat, which runs from Hartford to New York. * * Ft. I. Cotton sewing - thread is manufactured at Pawtucket. * * " From this time forward the United States bad two stock [theatrical] com- panies of extraordinary merit, surpassed only by the companies at the three patent houses in London." (Ency. Brit.) BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1793* * Bates, Edward, statesman, born. Bedell, (Jreyory Tow nsend, clergyman, bcrn. Butler, William <)., statesman, born- Carey, Henry Charles, political economist, b. Chase, Irali, clergyman, born. Colburn, "Warren, mathematician, born. Cox, Samuel Hanson, clergyman, born. Doughty, Thomas, painter, born. Forest i, l-viice, educator, born. Frothingliam, Nathaniel L., clergyman, b. Goodrich, Samuel Griswold, author, born. Guthrie, .lames, statesman, born. Hall, James, author, born. Hancock. John, statesman. A56. Hitchcock, Edward, pies, of Amherst Coll., b. Houston. Sam, general, born. Manly, John, naval officer, A59. MeKeever, Isaac, commodore, born. .Mitchell, Klisha, chemist, born. Mott, Lucretia, philanthropist, born. Neal, John, poet, born. Phelps, Almira Hart L., teacher, born. Rives, William Cabell, statesman, born. Schoolcraft, Henry Howe, ethnologist, born. Sherman, Roger, statesman, A72. Slidell, John, lawyer, born. 1794* * Andrew, James Osgood, bishop, born. Angell, Joseph Kinnicut, lawyer, born. Armstrong, -lames, general, dies. Ashmun, Jebiub. philanthropist, horn. Beck, John Brodheud, physician, born. Belknap, William <;., general, horn. Bryant, William Cullen, poet, born. Butler, John, Tory leader, dies. Chase, Carlton, bishop, born. Corwin, Thomas, statesman, born. Dempster, John, educator, horn. Dewey, Orville, clergyman, born. Everett. Edward, orator, born. Graham, Sylvester, reformer, born. Grier. Robert C. justice, born in Pa. Holbrook, John Edwards, naturalist, born. Kearney, Stephen Wttts, general, born. Leavitt, Joshua, journalist, born. Lee, Richard II., senator for Va., A62. Marsh, James, theologian, born. lUeriam, Eben, meteorologist, born. Morris, Thomas A., bishop, born. Paine, Mariyn, physician, born. Perry, ■Matthew Calbraith, commodore, b. Preston, William C. senator, born. Robinson, Edward, scholar, born. Stueben. Baron Frederick William A., general, A 64. Tappan, William Bingham, poet, born. Vanderbilt, Cornelius, capitalist, born. Walker, James, pres. of Harvard Coll., born. "Ware, Henry, Jr., clergyman, born. Witherspoon. John, clergyman, A72. Worth, William J., general, born. CHURCH. 1792 Nov. * Md. The Baltimore Confer- ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church is organized. * * N. H. First Annual Meeting of the Free-will Baptists. * * N. Y. The Reformed Dutch Church publish their Standards of Doctrine, etc., in English. The Associated Presbytery of the Pres- byterian Church is formed for "West- chester. * * Pa. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets at Carlisle ; John King, moderator. It enters into correspondence with the General Association of Churches of Con- necticut by the appointment of a Stand- ing Committee, and both agree to be represented in each other's annual meet- ing, by three commissioners. * * Va. James O'Kelley secedes from the Methodist Episcopal Church, and forms the Republican Methodist Church.. 1793 Oct. * N. Y. The Synod of the Reformed Dutch Church adopts the volume containing (in English) the Stand- ards, Liturgy, Rules, etc., and it becomes the Constitution of the Church. * * La. The Roman Catholic Arch- diocese of New Orleans is established. * * Louisiana and the Floridas are placed under separate Roman Catholic bishops. * * Phila. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets ; James Latta, moderator. Delegates from the General Association of Connecticut take seats in the (Presby- terian) General Assembly. * * P. I. Samuel Slater establishes the first Sunday-school in New England. * * Vt. Edward Bass is elected Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont at the annual Convention. * * The Associated Northern Presbytery of the Presbyterian Church is formed. 1794 * * New York. The Reformed Dutch General Synod is organized. LETTERS. 1792 * * D. C. Georgetown College (Rom. Cath.) is founded ; controlled by the Society of Jesus. , * * N. Y. Dr. Samuel Latham Mitchill gives the first course of chemical lec- tures ever listened to in the United States. 1793 Nov. 9. O. First issue of the Sentinel of the Xorthicestern Territory, at Cincinnati, the earliest Western news- paper. * * Mass. "Williams College (non-sect.) incorporated at Williamstown. [It was founded by bequest of Col. Ephraim Williams, who died in 1755.] * * Tenn. First printing-press set up in Tennessee, at Knoxville, and the Knoxville Gazette issued. * * N. H. Farmer's Museum appears at Walpole. * * New York. The Minerva [which is soon changed to the Commercial Adver- tiser] is issued by Noah Webster. * * Mass. The essays under the signature of Marcel lus, by John Quincy Adams, appear. * * System of Doctrines contained in Divine Revelation Explained and Defender!, by Samuel Hopkins, appears. 1794 Sept. 5. Boston Prices-Current and Marine Intelligencer, Commercial and Mercantile, appears. UNITED STATES. 1792-1794. 105 SOCIETY. 1792 * * "Washington makes 1 a tour of the Southern States, ami is enthusias- tically welcomed. * * Viscount Chateaubriand visits the United States. 1793 * * Phila. Congress gives sum- mary power to slave-masters, or their agents, to seize and return fugitive slaves which have fled to other States. * * Phila. "William Cobbett, the En- glish political writer, editsa paper in this city. 1794 Feb. 4. Mass. The Legislature, having repealed the law against the- atrical amusements, the Federal-street Theater opens. STATE. 1792 Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue S'20S,942. * * Ind. A treaty is made with the In- dians at Vincennes. * * Phila. Congress fixes the postage rate on letters at G\ cents for 30 miles, and the rate to increase "with the dis- tance beyond that limit. * * U.S. Governors inaugurated : -94* * Cal. Jose J.de Arrillaga(Span.). -96* *Ky. Isaac Shelby. -95 * * N. C. Richard D. Spaight. -94 * * N. H. Josiah Bartlett. -94 * * S. C. Arnoldus Vanderhorst. * * Connecticut conveys 500,000 acres of ""Western Reserve lands "[in Ohio] to certain citizens, as compensation for property destroyed by fire and pillage during the Revolution. 1793 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt §80,352,634. Feb. 13. Phila* Congress counts the electoral vote. For President : George "Washington, Federalist, 132 votes ; John Adams, Fed- eralist, 77 ; George Clinton of N. Y., Re- publican, 50 ; Thomas Jefferson of Va., Republican, 4; Aaron Burr of N. Y., Republican, one vote. "Vacancies, 3. Feb. * Phila. Congress passes the Fu- gitive Slave Act, for the rendition of slaves to owners when found in other States or Territories. Vote, House, 48-7 ; Senate, no opposition. [It becomes a dead letter till 1850.] Mar. 2. Phila. The 2d Congress: the second session closes. Mar. 4. Phila. George "Washington of Va., the first President, enters his second term; John Adams of Mass. is Vice-President. Mar. 9. Phila. Congress passes the act organizing the militia; all male white citizens between the ages of IS and 45 to be enrolled. Apr. 8. S. C. Edmond C. Genet, min- ister of France, arrives at Charleston. France having declared war against Great Britain, Genet proceeds to fit out privateers, etc. Apr. 22. Phila. "Washington issues a proclamation of neutrality in the war between France and England [Genet ap- peals from the President to the people]. May 9. France orders the seizure of neutral vessels carrying supplies to an enemy's port. May 16. Phila. Genet is received with great enthusiasm. May 17. Phila. Genet, as minister from France, presents his papers to the President. (McMaster, May 18.) July* Phila. The President asks France to recall Genet because of his audacity in attempting to controltheGovernment. Nov. 6. Eng. George III. issues secret instructions to British privateers to seize all neutral vessels found trading in the French West Indies. [Americans lose many millions of dollars, and the war spirit prevails among the people.] Dec. 2. Phila. The 3d Congress opens. Dec* Phila. Congress; Senate: Ralph Izard of S. C. is elected President pro tempore. House : F. A. Muhlenburg of Pa. is elected Speaker. Dec. 31. Phila. Jefferson resigns as Secretary of State because, the Govern- ment adopts the policy of neutrality in- stead of aiding France against England. U. S. Internal revenue $337,705. * * U. S. Jefferson's followers become known as Republicans, and Hamil- ton's followers as Federalists. * * U. S. The first Republican party appears. * * U. S. "William Faterson of N. J. is appointed Justice of the United States Supreme Court. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -96 * * Ga. George Matthews. -97 * * Mass. Samuel Adams. 1794 Jan. 1. U. S. Total National debt $78,427,404, with $26,000,000 applicable to the sinking fund. Jan. 2. Phila. Congress resolves to buy peace with Algiers. Jan. 13. Phila. Congress adds two more stars to the Federal flag. Jan. * Phila. Edmund Randolph suc- ceeds Jefferson as Secretary of State. Feb. 3. Phila. Congress: the House favors Madison's bill, asserting the policy of discriminating duties on the products of nations not in treaty with the United States. Vote, 51-46. Feb. 20. Phila. Congress: The Sen- ate ceases to sit with closed doors. Mar. 5. U. S. Ratification of the 11th Amendment to the Constitution re- specting the judicial power of the United States as against the States, as- serting the non-suability of the States. Mar. 6. Phila. Congress passes an embargo law for a period of sixty days. Mar. 27. Phila. Congress provides for a navy. (See Army — Navy.) Apr. 19. Phila. Congress; Senate: John Jay is confirmed as special envoy to England. May* The Treaty of Paris being unexe- cuted, and certain military posts still held by the British, American seamen impressed, trading vessels captured, and other irritating grievances existing, Chief Justice Jay goes to England to secure redress and negotiate a treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation. May 27. Phila. "Washington recalls Gouverneur Morris from France and appoints James Monroe as minister. June 9. Phila. The 3d Congress: the first session closes. Sept. * Pa. A whisky insurrection breaks out in western Pennsylvania, because of the tax laid on -whisky for revenue. (See Army, and Society.) Nov. 3. Phila. The 3d Congress: second session opens. [The Senate lacks a quorum, and delays opening for two weeks.] Nov. 19. Jay's Treaty concluded. It provides for the delivery of the posts on the northern frontier (Treaty of Paris) before June, 1796 ; for a com- mission to define the " St. Croix " River ; for commissioners to determine com- pensation due to British subjects and American citizens, in certain cases; for the regulation of trade, the extradition of criminals, etc. [It is received by the ' country with great displeasure.] * * Phila. Congress passes the Neu- trality Act. It makes it a misdemeanor for Ameri- cans to augment any hostile force that may be directed against any nation with which the United States is at peace. * * Irritation is caused by the continued occupation of western forts on Lake Erie by the British, contrary to treaty * agreement. * * A despatch is received from Fauchet, the French envoy, which is supposed to compromise Edmund Randolph, Secre- tary of State, in an intrigue attended with bribery. [Later disproved.] Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $274,089. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated: -00 * * Cal. Diego de Borica (Span.). -01 * * N.J. Richard Howell. -05 * * N. H. John T. Gilman. N. J. Wm. Paterson. -96 * * S. C. "Wm. Moultrie. -96 * * Va. Robert Brooke. MISCELLANEOUS. 1793 July* Phila. The yellow fever again spreads devastation, carrying off several thousand persons. 1794 Dec. 24. Mass. South Hadley canal is opened. * * O. Dayton is laid out in lots, which are disposed of by lottery. * * Phila. Incorporation of the Insur- ance Company of North America, also the Insurance Company of Penn- sylvania. * * Pa. The first turnpike road is con- structed by a company, extending G2 miles, and connecting Lancaster with Philadelphia. 106 1794-1797, June. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1796 July 14. X. Y. British troops evacuate Oswego, and Americans occupy the post. Dec. 15. U. S. Maj.-Gen. James "Wil- kinson appointed (sixth) commander of the army. 1797 Mar. 10. Fr. The Directory order the French men-of-war to prey upon American commerce, aiming to force Americans to join France against England. * * U. S. A provisional army is raised ; "Washington is lieutenant-general. * * The frigate Constitution islnunched at Boston, and the Constellation at Bal- timore. May * The United States begins to send a fleet to sea against France. ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1795 Aug. * Conn. A theater is opened in Hartford by Hodgkinson and a part of the " Old American Company." * * The portrait of Washington is painted by Gilbert C. Stuart. 1796 Dec. 9. Phila. T. C. Cooper first appears in America as Macbeth,. * * Mass. Newburyport has a factory for printing calico. * * Martha Washington is painted by Gil- bert C. Stuart. BIRTHS — DEATHS. lufacturer.li. Bartlett/Josiah, patriot, A66. Bennett. James Gordon, founder, born. Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., traveler, born. Bradford, William, U. S. attorney, A40. Brooks, Maria, poetess, born. Dana, Samuel L., agricultural chemist, born. Drake, Joseph Hodman, poet, born. Giddings. Joshua Reed, statesman, born. Hall, Hiland. jurist, born. Harper, James, publisher, born. Harris, Thaddeus William, entomologist, b. Hopkins. Johns, philanthropist, born. Kennedy, John Pendleton, novelist, born. IWattitt, John Newland, Metli. preacher, b. Marion, Fram-is, general, A 63. Tarker, Joel, jurist, born. Peabody, George, philanthropist, born. Percival, James Hates, poet, born. Phillips, John, founder, A76. Polk, James K.. 11th president, born. Preseott, William, col. at Hunker Hill, A 69. Robertson, Jacob, clergyman, born. Stevens, Edwin Augustus, inventor, born. Stiles, Ezra, college president, A68. Sullivan. John, general, A55. Thompson, Daniel Pence, novelist, born. 1796* * Abbott, Benjamin, clergyman, A64. Anderson, Kufus, clergyman, bom. Ballou. Hosea, college president, born. Bascom. Henry B.. bishop, born. Beaumont, William, physiologist, born. Brainard, John G. C, poet, born. Brigss, George N.. gov. of Mass., born. Bush, George, author, born. Catlin, George, artist, born. Clayton, John Middleton, statesman, born. Durand, A slier Brown, painter, born. Harlan, Richard, naturalist, born. Huntington, Samuel, signer of Decl'n, A65. Ingham, Charles ('., painter, born. JohnBon, Reverdy. statesman, born in Md. Lick, James, philanthropist, born. Mann, Horace, educationist, born. Muhlenberg, William A., poet, born. Palfrey, John tlorham, historian, born. Preseott, William Hickllng-. historian, b. Rives, John C, journalist, born. Seabury, Samuel, first I'rot. Epis. bp., A 67. Sumner, Edwin Vose, general, born. Wayland, Francis, philosopher, horn. "Wayne, Anthony, gen. of Revolution, A51. 1797* • Anthon, Charles, scholar, born, Baraga, Frederick, bishop, born. Barnard, Daniel Dewy, diplomatist, born. Bell, John, senator (or Tenn., horn. Chlckerlng. Jonas, piano-maker, born. Colton, Walter, writer, born. De Lancev, William llejuheote, bishop, born. Dowler, Bennet, physician, born. Emerson, George r... educationist, born. Hale, Benjamin, eduraior, horn. Hamline, Leonidas Lent, bishop, born. Henry, Joseph, physieist, born. Hodge, Charles, theologian, born. Huger, Isaac, general, A5o. Hughes, John, arHihishop, born. Kenriek, Francis Patrick, prelate, born. Langdon, Samuel, college president, A74. Lee, Francis Lightfoot, army officer, A63. Lyon, Mary, founder, born. May, Samuel Joseph, clergyman, born. Olin, Stephen. Meth. Ejus, clergyman, b. Paulding, Hiram, naval officer, born. Smith, Gerrit. philanthropist, born. Ware, William, author, born. Weed, Thurlow. journalist, born. Wmebrenner, John, clergyman, born. Wood, George, B., physician and author, b. CHURCH. 1794 * * X. Y. The minutes of the Gen- eral Synod of the Reformed Dutch Church are first written in English. The Sands-street Methodist Episcopal church is organized in Brooklyn, the first in this city. * * Phila. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets; Alex. McWhorter, moderator. It is agreed that commissioners visit- ing either the General Assembly (Presby- terian) or the Association of Connecticut, (Congregational) be allowed to vote. * * Vt. The lands belonging to the Church of England and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel are se- questered and applied to the school fund. 1795 Sept. 13. S. C. Consecration of Robert Smith (Protestant Episcopal) Bishop for South Carolina. * * Mass. Hosea Ballou avows Unita- rian views of God and Christ. * * X. Y. Shakers sign a written cove- nant, making a full consecration to God of life, services, and treasure. * * Pa. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets at Car- lisle; John McKnight, moderator. * * Phila. A special General Conven- tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church meets. * * The Society of (Orthodox) Friends begins mission-work among the Indians. 1796 May 15. Boston. The first Metho- dist church is opened. June 21. The Vermont (Congrega- tional) Convention is organized. Oct. 20. Md. The Second General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church meets at Baltimore ; Bishop Coke and 120 preachers present. Oct. * The New England and Philadel- phia (Methodist Episcopal) Conferences formed. Dec. 6. 0. The first Congregational church in Ohio formed. * *///. The first Baptist church in Illi- nois formed at New Design. * * Mass. Unitarian doctrines spread among the Congregationalists. The "New York Missionary Soci- ety" is organized, principally by Pres- byterians. * * Xew York. The first colored Metho- dist church in this city is formed. * * Phila. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets ; Robert Davidson, moderator. 1797 May 7. Mass. Consecration of Edward Bass (Protestant Episcopal) Bishop for Massachusetts. June * New York: The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets; Dirck Romeyn, president. LETTERS. 1794 * * Greenfield Hill, by Timothy Dwight, appears. * * La. First issue of the Moniteur, the first paper published west of the Mis- sissippi. * * Me. Bowdoin CoUege (Cong.), founded at Brunswick. * * Tenn. Greenville and Tusculum College (non-sect.) organized. 1795 Apr. 9. X. Y. The legislature passes an enactment for the encourage- ment of common schools. * * Conn. The reserve lands of the State are sold for $1,200,000 ; this sum is appropriated for the support of schools in the State. * * X. C. University of North Caro- lina (non-sect.) is organized at Chapel Hill. * * X. Y. Union College (non-sect.) is organized at Schenectady. * *-1817* * Conn. Rev. Timothy Dwight is President of Tale College. * * XT, Y. The assembly appropriates S50,000 annually for five years for the establishment of public schools. * * Grammar of the English Language, by Lindley Murray, appears. * * Essays of Camillas s by Alexander Hamilton, appears. 1796 June 11. D. C. The Washington Gazette first issued. Oct. 6. Mass. The Polar Star and Boston Daily Advertiser first issued. * * Phila. The Literary Magazine and American Register, by C. Brockden Brown, is published. [Continues till 1810.] 1797 May 3. X. Y. Union College holds its first commencement for con- ferring degrees in the arts and sciences. SOCIETY. 1794 Sept.*- Nov.* Pa. The Wnis- ky Rebellion in western Pennsylvania. Occasioned by an excise tax of II cents per gallon on spirits distilled from for- eign materials, and 9 cents when distilled from domestic materials. It cost the Federal Government SI. 500,000 to quell it, or 32 per cent of the average annual cost of the Government. * * Phila. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church adds the following note to the Catechism, UNITED STATES. 1794-1797, June. 107 " ' Stealers of men are those who bring off slaves or freemen, and keep, sell, or buy them.' To steal a freeman, says Grotius, is the highest kind of theft. In other instances we steal only human property, but when we steal or retain men in slavery, we seize those who, in common with ourselves, are consti- tuted by the original grant lords of the earth." U. S. The President is authorized by Congress to increase the quantity of liquor to a gill, for troops on the fron- tiers. The Quakers present to Congress the first anti-slavery petition. * * Tenn. Andrew Jackson marries Rachel Robards. * * In the navy, a half-pint of spirits, or a quart of beer, constitutes part of a daily ration, by order of Congress. * * Va. James Madison marries Dolly Todd. 1795 * * Phila. A uniform ration of half a gill of liquor is ordered by Con- gress for each soldier. * * O. William Henry Harrison mar- ries Anna Symmes. 1796 * * U. S. "Washington continues his ascendency over the minds of the people, securing in favor of his measures the votes of those elected to oppose them. Jefferson writes, " Congress has ad- journed. . . . One man outweighs them all in influence over the people, who support his judgment against their own and that of their representatives. Re- publicanism resigns the vessel to its pilot." STATE. 1795 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of Na- tional debt 880,7-47,587. Feb. 20. Phila. Congress; Senate: Henry Tazewell of Va. is elected President pro tempore. Mar. 4. Phila. The 3d Congress: the second session closes. June 8. Phila. Congress: the Senate convenes in special session to consider the Jay Treaty. June 24. Phila. Congress; Senate : The Jay treaty is ratified. (Article XII. excepted.) June* +. U. S. Very great excite- ment arises over the treaty with Eng- land. Aug. 3. 0. Gen. "Wayne makes a treaty with 11,000 Indian warriors, at Fort Greenville on the Miami. Sept. 5. Phila. David Humphries makes a shameful treaty of peace (like that of other nations) with the dey of Algiers, by which the pirate ships are bought off by the payment of an annual tribute of S24,000 in stores. Sept. 9. Connecticut alienates the re- mainder of the "Western Reserve" for the sum of "31,200,000. Oct. * Jay's Treaty is finally ratified by both countries. Oct. 27. Treaty of San Lorenzo. Between the United States and Spain by Charles C. Piuckney, settling the boundary between Louisiana and the United States, and securing the free navigation of the Mississippi. Dec. 7. Phila. The 4th Congress opens. Dec* Phila. Congress; House: Jona- than Dayton of N. J. is elected Speaker. Dec. 10. Phila. Timothy Pickering of Mass. becomes Secretary of State. Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $337,755. * * The Yazoo land grants occasion a con- troversy [continuing till 1814]. * * The Indians begin to cede land to the United States. * * Mich. The British plot to buy up the lower peninsula of Michigan is disclosed. * * John Rutledge of S. C. is appointed Chief Justice of the United States Su- preme Court. * * -98 * *2f.C. Samuel Ashe, governor. 1796 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the ""National debt $83,762,172. Jan. 4. Phila. Congress receives the message of "Washington. Jan. 14. Tennessee adopts a Constitu- tion. Feb. 6. Vermont adopts a Constitution. Mar. 1. Phila. Proclamation of the ratification of the Jay Treaty. Apr. 20. Phila. Congress: The House agrees to sustain Jay's Treaty. Vote, 51-48. Apr. 28. Phila. Congress ; House: Speech by Fisher Ames, Federal leader, in support of Jay's Treaty. Money is at last voted to execute it. May 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Samuel Livermore of N. H. is elected President pro tempore. June 1. Tennessee is admitted into the Union as the sixteenth State. Phila. The 4th Congress: first ses- sion closes. June * A treaty with the Creek Indians is made by the Government at Colraine. July 12. Redemption of 94 American prisoners from the Algerines, by the United States consul. July 14. O. The Connecticut "Western Reserve is first occupied. * * The Government makes a treaty with the Cherokees at Holston. Sept. 17. Phila. "Washington, having declined a third term in the presidency, issues his farewell address to the country, and proposes to retire to pri- vate life. Sept. * Phila. C. C. Pinckney of S. C. succeeds Monroe as minister to France. * * Third Presidential Election. John Adams of Mass. is the candidate for the Federal party and those opposed to close relations with France, and Thomas Jefferson of Va. for the Anti-Federalists or Republicans. •Nov. * Tenn. Andrew Jackson is elected to the House of Representatives. Dec. 5. Phila. The 4th Congress: the second session opens. * * Mass. Disunion sentiments are as- serted. * * Phila. The custom arises of holding Congressional Caucuses to nominate candidates for the Presidency. Dec. 7. Phila. Congress: Washing- ton meets both Houses for the last time as President. Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $475,289. * * U. S. Oliver Ellsworth of Conn, is appointed Chief Justice, and Samuel Chase of Md. a Justice of the Supreme Court. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -98 * * Conn. Oliver Wolcott. -97 * * Del. Gunning Bedford. -98 * * Ga. Jared Irwin. -1804 * * Ky. James Garrard. -1800 * * Mich. Arthur St. Clair (of N. W. Ter.). -01 * * N. Y. John Jay. -98 * * S.C. Chas. Pinckney. -01 * * Tenn. John Sevier. -99 * * Va. James Wood. 1797 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the National debt $82,064,479. Feb. 8. Phila. Congress counts the electoral vote. For President : John Adams, Federal- ist, 71 ; Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 68; Thomas Pinckney, Federalist, 59; Aaron Burr, Republican, 30; Samuel Adams, Republican, 15; Oliver Ells- worth, Independent, 11; George Clinton, Republican, 7 ; John Jay, Federalist, 5 ; James Iredell, Federalist, 3; George Washington, John Henry, and S. John- son, all Federalists, two votes each; Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Federal- ist, one vote. Feb. 16. Phila. Congress ; Senate : "William Bingham of Pa. is re- elected President pro tempore. Mar. 8. Phila. The 4th Congress ends. Second Administration ; Federalist. Mar. 4. Phila. John Adams of Mass. is inaugurated the second President, in the third term of the presidency. Thomas Jefferson of Va. is Vice-Presi- dent. The cabinet is continued. Mar. 10. N. Y. The capital is changed from New York to Albany. May 6. Phila. Congress ; House : Jon- athan Dayton of N. J. is reelected Speaker. May 15. Phila. The 5th Congress opens in special session to consider relations with France. MISCELLANEOUS. 1795 Feb. 28. N. Y. About 500 emi- grants' sleighs pass through Albany on their way to the Genesee country, the Genesee Valley being the Far West. * * New York. Yellow fever rages, and 700 deaths occur. * * U.S. Exports for 1795, $47,000,000. 1796 Feb. 4. American ship Sedgley rescues 160 men from the sinking British ship Aurora. June 20. S. C. Three hundred houses are burned at Charleston. Nov. 25. Ga. Fire; 350 houses are burned at Savannah ; loss, $1,000,000. * * O. Chillicothe is founded. * * O. Many settlers emigrate to Ohio ; Cleveland is founded. 108 1797, July-1800, June 15. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1798 Apr. 30. Phila. The Wavy De- partment is formally created, and Ben- jamin Stoddert of Md. is appointed its first secretary. [Cabot declined.] May * Va. Harper's Ferry is selected for a Government armory and manu- factory. July 7. U.S. "Washington is appointed lieutenant-general of the armies of the United States. [Enthusiastic prepara- tions are made for war with France.] July 9 -1800 Sept. 30. The third war. A quasi-war with France; 4,593 men including naval forces are enrolled. It commences without a declaration by either Government. Dec. 29. Commanders of American ves- sels are ordered to resist by force the mustering and searching of their vessels, and then to strike colors and surrender to superior forces only. * * U. S. George Was hin gton is ai>- pointed the first general (seventh) in com- mand of the army. * * U. S. The navy consists of 42 vessels carrying 950 guns. The marine corps is created by Congress. 1799 Feb. 9. W. I. The frigate Con- stellation, Commodore Truxtun, of 38 guns, captures the French frigate ISIn- surgente of 48 guns and more than 400 seamen, after a battle of one hour ; loss, 1 killed and 2 wounded; French loss 29 killed and 44 wounded. 1800 Feb. 1. Commodore Truxtun has a severe battle with the French man-of-war Vengeance, which escapes defeat by sailing away in the darkness ; the flag of the Union wins renown. [The war proceeds no farther.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1797 * * New York. Chancellor Living- ston builds a steamer on the Hudson. * * Cast-iron plows are introduced, su- perseding those with mold-boards of wood. 1798 Jan. * New York. The Park Thea- ter is built. * * Mass. Hats and bonnets are first manufactured from straw braid at Ded- ham. 1799* * Conn. The Connecticut Acad- emy of Arts and Sciences is founded. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1798+ * Alcott, William Andrews, educationist, b. Barber, John Warner, historian, born. Barnes, Albert, commentator, born. Beck, Lewis C, naturalist, born. Belknap, Jeremy, historian, A54. Borden, Simeon, engineer, born. Butler, Pierce SI., (iov. of S. C, born. Champe, John, soldier, A46. ? Crawford, George, Gov. of Ga., born. Davies, Charles, mathematician, horn. Dlx, John Adams, general, Gov. of N.Y., b. Drake, Samuel Gardner, historian, born. Duche^, Jacob, chaplain, A59. Dnnglison, Robley, medical writer,b.in Eng. Evans, Thomas, Friend, born. Fitch, John, inventor, A55. HicUok, Laurens Perseus, metaphysician, b. Mason, James Murray, statesman, born. Morris, Lewis, signer of Declaration, A72. Noyes, George Kapall, hiblieal scholar, horn. Read, (.jeorpe, signet of Declaration, A65. Roe, A^el Stevens, novelist, born. Russell, William, elocutionist, born. Stewart, Charles S., author, horn. Stringham, Silas Morton, rear-admiral, horn. Sumrherfleld, John, Metn. Kpls. clergyman and orator, born. Wilson, James, signer of Declaration, A56. 1799* * Alcott, Amos Bronson, philosopher, born. Buckland, Cyrus, inventor, born. Cameron, Simon, senator for Pa., born. Caswell, AUxis, pres. of Brown Univ., born. Choate, Rurus, senator for Mass., advocate, born. Colquitt. Walter T.. senator for Ga., born. Doane, George Washington, bishop, born. Edmonds, John W., jurist, born. Henry, Patrick, orator and patriot of Va., June 6, A63. Rollins, George X., naval officer, born. Iredell, James, jurist, A 48. Knapp, Jacob, revivalist, born. Lathrop, John II., college president, born. Lewis, Samuel, philanthropist, born. Lowell. John, founder, born. Mason, Francis, missionary, born. Mellen, Grenville, poet, born. Meredith, William Morris, statesman, born. Jlorton, Samuel G., naturalist, born. Poey, Felepe, scholar, scientist, b. in Cuba. Quitman, John Anthony, general, born. Rutledge, Francis H., bishop, born. Sands, Robert Charles, author, born. Saxton, Joseph, mechanician, born. Upham, Thomas Cogswell, metaphysician, b. Walker, Amasa, economist, born. Washing-ton, George, 1st President, Fa- ther of his Country, Dec. 14, A67. 1800* * Acrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, A86. Allen, David O., Cong, missionary, born. Bancroft. George, historian, b. Mass., Oct. 3. Peecher, Catherine, writer, born in N. Y. Billings, William, musical composer, A54. Bogardus, James, inventor, born in N. Y. Bowman, Samuel, Asst. P. E. bp. of Pa., born in Pa. Breckinridge, Robert J., Pres. clergyman, born in Ky. Brown, John, abolitionist, born in Conn. Durbin, John P., M. E. clergyman, orator, born in Ky. Fillmore, Millard, 13th President, born in H\ Y. Jan. 7. Foote, Henry Stuart, sen. for Miss., b. Va. Goodyear, Charles, inventor (rubber), born Raekett, James Henry, actor, born in N. Y. llallock, Gerard, journalist, born in Mass. Harney, William Selby, general, b. in Tenn. Hentz, Caroline Lee, novelist, born in Mass. Hering, Coustantine, physician, author, born in Ger. Lawrence, Wm. Beach, jurist, born in 3ST. Y. Lee, Eliza P., miscellaneous writer, b. in N.H. Lee, Luther, theologian, anti-slavery advo- cate, born in N. Y. Lenox, James, founder of library, b. inN.Y. Lieber, Francis, political philos., b. in Ger. Lowndes, Rawlins, lawyer, statesman, A78. Mifflin, Thomas, major-general in Revolution, Owen, Robert Dale, spiritualist, b. in Scot. Parker, Willard, surgeon, born in N. H. Potter, Alonzo, Prot. Epis. bishop of Pa., horn in N. Y. Rutledge, Edward, statesman of S. C, A51. Rutledge, John, Gov. of S. C, M. C., A61. Todd, John, Cong, clergyman, author, born in Vt. Tyng, Stephen H., Epis. clergyman, au- thor, born in Mass. Wade, Benj. F., senator for O., b. in Mass. Ward, Artemas, general, in Mass., A73. Whitiunrr, Thomas, clergyman, author, b. WUltams, Otlio 11., general, dies. Olney, Jesse, geographer, born. CHURCH. 1797 Sept. 18. Conn. Consecration of. Abraham Jarvis (Protestant Episcopal) Bishop of Connecticut. * * New York. The third Methodist church in this city is formed in Duane Street. * * Phila. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets ; Wm, M. Tennant, moderator. * * Organization of the "Northern Missionary Society " by various Christians. 1798 * * Cat. Eighteen missions are es- tablished in Upper California. * * Ind. Baptists form the Charlestown church in Indiana. Autumn. Mass. Hosea Ballou an- nounces his new views respecting Christ and the atonement, and this event marks a new departure in Universaliflt theology. * * N. Y. Lyman Beeeher is ordained pastor of the Congregational church of East Hampton, Long Island, with a sal- ary of $300 a year. * * Phila. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets ; John B. Smith, moderator. 4- * * Period of spiritual depression in Presbyterian and other churches ; in- fidelity, irreligion, and immorality abound. * * New Eng. Founding of the Mission- ary Society of Connecticut, and the Berkshire and Columbia Missionary Society. * * Pa. No Episcopal Convention is held in Philadelphia because of the prevalent yellow fever. * * Phila. The Reformed Presbytery of,North America is constituted. 1799 June 11. Richard Allen, the first clergyman among the colored people, is ordained by the Methodists. Phila. A special (Protestant Epis- copal) Convention held. * * Mass. Organization of the Massa- chusetts Missionary Society. * * Middle States. Great revivals pre- vail among the Presbyterians, who hold the first camp-meeting in America, on the Red River, in Kentucky. * * Fa. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets at "Winches- ter; S. S. Smith, moderator. 1800 Mar. 13. It. Pius VII. is elected pope. May 6-20. Md. The Third General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) meets in Baltimore. May IS. Md. Richard "Whatcoat is elected bishop of the Methodist Episco- pal Church. May * N. Y. The New York (Methodist Episcopal) Conference is formed. LETTERS. 1797 * * Conn. Lyman Beeeher gradu- ates from the theological school of Yale College. * * New York. The Medical Repository is first issued ; conducted by Dr. S. L. Mitchill. The Commercial Advertiser (formerly the Minerva) is published; Noah "Web- ster, first editor. * * Phila. American Universal Magazine appears. The United States Magazine appears. The Methodist Magazine appears. + * * "Wieland's Oberon, translated by John Quincy Adams, appears. UNITED STATES. 1797, July-1800, June 15. 109 1798* * Phila. "Hail Columbia" is written by Judge Joseph Hopkinson. * * Ky. Transylvania College is founded at Lexington. * * Wieland, by C. B. Brown, appears. * * Laocoon, by Fisher Ames, appears. 1799 June 26. N. Y. The first news- paper in Brooklyn is issued. * *-1800* * New York. The Monthly Magazine and American Revieio appears. * * U. S. The licentiousness of the press, chiefly directed by adventurers from Great Britain, provokes Congress to issue the unpopular sedition laws restraining its liberty. * * Ormond, by C. B. Brown, appears. * * The Ladies' Magazine appears. SOCIETY. 1797 Oct. ±* N. H. Daniel "Webster enters Dartmouth College. * * Mass. John Quincy Adams mar- ries Louisa Catherine Johnson. 1799 Mar. 28. N. Y. The legislature passes a law for the gradual abolition of slavery- Every child born of a slave after July 4 shall be free. Dec. 14. "Washington dies at Mount Vernon after a sickness of only one day ; universal sorrow prevails. [The civilized world honors the great dead with appropriate ceremonies. Bo- naparte announces to his legions, the death and virtues of " the warrior, the legislator, and the citizen without re- proach."] STATE. 1797 July 6. Phila. Congress; Sen- ate: William Bradford of R. I. is elected President pro tempore, July 10. Phila. The 5th Congress: first session closes. Oct. * Connecticut authorizes the re- lease to the United States of her juris- diction over lands immediately westward of Pennsylvania. Oct. * Fr. John Adams's new Commis- sion meets in Paris, and the Directory makes an indirect demand for a bribe. The Commission consists of Minister Pinckney, and two others as special ambassadors of peace to France. The Directory refuses to receive them unless they will enter an alliance against Great Britain and pledge the payment of a quarter of a million of dollars ; Pinck- ney replies, " Mil /ions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!" They' are ordered out of the country. [X, Y, and Z des- patches to the American envoys.] * * John Q. Adams is sent to Prussia as minister. Nov. 13. The 5th Congress: second session opens. Nov. 22. Phila. Congress ; Senate : Jacob Read of S. C. is elected President pro tempore. Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue §575,491. * * Tenn. Andrew Jackson is elected a Senator. [He attends the Senate a year without making a speech or casting a vote ; he then resigns and goes home.] * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -98 * * Del. Daniel Rogers. -99 * * Mass. Increase Sumner. -07 * * Vt. Isaac Tichenor. 1798 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the National debt $79,223,529. Jan. 5. Phila. Congress: the House appropriates $12,000 to pay Kosciusko. Mar. * Phila. Congress organizes the Mississippi Territory. Apr. 20. Phila. Congress; House: George Dent of Pa. is elected Speaker. (Also, on May 28.) Apr. 27. Phila. Congress orders the fitting out of cruisers for war. Apr. 30. U. S. The navy department of the Government is separated from the war department and organized. * * Phila. George Cabot appointed Secretary of the Navy, but declines. June 18. Phila. Congress amends the naturalization laws so as to require a residence of 14 years to become a citizen. June 25. Phila. Congress passes the Act concerning aliens. June 27. Phila. Congress; Senate : Theodore Sedgwick of Mass. is elected President pro tempore. July 6. Phila. Congress .passes the Act concerning alien enemies. July 7. Phila. Congress declares the French treaties annulled. July 14. Phila. Provoked by the vio- lence of the French sympathizers, Con- gress passes the last of the Alien and Sedition Laws. The latter is called the gag law. July 16. Phila. The 5th Congress : the second session closes. * * Phila. Congress suspends inter- course with France. Oct. 17. Me. The St. Croix River is iden- tified by commissioners as the northeast boundary of theUnited States. U. S. The Federalists lose their pop- ularity in passing the Alien law for the expulsion of odious foreigners by the President, and a Sedition law restrict- ing freedom of speech and the press. Nov. 10. Ky. Passage of the Ken- tucky resolutions asserting the right of each State to determine the extent of National authority. Dec. 3. Phila. The 5th Congress : the third session opens. Dec. 6. Phila. Congress ; Senate : John Laurence of N. Y. is elected President pro tempore. Dec. 21. Va. Passage of the Virginia resolutions denouncing the action of Congress for the " infraction of the Constitution " by passing the Alien and Sedition laws. Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue S644,357. * * A British committee discovers that the source of the Mississippi is at least one degree south of the 49th parallel ; the boundary line claimed by Great Britain. * * Miss. Spain finally evacuates the Yazoo country. * * U. S. Bushrod "Washington of Va. is appointed Justice of the Supreme Court. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -06 * * Conn. Jonathan Trumbull. -01 * * Del. Richard Bassett. -01 * * Ga. James Jackson. -02 * * Miss. Ter. Wintbrop Sargent. -99 * * N. C. "Wm. R. Davie. -00 * * S. C. Edward Rutledge. 1799 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the National debt $78,408,669. Mar. 1. Phila. Senate ; James Ross of Pa. is elected President pro tempore. Mar. 4. Phila. The 5th Congress ends. Mar. 30. Fr. John Q. Adams serves on a second embassy to France ; he is received by Napoleon I. Spring. Pa. John Fries leads an insur- rection against the window tax. Sept. 30. Fr. A convention is con- cluded with France by which the treaty of 1788 is annulled, and the United States assumes the claims of its citizens for French spoliations. * * Ind. The Territory of Indiana is erected. * * U. S. Movements are organized both for and against legislation to secure in- ternal improvements. Dee. 2. Phila. The 6th Congress opens. Phila. Congress ; Senate : Samuel Livermore of N. H. is elected President pro tempore. House : Theodore Sedg- wick of Mass. is elected Speaker. John Randolph of Va. enters Con- gress. Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue .'5779,136. * * Pa. The Legislature locates the capi- tal at Lancaster. * * U. S. Alfred Moore of N. C. is ap- pointed Justice of the Supreme Court. * * France welcomes minister Van Mur- ray. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -00 * * Mass. Moses Gill. -02 * * N. C. Benj. Williams. Pa. Thomas M'Kean. -02 * * Va. James Monroe. 1S00 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 382,976,294. May 14. Phila. Congress ; Senate : Uriah Tracy of Conn, is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. The 6th Congress ; the first session closes. May 30. The transfer of the last cession of Connecticut lands to the United States is completed. The State retains her claim to the soil of " The "Western Reserve" in Ohio. June 15. D. C. The National Capi- tal is transferred to "Washington. The north wing of the Capitol is ready for use, and the public offices are moved thence from Philadelphia. MISCELLANEOUS. 1797 Oct. * U. S. The yellow fever again appears. 1798 Sept; i The yellow fever rages ; 3,645 persons die in Philadelphia, and 2,086 in New York. 1799 Dec. 18. Va. Burial of "Wash- ington. 110 1800-1803, June 29. ARMY — NAVY. 1800 * * Brig. -Gen. James "Wilkinson is appointed (8th) commander of the army. THE FOURTH WAR. 1801 June 10 -05 June 4. "War with Tripoli. It is occasioned by the Bey of Tripoli, who demanded of Capt. Bainbridge the use of the U. S. frigate George Washing- ton to convey an ambassador to Con- stantinople. He was obliged to comply or submit to destruction by the guns o'f the Castle of Tripoli ; 3,330 men are en- rolled. * * N. Y. Congress establishes a U. S. navy yard at Brooklyn. * * On the accession of Pres. Jefferson the navy is reduced. 1802 Mar. 16. N. Y. The Govern- ment establishes a military academy at West Point. (Lossing, 1801.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1800 * * Mary Kies takes out a patent for straw-weaving, with silk or thread, the first patent issued to a -woman in this country. 1801 * * Pa. The compound blowpipe is invented by Professor Robert Hare of Philadelphia. 1802 * * Mass. Sheet copper first man- ufactured at Boston. * * Phila. A Museum of Natural History is opened by E. "W. Peale. * * French Soldier Telling a Story is painted by "Washington Allston. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1801 * * Allston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S. C, born in S. C. Arnold. Benedict, traitor, dies in Eng. A60. Bacon, Joel S-, clergyman, born in N. Y. l'.oanhnan, George bana, missionary, born in Me. Church, Pharcellus, Bapt. clergyman, born in N. Y. Coan, Titus, missionary, born in Hawaii. Cole, Thomas, painter, born in Eng. Deane, James, physician, born in Mass. Eastburn, Manton, Prot. Epis. bishop of Mass., born in Eng. Edwards. Jonathan, Cong, theologian, metaphysician, A56. Farragut, David Glascoe, admiral U. S. N., born in Tenn. Francis, Joseph, inventor of life-boat. born. Harper, Joseph Wesley, publisher, born. Howe, Samuel G., philanthropist, b. in Mass. Inman, Henry, painter, born in N. Y. Janney, Samuel M., author, born in Va. Kirkland, Carolina Matilda, author, born in N.Y. Lane, Joseph, senator for Ore., born in Ind. Marsh. George P.. philologist, diplomatist, born in Vt. Marshall Humphrey, botanist, A79. Means, Alexander, prof. Emery College, born in N. C. Rnss, John D-, inventor of phonetic alpha- bet, born in Mass. Seward. William H.. Secretary of State, born in N.Y., May 16. Woolsey, Theodore liwight, scholar, born in N. Y. "Young, Brig-ham. Mormon leader, b. in Vt. 1802* * Bacon, Leonard, lecturer in Yale, editor, born in Mich. Bela, B. Edward, author, born. Botts, John Minor, M. C. for Va., b. in Va. Bushnell. Horace, Cong. tbeol.,b. in Conn. Child. Lydia Maria, philanthropist, born Cleveland, Charles Dexter, author,!), in Mass. Conant, Thomas Jefferson, biblical scholar, AMERICA: Eurnes«, William Henrv, religions writer, burn In Mass. Hopkins, Esek, first commander of the navy, AM. Hopkins. Mark. Prea. of Williams College, born in Mass. Hunter, David, general T*. s. A., b. In T), C. Kavanuucji, Hubbard H-, Meth. Epis., South, bp., born, in Ire. Kirk, Edward Norris, clergyman, author, Pre ■ Revol'n. A66. e, George Dennison. journalist, 1' itzpatrick, Benj., senator for Ala., b. in Ala. Ripley, George, journalist, writer, b. in Mass. Kogers, James lilylhe, chemist, born in Pa. Sears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman, scholar, born in Mass. Soule. Pierre, senator for La., diplomatist, born in Fr. Stowe, Calvm Ellis, Cong, clergyman, author, born in Mass. Cpham, Charles Wentworth, Unit, clergy- man, born in N. B. "Washington. Martha, widow of George Washington, A70. Webb, James Watson, journalist, b. in N.Y. Wells, Gideon, Sec. of Navy, born in Conn. 1803* * Abbott, Jacob, author, born in Me. Adams. Samuel, senator for Mass., patriot, A81. Backus, Charles, Cong, clergyman, A54. Barry, John, commodore, born in Ire., A58. Bass, Edward, Prot. Epis. bp. of Mass., A77. Beecner, Edward, Cong, clergyman.!). N. Y. Binney, Amos, naturalist, born in Mass. Bird, Robert M., author, born in Del. Bonaparte, Cbas. L. J. L., ornithologist, born in Fr. Brownson. Orestes Augustus. R. C. theo- logian, editor, born in Vt. Calvert, (ieorge Henrv, author, born in Md. Clifford. Nathan. V. S. S. Court, b: in Me. Coit, Thomas Winthrop, Prot. Epis. theolo- gian, born in Conn. Dupont, Samuel Francis, admiral, b. in N. J. Edes, Benjamin, journalist, patriot, A7I. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, philosopher, au- thor, born in Mass. Ericsson. John, designer of Monitor., born in Sweden. Field, Richard S., senator, born. Galloway, Joseph, lawyer, loyalist of Phda., A74. Grinell, Moses H., collector for N.Y., A74. Hopkins. Samuel. Congregational clergy- man, founder of school of theulogy, A82. Johnston, Albert Sidney. Confederate major-general, born in Ky. Leveret, Frederick P., scholar, b. in Mass. Mackenzie, Alex. S., naval officer, author, born in N.Y. Memminger. Charles G., politician, b. in Ger. Morrill, Anson P.. Gov., 31. C. for 31e., born in Me. Nevin, John Williamson, theologian, b. in Fa. Norris, John <;., scholar, born in Eng. Pendleton. Edmund, patriot, judge, A82. Rusk, Thomas J. senator for Tex., b. in S. C. Stewart, Alex. T., merchant of N.Y., born in Ireland. Weir, Robert Walter, painter, born in N.Y. CHURCH. 1800 June * N~. Y. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets at Al- bany ; S. Ira Condict, president. * * Mass. The Boston Female Society, for Missionary Purposes, is organized. (Bap- tist and Congregational.) The highest court of the State decides that a Catholic must pay taxes for the support of a Protestant minister. * * Great revivals continue among the Presbyterians in the YVest. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Joseph Clark, moderator. The first Roman Catholic Church is erected. - * Md. The United Brethren in Christ organize. ' *The Pacific Coast (Roman Catholic) Missions become wealthy to an almost incredible degree. ' * Pa. The Evangelical (Methodist) As- sociation organizes under Jacob Al- bright. * * U. S. Communicants in churches 3G4,872, about one in 14 of the popu- lation. 1801 Sept. 8. -Y. J. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets at Trenton. Sept. 11. S'lf York. Consecration of Benj. Moore (Protestant Episcopal), as- sistant bishop. * * A*. Y. The Xew York Missionary Society starts a mission among the Sen- eca Indians. * * The Mennonites open a mission among the Cherokees. * * Mass. The Boston Female Society (Congregational) for Promoting the Dif- fusion of Christian Knowledge is or- ganized. The Plymouth Congregational Church declares itself Unitarian in faith. (Mayflower Church of 1620.) * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets; Xathaniel Irwin, moderator. The Assembly and the Connecticut General Association of Congregational- ists adopt a formal Plan" of Union. [Abrogated in 1852 by Congregation- al! sts.j 1802 Aug. 25. X. H. First meeting of the Episcopal Diocesan Convention, at Concord. * * * Ky. The (Presbyterian) Synod of Ken- tucky is formed. * * Mass. Dr. Jedediah Morse publishes tracts and circulates them in Maine, Kentucky, and Tennessee. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Azel Roe, moder- ator. It organizes the Standing Com- mittee on Missions. 1803 June 29. Mass. The General Association (Congregational) is organ- ized. June * A" Y. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets at Pough- keepsie ; John H. Livingstone, presi- dent. LETTERS. 1800 * * />. C. The Library of Con- gress is founded [1,000,000 ± vols.]. * * Arthur Mervgn, by C. B. Brown, ap- pears. * * Hasty Pudding, by Joel Barlow, ap- pears. * * A'eto York. James Cheetham buys Greenlea/'s New York Journal and Patriotic Register, and changes its name to the American Watchman. * * New York. James Cheetham buys The Argus or Greenleaf's Netc Daily Advertiser, and changes its name to The American Citizen. UNITED STATES. 1800-1803, June 29. Ill * * New York. Dr. Wharton is elected President of Columbia College. * * Vt. Middlebury College (non-sect.) is founded at Middlebury. 1801 Nov. 16. Sew York. The Even- ing Post, Federal in politics, is first issued. * * D. C. The Intelligencer is first issued. * * Nev) York, Bishop Benjamin Moore becomes President of Columbia College. * * S. C. The South Carolina College (non-sect.) is organized at Columbia. * * Phila. The Port/olio is published monthly by Jos. Dennie. * * Clara Howard, by C. B. Brown, ap- pears. * * U. S. The total number of news- papers published is 200 ; this includes 17 dailies, * * -02 * * The Monthly Magazine is car- ried on as the American Review and Literary Journal. 1802 * * N. Y. The "West Point Mili- tary Academy is organized. * * Me. The Bowdoin College Library is founded [40,000 vols.]. * * Pa. The "Washington and Jeffer- son College (non-sect.) is organized. * * Tenn. The first newspaper published in the Mississippi Valley is called the Natchez Gazette. * * The Practical Navigator, by Nathaniel Bowditeh, appears. SOCIETY. 1800 * * Conn. — R. I. Only 400 Indiana remain in Connecticut and 500 Narra- gansetts in Rhode Island. 1801 Nov. 22. Boston. The pillory is used for the last time. * * D. C. Congress withdraws the option of a quart of beer, in the navy ration, instead of half a pint of spirits. 1802 * * D. C. Congress enacts that the President take steps to prevent the traffic in liquor with the Indians. * * N. Y. De "Witt Clinton exchanges five shots with John Swartwout in a duel. STATE. 1800 Oct. 18. La, The treaty of Ilde- fonso is signed ; Spain again cedes the Territory of Louisiana to Prance. * *■ U. S. The 4th presidential elec- tion. Anti-Federalists are elected. Nov. 17. B.C. The 6th Congress: the second session opens. Nov. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: John E. Howard of Md. is elected President pro tempore. Dec. 19. D. C. John Jay of N.Y. is appointed Chief Justice, but declines. Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue §809,396. * * U.S. Governors inaugurated : -14 * * Cat. Jose" J. de Arrillaga . C. Congress ; Senate : Abra- ham Baldwin of Ga. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $1,048,033. 1 * D. C. John Marshall of Va. is ap- ' pointed Chief Justice of the TJ. S. Supreme Court. * * New York. Edward Livingston is elected the 45th mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -02 * * Del. James Sykes. Ga. David Emanuel. -02 * * Ga. Josiah Tattnall. -04* * N. Y. George Clinton. 1802 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $86,712,632. Mar. 16. D. C. Congress establishes a military academy at "West Point, New York. Apr. 6. D. C. Congress abolishes the internal revenue system on the rec- ommendation of Jefferson. Apr. 24. Georgia cedes its western territory (Alabama and Mississippi) to the United States on condition that slav- ery shall never be prohibited. May 3. D. C. The 7th Congress : the first session closes. Nov. 29. Ohio, the 17th State, comes into the Union by authority of Congress. Population 75,000. (See Feb. 19, *03.) Dec. 6. D. C. The 7th Congress : the second session opens. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Stephen R. Bradley of Vt. is elected President pro tempore. Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue §621,898. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -05 * * Del. David Hall. -06 * * Ga. John Milledge. -05 * * Miss. Wm. C. C. Clayhourne. -05 * * N. C. James Turner. -03 * * 0. Charles W. Bird (Territory). -04 * * S. C. James B. Richardson. -05 * * Va. John Page. 1803 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $77,054,686. Feb. 19. Ohio is admitted by the act of Congress conceding the stipulations of the Ohio convention, relative to school lands. (See 1802.) Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: Stephen K. Bradley of Vt. is reelected President pro tempore. [Also on Mar. 2.] Mar. 4. D. C. The 7th Congress ends. Apr. 30. The Louisiana purchase is made, doubling theoriginalnational area. The vast Territory of Louisiana, ex- tending from the Gulf of Mexico to Can- ada, and from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, is purchased of France without authority, by Pres. Jefferson, for $15,000,000, less than $12 a square mile. Napoleon's fear of English con- quest and occupation facilitated the sale at a low price. Some people declare this purchase to be fatal to the Consti- tution. MISCELLANEOUS. 1800 * * Boston. Aqueduct water is first introduced from Jamaica pond. * * Md. More than 1,000 deaths from yellow fever occur in Baltimore. * * U. S. There are 903 post-offices. * * People begin to talk of " the "West," meaning western New York, Ohio, or Kentucky ; emigration becomes active. * * U.S. Second census: 16 States, 4,306,- 464 white and 1 ,002,037 colored population (10S,435 free colored, 893,602 slaves); total population, 5,303,433. Increase, 35.11 per cent. Center of population 18 miles west of Baltimore ; westward movement in 10 years, 41 miles. * * Population of large cities: New York, 60,000 ; Philadelphia, about 40,- 000 ; Boston, 24,937 ; Baltimore, 23,971 ; Charleston, 1S.712 ; Providence, 7,614 ; "Washington, 3,210. 1801 June 27. Philadelphia is first supplied with aqueduct water. * * S. T. Buffalo is laid out. 1802 * * Phila. The yellow fever re- appears. 112 1803, Sept.-1806, June 16. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1803 Oct. 31. Commodore Preble is sent against the Moors. He loses the frigate Phil add pitta by running on a reef ; the officers are made prisoners and the crew (300 men) en- slaved. * * The gunboat system is inaugurated in the navy. 1804 Feb. 16. Tripoli. Lieut. Stephen Decatur burns the captured United States frigate Philadelphia, in the har- bor of Tripoli, with the loss of one man, in an action lasting fifteen minutes. July * Tripoli. Preble blockades the port, and begins the siege of Tripoli [which lasts till the following spring]. Aug. 3. Africa. Preble captures sev- eral gunboats. 1805 Mar.5+. Africa. Gen. "William Eaton forms an alliance with Hamet, in Egypt, and hastens to Derna. Apr. 27. Tripoli. Aided by the navy, Eaton carries the town of Tripoli. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1803 * * N. H. The first cotton-mill in this State is opened at New Ipswich. * * New York. The City Hall is begun. 1804 Sept. 8. Ga. Savannah is greatly damaged by a storm. * * New York. The Academy of the Fine Arts and a Botanical Garden are established. + * * The Murder of Jane McCrea by the Indians is painted by John Vanderlyn. * * Capt. Meriwether Lewis and Capt. Wil- liam Clarke, with 35 men, are sent by the Government to explore a path to the Pa- cific Ocean ; they leave the falls of the Missouri, and cross overland to the Ore- gon country on the Pacific coast, losing only one man. * * Robert Fulton invents a submarine torpedo. 1805 * * Mass. A Botanical Garden and Chair of Natural History are es- tablished at Harvard. ± * * Ariadne is painted by John Van- derlyn. 1806 * * Captains Lewis and Clarke re- turn from their exploring expedition across the continent to the Pacific. June 16. A total eclipse of the sun is observed. BIRTHS -DEATHS. 1804* * Abeel, David, author, missionary, b. in N. J. Alexander, James W., Pres. el., b. in Va. Clark. Alvan, telescope-maker, b. in Mass. Colburn, Zerah, mathenialiral prodigy, born in Vt. Dow, Neal, prohibitionist, born in Me. Eaton, George W., Bap. clergyman, profes- sor, born in Pa. Farnham, Thomas Jeff., traveler, b. in Vt. Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, abolitionist, born in Mass. Graham, William A., gov., sen. forN. C. sec. of navy, b. in N. C. Hamilton, Alex., general, lawyer, leader of Federalists, sec. of Ireas., July 12, A47. Havemeyer, William F., mayor, b. in N.Y. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, author, b. in Mass. Heck, Barbara, foun. of Am. Methodism, A70. Henrv. Caleb $., I'rot. Epis. clergyman, pro- fessur, born in Mass. i Ind. .ACT. O'Conor. Charles, law yer, born in N.Y. Osceola, Seminole chief, bom in Fla. Parker, Samuel, I'rot. Epis. Up. of Mass., A 60. Parrott, Robert I'arker, inventor, b. in N. H. Peabo.lv, Eliza P., educator, b. in Mass. Pierce. Franklin. 14th President, b. in X. II. Priestley, Joseph, chemist, A71. RedUeld, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, born in Vt. Richmond, I lean, tinaucier, born in Vt. Rogers, Win. Barton, physicist, born in Pa. Romeyn, Theo. D., theologian of N.V., A60. Schuyler. Philip, ucm-ni "l !:• ■v..; , n. ATI. Shepani, CharU-s I'.. mineralou'ist. h. in K. I. Swavne, Noah 11.. 1'. S. justice, bom m O. Walter, Thomas Ustiefe, ar. hit! i :. b. m Pa. Walton, George, signer of I >erlarar\Y., Dorr, Thomas Wilson, rebel leader, b. in R. I. Field, David Dudley, jurist, born in Conn. Flaeg, Wilson, naturalist, born in Mass. Gadsden, Christopher, Gov. of S. C, A7D. Gayarre, Chas. E. A., historian, born in La. Goldsborough, Lewis M., admiral, b. in D. C. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist, b. in N. H. Greenougb, Horatio, sculptor, born in Mass. Gross, Samuel !»., surgeon, horn in Pa. Hedge, Fred. Henry, Unit, clergyman, author, born in Mass. Hetntzelman, Samuel P., general U. S. A., born in Pa. Jackson, ( lias. Thomas, physicist, b. in Mass. Moultrie, William, general of Revol'n. ATI. Palmer, William Pitt, author, born in Mass. Powers, Hiram, sculptor, born in Vt. Pownall, Thomas, statesman, A62. Rantoul, Robert J., senator for Mass., born in Mass. Smith, Joseph, founder of Mormonism, born in Vt. Stephens, John L., traveler, author, b. in N.J. Tappan, Henry Philip, clergyman, professor, author, horn in N.Y. Walker, Sears ('., mathematician, b. in Mass. Wittingham, Wm. R., P. E. bp. of Wd., horn. 1806* * Adams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman of Boston, born in Mass. s Aiken, William, Gov. of S. C, born in S. C. Alexander, Stephen, astronomer, b. in N.Y. Ames, Edward R., Meth. Epis. bp. b. in 0. Bache, Alexander D., philosopher, b. in Pa. Backus, Isaac, historian, Bapt. ch, A82. Banneker, 1'ienj.. ne-ro mathematician, A75. Brace, Julia, deaf, blind mute, b. in Conn. Fessenden, "Wm. Pitt, senator for Me., b. in N. H. Foote, Andrew Hull, rear-admiral U. S. N., born in Conn. Forrest, Edwin, actor, born in Pa. Gates, Horatio, major-gen. of Revol'n, A78. Gray, Robert, discoverer Columbia Riv.,A51. Grigsby, Hu'_'h P.hiir, scholar, born. Hale. John Parker, sen. forN. H., b. in N. H. Harper. Fletcher, publisher, born in N.Y. Hart, Solomon Alexander, artist, born. Haven, Samuel F.. areheologist, b. in Mass. Hayes. Augustus Allen, chemist, b. in Vt. Hohnian. Charles Fenno. author, b. in N.Y. Hooker, Worthimjtoii, phvsician, author, b. in Mass. Hudson, Erasmus D., surgeon, lecturer, born Hughes, Robert Ball, sculptor, born. King, Preston, senator for N.Y'., b. in N.Y. Knox, Henry, general of Revolution, slates- man, A56. Maury, Matthew Fontaine, bydrographer V. S. N., born in Va. Mcintosh, Lachlan, general of Revol'n, A79. Morris, Robert, financier of Revol'n, A72. Packer, Asa. philanthropist, born in Conn. Patterson, Robert M., senator, A61. Polk, Leomdas, Prot. Epis. bp., Confederate general, born in N. C. Ranch, Frederick Aug., theologian, b. Ger. Robinson, Horatio N., mathematician, horn in N.Y. Roebling, John Angus., engineer Brooklyn bridge, born in Ger. Simms, Wm. Gilmore, novelist, born in S. C. Willis. Nath. Parker, poet, journalist, born in Me. Wise. Henry A., gov. of Va., Confederate K'-ueral. boril in Va. Wythe, George, signer of Declaration, A80. CHURCH. 1803 Mass. Sept. * The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Christian Knowl- edge is founded by Dr. Morse and others. * * Ky. A bitter controversy rages among Presbyterians respecting re- vivals. * * N. C. Lutherans form a Synod. * * N. H. The General Convention (Universalis!) at "Winchester adopts a Profession of Belief called the "Win- chester Confession. * * X. Y. The Presbyterian Synod of Al- bany is formed. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presb3'terian) meets ; James Hall, mod- erator. * * Great revivals prevail among the Presbyterians. 1804 May 6-23. Md. The Fourth General Conference (Methodist Epis- copal) meets at Baltimore; the non- limit plan is changed to one for a lim- ited pastorate of two years. May * New York. The General Synod (Keformed) meets ; J. H . Livingstone, president. Sept. 14. Mass. Samuel Parker (Protes- tant Episcopal) is consecrated a bishop. * * Cat. Nineteen Dominican Missions have been established. They occupy the entire coast-line from San Francisco to San Diego, and are separated from one another only by an easy day's journey ; 20,000 Indians are connected with these stations, and lead industrious lives. * * New York. The General Conven- tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; James F. Arm- strong, moderator. * * Sunday-schools begin to be estab- lished in various parts of the country ; they increase rapidly. 1805 * * Ky. A Committee of the Pres- byterian Synod witholds its authority from the licentiates of the Cumberland Presbytery, because of their unsound- ness in doctrine, and illiteracy. [A great controversy follows.] * * Mass. Henry "Ware, a Unitarian, is made professor in Harvard against much opposition. * * Miss. The first Baptist church in this State, the Tywappity, is formed. * * Pa. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) meets; J. Richards, moderator. 1S06 June* N. Y. The General Synod (Keformed) meets at Albany; J. V. C. Komeyn, president. LETTERS. 1803 * * Letters of a British Spy, by William Wirt, appears. * *_ii* * Boston. The Monthly Anthol- ogy appears. UNITED STATES. 1803, Sept. -1806, June 16. 113 * *or05* * Pkila. The Literary Maya- to be rati tied by the States; it relates zine and American Register is issued by to the election of President, and reme- Charles Brockden Brown. dies a defect in the electoral system. 1804 May 9. Va. The Richmond hi- Dec. 20. La. The United States takes quirer is first issued. Dec. 10. New York. The New York Historical Society is instituted. * * O. The Ohio University (non-sect.) is organized at Athens. * * -05 * * Mass. The Literary Miscel- lany appears at Cambridge. * * Jane Talbot, by C. B. Brown, appears. * * Md. St. Charles College (Rom. Cath.) is founded at Elliott's Mills. * * The New York Historical Society Li- brary is founded [75,000 vols.]. 1805 * * S. C. The Monthly Register ap- pears at Charleston. * * History of the American Revolution, by Mercy Warren, appears. SOCIETY. 1803 Dec. * New York has its first labor strike. A number of sailors demand a rise from $10 to $14 a month, and march possession of Louisiana. *New York. De "Witt Clinton, the 46th mayor, is elected. * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -07 * * O. Edward Tiffin. -09 * * Tenn. John Sevier. -"1804: Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $86,427,120. Jan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: John Brown of Ky. is reelected Presi- dent pro tempore* Mar. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Jesse Franklin of N. C. is elected President pro tempore. Mar. 27. D. C. The 8th Congress : the first session closes. -Sept. 25. D. C. The 12th amendment to the Constitution being ratified, is de- clared in force ; it relieves each of the State electors from voting for two candi- dates for President, as required previous to this date. about the city compelling 'other sailurs Nov. 5. D. C. The 8th Congress : the to join them, till the leaders are jailed second session opens, by constables. * * U. S. The fifth Presidential elec- 1804 Feb. 15. N.J. The Legislature tion ; Jefferson reelected, passes an act for the gradual abolition De c. 31. Um St internal revenue of slavery. All born after the next 4th of July to be free ; male children to be free at 25, and females at 21 years of age. July 11. N. J. Vice-President Aaron Burr challenges Alexander Hamil- ton to fight a duel. Hamilton appears, but refuses to fire ; Burr deliberately fires and mortally wounds him : cause, Hamilton's sup- posed interference with Burr's election to the governorship of New York. July 17. Boston. Daniel "Webster of $50,941. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated: -08 * * Ky. Christopher Greenup. -12* * La. (Tor.). "Wm. C. C. Claiborne. -07 * * N. T. Morgan Lewis. -06 * * S.C. Paul Hamilton. * * "William Johnson of S. C. is ap- pointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. 1805 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $S2,312,150. New Hampshire, 22 years of age, arrives Jan. 11. Congress: Michigan Terri- and pursues his legal studies * * D. C. Congress provides that an equivalent of malt liquors or wine may be substituted for spirits at such seasons of the year as, in the opinion of the President, it may be advisable to make the change, in order to promote the health of the soldiers. * * Abolition Societies begin to dwindle as the value of the cotton-gin becomes known ;* slavery is advocated as a posi- tive good. 1805 * * N. J. At Allentow "Sober Society" is founded. * * New York. The tailors form the first organization having the character of a trade- union. STATE. 1803 Oct. 17. D. C. The 8th Con- gress: the first session opens. It as- sembles to act on the treaty with France, by which Louisiana is ceded. Congress ; Senate : John Brown of Ky. is elected President pro tempore. House : Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is re-elected Speaker. Dec. 12. D. C. Congress submits the 12th amendment to the Constitution tory is formed from a portion of Indiana. Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jo- seph Anderson of Tenn. is elected President pro tempore. [Also, on Feb. 28th and Mar. 2d.] Feb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President: Thomas Jefferson of Va. (Republican), 1&2 ; Charles C. Pinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 14. For Vice-President: George Clinton of N.Y. (Republican), 1G2 ; Rufus King of N.Y. (Federalist), 14. The Mar. 4. D. C. The 8th Congress ends. Thomas Jefferson of Va., the 3d President, enters his 2d term in the 5th term of the Presidency. George Clin- ton of N. Y. is Vice-President. Cabinet changes : Jacob Crownin- shield of Mass. becomes Secretary of the Navy, and Robert Smith of Md., [followed by John Breckinridge of Ky.], becomes Attorney-General. Mar. 5. B.C. Congress: The Senate, sitting as a High Court, fails to impeach Samuel Chase, a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. (Moore, Mar. 1.) June 4. Atreaty of peace is concluded with Tripoli, and no more tribute is paid to pirates. Dec. 2. D. C, The 9th Congress opens. Congress ; Senate : Samuel Smith of Md. is again elected President pro tempore. House : Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is reelected Speaker. Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $21,747. * * The An ti- Federalists change their name from Republicans to Democrats. * * England revives an old edict for- bidding neutrals from trading with France and her dependencies, or other nations with which England may he at war, aiming to crush the prosperous American commerce. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -08 * * Del. Nathaniel Mitchell. -13* * Mich. (Ter.). William Hull. -09 * * Miss. Robert Williams. -07 * * N. C. Nathaniel Alexander. -09 * * N. H. John Langdon. R. I. Paul Mumford. -06 * * R.I. Henry Smith. -08 * * Va. Wm. H. Cabell. 1806 Jan. 1. U.S. National debt 875,723,270. Mar. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate: Samuel Smith of Md. is reelected President pro tempore. Apr. 15. B.C. Congress prohibits the importation of specific articles of Brit- ish growth or manufacture, the act to take effect the 11th of November. Apr. 21. D. C. The 9th Congress: the first session closes. Apr. * The British ship Leander is or- dered out of American waters after firing on an American sloop and killing John Pierce, the owner. Apr. * Tenn. Colonel Aaron Burr is detected in a treasonable conspiracy. May 16. Eng. Orders in Council are issued. The British Ministry declares the whole coast of Europe, from the Elbe to Brest, to be under blockade — thus, ac- cording to its theory, excluding Amer- ican commerce, while not invested by British fleets. ("Paper blockade.") MISCELLANEOUS. 1803 * * O. The Miami Exporting Com- pany opens the first bank in Cincinnati. 1804 July 4. Pa. A weekly mail- stage commences to run between Pitts- burg and Philadelphia. * * Chicago. Fort Dearborn is erected. * * Mass. The Middlesex Canal, the first in the Union, is completed. It con- nects Boston harbor with the Concord River. 1805 June 1. Mich. Detroit is de- stroyed by fire. June 4. Tripoli. The American pris- oners at Tripoli are liberated. * * Boston. Frederick Tudor begins the ice-trade of America, by shipping a cargo of 130 tons to Martinique. * * New York. Yellow fever prevails. * * Phila. The first dry-goods com- mission-house in this country opens for the sale of the cotton yarns and threads manufactured in Rhode Island. 114 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1807 June 22. The British man-of-war Leopard demands the right to search the United States frigate Chesapeake for deserters, and, heing refused, attacks and captures the ship and carries away four men as deserters, three of whom are American citizens. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1807 * * The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts is established. Aug. 11(?)+. N. Y. Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, sails from New York to Albany on her first trip ; 150 miles in 33 hours. (Engine made by Boulton and Watt, of England.) Dec. 14. Conn. An extraordinary and brilliant meteor is seen ; it explodes three times. 1808 * * Marius Sitting Among the Ruins of Carthage, painted by Vanderlyn, re- ceives the gold medal at the Paris Ex- hibition. * * N. J. The steamboat Phamix, built by John Stevens, makes the first ocean trip from Hoboken to Philadelphia. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1807* * Abbot, Gorham D„ educator, horn in Me. Adams, Charles Francis, minister to Eng.; arbitrator of Alabama claims, b. in Muss. Adams, Willntiii, 1'ivs. <_-Itu'^yiiiaii,b. in Conn. Agassiz, Louis John R., teacher, natural- ist, born May 28, in Switz. Alden, Joseph, educittiunist, born in N.Y. Bailey, Gamaliel, journalist, born in K. J. Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, A65. Buford, Nap. B., brig.-gen., engineer, b. Ky. Casey, Silas, brevet, niaj.-gen., born in R. I. Cheever, George B., Cong, cl., b. in Me. Dayton, Win. Lewis, senator for N.Y., b. N. J. Ellsworth, Oliver, chief justice, A62. Fay, Theodore Sedgwiek, author, b. in N.Y. Felton, Cornelius Conway, author, I'res. of Harvard University, b. in Mass. Floyd, John 1!., Sec. of War, b. in Va. Forbes, John M., Prot. Epis. clergyman, b. Guyot, Arnold H., geographical writer, born Hammond, James II., senator for S. C, born in S. -C. Herbert, Henry William, author, b. in Eng. llitdreth, Hichard, historian, born in Mass. Holt, Joseph, secretary of war, born in Ky. Janes, Edmund storer, M. E. bp., b. in Mass. Lee, Alfred, P. E. bp. of Col., U.S.A., Del., b. in Mass. Lee. Robert Edward, col. U.S.A., Confed- erate general, born in Va., Jan. 19. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. poet, b. in Me., Feb. 27- Malboue, Edward G., miniature painter, A30. McMicharl, Morton, editor, orator, b. in N.J. Mount, William Sidney, painter, b. in N.Y. Muhlenberg, Jo! in Pel it (lubriel, Ken., A til. N/eal, Joseph Clay, humorist, born in N. H. Owen, David Dale, lieolo.uist, born in Scot. Packer, Wm. F., journalist, Gov. of Pa., horn in Pa, Palmer, Pbtcbe, evangelist, horn in N.Y. Parker, Amasa J., lawyer, born in Coun. Pickens, Francis W., Gov., senator for S. C, born in S. C. Preble, Edward, commodore U. S. N., A46. Ridgelv, .lames I,., lawyer, 0. F., b. in Md. Rusehenberger, Win. S. W., author, b. in N. J. Schaeffer, Charles Fred., Luth. clergyman, born in Pa. Stillman, Samuel, Bapt. clergyman, A70. Whittier, John Greenleai, poet, born in Mass., Dec. 17- "Woods, Leonard, Jr., president of Bowdoin College, born in Mass. 1808* * Alexander, Natb., Gov. of N. C, officer in Revolution, A52. Ames. Fisher, M. C. for Mass., orator, July 4, A58. Bache, Sarah, nurse in Am. Revol'n, A64. Bartine, David W., M. E. clergyman, orator ,b. Beardsley, E. Edwards, P. E. clergyman, b. in Conn. Chase, Salmon P.. Chief Justice, h. In K. II. Craven, Thomas T., rear-admiral, b. In D. C. Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poet, b. in N.Y. Davis, Jefferson, sec. of war., B'-n. for Miss., Pres. of Confcd. States, b. June 3, In Ky. Decatur. Stephen, Sr., naval oilher, A 57. Dickinson, John, M. C. for Del., A76. Evans, Fred Win., Shaker elder, b. in Eng. Fasquelle, Jean Louis, author, horn. Fish. Hamilton. Gov. of N.Y., secretary of state, born In N.Y. Gage, Francis D., orator, horn In 0. (lallaKher, William D., poet, born in Pa. Hactett, Horatio Balch, biblical scholar, born in Mass. Henderson, .James P., sen. for Tex., b. N. C. Ilillard, George S., author, journalist, b. Me. Ililliard, Henry W., lawyer, horn in N. C. Johnson. Andrew, 17th President, senator for Tenn., born Dec. 29, in N. C. Kirkland, Samuel, founderof Hamilton Col- lege, A 64. Lee, Leroy M., M. E. clergyman, theologian, born in Va. Linn,Wdliam, chaplain in Revol'n army, A .">«. Palmer, Ray, Cong, clergyman, hymnolo- gist, born in R. I. Park, Edwards A., clergvman, author, critic, born in R. I. / Patterson, John, general, A64. Prentiss, Seargent Smith, M. C. for Miss., horn in Me. Reed, Henry, scholar, author, born in Pa. Rockwell, James O., poet, born in Conn. Rogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, b. in Pa. Sartin, John, engraver, born in London. Strong, William, justice S. Court, b. in Pa. Sullivan, .lames, Cov. of Mass, writer, A64. Van Rensselaer, Cortland, Pres. clergyman, born in N.Y. Washington, Samuel A tier, writer, born. Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, A87. CHURCH. 1806* *Ky. The Presbytery of Ken- tucky is dissolved by the Synod, because of the lack of ministerial learning and sound doctrine. * * Mass. The .American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- sions germinates. At a gathering of four students of Williams College, under the lee of a haystack, where they take refuge from a thunder-storm, Samuel J. Mills pro- poses that they attempt to send the gos- pel to the heathen, and says, "We can do it if we will." The Massachusetts Evangelic Mis- sionary Society is instituted. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel Miller, moderator. 1807 Sept.* iV. Y. The General Synod (Reformed) meets at Harlem ; J. V. C. Komeyn, president. * * Conn. The Connecticut Religious Tract Society is organized at New Haven by Timothy Dwight and others. * * The Lake Baptist Missionary Society is formed. * * The Society of Friends opens a mission among the Brotherton Indians. * * Mass. The Baptist Missionary So- ciety is formed. * * JV. Y. The Associated Saratoga Pres- bytery is formed. The first Baptist mission to the In- dians is opened among the Tuscaroras. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; A. Alexander, moderator. 1808 May 6-26. Md. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is held in Baltimore. A delegated General Conference is provided for ; restrictive rules adopted; Wm. McKendree ordained bishop. Sept. 28. Mass. Andover Theological Seminary (Congregational) is opened. Oct. 2. Ala. The fir. C. Congress is officially informed of Aaron Burr's conspiracy. Feb. * Tenn. Aaron Burr is arrested on the charge of treason, having ar- ranged for the invasion of Mexico, to detach the Western and Southern States from the Union, and to set up a western empire. [No overt act is proven.] Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sam- uel Smith of Md. is elected President pro tempore. Mar. 4. D. C. The 9th Congress ends. June 22. The British man-of-war Leop- ard fires upon the frigate Chesapeake, be- cause of the refusal to deliver up four men claimed as deserters ; after three men are killed, the frigate's colors are struck. July 2. D. C. Jefferson, by proclama- tion, forbids all intercourse with Brit- ish ships-of-war, and orders all that are in American waters to withdraw. Oct. 26. D. C. The 10th Congress opens. Congress; House: Joseph B. Var- num of Mass. is elected Speaker. * * Controversy between England and the United States respecting the rights of neutrals; England claims the right to search American ships, and to take naturalized American citizens. Nov. 11. Eng. Orders in Council is- sued, which vex American commerce, by prohibiting all trade with France or her allies. Dec. 17. Fr. The Milan Decree is- sued by Napoleon supplements the Ber- lin Decree, and extinguishes the most profitable portion of the commerce of the United States. Dec. 22. D. C. Congress passes the Second Embargo Act. This [celebrated and much ridiculed] Act detains all American vessels in American ports, and cuts off commercial intercourse with England and France, to compel their recognition of the rights of neutrals. [The Americans fail to starve their enemies.] * * New York. Marinus "Willett is elected the 47th mayor. * * Thomas Todd of Ky. is appointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : La. (Ter.). Meriwether Lewis. -OS * * N. C. Benjamin- Williams. -17 * * N. Y. Daniel D. Tompkins. -08 * * 0. Thomas Kirker. -11* * JR. I. James Fenner. -08 * * Ft. Israel Smith. 1808 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $65,196,317. D. C. Congress prohibits the impor- tation of slaves after this date. Jan. 8. D. C. Congress requires coast- ing and fishing vessels to give bonds to reland their cargoes in the United States (Embargo Act), Feb. 4. N. Y. The first legislative pro- ceedings relative to the canals appear. Mar. 12. D. C. Congress subjects ves- sels and boats of all kinds, and land car- riages, to the Embargo. Mar. 17. D. C. Kupture of the nego- tiations between the British minister and the Government. Apr. 16. B.C. Congress : Senate ; Sam- uel Smith of Md. is reelected President pro tempore. Apr. 17. France, by the Bayonne Decree, directs the seizure of all Ameri- can vessels in French ports. Apr. 25. D. C. Congress forbids for- eign vessels to engage in the coasting trade, and requires all others to come under stringent rules. The 10th Congress: the first session closes. May 30. X>. C. The new House of Representatives is first occupied. Aug. 9. D. C. Jefferson suspends in- tercourse with Great Britain because of the non-ratification of the British treaty. * * <. C. Congress; Senate: Ste- phen It. Bradley of Vt. is elected President pro tempore. * * U. S. Sixth Presidential election ; Democratic-Republicans are elected. The national election sweeps away the Administration majority in Congress (84 to 30), and prepares the way for the repeal of the Embargo Act. * * _10 * * New York. DeWitt Clinton is elected the 48th mayor. * * V. S. Governors inaugurated : -11 * * Del. George Truett. -12 * * Ky. Charles Scott. -09 * * Mass. Levi Lincoln. -10 * * N. C. David Stone. -10 * * O. Samuel Huntington. Pa. Simon Snyder. -10 * * S. C. John Drayton. -11* * Va. John Tyler. -09 * * 17. Isaac Tichenor. 1809 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $57,023,192. Jan. 9. Congress proceeds to drastic measures ; attempting to avoid the Em- bargo Act forfeits the vessel or carriage, and involves a fine of four times the value of the merchandise, one-half of it to go to the informer. Jan. 30. B. C. Congress ; Senate : John Milledge of Ga. is elected President pro tempore. Feb. 3. Illinois Territory (Illinois and "Wisconsin) is formed. Feb. 8. B. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : James Madison of "Va. (Republican), 122 ; Charles C. Pinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 47; George Clinton of N. Y. (Republican), 6. Vote for Vice-President: George Clinton (Republican), 113 ; Ruf us King of N. Y. (Federalist), 47 ; John Langdon of N. H., 9 ; James Madison of Va., 3 ; James Monroe of Va., 3; vacancy, 1. Feb. 27. L>. C. Congress; The Em- bargo Act of 1807 is repealed, to take effect Mar. 15th. Mar. 4. D. C. The 10th Congress ends. MISCELLANEOUS. 1806 * * Pa. Coal is first mined in the United States, at Mauch Chunk. * * 27. Y. A log cabin is erected on the present site of Rochester. * * Commerce, which had become very prosperous during the French and En- glish "wars, suiters greatly by the unan- nounced blockades which override the rights of neutrals. * * The principal maritime towns suf- fer because of the restrictions of com- merce, and their citizens send numerous petitions to the President and to Con- gress, praying for the removal of the Embargo. 1808 May 28. N. Y. Solemn re- burial of the bones of Revolutionary prisoners in a vault at Wallabout. 116 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1811 Jan. 9. La. The entire militia of New Orleans is called out to suppress a negro insurrection. Apr. 6. Va. French privateer Revanche du Cerf is burnt at Norfolk, hy 15 meu 'm 2 boats, about 2 a.m. May 16. Va. The British sloop-of-war Little Belt fires a shot at the United States frigate President; the latter retaliates with, a broadside that kills 10 and wounds 30 men. [This action creates great excitement throughout the country.] Sept. + * Ind. The Shawanese In- dians make incursions among the set- tlers, whom they outrage and murder. Nov. 7. Ind. Battle of Tippecanoe; the Indians conspire to surprise Gov. "William H. Harrison at Burnet Creek, and are effectively subdued after a ter- rific battle. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1809 Nov. 21. New York. George F. Cook first appears in America in Richard III., at the Park Theater. ± * * Boston. Sails are made from cotton duck. 1810 Dec. 31. Boston. Mrs. Duff first appears in America as Juliet. * * Boston. The Park Street Church is erected. 1811 * * New York. Steamboat Paragon is built. Sept. 17. Va. A beautiful annular eclipse of the sun is observed at Richmond. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1809* * Albright, Jacob, foun. Evang. Ass'n, A 49. Alexander, Joseph Addison, theologian, ori- entalist, born in Pa. Arthur, Timothy S-, author, born in N.Y. Bailey, Silas, [ires. Cranville cull., O., born in Mass. Baldwin, John Denison, author, b. in Conn. Barnard, Fred. A. P., instructor, b. in Blass. Bartlett, Wm. H. C, scientific writer, b. Pa. Benjamin, Park, poet, born in Guiana. Bledsoe, Albert T., ('unfed, officer, b. in Ky. Buckley, Samuel liotsford, botanist, b. N.Y. ■ Burgess, George, P. E. bp. of Me., b. in K. I. Burns, Francis, M. K. missionary bp.,b. N.Y. Carson, Christopher, ( Kit Carson), b. in Ky. Chapman, Alvan W-, botanist, b. in Mass. Curry, Daniel, M. E. cl., editor, born in N.Y. Curtis, Benj. Hot. bins, justice S. Ct.,b. Mass. Dahlgren, John Adolf, rear-admiral, b. in Pa. Edwards, Tryon, Cong, clergyman, writer, born in Conn. Fowler,' Orson Squire, phrenologist, b. N.Y. Gibbes, Robert W., pby., author, b. in S. C. Giles, Henry, essayist, born in Ireland. Gliddon, George R., Egyptologist, b. in Eng. Glisson, Oliver S., rear-admiral, bora in 0. Greene, William, Gov. of K. I., dies. Griffiths, John Willis, architect, b. in N.Y. Hamlin, Hannibal, Vice-President, sen- ator for Me., born in Me. Haswell, Charles Havnes, engineer, b. N.Y. Heyward, Thomas, patriot of S. C, A63. Holmes, Oliver Wendell, poet, b. in Mass. Houghton, Douglas, naturalist, h. in N.Y. Hunter, Robert M. T., senator for Va., b. Va. Ingraham, Joseph 11., author, burn in Me. Johnston, Joseph E., Confed. gen., b. in Va. Johnson, Oliver, editor, abolitionist, born, Jones, James (.'., Gov. Tenn., sen.,b. in Tenn. Kendn.-k, Asahel ('., scholar, author, b. in Vt. Kirkbride, Thos. S., phy. to insane, b. in Pa. Lewis, Meriwether, explorer, A55. Lincoln, Abraham, ltitb President, b. Feb. 12, near Hodgonsville, Hardin Co., Ky. Little, George, rapt, in Revol'ii army, A55. Little, It. M., pres. Ins. Co., b. Mass. Mackenzie, Robt. S., Brit. Am. journalist, b. Mayer, Branz, lawyer, hist'l writer, b. inMd. McCormlck. Cryus H.. Inventor of reapers, born in Va. McGill, John !>., It C. bp. of Va., b. in Pa. Mitchel, Ormflby M., astronomer, gen., b. Ky. Paine. Thomas, patriot, writer, AT.'. Pike, Albert, poet, born in Mass. Price, Sterling, Gov., M. C. for Mo.,n. In Va. Semmes, -Raphael, Confederate naval officer, born in Ma. Schenek, Robert C.,M. C. for 0., gen., b. in O. Thompson, Cephas I iiovaniu, artist, b. Mass. Trumbull, Jonathan. Gov., sen. for Conn., A69. WInthrop, Robt. C, M. C, senator for Mass., born in Mass. Cat, b. In >'.Y. st, born in N.Y. Ii'n, b. In Conii- 1810* * Ablridge, Ira, colored actor, horn in Md. Allen, Thomas, chaplain, A77. Backus, Jay S., sec. Rapt. Home Miss. So.,b. Barnum, Phineas T., showman, b. in Conn. Black. Jeremiah S.. jurist, secretary of state, born in Pa. Brooks, James, journalist, politician, b. Me. Brougham, John, actor, born in Ireland. Brown, Charles Brockden, novelist, A39. Burritt, Elihu, linguist, writer, b. in Conn. Clark, Willis Gay lord, poet, author, b. N.Y. Clarke, James Freeman, Unit, clergyman, author, born in N. H. Clay, Cassias M., minister to Rus., b. in Ky. Cooper, James, lawyer, born in Md. Crosbv, A lpiir us, educationist, born in N. II. Hoggett, David S., bp. M. E. Ch. South, b. Du l'.ois, Wm. Ewing, numismatist, b. in Pa. ICllet, Charles, Jr., engineer, born in Pa. Fuller, Sarah Margaret, author, b. in Mass. Garland, Landon C, educator, mathemati- cal writer, born in Va. Gray. Asa, botanist, born in N.Y. Green, Samuel S., educator, born. Griffin, Cyrus, statesman, judge, A6I. Hart, Joel 'P., sculptor, born in Ky. Hart, John S., educationist, author, b. in Mass. Humphreys, Andrew A., general, b. in Pa. Jackson, Jonathan, of Mass, A67. Langstroth, L., inventor of beehive, dies. Lawrance, John, jurist, statesman, A 60. Lincoln, Benj., maj.-gen. in Revolution, A77. Loomis, Justin R., educator, author, b. N.Y. bord, John, historical lecturer, b. in N. II. Macanally, David Rice. M. E. clergyman, ed- itor, born in Tenn. Magoon, Klias L., Baj)t. clergyman, author, born in N. H. McCloskey. John, first American cardinal, born Mar. 20, in N.Y. McKay, Donald, shipbuilder, born. Morrill, Justin S., senator for Vt., b. in Vt. Notman, John, architect, born in Scot. Palmer, James S., rear-admiral, b. in N. J. Parker, Theodore, Unit, cl., b. in Mass. Potter, Hazard Arnold, physician, b. in N.Y. Putnam, Mary Lowell, author, b. in Mass. Riggs, Elias, missionary, linguist, b. hi N. J. Sears, Edmund II., Unit, clergyman, author, born in Mass. Seymour, Horatio.Gov. of N. Y.,b.inN. Y. Sharswood, George, jurist, born in Pa. Skene, Philip, Brit, officer in Am., A85. Spalding 1 . Martin John, K. C. archbishop, born in Ky. Toombs, Rob. , sen. for Ga. , Confed. sec. state, b. Ga. Trautwine, John Cresson, engineer, b. in Pa. Turner, Wm. Wadden, philologist, b. in Eng. Tyler, William Seymour, scholar, b. in Va. Van Buren, John, politician, born in N.Y. Washington, Wm. A., officer in Revol'n, A58. Wood, Alphonso, botanist, born in N. H. 1811* * Asbotb, Alex. S., brig. -gen., b. in Hungary. Bailey, Jacob Witman, scientist, b. in Mass. Baker, Edward Dickinson, senator for Cal., born in Eng. Barnard, Henry, educator, b. in Conn. Hoggs, Charles S., rear-admiral, b. in N.J. Rouvier, Hannah M., writer on astronomy, b. Bowen, Francis, prof., author, b. in Mass. Campbell, Jolm A., justice, born in Ga. Chase, Samuel, jurist of Md., A70. Crawford, Nathaniel M., Rapt, cl., b. Ga. Dana, Francis, jurist of Mass., A68. Daviess, Joseph H., att'y-gen. of Ky., A 37. Draper, John William, chemist, b. in Eng. Eaton, William, soldier, consul, A 47. Emory, William II., major-general, b. in Md. Foster, A blue Iv., reformer, born in Mass. Gilliss, James M-, astronomer, born in D. C. Greeley, Horace, editor, b. Feb. 3, in N. H. Greene, George Washington, author, b. It. I. Hall, James, geologist, burn in Mass. Hunt, Ward, justice, S. Ct., b. in N.Y. James. Henry, philosophical writer, b. N.Y. Jenkins, Thornton A., U. S. navy, b. in Va. Johnson, James, Gov. of Ga., born in N.C. Kennedy, Anthony, senator for Va., b. in Md. . fn Mans. Murdoch. J a. 1 1- - I w. ard. :t«'tnr. born III Pa Noyea. Job,, u., commojust ol Oneida, b. Vt. Page, Win., painter, born in N.Y. Panic, Robert Treat. Jr., author. ' Parton, Sara P. Willis, (Fanny Fern), b. in Me. I'eahudv, Andrew P., prof., cl., b. Mass. Peck, Jesse Truesdell, M. E. bp., b. In N.Y. Phillips, "Wendell, orator, reformer, bum Nov. 29, in Mass. Pierce, George Foster, M. E. bp., b. In cu. Porter, Noah, psychologist, b. in Conn. Pratt, Orson, Mormon leader, born m N.Y. Simpson. Matthew, SI. K. bp., orator, born June 20, in 0. Btowe. Harriet Eliza [Reedier], author, born In Conn. Street, Alfred Billings, poet, horn in N.Y'. Sumner, Charles, senator lor Mass., orator, born in Mass. Thomas, Jos., physician, biographer, b. N.Y. Williams, Win., signer of Declaration, A80. Winslow, John A., rear-admiral, b. in N. C. CHURCH. 1809 May 3. R. I. The Itliode Island Congregational Conference is organized. June 8. N. H. The General Association (Congregational) of New Hampshire is organganized. June * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; Nicolas Lansing, president. Autumn. Mass. Samuel J. Mills be- comes interested in the natives of the Pacific Islands by the simple story of Henry Obookiah, a native boy. (He becomes one of the founders of the American Missionary Society.) * * New York. English is first exclu- sively used in the Lutheran Church. * * N. Y. Organization of the New YTork Bible and Common Prayer-Book So- ciety of the Episcopal Church. * * Phifa. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Drury Lacy, mod- erator. The first Synod of the Reformed Pres- byterians is formed. * * Pa. The first (?) church Sunday-school is formed at Pittsburg; the transfer of Sunday-schools to church control be- gins, and schools rapidly increase. * * Vt. The General Association of Ver- mont Congregationalists is allowed del- egates in the (Presbyterian) General Assembly. 1810 Feb. * Ky. The Cumberland Presbyterian Church is finally organ- ized, as a separate church, because of the high educational standard de- manded for the Presbyterian ministry. June 29. Mass. The plan for the or- ganization of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is devised by Samuel Spring and Samuel Worcester, and is adopted by the Gen- eral Association of Congregational Churches, at Bradford. Sept. 5. Conn. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions is formally constituted at Farmington. Sept. 10. Pa. The Brush Run (Disciples) church is organized. * * Conn. Lyman Beecher is installed pastor of the Congregational church at Litchfield. [He remains 1G years.] UNITED STATES. 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18. 117 * * Mass. A remarkable missionary move- ment begins. Four students of Andover Theological Seminary — Messrs. Mills, Judson, New- ell, and Nott — meet a number of minis- ters in the parlors of Professor Stuart, to receive a reply to their request to be sent with the Gospel to the heathen. The an- swer is, " Go in the name of the Lord, and we will help you." * * New Eng. Congregational churches are disrupted by the withdrawal of Unitarians. * * N. H. The General Association of Congregationalists is allowed delegates in the (Presbyterian) General Assembly. * * New York. The Protestant Episco- pal Tract Society is organized. * * N. Y. Genesee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church is formed. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; John B. Homey n, moderator. * * Regulations and rules are adopted by the Roman Catholic bishops. 1811 May 29. N. Y. John Henry Ho- bart (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop of New York, and A. V. Gris- wold, presiding bishop of the Easton •diocese, are consecrated. LETTERS. 1809 Apr. 4. Pa. The Legislature di- rects that the poor be sent to the most convenient school, and their tuition be paid. ■* * A History of New York by Diedrich Knickerbocker, by "Washington Irving, ■* * Solomon Spaulding writes a religious romance, The Manuscript Found (The Book of Mormon). 1810 * * N.J. Queen's College (Rut- gers) and the (Reformed) Theological professorate are united ; Dr. Livingston is professor and president. * *_n* * phila. The Mirror of Taste appears. SOCIETY. 1810 Jan. 15. New York. Masquerades and masked balls are prohibited. Jan. 17. Phila. Masquerades and masked balls are prohibited. * * U, S. A total of 1,191,363 slaves is reported. * * La. Zachary Taylor marries Mar- garet Smith. STATE. Fourth Adm i n istration. Democratic- Republican. 1809 Mar. 4. D. C. James Madison of Va. is inaugurated the fourth Presi- dent in the sixth term of the Presidency, and George Clinton of N. Y. continues Vice-President. Cabinet : Robert Smith of Md. (State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.), "William Eustis of Mass. (War), Paul Hamilton of S. C. (Navy), Gideon Granger of Conn. (Postmaster-General), Caesar A. Rodney of Del. (Attorney- General). Mar. 15. U. S. The Embargo is re- moved, hut commercial intercourse with England and France interdicted. Mar. * Fr. Napoleon ignores his prom- ise to the Americans by again en- forcing the obnoxious decrees, and declares that " the decrees of Berlin and Milan were fundamental laws of the Empire." By a diplomatic fiction he has succeeded in his purpose to array the United States and Great Britain against each other in mutual hostility. Apr. 23. D. C. David M. Erskine, Brit- ish minister, pledges the Court to re- peal the anti-neutral decrees by June 10. Trade will then he resumed between the United States and Great Britain. [The announcement of the agreement is received with great joy by the country, as an assurance of peace.] May 22. It. C. The 11th Congress meets in extra session [and continues the controversy with Great Britain], May* I). C. Congress; House : Joseph B. Varnum of Mass. is elected Speaker. June 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : An- drew Gregg of Pa. is elected President pro tempore. June 28. D.C. 11th Congress: the first session closes. Sept. * Gov. William Henry Harrison meets the Indians of the Northwest, and buys the title to 3,000,000 acres of land. "Nov. 8. D. C. The President denies the British minister farther inter- course with the Cabinet, because his pledges have been disavowed by the British Government. Erskine's func- tions cease. Nov. 27. D.C. The 11th Congress: the second session opens. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -11 * * Conn. John Treadwell. -13 * * Ga David B. Mitchell. -18* *Ill.(Ter.) Ninian Edwards. -10 * * Mass. Christopher Gore. -17 * * Miss. David Holmes. -10 * * N. H. Jeremiah Smith. 15 * * Tenn. Wm. Blount. -13 * * Vt. Jonas Galusha. * * Indiana is constituted a Territory. 1810 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $53,173,217.52. Feb. 28. I). C. Congress ; Senate : John Gaillard of S. C. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. [Reelected Apr. 17.] Mar. 23. Fr. The Rambouillet Decree is issued. Napoleon decrees that all American vessels entering French ports shall he seized and condemned. May 1. D. C. Congress passes the Macon's No. 2 Act, pledging to pro- hibit American trade with the other country if either France or England shall revoke its offensive edicts. The 11th Congress: the second ses- sion closes. July 13. N. Y. The British minister, Augustus J. Foster, is burned in effigy before the door of his lodgings in Albany. July 19. Ger. The king of Prussia, by decree, forbids American vessels enter- ing his ports. Aug. 5. France revokes some of its edicts — revocation to take effect Nov. 1 — as to American vessels. Nov. 2. D. C. President Madison pro- claims all restrictions removed from the commerce of France. Dec. 3. T>. C. The 11th Congress: the third session opens. * *_11* * New York. Jacob Radcliff is elected the 49th mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -12 * * Mass. Elbridge Gerry. -11 * * N. C. Benj. Smith. -12 * * N. H. John Langdon. -12 * * O. Jonathan Meigs. -12 * * S.C. Henry Middleton. 1811 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt ^48,005,587. Feb. 2. D. C. The President announces the revival of the Won -importation Act against Great Britain. Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: John Pope of Ivy. is elected President pro tempore. Mar. 4. D.C. The 11th Congressends. Apr. 8. N Y. The first law is passed respecting the Erie Canal. July 3. Fla. The Government resolves to occupy "West Florida, against the re- monstrance of the British Government. Nov. 4. D.C. The 12th Congress opens. Nov. * D. C. Congress ; House : Henry Clay of Ky. is chosen Speaker ; he with John C. Calhoun of S. C. and Wil- liam H. Crawford of Ga. leads the two Houses. The majority force Madison to declare war against Great Britain as a condition of his reelection. New England is re- luctant to engage in war. Nov. 18. Differences are settled respect- ing the attack on the frigate Chesa- peake; Great Britain makes reparation. MISCELLANEOUS. 1809 June 28. Vt. The first steam- boat appears on Lake Champlain. 1810 June * IX. S. Third Census ; 17 States: 5,863,073 white ; 1,377,808 colored population (186,446 free colored, 1,191,363 slaves); total population, 7,239,822. In- crease, 36.38 per cent. Center of popula- tion, 40 miles northwest of Washington ; westward movement in 10 years, 36 miles. Oct. 6. Pa. A mill near Philadelphia makes the first cotton print goods printed from cylinders (superseding block-printing). * * D. C. The first agricultural exhi- bition is held at Georgetown. * * Ore. Astoria is founded by the Pa- cific Fur Company, John Jacob Astor president. * * Kags are first imported to supply ISO paper-mills. 1811 May 19. New York. A great fire consumes 100 buildings. Oct. 29. Pa. The first steamboat on Western waters leaves Pittsburg for New Orleans. 118 1811, Bee. 16-1812. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1812 Jan. 27. Maj.-Gen. Henry Dearborn is appointed (9th) com- mander of the army. Apr. 11. Fa. Four British barges are taken in Hampton Roads by the U. S. frigate Constellation and revenue cutter Jefferson ; 80 prisoners. Apr. 25. Capt. Cothell of the privateer schooner Surprise, 10 guns, captures the British brig Kutous, 12 guns, laden ■with coffee, and brings her into port. THE FIFTH WAR. June 18-1815 Feb 17. The "War of 1812, with Great Britain. [Two generals win renown : Gen. Wil- liam Henry Harrison, as commander of the army in Canada, and Gen. Andrew Jackson as a fighter of Indians in the South and later as the hero at New Orleans. Men enrolled, S5,000 regulars, 471,622 militia and volunteers.] July 2. The American embargo expires by its own limitation ; Capt. David Porter of the U. S. ship Essex sails on a cruise against the British ; motto on his flag, "Free Trade and Sailors' Rights." July 12. "William Hull, governor of Michigan, crosses the Detroit River with 1,500 men to capture Fort Maiden, hut fails through incompetence. July 17. Mich. The important Ameri- can post at Mackinaw is surprised and surrendered to the British. Aug. 5. Mich. Maj. Thomas B. Van Home, with 200 Americans, is de- feated in a skirmish with 600 Indians and British at Brownstown, Aug. 7. Mich. Gen. Hull returns from Canada without attempting anything. Aug. 9. Mich. The British, with In- dians (900) under Tecumseh, are defeated by Col. Miller (600) at Maguaga, near Brownstown. Aug. 13. The Essex, Capt. David Porter, in a fight of eight minutes, forces the British sloop Alert to strike her flag. Aug. 15. III. The Indians treacher- ously turn on the retreating garrison and refugees, near Fort Dearborn (Chicago), and murder 52 persons, in- cluding 12 children ; the women and other prisoners are distributed among the savages. Aug. 16. Mich. Gen. Hull, with 2,500 Americans, surrenders Detroit to Gen. Brock with 1 ,300 British. [The surrender is made without firing a gun, and is characterized as the most shameful of any in the history of the country ; and a court-martial decides that Hull is a patriot and yet a coward.] Aug. 19. A naval battle and great American victory occurs off the coast of Massachusetts. Captain Dacres surrenders the British ship-of-war Gxierr'uri' to Capt. Isaac Hull of the frigate Constitution, after receiv- ing a territie broadside. Losses: British, 15 killed and G3 wounded; American, 7 killed and 7 wounded. Oct. 4. JV. Y. A British force under Lieut.-Col. Jjethbridge embarks in 25 boats and two gunboats, to capture Ogdensburg; they are driven back by Gen. Brown without effecting a landing. Oct. 8. Capt. Elliott captures two British frigates on Lake Erie. Oct. 13. Can. British batteries at Qjieenstown are captured by the Americans ; retaken through disgraceful conduct of the New York militia, who refuse to leave the State ; 2,200 Ameri- cans under Van Rensselaer surrender to 2,500 British under Brock ; American loss, 99 killed, 900 wounded. Oct. 18. Naval battle off the coast of Virginia. Capt. Jacob Jones, in the sloop-of-war Wasp, 18 guns, after an engagement lasting three-quarters of an hour, takes Capt. Whinyates with the British brig Frolic of 22 guns ; immediately after the capture, the British seventy-four gun ship Poictiers arrives and captures the Wasp and the wreck of the Frolic. Oct. 25. Naval battle west of the Ca- nary Isles ; Commodore Decatur, with the frigate United States, of 44 guns, attacks the British frigate Macedonia, of 49 guns, and after fighting two hours the latter surrenders, with a loss of 100 killed and wounded. Nov. 23. X. Y. The Northern army, under Gen. Dearborn, goes into winter quarters at Plattsburg, Burlington, and Greenbush. Dec. 12. Capt. Porter, with the ship Essex, captures the British packet Nocton, having on board S55,000 in specie. Dec. 29. Naval Battle off the coast of Brazil. Commodore Bainbridge, with the Con- stitution, captures the British frigate Java after a battle of 2 hours, in which 200 men are killed or wounded, and every mast is torn out. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1811 Dec. 16. An earthquake is felt from Pittsburg and Ohio to Savannah. * * Mass. Manufacture of chemicals is begun in New England at Salem. 1812 Feb. 7. Phila. An earthquake at Philadelphia and elsewhere for 30 * *New York. The City HaH is com- pleted. English workmen commence the manufacture of pins with imported machines ; price one dollar a paper. The steamboat Richmond is built. * * Pa. The first rolling-mill at Pitts- burg is erected. * * Phila. The Academy of Natural Sciences is organized. * * The Dead Man Revived by Touch of Elisha's Bones is painted by "Washing- ton Allston. * * Mass. The first cotton-mill at Fall River is in operation. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1812* * Abbot, Samuel, founder of Andover Semi- nary, A 80. Alexander, John Henry, scientist, b. in Md. Appleton, Thomas Hold, author, b. in Mass. Andrews, Stephen P., lawyer, writer, b. Mass. Ball, Eph 'in, inventor of "Buckeye "mower, Bannister, Henry, theological professor, b. I'.arlow, Joel, statesman, poet, A 56. linekmirist'-r. Joseph, (.'one 'lert'vman, A61. Chirk, HaviK H'a^atf, M. K. bp., b. in Me. (lark, Thomas Mareli, I*, h. ho. of R. I., b. in Mass. Clinton, George, 4th Vice-Pres. of U. s., a?3. Clinton. James, K'*n. in Kevol'n War. A76. Elliott, Charles L., portrait painter, D. N.Y. Flint, Austin, physician, medical writer, Flor.-na. Thomas p... M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. Gammel, William, author, born in Mass. «.ari>.-.....rt. p. t- r. officer m Involution, A63. Gardner, logos! E., physician, b. in Mass. Gilder, William II.. <■!.. .-Iitur. I,, in Phila. Haldeman, Samuel S., naturalist, philolo- gist, born in Pa. Hawks, Cicero s.. P. E. bp. of Mo., b. N. C. Hill, Joshua, senator for Ca., horn in 8. ' . Hoe. Richard M.. inventor of printing- press, born in N.Y. Klngsley, Calvin, M. E. bp.* born in N.Y. Marshall. Humphrey, Coufed.gen., M. C. for Ky., born in Ky. Mayo, Wni. Starbuck, novelist, physician, born in N.Y. Osgood, Frances Sarcent. poet, b. in Mass. Perkins, Geo. Roberts, mathematician, born in N.Y. Prime. Sam. Irenseus. N.Y. Observer, born in N.Y. Reynolds, Wm. M., P. E. clergyman, author, Rogers, John, rear-admiral XT. S. N., born. Sargent, Epes, author, born in .Mass. Stephens. Alex. H.. Confed. Vice-Pres.; sen. for Ga., b. in Ga. Trail, Russell Thacher, hydropathist, born in Warren, Wm., Jr., comedian, born in Pa, "Waters, Horace, philanthropist, born. Williams, Sam. Wells, Chinese scholar, born in N.Y. ■Wilson. Henry, Vice-Pres.; senator for Mass., born in N. H., Feb. 26. CHURCH. 1811 * * Boston. The Evangelical Tract Society is organized. * * Conn. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets in New Haven ; only two bishops present. * * The Protestant Episcopal Church in America is declared to be the church formerly known as the Church of Eng- land in America. * * Mass. Organization of the " Salem Female Cent Society " (Baptist). * * Mass. The General Association of Congregationalists is allowed delegates to the Presbyterian General Assembly. * * &'. Y. The Kelig^ous Tract Society is organized at Albany. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Eliphalet Nott, moderator. 1812 Feb. 6. Mass. Messrs. Judson, Hall, Xewell, Nott, and Kice are or- dained at Salem for service in foreign missions (Congregationalist). Feb. 19. Mass. Messrs. Judson and NeweU, with their wives, sail from Sa- lem for Calcutta ; Bombay being selected as the first mission of the American Board. Feb. 22. Phila. Messrs. Hall, Kice, and Nott, with Mrs. Nott, sail for Cal- cutta as missionaries. May 1-22. X?w York. The sixth (first delegated) General Conference (.Meth- odist Episcopal) meets. June 2. Pa. Thomas and Alexander CampbeU (Disciples of Christ) are im- mersed by a Baptist minister. UNITED STATES. 1811, Dec. 16-1812. 119 June * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Andrew Flinn, moderator. June 12. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) approves the suggestion of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions respecting the organi- zation for cooperation of a similar board by the Presbyterian Church. June 17. India. Missionaries Judson and Newell and their wives arrive at Calcutta. June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Albany ; Jacob Sickles, president. Oct. 15. S. C. Consecration of Theo. Dehon (Protestant Episcopal) bishop for South Carolina. * * Conn. Organization of the Female Foreign Missionary Society of New Haven. (Contributes §177.09 to the American Board.) * * La. The first Baptist church is organ- ized in Louisiana on Bayou Chico. * * N. J. Princeton is selected by the Presbyterians as the location for a theo- logical school ; a board of directors is chosen, and Dr. Archibald Alexander is elected professor. LETTERS. 1811* * Mass. The Amherst College Library is founded [47,000 vols.]. * * New York. Rev. William Harris is elected president of Columbia College. * * New York. The Literary Miscellany appears. * * Phila. Select Views of Literature ap- pears. * * -13 * * The American Review of His- tory and Politics appears. 1812* * Mass. The General Repertory and Revieio, the first American quar- terly, is issued at Cambridge, by An- drews Norton. The American Antiquarian Society Library is founded at Worcester [85,000 vols.]. * * N. J. The Presbyterian Theological Seminary Library is founded at Prince- ton [50,000 vols.]. * * N. Y. Hamilton College (Pres.) is organized at Clinton. The U. S. Military Academy Library is founded at West Point [30,000 vols.]. * * Phila. The library of the Academy of Natural Science is founded [35,000 vols.]. * * Judgment : A Vision, by Hillhouse, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1812 May* New York. The (Meth. Epis.) General Conference votes down the resolution, " That no stationed or local preacher shall retail spirituous or malt liquors, without forfeiting his ministerial character among us." July 27. Md. A mob in Baltimore at- tacks some of the anti-war party and is repulsed j 2 are killed and others wounded. [Later it attacks the jail and kills General Lingan and eleven others.] Nov. * N. H. Daniel "Webster enters political life as representative in Con- gress from his native State. * * U. S. A. A gill of rum, whisky, or brandy is made a part of the regular daily ration of each soldier. STATE. 1811 * * D. C. Congress authorizes an additional army of 25,000 men. * *New York. De "Witt Clinton, is elected the 50th mayor. * * D. C. Joseph Story of Mass. and Gabriel Duval of Md. are appointed Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court. * * B. C. Congress has its first agita- tion over the admission of a slave State on the application of Louisiana. It results in the plan of a twin-birth of States, one free and the other slave, after the admission of Louisiana [which enters the Union alone]. * * Phila. The charter of the First National Bank expires. It fails of renewal by the casting vote of the Presi- dent of the Senate. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -13 * * Conn. Roger Griswold. -14 * * Del. Joseph Haslett. -13 * * Ind. Ter. John Gibson. -14 * * N. C. Wm. Hawkins. -17 * * R. I. William Jones. Va. James Monroe. -12 * * Va. George W. Smith. * * Ore. Astoria is settled as a trading- post. 1812 Jan. 1. U.S. The National debt $45,209,737. Feb. 2. John Henry, an Irish-American, exposes a conspiracy of the British Ministry and the Governor of Canada to sow discontent in New England, with a view to its secession and union with Canada, for which Henry was promised $5,000 per annum. Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The British plot to dismember the Union is dis- closed. Its exposure solidifies public sentiment against the English ; Henry receives $50,000 public money for disclos- ing it, and immediately sails for France. Mar. 24. I). C. Congress ; Senate : "William H. Crawford of Ga. is elected President pro tempore. Apr. 4. D. C. A third Embargo Act is passed by Congress. It is a retaliatory measure, caused by the impressment of 6,000 American sea- men, and it lays an embargo for 90 days on all British vessels within the juris- diction of the United States. Apr. 30. D. C. Congress admits Loui- siana into the Union as the 18th State. June 1. D. C. Congress receives a war message from the President. June 18. B.C. Congress declares war against England and votes to raise an army of 35,000 men. Vote — Senate, 19-13 ; House, 79-10. June 19. B.C. The President pro- claims war against Great Britain ; 25,000 enlistments for the regular army, 50,000 volunteers, and 100,000 militia are called for. Causes of the war : impressment of American seamen, seizure of Americans on the high seas while sailing under their country's Mag ; offensive action of British cruisers ; Orders in Council affecting the rights of neutrals, etc. * * Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island oppose the war, refuse to furnish the levies of troops, and threaten to secede. June 23. Eng. The British Government repeals its Orders in Council, but it is too late to stop the war. June 30. Algeria. The Dey of Algiers is forced to sign a treaty of peace, re- leasing all American prisoners and relin- quishing all claim to tribute. July 6. D. C. The 12th Congress : the first session closes. July * The Dey of Algiers believes the Americans unable to defend themselves against Great Britain, so commences a piratical warfare on their shipping, and also extorts a large sum of money from Mr, Lear, the American consul, as the price of his freedom. Nov. 2. D. a The 12th Congress : the second session opens. * * Seventh Presidential election. The Democrat-Republicans defeat the Feder- alists and reelect Madison. Dec. 26. Great Britain proclaims the blockade of the Chesapeake and the Delaware. * * Pa. The State capital is removed from Lancaster to Harrisburg. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -16 * * Ky. Isaac Shelby. -16 * * la. Wm. C. C. Clayborne. -16 * * Mass. Caleb Strong. -13 * * N.H. William Plumer. N. J. Joseph Bloomfield. -13 * *N.J. Aaron Ogden. -14 * * S. C Joseph Alston. -14 * * Va. James Barbour. MISCELLANEOUS. 1811 Dec. 26. Va. A theater at Richmond, containing about 600 people, burns, and 75 lives are lost. Dec. 31. Mass. At Newburyport 200 buildings burn ; loss, $600,000. * * New York. Five steamboats are now running between New York and Albany, and one between New York and New Brunswick, N. J. (Philadelphia route). * *JV. Y. A ferry-boat propelled by steam runs between New York and Ho- boken ; the first in the country. * * N. Y. The mails pass through Long Island weekly. 1812 * * U. S. The naval victories of Americans over the greatest of naval powers raise intense excitement. * * N. Y. The first house in Rochester is erected. * * O. Columbus is laid out and made the capital of the State. 120 1812-1813. AMERICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1812 * * Five naval duels occur during this year, in which the American frig- ates either capture or sink their British adversaries. * * During the year American privateers capture over 300 British vessels. 1813 Jan. 18. Mich. Frenchtown is taken from an invading force of British and Indians by Americans under Gen. Winchester, who encamp in the town. Jan. 22. Mich. The British (1,500) under Gen. Proctor retake Frenchtown, and Gen. Winchester and his 800 troops are made prisoners of war ; 2G0 wounded Americans are massacred by the Indians. Jan. * The army of the West is com- manded by Gen. W. H, Harrison ; the army of the Center, near Niagara River, by Gen. Dearborn, and the army of the North, near Lake Champlain, by Gen. Hampton. Feb. 1. The American privateer schooner Hazzard, of 3 guns and 38 men, captures the British merchant ship Albion, of 12 guns and 15 men. Feb. 4. Va. The frigate Constellation is chased into Norfolk by a British squad- Feb. 5. The British Admiral Warren declares Chesapeake Bay to be in a state of blockade. Feb. 7. Can. Capt. Forsyth, with 200 volunteers, crosses from Morristown to Elizabeth, and surprises the British ; he takes 52 prisoners, 140 muskets, with ammunition, and liberates from jail 16 British deserters. Feb. 22. N. Y. Ogdensburg is taken by the British under Col. McDonell. Feb. 23. The Albion is recaptured by the British cutter Caledonia, of 8 guns and 38 men. Feb. 24. The sloop-of-war Hornet, com- manded by Capt. Lawrence, attacks and in 15 minutes defeats the British man- of-war Peacock; the latter soon sinks. Feb. 26. The Hazard captures the British frigate Albion and the cutter Caledonia. Mar. 10. The schooner Adeline sinks the British schooner Lottery in Chesapeake Bay. Mar. 11. The privateer schooner General Armstrong, 18 guns, escapes from a Brit- ish frigate, 24 guns, off Surinam River, with the loss of 6 killed and 16 wounded. Mar. 14. British vessels blockade the Delaware River. Mar. 16. Del. Capt. Beresford, of the British ship Poictiers, 74 guns, at Lewis- ton, demands 25 oxen, vegetables, etc. ; he threatens to destroy the town ; the people refuse his demand. Mar. 26. N. Y. American batteries at Black Rock silence the lower battery of the British. Mar. 30 ±. Miss. Gen. Andrew Jack- son's army of 2,070 men disbands, by order of the Government. Apr. 3. Md. Action near Urbana, on the Chesapeake, between 17 British barges and 4 American vessels ; one of the latter is taken by the British. Apr. 6. Del. Lewiston is bombarded for about 20 hours, with little damage, by the British frigate Belvidere. Apr. 9. Mass. The frigate Chesapeake. returns from her cruise to Boston, hav- ing captured two British brigs, one ship, one American brig with a British license, and a schooner. Apr. 16. Md. Part of the British squad- ron anchors off Patapsco River, in sight of Baltimore. Apr. 20. O. The advance of the British and Indians appears at Fort Meigs. Apr. 27. Can. Americans (1,700), under Gen. Pike, assault and capture York (Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada, with property valued at $500,000. Brit- ish force under Sheaffe, 1,500; American loss, 300. Apr. 28. The American privateer York- town captures the British brig Avery, with a valuable cargo, and brings her into port. Apr. 29. British ships Montezuma and Policy, each 10 guns, and Georgiana, 6 guns and 4 swivels, capture the frigate Essex near Albemarle Island. British Admiral Cockburn burns the storehouses of Frenchtown on the Ches- apeake Bay ; he also burns two ships and plunders private houses. May 1-5. O. Gen. W. H. Harrison is besieged at Fort Meigs by 2,000 British and savages under Gen. Proctor and Chief Tecumseh ; Gen. Henry Clay, with 1,200 Kentuckians, reenforces Har- rison. American loss, 800. May 3. Md. HavTe de Grace is burned by the British under Admiral Cockburn. May 9. O. Proctor abandons the siege of Fort Meigs after the desertion of his Indian allies. May 27. Can. Fort George, near the Niagara River, is taken from Gen. Vin- cent by the Americans under Gen. Dear- born ; loss, 72 killed and wounded. A British squadron appears before Sackett's Harbor. May 29. N. Y. The British (1.000) under Sir George Prevost are repulsed in an attack on Sackett's Harbor by (1,000) Americans under Gen. Jacob Brown, who lose 100 killed and wounded; Brit- ish loss, 260 killed and wounded. May 30. The privateer Yankee captures the British brig Thames. (Cargo sold for §180,000.) June 1. Naval battle eastward of Cape Ann, The British frigate Shannon, Capt. Broke, defeats and captures the frigate Chesapeake, Capt. Lawrence, who dies crying, " Don't give up the ship ! " The action lasts only fifteen minutes. June 6. Can. At Burlington Heights the Americans under Gen."Winder repulse an attack of the British under Gen. Vincent. July 8. Can. Outposts of Americans at Fort George are attacked by British and Indians ; cruelties of the Indians lead to the employment of Indians by Americans in retaliation. July 17. Can. British and Indians at- tack an outwork at Fort George and are repulsed. July 21. O. Gen. Proctor, with about 4,000 troops, again besieges Fort Meigs [for a few days and retires]. THE SIXTH WAR. July 27 -1814 Aug. 9. "War with Creek Indians concurrent with the fifth war. 13,781 men enrolled. July 31. A". Y. Plattsburg is taken by the British without opposition. Aug. 2. 0. Gen. Proctor (1,300) assaults Fort Stephenson on the Lower San- dusky River; he is repulsed by Col. George Croghan (100) and retires. Aug. 14. The American brig Argus, after a successful cruise, is captured by the British brig Pelican of about equal force. Aug. 30. Ala. The Creek Indians sur- prise Fort Mims, north of Mobile; a massacre follows. Sept. 5. The British brig Boxer surren- ders to the American brig Enterprise, after an engagement of forty minutes, off the coast of Maine ; the commanders of both vessels fall, and are buried side by side. Sept. 10. Naval Battle and American victory on Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay. Commodore O. H. Perry, who had never seen a naval battle, with an Amer- ican fleet of nine vessels, carrying 54 guns, captures the British fleet of 6 vessels, carrying 63 guns, under Com- modore Barclav. This battle gives the Americans control of the lake. Sept. 27. Gen. W. H. Harrison in- vades Canada from Detroit. Oct. 5. Can. Gen. Harrison, with 2,500 Americans, defeats Gen. Proctor with 2,000 British, on the River Thames , Tecumseh, the Shawnee chief, is slain. American loss 50 killed and wounded. Nov. 3. Ala. Gen. Coffee, with 900 men, surrounds a body of Indians at TaUushatches and kills about 200 of them. Nov. 5. Can. Aforceof 7,000 Americans embarks at French Creek and de- scends the St. Lawrence River to take Montreal. Nov. 8. Ala. Battle of Talladega; Creek Indians are defeated by Gen. Jackson. Nov. 11. Can. Severe skirmish at "Wil- liamsburg ; the Americans, led by Gen- eral Brown, lose 300, and the British 200 men. An indecisive action at Chrystler's Field ; 1,500 Americans under John P. Boyd, engage 2,000 British under Morri- son ; reenforcements not arriving, the expedition against Montreal is aban- doned; 200 Americans are killed or wounded. Nov. 29. Ala. Battle of Autosse; the Creeks defeated by Gen. A. Jackson, the hero of this war. Dec. 12. Can. On the approach of the British, Gen. McClure abandons Fort George after burning Newark. UNITED STATES. 1812-1813. 121 Dec. 19. i\ r . Y. The British take pos- session of Fort Niagara, and proceed to retaliate for the burning of Newark, by burning Youngstown, Lewiston, Manchester, and the Indian Tuscarora village. Dec. 30. N. r. The British burn Black Bock and Buffalo. * * Depredations of British marines and soldiers in the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays ; Lewiston is bombarded. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 1813 * * New York. The first stereo- typing is done. (See p. 91.) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1813* * Allen, William Henry, naval officer, A29. Bartol, Cyrus Augustus, Unit, clergyman, born in Me. Beecher, Henry "Ward, Cong, clergyman, orator, born in Conn. June 24. Blair, Montgomery, l'.M.G., b. in Ky. Bradley, Joseph P., U. S. Ct., born in N. J. Cassin, John, urnithulogist, born in Pa. Clymer, George, M. C. for Pa., A74. Crancb, Christopher P., artist, poet,b. in Va. Crawford, Thunms, sculptor, born in N.Y. Dana, James Dwig'ht, geologist, b. in N.Y. Douglas, Stephen Arnold, Sen. for 111., born in Vt. Dwight, John S., musical critic, b. in Mass. Franklin, William, <;ov. of N. J., A84. Tremont, John Charles, explorer, general U. S. A., born in Ga. GUes, Chauncey, Swedcnborgian clergyman, born in Mass. Hamilton, Prank, surgeon, born in Vt. Harmar, Josiah, general U. S. A., A60. Healy, George Peter Alex., painter, b. Mass. Jarvis, Abraham, P. E. bp. of Conn., A74. Lawrence, James, naval captain, A32. Livingston, Kobt. K., minister to Fr., jurist, A66. Loseing-, Benson J., historian, b. in N.Y. Otterbein, Philip Wm., Ger. Am. f der of Church of United Brethren in Christ, A87. Parsons, Theoplnlits, jurist of Mass., A63. Peters, Christian Henry F., astronomer, born Pike, Zebulon M., brig.-gen., explorer, A34. Porter, Andrew, general C. S. A., A70. Porter, David Dixon, admiral, b. in Pa. Randolph, Edmund, Gov. of Va., A60. Sedgwick, John, ma j. -gen. U. S. A., b. Conn. Sedgwick, Theo., Gov. of Conn., M. C., speaker, A 67. Stephens, Anna Sophia, author, b. in Conn. Still6, Alfred, phvs., medical writer, b. in Pa. Tecumseh, Chief of the Sliawnees, A43. (?) Thurman, Allen. G., sen. for O., b. W. Va. Trumbull, Lyman, sen. for 111., b. in Conn. Tuckerman, Henry Theo., art-critic, born in Mass. Whiting, William, lawyer, born in Mass. Wilson, Alex., Scottish ornithologist in Am., A47. CHURCH. 1812 * * N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod of Geneva is formed. * * New York. The New York Tract Society is organized. * * Pa. A religious romance, written in imitation of Scripture style, by Rev. Solomon Spaulding appears in a print- ing-office at Pittsburg. Book of Mor- mon (?) * * The Ohio (Methodist Episcopal) Con- ference is formed. * * The Baptists commence their mis- sionary work by forwarding to the English Baptist Society S4,650 in aid of the translation of the Scriptures into the languages of India. * * The Methodist Episcopal Church begins home mission work ; Bishop Asbury solicits funds for it. 1813 June* The Union American Methodist Episcopal Church is organ- ized. Oct. * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; James S. Cannon, president. * * The first legacy for missions is granted to the American Board. The sum of $345.83 out of an estate of $500, left by Sally Thomas of Cornish, a domestic, whose highest, wages were 50 cents a week. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets; Samuel Batchford, moderator. * * The Presbyterian synods of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia are formed. LETTERS. 1812 * * The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan, by J. K. Paulding, appears. * * Boston. The Christian Disciple ap- pears. 1813 Jan. 13. N. Y. First issue of the Albany Argus. Mar. 3. Boston. First issue of the Bos- ton Daily Advertiser, the first success- ful daily paper in this city. * * Me. A charter is obtained for the Maine Literary and Theological Institu- tion by Baptists. * * Phila. The Analytical Magazine ap- pears. * * Demetria is written by Hillhouse. * * Six additional volumes of Ornithology, by Wilson, appear. * * Grammar of the Hebrew Language, without Points , by Moses Stuart, appears. * * Sylphs of the Seasons, by Washington AUston, appears. SOCIETY. 1812 Jan. 9. N. J. A society is formed at Trenton for organizing a colony of colored people. Aug. * Ala. The Creek Indians mas- sacre 400 persons at Fort Mims ; not a woman or child is spared. * * Mich. The British Gen. Proctor leaves the wounded Americans at Frenchtown to the merciless brutalities of the In- dians, who use the scalp-knife, toma- hawk, and the torch to destroy many ; others are taken into captivity. * * Va. John Tyler marries Letitia Christian. STATE. 1813 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt §55,962,827. Feb. 6. D. C. The Government orders all alien enemies to report themselves to the marshals of the districts in which they reside. Feb. 12. X>. C. Congress counts the Electoral vote. Vote for President: James Madison, of Va. (Republican), 1L!S ; De Witt Clin- ton, of N. V. (Federalist), 80. For Vice- President : Elbridge Gerry of Mass. (Republican), 131 ; Jared Ingersoll of Pa. (Federalist), 86. Vacancy, 1. Mar. 4. D.C. The 12th Congress ends. Second term of the 4th Adminis- tration; Democratic-Republican. James Madison of Va., the 4th President, enters his second term — the seventh term of the Presidency; El- bridge Gerry of Mass. is Vice-Presi- dent. Cabinet : James Monroe of Va. (State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas- ury), John Armstrong of Pa. (War), "William Jones of Pa. (Navy), also "William Pinkney of Md. Attorney- General for a time [and later Richard Rush of Pa.]. Mar. 20. Great Britain proclaims the whole Atlantic Coast under a block- ade, with the exception of the New England (anti-war, Federal) States. May 24. D. C. The 13th Congress opens. Va. Thomas Jefferson writes indig- nantly of English outrages. . "They have impressed two nephews of General Washington returning from Europe, and put them as common sea- men under the ordinary discipline of their ships-of-war." Aug. 2. D. C. The 13th Congress: the first session closes. Dec. 6. D. C. The 13th Congress: the second session opens. * * D. C. Congress; Senate : Joseph B. Varnum of Mass. is again elected President pro tempore. Dec. 19. D. C. Congress passes an Embargo Act (the fourth) against all exports whatever. * * D. C. Congress establishes a system of internal revenue from direct tax and excise. * * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : -18 * * Conn. John Cotton Smith. -15 * * Ga. Peter Early. -16 * *Ind. (Ter.). Thomas Posey. -+ -31* * Mich. (Ter.). Lewis Cass. -16 * * N. H. John T. Gilman. -15 * * N. J. Wm. S. Pennington. -15 * * Vt. Martin Chittenden. MISCELLANEOUS. 1812 * * Pa. Nine wagons loaded with anthracite coal are hauled 106 miles to Philadelphia ; two loads are sold at cost of transportation, and seven given away, and the sale is denounced as a fraud. * * The first steamboat navigates the Ohio. * * Phila. A steam-ferry first connects Philadelphia and Camden. * * New Eng. The large foreign com- merce of the Eastern States is wholly destroyed. 1813 May 10. N. V. A steam-ferry first connects Brooklyn and New York. Nov. 22. N. H. A great fire occurs at Portsmouth ; over 300 buildings are con- sumed. * * Ore. Astoria is sold to the North West Company. 122 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1814 Jan. 22. Ala. Battle of Emuc- fau ; the Creeks are defeated by Gen. Jackson. Feb. 5. 0. Seventeen British officers are put in close confinement at Chillicothe by way of retaliation. Feb. 13-K Gen. "Wilkinson burns his boats in Salmon River, and breaks up cantonment at French Mills ; Gen. Brown goes to Sackett's Harbor, and Gen. Macomb, with the Army of the North, marches for Plattsburg through snow three feet deep. Feb. 21. K. T, Col. Scott and 2,000 Brit- ish arrive at French Mills, burn the arsenal at Malone, and pillage the town. Mar. 4. The British are defeated at Longwood, about 100 miles from De- troit, losing 80 men ; American loss, 8 men. Mar. 27. Ala. Gen. Jackson defeats the Creek Indians at Horse-shoe ; Jack- son's loss 91 killed, Indian loss 800. Mar. 28. British ship Phoebe and sloop-of- war Cherub, in all 81 guns and 500 men, capture in the neutral port of Valparaiso the United States frigate Essex, 52 guns, 255 men, Capt. Porter. Mar. * JT. Y. The Army of the North leaves Plattsburg and invades Canada. Mar. 30. Can. Gen. Wilkinson, -with 4,000 Americans, is repulsed at La Colle Mills by Gen. Hancock with 2,000 British and falls back on Plattsburg ; American loss, 13 killed and 123 wounded ; British, 13 killed, 45 wounded. Apr. 7- Conn. Saybrookeis surprised by a force of 200 British marines, who burn the shipping, spike the cannon, and safely retreat to their ships. Apr. 14. Europe. Napoleon having ab- dicated, the British are free to rein- force their armies in America; they aim at the conquest of Louisiana. Apr. 21. Com. Bainbridge, sloop Erotic, is taken by the British frigate Orpheus. Apr. 29. The sloop-of-war Peacock, 20 guns, 1G0 men, captures the British brig E,peroier, 18 guns and 128 men, with $118,000 on board. May * Wis. Prairie du Chien is taken by an American force of 200 men. June 28. Near the British Channel the sloop Wasp, Capt. Blakely, captures the British brig Reindeer, Capt. Manners. July 3. Can. Gens. Brown, Winfield Scott and Bipley cross the Niagara River, and 200 British at Fort Erie sur- render without a battle. July 5. Can. Battle of Chippewa. The Americans under Gen. Brown de- feat the British under Gen. Kiall, in a battle south of the Chippewa River. Losses: American, 33S; British, 500. July 11. Me. A British fleet takes East- port. July 20. The privateer General Arm- strong arrives at New York, having captured 11 British vessels. * * Can. Large reinforcements arrive i<>r the British. Many of these are veterans who served under Wellington in Spain. July 25. Can. Battle of Lundy's Lane, fought at night, near Niagara. [Both sides claim the victory.] Gen. Brown (2,000) defeats the British (4,500) under Gen. Drummond. Gens. Brown and Scott are wounded. Losses : British, 878, Americans, 858. Aug. 4. Can. Gen. Drummond, with a British force, besieges Gen. Gaines at Fort Erie. Mich. Col. Crogan assaults the for- tifications of Mackinaw, in the North- west, and is repulsed. Aug. 9+. Conn. The British, under Com- modore Hardy, bombard Stonington, and make several ineffectual attempts to land. Aug. 15. Can. The British unsuccess- fully assault Fort Erie, and lose nearly 1,000 men ; American loss, 84. Aug. 19. Md. A British fleet in the Chesapeake ascends the Pawtuxet, for an advance on "Washington. Gen. Ross lands 5,000 British soldiers at Benedict. Aug. 24. Md. Battle of Bladensburg, six miles from Washington. Gen. "Winder is defeated ; the British march on Washington and burn the Capitol, and all the public buildings, except the Patent Office and the jail. Aug. 29. J'a. Alexandria is ransomed from burning by the payment of 21 ships, 16,000 barrels flour, and 1,000 hogsheads of tobacco. Aug. * Ela. The Spaniards permit a British fleet to use Pensacola, to fit out an expedition against Fort Boyer, at the entrance of Mobile Bay. Sept. 6. A r . Y. Gen. Macomb retires with the Army of the North from Platts- burg to the south bank of the Saranac River. Sept. 9. JST. Y. Bold attack on the Brit- ish near Plattsburg, by Capt. JIcGlassin and 50 Americans. Sept. 11. JV~. Y. An important land and naval battle at Plattsburg. The British, under Gen. Prevost and Admiral Downie, are defeated bv Gen. Macomb and Admiral MeDonough; the British retreat with a loss of 1,500. Sept. 12. Md. The British attack Bal- timore ; the British Gen. Ross is killed, and the Americans under Gen. Smith fall back. Sept. 13. Md. The British squadron bombards Fort McHenry, near Balti- more, from sunrise till near midnight. Sept. 14. Md. The British abandon the expedition against Baltimore, after mak- ing demonstrations of attack. Sept. 15. Ala. The British attack Fort Boyer, commanding the entrance to Mobile Bay, and are repulsed. Sept. 17. Can. The British retire from the siege of Fort Erie, after a success-, ful sortie by the Americans, and the ap- proach of reinforcements. Oct. 29. New York. The first steam frigate, the Fulton, is launched. Nov. 5. Com. Xhe Americans evacuate and destroy Fort Erie, and retire to the American sid«*of the Niagara River; this ends the war in that region. Nov. 6. Ela. Gen. Jackson, without authority, at the head of 3,000 men, appears before the Spanish town of Pensacola to drive out the British, who blow up the fort, and in their seven vessels retire from the Bay. This neu- tral (?) port is no longer a British port of outfit. Dec. 2. La. Gen. Jackson arrives at New Orleans and takes command. Dec. 10. La. The British fleet enters Lake Borgne, and defeats a small squad- ron under Lieut. Jones, but suffers severely in killed and wounded. Dec. 14. La. The British capture a small American fleet; this gives them the command of the route to New Orleans, but they fail to use their opportunity. Dec. 15. La. Gen. Jackson declares martial law in Xew Orleans. Dec. 23. La Gen. Jackson attacks with success the British camp of 2,400 men, nine miles below New Orleans, but falls back to his intrenchments, within 4 miles of the city. Loss on each side, about 200. Dec. 24. Belgium. The war ends — on paper — by the signing of the treaty of Peace at Ghent. (See State.) Dec. 28. La. The British, under Sir E. Pakenham, attack Gen. Jackson, and are repulsed. 1815 Jan. 1. La. The British again attack Gen. Jackson, and are signally beaten. Jan. 4. La. Gen. Jackson is reinforced by 2,250 Kentuekians, mostly unarmed. Jan. 6. La. The English are reinforced at New Orleans, and have an army vari- ously estimated from 8.000 to 14,000. Jan. 8. La. Battle of New Orleans. The British make a desperate attack on Gen. Jackson, who is protected by breastworks of cotton bales. They are repulsed, with small loss to the Americans — S killed and 13 wounded; British loss about 700 killed and 1.400 wounded. Sir E. Pakenham, their commanding general, and Gen. Gibbs, second in command, both lose their lives, and Gen. Keane is disabled. Jan. 15. The British ship Endi/mion captures the American frigate President. Jan. 18. La. The British retire from New Orleans. * * Commodore Decatur captures an Algerian frigate and brig, and sailing into the Bay of Tunis, forces the Bey to surrender American prisoners and re- linquish all claims to American tribute. Feb. 5. The privateer brig George Little, S guns, 5S men, is captured by the British ship Granicits. Feb. 11. Ala. Col. Lawrence, with 375 men, surrenders Fort Boyer, Mobile, to 5,000 British, with a large fleet, under Gen. Lambert. UNITED STATES. 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6. 123 Feb. 20. Naval Battle off Cape St. Vincent. The frigate Constitution, after a severe fight, captures the British brigs Cyane, 30 guns, and the Levant, IS guns. Mar. 4. The privateer brig Aspasia, 3 guns, 25 men, is captured by the British brig Volontaire. Mar. 8. The British ship Tiber, Capt. Dacres, captures the privateer Leo, Capt. Hemes, with seven guns and 93 men. Mar. 19. U. S. Military operations on land entirely cease. Mar. 24. Naval battle off the coast of Brazil. In 22 minutes the brig Hornet, 16 guns, Capt. Biddle, captures the British brig Penguin, IS guns and a 12-pound car- ronade, having 132 men under Capt. Dickinson ; British loss, 14 killed, 28 wounded ; American loss, one killed, 11 wounded. Apr. 6. Eng. American prisoners in Dartmoor prison are fired upon by their guard, and many of them killed and wounded ; [the Prince-regent cen- sures the officers.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1814* * Boston. The Linnasan Society is organized. [Disbanded.] * *Mass. The first power cotton-mill in the United States is erected at Waltham. * * N. Y. — Conn. Carriages are first manufactured at Albany and New Haven. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1814* * Adams, Chas. Baker, naturalist, b. in Mass. Allen, Ira, one of the founders of Vt., A63. Bailey. James Roosevelt, R.C. archbishop, born Aug. 23 in N.Y. Baynan,Wm., surgeon, anatomist of Va.,A65. Bellows, Henry "Whitney, Unit, clergy- man, born in Mass. ""^ Bigelow, Erastus B., inventor, b. in Mass. Brown, Henry Kirk, sculptor, born in Mass. Chapin, Edwin H., Univ. cl., oxator. b. N.Y. Clemens, Jeremiah, sen. for Ala., b. in Ala. Coke, Thomas, first M. £. bp., A67. Colt. Samuel, inventor of revolver, b. Conn. Colton, Gardner Q., physician, dentist, b.Vt. Craik, James, plivsirian, surgeon, A83. Davenport, Edward L., actor, born in Mass. Deane, Samuel, (.'on.tr. clergyman, poet, A71. Donaldson, James L., maj.-gen., b. in Md. Ellis. Geo. Edw., Unit, clergyman, writer, b. in Mass. Everts, Win, W., Bapt. cl., author, b. in N.Y. Gay, Sydney Howard, author, born in Mass. Gerry. Elbridge, patriot, Vice-Pr. U. S., A70. Gilman, Nicholas, senator for N. H., A52. Gregg, Maxey.Oont'ed. Brig-Gen., b. in S. C. Harris, Samuel, Cong, clergyman, b. in Me. Headley, Joel T., historical writer, b. in N.Y. Heath, "William, maj.-gen. in Itevol'n, A77. Hooker. Joseph, gen. U. S. A.,b. in Mass. "* - Howe, Sir William, gen. at Bunker Hill, A8.5. Hudson, Henry Norman, essayist, b. in Vt. Kirkwood, Daniel, mathematician, b. in Md. Lang, Louis, painter, horn in Ger. Lapham, Eldridge G., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. Maynard, Horace, P. M. general, b. in Mass. McClintock, John, M. E. clergyman, author, born in Ire. Meek, Alexander B., editor, born in S. C. Mell, Patrick Hues, Bapt. clergyman, b. Ga. Miller, Morns S., brig. -gen. U. S. Vol., b. Miner, Alonzo A., cl., educator, b. in N. H. Motley. John Lothrop. historian, b. Mass. Otis, Samuel A., senator for Mass., A74. Paine, Robert T., lawyer, signer of Declara- tion of Independence, A83. Prime, Edward D. G., N. Y. Observer, b. N.Y. Robertson, -lames, pioneer in Tenn., A72. Robinson, Wm. E., journalist, editor, b. Ire. Rumford. Benjamin Thompson, count, Brit, officer, philosopher, A61. Stanton, Edwin McMasters, sec. of war, born in O. Thompson, Jerome, painler, born in Mass. Tilden. Samuel J., Gov. of N. Y., lawyer, born in N.Y. Wilmot, David, sen. for Pa., born in Pa. Wynian, Jeffries, anatomist, prof., b. Mass. Yancey, William L., M. C. for Ala.,b. inS. C. CHURCH. 1814 Apr. 11. New York. A woman's missionary society is organized in the Fayette Street Baptist Church. May 18. Va. R. C. Moore is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop. Phila. An assembly of 26 ministers and 7 laymen, representing 11 different States and the District of Columbia, or- ganizes the Triennial Convention of the Baptist Church, in the interest of foreign mission work. June * New York. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets ; John N. Bradford, president. Sept. 1. Md. James Kemp is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) suffragan bishop. * * Phila. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel Inglis, moderator. * * O. — Tenn. The Presbyterian synods of Ohio and Tennessee are formed. * * The National Foreign Missionary Society (Baptist) is organized. LETTERS. 1814 Aug. 24. B.C. The British burn the National Library at "Washington. * * New York. The New York Weekly Museum appears. Sept. 13. Md. Francis S. Key composes the Star-spangled Banner, during the bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, while detained on board a British ship. * * The first religious newspaper, The Recorder, is issued at Chillicothe, Ohio. SOCIETY. 1S15 Jan. 23. La. Thanksgiving Day is observed in New Orleans for General Jackson's victory. Apr. 6. Eng. Massacre of 64 Ameri- cans at Dartmoor Prison. STATE. 1814 Jan. 1. U.S. National debt $81,487,846. Jan. 19. X>. C. Congress; House: Langdon Cheves of S. C. is elected Speaker. [Re-elected Nov. 25.] Apr. 14. Congress repeals the Em- bargo Act of December, 1813. Apr. 18. ' D. C. Congress ; Senate : John Gaillard of S. C. is elected President pro tempore. The 13th Congress: the second ses- sion closes. Aug. 22. Mass. The people of Nan- tucket declare themselves neutral and under the protection of England. Aug. 24. D. C. The President and Cabinet flee from "Washington at the approach of the British. Sept. 19. D. C. The 13th Congress: the third session opens. Dec. 15. Conn. Delegates assemble from the New England States and orga- nize the Hartford Convention as an anti-war movement, and also to oppose the administration of President Madison. It urges certain amendments to the Constitution and a defining of the power of the General Government over State troops, but accomplishes nothing. [The Democrats allege that it is a disloyal assembly. Its chief effect is the ruin of the Federal party, which called it ; no political preferments await its mem- bers in after years.] Dec. 24. Belgium. Peace comes by the Treaty of Ghent, which is negotiated by John Q. Adams, Albert Gallatin, Henry Clay, James A. Bayard, and Jonathan Russell. The treaty provides for commissions to run boundaries, which previous treaties had provided for, but it settles none of the questions which brought on the war ; [yet its effect was essentially that desired by the Americans.] * * D. C. Congress orders the first war- tax, on hats, caps, umbrellas, leather boots, plate, beer, ale, playing-cards, harness, household furniture, and gold and silver watches. * * D. C. Henry Clay is the leader of the new Democracy ; the Federalist party has been nearly annihilated by its unpopular conduct during the war. Dec. 31. U.S. Internalrevenue$l,662,0S4. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : Cal. Jose" Arguello (Spanish). -17 * * Del. Daniel Rodney. -17 * * N.C. William Miller. O. Othniel Looker. -18 * * O. Thomas Worthington. -16 * * S. C. David R. Williams. -16 * * Va. Wilson C. Nicolas. 1815 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $99,833,660. Jan. 12. U. S. A National fast-day is i observed. Jan. 15. D. C. President Madison ve- toes the bills to recharter the National Bank. Feb. 18. D. C. Congress: the Senate ratifies the Treaty of Ghent. Mar. 4. B.C. The 13th Congress ends. MISCELLANEOUS. 1814 Feb. 1. New rates of postage. Letters, for 40 miles, 12 cents; between 40 and 90 miles, 15 cents ; between 90 and 150 miles, 18| cents : between 150 and 300 miles, 25 cents; between 300 and 500 miles, 30 cents ; over 500 miles, 37£ cents ; double letters at double price. Apr.* La. New Orleans banks suspend specie payments. Aug. * Philadelphia banks suspend specie payments. (Also banks in D. C.) Sept.* U.S. Nearly all other banks in the country suspend. Dec. * The National debt is increased by the war of 1S12 to 124 1815, Apr. 13- 1817 * *. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. THE SEVENTH WAR. 1815 May 19. New York. An expe- dition, consisting of nine vessels, under Commodore Decatur, sails for Algiers to punish, piracies, war having been de- clared by the United States. June 17. Decatur, after a fight of 20 minutes, captures the principal Al- gerine frigate off Gibraltar. June 18. Hostilities cease between the United States and England. June 19. Decatur captures another Algerine vessel. June 28. Algeria. The American squad- ron arrives in the Bay of Algiers. June 30. Algiers. The Americans dic- tate terms of peace. June * D. C. Maj.-Gen. Jacob Brown is appointed (10th) commander of the army. 1816 May 8. The Washington is the first ship-of-t he-line ; she puts to sea and carries 74 guns. THE EIGHTH WAR. 1817 Nov. 20 — 18 Oct. 21. The Seminole Indian "War. [Troops engaged : 1,000 regulars, 6,911 militia and volunteers ; total, 7,911 men. Georgia and Alabama are the seat of the war.] Dec. 26. Gen. Andrew Jackson is or- dered to take the field against the Seminole and Creek Indians. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1815* * Boston,. The Handel and Haydn Society is founded. * * Mary Brush takes out a patent for a corset, the second patent issued to a * * Pa. Iron-workers have begun to use anthracite coal, but their cold blast causes a failure. 1516* *-17* * Pa. The first rolling- mill to puddle iron and roll iron bars is built on Redstone Creek. Apr. 30.* Phila. A spot on the sun is visible to the naked eye for several days. 1817 Jan. 7. S. C. Two shocks of earthquake occur at Charleston. * * Ky. The Kentucky River overflows, causing damage to the extent of a million dollars. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1815 * * Anthony, Henry B., Gov., sen. for R. 1., born in It. I. Alsop, Richard, poet, linguist, A74. Appleton, Juhn, lawyer, born in Mass. Barnard, John C..,mil. eng. U. S. A.,b. Mass. Barton, Benjamin Smith, plivs., butanist, A49. Bayard, -lame? Assheton, sen. for Del., A 48. Beecber, Charles, Cong, clergyman, writer, born in Conn. Bonham, Milledge L., Confed. Gen., b. S. C. Bradford, Alex. Warrlrhl, jurist, b. in N.Y. Brady, .lames T., lawyer of N.Y., b. in N.Y. Brooks, Krastus, journalist, politician, b. Me. BiuUniiton, Win. Ives, Cong, el., b. in Conn. Campbell, Jab../. P., A f r. M. E. bp.,b. In Del. Carroll. John D., first R. C. bp., A80. Cobb. Howell. M. C. for Ga., sec. treas., b. Ga. Copley. John s.. painter, A78. Dana, Richard Menrv, Jr., lawyer, b. In Mass. Davis, David, V. S. S. Ct., born in 111. Doolittle, Jas. It., senator for Wis., b. in N.Y. Downing, Andrew J., ruralist economist. born In N.Y. Dumont, Ebenezer, brig.-gen., M. C. for Ind., born in Ind. Farnham, Eliza W., philanthropist, b. N.Y. Flagg, Edmund, journalist, author, b. in Me. Foster, John Wells, geologist, horn in Mass. Fry, William H., editor, born in Pa. Fulton. Robert steamboat-builder, A 50. Gnswold, Stanley, senator, A '>-'. HaUeck, Henry W., maj.-gen., military writer, born in N.Y. Hurlbut, Stephen A., maj.-gen., b. in S. C. Kearny. Philip, maj.-gen., born in N.Y. Lester, Cbas. E., author, born in Conn. Lyman, Theodore B., V. E. bp. of N. C, born in Mass. Meade. Georg-e G.. maj.-gen., commander of the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, born in Spain. Mills, Clarke, sculptor, born in N.Y. Murray. John, founder of L'mversalist Church in America, A74. Nadal, B. II., M. E. clergyman, b. in Md. Nixon, John, general in Revolution, A90. Pakenham, Sir Edward, Brit, gen., A37. Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, writer, b. in Mass. Poland, Luke P., senator for Vt., b. in Vt. Provoost, Samuel P. E. bp. of N.Y., A73. Ramsay, Alex., sec. of war, Gov. of Minn., b. Ramsay, David, physician, historian, A66. Robinson, Ezekiel G-, Bapt. cl.,b. in Mass. Rodman, Thomas J., brig.-gen., inventor, born in Ind. Sevier, John, gov. of Tenn., A7L Shubrick, John T., naval officer, A37. ± Van Ainburg, Isaac, showman, b. in N.Y. Warren, John C, physician, A62. Wells, Horace, anesthetics, born in Vt. 1816* * AUibone, Samuel Austin, author, b. in Pa. Alston, Joseph, Gov. of S. C, A38. Asbury. Francis, first Metli. bp., A71. Backus, Azel, Pres. of Hamilton Coll., A51. Banks, Nathaniel P., general, M. C. for Mass., speaker, b. in Mass. Belmont, August, financier, born in Ger. Brantly, Win. T., Bapt. clergyman, b. S. C. Crane, Wm. C, Bapt. cl., writer, b. in Va. Cushman. Charlotte S.. actress, b. in Mass. Dexter, Samuel, jurist, A55. Donaldson, Edward, commodore U. S. N., b. Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, writer, b. N.Y. Early, Jubal A.. Confederate gen., b. in Va. Field, Stephen J., associate justice U. S., born in Conn. Gerstacker, Fried., novelist, traveler, b. Ger. Godwin, Parke, author, born in N.Y. Haven, Joseph, Cong, cl., philo., b. in Mass. Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, jurist, statesman, born in Mass. Hooper, Lucy, poetess, born in Mass. Howe, Timothy O., U. S. senator, b. in Me. Huntington, Daniel, painter, born in N.Y. Jacobus, Melanctbon W., Pres. theologian, author, born in N. J. Johnston, Samuel, Gov. of N. C, A89. K ernan, Frniieis, senator for N.Y., b. in N.Y. Kimball, Uicliard Burleigh, author, b. iuN.H. Lear, Tobias, sec. to Washington, A66. Leutze. Emanuel, painter, born in Ger. Lowell, Robert T. S., P. E. cl., b. in Mass. Meigs, Montgomery C, Q. M. gen., b. in Ga. Miller, Samuel F., justice S. Ct.. born in Kv. Moure, Benjamin, P. E. bp. of N.Y., A68. Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, A64. Proctor, Joseph, actor, born in Mass. Robinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman, b. in Ire. Sawyer, Plnletus, senator for Wis., b. in Vt. Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, born in Vt. Sillinian, Benj., Jr., physicist, born in Conn. Spalding. Solomon, clergyman, reputed au- thor of Bin>k of Murmou, A55. Stanton. Elizabeth Cady, reformer, born in N.Y. i Va., July 31. Wade, Morrison R., chief justice S. Ct., born in Conn. Wilson, William Dexter, scholar, b. in N. H. CHURCH. 1815 June. * N. Y. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets at Albany, John Sehureman, president. [At New York in Sept., Jacob Brodhead, president.] Nov. 19. X. ./. John Croes is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop. * * Ind. The Harmonists, having emi- grated from WUrtemberg, found New Harmony. They hold their property in common, and consider marriage a civil contract. * * Ga. The American Board sends Cyrus Kingsbury as missionary to the Chero- kee Indians. * * Mass. Open rupture and hot con- troversy separate Trinitarian and Uni- tarian Congregationalists. * * Mass. A legacy from Mrs. Norris of Salem is realized to the American Board — S30,000, the largest yet received. * * N. Y. The Episcopalians begin mis- sion work among the Oneida Indians. * * PHta. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets; William NeiU, moderator. 1816 Mar. 24. Va. Bishop Francis Asbury, the organizer of American Methodism, preaches his last sermon, at Richmond. Apr. 14. La. The first Protestant Epis- copal church is opened at New Orleans. May 1-24. Md. The General Confer- ence (Methodist Episcopal) is held at Baltimore. Enoch George and Robert R. Morris are ordained bishops ; the Mississippi Conference is formed. May 8. New York: The American Bible Society is organized in the Re- formed Dutch church, in Garden Street. June.* New York. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets : Jacob Brodhead, president. Oct. * The Bangor Theological Sem- inary (Congregational! is opened. * * Episcopalians form a Common Prayer-Book and a Tract Society. * * The Reformed Dutch Church practi- cally co-operates with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. * * Boston. The Unitarian Society for the Promotion of Theological Edu- cation is organized. The Divinity School of Harvard is established by Unitarians. The Boston Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor is organized. * * New York: The first religious meet- ing in behalf of sailors is held at the corner of Front Street and Old Slip. * * N. Y. Lutherans establish a theo- logical seminary at Hartwick. k * Cyrus Kingsbury, the first missionary of the American Board to the Indians, is sent to the Cherokees. fc * 0. The Female Charitable Society of Tallmadge contributes S20 to tlie American Board, the first received from west of the Alleghanies, save one dollar from a pastor's pocket. fc * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; James Blythe, moderator. It organizes the Board of Missions. UNITED STATES. 1815, Apr. 13-1817 * *. 125 * * Tract societies are organized in Phila- delphia, Baltimore, and Hartford. * * Richard Allen is elected bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. 1817 Mar. 14. New York. The Ma- rine Bible Society for supplying sailors with Bibles is organized. Apr. 2. N. C. The (Protestant Episco- pal) Diocese of North Carolina is orga- nized. LETTERS. 1815 * * Pa. Allegheny College (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Meadville. * * The North American Review is issued. * * Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse, by Mrs. Sigourney, appears. * * Md. The Portico appears at Balti- more. 1816 * * N. J. Queen's College (Rutgers Reformed) suspends work [till 1S25]. * * Pa. The Pennsylvania State Library is founded at Harrisburg. [53,000 vols.] * * O. The Appeal is issued. (See Society.) 1817* * Boston. The Methodist Maga- zine appears ; it is the first Methodist periodical. * * Ohio State Library is founded at Columbus. [51,439 vols.] Apr. 7. Conn. An institution for deaf mutes is opened at Hartford by T. H. Gallaudet, with seven pupils. Apr. 21. Neio York. The New York State Library is established. Sept. 24. N. Y. Thirteen Baptists meet in Hamilton and lay the foundation of [the present] Madison University. SOCIETY. 1815 Aug.* New York. The first Peace Society in the world is founded. * * D. C. Congress enacts that any one establishing a still in the Indian country shall be fined $500 and forfeit the still. 1816 * * New York. Authorities forbid chimney-sweeps to cry their trade in the streets. * * O. The Appeal is started at St. Clairs- ville, to champion the anti- slavery cause. 1817 Jan. 19. ^V. J. Riot and rebel- lion is engaged in by Princeton students. Feb. 25 . Isaac Roget, a merchant in high standing, with others, is convicted of loading the lost schooner Ocean with 97 boxes of stone, in an effort to defraud the insurance companies of $58,000. * * Ky. Abraham Lincoln, nine years of age, removes with his parents to In- diana, crossing the Ohio on a raft. Dec. 28. I). C. An American Colo- nization Society is formed at Washing- ton ; object, to return negroes to Africa ; Henry Clay is its prime STATE. 1815 Apr. 13. N. Y. Bill for the con- struction of the Erie Canal, from Albany on the Hudson to Lake Erie, passes the Assembly. Vote, 84-15. June 30. Algiers. Commodore Deca- tur negotiates a treaty. The Dey renounces all claims to tribute for the pi'otection of American com- merce from pirates, and yields the right to enslave prisoners of war. July 3. Eng. A commercial treaty between the United States and England is signed at London. Dec. 4. The 14th Congress opens. Congress ; House : Henry Clay of Ky. is elected Speaker. Dec.31. U.S. Internal revenue $4,678,059. * * New York. John Ferguson is elected the 51st mayor. * * -18 * * New York. Jacob Badcliff is elected the 52d mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : Cat. Pablo V. de Sola (Span.). -17 * * Ga. David B. Mitchell. -17 * * N. J. Mahlon Dickerson. -21 * * Term. Joseph M'Minn. -20 * * Vt. Jonas Galusha. 1816 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $127,334,933. Apr. 10. D. C. Congress charters a second national bank for twenty years, with a capital of $35,000,000. Apr. 27. D. C. Congress imposes a protective tariff of about 25 per cent on imported cotton and woolen goods, and specific duties on iron. The South opposes, and the North favors it. Vote : Senate, 25-7 ; House, 88-54. Apr. 30. D. C. The 14th Congress : the first session closes. Sept. * The Government makes a treaty with the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians. Nov. (?) * U. S. Eighth Presidential election. Democrat-Republicans defeat the Federalists and elect James Monroe. Dec. 2. D. C. The 14th Congress: the second session opens. Dec. 11. D. C. Congress admits Indi- ana into the Union as the 19th State. * * New Eng. The necessity of protec- tion for manufacturing industries draws New England toward the Repub- lican party. Dec.31. U.S. Internal Revenue $5,124,- 708. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated: -22 * * Ind. Jonathan Jennings. Ky. George Madison. -20 * * Ky. Gabriel Slaughter. -20 * * La. Jacques Villere. -23 * * Mass. John Brooks. -19 * * N H. William Plumer. -IS *" * S. C. Andrew Pickens. -19 * * Va. James P. Preston. 1817 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $123,491,965. Phila. The New Bank of the United States opens at Carpenter's Hall. * * U. S. The policy of internal im- provements is approved by the Repub- licans and opposed by the Democrats. Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : James Monroe of Va. (Dem.-Rep.), 183 ; Rufus King of N. Y. (Federalist), 34. Vote for Vice- President: Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y. (Republican), 183 ; John E. How- ard of Md. (Federalist), 22 ; James Ross of Pa., 5; John Marshall of Va. } 4; Robert G. Harper of Md., 3. Vacan- cies, 4. Mar. 4. B.C. The 14th Congress ends. Fifth Administration ; Democratic- Republican. Mar. 4, D. C. James Monroe of Va. is inaugurated the fifth President, in the eighth term of the presidency. Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y. is Vice-President. The Capitol having been burned by the British, the inauguration ceremonies take place in Congress Hall. Cabinet : John Q,. Adams of Mass. (State), Wm. H. Crawford of Ga. (Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C. (War), Benj. W. Crown in shield of Mass. (Navy), and "Wm. "Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.). * * U.S. The Democratic-Republican party is dominant. " Era of good feel- ing'* in politics; party distinctions are nearly obliterated. May 3 14-. D. C. President Monroe per- sonally inspects the military posts. Dec. 1. I). C. The 15th Congress opens. Dec. 10. B.C. Congress admits Missis- sippi into the Union as the 20th State, after dividing the Territory ; the eastern portion is called the Territory of Ala- bama. Dec. 23. D. C. Congress abolishes the internal taxes. [They are next levied in 1861, to meet the expenses of another Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $2,678,100. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -20* * Del. John Clarke. -19 * * Ga. "William Rabun. -20 * * N. C. John Branch. -29 * * N. J. Isaac H. Williamson. -22 * * N. Y. De "Witt Clinton. Pa. Wm. Findlay. -21 * * R. I. Nehemiah R. Knight. MISCELLANEOUS. 1815 * * 0. Cincinnati has a popula- tion of 11,600. * * Pa. The Fairmount "Water- works for supplying Philadelphia are com- pleted. [The present system was com- pleted in 1827.] 1816 * *Md. Baltimore is the first city lighted by gas. Nov. 25. Phila. A theater is lighted by gas. Dec. 2. U. S. The first savings-bank is opened at Philadelphia. * * New York. More than 7,000 immi- grants arrive this year. * * N. Y.—Pa. Travelers pass from New York to Philadelphia between sunrise and sunset. 1817 Mar. 4. Phila. The rechartered National Bank goes into operation, and business, long languishing, now re- vives. July 4. N. Y. The construction of the Erie Canal is commenced by breaking ground near Rome. Aug. 2. Mb. A steamboat first arrives at St. Louis. 126 1817 1819 AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1818 Apr. * Florida, the refuge of the Creeks, is invaded by Gen. Jackson, without express authority. [Congress refused to censure him, and Spain accepted money for Florida, rather than spend it in a doubtful defense.] Apr. 7. Fla. Gen. Jackson captures St. Marks, a Spanish, post. Apr. 30. Fla. He hangs Alexander Arbuthnot and an Englishman named Robert C. Ambrister, for inciting the Creeks to war. May 24. Fla. He takes Penaacola from the Spaniards. May 27. Fla. He reduces the Spanish fortress of the Barancas [and sends the authorities and troops to Havana]. May * Ga. — Ala. Gen. Jackson subdues the Seminole Indians. [Cost of the war, $40,000,000.] ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1817* * John Trumbull receives a com- mission from Congress for four historical pictures : Declaration of Independence ; Surrender of Burgoyne; Surrender of Cornwallis; Resignation of Washington. ,1818 Aug. 13. Mass. Gelatinous mat- ter falls near Amherst soon after the passage of a brilliant meteor. * * Boston. Handel's Messiah is produced. * * Adams and Dodge are said to have in- vented a sewing-machine. * * Boston. The Creation, by Haydn, is produced. * * Mo. N. M. Ludlow gives the first dramatic performance in St. Louis. * * N.J. Seth Boyden, by an experiment at Newark, produces the first patent leather made in this country. * * N. Y. A large part of Table Eock, at Niagara Falls, gives way and drops. * * New York. The Lyceum of Natural History is inaugurated. * * Pa. An unsuccessful attempt is made at Mauch Chunk to use anthracite coal in making iron. * * Phila. The Academy of Natural Science is founded. Jacob Perkins invents engraving on soft steel, which, when hardened, will multiply copper plates indefinitely. 1819 May 26. Ga. The steamship Savannah, of 350 tons, sails from Savan- nah for Liverpool, arriving June 20 : the first steamship to cross the Atlantic. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1817* * Barnes, Joseph, bri^.-grn., surgeon, b. in Pa. Bedell, Gregory T., P. E. bp. of O., b. N.Y. Bigelow, .John, author, editor, horn in N.Y. Bowman, Thomas, M. E. bishop, b. in Pa. Bragg-, Braxton, Confed. gen., b. in N. C. Byford, Win. Heath, physn-ian, horn in 0. Carnochan, John M., surgeon, born in Ga. Champney, Benjamin, painter, b. in N. H, Dallas, Alex, .lames, see. of treas., A58. Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. for Md., b. Md. Douglass. Fred'fe, orator, b. a slave in Hid. Dupont, Pierre Sam., of Del., economist, A78. D wight, Timothv, Pres. of Yale Col., A65. Ewell, Kit-hard s., Confed. lieut.-gen.,b. D.C. Fairehild, .lames It., Presh. el., b. in Mass. Fields, James Thomas, editor, b. N. H. Finley,Rohert,l*ivsh.elev.gvnuinof N. J.,A45. Forney, John "Weiss, journalist, b. in Pa. Frelinghuysen. Frederick T., senator for N. J., sec. of state, born in K. J. Qough. John B.. twiiperanee orator, b. Eng. Green, Seth, llsh euUtinsl, horn In N.Y. Hager, I>avjd Albert, gfologist, horn in Vt. Hale, Horatio, ethnologist, horn in N. II. Harbaugh, Henry, author, born In Pa. Harris, Win. L., . E. bishop, born in O. Hit.hro.k, Roswell Dwight, prof., h. in Me. lloliister, Gideon Hiram, author, horn. Huntington, Samuel, judge, A42. Jones, Wm. A., librarian, born in N.Y. Judson, Emily (Fanny Forester), b. in N.Y. Lincoln, -John L., edueator, horn in Mass. McKeau, Thomas, patriot, jurist, A83. Meek, Kielding 1'.., palei.ui..]., gist. h. in Ind. Neale, Leonard, R. C. bp. of Baltimore, ATI. Odenlieimer.Win. H., P. E. bp.of N. J.,b. Pa. Palmer, Erastus How, sculptor, b. in N.Y. Palmer. John MeCauley. sen. for 111., h. Ky. Pickens, Andrew, Revolutionary gen., A78. I'ierrepont, Edwards, att'y-gen., b. in Conn. Iiicketls, .lames P., gen. U. S. A., b. in N.Y. Riddle, George R., senator for Md., b. in Del. Robinson, John C, major-general, b. in N. Y. Kuthermel, 1'eter F., painter, horn in Pa. Saulshury, Eli, senator for Del., b. in Del. Thoreau. Henry D., naturalist, b. in Mass. Wallace, Horace Binney, lawyer, b. in Pa. Agnew. D. Hayes, phys., surgeon, b. Pa. Andrew, John A lhion, gov. of Mass., b. Me. Baker, Ilarnette N. Woods, author, h. Mass. Barnev. .Joshua, commodore U. S. N-, A59. Barrvl William F., brevet maj.-gen., b. N.Y. Beauregard. Pierre Gustave T., Confed- erate general, horn in La. Blackwell, Lucy Stone, woman suffragist, born in Mass. Boutwell, Geo. Sewall, M. C. for Mass., sec. of treas., born in Mass. Browne, J. Ross, writer, born in Ire. Buell, Hon < 'alios, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. O. Burr, Enoch Fitch, Cong, cl., b. in Conn. Butler, Benjamin Franklin, lawyer, M.C., general, born in N. H. Clarke, Ceo. Rogers, gen., frontiersman, A66. Corbit, Win. P., M. E. clergyman, b. in Pa. Coxe,ArthurC.,P.E. bp. of N.Y.,poet,b.N.J. Cozzens, Fred. S., writer, born in N.Y. Cuff ee, Paul, philanthropist, A59. Daboll. Nathan. teacher, mathematician, A68. Davis, Noah, jurist of N.Y., born in N. H. Denver, .James W., Gov. of Kan., b. in Va. Dorsev, John Syng, surgeon, A35. + Eastman. Mary II., author, born in Ya. Ellet, Flizaheth F., author, born In N.Y. Evarts, Wm. Maxwell, lawyer, sec. of state, born in Mass. Fav, Jonas, surgeon, A81. Fuilerton, Wm., lawyer, jurist, born. Catling, Richard J. , inventor of gun, b. N. C. Gorgas. .Tosiah, vice-chancellor, born in Pa. Green, Norvin, pres. of tel. CO., born in Ind. Hampton, Wade, Confed. lie ut. -gen., senator for S. C M gov., born in S. C. Hardee, Wm. J., Confed. gen., born in Ga. Harris, Caleb F., book collector, b. in R. I. Harris, Ishaui C, sen. for Tenn., b. in Tenn. Ilaitslionie, Fdward, plivs. of Phila., b. Pa. Hill, Thomas, Unit, cl., pres. of Harvard University, born in N. J. Horsford, Eben Norton, chemist, b. in N.Y. Humphreys, David, soldier, poet, A65. Irwin, .Tared, Gov. of Ga., A68. James, Horace, Cong, clergyman, born. Jarves, James J., traveler, author, b. Mass. Kensett, .John F-, painter, born in Conn. LeClear, Thomas, portrait painter, b. in N.Y. LeConte, John, physicist, horn in Ga. Lee, Henry, general, M. 0., A62. Lee, Henry, Confed. gen. b. Loring, William W., Confed., Egyptian gen- eral, born in N.C. MaeI>owell, lrvin,mai.-gen. XT. S. A., b. in O. Mathews, William, author, born in Me. Milledge, John, gov., founder of Georgia University, A61. Mitchell. Maria, astronomer, b. in Mass. Morgan, Lewis II., ethnologist, b. in N. J. O'Brien. Jeremiah, privateer in Revol'n, A78. Ord, Fdward O. C, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Md. Paulding, John, a captor of Andr<5, A60. Pope, Clias. A., surgeon of Mo,, b. in Ala. Prentiss, F.lizabeth, religious writer, b. in Me. Reid, Mavne, Capt., novelist, born in Ire. Renwiek. .James, architect, horn in N.Y. Revere, Raul, engraver, patriot of .Mass., A S3. Rice, Alex. II., statesman, scholar, b. Mass. Richardson. Israel B.. major-gen., b. in Vt. Robinson, Wm. S., editor, writer, b. in Ind. Saint Clair. Arthur, general V. S. A., A84. Shaw, Henry W. (Josh Uilliiifjs), humorist, writer, born in Mass. Smith, .John L., mineral., chemist, b. in S. C Stevens. Isaac Ingalls, maj.-gen., b. in Mass. Wistar, Caspar, physieian, anatomist, AS". Worden, John L,.. com. U. S. N., b. N. Y. CHURCH. 1817 June * X. Y. The General Synod (Reformed) meets at Albany; 0. D. "Westbrook, president. [At Kingston in Oct.] * * Conn. The American Board organizes a foreign mission school at New Haven, with five Hawaiian lads, among others, as its first pupils. * * Missions are established among the Choctaw Indians by the American Board. * * N. J. The Theological School Build- ing at Princeton is opened. * * New York. The General Conven- tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * Phila. The Philadelphia Sunday and Adult School Union is orga- nized. The Baptist Triennial Meeting as- sembles. The American Baptist Mission Union modifies its constitution so as to include domestic mission work. The General Assembly (Presby- terian) meets ; James Coe, moderator. * * Tenn. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Tennessee is organized. 1818 Jan.* O. The (Protestant Epis- copal) Diocese of Ohio is organized. June 5. New York. The Society for Promoting the Gospel among Sea- men in the port of New York is orga- nized. June * Neic York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets; "Wm. Mc. Murray, president. [In August it meets again at Albany ; J. M. Bradford, president.] Sept. 23. Boston* The American Board appoints Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons the first American missionaries to the Orient. Oct. 8. S. C. Nathaniel Bowen is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of South Carolina. * * N. C. The Baptists begin work among the Cherokees. The General Conference sends a missionary to the Miamis, Kicka- poos, Pottawattamies, and Shawanoes. * * Pa. The Woman's Missionary So- ciety (Presbyterian) is formed in Derry. * * The Cumberland Presbyterian Church sends evangelists among the Chiekasaws. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; J. J. Janeway, moderator. It forms the Board of Missions. Dr. Ashbel Green's paper against slavery is passed. 1819 Feb. 11. O. Philander Chase, the first western bishop (Protestant Episcopal), is consecrated. Apr. 5. New York. The Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church is organized at the preachers' meeting. July 5. New York. A woman's Mis- sionary Society is formed in the Wes- leyan Seminary, on Forsyth Street. * * 0. The Joint Synod (Evangelical Lu- theran) of Ohio is organized. Oct. 23. Hiram Bingham, Asa Thurston, and others of the American Board sail UNITED STATES. 1817** -1819 127 for the Sandwich Islands to open a mission. Oct. 27. Conn. T. C. Brownell is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) presiding bishop for Connecticut. LETTERS. 1817 * * Conn. The Hartford Times is first issued. Rev. Jeremiah Day is President of Yale College [till 1846]. * * Mass. The Divinity School (Unit.) of Harvard University is established. * * New York. The General Theological Seminary (Prot. Epis.) is organized. * * The American Monthly Magazine ap- pears. * * Phila. The American Register ap- pears. * * Thanatopsis, by W. C. Bryant, appears. * * Keep Cool, by John Neal, appears. * * Life and Character of Patrick Henry, by William "Wirt, appears. 1818 * * Boston. Christian Examiner is issued quarterly by Charming, Dewey, Ware, and others. * *N. Y. The New York State Library- is founded at Albany. [128,529 vols.] ' * * The American Journal of Science and Arts, a quarterly, by Benjamin Silliman, is issued. * * Early European Friends of America, by Julian C. Verplanck, appears. * * The Battle of Niagara, by John Neal, appears. **The Methodist Magazine [later the Methodist Quarterly Review} appears. * * The Backiooodsman, by J. K. Paulding, appears. * * Theology Explained and Defended in One Hundred and Seventy-three Sermons, by Timothy Dwight, appears. 1819 Apr. 2. Md. The American Farmer is first issued at Baltimore ; it is the first agricultural paper in the country. May * Baptists begin the publication of the weekly Christian Watchman. * * Ky. Center CoUege (Pres.) is or- ganized at Danville. SOCIETY. 1818 * * U. S. Great agitation of the slavery question is occasioned by the petition of Missouri for admission to the Union as a slave State. * * In order to counteract the habitual use of ardent spirits among the people, Secretary Calhoun prohibits the use of liquor altogether in the U. S. Army. 1819 Apr. 26. Md. The first society of Odd Fellows, in the United States is instituted as Washington Lodge No. 1. * * Ga. Expulsion of the Cherokees. Greedy white men wjxnt their land, and a great body of Indians are " per- suaded " to go over the Mississippi. The Cherokees, the Creeks, the Choctaws, and the Chickasaws are " greatly agi- tated and distressed " at the prospect of a removal from lain Is guaranteed to them by treaty with the United States. * * Ind. Abraham Tun coin (nearly 11 years old) mourns the death of his mother. * * New York. Hatters form a union. STATE. 1818 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $103,466,633. Mar. 18. U. S. Congress grants pen- sions to veterans of the war of the Revolution who are in needy circum- stances. Mar. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate: John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected President pro tempore. Apr. 4. D. C. Congress adopts the United States flag ; it has 13 stars on a blue canton, and 13 stripes alternate red and white — one for each original State. Apr. 20. D. C. The 15th Congress : the first session closes. Sept. 1. N. Y. Auburn prison is opened. Oct. 20. A Convention is signed with Great Britain respecting boundaries and the fisheries. The 49th parallel of north latitude shall be established as the boundary line between United States and British America in the west, and the joint occu- pation of Oregon shall take place for ten years. The convention of 1S15 is renewed. Nov. 16. D. C. The 16th Congress: the second session opens. Dee. 3. D. C. Congress admits Illinois as the 21st State. Dee. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $955,270. * * U. s. Governors inaugurated : -27 * * Conn. Oliver Wolcott. -22 * * III. Shadrach Bond. -25 * * Ind. William Hendricks. -22 * * 0. Ethan A. Brown. -20 * * S.C. John Geddes. * * _2l * * New York. Cadwallader D. Colden is elected the 53d mayor. 1819 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $95,529,648. Feb. 13. D. C. Congress ; House : vig- orous resistance is made to a bill in- troduced to organize the Territory of Missouri into a State. Of the 22 States, 11 are free and 11 are slave States. James Tallmadge of N. T. moves the bill be so amended as to forbid the further introduction of slaves, and grant freedom to the offspring^ of slaves at 25 years of age. [Passed, Feb. 16. Vote, 87-76. It is defeated in the Senate. Vote, 31-7.] Feb. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: James Barbour of Va. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. Feb. 22. D.C. Treaty with Spain. Spain surrenders all claim to "West Flor- ida, and cedes East Florida. The United States surrenders all claim to Texas, and agrees to pay an indemnity of $5,orge Curtis, surgeon, b. Conn. Brannan, John Si., major-general, b. in D. C. Canby, Edward R. S., brig.-gen., b. in Ky. Crane, Jonathan T., M. E. cl., b. in N. J. Dana, Chas. Anderson. X. Y. Sun, b. N. H. English, Thomas Dunn, Ben Bolt, b. in Pa. Evans, Oliver, inventor of engines, A64.,Md. Fenton, Reuben E., senator, Gov. of N. Y., born in N.Y. Field, Cyrus "West, merchant of K. Y. ( promoter of Atlantic cable, b. Mass. Fishburn, William, ma j. -gen. of Revol'n, A59. Geary, John \\\, brig.-gen., Gov. of Pa.,b. Pa. Getty, Geo. W., maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. D. C. Greenough, Richard s., sculptor, b. in Mass. Hecker, Isaac Thomas, Paulist, b. in N.Y. Hendricks. Thomas A., Vice-Pres., sen. for Ind., b. in O. Hinrnan, Clark T., founder of N. W. Univer- sity, born in N."\. Holland. Josiah. Gilbert, poet, b. in Mass. Howe, Elias. inv. sewing-machine, b. Mass. Howe, Julia Ward, poet, born in N.Y. Hudson, Frederick, journalist, b. in Mass. Huntington, Frederick !>., P. E. bp. of Cen- tral N. Y., born in Mass. Jeffries, John, physician, aeronaut, A74. ? Johnson, Win. Sam., M. C. for Conn., F. R. S., A 92. Kedney, John Steinfort, P. E. cl., b. in N. J. Keener, John Christian, M. E. S. bp., b. Md. Langdon, John, senator for N. H.,£OV., A80. Lanman, Charles, author, painter, b. Mich. Lesley, John Peter, geologist, born in Pa. Lowell. James Russell, poet, professor in Harvard, minister to England, born in Mass. Lyon, Nathaniel, general, born in Conn. Melville, Herman, novelist, born in N.Y. Morton. Wm. Thomas Green, dentist, phy- sician, discoverer of the use of ether as an anesthetic, born in Mass. Mowatt, Anna Cora (Uitchiel, actor, b. Fr. Painter, Gamaliel, jurist, founder of Middle- bury College, Vt., A66. Parsons, Thomas Wm., poet, b. in Boston. Perry. Oliver Hazard, com. U. S. navy, A34. Rodgers, Christopher R. P., rear-admiral, born in N.Y. Rosecrans, William S., brig.-gen. U. S. A., born in 0. Scbaff, Philip, Swiss-Am. Pres. cl., b. Switz. Soutliworth, Emma D. E., novelist, b. I). C. Story, "Wm, Wetmore, sculptor, poet, born 1820* " Anthony, KtiBan B., woman's rights' advo- cate, born in Mass. Blatchford, Samuel, Q. s. S. Ct., b. fn Ga. Boone, Dan., explorer, colonizer of Ky., AW. P.righam, Charles II., Cong, clergyman, edu- cator, born in Mass. Brlsted, Charles A., author, born In N.Y. Broderlck, David C, sen. for Ga., b. r>. C. Brooks, William T. II., brig.-ccn. vol., b. O. Brownell, Henry Howard, author, b. In R. I. Burrill, James, atty.-gen. of R. I., A 48. Gary, Alice, poet, born in O. Cbauvenet, Win., mathematician, b. in Pa. Crawford, Martin J., diplomat, b. in Ga. Davie, Win. Richardson, (iov. of N. C, A64. De Bow, James D. B., statistician, b. S. C. Deems, Charles F., Meth. Epis. South clergy- man, author, born in Md. Decatur, Stephen. Jr., Com. V. S. N., killed in a duel, A41. De Vere, Maximilian Scheie, philologist, es- sayist, born in Sweden. Devens, Charles, jurist, born in Mass. Moubledav, Aimer, gen. of vol., col. U. S. A., born in N.Y. Drake, Joseph Rodman, poet, A25. Eads, James II., engineer, born in Ind. Ellicott, Andrew, astronomer, A 66. Foster, Randolph S., M. E. bishop, b. in O. Gaston, William, Gov. of Mass., b. in Conn. Gayler, Chas., journalist, dramatist, b. N.Y. Greatorex, Eliza, artist, born in Ire. Hall, Chas. H., clergyman, born in Ga. Harlan, James, senator tor la., born in 111. Haven, Erastus, M. E. bishop, b. in Boston. Hewit, Augustine Francis, clergyman, Paul- ist, born in Conn. Holmes, George F., educator, b. in Guiana. Hopkins, John H., P. E. clergyman, b. Ire. Honchton, George F., jurist, born in Vt. Hoyt, I'.enjamm T., educator, born in Mass. Kane, Elisha Kent, explorer, born in Phila. Keene, Laura, actress, born in Eng. Ketchum, Winthrop W., judge, born in Pa. Le Vert, Octavia YV., author, born in Ga. Lincoln, Levi, M. C. for Mass., A71. Lornt, Campbell, chemist, author, b. in Mo. Nesmith, Jas. W-, senator for Ore., b. Can. Poore, Benjamin l'erley, journalist, b. Mass. Pursh, Frederick, botanist, A46. Raymond, Henry Jarvis, journalist, b. N.Y. . Reynolds, John Fulton, gen. U. S. A., b. Pa. Root, George F., musical composer, b. Mass. Rousseau, Lovell II., hrig.-cen. F.S.A.,b. Ky. Shedd, Wm. <;. T., Pres. cl., an., b. in Mass. Sherman, "William Tecumseh, 15th Gen- eral of V. S. A., born in 0. Trumbull, lienj., Cong, cl., historian, A85. Vallaiidiu'haiu, clement L.,M. C.forO.,b. 0. Wells, Samuel Roberts, phrenologist, b. Ct. Wentworth, Sir John, Gov. of N. H., A83. "West, Benjamin, painter in Eng., A82. Wharton, Francis, jurist, P. E. clergyman, bora in Phila. iMa Thompson, Joseph P., Cong, cl., i Pa. thor, born In N.Y. "Wheeler. Wm.A.,19th Vice-Pres., b. in N.Y. Whipple, Edwin I'crcv, essayist, critic, born in Mass. "Whitman, "Walt, poet, born in N.Y. Whitney. Josiah Itwight, geologist, b. Mass. Wilkinson. Jemima, religious impostor, Ati(i. Willianisuii, Hugh, ]ibysician, scholar, A84. CHURCH. 1819* *Md. Dr. William ElleryChan- •nin g preaches at Baltimore, and gives what is called the Unitarian Declara- tion of Independence, and becomes the leader of bis church. * * The Hamilton Baptist Missionary Society sends a missionary to the Oneidas. The Ohio Conference (Methodist Epis- copal) appoints James B. Finley superin- tendent of its Indian mission among the Wyandots. ** Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; James Holt Rice, moderator. 1S20 May 1-27. Md. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) meets in Baltimore. May 3. Me. The Protestant Episcopal diocese of Maine is organized. June 4. New Yo7'k. The first mariners' church in the United States is dedi- cated, in Roosevelt Street. June* New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets; James S. Cameron, president. [In Oct. it meets at Al- bany.] Oct. 22. Lutherans form a General Synod, with 150 ministers and 35,000 communicants. * * Md. — Va. Each of these States orga- nizes a Lutheran Synod. * * New York. The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church is organized. Methodists are divided respecting the Episcopacy, and Methodist Protestant Churches are formed. * * Phila. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets. It orga- nizes the Domestic and Foreign Mis- sionary Society. The General Assembly (Presby- terian) meets ; John McDowell, mod- erator. Presbyterians enter a Plan of Corre- spondence with the Reformed Church. The Baptist Triennial Meeting is held. The Meeting decides to again restrict its Baptist mission work to foreign fields. * * S. C. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston is established. * *The United Synod, South (Evan- gelical Lutheran) of Tennessee, is orga- nized. * *A mission is established among the Choctaws by the American Board. * * The United Foreign Missionary Soci- ety commences work among the Osage Indians. * * The Southern General Synod of Lutherans organizes. * * U. S. Methodists are agitated con- cerning the election of presiding elders. 1821 June 3. New York. The Bethel Union is organized. [It soon expires.] June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Albany ; S. S. "Wood- hull, president. LETTERS. 1819 * * N. Y. Auburn Theological Sem- inary (Pres.) is established. * * Pa. The Western University of Pennsylvania (non-sect.), at Pittsburg, is organized. * * Tenn. Maryville CoHege (Pres.) is founded. * * The Presbyterian Board of Education begins its work. * * Fanny, by Fitz-Greene Halleck, ap- pears. * * Voyage to South America, by Henry M. Brackenridge, appears. * * The Sketch Book, by "Washington Irving, appears. * * The American Flag, by J. R. Drake, appears. * * Vieioof the Lead Mints of Missouri, by Henry R. Schoolcraft, appears. * * The State Triumvirate : A Political Tale, by Verplanck, appears. * * Percy's Masque, by James A. Hill- house, appears. UNITED STATES. 1819 1821 129 1S20 May 1. A r . Y. The Hamilton Lit- erary and Theological Institution (Bapt.) is opened. * * Ark. The Arkansas Gazette, at Ar- kansas Village, is first issued. * * Me. Colby University (Bapt.) is founded at Waterville. * * N. Y. The Colgate University (Bapt.) is organized at Hamilton as the Madison University. * * Mass. Jacob Bigelow and others start the American Pharmacopeia. The Literary and Scientific Repository appears. [Expires in 1821.] The Apprentice Library is founded. [63,000 vols.] The Mercantile Library Association's Library is founded. ['207,128 vols.] * * Precaution, by James Fenimore Cooper, appears. * * Judith, Esther and Other Poems, by Maria Brooks, appears. * * -44 * * The Ladies' Companion ap- pears. 1821 Apr. 20. Boston. The Christian Register (Unit.) is issued. SOCIETY. 1820 Mar. 22. Commodore Barron THllsi Commodore Decatur in a duel. May 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the slave-trade to be piracy, and prohibits citizens from engaging in it under pen- alty of death. ± * * Miss. A lottery is established at Natchez, to build a church. * * U. S. Total slaves, 2,009,031. + * * Webster, Calhoun, and Clay with masterly eloquence denounce agitators who constantly declare the iniquity of the slave system. 1821 * * Africa. Liberia is secured for the colonization scheme of the American Colonization Society, and a new town is commenced, called Monrovia. * * Me. The selectmen are required to post up, in all places where liquor is sold, the names of all persons reported to be drunkards or tipplers. STATE. 1820 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt S91 ,015,560. Jan. 25. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John Gaillard of S. C. is elected President pro tempore. Feb. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate: The Missouri Compromise Bill passes. Vote, 24-20. Mar. 2. D. C. Congress; House: The Missouri Compromise Bill passes. It admits Missouri as a slave State, but forever prohibits slavery from the bal- ance of the territory west of the Missis- sippi, north of 36* 30'* north latitude — the latitude of the southern border of Mis- souri. Vote : House, 134-42. Mar. 3. D.C. Congress admits Maine into the Union as the 23d State, to take effect Mar. 15. Congress lim its the tenure of office of Governmental appointees to four years, or the pleasure of the Govern- ment. May 15. D.C. The 16th Congress: the first session closes. Oct. 20. Spain ratifies the treaty ceding Florida. Nov. 13. D.C. The 16th Congress: the second session opens. Nov. 14. D. C. Congress ; House : John W. Taylor of N. Y. is elected Speaker.' Nov. ? * U.S. Ninth Presidential Elec- tion ; Democratic-liepublicans elected. Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $106,260. * * U. S. The Missouri Compromise quells the slavery agitation for a time, and it is deemed settled forever. * * U. S. Old issues in politics are abandoned ; the new issues are protec- tion for manufactures, internal improve- ments by the General Government, and the recognition of the South American republics. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -21 * * Ala. Thomas Bibb. -21 * * Del. Jacob Stout. -24 * * Ky. John Adair. -22 * * La. Thos. B. Robertson. -21* * Me. William King. -24 * * Mo. Alexander M'Nair. -21 * * N. C. Jesse Franklin. * * Pa. Joseph Heister. -22 * * S. C. Thomas Bennett. -23 * * Vt. Richard Skinner. 1821 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $89,987,427. Feb. 14. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President, James Monroe of Va., Republican, 231 ; John Q. Adams of Mass., Opposition, 1. For Vice-Presi- dent, Daniel I). Tompkins of N. Y., Re- publican, 218 ; Richard Stockton of N. J., 8; Daniel Rodney of Del., 4; Robert G. Harper of Md.,1 ; Richard Rush of Pa., 1. Vacancies, 3. Feb. 26. D. C. Congress : The House votes to admit Missouri conditionally. Vote, 87-81. Feb. 27. D.C. Congress: The Senate votes to admit Missouri conditionally. Vote, 26-15. Mar. 4. D.C. The 16th Congress ends. The 2d term of the fifth adminis- tration; Democratic-Republican. Mar. 4. D. C. James Monroe of Va., the fifth President, enters his second term, in the ninth term of the presi- dency. Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y. is Vice-President. Cabinet: John Q,. Adams of Mass. (State), Wm. H. Crawford of Ga. (Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C. (War), Smith Thompson of N. Y. (Navy), "Wm. "Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.). July 1. Spain is constrained to sur- render Florida to the United States. Aug. 10. D. C. The President proclaims Missouri admitted into the Union as the 24th State, amid a tempest of po- litical excitement, occasioned by the existence of slavery therein. Dec. 3. D. C. The 17th Congress opens. Congress; House: Philip P. Bar- bour of Va. is elected Speaker. * * -24 * * New York. Stephen Allen is elected the 54th mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -25 * * Ala. Israel Pickens. -22 * * Del. John Collins. -22 * * Fla. (Ter.). Andrew Jackson. -22 * * Me. W. D. Williamson. -25 * * Miss. "Walter Leake. -24 * * 2T. C. Gabriel Holmes. -24 * * R. I. William C. Gibbs. _27 * * Tenn. William Carroll. MISCELLANEOUS. 1820 Jan. 11. Ga. One-half of Sa- vannah is burned ; loss, $4,000,000. June* U.S. Fourth census : States, 23; whites, 7,S62,1G6; colored, 1,771,656 (free colored 233,634, slaves 1,538,022); total population, 9,633,822. Increase, 33.0S per cent. Center of population 16 miles north of Woodstock, Md. ; westward movement in 10 years, 50 miles. June 20. X. Y. A Great fire occurs in Troy; 120 of the best buildings are burned; loss nearly $1,000,000. June * The first steamship line be- tween New York and New Orleans com- mences its trips. July 1. .V. Y. Toll is first collected on the Erie Canal. July * The first steamboat on Lake Michigan arrives at Green Bay, with 200 passengers and a large cargo. * * Summer. Ga. About 700 people die of yellow fever in Savannah ; 343 bouses are left vacant by fugitive owners. Dec. * Phila. Anthracite coal begins to find a market ; 365 tons are sold dur- ing the year. ± * * Conn. The whale fishery business commences at New London. * * Tenn.— Ark. Memphis is laid out; also Little Rock. * * Flour has fallen from §10 and $17 a barrel in 1817, to $5 or §6 a barrel ; many manufactories are closed, and workmen are idle. * * Md. — TV. Va. Completion of the great National road from Cumberland to Wheeling, costing $1,700,000 and 14 years of labor (connecting the Ohio Kiver with the seaports ; it was originally intended to continue to the Mississippi). * * U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1820, 8,385. 1821 Aug. 10. -V. Y. The remains of Major Andre are exhumed, and placed on board of a British frigate for inter- ment in Westminster Abbey. Dec* Phila. Sales are made of 1,073 tons of anthracite coal during the year. * * Mass. Lowell is founded by the Merrimac Manufacturing Company. * * Tex. Colonization from the "United States begins. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1821, 9,127. 130 1821 * *-182 4, May 22. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1822 * * A small naval force subdues the pirates of the Cuban coast, capturing more than 20 vessels. 1824 * * W.I. Commodore David Porter subdues the pirates. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1821 * * Christ Rejected is painted by "William Dunlap. * * Portrait of Thomas Jefferson is painted by Thomas Sully. 1822 * * Charles Mathews, the actor, first appears in America. * * Mass. The first cotton mill is erected. 1823 June* New York. The first steam-power printing- press is set up ; its first work is an abridgment of Mur- ray's Grammar. * * O. The manufacture of wine is commenced in Cincinnati. Durant, Henry Fowle, philan., bom in N. H. Dwight, Thco." W.. prof. -.1 law. .-.I., 1,. N.Y. Field, Henrv Martvn, < 'turn. -1., an., b, 1 f'llllr BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1621 * * Adler, Georg J., prof., author, born in Ger. Allen, Solomon, Cong, cl., major in Kev., A70. Arnold, Samuel Green, historian, b. in R. I. Augur, Christopher C, maj.-gen., b. in N.Y. Avery, Waitstill, attv.-gen. of Conn., A76. Balch, Geo. B., com. I'. S. N\, b. in Tenn. Bankhead, John P., officer U. S. N., b. S. C. Bard, Samuel, physirian, A79. Beaumont, John (;., naval officer, b. in Pa. Blackwell, Elizabeth, first woman in U. S. made M. D., born in Eng. Blair, Francis P., Jr., sen. for Mo., b. in Ky. Boudinot, Elias, patriot, philanthropist, A8I. Breckinridge, John C.,Confed. general, 14th Vice-President, horn in Ky. Calhoun, Edmund R,., officer U. S. N., born. Chester, Joseph L., antiquary, horn in Conn. Coffin, Charles Carleton, author, b. in N. H. Cooke, Jay, financier, born in O. Coppee, Henry, officer U. S. N., editor, au- thor, Pres. Lehigh Univ.. horn in Ga. De Peyster, John W., military critic, b. N.Y. Dexter, Henry Martyn, Cong, el., b. in Mass. Diaz, Abby Morton, author, horn in Mass. Dawson, Henry Barton, historian, b. in Eng. Eliot, Samuel, educator, b. Boston. Febiger, John, capt. U. S. N., horn in Pa. Floyd, Win., gen., sec of \var,( 'out. Cong., A87. Forrest, Nathan II., routed, gen., b. Tenn. Garnett, Robert Selden, (.'unfed, gen., b.Va. Hadlev, .lames, philologist, prof, of Greek, born in N.Y. Hall, Charles F., Arctic explorer, b. in N. H. Harris, Tucker, physician, A74. Haven, Gilbert, -M- E. bishop, horn in Mass. Hill, Daniel II., routed, lieut. -gen., b.inS. C. Irving, William, author, A55. Jordan, Thomas, Confed. brig.-gen., b. in Va. Kneeland, Samtiel, phys., naturalist, b. Mass. Leslie, Frank ( Henry Carter J , publisher, born in England. Lilly, William, M. C. for N.Y., born in N. Y. IiOngstreet. James, U. S. A., Confed. maj.- gen., b. in S. C. Macleod, Xavier Donald, mis. writer, b. N.Y. O'Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. Parker, Foxhall, com. U. S. N.,born in N.Y. Phelps, Austin, Cong, clergyman, b. Mass. Kichardson, Win. A., jurist, author, b. Mass. Short, Charles, scholar, born in Mass. Spalding, Lyman, physician, author, A46. Squier, Ephraim <;., archaeologist, b. in N.Y. Storrs. Richard Salter, Cong, clergyman of Brooklyn, born in Mass. Taliaferro, Benj., Revolutionary officer, A71. Trumbull, James llannuond, philol., b.Conn. Wayman, Alex.W., bp. Af. M. E. Ch., b. Mil. Welby, Amelia 11., poet, born in Md. White, Richard Grant, author, born in N.Y. Youmans, Edward L., chemist, ed., b. N.Y. 1822* * Adams, Wm. Taylor (Oliver Optic), writer, born in Mass. Bancroft, John Chandler, diplomatist, born. Bartholomew, Edward S., sculptor, b. Conn. Burlingatne, Anson, diplomatist, b. in N.Y. Cummins, George David, Reformed Epis. bishop, born in Del. Dana, Napoleon J. T., maj.-gen. vols., b. Me. Darley, Felix O. C, artist, born in Phila. fii. lor 111., horn in 0. ■Orge, artiHt, born in Mass. am, Octavius B-, I'nit. cl.,b. Mass. Galaudet, T.. P. E, cL (deaf mutest, born. Garrard, J., soldier in Kev.. Gov. of Ky.,A73. t.arrettson, Freeborn, M. E. clergyman, A7«. Gihbs, Oliver Wolcott, chemist, b. in N.Y. Girard, Charles, naturalist, horn in Fr. Granger, Gideon, 1'. M. Gen. U. S., A55. Grant. Ulysses Simpson. 14th Gen. of V. 3. A., iHth President of r. s., b. inO., Apr. 27. Hale. Edward Everett, Cmt. clergyman, author, horn in Mass. Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, brig.-yen. vols., Gov. O., lHtli President of C. S., b. O. Hewitt, Abraui S., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. Ilolman, William S., M. C. for Ind., b. lnd. Hough, Franklin Benj., writer, b. in N.Y. Ingersoll, Jared, jurist, uf Pa., A73. Johnson, Samuel, Unit clergyman, b. Mass. Johnston, Itich'd M., author, educator, b. (ia. Judd, Orange, agricultural editor, b. in N.Y. Kane, Thomas L., lawyer, born in Pa. Kasson, John Adams, M. C. lor la., b. in Vt Lyon, Caleb, M. C. for N.Y., born in N.Y. Mitchell, iKuiald Grant, author, b. in Conn. Olmsted, Fred. L., landscape gardener, b. Ct. Orr, James L., M. C. for S. C, gov., b. S. C. Osgood, David, Cong, cl., Federalist, A75. Parton, .lames, biographer, born in Eng. Phelps, William Franklin, educator, b. N.Y'. Pinkney. WiHiam, sen. for Md., atty.-gen., minister to Eng., A58. Pope, John, brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. in Ky. Porter, Fit/. John, general, born in N. H. Porter, Moses, V. S. officer, A47. Pugh, George E., sen. for O., born in O. Rand, Isaac, physician, A79. Read, Thomas Buchanan, poet, b. in Pa. Runkle, John I)., astronomer, born. Stark, John, general in Revolution, A94. Stewart, John, Apostle to the Wyandots, d. Strong, James, scholar, author, b. in N.Y. Taylor, Benjamin Franklin, poet, b. in N. Y. Truxtun, Thomas, com. U. S. N., A67. Van Dyke, H. J., Pres. clergyman, b. in Pa. Vasey, George, botanist, born in Eng. 1823* * Alger, William Rouiiseville,Cnit. cl.,b. Mass. Badger, Oscar C, officer U. S. N.. b. Conn. Baird, Spencer Fullerton. naturalist, b. Pa. Bartraui, William, botanist, A84. Beers, W. H., pres. of Insurance Co., born. Berg-h. Henry, philan., f'der of Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, b. N.Y. Bloomtield, Jos., Revolutionary officer, A57. Boker, George Henry, poet, born in Pa, Bozman, John Leeds, historian, jurist, A66. ± Buckner, Simon B., U. S. A., Confed. gen., born in Ky. Chadhourne, Paul Ansel, educator, b. Me. Clinton, Jos. J., Af. M. E. bishop, b. Phila. Collyer, Robert, I'nit. clergyman, b. in Eng. Craven, Braxton, Pres. Trinity College, N. C, born in N. C. Colfax. Schuyler. M. C. for Ind., Speaker, 17th Vice-Pres.,b. N. Y. Cropsey, Jasper Frank, artist, born in N.Y. Davidson, Margaret Miller, poetess, b. N.Y. Deane, James, missionary to Indians, A75. Delano, Capt. Amasa, traveler, A60. Dent, John Herbert, capt. U. S. N., A4L Derby, George H., U. S. N., born. Dod, Daniel, mechanical engineer, A35. Duvckinck, George Long, writer, b. in N.Y. Eddy, Thomas M., M. E. cl., editor, b. in O. Elliott, Ezekiel B., scientist, born in N. Y. Ferry, Orris Sanford, sen. for Conn., brig.- gen. volunteers, born in Conn. Francis, John B., sen. for R. I., gov., A39. Franklin, William B., U. S. A., maj.-gen. U. S. vol., born in Pa. Gifford, Sanford Robinson, painter, b. N.Y. Gilmore, James Roberts, author, b. in Mass. Hardin, Martin D., U. S. senator, A43. Harris, Thomas Lake. Spiritualist, b. Eng. Hart, William, landscape painter, b. in Scot. Hartsborne, Henry, physician, horn in Pa. Hawkins. W. G., P. E. clergyman, b. in Md. Heckewelder, John, Moravian mis'ry, A80. Heilprin, Michael, scholar, born in Poland. Higginsou, Thomas Wentworth, an., b. Mass. Hill, Benjamin H., sen. for Ga., born in Ga. Houghton, Henry Oscar, publisher, b. in Vt. Hubbard, Joseph S.. astronomer, b. in Conn. Hunt on, Eppa, sen. for Va., born in Va. Joy, Cbas. A., chemist, born in N.Y. Kfauth, Chas. P., Luth. cl., author, b. Va. Lay, Henry C, miss, of Southwest, b. Va. Le Conte, Joseph, naturalist, born in Ga. Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, born in Phila. Lewis, Dio, physician, lecturer, b. in N.Y". Lippincott, Sarah J., author, born in N.Y*. Mayo, Amory Dwight, Unit, cl., au.,b. Mass. Medill, Joseph, editor, born in Can. M'-iggs, It. J., sen. for O., governor, A59. Milburn, William Henry. M«th. Epis. clergy- man, chaplain, born in I 'a. Morton, Oliver l'erry,sen. for lnd., governor, Ind. Moore, Zephanlab Swift, scholar, A53. Newton, John, military engineer, b. in Va. Patterson, James w., sen, for K. B.,b.H. H. Parkman. Francis, historian, b. at Boston. 1'cahody. Nathaniel, gen.. A h.'. Perkins, Charles Callahan, art critic, b. Mass. Roger, w. c, jurist, born. >ciss, Joseph A., Luth. clergyman, b. in Md. Sherman. John. sen. for O., sec of treas., .sickles, Daniel E., gen. of vols., M. C. for N. Y., born in N.Y. Tweed. Wm. M., "Tammany Boss," em- bezzler, born in N. Y. Van Dorn. Earl. Confed. gen., bora m Miss. Wood, Thomas Waterman, painter, b. m Vt. Wright, Horatio G., maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ct. CHURCH. 1821* *Md. The first General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred- erick. * * The Methodists begin work among the Creeks. * * -V. Y. The (S. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Genesee is formed. * * 0. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Cincinnati is established. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets; "Wm. Hill, moderator. A special meeting is held of the (Protestant Episcopal) General Con- vention. * * S. C. The Synod of this State com- mences mission work among the Chiek- asaws. * * The American Board has 250 contrib- uting societies ; many of them composed exclusively of women. * * The mission for the Seneca and Tusca- rora Indians is transferred to the United Foreign Missionary Society. * * Va. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond is established. 1822 June * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; Philip Mille- doler, president. * * Mich. Baptists begin work among the Ottawas. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets; O. Jennings, moderator. * * The union of the Presbyterians and Reformed Church is effected. * * The Society of Friends engages in mission work among the Onondagas. * * The Methodists begin work among the Cherokees. * * The "Western Missionary Society commences work among the Maumees, or Ottawas. * * O. The "Wyandot mission-house is completed, schools prosper, and over '200 Indians are converts. * * The United Domestic Missionary Society (undenominational) is founded. * * D. C. The Triennial Meeting of Baptists is held in "Washington. 1S23 Feb. 24. Ga. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Georgia is orga- nized. UNITED STATES. 1821 * *-1824, May 22. 131 Feb. * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Albany ; P. Milledoler, president. [And again in June, Jesse Fonda, president.] May 22. N. C. John S. Ravenscroft is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop. Sept. 28. It. Leo XTT. is elected pope. * * Md. The Jews form a congregation. The second General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) meets at Frederick. * * N. T. Joseph Smith [The Mormon] announces a vision at Palmyra of the Angel Moroni. * * The New England Tract Society changes its name to the American Tract Society. * * N. J. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod * *The United Domestic Missionary Society commences work among the Mackinaws. ** Phi/a. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; John Chester, moderator. A Presbyterian Society for the Sup- port of Heathen Youth is organized. [Existed until 1874.] * * The General Convention (Protes- tant Episcopal) meets. * * Baptist missionaries commence work among the Creeks. * * Mrs. Judson having returned to America, stirs the churches to mission- ary zeal. [Her influence is felt for 40 years.] 1824 Feb. 20. The American Bap- tist Publication Society is formed. [Receipts the first year, §373.] LETTERS. 1821 * * D. C. Columbian University (non-sect.), of Washington, is organized. * * Ky. Gonzago College (Rom. Cath.) is organized. The Kentucky State Library is founded at Frankfort. [33,900 vols.] * * Mass. Amherst College (Cong.) is founded. * * N. Y. Auburn Theological Seminary (Presb.) is opened. * * Phil a. Atkinson's Casket appears. The Saturday Magazine appears. The Mercantile Library Company Li- brary is founded. [152,741 vols.] * * The Spy, by Cooper, appears. * * The Dying Raven, by Richard H. Dana, appears. * * Travels in New England and New York, by Timothy Dwight, appears. * * The Ages, by W. C. Bryant, appears. * * The Idle Man, by R. H. Dana, appears. 1822 * * Neto York. The Albion is issued. The Literary Review is established. * * Phila. The Museum of Foreign Litera- ture appears. [Expires in 1839.] * * Va. The Virginia State Library is founded at Richmond. [44,000 vols.] * * Ree's Cyclopedia is republished in the United States. * * A New England Tale, by Catherine M. Sedgwick, appears. * * The Aborigines of America, by Lydia H. Sigourney, appears. * * Prometheus ,\>y J. G.Percival, appears. * * Seventy-six, by John Neal, appears. * * Logan, by John Neal, appears. * * Bracebrldge Hall, by "Washington Irving, appears. * * Conn. Trinity College (Prot. Epis.) is organized at Hartford. 1823 * * New York. The New York Mir- ror appears. May 17. The New York Observer is founded by Sidney E. and Richard C. Morse, and the first number issued. * * Alexander Campbell establishes the Christian Baptist. * * The Pioneers and The Pilot, by Cooper, appear. ± * * Marco Bozzaris, by Halleck, appears. 1824 Mar. 2. Boston. The Boston Courier is first issued. SOCIETY. 1821 * * S. C. The city council of Charleston prohibits the opening of night or Sunday-schools for the in- struction of negro slaves. * * XT, S. The anti-slavery agitation becomes violent. [It continues, with more or less vehemence, to vex the nation for forty years, till "every yoke is broken " by the bloody hand of war.] 18224- * * W.I. Piracy in the "West Indies having become common, a fleet sent to break it up captures more than twenty vessels. STATE. 1822 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt $93,546,676. Feb. 1. B.C. Congress; Senate: John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected President pro tempore. Mar. 28. D. C. Congress ; the House passes a bill to recognize the inde- pendence of the Spanish provinces in South America. Vote ; 167-1. Mar. 30. D. C. Congress provides for a territorial government in Florida. Mar. * D. C. President Monroe gives ut- terance to the famous Monroe Doc- trine. (See Dec. 2, 1823.) May 4. £>. C. The President communi- cates to Congress his objections to na- tional appropriations for internal im- provements. [It arrests public attention and legislative action.] May 8. D. C. The 17th Congress: the first session closes. Dec. 2. T). C. Congress: the second session opens. * * D. C. Congress recognizes the South American Republics. * * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : -23 * * Cal. Pablo V. de Sola (Mex.). -23 * * Del. Caleb Rodney. -34* * Fla. (Ter.) William P. Duval. -26 * * III. Edward Coles. -25 * * Ind. William Hendricks. -24 * * La. H. S. Thibodeaux, -24* * N. Y. Joseph Tates. O. Allen Trimble. -26 * * O. Jeremiah Morrow. -24 * * S.C. John L. Wilson. -25 * * Va. James Pleasants. 1823 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt $90,875,877. Feb. 19. B.C. Congress; Senate: John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected President pro tempore. Feb. * Tex. Mexico grants Stephen F. Austin of Va., founder of Texas, a grant of territory for a colony. Mar. 4. B. C. The 17th Congress ends. Dec. 1. D. C. The 18th Congress opens. Congress ; House : Henry Clay of Ky. is again elected Speaker. Dec. 2. D. C. Declaration of the Monroe doctrine. It is enunciated by the President in his message to Congress, "That the Ameri- can Continents, by the free and inde- pendent position which they have as- sumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power;" he also declares that t lie extension of the system of the Holy Alliance to these con- tinents would not be regarded "in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." * * B. C. Smith Thompson of N. T. is appointed Justice of the U. S. Su- preme Court. * * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : -25 * * Cal. Luis Arguello (Mexican). -24 * * Bel. Joseph Haslett. -27 * * Ga. George M. Troup. -25 * * Mass. Wm. Eustis. -24 * *N.&. Levi Woodbury. Pa. John Andrew Shulze. -26 * * Vt. C. P. Van Ness. 1824 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt $90,269,777. Jan. 9. B. C. Congress ; House : a protective tariff bill is introduced. It is opposed by the South and New Eng- land. May 22. D. C. Congress enacts a new tariff which is more highly pro- tective than the old law. Average rate 37 per cent. It has a slender majority in its favor ; only five in the House and four in the Senate. MISCELLANEOUS. 1822 * * Autumn. The first regular steamer sails between New York and Norfolk, Va. * * Boston becomes an incorporated city. Dec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1822, 6,911. 1823 Oct. 8. N. Y. The first boat passes from Rochester to Albany through the Erie Canal. ± * * Boston. Gas is used. The first mayor under the city charter is elected. * * Miss. Natchez is scourged with yel- low fever; most of the citizens flee. * * N. Y. The first three-story brick house in Brooklyn is erected ; the houses are first numbered, and some of the streets paved ; population about 7,000. Dec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1823, 6,354. 132 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3. AMERICA ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1824 * * Wis. The Colorado Beetle (potato-bug) is first found in Wisconsin ; it is described by Thomas Say, and named Doryphora decemlineata. * * Mass. The manufacture of flannel by water-power is commenced at Ames- bury. 1825 June 17. Mass. The venerable Marquis de Lafayette lays the corner- stone of Bunker Trill Monument ; Daniel "Webster delivers the oration. Nov. 29. New Tori:. Rossini's II Bar- bier is produced by the Manuel Garcia Company, including Maria Felicita Ma- libran. The first genuine Italian opera in America. * * New York. Dr. Gram, educated in Denmark, introduces the homeo- pathic practice of medicine. * * Phila. Queen ? s-ware is first manu- factured. * *U.S. Anthracite coal is used in dwellings and factories. * * Va. A small observatory is erected by Thomas Jefferson for the University of Virginia. * * U. S. A bottle containing acid and cotton surmounted with phosphorized pine sticks substitutes the tinder-box, flint, and steel, in starting a fire. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1834* * Ashby, Turner, Confed. gen., born in Va. Baird, Absalom, maj.-^i-n. vols., born in Pa. Baker, William M uint'ord, author, b. in D. C. Beard, William II., animal painter, b. in O. Bee, Bernard !■:., (.'on fed. gen., b. in S. C. Beecher, Thomas K., Cong, el., born in Conn. Bonner, Robert, journalist of N. Y., b. Ire. Bradford, .Joseph M., naval orlicer, b. Tenn. Broome, John L-, officer U. S. N., b. in N. Y. Burnside, Ambrose E., inaj.-gen. of vols., sen. for R.I., gov., born in Ind. Cary, Phoebe, poet, born in 0. ? Colquitt, Alfred H., sen. for Ga., b. in Ga. Cooley, Thomas M., jurist, b. in N. Y. Cox. Samuel Sullivan, M.C. for N.Y., b. 0. Curtis, George "William, author, editor Harper's Weekly, born in K. I. Dayton, Jonathan, Kevl'n. patriot, A64. Doremus, Robert Og.len, chemist, b. N.Y. Duncan, William <'., Bap. cl., editor, b. N.Y. Flemmmg, William, M. C, A70. Fry, Benj. St. .lames, M. E. cl., b. in Tenn. Gould, Benjamin A., Jr., astronomer, born in Mass. Graham, Chas. K., officer IT. S. N., b. N.Y. Grow, Galusha Aaron, M.C. for Pa., Speaker, born in Conn. Hancock, Winfleld Scott, maj.-gen. TT. S. A., born in Pa. Haven, Harriet jr., reformer, born. Howell, David, judge, A77. Hunt, William Morns, painter, born in Vt. Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, " Stonewall," U. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. Va., Jan. 21. Jeffers, William, U. S. N., born. Johnson. Eastman, painter, born in Me. King, Thomas Starr, Unit, cl., born in N. Y. Lelaiul, Charles t;., essayist, humorist, b. Pa. Lewis, Estelle Anna 1'.., author, born in Md. Littlejobn, Abram N., P. E. bp. b. N.Y. Matthews, Stanley, U. S. S. Ct., born in 0. Morgan, John T., sen. for Ala., born in Tenn. Ogden, John, founder I'isk Univ., born. Oglesby, Richard J., gov., sen. for 111., gen., born in Ky. Palmer, Tunis, army officer, born. Pleasonton, Alfred, brig. -gen. vol., b. D. C. Putnam, Unfits, gen., pioneer of O., A86. Quintard, Chas. T., P. E. bishop, b. Conn. Rodney, Crcsar A., atty.-gen., of Pa., A42. Randall, Charles S.,M. C. for Mass., born in Mass. Seelye, Julius Hawlev, educator, b. Conn. Shea, John 1>. Cilmary, scholar, b. N.Y.City. Sigel, Franz, brig.-gen. of vols., b. in Ger. Stanford, Leland, sen. for Cab, b. in N.Y. Thompson, Chas., pres. of Congress, A95. "Walker. William, filibuster, b. in Tenn. Whitney, Adeline D. Train, au., b. in Muss. Wight, Orlando Williams, author, b. N.Y. Winchell, Alexander, geologist, b. in N.Y. Woods, William P., I". S. S. Ct., b. in Ga. 1825 * • Akers, Penj. Paul, sculptor, born in Me. Andrews, Edward Gayer, M. E. bp., b. N.Y. P.aldwm, Thomas, I'.apt. cl. m Postun, A7.'. lielden, James J., M. C. forN.Y., b. in N.Y. lierg, Albert W., composer, organist, born. P.irney, David Bell, maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ala. lilaekwell, Antoinette Drown, Congrega- tional preacher, philanthropist, b. in N.Y. Bliss, Willard, physician, born. Boyd, Andrew K. II., P. E. cl., born in Scot. Bristow, <;eo. P., com] oser, musician, b. N.Y. Brooks, John, t.ov. of Mass., A73. Butler, Win. Allen, poet, born in N.Y. Child, Francis James, scholar, b. in BoBton. Cook, John, brig.-gen. vols., born in 111. Curry, Jabez L. M., P.apt. clergyman, b. Ga. Dalton, John ('all, physiologist, b. in Mass. Davnlson, Lu.retia ."Maria, poetess, A17. Eustis, William, physician, M. C, Gov. of Mass., sec. of war, minister, A 72. Dorr, J alia C. R., author, born in S. C. Fanning, David, Tory leader in Hev., A69. Fiske, Pliny, missionary m Palestine, A33. Fischer, <;eo. Jackson, phvsirjaii, surgeon, b. Gear, John H., M. C, born in N.Y. George, Win. S., journalist, editor, born. Gillmore, Quincy A., gen., engineer, b. in O. Gordon, Geo. Henry, brig.-gen. vols., b. Mass. Gordon, Granger, maj.-gen. vols., b. in N.Y. Green, William Henry, Pres. cl., b. in N. J. (Jueriisey, Alfred Hudson, editor, b. in Vt. Haight, Henry Huntley, jurist, born in N. Y. Harper, Robert !■'., lawyer, statesman, A60. Hill, Ambrose P., U. S. A., Confed. maj.- gen., born in Va. Honk, <;eorge W., M. C. for 0.. born in Pa. Hull, William, gen. in war of 1812, A62. Hunt, Thomas Sterry, chemist, b. in Conn. Inness, George, landscape painter, b. N.Y. Jewell, Marshall, Gov. of Conn., b. in N. H. Lamar, Lucius Q. C, U. S. S. Ct., b. in Miss. Lea, Henry C, author, born in Pa. Le Conte, John L., entomologist, b. in N.Y. Livingston, John H., father of Reformed Dutch Church in Am., A79. Macdonough, Tbos., com. U. S. N., A42. March, Francis Andrew, philologist, b. Mass. Merrill, Stephen M., M. E. bishop, b. in O. Palmer, John Williamson, editor, b. in Md. Parker, Edward G., journalist, an., b. Mass. Pickett, Geo. E., U.S.A., Confed. gen.,b. Va. Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, maj.-gen., minister to Fr., A79. Porcher, Francis i'eyrc, physician, b. S. C. Preston, Tbos. Scott, R. C. primate, b. Conn. Prime, William C, editor, born in N.Y. Rarey, John S., horse-tamer, born in O. Reno, Jesse L., general, born in W. Va. Requier, Augustus J., jurist, poet, b. S. C. Rinehart, William H., sculptor, born in Md. Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, born in N.Y. Sehweinitz, Edmund Alex, de, Moravian bishop, born in Pa. Shays, Daniel, rebel of Mass., A85. Stevens, Moses T., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass. Stoddard, Richard Henry, poet, b. in Mass. Summerfleld, John, M. E. cl., orator, A27. Taylor, Bayard, traveler, poet, born in Pa. Thomas, Cyrus, entomologist, born in Tenn. Tompkins, Daniel D. . statesman, M, C. for N.Y., 6th Vice- Pres., governor, A51. Underwood, Francis Henry, author, b. Mass. Weems, Mason L., author, born in Va. Whitney, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, AGO. Wilkinson, -lames, general U. S. A., A68. CHURCH. 1824 May 1-28. Md. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is held in Baltimore ; reports from the An- nual Conferences condemn the plan for electing presiding elders. It establishes the Upper, Middle, and Cherokee Missions. It organizes the Maine, Illinois, Pitts- burg, and Holston Conferences, and or- dains as bishops Joshua Soule and Elijah Hedding. May 21. Md. A Convention of Metho- dist Reformers is held at Baltimore. June * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; Thomas Be'Witt, president. * * N. Y. The Baptist* work among the Tusearoras and Tunawandus of western New York. * * Phila. The American Sunday- school Union is organized. * * The General Assembly (Presby- teriauj meets ; Ashbel Green, moderator. * * S. C. The United Synod, South (Evangelical Lutheran), of South Caro- lina, ifi organized. 1825 Feb. * X. Y. The General Synod (Reformed) meets at Albany : T. I>e\Yitt. president. [Also, at Xew Brunswick, in June, Jacob Broadhead, president, and again in Sept.] May 24. Boston. The American Uni- tarian Association is formed. * * There are 95 Unitarians and 310 Con- gregational churches. May 25. Boston. The Unitarian Mis- sionary Association is founded. * * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at Frederick. * * N. Y. The Universalist State Con- vention is organized. * * New York. The [present] American Tract Society is organized. * * O. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of the \Vestern Reserve is formed. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; S. N. Rowan, mod- erator. * * Pa. A Protestant Episcopal bishop is first seen west of the Alleghanies. The Reformed (German) Church estab- lishes a theological school at Carlisle. * * Wis. The Episcopalians open an In- dian mission at Green Bay. LETTERS. 1824 * * Boston. The Christian Exam- iner is issued. * * New York. The Atlantic Magazine is issued [and afterwards changed to the New York Monthly Review], * * N. Y. The Rensselaer Polytechnic In- stitute (non-sect.) is organized at Troy. * * 0. The Miami University (non- sect.) is organized at Oxford. * * Va. The Union Theological Seminary (Presb.)-is established. * * The Mutual Bights (Meth. Protestant) is issued. * * John Bull in America, by Paulding, appears. * * Tales of a Traveller, by Irving, appears. * * Reflections on the Politics of Ancient Greece, by George Bancroft, appears. * * Uses and Various Evidences of Re- vealed Religion, by A'erplanck, appears. 1825* * Conn. The Connecticut Histori cal Society Library is founded at Hart- ford. [20,000 vols.] * * La. The Centenary College (Meth. Epis.) is established. * * Mass. Xewton Theological Institute (Bapt.) is founded at Xewton Centre. * * A'. J. Queen's College (Reformed) is revived, and called Rutgers College. UNITED STATES. 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3. 133 * * New York. The Sunday Courier is is- sued. It is the first Sunday newspaper. * * N. Y. Hobart Free College (Prot. Epis.) is founded at Geneva. * * O, Franklin College (non-sect.), at New Athens, is organized. Kenyon College (Prot. Epis.) is orga- nized at Gambier. * * Fa. The University of Virginia (non-sect.) is organized. Its Library [4S.000 vols.] is founded. * * The Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review, founded by Hodge, appears. * * The Religious Messenger (Meth. Epis.) is issued. [Later merged into the Chris- tian Advocate.] * * George Guess (or Sequoyah), a half- breed Cherokee about 50 years old, in- vents the Cherokee alphabet. * * ZophieVe; or the Bride of Seven, by Maria Brooks, appears. * * The Southern Literary Gazette appears. * * Iladad, by Hillhouse, appears. * * -26 * * Observations on Cornine, a New Alkaloid, by Samuel G. Morton, appears. SOCIETY. 1824 Aug. 15. New York. Lafay- ette, aged and gray, revisits America by invitation of Congress ; and as the natron's guest, he is received with tre- mendous enthusiasm [in all his tour of 5,000 miles through the States]. - * * Ind. Robert Dale Owen of Scotland establishes a philanthropic settlement, called New Harmony, at his own ex- pense. * * Tenn. James K. Polk marries Sarah Childress. 1825 Sept. 8. D. C. Gen. Lafayette, " the Nation's guest," bids farewell to America, and sails from Washington for France in an American frigate. Nov. 29. N. Y. The completion of the Erie and Champlain canals is cele- brated. Dec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay- ette $200,000 and 24,000 acres of fertile land in Florida, as a reward for services and remuneration of expenses, incurred during the Revolution. * * Ind. Abraham Lincoln, sixteen years old, is working a ferry on the Ohio for sis dollars a month. * * New York. The Sunday Courier is issued, but soon suspends for lack of * * U.S. "Working people begin to dis- cuss the questions of shorter hours, higher wages, and greater safety. * *-30* *The Columbia Charitable As- sociation of Shipwrights and Calkers organizes. 1S26 Jan. 3. New York. Veterans or- ganize the Society of the War of 1812. STATE. 1824 Apr. 19. D. C. Congress: House : The "A.B. Plot" culminates. Charges are presented against William H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury and candidate for the presidency, which reflect on his integrity; they are made by Ninian Edwards, ex-senator for Illi- nois, but not sustained. May 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected President pro tempore. May 27. D. C. The 18th Congress: the first session closes. * * D. C. President Monroe declines to be a candidate for reelection. Dec. 10. Congress; House: Henry Clay welcomes Lafayette in an address. * * U. S. Great public excitement pre- vails in the election, owing to the number (4) of candidates ; Adams in the East, Crawford in the South, Jackson and Clay in the West. * * U. S. The custom of making nomi- nations for President and Vice-Presi- dent by caucuses of members of Congress becomes unpopular, and is abandoned. Nov. (?) * U. S. The 10th Presidential election; coalition candidates are elected. Popular vote for President : Andrew Jackson (Dem.-Rep.) of Tenn., 155,S72 ; John Q,. Adams (Opposition) of Mass., 105,321 ; Henry Clay (Rep.) of Ky., 46,5S7; "William H. Crawford (Rep.) of Ga., 44,282. Tenn. James K. Polk of Tenn. is first elected to Congress, aged 29. [He is reelected continuously for 14 years.] Dec. 6. L>. C. The 18th Congress : the second session opens. Dec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay- ette remuneration. (See Society.) * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -27 * * Del. Samuel Paynter. -28 * * Ky. Joseph Desha. -28 * * La. Henry Johnson. -26 * * Mo. Frederick Bates. -27 * * N. C. Hutchins G. Burton. -27 * * N. H. David L. Morrill. -28* * N. Y. De Witt Clinton. -31 * * R. I- James C. Fenner. -26 * * S. C. Richard J. Manning. 1825 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt §S3,788,432. Jan. 11. D. C. Congress: the senate ratifies a boundary treaty with Russia. It establishes the boundary line at 54° 40'. Feb. 12. Ga.-Ala. A treaty is made with the Indians. * * D. C. President Adams recommends internal improvements, but Congress does not approve. Feb. 9. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President: Andrew Jackson of Tenn., 99 ; John Q. Adams of Mass., 84 ; Henry Clay ot Ky.. 37 ; Wm. H. Craw- ford of Ga., 41. Vote for Vice-Presi- dent: John C Calhoun (Dem.-Rep.) of S. C, 182; Nathan Sanford of N. Y., 30; Nathanial Macon of N. C, 24 ; Andrew Jackson of Tenn. (Rep.), 13 ; Martin Van Buren of N. Y. (Rep.), 9; Henry Clay of Ky. (Rep.), 2. No candidate having a majority of the total electoral vote (261), the House of Representatives elects Adams on the first ballot, by the votes of 13 States. Vote of the House of Representatives : Jackson, 00; Adams, 84; Crawford, 41 ; Mar. 4. D. C. The 18th ends. Sixth Administration ; Coalition. Mar. 4. D. C. John Quincy Adams of Mass. is inaugurated the Gth President, in the 10th term of the presidency. John C. Calhoun of S. C. is Vice-President. Cabinet : Henry Clay of Ky. (State), Richard Rush of Pa. (Treas.), James Barbour of Ya. (War), Samuel L. Southard of N. J. (Navy), "William "Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.), John Mc- Lean of O. (P. M.-Gen.). Mar. 9. D. C. Congress; Senate : John Gaillard of S. C. is elected President pro tempore. Dec. 5. D. C. The 19th Congress opens. Dec. * House : John W. Taylor of N. Y. is elected Speaker. * * Ga. A Controversy concer nin g Creek (Indian) lands in Georgia oc- curs ; the State ignores the Federal au- thority ; the Indians sell their lands, and remove to the West. * * A treaty of commerce is made with the Republic of Colombia. * * The opponents of President Jackson's administration become known as "Whigs, and their number increases rapidly. * *-26* * New York. William Paulding, the 05th mayor, is elected. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -29 * * Ala. John Murphy. -29 * * Ark. (Ter.) George Izzard. -31 * * Cal. J. M. de Echeandia(Mex-). -31 * * Ind. James B. Ray. Mass. Marcus Morton. -34 * * Mass. Levi Lincoln. -27 * * Miss. David Holmes. _27 * * Va. John Tyler. 1826 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $81,054,059. MISCELLANEOUS. 1824 * * N. Y. Steam ferries are first run between New York and Brooklyn. * * New York. Anthracite coal is first used. * * Summer. La. The yellow fever rages in New Orleans. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1824, 7,912. 1825 Oct. 26. N. Y. The great Erie Canal, 363 miles long, is completed, chiefly through the influence of De Witt Clinton. It costs $7,500,000, and connects the Great Lakes with the seaboard at New York. The Champlain Canal is also completed. Nov. 2. N. Y. The opening of the Erie Canal is celebrated with great ceremony by the city of Albany-. Nov. 4. New York. The first boat via the Erie Canal arrives. * * N. J. The Morris Canal, to connect Newark and Phillipsburg, is commenced. * * N. Y. The State treasurer has paid nearly §90,000 in the last ten years for the extermination of wolves. 134 1826, Jan. 10.-1828, July 4. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1828 May 24. Maj.-Gen. Alexander Macomb is appointed (11th) commander of the army. July 1. N. Y. Jefferson Davis, 20 years of age, graduates at West Point Military Academy. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1826 June 23. New York. Edwin Forrest appears as Othello at the Park Theater. Oct. 2. New York. W. C. Macready first appears in America as Virginius at the Park Theater. * * Conn. The manufacture of axes and other edge-tools is commenced at Hartford. * * Mass. The manufacture of palm-leaf hats commences. * *New York. The Academy of Design is founded. * * N. J. Thomas Seir Cummings of Hackensack is elected member of the National Academy of Design. * * Pa. The manufacture of school- slates is commenced in this country. * * Patrick Lyon, the Blacksmith, is painted by John Neagle. * * James H. Hackett, a merchant, turns to the stage, and becomes the foremost of American comedians. 1827 * * Md. The manufacture of fire- brick is commenced at Baltimore. * * D. C. The Capitol at Washington is completed. * * Portrait of Jared Sparks is painted by Gilbert Stuart. Morse, Jedidiab, yotfraphi-r, _\i..".. Murray, Lindley. ^rainiiianan, AMI. N>filev, James S.. inaj.-Kt-n. vols., 1>. in l*a. Newman, .John P., M. K. bishop, b. in N.Y. i Jake*, .lames, l.ri-v. hriL'.-een., horn in J'a, orton, William, pre*. W. I . Tel. Co., b. N. Y. A 43. i in O. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1836* * Adams, John, of Mass., diplomatist, 2d Pres. of V. .S., dies July 4, A91. Abbot, .Joel, M. ('. for Oa., A60. Blake, William I'., mineralogist, b. in N.Y. Bond, George Phillips, astronomer, b. Mass. Bowles, Samuel, journalist, born in Mass. Brace, Charles l., author, philan., b. Conn. Braden, .John, coll. pres. Nashville, b. N.Y. Brown, Benj. iiraU, editor, teacher, born. Buford, John, U. S. N., born in Ky. Church. Frederick Edwin, landscape painter, born in Conn. Crosby, Howard. Pres. clergyman, Greek scholar, born in N.Y. Dale, Richard, commodore, A70. Daniels, Charles, M. C, born in N.Y. Dasbiel, Robert L., M. E. el., born in Md. Davis, Andrew .J., clairvoyant, writer on spiritualism, born in N.Y. Davis, John, M. C, born in 111. De Forest, John William, author, b. Conn. Ewer, Ferdinand Cartwriglit, P. E. clergy- man, author, born in Mass. Foster, Stephen ('., ballad composer, b. Pa. George, James Z., sen. for Miss., born in Ga. ± Gibbon, John, maj.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa. Gregg, John I., br9«. brig. -gen., born in Pa. Hall, Gordon, tirst Am. miss, in Bombay, A 44. Hawley, Joseph K., sen. for Conn, born N. C. Hoar, George F., U. S. sen. for Mass.,b. Mass. Jefferson. Thomas, of Va., minister to Fr., sec. of state, 3d Pres., dies July 4, A83. Larcom, Lucy, author, poet, born in Mass. Logan, John A., maj.-gen. vols., sen. for 111., candidate for Vic'e-Pres., b. 111., Feb. 9. Long, Armistead L., Confed. gen., b. in Va. MacClellan. George Brinton. Gen. of U. S. A., Dein. candidate for Pres., Gov. of N. J., born in Pa., Dec. 3. Mabone, Win., Confed. gen., sen. for Va., b. in Va, Macconnel, John L., novelist, born in 111. Martin, Luther, lawyer, A78. Mehan, Thomas, botanist, horn in Eng. Morgan. John II., Confed. guerrilla, b. Ky. Morgan, William, mechanic, abducted, A51. (juaekenbos, * .eorgc 1'ayn, educator, b. N.Y. Ransom, Matt. W., Confed. -gen., sen. for N. C, b. in N. C. RobinBon, Lucius B., Gov. of N.Y., b. N.Y. Seney. George I., philanthropist, b. N.Y. X Stoekbrtdge, Francis 11., sen. for Mich., bom in Me. 1827* * Addison, David, author, born. Atkinson, Edward, writer, born in Mass. Bascom, John, author, M. E. cl., b. in N.Y. Bates, Samuel Penuiinan, historian, b. Mass. Iletts, Beverly R., P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y. Boyce, Jas. P., Bap. cl., theologian, b. S. C. Bradford, William, painter, born in Mass. Hroadus, J. A., Bap. theol. prof., born in Va. ('attell, Win. C, Pres. Lafayette, b. N. J. Cooke, .Josiah Parsons, chemist, b. in Mass. Cooke, Rose Terry, writer, poet, b. in Conn. Corcoran, Michael, brig. -gen., born in Ire. Cummins, .Maria S., novelist, born in Mass. Dix. Morgan, P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y. City. Dooly, John Mitchell, wit, jurist, A55. ? Emrriit, Thomas A., lawyer of N.Y., A63. Ferry, Thomas W., I*. S. sen., born in Mich. Fink, Albert, engineer, born in Ger. Fisher, George Park, prof, in Yale, b. Mass. Fry, James B., general, born in 111. Gaillard, Edwin S., phvs., educator, b. S. C. Hendricken, Thos. F., R. C. bishop, b. Ire. Holcombe, Win. F., surgeon, prof., b. Mass. Holley, Horace, Unit, clergyman, A46. Howard, John E.,gen., sen. for Md.,gov.,A75. Hurlbut, Wm. Henry, journalist, b. in S. C. King. Rufus. M. Cont'l Cong, from Me., sen. for N.Y., minister to Eng., A72. Latham, Milton S., statesman, born in O. Murphy, John McLeod, naval engineer, born. Newhall, Fales H., prof. Wesleyan t'niv., b. Palmer. Frank W., editor, born in Ind. Parke, John G., mag.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa. Payson, Edward, Cong, clergyman, A44. Peale, Chas. Wilson, painter, naturalist, A86. Pickens, Israel, senator, dies. Pike, Mary II. Greene, author, born in Me. Piatt, Orville II., senator for Conn., born. Pratt, Daniel J., scholar, writer, b. in N.Y. Rains, J., Confed. gen., born. Robeson, George M., sec. of navy, b. in N. J. Rosecrans, Sylvester H., K. C. bishop, b. O. Schermerhorn, Simon J., M. C.,born in N.Y. Slocum, Henry Warner, maj.-gen. vols., law- yer, born in N. Y. Stewart, William M., sen. for. Nev., b. N.Y. Terrv, Alfred Ilowe.bng.-gen. vols., b. Conn. Tilghman, Wm., jurist, A71. Trowbridge, John Townsend, novelist, born. Venable, ciiarles S., mathematician, b. Va. Voorhees, Daniel W., sen. for Ind., born in O. "Whitney, "WiUiam Dwight. comparative philologist, born in Mass. Windom. William, sen. for Minn., sec. of treas., born in O. CHURCH. 1826 Jan. 10. Me. The General Con- ference (Congregational) of Maine is or- ganized. Mar. * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; Thomas DeWitt, president. [And again in June, John Ludlow, president.] May 10. New York. The United Do- mestic Missionary Society is changed to the American Home Missionary So- ciety at New York. Its object is to assist congregations that are unable to support the Gospel ministry, and to send the Gospel to the destitute within the United States. May 17. Miss. The Protestant Episco- pal Diocese of Mississippi is organized. * * Boston. Lyman Beecher becomes pastor of the Hanover Street church. * * Ind. Both the (N. S. and the O. S.) Presbyterian Synods of Indiana are organized. * * Mo. The Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Louis is erected. * * The American Board receives from the United Foreign Missionary Board cer- tain Indian missions. The Osages ; the < Isaacs of Missouri; the mixed tribes at Mackinaw; the Ot- tawas at Maumee : the Senecafl at Alle- gheny ; Cattarauiine and S.-necas, and also the Tuscaroras, in New York. - Cy- clopedia of Missions. * * New York. A congregation of the African Union Methodist Church is formed. The Baptist Triennial Meeting is held. * * O. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized. * * Phila. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets. The General Assembly (Presbyte- rian) meets; Francis McCauley, mod- erator. * * Tenn. The (X. S.) Presbyterian Syn- ods of "West Tennessee and the (O. S.) Synod of Nashville are formed. * *The American Board has 7 mission stations among the Cherokee Indians of Georgia, 10 among the Choctaws of Mis- sissippi, and one among the Cherokees of Arkansas. * * The Baptists commence missions among the Ottawas ; also among the Choctaws. 1827 June* Phila. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ^ Cornelius C. Cuyler, president. Sept. 22. N. Y. Joseph Smith an- nounces the discovery of the Book of Mormon, written on plates of gold, in Egypt* 3 - 11 (?) characters. (See 1812.) Oct. 25. Pa. H. U. Onderdonk is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop for Pennsylvania. Nov. * Md. A General Convention of Methodist Reformers is held at Balti- more. * * Mass. The Unitarian Sunday- school Society is organized. * * Mich. The first Congregational Church in Michigan is formed. * * N. H. A General Conference of Free-will Baptists is formed. * * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at Gettysburg. The Church of Christ (Disciples of Christ) is organized. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Francis Ilcrron, moderator. Congregational delegates have their right to vote taken away. An extensive secession divides the Society of Friends ; the names Ortho- dox and Eicksite are given to the two branches. * * Tex. The Franciscan missionaries on the Rio Grande teach a great number of Jndians to read and write. * * Va. The Dover Association (Baptist) decrees excommunication from fellow- ship of those holding the views of Alex- ander Campbell. UNITED STATES. 1826, Jan. 10-1828, July 4. 135 * * The Sunday- school Union (Metho- dist Episcopal) is formed. * * The Methodists begin work among the Choc taws and Chiekasaws. The Synods of Georgia and South Car- olina transfer their mission among the Chiekasaws to the American Board. * * The Baptists begin work among the Chippewas. 1828 Jan. * Md. The Associate Metho- dist Reformers meet at Baltimore. Apr. * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Albany ; Cornelius C. Cuyler, president. [And again in June, Jacob Schoonmaker, president.] May 1-24. Pa. The General Confer- ence (Methodist Episcopal) meets in Pittsburg ; connection with the Cana- dian Conference is practically dissolved. May* Pa. A memorial of grievances from Methodist Reformers is presented to the General Conference at Pitts- burg; unsatisfactory proposals are made. May 5. New York. The New York American Seaman's Friend Society is organized. LETTERS. 1826 Sept. 9. New York. First issue of the Christian Advocate (Meth. Epis.). Oct. 25. N. Y. The Rochester Daily Advertiser appears. * * Boston. The State Library of Massa- chusetts is founded. [60,000 vols.] * * La. The New Orleans Bee appears. * * Md. The Maryland State Library is founded at Annapolis. [70,000 vols.] * * 0. "Western Reserve College (Pres). is founded at Hudson. The Cincinnati Commercial Register appears. * * Va. The Richmond Whig appears. * * -30 * * Commentaries an- American Law, by James Kent, appears. * * Lionet Lincoln, by Cooper, appears. * * Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of Gotham, by Paulding, appears. * * Last of the Mohicans, by Cooper, ap- pears. 1827 May * New York. The Morning Enquirer is started. Sept. 1. New York. The Journal of Commerce issues its first number ; it is hostile to slavery. * * III. Shurtleff College is founded by Baptists at Upper Alton. * * Pa. The "Western Theological Semi- nary (Pres.) is established in Allegheny. * * Phila. The American Quarterly Re- view, by Robert "Walsh, is published [till 1837]. * * The Prairie, hy Cooper, appears. * * Biography of the Signers of tlie Dec- laration of Independence, by John San- derson, appears. * * The Red Rover, by Cooper, appears. * * The Buccaneer, by Richard H. Dana, appears. * * Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews, by Moses Stuart, appears. 1828 Feb. 28. ///. McKendree Col- lege (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Lebanon. SOCIETY. 1826 Feb. 13. Boston. The "American Society for the Promotion of Temper- ance," on the basis of abstinence from strong drink, organizes. Apr. 4. Henry Clay and John Ran- dolph fight a duel. The latter had stig- matized the coalition of Adams and Clay as a union of " the Puritan and the black-leg." Sept. 11. N.Y. The alleged abduction of William Morgan, by Freemasons for revealing secrets, causes intense and widespread excitement. * *N. Y. Millard Fillmore marries Abigail Powers. 1827* * Tenn. Andrew Johnson mar- ries Eliza McCardle. STATE. 1826 Mar. 14. D. C. Congress ; ap- points Richard C. Anderson and John Sargeant as delegates to the General Congress of South American States, to meet in Panama, in June. * * Phila. The [present] system of the Fairmount "Water-works is completed. May 14. N. Y. Sing Sing prison is com- menced. May 20. D. C. Congress; Senate: Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is elected President pro tempore. May 22. D. C. The 19th Congress: the first session closes. June * The Panama Congress of South American States fails to meet and put the Monroe doctrine into practice. (See Mar. 14, 1S26.) July 4. The death of two ex-Presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, on the 50th anniversary of American In- dependence, arrests attention. Oct. * N. Y. The Morgan anti-Mason excitement is taken into politics, and many members suffer in their reputa- tion ; among them is De "Witt Clinton. (See Society.) Nov. 13. A convention is entered by the United States and Great Britain, whereby American citizens receive in- demnification for British spoliations during the war with Napoleon. Dec. 4. D. C. The 19th Congress: the second session opens. * * Tenn. Seat of the State government is changed from Murfreesboro to Nash- ville. * * _27 * * New York. Philip Hone is elected the 56th mayor. * * D. C. Robert Trimble of Ky. is ap- pointed Justice of U. S. Supreme Court. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -30 * * III. Ninian Edwards. -32 * * Mo. John Miller. -30 * * O. Allen Trimble. -28 * * S. C. John Taylor. -28* * Ft. Ezra Butler. 1827 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt §73,987,357. Jan. 2. Congress; Senate: Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is re-elected President pro tempore. [Reelected Mar. 2.] Mar. 4. D. C. The 19th Congress ends. Aug. 6. Ore, The joint occupation of Oregon by American and British sub- jects is extended indefinitely by a treaty agreement. Sept. 29. XI. S. The difference exist- ing between the United States and Great Britain respecting boundaries is re- ferred to an arbiter for settlement. Dec. 3. D. C. The 20th Congress opens. House: Andrew Stevenson of Va. is elected Speaker. * * -29 * * New York. William Paulding is elected the 57th mayor. * * II. S. Governors inaugurated : -31 * * Conn. Gideon Tomlinson.* -30 * * Del. George Poindexter. -29 * * Ga. John Forsyth. -29 * * Me. Enoch Lincoln. -31 * * Miss. Gerard C. Brandon. -28 * *N. C. James Iredell. -29 * * N. H. Benjamin Pierce. -29 * * Tenn. Sam Houston. -30 * * Va. Wm. B. Giles. 1828 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $67,475,043. Apr. * N. Y. Martin Van Buren be- comes governor. May 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Samuel Smith of Md. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. May 19. D. C. Congress: A heavy protective tariff bill passes, by which the sliding scale is advanced from 33£ to an average of 40 to 45 per cent. It com- mences a serious division between the North and the South. Called " the tariff of abominations." (House: Vote, 105-74.) May 26. D. C. The 20th Congress : the first session closes. * * U. S. Intense excitement, surpass- ing that of previous years, attends the Presidential < MISCELLANEOUS. 1826 Oct. 7. Mass. A railway for horse-power, 3 miles long, is completed at Quincy, for conveying granite rock to tide-water. It is the first railroad in the United States. * * Kerosene is first used for illuminate ing purposes. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1826, 10,837. 1827 May * Pa. A gravity railroad for transporting coal is completed at Mauch Chunk ; the empty cars are to be drawn back by mules. * * Boston. The first lithograph estab- lishment is completed ; it uses imported materials. * * American cotton manufactures are first exported to any considerable extent. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1827, 18,875. 1828 July 4. Md. The corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is laid with great ceremony at Baltimore ; the rails of wood are covered with iron bars. 136 1828, Sept 26-1830, July. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1829 * * N. Y. Robert E. Lee, 22 years of age, graduates at West Point. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1828 Sept. 26. Mass. A monument is erected at Charlestown to the memory of John Howard. Oct. * N. J. The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia awards Seth Boyden of Newark a premium for malleable cast- ings. * * New York. The manufacture of var- nish for commercial use is commenced. * * N. Y. The Albany Institute is or- ganized. * * Pa. Damask table-linen is first made at Pittsburg. Paper is first made of straw and hay at Meadville. * * William Woodworth's planing-ma- chine is introduced. * * The Garden of Eden is painted by Thomas Cole. * * The Portrait of Fitz-Greene Hailed: is painted by Henry Inman. ± * * The Chanting Cherubs is executed by Horatio Greenough. " The first group executed in marble by an American." * * Calvary is painted by William Dunlap. 1829 Mar. 27. New York. John W. Revere explains his invention of gal- vanized iron at the Lyceum of Natural History. * * Conn. The manufacture of sewing- silk by machinery is commenced at Mansfield. * * Mass. The manufacture of pen- knives and pocket-knives is com- menced in this country at Worcester. The Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety is organized. * * New York. Bricks are first made by machinery. * * It. I. Figured muslin is first woven in this country on a power-loom at Cen- tral Palls. * * U.S. Friction matches are first used. 1830 May 31. Tenn. A destructive storm prevails ; Carthage is laid in ruins. July 24. Boston. The mercury at noon stands at 95° ; at sundown, at GO*. July * N. Y. Terrific rains and floods in the Champlain region ; mill-dams, iron-works, bridges, and crops are de- stroyed. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1828* * Ashmun, Jelniili, philanthropist-, A34, Baird, Chas. W., Presb. el., author, b. N.J. Bayard, Thomas Francis, sen. for l>el.,sec. of state, minister to Kng., b. Del., Oct. 29. Beatty, John, brig.-gen. V. S. vols., b. in 0. Bennett, Clitis. \\\, educator, horn in N.Y. Brainard, John G. C, poet, editor, A32. Brown, Jacob, maj.-gen. Mb cum. of U. S. Army, A53. Camden, Johnson N., sen. W. Va., b. W. Va. Chamberlain, Joshua, ni;ij. -gen. vols., b, Me. ± Chesebio", Caroline, author, horn in N.Y. Clinton, De 'Witt, gov., sen. for N.Y., A59. Cook, Clareme, critic, born in Mass. Cookman, Alfred, M. E. clergyman, b. N. J. Crook. Geo., maj.-gen. V. S. A., born in O. Drake, Francis Samuel, author, b. in N. H. D wight, Timothy, pres. of Yale, b. Conn. Edmunds. Geo. F.. sen. for Vt., b. in Vt. Few, William, senator for percept. Center of population 19 miles west southwest of Moorefield, W. Va. ; westward movement in 10 years, 39 138 1830, Aug. 3-1831. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. THE NINTH "WAR. 1831 Apr. 21—1832. Sept. 31. Wis. The Black Hawk Indian War, with the Sac and Fox Indians. Men en- rolled, G,4G5. * * III. Abraham Lincoln volunteers in the Black Hawk War, and is chosen captain of his company. * * -32 * * Wis. Jefferson Davis serves in the Black Hawk War as brevet 2d lieutenant. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1830 Sept. 1. New Tori:. Charles John Kean commences an engagement at the Park Theater. * * Boston. The Boston Society of Natu- ral History is organized. The Fourdrinier machine, used in the manufacture of paper, is first made in this country at Windham ; importa- tions of it nearly cease. * * Md. The first locomotive {Tom Thumb) built in the United States is constructed by Peter Cooper, at the Canton Iron Works, near Baltimore ; a small tractor engine, of little use. * * Conn. The Observatory of Yale Uni- versity is erected at New Haven. The first telescope in this country is set up. * * Tomb of General Brock is painted by Thomas Cole. . 1831 Feb. 12. U. S. A great solar eclipse (annular) is generally visible. Dec. * Pa. Dr. F. W. Geisenhainer ob- tains a patent for the application of a hot-air blast to anthracite coal in mak- ing iron ; this invention begins a new era in producing iron. * * Conn. The Groton monument, oppo- site New London, is completed. BIRTHS — DEATHS. \830* * Agnew, Cornelius "Rea, surgeon, b. in N.Y. Arthur. Chester Alan. 20th Vice-President, 21st President, born in Vt. Bacon, Leonard Woulsey, Cong, clergyman, author, born in Conn. Bierstadt, Albert, painter, born in Ger. Blaine, James Gillespie. M. C. from Me., speaker, senator, candidate for Pres., sec. of state, born in Pa., .Jan. 31. Bowers, Sirs. 1>. P., actor, born in Conn. Cobb, Thomas W.. senator for (la., A46. Compton, Barnes, M. C. for Md., b. in Md. Cooke, John ksten, author, poet, b. in Va. Culberson, David 11., M. C. for <;a., b. Ga. Dodge, Mary Abigail (Gail Hamilton), b. in Mass. Buncombe, Parmelee Dubois, chemist, born. Garrard, Kenuer, brcv. brig. -gen., b. in O. Giles, William IS., statesman, A68. Godman, .John D., physician, naturalist, A36. Hayne, Hamilton, poet, born in S. C. Hazen, William ISabeock, soldier, b. in Vt. Hobart, John Henry, P. E. bp. of N. Y., A55. Hicks, Elias, Quaker preacher, A82. Hosmer, Harriet Goodhue, sculptor in It., born in Mass. Howard. Oliver O., maj.-gen.U. S. A.,b. Me. Hoyt, A. M., Gov. of Pa., born. Johnson, Samuel Win., chemist, an., b. N.Y. Jones, John P., sen. for Nev., born in Eng. Murray, David, educator, born in N.Y. Neely, Henry A., P. E. bp. of Me., b. N.Y. Nordhoff, Charles, an., journalist, b. Ger. Orton, James, naturalist, born in N.Y. Otis, George A., surgeon, horn in Mass. Paddock, Algernon S., sen. for Neb., b. N.Y. Perry, Arthur Latham, economist, b. N. H. Pratt, Charles, philanthropist, born in Mass. Pugh, James L., sen. for Ala., born in Ga, Red Jacket, chief of the Seneeas, A 79. Rutgers, Henry, patriot, philanthropist, A 85. Sothern. Edward ABkew. actor, b. Eng. Teller, Henry M., sen. for Col., born in N.Y. Terhune, Mary Virginia (Marion Borland), author, born in Va. Trumbull, Henry ' lav, Cong. cl., b. in Conn. Tudor, William, author, A51. Vance, Zebulon B-, sen. for N. C, b. in N.C. Vest, George C, sen. for Mo., born in Ky. "Ward. John Quincy A., sculptor, b. in O. Warren, Gouverneur Kemble, gen., b. N.Y. Yenell, George Henry, artist, born in Md. 1831* * Abbott, Henrv L., engineer V. S. A., b. Mass. Allen, Richard, tirst bp. of Afr. M. E. Ch., A71. Baker, William, M. C. for Kan., born in Pa. Uartholow, Huberts, phvsician, born in Md. Barton, William, gen. in Rev'n of R. I., A84. lioardman, (ieorge Dana, m!s. to India, A30. Booth, Mary L., author, editor Harper's Ba- zar, born'in N.Y. Breese, Kidder Randolph, capt.U. R. N., b. Pa. Burbridge, Stephen c, gen. of vols., b. Ky. Case, Augustus I.., rcar-adm. V. S. N., b. a'.Y. De Koven, James, P. E. cl. of N.Y., b. Conn. Dinnan, Jeremiah Lewis, Cong, cl., b. R. I. Donnelly, Ignatius, M. C, author, b. Phila. Evarts, Jeremiah, editor, A50. Fairchild, Lucius, brig.-gen. of vols., born. Frye, William P., sen. for Me., born in Me. Garfield. James A., ma j. -gen. of vols., M. C. forO., sen., 20th Pres.. of the U. S.,b. O. Gihlersleeve, Basil Launeau, scholar, b. S. C. Gilman, Daniel Coit, educator, b. in Conn. Girard, Stephen, Franco-Am. merchant, founder of college, A8L Godkin, Edwin Laurence, journalist, b. Ire. Coodwin, Win. Watson, scholar, b. in Mass. Grady, Benjamin F., M. C. for N. C, b. N. C. Hodge, Casper W., prof, at Princeton, born. Hunter, A. J., M. C, born in lnd. Jackson, Helen Hunt, poet, horn in Mass. Livingston, Henry B., gen in Rev'n, A8l. Marsh. OthnielC. paleontologist, b. N.Y. McCook, Alex. McD., niaj.-gen. vols., born. McLaren, Edw. W., P. E. bishop, born in O. Mitcbill, Sarn. Latham, physician, natural- ist, A 67. Monroe, James, sen. for Va., minister to Fr., gov. of Va., sec. of state, sec. of war, ! doctrine," 5th Pres. U. S., A73. Rawlins, John A., sec. of war, born in 1U. Rockwell, James O., poet, A24. Schofleld, John M., niaj.-gen., 17th com- mander U. S. A., b. in N.Y. Shell, ceorge W., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C. Sheridan, Philip Henry, General, 16th commander of U. S. Army, born in N.Y. Stephenson, Samuel M., M. C. for 111., born in Can. Thomas, Theodore G., physician, b. in S. C. Thomas, Isaiah, printer, journalist, A82. Trumbull, John, poet, satirist, A81. Walthall, Edward C, sen. for Miss., b. Va. Washburn, Wm. D., sen. for Minn., b. Me. CHURCH. 1830 Oct. 21. N. Y. W. M. Stone (Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated bishop for New York. Oct. * Pa. German Reformed Baptists meet at Harrisburg and form The Church of God. John Winebrenner is their leader. Nov. 2. Md. A General Convention of An ti- episcopal Methodist reform- ers meets in Baltimore, and assumes the title Methodist Protestant Church. * * Ala. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of Alabama is organized. * * Ga. Indian Missions are successful. Two hundred and fifty Chickasaws unite with the church connected with the mission. One-fifth of the Stock- bridges are church members. Three- fourths of all the church members of the missions of the American Board are Indians. Half the Cherokees can read ; and they have eleven churches, also schools, courts, a legislature, and strin- gent laws against intemperance. * * ///. The First Congregational church is formed. * * Pa. The East Pennsylvania eldership of the Church of God is organized. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets; Ezra Fisk, mode- rator. * * The Bible Association of Friends in America is organized. * * New York. A Primitive Methodist church is formed. * * O. The Mormons organize a church at Kirtland. * * Va. The United Synod, South (Evangelical Lutheran), of Virginia, is organized. * * The Methodists begin work among the emigrant Creek and Cherokee Indians. 1831 Jan. 3. Ala. The Protestant Epis- copal Convention invites Bishop Brown- ell to take charge of the parishes in Ala- bama. Feb. 2. It. Gregory XVT. is elected pope. * * Ga. Opposition is made to mission- aries. Two missionaries, Revs. Butler and Worcester, receive notification of a law of Georgia, requiring all white men on Cherokee land to take the oath of alle- giance to the State of Georgia. Remain- ing at their posts, they refuse to do so, claiming their rights under the Consti- tution, laws, and treaties of the general Government. — Cyclopedia of Missions. Mar. 12. Missionaries to the Indians are persecuted. The Georgia guard arrest three of the missionaries to the Cherokee Indians, and take them before the County Court, where they are released on the ground that they are agents of the general Government. [The President of the United States then declared them not to be agents of the general Government. Again they were warned to leave, and, refusing to do so, were, with a Methodist minister, Mr. Trott, and a Cherokee named Proctor, arrested. Mr. Trott and Proctor were chained by the neck to a wagon and made to march in this way for two days. After eleven days' im- prisonment in a tilthv log prison, Mr. Worcester and Mr. Butler were sen- tenced to four years' imprisonment at hard labor. The court of Georgia re- fused to discharge the prisoners when so ordered by the Supreme Court of the United States.] — Cyclopedia of Mis- June* New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; John Gasman, presi- dent. [And again in June at Albany ; John Gasman, president.] Sept. 22. A. C. Levi S. Ives is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop. Oct. * Me. Freewill Baptists hold their Fifth General Conference at Wilton. * * III. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Illinois is formed. * * Md. The Sixth General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred- erick. LETTERS. 1830 * * Ala. Spring Hill College (Rom. Cath.) is founded. * * Chicago. The McCormick Theological Seminary (Pres.) is established. UNITED STATES. 1830, Aug. 3-1831. 139 * * III. The Illinois Monthly Magazine appears. * * III. The Illinois College (Pres. and Cong.) is organized at Jacksonville. * * Ky. Georgetown College (Bapt.) is organized at Georgetown. * * Mississippi College (Bapt.) is orga- nized at Clinton. * * The Christian Intelligencer (Reformed) appears. * * N. Y. The Albany Evening Journal appears. * * Philadelphia has a penny paper, The Cent, which has a brief existence. * * U.S. There are 852 newspapers in the United States. * * The Booh of Mormon is translated and published. * * An edition of Horace, translated by Anthon, appears. * * -39 * * The Birds of America, by Audubon, appears. [He obtained nu- merous subscribers at $1,000 per copy.] 1831 Jan. 1. Boston. The Liberator (Abolition) is first issued by "William Lloyd Garrison. Jan. 7. The Methodist Protestant is is- sued. Nov. 9. Boston. The Daily Morning Post is first issued. * * Ala. The University of Alabama (non-sect.) is organized at Tuscaloosa. * * Cmin. The Wesleyan University (Meth. Epis.) is founded. * * Ky. The Louisville Journal is first issued. * * N. C. The North Carolina State Li- brary is founded at Raleigh. [42,000 vols.] * * New York. The Spirit of the Times, the first sporting paper, is issued. The University of the City of New York (non-sect.) is organized. SOCIETY. 1830* * 111. Abraham Lincoln, 21 years old, becomes a resident of Illinois. * * Ga. Half the Cherokee Indians read ; they have eleven churches, also schools, courts, a legislature, and strin- gent laws against intemperance. 1831 Jan. 1. Boston. William Lloyd Garrison's Liberator puts new life into the anti-slavery cause. It advocates the immediate and uncon- ditional emancipation of the negroes, and hastens the organization of the abolition party. Apr. 26. N. Y. Imprisonment for debt is abolished. Aug. 21. Va. A negro insurrection is led by Nat Turner. It is started by three white men and four slaves ; they secure about 200 fol- lowers, who desohite the country ; troops are called out in Virginia and North Carolina, and 55 white persons are killed before the insurrection is quelled. Sept. 24. /?.- /. Four persons are killed by the military in a riot at Providence. STATE. 1830 Dec. 6. D. C. The 21st Con- gress: the second session opens. * * U, S. Governors inaugurated : -33 * * Del. David Hazzard. -34* * III. John Reynolds. La. Jacques Dupre\ -34 * * La. Andre B. Roman. -31 * * Me. Jonathan D. Hunton. -32 * *N. C. Montford Stokes. -31 * * N. H. Matthew Harvey. -32 * * O. Duncan M' Arthur. -32 * * S. C. James Hamilton. -34 * * Va. John Floyd. 1831 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $39,123,191. Mar. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: Samuel Smith of Md. is reelected President pro tempore. [Later L. W. Tazewell of Va.] Mar. 4. D. C. The 21st Congress ends. Apr. 5. D. C. A boundary and commer- cial treaty is made with Mexico. Apr. * D. C. A quarrel occurs in the President's cabinet, and many changes are made. Cabinet : Edward Livingston of La. (State), Louis McLane of Del. (Treas.), Lewis Cass of O. (War), Levi "Woodbury of N.H. (Navy), and Roger B. Taney of Md. (Atty-Gen.). July 4. A convention is made with France. In a mutual settlement of claims, France agrees to pay the United States 25.000,000 francs, and: to accept 1,300,000 francs ; these sums are for distribution to claimants in either country. Aug. 21 ■+-. Va. The Southampton negro insurrection, led by Nat Turner, is suppressed in 4S hours. Sept. 26. Md. The Anti-Masons nomi- nate a National ticket at Baltimore ; it is supported by National Republicans. Oct. 5. Phila. A free-trade conven- tion opens. Oct. 26. New York. A high-tariff con- vention opens. Dec. 5. D.C. The 22d Congress opens. Dec.* D. C. Ex-President John Q. Adams enters Congress after two years of retirement from office. [He here continues for the remainder of his life, a period of 17 years.] Dec. 12. Md. The National Republi- can Party, in convention at Baltimore, nominates Henry Clay of Ky. for the presidency. Leading issue — high tariff and internal improvements. * * New York. The Common Council is divided into two boards. Dec. * D. C. Benjamin F. Butler of N. Y. becomes Attorney-General. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -35 * * Ala. John Gayle. -31* * Cal. Manuel Victoria (Mexican). -33 * * Conn. John S. Peters. -35 * * Ga. Wilson Lumpkin. -37 * * Ind. Noah Noble. -34 * * Me. Samuel E. Smith. -34 * * Mich. (Ter.). George B. Porter. -33 * * Miss. Abraham M. Scott. JV. H. Joseph M. Harper. -34 * * N. II. Samuel Dinsmoore. -33 * * R. I. Lemuel H. Arnold. -35 * * Vt. Wm. A. Palmer. MISCELLANEOUS. 1830 Aug. 3. N.Y. The first vessel via the Welland Canal arrives at Oswego. Aug. 12. N. Y. The first American railroad is completed; it connects Al- bany and Schenectady. * * Summer. S.C. The first steam rail- road for the transportation of both passengers and merchandise, com- mences operations over six miles of its tracks. It connects Charleston with Ham- burg, opposite Savannah; the track is built upon piles. The locomotive was made in New York. Oct. 5. XI. S. American ports are re- opened to British commerce. * * New York. A vehicle with the word Omnibus painted on both sides com- mences to run ; many suppose the name to be that of the owner. * * IT. S. The nation flourishes. A most remarkable period of develop- ment in wealth and natural resources, with intellectual quickening, begins- throughout the Northern and AVestern States; the labor system of the South retards its progress. 1831 Apr. 23. La. The first rail- road in this State is opened between New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain — 4£ miles across a swamp. May 29. N. C. Fayetteville is destroyed by fire. July 4. Md. The Baltimore and Sus- quehanna Railroad is opened for six miles ; it uses horse-power. N. Y. Ex-President James Monroe, fifth President of the United States, dies in New York City. Aug. 4. Chicago is surveyed, laid out, and the map recorded on this date. Autumn. Chicago. The first sale of lots in this new town takes place. Sept. 1. N. Y. The Hudson and Mo- hawk Railroad is opened from Albany to Schenectady, and a trip of 16 miles is made in 46 minutes. Sept. 24. Mass. Mount Auburn Cem- etery, near Boston, is dedicated. Nov. * JV. J. Canal boats first pass from the Hudson to the Delaware via the Morris Canal. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens for 1831, 22,633. * * The Lexington and Ohio Railroad is commenced. * * N. Y. Commencement of the Har- lem Railroad, also the Ithaca and Oswego road. * * Pa. The great line of improvements connecting Philadelphia with Pitts- burg, and costing the State more than §12,000,000, is completed. There are S2 miles of railroad, includ- ing 36 miles over the Alleghames, with inclined planes worked by stationary engir, , and 177 miles of canals. 140 1831 * *-1833, Feb. 20. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1832 Feb. 6. The crew of the United States frigate Potomac attacks Qualla Batto, in Sumatra, killing 150 Malaya, and destroying the town ; losing two men killed and 14 wounded. Apr. 1. War arises between the Winne- bago Indians and other tribes. Aug. 2. Wis. The Indians, led by Black Hawk, are subdued by an expedition un- der Gen. Atkinson at Bad-axe River. * * S. C, The Nullifiers make military preparations to resist the Government. ■* * D. C. President Jackson orders the available army and a ship-of-war to Charleston, S. C. ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 1831 * * N. C. The University of North Carolina has its first observatory. [It is used only a few years.] * * N. Y. Dr. Samuel Guthrie of Sack- ett's Harbor disoovers chloroform; it is used only as a medicine. 1832 Jan.* Conn. Chloroform is first used by inhalation at New Haven. Feb. 19. O. The Ohio River, at Cin- cinnati, rises 63 feet above low-water mark ; a great loss of property occurs. July 13. Minn. Henry R. Schoolcraft discovers the source of the Mississippi River. July 16. New York. The Ravel family of gymnasts appear at the Park Theater. Sept. 17. Neio York, Charles Kemble and his daughter, Fanny Kemble, make their first appearance. Oct. * N. Y. Hosiery is first manufac- tured by power at Cohoes. * * Portrait of Washington is painted by Rembrandt Peale. ± * * The Course of Empire is painted by Thomas Cole. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1832* * Adams, Hannah, writer, A77. Baird, Henry Martin, author, born in Pa. Bancroft. Hubert Howe, historian, b. 0. Belknapp, Geo. E., com'der navy, b. N. H. Boniface, George C-, actor, born in N.Y. Bowers, Theo. S., brig. -gen. U. S. A., b. Pa. Bristow, Benj. II., see. of treas., born in Ky. Carroll, Charles, last signer of Declaration of Independence, A 95. Cesnola, di, Lugii P., brig.-gen., antiquarv, b. in It. Conway, Moncure Daniel, Unit, clergyman, author, born in Va. Cornell, Alonzo B., Gov. of N.Y., b. in N.Y. De Haas, Maurice F., painter, b. Rotterdam. Dingley, Nelson, Jr., M. C. for Me., b. Me. Earle, Pliny, inventor, of R. I., A 70. Eckford, Henry, shipbuilder, A57. Kgleston, Thomas, mining engineer, b. N.Y. Fellows, -John k\, M. C. for N. Y., b. in N.Y. Freneau, Philip, poet of Revolution, journal- ist. A80\ Garland. Augustus Hill, attv.-gen., born in Tenn. Gatschet, Albert Sam., philologist, b. Switz. Gibson, Randall L., sen. for La., b. in Ky. Gordon, John B., sen. for Ga., born in Ga. Hayes, Isaac I., arctic explorer, b. in Pa. Holley, Alexander L., metallurgist, b. Conn. Jackson, Howell E., V. S. S. Ct., b. in Tenn. Knapp, Hermann, surgeon of N.Y., b. Ger. Lewis, Morgan, maj. gen., jurist, A90. Livingston, l.eoniilas !■'., M. C. for Ga.,b. Ga. MeCormiek, Richard C, Jr., Gov. or Ariz. Ter., born in N.Y. Mills, Roger Q.., sen. for Tex., born in Ky. Mitchell, Maggie, actor, born in N. Y. Nimle, Win. X., M. E. bishop, horn In N.Y. Osborne, Thomas <)., general, born in O. Perry, Win. S., 1'. E. bishop of la., b. K. I. Phelps, Benjamin K., lawyer, born. Poe, Orlando M., military engineer, b, in O. Sands, Hubert (_'., author, Journalist, ASS. Shiras, George, Jr., I!. S. S. < 't., Imrn in J 'a, Stimpson, William, naturalist, born in Mass. Studley, John B., actor, born In Mass. Sumter, Thomas, Revolutionary gen., AH8. Talmage. Thomas De Witt, Pres. clergy- man, born in N. J. Vincent. John H., M. E. bishop, b. In Ala. White, Andrew Dickson. Pres. Cornell Univ., born in N.Y. Wood, De Volson, engineer, born in N.Y. CHURCH. 1831 * * III. The (O. S.J Presbyterian Synod of Illinois is organized. * * Me. Father Demilier becomes resi- dent missionary to the Penobscot In- dians, who soon exchange log cabins for painted cottages. * * O. The Mormons, under Joseph Smith, remove from western New York to Kirtland. * * Mo. The Mormons found Zion, in Jackson County. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Nathan S. S. Be- man, moderator. * * 33 * * Baptist missions are sustained among the Delaware Indians, also begun among the Shawanoes. * * The American Board starts a mission for the Ojibwa Indians. 1832 Apr. 27, 28. New York. The American Baptist Home Missionary Society is organized. May 1-28. Phila. The General Con- ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held. James O. Andrew and John Emory are ordained bishops. The Alabama, Indiana, New Hamp- shire, and Troy Conferences are orga- nized. June * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; Isaac Ferris, presi- dent. [And at Albany in Oct.] The Mission Board of the Re- formed (Dutch) Church in America is organized by the election of the Gen- eral Synod. ' The Board of Education of the Re- formed [Dutch] Church is established. Sept. 10. Mich. The Protestant Epis- copal Diocese of Michigan is organized. Oct. 31. Protestant Episcopal bishops are consecrated. John H. Hopkins for Vermont, Benjamin B. Smith for Ken- tucky (presiding bishops), Charles P. Mc- Ilvaine for Ohio, and George W. Doane for New Jersey. * * Conn. N. H. Pa. The Universalist State Convention is organized. * * Ga. The American Board starts a * * Me. The Freewill Baptist Foreign Missionary Society is organized at North Parsonsfield. * * Mo. The (N. S. and the O. S.) Presby- terian Synods of Missouri are organized. * * Netv York. The Baptist Triennial Meeting is held. The General Convention (Protest- ant Episcopal) meets. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Jamea Hoge, moderator. * * Ft. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of Vermont is organized. (1790?) * * Richard Waters is elected bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. LETTERS. 1831 * * Me. The Maine State Library is founded at Augusta. [40,000 vols.] * * O. St. Xavier College (Rom. Cath.) of Cincinnati is chartered. Denison University (Bapt.) is orga- nized at Granville. * * S. C. Columbia Theological Seminary (Pres.) is established. (1S2S 7) * * Baptists start the Baptist Weekly Journal [it becomes the Journal and Messenger]. * * -35 * * Buckingham's Nero England Magazine appears. * * The Bravo, by Cooper, appears. * * The Dutchman's Eireside, by Paulding, appears. * * Legends of New England, by Whittier, appears. * * -39 * * Ornithological Biography t by Audubon, appears. * * TJie Causes and Evils of Contentions Among Christia7is, by Noah Worcester, appears. 1832 * * Conn. The alumni add $100,000 to the endowment of Yale College. * * Ind. "Wabash College (Pres. and Cong.) is founded at Crawfordsville. * * Mo. St. Louis University (Rom. Cath.) is founded. * * 0. Baptists found the Ladies' Insti- tute at Granville. Lyman Beecher is chosen President of Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati. [He holds this position for twenty years, and during one-half that time adds to his other duties the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church of Cin- cinnati.] * * Pa. Lafayette College (Pres.) at Easton is organized. Pennsylvania College (Evang. Luth.) of Gettysburg is organized. St. Charles Borromeo Seminary (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Overbrook. * * Va. Randolph-Macon College (Meth. Epis.) at Ashland, is organized. * * Mass. "My Country, 'tis of Thee," is written by Samuel Francis Smith, a Baptist miuister of Newton Centre. * * New York. The Knickerbocker Maga- zine is established by C. F. Hoffman, later by L. G. Clark. * * Commentary on the Epistle to the lio- mans, by Moses Stuart, appears. The Neio York Globe is issued by James Gordon Bennett. * * The Heidenmauer, by Cooper, appears. * * Westward, Ho! by Paulding, appears. * * Moll Pitcher, by Whittier, appears. * * The Western Christian Advocate (Meth. Epis.) is authorized by the General Conference. UNITED STATES. 1831 * *-1833, Feb. 20. 141 * * The Alhambra, by Irving, appears. * * The Life of Gmivemeur Morris, by Jared Sparks, appears. SOCIETY. 1831* * New York. The first local unions of printers are formed. * * S. C. The Vigilance Association of Columbia offers a reward of $1,000 for the apprehension of any persons distrib- uting Garrison's Liberator, or any other publication of seditious tendency. * * The New England Association of Far- mers, Mechanics, and "Workingmen is organized. 1832 Jan. 1. Mass. The first Aboli- tion Society on the basis of immediate and unconditional emancipation is or- ganized, with 12 members ; Arnold Buf- fum (a Quaker), president. * * V. S. Soldiers are given the right to draw coffee and sugar instead of the epirit ration. * * The ten-hour movement among the shipwrights and calkers of New England cities is sustained by strikes. * * -33 * * Anti-slavery Societies are formed by Arthur Tappan and others. They are moral and religious, not political, organizations ; persecution spreads, instead of extinguishing, the fire. STATE. 1832 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $24,322,235. Jan. 9. D. C. Congress is memorialized in each House to renew the charter of the National Bank. Jan. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate : W. L. Marcy of N. Y., declares, " To the victors belong the spoils." [This saying becomes a political proverb.] May 31. Md. The First Democratic National Convention, assembled at Baltimore, nominates Gen. Jackson and Martin Van Buren. It adopts the " two- thirds rule." [It succeeds the Republi- can or Anti-Federalist party.] June 11. D. C. Congress: the Senate passes the bill to recharter the Na- tional Bank. Vote, 28-20. July 3. D. C. Congress : the House passes the bill to recharter the Na- tional Bank. Vote, 107-85. July 9. D. C. Congress; Senate: L. W. Tazewell of Va. is elected President pro tempore. July 10. V. C. President Jackson vetoes the bill to recharter the Bank. July 14. D. C. Congress passes new tariff laws, which reduce the duties on iron, but increase them on woolens, yet they retain the protective principle; SouthCarolina, in opposition, approaches a condition of rebellion. July 16. D. C. The 22d Congress: the first session closes. Aug.* III. Abraham Lincoln (23 years of age) zealously supports the cause of Henry Clay, and is a candidate for the Legislature. Oct. 14. D. C. An indemnity treaty is made with Naples. Nov. (?) * U. S. 12th presidential elec- tion ; Democrats elected. Popular vote : Andrew Jackson (Dem.) of Tenn., 687,502 ; Henry Clay (Nat. Rep.) of Ky., 530,189 ; John Floyd (Ind.) of Va. and "William Wirt of Md. (Anti-Mason), together 33,108. Nov. 19. S. C. A State Convention meets at Columbia by the call of the Legislature; Gov. Hamilton, president. Nov. 24. S. C. The State Convention reports a nullification ordinance, de- claring the tariff laws of 1828 and 1832 to be unconstitutional, "and are null and void, and no law, nor binding upon this State." It threatens to secede from the Union if force is used. Dec. 3. D. C. The 22d Congress : the second session opens. Congress ; Senate : Hugh L. "White of Tenn. is elected President pro tem- pore. Dec. 10. D. C. President Jackson issues a proclamation against nullifiers, warn- ing and threatening them with trial for treason, setting forth the National theory, and combating the States rights doctrine. Dec. 18. D. C. A commercial treaty is made with Russia. Dec. 20. S. C. The Legislature provides judicial remedies for the recovery of goods seized or held for the payment of duties imposed by the Act of Congress. Dec. 21. S. C. Governor Hamilton is- sues a proclamation, warning the citi- zens of the State not to be diverted from their aUegiance by the anti- nullification proclamation of President Jackson. Dec 28. D. C. John C. Calhoun resigns the office of Vice-President because of President Jackson's proclamation against nullifiers. Dec. * S. C. Colonel Hayne (Senator) is elected governor, and J. C. Calhoun is elected Senator. Dec. * D. C. The President's message recommends Congress to remove the public funds from the National Bank [it refuses by a decisive vote ; the President removes them without the sanction of Congress ; Clay, Web- ster, and Calhoun lead the opposition in the Senate ; the House sustains the President]. * * S. C. President Jackson sends a part of the army to Charleston, and a ship- of-war to collect the revenue. * * D. C. Franklin Pierce, 28 years old, is elected to Congress from New Hamp- shire. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -33 * * Cal. Pio Pico (Mex.). -34* * Ky. John Breathitt. -36 * * Mo. Daniel Dunklin. -35 * * N. C. David L. Swain. -33 * * N.J. Samuel L. Southard. -36 * * O. Robert Lucas. -34 * * S. C. Robert Y. Hayne. 1833 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt S7,001,698. Jan. 16. D. C. President Jackson issues his anti-nullification message, which electrifies the country. Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: Introduc- tion of Henry Clay's Compromise Tariff Act, which aims to harmonize Congress. It provides for a gradual re- duction of duties until 1843, when they are to drop to 20 per cent. Feb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : Jackson, 219 ; Clay, 49 ; Floyd, 11 ; "Wirt, 7. Vote for Vice- President : M. Van Buren (Dem.) of N. Y., 189; John Sergeant (Nat. Rep.) of Pa., 49; Henry Lee (Ind.) of Mass., 11; Amos Ellmaker (Anti-Mason) of Pa., 7 ; William Wilkins (Dem.) of Pa., 30. Feb. 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate : In a debate with John C. Calhoun, Dan- iel "Webster makes a speech against the right of nullification. Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : the Senate passes the ** Force Bill." Vote, 32-1. It authorizes the President to remove to another place any custom-house where the collection of the revenue is obstructed, and to use military force, when necessary, to secure the collection of the duties. MISCELLANEOUS. 1831* * S. C. Four-wheeled trucks are first used on the South Carolina railroad. * * Va. The first railroad in Virginia is opened 13 miles, for carrying coal to Manchester. * * Estimated miles of completed canals, 1,343; partly completed, 1,800; projected, 408 more. 1832 Apr. 9. Tenn. The steamboat Brandyicine burns near Memphis ; 125 lives are lost. June 21. New York. The Asiatic chol- era first appears ; it spreads rapidly and with appalling results. July * Cholera appears in Philadelphia, Albany, and Rochester. July lOf III. The first steamboat ar- riving at Chicago brings Gen. Scott and his troops. Aug.* Mass. The Boston and "Worces- ter Railroad is commenced. Oct. * La. Cholera rages in New Or- leans. Nov. 15. Pa. Philadelphia and Har- risburg are connected by rail. Nov.* Nevj York. The first street rail- road in the U. S. is opened between the City Hall and Fourteenth Street. * * Chicago is yet a frontier town. * * la. The first house in Iowa is erected [near Davenport], * * N.J. The Paterson and Jersey City Railroad is opened. * * N. Y. The Schenectady and Sara- toga Railroad is opened. * * Pa. The "West Chester Kailroad is opened ; also, the Philadelphia, Ger- mantown, and Norristown roads. **U.S. ""Wild Cat" banks issue currency which soon becomes worthless. A commercial panic ensues. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens received in 15 months, 60,482. 142 1833, Feb. 26-1834, Oct. 20. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1833 * * Tex. Texans begin a war against Mexico for independence. * * -35 * * Jefferson Davis serves in the war against the Pawnee Indians. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1833 July 2. N. T. The first public trial of reaping-machines is made be- fore the Hamilton County Agricultural Society; Obed Hussey, patentee. Nov. 13. A remarkable display of mete- oric stars is seen over a large part of North America. Nov. 18. New York. The first theater for operatic purposes in the United States is erected. [A failure.] * * Mass. The Essex County Natural History Society [Essex Institute] is organized. * * The Court of Death, by Rembrandt Peale, is exhibited at the Royal Acad- emy. * * Titian's Goblet is painted by Thomas Cole. * * New York. The Mechanics' Insti- tute is formed. 1834 Jan. * Mass. The first American table cutlery is made at Greenfield. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1833* * Alcott, Louisa May, author, horn in Pa. Ashmun, John Honker, jurist, A33. Bainbridge, William, coin. U. S. N., A59. Benson, Egbert, jurist, A87. Booth, Edwin, actor, born in JMd. Breckenridge, James, M. C. for Va., A70. Bromley, Isaac II., editor, born in Conn. ■■Cameron, J. Donald, sen. for Pa., b. in Pa. Cockrell, Jer. V-, M. C. for Tex., b. in Mo. Coffee, John, general, A51. Colburn, Warren, mathematician, A 40. ■ Comfort, (Jeo. Fisk, educator, born in N.Y. Coombs, William J., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. Edwards, Xinian, senator for 111., gov., A58. Evans, Edward I*., scholar, born in N.Y. Fish, Nicholas, lietit.-col. of Ilev. war, A75. Fletcher, Loren, M. C. for Minn., b. in Me. Fuller. Melville Weston , chief justice . C. Congress; House: John Bell of Tenn. is elected Speaker. June 30. T). C. The Indian Territory is set apart exclusively for Indians. ■ The 23d Congress: the first session closes. MISCELLANEOUS. 1S33 Mar. 31. D. C. The Treasury Building at Washington is destroyed by fire. June 1. Ky. Cholera breaks out at Lexington. Sept. * JV. J. The Camden and Amboy Railroad is opened to Bordentown. Oct. 8. N J. The first severe rail- road accident occurs on the Amboy and Bordentown road ; several persons are killed. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1S33, 5S.640. 1834 May* N.J. The railroad from Jersey City to New Brunswick is opened. Boston. Ice is first exported to the East Indies [arriving there in the au- tumn]. 144 1834, Aug. 13 -1835 AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. THE TENTH WAR. 1835 Dec. 23—43 Aug. 14. The Florida Indian "War. [Men enrolled, 11,1G9 regulars, 29.053 militia and volunteers. Total, 41,122.] Dec. * Fla. The Seminole Indians be- gin hostilities, and continue the struggle for 4 years. [The war was caused by the attempt of the Government to remove the Indians beyond the Mississippi.] Dec. 28. Fla. The Seminole Indians surprise a detachment of 117 men un- der Major Francis L. Dade, and kill all but one man, who is covered by the dead. The Seminoles, led by Osceola, — a half-breed, who displays great talents and audacity, — surprise Gen. Thomp- son, commanding the forces near Fort King, riddle his body with 15 bullets, and escape. Dec. 31. Fla. Gen. Duncan L. Clinch defeats the Seminoles on the banks of the "Withlacooch.ee. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1834+ * * Conn. Kettles of hammered brass are first made at Wolcottville. * * D. C. Hiram Powers executes the busts of the President and others, at "Washington. * * Mass. A gun is rifled at South Bos- ton — the first in the United States. * * Cyrus Hall McCormick patents his reaper for harvesting grain — an inven- tion which nearly equals the locomotive in its value to America. 1835 Apr. 8. Boston. Charlotte Cushman first appears, at the Tremont Theater. Nov. 17. An aurora borealis of surpass- ing grandeur is observed. Dec. * New York. The Howe Company manufacture pins. * * Conn. Samuel Colt patents his revolving pistol. * * N. Y. Horseshoes are made by machinery at Troy. * * Pa. A small stack is erected near Pottsville for making iron by the use of anthracite coal and the hot blast. Frederic TV. Geisenhainer is the inventor and pioneer. ± * * Phila. The manufacture of false teeth from minerals is commenced by D. "W. Stockton. * * Hosiery goods are first made by knit- ting a circular web. * * Audubon publishes his remarkable work on the Birds of America, which is engraved and printed in four huge folios in Edinburgh, Scotland, and sold by subscription for $800. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1835* * Abbott, Lyman. Cong, cl., editor, b. Mass. Adams, Charles Kendall, author, b. In Vt. Ames, Adelbert, maj.-Ren., sen. for Miss., b. Barker, George r redone, chemist, b. Mass. Barnard, Charles, author, born in Mass. Bayard, George 1>., brig.-gen., b. in N. Y. Bavard, Tnuiiiiii II., sculptor, born in Vt. Bland, Richard P., M. C. for Mo., b. in Ky. Brooks. Phillips. P. E. bishop, b. Dec. 13, in Mass. Caffery, Donelson. sen. for La., born in La. ('haillii. Paul «lu, traveler, born in France. Caldwell, Joseph, Pres. clergyman, A52. Carlisle. John G.,sec. of treas., sen. for Ky., born in Kv. Chandler, Win. E,, sen. for N. H., b. N. II. Clarke, John s., actor, born in Md. Clemens, Samuel L. fMark Twain), hu- morist, author, born in Mo. Cobb, .lames i;., M. C. for Ala., born in Ala. Curtis, Newton M.. M. C fur N. Y., b. >\ Y. Dana, Nathan, lawyer, A83. Dolph, Joseph N., sen. for Ore., b. in N. Y. Draper, John < 'hrislopher, scientist, b. in \'a. Duane, William, author and novelist. A 75. Dinsmoor, Samuel, gov. of N. H., A69. Evans, Augusta, novelist, born in Ga. Fallows, Samuel, Kef. E. hp., born in Eng. Findlev, James, statesman, ABO. Fitch, LeRoy, u, S. N., born in Ind. Foster, Stephen, cl. and educator, A37. Frothingham, Ellen, scholar, b. in Ger. Fuller, Timothy, lawyer, orator, A57. Garside, William P... Iiouieopalhist, born. Graham, John H., M. C. for N. Y., b. in Ire. Gregg, Andrew, U. S. senator, A 80. Hallowed, Kirhard Price, merchant, b. in Pa. Hampton. "Wade, of S. C, brig.-gen., A81. Harris, Win. Torrey, educationist, b. in Conn. Hnsack, David, physician, author, A66. Kilgore. Buckley, M. C. for Tex., born in Ga. Lander, Louisa, sculptor, horn in Mass. Lawson, Thos. G., M. C. for Ga., born in Ga. Lmdsav, William, sen. for Kv., horn in Kv. Lucas, William V., M. C. for S. D.,b. in Ind. Marshall, John, chief justice, A80. McCrarv, George W., sec. of war, b. Ind. McKendree, William, H. E. bp., A78. Mead, Larkin G., sculptor, b. in N. H. Mitchell, John H., sen. for Ore., born in Pa. Mitchell, Samuel Mix, statesman, A 92. Neweomb, Simon, astronomer, b. in N. S. Norton, Andrews, t'nit. cl., author, A45. Oates, William C, M. C. for Ala., b. in Ala. O'Rourke, Patrick II., colonel, born in Ire. Osgood, Helen L. ( i., armv nurse, b. in Mass. Phillips, Thomas W., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa. Pratt, John James, poet, born in Ind. Polk. William, patriot, A76. Potter, Henry ('., P. E. bp. of N, Y"., b. N. Y. Powers, 11. iienrv, M. C. for Vt., born in Vt. Robertson, I has. F., P. E. bp., born in N. Y. Shepard, Elliot F., lawyer, journalist, born in N. Y. Spofford, Harriet Prescott, born in Me. Stone, William Leete, Jr., author, b. in N. Y". Thomas. Theodore, musician, b. in (ier. Wise, George D., M. C. for Va., b. in Va. CHURCH. 1834 Oct. 20. la. The first Baptist church is organized at Danville. * * Boston. The Benevolent Frater- nity of (Unitarian) churches in Boston is organized. * * The American Board begins mission- work among the Dakota and Pawnee Indians. * * Ind. The Diocese of Vincennes (Ro- man Catholic) is established. * * Mass. The Universalist State Con- vention is organized. * * Mich. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Michigan is organized. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Philip Lindsley, moderator. * * The Mormon Twelve Apostles are organized. 1835 Mar. 8. III. The Diocese of Illi- nois (Protestant Episcopal) is organized. June * Phila. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets ; Robert Bronk, presi- dent. June 11. N. Y. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. Sept. 25. Jackson Kemper is conse- crated first (Protestant Episcopal) mis- sionary bishop of the Northwest. * * Ala. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Alabama is organized. * * 111. Three clergymen organize a (Protestant Episcopal) convention in Illinois, and appoint Philander Chase to the episcopate "f Qlinols. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Chicago is organized. * * N. J. A Society for the Evangeli- zation of the "World is organized in the First Presbyterian chur-jh of New- ark. * * New York. Twelve city missionaries are employed by the City Tract Society. * * Ore. The American Board starts a mission among the Oregon Indians, also among the Abnakis and the Sioux or Dakota Indians. * * Phila. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal; meets. It changes the organization of its Mis- sionary Society so as to comprehend all members of the Church. * * Pa. The General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) meets at York. LETTERS. 1834* * 17. Norwich University (Prot. Epis.) is founded. * *-44* * His tori/ of the United States, by George Bancroft, appears. * * Narrative of an Expedition to Itasca Lake, by H. R. Schoolcraft, appears. * * Writings of George Washington, etc., by Jared Sparks, appears. * * Calavar: A Romance of Mexico, by K. M. Bird, appears. * * The Yemassee, by \Y. G. Simms, ap- pears. * * Guy Rivers, by "W. G. Simms, appears. * * Anatomical Character, Causes, Symp- toms, and Treatment of Pulmonary Con- sumption, by Morton, appears. * * Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws, by Joseph Story, appears. 1835 May 6. New York. The New York Herald is first issued. Aug. *-Sept. * "The Moon Hoax," by Richard Adams Locke, is published in the Sun. "Great Astronomical Discoveries Lately Made bv Sir John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope." [The article is copied by the most sober journals.] * * Boston. The Christian Review, a Bap- tist quarterly, is issued. The Culprit Fay, by J. R. Drake, ap- pears. * * New York. The American Monthly Magazine is published [till 1S3S] — by Herbert, Hoffman, and Benjamin. * * O. The Toung Men's Mercantile Library is founded at Cincinnati. [47,039 vols.] The Oberlin Theological Seminary (Cong.) is opened. The Marietta College (Pres. and Cong.) is founded. * * Tenn. The Baptist is first issued [later called The Tennessee Baptist, and afterwards The Baptist]. * * Va. Southern Literary Messenger ap- pears at Richmond. UNITED STATES. 1834, Aug. 13-1835 145 * * Baptists start the Baptist Banner [The Western Recorder]. * * The Infidel, by It. M. Bird, appears. * * Italian Sketch Book, by Tuckerman, appears. * * The Manikins, by Cooper, appears. * * Outre-Mer, by Longfellow, appears. * * The Partisan, by "W. G. Simms, ap- * * Pencillings by the Way, by "Willis, ap- pears. * * Tmir of the Prairies, by "Washington Irving, appears. * * Winter in the West, by C. F. Hoffman, appears. * * An edition of The Antigone of Sopho- cles, by Woolsey, appears. * * Elements of Moral Science, by Francis Wayland, appears. * * -39 * * Tbe first series of The Library of American Biography, edited by Jared Sparks, appears. SOCIETY. 1834 Aug. 13+. Phila. An anti-abo- lition riot continues three nights ; 54 houses occupied by colored people are assaulted, and some of them wrecked. * * Conn. A mob with a brass band inter- rupts a lecturer on the abolition of sla- very, and marches him out of Norwich, to tbe tune of the " Rogue's March." * * D. C. Congress enacts a penalty of $500 for the offense of selling liquor or ■wine to Indians in tbe Indian country ; setting up a still, $1,000 fine. * * D.C. President Jackson recommends Congress to pass an act for the suppres- sion of anti-slavery literature. * * N. H. Franklin Pierce marries Jane Means Appleton. * * N. Y. A convention of mechanics meets at Utica ; it protests against con- vict labor. * * Great opposition is made to the anti-slavery movement ; it is ridi- culed, scorned, stormed with abuse and violence, but augmented. Tbe Legislatures of several Southern States call upon tbe Northern States to prohibit the printing of anti-slavery publications. * *JV. Y. Delavan's declaration ar- rests attention. Edward C. Delavan, ex-wine merchant of Albany, draws up the following decla- ration, and secures the signatures of • Presidents Jackson, Madison, John Q. Adams, Van Buren, Tyler, Polk, Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. " Being satisfied from observation and ex- perience, as well as from medical testimony, that ardent spirit, as a drink, is not only needless, but liurti.il, and that the entire dis- use of it would tend to promote the health, the virtue, and the happiness of the commu- nity, we hereby express our conviction that should the citizens of the United States, and especially the young men, discontinue en- tirely the use of it, they would not only pro- mote their own personal benefit, hut the good of our country and of the world." * * Phila. The Presbyterian General Assembly declares that "The traffic in ardent spirits, to be used as a drink by any people, is, in our judgment, mor- ally wrong, and ought to be viewed as such by the churches of Jesus Christ universally." 1835 June 30, Kg. Lieut. Jeff erson Davis resigns his commission in the army, and soon after elopes with Sally Knox Taylor, daughter of Gen. Zach- ary Taylor. July 29. S. C. A mob forces the post- office at Charleston, and rifles the mails to destroy anti-slavery publications. Aug. 8. Md. A riot occurs at Balti- more, about the Bank of Maryland ; sev- eral persons are killed or wounded. Aug. * S. C. The U. S. mail is opened and anti-slavery documents are removed and burned by citizens of Charleston. * * New York. The publication of the " Moon Hoax" in the Neio York Sun deceives many credulous people. (See Letters.) * * Opposition to friends of freedom. Churches and public halls are as- saulted when opened for anti-slavery speakers, in many Northern sections. Great indignation is felt in the Soiith because of the circulation of anti-slavery pamphlets by various societies. STATE. 1834 Nov. * III. Abraham Lincoln is elected to the Legislature as a member of the Assembly. Dec. 1. D. C. The 23d Congress: the second session opens. * * New York. The mayor is no longer appointed by the Common Council, but elected by the voters of the city. Dec. * D. C. President Jackson recom- mends reprisals on French com- merce, in satisfaction of a claim of $5,000,000 against France long overdue. [France settles the claim ; Portugal is brought to terms in the same way.] **-37**Ncw York. Cornelius W. Lawrence is elected the 60th mayor. * * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : -35* * Conn. Samuel A. Foote. -36* * Fta. (Ter.). John H. Eaton. -38 * * III. Joseph Duncan. -36 * * Ky. James T. Morehead. -38 * * La. Edward D. White. -35 * * Mass, John Davis. -38 * * Me. Robert P. Dunlap. -35 * * Mich. (Ter.). Stevens T. Mason. -36 * * N. II. William Badger. -36 * * S. C. George McDuffie. -36 * * Va. Littleton W. Tazewell. 1835 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $37,513. Mar. 4. D. C. Congress; Senate: John Tyler of Va. is elected President pro tempore. Congress establishes three branch mints — New Orleans, Charlotte, N. C, and Dablonega, Ga. Mar. 4. D. C. The 23d Congress ends. Oct. * N. Y. The anti-monopolist branch of the Democratic party is called Loco- focos by tbe other branch. Dee. 7. D. C. The 24th Congress opens. Congress ; House : James K. Polk of Teim. is elected Speaker. Dec. * D. C. President Jackson recom- mends Congress to prohibit the circula- tion of anti-slavery papers through thei ils. Dec. * D. C. James M. "Wayne of Ga. is apx>ointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. Dec. 20. Tex. Texans declare their mdependence of Mexico, and Ameri- cans rally to help them. Dec. 29. Ga. The Seminoles cede all their territory east of the Mississippi for $5,000,000. Dec. 31. U. S. Revenue in 1835, from the sales of public lands, $24,877,179. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -37 * * Ala. Clement C. Clay. -36 * * Ark. (Ter.). Wm. S. Fulton. -38 * * Conn. Henry W. Edwards. -37 * * Ga. William Schley. -36 * * Mass. Samuel Armstrong. -40 * * Mich. Stevens T. Mason. -37* * Miss. Charles Lynch. -37 * * N. O. Richard D. Spaight. Pa. Joseph Ritner. -39 * * Tenn. Newton Cannon. -36 * * Tex. Henry Smith (Provisional President). -41 * * Vt. Silas A. Jenison. MISCELLANEOUS. 1834 Nov. 1. N. J. The railroad from New Brunswick to Trenton is opened. * * Chicago receives one mail a week ; it is carried on horseback from Niles, Mich. * * New York. Cholera again prevails. * * O. The Ohio Canal is opened for 307 miles, connecting the Ohio River with Lake Erie. * * Va. The Petersburg and Roanoke Railroad is opened — 60 miles in length. * * S. C. The South Carolina Railroad is opened 136 miles. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1834, 65,365. * * Ore. The first emigrants arrive. 1835 June 2. Mass. The Boston and Providence Railroad is opened. June 27. Mass. The Boston and Low- ell Railroad is opened. July 6. Mass. The Boston and "Wor- cester Railroad is opened. Aug. 25. Md. The Baltimore and "Washington Railroad is opened. Nov. 7. The New York and Erie Rail- Dec. 9. Boston. The President's mes- sage arrives from Washington in 26 hours and 50 minutes. Dec. 16. New York suffers from a great fire. It sweeps over 30 acres, destroying 520 buildings and property worth $18,000,000. Dec. * Chicago's first bank is opened. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1835, 45,374. * * New Eng. In a rage for silk culture many mulberry trees are planted, and fortunes are made and lost. 146 1835 * *-1837, May 30. AMERICA ARMY -NAVY. 1836 Feb. 29. Fla. Gen. Gaines, with 1,000 men, is attacked by the Semi- nole Indians on the Withlacoochee. [Gen. Clinch comes to his relief.] Feb. * Fla. Gen. Winfield Scott as- sumes command of the army in the Indian War. Mar. 6. Fla. Some of the Seminole chiefs come to Gen. Jessup, and sign a treaty of peace [which is soon broken]. Apr. 21. Tex. Sam Houston, an Ameri- can, at the head of 800 Texans, defeats Santa Anna at San Jacinto, and drives the Mexicans across the Rio Grande ; Santa Anna is taken prisoner, and inde- pendence secured. THE ELEVENTH WAR. * * -37 * * The Cherokee Indian dis- turbance. Men enrolled, 9,494 militia and volunteers. Caused by the enforced removal of the Indians to the West. THE TWELFTH WAR. May 5-1837 Sept. 30. The Creek In- dian "War. Caused by the unwilling- ness of the Indians to surrender their lands to the whites. Men enrolled, 935 regulars, and 12,483 volunteers and mi- litia. Total, 13,418. THE THIRTEENTH WAR. * * -1839 * * Me. The Aroostook dis- turbance, respecting the northeast boun- dary of the U. S. , arises among the people contiguous to the territory in dispute. Men enrolled, 1,500 militia and volun- teers. Oct. * Fla. Gov. Call leads 2,000 men into the interior of the State, and has a fight at "Wahoo Swamp with the In- dians, and a second engagement a few days later, without decisive results. Dec. 25. Fla. Col. Zachary Taylor's force defeats the Indians near Big Water Lake. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1836 Dec. 12. New York. Miss Ellen Tree makes her first appearance at the Park Theater. * * Conn. Felt cloth is first successfully manufactured at Norwalk. * * Eng. Edwin Forrest appears in Spartacus at the Drury Lane Theater, London. * * Mass. Williamstown has the first (con- tinuous) astronomical observatory. * * Mich. Fine-cut chewing tobacco is first manufactured at Centerville. * * Phila. Wrought-iron tubing and fit- tings are first made. * * U. S. Anthracite coal is first used on steamboats and locomotives. (1837?) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1836* * Aldrich, Thns. Bailev, poet, writer, b. N". H. Austin, Stephen K., founder of Tex., dies. Avery, John, M. C. for Mich., born in N. Y. Bangs, Frank (\, actor, born in Va. lieanislev. Lester A., lieut. V. S. N., born. Bunce, Francis M., com. U. S. N., born. Burr. Aaron, Vice-Pres. TJ. S-, A60. Brown, Henry B., U. S. Justice, b. in Mich. Burton, Asa. Cong, cl., controveraionabst, A74. Butler. Matlhfw(*.,sen. for S. (\, h. in S. ( \ (.'annon, Joseph G., M. C. for 111., b. N. C. (handler, (_'has. F., cb.-n.ist, born in Mass. Cheney, Charles E.. Iter. k. bp., b. in N. Y. Crockett. David, b:i..-kwi*oiJsiiiuii, M. < '. for Tenn., A50. Iiavies, Henry E., lawyer, born in X. Y. Edmunds, l'aul C, M. C. for Va., b. in Va. Fayne, Frank L., aetor, born in Kv. Flint. Austin. Jr.. physician, medical wri- ter, born in Mass. Funston, Edward H., Member of Congress, born in Ohio. <;iadd<-!i, Washington, cl., writer, b. in Pa. Gould. Jay. llnaneier, born in N. Y. Grout, William W M. C. for Vt., b. in Can. Grubbs, John (.'., editor, born in Ore. Hackley, Ohas. E., surgeon, b. in N. Y. Hale, Eugene, sen. for Me., born in Me. Hansard, .John it. '., M. C. for Tenn., born in Tenn. Dolbear, Amos Emerson, physicist, b. Conn. Draper. Henry, scientist, born in Va. Eytintfc, U<>se, actor, horn in Pa. Fanning, John Thomas, engineer, b. in Conn. Fessemien, Tlios. Green, author, journalist, A 66. Floyd, John, M. C. and Gov. for Va., dies. Fowler, Charles Henry, M. E. bp., b. Can. GaUaudet, Edw. M., Pres. Deaf Mute Col- lege, born in Conn. Gilman, Arthur, philanthropist, born. GUI, Theodore N-, scientist, naturalist, born inN. Y. Hall, Louisa Jane, poet, A35. Harkness, William, prof., U. S. Navy, born in Scot. Hinsdale, Burke A., educator, born in O. Holmes, Abiel, author, A74. Hopkins, Albert C, M. C. for Pa., b. N. Y. Howells, William Dean, author, b. in 0. Kent, Joseph, Gov. of Md., A58. Lapham. Oscar, M. C. for R. I., b. in R. I. Lester, Kufus E., M. C, born in Ga. Long, Eli, general, born. Lovejoy, Elijah Parish, abolitionist of 111., A35. Macon, Nathaniel, speaker, sen. for N. C, A80. Manderson, Charles F., sen. for Neb., born in Pa. McCook, Hubert L., bri^.-gen., born in 0. Mitchell, David B., Gov. of Ga., A51. Moody, Dwight Lyman, Cong, evangelist, born in Mass. Montgomery, Alexander B., M. A. for Ky., born in Ky. Moran, Thomas, painter, born in Eng. Morphy, Paul C. champion chess-player, born in La. New, John C, sec. of treas., horn in Ind. Newton, Isaac, naval engineer for Tenn., born in N. Y. Patterson, Josiah, M. C. for Tenn., b. Ala. Parker, Francis W., educator, b. in N. H. Physick, Philip Syim, surgeon, A69. Porter, Horace, mil. sec. to Gen. Grant, born. Reid, Whitelaw. journalist, b. 0. Wolvertun, Simon P., M. C. for Pa., born in Pa. Scudder, Samuel Hubbard, naturalist, born in Boston. Shirlaw, Walter, painter, born in Scot. Worcester, Noah, Cong, cl., A79. 1838* * Abbe, Cleveland, meteorologist, b. in N. Y. Baldwin, Melvin H-, M. C. for Minn., b. Vt. Barrett, Lawrence, actor, born in N. J. Bird, Frederick M., P. E. cl., hymn col- inKy. Black Hawk, Indian chief, A71. Bowditeh, Nathaniel, mathematician, A65. Clark, William, general explorer of Rocky Mountains, A 68. Cobb, Seth W., M. C. for Mo., born in Va. Cogswell, William, M. C. for Mass., born in Mass. Cohen, Jacob Sulis, phvsieian, b. in N. Y. Cook, Joseph, Cong, cl., lecturer, b. N. Y. Daly, Augustin, dramatist, born. Davidson, Margaret Miller, poet, A15. Davis, Cushman K., sen. for Minn., b. N. Y. Dodge, Mary Mapes, author, burn in N. Y. Ecclcston, James C, P. E. bp. of la., born. Farmer, John, genealogist, A49. Farrer, Thomas Charles, painter, b. in Eng. Flemming, Walter M., physician, surgeon, born. Funk, r.eniamin F., M. C. for III., b. HI. Gilder, William Henry, explorer, b. in Pa. Cilmor, Harry, soldier, author, born in Md. CHURCH. 1S37 June 1. Phila. The General As- sembly declares the Synod of the "Western Eeserve to be no part of the Presbyterian Church. June* Phila. The General Assembly appoints a Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. June * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; Isaac N. Wycoii, president. July 28. Miss. The Roman Catholic See of Natchez is erected, Aug.* A". }'. A convention of aggrieved Presbyterians meets at Auburn. Dec. 10. la. Mathias Loras (Roman Catholic) is conserated bishop of Du- buque. * * la. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dubuque is established. * * la. The Presbyterians open a mission- station among the Iowa Indians. * * la. The first Congregational church in Iowa is organized at Green Mountain. * * III. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized. * * Md. The Seventh General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Hagers- town. * * N. Y. The General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) of Franckean is or- ganized. * * Tenn. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashville is established. * * Wis. The first Baptist Church in the state is organized in Milwaukee. 183S Apr. 28. La. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Louisiana is or- ganized at New Orleans. June 14. Neio York. The General Con- vention of the Wew Jerusalem meets. June.* X. Y. The General Synod of toe Reformed Church meets at Albany ; Benj. C. Taylor, president. Sept. 29. The Missionary Board of the Reformed (German) Lutheran Church is Organized. * * Roman Catholic missionaries begin work among the Nez Perce Indians. Dee. 9. Ark. Xeonidas Polk is conse- crated Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop. * *Fla.,N. Y.,La. The Protestant Epis- copal dioceses of Florida, Western New York, and Louisiana are organized. * *New York. The Baptist Triennial Meeting is held. * * Ga. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized. * * Ore. Methodists open an Indian mis- sion at Dalles. LETTERS. 1837 June 5. Ind. Anbury TJniversity (Meth. Epis.i is founded at Greencastle [later called De Pauw University]. * * Boston. The Boston Quarterly Beview is established by O. A. Brownson. * * D. C. The Democratic Beriew is established. * *Tlt. Knox College (Pres. and Cong.) is founded at Galesburg. * * La. St. Charles College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Grand Coteau. * * Mich. University of Michigan (non- sect.) is organized at Ann Arbor. UNITED STATES. 1837, June 1-1838 * 149 * * N. C. Davidson College (Presbyte- rian — colored) is organized at Davidson. * * New York. The New York Review, a quarterly, is published by J. G. Cogswell. * * O. Muskingum College (United Pres.) is organized in New Concord. * * _40 * * Phila. The Gentleman's Mag- azine appears. * * Va. Emory and Henry College (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Emory. * * Adventures of Captain Bonneville, by "Washington Irving, appears. * * Bianco. Visconti, by N. P. Willis, appears. * * Briercliff, by G. P. Morris, appears. * * Charcoal Sketches, by Joseph Neal, appears. * * An edition of The Electro, of Sophocles, and another of The Prometheus of JEs- chylus, by Woolsey, appear. * * Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, by Prescott, appears. -* * Twice-told Tales, by Nathaniel Haw- thorne, appears. ■* * Evidences of the Genuineness of the Four Gospels, by Andrews Norton, ap- ■* *+ Elements of Political Economy, by Francis Wayland, appears. 1838 * * Boston. The Boston Quarterly Review appears. * * Homeward Bound, by Cooper, ap- pears. * * The Little Frenchman and His Water- Lots, by G. P. Morris, appears. * * The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, by E. A. Poe, appears. SOCIETY. 1837 July 14. R. I. A horse-thief is publicly whipped on the court-house parade in Providence. [The law autho- rizing whipping is soon after repealed.} Nov. 7. III. A pro-slavery mob at Alton murders Rev. E. P. Lovejoy, the editor of an abolition paper, breaks his press, throws it into the river, and fires the building. * * Boston. "Wendell Phillips makes his debut as an anti-slavery advocate in Faneuil Hall ; he champions a most unpopular cause. 1838 Feb. 24. D. C. Congressman "Wm. J. Graves of Kentucky kills Con- gressman Jonathan Cilley of Maine in a duel. May 17. Phila. A mob opposed to anti- slavery discussions destroys Pennsylva- nia Hall. Aug. * The cruel and iniquitous re- moval of 16,000 Cherokees begins. " Sick and well, old men and infants, mothers and mothers to be," were forced to march on through the cold winter months. The suffering was terrible, the death-rate fearful. Fifteen deaths a day was the average, and 4,500— more than one-fourth of the whole nation — perished before they reached their West- ern home. Yet through all this terrible ordeal witnesses testify that " the de- portment of the Cherokees was worthy of a Christian people." —Cyclopedia of Missions. * * R. I.-N. H. Rhode Island and New- Hampshire leave the license of the liquor traffic optional with the towns. STATE. 1837 Sept. 4. D. C. The 25th Con- gress opens its special session ; it assem- bles to relieve the financial distress of the country. House : James K. Polk of Tenn. is reelected Speaker. * * D. C. Congress attempts to relieve the financial distress by authorizing the issue of Treasury notes, not exceed- ing $10,000,000. Oct. 4. D.C. Congress: The first Sub- treasury BUI passes the Senate. [It is defeated in the House.] Oct. 16. D. C. The 25th Congress : the first session closes. Dee. 4. D. C. The 25th Congress : the second session opens. Dec. 21. D. C. Congress; House : An- other "gag-law" is passed, on mo- tion of John M. Patton of Va. Vote, 122-74. It aims to suppress debate on the slavery question. (See 1S36, Feb. 5.) * * -38 * * Ga. The Government forcibly removes the Cherokee Indians be- yond the Mississippi. * * -39 * * New York. Aaron Clark is elected the 61st mayor. * * E>. C. John Catron of Tenn. and John McKinley of Ala. are appointed Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -41 * * Ala. Arthur P. Bagby. -40 * * Del. Cornelius P. Comegys. -39 * * Ga. George R. Gilmer. -40 * * Ind. David "Wallace. -41 * * Miss. Alex. G. M'Nutt. -41 * * N. C. Edward B. Dudley. -43 * * N.J. Wm. Pennington. -40 * * Va. David Campbell. 1838 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $10,434,221. Jan. 5. I). C. President Van Buren issues a proclamation warning Ameri- can citizens not to aid the Canadian revolt. [It was devised by disloyal Eng- lishmen and sympathizing Americans.] Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Sub-treasury Bill. Vote, 27-25. [The House rejects it.J Apr. 18. N. Y. The Legislature enacts a general banking law. June * D. C. Mr. Dickerson, Secretary of the Navy, resigns, and James K. Paulding of N. Y. is appointed in his place. June 12. D. C. Congress organizes Iowa as a Territory. July 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Wm. R. King is reelected President pro Dec. 8. Pa. After a four days' struggle the militia are called out to settle the fight in the Legislature, which is organized by two opposing bodies, and the Senate is expelled by a mob. Dec. 11. D.C. Congress; House: A third gag-law is passed. Vote, 127-78. Charles G. Atherton of New Hamp- shire introduces resolutions denying the power of Congress to interfere with slavery in the States or District, and providing that all papers or memorials affecting the subject of slavery "be laid on the table without being debated, printed, or referred." [It is adopted against the opposition of Northern Whigs.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1837 June 1. New York. The mercantile failures for two months, in this city, exceed $100,000,000. * * Phila. The Bank of the United States suspends specie payments. July 19. Md. The Baltimore and "Wilmington road is opened. Oct. 9. The steamer Home, from New York to Charleston, is wrecked ; 100 lives are lost. Oct. 26. N. Y. The Harlem road is July 9. D. C. The 25th Congress : the second session closes. Nov. * III. Abraham Lincoln is re- elected to the Assembly, and becomes leader of the Whigs. Dec. 3. D.C. The 25th Congress: the third session opens. New York. The Harlem Railroad Company completes the city tunnel. Nov. 10. The Providence and Ston- ington road is opened. Dec. 27. The steamer Black Hawk, on the Red River, explodes ; 50 lives are lost. * * Mich. The Michigan Central road, connecting Detroit and Ypsilanti (30 miles), is opened. * * N. Y. The Chenango Canal is com- pleted, connecting the Susquehanna with the Erie Canal at Utica. * *_42* * New York. The Croton aqueduct is completed. * * Va. The road from Richmond to Fredericksburg is completed. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1837 r 79,340. 1838 Apr. 8-23. Steam navigation across the Atlantic is established. The Great Western steamship first sails from Bristol to New York [arriving in 15 days]. (Lossing, June.) Apr. 25. O. The steamer Moselle bursts her boiler near Cincinnati ; 101 lives are lost. Conn. New Haven celebrates its second centennial. Apr. 27. S. C. A fire at Charleston lays waste 145 acres, and destroys 1,158 build- ings ; loss, $3,000,000. May 16. New York State banks re- sume specie payments. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1838, 38,914. * * N. H. The Nashua and Lowell road is opened. * * O. The Mad River road is opened. * * IT. S. Business languishes, and the Administration becomes unpopular. * * Va. The Richmond and Peters- burg road is opened. 150 1838* *-1840, July 2. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1839 June * Fla. The governor of the Territory offer8 a reward of S200 for every Indian killed or taken. ■'• * Fla. The Seminole chiefs send in their submission and sign a treaty. * * N. Y. Ulysses S. Grant of Ohio en- ters the Military Academy at West Point. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1838 * * Conn. Solid-headed pins are first made by the Howe Pin Company at Birmingham ; they supersede the spun-headed pins. * * D. C. James Smithson's legacy of $500,000 is received from London [it es- tablishes the Smithsonian Institution in 1846.] * * It. The statue of Eve is executed by Hiram Powers. * * Mass. Gold thimbles and specta- cles are first manufactured at Long- meadow. * * 0. An observatory is erected for the Western College at Hudson. * * Phila. The High School Observatory is erected. * * A full-length portrait of Queen Vic- toria is painted by Thomas Sully. * * Zinc is first manufactured at "Wash- ington from the red oxide of New Jersey. 1839 Feb. * Conn. Charles Goodyear obtains his first patent for making vul- canized india-rubber. * * It. The statue of The Greeh Slave is executed by Hiram Powers. * * Mass. The first power-looms in the world, for making carpets, are set up at Lowell. * * New York. Capt. John Ericsson arrives from England with the first suc- cessful screw propeller. * * N. Y. The Observatory of the United States Military Academy is erected at West Point. * * The Penny Paper is painted by F. W. Edmonds. * * Pa. Anthracite coal is first success- fully used in making iron at Pottsville ; $5,000 are presented to the proprietor of the works by citizens. 1840 Jan. 19. The Antarctic Conti- nent is discovered, on the same day, by both French and American expeditions. May 7. Miss. A destructive tornado visits Natchez, killing 317 persons and destroying $1,500,000 of property. May 25. Lake Erie rises four feet in a few hours, and then subsides, without apparent cause. May 27. A great freshet swells the Sa- vannah River : 35 feet above low water. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1838 * * House, James Alvord, inventor, b. in N. Y. Howe, Lyman IS., medical prof., born. Hyatt, Alpheus, naturalist, born in D. C. Irving, Peter, author, A67. McAleer, William, M. C. for Pa., b. Ire. McCreary, James B., M. C. for Ky., born inKy. McMillan, James, sen. for Mich., b. Can. Miller, "Warner, sen. for N. Y., b. in N. Y. Morse, Edward S., naturalist, born hi Me. Neill, Robert, M. 0. for Ark., born in Ark. Osceola, chief of the Seminolee, A34. Palfrey, Warwick, eilitur, AM. Pollard, Euward A., Journalist, to, Va-ElfflS]. Rodgers, John, com. V. S. N., A67. Hoe, Edward Payson, novelist, b. In N.Y. Scranton, Joseph A., M. C. for Pa., born in Sctuider, Horace Elislia, author, b. In Mass. Squire, Watson C, sen. for Wash., b. H. Y. .Stevens, John, inventor (Steamboat), A89. Strong, Luther M., M. C. for O., born in O. Watson, James Craig, astronomer, b. Can. Wright, George En.-ilenck, geologist, Cong. clergyman, author, born in N. Y. 1839* * Adams, Silas, M. C. for Ky., born in Ky. Ames, Mary Clennner, author, born In N.Y. Armstrong, Samuel <_'., gen., b. in Hawaii. Bancroft, Aaron, Unit, cl., writer, A84. Beard, George Miller, plivs., author, b; Black, John C, M. C. for 111., b. in Miss. Booth, John Wilkes, assassin, born in Md. Boutelle, Chas. A., M. C. for Me., b. in Me. Bowen, Nathaniel, P. E. bp. of S. C, A60. Broderick, Case, M. C. for Kan., b. in Iml. Brown, Jason B.. M. C. for Ind.,b. in Ind. Buel, Jesse, agricultural writer, A61. Brute, Simon G., R. C. bp. of Vincennes. A60. Carey, Matthew, philan., publisher, A79. Coleman, Leighton, P. E. bp. of Wis., born in Pa. Custer. George A., gen. cavalry corps, born in O. Dunlap, William, painter, historian, A73. Everett, William, M. C. for Mass., born in Mass. Everett, Charles Carroll, Unit, clergyman, author, born in Me. Fisk, Wilbur, Pres. of Wesleyan University, A47. Funk, Isaac K., Luth. cl., reformer, editor of Standard Dictionary, b. in O. George, Henry, economist, an., born in Pa. Gorman, Arthur P., sen. for Md., b. in Md. Harte. Francis Bret, author, b. in N.Y. Hay, John, author, born in 111. Eayne, Robert Young-, orator, sen. for S. C, A48. Jones, James K., sen. for Ark.,b. in Miss. Leggett, William, author, A37. Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist of Md., A50. Mayo, Frank, actor, born in Mass. McArthur, Duncan, soldier, Gov. of O., A67. Money, Hernando D., M. C. for Miss., born in Miss. Murphy, Joseph, actor, born in N". Y. Nllea, Hezekiah, journalist at Baltimore, A62. Ogden, Aaron, Gov. of N. J., A83. O'Kane, James, naval commander, born. Parker, Isaac, U. S. A., born. Packard, Alpheus s.,pnu>inulogist,b. in Me. Patterson, Daniel Todd, V. S. Navy, A53. Perkins, George C, sen. for Cal., b. in Me. Power, Thomas C, sen. for Mont., b. in la. Reed, Thomas B.. M. C. for Me., speaker, born in Me. Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, maj.-gen., A57. Schouler, James, lawyer, historian, born in , an Kensseiaer, Mepnen, Patroon " of N.Y., A75. CHURCH. 1838 * * III. The Mormons are driven out of Missouri ; they found Nauvoo, and number about 12,000. * * Pa. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Pennsylvania is organized. * * Phila. Old School Presbyterians refuse the demands of the New School, and the General Assembly is divided into two bodies, New School and Old School. The New School Presbyterians or- ganize a General Assembly, and elect Samuel Fisher moderator. The Old School also organize, with "William S. Plumer moderator. The Old School Presbyterians estab- lish a Board of Publication. * * R. I. The Universalis t State Conven- tion is organized. 1839 May 9. .V. J". Wm, H. de Lancey is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal; bishop of Western New York. June 12. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June * Phila. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets ; George W. Bethune, president. July * X. J. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets at New Brunswick ; George W. Bethune, presi- dent. * * Mo. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of Missouri is organized. * * Pa. The 9th General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) meets at Chambers- burg. * * Phila. A "Woman's Missionary So- ciety of the Evangelical German Church is organized. * * Phila. The General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets; Baxter Dickin- son, moderator. The General Assembly (O. S. Presby- terian) meets ; J. L. Wilson, moderator. * * The Reformed Dutch Sabbath-School "Union is formed. * * More than 680 Ladies' Associations, having nearly 3,000 local agents of their own membership, collect funds for the American Board. 1840 Mayl — June 3. Md. The 13th General Conference (Methodist Epis- copal) meets in Baltimore. The East Texas, North Ohio, Provi- dence, and Rock River conferences are formed. June 3. Phila. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June * New York. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets ; James Murphy, president. June 21. S. C. Christopher Edwards Gladsden is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop. LETTERS. 1839 Jan. * Christliche Apologete, "vTm. Nast, editor, is first published. July 3. Mass. The first normal school in America is opened at Lexington. * * Conn. The Hartford Library Associ- ation is founded. [34,500 vols.] * * D. C. The Patent Office Library is founded. [47,040 vols.] * * Ind. Concordia College (Lutheran) is organized at Fort "Wayne. * * Md. Baltimore City College (non- sect.) is organized in Baltimore. * * Md. The Mercantile Library Associ- ation is founded at Baltimore. [30,000 toIs.] * * Mich. St. Philip's College (Rom. Cath.) is founded near Detroit. * * New York. The Evening Express is founded. The Raptist Advocate is started [and is later called the New York Recorder and afterward the Examiner], UNITED STATES. 1838 ** -1840, July 4. 151 * * Wash. The first priii ting-press west of the Rockies is set up at Walla Walla by Presbyterian missionaries. * * S. C. Erskine College (Asso. Ref'd Pres.) is organized at Due West. * * Va. Rector College (Bapt.) is f'ded. * * The Adventures of Jtobiu Day, by R. M. Bois, appears. * * Dramas, Discourses, and Other Pieces, by Hillbouse, appears. * * History of the Navy of the United States, by Cooper, appears. * * Hyperion, by Longfellow, appears. * * Voices of the Night, by Longfellow, appears. * * Crania Americana, by Samuel G. Morton, appears. * * Spiritual Improvement, by Ray Palmer, appears. * * Treatise on the Laio of Agency, by Joseph Story, appears. * * Letters from Under a Bridge, by N. P. Willis, appears. 1840 June 24. Boston. The four hun- dredth anniversary of the discovery of the art of printing is celebrated. SOCIETY. 1838 * * U. S. In the army, coffee and sugar, or the money equivalent, may be drawn by each soldier instead of a gill of spirits. * * The violence of fanatical. Mormons arrests attention. 1839 June * Fia. The governor offers a reward of $200 for every Indian killed July 1. Minn. Sioux Indians massacre Chippewas at the Falls of St. Anthony. Nov. * N. Y. Abolitionists organize a political party. A number of abolitionists meet at Warsaw and organize a political anti- slavery party, with a- platform consist- ing of a single plank, as follows : " Resolved, That in our judgment every consideration of duty and expedi- ency which ought to control the action of Christian freemen requires of the abo- litionists of the United States to orga- nize a distinct and independent political party, embracing all the necessary means tor nominating candidates for office and sustaining them by public suffrage." * * Connecticut leaves the license of liquor dealers optional with the towns. * * -39 * * The Spanish vessel VAmi- stad, with many African slaves on board, lands them on the American coast, after the slaves have revolted and killed or confined the Spaniards to ob- tain their liberty. The slaves are imprisoned as pirates and' the case is taken through the State courts to the Supreme Court of the United States, and a decision given jus- tifying the uprising and discharging the prisoners. It occasions much excite- ment. 1840 Apr. 6. Md. The Washing- tonian movement is organized as a moral suasion movement. " A Baltimore drinking-club of six men — W. K. Mitchell, a tailor, J. F. Hoss, a carpenter, David Anderson and George Steers, blacksmiths, James McCurley, a coachmaker, and Archibald Campbell, a silversmith. They were induced to change their habits by the address of a temperance lecturer. — Cyclopedia of Temperance. Apr. 30. New York. John Q. Adams pronounces an oration before the His- torical Society in celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of Washington's in- auguration. STATE. 1838* * D.C. Benj.F.ButlerofN.Y.re- signs the office of Attorney-General, and Felix Grundy of Tenn. succeeds him. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -42 * * Conn. Wm. W. Ellsworth. -41 * * la. (Ter.). Robert Lucas. -42 * * III. Thomas Carlin. -41 * * La. Andre B. Roman. -39 * * Me. Edward Kent. -42 * *N.Y. William H. Seward. -40 * * O. Wilson Shannon. -39 * * P. I. William Sprague. -40 * * S. C. Patrick Noble. -40 * * Tex. Mirabeau B. Lamar (Pres.). 1839 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt §3,573,343. Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: "Wm. R. King of Ala. is reelected President pro tempore. Mar. 3. D. C. The 25th Congress ends. Nov. 13. N. Y. A convention of the Liberty Party is held at Warsaw. (See Society.) Dec. 2. D. C. The 26th Congress opens. Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: John Q,. Adams restores decorum and effects an organization of the House, by putting the question to vote, which the Speaker refuses to present. Dec. 6. Pa. The "Whig National Convention (meeting at Harrisburg) nominates Gen. W. H. Harrison of O. for President, and John Tyler of Va. for Vice-President. Vote : Harrison, 148; Clay, 90; Scott, 16. Dec. 10. B.C. Congress; House: E. M. T. Hunter of Va. is elected Speaker. * * III. The capital is changed from Van- dalia to Springfield. * *-41* * New York. Isaac L. Varian is elected the 62d mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -41 * * Fla. {Ter.). Robert R. Reid. -43 * * Ga. Charles J. M'Donald. -40 * * Ky. Charles A. Wickliffe. -40 * * Me. John Fairfield. -42 * * N. LT. John Page. Pa. David R. Porter. -43 * * P. I. Samuel W. King. -41 * * Tenn. James K. Polk. 1840 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $5,250,875. Jan. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Independent or Sub- treasury Bill, requiring the National funds to be kept at Washington, and in sub-treasuries in certain cities, where they will be subject to the order of the Treasurer, instead of keeping them in banks. Vote, 24-18. Apr. 1. N. Y. The moderate Abolition- ists found the liberty Party, hold a National Convention at Albany, and nominate James G. Birney of N. Y. for President, and Thomas Earle of Pa. for Vice-President. [It is the first na- tional anti-slavery convention. Birney declines the nomination.] May 5. Md. The Democratic Na- tional Convention meets at Baltimore and unanimously nominates Martin Van Buren of N. Y. for President. The Vice-President is left for the States to nominate. May * I). C. John M. Wiles of Conn, succeeds Amos Kendall of Ky. as Post- master-General. June 30. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Sub-treasury or Inde- pendent Treasury Bill. Vote, 124-107. July 4. D. C. The Independent Treas- ury Bill, having passed both houses, becomes a law. MISCELLANEOUS. 1839 Mar. 4. U.S. The express busi- ness is first organized by W. F. Harn- den ; he makes a trip from Boston to New York as a public messenger. Apr. 11. N. Y. Greenwood Cemetery in Brooklyn is incorporated [lots are first sold in October]. May 31. New York. The steamship Great Western, from Bristol, arrives in 13 days and 8 hours, the quickest voy- age ever made. July 6. Me. A large portion of Eastport is burned. Sept. 6. New York. A great fire burns 46 buildings ; loss, $10,000,000. Sept. 9. Ala. Mobile is wasted by a sec- ond great fire. Oct. 1. Mass. The "Western road is opened from Worcester to Springfield. Oct. 10. Phila. The United States Bank fails, after speculating in cotton. [Many banks, chiefly in the South and West, also fail ; loss of the Government on deposits, $2,000,000.] Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1839, 68,069. * * Md. Green Mount Cemetery, near Baltimore, is dedicated. * * Mississippi repudiates $5,000,000 of its State bonds. * * N. Y. The Syracuse and Utica, and the Syracuse and Auburn roads are opened. 1S40 Jan. 13. The steamboat Lexing- ton is burned in Long Island Sound ; only four out of 145 persons escape. Feb. 12. Conn. The Housatonic road is completed from Bridgeport to New Milford. * * Cal. J. A. Sutter starts a settle- ment (Sacramento). June * U. S. Sixth Census : States, 26; whites, 14,195,805 ; colored, 2,873,648 (free colored 386,293, slaves 2,487,355) ; total population, 17,069,453. Increase, 32.67 per cent. Center of population, 16 miles south of Clarksburg, W. Va. ; westward movement in 10 years, 55 miles. July 1 . Mass. The New Bedford and Taunton road is completed. 152 1840, Sept. 17-1841, Oct. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1840 Dec. 3-24. Fla. Gen. W. K. Armistead, the successor of Gen. Scott, presses the war with the Indians. Dec. * Fla. Col. Harney penetrates the Everglades and captures 40 Indians. 1841 * * Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott is appointed (11th) commander of the army. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1840 July * New York. John Baldwin Buckstone makes his first appearance in America, at the Park Theater. * * Boston. First iron-front building in America is erected on Washington Street, the builder guaranteeing it. * * D. C. The Society for the Promotion of Science and the Useful Arts [National Society of Arts and Sciences] is estab- lished at Washington. * * New York. The Trinity Church is erected. A movement begins, out of which develops the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Gold pens are first manufactured in this country. John William Draper at the New York University is the first to succeed in making daguerreotype portraits in America ; London experts ascribe his success to brilliancy of the climate. Samuel F. E. Morse obtains his first patent on the telegraph. Fanny Elssler, the dancer, first ap- pears in America, at the Park Theater ; enthusiastic reception. Daniel Huntington is elected a member of the National Academy of Design. - * * Phil a. "William J. Florence (Ber- nard Conlin) makes his first appearance, at the National Theater. v * The statues Bath, Daniel, and others are executed by Henry K. Brown. * * The statue Orpheus is executed by Thomas Crawford. 1841 Jan. 25. Neio York. A slight earthquake shock is felt. Mar. * The grain - drill, for sowing grain, is patented. Nov. * A meteoric display appears. * * Cal. The coast is explored by the United States expedition under Lieut. Charles Wilkes. BIRTHS - DEATHS. 1840* * Abbott, Jo., M. C. for Tex., born in Ala. Adair, John, pen., sen. for Kv., A83. Alexander, Sydenham B., M. C. for N. C, born in N. C. Angus, Samuel, capt. U. S. N., dies. Baclie, (Jen. M., officer U. S. N., born. Partlett, W. Francis, brev. maj.-gen., born Bynum, William I)., M. C. for Ind., b. Ind. Chauncey, Isaac, com. U. S. N., A68. Colburn, Zcrah, mathematical prodigy, A36. Cooper, Thomas, natural philos., A 81. Cope, Edward Drinker, naturalist, b. Pa. Drayton, Henry, journalist, born. Finn, Henry J., comic actor, AS5. Flint, Timothy, cl., novelist, historian, A60. Follen, Charles Theodore Christian, Unit, d., scholar, A45. Foote, Josiah 1., I'res. cl., educator, A44. Gillet, Charles W., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. Greene, S. Dana, officer V. S. N., b. in Md. Gifford, Hubert Swain, arti6t, born in Mass. dray, George, sen. tor Del., born in Del. Griffin, Cilderoy W., journalist, horn in Kv. Griflth, Walter S., statesman, born. Grundy, Felix. Ben. for Tenn., atty.-geii., A 63. Heard, John T., M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo. Henderson, David B., M. C. for la., born in Scot. Hlggihs. Anthony, sen. for Del., b. in Del. Keene, Thomas W., actor, born in N.Y. Kirkland, John Thornton, I'res. of Harvard, A70. Ma-lure, William, Scottish geol. inAm., ATT. Mahon, ThaddeusM.,M. C. forI*a.,b.in Pa. Mellin, Prentiss, I". S. sen., A76. Morris, George S., scholar, philos., b. in Vt. Murray, William 11. II., Cong, cl., b. in Conn. Nast, Thomas, artist, burn in Bavaria. O'Ferrall, Charles T., M. C. for Va.,b. in Va. Parrish, Joseph, phvs., medical writer, AHI. Perkins, George D„ M. C. for la., b. in N.Y. Raymond, Kossiter W., mining engineer, b. (>. Redden, Laura C. (Howard Glyndon i, author, born. Kidpatli, .John < 'lark, historian, b. in Ind. Roach, William N., sen. born in D. C. Ryan, William, M. C. for N. Y., b. in Ire. Sankey , Ira David, evangelist singer, b. Pa. Schuyler, Eugene, author, born in N.Y. Shaler, Nathaniel S., geologist, born in Ky. Stanley, Henry M. (John Rowlands), ex- plorer of Africa, born in Wales. Thompson, Alfred Wordsworth, artist, b.Md. Vilas, William F., sen. for Wis., b. in Vt. Wilson, George W., M. C. for O., b. in O. 1841 * * AMrich, Nelson AY., sen. for R. I.,b. in R. I. Baker, Henry M., M. C, born in N. H. Barbour, Philip P., lawyer, judge, A58. Barron, Charles, actor, born in Mass. Beltzhover, Frank P., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa. Berry, James J., sen. for Ark., born in Ala. Bingham, Ilenrv H., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. lirawley, William H., M. C. forS. C.,b. S. C. Preckinridge, John, of Ky., theologian, A44. Brown, Nicholas, endowed Brown Univer- sity, AT 2. Campbell, Timothy J., M. C. for N. Y., born in Ire. Causey, John W., M. C. for Del., b. in Del. Clark, Willis (iavlord, journalist, A31. Coffeen, Henry A., M. C. for Wyo., b. in O. Cookman, Gecirge C, M. K. clergyman, A41. Cummings, Amos J., M. C for N. Y., b. N. Y. Emmons, Samuel F., geologist, b. in Mass. Enneking, John J., artist, born in O. Ewing, Finis, Cumber. Cong, cl., A68. Forsyth, John, sen. for Ga., see. of state, A61. Feissenhainer, Jacob A., M. C. for N. J., born in N. Y. Gresham, Walter, M. C. for N. Mex., b. in Va. Harris, William A., M. C. for Kan., b. in Va. Harris, Samuel S-, P. K. bp. of Mich., b. Ala. Harrison. WiUiam H.. maj.-gen. U. S. A., sen. for 0., 9th Pres. of U. S., A (58. Hayes, Walter I., M. C. for la., b. in Mich. IlillhoLisc, James A., poet, A52. Honeychurch, Henry C, U. S. N.,b. in W. I. Hooper, Lucy, poet, A25. Hull, John A. T-, M. C. for la., born in O. Lacey. John F., M. C. for la., b. in W. Va. Ladd, William, peace advocate, A63. Leland, John, Bapt. clergyman, AST. Macomb, Alexander, com. U. S. N., A57. MaUory, Stephen A., M. C. for Fla., b. S. C. Marshall, Humphrey, historian, dies. Mellen, Grenville, poet, A43. Miller, Joaquin, poet, born in 0. Milner, Thomas A., founder of Yale Med. Inst., A64. Moore, Richard Cham, I\ E. bp. of Va., AT9. Mordaunt, Frank, actor, born in Vt. Morse, Elijah .1., M. C. for Mass., born Ind. Outhwaite, Joseph H., M. C. for O., b. in 0. Raucb, Fred A., theologian, A35. Sargent, Charles Sprague, botanist, b. Mass. Savage, Minot Judsoii, l int. cl., born in Me. Savers, Joseph ]>., M. C. for Tex., b. in Miss. Stone, William J., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. Waugh, Daniel, M. C. for Ind., born in Ind. Wood, Horatio ('., physician, author, b. Pa. "Wright, Ashley B., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass. CHURCH. 1840 Sept. 17. Md. "William Rollingson Whittingham is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bisbop. Oct.* Wis, Tbe Congregational Con- vention is organized. Nov. 6. la. The General Congregational Association is organized. * * New York. The Consolidated American Baptist Missionary Con- vention is formed. * * -44 * * Extensive revivals prevail. * * Phila. Tbe General Assembly of the Presbyterians meets ; Wm. M. En g lis is moderator of tbe Old School branch, and Wm. AVisner of the New School branch. * * Tex. The Texas Union Baptist Asso- ciation is formed. Nov. * N, Y. The General Synod of the Reformed Church meets at Albany ; James Murphy, president. * + The Dominican Missions on the Pa- cific Coast become reduced from 20,000 to 0,000 Indians. 1841 Feb. 28. Ga. Stephen Elliot is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Georgia. May 13. New York. The American Bible Society celebrates its 25th anni- versary. June 2. New York. The General Con- vention of tbe New Jerusalem meets. June * .V. r. Tbe General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Albany ; James Romeyn, president. [Meets again in New York, in Sept.] LETTERS. 1540 * * Boston. The Dial appears ; Ralph "Waldo Emerson, editor. * * New York. The Arcturus appears. * * New York. Hunt's Merchants' Maga- zine appears. * * O. St. Xavier's College (Rom. Oath.) is organized at Cincinnati. * * Va. Richmond CoDege (Rapt.) is founded. The (Protestant) Methodist Recorder is first issued. * * Tbe Baptist Weekly is issued. * * Two Years Before the Mast, by Richard H. Dana, Jr., appears. * * Loitering s of Travel, by Willis, aji- pears. * *A Greek Reader, by Cornelius C. Felton, appears. * * Greyslaer, by C. F. Hoffman, appears. * * The Pathfinder, by Cooper, appears. * * The poems of G. P. Morris appear. * * Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, by E. A. Poe, appears. * * Audubon" s Birds of America is repro- duced in seven volumes of smaller size than the original work. * * History of South Carolina, by "W. G. Simms, appears. * * Conn. An enlarged edition of TTeft- ster's Dictionary is issued. 1541 Mar. 2. N.Y. The Eagle, the first daily paper in Brooklyn, is issued. Apr. 10. New York. The Tribune is first published, Horace Greeley, editor. [Sub- scribers, 600; first week — expenses, $525 ; receipts, $92.] UNITED STATES. 1840, Sept. 17-1841, Oct. * 153 SOCIETY. 1840 * * President Van Buren establishes the ten-hour system at the United States Navy Yards. 1341 July* X. Y. The National Temperance Convention meets at Saratoga, Sept. 4, 5. O. A riot against abolition- ists and negroes occurs at Cincinnati. Bands of armed men, chiefly Irishmen, patrol the streets in search of negroes ; houses and churches belonging to col- ored people are demolished. Oct. * Va. Uprising of slaves. The brig Creole sails from Richmond for New Orleans with igs slaves on board ; [near the Bahamas, led by Madi- son Washington, one of their number, 19 slaves take possession of the ship; a slave-seller is killed, and the captain, first mate, and 10 of the crew wounded ; sailing into Nassau, all the slaves are free, being on English soil]. (See State.) STATE. 1840* * U.S. Harrison's "Log-Cabin" and "Hard- Cider " campaign begins. * * D. C. Van Buren's Administration is characterized as "successful but in- glorious." * * D. C. Congress ; House : Another pro-slavery "gag-law" is passed as the twenty-first rule of the House. (See Dec. 11, 183S.) * * U. S. The Whigs are greatly in- censed at the nomination of the aboli- tionist, Birney. July 20. D. C. Congress; Senate: "William R. Kong of Ala. is reelected President pro tempore. July 21. B. C. The 26th Congress: the first session closes. * * U. S. The election contest is noted for its intense excitement and fierce controversies. Flour is advertised at $6 a barrel if Harrison is elected, and $3 if Van Buren is elected ; the whole country is an arena of political debate. Nov. ? * U.S. Fourteenth presiden- tial election: a political revolution; the Democratic rule of 40 years is broken by the election of "Whigs. Popular vote : William Henry Har- rison (Whig) of O., 1,275,017 ; Martin Van Buren (Dem.) of N. Y., 1,128,702 ; James G. Birney (Liberty) of N. T., 7,059. Dec. 7. B. C. The 26th Congress: the second session opens. * * B.C. Henry D. Gilpin of Pa. suc- ceeds Felix Grundy as Attorney-General. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -44 * * Ark. Archibald Yell. -44 * * Del. Wm. B. Cooper. -A3 * * Ind. Samuel Bigger. -44 * * Ky. Robert P. Letcher. -41 * * Mass. Marcus Morton. -41 * * Me. Edward Kent. -41 * * Mich. Wm. Woodbridge. -44 * * Mo. Thomas Reynolds. -42 * * O. Thomas Corwin. -42 * * S. C. John P. Richardson. S. C. B. K. Hennegan. -41 * * Tex. David G. Burnet (Pres.). -41 * * Va. Thomas W. Gilmer. 1841 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $13,594,480. Feb. 6. N. Y. Indictment of Alexander McLeod of Canada, charged with murder and arson in the destruction of the Caroline. Feb. 19. B. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : Harrison, 234 ; Van Buren, 60. Vote for Vice-Presi- dent : John Tyler (Whig) of Va., 234; R. M.Johnson (Dem.) of Ivy. ,48; L. W. Tazewell (Dem.) of Va., 11 ; James K. Polk (Dem.) of Tenn., 1. Mar. 3. B. C. Congress; Senate: William R. King ot Ala. is reelected President pro tempore. The 26th Congress ends. Ninth Administration ; Whig. Mar. 4. B. C. "William Henry Har- rison of O. is inaugurated the ninth President, in the 14th term of the presi- dency. John Tyler of Va. is Vice- President. Cabinet : Daniel "Webster of Mass. (State), Thomas Ewing of O. (Treas.), John Bell of Tenn. (War), George E. Badger of N. C. (Navy), Francis Granger of N. Y. (P. M.-Gen.), J. J. Crittenden of Ky. (Atty.-Gen.). Apr. 4. B. C. President "W. H. Har- rison dies, after being in office one month. Tenth Administration ; Whig, Apr. 4. B. C. The Vice-President, John Tyler, becomes the tenth Pres- ident by the decease of Mr. Harrison. Apr. 6. B. C. President Tyler takes the oath of office. May 31. B. C. The 27th Congress assembles in special session. [The Sub- treasury Bill is repealed, and the general bankrupt law is passed.] Congress; Senate: Samuel L. Southard of N. J. is elected President pro tempore. Congress; House: John "White of Ky. is elected Speaker. June * B. C. President Tyler has seri- ous disagreements with the "Whig leaders, both in his Cabinet and in Congress, respecting the establishment of a national bank. July 27. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes a bill for the establishment of a Fiscal Bank of the United States. July 28. B. C. Congress ; The Bank Bill passes the House. Vote, 128-97. Aug. 16. B. C. President Tyler vetoes the Bank Bill. President Tyler vetoes the Senate Bill providing for the establishment of a Fiscal Bank, distributed over the country with power to discount. Aug. 19. B. C. Congress : The Senate refuses to pass the Bank Bill over the President's veto. Vote, 25-25. Congress passes a Bankruptcy Bill. Aug. 23. B.C. Congress; House: A new Fiscal Bank Bill is passed. Congress : The House passes another Bank Bill. Vote, 125-94. Sept. 3. />. C. Congress: The Senate passes the second Bank BUI. Vote, 27-22. Sept. 6 ±. Congress; Senate : The House Bill for a Fiscal Bank is passed. Sept. 9. B. C. President Tyler vetoes the bill for a Fiscal Corporation ; the Whigs are indignant [and repudiate the President in a manifesto]. Sept. 1 1 . All of the Cabinet resign ex- cept Daniel Webster (who remains for special reasons), because of President Tyler's Democratic policy respecting a national bank ; he is charged with be- traying the trust of his supporters at the polls. A new Cabinet is appointed : "Walter Forward of Pa. (Treas.), John C. Spencer of N. Y. (War), Abel P. Up- shur of Va. (Navy), Charles A. "Wick- liffe of Ky. (P. M.-Gen.), and Hugh S. Legare" of S. C. (Atty.-Gen.). Sept. 13. B. C. The 27th Congress : the first session closes. MISCELLANEOUS. 1840 Oct. 12. JST. F. The Acadia ar- rives from Liverpool, making the pas- sage in 12 days and 12 hours. * * Chicago is supplied with water by a private corporation, through pipes made of logs. * * B. C.-Pa. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is completed from George- town, D. C, to Cumberland, Pa., 191 miles, at a cost of §16,000,000. * *_41* * m m TheMormonslay outthe city of Nauvoo on the Mississippi, and build a temple. * * N. C. Completion of the Kaleigh and Gaston, the "Wilmington and the Roanoke roads. The Cunard line of steamers is es- tablished between New York and Liv- erpool. * * Pa. Scranton is founded. * * The National revenue is nearly $20,000,000; population, 17,000,000; eleven-twelfths of the people live outside of the larger cities and towns ; 2,818 miles of railway have pen- etrated the country. * * Adams Express Company, operat- ing between Boston and New York, via Springfield, is founded. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1840, 84,066. 1841 Mar. 11. The steamer President, running between New York and Liver- pool, sails with many passengers on board [two days later she encountered a terrific storm, and her fate is un- known]. July 18. Ore. The Peacock, a vessel of the United States exploring expedition, is wrecked at the mouth of the Columbia River. Aug. 9. The steamboat Erie, bound from Buffalo to Chicago, takes fire, and only 28 out of 200 persons are saved. Aug. 20. JV. Y. A destructive explo- sion occurB at Syracuse, and 26 lives are lost. 154 1841, Oct. 11-1843, June 30. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1843 June 30. Ulysses S. Grant graduates at West Point; he rankB number 21 in a class of 39. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1841 * * Mass. Elias Howe, a mechanic of Cambridge, invents the first practical sewing-machine. * * The Voyage of Life is painted by Thomas Cole. * * Columbus before the Council of Sala- manca is painted by Emanuel Leutze. 1842 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress appro- priates $30,000 to aid Prof. Morse in es- tablishing the first telegraph line — between Washington and Baltimore. July 14. Wyo. John Charles Fre- mont, with. Kit Carson and 28 Cana- dians and Creoles accustomed to prairie life, arrives at Fort Laramie, on an ex- pedition to explore the country between Missouri and the Rocky Mountains. July 23. Mass. The Bunker Hill Monument is entirely completed (221 feet high). Aug.* Wyo. Fremont's expedition lo- cates the South Pass in the Rocky Moun- tains [and returns]. Sept. 21. New York. George "Vander- hoff , dramatic reader, makes his first appearance. Oct. 18. New York. A submarine tele- graph is laid between Governor's Island and New York City— the first in America. * * £>. C. The United States Naval Ob- servatory is founded at Washington, by an Act of Congress, as a depot for charts and instruments for the Navy. * * New York. The Philharmonic Soci- ety gives its first concert. * * O. The Cincinnati Observatory is erected. * * Pa. John A. Roehling manufactures wire ropes for the Allegheny Portage Railroad. * * Sir Walter Raleigh's Farewell to His Wife is painted by Emanuel Leutze. 1843 Feb. 16. JV. T. A great landslide occurs at Troy, by which 18 persons are killed. May 25. The 100th anniversary of the American Philosophical Society, founded by Franklin, is observed. May 29. Mo. John C. Fremont starts for Oregon and California on his second exploring expedition. June 17. Mass. Bunker Hill Monu- ment is dedicated ; Daniel Webster, surrounded by veterans of the War of the Revolution and an immense multi- tude, delivers the oration. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1843* * Bankhead, John H., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala. Barbour. James, sec. of war, sen. for Va., Dickinson. Anna Elizabeth, lecturer, born In I*a. Donne, Maria Dalle, physician, A66. Draper. William P.. M.' C. for .Mass., born in Mass. Eaton, Ainos, naturalist, A 66. Channirii?, "William Ellery. Unit, cl., A62. Coues, Elliot, naturalist, born. Covert, James W., M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y. Daniel, John W., sen. for Va., born in Va. England, John, li. C. bp. of S. C, A56. Epes, James I'., M. C. for Va., horn in Va. Ernsl, Oswald IE, military engineer, b. m O. Fislder, Oeorge li., M. C. for N. .(., b. N. J. Fiske. John, phil., historian, born m Conn. Foord, John, editor, born in Scot. Gibson, Charles li., sen. lor Md., b. in Md. Darns, Thaihieus Mason, Cony. el. of Mass., A74. laranw Inpkm A72. Hutcheson, Jos. C, M.C. for Tex., born In Va. James, Louis, actor, burn in 111. Kellogg-. Clara Louise, singer, h. in S. C. Lanier, .Sidney, poet, born in Ca. Lincoln, Robert T., minister to Eng., b. in 111. Kane, Edward, M. C. for O., born in 0. Marsh, James, theologian, scholar, A 48. McKeigban, William A., M. C. for Neb., born in N. J. Mever, Adolph, M. C. for La., born in Miss. Mitchell, John L., sen. for Wis., horn in Wis. Miller, Charles Henry, artist, born in N. Y. Paine, Elijah, sen. for Vt., scientist, A85. Katinesque, Constantine S.. botanist, A58. Ragiiet, Comlv, political economist, A85. Simpson, Jeremiah, M. C. for Kan., b. in Pa. Southard, Samuel L., sec. navy, A55. Woodworth, Samuel, poet (tiuken Bucket). A 57. CHURCH. 1841 Oct. 12. Del. Alfred Lee is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Delaware. Oct. 16. La. Leonidas Polk, Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop, is trans- lated to Louisiana. Oct. * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; James Romeyn, president. Nov. 30. [Archbishop] Peter R. Ken- rick is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Drasa. * * Ark. Presbyterians send a missionary to the Creeks of Arkansas. * * Boston. The Boston Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor changes its name to the City Mis- sion Society. * * Boston. The Boston Sunday-School Union is dissolved, and its -work trans- ferred to the City Mission Society. * *Ind. The (O.S.) Presbyterian Synod of Northern Indiana is organized. * * Md. The Baptist Triennial Meet- ing is held in Baltimore. * * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at Baltimore. * * New York The General Conven- tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * New York. The Bible and Common Prayer Book (Protestant Episcopal) So- ciety is incorporated. * * New York. The Baptist Tract and Book Society is organized. * * N. Y. The American Tract Society introduces the system of colportage. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Robt. J. Breck- inridge is moderator of the Old School branch, and Ansel Doan Eddy of the New School branch. k * W. Va. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of "Wheeling is organized. * * Six hundred Baptist churches are reported among the Indians. * *The Free-Communion Baptist churches unite with the Freewill Baptists. * * Two thousand Nez Perce Indians have 1842 June 8. Boston. Meeting of the General Convention of the New Jeru- salem. June* New York. The General Synod (Reformed Church) meets; James K. Hardenburg, president. Oct. 11. Mich. The General Congrega- tional Association is organized. Oct. 13. Va. John Johns is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Virginia. Dec. 29. Mass. Man ton Eastburn is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- sistant bishop of Massachusetts. * * New York. The First German Meth- odist Church is organized. * * Phila. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets ; John Todd Edgar, moderator. * * Pa. The General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) of Allegheny and East Pennsylvania is organized. * * R I. The Seventh - day Baptist Missionary Society is founded. * * The United Synod, South (Evan- gelical Lutheran), of Southwest Virgin- ia, is organized. 1843 Mar. * Dr. William Patton writes an important letter advocating a closer union of the denominations of Chris- tendom, and outlining an organization. May * U. S. "Wealeyan Methodist Convention secedes from the Meth- odist Episcopal Church. June 14. Phila. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1841 * * Ala. Howard CoDege (Bapt.) is organized at Marion (Birmingham). * * Mich. The University of Michigan Library is founded at Ann Arbor. [78,000 vols.] * * Mo. University of Missouri (non- sect.) is organized at Columbia. * * JV. Y. St. John's College (Rom. Cath.) is founded at Fordham. * * N. Y. The Northern Christian Advo- cate (Metb. Epis.) is issued at Syracuse. * * W.Va. Bethany College (Christian) is organized. * * The Lowell Offering appears. * * Graham's Magazine replaces Atkin- so)i's Casket, and is the foremost Ameri- can magazine. * * Ballads and Other Poems,, by Long- fellow, appears. * * The Deerslayer, by Cooper, appears. k * Essays, by Emerson, appears. k * Pocahontas, by Mrs. Sigourney. ap- pears. k * A Classical Dictionary , by Charles Anthon, appears. fc * Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petrtea, by Edward Robinson, appears. UNITED STATES. 1841, Oct. 11-1843, June 30. 155 1842 Sept.* O. Cincinnati Wes- leyan College (Metk. Epis.) is founded in Cincinnati. * * hid. University of Notre Dame (Rom. Catb.-) is organized. * * La. College of the Immaculate Conception (Rom. Cath.) is organized at New Orleans. * * Mich. Baptists start The Michigan Christian Herald. * * O. Rutherford B. Hayes graduates at Kenyon College. * * O. "Wesleyan University (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Delaware. * * £. C. The Southern Quarterly Revieio appears at Charleston. * * Tenn. Cumberland University (Cumberland Pres.) is organized at Leb- anon. * * The Masque of the Gods, by Bayard Taylor, appears. * * Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands, by Mrs. Sigourney, appears. * * Wing and Wing, by Cooper, appears. * * An edition of The Gorgias of Plato, by Theodore D. Woolsey, appears. * * Conjectures and Researches concern- ing the Love, Madness, and Imprisonment of Torquato Tasso, by Richard Henry "Wilde, appears. * * Hints on the Prophecies, by Moses Stuart, appears. SOCIETY. 1841* * B. C. The U. S. Supreme Court renders a decision in' the Prigg case, re- lating to kidnaping negroes in free States, declaring that the law of sla- very is supreme in the free as well as in the slave States. * * U. S. John H. W. Hawkins (Wash- ingtonian) reports 100,000 signers of the temperance pledge. 1842 Feb. 22. ///. Abraham Lincoln, addresses the Washingtonian Temper- ance Society at Springfield, favoring total abstinence and a temperance rev- olution. Aug. 1. Phila. Colored people are assaulted by a proslavery mob. "While celebrating the emancipation of slaves in the West Indies, the colored people are attacked by a mob ; a church is burned, houses demolished, and blood shed. Aug. 2. The " Independent Order of Rechabites" organize for the promo- tion of temperance, Sept. 29. N. Y. The Sons of Temper- ance organize. Oct. * Mass. John B. Gough, 25 years of age, signs the pledge and reforms his habits. Nov. * 111. Abraham Lincoln marries Mary Todd of Lexington, Ky. * * D. C. The Congressional Temper- ance Society is reorganized on the basis of abstinence from all intoxicat- ing drinks. * * U. S. By treaty with Great Britain the United States agrees to assist in sup- pressing the African slave-trade, by keeping a force of 1,080 guns patrolling the coast. * * U. S. Charles Dickens makes his first visit. * * The navy ration is a gill of spirits, but persons under 21 are not permitted to draw it ; half a pint of wine may be given instead. Butter, cheese, raisins, dried fruit, pickles, or molasses may be substituted ; sailors may take the value of the ration in money. * * In many States antislavery meet- ings are broken up, buildings dam- aged, and its advocates assaulted. 1843 Mar. 20. New York. CharlesG. Corliss is shot dead on the street by a i, who escapes. STATE. 1841 Dec. 6. B.C. The 27th Congress : the second session opens. Dec. * Dispute with England respecting the slaver Creole. [The American vessel Creole was con- veying a cargo of slaves to New Orleans. The slaves killed the owner, and com- pelled the seamen to sail to Nassau, where the governor recognized their freedom against the protests of the American consul.] * *-44* * New York. Robert H. Morris is elected the 63d mayor. * * B. C. Peter V. Daniel of Va. is ap- pointed a Justice of U. S. Supreme Court. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -45 * * Ala. Benj. Fitzpatrick. -44* * Fla. (Ter.). Richard K. Call. -46 * * la. (Ter.). John Chambers. -45 * * La. Alex. Mouton. -43 * * Mass. John Davis. -43 * * Me. John Fairfield. -42 * * Mich. J. "Wright Gordon. -43 * * Miss. Tilghman M. Tucker. -45 * * JV. C. John M. Morehead. -44* * Tex. Sam Houston (Pres.). -45 * * Tenn. James C. Jones. -42 * * Va. John Rutherford. -43 * * Vt. Charles Paine. -44* * Wis. (Ter.). James D. Doty. 1842 Jan. 1. IT. S. National debt $26,601,226. . Mar. 21. B. C. Congress; House: Joshua R. Giddings of O. presents reso- lutions adverse to slavery. [He is cen- sured. Vote, 125-69.] Mar. 31. B. C. Congress; Senate: Henry Clay of Ky. resigns. May 3, 4. P.I. Two rival govern- ments are organized: The Suffrage party, led by Thomas "W. Dorr, and the Law and Order party, led by Samuel W. King. May31. D. C. Congress; Senate: W. P. Mangum of N. C. is elected President pro tempore. June 25. R.I. Dorr's Rebellion: Dorr joins others of his party under arms, but they disperse without resist- ance when troops are sent against them. July 16. B.C. Congress: The House passes a bill restoring a modified pro- tective tariff to increase the revenue ; duties average 33 per cent. Aug, 5. D. C. Congress: the Senate passes the Tariff Bill. Aug. 9. D. C. Lord Ashburton and Daniel Webster sign the Washington Treaty. It establishes the northeastern boun- daries, and those extending westward beyond the great lakes; provides for the suppression of the African slave-trade, and makes provision for the extradition of criminals. The President vetoes the Tariff Bill. Aug. 18. I). C. Congress : The House passes a Tariff Bill which omits the offending distribution clause. Aug. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate^ ratifies the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. Vote, 39 to 9. Aug. 28. D. C. Congress changes the beginning of the fiscal year from Jan. 1 to July 1, to take effect in 1843. Aug. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate adopts the Tariff Bill. The President signs the Tariff Bill. Aug. 31. B.C. The 27th Congress: the second session closes. Dec. 5. B. C. The 27th Congress : the third session opens. * * U. S. Congress passes the Copy- right Bill. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated: -45 * * Cat. Manual Micheltorena.. -44 * * ponn. C. F. Cleveland. -46 * * Lit. Thomas Ford. -44 * * N. H. Henry Hubbard. -44 * * N. Y. Wm. C. Bouck. -44 * * O. Wilson Shannon. -44 * * S. C. James H. Hammond. -43 * * Va. John M. Gregory. 1843 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt $20,601,226. Mar. 3. B. C. Congress repeals the Bankruptcy Act of 1841. The 27th Congress ends. May* B. C. Daniel Webster resigns, and Hugh S. Legare" of S. C. succeeds him as (acting) Secretary of State. MISCELLANEOUS. 1841 Oct. 11. Phila. The United States Bank fails. Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1841, 80,289. * * N. Y. The "Western Railroad is completed to Greenbush. 1842 Apr. 15. Md. The steamer Me~ dora explodes her boiler at Baltimore, killing 27 persons and injuring 40 others. Sept. 1. N. H. The Concord and Nashua road is opened. Oct. 14. New York. The Croton aque- duct (40 miles long), supplying this city with water, being completed, the event is celebrated. (Cost about $12,500,000.) * * N. Y. The railroad from Rochester to Buffalo is opened, thus completing a line from Boston to Lake Erie. * * New York. The Guion line of steam- ers is established between New York and Liverpool. * * Pennsylvania and Maryland de- fault in the payment of interest due on their State debts. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1842, 104,565. 156 1843, June *-1844, Dec. 2. AMKRICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1844 Feb. 23. The great gun "Peacemaker" explodes on board the war-steamer Princeton. Abel P. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Thomas "W- Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, are both among the killed. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 1843 July 11. Fremont's expedition sights Pike's Peak. Aug. 13. Fremont's expedition cross- es the Rockies at South Pass. Sept. * Utah. Fremont's expedition visits Great Salt Lake. Oct. 25. Ore. Fremont's expedition reaches the Columbia River. Nov. 25. New York. Ole Bull makes his first appearance in America. * * Albert Gallatin is painted by W. H. Powell. * * The Boy Stealing Milk is painted by F. W. Edmonds. * * The colossal statue of Washington, executed by Horatio Greenough, is com- pleted. 1844 Feb. 3.+ Continued cold weather. Long Island Sound is frozen over a few miles from New York, and a canal is cut through the ice in Boston harbor for a British steamer to reach the sea. May 27. Morse's telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington is brought into practical use. May 29. Md. Morse telegraphs the Democratic nomination from Baltimore to "Washington. June * A surpassing rise of the Missis- sippi River causes an immense loss of property. July 31. Kan. The Fremont expedi- tion returns by a southerly route. Oct. 18. N. Y. Destructive gale at Buf- falo ; shipping suffers, and more than 50 lives are lost. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1843* * Aldrich, Louis, actor, born in mid-ocean. AUston, Washington, painter, poet, A 64. Armstrong-, John. sec. of war ; gen., A 85. Brosius, Marriot, M. C. for Pa., born in Pa. Campbell, Bart Ivy, dramatist, born in Pa. Champney, James Wells, t^enre painter, born in Mass. Chickering, Charles A., M. C. for N. Y., b. in N. Y. Chipman, Nathaniel, sen. for Vt., A91. Church, John Adams, miniinj engineer, born in N.Y. Clarke, Richard H., M. C. for Ala., b. in Ala. Crowninshield, coin. U. S. N., born in N.Y. Crowder, Thomas, geologist, born. Karrer, Henry, painter, born in Eng, Crirhs, William r.lhot, Kef. el., born in Pa. Criswold, Alex. V., P. E. bp. of N. E., A77. Guess, George, inventor of Cherokee alpha- bet, A 73. Hall, Frederick, prof, of chemistry, A63. Hammond, Thomas, M. C. for Ind., born in Mass. Hare, Darius D., M. C. for O., born in 0. Harlan, Richard, naturalist, author, A47. Hermann, Binger, M. C. for Ore., b. in Md. Hill. David B.. sen. for N.Y., b. in N.Y. James, Henry, Jr., novelist, born in N.Y. Key, Francis Scott, poet (Star Spangled Banner), A63. Leigh, Benjamin, sen. for Va., A62. Mackaye. Steele, actor, born in N.Y. Morgan, Charles II., M. C. for Mo., b. in N.Y. Page, Charles H., M. C. for R. I., b. in R. I. Payne, Sereno E., M. C. for N.Y., b. in N.Y. Porter, David, com. U. S. N., of Mass., A63. Preston, James P., statesman, A68. Richardson, James D., M. ('. for Term., horn In Tenn. Rilcv, Charles V., entomologist, b. in Eng. Roberts, Robert R-, M. E. bp. for Liberia, A67. Stone, Charles W., M. C. tor Pa., born m Mass. Talbott,J. F. C, M. C. for Md., b. in Md. Thomas, Henry P., M. C. for Mich., born in Mleh. Trowbridge, John, physicist at Harvard, born in Mass. Trumbull, John, painter, of Conn., A87. Ware, Henry, Jr., Unit, theologian, author, A49. A 58. Biglow, William, teacher, poet, A71. Bunn, Benjamin II., M. C. for S. C, born in S. C. Bolles, Lucius, I'.apt. clergyman, A65. Burdett, Robert Jones, humorist, horn in Pa. l'.ur-'ss, John W., Prof. Col. coll., b. in Tenn. Cable. George "W., novelist, born in La. Cadmus, Cornelius A., M. C. for N. J., b. in N.J. Caruth, Asher G., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. Comstock. Anthony, reformer, born. Conn, Charles G.,M. C. for Ind., b. in N.Y. De Armond, David A., M.C. for Mo., born in Pa. De Lung, George Wash., explorer, born in N.Y. Duponeeau, Peter S., lawyer, A84. Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, sculptor, b. in Va. Farlow, William G., botanist, born in Mass. Fulton, Wm. S., sen. for Ark., A49. Gaston, William, M. C. for N. C, jurist, A 66. Gilder, Richard Watson, ed. of Century, horn in N. J. Greely, Adolphus Wash., Lieut. U. S. N., explorer, horn in Mass. Hicks, Josiah D., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. Hudson, Thomas J., M. C. for Kan., born in Ind. Kerr, John L., senator, A64. Lockwood, Daniel N., M. C. for N.Y. , born in N. C. Lynch, Thomas, M. C. for Wis., b. in Wis. Marshall, James W., M. C. for Va., born in Va. McDearmon, James C, M. C. for Tenn., born in Va. Moore, Gabriel, Gov. of Ala., dies. Morris, Thos., sen. for Va., A68. Parker, Arthur A., statesman, A54. Pickler, John A., M. C. for S. D., b. in Ind. Pintard, John, journalist, A85. Porter, Alexander, sen. for La., A58. Porter, Peter Buel, gen., sec. of war, A71. Ponlson, Zacliariah, editor, A83. Ray, George W., M. C. for N.C., b. in N.C. Sanderson, John, litterateur, A 59. Sipe, William A., M. C. for Pa., born in Pa. Smith. Joseph, founder of Moriuonisni,A;(i). Stone, William L., historian, A52. Thacher, James, physician, author, A90. Thompson, Maurice, poet, born in Ind. Wadsworili, -lames, phtlantliropist, A76. Warren, Francis E., sen. for Wvo., b. in Mass. Wells, Owen A., M. C. for Wis., b. in N.C. Woomer, Epbraim, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. CHURCH. 1S43 June * N. Y. The General Synod (Reformed Church) meets at Albany ; Wm. C. Brownlee, president. Aug. 11. Ji. I. John Prentiss K. Hen- shaw is consecrated (Protestant Episco- pal) bishop of Rhode Island. Oct. * The second coming of Christ, and the end of the world, are pre- dicted by the Millerites for this date. * * Ark. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Little Rock is established. * * Ind. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Northern India Is organized. * * III. The(N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Peoria is organized. * * III. The Congregational Conference of Illinois is organized. * * Md. The General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) meets at Baltimore. * * Mich. The rjniverealifit State Con- vention is organized. * * Mo. Peter B. Kenrickis appointed (Roman Catholic] bishop "f St. Louis. * * Pa. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburg is established. * * Pa. The CS. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Western Pennsylvania is organized. * * Phita. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets; Gardiner Spring, moderator. The General Assembly (N. S. Presby- terian) meets ; Ansel Doan Eddy, mod- erator. * * X. Y. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Buffalo is organized. * *The Seventh-day Baptist Tract Soci- ety is formed. * * The Foreign Mission Committee of the Reformed Presbyterian (Cove- nanter) Church is organized. 1844 May 1-June 10. New York. The 14th General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is held. The slavery discus- sion is prolonged, and intense feeling prevails. The Florida, Iowa, North Indiana, and Vermont Conferences are formed. A declaration is passed favoring the suspension of Bishop J. O. Andrew, until he shall manumit the slaves that he received by marriage. Tote, 110-6S. June* TheMethodistEpiseopal Church is divided on the slavery question, and the Southern Methodists secede. [They organize the Methodist Episcopal Church South.] (See Church, 1S45, May 1.) June 7. New York. Leonidas L. Ham- line and Edmond S. Janes are ordained bishops (Methodist Episcopal). June 12. New York. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. June 21. ///. The General Congrega- tional Association of Illinois is orga- nized. June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Poughkeepsie ; Jacob A" an Vechten, president. June * ///. Joseph Smith, the head of the Mormon Church, and Hyrum, his brother, when in prison, charged with treason, are shot by an anti-Mormon mob. Oct. 20. Carleton Chase is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of N. H.; Nicholas H. Cobbs, of Ala.; Cicero S. Hawkes, of Mo. Oct. 21. Pa. H.U.Onderdonk, Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, is sus- pended from the ministry for intem- perance. Oct. 26. William Jones Boone is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop for China; Geo. Washington Freeman, for Arkansas ; Horatio South- gate, for Turkey. LETTERS. 1843 * * Conn. The New Englandcr, a quarterly, appears at New Haven. UNITED STATES. 1843, June *-1844, Dec. 2. 157 * * Ga. Southern (Female) College is founded at La Grange. * * Iowa Wesleyan University (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Mount Pleasant. * * Mass. College of the Holy Cross (Rom. Cath.), at Worcester, is organized. * * Md. New Windsor College (Pres.) is organized. * * Conquest of Mexico, by Prescott, ap- pears. * * The Congregational College Society is formed. * * The Dreams of a Day , and Other Poems, by J. G. Percival, appears. * * The Spanish Student, by Longf ellow, appears. * * The Universalist Quarterly appears. * * Wyandotte, by Cooper, appears. SOCIETY. 1843 * * Oregon passes a prohibitory law. * * John B. Gough decides to devote his life to saving drunkards ; he lectures for 75 cents a night. * *The Independent Order of B'nai B*rith is founded. 1844 Jan. 25. D. C. A disgraceful encounter occurs on the floor of the House of Representatives between mem- bers Weller and Shriver. May 6-8. Phila. Fourteen persons are killed and 40 wounded, and 30 houses and churches burned, in a race riot between "native Americans" and natives of Ireland. * * III. Mormons destroy an anti- Mormon press at Nauvoo, and the edi- tors flee for their lives. The Mormons resist arrest, and the militia is ordered out. Joseph Smith and other leaders surrender to the Gov- ernor on. his promise of protection. June 27. III. A mob kills Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum, in the jail at Carthage, "where they were held for treason. June * III. Brigham Young becomes president of the Mormons. July 7. Phila. The race-riot is re- newed ; 5,000 troops are called out, and 40 or 50 persons are killed. Aug. 21. N. T, Outrages by "Anti- Renters" of Rensselaer county com- mence, in resisting land-rent to the heirs and assignees of the Dutch patroons. Dec* N. Y. More "Anti-Renters'" outrages occur in Rensselaer county. * * Boston. The first effort is made for cooperation in the labor movement. * * New York. The Polka dance is in- troduced, and attracts great crowds by its novelty. STATE. 1843 July 1. U. S. National debt §32,742,922. Aug. 30. N.Y. The National Liberty Convention at Buffalo nominates, as presidential candidates, James G. Birney of Mich, and Thomas Morris of Ohio. Nov.* Tenn. Andrew Johnson is elected to Congress. Dec. 4. D. C. The 28th Congress opens. * * D. C. Congress; Senate: W. P. Mangum of N. C. is reelected President pro tempore. House : John "W. Jones of Va. is elected Speaker. Dec. * D. C. President Tyler presses Great Britain to a settlement of the boundary line in the Northwest, and announces American claims. * * Miss. Jefferson Davis begins his political career as delegate to the Demo- cratic State Convention held at Jackson. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -48 * * Ind. James Whitcomb. -44 * * Mass. Marcus Morton. -44 * * Me. Edward Kavanagh. -45 * * Mick. John S. Barry. -48 * * Miss. Albert G. Brown. -44 * * N. J. Daniel Haines. -45 * * P. I. James Fenner. -46 * * Va. James M'Dowell. -44 * * Ft. John Mattocks. 1844 Jan. 8. D. C. Congress refunds the fine imposed on Gen. Jackson at New Orleans in 1814. Mar. * D. C. John C. Calhoun is ap- pointed Secretary of State, and John Y. Mason Secretary of the Navy. Apr. 12. D. C. Congress: The Govern- ment enters a treaty to annex Texas [but the Senate rejects it]. The Democrats favor, the "Whigs op- pose, in view of the war involved. [The issue enters the following National elec- tion, the pro-slavery party favoring and the anti-slavery party opposing.] May 1. Md. The 'Whig National Con- vention, in session at Baltimore, nomi- nates Henry Clay of Ky. and Theo- dore Frelinghuysen of N. J. May 27-29. Md. The Democratic Na- tional Convention, in session at Balti- more, nominates James K. Polk of Tenn. and Geo. M. Dallas of Pa. May * Md. The first division in the Democratic party occurs at the Na- tional Convention ; the South, in the interest of slavery, enforces the two- thirds (majority) rule. The Democratic National Convention adopts an aggressive program for the annexation of Texas and reoccu- pation of Oregon, which has popular favor. May 27, 28. Md. The partisans of Tyler hold a convention in Baltimore, and nominate him for the presidency. June 8. D. C. Congress. The Senate rejects the treaty made with the commis- sioners of Texas. June 17. D. C. The 28th Congress: the first session closes. June * R. I. Thomas W. Dorr is tried for treason, and sentenced to imprison- ment for life. Julyl. U.S. National debt §23,461,652. July 3. D. C. A treaty is made with China, permitting trade and residence in certain ports. Aug 16+. Henry Clay writes his Ala- bama letter. Bupport ; it is characterized as Clay's death-warrant. " Far from having any personal objection to the annexation of Texas, I should be glad to see it without dishonor, without war, and with the common consent of the Union." Aug. * D. C. President Tyler an- nounces his withdrawal as a presi- dential candidate. Aug. 30. Convention of the Liberty party, which renominates James G. Birney of Mich, for the presidency, and is encouraged by the alienated friends of Clay. Summer— Autumn. " No contest for the presidency, either before or since, has been conducted with such intense energy and deep feeling." (J. G. Blaine.) Sept. — Oct. Candidate Clay writes three explanatory letters, to correct the effect of the July letter. * * U.S. "Fifty-four, forty, or fight," becomes a Democratic watchword (54° 40' northwest boundary line). Both parties in the North have each an anti-slavery wing and a pro-slavery wing. Nov. * U, S. Fifteenth Presidential election; Democrats elected. Popular Vote : James K. Polk (Dem.) of Term., 1,337,243 ; Henry Clay (Whig) of Ky., 1,299,068; James G. Birney (Liberty) of Mich., 62,300. The Abolition vote in New York, being chiefly a defection from Henry Clay, causes his defeat for the presi- dency. Nov. * Miss. The name of Jefferson Davis appears on the Polk and Dallas electoral ticket. Dec. 2. D. C. The 28th Congress : the second session opens. MISCELLANEOUS. 1843 June * Mo. About 1,000 emi- grants leave "Westport on the .Missouri frontier on a journey of 2,000 miles to Oregon. Aug. 27. The United States steam fri- gate Missouri is destroyed by fire at Gibraltar. Oct. * Ore. The great emigrant train from Missouri arrives [many others fol- low.] (See 1843, June *.) * * Ga. The Georgia road, connecting Augusta and Atlanta, 191 miles long, is completed. * * Mass. The Boston and Maine road is opened. * * O. The Miami Canal, 215 miles long, connecting the Ohio with Lake Erie, is completed. Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other aliens received in nine months, 52,496. 1844 Jan. 2. The steamboat Shepherd- ess strikes a snag, about midnight, in the Mississippi near St. Louis ; more than 40 persons perish. Mar. 1. Two steamboats collide on the Mississippi ; 80 lives lost. Oct. 25. The steamboat Lucy Walker, on the Ohio, bursts her boilers, killing about 50 persons. 158 1844, Dec. 3-1845 * * AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1844 * * La. Lieut. U. S. Grant, 22 years old, is stationed in Louisiana. 1845 Nov. * Tex. Gen. Taylor, with an army of 4,000 men, encamps at the mouth of the Neuces River to watch the Mexicans. * * Md. Secretary of the Navy, George Bancroft, establishes a naval school at Annapolis under an Act of Congress. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1844 * * New York. The first hydro- pathic establishment in the United States is opened at 63 Barclay Street. * * The Rattler is launched — the first propeller built in the United States. * * Columbus at the Gate of La Rabida Mon- astery is painted by Emanuel Leutze. ± * * tf ew York. The equestrian statue of Washington [now] in Union Square is executed by Henry K. Brown. 1845 June 13. New York. Mrs. Anna Cora Mowatt first appears. * * Pa. Petroleum is obtained while boring for salt near Tarentum, above Pittsburg. * * The American Association for the Advancement of Science is formed. * * Machinery is invented for making 20 yards of Brussels carpet per day, and matching figures. * * Mr. King patents an incandescent electric light. * * John Knox and Mary Stuart is painted by Emanuel Leutze. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1845* * Arnold, Marshall, M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo. Allen, .Jolin P.., sen. fur Wash., born. Beasley, Frederick, P. E. cl. of Conn., A68. Braltoii, Hubert F., M. C. for Md., b. in Md. lirice, Calvin S., sen. for O., born in O. Brooks, Maria Gowen, poet, A50. Carey, Joseph M.,sen. for Wyo.,horn in Del. Carleton. Will, poet, born in Mich. Childs, Robert A., M. C. for 111., b.in N. C. Cody, William F. (Buffalo Bill), actor, b. la. Coffin, George W., officer U. S. N., born. Crisp. Charles F.. M. C. for Ga., speaker, born in Eng. Crane, William H., actor, born in Mass. Crawford, F. Marion, novelist, born in Italy. Dalzell, John, M. C. for Pa., born inN. Y. DeForest, K. E., M. C. for Conn., b. in Conn. Dockerv, Alexander M.. M. C. for Mo., b.Mo. Elliott, '.I esse Duncan, com.!'. S. N., A63. Ellis, William T., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. Gardner, John J., M. C. for JST. J., b. N. J. Germon, Effle, actor, born in Ga. Gummere, John, mathematician, A61. Jackson. Andrew, uen., sen. for Tenn.,7th President of U. S., A78. McDowell, Alex., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. Me.Ka.itr, William M., M. C. fur Md., b. Md. McMUlin, Benton, M. C. for Tenn., b. Ky. Paschal, Thomas M., M. C. for Tex., b. La. Pendleton, Geo. C, M. C. for Tex., b. Tenn. Perry, Thomas Serjeant, author, b. in R. I. Reillv, James B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. Reyburn, John E., M. C. for Pa., b. in O. Richards, James A. D., M. C. for O., b. Mass. Robbins, Ashur, sen. for Conn., ASS. Russell, ltenjamin E., M. C. for Ga., b. Fla. Sewall, Thomas, writer and lecturer, A59. Story, Joseph, jurist 34 yrs. Supreme Court, A66. Talbert, W. J., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C. Tarsney, John C, M. C. for Mo., b. Mich. Thorne, Edwin F., actor, born in N. Y. White, Edward D., sen. for La., justice Su- preme Court, born in La. CHURCH. .1844 * * Chicago. The Roman Catholic See of Chicago is erected. ' * Conn. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Hartford is erected. : * HI. The Mormon Temple at Nau- voo is finished ; Brigham Young becomes leader of the Mormons on the death of Joseph Smith. ' * Ky. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Louisville ; George Junkin, moderator. It organizes a Church Erection Fund. * * New York. The Five Points Mission is organized by Methodist women. * * New York. A Wesleyan Methodist Church is organized. N * * 0. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) of Miami is organized. * * Ore. The First Baptist church in Oregon is organized at Union. * * Phila. The General Convention (Pro- testant Episcopal) meets. After an excited discussion, the Con- vention votes an expression of confi- dence in the Liturgy, officers, and Articles and Canons of the Church as sufficient exponents of the sense of Holy Scripture, and affording ample means of discipline and correction. * * Pa. The "West Pennsylvania Elder- ship (Church of God) is organized. * * Phila. The Baptist Triennial Meeting is held. * * Wis. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Milwaukee is established. * * Wm, Paul Quinn is elected bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. * * The Methodist Indian Mission Confer- ence is organized. The Church being divided on the sla- very question, the Indian Conference remains with the Church South. 1845 Jan. 3. N. Y. B. T. Onderdonk, bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of New York, is suspended from the ministry on the charge of immorality and impurity. Feb. 23. Pa. Alonzo Potter is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Pennsylvania. May 1. Ky. The Methodist Episco- pal Church South is organized as a distinct body by a convention at Louis- ville. May 25. Neiv York. The Swedish Mis- sion, by O. G. Hedtrom of the Method- ist Episcopal Church, is begun in the Bethel ship John Wesley. May * Ga. A convention of Southern Baptists is held at Augusta, on the invi- tation of the foreign missionary society of Virginia. The secession from the Northern Bap- tists is caused by the slavery agitation ; 377 delegates are present. May * R. I. The Triennial Conven- tion (Baptist) is held at Providence ; an amicable division of Baptist interest is provided for with the Southern Baptists. June 11. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June * N. J. The General Synod (Re- formed Church) meets at New Bruns- wick ; M. D. Dwight, president. Sept. 7. Mo. St. Louis has the first He- brew synagogue built In the Missis- sippi Valley. * * Ga. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Georgia is organized. * * N. J. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized. * * Mo. St. Louis Conference, Method- ist Episcopal Church South, is formed by division. * * A". Y. The Joint Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) of Buffalo is organized. * * O. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; John M. Krebs, moderator. LETTERS. 1844 * * Boston. LittelVs Living Age appears. * * ± The revised edition of "Webster's Dictionary becomes a standard. * * Mo. St. Vincent's College (Rom. Cath.), at Cape Girardeau, is organized. * * Mass. The City Library is founded at Lowell. [30.100 vols.] * *Md. The Maryland Historical Library is founded at Baltimore. [20,000 vols.] * * New York. The American Revieip is published by G. H. Colton. The Churchman is founded. The Eclectic Magazine appears. The Ledger is founded by Robert Bonner. * * Ore. "Willamette University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Salem. * * The Columbian Magazine appears. * * Afloat and Ashore, by Cooper, appears. * * Essays, by Emerson, appears. * * Lectures to Young Men, by Henry "Ward Beecher, appears. * * Legend of Brittany, Prometheus, and other poems, by Lowell, appear. * * Peter Ploddy, by Joseph Neal, appears. * * Woman in the 19th Century, by Mar- garet Fuller Ossoli, appears. * * Crania Egyptiaca, by Samuel G. Mor- ton, appears. * * Second series of The Library of Ameri- can Biography, edited by Jared Sparks, appears. * * The I'nicersalist Quarterly Recietc ap- pears. * * Theory of Morals, by Hildreth, ap- pears. 1845* * Boston. The New England His- torical Genealogical Society Library is founded. [29,000 vols.] * * Md. V. S. Naval Academy is orga- nized at Annapolis. * * Neio York. The New-Yorker Zeitung is founded. * * O. Wittenberg College (Evan. Luth.) is organized in Springfield. * * The American Review [American "Whig Review] is issued. * * The Chain-Bearer, by Cooper, ap- pears. * * Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil, by ■Willis, appears. * * Fashion, by Mrs. Mowatt, appears. UNITED STATES. * * Margaret: A Tale of the Ileal and the Ideal, by Sylvester Judd, appears. * * Poets and Poetry of Europe, by Long- fellow, appears. * * The Haven, by E. A. Poe, appears. * * A translation of Berzelius on the Blow- pipe, by Josiali D. Whitney, appears. SOCIETY. 1844 * * John Tyler marries Ids second\ wife, Julia Gardiner. \ * * Abolitionists are divided ; the Gar- risonians oppose the compromises of the Constitution of the United States as " an agreement with hell and a covenant with death." 1845 Aug. 27. N. Y. "Anti-Rent- ers" of Delaware County, disguised as Indians, resist the collection of rents, and kill the sheriff; Gov. Wright pro- claims an insurrection. Oct. 12. New York. The first Indus- trial Congress in the United States opens its session. Boston. The New England Work- ingmen's Association is organized. * * D. C. The right of petition is re- newed by Congress. John Quincy Adams secures the re- scinding of the rule of Congress refus- ing the right of petition on the slavery question. * * Miss. Jefferson Davis marries his second wife, Miss Howell. * * The 'Whigs oppose slavery. " Southern Whigs, under the lead of Henry Clay, had been taught that sla- very was an evil, to be removed in some practical way, at some distant pe- riod, but not to be interfered with in the States where it existed." (Blaine.) * * The Order of United American Me- chanics is founded. * * John B. Gough is ensnared by a trick of his enemies, and becomes in- toxicated. STATE. 1844 Dec. 3. D.C. Congress ; House : John Q,. Adams, "The old man elo^ quent," the champion for the right of petition, at length carries his annual motion, to rescind the rule forbid- ding the reading of petitions for the restriction of slavery. Vote, 108-88. * * D.C. Secretary of State Calhoun practically avows that Texas must be incorporated in the Union. * * A 7 ". T. Martin Van Buren opposes the annexation of Texas in the press — an act which proves fatal to his politi- cal prospects by arousing Southern an- tagonism. Dec. 9-12. D. C. Congress : The an- nexation of Texas is introduced in both Houses. * * New York. James Harper is elected the 64th mayor. * * W. S. Governors inaugurated : Ark. Samuel Adams. -48 * * Ark. Thomas S. Drew. -46 * * Conn. Roger S. Baldwin. -46 * * Del. Thomas Stockton. -45 * * Fla. (Ter.). John Branch. -48 * * Ky. William Owsley. -47 * * Me. Hugh J. Anderson. -48 * * Mo. John C. Edwards. -46 * * N. B. John H. Steele. -48 * * N.J. Charles C. Stratton. -16 * * N. Y. Silas Wright, Jr. O. Thomas W. Bartley. -46 * * O. Mordecai Bartley. -46 * * S. C. William Aiken. -46 * * Tex. Anson Jones (Pres.). -45 * * Wis. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. -46 * * ft. William Slade. 1845 Jan. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate ratifies the treaty with China, negotiated by Caleb Cushing. Jan. 23. D.C. Congress fixes the pres- idential elections on one uniform day — the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Since 1792 elec- tions have been ordered " within 34 days preceding the first Wednesday in De- cember." Jan. 25. D.C. Congress; House: A joint resolution for the annexation of Texas as a State of the Union is ap- proved. Vote, 120-98. Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : Polk, 170 ; Clay, 105. Vote for Vice-President : George M. Dallas (Dem.) of Pa., 170; Theo. Frelinghuysen (Whig) of N. J., 105; Thomas Morris (Liberty) of O., none. Feb. 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The ' amended joint resolution for the annex- ation of Texas is approved. Vote, 27-25. Feb. * Ore. Great Britain accepts the forty-ninth parallel boundary line ; it is characterized as a settlement hon- orable to both countries. * * D.C. Congress : Both Houses unite for the first time in passing a bill over the President's veto ; the bill relates to steam-vessels in the navy. Mar. 1. D. C. The President signs the bill for the annexation of Texas. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress admits Florida into the Union as the 27th State. Congress reduces the rate of postage to five cents for 300 miles, and ten cents for greater distances. The 28th Congress ends. Mar. 6. D. C. The Mexican minister asks for his passport. Eleventh Administration ;.Democratic. James K. Polk of Tenn. is inaugu- rated the 11th President, in the 15th term of the presidency. George M. Dallas of Pa. is Vice-President. Cabinet : James Buchanan of Pa. (State), Robert J. Walker of Miss. (Treas.), "William L. Marcy of N. Y. (War), George Bancroft of Mass. (Navy), Cave Johnson of Tenn. (P. M.- Gen.), and John Y. Mason of Va. (Atty.-Gen.). June 12. The Oregon boundary dis- pute is settled by treaty. June 16. Tex. The Texas Congress approves of the terms of annexation. June 27. P. I. Thos. W. Dorr is re- leased from imprisonment. Julyl. U.S. National debt §15,925,303. 1844, Dec. 3-1845**. 159 July 4. Tex. A ratifying convention of citizens votes to annex Texas to the United States. July 6. Tex. The President is requested to occupy the ports of Texas, and to send an army for its protection. Aug. 8. D. C. Congress ; House : David Wilmot of Pa. introduces his pro- viso. Oct. 13. Tex. The people ratify the Constitution. Dec.l. D.C. The 29th Congress opens. * * D. C. Congress; Senate: "W. P. Mangum of N. C. is reelected President pro tempore. House : John "W. Davis of Ind. is elected Speaker. Dee. 8. D. C. Congress ; House : Jef- ferson Davis enters as a Representative from Mississippi. Dec. 16. D. C. Congress: The House votes to receive Texas into the Union. Vote 141-56. Dec. 22. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The Bill for the annexation of Texas carries. Vote, 31-13. Dec. 29. D.C. Congress admits Texas as the 28th State of the Union. (Slavery is permitted.) Dec. * D. C. The Federal Government becomes curiously involved. One-half the States are always to be slave States, thereby holding the dis- tinctive power of a tie-vote in the Sen- ate, and thus a minority may dominate on all questions the greatly preponderat- ing and increasing population of the North. * * D.C. Samuel Nelson of N. Y. and Levi Woodbury of N. H. are appointed Justices of the Supreme Court. MISCELLANEOUS. 1844 Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1844, 78,615. * * Mich. Copper-mining on the shores of Lake Michigan begins.. * * Samuel F.B. Morse offers his inven- tion of the electric telegraph to the Government for a moderate price ; it is deemed of little practical value. 1845 Jan. 8. The steamboat Belle Zane strikes a snag in the Mississippi and capsizes; 40 out of 90 passengers are drowned. Apr. 10. Pa. A great fire at Pittsburg burns 100 buildings ; loss, §6,000,000. / July 1. La. The steamboat Marquette, at New Orleans, explodes all her boil- ers simultaneously, killing about 50 people. July 19. New York. A fire burns 302 stores and dwelling-houses, and property worth §6,000,000 ; 4 lives are lost. Dec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other aliens, 1S45, 114,371. * * £y. The Cave Hill Cemetery, near Louisville, is incorporated. * * N. Y. The Mount Hope Cemetery, near Rochester, is established. * * O. Spring Grove Cemetery, near Cin- cinnati, is incorporated. * * Pa. The Allegheny Cemetery is es- tablished. 160 1845* *-1846* * AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1846 Mar. 28. Tex. The American army of occupation (3,500 men), under den. Taylor, takes post on the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras. (Lossing, Mar. 29.) Mar. * Cat. Capt. John C. Fremont raises the American standard against the Mexicans, who seek to drive him from the country. THE FOURTEENTH WAR. Apr. 24. — 1848 July 4. "War with Mexico. Men enrolled, 30,954 regulars, and 73,776 militia and volunteers. Total, 112,230. For cause, see State. Apr. 26. Tex. First hostilities in the war : Capt. Thornton with 63 men is attacked on the east side of the Rio Grande, above Matamoras ; 16 men are killed and wounded and the others are captured. * * Gen. Scott plans the invasion of Mex- ico by three columns: the first, through the northern provinces, under Gen. S. W. Kearny ; the second, from the seacoast to the City of Mexico, under his own command ; and the third, as an army of occupation, under Gen. Taylor. May 5, 6. Tex. The Mexicans bombard Fort Brown till it is relieved by Gen. Taylor. May 8. Tex. Battle of Palo Alto. Gen. Taylor with 2,300 men defeats Gen. Arista with 6,000 men in a battle of five hours* duration. Mexican loss about 100 men ; American loss, 4 killed and 40 wounded. May 9. Tex. Battle of Resaca de la Palma. Gen. Taylor with 2,000 Americans routs 5,000 Mexicans, who flee across the Rio Grande. American loss, 1*20 killed and wounded; Mexican loss, 500 killed and wounded. May * -June * The call of the President for 50,000 volunteers is responded to by 300,000, who tender their services. June 15. Cat. Gen. Fremont captures Sonoma. July * Cal. Commodore Stockton takes Los Angeles. Aug. 18. Gen. Kearny captures Santa F6 ; with 400 dragoons [he con- tinues his march to the Pacific Coast]. Aug. 19±. Mex. Commodore Stock- ton blockades the Mexican ports on the Pacific Coast. Sept. 12. Mex. Col. Jefferson Davis charges Fort Teneria, at the head of the 1st Regiment, Mississippi riflemen. Sept. 21-23. Mex. Battle of Mon- terey. This fortified town is stormed, and the 10,000 Mexicans under Gen. Ampudia are driven out by 4,700 Americans. American loss, 1'20 killed, 3G8 wounded; Mexicans much more. An armistice of eight weeks follows, to permit Mexico to make overtures of peace. Sept. 26. New York. Stevenson's Cali- fornia regiment sails. Oct. 25. Mex. Commodore M. C. Perry bombards Tobasco. Nov. 14. Mex. Commodore David Conner occupies Tampico. Nov. 15. Mex. Gen. Worth captures the town of Saltillo. Dec. * Mex. Col. A. W. Doniphan with 900 men sets out on a march of more than 1,000 miles through the enemy's country, from Santa Fe" to Sal- tillo; one of the most brilliant achieve- ments of the war. Dec. * Cal. The Mexicans make a fee- ble attempt to regain California. Dec. 25. Mex. Col. Doniphan with 450 volunteers defeats 1,100 Mexicans under Gen. Ponce de Leon at Brazito. American loss, six wounded ; Mexican loss, 63 killed and 150 wounded. * * Mex. Ulysses S. Grant serves under Gen. Taylor as 2d lieutenant. * * Mex. Col. Jefferson Davis becomes one of the idols of the army. * * _4s * * Mex. Capt. Robert E. Lee serves in the army of Gen. Scott as chief engineer. * * California is occupied by the army of the United States. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1846 Sept. 10. Mass. Elias Howe, Jr., receives a patent for the first com- plete sewing-machine. Nov. * A grand display of meteors is ob- served. * * D. C. John F. E. Prud'homme of Georgetown is elected a member of the National Academy of Design. * *D.C. The Smithsonian Inst itution, " designed for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men," is estab- lished in a handsome building at "Wash- ington, by means of a legacy of 3515,000, bequeathed for the purpose to the United States Government by James Smithson, an Englishman. * * McCormick's reapmg-machine is perfected. (See 1834.) * * Discoverythat inhalation of etherpre- ventspain byChas. T. Jackson of Boston. * * Sleepy Student is painted by F. TV. Edmonds. * * -49 * * The statue of Henry Clay is executed by Joel T. Hart. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1846* * Armstrong, Wm. J., S. Pres. cl., A50. Uadiier, -Joseph, missionary in <>., A 89. Bean, Tarh 1 ton Hoffman, i.-lithvolO!iist,b. Pa. Breckinridge,Clifton R.,M.C.for Ark.,b. Ky. Buchanan. Virginia, a. -tor, born in 0. Denson, William II. , M. C. for Ala., b. Ala. Erdman, Constantino J., M.O. for Pa.,b. Pa, Florence, Mrs. W. J., actor, bom in N. Y. Foote, Sam'L A., sen. and tiov. of Conn., A 66. Hawthorne, .Inlian, novelist, born in Mass. Henderson, John S., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. Holden, Edward S., astronomer, born in Mo. Hopkins, Albert,!., M. C. for 111., b. mill. Kribbs, George F., M. C, born In Ta. Loring, Frederick W., author, born in Mass. McKtt.rick, M. J., M. C. for Mass., b. in Mass. Millet, Francis I »avis, painter, born in Mass. Morris. Clara, actor, born in O. Pearson, Albert J., M. C. for 0., born in 0. Pickering, John, philologist, iurist, A 69. Kobinson, John P., M. C. for Pa,, b. in Pa. Smith, George W M. C. for 111., born in O. Stone, William A., M. C.for Pa., born in Pa. Strait, Thomas J., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C. Tvler, D. Gardiner, M. C. for Va., b. in N. Y. Wadsworth, Jas. \\\, M. C. for N. Y., b. Pa. CHURCH. 1845 * * 0. The Missionary Society of the Church of God of North America is formed especially for borne mission work. * * The Baptist foreign mission work suffers by the agitation of the slavery question, and by the withdrawal of tbe Southern churches from its support. * * Pa. The Pittsburg (Evangelical Lu- theran) Synod is organized. * * Phila. The General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church meets. * * The Seventh-day Baptists divide into five associations. * * U. S. The discussion of the slavery question leads to a division of the Baptist Church, into Northern and Southern Baptists. 1S46 May 1. Va. The General in- ference (Methodist Episcopa outh) meets in its first session at Petersburg. The Book of Discipline is revised, and the portions relating to slavery stricken out ; commissioners are appointed to settle questions of property with Ell Methodist Episcopal Church. Wm. Capers and Robert Paine i re ordained bishops of the Methodist Epis- copal Church South. The Missouri, Louisiana, and Louis- ville Conferences are organized. May * 4- Dr. Judson visits his native land for the first time since his departure in 1813. He awakens much enthusiasm, and sets in motion the tide of modern prog- ress in Baptist missions. May* The Triennial Convention of the Baptist Churches by reorganiza- tion becomes the American Baptist Missionary Union. June 10. Phila. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June 16. It. Pius IX. is elected pope. June * X. T. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Albany; VTm. H. Campbell, president. * * HI. The Mormons, being much har- assed by their neighbors, abandon Nau- voo, and enter the Territory of Iowa near Council Bluffs. [Later they remove to Salt Lake.] * * Lid. The Indiana Eldership (Church of God) is organized. * * N. T. The American Missionary Association is formed at Albany as a general missionary society with anti- slavery principles. The Baptist Triennial Meeting is held at Brooklyn. * * Ore. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Oregon City is established. LETTERS. * * Harmoyiy of the Four Gospels, in Greek, by Edward Robinson, appears. * *The American Whig Review appears. * *-50* * The Quadrupeds of North. America, by Audubon, appears. UNITED STATES. 1845**1846** 161 1846 Oct. 20. 0. Mount Union Col- lege (Meth. Epis.) is founded as a sem- inary. * * Conn. Theodore D. Woolsey be- comes President of Yale College. * * Ind. Fort "Wayne College (Meth. Epis.) is organized. * * La. De Bow's Commercial Review appears at New Orleans. * * -49 * * Mass. Edward Everett is President of Harvard University. * * Mo* The St. Louis Mercantile Library is founded. [62,204 vols.] SOCIETY. 1846 Feb.* III. Part of the Mormons (1,600) leave Nauvoo, cross the Missis- sippi on the ice, and with ox-teams move westward till they settle on the Great Prairie, and establish a town. Aug. 7. Me. The Democrats enact a prohibitory law against the drink traffic. STATE. 1845 * * Ore. A provisional government is formed. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -47 * * Ala. Joshua L. Martin. -46 * * Cal. Pio. Pico (Mexican). -49 * * Fla. Wm. D. Moseley. -47 * * Ga. Geo. W. Crawford. -50 * * La. Isaac Johnson. -51 * * Mass. George N. Briggs. -49 * * N. C. Wm. A. Graham. -49* * Ore. G. Abernethy (Provisional). Pa, Francis R. Shunk. -46 * * It. I. Charles Jackson. _47 * * Tenn. Aaron V. Brown. -48 * * Wis. (Ter.). Henry Dodge. 1846* *D.C. Congress: The House votes to give treaty notice to Great Britain that the joint occupation of Oregon must cease. Vote, 163-54. Public apprehension of war follows. Feb. 20. Tex. The first legislature meets at Austin. Apr, 2. B.C. Congress: The Senate Bill substitutes that of the House on the Oregon question, and is adopted. The line, 54° 40' is abandoned by the Demo- crats for the 49th parallel. [The southern portion, which falls to the United States, retains the name Oregon.] Apr. * U. S. The war spirit against Mexico rises high with the news of the small conflict in Texas. "American blood has been spilled on American soil I " Apr. 26. D. C. Congress declares "War against Mexico. May 11. D. C. . PresidentPolk sends an aggressive war message to Congress, announcing that war exists by the act of Mexico. May 12. D. C. Congress: A bill passes both Houses which appropriates $10,000,000 for the war, and gives authority to call out 50,000 volunteers. (Vote : House, 142-14 ; Senate, 40-2.) May * -Aug. * Cal. Commodore Stock- ton establishes a military government in Upper California. June 1. X. Y. A convention of delegates meets at Albany to revise the Con- stitution. June 15. Signing of the Oregon Treaty. Both Great Britain and the United States having claimed the territory west of the Rockies and north of Mexico to Alaska, it is now divided between them at the 49th parallel. The British also secure Vancouver's Island and the free navigation of the Columbia River. Julyl. U.S. National debt $15,550,202. July 3. D. C. Congress : The House passes a bill for a lower tariff. Vote, 114-95. (See July 28.) July 4. Cal. Captain John C. Fre- mont and his companions declare the independence of California after de- feating superior forces of Mexicans. July 9. Cal. Commodore Sloat hoists the American flag at Monterey. July 28. T). C. Congress : The Senate votes to modify the tariff, cutting out its protection features ; average rate of duties, 25 per cent. Vote, a tie till the Vice-President casts a vote. Aug. 3. D. C. President Polk vetoes the River and Harbor Bill. Aug. 6. D.C. Congress establishes the "Warehouse System, reenacts the In- dependent Treasury system, and au- thorizes "Wisconsin to form a constitu- tion and organize a State government. Aug. 7. Me. The Democratic Legisla- ture enacts the first Maine Prohib- itory Law. Aug. 8. D. C. President Polk vetoes the French Spoliation Indemnity Bill for the benefit of claimants who had lost property by French seizures in 1807±. Congress ; Senate : D. R. Atchison of Mo. is elected President pro tempore. Congress; House: The Wilmot Pro- viso is approved. Vote, 94-78. David "Wilmot, 33 years of age, moves a proviso to the Two-million-dollar Bill asked by the President to arrange peace with Mexico, declaring it to be " an ex- press and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any territory from Mex- ico, that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist therein." The consecration of American territory to freedom becomes a rallying-cry ; the battle of the giants follows, long and fierce. Aug. 10. D.C. Congress; Senate: The "Wilmot Proviso is brought up, and John Davis of Mass. holds the floor till the session expires, to defeat action on the bill. The 29th Congress: the first session closes. * * U. S. Great agitation prevails over the Wilmot Proviso. Aug. * California is in the undisputed military possession of the United States. Nov. * D. ('. Abraham Lincoln is elected to Congress from Illinois, the solitary Whig among seven Democrats. Dec. 1. U. S. The lower tariff law goes >"nto effect. Dec. 7. D.C. The 29th Congress: the second session opens. * * Congress; Senate: D.E.Atchison of Mo. is elected President pro tempore. Dec. 28. D. C. Congress admits Iowa into the Union as the 29th State. * * Ala. The capital is removed from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. * * D. C. Congress ; House : Jefferson Davis resigns his seat to engage in the Mexican war as colonel of volunteers. * * New York. Manhood suffrage is introduced. * * D. C. Congress ; House : Demo- crats lose their majority while con- ducting a spirited and successful war, owing to the new tariff and Northern suspicion of pro-slavery issues in the war. Polk's party stands 110 to 118. * * U. S. Robert C. Grier of Pa. is appointed Justice of the Supreme Court. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : Cal. (Ter.). Com. J. D. Sloat. -47* * Cal. (Ter.). Com. R. F. Stock- ton. -47 * * Conn. Isaac Toucey. Del. Joseph Maul. Del. Wm. Temple. -51 * * Del. Wm. Thorp. la. (Ter.). James Clark. -50 * * la. Ansel Briggs. -53 * * III. Augustus C. French. -47 * * Mich. Alpheus Felch. -47 * * N. H. Anthony Colby. -49 * * N. Y. John Young. -49 * * 0. William Bebb. -47 * * B. I. Byron Dyman. -48 * * S. C. David Johnson. -47 * * Tex. J. P. Henderson. -49 * * Va. Wm. Smith. -49 * * Vt. Horace Eaton. MISCELLANEOUS. 1846 Apr. ± * N.J. The telegraph line from Philadelphia to Fort Lee, near New York, is completed. June 5. Pa.-Md. The telegraph line from Philadelphia to Baltimore is com- pleted. June 27. Boston and New York are con- nected by telegraph. July 3. Boston and Buffalo are con- nected by telegraph. July 13. Mass, A fire at Nantucket burns 300 buildings, valued at $800,000. Sept. 9. New York and Albany are connected by telegraph. Sept. * Pa. Harrisburg and Philadel- phia are connected by telegraph. Dec. 8. The U. S. brig Somers is capsized in a squall off Vera Cruz, and 39 persons are drowned. Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1S4G, 154,416. * *N.H. The lower section of the North- ern Railroad is opened. 162 1846 * *-1848, Feb. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1847 Jan. 8, 9. Cal. At San Gabriel Gen. Kearny defeats the revolted Cali- fornians. Jan. 24. Mex. Col. Sterling Price de- feats 1,500 Indians and Mexicans in the Valley of Taos. Feb. 23. Mex. Battle of Buena Vista. Santa Anna with 22,000 Mexicans is defeated by Gen. Taylor with 4,750 Amer- icans ; Mexican loss, nearly 2,000 men: American loss, 746 killed, wounded and missing. Feb. 28. Cal. Battle of Sacramento. Col. Doniphan with 924 men defeats 4,000 Mexicans under Gen. Heredia, los- ing but 1 killed and 17 wounded. Mexi- can loss, GOO killed and wounded and 40 prisoners. Mar. 9. Mex. Gen. Scott lands at A r era Cruz with about 12,000 men. Mar. 22. Mex. Commodore Conner bom- bards Vera Cruz, while Gen. Scott's army joins in the cannonade [which continues four days]. Mar. 27. Mex. Gen. Morales agrees to surrender Vera Cruz to the Ameri- cans. American loss, 80 killed and wounded ; Mexican loss, 2,000 killed and wounded, besides 5,000 prisoners and 500 cannon. Mar. 29. Mex. Mexicans evacuate Vera Cruz. Mar. * Col. Jefferson Davis is compli- mented, in Gen. Taylor's despatch, for brilliant service in Mexico. Apr. 2. Mex. Alvarado is surrendered to Lieut. Hunter. Apr. 18. Mex. Commodore Perry takes Tuspan. Battle of Cerro Gordo. Gen. Scott with 8,500 Americans de- feats Santa Anna with 12,000 Mexicans, and captures his papers and wooden leg. Losses: Mexican, 1.000 killed and wounded and 3,000 prisoners ; American, 431 men. Apr. 19. Mex. The Americans enter Jalapa. Apr. 22. Mex. Gen. "Worth takes the strong castle of Perote without resist- ance. May 15. Mex. The American army en- ters the sacred city of Puebla, unop- posed by its 80,000 inhabitants. July 6. Cal. Commodore Sloat takes Monterey, in Southern California. Aug. 20. Mex. Battles of Contreras and Churubusco, near Mexico City. At Contreras Gen. Scott with 4,000 men defeats Gen. Valencia with 7,000 Mexicans, losing but 60 killed and wounded ; Mexican loss, 2,000 killed and wounded and 1,000 prisoners. At Churubusco Gen. Scott with R,000 men defeats Gen. Santa Anna with 25,000 Mexicans. American loss in both en- gagements, 1,053 killed and wounded; Mexican loss, 4,000 killed and wounded, and 3,000 prisoners, including S generals. Aug. 21. Mex. The Mexicans pro- pose an armistice. Sept. 7. Mex. Gen. Scott learns that the armistice is broken by the Mexicans. Sept. 8. Mex. Hostilities are renewed in the Battle of Molino del Rey. Gen. Worth with 3,500 Americana storms the fortiiicatious, ami drives out 14,000 Mexicans under Gen. Alvarez, with the loss of 787 killed and wounded : Mexican loss, 3,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners. Sept. 12, 13. Mex. Battle of Chapul- tepec, near Mexico City. Gen. Scott with 7,200 men, under Gens. Worth, Quitman, and Pillow, carries the fortified heights, defeating Gen. Bravo and 25,000 Mexicans. American loss, 832 men. Sept. 14. Mexico is surrendered; Gen. Scott marches his victorious army into the city, and the war practically ends. Sept. * U. S. Grant is promoted to be 1st lieutenant, for meritorious conduct at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec. Oct. 9. Mex. Gen. Lane with 500 men takes the city of Huamantla, defeating Gen. Santa Anna and 1,000 Mexicans, with the loss of 24 killed and wounded. Oct. 12. Mex. Mexicans have besieged Col. Childs and 400 men, besides 1,800 sick and in hospitals at Puebla, for 28 days, when reinforcements appear, and the siege is raised. Oct. 20. Mex. The frigate Congress and sloop Portsmouth bombard the port of Guayamas. Dec. 8. The "United States brig-of-war Somers is wrecked and part of her crew drowned. 1848 Feb. 18. Mex. Gen.Wm. O. But- ler succeeds Gen. Scott in command of the army. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1847 June 28. III. The first theater in Chicago is opened. Oct. 1. N. H. A violent tornado visits Portsmouth. Oct. 19. Neva York. The corner-stone of the "Washington Monument is laid. * * Asia. The Government sends an expe- dition under W. F. Lynch to the River Jordan for the advancement of geo- graphical science. * * Boston. The American Association for the Advancement of Science is or- ganized. * * Pa. Zinc mines are discovered in Lehigh County. * * Utah. Salt Lake City is founded by Mormons. * * The power-loom is introduced. * * The rotary press is made by R. Hoe and Company. * * The successful use of anesthetics is introduced. * * Pontine Marshes is painted by J. F. Cropsey. 1848 Jan. 24. Cal. % Gold is first dis- covered in the mill-race of Capt. Sutter by a laborer named Marshall. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1847* * Allen, William V., sen. for Neb., born in <">. Allen, John M., M. C. fur Miss., b. in Miss. Bartlett, Franklin, M. C. for N. Y., b.-JIass. Binnev, Amos, naturalist, A44. Branch, Wm. A. B., M. C. for N. C.,b. Fla. Brulgman, Frederick A., painkT, b. in Ala. Butler, Pierce M., Cov. of S. C, col., A49. Capebnrt, .lames, M. C. for W. Va., born in W. Va. Cachings, Thos. C, M. ( /. for Miss., b. Mis*. Clay, Henry, Jr., officer, lawyer, A 36. Crabtree, Lotta, actor, born in N. Y. Dixon, Nathan F. t sen. for It. I., b.in R. I. DIelman, Frederick, artist, born lo Gen Edison, Thomas Alva, electrician, Inven- tor, born in O. Edwards, Henry W., scholar, senator, A61. Everett, Alex. II., essayist, diplomatist, ed- itor, A55. Fauey, Harriet, philanthropic writer, born. Faulkner, Charles J., sen. for W. Va., born in W. Va. Fawcett, Edgar, novelist, born in >'. Y. Forman, Win. S., M. C. for I1L, b. in Miss. Hardy. Arthur -S., novelist, born in Mass. Ihirr, Charles II., author, born in Pa. Kent, .James, an., chancellor of >\Y.. A ».'!. Layton, Fernando C, M. C. for O., b. In O. Loud, Eugene F., M. C. for Cal., b. in Mass. Martin. Augustus X.. M. C. for Inu., b. Pa. Keal, Joseph Clay, humorist. A40. Ivniivbrii'ker, Isaac, V. S. sen. for Va.. A41. Storer, Bellamy. M. C. for <>.. bom in <>. Tra.-ev, Charles, M. C. for X. Y., b. in X. Y. Williams, Cus, actor, born in N. Y. Wright, Myron B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. Wright, Silas, t;ov., sen. for >" i'.. A 52. Wever, John M., M. C. for X .. b. in Mich. Whiting, Justin R., M. C. i lien., b. X. Y. CHURCH. 1846 * * Phila. The General Assem- bly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel Hanson Cox, moderator. The General Assembly (O. S. Pres- byterian) meets ; Charles Hodge, mod- erator. * * The Mormons send missionaries to Oregon, California, and the Sandwich Islands, and also to Australia. * * The Hanges Norwegian (Evangelical Lutheran) Synod is organized. 1847 June 9. New York. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. June * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; Abraham Messier, president. July 24. The Mormon pioneers, hav- ing established themselves at Great Salt Lake, are now joined by Brigham Young, the leader of the church. Oct. 13. New York. Two hundred Ger- man Catholics secede from the Roman Catholic Church. Oct. 31. Me. George Burgess is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Maine. Nov. 29. Wash. Indians massacre the missionaries, Dr. Whitman, his wife, and others, at "Walla Walla. * * Mo. At St. Louis a Roman Catholic diocese is established, and an archbish- opric erected ; the latter includes the dioceses of Dubuque, Nashville, St. Paul, Chicago, and Milwaukee. * * Mo. Peter R. Kenrick is promoted to be archbishop of St. Louis. * * New York. The General Conven- tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * The American Unitarian Associa- tion is incorporated. The Society for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge (Protestant Episcopal) is organized. * * The Roman Catholic dioceses of Al- bany, Buffalo, Galveston, and Cleveland are established. * * O. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) of Wittenberg is orga- nized. UNITED STATES. 1846 * *-1848, Feb. * 163 * * 0. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held at Cincinnati. * * Ore. The Methodist Episcopal Indian Mission at the Dalles is transferred to the Reformed Church. * * The Synodical Conference (Evan- gelical Lutheran) of Missouri, Ohio, and other States is organized. * * Term. The (0. S. Presbyterian) Synod of Memphis is organized. * * Va. The General Assembly (0. S. Presbyterian) meets at Richmond ; Jas. H. Thorn well, moderator. * * 17. The Free Baptist Female Mission Society is formed in Sutton. [It contin- ued in operation for over twenty years.] * * Wis. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of Milwaukee is organized. LETTERS. 1846 * * X. J. Burlington College (Prot. Epis.) is founded. * * 0. Farmer's College (non-sect.), at College Hill, is organized. * * Pa. Bucknell University (Bapt.) is founded at Lewisburg. * * Phila. Worcester's Dictionary is published. * * Tex. Baylor University (Bapt.), at Independence, is organized. * * Wis. Beloit College (Cong.) is or- ganized at Beloit. * * The Home Journal is founded. * * Art, Literature, and the Drama, by Margaret Fuller Ossoli, appears. * * The Belfry of Bruges, and Other Poems, by Longfellow, appears. * * Mosses from an Old Manse, by Haw- thorne, appears. * * The Old Continental, by Paulding, appears. * * An edition of Shakespeare, by G. C. Verplanck, appears. * * Thoughts on the Poets, by H. T. Tuck- erinan, appears. * * Views Afoot, by Bayard Taylor, ap- pears. 1847* * Boston. The American Messenger is first issued by the American Tract Society. * * Del. St. Mary's College (Bom. Cath.) is founded at "Wilmington. * * Iowa State University (non-sect.) is organized at Iowa City. * * Iowa College (Cong.) is organized at Grinnell. * * III. The Chicago Tribune is first issued. * * HlinoisFemale,College (Meth. Epis.) is founded in Jacksonville. * * Mass. The Massachusetts Quarterly Review appears. * * The Springfield Republican appears. * * Minn. The first school in Minnesota is established at St. Paul. * *N.H. The Boston University, School of Theology (Meth. Epis.), is founded at Concord. * * New York. The St. Francis Xavier College (Rom. Cath.) is organized. * The Union Magazine appears. * 0. Otterbein University (United Brethren), at Westerville, is organized. * Phila. Stryker's American Register, a quarterly, appears. * Wis. Lawrence University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Appleton. * Evangeline, by Longfellow, appears. * Fresh Gleanings, by Donald Grant Mitchell, appears. * Conquest of Peru, by Prescott, appears. * An edition of The Agamemnon of jEs- chylus, by C. C. Felton, appears. * * An edition of Panegyricus of!socrates t by Felton, appears. 1848 Jan. 1. Phila. Girard College is opened. SOCIETY. 1847 Mar. 25. N. Y. An anti-rent riot occurs in Columbia county. Dec. * N. Y. Kise of Spiritualism. Mysterious rappings begin in the home of John D. Fox of Hydeville ; much interest is awakened in " mani- festations." * * Mex. The Aztec Club, a military organization of United States officers, is formed in the City of Mexico. * * N. H. The Legislature passes a law making ten hours a legal day's work. * * Phila. The Patriotic Order of Sons of America is organized. * * U. S. Starving Ireland is remem- bered by Americans, and a great out- pouring of gifts occurs. STATE, 1847 Jan. 14. New Mex. Gov. Bent and five other Americans are killed in an uprising of Mexicans against the authority of the United States. Feb. 8. Cal. Col. Fremont proclaims the annexation of California, and assumes the office of governor. Feb. 13. D. C. Congress : The House honors the first appearance during the session of the venerable John Quincy Adams, by rising and suspending busi- ness to welcome him. Mar. 3. D. C. The 29th Congress ends. July 1. V. S. National debt $38,826,- 534. Oct. * The Liberty Party Convention nominates John P. Hale of N. H. for President, and George W. Julian of Ind. for Vice-President. Dec.6. D. C. The 30th Congress opens. Congress; Senate: D. R. Atchison of Mo. is reelected President pro tem- pore. House : Robert C. Winthrop (Whig) of MasR. is elected Speaker. Dec* D.C. Congress: Abraham "Lin- coln and Andrew Johnson enter the House, and Stephen A. Douglas and Jefferson Davis enter the Senate. * *-48* * New York- William V. Brady is elected the 65th mayor. * * U. S. Politics in the army. The Government is anxious to make a Democratic hero of the war, and recalls (leu. Wiuneld Scott (Wing), after crip- pling Gen. Zachary Taylor (Whig). Three major-generals and seven brigadier-gen- erals are appointed, — not one of them a Whig, or acquainted with service in the field or at West Point. [The popular heroes are Whigs, notwithstanding.] * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -49 * * Ala, Reuben Chapman. Cal. (Ter.). John C. Fremont. Gen. S. W. Kearny. -49 * * Cal. Col. E. B. Mason. -49 * * Conn. Clark Bissell. -51 * * Ga. Geo. W. B. Towns. -50 * * Me. John W. Dana. Mich. fm. L. Greenly. -49 * * N. H. Jared W. Williams. -49 * * R. 2. Elisha Harris. -49 * * Tenit, Neil S. Brown. -49 * * Tex. George T. Wood. 1848 Feb. 2. The Treaty of Guada- lupe Hidalgo is signed. Mexico cedes New Mexico and Upper California (522,955 square miles), and accepts the Rio Grande as the boundary ; she is to receive $15,000,000 and to be released from the payment of $3,500,000 in debts due American citizens, which the Government assumes. Feb. * Mexican commissioners ask that the ceded territory be guaranteed to freedom. Mr. Trist, the American commissioner, replies, " If it were covered a foot thick with pure gold, on the single condi- tion that slavery should be forever ex- cluded," he would not entertain the offer for a moment. California becomes a part of the United States by the treaty with Mexico. MISCELLANEOUS. 1847 Junel. New York. The steamer Washington sails, the first of the Collins (American) line. July 5. Chicago. The River and Har- bor Convention assembles for pro- moting improvements. Nov. 19. Mo. A collision occurs on the Mississippi, near Cape Girardeau; one boat is sunk, and 50 persons are drowned. Nov. 21. Wis. The steamer Phoznix takes fire before daylight on Lake Michigan, near Sheboygan ; 160 lives are lost. Dec. 29. Ky. The steamboat A. N. John- son explodes her boiler on the Ohio above Maysville, and kills 60 persons. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens, in 1847, 234,968. * * Ind. The city of Indianapolis is char tered (population about 6,000). * * N. H. The entire Northern Rail- road is opened. * * U S. Postage stamps are first used ("years later than in England). * * Va. Hollywood Cemetery, at Rich mond, is opened. * * The Hamburg-American line of steamers is established between New York, Southampton, and Hamburg. 184S Jan. 8. The boilers of the steamer Blue Ridge burst on the Ohio, and kill 30 persons. ,; 164 1848, Mar. 10- 1849, June 30. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1848 June 12. Mex. The American army evacuates the city of Mexico. ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1848 July 4. JJ.C. The corner-stone of the Washington Monument, at Wash- ington, is laid by President Polk. Nov. 25. Col. John C. Fre"mont starts from Fort Pueblo on his fourth explor- ing expedition, seeking a route for a highway to the Pacific. * * Mass. G. P. Bond of the Harvard Observatory discovers Hyperion, the seventh satellite of Saturn. * * N. Y. S. T. Armstrong of Brooklyn first applies gutta-percha for coating telegraph wires. * * New York. W. C. Macready appears at the Astor Place Opera House. * * Gutta-percha is first manufactured in this country. * * Storming of the Teocallh is painted by Emanuel Leutze. ±* * Chromolithography, a method of printing from stone in colors, is intro- duced. * * F. S. Chanfrau produces his play, Mose, the Neiv York Fireman, and the Bowery Boy. 1849 Jan. 5. O. An announcement of the invention of the magnetic clock by Dr. Locke is made by Lieut. Matthew F. Maury. Mar. * + La. A flood prevails at New Orleans ; the streets are ten feet under water ; plantations are swept by irresist- ible currents ; damage, $60,000,000. May 12. La. A crevasse made in the levee causes floods in New Orleans. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1848* * Adams, John Quincy. minister to Berlin, sen. for Mass., prof, in Harvard, minister to Eng., sec. of state, 6th Pres. of U. S., M. C. for Mass., dies Feb. 23, A81. Astor. John Jacob, financier, founder of Astor Library, A85. Itiddle, James, Oomiuodore U. S. N., A 65. Uliss, Porter Cornelius, editor, h. in N. Y. Brooks, William Keith, naturalist, b. in O. Bur beck, Henry, officer of the Rev., A94. Claxton, Kate, actor, born in N. Y. Cole, Thomas, painter, A47. Crain, William II., M. C. for Tex., b. Tex. Dorsev, .lames Owen, physicist, born. Enloe, Benj. A., M. C. for Tenn., b. in Tenn. Karnhani, Thunias .leJiVrsmi, traveler, A44. Fitch, Ashbel P., M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y. Guthrie, Samuel, ehemist, inventor, dies. Hansbrough, Henry C, sen. for N. D., b. 111. Harris, Joel (.'.handler, author, born in (la. Harrison, James Albert, philanth., b. in Miss. Kearny, Stephen Watts, mai.-gen., A54. MaeKeuzie, Alex, Slidell, naval officer, A45. Martin, Henry Newell, biologist, born in Ire. Mason, Jeremiah, lawyer, sen. for N. H., A 80. Meredith. Klisba K., M. C. for Va., b. in Ala. Newlands, F. G., M. C. for Nev., b. in Miss. Olds, Gamaliel S., prof, of math., A71. I'ettiyrew, Richard F.. sen. for S. I)., b. Vt. Russell. Sol Smith, actor, born in Mo. Snodgrass, Henry C, M. (_'. for Tenn., horn in Tenn. Sperry, Lewis, M. C. for Conn., b. in Conn. Wells, Horace, dentist, introduces anesthe- sia, A33. Wheaton. Henry, jurist, diplomatist, A 63. Wheeler, Hamilton K., M. C. for 111., born in N\ V. Wolcott, Edward O., sen. for Col., b. Mass. CHURCH. 1848 May 1-June 1. Pa. The 15th General Conference (Methodist Epis- copal) is held at Pittsburg. The plan of separation on the slavery question is declared null and void. The East Maine, New York East, and Wisconsin conferences, and the California and Oregon Mission confer- ences are formed. June 10. Va. The Second Baptist Convention (Southern) is held at Rich- mond. June 14. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the JNew Jerusalem meets. June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Kingston ; Thos. E. Vermilye, president. July 13. Ore. The Congregational Asso- ciation of Oregon is organized. Sept. * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Brooklyn ; Thos. E. Vermilye, president. Oct. 19. III. An incendiary destroys the Mormon Temple at Nauvoo. * * The Iowa Eldership (Church of God) is organized. * * Ind. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) of Olive Branch is orga- nized. * * Ind. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized. * * Md. The Ladies' China Mission- ary Society of Baltimore is formed by Methodists. * * Md. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Baltimore ; Alex. T. McGill, moderator. * * New York. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets. * *N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held at Troy. * * Tex. The Texas State Association of Baptists is formed. * * Wis. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized. The Protestant Episcopal Society for the Promotion of Evangelical Liter- ature is incorporated. * * Father John Bapst, Jesuit, becomes a missionary to the Indians at Oldtown. * * The American Missionary Asso- ciation begins work, with much peril, in the South among both whites and blacks. 1849 June 13. Phila. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1848 * * Conn. The American Church lieview appears at New Haven. * * Mass. The scientific department of Harvard University is established, chief- ly by Abbott Lawrence. The Essex Institute Library is founded at Salem. [34,800 vols.] * * Miss. The University of Missis- sippi (non-sect.) is organized at Oxford. * *New York. College of the City of New York (non-sect.) is organized. The Journal of Commerce, the Courier and Examiner, the Tribune, the Herald, the Sun, and the Express unite in form- ing the Associated Press. * N. }'. Chester A. Arthur [Presi- dent] graduates at Union College. * * I'a. The Geneva College (Ret. Pres.) is organized at Beaver Falls. Augustinian College (Bom. Cath. i of St. Thomas, Villanova, is incorporated. * * O. The Ohio Practical Farmer ap- pears at Cleveland. * * Tenn. Burritt CoUege (Disciples) hi founded at Spencer. * * Tenn. Union College (Bapt.) is founded at Murfreesboro. * * Wis. The University of Wisconsin (non-sect.) is organized at Madison. * * The Biglnw Papers, by James Rus- seU Lowell, appear. * * A Fable for Critics, by Lowell, ap- pears. * * Indian Summer Reverie, by Lowell, appears. * * Notes on the Iroqiiois, by H. R. School- craft, appears. * * Oak Openings, by Cooper, appears. * * New Rape of the Lock, by J. G. Saxe, appears. * * The Rosary, by E. E. Hale, appears. * * The Visum of Sir Launfal, by Low- eU, appears. 1849 Apr. 25. Minn. St. Paul has its first newspaper, The Pioneer. SOCIETY. 1848 May * Pa. The Methodist Gen- eral Conference at Pittsburg forbids members buying, selling, or drinking intoxicating beverages. Aug. 3. N. Y. A "Woman's Rights Convention at Rochester claims suf- frage, preaching, teaching, and property rights. Aug. 22. Mo. Lieut. U. S. Grant, 26 years of age, marries Julia T. Dent of St. Louis. * * Miss. Jefferson Davis declines, on proslavery grounds, to vote for his father-in-law, General Zachary Taylor, the "Whig candidate for the presidency. * * New York. The Century Club is formed. (1847?). * * 0. James A. Garfield, 15 years old, enters the employ of his cousin ; he drives mules along the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. * * Ore. The prohibitory liquor law is repealed. * * Utah. Another migration of Mor- mons brings them to Salt Lake. * * The Unitarian Society for the Relief of Aged and Destitute Clergymen is formed. * * Nearly 300,000 volunteers offer to enter the ranks against Mexico. 1849 May 10. New York. Astor Place riot. Friends of Edwin Forrest decide th.it William 0. Macready shall not act in the UNITED STATES. 1848, Mar. 10-1849, June 30. 165 city. The theater is assaulted, militia called out; 22 persons are killed, and 36 wounded. Macready escapes m disguise. June 30. New York. Father Mathew arrives from Ireland : is welcomed by the City Council, and addresses are pre- sented by the board of aldermen and the American Temperance Union. STATE. 1848 Mar. 10. V. C. Congress : The Senate adopts the treaty made with Mexico by the commissioner, with some modifications. Apr. 12. N. Y. The new code of laws is adopted. ' Apr. 13. D. C. Congress by resolution congratulates the French people on the formation of a republic. * * N. Y, The Democracy sends rival delegations to the National Convention at Baltimore ; the Barnburners, follow- ers of Silas "Wright, the Hunkers, fol- lowers of Wm. L. Marcy. These are re- spectively the antislavery and the pro- slavery wings of the party. May 20. Mex. The United States com- missioners, A. H. Sevier and N. Clifford, sign articles of peace at Queretaro with Signor De la Rosa, the Mexican minister. May 22-26. Mil. The Democratic Na- tional Convention meets at Baltimore, and nominates Lewis Cass of Mich, for President, and William O. Butler of Ky. for Vice-President. The Barnburners, or Free-Soil Demo- crats, withdraw from the Convention, because of its proslavery attitude. May 29. D.C. Congress admits "Wis- consin into the Union as the 30th State. June 7-9. Phila. The Whig National Convention meets, and nominates Zachary Taylor of La. for President, and Millard Fillmore of N. Y. for Vice-President. The Convention rejects a resolution favorable to the prohibition of slavery in the Territories, and several Free-Soil Whigs withdraw. June 22. N. Y, The Barnburners assemble a Democratic Convention at Utica, and nominate Martin Van Buren of N. Y. for the presidency. July 1. National debt $47,044,862. July 4. D. C. Peace with Mexico is proclaimed. Aug. 9, 10. N~. Y. A convention of the new Free-Soil Party is held. It meets at Buffalo, and is composed of Barnburners, antislavery "Whigs, and Abolitionists. Salmon P. Chase is president. Delegates :iro present from all the Free States; also from Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Martin Van Buren is nom- inated for the presidency, and Charles Francis Adams for Vice-President. (It is the germ of the Republican party.) Summer. Ky. Henry Clay is enraged at the nomination of " Rough and Ready " (Gen. Taylor) by the Whig con- vention, and withdraws from activity in the campaign. Aug. 14. D. C. The 30th Congress : the first session closes. Congress organizes Oregon as a Ter- Summer. N. Y. William H. Seward, Thurlow Weed, and Horace Greeley dominate the politics of the State. Sept.+ * U. S. Gen. Taylor's canvass is called a Star-and-Stripes canvass. Nov. 7. U. S. 16th presidential elec- tion; Whigs are elected. Popular vote : Zachary Taylor (Whig) of La., 1,360,101 ; Lewis Cass (Dem.) of Mich., 1,220,544; Martin Van Buren (Free-Soil) of N. Y., 291,263. Nov. * Mass. Conscience WhigB re- fuse to vote for Gen. Taylor (a slave- holder), on antislavery grounds. Dec. 4. D.C. The 30th Congress: the second session opens. Dec. 15. A postal convention between Great Britain and the United States is signed. * * D.C. Congress : The House declares it expedient and constitutional for the General Government to promote river and harbor improvements. Vote, 112-53. * * D. C. Congress: Jefferson Davis is elected senator from Mississippi. Dec. 27. D.C. Congress: The House passes a bill for the abolition of sla- very in the District of Columbia. Vote, 98-87. [It afterward reconsiders the motion and then postpones action.] * * Cat. The discovery of gold hastens emigration [and soon disturbs the political equation by a preponderating North and West devoted to free soil]. * * D. C. President Polk authorizes the United States minister at Madrid to offer Spain $100,000,000 for Cuba; he obtains a curt refusal. * * New York. William F. Havemeyer is elected the 66th mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -52 * * Ark. John S. Roane. -49 * * Ind. Paris C. Dunning. -50 * * Ky. John J. Crittenden. -53 * * Mo. Austin A. King. -49* * Mich. Epaphroditus Ransom. -50 * * Miss. Joseph W. Matthews. -51 * * JV. «/. Daniel Haines. Pa. Wm. F. Johnson. -50 * * S.C. W. B. Seabrook. -51 * * Wis. Nelson Dewey. 1849 Feb. 11. The electoral vote is counted. Vote for President: Taylor, 163; Cass, 127 ; Van Buren, 0. Vote for Vice-Presi- ., dent : Millard Fillmore (Whig) of N. Y., 163 ; William O. Butler (Dem.) of Ky., 127 ; Charles F. Adams (Free-Soil) of Mass., 0. Mar. 3. Z>. C. Congress creates the Department of the Interior; it or- ganizes Minnesota as a Territory. The 30th Congress ends. The Twelfth Adminislration; Whig. Mar. 5. D. C. Zachary Taylor of La. is inaugurated the 12th President, in the 16th term of the presidency. Mil- lard Fillmore of New York is Vice- President. Cabinet : John M. Clayton of Del. (State), Wm. M. Meredith of Pa. (Treas.), Geo. W. Crawford of Ga. (War), Wm. B. Preston of Va. (Navy), Thomas Ewing of O. (Interior), Jacob Collamer of Vt. (P. M.-Gen.), and Reverdy Johnson of Md. (Atty.-Gen.). MISCELLANEOUS. 1848 May 10. Mick. A great fire occurs in Detroit. May 27. The steamer Clarksville burns on the Mississippi, near Ozark Island ; more than 30 lives are lost. June 29. N. Y. The Croton aqueduct bridge over the Harlem River, 1,400 ft. long, is completed. Aug. 9. III. A flue of the steamer Ed- ward Sates collapses on the Mississippi, near Hamburg ; 53 persons are killed, and 40. injured. Aug. 17. N. Y. A fire burns several hundred buildings at Albany ; loss, $1,000,000. Aug. 22. New Eng. A train of cars runs from Springfield to Hartford, 26 miles, in 33 minutes. Aug. 24. The ship Ocean Monarch, of Boston, is burned near Liverpool ; 170 lives are lost. Sept. 9. N. Y. A fire in Brooklyn burns 300 buildings ; loss, $1,500,000. Oct. 25. Boston. Cochituate water is introduced. Nov. 14. N. Y. The first public lec- ture is given on spirit-rappings at Rochester. Nov.* Cal. A great emigration to Cali- fornia begins. Dec. 8. Cal. The first deposit of gold is made in the U. S. Mint. Dec. 16. New York. The Park Theater is burned. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens, in 1848, 226,527. * * III. The canal connecting Lake Michi- gan with the Illinois River is completed. * * Mass. Forest Hills Cemetery is es- tablished, near Boston. * * Mo. St. Louis is lighted with gas. * * N. Y. Calvary Cemetery (Roman Catholic), near New York, is opened. Cypress Hill Cemetery, near New York , is dedicated. Brooklyn is lighted with gas. * * W.Va. The suspension bridge (1,010 feet) across the Ohio at Wheeling is opened. * * Guano is first introduced. 1849 Jan. 9. Cal. The first regular banking-house is opened in San Fran- cisco. May 17. Mo. A fire at St. Louis burns 23 steamboats and 15 blocks of houses ; loss about $3,000,000. June 26. La. The great crevasse in the levee of the Mississippi River is stopped. 166 1849, June * -1850, Sept. 30. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. THE FIFTEENTH WAE. 1849 * * The Apache, Navajo, and Utah "War. Men enrolled, 1,500 regu- lars, and 1,001 militia and volunteers; total, 2561. ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 1849 July 16. Mass. Frost appears at Pittsfield ; — the mercury stood at 90° during the previous day. Aug. 21. Md. A National Convention of inventors meets at Baltimore. Sept. 10. Mass. Edwin Booth, yet under 16 years of age, makes his first appearance on the stage, in Boston. * * III. Abraham Lincoln [the future President] secures letters patent on the model of a boat for lifting vessels over shoals. * *N.J. A process for the condensation of milk is invented by Gail Borden of Newark. * * New York. Jared B. Flagg and Fred- erick E. Church become members of the National Academy of Design. * * Utah. The Great Salt Lake Valley is surveyed by order of the United States Government. * * Mount Washington from North Con- way is painted by J. F. Kensett. * * Thomas Crawford receives a com- mission from the State of Virginia to execute a colossal equestrian statue of Washington. 1850 May 24. New York. Henry Grinnell's Expedition departs in search of Sir John Franklin in the Arc- tic Sea. It sails in the Advance and Rescue under Lieut. Edwin T. De Haven and Dr. Elisha K. Kane. [They succeed in entering Baffin Bay, and return with their vessels in October, 1851, but search in vain for Sir John Franklin's expe- dition.] June 29. JV. Y. Part of Table Rock at Niagara Falls gives way. Aug. 19. Neio York. P. B. Conway makes his first appearance in America, at the Broadway Theater. Sept. 1. Neto York. Arrival of Jenny Lind, the " Swedish Nightingale." She is greeted with immense enthusiasm. Sept. 11. New York. Jenny Lind first appears on the American stage, at Castle Garden, before 7,000 persons ; first-night receipts, §30,000 ; $225 is paid for the first ticket sold. II;uiK*n, Nils P., M. ('. for Wis., born in Norway. .Jewell, Sarah (true, author, horn in Me. Johnston, Alexander, puhlhisl , author, h. in N.Y. Jones, William A., M. C. for Va..h. in Va. Joy, Charles P., M. C. for Mo., born in 111. Lazarus, Emma, poet, A38. Lyon, Mary, founder of Mount Ilolyoke Seminary, A52. Merrill, .Joseph, M. E. cl., A64. Miller, William. Advent preacher, A68. Poe. Edgar Allan, poet, editor, A 40. Polk, James K.. M. ('. for Tenn.. speaker, Gov. of Tenn., 11th l'res. V. S., fi.54. Read, Nathan, inventor of nail-machine, A 90. Bchwatka, Frederick, Arctic explorer, born in 111. Tappan, William liimjhaui, poet, A55. Taylor, Alfred A., M. C. for Tenn. Turpin, Louis W., M. C. for Ala., b. Va. Worth. Wm J., maj.-gen. U. S. A., A45. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1849 * * Abbott, Benjamin, educator, A87. Hlanchard, Newton C, M. C. for La., b. La. Hoatner, Charles J., M. C. for La., b. in La. Hurgess, Neil, actor, born in Mass. Hurnett, Frances Eliza Hodgson, novelist, born in Eng. Chase, William M., painter, born in Ind. Chauncey, Charles, lawyer, A72. Danenhower, .John Wilson, explorer, born. Davenport. Fanny, actor, born in Eng. Farrar, Timothy, scholar, judge, A 102. Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, of Va., brig.- gen. U. S. A., A72. Gallatin. Albert. Swiss-American, leader of Republicans, sen. for Pa., sec, of treas. A 88. Goodnight, Isaac II. , M. C. for Ky.,b. Ky. CHURCH. 1849 June * New York. The General Synod (Reformed) meets ; George H. Fisher, president. [Again, at Schenec- tady in August ; J. Van Veckten, presi- dent.] Aug. 1. Tex. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Texas is established. Sept. 21. Cat. Wm. Taylor, a Metho- dist minister, arrives in California, and soon begins mission-work by streets preaching. Dee. 3. The trial of Bishop G. "W. Doane (Protestant Episcopal) begins. [He sur- renders his property to his creditors, and the case is dismissed.] Dec. 16. Ind. George TJpfold is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Indiana. * * Pa. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; Nich- olas Murray, moderator. * * Phila. The General Assembly (S. S. Presbyterian) meets ; Philip C. Hay, moderator. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held. 1850 Feb. 24. Miss. William Mercer Green is consecrated (Protestant Episco- pal) bishop of Mississippi. May* N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held at Buffalo. May 23. The party favoring a revision of the Bible is defeated in the Baptist Annual Meeting. May* Mo. The 2d General Confer- ence (Meth. Epis. South) meets at St. Louis. June 10. New York. The American Bible Union is organized by Baptists, who have seceded from the American and Foreign Bible Society. June 12. N Y. The General Conven- tion of the New Jesusalem meets. June * N. F. The General Synod (Re- formed) meets at Poughkeepsie ; Jer. Searle, president. LETTERS. 1849 * * Oa. Monroe Female College (Bapt.) is founded at Forsyth. * * Mo. "William Jewell College (Bapt.) is founded at Liberty. * * New York. V Eco rf' Italia is founded by political refugees. * * New York. The Astor Library is founded [2G0,G11 vols.] by John Jacob Astor, by the gift of $400,000. * * Ohio Central CoUege (non-sect.) is organized at Iberia. * * O. Oxford College (Pres.) is organ- ized at Oxford. * * Pa. University of Lewisburg (Bapt.) is founded at Lewisburg. * * Tenn. Hiwassee College [Meth. Epis..) is organized at Hiwassee. Carson-Newman College (Bapt.) is founded at Mossy Creek. * * Wis. Lawrence University (Meth. Epis.) is opened. * * Wis. The Wisconsin State Historical Society Library is founded at Madison. [55,361 vols.] * * The California and Oregon Trail, by Francis Parkman, appears. * * Characteristics of Literature, by Tuck- erman, appears. * * Life of Goldsmith, by Irving, appears. * * History of Spanish Literature, by George Ticknor, appears. * * History of the United States, by Rich- ard Hildreth, appears. * * Kavanaugh, by LongfeUow, appears. * * Lectures on Subjects Connected with Literature and Life, by Edwin P. Whip- ple, appears. * * Poems, by J. T. Fields, appears. * * God in Christ, by Horace Bushnell, appears. * * Lowell Lectures on the Application of Metaphysical and Ethical Science to the Evide7ices of fieligion , by Boix-en, appears. SOCIETY. 1849 Dec. 20. D. C. President Tyler gives a banquet at the "White House to Father Mathew ; the Senate votes the extraordinary distinction to admit him to the bar of the Senate. * * N. Y. Elizabeth BlackweU receives the first degree of M. D. given in the United States to a woman. It is bestowed by the Medical School at Geneva, after being refused in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. * * The Bloomer costume, resembling a Turkish jacket and trousers, is intro- duced by Mrs. Ann Bloomer. * * The Fugitive -Slave Law is vio- lated. People of the North give great offense to the people of the South by helping men, women and children of color to secure their freedom, instead of assist- ing those who would enslave them, un- der laws forbidding their education, ;ind providing no defense for marriage, etc. 1850 Apr. 22. Mass. The banns of marriage are legally published for the last time in this State. Apr. 25. La. General Karcisso Lopez sails from New Orleans with 300 fili- busters to invade Cuba. May 19. Cuba. Gen. Lopez lands at Cardenas and defeats a Spanish force, but soon abandons the enterprise for UNITED STATES. 1849, June *-1850, Sept. 30. 161 lack of support by deserters from the Spanish army and by the Cubans. Sept. 20 ±. New York. Jenny Lind be- stows §10,000 upon several worthy chari- ties of the city. STATE. 1849 Julyl. National debt $63,061,858. Sept. 1. Cal. A convention at Monterey forms a State constitution for Cali- fornia. Dec. 3. D. C. The 31st Congress opens. The Democrats have a strong majority in the Senate ; the Free-Soilera hold the balance of power between the Demo- crats and Whigs. Dec* D.C. Congress ; House : After a struggle of three weeks Howell Cobb (Dem.) of Ga. is elected Speaker on the sixty-third ballot. Dec. * D. C. The President recommends that California be received into the Union (Free State). Dec. + * D. C. Congress : Exciting debates occur on the slavery ques- tion; several Southern members threaten secession and civil war if slavery is excluded from the Territories. Dec. * Cal. The people adopt a consti- tution by a popular vote, and choose P. H. Burnett as the first governor. * * D.C. Congress : The Senate is emi- nent for its ability. [" At no time in its history, before or since, has its mem- bership been so illustrious, its weight of character and ability so great." — Blaine.] * * _5i * * iVeio York. Caleb S. Wood- hull is elected the 67th mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -53 * * Ala. Henry W. Collier. Cal. (Ter.). Gen. B. Eiley. -51 * * Cal. P. H. Burnett. -50 * * Conn. Joseph Trumbull. -53 * * Fla. Thomas Brown. Ind. Joseph A. Wright. Minn. (Ter.). Alex. Ramsey X. C. Charles Manley. iV. H. Samuel Dinsmore. If. Y. Hamilton Fish. 0. Seabury Ford. Ore. (Ter.). Joseph Lane. Ore. (Ter.). John P. Gaines. R. I. Henry B. Anthony. Tenn. Wm. Trousdale. Tex. P. Hansborough Bell. fa. John B. Floyd. Vt. Carlos Coolidge. -57" -53' -51' -52 ' -51' -50' -S3' -51' -51' -53' -52' -50' 1850 Feb. 5, 6. D. C. Congress; Senate : Henry Clay introduces a hill for compromising the slavery contro- versy. (See Sept. 9.) Mar. 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Daniel "Webster delivers his memo- rable speech against his antislavery friends, who regard it as a betrayal. Webster asserts that the South has monopolized three-fourths of the places of honor and emolument, under the Federal Government, ever since the Union was formed. Apr. 19. The Bulwer- Clayton Treaty is concluded. It provides that neither England nor the United States shall obtain exclusive control over the Central American Inter- Ocean Canal, or erect any fortification in that country. Congress ; Senate : After prolonged debate, the Compromise Bill is referred to a Committee of 13. May 6. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Wil- liam B. King of Ala. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. June 3. Tenn. South Carolina and Mis- sissippi legislatures issue a call for a Southern Congress, to frame a govern- ment for a " United States South." [A disunion assembly meets at Nash- ville ; it is thinly attended, and treated with ridicule]. July 1. U. S. National debt §63,452,773. July 9. D. C. President Taylor dies. July 10. D. C. The Vice-President, Millard Fillmore of N. Y., is inaugu- rated the 13th President. Thirteenth Administration ; Whig. Cabinet : Daniel Webster of Mass. (State), Thomas Corwin of O. (Treas.l, Charles M. Conrad of La. (War), Jas. A. Pearce of Md. (Interior), Wm. A. Graham of N. C. (Navy), Nathan K. Hall of N. T. (P. M.-Gen.), and John J. Crittenden of Ky. (Atty-Gen.), [Alex. H. H. Stuart of Va. Interior]. July * D. C. President Fillmore favors compromise measures with slavery. * * The Democrats of the South are di- vided into Union men and Southern Bights men. Aug. 5 i . D. C. Congress: A long' and exceedingly violent struggle occurs in connection with the bill to receive the Free State of California without its being paired with a new Slave State. Aug. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Jefferson Davis and others vainly at- tempt to have entered on the journal their protest against the wrong done to the slave-holding States, in giving the entire Pacific Coast to freedom. Sept. 9. New Mexico and Utah Terri- tories are organized. D. C. Henry Clay's compromise secures the admission of California as a free State. It provides for the payment of $10,000,- 000 to Texas for herclaim to New Mexico, and the organization of Utah and New Mexico Territories without any commit- tal respecting slavery, for the prohibi- tion of the slave-trade with the insti- tution undisturbed in the District of Columbia, and the execution of the Fugitive-Slave Law. It is opposed by Senators Seward, Wade, Stevens (of Pa.), Fessenden, and others. Congress admits California into the Union as the 31st State. Sept. 10. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Fugitive-Slave Bill. Vote, 109-95. It imposes a fine of $1,000 and 6 months imprisonment on any person harboring a fugitive piavn, <>r aiding him to escape. It terrorizes about 20,000 fugitives m the North, and creates great indignation. Sept. 18. D.C. President Fillmore signs the Fugitive-Slave Law. Sept. 30. D. C. The 31st Congress.: the first session closes. MISCELLANEOUS. 1849 Aug. 17. N.Y. A fire at Albany burns 600 buildings, besides steamboats, etc.; 24 acres are wasted ; Iosb, $3;0O0-,O00. Sept. 27. N. Y. Owego is almost de- stroyed by fire. Oct. 1. X.Y. The Hudson Biver Bail- road is opened to Peekskill. Nov. 12. The ship Caleb Grimshaw burns at sea ; 339 passengers are res- cued, 60 perish on a raft. Nov. 15. La. The steamboat Louisiana explodes at New Orleans, killing 60 persons. Dec. 29. La. A great crevasse is made in the levee, 40 miles above New Orleans. Dec. 31. X~. Y. The Hudson Biver Bailroad is opened as far as Pough- keepsie. V. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1849, 297,024. Production of gold for 1849, $40,000,- 000 ; of silver, $50,000. * * Conn. Evergreen Cemetery, at New Haven, is dedicated. * * D.C. Oak Hill Cemetery, at George- town, is incorporated. * * Mo. Belle Fontaine Cemetery is es- tablished. * * U. S. Cholera prevails, and many deaths occur. In New York, 5,071 ; St. Louis, 4,557; Philadelphia, 1,022: Buf- falo, 858 ; Nashville, 805 ; Chicago, 678 ; Boston, 611. * * Gold dollars are first coined. 1850 Jan. 8. If. Y. The first ship en- ters the dry-dock at Brooklyn. Feb. 4. New York. Seventy-five persons are killed by a street explosion. Feb. 12. Phila. The original manu- script of Washington's Farewell Ad- dress is sold at auction for $2,300. June 14. Cal. A fire in San Francisco consumes 300 buildings. June 17. The steamer Griffith on Lake Erie is burned, and 300 lives are lost. June * U. S. Seventh Census : States, 31 ; whites, 19,553,068 ; colored, 3,638,S08 (free colored 434,495, slaves 3,204,313); total population, 23,191,876. Increase, 35.86 per cent. Center of population, 23 miles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va. ; westward movement in 10 years, 55 miles. July 9. Phila. A fire destroys 35 lives and $1,000,000 in property; 100 persons are also injured. Aug. 24. N. II. The greater part of the business portion of Concord is destroyed by fire. 168 1850, Oct. 1-1851** AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1851 Aug. * -Sept. * Defeat of the sec- ond filibustering expedition against Cuba ; Gen. Lopez ami 480 men made prisoners by the Spaniards. Fifty-one are shot by the Cuban au- thorities ; Lopez is garroted, and the rest are sent to Spain [where, after some negotiations, they are liberated]. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1850 Nov, 4. New York. Signorina Teresa Parodi first appears in America, at the Astor Place Opera House. Nov. 11. New York. Madame Ponisi first appears in America, at the Broad- way Theater. * * Cal. Wellingtonia Gigantea, the largest tree in the world, is discovered by W. Whitehead. * * Me. The Society of Natural History is organized in Portland. * * N. J. Gail Borden invents a meat biscuit. * * Wis. The Musik-Verein is established at Milwaukee. * * Washington Crossing the Delaware is painted by Emanuel Leutze. * * A colossal statue, The Genius of Amer- ica, is executed by Thomas Crawford. * * A bronze statue of Beethoven is exe- cuted by Thomas Crawford. 1851 June* Floods of vast extent pre- vail in the upper Missouri and in the Mississippi ; crops cannot be planted. July 4. D. C. The corner-stone of the great white marble wings of the Federal Capitol is laid. Aug. 15. Mo. A cyclone destroys prop- erty at St. Louis. Dec. 29. New York. Lola Montez, the dancer, first appears in the United States, at the Broadway Theater. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1850* * Adams, Herbert B., prof., author, b.Mass. Bahcock, Jos. W., M. C. for Wis., b. in Vt. Bellamy, Ed., au. of " Looking Backward," b. Bascom. Henry B., bp. M. E. Church South, A.M. Bower, Wm. H., Member of Congress for N. C, born in N. C. Calhoun, Jolm C, sen. for S. C, leader for free trade, sec of state, nullitier, A68. Clark, Champ, M. C. for Mo., born iavis, John, " Honest John Davis," Gov., sen. for Mass., A67. Ely, Richard Tbeo., politic, economist, born. Fithian, G. W., M. C. for 111., b. in 111. Gartland, R. C, bp. of Savannah, A 49. Geary, Thos. J., M. C. for Cal., b. in Mass. Goldzier, Julius, M. C. for 111., b. in Aus. Greenhow, Robert, historical writer, A54. Heiner, Daniel B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. Hinman, Clark T., fd. N' western Uni., A35. Hoffman. David, lawyer, author, of Pa., A 70. Irby, John L. M., sen. for S. C, b. in S. C. Johnson, Tom L., M. C. for O., born in Ky. Kyle, James H., sen. for S. Dak., born in O. Lewis, Samuel, educationist, A55. Perkins, T. H., philau., merchant, AflO. Price, Andrew, M. C. of La., born in La. Reed, Henry, metaphysician, author, A 46. Ritchie, Thos., ed. Riclnnoud Enquirer, A76. Shaw, Geo. B., M. C. for Wis., b. in N.Y. Wainwright, Jon. M., P. E. bp. of N. Y., A62. Williams, John S., M. C. for Miss., b. Tenn. Woodard, Fred. A., M. C. for N. C, b. in N.C. Woods, Leonard, prof, of theology, A80. CHURCH. 1553 * * III. The Illinois eldership (Church of God) is organized. * * la. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Iowa is organized. » * * New York. The General Conven- tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * New York. The Five Points Mis- sion House is erected on the site of an old brewery. * * O. The annual convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 1554 Jan. 8. Thomas F. Scott (Protes- tant Episcopal) is consecrated mission- ary bishop of Oregon and "Washington. May 31. la. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of Iowa first assembles. May* Ga. The 3d General Confer- ence (Meth. Epis. South) meets at Col- June 1. N. >'. Emily C. Judson, Bap- tist missionary, dies at Hamilton. June 21. Me. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets at Port- land. June * A'. Y. The General Synod die- formed) meets at Hudson ; Mancius S. Hutton, president. LETTERS. 1853 * * The Chapel of the Hermits, by Whittier, appears. * * Passion Flowers, by J. W. Howe, ap- pears. **A Health Trip to the Tropin, by Willis, appears. * * History of England, by E. E. Hale, appears. * * Mental Portraits, or Studies of Char- acter, by Tuckerman, appears. * * Poivers and Duties of Woman, by Horace Mann, appears. * * Six Months in Italy, by George S. Hillard, appears. * * Geology of the Globe, by Edward Hitchcock, appears. * * Theory of Politics, by Hildreth, ap- pears. 1854 Jan. 9. New York. The Astor Library is opened. SOCIETY. 1854 Jan. 17. Pa. Two railroad bridges and crossings at Erie are destroyed by a mob of women, who are afterward es- corted with banners and music. Jan. 18. La. JudahTourodiesatNew Orleans, leaving nearly $2,000,000 to pub- lic institutions. * * Conn. A prohibitory law is passed, yet providing for town agents to sell spirituous liquors for sacramental, chem- ical, mechanical, and medicinal uses. Mar. 6. T>. C. A block of marble, sent by the Pope, Pius EX., for the "Wash- ington Monument, is destroyed in the night by unknown persons. Apr. * Mass. The Legislature incorpo- rates a company to aid emigrants to settle in the new Territories ; especially in Kansas. May 26. Boston. A great crowd of men make ineffectual attempts to rescue An- thony Burns, an arrested fugitive slave; the assistant sheriff is killed. May* Mass. Indignation meetings are held, and buildings draped in mourn- ing, on the return of Anthony Burns to slavery, under the Fugitive-Slave Law. June 3. N. Y. A riot in Brooklyn is caused by opposition to street-preach- ing; quiet is restored by the military after many are killed or wounded. July 13. X. Y. Opposers of street- preaching create a riot at Buffalo. July * Conn. The Connecticut Legisla- ture incorporates an " Emigrant Aid Association." July 29. Mo. The "Platte County Defense Association" meets at Wes- ton, and declares its readiness, when called upon by any of the citizens of Kansas, to remove "any and all emi- grants who go there under the auspices of Northern Emigrant Aid Societies." Aug. 3. New York. Col. Loring of Cali- fornia is murdered at the St. Nicholas Hotel by Dr. Graham of New Orleans. STATE. 1853 * * C. S. The "Know-Nothing" Society (American party) springs up suddenly, proclaims its principles, [and soon disappears] : The Americans shall rule America. The Union of the States. No North, no South, no East, no West. No sectarian interference in legislation or in the administration of American law. Hos- tility to the assumptions of the Pope, through the hierarchy and priesthood, in a republic. Thorough reform in the naturalization laws. Free and liberal educational institutions for all sects ami classes, with the Bible as a text- book. * * I). C. John A. Campbell of Ala. is appointed Justice of the TJ. S. Supreme Court. * * D. C. Jefferson Davis, Sec. of War, sends out various expeditions to explore a railway route from the Missouri to the Pacific. * * Mex. Gen. "Walker lands a filibus- tering expedition in Lower California ; tile North believes it is done in the in- terest of slavery. * * U. S. Greatpoliticalquietprevails. Yet the South is deeply disappointed with the political results of the Mexican war, as it gives the Free State Cali- fornia and a majority of two votes in the Senate to the North. * * "Washington Territory is created. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -57 * * Ala. John A. "Winston. -57 * * Fla. James E. Broome. -57 * * Ga. Herschell V. Johnson. -67 * * III. Joel A. Matteson. -54 * * Mass. John H. Clifford. -55 * * Me. W. G. Crosby. -54 * * Mich. Andrew Parsons. -57 * * Minn. Willis A. Gorman. -57 * * Mo. Sterling Price. A". Mex. (Ter.). Solon Borland. -55* *N. Mtx. (Ter.). David Merri- wether. -55 * * A'. Y. Horatio Seymour. -56 * * O. William Medill. Ore. (Ter.). Joseph Lane. -54 * * Ore. ( Ter.). George L. Curry. -54 * */?./. Francis M. Dimond. -57 * * Tenn. Andrew Johnson. -57 * * Tex. Edward M. Pease. -54 * * 17. John S. Robinson. -57 * * irash. (Ter.). Isaac I. Stevens. -55 * * Wis. Wm. A, Barstow. * * New York. Jacob A. Westervelt is elected the 69th mayor. 1854 Jan. IS. Mex. "William "Walker, the filibuster, in the interests of sla- very, proclaims the new Republic of Sonora, formed of two States, Sonora and Lower California. UNITED STATES. 1853 * *-1854, Aug. 10. 175 Jan±. D. C. Congress; Senate: The slavery agitation is reopened by Archibald Dixon of Ky. (Dem.), who gives notice that the Missouri Com- promise — the basis of harmony — is to be repealed, and new States will be given to slavery. The supreme want of the South is to gain two Senators who will equalize the vote of the Senate. Jan. 23. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Stephen A. Douglas of 111. introduces the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, for the or- ganization of two new territories, and the repeal of the Missouri Compro- mise. The hill permits the settlers to de- cide whether the State to be organized shall be a free or slave State ("Squat- ter Sovereignty *'). Jan. + D. C. Congress : Acrimonious debates on the extension of slavery en- gage the Senate for four months ; great excitement follows. Feb. 7. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Doug- las of 111. moves an argumentative amendment to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. It declares the restriction of the Mis- souri Compromise inoperative and void, because " inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by Congress with slavery." Feb. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate agrees to the Douglas Amendment. Mar. 3. D.C. Congress: The Senate prolongs its session and passes the Kan- sas-Nebraska Bill, at five o'clock in the morning. Vote, 37-14. Mar. 21. D. C. Congress: The House refers the Kansas-Nebraska Bill to the Committee of the Whole. Vote, 110-95. Mar. 31. Japan. A commercial treaty with the United States is negotiated and signed by Commodore Perry. Apr. 20. D. C. President Pierce vetoes the bill of Miss Dix, the philanthro- pist, granting ten million acres of public lands to be distributed among the States for the amelioration of the indigent insane. Apr.* Mass. The Massachusetts Emi- grant-Aid Company is organized, with a fixed capital limited at $5,000,000. It proposes to make Kansas a free State by colonizing settlers there who oppose slavery. May 22. D.C. Congress: The House has its last great battle on the Kansas- Nebraska Bill, which finally passes. Vote, 35-13. May 24. Ind. The Democratic State Convention pledges the Democracy to support the Kansas -Nebraska Bill. May 25. Ind. Revolting Democrats hold a Convention at Indianapolis, and denounce the Kansas-Nebraska Bill as a conspiracy against humanity, and a, crime against God. May 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, as changed by the House. Vote, 35-13. May 30. D. C. President Pierce signs the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which pro- vides for the organization of Kansas and Nebraska Territories. 1. The slavery question is to be settled by the residents (Squatter Sovereignty). 2. The Supreme Court is to determine the title to slaves, if appeal is taken from the local courts. 3. The Fugitive Slave Laws are to apply to the Terri- tories. [The utter destruction of the "Whig party follows, and the Republi- can party rises.] June 5. V. S. A commercial reci- procity treaty with Great Britain is signed. 1. It provides for the use of the sea- fisheries of the British Provinces by Americans, by enlarging the rights ac- corded them under the convention of 1818, and grants to British subjects fish- ery rights along the coast southward to the 36° north latitude. 2. It establishes a free interchange between the British Provinces and the United States of flour, breadstuff's, fruit, fish, animals, lumber, and manufactured articles. June 14. D. C. Sec. Marcy notifies the Danish minister that forcible resis- tance to the collection of Sound dues will not be made for one year. July 1. U. S. National debt $42,242,- July 6. Mich. A State Convention is held in Detroit of all anti-Nebraska citizens, irrespective of former affilia- tions. The convention is the first to give the name Republican to the fusion of "Whigs, Free Soilers, many Know-Noth- ings, and some Democrats, who oppose the extension of slavery. July 17. Kan. The first party of emi- grants is sent out by the Massachu- setts Emigrant Aid Society. Aug. 7. D. C. The 33d Congress: the first session closes. MISCELLANEOUS. 1853 * *Mass. Railroads having made the Middlesex Canal useless, it is filled up. * * Me.~Can.—N. H. Opening of the en- tire lines of the Atlantic and St. Law- rence, from Portland to Montreal, the Baltimore and Ohio, and of the Boston, Concord, and Montreal railroads. * * N. Y. Consolidation of the Albany and Schenectady, the Utica and Sche- nectady, the Syracuse and Utica, the Auburn and Syracuse, the Auburn and Rochester, the Tonawanda, and the At- tica and Buffalo railroads, all together forming the New York Central. * * Yellow fever scourges many South- ern cities ; 7,200 deaths in New Orleans ; Vicksburg loses one-sixth of its inhab- itants. * * The Government sends out expeditions to explore a route from the Missouri to the Pacific, for the Pacific Railroad. 1854 Jan. 17. Can. Detroit and Ni- agara Falls are connected by the com- pletion of the Great "Western Rail- road of Canada. Feb. 1. Passengers first ride from Buf- falo to Erie and Chicago, over a track of uniform gauge. Feb. 23. New York. The Stonington steamer, delayed three days in the ice, finally arrives at her dock. Feb. 24. N. Y. Two men fall from the Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls, and are dashed to pieces. Feb. 28. Cuba. Thesteamer.fi/acA- War- rior is. seized because of a technical error in her manifest, which certified that she had no cargo, while cotton was found. Feb. * Chicago. The water-works are completed, supplying the city from a crib, built in the lake 600 feet from the shore. Feb. * III. The Chicago and Rock Island Railroad is completed to the Mis- sissippi, 182 miles. Apr.i * N. Y. Cyrus W. Field secures from the Legislature of Newfoundland the exclusive right for 50 years to land a marine telegraph cable. Apr. 11. Ind. One of the college build- ings of the Indiana University, at Bloomington, with 2,700 volumes, is de- stroyed by fire. Apr. 15. Cal. The steamboat Secretary bursts her boiler near San Francisco ; 50 persons perish. Apr. 16. N. Y. The ship Powhatan, from Havre for New York, is wrecked in a gale on Long Beach, near Egg Har- bor ; 311 emigrants and the crew perish. Apr. 23. New York. Fifteen firemen perish by the fall of a burning store on Broadway. Apr. * Cuba. The Spanish Government remits the fine, but considers the seizure of the Black Warrior legal. May 8. N. Y. The Cable Company is organized. Cyrus W. Field, Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts, and Chan- dler White organize the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company to lay a cable from America to Europe. May 18. Chicago. The corner-stone of the Masonic Temple, on Dearborn Street, is laid with impressive cere- monies. May 31. Del. Three wagon-loads(ll,250 lbs.) of powder explode in the street at Wilmington, killing several persons. May * III. U. S. Grant engages in the leather business with his father at Galena. June 5. R. I. A mad elephant does much damage near Providence. June 14. Mass. A fire at Worcester consumes property valued at about $500,000. July 3. N. Y. Street cars commence running in Brooklyn. July 4. Md. A collision occurs near Baltimore, on the Susquehanna Road ; 30 persons perish. July 5. Phila. The National Theater and other edifices are burned. July 30. N. J. A fire in Jersey City burns 30 factories and other buildings. Aug. 1. La. Yellow fever becomes epidemic in New Orleans. Summer. Over 900 deaths occur in July, from cholera, in Chicago, and 650 deaths during the summer in BrookljTi, 176 1854, Aug. 4-1855, Sept. 13. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1854 Sept. 28. The U. S. sloop-of-war Albany sails from Aspinwall [and ia never heard from again]. July 31. Capt. U. S. Grant resigns his commission in the United States army. 1855 June 29. Nicaragua. Gen. Wm, Walker, with his * * filibusters,* * rights a battle at Rivas, and defeats the Nicaraguans. Sept. 3. Neb. Gen. Kearny gains a vic- tory over the Sioux Indians. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1854 Aug. 27. Ky. A cyclone at Louis- ville demolishes a church during ser- vice ; 25 persons are killed, 67 injured. Sept. 1. The asteroid Euphrosyne is discovered by James Ferguson. Sept. 4. New York. Operatic perform- ances are produced at Castle Garden, by Giulia Grisi and Signor Mario. Oct. 2. New York. The Academy of Music is opened with the opera of Norma. 1855 Jan. 31. Western trains are blockaded with snow [there is no communication between St. Louis and Chicago for 11 days]. Jan. * Minn. The first bridge across the Mississippi is completed at Minneapolis. Mar. 8. N. Y. Opening of the railway Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls. Engineer, John A. Roebling ; height of towers, 88 feet and 78 feet ; length, 800 feet ; width, 24 feet ; height above the river, 250 feet ; the 4 cables, 10 Inches in diameter, contain about 4,000 miles of wire; ultimate capacity of the 4 cables, 12,400 tons ; total weight of bridge, 800 tons ; cost of construction, §500,000. May* Arctic Sea. Dr. Kane's party abandons the Advance, and starts home- ward in open boats. May 31. N. Y. Lieut. Hartstein, with the Arctic and Release, leaves Brooklyn to find Dr. Kane in the Arctic regions. Aug. 6. Greenland. The boats of Dr. Kane's expedition arrive at the Danish settlements, having sailed 1,300 miles in 81 days. Sept. 3. New York. Mile. Rachel first appears at the Metropolitan Theater. Sept. 13. Greenland. Lieut. Hartstein finds Dr. Kane at Lieveley. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1856* * Barnes, Lyman E.,M. C. for Wis., b. in Wis. Beet, Theodore Konieyn, phys., author, A64. Brown, Thompson S., military engineer, A48. Capers, William, hp. ill. E. Oh. South, Al>5. Colquitt, Walter T., sen. for . Thoreau, ap- pears. * * Intellectual Philosophy, by Francis Wayland, appears. SOCIETY. 1854 Aug. 4. A savage battle is fought between the Sioux and the Chippewa Indians. Nov. 7. N. Y. Myron H. Clark (Whig) is elected governor on a prohibition platform. * * A large majority of the people of the North and a large majority of the people of the South are arrayed against each other on the slavery issue, — both men and women, — by considerations of interest, pride, and conscience. * * Kan. A remarkable emigration pours into Kansas from both Northern and Southern States. It aims to secure the political organ- ization of the State — the former for freedom and the latter for slavery. Con- fusion and violence, approaching an- archy, soon prevail. * * N. Y. After a long and bitter struggle the Legislature charters the first com- pany organized to estab lish an asylum for inebriates. * * Cal. Forgeries by Henry Meigs, amounting to §1,000,000, are discovered in the comptroller's office at San Fran- cisco. * * Capt. U. S. Grant resigns his commis- sion and becomes a farmer on a small place in Missouri. 1855 Mar.* and Apr. * Kan. A bloody election is held. Apr. 21. Chicago. The military is called out to suppress a riot occasioned by the agitation of the license question. May 10. Ind. A mob destroys the Birch Creek (Canal) reservoir. June 2. Me. Riot at Portland. A crowd attempts to take possession of certain liquors held bv the city: the military is called out bv Mayor Neal Dow ; one man is killed and many others are wounded. UNITED STATES. 1854, Aug. 4-1855, Sept. 13. 177 July 12. ///. A mob at Jonesville takes a prisoner out of the hands of the sheriff and hangs him to a tree. July * Kan, The proslavery Legislature makes it a felony to circulate anti- slavery publications, or to deny the right to hold slaves in the Territory. Aug. 6. Ky. A riot breaks out at Louisville between the Americana (Know-Nothings) and foreigners; several are killed on both sides. Aug. 7. Mo. A bloody riot occurs at St. Louis between the Irish and the Ameri- can party. Wis. A Milwaukee mob seizes a prisoner named Debar, arrested, for murder, and kills him, without interfer- ence from two companies of militia that are escorting him to prison. STATE. 1854 Aug. * Utah. Col. Steptoe, U.S.A., is appointed governor in place of Brig- ham Young, who refuses to recognize the authority of the Chief Justice. Oct. 6. Kan. A. H. Reeder (Dem.), the first governor, arrives. Oct. 13. Ft. The United States Minis- ters in Council, having adjourned from Ostend to Aix-la-Chapelle, issue the Ostend Manifesto. They recommend an immediate effort to purchase Cuba, at $120,000,000 as a maximum price. If Spain refuses to ac- cept the price, it is suggested that it may be necessary to seize the island, to pre- serve the internal peace and the Union of the American Republic. [The move- ment is fruitless of results.] Oct. * V. S. Efforts are made to secure the annexation of the Sandwich Is- lands to the United States, by negotia- tion. [The death of the king of the Islands defeats the effort.] Oct. *-Nov. * Antislavery "Whigs and antislavery Democrats coalesce in the North by attraction, and without a common name ; the Democratic party is defeated in most of the Free-State elec- tions. Oct. * III. Abraham Lincoln chal- lenges Stephen A. Douglas to a joint debate in the canvass for Congress. Nov. 29. Kan. Armed political in- truders from Missouri take possession of the polls and elect J. W. Whitfield as a pro-slavery delegate to Congress. (1,729 illegal votes are cast, out of a total of 2,781.) Dec. 4. D.C. The 33d Congress: the second session opens. Congress ; Senate : Lewis Cass of Mich, is elected President pro tempore. Dec. 5. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is elected President pro tempore. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -55 * * Conn. Henry Dutton. -58 * * la. James "W. Grimes. -55 * * Kan. (Ter.). A. H. Reeder. -56 * * La. Paul O. Hebert. -55 * * Mass. Emory "Washburn. -58 * * Miss. John J. M'Rae. Neb. {Ter.). Francis Burt. -55 * * Neb. (Ter.). T. B. Cuming. -55 * * N. H. Nathaniel B. Baker. -57 * * N.J. Rodman M. Price. Ore. (Ter.). John "W. Davis. -57 * * Ii. I. William W. Hoppin. -56 * * S. C. James H. Adams. -57 * * Utah {Ter.). E. J.Steptoe,U.S.A. -56 * * Vt. Stephen Royce. 1855 Feb. 1. Paraguay. The United States surveying steamer Water Witch is fired upon while unlawfully ascend- ing the Paraguay River. Feb. 10. I). C. Congress approves an act to secure the rights of citizenship to children of American citizens who are born in foreign countries. Feb. 15. D. C. Congress revives the grade of lieutenant-general by brevet, in the army. Mar. 4. D.C. The 33d Congress ends. Mar. 19. D. C. Congress: The inves- tigating committee reports that the Kansas elections were carried by fraud. Mar. 30. Kan. An election is held at Lawrence, to choose members for the Territorial Legislature. Armed political bodies of Missouri- an3 take possession of the polls, and elect a pro-slavery Legislature. Of 6,218 votes cast, only 1,310 of them are legal. (Gov. Reeder sets the election aside and orders another.) May 22. Kan. Supplementary elec- tions are held, by order of the Governor, and the Free-State men defeat their op- ponents. June 5. I'hila. The American (Know- Nothing) National Convention con- venes ; its managers decide to ignore the slavery question. June 11. Kan. Gov. Reeder is charged with irregularities in the purchase of Indian lands. [He is removed by the President, July 26; John L.Dawson refuses the appoint- ment of governor, and Daniel Woodson becomes acting governor.] June 13. O. The antislavery branch of the American party (Know-Nothings) meet at Cincinnati in National Con- vention. July 1. U. S. National debt ©35,586,853. July 2. Kan. The proslavery Legis- lature meets at Pawnee, organizes, ex- pels nine Free-State members [and ad- journs to Shawnee Mission, near the Missouri State line]. July 12. Mo. A convention of the friends of slavery is held at Lexington. Aug. 14. Kan. The Free-State men hold a convention at Lawrence, repu- diate the Shawnee Mission Legislature as spurious, and summon a second con- vention for Sept. 5, at Big Springs. Sept. 7. Kan. Wilson Shannon (Dem.), appointed governor by President Pierce, assumes office. Sept. 5. Kan. The convention at Big Springs nominates ex-Gov. Reeder as the Free-State candidate for Con- gress. MISCELLANEOUS. 1854 Aug. 13. Ky. A powder maga- zine containing 800 kegs explodes at Maysville, destroying 13 houses. Aug. 25. N. Y. A fire at Troy burns more than 100 buildings. Aug. 29. N. J. A railway accident oc- curs at Burlington, between New York and Philadelphia ; 21 persons are killed. Sept. 27. The steamer Arctic collides with the steamer Vesta off Cape Race, and 323 lives are lost. Oct. 28. O. A fire rages at Cleveland ; loss, $2,000,000. Nov. 1. ///. Forty persons are killed or wounded in a disaster on the Chi- cago and Rock Island Railroad. Dec* New York. Great distress prevails among the poor. Dec. 31. Report of accidents for the year : 193 railroad accidents, 186 per- sons killed, 589 wounded ; also, 48 steam- boat accidents, killing 587 persons, and injuring 225 more. Immigrants and other aliens received in 1354, 427,833. * * D. C. Congress grants a right of way and a tract of land 200 feet wide, from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, to a telegraph company. * * Eng. The British press denounces the bombardment of Greytown by the frigate Cayne, claiming the place to be under British protection. (See Army — Navy, p. 174.) * * 111. The Illinois Central Railroad, 704 miles long, is completed. * * N. J. The Jersey City water-works are completed, taking water from the Passaic River. * * The crinoline skirt, ascribed to the Empress Eugenie, and worn by her a few months before the birth of Prince Napo- leon, becomes fashionable with ladies. 1855 Jan. 1. .V. Y. Brooklyn, Wil- liamsburg, and the town of Bushwick are consolidated. Feb. 22. The California banks sus- pend payment ; a panic follows. Feb. 26. Gen. Jackson's sword is pre- sented to Congress by the heirs of Gen. Armstrong. Mar. * N. Y. The Niagara Suspension Bridge, two miles below the Falls, is completed. Mar. 14. N. Y. A train of cars first crosses the Suspension Bridge at Ni- agara Falls. Mar. 19. Fa. An explosion occurs in the Midlothian coal-mines ; 45 miners perish. Aug. 29. N. J. A train on the Camden and Amboy Railroad is derailed; 21 persons are killed. Summer. Fa. Yellow fever ravages Norfolk and Portsmouth with great mortality ; citizens become refugees. Sept. 5. The steamer Sierra Nevada leaves New York for Nicaragua ; chol- era carries off 95 passengers. 178 1855, Sept. 17-1856, June 2. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1855* *The army consists of 1,885,216 men: regulars, 11,658; militia, 1,873,553 ; navy, 72 vessels, carrying 2,200 guns. 1856 May 5-21. Kan. Lawrence is be- sieged by invaders from Missouri ; it surrenders, and many buildings are burned. May 26. Kan, At Pottawatomie eight men are killed in a fight with invaders from Missouri. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1855 Oct. 11. New York. The propeller Arctic and the bark Release of the Arctic expedition bring back Dr. Kane and his entire party, except three who had died. * * Physical Geography of the Sea, by Lieut. Matthew F. Maury, appears. * * The Recording Angel, a statue, is exe- cuted by Larkin G. Mead. * * The Pearl Diver, a statue, is executed by Benjamin Paul Akers. 1856 Feb. 3. Kan. The mercury falls 30° below zero. Feb. 10. N. Y. Very cold weather pre- vails ; people cross between New York and Brooklyn on the ice. Feb. 23. 0. A freshet commences in Ohio ; several steamboats are destroyed. Mar. 17. New York. Miss Adelaide Phillips first appears in opera. Apr. 13. Phila. A tornado unroofs 150 houses. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1856* * Barton, William P. C, botanist, author, A70. Berrien, John McPherson, senator for Ga., atty.-gen., A75. Bond, Thos. K., editor, M. E. el., A64. Borden, Simeon, eivil engineer, A58. JJrookshire, Elijah V., M. C. for Ind., born in Ind. Channing, Edward T., prof, of rhetoric and oratory, A66. Clayton. John Middleton, sen. for Del., sec. of state, A60. Cooper, Charles M., M. C. for Fla., b. Ga. Crawford, William T., M. C. for U. C, b. in N. C. Dawson, William C, statesman, judge, A58. Doughty, Thomas, hindsi-ipe painter, A63. Dowse, Thomas, hook collector, A84. Dnnphy, Edward J., M. C. for N.Y., born in N.Y. Finney, James B., M. E. cl., writer, A75. Gaul, Gilbert Spencer, painter, born in N.Y. Gray, Francis ('alley, writer, A66. Gray, Henrv Peters, painter, A66. Haines, Charles D., M. C. for N. Y., born in N.Y. Harper, William Kaincv, educator, born. Harris, Thaddeus Win., entomologist, A6I. Hentz, Caroline Lee Whiting, author, A56. Hines, William II., M. C. for Pa., b. N.Y. Hooker, Warren B., M. C. for N.Y., born in N.Y. Linton, William S., M. C. for Mich,, born in Mich. Lee, Henry, actor, born in New York City. Melveever, Isaac, commodore U. S. N., A63. Morris, Charles, commodore l T . S. N., A72. Moses, Charles L., M. C. for Ga., b. in Ga. M unlock, James, prof, of theology, A80. Pereival, .lames nates, poet, A61. Plxlev, Annie, actor, born in N. Y. City. Robbins, Thomas, clergyman, A79. Rusk, Thomas J., s.-nator for Tex., A54. Scanlau, William J., actor, born in Mass. stalliugs, Jesse F., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala. Stevens, Robert Livingston, inventor of improvements in steamers, A 69. Sweet, Willis. M. C. for Ida., horn in Vt. Tate, Parish C, M. C. for Ga., b. in Ga. Wallace, Horace P.., lawyer, essayist, A39. Warren, John (.'., anatomist, editor. A78. ■ Webber, Chas. W., naturalist, author, A37. CHURCH. 1855 * * ///. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held in Chicago. * * Kan. The Congregational Confer- ences of Kansas and Minnesota are organized. * * Mo. The General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; Win. C. "Wisner, moderator. It provides for ministerial relief. * *N. Y. The(N.S.) Presbyterian Synod of Onondaga is organized. * * Tenn. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Nashville; Na- than L. Rice, moderator. It provides for ministerial relief. * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. * * Me. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland is established. * * O. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Dayton. * * The Methodists (South) report 30 In- dian missions, 2S missionaries, 4,2G4 members, 18 churches; expenditures, §12,176. * * The Seventh-day Baptist Educa- tional Society is formed. * * The General Synods (Evangelical Lutheran) of Central Pennsylvania, Iowa, and North Indiana are organized. * * The United Synod South (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) of Mississippi is orga- nized. 1S56 May l.-June 4. Ind. The Gen- eral Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is held at Indianapolis. The Central Ohio, Germany, and Switzerland (Mission), Detroit, Kansas, Minnesota, Newark, Upper Iowa, and "West Wisconsin Conferences areformed. June *. Phila. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1S55 Sept. 17. Boston. The corner- stone of the Public Library is laid with impressive ceremonies. * * Cat. The Pacific Advocate (Meth. Epis.) is established. * * Ga. New Ebenezer College (Bapt.) is founded at Cochran. + * ///. Abingdon College (Christian) is organized at Abingdon. * * HI. Eureka College (Disciples) is organized at Eureka. * * III. Northwestern University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Evanstou. * * III. Almira College (Bapt.) is founded at Greenville. * * ///. Hedding College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Abingdon. * * Ind. Butler University (Disciples) is organized at Irvington. * * Iowa Wesleyan University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Mt. Pleasant. * * La. Homer College pfeth. Epis.) is chartered. * * Mich, Kalamazoo College (Bapt.) is organized at Kalamazoo. Hillsdale College (Free Bapt.) is orga- nized at Hillsdale. * * Mo. The College of Christian Brothers (Rom. Cath.) is organized at St. Louis. Westminster College (Pres.) is or- ganized at Fulton. * * N. C. Thomasville Female Col- lege (Bapt.) is organized at Thomasville. * * X. Y. Elmira College (Pres.) is or- ganized at Elmira. * * New York. Prank Leslie's Illustrirte Zeitung is founded. * * O. The Western Methodist Protestant is first issued. * * Tex. Baptist Female College is founded at Belton. * * Tex. St. Mary's University (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Galveston. * * Fairy Tales, by L. M. Alcott, appears; also Flower Fables. k * Hiawatha, by Longfellow, appears. fc * The Hidden Path, by M. Harland, ap- pears. k * Japan as it Was and Is, by Hildreth, appears. k * Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman, appears. k * The New Pastoral, by T. B. Read, ap- pears. fc * The Reign of Philip the Second, by "William H. Prescott, appears. k * Poems, by P. H. Hayne, appears. * * Poems of Home and Travel, by Bayard Taylor, appears. ' * Remember Me, by Ray Palmer, ap- pears. : * Oat iJnors at Idlewild, by Willis, ap- pears. * * Star Papers, by Beecher, appears. * * Life of Washington, by Irving, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1855 Sept. 26. Phila. The corner-stone of the Masonic Hall is laid; 4,000 Masons march in a procession. * * Me. The prohibitory law is re- enacted by a Democratic Legislature, and its penalties increased. Oct. 8. New York. Grand jury indict- ments are found against several city officials for corruption and malver- sation in office. "Winter. New York. Many associa- tions, soup-kitchens, and plans for visi- tation are formed to relieve the suffer- ing poor. * * R. I. A prohibitory law is passed by the American (Know-Nothing ) party. * * Filibustering is maintained by Gen. Walker in Nicaragua, and encouraged by Southerners. 1856 Apr. 10. New York. A company of 20Smen leaves to join Gen.Walker's filibusters iu Nicaragua. Apr. 24. Kan. A sheriff is shot while sitting in his tent. UNITED STATES. 1855, Sept. 17-1856, June 2. 179 May 14. Cal. Serious disturbances by criminals are checked by a Vigilance Committee, in San Fr James P. Casey, editor of the Sunday Times, shoots and kills James King, editor of the San Francisco Bulletin. [Thousands of leading citizens arm and organize a Vigilance Committee, which tries and executes Casey ; they then suppress the bullies and desperadoes in- festing the city.] May 21. Kan. Lawrence is sacked by border ruffians. (See State.) May 22. D. C. Preston S. Brooks, M. C. from South Carolina, assaults Senator Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, while sitting at his desk in the Senate * chamber. He fells him to the floor with a cane, because of an offensive anti- slavery speech in the Senate. [Mr. Sum- ner is made an invalid for four years.] STATE. 1855 Sept. 19. Kan. The defrauded Free-State settlers hold a third conven- tion at Topeka, adopt a Free-State Constitution, and nominate ex-Gov. Reeder (Rep.) for Congress. Oct. 1. Kan. The proslavery party, in an election called by their Legisla- ture, elect John "W. Whitfield for Con- gress ; he receives more votes than the census-tables warrant. Oct. 3. Kan. The proslavery party meet at Leavenworth. Oct. 9. Kan. Ex-Gov. Reeder is elected as a Free-State Representative in Con- gress by 2,400 majority. Oct. 23.-Nov. 11. Kan. The Free- Soil party declares the proslavery Legislature to have been elected by fraud ; assembling at Topeka, it adopts a constitution which excludes all negroes, and organizes a rival gov- ernment. [Discord, violence, and crime abound for one year. The Kansas ques- tion is made an issue in national poli- tics — " Bleeding Kansas ! "] Dec. 3. D.C. The 34th Congress opens. Congress ; House : A prolonged and exciting struggle over the speakership ensues. [Finally (Feb. 2, 133 ballot) N. P. Banks (Rep.) of Mass. is elected over Wm. Aiken (Dem.) of S. C. by a plurality of three votes — every vote for Banks coining from the free States.] Dec. 15. Kan. The Topeka (anti- slavery) Constitution is accepted by a popular vote. Vote, 1,731-46. * * U.S. Revenue from the sale of pub- lic lands in 1855, §11,497,049. * * U. S. The antislavery party becomes generally known as the Republican party — the "Whig party rapidly dis- appears from view. * *The United States decline to pay Sound dues to the Danish Government, and the claim is settled by paying a compensation. * *-58 * * New York. Fernando "Wood s elected the 70th mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -57 * * Conn, William T. Minor. -59 * * Bel. Peter F. Cansey. -56* * Kan. (Ter.). Wilson Shannon. -59 * * Ky. Charles S. Morehead. -5S * * Mass. Henry J. Gardner. -58 * * Mich. Kinsley S. Bingham. -59 * *N. C. Thomas Bragg. -57 * *N. H. Ralph Metcalf. -58 * * Neb. (Ter.). Mark W. Izard. -57 * *N. Y. Myron H. Clark. Pa. James Pollock. -57. * * Wis. Coles Bashford. 1856 Jan. 11. D. C. Congress; Sen- ate : Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is re- elected President pro tempore. Jan. 15. Kan. A Territorial election is held, a Legislature chosen, and Charles Robinson (Rep.) elected governor un- der the Free-State Constitution. Jan. * U. S. Deep political excite- ment and solicitude prevail, both in the North and the South. Jan. 26. D. C. President Pierce, in a special message to Congress, recognizes the proslavery Legislature in Kansas. Feb. 11. D. C. The President by proc- lamation orders the dispersion of armed invaders of Kansas. Feb. 22. Phila. The National Con- vention of the American party (Know -Nothings) nominates Millard Fillmore of N. Y. for President, and A. J. Donelson of Tenn. for Vice-Presi- dent. It virtually approves of the Fugitive- Slave law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act; it professes opposition to foreign influence in national legislation. Mar. 4. Kan. The Legislature meets at Topeka, and inaugurates Gov. Rob- inson ; then adjourns till July 4. Mar. 19. D. C. Congress: The House appoints a committee to investigate the Kansas troubles. Apr. 6. Utah. The Constitution of the proposed Mormon State of Deseret is adopted by a convention held at Salt Lake City. Apr. 14. Kan. The Congressional Committee begins to take testimony respecting the political situation. Apr. * Kan. Colonel Buford arrives with armed men from Georgia, Alabama, and other Southern States. May 5. Kan. The grand jury of Doug- las County finds indictments for treason against Reeder, Robinson, and Lane, the Free-State leaders. May 14. D. C. President Pierce re- ceives Father Vijil, Filibuster Walker's "minister" from Nicaragua. May 20. D. C. Congress; Senate : Charles Sumner of Mass. delivers an elaborate antislavery philippic, en- titled, " The Crime against Kan- sas," in which he comments severely on Senator Butler of S. C. May 21. Kan. Lawrence is sacked by the posse of the U. S. marshal after the cannon and arms of the residents have been surrendered, under pledges of safety. May 22. D.C. Congress; Senate: Charles Sumner is brutally assaulted with a cane in the Senate chamber. (See Society.) May 26. Kan. A political fight c eight deaths at Pottawatomie. May 28. D. C. Diplomatic relations with Great Britain are strained be- cause of diverse interpretations of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. May 29. D.C. President Pierce informs Congress that he has ceased to hold diplomatic correspondence with Mr. Crampton, British rninister, because of his attempting to enlist citizens of the United States in the British service. May * Kan. The U. S. marshal takes Col. Buford's volunteers from Ala- bama into Government pay, and arms them to drive out Northern men. June 2. Kan. A political fight occurs at Palmyra ; Capt. Pate of S. C. and 30 men are captured by a Free-State force. [Civil war prevails for several months.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1855 Sept. * Cholera breaks out on the Pacific steamer Uncle Sam; 111 deaths follow. Nov. 1. Mo. An excursion train breaks through a bridge 100 miles from St. Louis ; 20 persons are killed and many are wounded. Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1855, 200,877. * * New York. Castle Garden ceases to be a theater, and becomes a depot for receiving immigrants. * * Boston. The banks establish a Clear- ing-house. * * N.J. Fairmount Cemetery, _ near Newark, is incorporated. * * An explosion occurs on the steamer Lexington, on the Ohio, 90 miles below Louisville ; 35 persons perish. 1856 Jan. 23. The steamer Pacific leaves Liverpool for New York with 186 persons on board. [Her fate is un- known.] Feb. 17. S. C. Charleston is almost de- stroyed by fire. Feb. 20. The packet-ship John Rutledge strikes an iceberg and founders ; only one survives out of 156 persons. Feb. 22. Cal. The first railroad in the State is opened, from Sacramento to Folsom, 224 miles long. Feb. 26. Ice breaks up on the Missis- sippi and wrecks 23 steamboats. Feb. * Spanish coins are driven out of circulation by Congress, and the coinage of a much smaller cent is provided for. Mar. 15. N. J. The ferry-boat New Jer- sey takes fire near Camden and becomes unmanageable ; 50 persons perish. Mar. 26. Boston. The Boston and Cam- bridge Street Railroad is opened. Apr. 7. New York. The steamship Adri- atic is launched ; the largest vessel of the kind yet built. Apr. 11. III. Locomotives cross the great bridge over the Mississippi at Bock Island. 180 1856, June 2-1857, Feb. 11. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1856 Aug. 29. Kan. A band of pro- slavery men, under Capt. Reid, defeats John Brown and the abolitionists at Osawatomie. THE SIXTEENTH "WAR. * * 1858 * * Fla. The Seminole In- dian "War. Men enrolled, 2,(187. Cause: the removal of a remnant of Indians to the "West. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1856 July 4. New York. A statue of "Washington, in Union Square, is un- veiled. Aug. 28. N. T. The Dudley Observa- tory, at Albany, is inaugurated. Aug. * Last Island, a summer resort in the Gulf of Mexico, is submerged in a etorm, the houses are wrecked, and 300 persons drowned. Autumn. Destructive gales prevail on the Great Lakes ; 49 wrecks and more than 200 deaths. The steamer Supe- rior is wrecked near Pictured Rocks. * * Conn. Condensed milk is first manu- factured at Litchfield. * * III. The bridge 1,582 feet long, across the Mississippi at 'Rock Island, is com- pleted. * * N.J. The first experiments in pro- ducing steel by the Bessemer process are tried at the Phillipsburg furnace. * * Capt. Ericsson patents an improved caloric engine. * * Sorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane, is in- troduced. * * Thirsty Drover is painted by F. W. Edmonds. 1857 Jan. 23-25. Severe cold prevails throughout New England. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1857* * Anderson, Isaa<\ West. Pres. pioneer cl., A77. Bailey, Jacob Wltitiii:in, microsi-opist, A 46. Birney, James G., pliilan., antislavery edi- tor, of O., A 65. Blake, John L., P. E. cl., author, A69. Brenton, Sam'l, M. E. cl., 31. C. for Ind., A47. Brown, (iooM, Kranunarmn, author, A66. Butler, Andrew P., senator for S. C, A61. Cheves, Lampion, senator for S. C, A81. Colton, Calvin, P. E. cl., author, A68. Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, A44. l>illon, Louise, actor, horn in Ga. DnrBorow, Allan C, Jr., M. C. for 111., born in Pa. Gallinger, Jacob H., sen. for N". II., b. Can. CJliddon, Ccoi'^e Unburns, Kffyptologist, A48. Goodwin, Nat ('., actor, born in Mass. Griswold, Kufus Wilmot, historical writer, A 42. CHURCH. 1856 * * The Presbyterians establish a mission among the Kickapoo Indians. Oct. 23. Minn. The General Associa- tion (Congregational) of Minnesota is organized. * * III. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Chicago is organized. * * New York. The General Assem- bly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets; L. P. Hickok, moderator. It condemns sla- very. * * New York. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets ; Francis McFarland, moderator. * * New York. The Baptist Annual Meeting assembles. * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A Campbell, moderator. * * Phila. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal; meets. * * The Foreign Indian-School Mission begins practical work. * *The American Missionary Society reports 79 missionaries in the foreign field. 1857 Jan. 9. III. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Quincy is transferred to Alton. LETTERS. 1856 Sept. 23. N. J. The Peter Hert- zog Theological Hall at Rutgers College is dedicated. * * Ala. Southern University (Meth. Epis.) is chartered. * * la. "Western College (U. Brethren) is organized at Toledo. * * HI. Garrett Biblical Institute (Meth. Epis.) is opened at Evanston. * * III. Monmouth College (United Pres.) is organized at Monmouth. * * Ky. Daughters' College (Disciples) is founded at Harrodsburg. * * Mass. James A. Garfield graduates at "Williams College. * * Mo. Stephens CoUege, Female (Bapt.), is founded at Columbia. * * N. C. Raleigh Christian Advocate (Meth. Epis. South) is issued. * * S. C. Newberry College (Lutheran) is organized at Newberry. * *N. J. Seton Hall College (Rom. Cath.) is founded at South Orange. * * New York. Harper's Weekly is founded. * *N. Y. College of Our Lady of Angels (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Suspension Bridge. St. Lawrence University (Univ.) is organized at Canton. * * O. Baldwin University (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Berea. * * Wis. St. Francis de Sales College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at St. Francis. * * Dred : A Tale of the Dismal Sicamp, by H. B. Stowe, appears. * * -67 * * 0. The Public Library is founded at Cincinnati. [158,136 vols.] * * The Dutch Republic, by JohnLothrop Motley, appears. * * English Traits, by Emerson, appears. * * History of the United States, by George Tucker, appears. * * The Last of the Foresters, by J. E. Cooke, appears. * * Married, not Mated, by Alice Cary, appears. * * The Poetry of the Orient, by \Y. R. Alger, appears. * * Prue and I, by G. W. Curtis, appears. * * Travels in Central Africa, by Du Chaillu, appears. * * Life of Frhnont, by Joiin Bigelow, appears. SOCIETY. 1856 June 5. Cal. San Francisco is declared in a state of insurrection by Gov. Johnson. (See May.) July 8. D.C. Preston S. Brooks is indicted fur assaulting Charles Sumner. [lie pays the fine of $300.] Aug. 18. Cal. The Vigilance Com- mittee in San Francisco, having accom- plished its ends, disbands after a pa- rade. Sept. 12. Md. A riot at Baltimore arises between two bands of lawless clubs, the " Rip Raps" and the '■ "Wampa- nags"; one man is killed and 20 , wounded. Oct. 8. Md. A riot at Baltimore arises between the "Rip Raps" and the New Market Fire Company. Nov. 4. Md. A riot in Baltimore arises between Democrats and Know-Noth- ings; 8 persons are killed and 150 wounded. Nov. 27. Nicaragua. Gen. "Walker, with his third company of adventurers, invades Central America by landing at Punta Arenas. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The revival of the slave-trade is proposed and de- feated. Vote, 1S3-5S. * * Mass. James A. Garfield graduates at Williams, and returns to Ohio. * * Me. The prohibitory ** Maine Law" is repealed, and license laws enacted. * * N. Y. Charles B. Huntington is dis- covered to be a forger to the extent of fifteen or twenty milli ons of dollars, mainly used as collateral security. 1857 Jan. 30. New York. Dr. Harvey Burdell is brutally murdered in his own house in Bond Street, a fashionable quarter of the city. [The sensational trial of Mrs. Cunning- ham, his landlady (mistress) follows ; she escapes the penalty of her crime by an irregularity in the proceedings.] STATE. 1856 June 2. O. The Democratic Na- tional Convention assembles at Cincin- nati; James Buchanan of Pa. is unani- mously nominated on the 17th ballot, and John C. Breckinridge of Ky. is nomi- nated for the vice-presidency. Frank- lin Pierce, Stephen A. Douglas, and Lewis Cass are prominent candidates. June 9. D.C. Congress; Senate: Charles E. Stewart of Mich, is elected President pro tempore. June 17. Phila. The Republican National Convention assembles ; it denounces " those twin relies of bar- barism, polygamy and slavery": John C. Fremont of Cal. and William L. Dayton of N. J. receive the presidential nominations ; John McLean is a rival candidate for the presidency, while Abraham Lincoln, Charles Sumner, .fl". P. Banks, and David "Wilmot are urged for the vice-presidency. Ju le 24. D.C. President Pierce recog- n. zes "Walker, the filibuster, as Presi- dent of Nicaragua. UNITED STATES. 1856, June 2-1857, Feb. 11. 181 June30. D. C. Congress; Senate: Stephen A. Douglas proposes the ap- pointment of a committee of five, to set things in order in Kansas. July 1. U. S. National debt §31,972,537. July 3. I). C. Congress : The Senate passes the Douglas Bill for a com- mittee of five on Kansas. Vote, 33-12. The House votes to receive Kansas into the Union with the Free-State Constitution. July 4. Kan. The State Legislature assembles at Topeka, and is dispersed by IT. S. troops. July 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate rejects the bill to admit Kansas. July * D. C. Congress : The Investi- gating Committee make a report con- cerning Kansas troubles which favors the Free-State men. Aug. 14. Kan. Free-State men capture a fortified post near Lecompton ; Col. Titus and 20 men are captured. Aug. 17. Kan. Gov. Shannon ex- changes the cannon taken at Law- rence for Col. Titus and other prisoners. Aug. 18. D. C. The 34th Congress : the first session closes. Aug. 21. D. C. The 34th Congress: the second session opens. It is called by the President to pass the Army Bill, which caused a great struggle in the first session. Aug. 25. Kan. Acting-Governor Wood- son proclaims the Territory to be in a state of rebellion. Aug. 29. Kan. A large proslavery force is collected at Lecompton and another at Santa Fe ; Osawatomie is cap- tured ; seven men killed, many wounded, seven prisoners taken, and 30 buildings burned. Frederick Brown, a son of John Brown, is among the killed. Aug. 30. Kan. David R. Atchison's (proslavery) force, being threatened, withdraws into Missouri. D. C. Congress passes the Army Bill without the proviso respecting Kansas. The 34th Congress: the second ses- sion closes. (Ten days.) Aug. * D. C. Congress: The House adds a provision to the Army Appropriation Bill, that Government troops shall not be employed to enforce the laws passed by the Kansas Territorial Legislature. [The Senate disapproves, and the bill fails to pass during the session.] Sept. 1. Kan. In a municipal election at Leavenworth, Missourians (chiefly) kill and wound several Free-State men, burn their houses, and force about 150 to embark for St. Louis. Sept. 3. D. C. President Pierce appoints John W. Geary to be military gov- ernor of Kansas Territory. Sept. 11. Kan. Gov. Geary arrives at Lecompton ; he releases Robinson and other (Free-State) prisoners on bail, and proclaims the disbanding of all hostile forces. Sept. 15d=. Kan. Three regiments of Missourians with cannon proceed to attack Lawrence ; Gov. Geary with United States troops interposes, and they retire. Sept. 17. Md. The last "Whig Na- tional Convention meets at Baltimore, and adopts the nominees of the Ameri- can party. Nov. 4. The ISth presidential elec- tion ; Democrats elected. Popular Vote : James Buchanan (Dem.) of Pa., 1,S38,169; John C. Fre- mont (Rep.) of Cal., 1,341,204; Millard Fillmore (American) of N. Y., 87-4,538. Illinois refuses to support its " Little Giant," Stephen A. Douglas, and elects Lyman Trumbull, a Free-Soil senator. Dec. 1. B.C. The 34th Congress: the third session opens. Dec. 15±. Kan. Lecompton, a parti- san judge, is removed on demand of the governor, and James C. Harrison of Ky. is appointed in his place. Dec. 30 i. Kan. Gov. Geary reports to the President that peace and order prevail in the Territory. * * Me. Democrats repeal the Prohibitory law. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -58 * * Cal. J. Neely Johnson. -57 * * Kan. (Ter.). John W. Geary. -60 * * La. R. C. Wickliffe. -57 * * Me. Samuel "Wells. -60 * * 0. Salmon P. Chase. -58 * * S. C. Robert F. W. Alston. -60 * * Va. Henry A. Wise. -58 * * Vt. Ryland Fletcher. 1857 Jan. 6. D. C. Congress; Senate: James M. Mason of Va. is elected President pro tempore. Kan. TheTopekaFree-StateLegis- lature organizes ; the Federal marshal arrests its leading members as revolu- tionists. Jan. 7. Kan. Both houses being without a majority, the Legislature adjourns till June. Jan. * Utah. The Mormon digni- taries revolt, and drive officers of the Federal Government out of the Territory. Jan. 12. Kan. The proslavery Territo- rial Legislature (declared illegal) meets at Lecompton, and provides for a con- vention to frame a State Constitution. Jan. 24. D. C. Congress modifies the Polk Tariff of 1846, to diminish the revenue ; the average rate on duties is reduced 20 per cent. Jan.* Kan. Gov. Geary resigns be- cause the Federal Senate refuses to confirm the appointment of Judge Har- rison, and thereby restores Judge Le- compton to office. Feb. 11. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : Buchanan, 174 ; Fremont, 114; Fillmore, 8. Vote for Vice-President : J. C. Breckinridge of Ky. (Dem.), 174; Wm. L. Dayton of N. J. (Rep.), 114; A. J. Donelson of Tenu. (American), 8. MISCELLANEOUS. 1856 July 7. Phila. Between 20 and 30 persons are drowned by the giving way of a wharf on Reed Street. July 16. Pa. Two trains come together at full speed at Campbell ; five cars are shivered and set on fire ; 60 persons are crushed or burned, 78 wounded. July 17. The steamer Northern Indiana takes fire on Lake Erie ; 40 persons perish. July 26. The steamboat Empire State explodes her boilers on Long Island Sound, killing and wounding several persons. July 27. N. Y. The steamer John Jay is burned on Lake George ; several persons perish. July 29. Boston. A fire renders 80 fami- lies homeless ; 9 lives are lost. Aug. 21. Conn. The Charter Oak at Hartford is blown down ; a dirge is played at noon, and the bells are tolled at sundown. ■ Mass. The submarine cable is laid to the main land. Oct. * Boston. An industrial exhibi- tion is opened. Nov. 2. The French steamer Le Lyonais collides with a sailing vessel on the Atlantic ; both founder, and only 16 persons out of 132 from the steamer are saved. Nov. 8. N. Y. A fire at Syracuse burns 100 buildings. Dec. 12. The Resohite, of the Franklin expedition, is presented to Queen Vic- toria. Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and o tv £r aliens in 1856, 195,857. * * Chicago. The first wooden pavement is laid on Wells Street. * * Mass. The Hoosac Tunnel, under Hoosac Mountain, is begun. [Completed in 1873, four and three-fourths miles long.] * * JSFeio York. The "Trim an line of steamers, running to Liverpool, is estab- lished. * * The Ocean Wave, carrying emigrants from Rotterdam to New York, collides with a British vessel ; 77 persons perish. * * First passage of a vessel through the Great Lakes and Welland Canal to Europe. * * Grants of land are made in Florida, Alabama, ^Mississippi, Louisiana, Michi- gan, and Wisconsin, to aid in construct- ing railroads in those States. * * The Chicago, Burlington, and Q,uincy Railroad, connecting Chicago with the Mississippi, is completed ; also the Chicago and Fort "Wayne, the Iowa extension of the Chicago and Rock Island, and the Penobscot and Kennebec. 1857 Jan. 5, 6. A large American ves- sel— Northern Belle — is wrecked near Broadstairs, England. [The Government sent 21 silver medals and §1,350 to be distributed among the boatmen of the place who saved the crew.] 182 1857, Mar. 4-1858, Mar. 4. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1857 May* -June* Rebellion breaks out in Utah; 0,000 troops are sent to support the new governor. July * Kan. Disturbances are quelled by the United States Government actively aiding the proslavery party (Bleeding Kansas). Nov. * Utah. Col. A. S. Johnston's army goes into winter-quarters about 100 miles from Salt Lake City. ART— SCIENCE —NATURE. 1857 Aug. 21. Wis. A cyclone destroys property in Woodland. Oct. 4. The asteroid Virginia is dis- covered by James Ferguson. * * New York, A granite shaft, in honor of Maj.-Gen. Worth, U. S. A., is un- veiled. * * New York. Work is begun on Central Park. ±* * Mass. "Watches are successfully made by machinery. * * Backwoods of America is painted by J. F. Cropsey. * * High Banks on the Genesee River is painted by J. F. Kensett. * * The statue Vermont is executed by L. G, Mead. * * The statue Indian Hunter is first sketched out by J. Q. A. Ward. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1857 * * Hamilton, James, senator for S. C M A71. Hubbard, Henry, senator, A73. Herndon, Wm. L., of Va., naval officer, A44. Kane, Elisha Kent, Arctic explorer, au- JO* thor, A37. MacLane. Louie, sen. for Del., min. to Eng., sec. of treas, A71. Marcy, "William Learned, sen. for N. Y., Gov., sec. of state, A71. Martinot, Sadie, actor, horn in N. Y. Meiklejolm, Geo. I)., M. C. for Neb., b.Wis. Mercer, David H., M. C. for Neb., b. in la. Mitchell, Elisha, pruf. N. C. Univ., At>4. Pence, Late, M. C. for Col., born in lnd. Redfleld, William C, meteorologist, AtiS. Stevenson, Andrew, M. C. for Va., minister to Eng., A73. Thursby, Emma, actor, born in N.Y. Toomey, Michael, geologist, A52. CHURCH. 1857 May 3. Miss. Wm. H. Elder is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Natchez. June 10. 0. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets at Cin- cinnati. * * Cat. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of California is organized. * * III. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) of Southern Illinois is organized. * * lnd. The South Indiana Eldership (Church of God) is organized. * * lnd. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort "Wayne is established. * * Ky. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian} meets at Lexington ; C. Van Rensselaer, moderator. * * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing assembles. fc * Mont. The Presbyterians (South) start a mission among the Blackfeet Indians. k * Minn. The Protestant Episcopal Di- ocese of Minnesota is organized. * * Mich. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette is established. (Also in 1805.) ' * 0. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A Campbell, moderator. c * 0. The District of Ohio Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) is organized. * * Neb.-Cal. The Congregational Con- ferences of Nebraska and California are organized. * * O. The General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Cleveland ; S. "W. Fisher, moderator. Resolutions are adopted opposing slavery. * * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at Reading. * * Pa. The Christian Indians build the town of Naln, near Bethlehem. (School- houses, chapels, and mills are soon erected.) * * The Board of Missions of the Pres- byterian Church is now called The Trustees of the Board of Domestic Missions. * * U.S. A great religious awakening prevails. * *The Reformed (Dutch) Church with- draws from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to form a Missionary Society in the Re- formed Church. * * The South Indiana and Texas, Ar- kansas and Indian Territory Elderships (Church of God) are organized. LETTERS. 1857 May * New York. Columbia Col- lege is removed to a new site on 49th Street. * * Ala. Alabama Female College is founded by Baptists at Tuscaloosa. * * Boston. The Atlantic Monthly appears. * * Ga. Bowdon College (non-sect.) is organized at Bowdon. * * la. Amity College, (non-sect.) is or- ganized at College Springs. Oct. * HI. Chicago Theological Semi- nary (Cong.) is opened. * * la. Cornell College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Mt. Vernon. * * la. Upper Iowa University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Fayette. * * Kan. Highland University (Pres.) is organized at Highland. * * Kan. Baker University (M e t h. Epis.) is founded at Baldwin. St. Benedict's College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Atchison. * * Ky. Eminence College (Christian) is organized at Eminence. * * lnd. Bock Hill College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Ellicott City. * * III. The Northwestern University Library is founded at Evanston. [25,000 vols.] * * X. Y. The Brooklyn Library is founded. [83,888 vols.] * » Mo. Central College (Meth. Epb.) is organized at Fayette. * * N. C. Davenport Female College (Meth. Epifl.) is founded. * * O. Hillsborough College (Meth, Epis.) is founded at Hillsborough. * * Pennsylvania State College (non- sect,) is organized at State College. * * -58 * * S. C. Russell's Magazine ap- pears at Charleston. * * Banner of Light (Spiritualist) is first issued. * * The Historical Magazine appears. * * The Bay Path, by J. G. Holland, ap- pears. * * Moss Side, by Marion Harland, ap- pears. * * Oriental Acquaintance, by J. "W. De Forrest, appears. * * Sylvia, or the Lost Shepherd, by T. B. Read, appears. * * Travels in Greece and Russia, by B. Taylor, appears. * * Words for the Hour, by Julia 'W. Howe, appears. SOCIETY. 1S57 Apr. 29.+ Md. A strike begins on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ; later the troops are called out to sup- press interference of strikers with the trains ; many are killed and wounded. June 16. New York. A riot breaks out in connection with the police department and offices, which are claimed by two sets of officials ; Mayor Fernando "Wood is arrested for assault and battery. June * D. C. A riot in Washington occurs between Irish and Americans. July 4. New York. Another riot occurs. It grows out of the struggle between the mayor and the new board of police commissioners ; six men are killed, 100 wo onded. Sept. 18. Utah. At Mountain Meadow 120 men, women, and children are mas- sacred by Mormons and Indians, while emigrating westward; only a few chil- dren are spared. Nov. 24. Gen. AYalker lands another filibustering expedition in Nicaragua. * *N. Y. "William H. Armstrong, G. W. P. of the Grand Division of the Sons of Temperance, secures the unanimous indorsement of the Grand Division to a scheme for a constitutional amend- ment, prohibiting the liquor traffic. * * Pa. The Society of the "War of 1812 is formed. STATE. 1857 Mar. 4. D. C. The 34th Con- gress ends. The 15th Administration ; Democratic. James Buchanan of Pa. is inaugu- rated the 15th President, in the ISth term of the presidency. J. C. Breck- inridge of Ky. is Vice-President. Cabinet : Lewis Cass of Mich. (State), Howell Cobb of Ga. (Treas.), John B. UNITED STATES. 1857, Mar. 4-1858, Mar. 4. 188 Floyd of Va. (War), Isaac Toucey of Conn. (Navy), Jacob Thompson of Miss. (Interior), Aaron V. Brown of Tenn. (P. M.-Gen.), and Jeremiah S. Black of Pa. (Atty.-Gen.). Congress ; Senate : James M. Mason of Va. is elected President pro tempore. Jefferson Davis of Miss, begins his second term in the Senate. Mar. 6. D. C. The Dred Scott decis- ion is rendered by Chief Justice Taney, of the Supreme Court of the United States. Vote, 7-2. (Case of Dred Scott, who is claimed as a slave, in a free State.) It decides that neither negro slaves nor their descendants, whether slave or free, could become citizens under the Constitution of the United States ; that it is unconstitutional for Congress to decree freedom to any Territory. The dictum of the Court declares the Mis- souri Compromise to be unconstitu- tional. [It is received at the South with delight and at the North with indig- nation.] Mar. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : T. J. Rusk of Texas is elected President pro tempore. Mar. 18. D. C. Lord Napier, the British envoy, arrives. May * Kan. Robert J. "Walker, the new governor, arrives. June 15. Kan. Delegates to the State Convention are chosen; Free-State men ignore the call as illegal ; only 2,000 out of 10,000 votes are cast. June 16. New York. The new Metro- politan Police Law is resisted by Mayor Fernando Wood, and a serious collision occurs between the old and the new police forces. (See Society.) June 17. An additional treaty with Japan, negotiated by Townsend Harris, is signed. Julyl. U.S. National debt $28,699,831. July 2. N. Y. The Court of Appeals decides that the Metropolitan Police Law is constitutional, and that the old police force must accept its decision and disband. Sept. 7. Kan. The Constitutional Con- vention meets at Lecompton. [Adjourns till Oct.] Sept. 15. Utah. Brigham Young for- bids a U. S. force to enter Utah, and calls out his troops. [The President re- moves Governor Young.] Oct. 5. Kan. The Territorial election is won by Free-State men (7,600-3,700). A fraudulent attempt is made to change the result by using 1,624 names from a Cincinnati directory as the roll of voters a*t Oxford, a place having eleven houses. Nov. 7. Kan. The illegal Constitu- tional Convention meets, and pro- vides a constitution which prohibits the Legislature from making antislavery laws. Dec. 7. D. C. The 35th Congress opens. D. C. Congress; Senate: Benj. Fitzpatriek of Ala. is elected President pro tempore. House: James L. Orrof S. C. is elected Speaker; he receiving 128 votes to 84 for Galusha A. Grow of Pa. Dec. 9. D. C. Congress; Senate: Stephen A. Douglas of 111. opposes the Lecompton Constitution. Dec. 15. D. C. Congress: The Repre- sentatives first occupy their commo- dious new chamber. Dec. 21. Kan. An election is held on the Constitution. All ballots are marked " Constitution with slavery," or " Constitution with no slavery ; " but no provision made to vote again;? l the Constitution as a whole. The Missouri border counties (1,000 votes by the census), cast 6,143 votes for the Constitution and 569 votes against it, Free-State men not voting. It is nomi- nally adopted, with slavery. * * U. S. The government of many cities is dominated by the disorderly and lawless element of the population. The " Plug Uglies" rule in Baltimore, and visit Washington to decide the charter election; the roughs of New York, who are called "Dead Rabbits," control Fernando Wood, the mayor ; New Orleans is ruled by the same class till a vigilance committee forces a noto- rious mayor to resign. * * U.S. The Republican party is pledged to resist the extension of sla- very into free territory ; it controls 11 States, and contests others. * * N. Y. The Whig Legislature, in de- spair of local self-government, begins to interfere with the government of New York City. The governor is directed to appoint a commission to construct Central Park, and another commission to con- trol the police force. The commissioners transfer the police department of New York from the mu- nicipal authorities to those of the State, and four counties are united in a police district. * * The Dred Scott decision reacts in favor of the Republicans in the North. * * Tenn. Andrew Johnson is elected a United States Senator. * * Utah. Rebellion of the Mormons; Brigham Young and many other Mor- mon dignitaries are indicted for treason. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -61 * * Ala. Andrew B. Moore. -58 * * Conn. Alex. H. Hclley. -61* * Fla. Madison S. Perry. -65 * * Ga. Joseph E. Brown. -61 * * ///. Win. H. Bissell. -61 * * hid. Ashbel P. Willard. -58* * Kan. (Ter.). Robert J. Walker. Me. Hannibal Hamlin. -58 * * Me. Joseph H. Williams. -58 * * Minn. Samuel Medary. Mo. Truston Polk. Mo. Hancock Jackson. -61 * * Mo. R. M. Stewart. -59 * * N. H. William Hale. -60 * * N. J. Wm. A. Newell. -61 * * N. Mex. (Ter.). Abraham Ren- cher. -59 * * K. r. John A. King. -59 * * R. I. Elisha Dyer. -59 * * Tex. H. G. Runnels. -61 * * U.. (Ter.). Alford Cummings. Wash. (Ter.). J. P. Anderson. -61* * Wash.(Ter.). Fayette M'Mullen. -61 * * Wis. Alex. W. Randall. 1858 Jan. 4. Kan. An election of State officers is held under the Con- stitution ; also, by act of Legislature, the Lecompton Constitution itself is submitted to the popular vote ; it is rejected by 10,206 votes. Feb. 2. D. C. President Buchanan's message to Congress declares, "Kan- sas is at this moment as much a slave State as South Carolina." Mar. 4. B.C. Congress; Senate : Sen- ators from the South indulge in extrava- gant predictions. J. H. Hammond of S. C. declares in the Senate : " Without firing a gun, without drawing a sword, should the North make war on us ... no cotton . . . [would be] furnished for three years. . . . England would topple headlong, and carry the whole civilized world with her. . . . No power on earth dares to make war on cotton. Cotton is king." MISCELLANEOUS. 1857 Apr. 15. The Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien Railroad is opened. May 1. W. Va. The Parkersburg branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road is completed. May * The Memphis and Charleston Railroad is opened. June 25. Pa. The Pennsylvania Rail- road purchases of the State its line of canals and railroads, 353 miles long, for $7,500,000. June * Baltimore and St. Louis are directly connected by rail. Aug. 5. The laying of the Atlantic cable commences at Valentia in Ireland. The vessels employed are the Niagara and Susquehanna, and the British ves- sels Leopard and Agamemnon. After sailing a few miles the Atlantic cable breaks, but is soon repaired. Aug. 11. Eng. The cable breaks after 300 miles have been paid out [the vessels soon return to Plymouth]. Aug. 24. O. The failure of the Ohio Trite and Trust Company is reported ; liabilities about $7,000,000. [This fail- ure is the precursor of the panic] Sept. 12. The large steamer Central America is wrecked by a gale in the Gulf of Mexico ; 152 out of 526 persons are saved by drifting 600 miles on rafts ; §2,500,000 are sunk. Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1S57, 246,945. * * New York. The winners of the Amer- ica cup present it to the New York Yacht Club for a perpetual Interna- tional Challenge Cup. The North German Lloyd line of steamers, running to Southampton and Bremen, is established. * * The Chicago and St. Louis Railroad is completed. * * The road between Detroit and Tole- do is completed. * * Va. The Virginia Central Rail- road, connecting Richmond and Jack- son's River, 195 miles, is completed. 184 1858, Mar. 13-1859, Sept. 16. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1858 May.* The war with the Seminoles has lasted seven years, cost the Govern- ment about §10,000,000, and the loss of 1,466 lives. June * Utah. The Government sends an army against the Mormons ; a compro- mise is entered into, and peace estab- lished by Governor Cummings. * * An American vessel in the Paraguay River is fired upon by a garrison ; the U. S. Government demands an apology. 1S59 June 25. China. Commodore Tatt- nall assists the English in an engage- ment with the Chinese on the river Peiho. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1858 June 12. ///. The levee ahove Cairo yields to the flood, and the town Jay, Win., jinltfe, anti-shiverv philan., A69. .Jones, Anson, last president of Tex., AbO. Leslie, Eliza, author, ATI. Peck, .John Mason, Hapt. cl., author, A69. Pern-, Matt hi' w < ;U fn :ut h, ruliuuudore U. S. N., A64. Porter, William T., editor, A52. Quitman, John A., gen., Gov. of Mies., M.C., A59. ririeh, Charles Freileriek, painter, b. N.Y. WtHianis, Kleazei, elertryirtan, reputed son of Louis XVI. and Mane Antoinette, ? ATI. Sept. 11. The asteroid Pandora is dis- covered by George Mary Searle. * * Col. Gold is found at Pike's Peak ; silver is also discovered in Nevada. It is the first discovery of pure silver metal in the United States. * * New York. William Hart and Arthur F. Tait are elected members of the Na- tional Academy of Design. * * New York. Mile. Piccolomini makes her first appearance. * * New York. The corner-stone of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral is laid, with impressive ceremonies. * * Great floods prevail in the Southwest [and later in the Upper Mississippi ; loss, §30,000,000]. * * St. Agnes is painted hy Rothermel. * * Bargaining is painted hy F. W. Edmonds. 1859 July 1. + Mo. Prof. Wise and three others ascend in a balloon at St. Louis, and travel 1 150 miles in 19 hours' and 15 minutes ; they descend, in an ex- hausted condition, in Jefferson County, New York. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1858* * Andrews, Ethan A., author Lat.-Eng. lead- con, A71. Augur, Hezekiah. sculptor, inventor of carv- ing-machine, A67. Bartholomew, Edward S., of Conn., sculp- tor, A36. Benton, Thomas Hart, sen. for Mo., his- torian, A76. Berry, L. W M college pres., A43. Cayvan, Georgia, actor, born in Me. Cleaveland, Parker, mineralogist, chemist, A78. Comstock, John L., au. of school-hooks, A69. Cook:, Clarence, art-critic, journalist, ATI. Conrad, Robert T., judge, poet, A48. Dauvrey, Helen, actor, born in O. Deane, .lames, phvsieian, geologist, A57. Dolliver, .Jonathan P., M. O. for la., b.W.Va. Dreher, Virginia, actor, born in Ky. Duer, William Alex., pres. of Columbia col- lege, jurist, A78. Ellsler, Erne, actor, horn in Pa. Ellsworth, Henry L., com. of patents, ACT. Foresti, E. Felice, prof. Columbia coll., AG5. Gadsden, James, of S. C, minister to Mex. A77. Oilman, Samuel, Unit, cl., author, A67. Haupt, Paul, prof, in Harvard, A75. Hare, Robert, physicist. A77. Hawkins, John Henry W.. temperance advo- cate (" Wfishinctonian "), A59. Herbert, Henry William (Frank Forester), author, A51. Hunt, Freeman, author, editor, A54. Bailey, Gamaliel, editor National Era, A52. Beleher, Joseph, Bapt. clergyman, A66. Bond, William C, astronomer, ATU. Brown, John, abolitionist, anti-slavery Bush, George, Swedenborgian editor, A6.1. Burnap, George W., Unit, el., author, AST. Carnahan, James It., Pres. clergyman, prof, at Princeton, A84. Choate, Ruius. lawyer, orator, senator for Mass., A60. Cornish, .lohnston, M. C. for N. J., b. N. J. Cousins, Robert G., M. C. for la., b. la. Doane, Geo. W., P. E. bishop of N. J., A60. Davis, John W., statesman, A60. Frost, John, teaclier, writer, A59. Gayle, John, lawyer, jurist, A67. Gould, Benj. Apthorp, leaeher, classical edi- tor, A72. Irving'. Washington, of N.Y., author, A76. James, John Angell, Cong, cl., author, A74. Jones, James C, Gov. sen. for Tenn., A50. Leslie, Chas. R., painter in Eng., A65. Mann, Horace, educationist, of Mass., A63. Mason. John Y., of Va., sec. of navy, atty.- gen., minister to France, A60. Matcher, Howard, M. C. for Pa.,b.Pa. Nott, Abner Kingman, Bapt. cl., A25. NuttalJ, Thomas, botanist, A73. Olmsted, D>-iiison. astronomer, geologist, A6S. Prescott,"WiUiam Hickling-, historian, A(j:i. Richards, John, clergyman, editor, A62. Bobbins. Gaston A., M. C. for Ala., bom in Ala. Sedgyvick, Theodore, lawyer, author of legal works, A48. Tully, William, physician, author, A74. Turner, Wm. Waddeii, oriental scholar, A49. Walsh, Robert, author, ed. National Gazette. A75. CHURCH. 1858 Mar. 13. Ind. The General Association (Congregational) is organ- ized. May 1. Tenn. The 4th General Con- ference (Meth. Epis. South) meets at Nashville. May 26. Pa. The Associate and As- sociate Reformed Churches (Presby- terian) are united at Pittsburg in one church, styled The United Presbyte- rian Church of North America. June 9. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. Aug. 25. Pa. Samuel Bowman is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assist- ant hishop of Pennsylvania. * * Chicago. The General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; M. L. P. Thompson, moderator. * * Ind. The Congregational Conference of Indiana is organized. * * The Trie nni al Convention (Congre- gational) of the Northwest is formed. * * la. The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Southern Iowa is organized. * * La. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at New Orleans ; Win. A. Scott, moderator. * *Mo. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of Upper Missouri is organized. * * 0. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati; A. Campbell, moderator. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Pitts- burg ; J. T. Pressy, moderator. * * Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing assembles. * * The Presbyterians celebrate the re- union of the "Old Sides'* and the "New Sides." * * The Baptist churches among the In- dians are reported to number about 1500. * * Francis Burns, colored, is ordained (Methodist Episcopal) missionary bishop for Liberia. * * A body of antislavery Methodists se- cede from the Methodist Protestant Church because of slavery, and they organize the Methodist Protestant Church of the Northwestern States [later, the Methodist Church]. * * The Local Preachers' National Asso- ciation (Methodist Episcopal) is organ- ized. 1859 June 8. Phila. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1858* * Conn. TheWatkinson Library of Reference is founded at Hartford. [34,899 vols.] * * Ky. The Southern Baptist Theologi- cal Seminary is founded at Louisville. * * N. C. Judson College (Bapt.) is founded at Henderson. * * O. Mount Union College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Alliance. * * Nature and the Supernatural, hy Hor- ace Bushnell, appears. * * Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, by O. W. Holmes, appears. * * Bitter- Street, by J. G. Holland, ap- pears. * * The Courtship of Miles Standish, by Longfellow, appears. * * European Acquaintance, by J. W. De Forrest, appears. * * System of Mineralogy, hy James D. Dana, appears. * * Timothy Tit comb's Letters to Young People, by J. G. Holland, appears. 1859* * Cat. St. Ignatius College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at San Fran- * * la. Griswold College (Prot. Epis.) is organized at Davenport. * * Ind. Earlham College (Friends) is organized at Richmond. * * Mich. Adrian College (Meth. Epis.) is organized. * * Mick. Olivet College (non-sect.) is organized at Olivet. • * * Mass. The Free Public Library is founded at Worcester. [61,204 vols.] * * Mo. La Grange College (Bapt.) is founded. SOCIETY. 1858 June 26. Utah, Col. A. S. John- ston's army finds Salt Lake City de- serted by 30,000 Mormon citizens, who have departed southward on its approach as a posse comitatus. UNITED STATES. 1858, Mar. 13-1859, Sept. 16. 185 Aug. 5-i O. The successful laying of the Atlantic cable is celebrated with cannon-tiring, bell-ringing, and general jubilation. Aug. 26. S. C. Lieut. Moffat of the U. S. Navy seizes the American slave-ship Echo [and brings her to Charleston]. Sept. 1. N". Y. A mob on Staten Island destroys the quarantine hospitals. [Troops are sent and the people declared in rebellion.] Oct. 29. K. Y. John Morrissey de- feats John Heenan in a revolting prize-fight; they fight 11 rounds in 22 minutes. Dec. 6. * Ala. Gen. "Walker sails with another filibustering expedition. [It ia wrecked soon afterward.] * * O. James A. Garfield marries Lu- cretia Kudolph. * * Va. Mount Vernon is purchased by the " Ladies' Mount Vernon Associa- tion " for $200,000. 1859 Feb. 26. B.C. Daniel E. Sickles, M. C. for New York, is acquitted for kill- ing Philip Barton Key, the seducer of his wife. STATE. 1858 Mar. 23. B.C. Congress: The Senate passes the Lecompton Bill, to admit Kansas as a State, under the Le- compton Constitution. Vote, 33-25. Mar. 29. B.C. Congress; Senate: Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is elected President pro tempore. Apr. 1. B. C. Congress: The House re- jects the Lecompton Bill in favor of the Crittenden-Montgomery substitute. May 4. Fla. The last of the Seminole Indians are removed from Florida. May 11. B. C. Congress admits Min- nesota into the Union as the 32d State. May -i- * * The relations of the Republic with England are somewhat strained by her persistence in the right to search American vessels in the "West Indies, in suppressing the slave-trade. June 13. U. S. A treaty with China is signed at Tien-Tsin. June 14. B. C. Congress ; Senate : Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is reelected President pro tempore. The 35th Congress: the first session closes. Julyl. U.S. National debt §44,911,881. Aug. 3. Kan. An election ordered by Congress again decides the fate of the constitution; it is rejected by a ma- jority of 9,500. Aug. 21.-Oct. 15. III. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, rival candidates for Congress, hold joint discussions in their electioneering can- Wov. 25. Vt. The Legislature passes a "Personal Liberty Bill," to secure freedom to all persons within the State, especially to prevent the operation of the Fugitive Slave Act. Dec. 6. B. C. The 35th Congress : the second session opens. * * Colorado is first settled. * * B. C. Nathan Clifford of Me. is appointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. * * Xetv York. Daniel N. Tiemann is elected the 71st mayor. * * U, S. Governors inaugurated : -60 * * Cat. John B. Weller. -66 * * Conn. W. A. Buckingham. -60 * * la. Ralph P. Lowe. Kan. (Ter.). James W. Denver. -59 * * Ka?i.(Ter.). Samuel Medary -61 * * Mass. Nathaniel P. Banks. -61 * * Me. Lot M. Morrill. -60 * * Minn. Henry H. Sibley. -60* *Miss. William M l Willie. Neb.(Ter.). Wm. A. Richardson. -59 * * JVe&. ( Ter.). Sterling Morton. Pa. Wm. F. Packer. -60 * * S. C. Wm. H. Gist. -60 * * Vt. Hiland Hall. 1859 Jan. 4. B. C. The Senate first occupies its new chamber in the north wing of the Capitol. The Supreme Court occupies the old chamber. Jan. * Kan, The Territorial Legislature orders that the question of calling an- other convention to prepare a con- stitution shall be decided by a popular vote. Jan. 24. B. C. Congress: Senator Slidell of La. presents a hill which proposes to place $30,000,000 in the hands of the President for the purchase of Cuba. Feb. 14. B. C. Congress admits Ore- gon into the Union as the 33d State ; the domain not included in the State is added to the Territory of Washington ; President Buchanan signs the bill. Feb. 26. -D. C. Congress: Senator Sli- dell withdraws the Cuba bill. Mar. 3. B.C. Congress : The President, by special message, saves the public credit from the dishonor of an empty treasury. Congress authorizes the issue of $20,000,000 in treasury notes. Mar. 4. B.C. The 35th Congressends. Mar. 14. B. C. Joseph Holt of Ky. is appointed Postmaster-General, succeed- ing Aaron V. Brown of Tenn. Mar. * Kan. A new convention, to frame a constitution, is ordered by a popular vote; majority, 3,881. May 16. Ore. The Legislature meets in special session for the purpose of com- pleting the organization of the State government. June 25. B. C. Congress ; Senate : Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is reelected President pro tempore. July 1. U. S. National debt $58,496,837. July 5. Kan. A State Convention meets at Wyandotte. [It prepares an anti- slavery constitution, and restricts the suffrage to " white male persons."] July 27. Pacific Coast. Gen. ' Harney sends a military force to San Juan Island, near Vancouver's Island, in the interests of American pioneer settlers. July * China. Gen. "Ward, the United States envoy, is not permitted to see the emperor, after going to Pekin. Aug.* W. Va. The Knights of the Golden Circle meet at White Sulphur Springs ; they are organized for the chief purpose of extending the area of slavery by conquering Central America. MISCELLANEOUS. 1858 May 11. j\r. Y. A disaster occurs on the New York Central Railroad at Utica ; 8 persons are killed, 30 wounded. June 3. The steamer Pennsylvania, on the Mississippi, bursts its boilers ; 10 lives are lost. June 26. Two steamers commence to lay the Atlantic cable in mid-ocean ; the cable parts when live miles are laid. July 29. The third attempt to lay the Atlantic cable commences in mid-ocean. Aug. 5. The Atlantic cable is success- fully laid between Newfoundland and Ireland. Aug. 16. Queen Victoria and President Buchanan send the first messages by the Atlantic cable. Sept. 13. The steamer Austria is burned at sea ; 539 lives are lost. Oct. 5. New York. The Crystal Palace, with its contents, is burned; loss more than SI ,000,000. Oct. 9. Mo. The first overland mail arrives at St. Louis, 23 days and 4 hours from San Francisco. (Pony express.) Nov. * iV. Y. Aqueduct water is intro- duced into Brooklyn. Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1858, 119,501. * * Col. The first colony of miners in Colorado is established on Clear Creek, in Gilpin County. * * B.C. The New Patent Office Building at Washington is completed. * * R. I. Swan Point Cemetery near Providence is incorporated. 1859 Feb. 27. The steamer Princess, for New Orleans, bursts her boilers, and 25 persons are killed and 35 wounded. Apr. 27 , 28. The ship Pomona is wrecked on Blackwater Bank ; of 419 persons on board, only 24 are saved. June, 5. O. The wheat crop throughout most of the State is destroyed by frost. June 27. Ind. A disaster occurs on the Michigan Southern Railroad near South Bend ; 38 persons are killed and 50 wounded. June 30. N. Y. Emile G. Blondin crosses the chasm at Niagara Falls on a tight rope. Aug. 26. Pa. E. L. Drake bores through the rock at Titusville, and at the depth of 71 feet strikes oil (petroleum), which rises near the surface ; it is the first oil well. Sept. 16. Mo. The first overland mail (Pony express) for the Pacific coast leaves St. Louis. [It arrives at San Francisco Oct. 10.] 186 1859, Oct. 4-1860, June 16. AMERICA : ARMY — WAVY. 1859 Oct. 16 K W. Va. John Brown makes a raid into Virginia to free the slaves. "With 17 white men and 5 negroes he surprises and captures the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Oct. 17. W.Va. The militia and Federal troops besiege John Brown. Oct. 18. W. Va. The armory is captured by Col. R. E. Lee with 1,500 troops ; 12 of Brown's men are killed ; Brown and 4 men are taken prisoners. 1860 Jan. * U. S. The militia of the various States numbers 3,070,987. The United States Navy numbers 93 vessels of all kinds. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1859 Nov. 24. New York. Adelina Patti makes her first appearance in America. * * The French Government voluntarily presents Samuel F. B. Morse with $80,000 for his invaluable services in introducing the telegraph. * * Photo-lithography is introduced in preparing maps. * * New York. Charles F. Blauvelt of Maryland, and James M. Hart of New York, are elected members of the Na- tional Academy of Design. * *New York. A bronze bust of Schiller is unveiled in Central Park. * * Adirondacks is painted by J. M. Hart. * * Kaaterskill Clove is painted by S. It. Gifford. * *The group The Checker Players is executed by John Rogers. * * Star of Empire is painted by Eman- uel Leutze. * * Venus is painted by Thomas Page. 1860 Mar. 29. Conn. Charles F. Hall sails from New London in the ship George Henry for the Arctic regions to search for tidings of Sir John Franklin. June 3. IlL-Ia. A terrible tornado, moving at the rate of from 70 to 90 miles an hour, devastates the country along its path, and causes 150 deaths. BIRTHS — DEATHS. I860* * Alexander, Joseph A., theologian, orientalist at Princeton, A51. Archer. Hell, actor, born in Pa. Brett, Philip M., RefM. clenivman, A43. Bryan, Wm.J., M. O. for Neb., born in 111. Curtis, Charles, M. C. of Kan., born in Kan. Dent, 1 tennis, inaj.-^-ii. U. S. A., dies. Drake, Benjamin, M. E. clergyman, AGO. Erwin, Alex. R., clergyman M. E. Ch, South, A40. Espy, James P., meteorologist, author, A75. Praser; Charles, painter, writer, A78. Goodrich, Chauncey, clergyman, editor Web- ster's Dictionary, A70. Goodrich, Sam. G. (Peter Parley) , an., A67. Houk, John C, M. C. for Tenn., b. in Tenn. Gray, Alonzo, author, educator, A52. Jesup, Thomas Siilnev, niuj.-ircn,, A72. Maimer, Thomas F., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. MeLanrin, John I,., M. O. for S. C, b. S. 0. Miles, Richard P., R. 0. hp. of Nashville, AG9. Neumann, John N., R. C. bp. in Phila., A49. Owen, David Dale, geologist, A53. Paulding, James Kirke, novelist, sec. of navy, A81. Parker. Theodore. Unit, el., author, A50. Peale, Rembrandt, portrait painter, A82. Preston, Wm. C, sen. for S. C, A66. Russell, Lilian, actor, born in Iowa, "Van Rensselaer, Cortland, I'n-s. el., A52. "Walker. "William, filibuster, A36. Watson, John E., antiquary, historical writer, A36. Winebrenner, John, Ger. Hef'd. cl. t A63. CHURCH. 1859 Oct. 13. Alexander Gregg is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Texas, Wm. Henry Odenheimer of New Jersey, Gregory Thurston Bedell (assist- ant) of Ohio, and Henry Benjamin Whip- ple of Minnesota. Oct. 23. Ark. Henry Champlin Lay is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis- sionary bishop of Arkansas. * * Del. The General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Wilmington ; R. W. Patterson, moderator. * * HI. The Illinois Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * Ind. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Indianapolis ; Wm. L. Breckinridge, moderator. * * Kan.-O. The Protestant Episcopal dioceses of Kansas and Southern Ohio are organized. * * New York. The Baptist Annual Meeting assembles. * * New York. St. Patrick's magnificent cathedral (Roman Catholic) is erected. * * N. Y. The Genesee Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * 0. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati; A. Campbell, moderator. * * O. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; Peter Bullions, moderator. * * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at Pittsburg. * * The Society for the Increase of the Ministry (Protestant Episcopal) is in- corporated. * * U. S. The American Board -with- draws from the Choctaw Indians, because of complications respecting slavery. * * Va. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets in Rich- mond. * * The American Missionary Association abandons its work among the Indians of the Northwest. * * The Choctaw Indians are declared a Christian people. * * A Church Antislavery Society is instituted for the purpose of convincing American churches and ministers that slavery is a sin, and inducing them to take the lead in the work of its abolition. 1860 Feb. 15. Joseph Cruikshank Talbot is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) missionary bishop of the North- west. May 1-June 4. N. Y. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is held at Buffalo. May * The Nebraska Conference is organ- ized. LETTERS. 1859* * N.C. North Carolina College (Evan. Lutheran) is organized at Mt. pleasant. Trinity College (Meth. Epie. S.) is or- ganized at Durham. * * New York. Audubon's Birds of Amer- ica is republished in the form of the original edition. * * N. Y. St. Bonaventura College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Allegany. * * O. Willoughby College (Meth. Epis.) is organized. * * Avolio, by P. H. Hayne, appears. * * Beulah, by A. J. E. Wilson, appears. * * History of New England during the Stuart Dynasty, by J. G. Palfrey, ap- pears. * * Home Ballads and Poems, by Whittier, appears. * * Life Thoughts, by Henry Ward Beecher, appears, and Notes from Plym- outh Pulpit. * * The Minister's Wooing, by H. B. Stowe, appears. * * Money King, by J. G. Saxe, appears. * * Seacliff, by J. W. De Forrest, appears. * * Sicily, a Pilgrimage, by Tuckerman, appears. * * History of the United States, by J. H. Patton, appears. * * A quarto edition of Webster's Diction- ary, revised by C. A. Goodrich, appears. * * The Diamond Wedding, by Edmund Clarence Stedman, appears. 1860 June* New York. The World is founded. * * ///. Wheaton College (Cong.) is or- ganized at Wheaton. Augustana College (Lutheran) is or- ganized at Rock Island. * * Ky. Cecilian College (Rom. Cath.) is organized. * * Louisiana State University (non- sect.) is organized at Baton Rouge. * * N. Y. St. Stephen's College (Prot. Epis.) is organized at Annadale. * * Ore. McMinnville College (Bapt.) is organized at McMinnville. * * The National Quarterly Review ap- pears in New York. * * Conduct in Life, by Emerson, appears. * * Intuitions of the Mind, by James McCosh, appears. * * The Marble Faun, by Hawthorne, ap- pears. * * Mother Goose for Grown Folks, by A. D. T. Whitney, appears. SOCIETY. 1859 Oct. 16. Va. John Brown at- tempts a raid to free the slaves by inciting a general uprising. Brown and 22 armed men seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and hold it as a place of refuge for uprising slaves. Twelve insurgents and seven citizens including the mayor, are Army, State.) Dec. 2. Va. John Brown, who aimed to be the emancipator of the slaves of America, is hanged by the authorities of the State as an insurrectionist. UNITED STATES. 1859, Oct. 4-1860, June 16. 1ST Dec. 16. Va. Jolin Brown's compan- ions, Cook, Coppoc, Copeland, and Green are executed. * * Cal. Senator Broderick and Judge Terry fight a duel ; Broderick is killed on the first fire ; cause, political antag- onism. [Great excitement throughout the country. This tragedy reacts in favor of the Republicans.] * * III. TJlyssea S. Grant moves to Galena, and engages in the leather trade. * *New York. The Athenaeum Club is founded. 1860 Mar. 16. Va. Stevens and Haz- lett, the last of the John Brown insur- gents, are executed. May 17. D. C. The Japanese embassy is received by President Buchanan. June 1. U. S. Total pensioners, 11,585 (165 Revolutionary veterans) ; total an- nual payment, $1,183,141. * *U.S. Total number of slaves, 4,002,996. June 16. Phila. The Japanese embassy is received as the guests of the city. STATE. 1859 Oct. 4. Kan. The antislavery constitution is approved by about 4,900 majority at a general election. Oct. 16. Va. John Brown, of Kansas, seizes Harper's Ferry. (See Society.) Nov. 2. John Brown is tried at Charles- town and convicted <5f " treason, conspir- acy, and murder in the first degree ; " he is sentenced to be hanged. Dec. 2. If. S. A profound sensation is caused by the hanging of John Brown in Virginia. Dec. 5. D. C. The 36th Congress opens. Political classification : Senate, 38 Democrats out of 66 members ; House, 113 Republicans, 93 Administration Dem- ocrats, 8 Anti-Lecompton Democrats, and 23 (Southern) Americans. (Tribune Almanac.) Congress: the Senate appoints a com- mittee of five (Mason, Davis, Fitch, Collamer, and Doolittle), to investigate the raid of John Brown. [It is alleged that they aim to fasten the responsibil- ity of Brown's raid on the Republican party.] Dec. * D. C. Congress; House : A long contest ensues between the Republicans and Democrats over the speakership. (See Feb. 1, 1860.) Dec. * -61 Mar.* D.C. Jefferson Davis is the Democratic leader in the Senate. * * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : -63 * * Del. Win. Burton. -61 * * Kan. (Ter.). Fred. P. Stanton. -61 * * Ky. Beriah H. Magoffin. -60 * * Mich. Moses Wisner. -61 * * Neb. (Ter.). Samuel "W. Black. -61 * *N. C. John TV. Ellis. -61 * * N. H. Ichabod Goodwin. -63 * * N. Y. Edwin D. Morgan. -62 * * Ore. John Whittaker. -60 * * R. I. Thomas G. Turner. -61 * * Tex. Sam Houston. 1860 Jan. 30. D. C. Congress; House : John Sherman of O. with- draws on the 40th ballot as a (Rep.) candidate for Speaker. Feb. 1. D. C. Congress ; House : After a struggle of eight weeks, "Wm. Pen- nington of N. J. is elected the first Republican Speaker. Feb. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jef- ferson Davis of Miss, introduces seven proslavery resolutions [which the Sen- ate adopts after three months of debate]. Some of them are propositions that have been voted down by the Southern De- mocracy in National Convention. Mar. 5. D. C. Congress: The House adopts the Covode resolution for a committee to investigate the conduct of the President. Mar. 12. D. C. Congress: The House passes a Preemption BUI for the third time ; it provides for giving land to actual settlers at a nominal price, or free of cost. Vote, 115-65. All the nays but one come from the slave States. Mar. 13. N. Y. The Senate approves a joint temperance resolution provid- ing for a Constitutional Prohibitory Amendment. Vote, 30-6. Mar. 27- Cal. The Japanese embassy arrives at San Francisco. It includes two ambassadors, two asso- ciates, ten officials, two interpreters, two physicians, and 53 servants. Mar. 28. D. C. President Buchanan resents a proposed inquiry relative to his acts. Apr. 23. S. C. The Democratic Na- tional Convention assembles at Charleston, and divides on the sla- very issue. The South demands explicit assertion of the right of citizens to establish slavery in the Territories, and to be protected in that right by Federal authority ; the Douglas men refuse to indorse these demands. Vote, 165-138. Apr. 30. S. C. The Democratic Conven- tion substitutes the Minority (Con- servative) Report on the platform for that of the majority. May 3. S. C. The Democracy is dis- rupted. Southern Democrats secede from the Convention because a radical prosla- very platform is refused. [The remain- ing members, hampered by the two-thirds rule, ballot 57 times, but fail to make a nomination, and adjourn to meet in Baltimore, on June 18.] May 9. Md. The Constitutional Union Party (chiefly members of the late American party) meets at Balti- more, and nominates John Bell of Tenn. and Edward Everett of Mass. for presidential offices. Vote: Bell, 138; Houston of Tex., 69. May 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes a substitute for the Preemption BUI. Vote, 44-S. [The House refuses to concur.] The House passes the Morrill Tariff Bill, to increase the revenue by increasing the scale of du- ties. (See Mar. 2, 18C1.) May 14. D. C. The Japanese em- bassy arrives. May 16. Chicago. The Republican National Convention meets. May 18. Chicago. The Convention votes : 1st ballot: Wm. H. Seward, 173i; Abra- ham Lincoln, 102 ; Simon Cameron, 50^ ; scattering, . 2d ballot : Seward, 184-i ; Lincoln, 181. 3d ballot: Lincoln, 354; Seward, 110£; "Wm. E. Dayton, 1 ; John McLean, J. Abraham Tiincoln of 111. and Han- nibal Hamlin of Me. are unanimously nominated for presidential offices. May * Wash. Boundary disputes are renewed at San Juan; Gen. Harney is recalled. June 7. D. C. Congress: The House passes a bill to admit Kansas as a State of the Union. [It fails in the Senate.] June 11. Va. The Southern seceding Democrats meet at Richmond, and adjourn till the close of the Baltimore Convention. (See May 3.) MISCELLANEOUS. 1859 Dec. 21. U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 1859, 118,616. * * III. Rose HiU Cemetery, near Chi- cago, is established. * * Ill.-Md. The first street cars are rim in Chicago and in Baltimore. * * Neb. The Colorado potato-beetle appears. It feeds on potato plants, and gradually proceeds eastward through Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, to the New England States. * * The Ohio and Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, and the Fort "Wayne and Chi- cago Roads, consolidate, and form the Pittsburg, Fort "Wayne and Chicago Railroad Company, connecting Pitts- burg and Chicago by a continuous line 471 miles long. 1860 Jan. 10. Mass. The Pemberton Cotton Mill at Lawrence collapses while in operation ; the wreck takes fire ; 117 persons are known to be dead, and 89 missing. Jan. * A railway line is completed from Maine to Louisiana by the opening of the Mississippi Central, and 61 miles between Lynchburg and Alexandria, on the Orange and Alexandria Road. Feb. 2. New York . A fire destroys much property and 50 lives. Feb. 19. The emigrant vessel Luna is wrecked on rocks off Barfleur ; 100 lives are lost. 188 1860, June 18 -Dec. 31. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1860 Nov. 15. New York. Maj. Hob- ert Anderson of Ky. is ordered to take command of Federal forts and forces in Charleston Harbor. Nov. 21. S. C. Maj. Anderson as- sumes command at Fort Moultrie. Nov. 28. J'a. The steam sloop-of-war Brooklyn, carrying 28 guns, unexpect- edly returns from Panama, and arrives at Norfolk, Dec. 26. S. C. Maj. Anderson, U.S. A., evacuates Fort Moultrie and occupies Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Dec. 27. S. C. The State authorities seize Castle Pinckney and Fort Moul- trie. Dec. 30. D. C. Gen. Scott communi- cates directly with the President, and asks permission to send 250 recruits to Fort Sumter -without the knowledge of the "War Department. Dec. 31. S. C. State troops take pos- session of the IT. S. arsenal at Charles- ton, and supplant the U. S. flag with the Palmetto flag. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1860 July 6. Boston. Dr. Isaac I. Hayes sails in the schooner United States to make researches in the polar regions. July 20. A remarkable meteor passes over New York, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Sept. 10. O. The statue of Com. Perry is unveiled at Cleveland, on the 47th anniversary of the battle of Lake Erie. Sept. 15. The asteroid Echo is discov- ered by J. Ferguson. Sept. 16. The asteroid Artemis is dis- covered by J. C. "Watson. CHURCH. 1860 June 20. Chicago. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. Sept. 12. Mass. The Congregational Conference of Massachusetts is organ- ized. LETTERS. 1860* * History of the United Nether- lands, by John Lothrop Motley, appears in part. * * The Poems of Henry Timrod appears. * * The Poems of Rose Terry, by K. T. Cooke, appears. * * Poems Lyric and Idyllic, by E. C. Stedman, appears. * * Neio York. The Fireside Companion is issued. SOCIETY. 1860 June 19. III. Abraham Lin- coln, the President-elect, declines a request to furnish liquors to the Na- tional Committee sent to inform him of his nomination to the presidency ; he returns unopened the hampers of wines and liquors given to him. June * La. "William "Walker sails for Honduras, on another lilibustering ex- pedition. [He is captured and shot.] June * New York. The Japanese em- bassy is received with great honor. July 6. N. J. Jacob S. Harden is hanged at Belvidere for the murder of his wife. July 13. N. Y. Albert "W. Hicks is hanged on Bedloe's Island for a triple murder on the oyster-sloop Edwin A. Johnson. Sept. 20. Mich. The tour of the Prince of "Wales begins at Detroit. Oct. 3-7. L). C. The Prince of "Walea is the guest of the President. Oct. 11. New York. The Prince of "Wales is received with a grand mili- tary and civic display. STATE. 1860 June 18. Md. The Democratic National Convention reassembles at Baltimore ; Southern members fail in their proslavery demands and another secession occurs. The seceders from the Baltimore Con- vention hold a convention, and (June 23) nominate John C. Breckinridge of Ky. and Joseph Lane of Ore. June 19. D. C. Congress: The Pre- emption Bill, as amended by the Sen- ate, passes both Houses with large majorities. June 22. Md. Stephen A. Douglas of 111. and Hersehel V. Johnson of Ga. are nominated fur presidential offices by the Democratic National Convention. June 23. I). C. President Buchanan vetoes the Preemption Bill. June 25. B.C. The 36th Congress: the first session closes. June 26. Va. The Richmond Con- vention of seceding Democrats reas- sembles, and ratifies the nomination of Breckinridge and Lane. July 1. U. S. National debt $64,842,287. Aug. 30. Miss. The governor declares himself ready to " dare all and hazard all, rather than to see Mississippi a dependent province of a Black Repub- lican government." Sept. 8. D. C. Secretary Cobb nego- tiates $10,000,000, 5 per cent ten year bonds at from par to 1.45 per cent premium. [Only §7,022,000 of the money was paid in.] Sept. * S. C. Several influential gentle- men meet at Charleston, and organize the secret society called "The 1860 Association." It is organized " to influence public sentiment, and to resist Northern and Federal aggression," and improve the military defenses of the slave States. [A secret league of Southern governors follows, with a firm union of public men at Washington, D.C.] Oct. * U. S. Republicans organize "Wide Awake clubs ; they parade with torches and cannon. The political canvass, with four candi- dates in the field for the presidency, is highly exciting. South Carolina communicates to other States proposals for secession. Oct. 12. 8. C. Gov. Gist proclaims the convening of the Legislature in extra session, " to appoint electors of Presi- dent and Vice-President ; and, if advisa- ble, to take action for the safety and protection of the State." Oct. 23. Cal. Edward D. Baker makes a speech concerning the rights of free- dom, in the American Theater at San Francisco. Oct. 29. New York. The veteran Lieut.- Gen. Winfield Scott, general- in-chief of the army, counsels the President to make preparation for secession and hostilities by increasing garrisons at national forts. Oct. * The pivotal States give decisive Republican majorities, which fore- shadow the election of Mr. Lincoln. Majoritv for governor in Pennsvlvania is 32,000: in Indiana nearly 10,000; and for Congressmen in Ohio 27,000. Nov. 5. S. C. The Legislature meets in extra session ; the governor's message advocates secession and the reorganiza- tion of the militia. Nov. 6. U. S. 19th Presidential elec- tion ; the first Republican victory. Popular vote : Abraham Lincoln of 111. (Rep.), 1,S66,352 : Stephen A. Douglas of 111. (Dem.), 1,375,157; J. C. Breckin- ridge of Ky. (Dem.), S45.7S3 ; John Bell of Xenn. (Union), 589,581. All the Republican electors are chosen in'17 free States, besides four of the seven elected in New Jersey ; 15 slave States are divided between three candidates. Nov. 7. S. C. Intense excitement fol- lows the election at Charleston, and through all the slave States ; exultation abounds in the antislavery States. Nov. 9.-11. D. C. Congress : The Sen- ators from South Carolina resign their seats. Nov. 13. S. C. The Legislature calls a convention to consider the question of secession, from the Union. [It resolves to raise 10,000 volunteers.] Nov. 14. Ga. Alexander H. Stephens delivers a union speech before the Legislature, which creates a marked sensation. Nov. 17. 5. C. A-grand mass meeting is held at Charleston, and enthusiastic addresses are made to " citizens of the Southern Republic." Nov. IS. Ga. The Legislature votes 81,000,000 to arm the State. Nov. 20. D. C. The Administration adopts a non-coercive policy towards the seceding States ; it is expressed in the opinion rendered by the Attorney- General. Nov. 26. Miss. The Legislature is convened. It meets to consider" the propriety and necessity of providing surer and better safeguards for the lives, liberties, and property of her citizens than have been found in Black Republican oaths." UNITED STATES. 1860, June 18-Dec. 31. 189 S. C. The Legislature meets in reg- ular annual session. Nov. * Miss. The Legislature adopts a joint resolution directing the appoint- ment of commissioners to the several slaveholding States, to Becure united action in a secession movement. Dec. 3. D, C. The 36th. Congress: the second session opens. President Buchanan recommends Con- gress to conciliate the South hy making certain concessions ; and he reminds the South "that no single act has ever passed Congress impairing in the slight- est degree its rights to property in slaves," and admits that "the sword is not placed in the hands of Congress to preserve it [the Union] hy force." Dec. 4. D. C. Congress: In the House Alexander R. Bouteler of Ya, intro- duces a resolution for the appointment of a Special Committee [of Thirty- three] to consider the condition of the country. Dec. 6. D. C. Congress : In the Senate L. W. Powell of Ky. introduces a resolu- tion for the appointment of a Special Committee [of Thirteen] to concert measures of compromise or pacification. House : the Speaker announces the Committee of Thirty-three; Thomas Corwin of O., chairman. Members : T. Corwin of O., J. S. Mill- son of Va., C. F. Adams of Mass., W. Winslow of N. C, J. Humphrey of N. Y., "W. W. Boyce of S. C, J. H. Campbell of Pa., P. E. Love of Ga., O. S. Ferry of Conn., H. \V. Davis of Md., C. Robinson of R. I., W. G. Whiteley of Del., M. W. Tappan of N. H., J. L. N. Stratton of N. J., F. M. Bristow of Ky., J. S. Morrill of Vt., T. A. R. Nelson of Tenn., W. McK. Dunn of Ind., M. Taylor of La., R. Davis of Miss., W. Kellogg of 111., G. S. Houston of Ala., F. H. Morse of Me., J. S. Phelps of Mo., A. Rast of Ark., W. A. Howard of Mich., G. S. Hawkins of Fla., A. J. Hamilton of Tex., C. C. Washburne of Wis., S. R. Curtis of la., J. C. Birch of Colo., W. "Windom of Minn. , and L. Stout of Ore. Dec. 8. D. C. Secretary Cobb resigns the office of Treasurer, and joins the Se- cession movement. Dec. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Jefferson Davis of Miss, makes a speech, and declares that the Union had cost "little time, little money, and no blood." Dec. 12. D.C. Philip F.Thomas of Md. is appointed Secretary of the Treasury. Dec. 13. D. C. The House Committee of Thirty-three passes a resolution declaring " any reasonable, proper, and constitutional remedies and effectual guarantees of their [Southern] peculiar rights and interests should be promptly and cheerfully given." Vote, 22-8. Dec. 14. D. C. Gen. Cass, Secretary of State, resigns his office, because the President declines to reenforce Maj. Anderson. The President by proclamation ap- points the fourth of January prox. to be observed as a day of humiliation, fast- ing, and prayer, because of the " dan- gerous and distracted condition of the country." About one-half of the Senators and Representatives from eight Southern States unite in issuing an address to their constituents, urging the seces- sion of separate States for the purpose of organizing a Southern Confederacy; it is the official beginning of the Confederacy. Dec. 17. D. C. Jeremiah S. Black of Pa. is appointed Secretary of State. Congress authorizes a loan of $10,000,000. S. C. A State Convention assembles at Columbia, by the call of the Legisla- ture, and adjourns to Charleston to escape an epidemic of smallpox. Dec. 17. S. C. F. W. Pickens is in- augurated governor. The President writes Gov. Pickens that he has sent Caleb Cushing to South Carolina to avert if possible the seced- ing of the State. Dec. 18. D. a Congress: The Senate orders the appointment of the Special Committee of Thirteen. John J. Crittenden of Ky. introduces a plan of concession. (Schouler, Dec. 22.) It proposes to restore the Missouri Compromise line by constitutional amendment, and to run tbe line to the Pacific ; to admit Territories as States, with or without slavery, as their consti- tutions shall determine; to guarantee slavery in the slave States against aboli- tion by Congress ; to restrain interfer- ence by the Federal Government with the interstate transportation of slaves ; to recompense the value of fugitive slaves lost to their owners by mob vio- lence ; and urges the Northern States to repeal personal liberty bills wher- ever enacted. [It is not accepted by Congress.] The secession of States begins. Dec. 20. South Carolina secedes by the ordinance of a special convention. ± S. C. The State Convention des- patches three special commissioners, Robert "W. Barnwell, James H. Adams, and James L. Orr, to Washington, to negotiate for the division of Federal property, and a surrender to South Car- olina of the forts in Charleston Harbor. D. C. Congress: The Senate Com- mittee of Thirteen is appointed to devise compromise measures for the restoration of peace. Members : Lazarus W. Powell and John J. Crittenden of Ky., R. M. T. Hunter of Va., William H. Seward of N. Y., Robert Toombs of Ga., Stephen A. Douglas of 111., Jacob Collamer of Vt., Jefferson Davis of ~\Iiss., Benjamin F. Wade of O., William Bigler of Pa., Henry M. Rice of Minn., James R. Doo- little of Wis., and James W. Grimes of la. The request of Gov. Pickens that Fort Sumter be surrendered to the State is delivered to President Bu- chanan by a special messenger. He replies that he has no authority to surrender any of the forts or public property in South Carolina to the State. Dec. 21. S. C. Gov. Pickens with- draws his request of the 20th inst. by advice of his friends. Dec. 24. S. C. The State Convention makes a " declaration of independ- ence." D. C. Congress ; House : Members from South Carolina withdraw. Secretary Floyd orders 78 guns to be shipped from Pennsylvania to New- port, near Galveston, Tex., and 46 guns to Balize, at the mouth of the Mississippi. Dec. 26. I). C. The commissioners from South Carolina arrive. Dec. 28. D. C. President Buchanan re- ceives the three commissioners as pri- vate gentlemen. Secretary Thomas obtains bids for less than half of the $5,000,000 in Treasury notes he had advertised, and the Gov- ernment is reduced to desperate straits. [Bankers in New York save the na- tional credit by making a combination purchase of 31,500,000.] Dec. 29. D. C. J. B. Floyd of Va. re- signs his office as Secretary of War. [He is succeeded by Joseph Holt, Dec. 31.] The three commissioners write Pres- ident Buchanan that he must disapprove of Maj. Anderson's occupancy of Sum- ter before they can negotiate with him. Dec. 30. I). C. Secretary Black succeeds in changing the President's vacillat- ing policy; he refuses to see the commissioners from South Carolina. Dec. 31. D. C. The President informs the three commissioners that Fort Sumter will be defended to the last extremity. Congress ; Senate : The Committee of Thirteen on compromises reports that it is " not able to agree upon any general plan of adjustment." MISCELLANEOUS. 1860 June * U. S. Eighth census : States, 33; whites, 26,922,537, colored, 4,441,830; (free colored, 488,070, slaves, 3,953,760; Indians omitted ; total popula- tion, 31,443,321. Increase 35.58 per cent. The center of population is 20 miles south of Chillicothe ; the westward movement in 10 years is 81 miles. June 28. Kew York. The Great Eastern arrives ; the largest vessel ever built. Sept. S. The steamer Lady Elgin collides with the schooner Augusta on Lake Michigan, and goes down ; of 835 persons on board, 2S7 are lost. * * III. Oakridge Cemetery, near Springfield, is consecrated. * * Mass. Newton Cemetery, near Boston, is established. * * U.S. Statistics for 1860. Produc- tion: Gold, SIC.OOIMHHI; Silver, $150,(1110 ; Busht'ls of Grain — Indian Corn, S3S,- 795 74'J ; Wheal . 173.1(14,924 ; < >ats, 172,043,- 1S5; Barley, 15.825.898; Rye, 21,101,380; Buckwheat, 17,571,818; bales of Cotton, 4,669,770. Currency in circulation, $435,407,l'52 ; per capita, $13.85. Immigrants, 150,273. Miles of railroad, 30,635. 190 I860 * *-1861, Feb. 13. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1860 * * The United States Army is scattered in remote parts of the coun- try, vast military stores are lodged in Southern arsenals by direction of Secre- tary Floyd, a sympathizer with seces- sion ; the navy is chiefly absent on foreign stations. 1861 Jan. 1-4. Ala. The governor seizes Mount Vernon Arsenal and Forta Morgan and Gaines at Mobile. Jan. 2. S. C. State troops seize Fort Johnson, guarding the harbor of Charleston. Jan. 3. Ga. Gov. Brown seizes Forts Pulaski and Jackson near Savannah. Jan. 5. New York. The Star of the West sails with reenforcenients and supplies for Maj. Anderson. Jan. 7. Fla. The State troops seize Fort Marion and Fort Augustine. Jan. 9. 5. C. The first shot is fired in the Civil War ; when the Star of the West is approaching Fort Sumter, she is attacked by the batteries of Fort Moul- trie, and compelled to retire. Maj. Anderson demands of Gov. Pickens an explanation of the hostile act against the U. S. flag. £>. C. Plans for the defense of "Washington are presented by Col. Charles P. Stone, and adopted. Jan. 9, 10. N. C. State troops and citi- zens occupy Forts Caswell and John- ston, without authority. Jan. 9-11. Fla. Lieut. Slemmer trans- fers his command from Forts Barran- cas and McRae to the strong defenses of Fort Pickens, Santa Rosa Island. Jan. 10. La. State troops seize the Baton Rouge barracks and TJ. S. arsenal. Miss. The State seizes U. S. forts and properties. Jan. 11. S. C. Gov. Pickens demands the surrender of Fort Sumter. Maj. Anderson refuses. Jan. 12. Fla. A force of volunteers, under authority of the governor, de- mands of Commodore Armstrong the surrender of the Pensacola navy yards; they are given up, with two deserted forts. Miss. The Confederates fortify Vicksburg. N. C. Forts Caswell and Johnston are restored, by order of Gov. Ellis. Jan. 14. Fla. Fort Taylor at Key West is garrisoned by Federal troops. Jan 15. La. Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip are seized. Jan. 20. Miss. Confederates take pos- session of the unfinished fort on Ship Island. Jan. 22. D. C. President Buchanan refuses to pledge the government to extend the truce at Charleston till Feb- ruary 15th. Jan. 24. Ga. State troops demand and occupy the XT. S. arsenal at Augusta. Jan. 29. D. C. The President orders the expedition sent to Pensacola, not to land the troops, on the assurance that Fort Pickens will not be attacked by seceders. (Fort Pickens truce.) Jan. i * Mo. The secessionists organize '* Minute Men" for the purpose of capturing the U. S. arsenal at St. Louis ; the Union men organize the Home Guards for its defense. Feb. 6. £>. C. The Secretary of War re- fuses to surrender Fort Sumter on the demand of the Confederates. Feb. 8. Ark. The State seizes the U. S. arsenal at Little Rock. Feb. 12. Ark. The State seizes the U. S. ordnance stores at Napoleon. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1860 * * Boston. A 15-in. Rodman gun, weighing 49,000 pounds, is cast by the South Boston Iron Company. * * Md. Baltimore acquires G93 acres for Druid TTill Park. * * New York. Clara Louise Kellogg makes her debut in Eigoletto at the Academy of Music. * * New York. A time ball connected by telegraph with the Dudley Observa- tory, at Albany, is placed on the Custom House. * * New York. Eastman Johnson and Al- bert Bierstadt are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * N. Y. Prof. Henry Draper's observa- tory is erected at Hastings. * * The Spencer repeating rifle is pat- ented. * * Flight into Egypt is painted by Thomas Moran. * * Bay of New York is painted by G. L. Brown. 1861 Jan. 5. N. Y. The Brooklyn Art Association is established. BIRTHS — DEATHS. I860. July 1. Goodyear. Charles, inventor of hard rubber, A63. 1861. Jan. 4. Kent, William, jurist of N.Y., A59. Jan. 10. Hacklev, Charles W., P. E. cl., prof., A52. Jan. 24. Letcher, Kobert P., Gov. Ky. A73. Jan. 11. Cobbs, Nicholas H., P. E. bp. of Ala., A65. Jan. 20. Lowell, Charles, Unit, cl., au- thor, A79. Jan. 28. Reid, Sam. C, U. S. N., designer U. S. flag, ATS. Feb. 8. Francis, John \W, physician, wri- ter, AT2. CHURCH. I860 * * Mich., Minn, The Synodical Conference (Evangelical Lutheran) of Minnesota and Michigan is organized. * * N. Y. The General Assembly (O.S. Presbyterian) meets at Rochester ; John "W. Yeomans, moderator. * * Pa. The General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; T. A. Mills, moderator. * * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held at Cincinnati. * * O, The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. * * Phila. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian; meets ; Joseph Clokey, moderator. * * The Susquehanna Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * The Episcopalians open a mission among the Sioux Indians. + * The American Board withdraws its mission from the Cherokee Indians, its proper work being done, and the Indians Christianized. * * Ga. The Augustana Synod (Evangel- ical Lutheran) is organized. 1861 Jan. 15. New York. The Wo- men's Union Missionary Society is or- ganized. SOCIETY. I860 * * Cal. The Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind is opened at Berkeley. STATE. 1860 * * The commissioners send a let- ter to the President, which he declines to receive ; he considers them disrespect- ful and violent, and their assertions un- founded. * * U. S. There are thirty-three States in the Union, 18 free and 15 slave ; this gives the control of the government to free States. * * D. C. Congress: A treaty with Mexico, negotiated by Louis McLane, is rejected by the Senate. * * New York. Fernando "Wood is re- elected the 72d mayor. * * C. S. Governors inaugurated : -64 * * Ark. Henry M. Rector. Cal. M. S. Latham. -62 * * Cal. John G. Downey. -62 * * La. Thomas O. Moore. -64 * * la. Samuel J. Kirkwood. -64* * Minn. • Alex. Ramsey. -62 * * Miss. John J. Pettus. -63 * * N. J. Charles S. Olden. -62 * * O. Wm. Dennison. -61 * * B. I. Wm. Sprague -62 * * S. C. Francis W. Pickens. -64 * * f'a. John Letcher. -61 * * Vt. Erastus Fairbanks. 1861 Jan. 1. Ala. A State Conven- tion meets, and on the same day resolves that " Alabama cannot and will not sub- mit to the administration of Lincoln and Hamlin." V. S. Nominal balance in the Treasury, $2,233,220. Jan. 2. D. C. President Buchanan de- cides to reenf orce Fort Sumter. Jan. 3. V. C. Congress: In the Senate John J. Crittenden of Ky. introduces resolutions for taking a vote of the people for the settlement of dissen- Commissioners from South Carolina demand the surrender of Fort Sum- ter; President Buchanan refuses. — Del. The proposal of the Commis- sioner to join the Southern Confed- eracy is rejected by the Legislature — UNITED STATES. 1860 ** 1861, Feb. 13. 191 unanimously by the Assembly, and by a majority of tlie Senate. Fla. A State Convention assembles. Ga. Gov. Brown orders the seizure of Fort Pulaski. Jan. 5. Fla. The governor seizes the TJ. S. arsenal at Apalachicola. New York. Mayor Wood recommends the secession of the city to the Common Council. D. C. Senators from seven Southern States hold a caucus. They resolve to assume temporarily the political and military control of the South, to advise the calling of a conven- tion of seceders at Montgomery, aiming to force the Border States from a posi- tion of neutrality ; they also decide to retain their seats in the Senate, to pre- vent inimical measures by the Govern- ment. Jan. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: Rob- ert Toombs of Ga. denounces Abra- ham Lincoln as " an enemy of the human race, deserving the execration of mankind.'* Ala. A State Convention assembles. Miss. A State Convention assembles. Va. The Legislature meets in spe- cial session to consider " the condition of public affairs." [South Carolina and Mississippi have already threatened to close their markets against the sale of slaves from the border States as a means of coercion.] Congress receives a patriotic message from President Buchanan. Jan. 8. D. C. Jacob Thompson of Miss., Secretary of the Interior, retires from the Cabinet, and becomes an active Se- cessionist. Philip F. Thomas of Md., Secretary of the Treasury, resigns after serving only one month. Fla. The governor orders the sei- zure of the Wavy Yard and the unoccu- pied forts at Pensacola. Jan. 9. .D. C. Congress: In the House a committee of five is appointed, Wm. A. Howard of Mich, chairman ; it is to inquire "whether any officer of the United States has been or is now treat- ing with any person or persons concern- ing the surrender of forts," or pledging not to send reenforcements to forts in Charleston harbor. Mississippi, the second State, se- cedes by ordinance of a State Conven- tion. Vote, 8*1-15. S. C. The relief expedition from New York approaches Charleston bar in the night, and waits for the coming day. Jan. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Jefferson Davis of Miss, speaks in justification of secession. Florida, the third State, secedes by ordinance of a State convention. Vote, 62-7. Jan. 11. Alabama, the fourth State, secedes by ordinance of a State conven- tion. Vote, 61-39. D. C. John A. Dix of N. Y. is ap- pointed Secretary of the Treasury, fin his orders to revenue officers, he says : " If any man attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot ! "] Jan. 14. D. C. Congress : The House Committee of Thirty-three on com- promise make a majority report and seven minority reports. The majority report humiliates the North without appeasing the South; by it the Northern representatives abandon, without a protest, nearly all they have struggled for in seven years. Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate kills the Crittenden Bill by adopting the Clark substitute, stating that " the Constitution needs to be obeyed rather than amended," and declaring a disso- lution of the Union illusory and de- structive. Vote, 25-23. Six Southern Senators refuse to vote, and so defeat the original bill. Ga. A State Convention assembles. Jan. 18. Mo. The Legislature calls a State Convention to act upon secession ; it provides that no ordinance of seces- sion shall be valid unless ratified by the people. [Meets Feb. 2S ; Sterling Price, President.] Jan. 19. Georgia, the fifth State, se- cedes by ordinance of a State Conven- tion. Vote, 203-89. Miss. The Legislature adopts the re- port of a committee, making provisions for the organization of a Southern Confederacy, and the establishment of a provisional government. Va. The Legislature resolves to unite with the other States of the Union in sending commissioners to "Washing- ton on February 4th to "adjust the present unhappy controversies." Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: Senators from Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi withdraw, after each has made a final speech of defiance ; the bill passes ad- mitting Kansas under the Wyandotte constitution. Tex. A State Convention meets at A ustin. Jan. 23. La. A State Convention as- sembles. Jan. 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate: Jefferson Davis of Miss, defends State Sovereignty in a speech, and withdraws. Ex-President Tyler of Va. asks the President to give his pledge that there will be no hostilities during the session of a peace convention ; but he refuses to do so. Jan. 26. Louisiana, the sixth State, se- cedes by ordinance of a State Conven- tion ; vote, 113-17. The motion to submit the question to a popular vote is over- whelmirigly defeated. &. C. The House unanimously passes resolutions declaring that the State will go "with the slave States if reconcilia- tion between the North and South fails. Jan. 28. D. C. Senator Iverson of Ga. withdraws and joins the Secessionists. Jan. 29. Kansas is admitted into the Union as the 34th State. (Moore, Jan. 30.J Jan. 31. D, C. Col. Hayne, commis- sioner from South Carolina, demands the surrender of Fort Sumter by President Buchanan. Feb. 1.- Texas, the seventh State, se- cedes by act of a convention, subject to an approving vote of the people. Vote, 1G6-7. Feb. 4. Ala. The Confederate Con- gress is organized, at Montgomery, by delegates from six States; Howell Cobb is chairman. D. C. A peace convention assem- bles at Washiugton, by request of the Legislature of Virginia ; delegates ap- pear from 14 free States and seven slave States; ex-President John Ty- ler of Va. is elected president. Congress : Senators John SlideU and Judah P. Benjamin, both of La., make speeches and retire. Va. The people elect members of a State Convention. Feb. 6. Z>. C. Secretary Holt replies to Commissioner Hayne, and denies the right of eminent domain respecting Fort Sumter. Feb. 8. D. C. Congress : The issue of $25,000,000 of 10-20 year bonds at 6 per cent is authorized. Ala. The Confederate Congress adopts a provisional Constitution, re- sembling that of the United States, under the style of the Confederate States of America. Feb. 9. Ala. The Provisional Con- gress of six States elects Jefferson Davis of Miss. President of the Con- federate States, and Alex. H. Ste- phens of Ga. Vice-President for the term of six years. Cabinet of Jefferson Davis : Robert Toombs of Ga. (Sec. State), C. G. Mem- minger of S. C. (Sec. Treas.), L. P. Walker of Ala. (Sec. War), S. R. Mal- lory of Fla. (Sec. Navy), J. H. Reagan of Tex. (P. M.-Gen.), J. P. Benjamin of La. (Atty.-Gen.). Tenn. A general election gives a majority of 12,000 votes against holding a convention desired by Secessionists. Feb. 11. III. Abraham Lincoln makes a tender address to his neighbors, who throng the depot at Springfield, on his departure for Washington. [He travels slowly, and is welcomed at all towns and cities.] Feb. 12. Ala. The Confederate Con- gress assumes charge of all ques- tions arising between the seceded States and the Federal Government. Feb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President. : Lincoln, ISO ; Douglas, 12; Breckinridge, 72: Bell, 39. Vote for Vice-President: Hannibal Hamlin of Me. (Rep.). 180 ; Joseph Lane of Ore. (Dem.), 72 ; Edward Everett of Mass. (Union), 39 ; H. V. Johnson of Ga. (Dem.), 12. MISCELLANEOUS. 1861 Jan. 1. New York. Price of cot- ton is 11 £ cents a pound. [It rapidly ad- vances.] 192 1861, Feb. 13 -Apr. 17. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1861 Feb. 16. Tex. Gen. Twiggs sur- renders the military posts, containing SI, 300,000 worth of stores and §55,000 in specie, to the State authorities. Feb. 19. Mo. By Gen. Scott's orders, Gen. Harney concentrates a force of nearly 500 regulars and recruits for the defense of the military depot at St. Louis, containing G0,000 stand of im- proved arms, 1,500,000 ball cartridges, 90,000 pounds of powder, besides field- pieces, siege-guns, and other military supplies. Tex. Col. A. C. "Waite, appointed Jan. 28, arrives to supersede Gen. Twiggs at San Antonio, and finds an agreement made to withdraw the Fed- eral troops and surrender the valuable United States property. Mar. 1. Gen. David E. Twiggs is dis- missed from the U. S. Army as a traitor, having surrendered U. S. forces and property in Texas to Secessionists. Mar. 3. S. C. Gen. Beauregard assumes command of the Confederates at Charleston. Mar. 5. Tex. At Brownsville Texan troops occupy Fort Brown. Mar. 9. Ala. The Confederate Secre- tary of War makes a requisition on the States for 11,000 volunteers. Mar. 11. Ala. Brig.-Gen. Bragg as- sumes command of the Confederate forces. Mar. 12. D. C. Gen. Scott sends orders to Capt. Vogdes to reenforce Fort Pickens. Mar. * Jefferson Davis prepares for war and asks for 100,000 Confederate soldiers. Mar. * The Regular Army of the United States consists of one major-general, four brigadier-generals, and 16,000 offi- cers and men. Mar. * D. C. Lieut.-Col. Robert E. Lee is appointed colonel of the 1st Cavalry, U. S. A. THE SEVENTEENTH WAK. 1861 * * The Great Civil War. [Men enrolled in the Federal Army, 2,772,408 ; in the Confederate Army, 600,000(?).] Apr. 6. New York. An expedition pre- pared by Capt. Meigs sails for Fort Pickens. Apr. 7. S. C. Gen. Beauregard denies Maj. Anderson any further communi- cations with Charleston for purposes of supply. Apr. 8. D. C. The Government notifies Gov. Pickens of its purpose to reenforce Fort Sumter. Apr. 10. New York. An expedition, prepared by Capt. Fox, led by the Pow- hatan, Lieut. D. D. Porter, sails for Fort Sumter. Apr. 11. S. C. Maj. Anderson is sum- moned to surrender Fort Sumter. He refuses, yet informs Gen. Beauregard that his provisions will be exhausted by the 15th inst. Apr. 12. S. C. The Confederates open fire on Fort Sumter at 4.40 a.m. ; Maj. Anderson makes a vigorous reply, Apr. 14. B.C. Maj. Anderson evacu- ates Fort Sumter after a furious cannon- ade of M hours, his supply of provisions being exhausted [and the fleet arriving too late to relieve him]. Strength of the Federal garrison : commissioned officers, GS non-conn Mis- sioned officers and privates, 8 musicians, and 43 non-combatant laborers; total 128 men. Apr. 15. President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to serve for throe months. Apr. 16. Mass. The militia compa- nies, responding to the President's call, march into the city of Boston. N. C. The Confederates again seize Forts Caswell and Johnston. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1861 Apr. 9. The asteroid Mala is dis- covered by H. P. Tuttle. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1861. Mar. 25. Gibbs, Josiah Willard, prof, in Yale, philologist, ATI. Mar. 26. Kobbins, Koval, Cong, el., histo- rian, A73. Mar. 30. Shaw, Lemuel, of Mass., jurist, A80. Apr. 3. Humphrey, TTeman, t'ong. cl.,PreB. of Amherst, A82. Apr. 4. MaeLean, John, M. C. forO., U.S. S. Ct., A76. Apr. 10. Tucker, George, M. C. for Va., historian, A86. Apr. 11. Buckingham, Joseph T., ed. Bos- ton Courier, AS2. Apr. 12. Freling-huyeen. Theodore, sen. for >". J., A74. CHURCH. 1861 Apr. 4. Neb. The Nebraska Con- ference (Methodist Episcopal) first as- sembles. SOCIETY. 1861 Mar. * D. C. Three Territories have recently been organized on the basis of non-intervention respecting slavery. "It is a singular fact that on the eve of the litter destruction of the institu- tion of slavery, its legal status was ■ stronger than ever before in the history of the Government, and the area over which it might lawfully spread was far larger than at any previous period." (Blaine.) Apr. * XT. S. At the call of the Presi- dent for volunteers, meetings are held, work is suspended, and the whole peo- ple surrender to a patriotic ardor never before witnessed, while they has- ten the forwarding of troops to Wash- ington. Apr. 1. General discontent with the Government prevails : it is too radical for the Conservatives and too conserva- tive for the Radicals. Apr. 5. N. Y. The Assembly approves the joint resolution providing for a con- stitutional Prohibitory Amendment. Vote, 69-33. Apr. 8. Mr. Seward's reply to the Com- missioners from the South is published ; as it signifies resistance, it enrages the Southern people. Apr. 15. Conn. A woman of Bridgeport organizes a society for the relief and comfort of soldiers. Mass. Miss Almena Bates of Charlefi- town organizes a movement for the re- lief and comfort of soldiers. [The Sanitary Commission is evolved from this beginning.] STATE. 1861 Feb. 13 fa. The State Con- vention meets. [The Administration at "Washington makes a great effort to Bave the State from seceding.] Feb. 14. D. C. Congress; House : Rep- resentative Branch of N. C. objects to bringing seven companies of artillery and one of sappers and miners for the protection of "Washington as "im- politic, offensive, and destructive of civil liberty." [Southerners are seizing forts and stores.] Feb. 18. Ala. Inauguration of Jeff er- son Davis at Montgomery, as President of the Confederate States of America. Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Mor- rill Tariff Bill passes the Senate. Vote, 25-14. "West Virginia maintains a loyal sentiment. Feb. 22. Pa. President-elect Lincoln abandons his public journey, and makes a secret and hasty departure in the night from Harrisburg for Washington. Feb. 23. D. C. Abraham Lincoln, President-elect, reaches "Washington in safety, amid many rumors of peril. Tex. The people ratify the ordinance of secession. Vote, 34,794-11,235. Feb. 26. B.C. The Peace Convention agrees upon a "plan of adjustment," which, by a bare majority, makes sla- very national rather than sectional, and adjourns. Vote, 9 States for the plan, 3 against it. It makes proposals to Congress for the amendment of the Constitution : 1. Prohibiting slavery in the Territories north of lat. 36° 30', while tolerating it in the States, and forbidding antisla- very legislation. 2. Prohibiting future acquisitions of territory, without the approval uf a mniority of the Senators of both slave and free States. 3. Pro- hibiting Congress from interfering with slai from taxing slaves at a higher rate than land. 4. Prohibiting the for- eign slave-trade. 5. Providing for the payment by Congress for slaves who are lost by the interference of mobs. [All are unacceptable.] Congress passes a bill admitting mer- chandise to the mail, and authorizing the Postmaster-General to furnish stamped letter-sheets. Also an act providing for a daily mail delivery in New York City and vicinity. Feb. 28. D. C. Congress authorizes a loan of S25.000.000. It organizes the Territory of Colorado. The House approves a 13th Consti- tutional Amendment, providing that the Constitution shall never be so amended as to give Congress the power UNITED STATES. 1861, Feb. 13-Apr. 17. 193 to abolish slavery or interfere with the institution. Vote, 133-65. [Adopted by the Senate, March 2. Vote, 24-12.] Mo. A State Convention, having a majority for Union, meets at Jefferson City. Feb.* Ala. The Confederate Government sends Martin J. Crawford of Georgia, and John Forsyth of Alabama [later 'A. B. Roman], as Commissioners to Washington, to insist on the acknowl- edgment of the independence of the Confederate States. Feb. * Chicago. The city charter is amended. Mar. 1. Ala. The Confederate Gov- ernment assumes control of military affairs at Charleston. Mar. 2. B.C. Congress organizes Dakota and Nevada as Territories. Congress enacts the Morrill Tariff, which is largely protective ; the change from low duties to high duties marks an era in the history of the nation. [It goes into operation April 1.] The Senate defeats the Crittenden Compromise Bill. Vote, 25-23 ; it re- jects the amendments to the Constitu- tion proposed by the Peace Conference ; vote, 7-28 ; it passes a bill for a 13th Constitutional Amendment, to make slavery perpetual. Vote, 24-11. " No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give Congress the power to abolish, or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by said State." D. C. The 36th Congress ends. The 16th Administration : First Republican. Mar. 4. D. C. Abraham Lincoln of 111. is inaugurated the 16th President, in the 19th term of the presidency. Hannibal Hamlin of Me. is Vice-Presi- dent. Cabinet : Wm. H. Seward of N. T. (State), S. P. Chase of O. (Treas.), S. Cameron of Pa. (War) ; G. Welles of Conn. (Navy), C. B. Smith of Ind. (In- terior), E. Bates of Mo. (Atty.-Gen.), and Montgomery Blair of Md. (P. M - Gen.). — — Tex. The State is declared by procla- mation to be out of the Union. Mar. * Texas is represented in both the United States and the Confederate Con- gresses for a short time. Mar. 6. Ala. The Confederate Con- gress authorizes an army of 100,000 to be raised. Tex. Gov. Houston refuses to ap- prove the secession of the State, as the convention was elected to submit the question to the vote of the people. Mar. 11. Ala. The Confederate Gov- ernment prohibits the importation of slaves from the United States as a coercive measure, affecting the border States, especially Virginia. The Confederate Congress adopts a permanent Constitution. D. C, John Forsyth of Ala., and Martin J. Crawford of Ga., Commis- sioners from the Confederate States, begin to negotiate for a peaceable separation. Mar. * Ala. Commissioners are ap- pointed to go to England, France, Rus- sia, and Belgium iu the interests of the Confederacy ; and others to go to Wash- ington, D.C. Mar. 15. D. C. Secretary Seward in- forms the Confederate Commissioners that he is not authorized to recognize them as diplomatic agents ; that he only communicates with foreign govern- ments. The Cabinet disfavors the resupplying of Fort Sumter. Vote, five to evacu- ate, two to resupply. [The vote is after- ward reversed.] Ala. The Confederate Congress recommends the States to cede the forts, arsenals, dockyards, etc., within their limits, to the Confederation. Mar. * Ala. The Confederacy provides for revenue, to be collected from trains and vessels bringing goods into the Confederacy. Mar. 16. Ala. The first Confederate Provisional Congress at Montgomery closes. Tex. The State Convention de- clares the office of governor to be va- cant, because Gov. Houston refuses to 1 take the official oath of allegiance to the Confederate States. Mar. 22. La. The Legislature ratifies the Confederate Constitution. Mar. 23. Tex. The Legislature ratifies the Confederate Constitution. Vote, 68-2. Mar. 26. Kan. The first State Legis- lature meets at Lawrence. Miss. A State Convention ratifies the Constitution of the Southern Con- federacy. Mar. * Mo. At an adjourned meeting of the State Convention held at St. Louis, the committee rej>ort against secession. Mar. 29. D. C. The Cabinet again vote on the question of resupplying Fort Sumter, and the majority favors the attempt. Mar. * President Lincoln's inaugural message announces a change of ad- ministrative policy; instead of con- cession to the secessionists, he proposes conciliation, conservation, and res- toration. Apr. 1. V. S. The Morrill tariff be- comes operative. Secretary Seward indirectly informs the Confederates through Judge Camp- bell that, " The President may desire to supply Fort Sumter, but will not do so without giving notice to Gov. Pickens." Apr. 4. Va. The State Convention re- jects an ordinance of secession (vote, 89-15) ; but appoints three commis- sioners to inquire the President's policy toward the Confederacy. Apr. 5. I). C. The Government is in- formed by Maj. Anderson that he has bread for only 28 days, and he must be provisioned and reenforced, or Fort Sumter be summarily abandoned. Apr. 7. D. C. The Confederate Com- missioners demand a reply to their offi- cial note of March 12, under a threat to close their mission. Apr. 8. D. C. The Federal Govern- ment makes its reply to the Confed- erate commissioners —dated March 15. S. C. The Federal Government noti- fies Gov. Pickens that it intends to sup- ply Fort Sumter. A State Convention called by the Legislature revises the Constitution, which becomes operative without the ratification of the people. Apr. 11. D. C. The Treasury, with the cooperation of the New York Cham- ber of Commerce, sells $5,000,000 notes at par. The Virginia Commissioners present their credentials at Washington. Del. The Legislature declares the State to he loyal to the Union. Pa. The Legislature takes the first official step in the loyal States for the defense of the Union, by appro- priating §500,000 for a reorganization of the State militia, in advance of the first overt act. Apr. 14. S. C. The Stars and Stripes are struck at Fort Sumter ; patriotism is fired in the North. Apr. * D. C. President Lincoln issues a communication for use in Virginia, aiming to save that State to the Union ; he informs its Commissioners that he will not acknowledge the Confederate States. Apr. 15. D.C. President Lincoln sum- mons Congress to meet on July 4, in extra session, and by proclamation calls on the States to furnish 75,000 volun- teers, to serve three months. Ky. Gov. Beriah Magoffin refuses to honor the call of the Federal Govern- ment for troops. "Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern States." N. C. The governor refuses to fur- nish the quota of troops demanded. Apr. 16. Ala. The Confederacy calls on the governors of the seven States to send 32,000 troops into the field. Va. The Governor refuses to honor the President's call for troops. Apr. 17. "Virginia, the eighth State, passes an ordinance of secession. Vote, 88-55. The western counties remain loyal. MISCELLANEOUS. 1861 Apr. 1. Neto York. The price of cotton is 12£ cents. Apr. 4. Cal. The first pony express leaves Sacramento for St. Joseph, Mo. * * The price of petroleum goes up to S19.25 per barrel — the highest price ever reached. 19-1 1861, Apr. 17 -May 25. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1861 Apr. 17. Ala. Jefferson Davis, by proclamation, invites applications for letters of marque and reprisal, under which privateers may be sent out. Fla. Fort Pickens is further re- enforced by 200 men from the transport Atlantic, under Capt. Meigs. [200 men land from the Illinois on the 19th, The fort is effectively protected.] Mass. The 6th Massachusetts Regiment starts for "Washington. Phila. A detachment of 500 men leave for "Washington. Va. Vessels are sunk in Norfolk harbor, by order of the governor. Apr. 18. D. C. A few companies of Pennsylvania militia arrive in "Washington. Robert E. Lee is unofficially offered the command of the Union Army by Frank B. Blair, Sr. [Sec. Cameron says he accepted the offer ; Sec. Montgomery Blair says he was undecided what to do ; Gen. Lee says he declined it.] ■ — Ind. The 1st Regiment from In- diana leaves for Washington. Va. The U. S. arsenal at Harper's Perry is fired to prevent its falling into the hands of the Confederates, and 15,000 stand of arms are destroyed. Gen. W. B. Taliaferro is given com- mand of the State troops at Norfolk. O. Two regiments are organized at Columbus, and sent to Washington with- out uniforms or arms. Apr. 19. Md. A secession mob in Bal- timore fire on the Massachusetts 6th Regiment while hastening to the de- fense of Washington ; this is the first blood shed in the war. D. C. The Confederate ports are proclaimed under blockade. New York. The 7th Regiment, Col. Lefferts, starts for Washington. Apr. 20. B. C. The President relieves Gen. W. S. Harney at St. Louis, and Capt. Nathaniel Lyon is directed to raise four regiments of Missouri Volun- teers. Mo. State troops seize and gar- rison the U. S. arsenal at Liberty, by order of Gov. Jackson. Va. Nine ships of war and naval stores in the navy yard near Nor- folk are burned by Com. Paulding, to prevent their falling into the hands of the Confederates. Col. Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the U. S. Army. Apr. 22. N. C. The U. S. arsenal at Fayetteville is surrendered to the State authorities. Va. The governor and State Con- vention appoint Robert E. Lee to the chief command of the State troops. Apr. 23. III. Gov. Yates sends a force of volunteers, who occupy the important position at Cairo. — Va. Gen. Lee assumes command. His resignation not having been ac- cepted in Washington, he is legally an officer in both armies. Apr. 24 ±. La. The State raises 6,000 Confederate troops. Apr. 25. Tex. At Saluria, Col. Van- Dorn captures 450 Federal troops. Mo. By a secret movement 21,000 stand of arms and 110,000 cartridges are removed from the arsenal at St. Louis and shipped en route for Springfield, 111. Apr. 27. B.C. Gen. B. P. Butler is assigned to command the department of Annapolis. N. C.f Va. The ports are proclaimed to be in a state of blockade. Apr. 29. Ala. Jefferson Davis proposes in his message to add 100,000 men to the 82,000 already in the Confederate service. Apr. * D. C. "Washington is fortified against an attack by Confederates. Apr. * ///. TJ. S. Grant returns to army life by tendering his services to Gov. Yates, and is appointed to command camps Yates, Grant, and Douglas. Apr. * R. I. The young Gov. "William Sprague puts on a soldier's uniform, and leads the State troops to the defense of the Federal Capital. May 3. B.C. President Lincoln calls for 42,034 volunteers for three years ; also for 23,714 regulars and 18,000 sea- The military Department of the Ohio is created; Gen. George B. McClel- lan, commander, with headquarters at Cincinnati. N. J. Four regiments of volunteers under Gen. Theodore Runyon leave for the seat of "war. May 4. Md. The Relay House on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is seized by a force under Gen. Butler. May 6. Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee is given supreme command of Confederate forces in Virginia. May 7. Term. A military league is entered into with the Confederacy. May 8. Mo. Cannon and several hun- dred muskets, furnished by the Con- federacy, are landed at St. Louis from a New Orleans steamer. May 9. Md. Federal troops again pass through Baltimore to "Washington. May 10. Mo. Capt. Lyon with a Federal force makes a sudden move on Camp Jackson, in the suburbs of St. Louis, and compels its unconditional surrender. May 11. Mo. Gen. Harney returns from Washington and resumes com- mand at St. Louis. S. C. Charleston Harbor is block- aded by the U. S. frigate Niagara. May 13. Md. Baltimore is occupied by Gen. Butler with 900 Federals. £. C. The U. S. frigate Niagara cap- tures the English ship General Park- hill off Charleston Harbor. May 14. B. C. Capt. George B. Mc- Clellan (Major-Genera] of the Ohio Militia; is appointed a major-general in the U. S. A. May 17. B. C. William T. Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant are appointed brigadier-generals of volunteers. [Com- missions are dated back to this date, Sherman's froin Aug. 3, Grant's from Aug. 7.] May 18. The Government initiates the movement for creating an armament on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. May 19. Va. The armed schooner Star attacks a Confederate battery at Sew- ell's Point, at the mouth of the Eliz- abeth River, and is driven back by its fire ; this is the first offensive opera- tion by the Federal Navy. May 22. Fa. Gen. Butler assumes command at Fortress ilonroe. May 24. B. C. Federals advance from Washington, and occupy Arlington Heights and Alexandria. Col. Elmer Ellsworth of the New York Zouaves is killed. May 25. N. II. The first regiment of New Hampshire volunteers leaves Con- cord for the war. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1861. Apr. 24. Barnard, Daniel D., M. C. for N. Y., A64. May 15. Derby, George H., soldier, au- thor, A38. May 21. Akers, Henj. P., sculptor, A36. May 24. Ellsworth, Elmer E., col. of Zou- aves, A24. SOCIETY. 1861 Apr. IS. Md. Secessionists raise a flag and salute it with artillery on Federal Hill, Baltimore; loyal citizens quickly seize the cannon and haul down the flag. Apr. 20. 0. The Soldiers' Aid Soci- ety of Northern Ohio is formed. Apr. 29. New York. The "Woman's Cen- tral Association of Relief is organized for the benefit of the soldiers. Apr. * The Confederates, supposing half of the North would oppose subjugation, are greatly surprised at the effect of the firing on Fort Sumter. It unites the people, and arouses their patriotism. President Lincoln's Ad- ministration suddenly becomes popular. All divisions are healed. STATE. 1861 Apr. 17. Va. Governor Letcher issues a proclamation, recognizing the Confederacy, and calling for military preparations to be made. Ala. Jefferson Davis issues a proc- lamation counteracting that of Presi- dent Lincoln. Mo. The governor refuses to furnish the quota of troops called for by the President. UNITED STATES. 1861, Apr. 17 -May 25. 195 Apr. 18. Ky. A union meeting is held at Louisville, which decides that Kentucky shall he maintained a neutral State, and adhere to the Federal Government until the latter becomes the aggressor. Apr. 19. D. 0. The ports of the seced- ing States are proclaimed to be under blockade. The Government orders the marshals of the large cities to seize all tele- grams that have accumulated for six months ; the seizure to be made simul- taneously, on the 20th, at three P. M. ; the object in view is to obtain evidence of a conspiracy implicating Northern politicians. Apr. 20. D. C. A committee from Bal- timore informs the President that troops cannot march through that city without fighting their way; ap- proaching troops are ordered to inarch around the city. [Later it is demanded that Federal troops be ordered not to cross the territory of Maryland.] Mo. Missourians seize the U. S. ar- senal at Liberty. N. C. The State seizes the U. S. branch mint at Charlotte. New York. A war-meeting held in Union Square is attended by more than 100,000 people. Apr. 22. Md. Gov. Hicks writes Presi- dent Lincoln urging a truce, and sug- gesting that Lord Lyons be requested to act as mediator between the North and the South. Apr. 23. Ark. The governor refuses to furnish the quota of troops required. Va. The State Convention sends commissioners to treat with the Confed- eracy. Alexander H. Stephens, the pleni- potentiary of the Confederacy, enters a formal military league with certain members of the State Convention, mak- ing Virginia an immediate member of the Southern Confederacy. Apr. 25. Va. The commissioners sign a compact with the Confederacy. Gover- nor Letcher proclaims Virginia a Con- federate State, subject to the ratification of the people. Apr. 27. D. C. President Lincoln di- rects Gen. Scott to suspend the privi- lege of habeas corpus if necessary. The blockade is extended by procla- mation to North Carolina and Virginia. Apr. 29. Ala. The Confederate Pro- visional Congress assembles in spe- cial session, to meet the emergency at Charleston, occasioned by the attempt to reenforce Major Anderson. Md. The secession ordinance is rejected by the House of Delegates. Vote, 53-13. Tenn. Gov. Harris seizes $75,000 worth of bonds and §5,000 in cash that are in the keeping of the U. S. collector at Nashville. Apr. 30. A 7 ". J. The Legislature makes an appropriation of $2,000,000 for mili- tary purposes, and provides for an an- nual tax of $100,000 in addition. Pa. Gov. Curtin convenes the Legis- lature in extra session to make military preparations for the coming war. Apr.* Tenn. Gov. Harris refuses to honor President Lincoln's call for troops. Apr. * Va. By a proviso the secession ordinance is not to take effect until ratified by a vote of the people, on the 30th of May. May 1. Tenn. The Legislature author- izes the governor to enter a military league with the Confederacy, by which the entire military power of the State will be subject to Confederate authority. May 1±. John A. Campbell of Ga., an associate justice of the Supreme Court resigns [and joins the ConfederacyJ. May 3. £>. C. President Lincoln, on official authority alone, calls for addi- tional volunteers. (See Army.) The President directs military com- manders to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in certain cases. May 4. D. C. President Lincoln in- forms foreign governments that he intends to maintain the Union by force if necessary. Ky. A large majority of the delegates chosen to attend the Border State Con- vention are opposed to secession. May 6. Arkansas, the ninth State, se- cedes from the Union by ordinance of a convention. Vote 69-1. Ala. The Confederate Congress meets in special session. Va. The State becomes a member of the Confederacy. May 7. Ala. Virginia is admitted to representation in the Confederate Con- gress. Tenn. Gov. Harris announces a mili- tary league between Tennessee and the Southern Confederacy. May 8. D. C. The" direct donations made by men of wealth, within the last three weeks, for the support of the Government, are estimated at $23,000,000. May 9. Ala. The Confederate Con- gress passes an act recognizing the existence of war between the United States and the Confederate States. It authorizes Jefferson Davis to use the whole land and naval force of the Confederacy, and to commission priva- teers. May 10. D. C. The writ of habeas corpus is suspended in Key "West, Tortugas, and Santa Rosa. May 11. Ky. It is agreed by arbitration of the Union men and the Breckinridge men that the State shall aid neither North nor South, but maintain an armed neutrality. May 13. W. Va. At "Wheeling, 5,000 loyal citizens from 25 counties pledge their support to the Union. Eng. The Confederate States are recognized as belligerents by Great Britain in a proclamation of neutrality. May 14. D. C. The mails are ordered to be withdrawn from many Southern routes. Mass. An extra session of the Legis- lature is held, and an act is passed for the maintenance of the Union and the Constitution ; the Union Fund is created, and the issue of $3,000,000 in scrip authorized. May 16. Va. Virginians are notified by Senator Mason, ten days in advance of the submission election, that they must vote for secession, or retaining their Union sentiments, " they must leave the State." Ky. The House of Representatives resolves to maintain the neutrality of the State. * * The great leader of the Democracy, Stephen A. Douglas, pursues a pa- triotic course in aid of President Lin- coln ; no partisan word is spoken : only the safety and honor of the Government are considered by him. May 20. Ky. Gov. Magoffin proclaims Kentucky a neutral State. A 7 . C. An ordinance of secession is passed by the State Convention ; it both revises the State Constitution and adopts the Confederate Constitution. North Carolina, the 10th State, secedes by ordinance of a State Con- vention ; it is passed by a unanimous vote. May 21. The Confederacy confiscates the property and estates of aliens. It affixes a fine of $5,000 and imprison- ment to those who withhold informa- tion of such property. [The total amount confiscated is estimated at $200,000,000.] Ala. The Confederate Provisional Congress adjourns, to meet in Rich- mond, Va., on the 20th of July. May 23. Va. The people confirm the ordinance of secession by a popular vote of 125,950-20,373. May 25. Md. John Merryman is ar- rested in Baltimore, and confined in Fort McHenry, for raising companies to join the secessionists. [Chief Justice Taney issues a writ of habeas corpus (which* is ignored), and declares that the President cannot sus- pend the privilege of a writ of habeas corpus, or allow a military officer to do so.] Mass. Gov. Andrew issues a call ask- ing for additional troops. [The next day 3,100 report at his headquarters on the Boston Common.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1861 Apr. 18. Kan. The steamboat New Sam Gaty, flying the Confederate flag, arrives at Leavenworth ; the captain is forced to substitute the Union flag. Apr. 20. D. C. The railroad authori- ties propose to Gen. Scott a new route for troops to reach the Capital and avoid Baltimore. They propose passage by rail to Perry- ville, Md., thence hy water to Annapolis, thence by rail to Washington, and if the railroad be destroyed, by wagon-roads. May 9. 111. Boats loaded with provis- ions for the Confederates are stopped at Cairo. 196 1861, May 27-July 25. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1861 May 30. W. Va. The Federals enter Grafton. May 31. Va. Gen. Beauregard as- sumes command of the Confederate forces in "Virginia. May * Va. Gen. Butler refuses to return to their owners three refugee slaves at Fortress Monroe ; he holds them as con- traband of war. June 2. S.C. The -privateer Savannah escapes from Charleston Harbor. [It is captured on June 3 by the Federal brig- of-war Perry.] June 3, TV. Va. At Philippi, Federals under Cols. Kelley and Lander lose two killed, two wounded, and two miss- ing ; Confederates, under Col. Porter- field, lose 16 killed and 26 missing, and retreat. June 5. Va. Gen. Beauregard calls on the Virginians by proclamation to rise and expel the Federals from their State. June 8. Va. The Virginia State troops are transferred to the Confederacy. June 10. Va. At Big Bethel, Federals under Brig.-Gen. Peirce are repulsed, losing 14 killed, 49 wounded, and five missing ; Confederates, under Col. J. Magruder, lose one killed and four wounded. June 12. Mo. Gov. Jackson calls for 50,000 militia to defend the State against the Federal forces, and also an- nounces his loyalty to the United States. June 14. Va. Confederates evacuate Harper's Ferry. June 15. Boston. The Massachusetts 1st — the first regiment to respond to the call for three years' troops — leaves for "Washington. ■ Mo. Gen. Lyon with an expedition from St. Louis occupiea Jefferson City, without resistance. June 16. Va. Federals occupy Harper's Ferry. Md. At Seneca Mills, Federals, under Maj. Everett, attack the Confed- erates, who lose three killed. June 17. III. TJ. S. Grant returns to army life, and is commissioned colonel of the 21st Regiment of Illinois Volun- teers. Mo. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, having raised a Union army, defeats the State troops under Gen. Price at Boonville. Federal loss, 14 killed, 49 wounded, and B prisoners ; Confederate loss about 40 killed and wounded, and many prisoners. TV. Va. Federals under Gen. Robert C. Schenck are surprised by the Confed- erates under Col. Gregg at Vienna, and lose five killed, six wounded, and 13 prisoners. June 18. Mo. Battle near Warsaw ; Federals, under Capt. Cook, lose 25 killed, 52 wounded, and 28 prisoners ; Confederates, under Gov. Jackson, lose 45 killed and wounded. Va. Gen. Patterson, with about 23,000 men, recrosses the Potomac, and falls back on Hagerstown, Md. June 24. Ky. Gen. S. B. Buckner, com- mander-in-chief of the State Guards, orders six companies to Columbus to maintain the neutrality of Kentucky. July 1. La. The privateer Sumter, un- der Capt. Semmes, runs the blockade at Kew Orleans [and preys on Union mer- chantmen for seven months]. D. C. John Charles Fremont is commissioned major-general. U. S. The official army list includes 14,108 regulars, 169,480 volunteers ; pres- ent for duty, 183,588. July2. W.Va. At Martinsburg, Feder- als, under Col. Abercrombie, lose three .killed, 10 wounded; Confederates, un- der Gen. Jackson, lose 30 killed and wounded, 20 missing. Gen. Patterson with a Federal force crosses the Potomac at Williamsport. Summer. James B. Eads creates a gunboat fleet of 13 guns each, heavily plated with iron at the hows. July 3. D. C. Gen. J. C. Fremont is appointed to command the Western Department. July 4. JD. C. The Secretary of "War re- ports as in commission 82 war vessels, carrying 1,100 guns. * * TV. Va. AtHarper's Ferry, the 9th N. Y. Regiment loses two killed and three wounded ; Confederates lose two killed. July 4 ±. Jefferson Davis appoints Gen. Leonidas Polk to command the mili- tary Department of the Lower Missis- sippi ; headquarters at Memphis. July 5. Mo. Battle of Carthage: l.ioo Federals under Col. Franz Sigel, attack a superior force under Gov. Jackson, Gens. Price, Rains, and Parsons; Fed- erals are successful at first, but finally forced to retreat. Federal loss, 13 killed, 31 woundojd ; Confederate loss, 200 killed and wounded, and 250 pris- oners. July 6. TV. Va. At Middle Fork Bridge, the 3d Ohio loses one killed, three wounded ; Confederates lose seven killed and wounded. July 9. TV. Va. At Laurel Hill, Cols. McCook and Andrews defeat the Con- federates under Gen. Garnett. Federal loss, one killed and three wounded. July 11. TV. Va. Battle of Rich Moun- tain: Rosecrans, of Gen. McClellan's command, defeats the Confederates un- der Col. Pegram. Federal loss, 11 killed and 35 wounded; Confederate loss, 150 killed and wounded. July 12. TV. Va. At Beverly, Col. Pegram surrenders GOO Confederates to Gen. McClellan. At Barbourville, Col. Woodruff de- feats the Confederates, who lose 12 killed ; Federal loss, one killed. July 13. Jr. Va. Battle of Carrick's Ford : Gen. McClellan and Gen. Morris defeat the Confederates under Gen. Garnett. Federal loss, 13 killed and 40 wounded ; Confederate loss, 150 killed and wounded, and SOO prisoners ; Gen. Garnett is among the killed. July 14. TV. Va. Gen. Patterson cau- tiously advances, and occupies Bunker Hill with a force of 18,000 to 22,000 men ; Gen. Johnston is nine miles away with 12,000 men. July 16. Va. Gen. McDowell begins his advance upon Manassas; total com- mand, 34,320 men ; his marching column less than 28,000 men with 49 guns. July 17. TV. Va. Gen. Patterson prac- tically retreats from Bunker Kill to Charleston. At Scarytown three Federal cn]r>- nels, two captains, and seven men are captured by the Confederates. July 18. TV. Va. Gen. J. E. Johnston eludes Gen. Patterson in the Shenan- doah Valley, hastens with 9,000 men to reenforce Gen. Beauregard, in time to defeat Gen. McDowell at Bull Run on the 21st. Mo. At Kansas City Maj. Tanhorn defeats the Confederates. Federal loss, one killed ; Confederate loss, 20 killed and wounded. D. C. Mr. Lowe makes a balloon ascension, at "Washington, for military information. Va. Battle at Blackburn's Ford, near Centerville. Gen. Tyler loses 83 killed and wounded ; the repulsed Con- federates lose 68 killed and wounded. Gen. McDowell's advance reaches Centerville, to hud the Confederates retired to Manassas Junction, an im- portant railroad center. July 21. Va. First Battle of Bull Run: Confederates under Gens. Beau- regard and Johnston defeat the Federals under Gen. McDowell, The Federal army becomes panic- stricken, and retreats toward "Washing- ton in a disorderly rout. Federals lose 481 killed, 1.011 wounded, 1,421 missing, besides 28 guns and 5,000 small arms. Confederate loss, 387 killed, and 1,582 wounded. July 22. TV. Va. Gen. McClellan is relieved of his command and ordered to "Washington ; Gen. W. S. Rosecrans is his successor. Mo. Gen. Sweeney encounters Con- federates at Forsyth, losing two wounded ; Confederates lose five killed and 10 wouuded. July 25. Mo. Gen. John C. Fremont takes command of the Western Depart- ment of the Federal army. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1861 May 29. The asteroid Feronia is discovered by Peters and Safford. July 1. A r . J. Steel guns are first man- ufactured at Trenton. • BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1861. June 3. Doug-las, Stephen Arnold, M.C., sen. for 111., dem. candidate for Pres. (Pop- ular Sovereigntv), A48. June 5. Garland, John. Col., V. S, A., A69. June 10. Winthrop, Theodore, author, maj. of vols., k. at Iiie Bethel, A33. July 13. Garnett, Robert S., V. S. A., Con- fed, brig.-gen., A42. UNITED STATES. 1861, May 27 -July 25. 197 CHURCH. 1861 May * Phila. The General As- sembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets ; J. Chester Backus, moderator. Only 13 Commissioners are present from the seceding States ; it approves patriotic resolutions. (Vote, 156-66.) The Southern Commissioners are offended and withdraw. [The resolutions become the alleged reasons for the organization of the Presbyterian Church of the Con- federate States.] SOCIETY. 1861 May * Phila. The volunteers refreshment saloon is opened in a cooper-shop, on Otsego Street. [It feeds 600,000 soldiers who pass through the city during the 'war.] June 9. B. C. A Sanitary Commis- sion is appointed by the Secretary of War. Members : Rev. Henry "W. Bellows, D.D., Prof. A. D. Bache, Jeffries Wy- man, M.D., W. H. Van Buren, M.D., R. C. "Wood, Surgeon-General ; and two army officers, G. W. Cullum and Alex- ander Shiras. June 13. B.C. The United States Sani- tary Commission organizes and takes its name. Fast-day is observed in the Confeder- ate States. July 4. President Lincoln's message inspires public patriotism. * * Va. The holiday illusion respect- ing the war is dispelled at Bull Run. A great lesson is taught the North. July 21. General gloom prevails in the Northern States over the disastrous de- feat at Bull Run [followed by increased determination to preserve the Union]. STATE. 1861 May 27. Va. Gen. Benj. F. Butler of Mass. is the first to declare fugitive slaves contraband of war. May 30. B. C. The Treasury acquires S7,310,00O by sale of bonds at rates from 85 to 93 per cent, and 81,684,000 by Treas- ury notes at par. May * Mass. The Legislature passes an amendment to the Union Fund by which the governor is authorized to issue scrip to the amount of §7,000,000, to be loaned to the U. S. Government. May * Utah. Gov. Cuinmings resigns. June 1. Postal communications with seceding States are prohibited. *Ala. The Confederacy removes its capital to Richmond, Va. June 3. Chicago. The loyal Democrats mourn the death of their leader, Stephen A. Douglas. Ky. A Border State Convention is held at Frankfort. It commends neutrality to Kentucky, and urges the Federal Government to satisfy the slave States that slave prop- erty shall not be interfered with. June 6. S. C. Gov. Pickens proclaims that citizens will be guilty of treason if they remit money to pay creditors in the North. June 8. Term. Tennessee, the 11th State, secedes by the vote of the people. U. S. The aggregate of subscriptions for carrying on the war amounts to $32,000,000. June 10. Fr. Napoleon III. proclaims neutrality in the American conflict. June 11. W. Va. A loyal State Con- vention at "Wheeling; declares the offices of the State of Virginia are made vacant by disloyalty, and proceeds to fill them and to form a regular State government. June 12. Mo. The governor by procla- mation calls for 50,000 militia to re- pel invasion, and then flees South. June 18. Tex. Gov. Clark proclaims the payment of debts to people at war with the Confederates to be an act of treason. June 19. W. Va. The convention at "Wheeling passes an ordinance to reor- ganize the State of Virginia on a loyal basis. June 20. Ky. In a special election for ten members of Congress, nine Union men are chosen. IT. S. Passports from the Secretary of State are required of persons enter- ing the South. Tenn. A Union Convention is held at Greenville, and grievances are declared. W. Va. The convention elects Francis H. Pierpont governor. June 21. Tenn. A Union Convention at Greenville, in East Tennessee, opposes the secession movement. June 24. Tenn. Gov. Harris by procla- mation declares the State out of the Union. (Vote of the people, 104,913 for 47,238 against.) June 27. Del. A Peace Convention is held at Dover ; it condemns the war and favors a peaceful separation. June 30. Statistics for 1861. Revenue : customs, $39,582,126 ; sales of public lands, $870,659; premiums on loans and sales of gold, $33,631; miscellaneous items, $1,023,515. Total revenue, $41,509,- 930. Expenditures: War Department, S22,981,150 ; Navy Department, $12,420,- 888; Indians, *2,s41.35S; 8,636 pensions, $1,036,064; interest, $4,000,174; other civil and miscellaneous items, $23,267,- 010. Total ordinary expenditures, $66,- 546,645. Excess of expenditure over revenue, $25,036,714. Public debt, $90,- 580,873. Exports, $219,553,833; imports, $289,310,542. July 2. D. C. The habeas corpus is further extended by the President. W. Va. The first Legislature or- ganizes at "Wheeling. July 4. B. C. The 37th Congress opens in special session. Galusha A. Grow of Pa. is elected Speaker. Andrew Johnson is the only Senator present from any of the 11 seceding States, and there are only two members in the House from those States. John J. Crittenden of Ky. is an emi- nent accession to the House. President Lincoln's message states his policy. " To hold the public places and prop- erty not already wrested from the Gov- ernment, to collect the revenue —relying for the rest on time, discussion, and the ballot-box." President Lincoln asks for $400,- 000,000 and 400,000 men. The Treasurer asks Congress to pro- vide resources for the fiscal year, amounting to $318,519,581, and suggests that $80,000,000 be raised by taxation and $240,000,000 by loans. July 5. D. C. The President's authority to declare martial law and issue writs of habeas corpus is sustained by Atty.-Gen. Bates. July 6. Va. Jefferson Davis sends a threat of retaliation on Union pris- oners, if 13 persons captured on the privateer Savannah are executed. July 8. B. C. The Government pro- hibits telegraph communication with respect to the army, unless the consent of the commanding general has been obtained. July 10. B. C. Congress : The House passes the first great "War-Loan Bill after a debate in committee of the whole for one hour, and on the next day after its introduction. Vote, 105-5. July 11. B.C. Congress: The Senate expels Mason and Hunter of Va., Cling- man and Bragg of N. C., Chestnut of S. C, Nicholson of Tenn., Sebastian and Mitchell of Ark., Hemphill and "Wigfall of Tex. All had vacated their seats. Vote, 32-10. July 13. B.C. Congress; Senate: Two Senators, who have been elected by the loyal people of the western counties of Virginia, are sworn into office. July 17. B.C. The Loan Act becomes a law. The Treasury may offer $250,000,000 bonds at 7 per cent, running 20 years, or notes at 7^ per cent interest, payable after three years. By a separate sec- tion $100,000,000 may be offered abroad. July 18. B. C. Congress; Senate: Solomon Foot of Vt. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. July 20. Va. The Confederate Pro- visional Congress opens its third ses- sion at Richmond. Jefferson Davis delivers his second inaugural address to the Confederate Congress at Richmond. July 22. B. C. Congress : The House passes the Crittenden Resolution, de- fining the object of the war. [July 25, it is adopted by the Senate.] July 22-25. Va. Congress passes acts authorizing the raising of an army of a million men. MISCELLANEOUS. 1861 June 1. The Confederate dol- lar is valued at 90 cents. July 1. Cal. The first daily overland mail route from Missouri to San Fran- cisco is established. Xew York. Price of cotton, 14f cents. July 18. Kan. The first overland coach arrives from San Francisco, havingmnd* the trip in 17 days. 198 1861, July25-0ct. 4. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1861 July 25. Va. Gen. N. P. Banks supersedes Gen. Kobert Patterson as commander of the Army of the Shen- andoah. July 27. D. C. Gen. Geo. B. McClellan assumes command of the Department of "Washington and Northeastern Virginia. His force consists of 50,000 infantry, about 1,000 cavalry, G50 artillerymen, with nine imperfect field batteries of tbirty pieces. July * The Confederate army is offi- cially declared to number 210,000 men ; 400,000 more are authorized by the Con- federate Congress. Aug. 2. Mo. Battle of Dug Spring : Gen. Lyon loses nine killed, 30 wounded; Confederates, under Gen. Rains, lose -40 killed and 40 wounded. iV. Mex. Mag . Isaac Lynde surrenders Fort Fillmore and a force of 700 Fed- erals to Col. John R.. Baylor. Aug. 5. Md. At Point of Rocks, Con- federates lose three killed, two wounded, and seven prisoners. Mo. At Athens, Col. Moore loses 10 killed, and wounded ; Confederates lose 23 killed, 50 wounded. Aug. 7. Col. U. S. Grant is promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. (His commission is dated back to May 17.) Aug. 10. Mo. Battle of Wilson's Creek : The Federals under Gens. Lyon and Sigel have a desperate fight with the Confederates under Gens. Price and McCulloch [and fall back to Springfield], Federal loss, 223 killed, 721 wounded, and 292 missing. Confederate loss, 265 killed, 800 wounded, and 30 missing. ■ Gen. Lyon is killed. Aug. 13. IV. Va. Near Grafton, Capt. Bay ton routs the Confederates, who lose 21 killed and wounded. Aug. 16. Va. Gen. John E. "Wool takes command at Fortress Monroe. Aug. 19. D. C. Henry W. Halleck is commissioned major-general. Mo. At Charleston, Col. Dougherty and Lieut. -Col. Ransom defeat the Confederates under Col. Hunter ; Fed- eral loss, one killed and six wounded ; Confederate loss, 20 killed and wounded, and 17 prisoners. Aug. 20. Va. Gen. George B. Mc- Clellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac, and proceeds to reor- ganize it. (He fortifies "Washington until 32 forts protect it.) Aug. 26. IV. Va. At Cross Lanes, Federals, under Col. Tyler, are defeated, and lose 15 killed, 40 wounded, and 30 prisoners ; Confederate loss unknown. Va. The Hatteras expedition, commanded by Flag-officer Silas H. Stringham and Gen. B. F. Butler, leaves Fortress Monroe ; it comprises five war vessels, two transports, and a tug, with a force of 800 men. Aug. 28, 29. JT. C. The Hatteras ex- pedition bombards Forts Hatteras and Clark at the Inlet till they surrender. Federals lose one killed, two wounded ; Confederates lose 12 or 15 killed, 35 wounded, and 750 prisoners. Aug. 29. Mo. At Lexington Federals lose five or six wounded ; Confederates, under Col. Reed, lose eight killed, sev- eral wounded. Aug. 31. Mo. Gen. J. C. Fremont proclaims martial law in Missouri, and military emancipation to Blaves of secessionists. Aug. * Ky. Gen. Win. Nelson organizes Camp Lick Kobinson in Garrard County, for mustering Union soldiers. Sept. 1. Mo. At Bennett's Mills, Fed- erals lose three killed, six wounded. Gen. IT. S. Grant assumes command of Southeastern Missouri. Va. At Boone Court House, the Federal loss, six wounded ; Confederate loss, 30. Sept. 4. Ky. The Confederates are the first to violate the neutrality of the Border States; they send Gen. Polk to occupy a section of Kentucky border- ing the Mississippi. Columbus, " the Gibraltar of the West," is occupied by Gen. Pillow with 6,000 men, who cross the river from Madrid. Mo. A gunboat reconnaissance is sent out under Gen. Grant, on the Mis- sissippi River [which discovers the Con- federate occupation of Kentucky]. Sept. 5. III. The Grant expedition, consisting of two gunboats, 1,800 men, with 16 cannon for batteries, leaves Cairo for Paducah, Kentucky. Sept. 6. Ky. A Union force xinder Gen. Ulysses S. Grant enters Kentucky and occupies Paducah. Sept. 10. TV. Va. Battle of Carnifex Ferry : Gen. Rosecrans defeats Con- federate Gen. John B. Floyd with a loss of 16 killed, 102 wounded; Confederate loss small. Ky. Gen. George H.Thomas is as- signed to a command in East Kentucky. The Confederacy appoints Gen. A. S. Johnston to command the Department of Tennessee, Arkansas, and parts of Mississippi, Kentucky, Missouri, Kan- sas, and the Indian Territory. Sept. 10 ±. Ky. Cumberland Ford is occupied by six regiments of Confeder- ates under Brig.-Gen. Zollicoffer, which enter the State through Cumberland Gap from Tennessee. Sept. 12. Mo. At Black River, Maj. Gavitt encounters Confederates under Col. Talbot, who lose five killed and four prisoners. Sept. 12-14. W. Va. Battle of Cheat Mountain : Gen. Reynolds defeats the Confederates under Gen. Lee. Federal loss, 13killed, 20 wounded, and 60 prison- ers; Confederate loss, 100 killed and wounded, besides 20 prisoners. Sept. 13. Mo. At Boonville, Federals under Capt. Eppstein lose one killed and four wounded ; Confederates lose 12 killed and 30 wounded. Sept. * W. Va. The Confederates send Gens. John B. Floyd and Henry A "Wise to regain "West Virginia. Sept. 14. Mo. At Kansas City, Con- federates lose seven killed and six prisoners. Sept. 17. Mo. At Morristown Con- federates lose seven killed, and 100 horses captured with tents and supplies. Battle at Blue Mills Landing : Lieut.-Col, Scott encounters the Con- federates under Gen. AtohitM.u ; Fed- eral loss, 100 killed and wouuded. Sept. 18. Ky. Bowling Green is occu- pied by Confederated under Gen. Buck- ner ; a part of his command advances to Mumfordville. This invasion of Kentucky is proclaimed to be a meas- ure of defense against an alleged inva- sion proposed by the Federals. Sept. 18-20. Mo. Battle of Lexing- ton: Gen. Price besieges the Federals under Col. Mulligan, who surrenders after the exhaustion of his supplies. Federal loss, 42 killed, 108 wounded, and 1,624 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 25 killed, 75 wounded. " Mulligan's Surrender." Sept. 19. Ky. Lexington is occupied by the Union Home Guard under Col. T. E. Bramlette. Sept. 21. Mo. Battle of Papinsville : Gen. Lane loses 17 killed and 40 wounded; Confederates lose 40 killed, 22 wounded, and 100 prisoners, also all their tents and supplies. Ky. Gen. O. M. Mitchel, of the De- partment of the Ohio, assumes command. Sept. 23. Jr. Fa. At Mechanic's Gap the Federals lose three killed and 10 wounded ; the defeated Confederates lose 15 killed and 30 wounded. Sept. 24. Count de Paris and Due de Chartres enter the Federal service as aids to Gen. McClellan. Sept. 25. W. Va. At Chapmansville, Col. Pratt encounters the Confederates under Col. Davis ; Federal loss, four killed and eight wounded ; Confederate loss, 20 killed, 50 wounded, and 47 prison- ers ; Col. Davis is among the killed. Mo. At Osceola, Col. Montgomery loses one killed and four wounded ; the Confederates lose 10 killed. four killed and five prisoners. Mo, Gen. John C. Fremont takes the field. Oct. 1±. Va. The Confederates be- fore Washington begin to fall back. Oct. 3. IV. Va. Battle of Greenbrier : Gen. Reynolds encounters the Confeder- ates under Gen. H. R. Jackson in an indecisive battle. Federal loss, eight killed and 32 wounded; Confederate loss, 100 killed, 95 wounded, and 13 prisoners. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1861. Aug. 3. Bowman, Samuel, asst, P. E. bp. of Pa.,A61. Aug. 10. Lvon, Nathaniel, gen. U. S.Vols., k. at Wilson's Creek, A43. Aug. 12. Reese, David M., physician, au- thor, A 61. Sept. 12. Briggs, Geo. H.. Gov. of Mass., M. C, A65. CHURCH. 1861 Sept. 26. U.S. Fast-day is ob- served in the Northern States, by procla- mation of the President. LETTERS. 1861 * * Cal. Pacific College, South- ern (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Santa UNITED STATES. 1861, July 25 -Oct. 4. 199 k * Boston. The Boston Review appears. fc * la. Norwegian Lutheran Univer- sity is organized at Decorah. k * Til. Northwestern College (Evan- gelical Ass'n) is organized at Napierville. fc * III. St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Teutopolis. t * La. Jefferson College (Rom. Catli.) is organized in St. James parish. " * Mich. Albion College (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Albion. * * New York. The World absorbs the Courier and Enquirer. ' * New York. Bellevue Hospital Medi- cal College is opened. c * New York. Homeopathic Medical College is opened. ' * N. Y. St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Buffalo. Vassar College is founded at Pough- keepsie by Matthew Vassar, by the gift of $408,000, for the higher education of women. r * Wash. "Washington University (non-sect.) is organized at Seattle. 1 * The Battle of Bull Run, by E. C. Sted- man, appears. 1 * Cecil Dreeme, by Tbeodore "Winthrop, appears. ! * Elsie Vernier, by Holmes, appears. : * Exploration and Adventures in Equa- torial Africa, by Paul B. du Chaillu, * * The Genius of Solitude, by Alger, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1861 Aug. 5. President Lincoln signs an act of Congress forbidding the selling or giving intoxicating drinks to sol- diers. Aug. 12. Me. A mob entirely destroys the office of the Democrat, a secession newspaper at Bangor. Sept. 12. Mo. Two slaves of Thomas 1*. Snead, a secessionist of St. Louis, are manumitted by Gen. Fremont. STATE. 1861 July 3 1 ± . Mo. A loyal conven- tion deposes the governor and other fugitive State officers ; Hamilton R. Gamble is appointed provisional gover- nor. Aug. 1. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Gen. Baker of Ore. makes a speech, in which he characterizes the utterances of Senator Breckinridge of Ky. as " words of brilliant, polished treason." Va. Citizens who hold office under the Federal Government are declared chargeable with treason against the State. Aug. 2. D. C. Congress passes an act confiscating all the slaves employed by the Confederates for military pur- poses. Aug. 3. Mo. Joint protection is offered by Gov. Gamble and the Federal Govern- ment to those in arms who peaceably return to their homes. Aug. 5. D. C. The Morrill Tariff is increased with an extended schedule, and radically changes the policy of revenue. The average imports on dutiable ar- ticles are raised from 19 to 36 per cent, and on total importations from 15 to 28 per cent. Congress passes a supplemental Loan Act, permitting the Treasurer to issue 6 per cent treasury notes, running 20 years, and allowing holders of seven- thirties to exchange their notes for such bonds ; limit, $50,000,000. It enacts a direct tax of §20,000,000 to be levied annually upon the States. The Cabinet disagree ; Secretary Welles contends for the closing of Southern ports in preference to a blockade. Mo. A declaration of State inde- pendence is issued by Gov. Jackson at New Madrid, on his return from Rich- mond, Va. Aug. 6. D. C. Congress confiscates the property, including slaves, of ene- mies of the United States. The 37th Congress : the first session closes. It has appropriated $207,000,000 for the Army, $56,000,000 for the Navy, and passed in all 76 public acts, 72 of which relate to the war. Aug. 13. D. C. The British Govern- ment opens official communication with the Confederate Government, through Consul Bunch, relative to pri- vateering. [Secretary Seward demands his removal ; England refuses.] Aug. 14. Va. The Confederate Con- gress warns all citizens of the United States, 14 years old and upwards, to re- move from the Confederate States within 40 days. Aug. 16. D. C. The President proclaims the seceding States in a condition of insurrection, and forbids all commer- cial intercourse with them. * * U. S. The banks promptly sub- scribe for $50,000,000 loan, and receive seven- thirties. [Afterwards they fur- nish §50,000,000 more.] Aug. 20. W. Va. The convention at Wheeling adopts an ordinance for a new State. Aug. 22. Va. The Confederate Pro- visional Congress at Richmond closes its third session. Aug. 30. Mb, Gen. Fremont declares the State under martial law. Aug. * Missouri decides to be neutral during the war [but the State becomes the center of a great conflict between the two armies]. Sept. 2. Ky. The Legislature meets, and proceeds to arm the State against in- vasion by either the Federals or the Confederates. Sept. 4. Ky. Confederates are the first to violate the neutrality of Kentucky by Sept. 11. D. C. President Lincoln re- vokes Gen. Fremont's emancipation order. Ky. A resolution passes the Legisla- ture ordering the Confederate troops to leave the State ; the Federals are not included in the order. Sept. 12. Ky, A resolution of the Legis- lature requires the governor to call out the State troops to expel the" Confeder- ate invaders. Gen. Buckner issues an address from Ptussellville calling upon the people of Kentucky to rise in armed resistance against the usurpations of Abraham Lincoln. Sept. 13. Ky. Gov. Magoffin, by direc- tion of the Union Legislature, issues a proclamation. It announces that " Kentucky expects Confederate or Tennessee t roups to with- draw from the State unconditionally." [Jefferson Davis replies that they will be withdrawn if the Federal army will also be excluded. The Legislature rejects the condition proposed.] Sept. 16. Ky. Gov. Magoffin protests against the entrance of either Federal or Confederate armies into Kentucky, as it is a neutral State. D. C. Congress ; House : A bill is read for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. Sept. 17. Md. Many members of the Legislature being under arrest on a charge of treason, no meeting is held. Sept. 21. L>. C. John C. Breckinridge leaves the Senate [and joins the Con- federacy]. Sept. 24. Ky. The House passes a bill for raising a force of 40,000 men to repel the Confederates. It provides that they shall be mustered into the Federal army. Sept. * Ky. The Legislature requests Gen. Robert Anderson of Fort Sum- ter fame to take command of the State troops ; the resolution is passed over the governor's veto. MISCELLANEOUS. 1861 July* Mass. The contractors aban- don work in the Hoosac Tunnel. July * The Emperor of Russia sends to the United States Government ex- pressions of good-will — saying he hopes the Union will not be dissolved. Aug. 16. Intercourse between the North and the South is restricted to persons bearing passes. Aug. * Pa. Great excitement prevails in the valley of Oil Creek, where a single flowing well yields 3,000 barrels of pe- troleum oil in a day. Sept. 18. La. The banks of New Or- leans suspend specie payments. Sept. * The telegraph line between Denver, Colo., and Sacramento, Cal., is completed. Oct. 1. Nero York. Price of cotton, 2U ■ cents. Oct. 4. Va. Aeronaut La Montaine makes an ascension in the service of the Army of the Potomac, passes over the Confederate lines, and later descends in Maryland. 200 1861, Oct. 8-Dec. 19. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1861 Oct. 8. Ky. At Hillsborough: Lieut. Sadler encounters the Confeder- ates under Capt. Holliday. Federal loss, three killed and three wounded; Confederate loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded, and 22 prisoners. Gen. W. T. Sherman supersedes Gen. Robert Anderson. Fla. Fort Pickens is attacked by Confederates. Oct. 9. Fla. At Santa Rosa Island, Col. Wilson encounters the Confederates under Gen. Anderson ; Federal loss, 13 killed, 29 wounded, and 24 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded, and 22 prisoners. Oct. 11. La. New Orleans is placed un- der Confederate martial law. Oct. 12. La. The Confederate ram Manassas strikes the Federal steamship Richmond, under Capt. John Pope, while coaling at New Orleans. Mo. At Cameron in Ray County, Maj. James loses one killed and four wounded ; routed Confederates lose eight killed and five prisoners. S- C The Confederate envoys run the blockade in the night at Charleston. (See Trent affair, Nov. 8.) Oct. 13. Mo. Near Lebanon, Maj. Wright defeats the Confederates under Capts Lowell and Wright. Federal loss, one killed ; Confederate loss, 62 killed and wounded and 30 prisoners. At Beckwith*s Farm, Lieut. Tufts loses two killed, five wounded, and three missing ; Confederates lose 12 killed and wounded. Oct. 15. D. C. Gen. McClellan has an army of 150,000 under his imme- diate command. Mo. At Big River Bridge, Federals defeat the Confederates under Gen. Thompson and burn the bridge. Fed- eral loss, one killed and six wounded ; Confederate loss, five killed and four wounded. Oct. 16. Mo. At Ironton, Maj. Gavitt defeats the Confederates under Gen. Thompson. Federal loss, 11 killed ; Confederate loss, 36 killed and wounded. The Federals occupy Lexington. Oct. 19. Mo. At Big Hurricane Creek, Col. Morgan defeats the Confederates. Federal loss, 14 wounded; Confederate loss, 14 killed and eight prisoners. At Fredericktown, the Confeder- ates, under Gen. Thompson and Col. Lowe, are defeated, and lose 80 prison- ers and four heavy guns. Col. Lowe is killed ; Federal loss, seven killed and 60 wounded. Oct. 21. Va. Battle of Ball's Bluff on the Potomac : Col. Baker crosses the river in force to reconnoiter ; is at- tacked by the Confederates under Col. Evans, defeated, and among the killed. Federals lose 49 killed, 153 wounded, 714 missing ; Confederates, under Col. Evans, lose 33 killed, 115 wounded and prisoners. Oct. 22. Mo. At Buffalo Mills, Con- federates lose 20 killed and 60 prisoners. Oct. 23. Mo. At "West Liberty, Con- federates lose 10 killed, five wounded, and six prisoners. Ky. At Hodgesville, Lieut. Grayson loses three wounded ; Confederates lose three killed and five wounded. Oct. 24. D. C. The President orders that Gen. Fremont surrender his com- mand to Gen. Hunter. Oct. 25. Mo. Battle of Springfield: Maj. Zagonyi is routed by the Confeder- ates and loses 15 killed, 27 wounded, and 10 missing ; Confederate loss, 106 killed and 27 missing. Oct. 26. W. Va. At Romney, Gen. Kelley defeats the Confederates under Col. McDonald. Federal loss, two killed and 14 wounded ; Confederate loss, 20 killed, 15 wounded ; McDonald and 500 men are made prisoners. Oct. 27. D. C. Gen. McClellan reports the strength of the Army of the Po- tomac at 168,318, with 147,695 present for duty, and more en route. Mo. At Plattsburg, Confederates lose eight killed and 12 wounded. Oct. 29. Va. The Port Royal expedi- tion sails from Fortress Monroe under Capt. Samuel F. Dupont, and Gen. Thomas TV". Sherman. It comprises one frigate, 14 gunboats, 34 steam transports, and 26 sailing ves- sels, and 10,000 troops, or about 22,000, including the crews of the vessels. Oct. 30. Gen. McClellan reports Gen. Johnston's army as numbering 150.000 men ; Gen. Johnston reports an effective total of 41,000 men. Oct. 31. J>. C. Lieut.-Gen. "Winfield Scott resigns the command of the Army. Oct. * S. C. The Confederate steamer Nashville r uns the blockade at Charleston. [She returns with a cargo worth $3,000,000.] Oct. * Tenn. The Union men in East Tennessee burn many railroad bridges to delay the movement of Confederate troops. By order of Jefferson Davis, Union men charged with bridge burn- ing are hanged, prisons are filled with suspects, and a reign of terror prevails. Nov. 1. D, C. Gen. George B. Mc- Clellan is appointed (13th) Commander- in-chief of the Army of the United States. Nov. 2. Gen. Fremont surrenders his command to Gen. Hunter, who is sent to supersede him. Mo. At Platte City, Maj . Joseph en- counters Confederates under Silas Gor- don ; they lose 13 killed and wounded, and 30 prisoners. Nov. 6. III. Gen. Grant sends an ex- pedition— 3,000 men and two gunboats — from Cairo down the river. Nov. 7. Mo. Battle of Belmont : Gens. Grant and McClernand defeat the Con- federates under Gen. Polk, but are finally driven back to their boats. Fed- eral loss, 79 killed, 2S9 wounded ; Con- federate loss, 105 killed, 419 wounded, and 235 prisoners. Nov. 8. Ky. At Piketon, Gen. Nelson defeats the Confederates ; Federal loss, six killed and 24 wounded ; Confederate loss, 400 killed and wounded. S. C. Battle of Port Royal: The Port Royal expedition (at Hilton Head) bombards Forts "Walker and Beauregard till the Confederates are driven out, and the Federals gain pos- session. Federal loss, eight killed and 23 wounded ; Confederate loss, 11 killed and 48 wounded, and 42 guns. Capt. Charles Wilkes, of the San Jacinto, overhauls the British mail steamer Trent from Havana, and forcibly removes James M. Mason and John Slidell, the Confederate envoys to Great Britain and France. (He conveys them to Boston.] (See State.) Nov. 9. I). C. The Department of Mis- souri is organized, and the Department of the Ohio is extended to Kentucky and Tennessee. Va. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston re- organizes the Confederate Army of Virginia. Nov. 10. Jr. Va. At New River, Fed- erals lose eight killed, and 10 wounded. At Guyandotte, Col. K. V. Whaley loses eight killed, 12 wounded, and 45 prisoners. Nov. 11. Mo. At Kansas, Col. Anthony encounters Confederates, loses eight killed and eight wounded, and with- draws. Nov. 12. W.Ya. At Romney, Feder- als lose two killed ; Confederates lose 12 Nov. 14. W. Va. At McCoy's Mill, Gen. Benham encounters Confederate Gen. Floyd, who loses 15 killed. Nov. 18. Mo. Gen. Halleck takes com- mand of the "Western Department. Nov. 20. Mo. Gen. Halleck issues Order No. 3, forbidding the admission of fugitive slaves into Federal camps. Va. Gen, McClellan reviews the Army of the Potomac, 70,000 strong. Nov. 22. Fla. At Fort Pickens, Fed- erals lose two killed and 14 wounded. Nov. 19. Boston. The San Jacinto ar- rives with the Confederate Commission- ers, Mason and Slidell, on board, for incarceration in Fort Warren. Va. At Lancaster, Col. Moore de- feats the Confederates under Lieut.-Col. Blanton. Federal loss, one killed and two wounded ; Confederate loss, 13 killed, many wounded and some pris- oners. Nov. 26. Va. At Dranesville.Col. Bay- ard loses two wounded ; Confederates lose two killed and four prisoners. Nov. 29. Mo. At Black "Walnut Creek, Maj. Hough loses six wounded ; Confederates lose 17 killed and live prisoners. Maj. Hough is wounded. Nov. * The blockade of the Southern ports becomes effective. Dec. 3. Mo. At Salem, Maj. Bowen de- feats the Confederates under Cols. Free- man and Turner. Federal loss, 15 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss un- known. D. C. The Secretary of War reports the army strength to be 660,971, including 640,637 volunteers ; it comprises 550,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 25,000 artil- lery. The Secretary of the Navy reports 264 war-vessels, carrying 2,557 guns and 22,000 men. Dec. 4. Mo. At Dunksburg, the Con- federates, under Capts. Young and Wheatly, lose seven killed and 10 wounde'd. UNITED STATES. 1861, Oct. 8 -Lee. 19. 201 Dec. 4. Ky, At Whippoorwill Bridge Federals lose lour wounded ; Confeder- ates lose six killed and wounded and 11 prisoners. Dec. 5. Ky. At Brownsville the Fed- eral Home Guards lose three killed and five wounded. Dec. 7. W. Va, At Dam Number 5 Confederates are defeated, losing two killed. Mo. At Olathe Federals lose two killed ; Confederates lose three killed and live wounded. Dec. 11. Mo. At Bertrand Lieut.-Col. Rhodes loses one killed; Confederates lose 16 prisoners. Dec. 13. W. Va. At Camp Alleghany Brig.-Gen. Milroy loses 21 killed, 107 wounded, and 10 missing; Confederates under Col. E. Johnson lose 20 killed and 96 wounded. Dec. 19. Mo. At Milford Col. Davis defeats the Confederates, who lose 1,300 prisoners, besides wagons and stores. Federal loss, two killed and eight wounded. At Shawnee Mound the Federals under Gen. Pope take 150 prisoners. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1861 Nov. * -Dec. * Cal. Disastrous floods prevail during four weeks of rain ; mills, dams, and houses are swept away. Loss, $10,000. Dec. 5. N. Y. The Society of Natural Sciences is organized in Buffalo. * * The Gatling gun is first patented. ± * * John S. Rarey attracts attention by his skill in horse-training. CHURCH. 1861 Nov. 14. A special convention of the Young Men's Christian Association results in the organization of the U. S. Christian Commission for service with the armies. Dec. 4. Ga. The Southern Presbyteri- ans meet at Augusta. They proceed to form the General Assembly of the Confederate States of America, and appoint a committee on Foreign Missions. LETTERS. 1861 * * History of France, by Parke Godwin, appears. * * Lectures on the English Language, by G. P. Marsh, appears. * * Life in the Iron Mills, by Rebecca H. Davis, appears. * * The Magic Marriage, by Charles Gay- ler, appears. * * The Man Without a Country, by E. E. Hale, appears. SOCIETY. 1861 Nov. * Partisan elections are practically obliterated. Nov. * There is great rejoicing in the North over the seizure of Mason and Slidell, the Confederate Commission- ers. (See Army — Navy.) Dec. 14. Phila. Christ Church Hos- pital is completed. (Begun in 1856.) STATE. 1861 Oct.12. S.C. James M.Mason and John Slidell, Confederate Commis- sioners to European courts, sail from Charleston Harbor in the Confederate steamer Theodore [and go to Havana]. JV*. C. A convention is held in Hyde County ; it aids the Union movement by declaring the independence of the State government. [It is soon suppressed,] Oct. 16. Mo. Each civil officer is re- quired by the State Convention at Jef- ferson City to subscribe to an oath within 60 days to support the Constitu- tion. Oct. 17. Kng. Lord John Russell pro- poses a somewhat peremptory summons to the conflicting governments in the United States that they abandon their strife. [Lord Palmerston does not ap- prove.] Oct. 21. Mo. A special session of the Legislature, called by Gov. Jackson, meets at Neosho. Oct. 24. W. fa. The ordinance for form- ing a new State is approved by a vote of the people. Oct. 28. Mo. An act of secession is passed by the Legislature in session at Neosho. Oct. * N. Y. The Government has in- carcerated 174 persons in Fort Lafay- ette during the past four months. Nov. 5. California ceases to be a Demo- cratic State, and elects Leland Stanford (Rep.) for governor. Kan. A vote is cast for locating the State capital: Vote, — Topeka, 7,996; Lawrence, 5,291 ; other cities, 1,184. Nov. 6. A general election is held in the Confederate States under the per- manent Constitution ; Jefferson Davis of Miss, and Alexander H. Stephens of Ga. are elected to the highest offices for six years. Nov. 8. Mason and SlideU are seized. (See Army and Navy.) [The Confederate Commissioners are given up, thus establishing a principle in international law for which the United States had invariably con- tended.] Nov. 9. Ala. The Confederate Congress admits Kentucky into the Confederacy. Nov. 18. N. C. A Union Convention meets and declares the State offices vacant; it elects M. N. Taylor pro- visional governor. Ky. A Sovereignty Convention (Confederate) is held at Russellville, Logan County ; 65 counties are repre- sented. It passes an ordinance of secession, and elects George "W. Johnson provis- ional governor, and Bowling Green for the capital. Va. The Confederate Provisional Congress, at Richmond, opens its fourth session. Nov. 19. Boston. Mason and Slidell arrive here on board the San Jacinto. Nov. 24. Mass. Mason and Slidell are imprisoned at Fort Warren. Nov. 25. Nev. Carson City is chosen by the Legislature as the capital. Nov. 26. W. Va. A convention meets at "Wheeling to form a State constitu- tion. Nov. * IT. S. The strife between Re- publicans and Democrats intensifies. Nov. 30. Z>. C. England orders Lord Lyons, the British minister, to leave the country if Mason and Slidell are not released within seven days. Ky. An ordinance of secession is passed by an unauthorized ** Sover- eignty Convention." (Lossing, Oct. 29.) Dec. 2. D. C. The 37th Congress: the second session opens. Dec* .D. C. Congress; House: Ga- lusha A. Grow of Pa. is elected Speaker. Vote, 99-60. Congress ; Senate : Lyman Trum- bull of 111. introduces a bill for the confiscation of the property of reb- els, and giving freedom to the persons they hold in slavery. Congress gives a vote of thanks to Capt. "Wilkes of the San Jacinto. (See Army, Nov. 8.) Congress : The House requests an in- vestigation of the Ball's Bluff disas- ter. " A blunder so gross that all men can see it." (Roscoe Conkling.) Dec. 3. Congress; House: An open division begins on the slavery ques- tion, by the rejection of W. S. Holman's resolution to reaffirm the Crittenden resolution of July 22. Vote, 71-65. Dec. 4 +. D. C. Secretary Chase recom- mends a National banking system, which shall give the nation entire con- trol of the currency, and abolish State banks. Congress : The Senate expels John C. Breckinridge of Ky. for treason. * * D. C. Congress authorizes the is- sue of $10,000,000 in bonds, and $2,000,000 in Treasury notes. Dec. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate resolves that a joint committee of the two Houses (Senate 3, House 4), be ap- pointed that shall inquire into the con- duct of the war, with necessary power. Vote, 33-3. (The House concurs on Dec. 10.) Dec. 14. Ky. The Confederate Legis- lature meets within the Confederate lines and elects 10 delegates to represent the State in the Confederate Congress. Dec. 16. D. C. Congress; House: A bill is introduced for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. MISCELLANEOUS. 1861 Oct. 25. West. The Pacific Tele- graph line between St. Louis and San Francisco is completed. Nov. 14. N. H. Much of the business part of Concord is burned. Dec. 1. Southern States. The Confed- erate dollar is worth 80 cents. [Dec. 15 it drops to 75 cents.] Dec. 11. S. C. A great fire in Charles- ton causes a loss of $5,000,000. 202 1861, Dec. 20-1862, Feb. 6. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1861" Dec. 20. Fa. At Dranesville Gen.Ord defeats the Confederates under Gen. Stuart. Federal loss, seven killed, CI wounded, and three prisoners; Con- federate loss, 70 killed, 143 wounded, and 44 prisoners. Mo. At Hudson Maj. McKee de- feats the Confederates, who lose 10 killed and 17 prisoners. Dec. 21. S. C. The Federals sink 17 old hulks to blockade the channel of Charleston Harbor. Dec. 22. Fa. At Newport News and New Market Bridge Maj. Scnoepf loses six wounded : Confederates lose 10 killed. Dec. 23. Mo. Maj.-Gen. Halleck pro- claims St. Louis under martial law. Dec. 25. D. C. Prig.-Gen. Samuel R. Curtis is appointed to the command of the Federal forces in Southwest Mis- souri. Dec. 27. S. C. The Confederate priva- teer Isabel escapes from Charleston Harbor. Dec. 28. Mo. At Mount Zion Col. John Glover loses three killed and 46 wounded; Confederates lose 25 killed, 150 wounded, and 40 prisoners. Dec. 31. Miss. A Federal naval force under Capt. Melancthon Smith captures the town of Biloxi. Dec. * Gen. Kobert E. Lee is put in command of the Confederate coast defenses of South Carolina and Georgia. * * La. The Federal sloop-of-war Brook- lyn blockades the port of New Orleans. * * Henry M. Stanley enlists in the Confederate Army. 1862 Jan. 1. U. S. The Federal Army consists of 19,871 regulars, 507,333 volunteers. Present for duty, 527,204. * * The war greatly increases in mag- nitude and intensity. Jan. 3. Va. Big Bethel is occupied hy a Federal force. Confederates evacuate Nashville. * * S. C. At Port Royal Ferry Gen. Stevens loses three killed and 11 wounded ; Confederates retreat with the loss of six killed and 12 wounded. Jan. 4. W. Va. At Bath Federals re- tire, losing three killed and 30 prisoners ; Confederates, under Gen. Jackson, lose seven killed. At Huntersville Maj. "Webster cap- tures $50,000 worth of Confederate army stores ; two Confederates are killed and seven wounded. Jan. 5. D.C. Gen. Stone is apparently exonerated, before a Congressional Committee, from all responsibility in the Ball's Bluff disaster. Jan. 7. W. Va. At Blue Gap Federal Col. Dunning captures three cannon ; Confederate loss, 15 killed and 20 prisoners. Thirty miles east of Sutton Col. H. Anisansel defeats the Confederates, who lose 22 killed and wounded. N. C. Gen. A. E. Burnside is as- signed to the command of the Depart- ment of North Carolina. Jan. 8. Mo. AtSilver Creek Maj. Tor- rence loses three men killed and 10 wounded; the Confederates, under Col. Poindexter, lose 12 killed, 22 wounded, 15 prisoners, and retreat. JV. Va. At Romney Confederates lose 15 killed, several wounded, and 20 prisoners. Jan. 9. Ky. Gen. Grant, with the co- operation of Flag-officer Andrew H. Foote, leaves Cairo, and begins a movement up the Tennessee River, on Fort Henry [and returns]. Jan. 10. Ky. After a struggle, Col. James A. Garfield defeats Confederate Col. Humphrev Marshall at the battle of Middle Creek on the Big Sandy River. Federal loss, two killed and 25 wounded; Confederate loss, 40 killed, many wounded. [Marshall leaves Ken- tucky.] Jan. 11. Va. The Hatteras Expedi- tion of 20 war vessels, and an army of 32,829 men, under Gen. Burnside and Flag-officer Goldsborough, sails from Fort Monroe. Jan. 13. N. C. Burnside's expedition to Roanoke Island arriveB at Hatteras Inlet. Jan. 17. Fla. Cedar Keys is captured by the Federals. Jan. 19. Ky. Battle of Mill Springs : Gen. Thomas defeats the Confederates under Gen. Zollicoffer, who is killed. Federal loss, 38 killed and 194 wounded ; Confederate loss, 1'iokilled, IGOwounded, 89 prisoners, 1,200 horses and mules, 100 wagons, and 10 guns. Jan. 23. S. C. A stone fleet is sunk by the Federals, to obstruct the channels of Charleston Harbor. Jan. 27. L). C. The President issues an order, in which he commands a gen- eral advance against the Confederates on the 22d of February. Jan. 28. D. C. The "War Department directs Gen. McClellan to arrest Gen. Stone, who commanded at Ball's Bluff, on charges too indefinite to be framed. [He is confined in Fort Lafayette six months, and then restored to duty with- out reparation or trial.] Jan. 30. A r . Y. The Monitor, the first turreted war-vessel, is launched. Jan. * Mo. Gen. Price begins a guerrUla uprising against the Federals ; roads are destroyed, bridges are burned, and outrages committed. Feb. 2. III. A formidable land and naval expedition under Gen. Grant and Capt. A. H. Foote leaves Cairo. Feb. 2-4. ///. Gen. Grant and Flag- officer Foote begin a movement against Fort Henry with seven gunboats and 15,000 men on transports. Feb. 3. Ena. The Confederate steamer Nashville is ordered to leave South- ampton. Feb. 6. Term. Capt. Foote takes Fort Henry on the Cumberland River ; Gen. Tilghman and his staff are among the 90 prisoners ; the land forces are com- manded by Gen. Grant. Federal loss, 40 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, five killed, 10 wounded, 83 prison- ers, 20 guns, and a large amount of stores. A r . C. The Burnside Expedition, having crossed a difficult bar, now ad- to Roanoke Island. ART —SCIENCE - NATURE. * * The Henry rifle, firing 15 shots be- fore reloading, is patented, * * Xew York. W. Stanley Haseltine of Rome, Italy, Aaron D. Sbattuck of Granby, Conn., William L. Sonntag, Worthington Whittredge, Henry A. Loop, and David Johnson of Xew York, are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * Useful metals are discovered in Michi- gan, gold in Snake River, Oregon, and coal near Denver, Colorado. * * Laramie Peak is painted by Albert Bierstadt. * * The group The Picket-guard is exe- cuted by John Rogers. * * A bronze statuette, The Freedman, is executed by J. Q. A. "Ward. 1862 Jan. 31. Mass. A star [now known as the Companion of Sirius] is discovered by A. Clarke at Cambridge. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1861. Dec. 31. Turner, Samuel H., P. E. cl., theologian, critic, A71. * • Bradford, Win. H., Pres. cl., editor, A61. * * Farnbain, Kalpli, rev. soldier, A95. * * Hartman, Charles S., M. C. for Mont, bora in Ind. 1863. Jan. 3. Blunt, Edmund March, nautical writer, A92. Jan. 10. Colt. Samuel, inventor of revol- ver, A48. Jan. 18. Tyler. John. Gov. of Va., sen.. Vice-Pres., 10th Pres. of U. S., mem. Con- federate cong., A72. Jan. 19. Zollicoffer. Felix K.. M. C. for Tenn., Confederate brig.-gen., k. at Mill Springs, A50. CHURCH. 1861 * * Ga. The Southern General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) secedes on the slavery question. * * ///. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; K. D. Harper, moderator. * * .V. F. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held at Brooklyn. * * A". Y. The General Assembly (X. S.Presbyterian) meets at Syracuse ; J.B. Condit, moderator. * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. * * Va. The American Missionary So- ciety opens its first day-school for freedmen at Hampton Koads. * *The New School Presbyterians withdraw from the American Home Missionary Society, and organize the Presbyterian Committee of Home Missions. * *The United Synod South (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) of Holston is organized. 1S62 Jan. 2. Pa. Wm. Bacon Stevens is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Pennsylvania. SOCIETY. 1S61 Dec* D.C. " Labor is the su- perior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration." (President's UNITED STATES. 1861, Dec. 20-1862, Feb. 6. 203 * * D. C. Congress begins to develop an opposition to slavery, by declaring that all slaves employed in military or naval service shall be made free by such act. Dec. * Boston. The New England "Women's Auxiliary Association is organized for the benefit of the soldiers. * * O. The Cincinnati Branch of the Sanitary Commission is organized. * * Tex. The State Lunatic Asylum at Austin is opened. * *U. S. Army: Gens. Butler, McClel- lan, and Banks issue orders exclud- ing all liquors from their respective commands. * * Suspected secessionists in the North are forced to speak for the loyal cause, and ultra Southern newspapers are com- pelled to display the National flag. * * U. S. The navy ration is made a gill of spirits, with the right to draw half a pint of wine, or provisions, or money instead. * * A gill of whisky daily is allowed by Congress to each man in the navy in cases of excessive fatigue and exposure. * * -65 * * The eight- hour movement obtains great headway during the pros- perous times of the war. STATE. 1861 Dec. 20. D. C. Congress: The committee on the conduct of the war elect Ben]. F. "Wade of O. chairman ; members, Chandler of Mich., Johnson of Tenn., Gooch of Mass., Covode of Pa., Julian of Ind., and Odell of N.T. Dec. 21. D. C. The Cabinet decides that troops shall not pass through Baltimore, if they are not interrupted when in transit remote from the city of Baltimore. Virginia is in arms south of Washington, and Maryland to the north. Dec. 24. D. C. Congress increases the duties on tea, coffee, and sugar, as a war measure. Dec. 25. Mo. Martial law is extended to all railroads in the State. Dec. 30. D. C. Congress; House: E. G Spaulding of N. Y. introduces the original Legal-tender Bill. Dec. * D. C. The term of enlistment is changed from one to three years, and a bounty of S50 is offered. * * Colo. The first Legislature meets at Denver. * * D. C. Congress : The House meets with much obstruction, opposition, and criticism from some of its mem- bers, chiefly C. L. Vallandigham of O. and H. C. Burnett of Ky. ; the Senate is vexed with J. C. Breckinridge of Ky. until his departure southward. * * Z>. C. The President accedes to the provisions of the Treaty of Paris, which abolish privateering, and define the rights of neutrals ; but England and France stipulate that this action shall have no bearing on " the internal differ ences in the United States." [The con- dition is unaccepted.] * * D. C. Noah H. Swayne of O. is ap- pointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. Dec. * Md. The Legislature appropri- ates $7,000 to be distributed by the Governor of Massachusetts among the families of those killed in the Baltimore riot. * * Mo. The Legislature establishes the Metropolitan police force of St. Louis. * * Neio York. C. Godfrey Gunther is elected the 74th mayor. * *The 16 eminent and able governors of the Northern States become popularly known as " War Governors." * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -63 * * Ala. John G. Shorter. -63 * * Dak. (Ter.). Wm. Jayne. -65 * * Fla. John Milton. -65 * * III. Richard Yates. -67 * * Ind. Oliver P. Morton. Kan. (Ter.) George M. Bebee. Kan. Charles Robinson. -65 * *Kan. Thomas Carney. -63* * Ky. James F. Robinson. -66 * * Mass. John A. Andrew. -63 * * Me. Israel "Washburn, Jr. -64 * * Mich. Austin Blair. Mo. Claiborne F. Jackson. -64 * * Mo. Hamilton R. Gamble. -6B * * Neb. (Ter.). Alvan Saunders. -62 * * N. C. H. T. Clark. -63 * * N.H, Nathaniel S. Berry. -64 * * Nev. (Ter.). James W. Nye. -65* * N. Mex.(Ter.). Henry Connolly. Pa. Andrew G. Curtin. -62 * * R. I. John R. Bartlett. Tex. Edward Clark. -63 * * Tex. Francis R. Lubbock. -64 * * U. {Ter.). Stephen S. Harding -63 * * Vt. Frederick Holbrook. Wash. (Ter.). R. D. Gohlson. Wash. (Ter.). "Wm. H. Wallace. -67 * * Wash. (Ter.). "Wm. Pickering. W. Va. Francis H. Pierpont. -62 * * Wis. Louis P. Harvey. * * 0. The Legislature passes a law de- claring the property of volunteers free from execution for debt during their time of service. * * O. The Legislature provides for the acceptance of ten regiments beyond the number required from the State, , and votes $500,000 to support them. * * Vt. The Legislature repeals the Per- sonal Liberty Bill of 1858, as opposed to the Federal Constitution. 1862 Jan. 1. D. C. The Government surrenders Mason and Slidell on the demand of the British ministry. [They sail for Europe.] It suspends specie payments. Jan. 7. III. A convention meets to form a new constitution ; it ratines the 13th Amendment, assumes legislative power, and frames a Constitution. Jan. 11. D. C. Simon Cameron of Pa. resigns the office of Secretary of "War, and Edwin M. Stanton of O. takes his place. Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Sol- omon Foot of Vt. is reelected President pro tempore. Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is expelled from the Senate for disloyal utterances. Jan. 22. D. C. Congress ; House : The Legal-tender BiU is reported by its author, Mr. Spaulding, of N.T. Utah. A second Territorial Conven- tion meets at Salt Lake City, to frame a constitution for the State of Deseret. Jan. 25. Va. Henry S. Foote of Miss, offers peace resolutions in the Confeder- ate Congress at Richmond. Jan. 27. D. C. President Lincoln issues "General "War Order Number 1," com- manding a general advance to be made against the Confederates on Feb. 22. Jan. * D. C. The Federal Government is in "a three-fold contest — a military one with the Confederacy ; a diplomatic and moral one with the governments of England and France ; and a financial one with the money power of Europe." (Blaine.) Feb. 3. D. C. An offer of mediation by France is presented by the French min- ister at "Washington. Feb. 4. D. C. Congress; House: Mr. Morrill of Vt. expresses the sanguine feeling of the public by ridiculing the suggestion that the war is to be pro- longed until July 1, 1863 ; he pre- dicts peace by July 30, next ensuing. Feb. 6. D. C. Congress; House: The Legal-tender Bill passes. Vote, 93-59 ; yeas are all Republican. " It was the most momentous financial step ever taken by Congress." (Blaine.) Sec. Seward declines the proffered mediation of France. MISCELLANEOUS. 1861 Dec. 21. Eng. There is a great excitement in England over the reported attempt of the Federals to destroy the harbor of Charleston by sinking 17 old hulks, in blockading the port. Dec. 30. The banks of New York, Phila- delphia, and Boston suspend specie payments, owing to the depositors withdrawing gold to sell at a premium. [Resumed 18 years later.] Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants for 1861, 89,724. * * III. Graceland Cemetery, near Chicago, is incorporated. * * Md. After two failures a submarine cable is successfully laid between Bal- timore and Fortress Monroe. * * New York. The Produce Exchange is organized. * * U. S. Letters addressed to the Confederate States are sent to the dead-letter office. 1862 Jan. 1. New York. Price of cot- ton, 35J- cents. Conn. New Haven is supplied with water from Mill River, Jan. * U. S. Petroleum reaches the low- est price — 10 cents per barrel for crude oil. Feb. 1. Southern States. The Confed- erate dollar is worth 60 cents. 204 1862, Feb. 7-Apr. L AMERICA; ARMY — NAVY. 1862 Feb. 7. N. C. The war vessels engage the shore batteries on Roanoke Island; the army lands. Va. At Fairfax Court House Col. Friedman loses two wounded; Confed- erates lose one killed, 12 prisoners. Feb. 8. N. C, Com. L. M. Goldshorough and Gen. Burnside take Roanoke Is- land, losing 37 killed, 214 wounded ; Confederates, under Gen. Wise, lose 23 killed, 58 wounded, 2,700 prisoners, also six forts, 40 guns, and 3,000 small arms. Feb. 9. D, C. Capt. David G. Far- ragut is appointed to the "West Gulf Blockading Squadron. — — Va- Gen. Stone is relieved of his command, placed under arrest, and im- prisoned. (See Jan. 5.) Kan. Martial law is proclaimed. Feb. 10. N. C. Commander Rowan takes Elizabeth City, and destroys four Con- federate gunboats ; three escape. Va. At Linn Creek Capt. Smith loses one killed and one wounded ; Confederate loss, eight killed, seven wounded, and 17 prisoners. The Confederate Government orders all Union prisoners to be released. W. Va. Gen. Banks' army crosses the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, and advances on Charlestown. Feb. 13, 14. Term, Gen. Grant invests Fort Donelson, and the Confederates repulse an assault on one of their bat- teries by Gen. Mc demand's division ; Flag-officer Foote arrives in the eve- ning with six gunboats; Federal reen- forcements also arrive. (Feb. 14.) Gen. Grant, with30,000men, attacks Fort Donelson ; fierce artillery duels follow, and desperate sorties are made by the Confederates. Capt. Foote bombards Fort Donel- son with six gunboats, two of which are disabled. Foote is wounded. (Feb. 15.) Confederates attempt to break through Grant's lines at Fort Donelson and are repulsed ; by a gen- eral assault Grant drives them to their inner works. (Feb. 16.) Gens. Floyd and Pillow, hav- ing departed in the night, Gen. Buck- ner surrenders Fort Donelson to Gen. Grant. Federal loss, 510 killed, 2,152 wounded, 224 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 2,000 killed and wounded, 13,829 prisoners, and 40 guns. Feb. 14. Va. At Blooming Gap Gen. Lander loses seven killed ; Confederates, under Gen. T. J. Jackson, lose 13 killed, 20 wounded, and 65 prisoners, including 17 officers. Ky. At Flat Lick Ford Col. Munday encounters the Confederates, who lose four killed, four wounded, and three captured. Feb. 16. D. C. Gen. TJ. S. Grant is pro- moted to the rank of major-general for his brilliant services at Fort Donelson. + The Worth is electrified with the report of Gen. Grant's victory. He becomes the hero of the war in a day, and is called " Unconditional Surren- der" " United States ," and " Uncle Sam " Grant, instead of Ulysses S. Grant. Feb. 17. Ark. At Sugar Creek the Federals repel a Confederate charge, losing 13 killed and wounded. Feb. 18. Gen. Halleck announces that Gen. Curtis has driven Gen, Price from Missouri. Mo. At Independence Federals lose one killed and three wounded ; Con- federates under Quantrell and Parker lose three killed. Feb. 21. N. Mex. At Valverde (Fort Craig) Col. Canby loses 68 killed, 160 wounded, 35 missing ; Confederate loss, 240 killed and wounded. Feb. 22. Ky. At Pound Gap Col. James A. Garfield surprises a Confeder- ate camp ; several prisoners are cap- tured. Term. Martial law is proclaimed in West Tennessee. Va. The President's order of Jan. 27 for a general advance of the army is not obeyed. Feb. 24. Ark. Fayetteville is captured by the Federals, after being fired by the Confederates. Feb. 25. Term. Gen. Nelson's division of Gen. Grant's army lands and occu- pies Nashville; Gen. Buell, by forced marches, arrives opposite the city at nearly the same time. Feb. 28. N. C. The Confederate steamer Nashville runs the blockade at Beaufort. Mar. 2. D. C. Gen. W. S. Rosecrans is appointed major-general. Ga. Brunswick is captured by the Federals. Ky. The Confederates evacuate the stronghold at Columbus, because of the surrender of Fort Donelson. [Their forces concentrate 100 miles below Cairo at Island Number 10.] Mar. 3. Mo. Gen. Pope, with 10,000 Federals [soon increased to 20,000 men] appears before New Madrid, and be- gins a siege. Va. Gen, McClellan directs Gen. Halleck, his accuser, to arrest Gen. Grant if the good of the service re- quir lit. Gen. Grant, having left his command without permission, is ordered to yield command to Gen. C. F. Smith, and re- main at Fort Henry. Mar. 4. Tenn. At Pittsburg Landing Federals lose five killed and fire wounded ; Confederates lose 20 killed, 200 wounded. Mar. 5. NeivYork. John Ericsson's tur- reted ironclad Monitor is completed, and delivered to the Federal Govern- ment for trial. Gen. Beauregard assumes command of the Confederate Army of the Missis- sippi. Mar. 6. New York. John Ericsson's turreted ironclad, Monitor, sails for Fort Monroe. Mar. 7,3. Ark. Battle of Pea Ridge, or Mkhorn : Gens. Curtis, Sigel, As- both, and Jeff. C. Davis, with 10,500, de- feat 16,202 Confederates under Gens. Van Dorn, Price, McCulloch, and Pike. Federal loss, 203 killed, 980 wounded, and 201 prisoners : Confederate loss 1,100 to 1,300. Gens. McCulloch, Mcintosh, and Slack are among the killed. Mar. 7. Va. At "Winchester Capt. Cole has three wounded; Confederates lose six killed and five wounded. Gen. Johnston begins the evacuation of Manassas, in anticipation of a Fed- eral advance. Ga. — Fta. Fort Church and St. Mary (Ga.) and Fernandina (Fla.) are taken by the l)upont expedition. Mar. 8. D. C. The President issues Gen- eral War Order No. 2; he orders the Army of the Potomac to be divided into four corps : — Generals : Irvin McDowell is to com- mand the 1st corps ; E. V. Sumner, the 2d; S. P. Heintzelman, the 3d: F.. D. Keyes, the 4th ; Gen. J. S. Wadsworth is to command the defense of Washing- ton, and Gen. N. P. Banks a 5tb corps soon to be formed. President Lincoln issues General "War Order No. 3. He commands that no change shall be made in the base of operations without providing for the security of Washing- ton, and that an immediate attempt be made to capture Confederate batteries on the Potomac. Va. At Hampton Roads the Fed- eral frigate Cumberland is sunk by the Confederate ironclad Merrimac, and the Congress is burned. Great anxiety pervades the North, concerning the safety of its great cities, because of the apparently invincible Merrimac. Mar. 9. Va. At Hampton Roads the turret ironclad battery Monitor ar- rives in the nick of time, and in a nearly harmless duel of five hours de- feats the Merrimac, which retires to Norfolk. Mar. 10. New Mexico is occupied by Confederate troops from Texas. Va. Gen. McClellan's great army of nearly 200,000 men crosses the Poto- mac in an advance toward Richmond. [They find Manassas evacuated.] Tenn. The Tennessee River ex- pedition under Gen. Smith lands at Savannah. Mar. 11. D. C The departments of Kansas and Missouri are united in one under Gen. Halleck. The Mountain Department is formed in Western Virginia ; Gen. Fremont, commander. The Department of the Mississippi is formed ; Gen. Halleck, commander. All commanders are to report directly to the Secretary of War. Fla. St. Augustine is surrendered to the Federals without a struggle. Va. McClellan's advance occupies CenterviUe. Gen. McClellan is relieved of the com- mand of other departments, and assumes personal command of the Army of the Potomac. Gen. John C. Fremont com- mands the Mountain Department, in [West] Virginia. Mar. 12. Fla. Jacksonville is surren- dered to Capt. Samuel F. Dupont. Mar. 13. Mo. Gen. Henry W. Hal- leck assumes command of the three Western departments. Gen. Pope occupies New Madrid, on the Mississippi ; the Confederates UNITED STATES. 1862, Feb. 7 -Apr. 1. 205 retire, losing 100 killed, $100,000 worth of stores, and 25 guns. Gen. Pope captures Point Pleasant. Va. Gen. Banks occupies Winches- ter with a Federal army. Gen. McClellan proposes a change of base near Fort Monroe. [The President approves.] All persons in the Federal service are forbidden to return fugitive slaves to Confederate owners. Mar. 14. N.C. New Berne is captured from the Confederates under Gen. Branch, by Gen. Burnside, after a battle of four hours ; Gens. Foster, Reno, and Parke support Burnside. Federal loss, 91 killed, 466 wounded : Confederate loss, 64 killed, 101 wounded, and 413 prisoners, with six forts mounting 64 guns. Ky. At Cumberland Mountains Cols. Carter and Keigwin defeat Con- federates, who lose three killed, six wounded, 18 prisoners. Tenn. Gen. Smith provides 19 steam- boats as transports, and orders Gen. Sherman to ascend the Tennessee River towards East Port, and destroy railroads and bridges. Mar. 15-18. Tenn. Flag-officer Foote bombards Island Number 10, on the Mississippi River, with a gunboat fleet. Mar. * Va. Gen. McClellan changes his plan, and determines to approach Richmond by marching up the penin- sula from Yorktown. Mar. 17. Tenn. Gen. Grant resumes general command in person, with three divisions at Savannah and two at Pitts- burg Landing. Va. The Army of the Potomac begins to embark for Yorktown, in chan- ging its base. Mar. 21. N. C. "Washington is occupied by the Federals. The Departments of the Gulf and the South are created. Mar.* Va. Federal Gen. Banks moves up the Shenandoah Valley in force. Mar. 22. Mo. At Independence the Confederates under Quantrell are de- feated. Federal loss, one killed ; Con- federate loss seven killed, 11 wounded. Mar. 22, 23. Va. At Winchester (Kernstown) Gen. Shields defeats the Confederates under Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, who retreat in disorder [and are pursued to Harrisonburg]. Federal loss, 103 killed, 440 wounded, and 24 prisoners. Confederate loss, 691 killed and wounded. Mar. 23±. Tenn. Gens. Johnston and Beauregard unite their armies at or near Corinth. Mar. 26. Mo. At Humansville Confed- erates lose 15 killed and many wounded. Col. Near Denver City, 50 Confeder- ate cavalrymen are captured. Mar. 28. N. Mex. At Vallis Kanch (Apache Cafion) Col. Slough loses 20 killed, 54 wounded, and 35 prisoners ; the defeated Confederates lose 80 killed, 100 wounded, and 93 prisoners. Mar. 29. Mo. At Warrensburg Capt. Thompson defeats the Confederates under Col. Parker. Federal loss, two killed; Confederate loss, 15 killed and 25 prisoners. Mar.* Mo. Col. J. W. Bissell connects the river and a bayou below Island Num- ber 10, by cutting a path for boats through a forest. Mar. * Va. Gen. Kobert E. Lee re- turns from the inspection of the sea- coast defenses, and resumes command of the Confederates in Virginia. * * The Army is reorganized. Gen. Halleek is assigned to the Depart- ment of the West, Gen. Hunter to that of the South, Gen. Butler to that of the Gulf, Gen. Fre'mont to the Mountain Department of Western Virginia and .Eastern Tennessee, Gen. Banks to the Shenandoah, Gen. McDowell to the Rappahannock, and Gen. McClellan to the Department of the Potomac. Mar. 31. Tenn. At Union City a Con- federate camp with extensive stores is captured. Apr. 1. N. C. Gen. Burnside takes Beaufort. Ark. At Putnam's Ferry Confeder- ates are defeated, and stores captured. Va. At Woodstock Gen. Banks drives back the Confederates. Apr. 1-7. Ky. Island Number 10, in the Mississippi River, near the north- west corner of Tennessee, is besieged and captured by Flag-officer Foote and Gen. Pope. Confederates under Gen. Mackall lose 17 killed and many wounded, together with 6,300 prisoners, and 70 guns. This victory opens the Mis- sissippi to the Federals. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863. Feb. 20. Appleton, Wm., BoBton mer- chant, philan., A76. Feb. 26. Felton, Cornelius C.,pres. of Har- vard, A55. Mar. l. Lander, Fred. W., brig.-gen. of vols., A40. Mar. 7. McCulloch, Ben, Confed. brig.- gen., k. at Battle of Pea Ridge, A51. Mar. 14. Meade, William, P. E. bp., au- thor, A73. Mar. 18. Wheaton, Nathaniel S., P. E. elergyman, A70. CHURCH. 1862 Mar. 6. Ala. Richard Hooker "Wilmer is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) bishop of Alabama. SOCIETY. 1862 Feb. 21. New York. Nathaniel P. Gordon, convicted of engaging in the slave-trade, is hanged [the first execu- tion in the United States for this offense in 40 years]. Feb. 22. D. C. The Capitol is illumi- nated in celebration of recent victo- ries ; many believe the war is near its close. Mar. 6. D. C. The President, in his message, requests Congress, to provide a scheme for the gradual emancipa- tion of slaves in the border States, with compensation. Mar. 9. S. C. About 60 teachers arrive from the North to instruct and care for the f reedmen. STATE. 1862 Feb. 8. D. C. The Government prohibits the circulation of the Chicago Times. Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The limit of demand notes is raised to $60,000,000, of which $10,000,000 are to be of less denomination than $5, and in addition to issues previously authorized. Feb. 13. D.C. Congress ; Senate : The Legal-tender Bill passes, with an amendment providing for the payment of the debt in coin. Vote, 30-7. Feb. 17. Va. The Confederate Fro- visional Congress at Richmond closes its last session. Feb. 18. Va. The First Confederate Congress meets at Richmond. Feb. 20. Tenn. The Secessionists re- move the capital to Memphis'. Feb. 22. Va. Jefferson Davis is in- augurated President of the Confeder- ate States, at Richmond, under the per- manent Constitution. Feb. 23. D. C. The President appoints Andrew Johnson military governor of Tennessee. Feb. 25. D. C. Congress passes the Legal-tender Act, as reported by the conferees of both Houses, and it be- comes a law. Treasury bonds to the amount of $500,000,000 are to be issued at 6 per cent interest, redeemable at the pleas- ure of the Government after five years, and payable in 20 years ; also $150,000,000 in notes without interest, none less than $5, and one-third of these in lieu of the same amount under the act of July 17, 1861 : all to be exempt from taxation, a legal tender for all debts, public and private, except duties on imports and interest on the public debt. The notes are nicknamed " greenbacks." Mar. 3. Utah. The people ratify the Constitution. Mar. * D. C. Congress ; Senate : An- drew Johnson resigns his seat at the request of President Lincoln, to become military governor of Tennessee. Mar. 6. D. C. Congress receives a mes- sage from President Lincoln. He recommends the adoption of a joint resolution declaring that " the United States ought to cooperate in any State which may adopt gradual abolishment of slavery, giving to such State pecu- niary aid, to be used in its discretion, to compensate for the inconveniences, pub- lic and private, produced by such change of system." [It is opposed by members from the border States.] Mar. 7. D. C. Congress authorizes cer- tificates of indebtedness to be issued for creditors whose claims have been audited, bearing 6 per cent interest. Mar. 13. D. C. The President approves the Act forbidding military officers from returning fugitive slaves to their owners. Mar. 17. T>. C. Congress authorizes the Treasury to buy bonds or notes at discretion ; demand notes are made legal tender. Mar. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate: Sol- omon Foot of Vt. is elected President pro tempore. MISCELLANEOUS. 1862 Feb. 21. D.C. Bereavement visits the White House: "Tad" (Thomas) Lin- coln, the President's youngest son, dies. Apr. 1. New York, Price of cotton, 28 cents. 206 1862, Apr. 2-May 15. AMERICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1862 Apr. 2. B. C. Gen. "Wadsworth reports that he has but 19,000 men to defend "Washington, and eight regi- ments are soon to leave, while a force of 55,000 is needed. Fa. Gen. George B. McClellan arrives at Fort Monroe and begins the campaign against Richmond. He re- ports [Apr. 3] 5S,000 men ready to move, and 100 guns, besides the entire division of artillery. Apr. 3. Fa. A great Federal Army, under Gen. McClellan, leaves Fortress Monroe for an advance on Yorktown. Gen. Magruder, with 10,000 Confeder- ates, holds the place [and checks Gen. McClellan's advance for one week, when Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrives with the main army, and holds him back for three weeks longer]. Apr. 4. Mo. A canal 12 miles long is completed, to send the gunboats below Island Number 10. Commander Henry "Walke with the gunboat Carondelet safely runs past the Confederate batteries at Island Number 10 in the night to New Madrid. [The Pittsburg follows on the night of Apr. 6.] Fla. Apalachicola is surrendered to the Federals. Miss. Pass Christian, on the Gulf Coast, is taken by the Federals. Fa. A Federal force occupies Thor- oughfare Gap. Gen. McDowell's corps is detached from the Army of the Potomac, and the Department of the Rappahannock is formed, McDowell commander. Apr. 5. Va. The siege of Yorktown is begun by Gen. McClellan ; Confed- erates lose three killed, 22 wounded. Apr. 6, 7. Tenn. Great Battle of Shi- loh, or Pittsburg Landing. Gen. Grant, with about 33,000 men, assisted by Gens. Sherman and Thomas, defeats 40,955 Confederates under Gens. A. S. Johnston, Beauregard, Polk, and Har- dee. Gen. Johnston is killed. Federal loss in Grant's army, 1,513 killed, 6,G01 wounded, and 2,S30"prison- ers; in Buell's army, 241 killed, 1,807 wounded, and 55 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 prisoners. Apr. 7. Tenn. Gen. Buell's army, 20,000 strong, arrives at Pittsburg Landing, after the battle ; the united armies drive the Confederates from the field. Island Number 10 is forced to surrender to Flag-officer Foote with- out a battle; Gen. Pope pursues the fleeing garrison, and takes 0,000 to 7,000 Confederate prisoners. Apr. 9±. Gen. McClellan has a con- troversy with the President and the Secretary of War. Apr. 10. B. C. Franklin's division of . McDowell's corps is ordered to join Gen. McClellan. Ga. The Federals under Gen. Q. A. Gillraore open fire on Fort Pulaski at the mouth of the Savannah River. [It surrenders on the 11th ; 48 guns and 385 prisoners are captured.] Apr. 11. Miss. Gen. Halleck arrives before Corinth, and, as superior officer, supersedes Gen. Grant. Ala. Gen. O. M. Mitchel surprises Huntsville, takes 200 prisoners, and 15 locomotives. He seizes 100 miles of railroad, and interrupts Confederate communications between the West an Coast. Ga. Gen. Hunter captures Fort Pulaski, commanding the Savannah River, with 3G0 prisoners, 47 guns, and 40,000 pounds of powder. This victory cuts off Confederate commerce, and permits an effective blockade. Federals lose two men. Va. At Yorktown Federals lose 20 killed and wounded. The repaired Merrimac reappears in Hampton Roads, but no action takes place. Apr. 13. Va. Gen. McClellan reports the Army of the Potomac as number- ing 100,970 men. Apr. 15. Ark. Confederates cut the levee near Fort Wright, on the Missis- sippi, and an immense amount of prop- erty is destroyed. Tenn. Gen. Halleck orders Gen. Pope to transfer his successful troops to join the army on the Tennessee River. Apr. 16. Va. At Lee's Mills Gen. Mc- Clellan loses 35 killed, 120 wounded, and nine prisoners ; Confederate loss, 20 killed, 76 wounded, and 50 prisoners. Apr. 17. S. C. A skirmish occurs on Edisto Island ; the Confederates are put to flight. Tenn. At Woodson's Gap the Con- federates capture 475 Federal refugees ; killed and wounded, GO. Fa, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston as- sumes command of the Confederate troops at Yorktown with an army in- creased to about 53,000 men. Apr. 18. Fa. Gen. McDowell begins a movement upon Fredericksburg. — -Ark. The Federal fleet of gunboats and mortars makes an ineffective at- tack on Fort Wright, on the Mississippi Kiver. La. Flag-officer Farragut, with 17 men-of-w r ar, and Captain Porter, with a mortar flotilla of 19 schooners and six armed steamships for guard and towing service, appear below Forts Jackson and St. Philip, both having about 115 guns. 15 Confederate gunboats and one iron-plated ram lie above the forts, guarding the approach to New Orleans. The Federal navy bombards Forts Jackson and St. Philip, 75 miles be- low New Orleans [and continues the at- tack five days]. Apr. 19. X. C. At Camden, or South Mills, Federals under Gen. Reno lose 14 killed, 9d wounded, and 14 prisoners ; the defeated Confederates lose 70 killed and wounded. Apr. 21. X. Mex. The Federals regain Santa Fe". Va. The Confederate Congress at Kichmond is broken up and dispersed by the nearness of the armies. Apr. 22. Tenn. The chief part of Gen. Pope's army joins Gen. Halleck at Pittsburg Landing. Apr. 24. La. Farragut's fleet forces a passage of the batteries on the Mis- sissippi, below New Orleans, after a long bombardment. His fleet in two columns passes Forts Jackson and St. Philip in the darkness; 13 out of 17 vessels make the passage in safety, losing only 24 killed and 66 wounded ; Confederate loss, 12 killed, 40 wounded. X. C. Gen. Eurnside takes Fort Macon. Federals lose one killed and 11 wounded; Confederates lose 6even killed, 18 wounded, 450 prisoners, and 20 guns. Va. The destruction of the Dismal Swamp Canal is completed. Apr. 25. X. Mex. Santa Fe is evacu- ated by the invading Texans. La. Gen. Mansfield Lovell with- draws the Confederate forces from New Orleans, after firing an immense amount of property. [Planters proceed to burn millions of dollars worth of cot- ton, by order of the Confederacy.] New Orleans is surrendered to Adm. Farragut without opposition. ■ — ■ Mo. At Neosho Confederates lose 30 killed and wounded, and 62 prisoners. Apr. 26. La. The army under Gen. Putler invests Forts Jackson and St. Philip, cutting off retreat, supply, and reenforcements. Apr. 27. La. Federals raise a flag over the U. S. mint at New Orleans; four men, led by William E. Mumf ord, cut the halyards and dash away with the U. S. flag. Apr. 2S. La. Forts Jackson and St. Philip are surrendered to Com. Porter. Tenn. Gen. Halleck's army of 108,000 men is reorganized as the Army of the Tennessee. Apr. 29. La. At New Orleans Far- ragut sends marines with howitzers, to lower Confederate flags and raise the Stars and Stripes on the public buildings. Apr. 30. Fa. Gen. McClellan reports a force of 112,392 ready for duty. May 1. Tenn. At Pulaski 200 Federals are captured. Va. The Confederates determine to evacuate Norfolk. May 3. Miss. At Farmington Confed- erates are defeated, losing eight killed. May 4. Fa. Gen. McCleUan begins an advance on Richmond. The Confederates burn their gnnboats on the York River. At "West Point the Confederates are defeated. The Confederates evacuate York- town, after a siege of 30 days, by Gen. McClellan ; they leave 71 spiked guns in the fortifications. A naval fight occurs near Memphis between the Confederate ram Mallory and the Federal gunboat Cincinnati; both vessels are sunk. May 5. Ark. The Confederates make an ineffectual attack with eight gunboats UNITED STATES. 1862, Apr. 2-May 15. 207 on the Union fleet at Fort "Wright, on the Mississippi River, and are driven off with the loss of three of their vessels. Va. Battle of Williamsburg : Gen. Hooker attacks the rear-guard of Gen. Johnston's retreating army ; Gens. Heintzelman and Hancock also have an engagement. McClellan's advance under Gen. Sumner drives hack the Confeder- ate rear-guard under Gen. Longstreet. Federal loss, 456 killed, 1,400 -wounded, and 623 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 700 killed, 1,000 wounded, and 300 prisoners. May 6. Va. Gen. Johnston's army retreats toward Richmond, leaving its wounded on the field of battle at Wil- liamsburg. May 7. Va, Gen. Franklin lands a Union force at "West Point, on the York River, and defeats the Confederates under Gen. Whiting. Federal loss, 47 killed, 110 wounded, and 46 prisoners ; Confederate loss, eight killed and 32 wounded. May 8. Miss. At Corinth the Federal cavalry, under Maj. Arlington, is de- feated by the Confederates. Maj. Ar- lington is killed. Va. At SomerviHe Heights Feder- als under Col. Foster are defeated, losing 29 men, and then retreat. AtMcDowell Gens. Sehenck and Mil- roy are defeated by Confederate Gens. Jackson and Johnson ; Federals lose 30 killed and 200 wounded ; Confederates lose 71 killed and 390 wounded. Gen. Edward Johnson is killed. The Merrimac again appears in Hamp- ton Roads, and then retires without action. Gen. " Stonewall* * Jackson begins his second [and famous] campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. May 9. Ala. The Federals, under Capt. Connet, lose five killed, the Confederates 13 killed, in a skirmish 12 miles from Athens. Miss. At Farmington Gen. Pope loses five killed ; Confederates under Gen. Van Dorn lose many more. S. C. Gen. Hunter issues an order for the military emancipation of slaves, as the Department is under martial law. Com. Foote resigns his command because of a wound, and is succeeded by Capt. Charles H. Davis. Va. The iron-clad battery Monitor makes an attack on Sewell's Point. May 10. Fla. Pensacola is occupied by Federal troops. Tenn. The Confederate flotilla of eight gunboats attacks the Federal fleet before Fort Pillow, but is repulsed. ■ Va. Norfolk is occupied by Gen. Wool and a Federal detachment from Fortress Monroe, without resistance. Gen. Huger destroys the Gosport Wavy Yard, valued at $10,000,000, to prevent its possession by the Federals. Gen. McClellan appeals to the War Department for more men ; he reports 100,000 men present for duty. May 11. Va. The Merrimac is fired by Com. Tattnall, near Norfolk, to pre- vent her falling into the hands of the Federals ; she soon blows up. May 12. Miss. The Confederates from New Orleans begin to erect the de- fenses of Vicksburg. May 13. Tenn. At Monterey Gen. Smith loses two killed ; Confederates lose 10 killed. Miss. Natchez is surrendered to Fed- eral gunboats. S. C. The Confederate steamer Planter is run out of Charleston by Robert Smalls, a negro; he delivers her up to the Federals. [Later the ex- slave becomes a M. C. for South Caro- lina.] May 13. ± Va. The Confederate army is gradually concentrated around Richmond. May 14. N. C. At Trenton Bridge Col. Amory defeats the Confederates, who lose 12 killed. Va. Gen. McClellan appeals for more men, apprehending a battle with double his number of men. May 15. La. Gen. Butler publishes Order No. 15 ; it gives great offense. "As officers and soldiers of the United States have been subject to repeated in- sults from the women (calling them- selves ladies) of New Orleans, ... it is ordered that hereafter when any female shall, by word or gesture, or movement, insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier, . . . she shall be held and re- garded as a woman of the town plying her trade." Va. Gen. Johnston orders his army to cross the Chickahominy River ; it encamps three miles from Richmond. Apprehending an immediate attack, by Federals, many families are sent out of Richmond for safety ; the archives of the government are also sent away. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1S62 Apr. 7. New York. The asteroid Clytia is discovered by H. P. Tuttle. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863. Apr. 6. Johnston, Albert Sidney, col. IT. S. A., Confed. brig.-gen., killed at Shi- loh, A59. O'Brien, Fitz-James, lieut. of vols., wri- ter, poet, A 34. Apr. 10. Wallace, AViRiam H. L., brig.- gen. vols., killeil at Sliiloli, A41. Apr, 25. Smith, Charles F., maj. -gen. vols., A55. Apr. 27. Betbune, George W., theologian, poet, A57. Apr. 30. Cambreling, Churchill C, M. C. for N.Y., minister to Russia, A76. May 3. Bangs, Nathan, ed., author, M. E. cl., A84. May 6. Thoreau. Henry D., naturalist, ge- ologist, author, A 45. May 14. Ingersoll, Charles J., M. C. for Pa., author, A80. CHURCH. 1862 Apr. * La. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal South) fails to meet at New Orleans because of the war. SOCIETY. 1862 Apr. 11. B.C. Congress abolishes slavery in the District of Columbia. * * Pa. The " Molly Maguires," a secret and murderous society among the miners, attracts attention [and for 14 years its members commit acts of violence and murder in Carbon, Schuyl- kill, and other mining counties]. Apr. 21. B. C. Congress provides for the appointment of a special corps of eight sanitary inspectors. STATE. 1862 Apr. 3, B.C. Congress: The Senate passes an Act for the immediate emancipation of the slaves in the Dis- trict of Columbia, with remuneration for loyal owners. Vote, 29-14. JV. Va, The new Constitution is approved by a vote of the people. Vote, 18,862-514. Apr. 7. B. C. The United States enters into a treaty with Great Britain for the suppression of the slave-trade. Apr. 11. B. C. Congress: The House passes the bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. Vote, 92-38. Apr. 14. Tenn. The Union sentiment in East Tennessee is remarkably strong, and becomes elsewhere mani- fest. The Legislature and State officials fled at the approach of the Union army, but the city council at Nashville ordered the Stars and Stripes to be displayed on the public buildings. Apr. 16. Va. The Confederate Congress at Richmond passes a conscription act on the recommendation of Jefferson Davis. B. C. The President signs the bill to abolish slavery in the District of Co- lumbia, and it becomes a law. Apr. 22. Va. The first Confederate Congress closes its first session. Apr. * La. Opelousas becomes the Con- federate capital. May 2. MA. The writ of habeas corpus is first suspended in the case of John Merryman, a prisoner in Fort McHenry. — D. C. Congress ; Senate : E. B . Wash- burne of 111. defends Gen. Grant against the criticisms and aspersions • that follow the battle of Shiloh. May 4. Tenn. Leading citizens issue a call for a reorganization of the State government on a legal basis. May 6. B.C. Congress: The House passes the Pacific Railroad Bill. Vote 79^49. May 13. W. Va. The Legislature of Virginia at Wheeling formally approves the formation of a new State from the western counties. May 15. D. C. Congress establishes the Department of Agriculture. MISCELLANEOUS. 1862 Apr. 12. New York. Gold is first quoted at a premium. May 10. N. Y. A fire in Troy burns 671 buildings, including the Union Railroad Depot and several churches; seven lives are lost, and §3,000,000 in property. 208 1862, May 15. -June AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1862 May 15. Va. The Monitor and several gunboats under Capt. John Kodgers attempt to force their way up the James River, but are repulsed by the Confederate batteries at Fort Dar- ling on Drewry's Bluff, losing 13 killed and 14 wounded. Eng. The steamer Alabama, of 950 tons, with engines of 300 horse-power, is launched at Birkenhead for the Con- federates as a privateer. May 16. ^V. C. Wear Trenton Maj. Fitzsimmons loses live prisoners; Con- federates lose six killed and many wounded. Va. Gen. McClellan establishes his depot at White House, on the Pa- munkey River. May 17. Va. A naval expedition as- cends the Pamunkey River, and burns Confederate gunboats. Miss. At Corinth Federals under Gen. Halleck lose 10 killed and 31 wounded ; Confederate loss, 12 killed and many wounded. May 18. Va. Suffolk, near Norfolk, is occupied by Federal troops. Ark. Near Searcy Gen. Osterhaus encounters the Confederates, who lose about 100 men. Miss. Gen. Grant invests Vicks- burg with communications open via the Yazoo. Commander Samuel P. Lee of Farra- gut's fleet demands the surrender of Vicksburg, and is refused by Gen. M. L. Smith, who commands 10,000 Con- federates in its defense. W. Va. At Princeton Gen. Cox encounters Confederates under Gen. Humphrey Marshall, who loses about 100 men. May 19. N. C. At New Berne Feder- als lose five killed ; Confederates, 11. D. C. President Lincoln counter- mands Gen. Hunter's order for mili- tary emancipation. La. At New Orleans the Recorder and Chief of Police are arrested by or- der of Gen. Butler, and sent to Fort Jackson. May 20. Miss. Flag-officer Farragut arrives at Vicksburg ; his guns cannot reach the batteries on the Bluffs. iV. Va. At Moorefield Federals under Col. Downey lose rive killed; Con- federates lose four killed and 12 pris- oners. May 21. Va. Gen. McClellan's ad- vance reaches the Chickahominy River. Miss. Near Corinth Col. Sedgwick loses 25 killed. May 22. W. Va. At Lewisburg Col. Crook defeats the Confederates under Gen. Heth ; Federal loss, 10 killed and 40 wounded ; Confederate loss, 50 killed, 60 wounded, 100 prisoners, also four can- non and many arms. May 23. Va. At Front Royal Confed- erates under Gen. Ewell drive back Col. Kenly, who is captured with 700 men. On the Chickahominy River Federals lose one killed and six wounded ; Con- federates lose 15 wounded and 31 pris- oners. May 24. Va. At New Bridge the 4th Michigan loses 10 killed ; the 5th Louisi- ana loses 50 killed and wounded, besides 37 prisoners. I). ('. The President orders Gen. -Mc- Dowell's corps to return from the ad- vance on Richmond to the defense of Washington, and to aid in the cap- ture 0^ Gen. Jackson in the Shenan- doah Valley. [This proves unfortunate, as it paralyzes the main army.] May 25. Va. Battle near Win- chester ; Gen. Banks with 7,000 Federals is defeated by Gen. Jackson, whose en- tire force numbers 20,000 men. [Banks makes a rapid and masterly retreat to Martinsburg, pursued by " Stonewall " Jackson.] Federal loss, 38 killed, 155 wounded, and 711 missing ; Confederate loss not given. D. C. Alarm prevails for the safety of Washington ; governors of loyal States are telegraphed to forward militia and volunteers at once. May 26. Va. Near Winchester Col. Cluseret loses seven wounded; Confed- erates, under Gen. Jackson, lose 25 prisoners, killed and wounded unknown. May 27. Va. Gen. McClellan takes Hanover Court-House, 16 miles north of Richmond. Federal loss, five killed and 326 wounded and missing ; Confederate loss, about 250 killed and wounded, and 610 prisoners. La. A Federal force occupies Baton Rouge. Miss. At Corinth Col. Purcell loses 25 killed and wounded; Confederates leave 30 killed on the field. May 29. S. C. At Pocotaligo Federals lose 11 killed ; Confederates lose 20 killed and wounded. Term. Gen. Beauregard evacuates Corinth without a battle, and retires to Baldwin and Okoloua. W. Va. " Stonewall " Jackson begins his [famous] retreat from the Potomac River up the Shenandoah Valley. May 30. Miss. Gen. Halleck's army of 120,000 men advances on Corinth, after waiting six weeks, and finds it deserted by Gen. Beauregard ; Gen. Pope is sent in pursuit, and takes a few prisoners. Va. At Front Royal Federals lose eight killed and five wounded ; Confed- erate loss, 20 killed and wounded, and 156 prisoners. May 31. iv". C. Near Washington Federals lose two wounded ; defeated Confederates lose 11 killed. Va. The returns of the Army of the Potomac show an aggregate of 127,166 officers and men ; 98,008 are present for duty with 280 guns. May 31.-June 1. Va. Battle of Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines ; Gen George B. McClellan repulses the Confederates under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. The Confederates under Gen. Daniel H. Hill attack the Federal advance under Gen. Casey. In the absence of Gen. McClellan, "there is no supreme authority on the field; Gens. Heintzel- man and Kearny fall back till reenforced by Gen. Sumner, when the Confeder- ates, pressed by Gen. Hooker, withdraw to Richmond, five miles distant. Gen. Johnston is wounded. Forces present: Federal, 51,543; Con- federate, 39,000— of which only about 20,- 000 were engaged on each side. Federal, 790 killed. 3,504 wounded, and 647 missing; Confederate, 9i0 killed. 4,749 ^wounded, 405 missing. (June l.> The battle is renewed, and the Federals recover lost ground at Seven Pines; Gen. G. W. Smith suc- ceeds Gen. Johnston until the battle ends, at two o'clock, when Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes command and with- draws his army in the night; Federal loss, in two days, 5031 ; Confederate loss, 6134. May* -June* La. Gen. Butler excites great indignation among the Secession- ists of New Orleans by his strict mili- tary discipline. June 1. Va Gen. Fremont's belated ad- vance enters Strasburg as Gen. Stone- wall Jackson's rear-guard retires, hi» army escaping the three armies sent to capture it. June 2. D. C. Gen. Wool is transferred to the Department of Maryland, and Gen. Dix is ordered to Fortress Monroe. June 3. S. C. Federal troops land on James Island. Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes command of the Army of Northern Vir- ginia, now engaged in defending Rich- mond, the capital of the Confederacy. June 4. X. C. A skirmish takes place at Trentor's Creek. Tenn. At Fort Pillow Federals lose one killed and three wounded; Con- federates lose 150 killed, 400 prisoners, and are forced to evacuate the fort. Near Jasper Gen. Negley defeats the Confederates under Gen. Adams, who loses 12 killed and wounded, and 25 pris- Va. At New Bridge, near Richmond, the Confederates are defeated in an artillery battle. June 6. Tenn. Battle of Memphis; the Federal fleet under Commodore Davis takes possession of Memphis, after a fight lasting 20 minutes with eight Confederate gunboats, seven of which are destroyed. Federal loss, one wounded; Confederate loss, SO killed and wounded. June 7. La. "William B. Mum ford is hanged by order of Gen. Butler for taking down the Federal flag on the U. S. mint at New Orleans after the sur- render of the city. June 8. J "a. Battle of Cross Keys, in the Shenandoah Valley ; Gen. Fremont overtakes " Stonewall " Jack- sou's rear-guard, and an indecisive fight occurs. Federal loss, 125 killed and 500 wound- ed ; Confederate loss, 600 killed and wounded. June 9. Va. At Port Republic, in the Shenandoah Valley, " Stonewall " Jack- son attacks Gen. Shields's division, and drives it back upon the main body. Federal loss, 67 killed, 361 wounded, and 574 missing; Confederate loss, 1,000 killed, wounded, and missing. June 10. 5. C. At James Island Fed- erals lose one killed and 13 wounded ; Confederates leave 15 killed and two wounded on the field. UNITED STATES. 1862, May 15 -June*. 209 June 12. Ark. Gen. Curtis moves against the Confederates at Little Rock. Near Village Creek Col. Brackett defeats the Confederates; Federal loss, 13 wounded ; Confederate loss, 28 men. * * Plundering guerrilla bands overrun Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri ; they greatly afflict the Union people. June 13. Va. Gen. McCall's division of McDowell's army, 10,000 strong, reen- f orces Gen. McClellan, thus enlarging his army to 156.S38 men, with 127,327 present. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart's Confederate cav- alry, 1,200 strong, start on a raid to pass around Gen. McClellan's army. June 14. S. C. On James Island the Federals lose three killed and 19 wound- ed : Confederates lose 17 killed and eight wounded. June 15. Va. Gen. Stuart's Confeder- ate cavalry completes its passage around the Federal army and enters Richmond. June 16. S. C. At Secessionville, on James Island, Gen. Benhani is defeated by Confederates under Col. Lamar. Federal loss, 85 killed, 472 wounded, 128 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 40 killed and 100 wounded. June 17. Ark. At St. Charles, on the White River, the Confederate batteries are captured by the Federal gunboats. June 18. Ark. Near Smithville Maj. Zeley loses three killed and lour wounded; Confederate Capt. Jones loses four wounded and 15 prisoners. Tenn. Gen. Morgan seizes the Con- federate works at Cumberland Gap, the gateway between Kentucky and Tennessee. June 20. Va. Gen. McClellan reports his force to be 105,445 men, exclusive of Gen. Dix'a force. [Gen. Webb gives Gen. Lee's force as 80,762 men.] June 25+. Miss. Flag-officer Farragut again arrives at Vicksburg, accom- panied by Admiral Porter with 1G mor- tar boats and 3,000 Federal troops under Gen. Thomas Williams. June 25.-July 1. Va. The Seven Days' Battles are fought on the Chicka- hominy, near Richmond ; Gen. Mc- Clellan makes a " masterly retreat " and change of base. Federal generals under McClellan : Sumner, Hooker, Heintzelman, Keyes, Porter, Franklin, and McCall ; Confed- erate generals under Lee : Jackson, Longstreet, A. P. Hill, D. H. Hill, Ma- gruder, Huger, and Holmes. Total Federal losses during the Seven Days' battles, 1,582 killed, 7,709 wounded, and 5,958 missing ; total, 15,249. Con- federate loss, 17,583 killed, wounded, and prisoners. (June 25.) Gen. Lee attacks McClellan's army at Oak Grove ; Hooker's division bears the brunt, and Confederates are repulsed. Federal loss, 51 men. Gen. McClellan pushes forward his pickets from the vicinity of Seven Pines to within four miles of Richmond, — his nearest approach. (June 26.) Battle of Mechanicsville (Ellison's Mill); Gens. A. P. Hill, D. II. Hill, and Longstreet, in strong force, attack the Federals under Gen. Porter, and are repulsed. At Beaver Dam Creek the attack of the Confederates under Gens. Long- street, D. H. Hill, and A. P. Hill is terribly repulsed by Gen. McCall's di- vision of Fitz-John Porter's corps. Fed- eral force 5,000, loss 250; Confederate force 10,000, loss nearly 2,000 ; Gen. Porter urges an advance into Richmond. Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson's force joins the Confederates at Richmond. (June 27.) Battles of the Chickahom- iny, Gaines' Mill. Gen. Porter is attacked by Gens. Hill, Longstreet, and Jackson, while covering the retreat of the army. The Confeder- ates are successful for a time, and then are driven back . Federal loss, 4,000 men . (June 28.) The retreat of McClellan's army from the Cbickahominy to the James River continues ; but little fight- Gen. McClellan informs his corps commanders of his intended change of base to the James River, and the move- ment at once begins. (June 29.) Battle of Savage's Station and "White Oak Swamp ; Lee attacks the Federal rear-guard under Gen. Sumner. Gens. Sedgwick, Richardson, Heintzel- man, and Smith of Franklin's corps repel a Confederate attack under Magruder. Federals leave 2,500 wounded men at Savage's Station. (June 30.) Battle of Frayser's Farm, or Glendale : Gen. Franklin holds Stonewall Jackson in check at White Oak Swamp, while Gen. Lee makes an obstinate but unsuccessful attempt to break the line of McClellan's retreat. (July 1 .) Battle of Malvern Hill (Crew's Farm). The Confederates, under Gens. D. H. Hill, Magruder, and Armistead, attempt to carry Malvern Hill by storm, and are repulsed by McClellan's army, led by Gens. Porter, Morell, and Couch. June 26. Miss. The Confederates de- stroy their gunboats on the Yazoo River. June 27. Ark. The Federals begin to cut a canal to change the course of the Mis- sissippi opposite Vicksburg. Miss. Farragut's mortar-sloops begin the bombardment of the Confederate batteries at Vicksburg. June 28. Miss. Vicksburg batteries are attacked by the Federal fleet ; most of the vessels pass up the river with small ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 June 30. Conn. A new and bril- liant comet is discovered by observers at New Haven. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1862. May 26. Babbitt, Isaac, inventor of anti- friction metal, A63. June 6. Ashby, Turner, Coufed. liriy.-fjt'ii., k. at Cross Kevs, A38. June2l. EUet, Charles, Jr. (first iron bridge), engineer, A52. CHURCH. 1862 June 11. Boston. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1862 * * Colo. The University of Den- ver (Meth. Epis.) is organized. * * D. C. Congress passes an Agricul- tural College Act, granting to each state 30,000 acres of land, by which each Senator and Representative is to endow a college. * * la. Oskaloosa CoUege (Disciples) is organized at Oskaloosa. * * Kan. Lane University (United Breth.) is organized at Lecompton. SOCIETY. 1862 June 7. D. C. A treaty is en- tered with Great Britain for the sup- pression of the slave-trade. June 13-16. Utah. The Mormon apos- tates, called Morrisites, defy the sheriff for three days, when summoned to surrender under an indictment for resisting the execution of the laws. June 14. Pa. F. W. S. Langdon is killed by "Molly Maguires " near Audenreid. STATE. 1862 May 16. N. C. Edward Stanley arrives at New Berne, bearing a com- mission as temporary governor over that portion of the State still under Federal authority. May 20. D. C. The President approves the Homestead Act. He appoints Ed- ward Stanley military governor of North Carolina. May 24. Tenn. Unionists hold a meet- ing at Murfreesboro. June 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the independence of Haiti and Liberia, and provides for the establishment of diplomatic relations. June 10. D. C. The President appoints Col. G. H. Shipley military governor of Louisiana. June 19. D. C. Congress passes an act excluding slavery forever from the Territories of the United States. Congress ; Senate : Solomon Foot of Vt. is reelected President pro tempore. June 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Pacific Railroad Bill. Vote, 35-5. June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1862. Rev- enue : customs, $49,or>(;,398 ; direct tax, $1,795,332 ; sales of public lands, §870,659 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, §08,400 ; miscellaneous items, $915.- 122; total revenue, $51,987,455. Expenditures : War Department, $394,- 368,407; Navy Department, $42,608,277 ; Indians, $2,273,223; 8,159 pensions, $853,- 095; other civil and miscellaneous items, 821,408,491 ; interest on the public debt, §13,190,324; total ordinary expenses, 8471,701,819. Excess of expenditure over receipts, $422,771,303. Public debt, $524,170,412. Exports, $190,070,501; im- ports, $139,356,677. June * D. C. The Government pays about $2,000,000 a day for the prose- cution of the war. June * III. The new Constitution i.s rejected by the votes of the people, 210 1862, July 1-Aug. 18. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1862 Julyl. Miss. The gunboat flo- tilla, under Commodore Davis, unites above Vicksburg with tbe Federal fleet from New Orleans. Mo. At Booneville tbe Federals lose 41 killed ; tbe Confederates lose G5 killed. Z>. C. The President calls for 300,000 more volunteers. July 2. Va. Gen. McClellan has failed in his advance on Richmond ; he retires down the James River to Har- rison's Landing, where he is protected by gunboats. Summer. Eng. The privateer Flor- ida sails out of Liverpool harbor, where she has been fitted out for the Confed- erates. July 6. Ark. A skirmish takes place at DuvaH's Bluff ; the Confederates lose all their provisions and camp equipage. July 8. JV. C. A Federal expedition leaves Plymouth to ascend theRoanoake River. Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan begins his first cavalry raid with 900 men. [He captures 17 towns in Kentucky.] July 9. N. C. At Hamilton the Federals capture batteries, steamers, schooners, and supplies. July 11. D. C. Gen. H. W. Halleck is appointed (14th) commander-in-chief of all the Federal land forces. Ark. Federal troops under Gen. Washburn occupy Helena. July 13. Term. At Murfreesboro Confederate cavalry captures the Fed- eral force. Federal loss, 33 killed, 62 wounded, and 800 missing ; Confederate loss, 50 killed and 100 wounded. July 15. Miss. The Confederate ram Arkansas engages a part of the flotilla at the mouth of the Yazoo River, runs through it, and ascends the Mississippi to Vicksburg. Ind. Ttr. Gen. Blunt encounters Confederates, and loses 200 killed and wounded. July 16. XT. S. Officers of the Navy are graded in nine ranks. July 17. Ky. At Cynthiana Morgan and his guerrillas attack the Home Guards under Lieut. -Col. Lindrum. Federal loss, 13 killed and 34 wounded ; Confed- erate loss, 24 killed and 78 wounded. Va. Gen. John Pope assumes command of the Army of Virginia; it includes all the Federal forces in this State, except those under Gen. Mc- Clellan. July 20. Ky. Confederate guerrillas are defeated between Mount Sterling and Owensville, losing cannon and horses. Miss. The river falling fast, Flag- officer Farragut hastens to run past the Confederate batteries at Vicks- burg, and proceed to New Orleans. July 22. Miss. The Confederates repel an attack on the ram Arkansas near Vicksburg. D. C. President Lincoln orders mili- tary commanders to seize and use property, real or personal, for military uses and to employ negroes as laborers. July 23. Mo. At Florida Maj. Caldwell is defeated by a Confederate force under Col. Porter, with a loss of 26 men. Va. Gen. Pope is ordered to arrest all disloyal citizens within his lines. July 24. Ala. Near Decatur Capt. Harman defeats the Confederates, who lose 10 killed and 30 wounded. Va. Gen. Halleck, as General-in- chief of all the armies, orders a change of base to Acquia Creek. [Gen. Mc- Clellan argues against it.] July 25. Va. Wear Orange Court House Federal Gen. Gibson loses 5 killed, and 12 wounded and prisoners. Gen. Halleck arrives at Gen. McClel- lan's camp. July 28. Mo. At Moore's Mills, near Fulton, Federals defeat Cols. Porter and Cobb. Federal loss, 10 killed and 30 wounded ; Confederates leave on the field 52 killed and 100 wounded. Miss. Gen. Van Dorn assumes command of the Confederates at Vicksburg. Eng. The Alabama sails as a Con- federate privateer from Birkenhead one day before the English Government telegraphs to detain her. [See Alabama Claims.] July 29. Ky. The Home Guards drive the Confederates from Mount Sterling. Tenn. At BrownsvUle Capt. Dollin loses four killed and six wounded ; Con- federate loss, 10 killed and wounded, and 11 prisoners. Va. Gen. Pope assumes command in the field of the Army of Virginia. July 30. Ky. At Paris Morgan's guer- rillas are driven out by the Federals. La. Gen. J. "W. Phelps, having raised five companies of negro recruits near New Orleans, makes requisitions for arms and camp equipage. [Phelps, being refused, resigns.] July * X. C. Gen. Burnside is recalled to reenforce Gen. McClellan on the James River. July * Ark. The canal to cut off Vicks- burg is abandoned as a failure; Gen. Williams' force returns to Baton Rouge. Aug. 1. Miss. Farragut's fleet suspends the bombardment of Vicksburg, awaiting the arrival of the land forces. Va. The Confederate Government issues a retaliatory order declaring that Gen. Pope and his officers, if cap- tured, are not entitled to the considera- tion of prisoners of war. Gen. Pope had issued orders for the destruction of Confederate property and tbe harsh treatment of civilians. Mo. At Newark the Federals are de- feated, losing 70 prisoners. [Confeder- ates are defeated the next day.] Aug. * - Oct. * Miss. The Vicksburg defenses are greatly strengthened. Aug. 2. Va. Orange Court House is taken by Gen. Crawford, of Pope's army; Federal loss, four killed and 12 wounded. Aug. 3. Va. Gen. Hooker drives the Confederates from Malvern Hill. Aug. 4. D. C. The President issues a call for 300,000 more men ; they are to serve nine months. (See State. ) Aug. 5. La. At Baton Rouge the Con- federates under Maj. -Gen. John C. Breckinridge unsuccessfully attack the Federals under Gen. "Williams, who is killed. Confederate loss, 400 killed, (SO wounded, and many prisoners. Va. Malvern Hill is reoccupied by the Federals. Aug. 6. La. Tbe Confederate ram Arkansas is fired and blown up by her officers, near Baton Rouge. Kan. Gen. J. H. Lane enlists negro troops at Fort Leavenworth, without authorization by the government. Mo. At Kirksville Col. McNeil de- feats the Confederates under Col. Por- ter. Federal loss, 28 killed and GO wounded ; Confederate loss, ISO killed and 500 wounded. Va. Near Mattapony River Gens. Gibbons and Cutter lose 72 prisoners, who are taken by Confederate Gen. Stuart. Aug. 7. Tenn. At Fort Fillmore Col. Canby defeats the Confederates un- der Col. Sibley. Aug. 8. X. Mex. Near Fort Fillmore the Confederates are defeated. Aug. 9. Va. Battle of Cedar Moun- tain ; General Banks is defeated by Stonewall .Jackson ; desperate fighting alone saves the Federals from a com- plete rout. Federal loss. 450 killed, 6G0 wounded, and 290 prisoners ; Confeder- ate loss, 1,367 men. Aug. 10. Fa. Gen. McClellan reports an aggregate of 113,000 men present for duty. Aug. 11. Ark. East of Helena Con- federate Gen. Thompson loses 700 pris- At Clarendon Gen. Hovey takes GOO Confederates prisoners. Mo. Independence is surrendered to the Confederates. At Compton's Ferry Col. Guitar de- feats Confederate Gen. Poindexter, who loses 100 killed and wounded, besides 200 prisoners. Tenn. At Kinderhook Col. McGowan defeats tbe Confederate Gen. R. H. An- derson, who loses seven killed and 20 wounded. Aug. 12, Tenn. At Gallatin Col. Miller is defeated by the Confederate raiders, under Col. J.*H. Morgan, who loses six killed and many wounded. Mo. At Yellow Creek, Clinton County, the Confederates are defeated. * * Va. StonewallJackson makes a raid down the valley of the Shenandoah. Aug. * Va. The Federals ravage the Shenandoah valley. Aug. 14. Va. L T nder orders of Gen. Halleck, the army of Gen. McClellan begins to change its base from Harri- son's Landing to the Rappahannock. Aug. 15. Tenn. At Merriwether's Landing Col. T. AV. Harris defeats the Confederates under Capt. Barfield. Va. Near the Rapidan, Gen. Pope with 50,000 men is confronted by Gen. Lee's army, S0.0O0 strong, and falls back across the Rappahannock, UNITED STATES. 1862, July 1-Aug. 18. 211 Aug. 16. Mo. At Lone Jack Maj. Foster has 60 killed and 100 wounded ; Confederate Col. Coffee loses 110 men. —— La. Federal troops evacuate Baton Rouge by order of Gen. Butler. Va. Gen. Lee orders Gen. Long- street's corps to tlie Rapidan, together with Gen. Jackson's divisions and Gen. Stuart's cavalry corps. Aug. 17. Minn. The Great Sioux "War. It is caused by a new breach of promise on the part of the United States Govern- ment, by the spirit of war wafted from the Southern Rebellion, and by the in- fluence of the native sorcerers, who have convinced their people that the Indian gods are superior to the white man's Deity. The Sioux Indians massacre 500 people and destroy millions of dollars worth of property at Acton in Sleeker County ; Gen. Sibley is sent with troops, and defeats them in two battles. Va. Gen. McClellan's army leaves its camp near Harrison's Bar for Ac- quia Creek. Aug. 18. Mo. A cavalry expedition is sent against the Confederates at Spring- field. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 July 18. N. Y., — Mass. " Comet II., 1862 " is discovered by Thomas Simons at the Dudley Observatory at Albany ; also on the same evening, by H. P. Tuttle at Cambridge. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1862. July 24. Van Buren, Martin, sen. for N. Y., Gov., Bee. of state, Vice-Pres., 8th Pres. of U. S., (Dem.) Freesoil candidate for Pres., A80. Aug. 6. McCook, Robert L., brig.-gen. vols., A 35. Aug. 9. Plummer, Joseph B., author, brig.- gen. vols., A 42. LETTERS. 1862 * * Ky. Cedar Valley Seminary (Bapt.) is founded at Clinton. * * N, Y. The Long Island Historical Society Library is founded. [75,000 vols.] * * 0. The State University is founded. * * Pa. An Agricultural College is estab- lished at Bellefonte. * * Wash. Holy Angel's College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Vancouver City. * * Aesthetics, by J. Bascom, appears. * * Artemus Ward; His Book, by Charles F. Browne, appears. SOCIETY. 1862 July * New York. Several prom- inent newspapers violently denounce the Federal authorities in their adminis- tration of the government and conduct of the war ; the Journal of Commerce, the World, and the Daily News are con- spicuous opposers. July 16. D. C. The Sanitary Police Company is appointed. Aug. 18. Minn. The Little-Crow band of Sioux Indians massacre the whites at Yellow Medicine Agency. STATE. 1862 July 1. D.C. President Lincoln calls for 300,000 more troops, in re- sponse to the official request of the gov- ernors of 18 States. Congress enacts the Internal Rev- enue "Law [this creates the Bureau of Internal Revenue ; almost everything outside of the grave is taxed]. An average tax of three per cent is placed on manufactured articles ; dis- tilled spirits, 20 cents a gallon: ales, etc., $1 a barrel ; occupations are licensed at from §5 to $200; stamps, from three cents to $1, are required on bills of ex- change, and SI to if 20 on conveyances ; three per cent on incomes over '$600 up to $10,000, and five per cent on greater incomes. It enacts a bill for the punishment of polygamy in the Territories. July 2. D. C. Congress passes the " Iron-clad Oath" of Office Bill. A candidate for office must swear that he has never given aid or encouragement to the enemies of the United States, or accepted office under any government hostile thereto. President Lincoln approves the Pa- cific Railroad Bill. $32,000 ; fourth (Sierra $48,000; fifth (California), $32,000. [After- ward it makes more liberal subsidies, and includes a land grant.] Attorney-General Bates gives an opin- ion sustaining the legality of the acts of the Government in suspending the writ of habeas corpus. July 4. Pa. The Democratic State Con- vention declares, "this is a govern- ment of white men, and was estab- lished exclusively for the white race." O. The Ohio Democratic State Con- vention declares, " it would be unjust to our gallant soldiers to compel them to free the negroes of the South, and hereby fill Ohio with a degraded popula- tion" to compete in labor. July 11. D.C. The hill authorizing the issue of $150,000,000 legal-tender notes, of $1 and upwards, becomes a law. July 12. D. C. Congress provides for 2000 medals to be distributed among non-commissioned officers and privates of distinguished merit. President Lincoln again urges Repre- sentatives of border States to accept his plan of compensated emancipation. July 14. D. C. A Tariff Act is passed, which increases duties on imports ; it also forbids the issue of tokens to circu- late as money. Congress : The Senate votes to admit "West "Virginia into the Union. "Vote, 23-17 ; one Dem. votes yea. July 16. D.C. Congress votes to greatly enlarge the scope of the naval organ- ization, and to advance the rank of its officers. July 17. D. C. Congress passes the Confiscation Act. '* Confiscating the property of rebels, and giving freedom to the persons whom they hold in slavery," if the owners do not submit to the Government within GO days. It also provides for the punish- ment of persons in rebellion, whom it divides into six classes. Congress makes postage and other stamps legal tender for fractions of a dollar. [Vote; House, 82-42; Senate, 27-12. Government currency soon ex- cludes " shinplasters."] The President approves the Act of Congress, authorizing the enrollment of the militia. Persons between 18 and 45 years are to be included. Negroes are to be admitted into the army. The 37th Congress: the second ses- sion closes. July 25. D. C. The President warns the owners of slaves that the confisca- tion and emancipation acts will be duly executed. July * Wis. The Legislature repeals the Personal Liberty Bill. * * U. S. Democrats are alienated from the Government, and oppose *' an Abolition war." No Democrat voted for the destruction of slavery in the District of Columbia, nor for the compensated emancipation of slaves in the border States, nor for the act confiscating the property of rebels. Aug. 4. D. C. Orders are issued direct- ing a draft of 300,000 more men, for nine months' service, besides the 300,000 volunteers previously called for ; liberal bounties encourage enlistments. Aug. 8. U. S. The writ of habeas corpus is suspended; orders are given to arrest persons who discourage enlist- ments. Aug. 12. Va. The first Confederate Congress opens its second session at Richmond. Aug. 16. Ky. Gov. Beriah Magoffin is defeated in his attempt to make Ken- titcky a neutral state, and resigns ; he is succeeded by J. F. Robinson, the speaker of the State senate, who is a Union man. MISCELLANEOUS. 1862 July 1. New York. Price of cot- ton, 38£ cents. July 18, 19. New York and Philadelphia begin to use car tickets and postage stamps as fractional currency. July 22. Cat. About 150 convicts es- cape from the State prison. July 27. The steamer Golden Gate on the Pacific is burned off the coast of Mexico ; about $1,500,000 in treasure are lost, and nearly 200 lives. July * Mo. The court-house at St. Louis is completed ; cost, about $1,200,- 000. July * Northern States. A marked re- vival in trade occurs. "Shinplas- ters" and "tokens" are issued from private sources, and become superabun- dant. Aug. * Northern States. A keen expec- tation of the speedy capture of Rich- mond by Gen. McClellan prevails. Aug. 13. Va. Two steamers collide on the James River ; the West Point goes down ; 75 lives are lost. * * Many States offer special bounties to induce enlistment us volunteers. 212 1862, Aug. 19 -Sept 21. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1862 Aug. * Capt. Semmes becomes com- mander of the privateer Alabama, re- cently built in England. Aug. * Minn. The Sioux Indians be- siege Fort Ridgely for nine days. Aug. 19. Va. At White Oak Ridge, near Hickman, Capt. Moore loses two wounded ; Confederate loss, four killed and 19 prisoners. D. C. The Department of the Ohio is formed. Aug. 20. Tenn. At Edgefield Junc- tion the Confederates under Col. J. H. Morgan lose seven killed and 20 wounded. Mo. Near Union Mills Maj. Price en- counters the Confederates, losing four killed and three wounded : Confederate loss, four prisoners and 16 horses. Minn. At Fort Ridgely, an attack of Sioux Indians is repulsed. Va. Gen. Pope falls back across the Rappahannock on the approach of Gen. Lee with superior numbers. Aug. 21. S. C. At Pinckney's Island, the Federals lose three killed, three wounded, and 32 prisoners. Aug. 22. Va. Catlett's Station is cap- tured by Stuart's Confederate cavalry. Tenn. Near Gallatin Gen. J. H. Morgan defeats Gen. Johnson, who loses 100 killed, many wounded, and 350 pris- oners ; Gen. Morgan captures Gallatin, also Gen. Johnson and his staff. Aug. 23. Minn. The Indians are re- pulsed in an attack on New Ulm. Va. Gen. Reynolds's division of the Army of the Potomac is the first to join the Army of Virginia at Acquia Creek. Aug. 24. Mo. Confederates are defeated in a skirmish between Bloomfield and Cape Girardeau. Tenn. Gen. Bragg advances for the invasion of Kentucky with more than 50,000 men. Gen. Buell with 40,000 men prepares to repel him. Va. Gen. McClellan's army arrives at Acquia Creek. Aug. 25. Tenn. At Fort Donelson the Confederates under Col. "Woodward are repulsed with heavy loss. D. C. The Secretary of "War formally authorizes Gen. Saxton at Port Royal, S. C, to enlist and drill 5,000 negroes to guard and protect plantations. Va. At "Waterloo Bridge a skirmish takes place. Ark. A combined military and naval expedition under Gen. Curtis and Com- mander Davis, returns to Helena, after capturing a Confederate battery on the Yazoo River, the steamer Fair Play, and war materials. Aug. 26. Minn. The militia under Col. H.H.Sibley advance against the Sioux. Aug. 27. Va. At Kettle Bun Gen. Hooker defeats the Confederates under Gen. Ewell and drives them from the field. Federal loss, 300 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, the same, besides 1 ,000 prisoners. Gen. Pope orders Gen. Fitz-John Porter, at "Warrenton Junction, to inarch at 1 a.m. to Bristoe Station. [He does not start until dawn]. Gen. McClellan arrives at Alexan- dria, awaiting orders. Aug. 28. Tenn. At Readyville Col. Murphy defeats Confederate Gen, For- rest. Va. "West of Centerville Gens. Mc- Dowell and Sigel drive back the Confed- erates under Gen. Jackson, and take 1,000 prisoners. Stonewall Jackson's army, by marching via Thoroughfare Gap, strikes Gen. Pope's base of supplies at Manas- sas Junction. Aug. 29. N. C. Forts Hatteras and Clark are captured by Federals. Va. Battle of Groveton: Gen. Jack- son defeats Gen. Pope after the arrival of Gen. Longstreet's corps of 30,000 men, and drives back Gen. McDowell's corps. Gen. Pope is enraged at Gen. Porter for disobedience of orders ; Gen. R. E. Lee arrives, and assumes command of the Confederates. City Point, on the James River, is shelled by Federal gunboats. Ky. At Richmond the advance of Gen. Bragg's army under Gen. E. Kirby Smith routs the Federals under Gens. Manson and Nelson. Federal loss, 200 killed, 700 wounded, and 4,000 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 250 killed and 500 wounded. Aug. 30. Va. Battle of Manassas, or the second battle of Bull Run : Gen. Lee utterly defeats Gen. Pope, and drives the Federals back on Centerville. Federal loss 1,747 killed, S.452 wounded, and 4,262 missing ; Confederate loss, 1,482 killed, and 6,145 wounded and mis- sing. Gen. Pope attributes his failure in this campaign to Gen. Porter's inaction and disobedience to orders on Aug. 27 and 29, and to Gen. McClellan's reluc- tance in forwarding reenforeements from Alexandria. Tenn. At Bolivar Col. Legget routs the Confederates under Gen. Armstrong. Federal loss, five killed, IS wounded, and 64 missing. Sept. 1. Ky. Confederate raids occasion the removal of the Legislature from Frankfort to Louisville. Tenn. At Britton's Lane Col. Den- nis defeats the Confederates under Gen. Armstrong. Federal loss, 200 killed ; Confederate loss, ISO killed and 220 wounded. Va. A part of Gen. Pope's army has a severe action at Chantilly, and repulses the Confederate Gens. Jackson and Ewell. Gens. Philip Kearny and Isaac I. Stevens are killed. Federal loss, 1,300 killed and wounded; Confederate loss, 800 killed and wounded. Sept. 1-12. 0. Gen. Lew "Wallace, by extraordinary exertions, saves Cincin- nati from capture by the Confederates under Gen. E. Kirby Smith. Sept. 2. K. C. Near Plymouth Sergt. Green defeats the Confederate Col. Gar- rett, who loses 30 killed and 40 prisoners. D. C. Gen. George B. McClellan is appointed to command the defences of Washington and the troops engaged therein. Gen. Pope is relieved of the command of the Army of Virginia, and is assigned to a command in the Northwest. O. Martial law is declared in Cin- cinnati, the <-ity being threatened by approaching Confederates. Sept. 3. Va. The Federals evacuate Centerville and fall back toward "Washington. Minn. The Indians attack Cedar City, JlcLeod County. ■ Ky. Near Slaughterville Lieut.- Col. Foster encounters the Confederates, who lose three killed, two wounded, ana 25 prisoners. Va. Fighting occurs between Fairfax Court House and Washington. Sept. 4. Md. Gen. Lee crosses the Po- tomac, at Point of Rocks, and invades Maryland. Ky. Gen. Morgan reaches Lexing- ton on his second raid. Sept. 5. Va, Gen. McDowell is re- lieved of his command, at his own re- quest. ± Ky. Gen. Bragg enters Kentucky. Sept. 6. N. C. At Washington Fed- eral Gen. Foster repulses an attack of cavalry supported by two gnnboats; Fed- eral loss, eight killed and 36 wounded ; Confederate loss, 33 killed and 100 wounded. Ky. Gen. Henry Heth, with 6,000 Confederates, arrives near Coving- ton, opposite Cincinnati. Md. Gen. Lee occupies Freder- ick. JV. Va. Near Martinsburg Gen. Julius "White repulses an attack of Con- federate cavalry ; Federal loss, two killed and 10 wounded ; Confederate loss, 50 prisoners, besides the killed and wounded. Sept. 6, 7. O. Gen. Kirby Smith threat- ens Cincinnati. Sept. 8. Md. Gen. Lee issues a procla- mation to the people of Maryland, in- viting them to cast their lot with the Confederacy. Near Poolesville Maj. Chapman loses one killed and eight wounded ; the de- feated Confederates lose seven killed. Minn. The Indians are defeated by the troops, in a fight at the Lower Agency. Va. At Edwards' Ferry, on the Potomac, Gen. Keyes repulses Confeder- ate Gen. Stuart, who loses 90 men. Sept. 9. Va. At Williamsburg Col. Campbell repulses an attack of Confed- erate cavalry ; but he with live captains and four lieutenants are taken prison- ers. Confederates lose eight killed. Sept. 10 + . Md. Gen. Stuart's cavalry crosses the Potomac, makes a circuit around Gen. McClellan's army, and recrossing the river, enters Gen. Lec"s UNITED STATES. 1862, Aug. 19 -Sept. 21. 213 Sept. 10. Mil, Gen. Lee occupies Ha- gerstown. Miss. Near Coldwater Col. Grier- son encounters Confederates, who lose four killed and 30 wounded. Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out every able-bodied man in the State to assist in repelling Confederate invaders. Va. At FayetteviHe Col. Siber is defeated by Confederates under Gen. Loring, with the loss of 100 killed and wounded. W. Va. At Gauley the Federals burn the Government property, and flee be- fore the approaching Confederates. Sept. 11. Ky. Maysville is taken by the Confederates. [It is recaptured by the Federals on the following day.] Sept. 12. Mo. Eureka is captured by the Federals. Md. At Middletown the Confeder- ates lose SO killed and wounded. jr. Va. The Confederates invest Harper's Ferry. Sept. 14. Md. Gen. Lee finds Gen. Mc- Clellan in his rear, and falls back to Antietam Creek. Battles of South Mountain: Gen. McClellan, with the combined army of Virginia (Gen. Pope's), and the Army of the Potomac, defeats Gen. Lee at Turner's and Crampton's Gaps. Federal loss, 443 killed, 1,806 wounded, and 75 missing; Confederate loss, 500 killed, 2,343 wounded, and 1,500 prisoners. Ky. At Munf ordville Col. Wilder with 2,000 Federals for five hours repulses 8,000 Confederates under Gen. Duncan, when re enforcements arrive, and Con- federates are driven away with heavy loss. Va. At Harper's Ferry the Fed- eral cavalry elude the investing Confed- erates, and escape in the night. Sept. 14, 15. W. Va. At Harper's Ferry, Gen. Stonewall Jackson, with 14,000 troops, bombards the garrison from the commanding heights. eral loss, 37 killed and wounded, besides 3,5UG prisoners ; Confederate loss, 714 killed and wounded. Sept. 16. Tenn. Near Durhamville Lieut. R. Griffin loses two killed and 10 wounded ; Confederates, under Lieut. - Col. Faulkner lose eight killed and 20 wounded. Sept. 16. Miles, Dixon S., col. IT. S. A., killed at Ilarp«r'a Kerry, A58. Sept. 17. Croasdale, Samuel, col. l_\ S. A., killed at Antietam. Sept. 18. Mansfield. Joseph K. F., rnaj.- gen. of vols., mortally wounded at Antic- tan i, AC9. Sept. 19. Little, Louis H., capt. U. S. A., Confed. brig.-gtu., killed at luka, A44. Va. Col. D. H. Miles, having dis- obeyed orders to prepare for defense, surrenders Harper's Ferry to Stone- wall Jackson. Federal loss, 80 killed, 120 wounded, 11,583 prisoners, and 479 guns ; Confeder- ate loss, 500 killed and wounded. Col. Miles is killed. Sept. 16, 17. Md. Battle of Antie- tam; Gen. McClellan, with 87,000 men present and 60,000 engaged, attacks Gen. Lee, with 40,000 (?) men [in one of the bloodiest battles of the war. Both sides claim the victory.] Gens. Hooker, Burnside, Sumner, Mansfield, Franklin, and O. O. Howard command on the Federal side; Gens. Jackson, Longstreet, Hood, Early, and D. H. and A. P. Hill support Gen. Lee. Gen. Mansfield is killed, and Gen. Hooker is wounded. Federal loss, 2,108 killed, 9,549 wounded, and 753 missing. Con- federate loss estimated at 11,172. Sept. 16, 17. Ky. At Munfordville Gen. Polk with 20,500 men of Gen. Bragg's army, defeats the Federals un- der Col. J T. "Wilder with 6,000. Fed- — Va. At Leesburg, in a cavalry fight, Col. Kilpatrick defeats the Con- federates. Sept. 18. Md. Both armies rest after the battle of Antietam, but at night Gen. Lee slips away and recrosses the Potomac. Sept. 19. Md. The Federals make a tardy pursuit of Gen. Lee's army ; a force crosses the Potomac and takes four guns. 1). C. The Department of the Mis- souri is formed; Maj. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, commander. Ky. At Owensburg a Confederate attack is repulsed with great loss. Fed- erals lose two killed and 18 wounded. Miss. At luka Gen. Rosecrans de- feats the Confederates under Gen. Price, and drives them southward after a hot battle. Federal loss, 144 killed, 598 wounded, and 40 prisoners : Confederate loss, 263 killed, 692 wounded, and 561 prisoners. Va. Harper's Ferry is evacuated by the Confederates. Sept. 20. Md. Gen. McClellan reports 93,149 men present for duty. Sept. 20±. Md. Gen. Lee's army retires southward, laden with stores taken from the Federals. Sept. 20. Ky. Near Lebanon Junction a cavalry skirmish occurs. Mo. Wear Shirley's Ford Col. Ritchie defeats the Confederates, who lose 60 or 70 killed and wounded. TV. Va. Wear Shepherdstown the Federals cross the Potomac and are driven back into Maryland. Sept. 21. Ky. At Shepherdsville Col. Granger encounters the Confederates, who lose five killed and 28 prisoners. The Federal troops occupy Mun- fordville. Va. Col. Barnes encounters the Confederates near the Potomac ; they lose 150 killed, wounded, and prisoners. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 Sept. 13. C.F.Hallreturnsfrom the Arctic regions after an absence of about two years, BIRTHS — DEATHS. A52. Read, George Campbell, rear-admiral, A74. Aug. 28. Means, John H., gov. of S. C, A50. Sept. 1. Kearny. Philip, maj. -gen. t r . S. vols., killed at Chant illy, A47. Stevens, Isaac lug-alls, maj. ni'ii. vols., killed at Cliantilly, A44. Sept. 14. Reno. Jesse L., brig.-gen. vols., killed at South Mt., A3!). Sept. 15. Twiggrs, David E.. brig.-gen. U. S. A., Cout'ed. maj. -gen., A72. LETTERS. 1862 * * John Brent, by Theodore Win- throp, appears. * * €ountry Living and Country Thinking, by M. A. Dodge, appears. * * The King's Bell, by E. H. Stoddard, * * Origin and History of the English Lan- guage, by G. P. Marsh, appears. * * The Poet's Journal, by Bayard Taylor, appears. * * The Wagoner of the Alleghanies, by T, B. Read, appears. SOCIETY. 1862 Aug. 21. Minn. The Sioux In- dians massacre the whites at New Ulm, in Brown County. Aug. 29. Ky. Brig.-Gen. Jefferson C. Davis, U.S.A., shoots and mortally wounds Maj.-Gen. William Nelson, in an altercation at Louisville. Sept. 1. D. C. An act is passed declar- ing that the spirit ration in the navy shall cease forever, and that no spirits shall be admitted on board vessels of Avar except as medical stores ; and in lieu of the ration, five cents per day is added to the pay of each sailor. Sept. 18. Thanksgiving- day is ob- served in the Southern States. STATE. 1862 Aug. 21. La. Brig.-Gen. George F. Shepley is appointed military governor. Va. The Confederacy issues orders for retaliation against Maj.-Gen. Hunter and Brig.-Gen. Phelps for organizing negro regiments, and declares that these officers will be held and treated as out- laws whenever captured. Sept. 3. D. C. Joseph Holt of Ky. is appointed Judge Advocate-general. Sept. 11. Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out 50,000 militia to repel the invasion of Gen. Lee. Sept. 14. The governors of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia unite in send- ing a joint invitation to all the loyal governors to meet at Altoona, Pa., to consult respecting the best means of common defense, and to aid in the prose- cution of the war. Sept. 19. Md. Gen. McClellan arrests 16 members of the Maryland Legisla- ture and its officers; they favor the Confederacy. Sept. 24. Pa. The Governors of 14 loyal States and the proxies of three others meet at Altoona; they approve the proclamation of emancipation as a war measure. 214 1862, Sept. 22-Nov. 17. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1862 Sept. 22. Minn. The Indians are defeated by a detachment of the regular army at Wood Lake ; 500 prison- ers are taken, and 300 are sentenced to be hanged. Sept. 23. Mo. At Sturgeon, Maj. Hunt defeats the Confederates under Capt. Cunningham. Minn. At Yellow Medicine River Gen. Sibley has a battle with the Sioux, killing 30 of the savages and wounding many others ; four whites are killed and 30 wounded. Sept. 25. Bermuda. Commodore "Wilkes's squadron arrives, and he is ordered by British authorities to leave within 24 hours. Ky. Louisville escapes capture by the forced march of Gen. Buell from Tenn., and his arrival one day in ad- vance of Gen. Bragg. Sept. 27. Ky. Augusta is attacked by Confederates ; they defeat and capture the garrison, and destroy the town ; Federal loss, nine killed, 15 wounded, and 96 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 90 killed and wounded. Minn. The Sioux Indians surrender 91 captive white women and children , near the Chippewa River. Sept. * JV. Dak. Fort Abercrombie is twice unsuccessfully assaulted by Sioux Indians. Sept. 29. Md. At Sharpsburg the Con- ■,, federates are dispersed, and several of them captured. Va. Warrenton is taken by the Fed- erals. Sept. 30. Mo. At Newtonia Gen. Sol- omon encounters Confederates under Col. Cooper, and loses 50killed, 80 wound- ed, aud 120 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 90 killed and wounded. Ky. At Russellville Col. Harrison encounters Confederates, who lose 35 killed and 10 prisoners. Va. The entire Army of the Poto- mac, including Gen. Banks's command, is reported to be 303,959 men. Of these, 301,756 are absent, 28,458 on special duty; 73,601 present for duty in Gen. Banks's command, and 100,144 ready for duty in Gen. McClellan's im- mediate command. Oct. 1. The Western gunboat fleet is transferred from the War to the Navy Department. ■ Gen. Halleck is sent by the Govern- ment to urge Gen. McClellan to cross the Potomac and attack the Con- S. C. A combined military and naval expedition leaves Hilton Head for the St. John's River. Tenn. At Gallatin Col. Stokes de- feats the Confederate Col. Bennett, who loses 40 killed, 39 prisoners, and many wounded. JF. Va. At Shepherdstown Gen. Pleasanton crosses the Potomac, and drives the Confederates under Gen. Wade Hampton to Martinsburg. Fed- eral loss, 12 wounded and three prison- ers ; Confederate loss, 60 killed and wounded, and nine prisoners. Oct. 2, 3. Fla. The Federal expedition opens fire on the fortifications on St. John's Bluff, and reduces the works. Oct. 3. Miss. At Corinth a Confederate advance driveB in the Federal pickets. Oct. 3, 4. Mies. Battle of Corinth. The entrenched Federals under Gen. Rosecrans, 20,000 strong, repulse the ter- rible attack of Gens. Van Dorn, Price, and Lovell with 38,000 men : losses ; Federals, 355 killed, 1,841 wounded, 324 missing ; Confederates, 1,423 killed, 5,692 wounded, and 2,268 missing. Oct. 4. Ky. Gens. Bragg and Kirby Smith unite their forces at Frankfort. [Gen. Buell, reenforced by 20.000 men, advances against Gen. Bragg, who slowly retreats with immense trains loaded with plunder.] Oct. 5. Fla. Jacksonville is reoccu- pied by the Federals. Oct. 6. TJ. C. Gen. McClellan is ordered to cross the Potomac and engage the enemy; he dislikes interference by the government, and claims the army needs rest and recruiting. Oct. 8. Ky. Battle of Perryville; Gen. Buell engages in an indecisive conflict with the Confederates under Gen. Hardee, commander of Gen. Bragg's left wing. Federal loss, 916 killed, 3,432 wounded and prisoners ; Confederate loss, 510 killed, 2,635 wounded, and 251 prisoners. Tex. Com. William B. Renshaw, commanding a Federal squadron, takes possession of Galveston. Oct. 9. Va. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry starts on its raid into Pe nns ylvania, and crosses the Upper Potomac 1,800 strong. Oct. 10-13. Fa. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry capture Chambersburg (Oct. 11) and other towns ; laden with spoils, it re- turns safely to camp, having passed completely around the Federal Army. Oct. 11. Fa. Gen. "Wool arrives at Harrisburg, and assumes command of the troops stationed for the defense of Pennsylvania. Oct. 12. La. Gen. B. F. Butler orders the citizens of New Orleans to take the oath of allegiance to the United States, to furnish their names, and regis- ter their property in the office of the provost marshal. Va. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry re- crosses the Potomac. Oct. 14. Ky. At Stanford (Lancaster) the Confederates lose several killed and 14 prisoners. Miss. Laeut.-Gen. John C. Pern- berton, as commander of the Confeder- ate Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, supersedes Gen. Van Dorn at Yicksburg. Oct. 16. W. Va. Wear Charlestown Gen. Hancock loses one killed and eight wounded; Confederate loss, nine wounded and prisoners. Oct. 17. Va. At Thoroughfare Gap Gen. Stahl takes 100 Confederate pris- oners. Oct. IS. Ky. At Lexington Morgan's guerrillas make a dash into the town and take 125 prisoners. Mo. Col. McNeil orders the hang- ing of ten of Col. John C. Porter's men in retaliation for the capture in a raid and the disappearance of Andrew Alls- man of Palmyra. Kan. Quantrell, the Confederate guerrilla chief, makes a raid into John- sou County and burns Shawneetown. Oct. 20. Kit. At Bardstown Morgan's guerrillas destroy a Federal train of 80 wagons loaded with ammunition and stores, before daylight, and a few hours later capture another train. Oct. 21. Term. At Woodville Maj. J. J. Mudd defeats tlie Confederates and takes 40 prisoners. Oct. 22. S. C. At Pocotaligo, or Te- massee, Gen. Brannan defeats the Con- federates under Gen. Walker, losing 43 killed, 258 wounded, and five prisoners ; Confederate loss not reported. Ark. At Van Buren Maj. Lazear defeats Confederates, under Col. Boon, with considerable loss. Ky. Louisville is threatened by Confederates under Gen. Morgan, and the Governor calls out the citizens for its defense. Oct. 23. Tenn. At Waverly, Maj. Blott loses one killed and five wounded ; Confederate loss, 40 killed and wounded, and 30 prisoners. At Shelby depot Gen. Stuart defeats the Confederates, who lose eight or 10 killed and wounded. Oct. 24. Ky. Gen. Rosecrans is appointed to succeed Gen. Buell as commander of the Federal Army of the Ohio. At Morganstown a skirmish takes place. Mo. At Grand Prairie Maj. F. G. White loses three wounded ; Confeder- ate loss, eight killed and 20 wounded. Va. Gen. McClellan assumes the offensive ; the Army of the Potomac cross from Maryland into Virginia. Oct. 26. The Confedrate army, under Gen. Bragg, traverses Cumberland Gap, while retreating from Kentucky. Oct. 27. Mo. At Pittman's Ferry Col. Lewis attacks and defeats the Con- federates, who loBe several killed and 40 prisoners. La. At Donaldsonville Gen. Weit- zel loses 18 killed and 74 wounded ; Con- federate loss, six killed, 15 wounded, and 208 prisoners. Oct. 28. Ark. Wear Fayetteville Gen. Herron defeats Confederates, under Col. Craven, and chases them to the Boston Mountains ; they lose eight killed. Oct. 29. Mo. Near Butler Col. Seaman loses eight killed and 10 wounded ; Con- federates, under Gen. Cockerill, lose 30 killed and wounded. Oct. 30. Ky. Gen. Rosecrans assumes command of the Army of the Cumber- land. Oct.* The TJ. S. war-vessels number 256 of all classes. Oct.* -Dec* The Confederate priva- teer Alabama, Capt. Raphael Semmes, captures many merchant vessels. Nov. 1. Va. At Philomount, an artillery fight continues for five hours ; the Con- federates retreat towards Bloomfield, and another action lasts for four hours. Md. The last of Gen. McClellan's army crosses the Potomac into Virginia. Nov. 2. Tenn. Gen. Grant begins the advance on Yicksburg from Jackson by moving along the line of the Mississippi Central Railroad. UNITED STATES. 1862, Sept. 22 -Nov. 17. 215 Nov. 3. Ky. In "Webster County Col. Foster loses 25 prisoners, and captures three Confederate lieutenants. Ga. At Kingsburg the Federals de- stroy the salt-works. Nov. 4. Tenn. Near Grand Junction Gen. Grant completes the gathering of an army of about 30,000 men for opera- tions in Mississippi. Va. The Federals capture Maj. Reid Sanders on the coast, while endeavor- ing to get to sea with Confederate de- Nov. 5. Tenn. Near Nashville Gen. Negley repulses an attack of the Con- federates under Gen. Morgan. Federal loss, five killed and 19 wounded; Con- federate loss, 23 prisoners. Nov. 6. Va. At Warrenton Gen. Rey- nolds takes seven Confederate prisoners, 150 muskets, and 40 horses and wagons. Ky. At Piketon Col. Dills takes SO Confederate prisoners. Nov. 7. D. C. President Lincoln re- lieves Gen. George B. McClellan of the command of the unsuccessful Army of the Potomac, 120,000 strong, and or- ders him to report at his home in Tren- ton, N.J. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside is appointed his successor, and assumes coinmand. [Both orders are received Nov. 7.] S. C. The 1st Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers (colored) is organ- ized at Port Royal ; [Col. T. W. Higgin- son of Mass. takes command Dec. 1st]. Nov. * Va. Gen. Burnside changes the plan of campaign, and makes Ac- quia Creek the base of supplies for an advance on Richmond. Nov. 8. Miss. At Hudsonville Col. Lee encounters the Confederates, who lose 16 killed and 175 prisoners. Ark. Near Marianna (La Grange), Capt. L. M. Perkins defeats the Confed- erates, who lose five killed and several wounded. Nov. 9. Va. At Fredericksburg Capt. Dahlgren takes 39 Confederate prisoners. Ga. The Federal gunboat Mohawk, of Adm. Dupont's fleet, enters the river and shells St. Mary's, driving out the Con- federates and burning the town. La. Gen. N. P. Banks is ordered to supersede Gen. B. F. Butler in the command of the Department of the Gulf. Nov. 11. Tenn. At Huntsville Capt. Duncan defeats Confederates, who lose seven killed and 25 prisoners. Near Lebanon Capts. Kennett and Wolford encounter Morgan's Confeder- ates, who lose seven killed, and 125 pris- oners. Near La Grange Col. Lee defeats the Confederates, losing two wounded ; Con- federate loss, 16 killed and 134 pris- Nov. 13. Miss. In a fight at Holly Springs with Col. Lee, Confederates lose four killed and several captured. Nov. 15. Va. At Fayetteville Gen. Sturgis defeats the Confederates. The Army of the Potomac advances from "Warrenton towards Fredericks- burg. Nov. 17. Va. Near Fredericksburg the Federal artillery opens fire. At Richmond Jefferson Davis issues orders to make retaliation upon the Fed- erals for the execution of 10 Confeder- ates in Missouri. (See Oct. * 1862.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 Sept. 22. N. r. The asteroid Eurydice is discovered by C. H. F. Peters, [Also Frigga, Nov 12.] Nov. 12. Shells from Whitworth guns are sent through solid iron plates of five and a half inches and a wood backing. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863. Sept. 29. Kelson, William, maj. -gen. vols., A37. Oct. 4. Ilackleniiin, Pleasant A., lawyer, brig.-gen. vols., killed at Corinth, A48. Oct. 8. Jackson, .James 8., M. C. for Ky., brig.-gen. vols., killed at 1'erryville, A39. Terrill, William K., brig.-gen. vols., killed at Perryvule, A28. Oct. 15. Hudson, Wdliam L., capt. TJ. S. N., A 68. Oct. 17. James, Charles T., sen. for K. I., inventor of rifled cannon, A58. Oct. 30. Mitchel, Ormsby Maeknight, as- tronomer, maj. -gen. of vols., A53. Nov. 3. Richardson, IsaaelB.. maj.-gen. vols., mortally wounded at Antietam, A47. Nov. 6. Jameson, Charles D., brig.-gen. vols., A35. Nov. 7. Mcintosh, James McQueen, Con- fed, brig.-gen., killed at Pea Ridge, A34. Pendergrast, Garrett J., com. U. S. N., A60. Nov. 11. Porter, Jas. M., jurist, a fdr. of Lafayette col., Easton, Pa., A69. CHURCH. 1862 Nov. 3. Phila. The Evangel- ical Educational Society is organized by Bishop Potter. SOCIETY. 1862 Sept. 22. D. C. President Lincoln issues a monitory proclamation, de- claring that the slaves of all in rebellion against the United States on Jan. 1, 1863, shall be forever free. Sept. 26. Minn. Thirty-eight condemned Indians are hanged. Nov. 12. New York. The United States Brewers' Association is organized at a meeting of representative brewers. STATE. 1862 Sept. 22. D.C. President Lincoln issues a monitory proclamation of emancipation ; one hundred days are given for dissemination and decision. All slaves of those in rebellion are to be free on Jan. 1, 1863. * * N. Y. The Republican State Conven- tion nominates James S. Wadsworth for governor. [Defeated by 10,000 majority.] The Democratic State Convention nominates Horatio Seymour of New York for the governorship, [Elected.] Sept. 24. D. C. The President issues another proclamation suspending the ■writ of habeas corpus, in respect to per- sons held by miUtary authority, to pre- vent their release. Sept. 30. Va. The Confederate Con- gress at Richmond entertains retalia- tory resolutions, occasioned by the proclamation of emancipation. Sept.* Eng. Lord Palmerston proposes that England offer to mediate in the United States with a view to recognize the independence of the Southern Con- federacy. [Lord Granville opposes.] Sept. * Va. The Confederate Con- gress enacts the conscription of all men between the ages of 18 and 45 years. Sept.* Both a McClellan and an anti- McClellan party appear — in the press, among the people, in Congress, and in the army. Oct. 4. Ky. The Confederates again organize a State government at Frank- fort ; Richard Hawes, governor. It de- parts the same day. Oct. 11. Va. The Confederate Con- gress exempts from conscription one man for every plantation of 20 negroes. Oct. 12. New York. A great Demo- cratic meeting is held in which Mr. Lincoln's policy in conducting the war is bitterly assailed. Oct. 13. Va. The Confederate Congress adjourns to meet in January, 1863. Oct. 30. Fr. The mediation of Great Britain and Russia, in favor of an armistice between the North and South is proposed by the French Government. Fr. The French Government pro- poses to England and Russia that the three cabinets exert their influence at Washington and Richmond to obtain an " armistice for six months." Oct. * .D. C. The Internal Revenue brings the Government $1,000,000 every secular day, and tho people bear the burden cheerfully ; industries and business flourish. Oct. * U. S. The elections are encour- aging for the Democracy, and dis- heartening to Republicans, who elect hut three members in 11 congressional districts. Oct. * U. S. President Lincoln's eman- cipation proclamaticv. for a time seems disastrous to the Administration. The nation is choosing between freedom and slavery. Nov. 4. Mo. A Legislature favorable to emancipation is elected. III. President Lincoln's party is overwhelmingly defeated by the Democrats in his own State. Nov. 6. Fr. Drouyn de l'Huys, the French minister of Foreign affairs, an- nounces to Mr. Dayton his intention to invite the governments of England and Russia to join with France in proposing to the United States their friendly mediation between the Federal govern- ment and the Confederacy. Nov. 8. Russia declines to participate in a joint mediation with England and France. Nov. 13. Eng. The British Government declines to join France in an amicable intervention in the United States, as its success would be hopeless at the present time. MISCELLANEOUS. 1862 Oct. 1. New York. Price of mid- dling upland cotton, 57 cents ; pre- mium on gold, 123. 210 1862, Nov. 18-* * AMKRICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1862 Nov. 18. Term. At Rural Hill Col. HawkinB defeats Confederates, who lose 10 killed. W. T. At the Island of Martinique the Alabama escapes the San Jacinto. Nov. 22. J'a. TSTear "Winchester Capt. Harkins captures 30 horses; four Con- federates are killed. Nov. 24. Miss. Gen. Joseph E. John- ston, only partially recovered frotn ■wounds at Fair Oaks, is appointed to supreme command of the Confederate armies in the "West ; Gens. Pemberton (Miss.), E. Kirby Smith (La.), and Bragg (Tenn.) are retained in command. Nov. 25. W. J'a. At Sinking Creek the Confederates lose two killed and 113 prisoners. D. C. The Government orders the release of political prisoners. > raided by Confed- — N. C. New Berne is attacked by 4,000 Confederates, who are repulsed. Nov. 26. Tenn. Gen. Grant starts on his expedition into Mississippi ; Gen. W. T. Sherman is to leave Memphis and soon unite with Gen. Grant. Va. At Cold Knob Mountain Col. J. C. Paxton defeats Confederates, and captures 100 prisoners. Nov. 27. W. Va. At Frankfort the Con- federates suffer a defeat. Tenn. Near La Vergne Cols. Hurd and Dodge lose 10 wounded ; several Confederates are killed. Nov. 28. Miss. Gen. Grant's army advances toward Holly Springs. Ark. At Cane Hill Gen. Blunt de- feats Confederate Gen. Marmaduke. Va. Near Hartwood two companies of Federal cavalry are captured by Con- federates, who have crossed the Potomac f- - "" ;his purpose. Nov. 29. Va. Near Berryville Gen. Stahl defeats a Confederate force. Nov. * I). C. Gen. Fitz John Porter is ordered to Washington for trial by court martial on charges of disobe- dience to orders. Court : Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, president; Maj.-Gen. Hitchcock, Brig.-Gens. King, Prentiss, Kicketts, Casey, Garfield, Buford, Slough; Col. Joseph Holt, Judge Advo- cate General. Nov. * Tex. Gen. N. J. T. Dana, with 6,000 Federals, occupies Brazos Santi- ago, and Brownsville. Dec. 1. W. Va. Near Charlestown Gen. Sloeum defeats the Confederates, who lose live killed and IS wounded. Dec. 2. W. Va. At Franklin Col. Spear defeats Confederates. Near Charlestown Gen. Geary de- feats Confederates, who lose TO killed and wounded, and 145 prisoners. Va. Federals capture King George Court House. An expedition goes out from Suffolk, aud recaptures a lost Pennsylvania bat- tery. Dec. 3. Miss. At Oxford Col. Hatch loses 20 killed and wounded ; Confeder- ate loss, 92 prisoners. Dec. 4. NetD York. Gen. Banks sails with a part of his expedition for New Orleans. Dec. 5. Miss. In a skirmish at Coffee- ville Federals lose live killed, 50 wounded, and GO prisoners; Confeder- ates lose GO killed and 280 wounded. Ark. At Helena the Confederates make an attack, and are repulsed with the loss of eight killed and 30 wounded. Dec. * Va. Gen. Burnside proposes to advance on Richmond with the great Army of the Potomac, by way of Fred- ericksburg. Dec. 7. Ark. At Prairie Grove Gens. Blunt and Herron of Gen. Curtis's army defeat the Confederates under Gens. Hindman, Marmaduke, Parsons, and Frost. Federal loss, 167 killed, 798 wounded, and 183 missing ; Confederates lose 1,317 killed and wounded. The California steamer Ariel is cap- tured by the Confederate cruiser Ala- bama. Miss. Concordia is burned by the Federals. Tenn. At HartsviUe Col. A. B. Moore loses 55 killed and 1.800 missing ; Confederate loss, 149 killed and wounded, Dec. 8. Miss. Gen. Grant orders Gen. Sherman to advance on Yicksburg via Mississippi River [he commands an army of 20,000 men ; later, 32,000 men.] Dec. 10. Va. Port Royal is nearly de- stroyed by Federal gunboats. Dec. 11. Va. The Federals are defeated on the Blaekwater, and driven back to Suffolk. Gen. Burnside'a army crosses to the western side of the Rappahannock. Dec. 12. Miss. At Yazoo the Federal gunboat Cairo is blown up by a torpedo. Near Corinth Col. Roddy defeats the Federals under Col. Sweeney. Federal loss, one killed and two wounded; Con- federate loss, 11 killed and 30 wounded. Tenn. At Franklin Gen. Stanlev en- counters the Confederates. Federal loss, one killed ; Confederate loss, five killed and 10 wounded. — - Fa. Fredericksburg is occupied by the Federals after a terrible bombard- ment from Gen. Sumner's artillery. Dec. 13. Va. Battle of Fredericks- burg; Gen. Burnside is repulsed. The Federals make heavy and simul- taneous assaults along the entire line, but fail to drive Gen. Lee from his strong position. Burnside's army of 113,000 men is commanded by Gens. Sumner, Franklin, Hooker, Hancock, Stoneman. Reynolds, Couch, and others; Gen. -Jackson's army of 78,000 men is under Gens. Early, Longstreet, A. P. Hill, and others. Federal loss, 1,284 killed, 9,600 wounded, and 1.769 missing: Confederate loss, 596 killed, 4,068 wound- ed, and 651 missing. Ala. At Tuscumbia the Federals surprise and defeat the Confederates, losing four killed aud 14 wounded ; the Confederates lose 70 prisoners. Dec. 14. La. Gen. Butler is succeeded by Gen. W. P. Banks. K. C. At Kinston Gen. Foster loses 90 killed and 478 wounded ; Confeder- ates, under Gen. Evans, lose 71 killed, 268 wounded, 400 prisoners, aud 13 guns. Plymouth is destroyed by Confeder- ates. Dec. 14, 15. Va. Fredericksburg: — Under the persuasion of bis division commanders, Burnside decides not to renew the attack on L«-e, and withdraws across the Rappahannock during the night. Dec. 15. Ark. At Yellville the Confed- erate salt-works are destroyed. Dec. 15±. La. Gen. Banks sends Gen. C. Grover, with a force of 10,000 men, from New Orleans, to capture Baton Rouge. Miss. Gen. Forrest's large force of cavalry strikes Gen. Grant's lines of communication with the North. Dec. 16. N. C. A battle is fought at "White Hall. Dec. 16^. U.S. The defeat of Burnside is followed by national gloom, and a feeling akin to mutiny in the army. Dec. 17. A'y. At MunfordviUe a Con- federate cavalry force of Gen. Bragg's army is defeated. Federal loss, 10 killed and 17 wounded ; Confederate loss, 33 killed and GO wounded. -V. C. A battle is fought at Golds- borough. Va. At Occoquan a company of Fed- eral cavalry is surprised and captured. At Dumfries Col. Candy loses 10 killed and wounded ; routed * Confederates, under Gens. Stuart and Fitz-Hugh Lee, lose 30 or 40 killed and wounded. Dec. 18. D. C. The President appoints Gen. J. A. McClernand to supersede Gen. Sherman in immediate command of the Yicksburg Expedition under Gen. Grant. Ky. At Lexington Col. R. G. In- gersoll is defeated bv Confederate Gen. Forrest, losing 40 killed. Dec. 19. Tenn. At Memphis Gen. Sherman begins to embark his army of 20,000 men on 67 boats, for the capture of Yicksburg. Dec. 20. Miss. At Holly Springs Gen. Yan Dorn captures a large quan- tity of Federal supplies. Gen. TJ. S. Grant is compelled to desist from his march on Yicksburg, owing to the capture of his base of sup- plies by Gen. Yan Dorn. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, with a strong armament, drops down the Mississippi River from Memphis, and proceeds as far as Yazoo. Dec. 21. Tenn. In East Tennessee Fed- eral raiders destroy important railroad bridges, disable locomotives, capture 500 prisoners and 700 stand of arms. Miss. At Davis Mills, on Wolf River, Col. K. H. Morgan defeats Con- federate Gen. Yan Dorn. who loses three killed, 30 wounded, and 20 prisoners, beside 100 stand of arms left on the field. Dec. 23. J'a. At Richmond Jefferson Davis issues a proclamation announ- cing retaliatory measures against Gen. Butler, and dooming him and his offi- cers to be hanged if captured. Dec. 24. Kit. Near MunfordviUe Capt. Dickeys is defeated by Confeder- ate Gen. Morgan, and loses 23 prisoners. The next day Col. Gray defeats Gen. Morgan, who loses nine killed and 22 wounded. UNITED STATES. 1862, Nov. 18 217 Dec. 25. Miss. The Vioksburg Expedi- tion reaches Milliken's Bend 20 miles above Vieksburg, and lands Gen. A. J. Smith's division to cut off supplies from entering the city. Dec. 26±. Miss. Com. Porter's fleet convoys Gen. Sherman's advance up the Yazoo. Dec. 26. Tenn, Gen. Rosecrans leaves Nashville to engage Gen. Bragg at Mur- freesboro. Dec. 27, 28. Ark. At Van Buren Fed- erals lose seven killed; Confederates lose 120 prisoners. Dec. 28. Ky. At Elk Fork Maj. Foley defeats Confederates, who lose 30 killed, 176 wounded, 51 prisoners, and SO horses. Dec. 29. Miss. At Chickasaw Bayou, near Vieksburg, Gen. Sherman makes a disastrous attack on the Confederates. [His army retires to the fleet.] Federal loss, 191 killed, 982 wounded, and 756 missing ; Confederate loss, 207 killed, wounded, and missing. Dec. 30. Tenn. At Packer's Cross Roads Gen. Sullivan defeats Confeder- ate Gen. Forrest ; Federal loss, 100 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, 600 wounded. Dec. 31. The ironclad Monitor founders off Cape Hatteras. Dec. 31.-Jan. 2. Tenn. Battle of Mur- freesboro or Stone's River ; Gen. Rosecrans repulses the attack of Gen. Bragg, and after a long struggle forces him to retire; 43,000 Federals are com- manded by Gens. McCook, Thomas, Crit- tenden, Rousseau, Palmer, Sheridan, and A. J. Davis ; about an equal number of Confederates are commanded by Gens. Hardee, Breckinridge, Polk, Kirby Smith, Cheatham, and Withers. Federal loss, 1,294 killed, 7,945 wounded, and 1,027 missing; Confeder- ate loss, 10,000 killed and wounded, 500 prisoners. Dec. * Ark. Gen. Sherman adds 12,000 troops to the Vieksburg Expedition at Helena. * * Phila. The New Ironsides is com- pleted. It has 4-inch armor, is of 4,015 tons bur- den, 700 horse-power, six knots speed ; it carries 20 11-inch smoothbore guns. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 Dec. 4. N. T. The Buffalo Acad- emy of Fine Arts is incorporated. -63 * * Chicago. The Dearborn Observa- tory is founded. * * New York. Samuel Coleman of New- port, R. I., Wm. H. Beard and Launt Thompson of New York, are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * U. S. Ammonia is first used for de- veloping photographs. * * The first experiments are made in "shooting" petroleum wells, by ex- ploding nitro-glycerine, to increase their flow. * * Richmond Hill is painted by J. F. Cropsey. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1862. Dec. 6. Jackson, Clairborne F., gov. of Mo., Con fed. liriK.-ijen., A55. Dec. 7. Churchill, Sylvesler, brig.-gen. U. S. A., A79. Dec. 13. Cobb, Thomas R. R., lawyer, Confed. brig.-gen., k. at Fredericksburg, A 39. Jackson, Conrad F., brig.-gen. vols., killed at lMVilorn-ksburg, A 49. Dec. 14. Bayard, Geo. 1)., brig.-gen. cav- alry, A27. Dec. 20. Pearce, James A., sen. for Del., AGO. Dec. 31. Garesche, Julius P., lieut.-cul., scholar, k. at battle of Sluiie Kiver, A41. Rains, James E., Confed. brig.-gen., killed at Murfreesboro, A29. Roberts, George \V., brig.-gen. vols., killed at Murfreesboro, A29. Sill, Joshua W., brig.-gen. vols., killed at Murfreesboro, A31. * * Andersun, Genn, r e 1!., ('unfed, brig.-gen., A 31. * * Fasquelle, Jean L., author Fr. text-buoks, A54. * * Fisher, Elwood, editor .Southern Press, A54. * * Lisle, Marcus C, M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. * * Swanson, Claude A., M. C. for Va., b. Va. CHURCH. 1862 Nov.19. Ga. The first General Con- vention of * < The Protestant Episcopal Church of the Confederate States of America" meets at Augusta. * * New York. The General Conven- tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * O. The General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; Geo. Duffield, moderator. The General Assembly (O. S. Pres- byterian) meets at Columbus ; Chas. C. Beatty, moderator. * * Correspondence is established be- tween the Old School and New School Presbyterian assemblies. * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A.Campbell, moderator. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; Jo- seph J. Cooper, moderator. SOCIETY. 1862 Dec* Pa. The "Molly Ma- guires" stop the mining operations at Goyne's mine, in the town of Cass. Dec. 27. Phila. The Union League Club is founded, the first in the United States. [It raises 10 regiments in the war for the Union.] * * Ind. A political convention declares " the soil of Indiana should belong to the white man." * * D. C. Congress enacts that the pen- alty for selling or giving liquor or wine to Indians in the Indian country shall be a fine of not more than $300 and imprisonment for not more than two years. * * Chicago. The Northwestern Branch of the Sanitary Commission is organized. STATE. 1862 Nov. 22. D.C. A general order is issued for the release of State (politi- cal) prisoners. * * U. S. The failure of the Peninsula campaign is followed by much contro- versy. Dec. 1. D. C. The 37th Congress: the third session opens. President Lincoln, in his message, ap- proves a national banking system, making one uniform circulation of equal value throughout the country. He recommends emancipation by the loyal States, with Federal compensation, if the slaves shall beset free by the State prior to Jan. 1, 1000 ; and that slaves made free by the war be declared eman- cipated, and that loyal owners be reim- bursed. Dec. 3. La. Benjamin F. Flanders and Michael Hahn are elected members of Congress. Dec. 10. D. C. Congress : The House votes to admit "West Virginia into the Union. Vote 9G-55. The yeas are all Republican. Dec. 22. Va. Jefferson Davis issues a proclamation of retaliation to offset President Lincoln's proclamation of lib- erty to the slaves. He directs that Federal oflieers serving with armed slaves be held for execution as outlaws when captured. Dec. 23. Va. Jefferson Davis proclaims Gen. Butler and his commissioned officers to he criminals deserving death, because of their enlisting freedmen for the Federal army. Dec. 31. D. C. President Lincoln signs the Act admitting "West Virginia into the Union. Congress admits "West Virginia into the Union as the 35th State ; dating the admission June 20, 1863. * * Dak. Yankton is made the capital. * * D.C. Samuel F. MiUer and David Davis are appointed associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. (With one exception the only non-Democratic justices appointed since 1841.) * * Neiu York. George Opdyke is elected the 73d mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -63 * * Ariz. (Ter.). John A. Gurley. -63 * * Cat. Leland Stanford. ,. -65 * * Col. (Ter.). John Evans. -64 * * Miss. Jacob Thompson. -65 * * N. C. Zebulon B. Vance. -64 * * O. David Tod. -66 * * Ore. Addison C. Gibbs. -64 * * S. C. M. L. Bonham. -63 * * Wis. Edward Salomon. MISCELLANEOUS. 1862 Dec. 22. Boston. The corner-stone of the new City Hall is laid. Dec. * A feeling of general discourage- ment pervades the country as the un- successful armies go into winter quar- ters. Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants for ISG2, 89,207. * * N. Y. The extensions of the Eric Canal are completed. * * New York. The French line of steamers, running between New York and Havre, is established. * * New York. The Guion line of steamers, between New York and Liver- pool, is established. 218 1862 * *~1863, Mar. 3. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1863 Jan. 1. D. C. Abraham Lincoln issues his Emancipation Proclama- tion as a war measure. Tex. At Galveston the Federals are defeated by Gen. J. B. Magruder ; Com. Renshaw blows up the Hatteras after it runs aground, to prevent the vessel's capture by the privateer Ala- bama. He is killed by the explosion. Galveston is recaptured by the Con- federates under Gen. Magruder, who thus secure their trans-Mississippi De- partment. Federal loss, 600 killed, wounded, and missing ; Commander Kenshaw is among the killed; Confederate loss, 50 killed, ■wounded, and missing. Tenn. At Red Mound the Federals lose 20 killed, 100 wounded, and 60 pris- oners ; Confederate loss, 100 killed, 200 wounded, and 400 prisoners. Near Lexington Federal Gen. Sullivan has an encounter with the Confederates under Gen. Forrest. Jan. 2. Miss. Gen. McClernand super- sedes Gen. Sherman in command of the advance on Vicksburg. He orders the transfer of the expedition to Milliken's Bend, on the Mississippi. Jan. 3. Ark. Wear La Grange Gen. Washburn encounters the Confederates, who lose 10 killed and wounded, and 10 prisoners. Jan. 4. Tex. Confederate Gen. Ma- gruder declares the port of Galveston open to the commerce of the world. Ark. Federals under Gen. McCler- nand advance on Arkansas Post on the Arkansas River, 73 miles southeast of Little Rock. ■ ■ Tenn. Clarksville is surrendered to the Federals. Jan. 7, 8. Mo. Springfield 1b at- tacked by Confederates under Gens. Marmaduke and Price, who are re- pulsed by Gen. Brown and Col. Crabb. Federal loss, 17 killed and 50 wounded ; Confederate loss, 200 men. Jan. S Tenn* At Ripley Capt. Moore mcounters the Confederates under Lieut.-Col. Dawson. Federal loss, three wounded ; Confederate loss, eight killed, 20 wounded, and 46 prisoners. Jan. 9. Va. At Suffolk Gen. Corcoran defeats the Confederates under Gen. Pryor. Federal loss, 104 men. The exchange of 20,000 prisoners is effected by negotiation. Jan. 10. Tex. Federals bombard Gal- veston. Jan. 11. Ark. Gen. McClernand and Adm. Porter capture Arkansas Post from the Confederates under Gen. Churchill. Federal loss, 129 killed, S31 wounded, and 17 prisoners ; Confeder- ate loss, 550 killed and wounded, and 4,720 prisoners. La. Federal Gen. "Weitzel destroys the gunboat Cotton on the Bayou Teche. Mb. At Hartville Col. Merrill de- feats the Confederates under Gen. Marmaduke. Federal loss, 35 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, 150 killed and wounded, and 150 prisoners. - — ■ The Confederate cruiser Alabama sinks the gunboat Hatteras, near the coast of Texas. Jan. 13. Tenn. At Harpeth Shoals, on the Cumberland Kiver, the Confederates destroy several boats carrying wounded soldiers. Jan. 15. N. C. At Masonborough Inlet, the Confederates burn the stranded gunboat Columbia. Ark. Federals burn Mound City. Jan. 16. Ala. The privateer Florida es- capes from Mobile Bay. [It destroys 15 merchantmen during the same month, and is finally captured at Bahia, Brazil.] Jan. 17. Ark. The Vicksburg Expe- dition returns from Arkansas Post to Napoleon, at the mouth of the Arkansas River. Jan. 18. Ark. Federals take DuvalPs Bluff and Des Arc, and suffer only a trifling loss ; Confederate loss, 150 pris- oners. Jan. 21. Ark. Gen. McClernand occu- pies Young's Point, nine miles above Vicksburg. D. C. Gen. Fitz-John Porter is dismissed from the army for disobe- dience of orders at the second battle of Bull Run. [Later the sentence is re- versed.] Jan. 22. Ark. The Federals reopen the canal dug by Gen. "Williams, in order to get below Vicksburg. Jan. 23. Va. Gen. Burnside dismisses Gens. Hooker, Franklin, Newton, and Brooks from their commands for un- dermining the confidence of the army. Jan. 25. D. C. The President relieves Gen. Burnside of his command at his own request, and assigns him to one in the "West. Gen. Joseph Hooker is appointed to the command of the Army of the Potomac. Jan. 26. Ten n . Near "Woodbury Gen . Palmer loses two killed and nine wounded ; the defeated Confederates lose 35 killed and 100 prisoners. Jan. 27. Ga. Fort McAllister, on the bombarded by the lontauk. Jan. 30. Ark. Gen. Grant, having joined the army at Young's Point, as- sumes command. Tenn. At Trenton Col. Wood en- counters Confederates under Capt. Daw- son ; they lose 34 men. S. C. On the Stono River the Federal gunboat Isaac Smith is captured. Va. At Deserted House, nine miles from Suffolk, Gen. Corcoran and Con- federate Gen. Pryor each lose about 60 killed and wounded. Jan. 31+. S. C. Confederate gunboats attack the blockading squadron at the entrance of Charleston harbor, and Gen. Beauregard and the Confederate Secre- tary of State proclaim the harbor open to commerce. Tenn. At Dover, near Nashville, the Confederates are defeated. Federal loss, five wounded ; Confederate loss, 12 killed and 300 prisoners. Feb. 1. Tenn. The Federals occupy Franklin. Feb. 3. Mo. At Mingo Swamp Mai. Reeder has an encounter with Confed- erates ; they lose nine killed and 20 wounded. Ark. The levee at Yazoo Pass is cut, and opens a channel for the Vicksburg expedition to reach the Coldwater River [it returns in March from an unsuccess- ful adventure]. D. C. Congress passes a vote of thanks to Commander John L. Wor* den, L'.S.N., of Monitor fame. Tenn. At Fort Donelson Col. Har- ding repulses an attack of the Confeder- ates, under Gens. Wheeler and Forrest. Federal loss, 12 killed and 30 wounded ; Confederate loss, lOOkilled, 400 wounded, and 300 prisoners. Feb. 4. La. Near Lake Providence the 3d Louisiana defeats the Federals ; Confederate loss 30 killed and wounded. Feb. 5. Tenn. Confederates are re- pulsed in a second attack on Fort Don- elson. ■ ■ Tex. The removal of the blockade at Galveston and Sabine Pass is proclaimed by the Confederates. Va. At Williamsburg a Federal cavalry force is ambushed, and loses 40 killed and wounded. Feb. S. Tenn. The Federals occupy Lebanon, and capture 600 Confederates. Feb. 10. La. At Old River Capt. Tucker defeats the Confederates. Fed- eral loss, eight killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, 11 killed and wounded, and 25 prisoners. Miss. The Queen of the West, Capt. Ellet, of Com. Porter's fleet, runs the batteries at Vicksburg. Feb. 11. La. Secessionists attempt to assassinate Gen. Banks on his way to the Opera House at New Orleans. Feb. 12. Tenn. Near Bolivar the de- feated Federals lose four killed and five wounded. The Confederate cruiser Florida cap- tures the Jacob Bell from China, and burns a cargo of tea worth $1,000,000. Miss. The Confederates capture the Queen of the JVest. The Federal ironclad, Indianola, runs the Vicksburg batteries in the night. Feb. 14. Va. The Federal cavalrv is defeated at Annandale. Feb. 15. Tenn. At Nolensville Sergt. Holmes defeats Confederates, who lose eight killed, 20 wounded, and four pris- oners. At Cainsville Col. Monroe defeats Morgan's cavalry ; Confederate loss, 20 killed, many wounded, six prisoners, 50 horses, and*300 stand of arms. Ark. At Arkadelphia Capt. Brown defeats the Confederates. Federal loss, two killed and 12 wounded : Confederate loss, 14 killed and 12 wounded. Feb. 19. Miss. At Coldwater the Con- federates under Lieut.-Col. "Wood are defeated, losing six killed, three wound- ed, and 15 prisoners. Feb. 20. Miss. At Yazoo Pass the 5th Illinois disperses the Confederates. Federal loss, five wounded ; Confederate loss, six killed and 20 prisoners. Feb. 24. Miss. Commander Porter sends a "dummy" past the Vicksburg bat- teries ; it alarms the Confederates, and they destroy the captured Queen of the West and l7idiano(a. UNITED STATES. 1862 * *-1863, Mar. 3. 219 Feb. 26. I'a. At "Woodstock the Confederates are defeated. Federal loss, 200 killed and wounded. Feb. 28. Ga. The Montauk destroys the Confederate steamer Nashville on the Ogeechee River. Mar. 1. Tenn. At Bradyville the Fed- erals lose 15 killed and wounded; Con- federate Gen. Morgan loses eight killed, 30 wounded, and S9 prisoners. Mar. 2. Tenn. Near Petersburg the defeated Confederates lose 12 killed and 20 wounded. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress provides for the enrolment of all able-bodied citizens between 20 and 45 years of age. Ga. The Federals attack Fort Mc- Allister with three ironclads, without important results. Va. At Aldie Capt. Schultze de- feats Confederates under Col. Mosby, and takes 30 prisoners. At Chapel Hill Col. Johnson encoun- ters the Confederates under Col. Roger, who loses 12 killed and 72 prisoners. ART - SCIENCE — NATURE. 1863 Jan. 26. Phila. The Chestnut Street Theater is opened ; Edwin For- rest appears as Virginias and John McCullough as Icilius. Jan. * Mass. Alvan Clark of Cam- bridgeport is awarded the Lalande prize, value $500, by the French Academy of Sciences, for his discovery of the " Companion of Sirius." BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863. Jan. 1. "Wainwright, Jonathan M-, com. U. S. N., A42. Jan. 4. Branch, John, sen. for N. C, sec. navy, A86. Kendall, B. F., lawyer, astronomer, A33. Jan. 10. Beecher. Lyman. Cong, cl., of Boston, A88. Jan. 12. Renwick, James., prof, in Colum- bia, physicist, A73. Jan. 23. Hall, Bayard R., Presb. cl., au- thor, A65. Jan. 37. Robinson, Edward, plhlol., Biblical critic, A69. Feb. 3. Pinckney, Henry L., journalist, A69. Feb. 9. Hale, Nathan, editor Boston Daily Advertiser^ A79. Feb. lO. Embury, Emma C, poet, A57. Longwnrth, Nifhohis, ln»rlirultiirist,A81. Feb. * Elliott, William, politician S. C, writer, A75. Mar. 3. Petigru, James Louis, of S. C, opponent of secession, A74. CHURCH. 1862 * * Pa. The General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) meets at Lancaster. * * The Southern Presbyteries secede from the Northern churches, and form a separate Presbyterian church. * * The Missionary Society of the Amer- ican Wesleyan Methodist Convention is organized. * * Ji. I. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held in Providence. 1863 Feb. 25. N.H. The New Hamp- shire Unitarian Association is organized at Manchester. LETTERS. 1863 Jan. 10. X. Y. The Historical Society of Buffalo is incorporated. Feb. 20. Kan. The State University is located at Lawrence by the Legisla- ture. Mar. 3. Kan. The Legislature estab- lishes a State Normal School at Em- poria. SOCIETY. 1862 * * N. Y. The "Woman's Relief Association of the city of Brooklyn is organized for the relief of soldiers. * * la. The Soldiers' Orphans' Home and the Home for Indigent Children are opened at Davenport. 1863 Jan. 1. D. C. President Lin- coln issues a proclamation of eman- cipation. (See State.) Feb. 6. New York. The Union League i3 founded on the basis of uncondi- tional loyalty to the Union. It proposes to aid the Government in suppressing treason, and to raise troops for the overthrow of rebellion. Feb. 9. Eng. The George Griswold ar- rives, laden with stores contributed by Americans for the relief of the dis- tressed cotton-workers in Lancashire. Feb. 19. la. The Constitution office at Keokuk is sacked by Federal Soldiers from the local hospital. STATE. 1863 Jan. 1. D. C. President Lin- coln proclaims the emancipation of all the slaves in the States now in rebellion, with the exception of Ten- nessee and certain loyal portions of Loui- siana and Virginia. Total made free, about 3,120,000. Va. The joint resolution of the Con- federate Congress declaring that white officers of negro regiments " shall, if captured, be put to death or otherwise punished at the discretion " of a military court, is approved by Jefferson Davis. Jan. * D. C. President Liucoln urges Congress to provide compensated emancipation for the border States. Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The House passes a bill appropriating $10,000,- 000 to aid the State of Missouri to vol- untarily emancipate its slaves. "Vote, 73-46. Jan. 9. Fr. The Government of France offers to mediate between North and South, in the interest of peace. Jan. 12. Va. Jefferson Davis, in his annual message, declares that persons executing President Lincoln's emanci- pation proclamation will be treated as criminals, and commissioned officers will be punished for exciting servile in- surrection. Jan. 13. N. J. Peace resolutions are in- troduced in the Legislature. Jan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: H. "Wilson of Mass. offers an extraordinary resolution of inquiry, respecting the conduct of subordinate generals, in underm inin g confidence in their mili- tary superiors. Jan. 26. D.C. Congress; Senate: J. Sherman of O. introduces the National Bank Bill. It proposes " the establishment of one uniform circulation, of equal value throughout the country, upon the foun- dation of national credit, combined with private capital." (Sec. Chase.) Jan. * Democratic opponents engage in a crusade against President Lincoln. Republicans allege that their object is to destroy his prestige, suspend hostili- ties on the field, force a compromise with the South, and place Abolitionists under a perpetual ban. Feb. 6. D. C. The Government declines the proffered mediation of France. Feb. 8. D. C. The Government orders the suppression of the Chicago Times for inciting disloyalty. Feb. 9. D. C. Congress; House: Rep- resentatives from Louisiana are ad- mitted. Feb. 14. D. C. Congress : The House passes a joint resolution, authorizing the issue of Treasury notes, to the amount of $100,000,000, to meet the immediate needs of the Army and Navy. Feb. 15. Congress: The Senate passes the joint resolution to issue $100,000,- 000. Feb. 16. D. C. Congress : The Con- scription Bill passes the Senate. Feb. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sol- omon Foot of Vt. is reelected Pres- ident pro tempore. Ky. A State Convention of Seces- sionists at Frankfort is broken up by Federal troops. Feb. 19. D. C. Congress ; House : The National Bank Bill is introduced. Feb. 20. D.C. Congress; House: The National Bank Bill passes as it came from the Senate. Vote, 78-64. It re- sembles the bill of 1791, only in the use of Government bonds as the foundation of each ; the paper currency and bank- ing laws are made uniform in all the States. Feb. 24. N. Mex. Congress forms the Territory of Arizona by dividing New Mexico. Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; House : Rep- resentatives Thomas L. Price, Elijah L. Norton, and Wm. A. Hall (Dems.) of Missouri, by parliamentary tactics, de- feat the bill for compensated eman- cipation in Missouri, which appropriates $15,000,000 to their State for the manu- mission of slaves. The National Bank Bill becomes a law by the President's approval. Feb. 26. Ind. Ter. The Cherokee nation repeals the Act of Secession. Mar. 3. D. C. President Lincoln ap- proves the Financial Bill. It authorizes a loan of §300,000,000 for the current fiscal year, and £600, 0(10,000 for the next year, for which bonds shall be issued ; it also authorizes $400,ooo.o. C. The Departments of Mo- nongahela and Susquehanna are formed. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen. Grant reports the complete investment of the city, and a force of 30,000 extra troopB to " repel anything from the rear." June 9. Va. At Brandy Station an important cavalry fight occurs. Gen. Hooker sends Gen. Pleasonton's cavalry to discover a Confederate move- ment; it unexpectedly meets the Con- federate cavalry under Gen. Stuart. At Beverly Ford Gens. Buford and Gregg lose 380 men ; Confederate Gens. J. E. B. Stuart and Fitz-Hugh Lee lose 750 men. June 10. S. C. At Morria Island the Federals win a victory. June 12. Ga. The Federals destroy Darien. Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out the militia of the State, and solicits troops from New York, to repel an anticipated inva- sion by Confederates. Va. Gen. Hooker falls back from the Rappahannock, in order to protect Washington against Gen. Lee's army, said to number 100,000 men. June 13, 14. La. Gen. Banks demands the surrender of Port Hudson; Gen. Gardner's refusal is followed by a grand assault, in which the Federals are re- pulsed at all points, but the siege con- tinues. Federal loss, 203 killed, 1,401 wounded, and 201 missing. Va. The Confederates under Gen. Ewell invest "Winchester and demand its surrender ; Gen. Milroy refuses, fighting his way. escapes from Gen. Ewell with the loss of 3,000 men. Con- federate loss, 850. June 14. Md.—Pa. The Confederate cavalry invades the loyal States. Pa. Pittsburg is protected from anticipated Confederate attacks by earthworks. June 15. D. C. President Lincoln an- nounces by proclamation the Confeder- ate invasion of the North, and calls upon the governors of the threatened States for 100,000 militia for immediate service. Pa. Chambersburg is raided by the Confederate cavalry. Va. At "Winchester Gen. Milroy, commanding 7,000 men, is defeated by the Confederates under Gen. Ewell; Federal loss, 3,000; Confederate loss, 850. June 16. Ind. Confederates under Capt. Hines cross over from Kentucky, at Flint Rock, sack Leavenworth and other towns, and recross the Ohio River. Ky. In Fleming county a Federal force defeats a force of Confederates ; Federal loss, 45 killed and wounded. June 17. Ga. Capt. John Rodgers with the Weekaicken, and Commander John l>ownes with the Xahant, capture the Confederate iron-clad Atlanta in "War- saw Sound. June 18. Miss. Gen. McClernand is relieved of the command of the 13th corps by Gen. Grant. Va. At Aldie the Federal cavalry under Gen. Pleasonton attacks the Con- UNITED STATES. 1863, May 7- June 30. 223 federate cavalry under Gen. Stuart ; the Federals lose 50 killed and wounded ; tlie Confederates, 100 killed and wounded, besides 112 prisoners. June 21. Va. Wear Middleburg Gen. Pleasonton defeats a body of Confed- erates in a cavalry battle; they lose 100 killed and wounded, besides SO prisoners. June 22. La. At Brashear City Col. J. P. Major of Gen. Taylor's command, with a force of cavalry, successfully at- tacks the Federal force in the rear, and captures the place. [July 22 it is retaken by Gen. Banks.] Pa. Gen. Lee's advance enters Chambersburg, only a few miles from Harrisburg ; business is paralyzed in Philadelphia. C. L. VaUandigham, having escaped from the Confederate States, arrives at Bermuda on a blockade-runner. June 23. Va. At South Anna Col. Spear defeats the Confederates, and captures 110 prisoners, Gen. W. F. Lee, the com- mander, being among the number. June 24. La. At Berwick Bay Gen. Taylor, with a force numbering 3,000 to 5,000 Confederates, captures the post with several hundred convalescent Fed- erals and valuable stores. Tenn. At Hoover's Gap the Con- federates are beaten by Gen. Rosecrans's army, losing many killed and wounded ; Federal loss, 45 killed and wounded. June24.-July3. Tenn. Gen. Rosecrans begins his advance southward ; by a series of flank movements he crowds Gen. Bragg's army out of Tennessee into Georgia ; Federal loss, 560. June 25. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen. Grant fires a mine on the Jackson road. ! Va. Gen. Lee, with about 80,000 men, crosses the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, for the invasion of Pennsyl- vania, Tenn. At Liberty Gap Gen. Willich defeats the Confederates, who suffer a heavy loss ; he loses 90 killed and 100 wounded. June 26. Va. The Federal army under Gen. Hooker crosses the Potomac in pursuit of Gen. Lee. Tenn. At Shelbyville Gen. Rose- crans defeats Gen. Bragg ; Federal loss, 85 killed, 463 wounded, and 13 missing ; Confederate loss, 1,634, including many prisoners. June 27. Ky. Gen. John Morgan, the guerrilla chief, starts on his great raid across the Ohio with 3,500 men. [He raids Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, fight- ing and fleeing before his pursuers.] La. At Donaldsonville a naval ac- tion occurs ; the Confederates lose 64 killed, 16 wounded, and 120 prisoners. Pa. Gen. Hooker is relieved, by his own request, of the command of the Army of the Potomac, and Maj,-Gen. George Gordon Meade is appointed his successor. Gen. Lee's army encamps near Chambersburg — its first encampment on free soil. The Confederate advance occupies Kingston, and threatens Harrisburg, only 13 miles distant. June 28. Md. The bridge over the Sus- quehanna is burned by the Confederates. La. At Donaldsonville Gen. Taylor assaults the Federal garrison under Maj. J. D. Bullen in their intrenchments ; 225 men, aided by the gunboats, repulse ten times their number. Pa. At Chambersburg Gens. Long- street and Hill concentrate their corps ; Gen. Ewell, with two divisions, is at Carlisle, and Gen. Early's division occu- pies York ; a Confederate cavalry force advances within four miles of Har- risburg. The main Confederate army begins to move toward Gettysburg; Ewell ad- vances from Carlisle, and Longstreet and Hill from Chambersburg. June 29. Md. Gen. Meade moves the Federal army northward, stretching across 30 miles of country with his front line. Me. The Revenue cutter Caleb Gush- ing is captured at Portland by the Con- federate privateer Archer; which then puts to sea, is pursued, and taken, the officers having, however, destroyed their prize before being themselves seized, with the crew. June 30. Md. Gen. Schenck puts the "West Shore counties, including Bal- timore, under martial law. He makes many arrests of suspected sympathizers of secession, and suspends the Maryland Club and other organizations. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863. May 8. Van Dorn, Earl, Confed. maj. -gen., A40. May 10. Jackson. Thomas Jonathan. TJ. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen. ( " Stonewall " Jackson), puritan-like In piety, courage, and daring; mortally wounded at Chani-el- lorsville, A 39. June. 26. Foote, Andrew Hull, rear- adm., A57. CHURCH. 1863 June 10. Phila. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1863 * * Cal. The Mercantile Library Association Library is founded at San Francisco. [62,000 vols.] * * Ky. The Commercial is issued at Louisville. * * La. The Times-Democrat is issued at New Orleans. * * Me. Bates CoUege (Freewill Bapt.) is organized at Lewiston. * * Mich. Grand Traverse College (Cong.) is organized at Benzonia. SOCIETY. 1863 May 15. Ind. The office of the Jeffersonian at Richmond is wrecked by Federal soldiers. STATE. 1863 May 11. 0. C. L. Vallandig- ham's application for a writ of habeas corpus is brought before the U. S. Cir- cuit Court at Cincinnati. [The motion is denied by the Court.] May 18. New York. Agreat Democratic convention is held to express sympa- thy with C. L.Vallandigham, who is im- prisoned for disloyalty. June 1. Phila. A Democratic conven- tion is held to express sympathy for C. L. VaUandigham. June 3. New York. A peace-party meeting is held under the leadership of Fernando "Wood. It recommends a suspension of hostil- ities, and that two conventions of States, Union and Confederate, be held, which shall finally determine on what terms the South shall be reconciled. June 11. 0. The Democratic State Con- vention nominates C. L. VaUandig- ham, lately a prisoner of State, for gov- ernor. June 12. D. C. President Lincoln de- fends himself against anti-war critics in a powerful letter to Albany Demo- crats, a document which stirs the heart of the Nation. June 14. The consuls of England and Austria are dismissed from the Confed- eracy. June 15. D. C. President Lincoln issues a proclamation calling for 100,- 000 volunteers for six months, to repel the Confederate invasion of Pennsyl- vania. June 20. W. Va. The loyal counties of western Virginia having separated and formed a new State,West Virginia is proclaimed to be admitted into the Union as the 35th State. June 29. D. C. The President replies to the Ohio Committee, who urge the release of C. L. VaUandigham, their can- didate for governor. (See Army, May 4.) He consents on condition that they in- dividually subscribe to three proposi- tions: " 1st, that there is now a rebellion in the United States, the object and tendency of which are to destroy the National Union, and that in your opin- ion an Army and Navy are constitutional means for suppressing that rebellion. 2d, that no one of you will do that which, in his own judgment, will tend to hinder the increase, or favor the decrease, or lessen the efficiency, of the Army and Navy while engaged in the effort to sup- press the rebellion. 3d, that each of you will, in his sphere, do all he can to have the officers, soldiers, and seamen of the Army and Navy, while engaged in the effort to suppress the rebellion, paid, fed, clad, and otherwise provided for and supported." [They do not sub- scribe.] June 30. Statistics for 1863. Revenue : Customs, $569,059,642; internal revenue, $37, prisi >ner.s ; Confederate loss, 9,000 killed and wounded, 29,491 prisoners, 172 cannon, and about 60,000 muskets, besides a large amount of am- munition. Va. At Monterey Gap the Confeder- ates lose 200 wounded and 1,700 pris- oners ; number of killed unknown. July 5. Can. C. L. Vallandigham, the exiled citizen, arrives at Nova Scotia. Ky. At Lebanon Gen. Morgan's command captures 400 Federals, and burns the greater part of the town. Miss. At Bolton Gen. Sherman cap- tures the rear guard of Gen. Johnston's army, taking 400 prisoners. July 6. S. C. Adm. Dahlgren succeeds Adm. Foote at Charleston. July 7. Ala. Federal Gen. Rosecrans forces Gen. Bragg's army across the Tennessee River at Bridgeport. Va. W. FJ. Jones's raid is arrested by Federal Gen. Hunter at Staunton ; the Confederates lose 648 prisoners and three guns ; their commander is killed. July 9. Ind. Gen. Morgan's cavalry, 4,000 strong, cross the Ohio River at Brandenburg, 40 miles below Louisville, and raid the country. La. Fall of Port Hudson; having learned of the fall of Vicksburg, Gen. Gardner, in command of the Confeder- ates at Port Hudson, unconditionally surrenders to Gen. Banks about 6,000 men, besides 500 in the hospitals and 51 guns. (See May 27.) The entire length of the Mississippi River is now opened to the Federals. Miss. Gen. Sherman, commanding three corps of Gen. Grant's army, arrives at Jackson in pursuit of Gen. Johns- ton. S. C. Gen. Gillmore surprises the Confederates on Morris Island, near Charleston, and takes three-fourths of the island. July 9-16. MUb. At Jackson Gen. Sherman besieges Gen. Johnston. July 10. Ky. Martial law is proclaimed at LouisviUe. Va. On the Antietam battle-field a cavalry engagement is fought. July 11. New York. The conscription to fill up the army begins. Ind. At Vernon the Home Guards make a show of resistance, and Gen. Morgan, with 3,000 or 4,000 men, passes the city toward Ohio, tearing up rail- roads and burning bridges as he ad- vances. S. C. Gen. George C. Strong's Federal brigade fails in an assault on Fort "Wagner, suffering only a slight loss. July 12. Ind. At Verlage Morgan's guerrillas encounter Col. Lowe, with 12,000 militia; Morgan retreats before an uprising of the citizens. ftfiss. At Rienzi, near Jackson, Col. Hatch loses 13 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, 175 killed and wounded, and 400 conscripts released. At Jackson Gen. Lauman attacks the Confederate works, and loses 300 killed and wounded. ■ O. Cincinnati is proclaimed under martial law. July 13. La. At Donaldson ville a Confederate force defeats the Federals ; Federal loss, 450 killed and wounded. Md. Gen. Lee's army recrosses the Potomac at Williamsport, during the night. Miss. The Federals take Yazoo City, capturing300 prisoners and 6 guns. Tenn. At Jackson a Federal caval ry force defeats the Confederate cavalry. Federal loss, 13 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, 175 killed and wounded. July 13+. 0. Morgan's raiders leave Indiana, enter Ohio at Harrison, and threaten Cincinnati. July 14. Va. At Falling Waters Gen. Kilpatrick's cavalry attacks and defeats the retreating Confederates of Gen. Lee's army. Federal loss, 29 killed and 36 wounded ; Confederate loss, 130 killed and wounded, besides a brigade, 1,300 strong, taken prisoners. July 16. La. The steamboat Imperial, the first to descend the river without being molested on the trip, arrives at New Orleans with a commercial cargo. Miss. Gen. Johnston evacuates Jackson, after a siege of seven days. [July 17. Gen. Sherman's army enters the city.] Federal loss, 1,000 killed, wounded, and missing; Confederate loss, 300 killed. S. C. At James Island the Confed- erate assault on Gen. Alfred H. Terry's division is repulsed with the aid of the gunboats. JV. Va. At Sheppardstown the Con- federates gain advantage over a Federal force in a sharp engagement ; Federal loss 150; Confederate loss. 75. UNITED STATES. 1863, June 30 -July 24. 225 July 17. Ind. Ter. At Elk's Spring (Elk Creek) Gen. Blunt defeats tlie Con- federates under Gen. Cooper. Federal loss, 10 killed and 25 wounded ; Confed- erate loss, 400 killed and wounded, and 60 prisoners. July 18. Ind. Ter. At Honey Springs Gen. Blunt loses nine killed and 50 wounded ; Confederate loss, 50 killed, 75 wounded, and 65 prisoners. S. C. Gen. Gillmore begins tlie siege of Fort Sumter, and assaults Fort "Wagner. After a bombardment by Adm. Dalil- gren's fleet for several hours, the assault is made under the immediate command of Gen. T. Seymour, and is repulsed by Gen. L. M. Keitt, but the siege contin- ues; Federal loss, 1,500; Confederate loss, 174. Va. At Wytheville Cols. Tolland and Powell destroy the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad. Federal loss, 65 killed and wounded; Confederate loss, 75 killed and 150 wounded. July 19. O. Gen. Morgan attempts to cross the Ohio near Parkersburg, but is prevented by Federal gunboats and a force of cavalry ; he abandons his guns, . wagons, and prisoners, to facilitate his escape from bis pursuers. July 20. 0. Near BufEngton Island, the principal part of Gen. Morgan's raiders are captured ; only 500 escape with the leader. July 23. Va. At Manassas Gap the Federals lose 30 killed and 80 wounded ; the defeated Confederates lose 300 killed and wounded, besides 60 prisoners. LETTERS. 1S63 * * Faith Gartney , s Girlhood, by A. D. T. Whitney, appears. * * Hannah Thurston, by Bayard Taylor, BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863. July 1. Reynolds, John Fulton, maj.- gen. of vols., killeil at (iettjshurg, A43. July 2. Weed, Stephen H. , brig.-gen. , U.S. vols., killed at Gettysburg, A29. July 3. Armistead, Lewis A., Confed. brig.- gen., killed at Gettysburg, A46. Garnett, Richard 13., Confed. brig.-gen., Killed at Gettysburg, A 44. July 6. Kenrick, Francis Patrick, R. C. archbishop of Baltimore, A66. July 10. Moore, Clement C, writer, A84. July IS. Read, Abner, com. U. S. N., A42. July 15. Hale, Benjamin, Cong, cl., prof. at Dartmouth, AGS. July 17. Allen, David O., Cong, missionary, A63. July 18. Pender, William D., Confed. maj.- gen., dies. Shaw, Robert Gould, col. U. S. vols., killed at Fort Wagner, A26. July 21. McCook, Daniel, maj. V. S. A., A65. July 24. Hildreth, Samuel P., historian, physicist, A80. CHURCH. 1863 July * U. S. Thanksgiving Day is appointed. After the great deliverance from Confederate invasion at Gettysburg, President Lincoln, by proclamation, calls upon the people to give thanks, because " it has pleased Almighty God to hearken to the supplications and prayers of an afflicted people, and. to vouchsafe signal and effective victo- ries ; " and he asks the people " to ren- der homage to the Divine Majesty, and to invoke the influence of His Holy Spirit, to subdue the anger which has produced and so long sustained a needless and cruel rebellion," ■ * New York. Manhattan College is incorporated. * N. Y. The Normal School at Os- wego is established. ' * O. Wilberforce University (Afri- can Meth. Epis.) is organized. : * PTiila. La Salle College (Rom. Cath.) is organized. ■ * R. I. The Evening Bulletin is issued at Providence. : * Christian Recorder is established by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. * * The Amber Gods, by H. E. Spofford, appears. * * Excursions in Field and Forest, by Thoreau, appears. SOCIETY. 1863 July 11. New York. The drafting of soldiers begins and proceeds quietly. July 13-17. New York is in the hands of an anti-draft mob. (July 13.) A great mob attacks and fires the Colored Orphan Asylum at Fifth Avenue and Forty-fourth Street, sheltering several hundred orphans. The Tribune office is dismantled, but the mob is driven away by the police. Col. H. T. O'Brien is brutally mur- dered by the mob, who dance on his corpse. (July 13.) Gov. Seymour addresses the mob in conciliatory terms, and recites his efforts to secure a suspension of the draft. (July 14.) Sunday: Gov. Seymour issues two proclamations, calling on the people to retire to their homes, and declaring the penalties against insurrectionists. Secret meetings are held in opposition to the draft. (July 15.) The draft commissioners are attacked by a mob at Forty-third Street and Third Avenue, and the build- ing is fired. The mob is especially infuriated by the provision which permits drafted men to avoid service by the payment of $300. (July 16.) Archbishop Hughes issues an address " to the men of New York, who are called in many papers rioters," inviting them to meet him for counsel. Arrayed in canonical attire, he ad- dresses several thousand people in front of his residence, and begs them to be quiet in the name of Ireland. (July 17.) A few soldiers fire on the mob in Third Avenue at Twenty-first Street, killing 13 and wounding 18, and taking a score or more prisoners. [Sol- diers returned from the front restore the peace of the city, after $2,000,000 of property and 1,000 lives have been de- stroyed.] July 14. Boston. A mob of non-Union- ists attempts to break into the armory of the 11th Battery ; many are shot and killed in the firing which ensues. July 15. Draft riots occur in Boston, Brooklyn, Jersey City, Staten Island, and other places. STATE. 1863 June* B.C. The President or- ders a draft of 300,000 men, between the ages of 20 and 45 years. [Only about 50,000 are so obtained after many weeks, but volunteering is quickened, and many substitutes are provided.] Julyl. Mo. The State Convention adopts an ordinance by which slavery shall cease after July 4, 1870. Tenn. A Union Convention meets at Nashville under the call of W. C. Brownlow, Horace Maynard, and 13 others ; 40 counties are represented. July 4. A T . H. Ex-President Franklin Pierce makes an anti-war speech at Concord v^hleh, attracts national atten- tion. Va. Alexander H. Stephens, "Vice- President of the Confederacy, makes known his desire, as a representative of Jefferson Davis, to communicate per- sonally with Abraham Lincoln. [Presi- dent Lincoln declines the interview, preferring customary agents and chan- nels of communication.] July 5. X>. C. President Lincoln publicly announces the triumph at Gettysburg, adding: "The President especially de- sires on this day, that He whose will, not ours, should ever be done, be every- where remembered and reverenced with the profoundest gratitude." July 13. New York. The great Anti- Draft Riot begins. A mob, encouraged by a portion of the press and certain politicians, demolishes the headquarters of the provost mar- shals, resists the police, burns an orphan asylum for colored children, and kills about 1,000 people, the majority being negroes. (See Society.) July 14. New York. The mob defies the city authorities; Gov. Seymour promises the rioters that the draft shall be suspended, and threatens the penal- ties for insurrection, but without effect. July 15. Va. Jefferson Davis issues his first conscription proclamation, which calls into the Confederate ser- vice all white men between 18 and 45 years of age. MISCELLANEOUS. 1863 June * Southern States. The Confederate dollar is worth 8 cents. June * Tenn. Pauline Cushman is sen- tenced to be hanged as a Union spy, but is left behind by Gen. Bragg in his re- treat from Shelbyville, and rescued by Federal troops. July 1. New York. Price of middling upland cotton, 73 to 74 cents; premium on gold, 144i to 144f . July 4. Pa. An indescribable feeling of relief in the North follows the battle of Gettysburg. 226 1863, July 24-Nov. 3. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1863 July 25. New Tor);. Many regi- ments from the seat of war encamp in the public squares to assist in enfor- cing the draft. July 26. O. Near New Lisbon CoL Shackleford captures the Confederate guerrilla Gen. Morgan, and the rem- nant of his command, about 400 cavalry, — while he is trying to escape south of the Ohio River. July 28. New York. The supervisors appropriate $2,000,000 for the relief of drafted men. July 30. D. C. President Lincoln issues a proclamation announcing retaliation for outrages perpetrated upon negro soldiers. July ±* JT. Va. Col. John Tollard makes a raid into Virginia, and is killed ; sev- eral days afterward his command returns to Kanawha, having lost 82 men and 300 horses. Aug. 1. Va. At Kelley's Ford the Confederates are defeated in a cavalry fight. Aug. 3. Ey. Gen. Burnside declares the State under martial law. Aug. 7- Dak. An Indian battle is fought on the Upper Missouri ; the troops lose four killed and six wounded j Indian loss, 150 killed and wounded. Aug. 8. Va. Gen. KobertE. Lee offers his resignation to Jefferson Davis, but ho refuses to accept it. Aug. 15. Mo. At Painesville the Con- federates lose 65 killed and wounded. yew York. The Common Council votes $3,000,000 for the purchase of sub- stitutes for conscripts. Aug. 16. Ky. Gen. Burnside with the 9th corps leaves Camp Kelson for the relief of East Tennessee and to co- operate with Gen. Bosecrans, Tenn. The Army of the Cumber- land, 55,000 strong, under Gen. Rose- crans, begins its advance southward. Aug. 17-24. S. C. Gen. Gillmore fiercely bombards Fort Sumter, in concert with Adm. Dahlgren's fleet, until the fort is practically demolished. Aug. 21. Ey. Gen. Burnside's concen- trated force leaves Crab Orchard for East Tennessee. S. C. Charleston ia fired upon by the Federals from Marsh Battery, five miles distant, by the gun ** Swamp Angel," after 14 hours notification. [Aug. 22, Gen. Beauregard protests against the shelling of the city, charac- terizing the " Greek fire " used as a vil- lainous compound.] Aug. 22. Ark. At Pocahontas the Fed- erals capture Gen. Jeff. C. Thompson and hiB staff, with about 100 men. Aug. 24. S. C. The great Parrott gun "Swamp Angel" bursts while bom- barding Charleston. Aug. 25. Kan. Quantrell, the Con- federate guerrilla, with a company of desperate followers, makes a raid upon Lawrence; they sack the town, burn a large number of dwellings and other buildings, and massacre 143 of the in- habitants. Aug. 25-30. W. Va. Gen. Averell makes a raid into West Virginia, de- stroys saltpeter works, menaces Staun- ton, and returns to Tygart's Valley, los- ing 207 men ; Confederates lose 156 men. Aug. 26. Ky. Gen. Burnside's force crosses the State line into Tennessee. Aug. 28. Va. At Warm Springs the Federals capture 200 prisoners. Aug. 29. Ttnn. Gen. Rosecrans, com- manding the Army of the Cumberland, begins to cross to the south of the Ten- nessee River, at Bridgeport, Caperton Ferry, Shell Mound, and the mouth of Battle Creek [he presses the pursuit of the Confederates under Gen. Bragg]. Sept. 1. Tenn. Gen. Burnside reaches Kingston; the Confederates under Gen. Buckner evacuate Knoxville and Kingston. Sept. 3-5. Dak. Ter. At "White Stone Hill the Federal force engages in a bloody fight with the Indians ; Federal loss, 20 killed and 38 wounded ; Indian loss, 300 killed, 300 prisoners. Sept. 4. Tenn. Gen. Burnside reaches Knoxville; he is welcomed by the people as a deliverer. Sept. 5. S. C. The army and navy unite in a tremendous bombardment of Fort "Wagner in Charleston harbor. Sept. 7. S. C. Before daylight the Con- federates evacuate Fort "Wagner and Battery Gregg after a long siege by Gen. Gillmore and Adm. Dahlgren ; 70 prisoners and 25 guns are captured. Tex. A Federal expedition under Gen. Banks, to restore the flag in Texas, arrives at Sabine Pass ; Gen. "W. B. Franklin is in immediate com- mand of 4,000 troops. Sept. 7-8. Tenn. Gen. Bragg makes a stand against the approach of Gen. Bosecrans, fronting the east slope of Lookout Mountain, with 35,000 men, be- sides his cavalry. Sept. 8. S. C. Com. T. H. Stevens, of Adm. Dahlgren's squadron, makes an attack upon Fort Sumter; he meets with a decisive repulse, losing 114 men. Tex. At Sabine Pass Gen. Franklin attacks the Confederate fort with the gunboats Clifton and Sachem, which are captured by the Confederates, and the expedition retires. Sept. 9. Tenn. Gen. Bosecrans occupies strategic positions in the mountains of Chattanooga, after the forced retreat of Confederates under Gen. Bragg. At Tilford the Federals are defeated and lose 300 prisoners. The corps of Gen. Crittenden enters Chattanooga. Va. At Cumberland Gap Gen. Burnside defeats Gen. Frazier, who evacuates the place, losing 2,000 prison- ers and large army stores. Sept. 10. Ark. Gen. Steele captures Little Rock, the capital city, and re- establishes the national authority. Tenn. Wear Stevens's Gap Con- federates under Gen. T. C. Hindman open tire on Gen. Thomas's advance. Sept. 11. S. C The Federals take one- half of James Island, in Charleston harbor. Sept. 13. Va. At Culpeper Court House a cavalry engagement takes place. Sept. 18. Tenn. Part of Gen. Long- street's command arrives from Virginia and reenforces Gen. Bragg. Sept. 19-20. Oa. Battle of Chicka- mauga; Gen. Bragg defeats the Ft-d- erals under Gen. Bosecrans. " A victory which proves the ruination of the Con- federacy." (Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill.) Federal Gens. Crittenden, Thomas, and McCook have 56.965 men : the Confed- erate generals, I'ulk and Longstreet, have 71,551 men. Losses : Federals. 1,656 killed, 9,749 wounded, 4,774 prisoners, and 36 guns, total 10.179 : Confederates. 2,263 killed, 13,613 wounded, and 1,090 missing, total 16,971. (Sept. 19.) Both armies claim success, and exult in the victory of this day. (Sept. 20.) Gen. Bragg, having been re- enforced during the night, attempts to overwhelm the Federal army. The right wing under Bosecrans, Critten- den, and McCook is swept pell-mell into Chattanooga, but the left wing of 20,000 men, under Gen. Thomas, resists as- sault after assault by Gen. Bragg*s entire army till evening; then Gen. Thomas withdraws to Eossville. Sept. 21. Tenn. Gen. Bragg begins the siege of Chattanooga, Va. At Madison Court House the Federal cavalry defeats the Confeder- ates. Sept. 23. Va. Maj.-Gen. Hooker, with the 11th and 12th corps, is ordered South to reenf orce Gen. Bosecrans. Sept. 24. Va. The Government declares the port of Alexandria is open to trade. Sept. 28. Gens. McDowell, McCook, and Crittenden are relieved of their com- mands, and ordered to Indianapolis for inquiry into their conduct at Chicka- mauga. Oct. 2. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's corps reaches Memphis on its way to reeu- force Gen. Grant at Chattanooga [he advances across the country 400 miles]. Oct. 5. Tenn. Gen. Bragg, on Lookout Mountain, bombards Chattanooga. Oct. 7. Eng. The British Government seizes the Confederate rams in the ship- yards on the Mersey, and prevents their departure. Oct. 8. Tenn. At Farcnington Gen. McCook loses 29 killed and 150 wounded ; Confederate loss is 125 killed and wounded, and 300 prisoners. Oct. 10. Kan. At Baxter's Springs Gen. Blunt's escort is met and attacked by the guerrilla, Quantrell ; &5 soldiers are massacred, the general himself nar- rowly escaping ; the men are first robbed and then murdered. Oct. 10, 11. Va. At Culpeper the Federal cavalry have a skirmish with the Confederate cavalry under Gen. Stuart; Federal loss, 150; Confederate loss, 400. Oct. 11. Tenn. At CoUiersville Gen. Sherman's corps has a fight with Con- federate cavalry. UNITED STATES. 1863, July 24-Nov. 3. 227 Oct. 13+. Va. Gens. Meade and Lee en- gage in a military race along parallel lines for "Washington; [it ends at Iiristow's station, and is won by the Federals]. Oct. 15. Va. At Bristow's Station the Confederates under Gen. A. P. Hill attack Gen. A. S. "Webb of Gen, War- ren's corps, and are completely repulsed. Federal loss, 50 killed, 335 wounded, and 161 prisoners; Confederate loss, 136 killed, 797 wounded, and 445 prisoners. Oct. 16. D. C. Gen. U. S. Grant is appointed to the command of the "Western armies. Oct. 17. D. C. The President calls for a levy of 300,000 men for three years ; those not furnished by January, 1864, are to be obtained by means of a draft. Oct. 18. Tenn. Gen. Grant assumes command of the Western armies. Oct. 19. Va. At Buckland's Mills the Federals lose 200 ; Confederate loss un- known. Oct. 20. Tenn. At Philadelphia Gen. Longstreet attacks Gen. Burnside's out- postB. Federal loss, 400; Confederate loss heavy. Gen. Kosecrans is relieved, and Gen. George H. Thomas assumes command of the Army of the Cumberland. Oct. 21. Tenn. Gen. Grant arrives at Nashville. Oct. 23. Tenn. Gen. Grant arrives at Chattanooga. Oct. 25. Ark. At Pine Bluff the Fed- erals lose 17 killed, 39 wounded ; Con- federates lose 53 killed, 164 wounded, and 33 prisoners. Oct. 26. Tenn. Gen. Hooker's corps crosses the Tennessee River at Bridge- port to the South bank. Oct. 27. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's ad- vance under Gen. Blair reaches Tus- cumbia. Gen. Hazen, with 1,800 picked men, drifts down the river in 16 pontoons, and surprises the Confederates at Brown's Ferry in the early dawn ; the army crosses on the pontoons. Oct, 29. Tenn. Battle of Wauhatehie, in Lookout Valley. The Confederates under Gen. Long- street attack Gen. Hooker's corps in the night and are repulsed; Federal loss, 76 killed, 339 wounded, and 22 miss- ing ; Confederate loss somewhat more. Oct. * Tenn. The Confederate army is largely reenforced at Chattanooga. Nov. 1. O. A plot to liberate Confeder- ate prisoners is discovered. The expedition of Gen. Banks, under immediate command of Gen. N. J. T. Dana, to restore the Federal flag in Texas, arrives at Brazos Santiago. — Va. Gen. Meade begins an advance across the Rapidan towards Richmond. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1863 Sept. 14. Mich. The asteroid Eurynome is discovered by Jas. C. Watson. * * Cal. A good harbor and port avail- able for large vessels are discovered near the head of the Gulf of California. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863. July 26. Crittenden, John Jordan, atty,- gen., A76. Houston, Sam, M. C, Gov. of Tenn., gen., Pres. of Tex., sen. and Gov. of Tex., A70. July 28. Yancey, "Wm. Lowndes, sena- tor for Ala., leader of secessionists, " Fire- Eater, " A49. July 30. Strong, George C, brig.-gen. U. S. vols., wounded at Fort Wagner, A31. Aug. 16. Hubbard, Joseph S., astronomer, A40. Aug. 26. Floyd, John B., sec. of war, Con- fed, brig.-gen., A56. Aug. 30. Newcomb, Harvey, cl., teacher, author, A60. Sept. 27. Ahert, John J., military engi- neer, A76. Oct. l. Emmons, Eben., geologist, author, A65. Oct. 4. Grayson, William J., senator for S. C, A75. Oct. 14. Cook, Henry F., Confed gen., killed at Bristow Station. Oct. 22. Darcy, John S., physician of N. J., A75. CHURCH. 1S63 Aug. 6. U. S. A National Thanksgiving is observed for recent victories. * * III. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Peoria; J. H. Morrison, moderator. * * Ky. The Kentucky Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church is organized. * * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held at Cleveland. LETTERS. 1863 * * Hospital Sketches, by L. M. Al- cott, appears. * * In War Time and Other Poems, by J. G. Whittier, appears. * * Life of William H. Prescott, by George Ticknor, appears. * * My Farm of Edgewood, by Donald Grant Mitchell, appears. * * Out-Door Papers, by T. W. Higginson, appears. * * Manual of Geology, by James D. Dana, appears. SOCIETY. 1863 Sept. 5. Ala. A bread riot by women occurs at Mobile. Oct. 1. New York. The authorities pub- licly welcome the officers of the five Russian war vessels — the first to visit this port. Oct. 9. Eng. Henry "Ward Beecher makes the first of five great speeches in England in behalf of the Union. At Liverpool he struggles for three hours against insult, taunt, irony, imper- tinent questioning, and blackguardism ; yet the great orator's pluck, good humor, wit, and wisdom win the day. Oct. 27. Chicago. A Sanitary Fair, the first of many, is opened for the bene- fit of soldiers. STATE. 1863 Judy 30. D. C. The President issues a proclamation of retaliation, to protect Federal soldiers against bar- barous treatment. July * U. S. The free letter-carrier system goes into effect. July * U. S. The entire situation is changed by the victories of Meade and Grant; a political reaction in favor of the Government follows. Aug. 3. New York. Governor Seymour protests against certain inequalities of the draft, and requests that it be sus- pended. Aug. 5. W. Va. The county of Berke-. ley is transferred from Virginia to West Virginia. Aug. 7. D. C. President Lincoln replies to Governor Seymour's anti-draft pro- test, and intimates that the drafting of troops will be executed. Aug. 12. The bankruptcy of the Confed- eracy is exposed by Gen. Robert Toombs. Sept. 15. D. C. President Lincoln, authorized by a special act of Con- gress, proclaims a general suspen- sion of the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus throughout the Union. Oct. 17. D. C. President Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers, chiefly to re- place those whose enlistments have ex- pired, the diseased, and the dead. It also provides that a draft in the following January will supply any defi- ciency or volunteers. Nov. 3. Md. The emancipation question divides the Unionists into two parties — the Union and the Unconditional Union parties. N. Y. Chauncey M. Depew, 29 years of age, heads the Republican ticket, and is elected to Congress by 30,000 majority. MISCELLANEOUS. 1863 Sept. 22. Eng. Confederate Com- missioner Mason is displeased with the manner of his reception, and departs. Sept.* -Oct. * New York. A Russian squadron of five vessels visits this port, and is warmly received. Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling upland cotton, 81 to 83 cents ; premium on gold, 140| to 142J . Oct. 31. Eng. The Government places the two steam rams, built at Birken- head, under the charge of officers, as the vessels are suspected of being Con- federate war-ships. Oct. * Mass. The State resumes the work of boring the Hoosac Tunnel. Oct. * Neto York. The corner-stone of the National Academy of Design is laid. 228 1863, Nov. 3-186 4, Jan. 11. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1863 Nov. 3. La. At Bayou Coteau Gen. Burbridge loses 26 killed, 124 •wounded, and 576 missing ; Confederate loss, 445. Term. At Columbia and Collinsville the Confederate cavalry is defeated. Nov. * W. Va. Gen. Averell makes a raid into Virginia with 5,000 men. Nov. 4. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet, with 16,000 men, is detached from Gen. Bragg's army to move agai nst Gen. Burnside at Knoxville. Nov. 6. Term. AtRogersville, an out- post of Gen. Burnside, Gen. W. K. Jones by a spirited dash defeats the Federals under Col. Garrard ; Federal loss, 5 killed, 12 wounded, 650 prisoners; Con- federate loss, 30 men, • Tex. Brownsville, on the Rio Grande, is occupied by Gen. Dana's ad- vance ; it moves northward. W* Va. At Droop Mountain the Federals under Gen. W. "W. Averell, de- feat Maj. John Echols. Federals force Gen. "W. S. Jackson out of West Virginia. Federal loss, 100 men ; Confederate loss, over 300. Nov. 7. Va. At Rappahannock Sta- tion Gen. Sedgwick, commanding the right wing of Gen. Meade's army, de- feats the entrenched Confederates. Federal loss, 300 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss, six killed, 29 wounded, and 1,629 prisoners, besides four guns, eight battle-flags, and a pontoon-bridge. Gen. Meade begins an active cam- paign by advancing southward from Centerville. At Kelley's Ford Gen. French, com- manding Gen. Meade's left, defeats Gen. Rodes ; Confederate loss, five killed, 39 wounded, and 295 prisoners. Nov. 8. Va. Gen. Lee concentrates his army behind the Rapidan, and is not followed by Gen. Meade. Nov. 8 ± . Tex. The Texas expedition arrives at Mustang Island, Corp us Christi Bay ; Gen. C. C. Washburne in command. Nov. 11. D.C. The Confederate scheme for a raid from Canada, for the destruc- tion of Buffalo and the liberation of Confederate prisoners at Sandusky, O., is disclosed to the Government by Lord Lyons, the British minister. Tex. A fleet of French steamers arrives off Brazos for the invasion of Mexico. [France attempts to enthrone Maximilian.] Nov. 13. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's ad- vance from the Southwest arrives at Bridgeport to reenforceGen. Rosecrans. Nov. 15. Tenn. Gen. Burnside falls back from Loudon toward Knoxville, on the approach of Gen. Longstreet's strong force. Tex. Corpus Christi Pass is cap- tured by Federal troops. Nov. 16. Tenn. At Campbell's Sta- tion, near Knoxville, Gen. Longstreet attacks Gen. Sanders of Gen. Burnside's army. Gen. Sanders is killed. Federal loss, 300 men ; Confederate loss, 370. Knoxville is besieged by Gen, Long- street with 15,000 [later 23,000] men; Federals under Gen. Burnside number 12,000. Nov. 17.-Dec. 4. Tenn. At Knox- ville Gen. Burnside loses 92 killed, 393 wounded, 207 missing; Gen. Longstreet loses 198 killed, 850 wounded, 248missing. Nov. 18. Tex. At Arkansas Pass, Mustang Island, the Confederate works are carried by Federals under Gen. T. E. G. Ransom. Nov. 19. Pa. Gettysburg battle-field is consecrated as a National Cemetery for soldiers. Nov. 23.-25. Tenn. Battles before Chattanooga. Gen. Grant, with 60,000 men, defeats and routs Gen. Bragg's army of about 35,000. Federal loss, 753 killed, 4,722 wounded, and 349 missing ; Confederate loss, 361 killed, 2,180 wounded, and 4,146 missing. (Nov. 23.) Gen. Thomas drives back the enemy and advances his line one mile, each side losing about 1,100 killed and wounded. (Nov. 24.) Gen. Sherman's command, 8,000 strong, crosses the Tennessee River, and gains part of Missionary Ridge by assault ; Gen. Hooker, 13 miles from Gen. Sherman, moves against the Con- federates on Lookout Mountain, " fighting above the clouds." (Nov. 25.) The decisive battle of Chat- tanooga : Gen. Grant orders an advance of the entire line ; Missionary Ridge, on which Gen. Bragg's army is concen- trated, is entirely captured, and the retreating Confederates are pursued until night. (Nov. 26.) Ga. At Ringgold Gens. Hooker and Palmer, of Gen. Thomas's pursuing force, overtake and defeat the Confederates under Gen. Cleburne ; Fed- eral loss, C5 killed, 1,367 wounded and missing; Confederate loss, 133. Gen. Bragg's army is pursued 20 miles to Tunnel Hill, when Gen. Grant orders a halt. Gen. Bnrnside defeats Gen. Longstreet in an action south of the Holston River — the Confederates having seized a po- sition which commanded the fort at KnoxviHe. Gen. Longstreet learns of the defeat of Gen. Bragg at Chattanoqga. Nov. 27-30. Va. At Locust Grove Gen. Meade loses 1,000 men; Gen. Lee loses 800. Nov. 28, 29. Tenn. At Knoxville Gen. Longstreet makes an unsuccessful night assault on Fort Sanders, and loses 800 Nov. 29. Tenn. Rattle of Knoxville; after a furious artillery fire, Gen. Long- street unsuccessfully assaults Fort Sand- ers, being repelled by the Federals under Gen. Burnside. Federal loss, 13 killed and wounded; Confederate loss, 1,000. [Gen. Longstreet withdraws his force up the Holston River.] Nov. 30. Tex. Fort Esperanza, com- manding the entrance to Matagorda Bay, is evacuated by Confederates, and occu- pied by the Texas expedition. Va. Gen. Meade declines to attack Gen. Lee in his entrenchments at Mine Run [and returns to the vicinity of Washington]. Nov. * O. Gen. John H. Morgan, the Confederate raider, escapes from the penitentiary at Columbus. Dec. 2. Tenn. Gen. Bragg is superseded by Gen. W. J. Hardee. Dec. 2, 3. Miss. At Pocahontas Fed- erals lose 125 killed and wounded, be- sides 40 prisoners ; the Confederates lose 15 killed and 40 wounded. Dec. 3. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet raises the siege of Knoxville, and retires on the approach of Gen. Sherman with re- enforcements from Gen. Grant'B army. Dec. 6. S. C. Near Charleston bar the ironclad U'eehuwken sinks through faulty construction ; four officers and 20 men are drowned. ■ Va. Gen. Halleck offers Gen. Lee full equivalents for all Federal pris- oners at Richmond. Dec. 8. D. C. Congress bestows its thanks on Gen. Grant and his army, and orders a gold medal to be struck in his honor. Dec. 8-21. Va. Gen. Averell makes a raid. He aims to destroy railroad communi- cation between Gen. Lee's army and the Confederate army in Georgia; Federal loss, five wounded and 94 prisoners ; Con- federate loss, 200. Dec. 11. Tenn. Gen. Burnside having resigned, Gen. John G. Foster assumes command in East Tennessee. Dec. 12. Va. Gen. Lee declines to ex- change the prisoners at Richmond who are starving, and gives notice that no more supplies for their relief will be permitted. Dec. 14. Tenn. At Bean's Station Gen. J. M. Shackleford is repulsed by Gen. Longstreet ; Federal loss, 700 ; Confed- erate loss, 900. Dec. 20. Tenn. Gen. Grant establishes his headquarters at Nashville, a central point for communicating with all the divisions of the Army of the Tennessee, and equally so for communicating -with "Washington. Dec. 25. Tenn. At Pulaski Gen. G. M. Dodge captures 50 Confederates under Gen. Forrest. Dec. 26. Tenn. At Charleston Col. Luberk defeats the Confederate Gen. "Wheeler, and takes 121 prisoners. Dec. 27. Ga. Gen. Joseph E. John- ston assumes command of the Confed- erate army in Georgia. * * Va. Gen. Lee's army is in winter quarters on the upper Rappahannock ; Gen. Meade's is encamped at Culpeper. * * A general exchange of prisoners is made ; the Federal authorities give up 121 ,900 in return for 1 10,800 from the Con- federates. 1S64 Jan. 2. W. Va. Near Moore- field the Confederates are defeated, and lose 13 killed and 20 wounded. Jan. 3. Va. At Jonesville the Federals lose 60 killed and wounded, besides 300 prisoners. UNITED STATES. 1863, Nov. 3 -1864, Jan. 11. 229 ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1863 * * Mass. The Worcester County- Musical Association is organized. N. Y. The Park Theater, the first in Brooklyn, is opened with the comedy Married Life. * * New York. W. P. W. Dana and W. J. Hennesy of London, England, and J. Q. A. Ward, John Kogers, J. R. Brevoort, and J. G. Brown of New York City, are elected members of the National Acad- emy of Design. * * U. S. The Miller car-coupler and buffer is patented. * * Rocky Mountains is painted by Albert Bierstadt. * * Several important topographical sur- veys are undertaken and completed for development of ship canals to connect the Mississippi and the Hudson with the Great Lakes. * * Great improvements made in geo- graphical wall-maps by Professor Arnold Guyot. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863. Nov. 38. Dempster, John, M. E. cl., edu- cator, A 69. Dec. 10. Ingham, Charles C, portrait painter, Ati7. Dec. 19. Buford. John, maj.-gen. vols., A37. Dec. 17. Van Brunt, Gershom J., com. U. S. N., A 63. Dec. 22. Corcoran, Michael, brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A36. * * Bailey, Joseph W., M. C. for Tex., b. Miss. * * Heron, Bijou, actor, born in N. Y. City, dies. * * Hooper, Johnson J., lawyer, editor, dies. * * Rourke, Patrick H., colonel, b. in Ire., A28. * * Seymour, Isaac, banker, philanthropist, dies. * * Thornburn, Grant, writer, philan., A90. 1864 Jan. 3. Hughes. John. R. C. arehbp. of N.Y., A67. Jan. 7. Smith, Caleb B., jurist of Ind., Sec. of the Interior, A56. Jan. 8. Storer, George W., rear-adm. IT. S. N., A74. CHURCH. 1863 * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciplea of Christ is held at Cin- cinnati ; A. Campbell, moderator. * * 0. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; A. Young, moderator. * * Phil a. The General Assembly (N.S. Presbyterian) meets ; H. B. Smith, moderator. * *The General Synod of the Re- formed (German) Church is orga- nized. LETTERS. 1863 * * New York. The New American Cyclopedia is begun by Appleton. * * Timothy Titcomb's Letters to the Joneses, by J. G. Holland, appears. * * Tales of a Wayside Inn, by H. W. Longfellow, appears. * * Our Old Home, by Nathaniel Haw thorne, appears. * * 68* * History of Charles the Bold, by John Foster Kirk, appears. 1864 Jan. 4. Phila. The Evening Telegraph is issued. SOCIETY. 1863 Nov. 25. Pa. The " Molly Ma- guires" murder George K. Smith, near Audenreid. * * U. S. The name Copperhead (a poi- sonous snake) is contemptuously given to anti-war Democrats, who favor peace on any terms. Nov. 30. Paris. The European Branch of the Sanitary Commission is organized for the relief and comfort of soldiers. Dec. 2. D. C. A village for contra- bands is dedicated at Arlington Heights. Dec* Mont, A sheriff, two deputies, and 21 outlaws are hanged by a vigilance committee, and eight are banished — the evidence showing that the outlaws had killed more than 100 persons. * * Kan. The State Insane Asylum is established at Osawatomie. * * Md. Gen. Schenck arrests many per- sons for disloyalty; he suspends the Maryland Club and other societies suspected of disloyalty. * * Minn. The Minnesota school for deaf mutes is opened at Faribault. * * Pa. The Pittsburg Branch of the Sanitary Commission is organized. * * R. I. The Prohibitory law is re- pealed by the Republican Legislature. STATE. 1863 Dec. 7. Va. Jefferson Davis, in his message to the Confederate Congress, recommends the compulsory funding of the finances, and large taxation. D. C. The 38th Congress opens. Congress ; House : Schuyler Colfax (Rep.) of Ind. is elected Speaker. Vote, 101-81. Dec. 8. D. C. President Lincoln issues a proclamation, of amnesty. He an- nounces his willingness to recognize any loyal government which may be set up in the South by as many as one- tenth of the voters of 18C0. President Lincoln, in his message to Congress, proposes a definite plan of reconstruction on the basis of amnesty, an oath of future loyalty, and the exclu- sion of ex-Secessionists from high offices. He declares that "The crisis which threatened to divide the friends of the Union is past." Dec. 14. D. C. Congress; House: James M. Ashley of 0. introduces the first proposition to amend the Consti- tution so as to prohibit slavery throughout the United States. Dec. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Dan- iel Clark (Rep.) of N. H. is elected Pres- ident pro tempore. Dec. 29. Arizona is organized as a ter- ritorial government. * * Stephen J. Field of Cal. is appointed justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. * * D. C. Congress authorizes the Presi- dent to enlist soldiers of African de- scent; Democrats vainly resist. * * Ind. Thomas A. Hendricks is elected to the Senate by the Democratic Legislature. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -65 * * Ala. Thomas H. Watts. -66 * * Ariz. (Ter.). John A. Goodwin. ' -68 * * Cal. Frederick F. Low. -66 * * Dak. (Ter.). Newton Edmonds. -67 * * Del. Wm. Cannon. -64 * * Ida. (Ter.). Wm. H. Wallace. -67 * * Ky. Thomas E. Bramlette. -64 * * Me. Abner Coburn. -65 * * N. H. Joseph A. Gilmore. -66 * * N.J. Joel Parker. -65 * * N. Y. Horatio Seymour. R. I. Wm. C. Cozzens. -66 * * R. I. James Y. Smith. -65 * * Tex. Pendleton Murray. -65 * * ft. John G. Smith. -69 * * W. Va. Arthur J. Boreman. -66 * * Wis. James T. Lewis. 1864 Jan. 8. La. A Free-State Con- vention is held, which declares its loy- alty to the Government. Jan. 11. Ark. At Little Rock a pro- visional Free-State government is in- D. C. Congress; Senate: J. B. Hen- derson of Mo. introduces a joint resolu- tion for the abolition of slavery by amendment of the Constitution. (13th Amendment.) La. Gen. Banks issues a proclama- tion for a State election to be held on Feb. 22. MISCELLANEOUS. 1863 Nov. 19. Pa. The National Soldiers' Cemetery at Gettysburg is dedicated. Nov. 28. Under the new National Bank Act, 134 banks have been organized. Nov. *. Secretary Stanton moves by rail two corps of 23,000 men from Wash- ington to Chattanooga, a distance of 1,200 miles, in seven days. Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants for 1863, 174,524. * * Colo. Great suffering is caused by the cold during the Winter and by drought during the Summer. * * Ind. Crown Hill Cemetery, near Indianapolis, is dedicated. * * N. Y. Woodlawn Cemetery, near New York, is organized. * * The Northern States evince great prosperity, notwithstanding the war. Wealth increases rapidly; the "shoddy aristocracy" — people enriched by gov- ernment contracts, often fraudulently obtained and. dishonestly fulfilled— be- comes conspicuous. * * The State bank currency is dis- credited. "One-sixth of the 1,600 State banks have notes counturfeitiMl, l,Stil kinds of imitations are afloat, anil 3,039 altera- tions, in addition to 1,685 spurious notes." (John Sherman.) 1864 Jan. 1. Neio York. Prices of middling upland cotton, 81 to 82 cents; premium on gold, 152. Jan. * Southern States. The Confeder- ate doUar is worth two cents. . . - 230 1864, Jan. 12 -Apr. 15. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1864 Jan. 12. Tenn. AtMossy Creek Gen. McCook defeats the Confederates, who lose 14 killed and 49 wounded. Jan. 14. Tenn. Gen. Sehofield is or- dered to remove the 23d corps to the East. Gen. Grant completes the repairing of railroads in his rear to convey sup- plies. Jan. 17. Tenn. Hear Dandridge the Federals are defeated, losing 150 killed and wounded. Jan. 25. Miss. The Federal army evacuates Corinth. Jan. 27. Tenn. At Sevierville, East Tennessee, the Confederate cavalry are defeated. At Fair Garden, East Tennessee, the Confederates are defeated, losing 65 killed and wounded, hesides 100 pris- oners. Jan. 28. Ga. At Tunnel Hill the Con- federates are defeated, losing 32 killed and one company prisoners. Jan. 29. Ky. At Scottville Maj. John- son defeats the Confederates, who lose 40 killed and 20 wounded. W. Va. At Medley, Near Peters- burg, Col. Snyder loses 80 killed and wounded: Confederate loss, 100; a Fed- eral supply-train is captured. Feb. 1. D. C. The President orders a draft for 500,000 men to be made on March 10 ; all to serve three years or for the war. Feb. 3. Miss. At Bolton Sherman's advance loses 12 killed and 35 wounded ; the defeated Confederates suffer a heavy loss. Gen. Sherman, with a picked force, leaves Vicksburg for Meridian, to drive Confederate raiding forces from the central part of the State [loss, 170 men ; Confederate loss, 400]. Feb. 3±. Tenn. Gen. W. S. Smith leaves Memphis with a large cavalry force, to advance toward central Missis- sippi, and join Gen. Sherman. Feb. 3, 4. N. C. At New Berne Gen. Foster encounters Confederates under Gen. Pickett; Federal loss, 212.; Con- federate loss, 300. Feb. 4. Miss. At Clinton the Federals repulse a Confederate attack, losing 15 killed and 30 wounded. W, Va. Col. Mulligan drives Gen. Early out of Moorefield. Feb. 7-20. Fla. Gen. Truman Sey- mour conducts an expedition 6,000 strong to encourage Union men, and re- store under Maj. Hay a loyal State government. Feb. 7. Fla. At Jacksonville the Florida expedition drives out the Con- federates, and advances toward the in- terior. Feb. 9. Va. Cols. Thomas, Rose, and Streight, with about 100 other prisoners, escape from Libby Prison by means of a tunnel dug under the walls ; 48 men are recaptured. Feb. 14. Fla. At Gainesville Capt. Roberts routs 100 Confederates, La. Gen. A. J. Smith, commanding the advance of Banks's Red River expe- dition, captures'Fortde Hussy. Losses: Federal, 34 ; Confederate, 264. Miss. Gen. Sherman's expedition reaches Meridian, [lie destroys avast amount of Confederate property, tears up the railroads in all directions, and returns to Vicksburg.] Feb. 15. Ga. Federal prisoners are first confined at Andersonville. Feb. 17. N.C. Fort Anderson, a heavy earthwork on Cape Fear River, is at- tacked by Adm, Porter's gunboats. At Town Creek Gen. Cox routs the Confederates under Gen. Hoke, and cap- tures nearly 400 prisoners. Feb. 18. S. C. The Federal steam-sloop Housatonic is destroyed by a torpedo in Charleston Harbor. Feb. 20. Fla. At Olustee Station 5,500 Confederates, under Gen. Joseph Fin- egan, gain a complete victory, defeat- ing the Florida expedition under Gen, Seymour. Federal loss : 193 killed, 1,175 wounded, and 460 prisoners ; Confeder- ate loss, 940. Feb. 22-25. Ga. At Tunnel Hill the Federals lose 75 killed and wounded ; Confederate loss 300 prisoners. Feb. 22. Miss. Near "West Point Gen. Sherman's cavalry, under Gen. W. S. Smith, is badly beaten by Gen. Forrest. Federal loss, 47 killed, 152 wounded, and 100 prisoners ; Confederate loss not given. Va. Near Dranesville the Federals are defeated by Col. John S. Mosby, and lose eight killed and seven wounded and 75 missing. Moshy's guerrillas are an effective body of cavalry, and a con- stant menace to small bodies of Fed- erals in Northern Virginia. Feb. 24. D. C. Congress grants free- dom to all male slaves between 20 and 45 years who may enlist in the Union Ala. Fort Powell, below bombarded by Adm. Farragut, Va. Gen. Kilpatrick makes Feb. 26. Mobile, i Feb. 28. a raid. With 5,000 cavalry, he advances within three miles of Richmond, but is unable to reach and release the Federal prison- ers ; he tears up railroads, and damages the James River Canal. Feb. 29. D. C. The grade of lieuten- ant-general is revived in the army. Feb.* Fla. At Baldwin Col. Guy V. Henry, of the Florida expedition, cap- tures eight guns, and Confederate stores, wagons, and horses. Mar. 2. D. C. Ulysses S. Grant is ap- pointed lieutenant-general ; he becomes commander of not less than a million men in arms. Mar. 4. Tenn. Gen. U. S. Grant starts for "Washington, leaving Gen. Sher- man in command at the West. Mar. 5. Miss. At Yazoo City the Fed- erals lose 130 killed and wounded; the defeated Confederates lose 300 men. Mar. 6. W. C. At Kinston the Con- federates hang 23 Federal pr Mar. 8. D. C. Gen. Grant first arrives in Washington from Tennessee. Mar. 8, 9. N.C. At Kinston Gen. Cox repulses two attacks by Gens. Bragg ai.d Hoke ; the Confederates retire. Mar. 9, 10. Va. Federal colored tro<.|^. under Col. Coles, capture Suffolk, with the loss of 210 men ; Confederates lose 25 killed. Mar. 9. D. C. President Lincoln, in per- son, gives Gen. Grant his commission as lieutenant-general. Grant is the 15th commander-in-chief. Mar. 10. Ky. The governor protests against the enrolment of slaves in the army. Va. Gen. Grant first visits the Army of the Potomac, at Brandy Station. Mar. 11. D. C. Gen. Grant departs from Washington for the West. Mar. 12. D. C. By order of the War Department Gen. Grant is placed in command of all the armies. Gen. Sherman is appointed to the Department of the Mississippi; Gen. McPherson is assigned to the Depart- ment and Army of the Tennessee. La. The powerful fleet of Adm. Porter enters the Red River, followed by Gen. A. J. Smith's troops of Gen. Sherman's army, in transports. Mar. 14. D. C. The President orders a draft for 200,000 men for the navy and the army reserve. **D.C. Gen. Halleck orders Gen. Banks to ascend the Red River Valley for the recovery of western Louisiana. [Un- successful.] N. C. Kinston is occupied by Gen. Sehofield. Mar. 16. La. At Alexandria the two forces of the Red River expedition unite. [Gen. McPherson and 3,000 troops are recalled.] Tenn. Near Fort Fttlow the Con- federates are defeated, losing 50 men. Mar. 17. U. S. Gen. Grant assumes command of all the armies of the Union. La. Fort de Russy is blown up by the Federals. Mar. 18. Gen. Sherman takes com- mand of the Military Division of the Mississippi. Mar. 21. La. At Henderson's Hill , near Alexandria, Gen. J. A. Mower, of Gen. Banks's Red River Expedition, captures 306 Confederate cavalry. [Mar. 25 occupies Alexandria.] X C. Goldsboro is occupied by Gen. Sehofield. Mar. 23 +. Tenn. The Confederate Gen. N. B. Forrest makes an extensive and daring raid into Kentucky. Mar. 25. Ky. Gen. Forrest demands the surrender of Paducah, promising that the garrison will be treated as pris- oners of war if it surrenders ; but, " if I have to storm your works, you may ex- pect no quarter!" La. Gen. Banks's expedition is con- centrated at Alexandria. Mar. 25 ±. Va. Gen. Grant establishes his headquarters at Culpeper Court- House. UNITED STATES. 1864, Jan. 12 -Apr. 15. 231 Max. 27. Ky. Gen. Forrest abandons an attack on Col. Hicks, at Fort An- derson, on the approach, of Federal reenforceinents, having lost 300 men in the right. Federal loss, 14 killed and 46 wounded. The town is nearly destroyed by the bombardment. Mar. 28. La. At Cane River Gen. A. J. Smith defeats the Confederates under Gen. Richard Taylor. Federal loss, 80 ; Confederate loss, 700. Apr. 2. D. C. The Secretary of "War re- ports a total of 71,976 negro troops in the service of the Government. Apr. 2, 3. La. Gen. Banks's Red River Expedition advances to Natchitoches. Apr. 4. D. C. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan is appointed to the command of all the cavalry of the Array of the Potomac. Gen. Sehofield is assigned to com- mand the new department of North Carolina, and directed to capture Wil- mington. Apr. 6. La. Gen. Banks's army leaves Natchitoches on a march of 100 miles to Shreveport, with 12 miles of wagon trains. Apr. 8. La. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads. The Red River Expedition, 12,000 strong, is defeated and routed by 11,000 Confederates under Gen. Richard Tay- lor. Federal loss, 200 killed, 900 wound- ed, and 1,800 prisoners, besides many guns and army trains; Confederate loss, 1,500 men. Apr. 9. La. Gen. Banks falls back on Pleasant Hill. The attack of Gen. Taylor is repulsed, by Gens. Emory and Mower; Federal loss, 100 killed, 700 wounded, and 300 ng; total loss in two days, about 5,000 or 6,000. Apr. 10. La. Gen. Banks abandons the forward movement, and falls back on Grand Ecore, on the Red River. N. C. The Cape Lookout light- house is seized and blown up by Con- federates. Apr. 12. Tenn. The Confederate Gen. Forrest attacks Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi River, garrisoned by 557 Federal troops (262 colored). He gains an advantage over Majs. Booth and Bradford by treachery, over- powers the garrison, and massacres 300 persons, white and black, including women and children. Federal loss, 250 killed, 60 wounded, 164 missing; Confed- erate loss, 20 killed, 60 wounded. Apr. 15. La. The fleet on the Red River, above Grand Ecore, defeats a Confederate attack under Gen. Thomas Green. Confederate loss, 700 men. Apr. 15 ±. La. At Camden, on the Wichita River, Gen. Steele with S.OOO men captures an important military post. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1864. Jan. 13. Foster, Stephen Collins, ballad composer, A 38. Jan. 16. Bowden, Lemuel J., sen. for Va., 4.49. Jan. 21. Tarbell, John A., phvsinan, Mass., A54. Jan. 24. Champlin, Stephen G., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A37. Jan. 31. Borland, Solon, sen. for Ark., Confed. gen., d. Gamble, Hamilton It., loyal gov. of Mo., A66. Feb. 1. Stark, ('aleb, lawyer, historian, A59. Feb. 6. Morton, Marcus, Gov. of Mass., jurist, A80. Feb. 11. McUluney, William J., com. U. S. N., A 68. Feb. 12. Cranston, Henry Y., lawyer, M. C. for E. I., A74. Cooke, Parsons, Cong. cl. of Boston, A64. Feb. 13. Bullions, Peter, Pres. clergyman, author of educational books, A73. Feb. 16. Duncan, William, politician, brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A92. Feb. 27. Hitchcock, Edward, geologist, pres. of Amherst, author, A71. Mar. 4. Dahlgren, Ulric, col., killed n. Richmond, A22. Mar. 8. Perit, Pelatiah, merchant, philan., of N. Y., A79. Mar, 13. Cozzens, William B., hotel prop., N. Y. City, A77. Mar. 19. Bache, Franklin, physician, chemist, A72. Meriam, Kbenezer, statistician, meteor- ologist, A70. Mar. 22. Gardiner, Robert H., philanthro- pist, A82. Mar. 23. Van Rensselaer, Henry, col. U. S. A., inspector-gen,, A54. Mar. 25. Lovejoy. Owen, abolitionist, M. C. for 111., A53. Mar. 26. Marmaduke, Meredith M., loyal gov. of Mo., A73. Mar. 27. Campbell, John N., Pres. cl., orator, scholar, A 66. Apr. 6. Kirkland, Caroline M. S., author, editor, A63. Apr. 7. Allston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S. C, agriculturist, A63. Apr. 8. Mouton, Jean Jaques A. A., Con- fed, maj.-gen., A35. Apr. 13. Gilder, Wm. H., editor, educator, Ky. A Border-State "Freedom" Convention is held. Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: Solomon Foot of Vt. is reelected President pro tempore. [He is reelected again on March 11 ; also on April 11.] Feb. 24. D. C. Congress grants free- dom to all male slaves between the ages of 20 and 45 who shall enlist in the Federal armies ; it allows every loyal master $300 for each of his slaves who enlists in the army. Feb. 29. D. C. The President approves the bill for reviving the grade of lieu- tenant-general. Feb. * Va. The Confederate Congress extends the conscription to include all white males between 17 and 50 years. Feb.* D. C. Congress: The House passes the bill empowering the Presi- dent to appoint a lieutenant-general of all the Federal armies. Vote, 96-41. AK. SOCIETY. 1864 Feb. * Mont. A Vigilance Com- mittee completes its work of suppres- sing desperadoes, having hanged 24 and banished eight ; the criminals confessed to the commission of 102 murders. Mar. 5. London. An Auxiliary Society to the United States Sanitary Commis- sion is organized by Americans. Mar. 22. 111. A riot occurs at Charles- ton between citizens and soldiers ; seven persons are killed. Apr. 4. New York. A Sanitary Commis- sion Fair on a large scale opens. [Re- ceipts, $1,200,000.] STATE. 1864 Jan. 25. D.C. Congress thanks Cornelius Vanderbilt for his gift of the steamer Vanderbilt for the use of the Government ; the vessel is worth $800,000. Feb. 1. D. C. The President calls for a draft of 500,000 men to be made on the 10th of March. [Later the draft was indefinitely postponed.] Feb. 18. Ky. The Legislature protests against the organization of negro regi- ments in Kentucky, and requests the President to remove all negro camps from the State, because they entice slaves to run away. Feb. 22. La. Michael Halm is elected Governor. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress authorizes the issue of bonds. $200,000,000 in bonds payable in five or 40 years in coin, with interest limited at 6 per cent ; [and, later, the issue of $400,- 000,000 of bonds of like tenor; or $200,- 000,000 in treasury notes, in lieu of equal amount in bonds, drawing 7j^ per cent interest, and payable "in lawful money," and to be a legal tender]. Mar. 7. D. C. Congress raises the tax on distilled spirits to 60 cents a gallon. Mar. 10. Arkansas votes to become a free-labor State. Mar. 14. Ark. The Constitution is rati- fied. [Unrecognized by Congress.] Mar. 15. La. President Lincoln ap- points Gov. Hahn to act as military governor. D. C. The President calls for a draft of 200,000 men. Mar. 21. D. C. President Lincoln signs the bill permitting the people of Colo- rado and Nevada to form a State gov- ernment. Mar. 28. La. The State Constitutional Convention meets at New Orleans. Mar. 30. D. C. Congress repeals the direct tax imposed by the Act of Aug. 5, 1861. Apr. 1. D. C. Congress restores the tax of $1 per barrel on beer. Apr. 6. La. The loyal State Convention meets, and incorporates an antislavery clause in the organic law. Apr. 8. D.C. Congress: The Senate approves the joint resolution for the abolition of slavery by amending the Constitution. Vote, 38-6. Nays all Democratic. MISCELLANEOUS. 1864 Feb. 8. Conn. The Colt Armory at Hartford is burned; loss, $1,000,000, and 900 men are without work. Mar. 17. Chicago. The water-works tunnel under the lake is begun. Apr. 1. New York. Price of middling upland cotton, 76 cents ; premium on gold, 166*. 232 1864, Apr. 16-May 21 AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1864 Apr. 16. Ky. At Half Mountain Col. Gallup surprises and defeats the Confederates. La. At Grand Ecore Adm. Porter and Gen. Andrew J. Smith join Gen. Banks's army and unite forces. The Federal fleet ia imperiled by the rapid falling of the river [the retreat is hastened]. Apr. 17-20. N. C. The Confederate Gen. Hoke storms and captures Plym- outh ; Gen. Henry W. Wessels and 1,600 troops are made prisoners. Con- federate loss, 500 men. Apr. 19. N. C. The Confederate ram Albemarle attacks the Federal gunboats at Plymouth; she sinks one. and the others retire. Apr. 21. .#". C. Near "Wilmington the Federals destroy valuable Confederate salt-works. Apr. 24. La. At Cane River Ferry the returning expedition of Gen. Banks en- counters 8,000 Confederates under Gen. H. P. Bee, having 1G guns, and drives them across the river. Federal loss, 350; Confederate loss, 400. Apr. 25. Gen. Banks is ordered by Gen. Grant to abandon the Red River Ex- pedition, and return to New Orleans. Ark. At Pine Bluff the Confeder- ates capture a large supply-train and 2,000 persons — Federal Col. Drake among the number. Apr. 26. La. The Red River Expe- dition returns to Alexandria. Apr. 29. La. Gen. McClernand reen- forces Gen. Banks with troops from Matagorda. Apr. 30. Ark. At Jenkins's Ferry- Gen, Steele repulses a severe attack of Confederates, under Gen. E. Kirby Smith, who loses over 1,100 men; Fed- eral loss, 1,155 men. Va. The Federal force on the North side of the Rapidan num- bers 122,146, including Bumside's corps 22,708; Gen. Hancock commands the 2d corps, Gen. "Warren the 5th, Gen. Sedg- wick the 6th, Gen. Burnside the 9th ; Gen. Philip H. Sheridan commands the cavalry. These are supported by Gens. Barlow, Gibbon, Birney, Getty, Gregg, J. H. Wilson, Willcox, Griffin, and Kicketts. The Confederate army encamped on the south bank of the Rapidan under Gen. Lee numbers 61,952 men. Its three corps are commanded by Gens. Long- street, Ewell, and Hill. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart commands the cavalry ; other generals are Gordon, Edward Johnson, Uodes, Ramseur, Hetb, Hampton, and the two Lees. Apr. 30. — May 8. La. Lieut.-Col. Jo- seph Bailey, chief engineer, erects a dam which raises the water seven feet at the Falls of Alexandria, and there- by enables Adm. Porter's fleet to pass the shallows. Apr. * The enrolment of the National forces shows 2,245,000 men, from ages 20-45, in the various States, who have not been called out, while a million of men are in the field. May 1. D.C. Gen. Halleck countermands the order for abandoning the Red River Expedition to Shreveport. [Low water prevents compliance.] - — IV. Va. Gen. Sigel is sent up the Shenandoah Valley with 10,000 men ; Gen. Crook commands an army moving for his support. May 2. O. The Ohio National Guard, 38,000 strong, offers its service to the President. May 3. D. C. Capt. Charles Wilkes is reprimanded and suspended from duty for three years, as punishment for diso- bedience and disrespect to his superior officer. Gen. Grant's campaign in Vir- ginia. May 4. Va. The Army of the Poto- mac, 140,000 strong, begins its final ad- vance on Richmond, and crosses the Rapidan soon after midnight. Col. Spear leaves Portsmouth on a raid, with the 11th Pennsylvania cav*£ airy. [He captures a Confederate camp on the Weldon Railroad, and destroys property valued at $500,000, at Jarratt"s Station.] Tenn. Gen. Sherman begins the Atlanta campaign by advancing south- ward from Chattanooga. May 5-7. Va. Battle of the "Wilder- ness ; it is the first trial of strength be- tween Gens. Lee and Grant. A succession of flank movements by Gen. Grant near Cbancellorsville is at- tended with indecisive results. Gen. Longstreet is wounded, and the Federal Gens. Wadsworth and Hays are killed. Losses : Federal, 2,246 killed, 12,037 wounded, 3,5S3 missing ; Confederate, 2,000 killed, 6,000 wounded, 3,400 prison- ers. May 5. Tenn. Gen. Sherman begins his campaign to the Chattahoochee with an army aggregating 9S,797 men and 254 guns. Gen. Thomas commands the Army of the Cumberland, Gen. Mc- Pherson the Army of the Tennessee, and Gen. Schofield the Army of the Ohio. Gen. Johnston has 68,620 Confed- erates at Dalton, Ga. ; Gens. Hardee, Polk, and Hood, each commands a corps. JV. C. The Confederate ram Albe- marle is defeated in a naval battle in Albemarle Sound by the Sassacus. Va. The Army of the James, under Gen. B. F. Butler, 35,000 strong, sails from Fortress Monroe for Bermuda Hundred ; it is to cooperate with the Army of the Potomac. May 6. Va. Bermuda Hundred and City Point, on the James River, are taken by Gen. Butler; his army en- trenches. May 7. Ga. At Rocky Face Ridge Gen. Sherman makes a demonstration in front of Gen. Johnston's lines, but declines to assault them in force. Va. Gen. Grant declines to attack Gen, Lee in his entrenchments, and moves by the left flank toward Spottsyl- vania Court-House. Gen. Sheridan defeats Confederate Gen. Stuart's entire cavalry at Todd's Tavern, driving him a long distance. Federal loss, SO men. May 8-21. Va. Indecisive Battle of Spottsylvania. (Forces, see May 5-7.) Federal loss, 2,271 killed, 9,360 wounded, and 1,970 missing; Confederate loss, about 10,000, including between 3,000 and 4,000 prisoners ; many general offi- cers are killed or wounded. Federal losses in two weeks, 37,335 men. (May 9.) The Federal army concentrates near Spottsylvania, and finds Gen. Lee's army in the path of its advance. Maj.- Gen. Sedgwick, of the 6tb corps, is killed by a sharpshooter. (May 10.) Gen. Grant renews the attack, and makes a strong assault through the thickets ; Gen. Upton occupies the "bloody angle," and holds it for a time, but the Confederates finally drive the Federals back to their entrenchments. (May 11.) No general operations occur. Gen. Grant telegraphs, "I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer." (May 12.) Gen. Hancock's men as- sault the apex of the Confederate earth- l works. One of EwelFs entire divisions . .(4^000) is captured ; Gen. Warren's assault - is repulsed; Gen. Burnside carries the Confederate entrenchments, but is un- able to hold them ; Confederates fall back three-fourths of a mile, and defy attack. (May 14.) An assault on the Confeder- ates, being delayed by bad roads, is post- poned ; active operations are suspended because of astorm formore than aweek. (May 18.) Gen. Grant makes one final but unsuccessful assault on Gen. Lee's left flank. (May 19.) Gen. Ewell is severely re- pulsed in an attack with 6,000 men on Gen. Grant's right, and loses nearly 1,000 men. The army resumes its movement by the left flank. (May 20, 21.) The movement by the left flank continues in the night, and the army reaches Guiney Station by day- break. May 9, 10. Ga. At Rocky Face Ridge and Buzzard's Roost strong skirmish lines are engaged. May 9. Va. Gen. Sheridan cuts loose from the Army of the Potomac on his [famous] raid. He moves around the left of Gen. Lee's army, to cut bis line of supplies and communications, and to draw the en- emy's cavalry from Gen. Grant. [He defeats the Confederate cavalry in four engagements, and passes entirely around Lee's army, before his return," 16 davs later. Federal loss, 600 killed arid wounded, and 150 missing ; 200 Confed- erates are captured.] At Swift Creek Kautz's cavalry, of Gen. Butler's army, destroys the rail- road, and defeats the Confederates. Fed- eral loss, 90 killed and 400 wounded ; Confederate loss, 500. May 10. Va. At Cloyd's Mountain and New River Bridge Gen. Crook defeats the Confederates under Gen. Jenkins. Federal loss, 126 killed, 5S5 wounded, and 34 missing; Confederate loss, 900 men, besides 300 prisoners. Near Wytheville Gen. Averell de- feats the Confederate Gen. Jones. WU> rV UNITED STATES. 1864, Apr. 16 -May 24. 233 May 11. Ga. Gen. Sherman advances south towards Snake Gap Creek. Va, Gen. Butler advances to Drew- ry's Bluff (Fort Darling) on the James River. May 12. ± Fa. At Yellow Tavern, six miles from Richmond, a fierce cavalry battle is fought. Gen. Sheridan attacks Gen. Stuart, and completely defeats the Confeder- ates. Gens. Stuart and Gordon are killed, and Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee's divis- ion is pursued through the outer de- fenses of Richmond. May 13. Ga. Dalton is evacuated by Gen. Johnston. Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry enter Gen. Butler's army, on the James River. [May 17 Sheridan leaves to join Grant.] May 13.-June 1. Ga. In several engage- ments between Rocky Face Ridge and Dallas, Gen. Sherman loses 800 killed, 4,500 wounded, and 1,000 prison- ers ; Confederates lose 600 killed, 2,100 wounded, and 4,000 prisoners. May 14, 15. Ga. Wear Camp Creek Gen. Sherman's advance engages in heavy skirmishes. May 14. Fa. At Drewry's Bluff Gen. Butler attacks Gen. Beauregard and takes his outer lines, but is unable to drive him out of his entrenchments; Federal loss, 422 killed, 2,380 wounded, 210 missing; Confederate loss, 2,500. May 15. Ga. Battle of Resaca. A part of Gen. Sherman's army attacks and defeats Gen. Johnston, who retires in the night toward Dallas, and burns the bridges behind him. [May 16 Gen. Sherman enters the city.] Federal loss, 600 killed and 2,147 wounded; Confed- erate loss, 2,800 men. Va. At New Market in the Shen- andoah Valley, Gen. Breckinridge com- pletely routs 8,000 Federals under Gen. Sigel; Federal loss, 120 killed, 560 wounded, and 240 missing ; Confederate loss, 405 men. May 16. Va. At Drewry's Bluff (Fort Darling) Gen. Beauregard attacks Gen. Butler in force, and compels his army, 20,000 strong, to retire to the entrench- ments at Bermuda Hundred. Federal loss (May 11-16), 422 killed, 2,330 wound- ed, 1,400 prisoners; Confederate loss, 2,500. May 17. Ga. The Federal troops under Gen. Jeff. C. Davis occupy Rome, and destroy mills, foundries, and other Con- federate property. May 18. Ga. At Adairsville Gen. O. O. Howard defeats the Confederates. La. At Yellow Bayou Gen. A. J. Smith repulses an attack by Confeder- ates under Prince Polignac and Gen. "Wharton. May 19. Ga. Gen. Johnston retreats across the Etowah, under cover of night; and takes a strong position at AUatoona Pass. Va. Wear "Winchester Gen. Milroy defeats the Confederates, who lose six killed and seven prisoners. May 20. Ga. Gen. Sherman rapidly pur- sues the Confederates, and crosses the Etowah River. La. At Simsport Gen. Banks surren- ders command of the troops to Gen. E. R. S. Canby, commander of the Mili- tary Division of West Mississippi. Tenn. At Middletown Gen. Stanley defeats the Confederates, who lose eight killed and 90 prisoners. May 21. Cal. Gen. Irwin McDowell as- sumes command of the Pacific. ■ If. Va. Gen. Franz Sigel assumes command of the Department of West Virginia. May 23. Ga. Gen. Sherman's army crosses the Etowah, and advances to- ward Dallas. May 23, 24. Va. Battle of North Anna: Gen. Grant advances toward Rich- mond, and crosses the North Anna. Gen. Lee attacks the advance, which is withdrawn, and the army moves toward the Pamunkey River. Federal loss, 186 killed, 792 wounded, and 165 missing, total, 1,143; Confederate loss, 2,000. May 24. Va. At Wilson's Landing Gen. Wild loses 40 men; Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee loses 275, besides 11 prisoners. Gen. Burnside's corps is incorporated with the Army of the Potomac. Gen. Sheridan returns to the Army of the Potomac from his great raid. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1864 Apr. * Colo. A flood occurs at Denver. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1864. Apr. 16. Blanchard, Thos., inventor of lathe in Mass., A7G. May 1. Duncan, Wm. C.« Bapt. el., editor, A40. Porter, Wm. D., com. U. S. N., A54. Ringgold, Geo. H., scholar, painter, sol- dier, A50. May 5. Hays, Alex,, brig.-gen. IT. S. vols., A 45. May. 7. Jenkins, Albert G., Confed. brig.- gen., A 34. May. 8. Wadsworth, James S., brig.-pen. U. S. vols., woumled at Wilderness, A 57. May 9. Ikmbleday, Tlios. D., Col. U. S. vols., A48. Sedgwick, John, maj.-gen. U. S. vols., killed at Sp»>ltsvlvania, A51. May 10. Jones, John M., Confed. brig.- gen., k. at spuitsvlvania, A44. King, Tlios. Butler, M. C. for Ga., A 60. Rives, John C, journalist, Congres- sional Globe, A68. Stevenson, Thomas G., brig.-gen. XI. S. vols., A28. May 12. Stuart, James E. B., Confed. maj.-gen. cavalry of N. Va., A31. May 16. Spencer, Piatt R., author of Spencerian system of writing, A64. May 19. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, "the greatest of American novelists," A60. May 22. Toiten, Joseph G.,brev. maj.-gen. U. S. A., engineer, A76. CHURCH. 1864 May 2-27. Phila. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is in session ; the pastoral term is extended from two to three years. It organizes the Church Extension Society, and forms the Central German, Colorado, Delaware, Des Moines, Ne- vada, Southwest German, Northwest German, and Washington Conferences. Davis W. Clark, Edward Thompson, and Calvin Kingsley are ordained bishops. LETTERS. 1864 May 18. New York. The Journal of Commerce and the World are sup- pressed, and their editors ordered under arrest, by direction of the President, for inciting disloyalty. SOCIETY. 1864 Apr. 17. Ga. A women's bread- riot occurs at Savannah. Apr. 27. III. The State secures $238,000 at a master's sale of the property of ex- Gov. Matteson, on the discovery of the fraudulent reissue of canal scrip for a large sum, dated many years back. May 1. D.C. At Washington the Ladies' National Covenant is formed, to abstain from the use of imported articles. May 24. Boston. The South End City Hospital is dedicated. May * The Auxiliary Relief Corps in the United States is organized in con- nection with the Sanitary Commission, which distributes " relief " to the sol- diers and sailors during the war. STATE. 1864 Apr. 16. D.C. Congress: The House defeats an amendment permit- ting State and municipal taxation of National Banks. Apr. 18. D. C. Congress: The House passes a bill permitting the local taxa- tion of National Banks, providing no part of the tax be imposed on that part of their capital that is invested in United States bonds. Vote, 70-60. Apr. 19. D. C. Congress passes an en- abling act for the formation of a State government in Nebraska. President Lincoln signs the bill per- mitting the people of Nebraska to form a State government. Apr. 26. 7). C. Congress; Senate: Daniel Clark of N. H. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. Apr. 27. Md. A Constitutional Con- vention meets at Annapolis. May 2. Va. The second Confederate Congress meets at Richmond. May 10. D. C. Congress: the Senate passes the Amended National Bank BiU. Vote, 30-9; absent or not voting, 10. May 17. D. C. Congress provides for the Postal Money Order system. [Be- comes operative Nov. 1.] MISCELLANEOUS- 1864 May 18. U.S. A forged presi- dential proclamation, calling for 400,000 more men, is published, by spec- ulators in gold. [Howard and Mallison, the perpetrators, are discovered and im- prisoned in Fort Lafayette.] 234 1864, May 25- July 4. AMERICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1864 May 25, 26. Ga. At Pumpkin- Vine Creek, near Dallas, Gen. Hooker has a severe but indecisive engagement ■with the Confederates under Gen. Hood; losses, about 1,000 on each side. May 26. Maj.-Gen. Foster assumes com- mand of the Department of the South. May 27. Va. Gen. Grant secures a posi- tion south of the Pamunkey River, and finds Gen. Lee awaiting him. Near the Totopotomoy River heavy skirmishing occurs between the armies of Gen. Grant and Gen, Lee; Federal loss, 99 killed, 50S wounded, 52 missing. May 28. Ga. Near Pumpkin-Vine Creek Gen. Hardee furiously attacks Gen. McPherson, and delays his union with Gen. Hooker. Gen. Sherman having outflanked the Confederates under Gen. Johnston, they retreat to Lost Mountain. Loss: Fed- eral, 300 men ; Confederate, 2,500, be- sides 300 prisoners. Va. At Eawes' Shop a detach- ment of Sheridan's cavalry defeats the Confederate cavalry ; both sides fight as infantry. Col. Clendenin makes a raid, and captures 111 Confederates. May 30. Ga. Wear Marietta Gen. Mc- Pherson captures 400 prisoners, also a railroad train of sick and wounded Confederates. May 31. Va. Gen. Sheridan drives Confederates under Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee out of their entrenchments near Cold Harbor, and occupies their position. June 1. Va. Gen. Grant is reenforced by Gen. Smith's ISth corps from the Army of the James. June 1-4. Va. The bloody battle of Cold Harbor. Gen. Grant attacks Gen. Lee's army in its strong entrenchments, nine miles from Richmond, and is terribly repulsed. Federal loss, 1,769 killed, 6,752 wounded, and 1,537 missing ; Confederate loss, about 1,000. "I have always regretted that last assault at Cold Harbor." — (Grant's Memoirs.) (June 1.) Gens. Wright and Smith attack the Confederates under Gen. R. P. Anderson, who succeeds Gen. Long- street, after he was wounded (May 6) and carry the Confederates' first line and entrench. (June 2) Gen. Grant's army prepares for a grand assault, and repels the Con- federate attack on its right flank. (June 3) A terrific and destructive assault is made by the Federal army led by Gens. Hancock, Wright, and Smith ; some advance positions are gained. The Confederates make counter assaults at several points; but the Federals succeed in holding some points gained. June 2. Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan enters Kentucky from Virginia on his second raid. Ga. In Ossabaw Sound the Con- federates surprise and capture the gun- boat Water Witch. Va. At Bermuda Hundred an artil- lery fight and skirmishing occur. June 4. Ga. AUatoona is abandoned to the Federals by Gen. Johnston. Gen. Sheridan i akes he Confederate threaten Rich- ut Gen. Hunter, ration with him, June 4-24. Vt his second raid. He aims to dest communications a mond from the re;i who was to act in c fails to meet him al June 5. Va. At Piedmont Gen. Hunter defeats the Confederates under Gen. W. E. Jones, and advances up the Valley. Federal loss, 130 killed, 650 wounded ; Confederate loss, heavy in killed and wounded, besides 1,500 pris- oners. Gen. Jones is among the killed. Gen. Grant relieves Gen Sigel of the command of West Virginia, and appoints Gen. Hunter as his successor. June 5-30. Ga. At Lost Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, and Little Kenesaw, Gen. Sherman loses 1,370 killed, 6,500 wounded, and 800 prison- ers; Confederate losses, 4,600 killed, wounded, and prisoners. June 6. Fa. Staunton is occupied by Federals under Gen. Hunter. June 7. Va. Gen. Grant sends Gen. Sheridan on a cavalry raid to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad. Gen. Grant continues his movement by the left flank, intending to cross the Chiekahominy and James Rivers, to the south of Richmond. June 8. Ga. Gen. Frank Blair reen- forces Gen. Sherman with two divisions and a brigade of cavalry. June 9. Ky. At Mount Stirling Gen. S. G. Burbridge defeats Confederate Gen. Morgan, captures 700 of his men [and drives him back into Virginia]. N. C. Lexington refuses to sur- render to a part of Gen. Morgan's force. The supply steamer Newbern runs ashore the Pervensey, a blockade run- ner, worth, with her cargo, §1,000,000. June 10. Miss. AtBrice'sCrossRoads, near Guntown, Federal Gen. Sturgis loses 223 killed, 394 wounded, and 1,623 missing ; Gen. Forrest's loss is 606 men. Va. Gen. Butler makes an unsuccess- ful attempt to take Petersburg. Near Trevilian Station Gen. Sheri- dan is attacked by Gen. Hampton's Con- federate cavalry, and drives it several miles. Federal loss, 85 killed, 490 wounded, and 160 missing; Confederate loss, 370 men. June 11. Ky. Gen. Morgan's command invests Frankfort, which is success- fully defended by Federals. June 12. Ky. At Cynthiana Gen. Mor- gan defeats the Federals under Gen. Burbridge. Federal loss, 200, besides 1,200 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 305 killed, 275 wounded, and 400 prisoners. Va. Gen. Grant begins the move- ment for a change of base to the south side of the James River. June 13. Va. Gen. Grant's army begins to cross the Chiekahominy. June 14. Ga. Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas Polk is killed at Pine Mountain. June 15. Ga. Gen. Johnston evacuates Pine Mountain; Gen. Sherman occu- pies it. June 15, 16. Va. Gen. Grant's army, numbering about 115,000, crosses the James River, and joins Gen. Butler. About one-half its artillery has been sent back to Washington as superfluous. June 15-22. Va. The Federals fail in an attempt to take Petersburg. Federal loss, 1,G88 killed, 8,513 wounded, and 1,185 missing ; Confederate loss, 3,500. (June 15.) Gen. "W. F. Smith's corps, 16,000 strong, suddenly appears and captures, near the close of the day, the Confederate entrenchments. [Gen. Beauregard reenforces the garrison dur- ing the night.] (June 17*) The Federals under Gen. Hancock, by heavy fighting all day, advance their lines at Petersburg. (June 18.) Gen. Meade orders a vigorous assault on Petersburg. The Confederates under Gens. Lee and Beauregard repulse the repeated as- saults, until the Federals seek the cover of their entrenchments. Federal loss in four days about 10,000 men. The siege of Petersburg begins. (June 22.) Gen. Meade sends Gen. "Wil- son's cavalry to break all three of the railroads connecting Richmond with the South. [He severs the Weldon road at Reams's Station, destroys 30 miles of the Lynch- burg road, and as many miles of the Danville road.] June 16. Va. Lynchburg is invested by Gen. Hunter, aided by Gens. Crook and Averell. June 17. Ga. Near Atlanta 600 Con- federate conscripts flee to the Federal army. At Lost Mountain Gen. Johnston is driven from a strong position after three days' desultory fighting. June 18. Va. Gen. Hunter's army, 20,000 strong, retires from Lynchburg, be- ing short of ammunition sufficient for a battle. Loss : Federal, 100 killed, 500 wounded, and 400 missing ; Confederate, 200. June 1S-20. Va. Gen. Sheridan has a skirmish at King and Queen's Court- House. June 19. France. The Kearsarge, Capt. "Winslow, destroys the privateer Ala- bama in a brilliant engagement, lasting two hours, off Cherbourg. Adm. Semmes and the crew of the Alabama are picked up and rescued by a British vessel. The Alabama had destroyed 58 vessels, valued at $6,547,609, yet had never entered a Confederate port. Losses : Federals, one killed, three wounded ; Confederates, 40 killed and 10 wounded. June 21. Va. Gen. Sheridan has a fight with the Confederate cavalry un- der Gen. Wade Hampton at "White House and TunstalPs Station. June 21, 22. Va. Gen. Meade sends a large force under Gens. Hancock and "Wright to seize the "Weldon Railroad. They are defeated and nearly captured hy the Confederates under Gen. A. P. Hill. Losses: Federal, 604 killed. 2.494 wounded, 2,217 prisoners ; Confederate, 306 killed and wounded, 200 prisoners. UNITED STATES. 1864, May 25 -July 4. 235 June 22. Ga. At Kulp House Gen. Hood attempts to break Sherman's line, and is repulsed with great losses on both sides, especially severe for the Confed- erates. June 23. Va. Gen. Sheridan has an- other fight at Jones's Bridge. [On the 24th he again encounters the Confeder- ates at St. Mary's Bridge.] June 25. Tenn. At Lafayette an at- tack of 3,000 Confederates under Gen. Pillow is repulsed. June 27. Mo. Near St. Charles the Confederates are defeated by Gen. Carr. Ga. Near Kenesaw Gen. Sherman makes a heavy assault on the Confeder- ate position, and is repulsed with the loss of 2,500 men ; Gens. Charles G. Harker and Daniel McCook are killed. Confederate loss, 600. June 30. Va. The Federal loss in the trenches before Petersburg (June 20-30) is 112 killed, 606 wounded, and 800 mis- sing. Gen. "Wilson's raid on the Weldon Railroad ends. Federal loss in eight days, 76 killed, 265 wounded, and 700 missing ; Confederate loss, 300 men. July 1. Ga. At Marietta Gen. John- ston evacuates the city, and Gen. Sher- man captures 3,000 prisoners. Julyl.i Va. Gen. Early starts north- ward with 17,000 men, in his campaign against "Washington, via Shenandoah Valley. July 2, 3. W. Va. Gen. Early moves down the Shenandoah Valley from "Win- chester with a strong force ; great fears are entertained for the safety of Balti- more. July 3. Ga. Gen. Sherman's troops oc- cupy Kenesaw Mountain at daylight, after its evacuation by Gen. Johnston's army, which retires across the Chatta- hoochee. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1864 June 30. D. C. Congress grants the Yosemite Valley and the Mari- posa Big-tree Grove on the Merced River to California for public use. June * Hall's second expedition sails for the Polar regions. [It finds many relics of Sir John Franklin, and tidings of four men who died from cold and starvation.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1864. May 27. Giddings, JoBhua Reed, M. C. for O. for 21 years, A69. June 2. Doles. George P., Confed. brig.- gen., killed at hatlle of Cold Harbor, A34. June 4. Keitt, Lawrence M., Confed. col., A40. June 5. Jones, William E-, Confed. maj.- gen, A 40. June 8. Adams, Daniel, writer of school text-books, physician, A90. June 11. Hornblower, Joseph C, chief justice, N. J., A87. June 14. Polk. Leonldas. P. E. bp., Con- fed. lieut.-gen., A58. June 16. Ewing, Andrew, lawyer; Confed. officer, dies. June 17. Lftmson Alvan, Unitarian cl., author, A72. June 24. Coffin, Joshua, antiquary, A72. June 27. Harker, Charles G-, brig.-gen. 1". S. vols., killed at Kenesaw Mountain, .\Ti. June 29. Taylor, Joseph P., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A68. July 1. Quincy. Josiah, M. C. for Mass., pres. of Harvard, A92. July 2. Dutton, Arthur H., col. 21st Conn. vols., A30. CHURCH. 1864 June 8. N. Y. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. June 22. Me. The Maine Conference of Unitarian Churches is organized. LETTERS. 1864 June 7. O. German WaUace College (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Berea SOCIETY. 1864 June 4. N. T. A great meeting is held to express gratitude to Gen. Grant and his army for late victories won. June 7. Phila. The Sanitary Fan- opens. June 28. D. V. The National Deaf Mute College, the only college for deaf mutes in the world, is opened at "Washington. STATE. 1864 May 26. D. C. Congress organ- izes the Territory of Montana, out of a part of Idaho. May 31. O. The KepubHean party is divided. The " radical men of the nation" meet at Cleveland, and nom- inate Gen. J. C. Fremont and Gen. J. Cochrane for presidential offices. The Convention charges the Administra- tion with incapacity and infidelity. May * All persons imprisoned under the writ of habeas corpus are discharged. June 3. D. C. President Lincoln ap- proves the National Bank Tax BiH. The Currency Bureau of the Treas- ury is opened, in charge of a controller. June 7. Md. The Republican Na- tional Convention meets at Baltimore; the venerable Robert J. Breckinridge of Ky., temporary chairman, thrills the North with his patriotic speech. June 8. Md. The Convention nomi- nates Abraham Lincoln of 111. for President, and Andrew Johnson, a war Democrat of Tenn., for Vice-Presi- dent. Lincoln receives 496 out of 518 votes on the first ballot. June 13. D. C. Congress: The House passes a bill for the repeal of the Fugi- tive Slave Law. Vote, 82-58. June 15 D. C. Congress: The House fails to approve the joint resolution (the 13th amendment) for the abolition of slavery, by amending the Constitution. Vote, 93-65 ; this is 27 short of two- thirds. — — 0. C. L. "VaUandigham returns from Canada. June 23. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the bill to repeal the Fugitive Slave Law. Vote, 27-12. June 27. D. C. Congress; Senate: Representation in Congress is refused to Senators elected in Arkansas. Vote, 27-6. [This occasions a conflict with the President.] June 28. D. C. The President approves the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law. June 30. D. C. Congress authorizes the issue of $400,000,000 in bonds, or Treasury notes, amounting to $200,- 000,000, and bonds for the same amount. Congress passes an Internal Reve- nue Law providing for almost univer- sal taxation on every occupation, manufacture, and document. Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, resigns his office. U. S. Statistics. Revenue : Cus- toms, $102,316,153; sales of public lands, $588,333 ; Internal Revenue, $109,741,134 ; direct tax, $475,649 ; premium on loans and sales of gold coin, $21,174,101; mis- cellaneous items, $30,331,401 ; total rev- enue, $264,626,772. Expenditures: Civil and miscella- neous items, $27,505,599 ; War Depart- ment, $090,791,843; Navy Department, $85,725,995; Indians, $2,629,859; pen- sions, $4,983,924 ; interest on the public debt, $53,685,422; total ordinary ex- penses, $865,322,642. Excess of expendi- tures over receipts. m;oii.:i'.i:.,s70. Pub- lic debt, $1,815,784,370. Exports, $158,- 837,988. Imports, $316,447,283. July 1. D. C. The Government raises the tax on distilled spirits to $1.50 per proof gallon. July 2. D. C. The bill prohibiting the coastwise slave-trade is approved. Congress grants public lands in Ore- gon for the purpose of constructing a military road through the State. July 4. D. C. Congress passes the bill providing for the reconstruction of the Southern States; President Lin- coln refuses to sign it. Republicans in Congress unanimously dissent from his course. The 38th Congress : the first session closes. Nev. A State Convention meets at Carson City, to frame a Constitution. The Democratic National Con- vention is appointed to meet on this day in Chicago. [The recent Union vic- tories occasion a change of date to August.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1864 July 1. New York. Price of mid- dling upland cotton, 150 to 152 cents; premium on gold, 245. July 2. D. C. Congress amends the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, so as to increase the value of its securities. It grants 12,800 acres for each mile of com. pleted road ; total, 25,000,000 acres. Congress charters the Northern Pa- cific Railroad to connect Lake Superior with Puget Sound (1,800 miles), and ex- tending to the Columbia River (200 miles); subsidy, 47,000,000 acres — 73,000 square milei. 236 1864, July 4 -Aug. 22. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1864 July 4. Ga. Near Smyrna Camp Ground Gen. Sherman's army celebrates the day by a noisy but not desperate battle in pursuit of Gen. Johnston. Va. The Federals celebrate the day by firing a national salute from double- shotted cannons into Petersburg. B.C. Congress grants to each drafted man a bounty for one year's service, and doubles and trebles the amount for two and three years' service respectively. July 5. Ga. Gen. Johnston retires behind his strong entrenchments on the Chattahoochee ; he is nearly besieged by Gen. Sherman. Md. Gen. Early, with 20,000 Con- federates, crosses the Potomac into Maryland to threaten Washington — a movement to divert Gen. Grant from Richmond. Miss. At Jackson, the capital, Gen. Slocum flanks the Confederates, and drives them out of the city. Va. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, with 3,000 Confederate troops, crosses the Potomac into Maryland ; consterna- tion spreads among the farmers of two States. July 8. Ga. Gen. Rousseau, with 2,000 Federal cavalry, leaves Decatur on a destructive raid west of Opelika. Md. Gen. Early's whole force en- ters the passage of South Mountain. Gen. Ricketts's division of Gen. Grant's army arrives at Baltimore. July 9. Ga. Gov. Brown calls out the militia, including all males between the ages of 15 and 45 years. Gen. Johnston is forced to retire be- hind the Chattahoochee River. Md. Gen. Early, at the head of an invading army, defeats a small force under Gen. Lew "Wallace on the Monocacy. This action, however, checks the ad- vance of the Confederates till troops arrive and save Washington and Balti- more from great peril. Federal loss, 98 killed, 579 wounded, and 1,280 missing ; Confederate loss, 700. July 10. Ga. The entire Confederate army under Gen. Johnston is concen- trated behind the defenses of At- lanta. Md. Gen. Early's cavalry ap- proaches Baltimore and alarms the city ; it encamps at Rockville. July 11. D. C. Gen. Early makes a close reconnoissance of Fort Stevens, three miles from the city limits of Washington, and within sight of the dome of the Capitol. Gen. "Wright arrives from Gen. Grant's army with two divisions for the defense of "Washington. July 12. Md. Gen. Wright sends Gen. Bidwell to drive Gen. Early's skir- mishers back, and a severe action occurs ; Federal loss, 2S0 killed and wounded. In the night Gen. Early retires and escapes pursuit. July 13-15. Miss. Between Pontotoc and Tupelo Gens. A. J. Smith and Slocum defeat the Confederates under Gens, Forrest, Lee, and Walker in five successive engagements. Federal lose, 153 killed, 794 wounded, 49 missing ; Confederate loss, 82 killed, wounded, and missing. July 14. Va. At White's Ford Gen. Early recrosses the Potomac into Vir- ginia, with trains laden with plunder. July 15. Ala. At Youngstown Gen. Rousseau burns four storehouses and a great quantity of provisions gathered for the Confederates. July 17. Ga. Gen. Sherman begins his march from the Chattahoochee to Atlanta. Gen. J. B. Hood supersedes Gen. Johnston in command of the Confeder- ate army in Georgia — the Department of Tennessee. Miss. At Grand Gulf Gen. Slocum defeats the Confederates. July 18. D. C. The president calls for 500,-000 volunteers to be furnished within 50 days, any deficiency to be made up by a draft. Me. Confederate raiders from St. John attempt to rob a bank, but fail, the authorities being forewarned. Miss. A Federal raiding force destroys a large part of the Atlanta and Mont- gomery Railroad, defeats 1,500 Confed- erates in an engagement, and captures 400 conscripts. July 19. Va. Gen.GrantasksPresident Lincoln to call for 300,000 men to reen- force the armies. July 20. Va. Near "Winchester, at Stephenson's Depot, Gen. Wm. "W. Averell defeats Gen. Ramseur's division of Gen. Early's army. Federal loss, 250 men ; Confederate loss, 300 killed and wounded, besides 200 prisoners. Ga. Battle for the defense of Atlanta (Peach Tree Creek). Gen. Hood comes out from his en- trenchments and furiously assaults Geu. Sherman's line, but is repulsed with heavy loss. Col. [President] Benjamin Harrison wins distinction ; Gen. Walter Q. Gresham [Sec. of State] is seriously wounded ; Federal loss, 300 killed and 1,410 wounded; Confederate loss, 4,796 killed, wounded, and prisoners. Fla. Gen. Asboth captures a Con- federate camp with many conscripts. July 21. Ky. Henderson is attacked by 700 guerrillas. July 22. Ga. Gen. Rousseau com- pletes his raid from Decatur, Ala., of 450 miles in 15 days, and enters Gen. Sherman's camp. He reports 2,000 prisoners captured and paroled, 200 Confederates killed and wounded, S00 horses and mules and S00 negroes taken, 31 miles of railroad de- stroyed, 13 depots burned, besides cars, cotton, provisions, and stores. Second battle of Atlanta, or Deca- tur ; Gen. Sherman repulses Gen. Hood's second sortie. Maj.-Gen. James B. Me- Pherson is killed in a reconnoitering movement. Federal loss, 500 killed, 2,114 wounded, and 100 prisoners ; Confederate loss, $,499 men. Gen. Hood loses more men in Va. Gen. Early's army arrives at Strasburgh, in the Shenandoah. July 24. Va. At Kearnstown, near Winchester, Gen. Early turns upon Gen. Crook, his pursuer, defeats and routs his force ; the Federals are driven out of the Shenandoah Valley and across the Potomac. Federal loss, 1,200; Con- federate loss, 600. La. An expedition on Grand Lake destroys boats and mills belonging to the Confederates. July 26 + . Ga. Gen. Hood sends Gen. Wheeler with 8,000 cavalry to break up railroads and capture supplies in Sherman's rear. July 26-31. Ga. Gen. Stoneman makes a raid to destroy the railroads about Macon; he destroys much rail- road property, and is finally defeated by a Confederate force; Federal loss, sev- eral hundred men. July 27. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sherman begins the movement by the right flank against Gen. Hood. Gen. O. O. Howard succeeds Gen. McPherson to the command of the Army of the Tennessee. Gen. Sherman sends out a cavalry column to the right under Gen. E. M. McCook, and another to the left under Gen. Stoneman, aiming to cut Gen. Hood's comm uni cations. [Both fail.] July 28. Ga. Third battle before Atlanta. Gen. Hood is repulsed in re- peated assaults on the right flank by Gen. Logan, supported by Gens. Dodge and Blair ; the Confederates finally re- tire into the town. Loss : Federal, 100 killed and 600 wounded; Confederate, 4,643. Gen. Stoneman, with 5,000 men, makes a raid toward Macon [and is cap- tured with many of his men], Gen. Canby enrolls all citizens in the Department of the Gulf, and sends the families of Confederate soldiers beyond his lines. July 30. Pa. At ChambersburgGen. MeCausland, of Gen. Early's command, demands a ransom of $500,000 in currency and §100,000 in gold, and in default of payment burns the town. July 31. Md. At Hancock Gen. Me- Causland demands a ransom of $30,- 000 ; while the citizens are raising the money, Federal cavalry under Gen. Averell arrive, and drive the Confeder- ates out of the town. Va. The mine at Petersburg is exploded. It throws a Confederate fort into the air, and opens a crater 200 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 25 feet deep ; the assault by Gen. Burnside is disastrously repulsed bv the Confederates. Federal loss, 417 killed, 1.679 wounded, and about 2,000 prisoners ; Confederate loss, S00, besides 200 prisoners. July * Ga. Gen. Frank Blair, with the 17th corps, reenforces Gen. Sherman, making the Federal force about UNITED STATES. 1864, July 4 - Aug. 22. 237 100,000, while the Confederates num- ber about 50,000. Aug. 1. Md. At Cumberland Gen. Kel- ley has a sharp fight, and defeats the Confederates under Gen. McCausland, who withraws into West Virginia. Aug. 1-26. Ga. Gen. Sherman be- sieges Atlanta. Aug. 2. La. Gen. Banks enrolls all ne- groes in his department between the ages of 18 and 45 for the Federal ser- Aug. 4. Ala. Gen. Gordon Granger lands 5,000 Federals in the rear of Fort Gaines, Dauphin Island. The last of Farragut's fleet arrives. Aug. 5. Ala. Adin. Farragut attacks Forts Morgan and Gaines ; Fort Powell is blown up. W. Va. At the "Williamsport and Shepherdstown fords, Gen. Early again crosses the Potomac into Maryland. Aug. 5-20. Ala. Naval Battle in Mo- bile Bay. Adm. Farragut, with 14 wooden war- vessels and four ironclads, attacks the smaller Confederate fleet under Adm. Buchanan, which is supported by three strongly garrisoned forts commanded by Gen. Page, and guarding the entrance to the harbor. Farragut loses the Te~ cumseh; he lashes himself to the mast of the Hartford, and from thence com- mands the battle. The Confederate fleet, including the ram Tennessee, is captured or driven away, and the forts are sur- rendered. Total Federal loss, 120 killed, 88 wounded ; Confederate loss, 1,756 men, chiefly prisoners. Aug. 7. Ala. Fort Gaines, with its garrison of 800 men, is surrendered by Col. C. D. Anderson to Adm. Farragut. Md. Gen. Early recrosses the Po- tomac and retires to Bunker Hill, near Winchester. Va. Maj.-Gen. Sheridan is ap- pointed to succeed Gen. Hunter in com- mand of the Army of the Shenandoah ; it is 30,000 strong, and includes 8,000 cavalry. W. Va. Gen. Sheridan assumes command of the Middle Military Divis- ion in the Shenandoah Valley. His army comprises the 6th corps, Gen. Wright; the 19th corps, Gen. Emory; Gen. Crook's army of Western Virginia, besides a large force of cavalry. Total present for duty, 22,000 infantry and 8,000 horse. At Moorefield Gen. Averell attacks and routs the Confederate cavalry under Gen. McCausland, capturing 400 prison- ers, besides his guns and army trains. Aug. 9. Va. At City Point the explo- sion of an ordnance-boat, laden with ammunition, kills 50 men, and wounds 120 more. Aug. 12. Gen. "William T. Sherman is made major-general in the regular Army. Aug. 13, 14. Va. Gen. Grant makes a movement threatening Richmond, in order to prevent Confederate reenforce- ments being sent against Sheridan. Aug. 14. Va. Gen. Grantmakesaheavy demonstration in the direction of Rich- mond, on the north side of the James River. Aug. 14-18. pit. At Strawberry Plains aud Deep Bottom Run Gen. Grant loses 400 killed, 1,755 wounded, and 3,176 pris- oners ; Gen. Lee loses 1,100. Aug. 15. Port. Com. Craven of the Niag- ara captures the English-built Confed- Georgia near Lisbon. Aug. 16. Va. At Crooked Run Gen. Merritt's cavalry repulses an attack of Confederates under Gens. L. L. Lomax and W. C. Wickham. Aug. 18-21. Va. Gen. Warren seizes and permanently holds the Weldon Railroad, at the Globe Tavern, where (Aug. 18) he repels an attack by Con- federates under Gen. Heth. Each side loses about 1,000 men. (Aug. 19.) Gen. Warren repulses an at- tack by Gen. A. P. Hill, and holds the Weldon road. (Aug. 21.) Gen. Warren repulses a severe assault by Gen. A P. Hill, who leaves his dead and wounded on the field ; sev- eral hundred Confederates are captured. Aug. 18-22. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sherman sends Gen. Kilpatrick, with 5,000 cavalry, on a raid. [He destroys the Macon Railroad near Jonesboro, and passes entirely around the Confederate lines at Atlanta. He returns on the 22d.] Aug. 18. Gen. George G. Meade is commissioned major-general in the U. S. Army ; he commands the Army of the Potomac under Gen. Grant. Aug. 20. Va. Gen. Grant withdraws his troops from the north side of the James River. Aug. 21. Ga. At Dalton Col. Siebold defeats the Confederates under Gen. Wheeler. Federal loss, 30 men ; Con- federate loss, 150. - — W. Va. At Bunker Hill, near Charlestown, Gen. Early's advance at- tacks Gen. Sheridan, who falls back to his defenses at Halltown ; Federal loss, 90 men ; Confederate loss, 400. Aug. 22. Ala. Fort Morgan is invested by the Federals under Gen. Granger, and the bombardment begins. Ga. Gen. Kilpatrick returns from his raid ; he dashes through the Confed- erate lines with his 70 prisoners. Aug. 23. Ala. The Federals take pos- session of Fort Morgan, on the sur- render of Gen. R. L. Page to Adm. Farragut and Gen. Granger, thus clos- ing the port of Mobile against the Con- federates. Ark. Near Duvall's Bluff Confed- erate Gen. Shelby captures nearly all of the 5th Illinois Regiment. Aug. 24, 25. Va. Gen. Lee is repulsed at Reama's Station in an attempt to recapture the "Weldon Railroad. Gens. Hancock and Gregg are defeated by Gen. A. P. Hill. Federal loss, 125 killed, 546 wounded, and 1,769 missing ; Confederate loss, 2,000. Aug. 25. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sher- man begins his last flank movement, south of the city [and for several days destroys the connecting railroads]. Aug. 27. IV. Va. Gen. Early falls back from the Potomac to Bunker Hill. EIRTHS — DEATHS. 1864. July5. Keeder, Andrew II., Gov. of Kan- sas, A57. July 6. Morris, George Pope, poet, jour- nalist, A62. July 22. MacPherson, James Birdseye. maj.-gen. U. S. vols., k. at Atlanta, A36. July 23. Fisk, Samuel, Cong, el., writer, capt. V. S. vols., A36. July 30. Waldo, Daniel, rev'l. centena- rian, A 102. Aug. 1. Hadley, Henry H., Hebraist, tlieo- Aug. 13. Winslow, Hubbard, Cong, cl., author, A65. Aug-. 22. Appleton, John, ed., minister to STATE. 1864 July 2. U. S. The New Tariff Law goes into force. It charges a duty of 25 cents a pound on teas ; three to five cents on sugars ; brandies, $2.50 per gallon ; cigars, from 75 cents to $3.00 a pound, besides an ad valorem duty of from 20 to 60 cents ; to- bacco, 35 to 50 cents ; iron, 33 per cent on the value ; coal, from 40 cents to ©1.25 per ton ; wools, three to 10 cents, besides 10 per cent ad valorem; woollen goods, none less than 50 per cent on the value, and many grades much more ; cotton manufactures, from 5 to 7? cents per square yard, also an ad valorem duty from 10 to 35 per cent of value. July 5. D. C. Wm. Pitt Fessenden of Me. succeeds Salmon P. Chase as Secretary of the Treasury. The President suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Kentucky, and declares the State under martial law. July 7. D. C. The President appoints the 4th day of August as a day of humiliation and prayer. July 8. D. C. The President makes known his objections to the Recon- struction Act in a public message. He requests Horace Greeley to con- fer with certain Confederates in Canada, who desire a conference respecting peace. [Nothing is accomplished.] July 18. D. C. President Lincoln calls for 500,000 more volunteers, mak- ing 700,000 called for since the 1st of March, besides the draft of 500,000 men. MISCELLANEOUS. 1864 July 11. Phila. The first organ- ized National Bank opens. July 16. New York. Gold sells for $2.85 — the highest premium paid during the war. July * Eng. The seal of the Confeder- ate States is completed ; cost, $600. July* U.S. Crude petroleum is quoted at $12.12£ per barrel. 238 1864, Aug. 28 -Nov. 7. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1864 Aug. 28. W. Va. Gen. Sheri- dan resumes the offensive in the Shenan- doah Valley. Aug. * Ga. Geu. Wheeler with a force of cavalry destroys the railroad north of Resaca ; this is the line hy which Sher- man has been communicating with his base of supplies. [He sweeps on into Tennessee.] Aug. 29. W. Va. Gen. Crook super- sedes Gen. Hunter, as commander of the Department of West Virginia. Aug. 31. Va. In the trenches at Peters- burg Gen. Grant loses during August, 87 killed and 484 wounded. Ga. The Confederates under Lieut. - Gen. Hardee attack the army of the Tennessee under Gen. Howard, at Jonesboro, and are repulsed. A coun- ter-attack by Gen. Davis fails to dis- lodge the Confederates. Losses : Fed- eral, 1,149 wounded ; Confederates, 2,000. Sept. 1. Ga. Gen. Hood having divided his army, Gen. Sherman attacks Gen. Hardee on the railroad 20 miles south of Atlanta; Hardee retires during the night. At Atlanta Gen. Hood, being unable to maintain his position, blows up his military works, destroys his stores, and evacuates the city in the night. Sept. 2. Ga. Gen. Slocum enters At- lanta in the early morning ; thus the siege of more than four weeks ends. [Sherman afterwards compels the citi- zens to leave.] Sept. 3. Va. At Berryville Gen. Avereirs cavalry defeats Confederates. [Rodes's infantry drives Gen. Averell out on the 4th.] Federal loss, 300. Sept. 4. Term. At Greenville Gen. A. C. Gillem surprises and kills the guer- rilla Gen. John H. Morgan when about to start on another raid ; the Confeder- ates lose 100 killed and 75 prisoners, including Morgan's entire staff. Sept. 7. Tenn. At Reedyville the Con- federates are defeated by Col. Jourdan with 250 Pennsylvania cavalry. Sept. 8. Ark. At Dardanelles the Con- federate Gen. Price crosses the Arkansas River, and marches for Missouri. Ga. Gen. Sherman returns from the movement south of Atlanta, and enters the city. Federal losses since leaving Chat- tanooga aggregate, 5,284 killed, 26,129 wounded, and 5,786 missing. Sept. 9. Ga. Gens. Sherman and Hood enter a truce for 10 days, for the re- moval of non-combatants from Atlanta. Sept. 14. Ga. Gov. Brown withdraws the militia of the State, 15,000 strong, from the army of Gen. Hood, near At- lanta—an act for which he is bitterly censured. Va. Gen. Early's army is dimin- ished by the departure of Gen. Ander- son's division to reenforce Gen. Lee. Sept. 16. Va. At Sycamore Church Gens. Gregg and Kautz encounter the Confederates under Gen. Hampton. Losses : Federal, 110 ; Confederate, 00. Kan. At Cabin Creek a train worth §1,000,000 is captured by 1,500 Confed- erates. Sept. 19. Va. Battle of "Winchester, or Opequan Creek. Gen. Sheridan has his first battle with Gen. Early, and drives him into his breastworks erected outside of Win- chester, thence pursues him up the valley. Federal loss, C53 killed, 3,719 wounded, and 018 missing. Confederate loss, 2.0UU prisoiHTs, besides nearly 3,000 wounded left at Winchester. The Con- federate Gens. Rodes and Gordon are killed, also the Federal Gen. Russell. [Sheridan's victory electrifies the North.] A plot to capture the gunboat Michi- gan on Lake Eric, by Seeessionistpassen- gers on board the steamers Island Queen and Parsons, miscarries ; the Queen is sunk, the Parsons abandoned, and the Secessionists captured. Sept. 21. Ga. Thetruceof lOdaysends; 446 families of 2,035 persons have been removed from Atlanta to the South by order of Gen. Sherman. Sept. 22. Va. Battle of Fisher's HiU. Gen. Sheridan overtakes the Confeder- ates under Gen. Early, assaults them in their strong position, completely defeats them, and drives them up the valley in hot haste. Loss: Federal, 600; Confederate, 500 killed, 4,000 wounded, 1,100 prisoners, and 60 guns. Sept. 23. Ala. At Athens the Federals encounter the enemy and lose 950 men ; Confederate loss, 30. Sept. 24.-Oct. 28. Mo. Confederates under Gen. Price invade the State. Sept. 25. Ga. Jefferson Davis visits Gen. Hood's army at Palmetto. Va. Gen. Early abandons the valley of the Shenandoah, leaving Sheridan's army at Harrisonburg. Sept. 26. Mo. At Ironton (Pilot Knob) Gen. Ewing defeats the Confederates under Gen. Price. Sept. 27. Mo. A guerrilla band under Bill Anderson robs and massacres the Federal soldiers and citizens of Centra- lia. [Anderson is killed near Albany.] Sept. 29. Ga. Gen. Sherman sends Gen. Thomas back to Chattanooga for the purpose of checking Gen. Hood's ad- vance northward. Va. Gen. Paine's brigade of colored troops successfully assaults the strong redoubt on Spring HiU, near Peters- burg. Sept. 29+. Va. Gen. Grant again threat- ens Richmond by a demonstration north of the James River, to prevent reenforce- ments going to Gen. Early against Gen. Sheridan ; the advance captures Fort Harrison on the James River, mounting 1G guns, and takes many prisoners. Fed- eral less, 394 killed, 1,554 wounded, and 324 missing. Sept. 30. Tenn. At Carroll Station, in E. Tenn., Gen. Gillem drives the Confed- erate Gen. Vaughan out of his works. Va. At Chapin's Bluff the Confed- erates under Gen. Anderson attempt to retake Fort Harrison by assault, but are repulsed by Gen. Stannard, who loses an arm. Gen, Barnham is killed. Fed- eral loss at Fort Harrison in two days, 141 killed, 788 wounded, and 1.750 miss- ing; Confederate loss, 2,500 killed and wounded, 300 prisoners, and 22 guns. At Peeble's Farm, beyond Peters- burg, Gen. Warren drives back the Con- federates and captures their worke. Losses : Federal, 788 killed and wounded, and 1.750 prisoners ; Confederate, 900. * * Va. The siege of Petersburg by Gen. Grant continues through the fall and winter. Oct. 1. Va. Gen. Warren's lines on the Weldon Railroad are advanced one mile nearer Richmond. Oct. 2. Va. At Abingdon Gen. Bur- bridge loses 350 men : Confederate Gen. Echols loses 18 killed, 71 wounded, and 21 missing. Oct. 3. Va. Gen. Sheridan orders all the houses to be burned within five miles of the spot where John B. Meigs, his chief engineer, was brutally murdered by guerrillas. Oct. 6. Va. Gen. Sheridan begins his return movement, and devastates the Shenandoah Valley of its food and forage, as it is the granary of Lee's army at Richmond. Ga. Battle of AUatoona Pass: the attack of Gen. S. G. French is repulsed by Federal Gen. Corse with 1,944 men, till reenforced by Gen. Sherman, and immense stores are saved. Federal loss, 707 men. Gen. Kautz*s Federal cavalry is driven from its position on the Darby road, on the north side of the James, by Gens. C. W. Field and Hoke, who cap- ture their guns ; the Confederates are repulsed in an attack on the entrenched infantry. Oct. 7. Brazil. In the harbor of Bahia Commander Collins of the gunboat JVa- chusett captures the Confederate cruiser Florida. [It is sunk by a collision after its arrival in Hampton Roads.] Va. Gen. Early, having been reen- forced, follows Gen. Sheridan down the Shenandoah Valley. Oct. 8. Va. At Fisher's Hill Gen. Sheridan's cavalry defeats and routs Gens. Rosser and Wickham ; Federal loss, 414 men ; Confederate loss, 330 pris- Oct. 11. Ga. Gen. Hood, moving northward, crosses the Coosa Kiver, and marches upon Resaca and Dalton, to break Gen. Sherman's communi- cations. Oct. 12. Ga. Col. Clark R.Wever refuses to surrender Kesaca to Confederates under Gen. S. D. Lee, and successfully defends it. Oct. 13. Ga. Dalton is surrendered by the Federal garrison to Gen. Hood. Va. On the Darbytown Boad Gen. Terry retreats before the Confederates, having lost 414 men; Confederate loss, 200. UNITED STATES. 1864, Aug. 28 -Nov. 7. 239 The Federals are engaged in digging a short canal called Dutch Gap, to con- nect a loop in the James River below Richmond ; Gen. Butler puts 87 Confed- erate prisoners at work digging in the ditch, under the fire of Confederate shells, in retaliation for the forced labor of negro soldiers captured by the Con- federates. Oct. 19. Va. Battle of Cedar Creek : Gen. Early surprises, and at first com- pletely routs, the Federals under Gen. "Wright, in the absence of Gen. Sheridan, who is 20 miles away; Gen. Sheridan arrives on the field (" Sheridan's Ride "), rallies his troops, and inflicts a crushing defeat upon the Confederates. Federal loss, 588 killed, 3,516 wounded, 1 ,891 miss- ing, and 18 guns ; Confederate loss, 4,200, including prisoners and 42 guns. Oct. 19. + Vt. Confederates in Canada, under Lieut. Bennett H. Young, raid the town of St. Albans; Gen. Dix orders that the U. S. troops pursue them across the line if they are not surrendered. [The Government soon revokes the order.] (See Society.) Oct. 20. Get. Gen. Hood's army arrives at Gadsden , preparatory to the invasion of Tennessee. Oct. 21. Mo. At Little Blue the Fed- erals under Gen. Curtis are defeated by Gen. Price. Oct. 22. Va. Col. Augur protects army trains on the Manassas Gap Railroad, from the attacks of guerrillas, by placing eminent Secessionists residing within the Federal lines at the post of danger. Oct. 25. Mo. At Mine Creek, on the Osage River, Gens. Curtis and Pleas- anton defeat the Confederates under Gen. Price ; Confederate Gens. Marma- duke and Cabell are wounded. Federal loss, 1,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 900 killed, 2,800 wounded, and 1,000 prisoners, be- sides 1,500 stand of arms. Oct. 2"?. Va. Battle of Hatcher's Bun; Gens. Hancock and Warren with 35,000 infantry, and Gen. Gregg with 3,000 horse, attempt to seize the South Side Railroad, and are repulsed. Fed- eral loss, 156 killed, 1,047 wounded, and 699 missing ; Confederate loss, 1,000. The Army of the Potomac goes into winter quarters. Gen. Butler makes a demonstration on the north side of the James ; Gen. "Weitzel is severely defeated by Gen. Longstreet, and loses 1,000 men. N. C. At Plymouth Lieut. W. B. Cushing and a force of daring volun- teers place a torpedo under the Con- federate ram Albemarle, and blow her up. This craft had been a serious ob- stacle to the success of Federal opera- tions in Albemarle Sound. Oct. 28. Mo. In his 34 days' invasion of Missouri, Gen. Price loses 170 killed and 336 wounded. Term. At Morristown Gen. Gillem captures 200 prisoners and eight guns from the Confederates under Gen. Oct. 28-30. Ala. At Decatur Col. Mor- gan loses 100 men ; Confederates under Rhoddey lose 400. Oct. 29. Ala. Gen. Hood, having marched north, goes into camp near Decatur. Oct. 30. Va. Gen. Grant's army, in the trenches before Petersburg- during the month of October, loses 170 killed, 822 wounded, and 812 prisoners ; Confed- erate loss, 1,000 men. Oct. 31. Ala. Gen. Hood, with an army of 45,000 men, crosses to the north side of the Tennessee River, at a point between the Shoals. N. C. Federal Commander Macomb takes Plymouth. Oct. * Mo. Gen. Price is defeated by the Federals at Big Blue, Little Osage, and Newtonia. Nov. 4. New York. Maj.-Gen. Butler takes command of the city. Nov. 5. Va. At Fort Sedgwick the Confederates are defeated and lose 120 men ; Federal loss, 70 men. Tenn. At Johnsonville the Confed- erate Gen. Forrest destroys three " tin- clad" gunboats and seven transports, and valuable supplies. Nov. 7. Va. Jefferson Davis's message recommends that 40,000 slaves be drilled, and employed as pioneers and engineer laborers. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1864. Sept. 4. Cook, Russell S., Cong, d., A53. Johnson, Henry, Gov. of La., killed in action at Dublin, Va., A89. Long, Stephen Harriman, engineer, ait., A80. Morgan, John H., Confed. maj.-gen., raider, k. near Granville, Tenn., A38. Sept. IS. Benjamin, Park, poet, lecturer, journalist, A55. Sept. 19. Russell, David A., maj.-gen. U. S. A., killed at Opequan, Va., A44. Sept. 24. Bates, Joshua, financier in Lon- don, founder of Boston Library, A76. Sept. 25. Conover, Thos. A., com. U. S. N., A70. Sept. 39. Williams, Jared W., Gov., sen. for N. H., A68. Oct. 13. Taney, Roger B., chief justice U. S. Ct., A87. Oct. 16. Willard, John D., jurist of N. T., philanthropist, A65. Oct. 18. Birney, David Bell, maj.-gen. U. S. vols., A39. Oct. 19. Bidwell, Daniel, brig. -gen. U. S. vols., killed at Odar Creek, A4S. Oct. SO. Lowell, Charles R., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A29. Ramseur, Stephen D-, Confed. maj.- gen., A 27. Oct. SS. Winslow, Miron, missionary, au- thor, A75. Oct. 29. Ransom, Thos. E. G., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A30. Greenleaf, Benj., au. of math, text- books, A78. Nov. 1. Chase, Irah, Bapt, cl., theologian, A71. SOCIETY. 1864 Sept. 4. Ala. A bread-riot oc- curs at Mobile. Oct. 12. Mich. The Harper Hospital is opened at Detroit. Oct. 17. Ind. "William A. Bowles, L. P. Milligan, and Stephen Horsey are sentenced by a military commission to be hanged for conspiracy against the United States in organizing the Ameri- can Knights of the Sons of Liberty. [Released by the decision of the Su- preme Court.] Oct. 18. Eng. A fair in aid of the Confederate cause is opened in Liver- pool by ladies of the English"* nobility, and by Secession women from America. Oct. 19. Vt. The bank at St. Albans is robbed by sympathizers with the Confederacy who enter from Canada ; they kill several persons. STATE. 1864 Aug. 29. Chicago. The Demo- cratic National Convention meets; Horatio Seymour of N. Y. is Chairman. Gen. George B. McClellan of N. J. is nominated for President against T. H. Seymour of Conn. Vote, 202t-23£. George H. Pendleton of O. is nomi- nated for Vice-President. The Conven- tion declares the "war a failure. Aug. 31 ±. D. C. President Lincoln is- sues a proclamation of thanksgiving for Union victories. Sept. * U. S. The Democrats are di- vided into two classes — one favoring, and the other opposing, the prosecution of the war. Sept. 5. La. The loyal people approve the new Constitution. Vote, 6,836- 1,566. Sept. 8. N. J. Gen. McClellan ac- cepts the nomination for the presi- dency, but rejects the platform by loyally favoring the continuance of hos- tilities until the Union is restored. Sept. 17. Gen. Fremont withdraws as a candidate for the presidency. Oct. 12-13. Md. The new Constitution is ratified by the people. Citizens' vote, 27,541-29,536; soldiers' vote, 2,633-263; majority, 375. Oct. 31. D. C. The President proclaims Nevada admitted into the Union, as the 36th State. Nov. 2. New York. The mayor receives a telegram from Secretary Seward dis- closing a plot to burn the principal cities of the North. Nov. 7. Va. The second session of the second Confederate Congress opens at Richmond. R. M. T. Hunter of Va. continues President pro tempore in the Senate, and Thomas S. Bocock of Va. Speaker in the House. There are IS Senators, two from each State, and 104 Repre- sentatives from nine States. Kentucky and Missouri are represented, although MISCELLANEOUS. 1864 Aug. 28. III. A trial trip of the railroad post-office is made between Chicago and Clinton. Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling upland cotton, 115 to 120 cents ; pre- mium on gold, 191£ to 193J. Oct. 4. Pa. The Philadelphia and Erie Road is opened. Nov. 1. U. S. The Postal Money- Order System comes into operation. 240 1864, Nov. 8-1865, Jan. 13. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1864 Nov. 8. N.J. Gen. Geo. B. Mc- Clellan resigns his commission in the U. S. Army. Philip H. Sheridan is commissioned major-general in the U. S. Army. Nov. 10. Ga. At Home Gen. Sherman burns the foundries, mills, and shops. Nov. 11. Va. On the road to Front Royal Gen. "W. H. Powell severely defeats Confederates under Gen. Mc- Causland. Nov. 12. Ga. Gen. Sherman cuts the wires connecting Atlanta with Washing- ton, and isolates his army. Near Fort Pulaski Col. Mulford ef- fects the exchange of 10,000 prisoners ; 18 steamers are employed in conveying the men. Nov. 13. Ala. Gen. Hood's army crosses the Tennessee River to Florence. Tenn. At Bull's Gap, East Tennes- see, the Confederate Gen. Breckinridge defeats Gen. Gillem, capturing his ar- tillery, trains, and baggage. Federal loss, 600 ; Confederate loss only slight. Nov. 14. Ga. Gen. Sherman burns part of the city of Atlanta. Nov. 16. Ga. At seven o'clock in the morning Gen. Sherman's army begins its march from Atlanta to the sea. He cuts loose from his base, depending on the country through which he marches for supplies ; his army consists of 60,000 infantry and 5,500 cavalry, and marches by four parallel roads ; Gen. Howard commands the right wing, and Gen. Slo- cuin the left wing. Nov. 17. Va. At Bermuda Hundred the Confederates surprise and capture Gen. Butler's picket-line. Nov. 19. D. C. The President declares the blockade raised at Norfolk, Va., and at Pensacola and Fernandina, Fla. Nov. 21. Ala. Gen. Hood leaves Flor- ence, with 40,000 men, and moves toward Middle Tennessee, aiming to strike Nashville. Tenn. Gen. Schoheld, at the head of Gen. Thomas's army of 30,000 men, falls back before the approach of Gen. Hood. Nov. 22. Ga. At Griswold the Georgia troops under Gen. Smith attack Gen. Sherman's rear-guard, and are repulsed. Nov. 23. Ga. Gen. Sherman's left wing reaches Milledgeville ; the Legislature passes an act to levy the population en masse to resist Gen. Sherman. Nov. 24. Tenn. Gen. Schofield reaches Columbia in advance of the arrival of the Confederate cavalry of Gen. Forrest. Nov. 24-28. Tenn. At Columbia con- siderable fighting occurs between de- tachments of Gen. Thomas's army and Gen. Hood's advance. Federal loss, 800 ; Confederate loss, 600. Nov. 25. New York. Confederate agents are accused of attempting to burn the city by starting fires in their own rooms ; 15 incendiary fires break out in as many hotels in the city ; Gen. Dix announces that he will hang all such incendiaries whom he catches. Nov. 27. Colo. Col. Chivington, com- manding 900 men, attacks an Indian Camp at Sand Creek; 131 Indians — men, women, and children — are killed. Nov. 29. Tenn, At Spring Hill, Maury County, Gen. D. S. Stanley of Gen. Scho- n" eld's command defeats the Confeder- ates under Gen. Hood. Nov. 30-Dec. 7- S. C. AtHoneyHUl, Broad River (Grahamsville.), and Fo- cotaligo Gen. Foster encounters the Confederates. Federals lose from 1,200 to 1,500 men. Nov. 30. S. C. At Honey Hill Gen. John P. Hatch is defeated by the Con- federates. Tenn. Battle of Franklin, near Nashville. The Confederates under Gen. Hood are repulsed in tierce attacks on the en- trenched Army of the Cumberland under Gen. Schofield. After the battle Gen. Schofield falls hack during the night, closer to Nashville. Federal loss, 1S9 killed, 1,033 wounded, and 1,104 missing; Confederate loss, 1,750 killed, 3,800 wounded, and 702 missing. Gen. Hood loses some of his prominent brigade and division commanders, including Maj.- Gen. Patrick Cleburne, and Bng.-Gen. O. F. Strahl. Dec. 3. Ga. Mill en is occupied by Gen. Sherman's army on its march to the sea. Dec. 3-14. Tenn. Gen. Hood with a large army partially invests Nashville. Dec. 5-8. Tenn. Near Murfreesboro, or Cedars, Gen. Milroy of Gen. Rous- seau's command defeats and routs the Confederate Gen. Forrest's cavalry and Bates's infantry ; the Federals capture 207 prisoners and 14 guns. Dec. 6-9. S. C. At Deveaux Neck, or Mason's Bridge, the Federals lose 39 killed, 390 wounded, and 200 missing; Confederates lose 400. Dec. 10. Ga. Gen. Sherman arrives at Savannah, and invests the city. [Gen. Hardee destroys the outer line of Confederate -works, and withdraws to the inner line.] Dec. 12. Ga. Gen. Sherman reaches the sea. Dec. 12-21. Tenn.— Va. Gen. Stone- man is sent on a raid from Bean's Station ; he destroys the salt-works at Saltville, tears up railroads, and drives Gen. Breckinridge into the mountains. Dec. 13. Ga. Gen. Hazen's division assaults and captures Fort McAllister, guarding Savannah ; Federal loss, 23 killed, 82 wounded ; Confederate loss, 14 killed, 21 wounded, and 211 prisoners. Tenn. At Kingsport Gen. Bur- bridge (Stoneman's raid) defeats and routs the Confederates under Gen. Duke, -who lose 150 men. Va. A part of Gen. Butler's Fort Fisher expedition leaves Hampton Roads ; Gen. Butler proposes to destroy the defense at "Wilmington by exploding a powder-boat. [Transports "with 6,500 troops follow on the 14th.] Dec. 14. Tenn. At Bristol Gen. Bur- bridge (Stoneman's raid) captures 300 Confederates. Dec. 15, 16. Tenn. Battle of Nash- viUe; Gen. Thomas attacks and com- pletely routs the Confederates under Gen. Hood ; his army flees in disorder, and is pursued into Alabama. Federal LOSS, 400 killed, 1,740 wuunded ; Confed- erate loss, 1,500. Dec. 15. Tenn. At Murfreesboro Gen. Rousseau defeats the Confederate Gen. Forrest, who loses 1,500 men. George H. Thomas is commissioned major-general in the L". S. Army. Dec. 15±. Va. Gen. Sheridan sends the Gth corps to reenforce Gen. Meade. [Gen. Crook's corps soon follows.] Dec. 17. Ga. Gen. Sherman summons Gen. Hardee, to surrender Savannah. Ky. At Ashbyville Gen. McCook's cavalry defeats the Confederates under Gen. Lyon. Dec. 20, 21. Ga. Gen. Hardee de- stroys his ironclads and navy yard, and with 15,000 Confederate troops escapes from Savannah during the night, and retreats to Charleston. Dec. 21, B.C. Adm. Farragnt is made vice-admiral — a grade of rank corre- sponding to that of general in the army. Dec. 22. Ga. Gen. Sherman estab- lishes headquarters at Savannah, hav- ing lost 567 men in marching to the sea. Dec. 23. X. C. A powder-boat (250 tons) is blown up by the Federals to de- stroy Fort Fisher ; the fort is uninjured. Dec. 24, 25. A'. C. Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, is bombarded by Adm. Porter ; Gen. Butler, at the head of a land force, prepares to storm it; but finally decides the work to he impreg- nable, and retires. Federal loss, 195 men ; Confederate loss. 100 killed and wounded, besides 2S0 prisoners. Dec. 26, 27. Ala. Gen. Hood's shat- tered army recrosses the Tennessee River [and retreats to Tupelo, Miss.]. Dec. 28. X. C. Gen. Butler returns with his force from Fort Fisher to Fortress Monroe. Dec. 29. Ala. — Miss. Col. W. J. Palmer with only 600 men roves through the northern counties from Corinth to Okalona, destroying Confederate sup- plies and resources. * * -65 * * The war becomes a continuous campaign, through summer and winter. 1865 Jan. 5. Miss. Gen. Grierson ter- minates his raid at Vicksburg. after destroying 100 miles of railroad and cap- turing 600 prisoners. Jan. 6. Va. Gen. Terry with 9,000 troops leaves Fortress Monroe for an assault on Fort Fisher. Jan. 7. Colo. Julesburg is attacked by 1,600 Indians ; 19 soldiers and others are killed; the Indians are defeated. Jan. 8. Va. Gen. Butler is removed from command of Army of the James ; Gen. Ord temporarily succeeds him. Jan. 10. D. C. Congress passes resolu- tions of thanks to "Gen. Sherman and his army. Jan. 11. IT. Va. At Beverly Federals lose five killed, 20 wounded, and 5S3 pris- oners, and the Confederate force under Gen. Early occupies the town. Jan. 13-15. X. C. The Federals cap- ture Fort Fisher. (Jan. 13.) Adm. Porter with more than 50 gunboats reaches and attacks Fort Fisher while Gen. Terry's army lands. UNITED STATES. 1864, Nov. 8-1865, Jan. 13. 241 ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1864 Dec. * New York. Theodore Thomas begins his symphony concerts. * * New York. Christopher P. Cranch of Cambridge, Mass., and Arthur Parton of New York are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * New York. Edwin Booth plays Ham- let at the Winter Garden Theater. * * 0. The Soldiers* Monument in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, is completed. * * Nitrous oxide gas is first used as an anesthetic. * * Ripening of the Leaf is painted by Thomas Moran. * * October Afternoon, is painted by J. F. Kensett. * * Scene from Buhner's Richelieu is painted by Emanuel Leutze. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1864. Nov. IS. Gorman, John Berry, physician, .author, A71. Nov. 20. Fairbanks. Erastus, mfr. of scales, gov. of Vt., A72. Nov. 24. Nilhinan, Urnj., physicist, prof, in Yale, A85. Nov. SO. Cleburne, Patrick R., Confed. maj.-gen., killed at battle of Franklin, Tenn., A36. Doc. 1. Dayton, William Lewis, sen. for N. J., 1st rep. candidate for Vice-Pres., minister to France, A57, Dec. 10. Schoolcraft, Henry R., traveler, ethnologist, ATI. Dec. 15. Farnham, Eliza W., philanthro- pist, author, A49. Dec. 10. McClellaml, Alexander, clergy- man, orientalist, A 68. Dec. 21. Frv, William H., composer, edi- tor Philadelphia Gazette, A4!>. Dec. 25. Is'oyes, William Curtis, jurist, patriot, A59. Wallack, James William, actor, A70. Dec. 28. Orton, Azariah G., Pres. cl., poet, A 75. Dec. 31. Dallas, Geortre TVT.,sen. for Pa., min. to Russia, lith Vice-Pres., min. to Eng., A72. * * Howell, Joshua B., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A 65. * * Keen, Alpheus A., prof. Latin, Tufts College, A3!>. * * Newton, Eph. II., cl., naturalist, A77. CHURCH. 1864 Dec. 15. Kan. Thomas Hubbard Vail is consecrated (Protestant Episco- pal) bishop of Kansas. * * Mich. The Michigan Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * N.J. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Newark ; James ■Wood, moderator. * * 0. The General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Dayton ; Thos. Brainerd, moderator. * *The United Synod of the South is united with the General Assembly (Presbyterian). * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciples cf Christ is held at Cincin- nati; A. Campbell, moderator. * *Phila. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets ; D. A. Wallace, moderator. * * Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held. * * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at York. A rupture is caused in the synod by the admission of the Franckean Synod (N.Y.), which is alleged to be heretical. The Pennsylvania Synod withdraws. 1865 Jan. 4. N. Y. Arthur Cleveland Coxe is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) assistant bishop of Western New York. LETTERS. 1S64 * * D. C. National Deaf Mute College (non-sect.) is organized. * * Mass. Lasell Seminary (Meth. Epis.) is organized. * * Mo. Central Wesleyan College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Warrenton. * * N. Y. The Standard- Union is issued at Brooklyn. * * Pa. The Commercial Gazette is issued at Pittsburg. * * Azarian, by H. P. Spofford, appears. * * Man and Nature, by George P. Marsh, appears. * * The Old Regime in Canada, by Fran- cis Parkman, appears. * * Webster's Dictionary, a new and en- larged edition, appears, containing 114,000 words and 3,000 illustrations. * * The American Conflict, Yol. I., by Horace Greely, appears. * * Life of Benjamin Franklin, by James Parton, appears. * * John Godfrey's Fortunes, by Bayard Taylor, appeal's. * * Fireside Travels, by James Russell Lowell, appears. * * Wet Days at Edgewood, by Ik Marvel, appears. * * Out of His Head, by Lyman Abbott, appears. * * The Maine Woods, by H. D. Thoreau, appears. SOCIETY. 1864 Nov. 25. New York. An attempt is made to burn hotels. [Robert Ken- nedy is arrested and hanged. See Army.] * * Cal. The Union Club at San Fran- cisco is organized. * * Md. The First National Labor Con- gress meets in Baltimore. * * N. Y. The Binghamton Asylum for Inebriates — the first in history — is opened. * * W. Va. A hospital for the insane is opened by the State at Weston. * * The Cigarmakers* International Union is organized. The labor movement takes new life, and labor organizations multiply. STATE. 1S64 Nov. 8. U.S. The 20th presiden- tial election ; Republicans are elected. Popular vote : Abraham Lincoln of 111. (Rep.), 2,216,007; George B. Mc- Clellan of N. J. (Dem.), 1,80S,725. Lincoln and Johnson carry 22 States, McClellan and Pendleton, three ; 11 (Southern) States do not vote. Nov. * Chicago. A conspiracy to lib- erate the Confederate prisoners at Camp Douglas is detected ; the leaders are arrested. [.The conspirators are tried and convicted by court-martial at Cin- cinnati.] Dec. 5. D. C. The 38th Congress: the second session opens. Dec. 6. D. C. Congress receives Presi- dent Lincoln's message. In it he says : " Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the 1 ondsman's 250 years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be repaid with an- other drawn by the sword, ... it must be said 'the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.' " He recommends the adoption of the 13th Amendment by the House : "If the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an executive duty to reenslave such persons, another, not I, must he their instrument to per- form it." Dec. 17. D. C. The Secretary of State requires passports to be shown by per- sons entering the United States, except immigrants who arrive by sea. Dec. 19. President Lincoln calls for 300,000 more volunteers. Total number, since March, 1862, 1,000,000 men. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -68 * * Ark. Isaac MurpUy. -68 * * la. Win. M. Stone. -66 * * Ida. (Ter.). Caleb Lyon. -65 * * La. Michael Hahn. -67 * * Me. Samuel Corry. -66 * * Minn. Stephen Miller. -65 * * Miss. Charles Clarke. -69 * * Mo. Thomas C. Fletcher. -65 * * Mont. (Ter.). Sidney Edgerton. -71* *Nev.(Ter.). Henry G. Blaisdell. -65 * * O. John Brough. -65 * * S. C. A. G. Magrath. -68 * * Va. Francis H. Pierpont. -65 * * U. (Ter.). James D. Doty. 1865 Jan. 1. D. C. Congress raises the tax on distilled spirits to S2.00 per proof -gallon. Jan. 6. D. C. Congress ; House : J. M. Ashley of O. reintroduces the 13th Amendment. [A long debate ensues.] Jan. 9. Tenn. A popular convention meets at Nashville to reorganize the State on a loyal basis. Jan. 11. Mo. An ordinance abolishing slavery is adox>ted by the Constitutional Convention at St. Louis. MISCELLANEOUS. 1864 Nov. * Southern States. The Con- federate doUar is worth 4^ cents. Dec. 22. The steamship North America from New Orleans is sunk at sea ; nearly 200 lives are lost (mostly sick soldiers). * * 111. Oakwcod Cemetery, near Chi- cago, is established. * * Ind. Street-cars are introduced in In- dianapolis. 1865 Jan. 1. Nexo York. Price of mid- dling upland cotton, IIS to 120 cents; price of the gold dollar, 121% cents. 242 1865, Jan. 13-Mar. 4. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1865 (Jan. 14.) The bombardment by the navy continues. (See p. 240). (Jan. 15.) Fort Fisher is carried by assault by Gen. N. M. Curtis of Gen. Terry's army, aided by 400 marines and 600 sailors, and the continued bombard- ment of Adm. Porter's fleet. Total Federal losses, 184 killed and 749 wounded, 22 missing. Confederate loss, 2,483 men and 72 guns. Jan. 14. S. C. At Focotaligo the Con- federates are repulsed, losing 50 men. Jan. 16. A*~. C. The Confederates blow up their cruisers, the Chickamauga and the Tallahassee, also Fort Caswell near Fort Fisher, on the Cape Fear River. At Fort Fisher 300 Federal soldiers are killed or wounded by the accidental ex- plosion of a magazine. Jan. 17. 8. C. In Charleston Harbor the Confederates blow up the Federal monitor Patapsco with a torpedo ; seven officers and 65 men go down with the vessel. Jan. 18. N. C. Three blockade-runners enter Cape Fear River and are captured by the Federals, who now hold posses- Jan. 19. Va. The Confederate Congress displaces Jefferson Davis as com- mander-in-chief of the Confederate Army, by appointing Robert E. Lee to that office. , Jan. 23. Miss. At his own request Gen. Hood is relieved of the command of his shattered and demoralized army. Jan. * The leading conspirators for the release of Confederate prisoners con- fined at Camp Douglas, Chicago, are convicted by court-martial. Feb. 1. Ga. Gen. Sherman leaves Savannah on his northward march. Feb. 3. Can. The Canadian authorities surrender Bennett G. Bailey, one of the St. Albans raiders, to the U. S. Govern- ment. S. C. At Salkehatchie the Confed- erates are repulsed. Feb. 5. W. Va. At Moorefield Col. Whit taker surprises and breaks up the Confederate camp of Gen. Harry Gil- mor ; the guerrilla leader himself is cap- tured. Whittaker's command consisting of 300 mounted men, marched 140 miles in 48 hours, crossing rivers and moun- tains. Feb. 5-7. Va. At Hatcher's Run and Dabney's Mills Gen. Grant's troops drive back the Confederates. The latter being reenforeed, the Fed- erals are in turn repulsed and forced to retire, losing 232 killed, 1,062 wounded, and 186 prisoners. Confederate loss, 1,200 men, Gen. Pegram being among the killed. Feb. 8. S. C. At Williston Station the Confederates are repulsed. Feb. 9. D. C. Gen. John M. Schofield is appointed to command in North Caro- lina. - — Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes com- mand of all the armies of the Confed- eracy. Feb. 10. Ky. Gen. Burbridge is relieved from command of the district of Ken- tucky by Gen. John M. Palmer. S. ft At James Island Gen. Sher- man's right column effects a landing, losing 80 men killed. Feb. 11. X. C. Near Wilmington Gen. Terry loses 60 men ; Confederate loss, 100. S. C. At Aiken the Federal cavalry under Gen. Kilpatrick engages the Con- federate cavalry under Gen. Wheeler. Feb. 15. S. C. AtCongaree Creek the Confederates are repulsed. Feb. 16. Va. The Federals destroy the Confederate iron-works in the Shenan- doah Valley. Feb. 17. S. C. Gen. Sherman's army reaches Columbia, the capital of the State ; it enters unopposed, the Confed- erates under Gens. Beauregard and Wade Hampton having retreated. After the Federals enter, a fire breaks out, which destroys much of the city. [Gen. Sherman and the Confederate gen- eral, Wade Hampton, recriminate each other as to responsibility for the confla- gration, — Hampton insisting that it is an act of deliberate vandalism on the part of the Federals ; Sherman, that it is owing to the recklessness of the Confed- erates in firing a large amount of cotton before they abandoned the place.] Owing to the success of Gen. Sherman in the interior, the Confederates under Gen. Hardee are compelled to retire from Charleston; [the city is occupied on the 18th by Gen. Foster, who extin- guishes a destructive conflagration kin- dled by the retreating Confederates.] Feb. 19. jV. C. Fort Anderson is cap- tured by the Federals ; Gens. Schofield and Terry, with Adm. Porter, lose 100 men ; Confederate Gen. Hoke loses 60 prisoners, beside the killed and wounded. S. C. Charleston is placed under martial law by the Federals. Feb. 20. X. C. At Town Creek sev- eral slight engagements occur. Federal loss, 200 killed; Confederate loss, 363 prisoners. * Feb. 21. TV. Va. At Cumberland Gens. Crook and Kelley are captured in their beds by Confederate guerrillas. Feb. 22. X. C. "Wilmington is occu- pied by the Federals, who lose 200 killed ; Confederate loss, 1,072 prisoners. Feb. 24. X. F. John Y. Beall of Va., a Confederate spy, is hanged at Fort La- fayette. Feb. 25. X. C. Gen. Beauregard, en- feebled by illness, is superseded in com- mand of the Confederate forces in North Carolina by Gen. Joseph FJ. Johnston. Feb. 25.-Mar. 26. Va. Gen. Sher- idan, with 10,000 cavalry, makes a raid through Waynesboro, Staunton, and the country southward, until he joins Grant's army before Petersburg. Mar. 1. Adm. Dahlgren's flag-ship, the Harvest Moon, is blown up by a Confed- erate torpedo. Mar. 2. Va. Near Waynesboro Gen. Custer, commanding a division of Gen. Sheridan's cavalry, surprises and defeats Gen. Early, capturing 1,600 prisoners, 11 guns, 17 battle-flags, and 200 loaded supply wagons. Federal Loss, iess than a dozen men. [The next day Sheridan enters Charlottesville.] Gen. Lee proposes to Gen. Grant that a meeting of the two commanding gen- erals be had, for an interchange of views looking toward a military convention to arrange terms of peace. Mar. 3. D.C. The President orders Gen Grant to decline the conference with Gen. Lee. S. C. At Cheraw Gen. Howard de- feats the Confederates under Gens. Hardee and Hampton, who are forced to retire by Gen. Sherman's flank move- ment. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1865 Feb. 10. London. The gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society is awarded to G. P. Bond, astronomer of Harvard University. BIRTHS -DEATHS. 1865 * * Jan. 13. Brownell, Thomas C, P. E. bishop of Conn., author, Abti. Jan. 15. Everett, Edward, orator, Gov. of Mass., sen., minister to Kng., pres. of Har- vard, sec. of.siate, A7I. Harper, Joseph M.. plivsician, M. C. for N.H., A77. Jan. 16. Bell, Louis, col. U. S. A., A29. Jan. 21. Wbeelock, Charles, brig. -gen. U.S. vols., A53. Jan. 23. Bacon. David F., plivs., au., A53. Feb. 5. Gilliss, James M..astrbnoruer,A54. Feb. 6. Pegram, John, Confed. maj.-gen., A 33. Feb. 17. Bond, George Phillips, astron- omer, A39. Feb. 18. Conant, Hannah O'Brien Chap- lin, editor, author, translator, A53. CHURCH. 1S65 Jan. 25. 7"a. Jefferson Davis proclaims a public fast, to be observed throughout the Confederacy, on March 15. LETTERS. 1865 Jan. 25. D. C. The library of the Smithsonian Institution at Washing- ton is burned. Feb. 2. Mont. The Historical Society is incorporated. Feb. 22. Ky. An agricultural college is established. Feb. * Ky. The Universities of Tran- sylvania and Kentucky are consolidated by an act of the Legislature. SOCIETY. 1S65 Jan. 10. Phila. A meeting is held to raise funds to send relief to the suf- fering Confederates at Savannah. Jan. 14. New York. Two vessels sail with supplies for the suffering Con- federates at Savannah. Fluids were raised at a public meeting held on Jan. 11. Jan. 27. Xetc York. The Ladies* Loyal League sends a petition, bearing 100.000 signatures, to Congress, asking for gen- eral emancipation. Jan. * Xev. The Free Masons Grand Lodge of Nevada is organized. Feb. 1. John S. Rock, a negro of pure blood, is the first of his race to be ad- UNITED STATES. 1865, Jan. 13 -Mar. 4. 243 mitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States. D. C. Congress abolishes slavery as an institution in the United States. Feb. * New York. The Union League Club is incorporated. Mar. *- Apr. * D. C. A conspiracy is formed to create anarchy by the as- sassination of the chief officers of the Government. The conspirators are John Wilkes Booth, George A. Atzerot, Dr. S. A. Mudd, Lewis Payne (Powell), David Herrold, John H. Surratt, Mrs. Mary E. Surratt, Michael O'Laughlin, Samuel Arnold, and Edward Spangler. It is planned that Booth shall assassi- nate President Lincoln ; Atzerodt, Vice- President Johnson ; Payne, Secretary of State Seward; O'Laughlin, Gen. Grant. [Gen. Grant's absence in Philadelphia caused his escape from attack.] Mar. 3. D.C. Congress passes the Freed- men's Bureau Act ; the object of the measure is to control all matters relat- ing to negroes and freedmen. It also provides for the establishment of a Naval and Military Asylum in the District of Columbia, which is to be maintained by the Government. 1865 Jan. 17. Ga. The President ap- points James Johnson provisional gov- Jan. 26±. Tenn. A State Convention held at Nashville passes a Constitutional Amendment prohibiting slavery. Jan. 28. Va. Jefferson Davis requests Alexander H. Stephens of Ga. (Vice- Pres.), R. M. T. Hunter of Va. (Ex-Sec. of State), and John A. Campbell of Ala. (Asst. Sec. of War), to proceed to Wash- ington as peace commissioners, to hold an informal conference with Presi- dent Lincoln. The Confederate House of Representa- tives at Richmond authorizes the enlist- ment of negroes. Jan. 29. Va. The three Confederate peace commissioners present them- selves at the Union lines, near Rich- mond, for passage to Washington. Jan. 31. D.C. Congress. The House passes the resolution for the 13th Amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery, amid tumultuous applause. Vote, 119-56, the yeas include 10 Democratic votes. The resolution goes totheSenate. [Apr.8.Passes. Vote, 38-6.] Feb. 1. D. C. The three Confederate commissioners reach Fortress Mon- roe ; Secretary Seward leaves Wash- ington to meet them at Gen. Grant's headquarters. III. The Legislature ratifies the Con- stitutional Amendment for emanci- pation—the first of the States to do so. Va. The three Commissioners recede from their terms (complying with the President's conditions) contained in a note to Gen, Grant, and are notified that they can proceed no farther. [They re- consider their decision on the 2d.] Feb. 2. D. C. Mr. Lincoln telegraphs the peace commission that he will start immediately to meet them. The legislatures of Rhode Island and Michigan ratify the 13th Amendment. Feb. 2, 3. Va. President Lincoln, ac- companied by Secretary Seward, holds a peace conference at Hampton Roads with three Confederate representatives, — Stephens, Hunter, and Campbell. Mr. Lincoln's conditions of peace — the restoration of Federal authority in all the States ; the maintenance of positions already taken on the subject of slavery ; no suspension of military operations till every hostile force is dis- banded. The Confederate commis- sioners insist upon final and complete separation as the only basis of negotia- tion. The conference fails. Feb. 3. The Legislatures of New York, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylva- nia, and West Virginia ratify the 13th Amendment. [Feb. 7, Maine; Feb. 8, Kansas and Minnesota ; Feb. 9, Virginia ; Feb. 13, Indiana ; Feb. 16, Nevada ; Feb. 21, Wisconsin ; Feb. 24, Missouri ; Mar. 9, Vermont ; April, Arkansas ; May 4, Con- necticut ; June 30, New Hampshire.] Feb. 7. Va. The Confederate Senate defeats the measure for raising an army of 200,000 negroes. Feb. * D. C. Congress adopts a joint rule directing that "no electoral vote objected to shall be counted, except by the concurrent votes of the two Houses." Feb. 8. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : Lincoln (Rep.), 213; McClellan (Dem.), 21. Vote for Vice-President : Andrew Johnson (Rep.) of Tenn., 213; George H. Pen- dleton (Dem.) of O., 21. Necessary to a choice, 117. Congress receives a special message from President Lincoln announcing that he had "signed the joint reconstruc- tion resolution in deference to the view of Congress, implied in its passage and presentation." Feb. 17. D. C. Congress: the Senate repudiates the Confederate debt. Feb. 18. S. C. The Federal flag is again raised at Charleston. Feb. 22. Tenn. The new Constitution is ratified. Vote, 25,263-48. Feb. 23. Ky. The Legislature refuses to ratify the 13th Amendment. Feb. * D. C. President Lincoln an- nounces an addition to the army of 150,000 conscripts. Feb. * Va. The Confederate Congress issues an address to the Southern people. "The Southern States, would be held as conquered provinces by the despotic Government at Washington . . . kept in subjugation . . . by military power, . . . and socially degraded to the level of slaves." ; * Va. The Confederate Congress pro- vides for the enlistment of slaves who may volunteer their services in defense of the Confederacy. Mar. 1. N. J. The Legislature rejects the 13th Amendment to the Federal Constitution, making emancipation uni- versal. Mar. 2. D. C. Congress passes the Military Reconstruction Act. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to borrow $600,000,000 on bonds, with interest not exceeding 6 per cent., payable in coin. [The last war-loan.] It passes an act for the establishment of a Freedmen's JBureau — for the re- lief and control of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands. It imposes a tax of 10 per cent on the notes issued by State banks after July 1, 1866 ; increases the rate of the income tax from 5 to 10 per cent for incomes over §5,000, the $600 exemption remain- ing as before. The House repudiates all obligations for the Confederate debt. La the Senate, Andrew Johnson, the Vice-President, takes the oath of office. Mar. 4. D.C. The 38th Congress ends. The 16th Administration continued. Abraham Lincoln of 111., the 16th President, erters his second term, the 20th of the presidency. Andrew Johnson of Tenn. is Vice-President. " "With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in ; to bind up the nation's wounds ; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his or- phan ; to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." (Lin- coln's Inaugural Address.) The President calls an extra session of the Senate. The Senate meets. U. S. The salaries of Congress- men become $5,000 a year, besides 20 cents a mile for traveling expenses. MISCELLANEOUS. 1865 Jan. * Southern States. The Con- federate dollar is worth 2i cents. Jan. * New York. Paper sells at high prices ; first class commercial note, 55 to 60 cents a pound; common, 40 and 45 cents ; rag paper for printers, 22 to 25 cents, and straw paper, 20 and 22 cents ; manilla wrapping paper, 18 to 20 cents. Feb. 4. Nev. A t unn el four miles long, to afford drainage to the Comstock lode — 1,600 feet deep — is undertaken and a charter is issued. Feb. 8. Phila. A fire causes 20 deaths and the loss of $500,000 in property. Feb. 16. By permission of Confederate officials, cotton is allowed to be carried to the New York market to "buy blankets for prisoners ; the cargoes of the first two vessels sell for $6,000,000. Feb. 17. Va. A Confederate paper dollar is worth two cents. * * Several States take steps early in the year to extend the elective franchise to negroes ; they having been excluded in all, except Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. 244 1865, Mar. 6. -Apr. 8. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1865 Mar. 6. N~. C. Gen. Sherman's army crosses the Pedee Eiver. Mar. S. N. C. At Kinston Gens. Cox ;ind Couch of Gen. Schofield's command repulse the Confederates under Gens. Hill and Hoke, wiLh a loss of 2,000. Fed- eral loss, 300. Mar. 9. JV. C. At Kinston (Wilcox's Bridge, "Wise's Fork), Gen. Schofield de- feats the Confederate Gen. Bragg; Fed- erals lose 80 killed, 421 wounded, and 000 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 1,500 men. Mar. 10. N. C. Near Jackson's Mills Gen. Wade Hampton surprises and routs the Federal cavalry under Gen. Kilpatrick. The latter narrowly escapes capture, and loses 1,500 prisoners and several funs ; Ivilpatriek rallies the remnant of is command, defeats the Confederates, and recaptures the lost guns. Near Goldsboro Gen. Cox repulses an attack of Confederates under Gen. Hoke; Federal loss, 300; Confederate, 1,500. Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry ar- rives at Columbia. Mar. 11. N, C. Gen. Sherman takes possession of Fayetteville [and de- stroys the Confederate arsenal and valu- able military stores]. Mar. 15. N. C. Gen. Sherman leaves Fayetteville, and crosses the Cape Fear River for Goldsboro. Mar. 15.-Apr. 13. Tenn. Gen. Stone- manmakes a brilliant raid from ICnox- ville into North Carolina and Virginia, where he operates for several weeks ; Confederate stores are captured, rail- roads are torn up, and bridges burned. The Federal loss is small, while the Con- federates lose COO killed and wounded, besides 2,000 prisoners and 14 guns. Mar. 16. N. C. At Averysboro* Gen. Slocum defeats and pursues 20,000 Con- federates under Gen. Hardee ; Federal loss, 77 killed and 477 wounded ; Confed- erate loss, 327 killed, and 373 wounded or prisoners. Mar. 10. Va. Gen. Sheridan's army reaches White House, near Gen. Meade's lines. Mar. 19-21. JV r . C. Battle of Benton- ville; Gen. Slocum's division of Sher- man's army is suddenly attacked by Gen. Johnston, and the safety of the entire army is imperiled. The Confederates make six desperate assaults, and then withdraw ; Federal loss, 191 killed, 1,103 wounded, and 2S7 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 2,825. Mar. 21. N. C. Gen. Slocum occupies Goldsboro. Mar. 22.-Apr. 24. Tenn. Gen. "Wil- son with 13,000 men, chiefly mounted, and six batteries, makes a raid to assist in the capture of Mobile and to destroy Confederate stores ; he is pro- vided with a supply train of 250 light wagons, and a pontoon train of 30 boats, conveyed on 56 wagons. Federal loss, 99 killed, 59S wounded, and 28 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 1,200 killed and wounded. G,S2fi prisoners, 288 gun* ; Wilson parnh-H 5'.i.x7,s other pris- Mar. 22. Tenn, Gen. Thomas sends Gen. Stoneman's force towards Lynch- burg, Va., to head off the expected retreat of Gen. Lee. Mar. 23. iV. C. Gen. Sherman arrives at Goldsboro where he joins the armies of Gens. Schofield and Terry. The united armies number 900,000 men. Mar. 24. Va. Gen. Grant issues an order for a grand advance of the army to the left, to prevent the escape of Gen. Lee ; total force, 124,700, including 13,000 cavalry; Gen. Lee's force is 57,- 000, including G,000 cavalry. Mar, 25. Va. Fort Steadman, near Petersburg, is assaulted by Gen. Lee, and a gap is made in the Federal lines. Gen. Gordon surprises and captures the fort in the early morning with little resistance. It is soon recovered by the Federals, who also advance their line. Federal loss, 6S killed, 3;s7 wounded, 006 missing; Confederate loss, 2,G81. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry, after raid- ing the Confederate communications, arrives from the Shenandoah Valley, at City Point, to join Gen. Grant. Ala. At Pine Barren Creek Gen. Steele defeats 800 Confederate cavalry under Gen. Clanton, who loses 200 men, killed and wounded, besides 275 prison- ers. N. Y. At Fort Lafayette R. C. Ken- nedy is hanged as a Confederate spy; he was concerned in the attempt to burn New York City. Mar. 25-Apr. 9. Ala. Gen. Canby besieges Mobile. Federal loss, 100 killed, G93 wounded ; Confederate loss, 552 killed and wounded, besides 30 guns. (Mar. 27.) Gen. Canby invests Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, which protect the city of Mobile. (See Apr. 8.) Spanish Fort is attacked by the Fed- eral land force, 30,000 strong, under Gen. A. J. Smith, and the navy under Adm. Thatcher. At Mitchell's Fork Gen. Steele defeats S00 Confederates. (Mar. 28.) In Mobile Bay, the Confeder- ates blow up and sink the monitor Milwaukee, before Fort Blakely. (Mar. 29.) The monitor Osage is blown up by a Confederate torpedo. Mar. 23. N~. C. Gen. Stoneman, on a cavalry raid, captures Boone. Va. Gen. Sheridan drives Gen. Bush- rod Johnson from the Quaker Road, each army losing about 500 men. Mar. 29. Ala. Gen. Steele, with a divis- ion of Gen. Canby's army, arrives be- fore Fort Blakely, near Mobile, after capturing Canton, with 275 Confeder- ates. [Other forces soon arrive.] Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry reaches Dinwiddie Cou: t-House. A heavy storm of rain comes on in the night [and continues 24 hours]. Mar. 30. Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry advances to Five Forks. Mar. 31. Ala. At Montevallo Gen. Wilson's cavalry destroys furnaces and X. C. Gen. Sherman returns to Goldsboro after visiting Gen. Grant at City Point, Va. Fa. Gen. Sheridan is forced back from Five Forks to Dinwiddie Court- House by Pickett's infantry (7000), united with the Confederate cavalry ; Gen. Pickett returns to Five Forks. Battle of Boydtcn and White Oak Roads. Gen. Lee attacks Gen. Ayres* division of Gen. Warren's advance, drives it back on the main line at Grav- elly Run, and then is himself driven hack to his entrenchments; Federal loss, 177 killed, 1,131 wounded, and 550 pris- oners ; Confederate loss, 1,235 men. About 500 soldiers perish in the burn- ing of the transport General Lyon, off Cape Hatteras. Apr. 1. Va Gen. Sheridan appears in Gen. Lee's front, at Dinwiddie Court- House ; Sheridan is reenforced by Gen. Warren's corps. Battle of Five Forks. Gen. Sheri- dan, assisted by Gens. Warren, Ayres, and Merritt, turns the front of the Con- federates, under Gen. Pickett, driving them out of their entrenchments, and pressing their disorderly flight. Federal loss, 124 killed, 706 wounded, and 54 prisoners; Confederate loss, 8,500, including 6,000 prisoners and their artillery. Gen. Sheridan relieves Gen. "Warren of command, and appoints Gen. Grirlin his successor. [Twelve years later a court of inquiry decides that Gen. War- ren did his whole duty.] Ala. The Iiodolph is sunk by the Con- federates before Fort Blakely. Apr. 2. Va. At Petersburg Gen. Wright assaults and captures the Con- ferate main works in his front, where in 15 minutes he loses 1,100 men ; he then sweeps out the batteries at Hatcher'B Run, capturing 3,000 prisoners. Gen. Parke assaults and captures the Confederate outer lines, but is driven back from the strong interior lines by Gen. Gordon. Gen. Humphreys, with Gen. Hay's di- vision, attacks and captures the Confed-, erate redoubt at Crow's Nest. Gens. R. S. Foster and J. W. Turner of Gen. Gibbon's corps capture Forts Gregg and Wit worth west of Petersburg. The Confederate Lieut.-Gen. A. P. Hill is killed. Kichmond is abandoned by the Gov- ernment of the Confederacy about two o'clock in the afternoon. At Richmond the Confederates blow lip their forts and iron-clads, prepara- tory to the evacuation of the city. Richmond is evacuated in the night by Gen. Lee; he retreats in a south- westerly direction, hoping to unite his forces with those of Gen. Johnston in North Carolina; Gen. Grant prepares for the great struggle of the next day. UNITED STATES. 1865, Mar. 6 -Apr. 8. 245 Ala. At Ebenezer Church, on Big Mulberry Creek, Gen. Wilson defeats Gen. Forrest, who loses 300 prisoners and three guns. Gen. Wilson captures Selma; Col. Roddey and 3,000 men are made prison- ers ; the surrender includes a large amount of war material stored in the town. Apr. 3 . Va. Fall of Petersburg ; Gen . Grant's vigorous assault causes the evac- uation of the city; Gen. Lee notifies Jefferson Davis that Petersburg and Richmond must be abandoned. Federal loss, 296 killed, 2,596 wounded, and 500 prisoners ; Confederate loss, about 3,000. The flight of the Confederate army from Richmond and its pursuit both begin about the same time ; Gen. Lee pushes toward Amelia Court-House; fighting occurs between cavalry forces. Richmond is occupied by Federal Gen. Weitzel's command (colored troops) at 8.15 a.m. It finds a formidable con- flagration in the city, started by the re- treating Confederates. Grant's losses in two days, S,000 ; Lee's losses, 9,000. Apr. 4. Va. At Richmond President Lincoln receives army officers in the late residence of Jefferson Davis. Gen. Sheridan gets his cavalry into position eight miles southwest of Ame- lia Court-House, where Gen. Lee's army is resting, and there entrenches ; The Confederates are obliged to forage for food, and thereby lose the day. Apr. 5. Va. Gen. Lee turns his flee- ing army westward to reach Lynch- burg; he is pursued and harassed by Gens. Sheridan and Meade. Gen. Grant orders Gen. Sheridan to attack Gen. Lee at Amelia Court- House. Apr. 6. Va. A series of obstinate battles take place. Gen. Humphreys drives Gen. Gordon down the creek, and captures 1,700 men of Gen. Lee's army, and a large part of his main trains. Gen. Lee's retreating army is con- fronted by the Federals, and fights the battle of Sailor's Creek with persistent courage ; infantry, artillery, and cavalry are all engaged in a severe action ; Gen. Ewell's corps of 7,000 men surrenders to Gen. Sheridan. Federal loss, 166 killed and 1,014 wounded ; Confederate loss is not re- ported ; 7,700 prisoners and 14 guns are taken. At High Bridge, on the Appomattox River, Federals lose 10 killed, 31 wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. Gen. Grant is unable to bring on a de- cisive battle ; at night Gen. Lee re- sumes his retreat westward. Apr. 7. Va. At Farmville the Confed- erates gain a slight success, Gen. Miles's cavalry division being repulsed by Gens. Rosser and T. T. Munford ; all the Federal officers are killed, and the command (655 men) is captured. At Wytheville Gen. Stoneman's cavalry destroys a large quantity of Confederate stores, after rendering use- less 90 miles of railroad west of Lynch- burg. Gen. Grant sends a summons to Gen. Lee to prevent further effusion of blood by surrendering the Army of Northern "Virginia. Gen. Lee wishes to know on what conditions the surrender of his army will be received. The remnant of Gen. Lee's army steals away in the night. [The 2d and 6th corps pursue it all the next day.] Apr. 8. Ala. Spanish Fort, defending Mobile, is assaulted by the Federals, and part of the entrenchments are carried by Gen. Canby; 350 prisoners are taken. [The Confederates escape at night, but lose 600 prisoners.] Fort Blakely, near Mobile, is taken by assault, after bombardment by Gen. Canby and Adm. Thatcher ; Federal loss, 113 killed and 516 wounded ; the Confed- erates under Gen. Taylor lose 500 men, besides 300 prisoners. (See Mar. 25.) N. Y. The Government discharges the last of the political prisoners con- fined at Fort Lafayette. Va. At Appomattox Station Gen. Sheridan succeeds in thrusting into Gen. Lee's front Gen. George A. Cus- ter's cavalry near night ; it captures four provision trains, and drives the Confed- erates towards the Court-House. Gen. Lee sends a second letter to Gen. Grant proposing negotiations for peace, but denying a purpose to surren- der. At Richmond a review of Federal troops is held. ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1865 Mar. * Pa. The first sheet zinc manufactured in America is made at Bethlehem. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1865. Mar. 18. Crosbv, William B., merchant, philanthropist, N. Y. City, A80. Mar. 20. Phillips, Win. Wirt, Pres. cl., A68. Mar. 23. Hamline, Leonidas Lent, M. E. bishop, editor, A68. Apr. 1. Winthrop, F., brig.-gen.U. S.vols., killed at Five Forks, A25. Apr. 2. Wilder, Samson V. S., merchant, philanthropist, A85. Apr. 3. Hyde, Lavius, Cong, cl., au., A76. Apr. 5. Barnum, Zenas, first president Am. Telesrraph Co., A55. DeLanrcv, Win. Ileathcote, P. E. bishop of Western N. Y., A68. Apr. 7. Miles, Pliny, postal reformer, A47. 1865 Apr. 5, 6. Nero York. The Na- tional Conference of the Unitarian and other churches meets. * * The Home Convention and Missionary Union turns over all its mission work in the Indian Territory to the American Baptist Home Missionary Society. 1865 Mar. 25. N. J. A home for sol- diers* children at Trenton is incorpo- rated. STATE. 1865 Mar. 7. D. C. Hugh McCul- loch of Ind. is appointed secretary of the Treasury. Mar. 11. D. C. The special session of the Senate closes. Mar. 13. Va. Jefferson Davis issues his last message to the Confederate Congress. Mar. 17. Mo. The officer and judges of the Supreme Court and of all circuit courts of the State are required to vacate on May 1 by the Constitutional Conven- tion. Mar. 18. Va. The [last] Confederate Congress at Richmond adjourns sine die. Apr. 1. U. S. The high-tariff law be- comes operative. Apr. 2. Va. The Confederate Gov- ernment leaves Richmond in haste, on the approach of the Federal army. Apr. 5. Tenn. The Legislature votes to ratify the 13th Amendments forbid- ding slavery. N. C. On reaching Danville, in his flight southward from Richmond, Jef- ferson Davis issues an address to the people of the Confederacy, urging fur- ther sacrifices and a continuance of hostilities. Apr. 7. D. C. Correspondence begins with the British Government respecting American claims for damages caused by the Confederate privateers. [It terminates in a proposal for settlement by arbitration.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1865 Mar. 15. Pa. The "Credit Mobilier of America" is incorpo- rated. [It assumes a contract to build 100 miles of the Union Pacific Kail- road, west of the Mississippi River, the original contractor having failed.] Mar. 31. The steam-transport General Lyon burns off Cape Hatteras ; a great number of lives are lost. Apr. 1. Southern States. The Confed- erate dollar is worth lh cents. New York. Price of middling upland cotton is 45 to 48 cents ; the value of a gold dollar is 154 cents. Apr. * Va. The great seal of the Con- federacy arrives at Richmond. Apr. 2. Va. A fire in Richmond on the evacuation of the Confederate army burns the business part of the city. Jefferson Davis, while at church, is summoned by Gen. Lee to flee from Rich- mond. A Richmond paper quotes flour, $900 to $1,000 a barrel; corn, $100 a bushel, butter, $20 a pound. Apr. 4. Va. President Lincoln visits Richmond. (See Army and Navy.) 246 1865, Apr. 8- June 10. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1865 , Apr. 8, 9. Fa. The struggle is re- newed at Appomattox Court House, or Clover Hill, by Gen. Sheridan. Fed- eral loss, very slight ; Confederate loss, 500 killed and wounded. Apr. 9. Fa. Gen. Lee's cavalry ad- vances against that of Gen. Sheridan, and finds Gens. Ord and Griffin massed in its front, they having marched 30 miles to get there ; Gen. Lee orders hostilities to cease. Gen. Lee proposes the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia to Gen. Grant. Hostilities are suspended for two hours ; Gen. Grant receives Gen. Lee's proposal at 10.50 a.m., and he sug- gests an interview as soon as they can meet. At two o'clock (Palm Sunday), Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Robert E. Lee, attended by staff-officers, meet at Appomattox Court House, and a formal surrender is made of the Army of Northern Virginia, consisting of 28,231 men, who are all paroled. Terms : officers are to give their in- dividual paroles not to take up arms against the United States until prop- erly exchanged ; they are to retain their side-arms, private horses, and bag- gage. Confederate soldiers are to keep their horses ; " You will need them for your spring plowing." Prisoners taken before the surrender, since March 29th, aggregate 19,132 ; guns captured, 689, including those at Appo- mattox. D. C. The Secretary of "War orders that a salute be fired at "West Point, and at each post, arsenal, department, and army headquarters, as a manifesta- tion of joy for the surrender of Gen. Lee's army. N. C. At Salisbury Gen. Stoneman's cavalry defeats Gens. Pemberton and Gardiner, and captures Gen. Lee's enor- mous supply of reserve stores. [Gen. Stoneman returns to Tennessee.] Apr. 10. A 1 ". C. Gen. Sherman begins his advance in cooperation with Gen. Grant. Apr. 11. Ala. FortsHuger and Tracy are taken by the Federal navy, opening the way for the possession of Mobile. Apr. 12. Ala. Mobile, having been evacuated by Confederate troops, sur- renders to 8,000 troops under Gen. Granger. Wear Wetumpka, on the Coosa, Gen. Wilson destroys five heavily laden steamboats. Montgomery is surrendered to Gen. Wilson by Gen. Wirt Adams, who fires 90,000 bales of cotton, and flees ; Confed- erate loss, 2,700 prisoners and 100 guns. AT. C. Jefferson Davis holds a coun- cil of war with Gens. Johnston and Beauregard at Greensboro ; the cabi- net are also present ; Gen. Breckinridge brings the first official intelligence of the surrender of Gen. Lee. At Grant's Creek the Federal Gen. Stoneman captures 1,800 prisoners and 14 guns, and occupies Salisbury (Stone- man's raid). Raleigh is occupied by Federal troops under Gen. Sherman after a slight skir- mish. U.S. Kecruiting is stopped. Apr. 14. Ala. Confederate torpedoes blow up four Federal vessels in Mobile Bay. N. C. Jefferson Davis and Mb cabi- net leave Greensboro, going southward by extemporized conveyances. S. C. The Federal flag is restored on Fort Sumter. Apr. 16. Ga. The Federals under Gen. Wilson capture Columbus, with 1,200 prisoners and 52 guns ; they burn 115,000 bales of cotton, destroy 15 locomotives and 250 cars, four cotton-factories, three paper-mills, an arsenal, manufactories, and foundries ; the Confederates burn the gunboat Chattahoochee. Apr. 17. N. C. Gen. Johnston by flag of truce inquires of Gen. Sherman what terms will be granted if he surrenders. Apr. 18. A*. C. At Durham Station Gen. Sherman accepts the surrender of Gen. Johnston's army, provided the Government shall approve the terms given. Johnston asks that all persons engaged in the rebellion shall at once be restored to every right and privilege, social and political, which they had previously en- joyed, and be exempt from liability to punishment ; the terms are accepted. Jefferson Davis's party arrives at Charlotte. D. C. The Government disavows the terms offered by Gen. Sherman to Gen. Johnston. Apr. 24. jY". C. Gen. Grant meets Gen. Sherman at Raleigh. La. The Confederate ram Webb, with a valuable cargo, is captured below New Orleans, while attempting to escape to sea. Apr. 26. N. C. Near Durham Station Gen. Johnston surrenders his army * (29,924 men and 108 guns) to Gen. Sher- man, on the same terms as those ac- cepted by Gen. Lee. Jefferson Davis and his party leave Charlotte, moving southward, accompa- nied by about 2,000 horsemen. [The number is soon diminished to a hand- ful.] Gen. Kirby Smith in the southwest issues a proclamation declaring that he is able to continue the war. May 1. The aggregate armies of the United States number 1,034,064 men. Ky. Gen. Morgan's old command, 1,200 strong, surrenders at Mt. Stirling. May 4. Ala. At Citronelle, near Mobile, Com. F. Farrand surrenders the Confed- erate fleet of 12 vessels to Com. Simpson ; Ldeut.-Gen. Bichard Taylor, the sen- ior Confederate officer east of the Mis- sissippi, capitulates to Gen. Canby. Fla. At Tallahassee Gen. Sam Jones surrenders hiB force of 8,000 men to Gen. McCook. May 9. Ga. At Irwinville Jefferson Davis decides to abandon the attempt to reach the trans-Mississippi country, and turn.-, to escape by the Florida coast. May 10. D. C. President Johnson proclaims that armed insurrection is at an end in the Southwestern States. Ga. A part of Gen. Wilson's cavalry, under Lieut.-Cols. Henry Harnden and Pritchard, captures Jefferson Davis, encamped at Irwinville, while endeav- oring to escape from the country ; he is accompanied by his wife, mother, and others. [He is taken to Fortress Monroe.] May 11. Ark. At Chalk Bluff Gen. Jeff. Thompson surrenders 7,454 men to the Federals. May 13. Tex. Wear Palo Pinto Con- federates under Col. Slaughter defeat Col. Barrett in the last fight of the war. Federal loss, 70 men. May 18. D. C. The Adjutant-General issues orders for a grand review of the armies of Gens. Sherman and Meade, by the President and his cabinet. May 20. If". /. The Confederate ram Stonewall is surrendered by her officers to Cuban authorities. May 23. I). C. The grand review of the Army of the Potomac takes place at Washington ; President Johnson and his cabinet review 199 regiments in line. May 24. D. C. The President and his cabinet review the Army of Tennes- see and Georgia. May 26. Lieut.-Gen. E. Kirby Smith surrenders the Confederate trans-Mis- sissippi army ; it numbers 20,000 men, with 150 guns. May 31. Miss. Gen. Hood surren- ders his command to Gen. John W. Davidson at Natchez. This is the last army of the Confederacy. * * Total number of Federal troops engaged in the war, 2,772,40S. * * Casualties of the "War, as reported at the Adjutant-General's office : Deaths : on the battle-field, 67.058 ; from wounds, 43,012 ; from disease, 199,- 720; miscellaneous causes (accident, starvation, murder, etc ), 40,154. Total, 349,944. * * Prisoners taken during the war bv Con- federates, 212,608; desertions, 199.105. (Complete statistics of Confederate losses are not attainable.) * * Estimated expenses of the war to the Federal States and national Govern- ment, $6,165,237,000 ; total North and South, $8,165,237,000. (David A. Wells.) * * U. S. The Wavy comprises 671 ves- sels of all classes : aggregate tonnage, 510,396; armament, 4,610 guns. June 5. Tex. Galveston is surrendered to the Federals ; it is the last seaport held by the Confederates. UNITED STATES. 1865, Apr. 8-June 10. 247 - BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1865. Apr. 9. Potta, Stacy G., politician, N. J., lawyer, author, A65. Apr. 11. Aaron, Samuel, Baptist clergy- man, teacher, author, At>5. Apr. 15. Lincoln, Abraham, capt. in Black Hawk war, advocate of freedom, M. C. for 111., 1st Rep. and 16th Pres. of TJ. S., eiiKini'ipator, A'Hi. (See Society.) Apr. 22. McKean, William \V., com. U. S. N., A 65. Apr. 23. Creighton, William, P. E. cl., A72. Gibson, Charles B., Confed. surgeon- gen., writer, A49. Apr. 26. Mott, Valentine, surgeon, of N. Y., A80. Booth, John Wilkes, actor, assassin of President Lincoln, A26. Apr. 28. Latta, Alexander B., inventor steam fire-engine, A44. May 8. Reynolds, John, Gov. of 111., jour- nalist, author, A76. May 12. Willard, Joseph, antiquarian, au- thor, A 67. May 26. McMurtrie, Henry, educator, Pa., A72. May 30. Krauth, Chas. P., pres. Lutheran college, Pa., A70. June 10. Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, au- thor, poet, A74. CHURCH. 1865 May 15. S. C. The South Caro- lina Conference (African Methodist Episcopal) is organized. June 1. A national fast is observed, in recognition of the great bereavement in the death of President Lincoln. Tenn. The Holston Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is organized at Athens. SOCIETY. 1865 Apr. 9.+ Universal joy, mingled ■with strong sympathy for the South, abounds in the North because of Gen. Lee's surrender ; the nation approves of Gen. Grant's clemency. Apr. 14. D. C. Booth enters the Presi- dent's box at Ford's Theatre, shoots Mr. Lincoln in the back of the head, wounds Maj. Rathbone with a dagger, leaps to the stage-, and escapes on a horse held in waiting by one of his ac- complices. Payne, in the guise of a physician's messenger, gains access to the Seward mansion, wounds Frederick Seward, whom he meets in the hall, stabs Secre- tary Seward many times, is overpowered by several men, yet escapes on his horse. Apr. 15. Md. Booth and Herrold arrive at Dr. Samuel Mudd's house, near Bryantown, 30 miles from Washington. D. C. Abraham Lincoln remains unconscious till his death, at 7.30 a.m. The military order of the Loyal Le- gion is organized as a non-political and non-sectarian association. S. C. At Charleston "Gen. Saxton calls a mass meeting, and "William Lloyd Garrison, the abolitionist, makes an address. Apr. * U. S. The assassination of the President enshrouds the country in a gloom like thick darkness. Apr. 17- Va. Samuel Arnold is ar- rested at Fortress Monroe ; Payne is arrested at the Surratt home in Wash- ington. Apr. 19. D. C. Most impressive fu- neral services of the Great Emanci- pator, Abraham Lincoln, are held at Washington in the rotunda of the Capi- tol. The War Department offers a reward of $50,000 for the arrest of Atzerodt and Herrold. Apr. 20. Md. Atzerodt is arrested in Montgomery County. Apr. 21. D. C. The body of Abraham Lincoln is taken away for Springfield, 111. [The obsequies are continued at Baltimore, Harrisburg, Philadelphia, New York, Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, Columbus, Indianapolis, and Chicago.] Apr. 22. The 22,000 Confederate pris- oners at Point Lookout give expression to their sorrow at the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, and their abhorrence of the act. Apr. 25. New York. The most impos- ing ceremonies ever witnessed in New York attend the remains of President Lincoln ; 60,000 people march in procession. Apr. 26. Va. Booth, the assassin, is found in a barn near Bowling Green, Va., and refuses to surrender ; he is finally shot by Sergt. Boston Corbett ; Herrold, his companion, surrenders. May 4. III. The remains of Abraham Lincoln are interred in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Springfield, after an oration by Bishop Matthew Simpson. May 11. D. C. By executive order, the trial of the assassins begins before a military commission. Members : Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, president; Maj.-Gen. Lewis Wallace, brev. Maj.-Gen. A. V. Kautz, Brig.- Gens. A. P. Howe, it. S. Foster, T. M. Harris, brev. Brig.-Gen. J. A. Elkin, brev. Col. C. H. Tompkins, Lieut.-Col. D. R. Clendennin. Brig.-Gen. Joseph Holt is Judge Advocate. May 19. Va. Jefferson Davis and his associates, guarded by an escort, arrive at Fortress Monroe. May * Chicago. The Sanitary Com- mission Fair raises $250,000. STATE. 1865 Apr. 10. Mb. A new Constitu- tion is completed. Apr. 11. D. C. The Southern ports, except Key West, are closed by procla- mation of the President. Apr. 13. T>. C. Orders are issued to stop the drafting of men and the pur- chase of war material. Apr. 14. D. C. President Lincoln is assassinated at Ford's Theatre. (See Society.) The 17th Administration. Apr. 15. D. C. Andrew Johnson of Tenn. takes the oath of office in the Kirkwood Hotel at Washington, three hours after the death of President Lin- coln; he is the 17th President, in the 20th term of the presidency. Apr. 21. D. C. The Government disap- proves of Gen. Sherman's peace randum with Gen. Johnston in North Carolina. Apr. 29. D. C. President Johnson pro- claims the opening of Southern ports to trade, with some temporary restric- tions on munitions of war. May 1. T). C. The trial, by court-mar- tial, of the assassins of President Lin- coln is ordered by the Government. May 2. D. C. President Johnson pro- claims a reward of 8100,000 for the cap- ture of Jefferson Davis. He also offers $25,000 for Clement C. Clay, Jacob Thompson, George N. Saun- ders, and Beverly Tucker, and 810,000 for William C. Cleary ; the last five as "accomplices" in the murder of Presi- dent Lincoln and the attempted assassi- nation of W. H. Seward. May 6. Miss. Gov. Clarke, on hearing of Gen. Taylor's surrender to Gen. Canby, orders the State officials to Jack- son, with the archives, and convenes the Legislature, recommending the re- peal of the secession ordinance, and framing of a new Constitution. May 9. D. C. President Johnson issues a proclamation for the restoration of Virginia to the Union ; he recognizes Francis H. Pierpont as governor. May 10. D. C. President Johnson is- sues a proclamation announcing the cessation of hostilities. The trial of the assassination con- spirators begins. (See Society.) May 15. D. C. James Harlan of la. is appointed secretary of the interior. May 22. D. C. President Johnson's proclamation opens the Southern ports. [He conducts the reconstruction of the South according to his personal views till Congress meets in December.] May 29. D. C. President Johnson pro- claims an exceptional amnesty to persons involved in the recent rebellion, provided they take the oath of allegiance to the United States ; 14 classes are in- cluded. He proclaims a provisional govern- ment established in South Carolina. He appoints William M. Holden pro- visional governor of North Carolina. June 2. Eng. The Government rescinds the recognition of the Confederates as belligerents. [France does the same on June 6.] La. Henry F. Allen, the Confederate governor, resigns. June 5. Mo. The people ratify the Constitution. Vote, 43,670-41,808. June 7. D. C. It is announced by the Attorney-General that all applicants for pardon must first take the oath of allegiance. MISCELLANEOUS. 1865 May 2. New York . A paid fire department and steam engines replace the old service. May * U. S. The war debt reaches the enormous sum of $2,808,549,437. 248 1865, June 13 -Dec. 29. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1865 June * ff. C. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger succeeds to the command of North. Carolina. July 25. Ind. Ter. Platte's Bridge Sta- tion is attacked by 1,000 Indians; they are driven off. Aug. 1. D. C. The President orders the 2d, 4th, 5th, Gth, 7th, 8th, 9th. 10th, 14th, 15th, 17th, 20th, 23d, and 24th army corps to be discontinued. Aug. 21. D. C. A commission begins the trial of Capt. Henry Wirz for cruelty to Federal prisoners under his charge at Andersonville, Ga. It is al- leged that 12,000 died in 1804-G5. [Nov. 10, Capt. Wirz is hanged.] Oct.* U. S. The aggregate of 4,000,000 men, constituting the armies of the North and South at various times, is peacefully and easily reduced to one army of 30,000 men. Nov. 6. Eng. Capt. J. I. "Waddell, of the privateer Shenandoah, puts in at Liverpool [and surrenders his vessel to the authorities, claiming that he had not heard of the close of the war till Aug. 2]. Nov. 9. Eng. The Shenandoah is sur- rendered to' the United States consul by the British government. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1865 June 17. Mass. A monument in memory of the first victims of the war from Massachusetts is erected at Lowell. Sept. 19. iV. Y. The asteroid Io is dis- covered by C. H. F. Peters. Oct 8. Cat. A severe earthquake shock occurs at San Francisco. Oct. 8-9. Ore. An earthquake follows the continued eruption of Mount Hood, which for years had been in a state of inactivity. Nov. 25. Kg. Lead ore mining is be- gun in Fayette County. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1865. June 13. Campbell, Cleveland J., brig.- gen. U. S. vols., wounded at Petersburg, A 29. June 23. Dupont, Samuel Francis, rear- adin. U. S. N., A62. July 4. lunulas, James, banker, horticul- turist, Pa., A77. Potter, Alonzo, P. E. bishop of Pa., author, A(i3. July 11. Hildretii, Richard, editor, A58. July 18. Haywood, Nathaniel, inventor of rubber cloth process, A 57. July 23. Tappan. Arthur, merchant, antislavery advocate, philanthropist, of N. Y., A. 79. Aug 1 . 4. Drayton, Percival, capt. U. S. N., A53. Aug. 16. Campbell, Duncan R.,Bapt. cler- gyman, prof., pres. Georgetown coll., A51. Sept. 3. Draper, Alonzo G., brig.-geu. U. S. vols., A30. Sept. 5. Gould, Hannah Flagg, poet, of Mass., A76. Eept. 9. Irvin, William, physician, U. S. consul at Amoy, A 60. Sept. 17. Neagle, John, portrait painter, A66. Sept. 27. Duane, William John, lawyer, of Pa., sec. of treas., AS5. Sept. 30. Wayland. Francis. Eapt. cl., pres. of Brown, author, A69. Oct. 2. Talinage, Samuel K., Pres. clergy- man, author, A67. Oct, 11. Giger, <;eorge M., Pres. clergy- man, professor Latin, Princeton, A43. Oct. 22. Dwight, William T., Cong. cler. gyman, author, A70. Oct. 23. Jlissroon, John S-, Com. U. S. >"., A 55. Oct. 26. Miner, Chas., ed., author, A85. Oct. 27. Worcester. Joseph Emerson, lexicographer, A8l. Nov. 3. Arnold, George, poet, journalist, mis. writer, A3I. Nov. 9. Collamer, Jacob, M. C. for Vi., senator, postmaster-general, A74. Eastman, Robert L., capt. U. S. A., A25. Hill, Ambrose Powell, I". S. A., Con- fed. heut.-gen., k. at Petersburg, A40. Nov. 12. King. Preston. M. C. and sen- ator of N. Y., A59. Nov. 15. Adams, Julius W., capt. U.S. A., A25. Nov. 17. Ives, Thomas P., commander U. S. N., A32. Nov. 28. Harrington, Samuel M.. judge, A62. Nov. 30. Meek, Alexander B., lawyer, edi- tor of Ala., A51. Dec. 13. Duchachet, Henry, P. E. clergy- A70. Dec. 14. Barstow, William, Gov. of Wis.; brlg.-gen. U. S. vols., A54. Dec. 16. Boyd, Andrew H. H., Pres. cler- gyman, organized United Synod, A51. Dec. 18. Corwin, Thomas, orator, Gov. of O., senator, sec. of treas., A71. Dec. 20. Ames, Samuel, jurist, K.T., A59. Dec. 24. Cutter, George W., poet, orator, A 64. Dec. 27, Lee, Hannah F. S., author, novel- ist, A 85. Dec. 29. Kurtz, Benjamin, Luth. clergy- man, author, A71. CHURCH. 1865 June 14. Chicago. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. Aug. * Ga. The bishops of the Meth- odist Episcopal Church South hold a meeting at Columbus and issue a pasto- ral address. Oct. 11. Tenn. Charles Todd Quintard is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Tennessee. Oct. 27. Mo. The Congregational Associ- ation of Missouri is organized. Oct. * Ind. Missionary Bishop Joseph C. Talbot (Protest ant Episcopal) is trans- lated to Indiana. Nov. 15. Neb. Robert Harpet Clarkson is consecrated (Protestant Ipiscopal) missionary bishop of Nebraska. Dec. 28. Colo. George Maxwell Randall is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of Colorado. LETTERS. 1865 July 21. Mass. Commemora- tion Day is observed at Cambridge, in honor of the patriotic heroes of Harvard University. Oct. 1. S. C. Avery Institute (colored) is opened by the American Missionary Association. Oct. 2. Va. Gen. Robert Ej. Lee be- comes president of Washington and Lee University. SOCIETY. 1S65 June 30. D. C. The trial of the assassins closes. [Sentenced July 5.] Sentences : Herrold, Atzerodt, Payne, and Mrs. Surratt are to be hanged; O'Laughlin, Arnold, and Mudd are to be imprisoned for life; Spangler is to be imprisoned at Dry Tortugas for six years. [John 11. Surratt is discovered in the pope's army in Italy : he escapee to Egypt, i- arrested and tried at Washing- ton in June, 1867 . the jury fail to agree, and he is discharged.] Aug. 1. A. )*. The 5th National Tem- perance Convention, at Saratoga, re- solves to form a National Society and establish a publication house. Aug. * ivew York. The forgeries of Edward B. Ketchum, amounting to about $1,500,000, and his abstraction of S3.000.000 in securities, wrecks one of the wealthiest banking-houses in the city. Oct. 16-24. Phita. A great meeting of Fenians is held ; the Irish republic is proclaimed. Nov. 25. S. C. A Freedmen's Con- vention is held at Charleston ; it ap- peals for justice and generosity. STATE. 1S65 June 13. D. C. President John- son issues a proclamation for the resto- ration of civil government in Missis- sippi ; he appoints Judge William L. Sharkey, provisional governor. He also removes the restrictions on trade south- east of the Mississippi after July 1. The "insurrection" is declared sup- pressed in Tennessee, and disabilities are removed by the proclamation of the President. June 14. Mo. The new judges of the higher courts are established in office by force, the old judges having refused to yield. June 17- D. C. President Johnson is- sues a proclamation for the reconstruc- tion of Georgia and Texas, and appoints provisional governors, James Johnson for Ga., and Gen. A. J. Hamil- ton for Texas. Alexander H. Stephens of Ga. and Robert E. Lee of Va. apply for pardon. June 21. D. C. The President appoints Lewis E. Parsons provisional governor of Alabama. June 23. D. C. The President proclaims the blockade removed. June 24. D.C. The President proclaims all restrictions removed from trade between the North and the South. June 29. The trial of the assassination conspirators ends. (See Society.) June 30. £>. C. The President appoints Benj. F. Perry provisional governor of South Carolina. U. S. Statistics for 1SG5. Eeve- nue: Customs, SS4,92S,261 ; internal revenue, $209,401,215 ; direct tax, $1,200,- 573 ; sales of public lands, $990,553 ; pre- miums on loans and sales of gold coin, 811,633,447; miscellaneous items. $25.- 441.55G. Total revenue, $333,714,005. Expenditures: Premiums on loans, purchases of bonds, etc.. $1,717,000; mis- cellaneous items. $43.047.i7>$: War De- partment, $l,03l.323.::tfl : Navv Depart- ment, $122,612,945; Indians, $5,116,837; pensions, $16,33S,S11 ; interest on the public debt, $77,397,712. Total ordinary expenses, $1,297,555,224; excess of ex- penses over receipts. S9io.S40.019 : public debt, $2,630,647,869. Exports, $166,029,- 303; imports, $23S,745,5S0. July 7. D. C. The conspirators, Payne, Herrold, Atzerodt, and Mrs. Surratt, are hanged at "Washington. UNITED STATES. 1865, June 13 - Dec. 29. 249 July 13. D. C. The President appoints William Marvin provisional governor of Florida. July 18. D. C. The Government refuses to recognize M ain mil ifl.n as Emperor of Mexico. July 21. Tex. Gen. A. J. Hamilton, appointed provisional governor of Texas by President Johnson, assumes office. July 25. If. S. The Confederate pris- oners of war are released, on taking the oath of allegiance. July 31. U. S. The national debt is $2,757,253,000, and bankruptcy is feared by many, owing to the burden of a yearly interest which amounts to $133,000,000 in gold. Aug. 22. Miss. The ordinance of seces- sion is declared null by a State Con- vention ; the delegates petition the Fed- eral Government to pardon Jefferson Davis. Aug;. 29. D. C. The President proclaims the restrictions on trade with all South- ern ports removed after Sept. 1. Aug. 31. If. S. The national debt is at its maximum, being $2,S45,907,62().5G; besides ©800,000,000 of revenue spent in sustaining the war. [The total cost of the war to both the North and the South, including the destruction in property and loss of slaves, has been estimated at $8,000,000,000.] Sept. 7. D. C. The President issues a second amnesty proclamation, par- doning all who have upheld the Confed- eracy, except the leaders. Sept. 15. S. C. The ordinance of se- cession is repealed by a State Conven- tion at Columbia. Sept. 25. Ala. The ordinance of seces- sion and the State war debt are annulled by the State Convention, which also de- clares slavery abolished. Sept. 27. S. C. The Convention enacts a Constitution which becomes effective without the ratification of the people. Sept. * D. C. President Johnson an- nounces his reconstruction policy, which is approved by many Democrats, but strongly opposed by the Republi- cans. Oct. 7. N. C. A State Convention, held at Raleigh, repeals the ordinance cf secession [and on Oct. passes another prohibiting slavery]. Oct. 11. D. C. The President paroles several prominent officials of the late Confederacy. Alex. H. Stephens of Ga., John H. Reagan of Tex., Geo. A. Trenholm of S. C, Chas. Clark of Miss., and John A. Campbell of Ala. Oct. 12. Ky. Martial law is abolished. Oct. 2S. Fla. A State Convention, meeting at Tallahassee, adopts a new Constitution and repeals the ordinance of secession. [Georgia annuls its seces- sion Oct. 30.] Oct. 31. D. C. Congress admits Ne- vada into the Union as the 3Gth State ; her gold and silver mines are diminish- ing the losses by war. U.S. The outstanding paper currency in circulation is reported at §704,000,000. About $4*28,000,000 in greenbacks, $185,- 000,000 in national bank-notes, and $05,- 000,000 in State bank-notes. Oct.* D.C. The Government defers the trial of Jefferson Davis. Oct. *-Nov. 7. If. S. The fall elec- tions are favorable to the Republican policy. !N"ov. 2. If. S. A national thanksgiving for peace is observed. Nov. 5. Ala. The new constitution is adopted by the State Convention. [Rati- fied, November, 1S75.] Nov. 7. Ga. A State Convention de- clares the war debt void, and adopts a revised constitution. N. C. The repeal of the ordinance of secession and the ordinance prohibiting slavery are both ratified by the people. Vote, on the former, 20,000-2,002 ; on the latter, 19,039-3,039. 3NTov. 10. The Confederate Capt. Henry Wirz is executed, after trial for cru- elty to Federal prisoners under his charge at Andersonville. (See Army, Aug. 21.) Nov. 13. S. C. The Legislature ratifies the 13th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. [Dec. 1, North Carolina; Dec. 2, Alabama ; Dec. 6, Georgia; Dec. 11, Oregon ; Dec. IS, California.] Nov. * Wis. The people reject the amendment to the Constitution granting negro suffrage. Vote, 55,591-4G,5SS. Dec. 1. D. C. The President partially restores the writ of habeas corpus ; the exceptions are limited. Dec. 4. D.C. The 39th Congress opens. Congress ; Senate : John P. Stock- ton (Dem.) of N. J. is sworn in as Sen- ator. [A protest from the Legislature follows, he having received a minority vote.] House : Schuyler Cclfax of Ind. is reelected Sptaker. Vote, Col- fax (Rep.), 139 ; James Brooks of N. V. (Dem.), 36. A Joint Committee of 13 is proposed, to consider reconstruction ; no Repre- sentatives are to be received from any of the late Confederate States till the com- mittee makes its report. Vote, 129-35. Dec. 5. J). C. Congress; House :Thad- deus Stevens of Pa. proposes an amend- ment to the Constitution, to apportion Representatives on the basis of actual citizenship; the House passes a resolu- tion pledging the faith of the nation for the full payment of the public debt, both principal and interest. Dec. 6-16. I). C. The Government pro- tests in an emphatic manner against the French occupation of Mexico, in the interests of the Austrian prince, Maximilian. Dec. 12. D. C. Congress: Republican Senators are divided on the Recon- struction Bill ; four Conservatives dis- sent from the Radicals. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House appoints nine members of the Joint Committee on Ee construction. It consists of Thuddt'us Stevens of Pa., E. B. Washburne of 111., J. S. Morrill of Vt., John A. Bingham of O., Henry Grider of Ky. , Roscoe Conkling of N. Y-, G. S. Boutwell of Mass., Andrew J. Rogers of N. J., and Henry T. Blow of Mo. Dec. IS. D. C. The 13th Amend- ment to the Federal Constitution, pro- hibiting slavery, is declared ratified by the Legislatures of 27 States, and is pro- claimed by the President to be a part of the fundamental law. Congress: The House passes J. B. Alley's resolution favoring the policy of contracting the currency. Vote, 144-6. The [remarkably long] debate on reconstruction begins. Dec. 20. D.C. Congress; House: Thomas A. Jenckesof R. I. introduces a bill <« to regulate the civil service of the United States ; " it is the first step in the civil service reform movement. Dec. 21. D. C. Congress: the Senate appoints six members of the Joint Com- mittee of Fifteen on Reconstruc- tion : William P. Fessenden of Me., James W. Grimes of la., Ira Harris of N. Y., Jacob M. Howard of Mich., Rev- erdy Johnson of Md., and George H. Williams of Ore. Dec. 23. N. C. The President relieves Gov. Holden of his office ; Gov. "Worth succeeds him. Dec. 29. D. C. Congress excludes 85 members from Southern States. MISCELLANEOUS* 1865 July 1. * New York. Priceof mid- dling upland cotton is 43 cents ; the value of a gold dollar is 136i to 138 cents. July 13. New York. Barnum's Mu- seum, corner of Ann Street and Broad- way, is burned. July 23. Ireland. The laying of the second Atlantic cable begins at Valen- cia ; the Great Eastern pays it out. July * Ore. The First National Bank of Portland is established ; it is the first west of the Rocky Mountains. Aug. 2. The cable breaks when 1,312 miles are laid. Aug. 3. The cable is grappled, but the rope breaks, losing both cable and grapple. Aug, 7. The cable is grappled, and is again lost by the breaking of the rope. Aug. 11. The cable is grappled, and the rope again breaks ; the Great East- ern sails for England to get more rope. Sept. 16. Boston. Horticultural HaU in Tremont Street is dedicated. Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling upland cotton is 45 to 45£ cents ; the value of a gold dollar is 143J to 144 cents. TOov. 13. The steamer Henry Chaitricey makes a rapid passage from Aspinwall to New York, in six days, five hours, and thirty minutes. Dec. 25. Chicago. The Union Stock- Yards are opened. 250 1865, Dec. 30-1866, Mar. 17. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1865 * * Md. The Naval School is re- turned to Annapolis, having been trans- ferred to Rhode Island during the war. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1865 * * Cal. It is ascertained by the Geographical and Geological survey of California that the highest mountain peaks in the United States are in the Sierra Nevada, several exceeding 15,000 feet. * * Chicago. The German Miinnerchor is organized. * * D. C. The frescoing of the Capitol dome canopy at Washington is under- taken by Constantine Brumidi. * * D. C. The art of polychromy is applied by Mr. Shulter to the ceiling of the great central hall, Patent Office, "Washington. * * London. Joseph Jefferson appears In Rip Van Winkle at the Adelphi. * * London. Three paintings by F. E. Church, landscape painter, are exhibited and favorably received by English art critics. * * New York. The Mendelssohn Glee Club is organized. * * New York. Seymour Joseph Guy, Winslow Homer, and Elihu Vedder of New York City are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * New York. Commerce, a bronze figure, is unveiled in Central Park. * * The American Social Science Asso- ciation is founded. * * Capt. Charles F. Hall, Arctic explorer, reports that four of the Franklin ex- pedition party are probably alive. He also reports progress in discoveries con- cerning the northwest passage. 1866. Jan. 7. Philadelphia records its coldest day ; the thermometer marks 18 degrees below zero. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1865. Dec. 30. Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. for Md., A48. * * Settle, Thomas, M. C. for N. C, b. in N. C. * * Van Amburgh, Isaac, showman, A50. 1866. Jan. 1. Stillman, Thos. I5.,mech.eng., A60. Jan. 10. Mapes, James J., agriculturist, A60. Jan. 14. Judah, Henry M., brig.-gen. IT. S. vols., A 42. Jan. 15. Clioate, Rufus, capt. F. S. vols., A32. Jan. 24. Doorman, .his., merrliantof N.Y., philan., A83. Jan. 26. Roman, Andrew B., Got. of La., A70. Jan. 27. Crele, Joseph, oldest man in America, A 141. Jan. 29. Nott, Eliphalet. Pres. clergy- man, pres. of t'nion coll., A93. Feb. 7. Hinkley, Holmes, inventor, con- structor of locomotives, A73. Feb. 27. Jackson, John K., Confed. brig.- gen., A 38. Mar. 4. Campbell. Alexander, fdr. of Disciples of Christ, A80. Mar. 12. Moore, Martin, Cong, clergyman, editor, historian, A76. Mar. 14. Sparks, Jared, pres. of Harvard, historian, biographer, A77. CHURCH. * * Boston. The 4th General Synod (National Council) of the Congrega- tional Church meets. * * Boston. The Young "Women's Christian Association is incorporated. * * Cat. The California Conference {Af- rican Methodist Kpiseopal) is formed. * * la. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Washington ; John B. Clark, moderator. * * Mo. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held in St. Louis. * * New York. The first Free Methodist Society is organized. * * N. Y. The General Assembly (N.S. Presbyterian) meets at Brooklyn ; J. B. Shard, moderator. It organizes aFreed- men's Board. * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. * * Pa. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; John C. Lowrie, moderator. * * Pa. The Protestant Episcopal dio- cese of Pittsburg is established. * * Phila. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets. The reunion of the Protestant Episcopal Church is affected by the attendance of two Southern bishops at the Convention. * * The Presbyterian Church in the Con- federate States takes the name Pres- byterian Church in the United States. 1866 Jan. 25. Pa. John Barrett Ker- foot is consecrated (Protestant Episco- pal) bishop of Pittsburg. Jan.4- * The centenary of Methodism in America is celebrated. Mar. 11. Boston. John Joseph "Williams is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Boston. LETTERS. 1S65 * * Boston. The Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology is opened. * * Cal. The Daily Examiner is issued at San Francisco ; also the Chronicle. * * D. C. The Surgeon-General's Office Library is founded at Washington. [72,219 vols.] * * D. C. St. Louis College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Washington. * * la. Des Moines College (Bapt.) is organized at Des Moines. * *Ill. Westfield (United Brethren) College is organized. * * 77/. Irvington College (Pres.) is or- ganized. * * Kan. Washburn College (Cong.) is or- ganized at Topeka. * * Md. An agricultural college is es- tablished in Prince George's County. * * Mich. Hope College (Reformed) is or- ganized at Holland. * * Mich. The Public Library is founded at Detroit. [60,000 vols.] * * Mo. The Public School Library is founded at St. Louis. [56,192 vols.] ; the St. Louis Historical Society is organ- ized. * * -V. ( '. Shaw University (Colored Bapt.j is founded at Ualeigh. * * X. J. The Scientific School con- nected with Rutger's College is opened. * * New York. Tin.- Catholic World mag- azine appears. * * O. Willoughby CoUege .Meth. Epis.) is established at Willoughby. * * Phila. The Saturday Sight is issued. * * Pa. Mercersburg College I Re- formed) is organized. * * Wis. Northwestern U n i v e r s i t y (Evan. Luth.) is organized at Water- town. * * The National Baptist i.< i-sued. * * The Chimney Comer is founded by Frank Leslie. * * The Commercial Bulletin is founded. * * Commemoration Ode, by James Rus- sell Lowell, appears. " Conceded to be the greatest . . . heroic ode America has produced." (Welsh.) * * Drum Taps, by Walt Whitman, ap- pears. * * The Gayworthys, by Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney, appears. * * National Lyrics, by John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. * * Tlie Pioneers of France in the New World, by Francis Parkman, appears. * * Glimpses of History, by George Make- peace Towle, appears. * * Life of John Jacob Astor, by James Parton, appears. * * Life and 'Adventures of Jefferson Davis, by George Arnold, appears. * * Method of Philological Study in the English Language, by Francis A. Marsh, appears. * * Allworth Abbey, by Mrs. Emma D. E. N. Southworth, appears. * * Cape Cod, by Henry David Thorean. appears; also Letters to Various Persons. 1866 Jan. 15. Ky. The Agricultural College of Kentucky purchases " Ash- land," the old home of Henry Clay. SOCIETY. 1865 * * Oiicago. Cook County Hos- pital is established. * * Jnd. The Legislature enacts that col- ored people shall be accepted as com- petent witnesses in the courts of the State. * * Kan. The Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind is established at Olathe. * * Miss. The Federal Government ar- rests and imprisons Gov. Charles Clarke. * * New York. A band of the Disciples of Lassalle is organized. ** New York. The Manhattan Club is founded. * * The Presbyterian General Assembly declares liquor makers and sellers UNITED STATES. 1865, Dec. 30-1866, Mar. 17. 251 shall be excluded from membership, and it recommends total abstinence. * * U. S. The spirit ration is discontinued in the navy, and it is ordered that the supply on hand shall be sold. 1866 Jan. 1. Wis. A home for sol- diers' orphans is opened. Jan. * Kan. A convention of colored men is held at Topeka ; it petitions the Legislature to strike the word " white " from the Constitution. * * U. S. The charities of the war are beyond precedent. Contributions for the aid and relief of soldiers by States, counties, and towns amount to $1S7 ,209,60$ ; offerings of as- sociations and individuals, S24.044.S65 ; offerings for sufferers abroad, :?:;S0,040 ; for sufferers by the riot in New York in 1863, for freedmen and refugees, $639,033. Total charities, §212,274,248. Feb. 10. The franking privilege is granted to Mrs. Lincoln. Feb. 26. Xew York. The Board of Health is established. STATE. 1865 Dec. * D. C. A deplorable dis- agreement between the President and Congress. President Johnson holds that the se- ceding States were not out of the Union when in rebellion, and forms a policy from that standpoint ; Congress would reconstruct the States with special legis- lation and special guaranties. Dec. * D. C. Congress becomes more radical; complaint is made against the course pursued by the South in electing members who a few months before were in the Confederate army, and still hold to the legality of their attempts to break up the Union. Dec. * D. C. Secretary McCulloch begins the immediate contraction of the currency. * * Miss. The Legislature passes a law giving civil rights to freedmen. * * 111. The Legislature ratifies the 13th Amendment to the Federal Con- stitution. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : Ala. Lewis E. Parsons. -68* * Ala. Robert M. Patton. -67* *Colo. (Ter.). Alexander Cum- mings. -69 * * Del. Gove Saulsbury. -66 * * Fla. William Marvin. Ga. James Johnson. -67 * * Ga. Charles J. Jenkins. -69 * * III. Richard J. Oglesby. -69 * * Kan. Samuel J. Crawford. -67 * * La. James M. "Wells. -68 * * Mick. Henry H. Crapo. -66 * * Miss. "William L. Sharkey. -66* * Mont. (Ter.). Thomas Francis Meagher. N. C. William W. Holden. -68 * * A r . C. Jonathan Worth. -67 * *2T.H. Frederick Smyth. -67* *K.Mex.(Ter.). Robert B. Mitch- ell. -69 * * N. Y. Reuben E. Fenton. -66 * * 0. Charles Anderson. 5. C. Benjamin F. Perry. -68 * * S. C. James L. Orr. -69 * * Tenn. William G. Brownlow. -66 * * Tex. A. J. Hamilton. -69 * * U. (Ter.). Charles Durkee. -67 * * Vt. Paul Dillingham. 1S66 Jan. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : R. P. Spaulding of O. proposes an amend- ment to the Constitution, for the apportionment of representatives on the basis of a franchise freely exercised, by blacks as well as whites. Jan. 6. D. C. Congress : The Joint Special Committee on Reconstruc- tion is organized. Jan. 8. D. C. Congress ; House : James G. Blaine of Me. proposes an amend- ment to the Constitution, by which the enumeration of persons whose right of suffrage is impaired on account of race or color shall be omitted in appor- tioning representatives. Jan. 9. D. C. Congress v The House, with four-fifths of its members Repub- licans, refuses to pass a resolution of confidence in the Republican Presi- dent ; this occasions a break in its rela- tions with him. Jan. 12. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Lyman Trumbull of 111. introduces the Civil Rights BUI. "There shall be no discrimination in civil rights ... on account of race, color, or previous condition of servi- tude.'* Jan. 14. A T . C. A convention meets at Raleigh under the Reconstruction Acts of Congress, and proceeds to frame a Constitution. Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; House : Ros- coe Conkling of N. T. proposes an amendment, prohibiting the enumera- tion of all blacks in any State when the political " rights or privileges of any man shall be denied on account of race or color ; " also for denying or abridging the elective franchise. Jan. 22. B.C. Congress: The Joint Reconstruction Committee report their amendment to the Constitution to both Houses. It excludes the enumeration of freed- men as a basis of representation when the exercise of the elective franchise is denied or abridged in any State. Jan. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Freedmen's Bureau BiH. Jan. 29. D.C. Congress : The amend- ment resolutions are referred again to the Reconstruction Committee. Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Joint Committee makes another report ex- cluding freedmen from enumeration when the elective franchise is denied or abridged in any State on account of race or color. Adopted by the House. Tote, 120-46. Jan. * la. The Legislature ratifies the 13th Amendment to the Federal Con- stitution. Feb. 2. J). C. Congress: The Senate passes the Civil Rights Bill, which is intended to confer on the freedmen all the rights enjoyed by the white men, except that of suffrage. Vote, 33-12. Feb. 6. D. C. Congress : The Senate begins the debate on the Constitutional Amendment. Congress confers additional power on the Freedmen's Bureau. Vote:House, 13G-33; Senate (previously), 37-10. Feb. 9. N"eb. A Constitutional Conven- tion frames a Constitution. Feb. 10. Tex, A State Convention meets at Austin to frame a new Consti- tution, Feb. 19. D. C. President Johnson ve- toes the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. Feb. 20. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The attempt to override the President's veto fails. Vote, 30-18. (See July 16.) Feb. 21. D.C. Congress; House: J. S. Morrill of Vt. reports a bill for fund- ing certain national obHgations. Feb. 22. D. C. The President makes a speech in front of the Presidential Man- sion, in which he denounces the Re- construction Committee, and declares Congress to be in rebellion against the Government of the United States. Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The Senate fails to carry the Civil Rights Amend- ment Bill. Vote, 25-22. [Passed Mar. 16.] Mar. 10. W. Va. Congress, by a joint- resolution, recognizes the transfer of the counties of Berkely and Jefferson from Virginia to West Virginia. Mar. 14. D. C. Congress ; House : The Civil Rights Bill passes. Vote, 111-38. Mar. 16. D. C. Congress ; the Senate passes the Civil Rights Bill. It accords to the negro every legal right enjoyed by the white man, and empowers the President to use the army to enforce the Act. Congress; House: The debate on the contraction of the currency closes ; the Morrill Funding Bill is defeated. Vote, 67-70. Mar. 17. U.S. The United States termi- nates the reciprocity treaty regulating traffic between Canada and the United States, it having given one year's notice, according to the terms of the treaty. MISCELLANEOUS. 1865 Dec. 31. U.S. The fire record for 1865 shows 354 fires of $20,000 loss and upwards, and a total estimated loss of $43,139,000. Immigrants in 1865, 247,453. * * Cal. The Mountain View Cem- etery at San Francisco is established. * * Conn. Cedar Httl Cemetery, near Hartford, is laid out. * * D. C. The Freedman's Savings and Trust Company is chartered. 1866 Jan. 1. Neio York. Price of mid- dling upland cotton is 52 to 53 cents ; the value of a gold doUar is 144| cents. Jan. 11. Kij. The State Farmers' con- vention meets at Frankfort ; delegates are present from 40 counties. Jan. 24. D. C. The Smithsonian In- stitution at Washington is partially burned. Jan. 30. The steamer Miami's boilers explode, and she sinks in the Missis- sippi ; 150 lives are lost. 252 1866, Mar. 19 -Aug. 28. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1866 Apr. 13. D. C. Congress passes a resolution providing for the preserva- tion of soldiers' graves from dese- cration. Apr. 21. L>. C. Congress tenders its thanks to Gen. "W. S. Hancock. May 3. D. C. Congress tenders the thanks of the Nation, to officers, sol- June 17. D. C. Congress limits admis- sion to "West Point Academy to can- didates who are between 17 and 22 years of age. July 26. Winfield S. Hancock is com- missioned major-general. July * Ulysses S. Grant is appointed general-in-chief (the 15th commander) of the U. S. A. ; W. T. Sherman, Lieu- tenant-General ; D. G. Farragut, Ad- miral of the U. S. N., and D. D. Porter, -Vice-Admiral, ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1866 May 1. Md. A destructive hail- storm visits Baltimore; 20,000 panes of - glass are broken. May 12. D. C. A variable star in the constellation Corona is seen from the Washington observatory ; it appears to be nearly as large as the sun ; [within 30 days it dwindles from second to ninth magnitude.] June 15. N. Y. The asteroid Thisbe is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. June 23. Phila. The Chestnut-Street bridge is completed. (Begun in 1861.) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1866. Mar. 21. Elliot, Stephen, Confed. brig.- gen., A34. Apr. 1 . Harding, Chester, portrait painter, A74. Apr. 12. Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, sen. for N.Y., Am. Apr. 22. Allen, Henry K, Gov. of La.; Confed. brig.-gen., A 46. Waxriner, Francis, Cong, cl., writer, A61. Apr. 23. Ewing, William B., physician, N.J., A90. May 7. Waite, Carlos A., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A66. May 29. Cox, Henry G., plivsician, N.Y., A47. Kogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, A58. Scott, "Winfield, lieutenant-general U. S. A., Whig candidate for the Presi- dency, A80. June 8. Davis, Emerson, Cong, cl., A68. June 13. Odell, Moses F., naval officer, M. C. N.Y., A48. June 16. Seaton, William W., journalist, D. C, A81. June 17. Caas, Lewis, sen. for Mich., Gov., min. to France, see. of state, A84. June 18. Merrick, James, Cong, clergy- man, missionary to Persia, Ati3. June 21. MargLieritt.es, Julie de, author, dramatic critic, A52. Mussev, Reuben Pimond, surgeon, au- thor, A86. July 6. liruce, George, tvpefounder, pres. Mech. Inst. N. Y. City, A85. July 14. Hlooilgood, Samuel DeWitt, mer- chant, N.Y. City, A67. July 24. Morgan, George N., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A41. Aug-. 2. Lathrop, John H., pres. of coll., A67. Aug. 21. Brainenl, Thomas, Cong, clergy- man, writer, editor, A62. Aug. 23. Haven, Alice B., author of ju- venile books, A38. Aur. 25. Porter, John Addison, chemist, A44. Aui?. 26. Plerpont, John, Cult, clergyman, poet, A81. Auk. 27. Richmond, Dean, merchant, finan- cier, of N.Y., At>2. CHURCH. 1866 Apr. 4^. La. The General Con- ference (Methodist Episcopal South) meets at New Orleans. David S. Doggett, William M. Wight- man, Enoch M. Marvin, Holland N. Mo Tyeire, and John C. Koiuierare ordained bishops. [June 20. J. W.Robertsmiss.bp.] The Baltimore, Columbia, Northwest Texas, West Texas, Little Rock. North Georgia, and South Georgia Conferences are formed. May 31. III. The Eighth Triennial Gen- eral Eldership (Church of God) opens at Decatur. June 1. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1866 Mar. 27. Mich. The Detroit Daily Post is issued. Apr. 2. Phila. The Evening Star is issued. June 20. Phila. The Public Ledger is issued. July * Tenn. Central Tennessee Col- lege is chartered. SOCIETY. 1866 Apr. 6. 77/. The first post of the Grand Army of the Republic is organized at Decatur. Apr.* Me. Fenians gather at Eastport for a raid on Campobello, New Bruns- wick, but are deterred by the Govern- ment. Apr. * Md. A fair is held at Baltimore for the relief of destitute people in the Southern States ; the net receipts are S1G4.5G9. Apr.* New York. The American Society for the Prevention cf Cruelty to An- imals is organized ; Henry Bergh, pres- ident. May 1-3. Tenn. Twenty-four negroes are killed in a race riot at Memphis. May 10. New York. James Stephens, the fugitive Fenian Head-Center, ar- May* N. Y. Fenians assemble at Buf- falo for a raid into Canada. May 19. N. Y. The Government seizes 1,200 stand of arms from Fenians at House's Point, play SO, it seizes 1,000 more at St. Albans, Vt.] June 1. iV. Y. Canada is invaded by about 1,500 Fenians from Buffalo. [They retire after a skirmish with the Canadians ; many are arrested by Fed- eral officers.] June 7. Vt. About 1,000 armed Feni- ans invade Canada, and return on the approach of Canadian troops. June 8. Phila. Antoine Probst is exe- cuted for the murder on April 7 of the Deering family, consisting of eight persons. June 21. I). V. The Howard Institute BUI becomes a law, establishing an in- dustrial home for freedmen at Wash- ington. July 11. D. C. Senator J. H. Lane of Ka side. July 12. Ind. The first department en- campment of the Grand Army of the Republic is held at Indianapolis. July 27. U. S. The Government orders all circulars and letters concerning lot- teries to be excluded from the mail. July 30. La. A meeting composed mostly of colored people meets at New Orleans to form a new constitution ; a riot follows, in which many are killed. A massacre of Republicans in a polit- ical convention occurs at New Orleans. About 40 are killed and 150 wounded by the anti-negro suffrage party. [The Radicals of the North are intensified in feeling and united in action by this occurrence.] STATE 1866 Mar. 19. D. C. Congress: The House reconsiders the Funding EiU. Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate declares John P. Stockton (Rep.) of N. J. entitled to his seat, notwithstanding an alleged irregularity in his election. Vote, 22-21. The decisive vote is cast by Stockton himself, owing to peculiar circumstances respecting the pairing of votes. The House again passes the Funding Bill with a proviso. Vote, 83-53. Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate reconsiders the question of admitting J. P. Stockton, and unanimously con- demns his voting for himself ; it decides, without his vote, that he is not entitled to a seat. Vote, 23-20. Mar. 27. D. C. President Johnson ve- toes the Civil Eights BUI. Mar. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: George F. Edmunds of Vt. is sworn in as Senator. Apr. 1±. D. C Congress: The Senate overrides the President's veto of the Civil Eights BUI. Vote, 33-15. [The House follows on Apr. 9. Vote, 122-41.] Apr. 2. D. C. President Johnson re- stores the habeas corpus in all States but Texas. U. S. The President proclaims that the insurrection is suppressed east of the Mississippi River ; it " is henceforth to be so regarded." Apr.* I). C. Congress: The Senate passes the Funding Bill. Vote, 32-7. [Approved Apr. 12 ; it becomes a law.] Apr. 24. D. C. Congress; House: A memorable legislative encounter be- tween J. G. Blaine and Eoscce Conk- ling takes place, by which they become enemies for life. Apr. 30. D. C. Congress: The Joint Reconstruction Committee makes their final report, which is known as the 14th Amendment. (See below.) May 5. T). C. Congress extends the boundary of Nevada one degree east. UNITED STATES. 1866, Mar. 19 -Aug. 28. 253 May 6. Va. Jefferson Davis is in- dicted for treason by a grand jury in the U. S. Circuit Court of Virginia. May * D. C. Congress passes the bill to admit Colorado. Vote : Senate, 10-13 ; House, 81-57. [Vetoed, May 10.] May S. D. C. Congress ; House : The debate on the 14th Amendment is opened by Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. May 10. B. C. Congress : The House passes the 14th Amendment Bill to aid in the reconstruction of the Southern States. Vote, 128-37. (See June 16.) May 24. IV. Va. The people ratify an amendment to the Constitution, dis- franchising all who had given volun- tary aid to the Confederacy after June, 1361. May 29. B. C. The President issues a proclamation of general amnesty, with certain classes excepted. May* Torn. The Legislature by enact- ment disfranchises all who have aided the secession cause iu any way. June 6. B. C. The Pension Eill be- comes a law ; it authorizes the payment of $25 per month to soldiers and sailors rendered helpless. June 7. D. C. The President issues a monitory proclamation against the in- vasion of Canada by Fenians. June S. B. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Constitutional Amend- ment Eill. Vote, 32-11. June 13. B. C. Congress: The House concurs with the Senate's amendments to the Constitutional Amendment Bill. Vote, 120-32. It then passes the Bill. Vote, 13S-3G. Its aim is — (1) to override the Dred Scottdecision, and to prevent theabridg- ment of the privileges and immunities of native or naturalized citizens ; (2) to pre- vent the exclusion of the negro vote, — which it does, — by reducing the repre- sentation of the Strifes in Congress in pro- portion to the reduction of votes ; (3) to prevent the payment of the Confederate debt, and to guarantee the payment of the national debt. June 16. 7>. C. The 14th Amend- ment is submitted to the States. June 18. B. C. Congress: The Com- mittee on Reconstruction reports that no Southern State has placed itself in satisfactory relations to the Union ; it proposes new legislation as a condition by which, any State may be qualified for representation in Congress. June 21. B. C. The Homestead BUI becomes a law; it provides for the dis- posal of all public lands in Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Florida. Neb. The people ratify the Constitu- tion. Vote, 3,938-3,S38. June 22. I). C. The President's message to Congress expresses his objections to the submission to the States of the 14th Amendment. June 30. Connecticut is the first State to approve the 14th Amendment. U.S. Statistics for 1866. Revenue: Customs, S17!>,0U>,ir>2; internal revenue, $309,226,81:1; direct tax, $1,974,754 ; sales of public lands, $665,031 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold min, $:.W,()s;{,(i5i.; ; miscellaneous items, $2!i,n:j(;,:314. Total revenue, $558,032, 6_o ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, $37,223,203. Expenditures: Premiums on loans, pur- chase of bonds, etc., $58,477; miscel- laneous items, $41,056,962; War Depart- ment, $284,449,702; navy department, $43,324,119; Indians, $3,247,065; pen- sions, $15,605,352; interest on public debt, $133,067,742. Total ordinary ex- penditures, $520,809,417 ; public debt, $2,773,230,173: exports, $348,859,522; im- ports, $434,812,066. June * Tex. The people ratify the new Constitution. Vote, 34,794-11,235. July 7. New Hampshire approves the 14th Amendment. July 11. B. C. Dissent in the Cabinet with the President's views on recon- struction ; "William Dennison, Post- master-General, tenders his resignation. July 13. D. C. Congress passes a bill for the reduction of the internal reve- nue taxes. Estimated yearly reduction, $265,920,474. July 16. D. C. Congress overrides the President's veto of a new Freedmen's Bureau Eill. Vote: House, 104-33; Senate, 33-12. . The bill becomes a law. July 18. D. C. Attorney-General James Speed retires from the Cabinet. July 19. Tennessee ratifies the 14th Amendment. Vote, 58-17. July 22±. B. C. Secretary Harlan re- tires from the Interior Department. July23±. B. C. Congress passes the Bill to admit Nebraska. A^ote ; Sen- ate, 24-13 ; House, 62-52. [It remains un- signed by the President when Congress adjourns. A " pocket veto."] Henry Stanbery of Ky. is appointed attorney-general. Congress limits the U. S. Supreme Court to a chief justice and six associate justices. July 24. B. C. Congress : The House passes a joint resolution to readmit Tennessee. Vote, 125-12. July 25. B. C. Congress passes an act reviving the grade cf general in the army, and creates the rank of admiral in the navy. Congress receives a special message from the President respecting the ad- mission of Tennessee. Alexander W. Randall of Wis. is appointed postmaster-general. July 26. B. C. Congress passes an act " regulating the time and manner of holding elections for senators in Con- gress." July 27. B.C. Congress, having legal- ized the metric system, provides that the Secretary of the Treasury shall fur- nish each State with one set of the stan- dard weights and measures. Orville H. Browning of 111. is ap- pointed secretary of the interior. July 28. B. C. Congress increases the peace establishment in the army. The 39th Congress: the first session closes .- July 30. La. The Republican con- vention that framed the Constitution of 1864 attempts to reassemble ; a riot and massacre ensue. (See Society.) Aug. 14. PJiila. A National Union Convention of Conservatives assem- bles, seeking a union of Administration Republicans and Democrats, — it is com- posed chiefly of the latter; James R. Doolittle of Wis., president. [It in- dorses the course of President Johnson.] Aug. 17. B. C. The President pro- claims the decree of Maximilian, clos- ing certain Mexican ports, to be null and void as against the United States. Aug. 20. B. C. The President pro- claims the insurrection suppressed in Texas. U. S. The writ of habeas corpus is restored in all the States. Aug. 28. B. C. President Johnson leaves Washington for Chicago to lay ■-stone of the Douglas Monu- His circuitous journey is derisively called "swinging around the circle." He makes frequent speeches in an ag- gressive and disputatious spirit, concern- ing political questions. MISCELLANEOUS. 1S66 Mar. 23. O. Pike's Opera House at Cincinnati is burned. Mar. * Eng. The Atlantic Telegraph Company reorganizes as the Anglo- American Telegraph Company, lim- ited. Apr. 1. New York. Price of middling uplands cotton is 40 to 42 cents ; the value of a gold dollar is 127J to 128£ cents. May 21. New Tori;. The Academy of Music and the University Medical Col- lege are burned. July 1. Neio York. The price of mid- dling upland cotton is 36 to 33 cents; the value of a gold dollar is 151J to 153g cents. July 4. Me. A great fire burns a large part of Portland ; an area one and a half miles long by one-fourth of a mile wide is devastated, 1,500 buildings con- sumed ; loss $10,000,000 to $15,000,000 ; one-fourth of the population is homeless. July 13. The Great Eastern again com- mences to lay the deep-sea cable, from near Valencia, Ireland. July 27. B. C. Congress charters the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad to con- nect Springfield, Mo., with the Pacific; length, 2,000 miles ; subsidy, 12,800 acres of land per mile in the States, 25,000 in the Territories ; total 42,000,000 acres, or 70,000 square miles. N. F. The third Atlantic cable be- tween England and Newfoundland is completed. After 12 years of remarkable faith and toil Cyrus W. Field succeeds in laying a reliable working cable 1,6S6 miles long between the New World and the Old. July * Eng. A cable message is sent by Queen Victoria to President Johnson. July 30. B.C. The President replies to the Queen's message. 254 1866, Aug. *-1867, Jan. 7. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1866 Dec. 21. Mont. The Sioux In- dians massacre and scalp three officers and 90 privates at Fort Philip Kearny, ■near Big Horn. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1866 Sept. * A destructive flood sweeps the Ohio River and its tributaries. * * Conn. The Tale School of Fine Arts is opened. * * Dale. Rich fields of gold, silver, and copper are discovered in the Black Hills. * * D. C. Congress sets apart $10,000 for a life-size statue of Abraham Lincoln to be placed in the Federal Capitol ; a commission is given to Vinnie Ream. * * London. Richelieu is presented by Edwin Booth at the "Winter Garden Theater. * * Mass. The Museum of Harvard Uni- versity is built ; a chair of American archaeology and ethnology is endowed by George Peabody, who gives $150,000 for the purpose. * * New York. A bronze bust of Irving is unveiled at Bryant Park. * * New York. The building of the Na- tional Academy of Design is com- pleted at a cost of §237,000. John F. "Weir of New Haven is elected a member of the National Academy of Design. * * N. Y. The Brooklyn Academy of Design is established. * * Valley of the Yosemite is painted by Albert Bierstadt. * * The Statue, The Returned Soldier, is executed by L. G. Mead. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1866. Aug. * Rutherford, John C, lawyer, poli- tician, Va., A4I. Sept. 3. Iiurnham, James C, col. XJ. S. A., A46. Sept. 7. Baldwin, Matthias William, in- ventor of locomotives, A70. Sept. 13. Orme, William W., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A34. Sept. 15. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist, of Boston, A61. Sept. 26. Hawks, Francis Lister, P. E. clergyman, historian, A68. Oct. 1. Cummins, Maria S., novelist, A39. Oct. 4. Rarey. John S., horse-tamer, Alls. Oct. 7. Stockton, Hubert F.,eom. XT. S. N-, A71. Oct. 13. Van Buren, John, politician, of N.Y., A56. Oct. 16. Barrow, Wash., M. C. for Tenn., A59. D wight, Theodore, journalist, author, A70. Oct. 38. Ansorge, Charles, prof, of music, Mass., A49. Oct. 31. Lacey, William, P. E. clergyman, writer of text-books, A85. Nov. 6. Rutledge, Francis 11., P. E. bp. of Fla., A67. Nov. 10. Ewen, Marv C, aetor, A39. Nov. 12. Freeman, William G., col. U. S. A., A51. Nov. 14. Lewis,WilliamI'..,majorTT. S. A., politician, A82. Nov. 22. Brewsler, -lames, philanthropist, A81. Nov. 29. Green, Horace, phvsician, au- thor, A64. Dec. lO. Minot, Charles,railroadeng.,A56. Dec. 16. Vethake, Henrv, writer, editor, Pa., A75. Dec. 20. Semple, .lames, lawver, senator, for III., A68. Dec 21. Elliott, Stephen, first P. E. bishop of Ga., AGO. Dec. 22. Forrest, French captain V. S. N., Confed. adrn., A70. * * Adams, John Jt., Cong, clergyman, A45. * * Ingraham, J. H., romancist, A57. 1867 Jan.7. Hayne, Arthur P., sen. of S. C, A77. CHURCH. 1866 Sept. 30. la. John Hennessy is consecrated (Itonian Catholic) bishop of Dubuque. Oct. 3. Channing Moore Williams is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- ary bishop for Japan and China. Oct. 10, 11. N. Y. The Second Na- tional Unitarian Conference is held in Syracuse. Oct. 24. Wis. The "Wisconsin Confer- ence of Unitarian and Independent So- cieties is organized at Sheboygan. Nov. 7. La. Joseph Pere Bell Wilraer is consecrated {Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Louisiana. Nov. 15. Ky. George David Cummins is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop of Kentucky. Dec. 5. Mass. The Norfolk Conference of Unitarian and other churches is organized at Dedham. Dec. 6. Wis. William Edmond Armi- tage is consecrated (Protestant Episco- pal) bishop of Wisconsin. Dec. 11. The Essex Conferenceof Liberal Christian churches is formed. Dec. 12. Mass. The South Middlesex Conference of Congregational (Unita- rian) churches is organized at Cam- bridgeport ; and the Worcester Confer- ence is organized at Worcester. Dec. 17. Boston. The Suffolk Confer- ence of Unitarian and other Christian churches is organized. Dec. 18. Mass. The North Middlesex Congregational Conferenceof Unitarian and other Christian churches is orga- nized at Littleton. Dec. * Pa. The Pennsylvania Luther- ans, having called the adherents of the Augsburg Confession to unite, a pre- liminary convention is held at Reading ; it provides for a General Council. * * Alas. The Moravians send mission- aries to Western Alaska, near Fort Alexander. * * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing assembles. * * Ind. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at Fort Wayne. The Pennsylvania Lutheran Synod is declared by the General Synod to have severed its connections. * * Mo. The General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; K. L. Stanton, moderator. The General Assembly (N. S. Pres- byterian) meets at St. Louis ; S. M. Hopkins, moderator. The Old and New School Gen- eral Assemblies fraternize at the Lord's Table at St. Louis. The Presbyterian General Assembly declares its regret because of the sepa- ration of the Southern churches. A joint committee of both New and Old School Presbyterians is appointed to consider a reunion. * * N. Y. The New York City Mission and Tract Society is reorganized. * * 0. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. * * O. The Freedmen's Aid Society (Methodist Episcopal; is organized at Cincinnati. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian; meets at Allegheny ; David Kerr, moderator. * * Pa. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran; of Pittsburg is organized. * * The East German, Texas. South Caro- lina, and Tennessee Conferences (Meth- dist Episcopal; are formed. LETTERS. 1866 Oct. 24. Md. The Peabody Insti- tute, at Baltimore, is inaugurated in the presence of the founder. * * Boston. The Institute of Technol- ogy is opened. * * Colo. The Republican is issued at Denver. * * la. Tabor College (Cong.) is organ- ized at Tabor. * * Ind. De Pauw College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at New Albany. * * Ind. The Indianapolis Normal School is opened. * * Kan. The University of Kansas (non-sect.) is organized at Lawrence. * * Kan. Ottawa University (Bapt.) is organized at Ottawa. * * Ky. The Kentucky Wesleyan Col- lege (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Mil- lersburg. * * Ky. Normal Institute (colored), of Lexington, is opened by the American Missionary Association. * * Ky. The Logan Female College is founded at Russelville. * * Md. Centenary Biblical Institute (Meth. Epis.) is organized in Baltimore. * * Md. Morgan College and Dela- ware Conference Academy (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Baltimore. * * Mo. Lewis College (Meth. Epis.) is opened at Glasgow. * *Mo. The Lincoln Institute Normal School at Jefferson City is opened. * *N.J. Drew Theological Seminary (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Madison. * * New York. The Galaxy magazine appears. * * O. One Study College (Meth. Epis.) is established at Scio. Each student is to pursue but one study at a time. [Name changed to Scio College.] * * Ore. The Medical Department of the Willamette University at Portland is opened. * * Ore. Christian College (denomina- tional) is organized at Monmouth. Pa. Lehigh University (Prot. Epis.) is organized at South Bethlehem. * * Tenn. U.S. Grant University (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Chattanooga. * * Wis. The State Normal School at Platteville is opened. * * Venetian Life, by William Dean Howells, appears. UNITED STATES. 1866, Aug. *-1867, Jan. 7. 255 * * Character and Characteristic Men, by Edwin Percy Whipple, appears. * * Josh Billings and His Sayings, by Henry "Wheeler Shaw, appears. * * Life of Stonewall Jackson, by John Esten Cooke, appears. * * Lyrics and Hymns, by Alice Cary, appears. * * The Masquerade and Other Poems, by John G. Saxe, appears. * * Saint Elmo, by Augusta Evans (Mrs. Wilson), appears. * * Snow-Bound, by John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. * * The Story of Kennett, by Bayard Tay- lor, appears. * * Doctor Johns, by Donald G, Mitchell, appears. * * Lyrics, by Julia Ward Howe, appears ; it includes the Battle Hymn of the Re- public, written in camp, in 1861. * * Our Artist in Peru, by G. W. Carleton, appears. SOCIETY. 1866 Oct. 1. N. C. Colored delegates meet in convention at Raleigh to ad- vance their race. .Nov. 10. Me. Soldiers are first ad- mitted to the National Home, for dis- abled volunteers, at Togus Springs. Nov. 20. Tad. The first national encamp- ment of the Grand Army of the Repub- lic is held at Indianapolis ; Gen. S. A. Hurlbut of 111., commander-in-chief. Dec. 1. Paris. Minister Bigelow receives a gold medal for the widow of Abra- ham Lincoln, —the gift of 40,000 French citizens. Dec. 6. Minn. A State hospital for the insane is opened at St. Peter. Dec. * D. C. The scandalous sale of pardons to ex-Confederates by " middle- men" and by women is exposed at Washington. * * Cal. The State Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind is established at Oakland. * * Chicago. The " Crosby Opera House'* Association conducts a lot- tery, in which the Opera House is the principal prize. * * D. C. Miss Mary Harris is tried at Washington forthe murder of A. J. Bur- roughs and acquitted. * * Ky. The colored population of Marion County is terrorized by a band of armed outlaws called the " Skaag's men." * * Md. The Legislature passes a bill to enforce a strict observance of Sun- day. * * N. J. A Soldiers' Home is estab- lished at Newark. * * O. John W. Hughes is hanged for the murder of Miss Tamzen Parsons at Cleveland. * * Pa. The Pittsburg Homeopathic Hospital is chartered. * * Tenn. The Legislature removes the disability which prevents negroes and Indians giving testimony in courts of justice. * * Vt. A Home for destitute children is established at Burlington. STATE. 1866 Aug. * D. C. Secretary Seward transmits a list of individual claims against England, based on the losses caused by the Alabama. Sept. 3-7. Phila. Two National Conven- tions are held — one composed of Loyal- ists from the South, the other of their sympathizers in the North ; they unite in condemnation of the President's re- construction policy. Sept. 11. N. J. The Legislature ratifies the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. [Sept. 19, Oregon ; Nov. 9, Vermont ; Dec. *, South Carolina ; * * AMrginia.] Sept. 17. O. A Convention of Sol- diers and Sailors is held at Cleveland to render moral support to the Adminis- tration ; it is weak in attendance and barren of results. Sept. 25, 26. Pa. A National Con- vention of Citizen Soldiers and Sail- ors meets at Pittsburg ; it favors the Radicals in Congress who oppose the President; Gen. John A. Logan is president. Sept.+ U. S. Great excitement attends the political campaign. It concerns chiefly the choice of mem- bers of the 40th Congress, aud of mem- bers of legislatures who are to act on the 14th Amendment. Nov. 6. Ind. A convention of colored people meets at Indianapolis to ad- vance a movement for full citizenship. U. S. The State elections favor the Republicans in Congress. Dec. 3. D. C. The 39th Congress : the second session opens. Congress receives a moderate and con- ciliatory message from the President. Dec. 4. N. C. The Legislature rejects the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Dec. 5. Z>. C. Congress; Senate : G. H. Williams of Ore. introduces a bill "to regulate the tenure of civil offices." Congress: The House suspends the rules and repeals the act authorizing the President to extend amnesty. Vote, 112- 29. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress passes a bill extending the right of suffrage to the negroes of the District of Columbia. [The President vetoes the bill, Jan. 5, 1867.] Dec. 22. N. C. The Legislatxire passes an act of amnesty to all soldiers of both armies who have committed offenses against the criminal laws of the State. * * U. S. The income tax of five per cent, on all incomes over $800 yields a revenue of $61,071,932. * * The significant movement of the U. S. troops to the Mexican border has the desired effect on Napoleon III. ; he promises to withdraw French troops from the continent within a limited time. * *U. S. Governors inaugurated: -69 * * Ariz. (Ter.). R. C. M'Cormick. -67 * * Conn. Joseph R. Hawley. -69 * * Dak. (Ter.). Andrew J. Falk. -68 * * Fla. David S. Walker. -67 * * Ida. (Ter.). David W. Ballard. -69 * * Mass. Alexander H. Bullock. -70 * * Minn. William R. Marshall. -70* * Miss. Benjamin G.Humphreys. -69* * Mont. (Ter.). Green Clay Smith. -69 * * N. J. Marcus L. Ward. -67 * * Neb. (Ter.). David Butler. -68 * * O. Jacob D. Cox. -70 * * Ore. George L. Woods. -69 * * P. L Ambrose E. Burnside. -67 * * Tex. J. W. Throckmorton. -72 * * Wis. Lucius Fairchild. 1867 Jan. * D. C. Congress again ad- mits Colorado. [Jan. 25, the President vetoes the bill.] Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: A movement to impeach President Johnson begins in the House. James M. Ashley of O. charges him with" usurpation of power and violation of law, by corruptly using the appoint- ing, and the pardoning, and the veto power." The charge is referred to the Judiciary Committee. Vote, 108-39. MISCELLANEOUS. 1866 Sept. 6. Chicago. President John- son lays the corner-stone of the Stephen A. Douglas monument. Oct. 1. New York. The price of mid- dling upland cotton is 40 to 42 cents ; the value of a gold dollar is 145 to 146 cents. Oct. 3. The steamer Evening Star, New York to New Orleans, founders; 250 lives are lost. Dec. 6. Chicago. The water-works tunnel is completed, extending two miles under Lake Michigan. Dec. 11. New York. The yachts Henri- etta, Vesta, and Fleetwing sail on an ocean race for England. Dec. 25. Eng. The Henrietta arrives at Cowes, with her rivals only a few hours behind her ; Henrietta's time, 13 days, 21 hours, and 55 minutes ; distance, 3,106 miles. * * Cal. A paid fire department with eteam engines is established at San Francisco ; the volunteer department is abolished. * *N. H. The incline railroad to the top of Mount Washington is com- menced. * * IT. S. The Government taxes all in- comes over $1,000. One merchant in New York pays $407,125, as his tax on an income of $4,071,250. * * The white man has gone to work in the South, and produced 55 per cent of the cotton crop, against 10 per cent in 1860. 1867 Jan. 1. O., Ky. The Cincinnati and Covington Suspension Bridge, 1,057 feet long, is opened. 256 1867, Jan. 7 -June 30. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1867 Mar. 2. D. C. Congress provides that the pay of army officers below the rank of major-general shall be increased " one third, for two years," It declares that the Admiral shall be the ranking officer in the navy. Mar. 11, 12. 1). C. The President di- rects the issue of Order Number 10. It assigns to .each of the five military districts its commander in the following numerical order : Gen. J. M. Schofielcl, Gen. D. E. Sickles. Gen. G. H. Thomas, Gen. E. O. C. Ord, and Gen. P. H. Sheridan. Mar. 15. D. C. Orders are issued as- signing Gen. John Pope to the 3d Military District, and Gen. G. H. Thomas to command the Cumberland Department. Apr. 30. Kan. Gens. Hancock and Cus- ter are sent against the Indians in. the western part of Kansas. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1867. June 4. New York. An Ameri- can life raft, supported by cylinders, Bails for Southampton. [It arrives at its destination on July 25.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1867. Jan. 19. Robinson, Horatio N., mathemati- cian, educator, A(jl. Jan. 20. Willis, Nathaniel Parker, poet, author, journalist, A61. Jan. 25. Pennington, Alexander C, law- yer, M. C. from N. J., A57. Jan. 27. ]>avis, Charles A., merchant of N. Y., writer, A72. Feb. 1. Merrick, Pliny, jurist, A73. Feb. 2. Hunt, Washington, statesman, A5G. Feb. 13. Orton, Jason U., phys., poet, jour- nalist, A6I. Feb. 17. Kache, Alexander D., physicist, writer, A(il. Feb. 18. Goode, Wm.,Cong. missionary to Syria, A75. Mar. 3. Alexander, John H., chemist, phys- icist, editor, A54. Mar. 6. Browne, Charles Farrar, " Arte- mus "Ward," humorist, author, A33. Mar. 20. Clark, Billy James, founder of first temppram-e society, A 89. Mar. 21. Bailey, Joseph, brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A40. Mar. 29. Kiddle, Geo. R., statesman, A 50. Apr. 5. Evans, George, sen. for Me., A70. Apr. 7. Roane, John S., Confed. brig.-gen., gov. Ark., A50. Wooil, James, Presbyterian clergyman, educator, writer, A68. Apr. 9. Stearns, George L., antislavery ad- vocate, reformer, A58. Apr. 14. Abrahams, Simeon, phys., N. Y-, philanthropist, A58. Bullock, William A., inventor of a printing-press, A53. Apr. 15. Field, David Dudley, Cong, cler- gyman, A 86. Apr. 16. Pennock, Caspar W., phys., med- ical professor, Phila., A68. Apr. 17. GUmore,Joseph A., Gov. of N.H., A 56. Apr. 29. Paulding, Leonard, commander U. S. N., A41. May 24. Hoyt, Benjamin T., educator, A 47. June 2. Sargent, Lucius Manhus, writer of tales, A81. June 19. Dodge, Henry, sen. for Wis., A85. CHURCH. 1867 Jan. 16. Mass. The Connecticut Valley Conference of Unitarian, Congre- gational, and other Christian Churches is organized at Greenfield. Jan. 25. Me. Henry Adams Neely is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Maine. Jan. 30. New York. The United States branch of the Evangelical Alliance is fully organized at the Bible House; William E. Dodge, president. Feb. 3. Ark. Edward Fitzgerald is con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Little Rock. Feb. 5. Mass. The Plymouth Bay Uni- tarian Conference is organized at Iling- ham. Apr. 17. R.I. TheChanning(Unitarian) Conference is organized at Providence. May 7. A General Convention of the Protestant Methodists is held to con- sider the matter of union with the Meth- odist Episcopal Church South ; the union is not formed. May 30. Ga. The Georgia Conference (African Methodist Episcopal) is organ- ized. June 7. O. The General Convention of the 3NTew Jerusalem meets at Cincin- nati. June 8. The Florida Conference(African Methodist Episcopal) is organized. LETTERS. 1867 Feb. 1. N. Y. The name, Vassar Female College, is changed to Vassar College by act of the Legislature. Feb. * Eng. George Peabody, an Amer- ican banker, gives $1,000,000 to pro- mote education in the South. Mar. 2. D. C. Congress creates an Edu- cational Department. (See State.) Mar. 16. D. C. Henry Barnard is appointed Commissioner of Education. May 22. The Peabody Fund of §2,100,003 for Southern education is placed in care of a board of trustees. June 17. W. Va. The West Virginia University at Morgan town is opened. Lafayette; Clemens is killed by the State troops. May 13. Va. Jefferson Davis is ad- mitteil to bail at Uichinond ; amount of bond, $100,000. Names of sureties: Horace Greeley, Augustus Schell, Aristidea Welsh, Da- vid K. Jackman, W. H. Mc Far land, Richard B. Jlakiill, Isaac Daren port Abraham Warwick, G. A. Myers, W. W. Crump, James Lyons. J. A. Meredith. W. II. Lyons, J. M. Botte, T. W. Bos- well, .James Thomas, Jr. May 28. Ind. The Good Templars favor political action. The Eight Worthy Grand Lodge, in session at Richmond, recommends "to the temperance people of the country the orgmization of a national political party whose platform of principles shall contain prohibition." June 5. Chicago. The National Brewers* Congress favors political action. It resolves " That we will use all means to stay the progress of this fa- natical [Temperance] party, and to se- cure our individual rights as citizens, and that we will sustain no candidate of whatever party, in any election, who is in any way disposed toward the total abstinence cause." June 9. Phila. The Methodist Home for the Aged is opened. June 29. Eng. "William Lloyd Gar- rison, radical abolitionist and champion of emancipation, is given a reception at St. James' Hall, London. SOCIETY. 1867 Feb.* Tenn. The Legislature abolishes all distinction of race and color in the qualifications of electors. [The popular vote in Ohio, Minnesota, and Kansas rejects the proposed aboli- tion of race distinction as to suffrage.] Feb. * Pa. The temperance movement drifts into politics. The State Temperance Convention declares that, " if the adversaries of temperance shall continue to receive the aid and countenance of present po- litical parties, we shall not hesitate to break over political bands and seek re- dress through the ballot-box." Mar. 2. D. C. Congress abolishes peonage in New Mexico. Mar. 7. D. C. Congress votes a gold medal to Cyrus W. Field as a recog- nition of his services in laying the At- lantic Cable. Mar. * D. C. Senator Henry Wilson of Mass. is instrumental in reviving the Congressional Temperance Society. Apr. 30. Phila. The Americus Club is organized. Spring. Mo. Desperadoes, led by Archie Clemens, rob and murder in STATE. 1S87 Jan. 7, 8. D. C. Congress passes a law over the President's veto regulating the elective franchise in the District of Columbia. Jan. 8. D. C. Congress passes the Negro Suffrage Bill over the President's veto. Jan. 10. B.C. Congress ; Senate : Dis- cussion begins on the Tenure of Office Bill. Jan. * D. C. Congress : The House in- cludes members of the Cabinet in the Tenure of Office Bill. Vote, 75-69. [It is not approved by the Senate.] Jan. * D. C. Congress : The House passes the amended Tenure of Office Bill by a party vote. Vote, 111-38. [It is soon after amended and passed by both Houses.] Jan. 20. D. C. Congress ; House : A, Civil Service Reform measure is in- troduced by T. A. Jenckes of K. I. Jan. 22. D. C. Congress passes a law to regulate future meetings of Con- gress ; one to be held at noon on the fourth of March, the day on 'which the term begins for which each Congress is elected. Jan. * />. C. Congress passes the Com- promise Bill for admitting Nebraska; the exclusion of negroes from the elec- tive franchise is to be removed before admission. [Jan. 29. Vetoed.] Jan. * D. C. The United States Supreme Court decides that the appointment of UNITED STATES. 1867, Jan. 7 -June 30. 257 military tribunals by Congress is an unconstitutional act. Feb. 6. D. C. Congress ; House : Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. introduces a Reconstruction Act, dividing the South, into five military districts. [It be- comes the leading measure of the 39th Congress, and passes the House by a vote of 109-55.] Feb. 9. D. C. Congress passes, over the President's veto, the bill admitting Nebraska. Feb. 14. Z>. C. Congress; Senate; Keverdy Johnson of Md. proposes the Blaine Amendment to the Military District Bill, which requires impartial suffrage previous to the restoration of State governments. Feb.* D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Sherman Substitute, known in the House as the Blaine Ameudment, for the Military Government Bill. Vote, 29-9. Feb. 17. D. C. Congress: The House injects the Sherman Substitute. Vote, 73-98. [Compromise amendments are added.] Feb. * D. C. Congress ; House : The Blaine Amendment to the Military Bill is rejected. Vote, 69-94. Feb. 20. D.C. Congress: The Senate and the House pass the amended Mili- tary BUI by a party vote. It divides the Southern States into five military districts, to be under army offi- cers,— each seceded State to be restored to its Federal relations when a conven- tion of delegates shall frame a Constitu- tion ratified by the people and approved by Congress, and when the Legislature elected under such Constitution shall adopt the 14th Amendment. All male citizens, except those disfranchised for acts of rebellion, are to participate in electing delegates to the conventions. Vote : House, 135-48 ; Senate, 38-10. Congress: The Senate passes the amended Tenure of Office BUI. Xeb. The Legislature accepts the terms of admission into statehood. Feb. 22. D. C. Congress provides for the further establishment and protection of national cemeteries for burial of soldiers and sailors. Feb. 23 Kan. A treaty is made with the Indians for their removal to the Indian Territory. Mar. 1. D. C. The President proclaims Nebraska admitted into the Union as the 37th State. Mar. 2. D.C. President Johnson vetoes the Tenure of Office BUI and the Re- constructional Military District BiU. Congress passes the Tenure of Of- fice BUI over the President's veto. Vote: Senate, 35-11; House, 133-37. It also overrides the veto of the Military District BUI. Vote, House, 135-48; Senate, 38-10. It sets apart $20,000 to provide an equestrian statue of Gen. Winfield Scott and passes the National Bank- ruptcy Bill ; it establishes a Depart- ment of Education. [Later, it is made a Bureau of the Interior.] The Judiciary Committee reports its inability to conclude its labors, and recommends that the investigation of the charges against the President be continued. The testimony is committed to the clerk, for use during the ensuing session. Congress enacts that the Federal Government shall assume the govern- ment of Virginia. The MorriU bill, for reducing the in- ternal revenue taxes $30,000,000 yearly, becomes a law. The amount exempted from the in- come tax is raised t'nun $600 to $1,000; the excess above 81,000 to be taxed at the rate of 5 per cent ; the tax to expire in 1S70. The Secretary of the Treasury is au- thorized to exchange three per cent certificates of indebtedness for com- pound interest notes, which may be counted as part of the reserves of na- tional banks. Congress ; Senate : Benj. F. "Wade of O. is elected President pro tempore. Mar. 4. D. C. The 39th Congress ends. The 40th Congress opens. It opens the moment that the previous Congress closes ; SO members are absent, and 17 States are without represen- tation. Congress; House: Schuyler Colfax (Rep.) is reelected speaker (third time), against Samuel S. Marshall (Dem.) of 111. Vote, 127-30. James Brooks of N. Y. presents the protest of the Dem- ocrats against organizing the House. Mar. 7. D.C. Congress; House: James M. Ashley of O. asks the continuance of the impeachment investigation ; he is opposed by the Democrats, but sus- tained by a party vote. Mar. 19. D. C. Congress concurs in the Supplementary Be construction Act, and sends it to the President. [Mar. 23. Vetoed.] Mar. 20. Mass. The Legislature rati- fies the 14th Amendment to the Fed- eral Constitution. Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: the Supple- mentary Reconstruction Act is passed over the President's veto. Vote: House, 114r-25 ; Senate, 40-7. Gen. Schofield takes charge of a mili- tary district at Richmond ; Gen. Sickles, at Columbia; Gen. Pope, at Montgom- ery; Gen. Ord, at Vicksburg; Gen. Sheri- dan, at New Orleans. Mar. * D. C. Congress refuses to ac- cept the nevr Constitution of Georgia. Mar. 30. D. C. A treaty is concluded by which the Territory of Russian Amer- ica [Alaska] is purchased from Russia for the sura of §7,200,000; it contains 577,390 square miles. Congress; the first session adjourns to July 3. The Legislatures of 16 States have ratified the 14th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Jan. 4, O.; Jan. 8, Mo.; Jan. 10, N.Y., Kan., and Ky. ; Jan. 9, Va. (reiects) ; Jan. 11, Me. and Nev. ; Jan. 15, 111. and Minn. ; Jan. 16, W. Va. ; Jan. 29, Did. ; Jan. 30, Miss.; Jan. * Mich.; Feb. 6, Pa., while Del. and La. (reject) ; Feb. 7, E. I. and Wis.; Mar. 23, Md. (rejects). Apr. 1. D. C. The Senate meets, in special session, at the call of the Presi- dent. Apr. 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate approves the treaty for the purchase of Russian-America. Apr. 19. jO. C. The Senate adjourns sine die. May 8. Md. A constitutional con- vention meets at Annapolis. May 13. Va. Horace Greeley and others sign Jefferson Davis's bail- bond, at Richmond, and he is released from prison. (See Society.) May 20. Va. Jefferson Davis leaves the United States. [Resides in Canada.] May 24. D. C. Attorney-General Stan- bery gives an opinion respecting the He- construction Acts, which tends to- neutralize their force. [Another opin- ion on June 12.] June 3. La. Gov. "Wells prevents the operation of the Reconstruction Act, and is removed by Gen. Sheridan [June 6, he appoints B. F. Flanders governor]. June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1867, revenue : Customs, $170,417,811 ; in- ternal revenue, $266,027,537 ; direct tax, $4,200,234 ; sales of public lands, $1,163,- 576 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, $27,787,330; miscellaneous items, $15,037,522. Total revenue, §490,034,010. Excess of revenue over ordinary ex- penses, $133,091,335. Ependitures: pre- miums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., 810,813,349 ; miscellaneous items, $51,- 110,224; War Department. $95,224,416; Navy Department, $31, 034,011 ; Indians, $4,642,532; pensions, $20,936,552; inter- est on public debt, $143,781,592. Total ordinary expenses, $357,512,675; public debt, $2,678,126,103., Exports, $204,51)0,- 141. Imports, $395,761,096. MISCELLANEOUS. 1867 Jan. 22. New York. By resolution of Congress, the lower part of City Hall Park is to be purchased for $500,000, as a site for post-office and U. S. courts. Jan. 23. N. Y. About 5,000 persons cross the East River on the ice, between New- York and Brooklyn. Jan. * The charter of the Credit Mo- bilier is purchased by the builders of the Union Pacific Railroad, and the stock increased to $3,750,000. [Large dividends, as the profits of building the Pacific railroad, advance the price of the stock to a high figure.] Mar. 25. Chicago. "Water is first let into the tunnel beneath the lake, for supplying the city. Apr. 14. Ore. Grading is begun at Port- land for the Oregon Central Rail- road. June 6. Phila. An explosion occurs in a sawmill on Samson Street ; 22 per- sons are killed and seven injured. June 19. Phila. The American Thea- ter on Walnut Street is burned; 10 per- sons are killed by falling walls. June 22. Boston. The corner-stone of the Masonic Temple is laid. 258 1867, June 30- AMERICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1867 Aug. 16. Neb, Gen. Augur with Federal troops attacks 500 Sioux In- dians at Plum Creek, near Omaha, in punishment for train wrecking and the murder of train hands. Aug. 17. D. C. Gen. W. S. Hancock is appointed to command in the 5th Dis- trict, as successor to Gen. P. H. Sheri- dan. Aug. 26. N. C. Gen. Edward R. S. Canby is given command of the '2d Military District, as successor to Gen. Sickles. Summer-Autumn. The Sioux In- dians are defeated in several engage- ments. Nov. 24. Mont. The Sioux are de- feated by tl McKenzie, i Mountains. Dee. 28. D. C. Maj.-Gen. George. C. Meade is appointed to command in the 3d District, as successor to Gen. John Pope. Gen. Irwin McDowell is ap- pointed to command in the 4th District. The President directs Gen. Ord to turn over his command in Mississippi to Gen. Gillem. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1867 July 7. N. Y. The asteroid Un- dina is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. Aug. 24. Mich. The asteroid Minerva is discovered by J. C. Watson. [Also Aurora, Sept. 6.] Nov. 14. D. C. At the naval observa- tory, the fall of 1,000 meteors in 21 minutes is seen ; this shower, which had been foretold, was seen at many points, aud appeared to all professional ob- servers as emanating from the constel- lation Leo; fully 5,000 meteors were observed from various places. Nov. * I). C. The extensions of the national Capitol are completed. Nov. * Boston. The statue of Edward Everett is completed. Dec. 11-15. A widespread snowstorm causes the loss of many lives and the wreck of many vessels. * * Boston. The New England Conser- vatory of Music is established; it is the largest of its kind in the world. * * Fr. McCormick's reaping-ma- chine receives the highest prize at the Paris Exposition. * * London. The Merchant of Venice is presented by Edwin Booth at the "Win- ter Garden Theater. * * Mass. The Salem Oratorio Society is organized at Salem. + * * New York. The Black Crook is acted several hundred times at Niblo's Garden. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1867 July 1. Meacher, Thomas Francis, Irish Con- federation leader; iiuij.-gen. U. S. Vol.; Gov. of Idaho; journalist, orator, A44. July 7. Kins, John Alsop, Gov. of N. Y., A80. July 9. King, Rufus U., banker, N.Y., A83. July 20. CliamlliT, Samuel, major-gen. U. 8. A., v*-t, of 1812, AT::. July 29. A nt lion, I hurlrs, 'kissu-aL scholar, A70. July 31. Sedgwick, Catherine M., novelist, philanthropist, at*. Aug. 6. Cooke, Edwin >'., brig.-gen. IT. 8. vols., A32. Aug. 7. Aldridge, Ira, mulatto actor, A57. Aug. 15. Butler, Pierce, lawyer of PhUa., AGO. Aug. 22. Day, Jeremiah, mathematician, pres. of Yak-, AM. Aug. 26. Davenport, Nicholas T., actor, a:j«. Aug. 27. Jackson, James, phys., professor in Harvard, A<)0. Sept. 9. Tavlor, Thomas H., P. E. clergy- man, N. Y., scholar, writer, A68. Sept. 15. Griffin, Charles, major general U. S. A., A4I. Sept. 29. Price, Sterling, Gov. of Mo., Confed. maj.-gen., A58. Oct. 3. Howe, Elias, inventor of sewing- machine, A48. Oct. 7. Itiddell, John L., physician, in- ventor hiiHirular microscope, A60. Oct. 22. Kendall, George W., founder of New Orleans Picayune, A58. Oct. 30. Andrew, John Albion, "War Gov." of Mass., A49. Oct. * Herring, .lames, portrait painter, A73. Nov. 5. Bradford, Alexander Warfleld, lawyer, editor, A52. Nov. 6. Hooker, Worthington, phvs., au- thor, A 61. Nov. 11. Packard, Frederick Adolphus, editor, A73. Nov. 12. Stevens, Walter H., Confed. brig.-gen., chief engineer, A40. Nov. 15. Sartwell, Henry Parker, bota- nist, A75. Nov. 19. Halleck, Fitz-Greene, poet, A77. Nov. 27. "Walworth, Reuben Hyde, last chancellor of N. Y., A 79. Engles, William M., Pres. cl., A70. Dec. 5. Dewev, Chester, educator, bota- nist, A83. Dec. 7. Palmer, James S-, rear-admiral U. S. N., A57. Dec. 28. Harbaugh, Henry, Ger. Ref. cler- gyman, A50. Dec. 31. Arrington, Alfred, W. lawyer, writer, A57. CHURCH. 1867 July 25. Fla. John Freeman Young is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) bishop of Florida. Oct. 16. III. The Illinois Conference (Methodist Episcopal Church South) is organized. Nov. 12. Conn. The General Conference (Congregational) of Connecticut is or- ganized. Nov. 20. Ind. The first General Coun- cil of Lutherans meets at Fort Wayne. * * Chicago. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing assembles. * * 111. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) of Central Illinois is organ- ized. * * Md. The Presbyterian Synod of Pa- tapsco unites with the Southern As- sembly. * * Mo. The Presbyterian Synods of Mis- souri and Kentucky separate from the Northern Assembly. * * N. Y. The General Assembly (X. S. Presbyterian) meets at Rochester ; H. A. Nelson, moderator. LETTERS. 1867 Aug. 24. Md. The Johns Hop- kins University is incorporated. Sept. 19. Wyo. The Cheyenne Evening Leader is issued. Oct. 1. N. Y. The Legislature passes an act making the public schools entirely free. Oct. 25. Wyo. The Daily Argus in issued. Oct. * Mass, Th^ Massachusetts Agri- cultural College at Amherst is opened. Dec. 8. Wyo. The Bocky Mountain Star is issued. * * Ala. Emerson Institute (colored) of Mobile is opened by the American Mis- sionary Association. * * Ala. Talladega College is opened for colored students by the American Missionary Association. * * Cal. St. Augustine College (Prot. Epis.) is organized at Benicia. * * Cal. St. Vincent's College (Kom. Cath.) at Los Angeles is organized. * *D.C. Howard University (non-sect.) is organized at "Washington." The Med- ical Department of the University is opened. It is chartered by Congress without a race basis, yet aiming to provide espe- cially for negroes. * * Del. Delaware College (non-sect.) is founded at Newark. * * la. Simpson College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Indianola. * * ///. The Baptist Union Theological Seminary is organized at Morgan Park. * *///. The University of Illinois (non- sect.) is organized at Champaign. * * Ind. St. Meinrad's CoUege (Rom. Cath.) is organized at St. Meinrad. * * Ky. Cecilian College (Kom. Cath.) is organized at Cecilian. * * Md. Ridgeville College (Free-will Bapt.) is organized at Ridgeville. * * Minn. The Tribune is issued at Minne- apolis. * * N. C. Biddle University (Pres.) is organized at Charlotte. * * New York. The Evening Telegram is founded. * * New York. The News is founded. * * 0. The Western Reserve Historical Society of Cleveland is organized. * * O. The Public Library is founded at Cincinnati. [15S,136 vols.] * * O. Hiram College (Disciples) is or- ganized at Hiram. * * O. Scio College, formerly One Study College (.Meth. Epis.), is founded at Scio. * * Phila. The Baptist Quarterly review appears. * * PHla. The American Naturalist mag- azine appears. * * Pa. Muhlenberg College (Evan. Luth.) is organized at Allen town. * * Pa. Lebanon Valley College (United Breth.) is organized at Annville. SOCIETY. 1S67 Aug. 10. D. C. The jury disa- gree in the case of John H. Surratt, on trial for complicity in the murder of President Lincoln. Sept. 18. La. A negro judge presides in a court of justice at New Orleans. Oct. * N. Y. Rev. Thomas Lake Harris founds the Brocton Community cf Socialists, at Brocton. UNITED STATES. 1867, June 30-* *. 259 Nov. 5. New York. John Morrissey is elected M.C. from the " Bloody Sixth" ward. He had twice fought bloody battles in the prize-ring, had been eiglit times in- dicted, for assault with intent to kill, as- sault and battery, and burglary ; he had also served nine months in the peniten- tiary for nine breaches of the peace. [He is afterward reelected.] * * III. The Legislature passes a law abolishing capital punishment. * * Mass. Clarke Institute, for the training of deaf mutes, is opened at Northampton. * * Me. The Legislature passes a law pro- hibiting the sale of intoxicating bev- erages, and provides for its enforcement by the appointment of a State constable. STATE. 1867 July 3. B.C. The 40th Congress : the special session reopens. July 8. D. C. The right of suffrage is extended to the colored citizens of the district. July 11. D. C. A reciprocity treaty ■with Hawaii is signed. July 13. I). C. Congress passes the Second Supplementary Reconstruc- tion Act. July 19. D. C. President Johnson ve- toes the Second Supplementary Re- construction Act. He favors reorganization by civil rather than military methods ; his "message is regarded as a threat to use military power against Congress, and his impeach- ment is suggested. Congress overrides the last veto. Vote : House, 10S-25 ; Senate, 30-6. July 20. D. C. The 40th Congress; the first session again adjourns, to Nov. 21. July 30. Tex. Gen. Sheridan removes Gov. Throckmorton ; E. M. Pease is ap- pointed governor. Aug. 5. D. C. President Johnson re- quests Secretary Stanton to resign for "public considerations;" Stanton replies that " public considerations " forbid it. Aug. 12. D. C. Secretary Stanton is removed by the President, and Gen. Grant is appointed his successor, ad interim. Aug. * Sept. * D. C. President John- son, alleging insubordination, removes Gen. Sheridan (Aug. 17) from the mili- tary department of Louisiana, and Gen. Sickles from that of North Carolina. Sept. 3. D. C. The President, by proc- lamation, declares that the supremacy of the Civil Court (Federal) must be upheld. Sept. 7. D. C. The President proclaims a general amnesty; this includes all but a few of the high officials of the Con- federacy. Sept. 18. Md. The new Constitution is approved by the people. Vote, 27,152- 23,036. Sept. 25. Fla. A convention of conser- vatives organizes the Constitutional Union party, at Tallahassee. Sept. 27. N. C. A conservative mass- meeting is held at Raleigh to oppose the radical Republicans. Sept. * Oct. * Kan. A woman's suf- frage campaign is conducted by Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others. Oct. 9. Alaska is formally trans- ferred by Russia, and Gen. Rousseau takes possession of Sitka Island. Oct. 11. Ky. Gov. Stevenson provides for the suppression of the regulators and lynchers in Marion, Boyle, and other countries by the organizing of an armed force. Oct. 22. Fa. The people vote to call a constitutional convention. Vote, 107,342-61,887. Nov. 5. Kan. An amendment to the Constitution, by striking out the word *' white," is not carried. Vote, 10,483- 19,421 ; another, to drop the word " male,'* is not approved. Vote, 9,070- 19,857. Nov. 9. Vt. The Legislature ratifies the 14th Amendment. U. S. The Republican freedmen gain the ascendancy in the elections held in Southern States ; Democrats obtain large majorities in the North. Nov. 11. U. S. The public debt has been reduced §10,000,000 monthly, on the average, since Aug. 31, 1865. Nov. 14. A treaty is concluded with Denmark for the sale of the islands of San Juan and Santa Cruz in the "West Indies for $7,500,000. Nov. 21. D. C. The 40th Congress: the adjourned first session reopens. Nov. 22. La. A Constitution prohibit- ing slavery, declaring the ordinance of secession void, and disfranchising ex- Confederates, is adopted by the Con- stitutional Convention at New Or- leans. Va. Jefferson Davis returns to Richmond. Nov. 25. D. C. Congress; House: The report of the Impeachment Com- mittee directs that " Andrew John- son, President of the United States, be impeached of high crimes and misde- meanors ; " a minority report directs the discharge of the Committee, and the tabling of the subject. [Dec. 7. The House rejects the majority report. Vote, 57-108.] ' Nov. 26. Va. The trial of Jefferson Davis for treason is again adjourned. Dec. 2. D. C. The 40th Congress: the first session closes ; the second ses- sion opens. Dec. 3. Va. The Constitutional Con- vention meets at Richmond. Dec. 5. Ga. A convention of native whites at Masson forms " the Conserv- ative Party of Georgia." Dec. 7±. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Schenck Bill, forbidding " a further reduction of the currency by retiring and canceling United States notes." Vote, 127-32. [Act of Feb. 4, 1868.] Dec. 9. Ga. A Constitutional Con- vention is held by request of the gen- eral commanding the district; it as- sembles at Atlanta. Dec. 12. D. C. Congress receives the President's message relative to the dis- missal of the Secretary of War. * * Neb. The capital is removed from Omaha to Lincoln. * * Nev. The act of the Legislature which taxes every person one dollar who leaves the State in a public conveyance, is declared unconstitutional by the U. S. Supreme Court. * * Me. Prohibitory State Liquor Law passed. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -69 * * Colo. (Ter.). A. Cameron Hunt. -69 * * Conn. James E. English. -68 * * Ga. T. H. Ruger. -68 * * Ida. (Ter.). Isaac L. Gibbs. -73 * * Ind. Conrad Baker. Ky. John L. Helm. -72 * * Ky. John W. Stevenson. -68 * * La. Benjamin F. Flanders. -71 * * Me. J. L. Chamberlain. -71 * * Neb. David Butler. -69* *N. H. Walter Harriman. -69* * N. Mex.(Ter.) Wm. F.N. Amy. * * Pa. John W. Geary. _70 * * Tex. Edward M. Pease. -69 * * Vt. John B. Page. -69* * Wash. (Ter.). MarshallF.Moore. MISCELLANEOUS. 1867 June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 18G7, 298,967. July 2. New York. A single track of elevated cable railroad is opened from the Battery to Thirtieth Street. Aug. 16. Neiv York. The first gold and stock company in the United States ie •rganized. Aug. * La. The yellow-fever rages in New Orleans and in the Southwest. Aug. * The Credit Mobilier, through Oakes Ames, contracts to build 637 miles of the Union Pacific Railroad, at prices which aggregate $47,000,000. [The value of shares soon rises to 400 per cent.] Summer. N. Y. There are 390 cases of yellow-fever at quarantine, near New York City. Sept. 17. Md. The National Ceme- tery at Antietam is dedicated in the presence of the President. Oct. * Mass. An explosion in the Hoo- sac Tunnel causes the loss of 13 lives, and much damage to the head-house. Dec. 9. N. Y. Work begins on the new Capitol at Albany. Dec. 18. N. Y. An accident occurs on the Lake Shore railroad, caused by the caving in of an embankment ; ignition of cars ; 41 persons burned to death. Dec. * Credit Mobilier stock is quietly distributed among members of Con- gress for the purpose of influencing votes in its favor. [The scandal is un- earthed in 1872.] 260 1867, * *-1868, Apr. 18. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1867 * *Ml88. "W. H.McArdle, the editor of the Viekabwrg Times, is charged with obstructing the Reconstruction Acts, and is confined in the military prison by order of Gen. Ord. 1868 Jan. 15. Mont. Gen. Miles de- feats and routs the Indians. Spring. Mont, The Indians under Sit- ting Bull and Crazy Horse are subdued and scattered. Mar. 18. D. C. Gen. Robert C. Bu- chanan is appointed to command in the 5th District, as successor to Gen. "W. S. Hancock. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1867 * * New York. M. F. DeHaas and C. G. Griswold are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * Wyo. Gold is found near the source of the Sweetwater River. * * The attempt to raise Alpaca, An- gora, and Cashmere goats as domestic animals, with a view to utilization of their fleece, is abandoned. * * The silk worm industry develops in California, but fails for climatic reasons in the Atlantic States. * * American Institute of Architects is established. * * Coast of Rhode Island is painted by "Worthington "Whittredge. * * The Splinter is painted by J. B. Irving. * * Notch at Lancaster is painted by A. F. Bellows. * * In the Woods is painted by A. B. Durand. * * American Sunset is painted by George Iiiness. * * Glimpse of TV kite Mountains is painted by J. F. Kensett. * * The Village Post-Offi,ce is painted by T. W. "Wood. * * George L. Fox appears as Bottom in Midsummer Night's Dream. 1868 Mar. * New York. A steam-mo- tor-man is exhibited. April 15. D. C. A memorial and etatue of Lincoln is unveiled at the Capitol. Apr. 18. N. Y. The asteroid Ianthe is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1868. Jan. 1. Gillespie, Win, M., civil engineer, A52. Jan. 11. Bell, Henry Haywood, rear-adm., U. S. N., drowiifd in Japan, A68. Jan. 12. Steele, Frederick, maj.-gen., U.S. vols., A49. Jan. 15. Ellsworth, William W., gov. of Conn., A77. Jan. 19. Baraga, Frederick, Austrian E. C. bishop in U. S., A71. Dick, James T., artist, A34. Jan. SI. Asboth, Alex. S., Hungarian offi- cer, maj.-gen. in Civil War, A57. Jan. S3. Force, IVler, journalist, compiler, A78. Jan. 26. Dean, Anms, chancellor, professor, author, A65. Feb. 1. Leeser, Isaac, Jewish rabbi of Phila., editor, author, A62. Feb. 4. Gilliams, Jacob, physician of Phila., naturalist, A84. Feb. 5. Herrick, Anson, journalist, M. C. for N. Y., A56. Feb. 10. hMchardson, John Frarn, educator, linguist, At>0. Feb. 16. Fendall. Philip R., jurist, Wash- ington, 1>. C, A74. Feb. 18. Sewall, Samuel, antiij., writer, Cong, clergyman, A83, Feb. 22. Cannon, Mary, aelress, A 39. Mar. 4. Lord, Daniel, lawyer of N. V. city, A73. Mar. 5. Hughes, Ball, sculptor, A62. Mar. 11. Dana, Samuel Luther, chem.,A73. Mar. 16. Wilmot. David. " Wihnot Pro- viso," M. C. for Pa., A54. Mar. SS. Childs, Henry H., physician. A85. Carter, Josu'.h Mason, lawyer and poli- tician, Conn.. A55. Mar. S7, Goodrich, Chauncey, Cong, cler- gyman, scholar, A51. Mar. 30. Parker, Edward G. ( journalist, author, A40. Mar. 31. Hartstene, Henry J., commander U. S. N., explorer with Dr. Kane, dies. Paige, Alonzo Christ, jurist of N. Y., compiler, ATI. Apr. 1. Ashburn, George W-, southern loyalist, soldier, A—. Parker, James, statesman, A92. Apr. 5. Howell, Robert Boyte C, Baptist clergyman, writer, author, A67. Apr. 12. Cooper, Julia D., actor, writer, A 37. Apr. 14. Baugher, Henry L., Lutheran clergyman, pres. of Luth. college, A63.± Apr. 17. Homans, John, physician of Bos- ton, A7o. CHURCH. 1867 * * O. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; John B. Dales, moderator. * * 0. The General Assembly <0. S. Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; Phin- eas D. Gurley, moderator. * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. * * Pa. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) of Susquehanna is organized. * * Phila. The Presbyterian National Union Convention is held ; George H. Stuart, president. It fails to effect the organic union of all Presbyterians. * * Tex. A General Association of Bap- tists is formed. * * Netherlands. Delegates of the "United States branch of the Evangelical Alli- ance first attend the great conference held at Amsterdam. * * The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of North America changes its name to the Reformed Church in America. * * The Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia Conferences (Methodist Episcopal) are formed. 1868 Mar. 3. P. I. The Union for Christian "Work (undenominational) is organized at Providence. Mar. 10. The Colorado Association (Congregational) is organized. Apr. 2. Ga. John "Watrous Beck with is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Georgia. LETTERS. 1867 * * Tenn. East Tennessee Wes- leyan University (non-sect.) is or- ganized at Athens. * * Tenn. King College (Pres.) is organ- ized at Bristol, * * Tcyin. Fiske University (Cong.) is organized at Nashville. * * Va. The Richmond Theological Seminary (Bapt.) is founded. * * Wis. Milton College (Seventh-day Bapt.) is organized. * * State Normal Schools are opened : at Peru, Neb. ; Brockport, N. Y. ; Cas- tleton, Randolph, and -Johnson, Vt. ; and at Fairmonnt, W. Va. * * W. Va. The Storer College at Harper's Ferry is opened. * * Flower tie Lure, by Henry W. Long- fellow, appears ; also a translation of the Divine Comedy (1SG7-1870). k * Pool; of the Artists, by Henry T. Tuck- erman, appears. k * The Jesuits in America, by Francis Parkman, appears. k * Condensed Novels, by Bret Harte, appears. k * Greece, Ancient and Modern, by Cor- nelius C. Felton, appears. " * The Guardian Angel, by Oliver Wen- dell Holmes, appears. fc * Language and the Study of Language, by "William D wight Whitney, appears. * * May-Day and Other Pieces, by Ralph "Waldo Emerson, appears. ' c * Norwood, by Henry "Ward Beecher, appears. fc * Miss Haveners Conversion, by J. "VT. DeForest, appears. k * The Tent on the Peach, by John Greenleaf "Whittier, appears. t * Tiger Lilies, by Sidney Lanier, ap- pears. b * Waiting for the Verdict, by Rebecca H. Davis, appears. ' * Famous Americans of Recent Times, by James Parton, appears. ' * History of the Anuri can Civil War, by John "William Draper, appears. i * The Wearing of the Gray, by John Esten Cooke, appears. ■ * Colorado, by Bayard Taylor, appears. : *A Journey to Ashango-Land , by Paul B. Du Chaillu, appears. : * New America, by "William Hepworth Dixon, appears. : *New York in the Nineteenth Century. and American Leaves, etc., by Samuel Osgood, appear. ; * History of the Christian Church, by Philip Schaflf, appears. ; * Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, by Mc- Clintock and Strong, Vol. 1. appears. ■ * Poems, by "William Dean Howells, appears; also Italian Journeys. ■ * Swinging Round the Circle, by Petro- leum V. Nasby, appears. : * Complete Manual of English Litera- ture, by Thomas B. Shaw, appears. r * War Poetry of the South, edited by "William Gilmore Simms, appears. * Religious Poems, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, appears. * The Celebrated Jumping Frog, etc., by Mark Twain, appears. * New System of Infantry Tactics, by Gen. Emory Upton, appears. UNITED STATES. 1867, * *-1868, Apr. 18. 261 1S68 Jan. 1. Ga. The Methodist Advo- cate is published, at Atlanta. SOCIETY. 1867 * *N. r. The State Board of Charities is organized. * * U. S. Farmers organize the Gran- gers to protect farming interests. 1868 Jan. 1. Ind. The Reform School for boys is opened at Plainfield. Feb. 8. Mo. The Legislature passes an act by which prize fighting for money is made punishable by imprisonment or a fine. Mar. 31. Cat. The Chinese Embassy arrives at San Francisco. * * D.C. The President receives Charles Dickens. Apr. 18. New York. A dinner in honor of Charles Dickens is given by some of his admirers. [Apr. 22. He sails for England.] STATE. 1S67 * * Congress attaches that por- tion of New Mexico which lies above 37° to Colorado. 1868 Jan. 4. D. C. Congress ; House : Resolutions are adopted approving the course of Gen. Sheridan as mili- tary governor of Louisiana, and cen- suring President Johnson. Jan. 8. Ga. The State Convention re- moves the capital from Augusta to Atlanta. Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate refuses to concur with the President in the removal of Secretary Stanton; Gen. Grant promptly vacates the office of Secretary of "War. Jan. 14. 5. C. A State Convention, called under the Reconstruction Acts, assembles at Charleston to frame a new Constitution. JV. C. A State Convention, called under the Reconstruction Acts, assem- bles at Raleigh. [A Constitution is framed, and it is afterward ratified.] Jan. 14, 15. D. C. Secretary Stanton resumes his office. Jan. 20. Fla. A Constitutional Con- vention^ meeting at Tallahassee, is or- ganized by 41 of the 46 delegates ; the eligibility of four others is contested. Jan. 21. D. C. Congress; House: The Southern States are declared to be with- out valid government ; jurisdiction over them is taken from the Presi- dent, and assigned to Gen. Grant, as commander of the army. -Jan. * Miss. The Legislature unani- mously rejects the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. Feb. 3. D. C. Congress exempts cot- ton from the internal revenue tax. Feb. 4. D. C. Congress : An act pro- hibiting any further reduction of the currency is passed ; the minimum limit of legal-tender notes is fixed at $356,- 000,000. Feb. 6. Fla. The president of the Con- stitutional Convention announces that a legal quorum of 20 or 22 delegates have adopted a new Constitution ; it super- sedes that of 1865. Feb. 18. Fla. A meeting of the dele- gates of the Constitutional Convention is called by Gen. Meade ; Horatio Jen- kins is appointed president. Feb. 20. X. J. The Legislature with- draws the ratification of the 14th Amendment. [Feb. 25, the withdrawal is vetoed by Governor Ward ; Mar. 5, Senate overrides the veto ; Mar. 25, the House also.] Feb. 21. D. C. President Johnson dis- misses E. M. Stanton, Secretary of "War, and appoints Gen. Lorenzo Thomas as his successor ad interim; the President notifies the Senate of his action. Feb. 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate declares the appointment of Gen. Thomas illegal, and Stanton causes his arrest ; he is held on bail, but re- leased Feb. 24. The President nominates Thomas Ewing of O. as Secretary of War. Feb. 24. D. C. Congress: The House resolves to impeach President John- son of high crimes and misdemeanors. (Second attempt.) Vote, 126-47 ; 17 not voting. Two members are appointed to impeach him at the bar of the Senate. He is charged with violating the Tenure of Office Act, and much friction exists between the Executive and Congress, because of his opposition to the Recon- struction Acts. Feb. 25. D. C. Congress: The action of the House for impeachment is re- ported at the bar of the Senate by Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. and John A. Bingham of O., the Committee of Impeachment. Fla. The State Constitution is adopted ; nine delegates refuse to sign it. Feb. 29. D. C. Congress ; House : the Committee of Impeachment reports nine articles. Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; House : The articles of impeachment are adopted by a party vote. Impeachment managers : John A. Bing- ham, Chairman, of O., George S. Bout- well of Mass., James F. Wilson of la., Benjamin F. Butler of Mass., Thomas Williams of Pa., John A. Logan of 111., Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. President's counsel : B. K. Curtis, WilliamM. Fvarts, W. S. Grosbeck, and Henry Stanbery. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate : The Board of Managers presents two addi- tional articles of impeachment, — sedi- tion, and speech declaring that Congress was not a legal body. Mar. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate notifies the House that it is ready to receive the managers of the impeach- ment. The House bill of impeachment is presented. Mar. 5. D.C. The Senate convenes as a Court of Impeachment, with the Chief Justice in the chair. The President is summoned to appear. Mar. 11. Ga. The new Constitution is ratified. Mar. 13. D. C. The Court of Impeach- ment is reopened ; it adjourns to the 23d. Ark. The new Constitution is adopted and ratified. Mar. 23. D.C. Congress ; Senate : The Impeachment Court receives the Pres- ident's response to the charges. Mar. 30. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Gen. B. F. Butler of Mass., as counsel for the prosecution, opens the case against the President ; the actual trial begins. Mar. 31. Cat. The Chinese embassy, with Anson Burlingame as special ambassador, arrives at San Francisco. Apr. 3. la. The Legislature ratifies the 14th Amendment to the Federal Con- stitution. Apr. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Ben- jamin E. Curtis of Mass. opens the de- fense in the impeachment trial. Apr. 14-16. S. C. The new Constitu- tion is ratified by the people. Vote, 70,558-27,288. Apr. 17. Va. The Constitutional Con- vention adopts a constitution. Vote, 51-36. [It was to have been submitted to the people for ratification, June 2 ; but the election was not held.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1867 * * III. The pioneer Pullman car is built ; the Pullman Car company is organized. * * Mo. Carondelet is incorporated with St. Louis. [Effective Apr. 1871.] * * N. Y. The Hudson River railroad bridge at Albany is completed. * * Minn. Minneapolis is incorporated as a city. * * New York. The county court-house is completed. * * Ore. The bark Whistler carries a cargo of wheat direct to Australia. * * Phila. The new court-house is * * Wagner's Palace-Car Company is incorporated. 1S68 Jan. 2. Cat. The Santa Clara and Pajaro Valley Railroad Company is chartered. Jan. 28. Chicago is devastated by a great fire ; loss, S3,000.000. Jan. * Boston. The town of Roxbury is annexed. Mar. 2. New York. Barnum's Mu- seum is again burned. Mar. 18. The steamer Magnolia on the Ohio River explodes ; SO lives are lost. Mar. 31. Miss. A convention of land- owners is held at Jackson to encourage immigration to the South ; delegates arc present from Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, and Louisiana. Apr. 9. The steamer Sea Bird burns on Lake Michigan ; 100 lives are lost. Apr. 14. Pa. An Erie train is thrown down an embankment at Carr's Rock, on the Delaware River ; 2G persons are killed and 52 are injured. 262 1868, Apr. 18 -Oct. 26 AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1868 June 1. D. C. Gen. G. Stone- man is appointed to command in the 1st District, as successor to Gen. J. M. Scho- field. June 4. D. C. Gen. Irvin McDowell assumes command of the 4tlx Military District. June 30. D. C. Gen. Alvan C. Gillem is appointed to command in the 4th Dis- trict, as successor to Gen. I. McDowell. July 28. D. C. Gen. J. J. Reynolds is appointed to command in the 5th Dis- trict, as successor to Gen. P. H. Sheridan. A.ug. 4. Pa. Philadelphia presents League Island in the Delaware to the Federal Government as the site for a navy-yard ; area, 923 acres. jlug. Kan, The Indians make a raid into the Solomon Valley and along the Republican and Saline Rivers. -Sept. 9-17. Kan. Col. George A. For- syth has a fight with the Indians along the Republican River. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. ;"*68 May 10. D. C. W. W. Corcoran deeds his valuable Art Gallery to trus- tees for public use. May 27. Mo. The monument to Thomas H. Benton at St. Louis is unveiled. July 11. Mick. The asteroid Hecate is discovered by J. C. "Watson. [Also Helena, Aug. 16, Hera, Sept. 7, and Dione, Oct. 10.] Aug. 22. N. Y. The asteroid Miriam is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. Oct. 21. Cat. An earthquake shakes the Pacific Coast ; walls are broken, chimneys fall, and five persons are killed in San Francisco. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 186S. Apr. 19. Hawks, Cicero Stephen, P. E. bishop of Mo., A56. Apr. 20. Osgood, Helen L. G., army nurse, A33. Apr. 26. Rives. William Cabell, senator for Md., minister to France, author, mem- ber Confederate ronu r ress, A75. May 5 . Page, Charles Grafton, writer, physicist of D. C, A5t>. Ridgeley, Daniel Boone, commander TJ. S. N., A55. May 20. Junkin, George, Pres. clergy- man, college president, A78. May 21. Dyckman, Garrett W., capt. in Mexican war, col. U. S. V., dies. May 23. Carson, Christopher, "Kit Car- ■on," trapper, Fremont's gni. C. The 40th Congress: the second session reopens and closes. London. A convention for the settle- ment of the Alabama claims by a commission is signed by Reverdy John- son and the Earl of Clarendon, but is fruitless of results. Minn. The people ratify the amended Constitution ; it eliminates the word " white." Nov. 30-Dec. 1. Miss. The People ratify the Constitution of May 15, 1SGS. Vote, 105,223-954. An almost unani- mous vote is given against disfranchis- ing Confederate soldiers. Dec. 7. D. C. The 40th Congress: the third session opens. Dec. * D. C. The President's recommen- dation to repudiate obligations of the government arrests attention. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House announces the purpose to fully pay the national debt. Vote, 155-6 — 60 not voting. Dec. 24. Mass. The Governor and coun- cil contract for the completion of the Hoosac Tunnel for $4,594,268. Dec. 25. D. C. President Johnson issues a proclamation of general uncondi- tional amnesty to persons implicated in the rebellion : it includes Jefferson Davis. * * Colo. The State capital is removed from Golden City to Denver. * * Me, The constabulary law of 1S67 is repealed. * * Tenn. The Legislature enacts a mini- mum fine of 1^500 and imprisonment for five years for members of the Kuklux Klan society. * * Tenn. The petition of 4,000 citizens asking for the removal of political dis- abilities is denied by the Legislature. * * The " Greenback" financial agita- tion becomes widespread. "The same currency for both plow- holder and bondholder," say Demo- crats ; "The best currency for both plowholder and bondholder," say Re- publicans. * * The ruling classes of the South, aroused by the misgovernment of the reconstructed States, wage war on the '* Carpet-Baggers " — unscrupulous politicians from the North. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -70 * * Ala. "William H. Smith. -71 * * Ark. Powell Clayton. -72 * * Cal. Henry H. Haight. -72 * * Fla. Harrison Reed. -72 * * Ga. Rufus B. Bullock. -72 * * la. Samuel Merrill. -70 * * Ida. (Ter.). David W. Ballard. La. Joshua Baker. -72 * * La. Henry C. Warmoth. -72 * * O. Rutherford B. Hayes. -72 * * S. C. Robert K. Scott. -70 * * Fa. Henry H. Wells. 1869 Jan. 4. La. The Social Equal- ity Bill is passed. (See Society.) Jan. 13. D. C. A National Convention of Colored Men assembles at Washing- ton ; Frederick Douglass, president. Jan. 14. London. Reverdy Johnson, U. S. minister to England, and the Earl of Clarendon sign a treaty, which includes the adjustment of the Alabama claims. Jan. 20. I). C. Congress: The House approves the 15th Amendment res- olution to secure impartial suffrage, irrespective of race or color. [Rejected by the Senate. See Feb. 26.] Feb. 4. Kan. A "Woman's Suffrage Convention is held at Topeka. Feb. 10. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : Grant, 214 ; Sey- mour, SO. Vote for Vice-President: Schuyler Colfax t> f -h'u-, l>14; Frank P. Blair (Dem.) of Mo., SO. (26 States are Republican, 8 Democratic.) Feb. 11. D. C. A nolle prosequi is en- tered in the treason case against Jeffer- son Davis. Feb. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate rejects the treaty with England respect- ing the Alabama claims. Feb. 19. T). C. Congress prohibits the national banks from making loans of money on U. S. notes. Feb. 20. Tenn. Gov. Brownlow pro- claims martial law in nine counties, and calls out the militia to suppress the Kuklux Klan societies. Feb.26. 1). C. Congress: B 3th Houses pass the 15th Amendment resolution, providing that the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged, in any State, on account of " race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Vote : Senate, 39-13; House, 145-14. MISCELLANEOUS. 1868 Nov. 7. 111. The bridge across the Mississippi at Quincy is opened. Dec. 1. N. Y. Old Fort Lafayette, in the Narrows, is destroyed by fire. * * O. The Standard Oil Company is founded at Cleveland. (See p. 281). * * Ore. Joseph Watt exports the first full cargo of wheat sent direct from Oregon to Liverpool. * * Phila. The National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic is held ; Gen. John A. Logan of 111. com- niander-m-chief. * * " The inalienable right of man to change his habitation," is officially rec- ognized by China and the United States, in the Burlingame Treaty. * * The first dining car, the Delmon- ico, is run by the Chicago and Alton Road. 1869 Jan. 1. Chicago. The "Washing- ton Street tunnel under the Chicago River is opened. Jan. * N. Y. The Albany and Susque- hanna Railroad is finally completed. 266 1869, Feb. 27 -Sept. 30. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1869 Mar. 4. Gen. Philip H. Sheri- dan is promoted to the rank of lieuten- ant-general, and John M. Schofield is commissioned major-general, U. S. A. Mar. * T>. C. Gen. Adelbert Ames is appointed to command in the 4th Dis- trict, as successor to Gen. A. C. Gillem. Apr. 20. Va. Gen. E. K. S. Canby assumes command of the 2d District. May 21. Kan. Indians make a raid on the Republican River. June 25. D. C. The Government ac- cepts "Stevens's Battery," a -war-ship bequeathed by Edwin A. Stevens of N. J.; also §1,000,000 given to complete it. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1869 May 29. Phila. The monument to "Washington and Lafayette, erected in Monument Cemetery, is dedicated. May *-Aug. * Maj. J. W. Powell, with a party of 10 in four boats, descends the cation of the Colorado to Rio Virgen, a distance of 500 miles. June 15-19. Boston. A National Peace Jubilee and Musical Festival is held in celebration of the restoration of the Union. Conductor, P. S. Gilmore ; Ole Bull, Carl Rosa, Parepa-Rosa, and Miss Phil- lips are conspicuous. The chorus con- sists of 10,371 selected voices, and the instruments number 1,094. July 5. Phila. The "Washington Monument, erected in front of the State Ho\ise, is dedicated. July * Tex. Rivers rise 47 feet after three days of rain ; buildings, bridges, and crops are swept away ; loss several millions of dollars. Aug. 7. A solar eclipse occurs. Sept. 30. H. M. Parkhurst discovers a new asteroid which he calls Galatea; this discovery is made by means of his invention for mapping the stars. Sept. * Capt. C. F. Hall returns from an Arctic exploration, and reports that he has found many traces of the Franklin expedition, and has discovered that the Esquimaux plundered the members of the Franklin party, and allowed their dogs to feed on the bodies of the victims. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1869. Mar. 3. McWillie, William, Gov. of Miss., A74. Mar. 13. Fessenuen, Samuel, lawyer, of N. H., A85. Guthrie, James, senator for Ky., secre- tary of treasury, A77. Mar. 25. Bates. Edw., M. C. for Mo., atty.-gen., A76. Mar. 27. Folsom, George, antiquarian, dip- lomat, author, A 67. Harper. James, fdfc. Harper Bros., A74. Apr. 1. iMinclison, IJohley, physician, au- thor medical books, A71. Apr. 2. Wise, Henry A., capt U. S. ^.au- thor, A50. Apr. 12. Button. Henry, jurist, Gov., M. C. for Conn., author, A73. Apr. 20. Smith, Sol. Franklin, actor, man- ager, author, A68. Apr. 23. McAlester, Miles David, brig.-gen. U. S. A., engineer, A'36. May 2. Seymour, Charles P.., editor, musi- cal ami dramatic nitic, A 40. May 18. Peters. Absalom, Cong, clergy- man, professor, editor of Eclectic, A76. May 26. Rush, James, phys.. pbilan., A 83. June 14. Cock, Thomas, physician, pro- fessor, medical writer, A87. June 17. iJi.Ton, .loH'-ph, photographer, in- ventor, crucible maker, A71. June 18. Raymond, Henry J., founder .V. }'. Times, A 49. June 29. Benton, Nathaniel S., jurist, poli- tician, edwator, A77. July 16. Park, j;..sw«-U, P. E. cL, A62. July 22. Roeblinc?. John A., designer of Brooklyn Bridge, A63. Aug. 6. Allen, Charles, jurist, M. C. for Mass., A72. Aug. 18. Cleveland, Charles Dexter, au- thor, scholar, A67. Sept. 8. Kelt, Joseph Barlow, Cong, clergy- man, historian, AK0. FesBenden, William Pitt, senator for Me., sec. of treas., A63. Sept. 9. Itawlins, John A., brig.-gen., sec- retary of war, A38. Sept. 10. Bell, John, lawyer, M. C. for Tenn., speaker, sec. of war, candidate for Vice-President, A72. Sept. 17. Tallmauge, Frederick Augustus, M. C. for N. Y., recorder, A77. CHURCH. 1869 Mar. * Boston. The "Women's Foreign Missionary Society (Metho- dist Episcopal) is organized. Apr. 8. N. Y. Frederic Dan Hunting- ton is consecrated (Protestant Episco- pal) bishop of Central New York. May* New York. The General As- sembly (0. S. Presbyterian) meets ; M. W. Jacobus, moderator ; it adjourns to meet at Pittsburg, on Nov. 12, in further- ance of a union movement, The General Assembly (N. S. Pres- byterian) meets : P. H. Fowler, modera- tor ; it also adjourns to meet on Nov. 12, at Pittsburg. June 2. N. J. The Congregational As- sociation of New Jersey is organized. June 16. New York. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1869 Mar. 8. Utah. The University of Deseret, Salt Lake City, is organized. July 14. Ky. A State Educational Convention is held near Louisville by the colored people. * * Boston. Boston University and College of Liberal Arts (Meth. Epis.) is founded. * * Cal. Hesperian College (Christian) is organized at "Woodland. * * Chicago. The Lake Side Monthly magazine appears. * * Chicago. St. Ignatius College (Rom. Cath.) is organized. * * Ind. The News is issued at Indian- apolis". * * la. The Iowa Agricultural College is opened at Ames. * * Kan. St. Mary's College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at St. Mary's. * * Kan. The Capital is. issued at To- peka. * * Ky. The Louisville Medical College is opened. * * La. Straight University (Cong.) is organized at New Orleans. * * Minn. The State University is opened at St. Anthony, and the State Normal Schools at St. Cloud and Mankato. * * Minn. The Augsburg Theological Seminary is opened at Minneapolis. * * Miss. Tougaloo University is es- tablished at Tougaloo. * * Md. "Western Maryland College (Meth. Prot.) is organized at Westmin- ster. * * Mo. Cane College (Bapt.) is founded at Louisiana. * * Neb. University of Nebraska (non- sect.) is organized at Lincoln. " *N. J. The German Theological School rPres.) is opeDed at Bloomfield. * * New York. The Eclectic English Magazine appears. k * New York. St. Louis College (Rom. Cath.) of New York City is organized. k * * New York. The Evening Mail is founded. [1SS0. Mail and Express.] * *N. Y. The Normal Schools at Potsdam and Portland are established. * * O. The Cleveland Evening News and Herald is issued. * * Ore. St. Helen's Hall (Rom. Cath.) at Portland is opened. * * Pa. Swarthmore College (Friends) is organized at Swarthmore. * * Tex. Trinity University (Com. Pres.) at Tehuacana is opened. SOCIETY. 1869 Mar. 7. N. C. Gov. Holden pro- claims Alamance County in a state of insurrection ; the Kuklux are the lead- ers. [Caswell county on July 8.] May 12. Cuba. Thomas Jordan's fili- bustering expedition from New York lands on the north coast. June 2. Ala. A convention to increase immigration meets at Montgomery. June 26. New York. A filibustering expedition under Col. Ryan sails for Cuba. [It is detained by revenue officers.l Aug. 16. Phila. A National Labor Convention assembles. Sept. 1-3. Chicago. A National Tem- perance Convention is attended by 5,000 delegates. Sept. 28. Boston, The Horace Mann School for the Deaf is opened. Sept. 30. New York. George Peabody sails for England. He contributes munificent sums for the endowment of several educational institutions, and adds SI. 400,000 to his former gift (S2.ouO.UOOl for Southern edu- cation. STATE. 1869 Feb. 27. La. The State Senate ratifies the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. [Mar. 1 the House ratifies it.] Mar. 1. Nev. The Legislature ratifies the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Mar. * D. C. Congress : The House passes the Schenck BiH, pledging the payment of all Government obligations in coin. Mar. 3. Z>. C. Congress; House: Charles Pomeroy of la. is elected UNITED STATES. 1869, Feb. 27 -Sept. 30. 267 Speaker, in place of Schuyler Colfax, resigned. Congress sets apart St. Paul and St. George Islands, Alaska, as a reserva- tion for the protection of fur seal, and forbids the landing of vessels. W. Va. The Legislature ratifies the 15th Amendment to the Federal Con- stitution. 18th Administration: Republican. Mar. 4. I). C. General Ulysses S. Grant of 111. is inaugurated the 18th President, in the 21st term of the pres- idency ; Schuyler Colfax of Ind. is Vice-President. Cabinet: EhhuB.Washburneof 111, (State), Alexander T. Stewart of N. Y. (Treaa.), John M. Sehofield of N. Y. (War), Jacob D. Cox of O. (Interior), Adolph E. Borie of Pa. (Navy), John A. J. Creswell of Md. (P. M.-Gen.), Ebenezer R. Hoar of Mass. (Atty.- Gen.): [George S. Boutwell of Mass. takes tbe place of Mr. Stewart, Hamilton Fish of N. Y. succeeds Mr. AVashburne, and John A. Rawlins succeeds Gen. Seho- field at later dates.] The 40th Congress ends. The 41st Congress opens> Congress; Senate : Hiram R. Revels, colored, of Miss., occupies the seat vacated by Jefferson Davis. House : James G. Blaine of Me. is elected Speaker. Vote: Blaine, 135;. Michael C.Kerr of Ind., 57. Mar. * U. IS. The nation is surprised by the Cabinet appointments of Presi- dent Grant. Mar. 5. III. The Legislature ratifies the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Vote : Senate, 17-7 ; House, 52-27. (Also in N. C.) Mar. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John Sherman of O. proposes to change the law so that A. T. Stewart of N. Y. may become secretary of the treasury while an importing merchant. Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The House repeals the Tenure of Office Act with- out debate. Vote, 138-1G. A. T. Stewart, secretary of the treas- ury, resigns because the law of 1789 for- bids an importer holding the office. Mar. 9-12. Mass.— Wis. The Legisla- tures ratify the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. [Mar. 13, Ky. ; Mar. 16, Conn, and S. C] Mar. 11+ . D.C. E. B. Washburne re- tires from the Cabinet. [He is soon afterward appointed minister to France.] Mar. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate : The Schenck Bill, for the payment of U. S. bonds in coin, is passed. Mar. 18. U. S. The Schenck Bill be- comes a law. Mar. 23. D.C. Congress; Senate: Henry B. Anthony of R. I., is elected President pro tempore. [He is also re- elected Apr. 9.] Mar. 24. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the substitute for the Tenure of Office Act. Vote, 37-15. It appears to maintain the act in an- other form, while in tact setting it aside. "The Tenure of Office Act was enacted lest President Johnson should remove Republican office-holders too rapidly ; and it was practically repealed lest Pres- ident Grant should not remove Demo- cratic office-holders rapidly enough." (Blaine.) Apr. 7. D. C. The President sends a message to the Senate on British claims. Apr. 10. D. C. The 41st Congress ; the first session closes. Apr. 12. D. C. The Senate meets, in special session, at the call of President Grant. Apr. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate rejects the Johnson- Clarendon treaty respecting the Alabama claims. Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate ratifies the naturalization treaty with Great Britain. Apr. * D. C. John Lothrop Motley is appointed U. S. minister at the Court of St. James. Apr. 20. Va. Gen. E. R. S. Canby be- comes military governor. Apr. 23. D. C. The special session of the Senate closes. May 26. Mo. The State seal, lost since the beginning of the Civil War, is handed . over to the Governor by ex.-Lieut.-Gov. T. C.Reynolds. June 8. Ind. The Legislature ratifies the 15th Amendment to tbe Federal Constitution. [June 11, 16, Fla. ; Julyl, N. H. ; Oct. 21, Vt.] June 20. Kan. A State Convention of colored people meets at Topeka, and requests the Legislature to petition Con- gress for negro suffrage. June 22. D. C. Adolph E. Borie, sec- retary of the navy, resigns. Ga. The Supreme Court decides that negroes are eligible for public office. June 25. D. C. Geo. M. Robeson of N. J. is appointed Secretary of the Navy. June 30. U.S. Statistics for 1869. Re- ceipts: Customs, 61S0,WS,427 ; internal revenue, S15S,:;50,461 ; direct tax, $765,- 686; salesof public lands. $4,020,344; pre- miums on loans and sales of gold coin, §13,755,491 ; miscellaneous items, $370,- 943,747 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenses, $48,078,469. Expenditures : Premiums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., $1,674,680: miscellaneous items, $56,474,062; War Department, $78,501,- 991; Navy Department, $20,000,758 ; In- dians, $7,042,923 ; pensions, $28,476,622; interest on public debt. S130.694.243. Total ordinary expenses, $322,865,278. Public debt, $2,588,452,213. Exports, $280,117,697; imports, $417,506,379. July 4, 5. Chicago. The Irish National Republican Convention meets, with 221 delegates present. July 6. Va. The people adopt the New Constitution by a majority of 39,957. Sept. 12. Chicago. The National Pro- hibition party is organized by a Con- vention of 500 delegates. MISCELLANEOUS. 1869 Feb. 27. Chicago. The "West Side Park Commission is incorporated. Mar. 1. Pkila. The Chamber of Com- merce is dedicated. Mar. 23. Chicago. The South Park Commission Act is ratified at the elec- tion. • May 10. Utah. The connecting of the Union and Central Pacific Railroads is made at Promontory Point ; Thomas Durant and Gov. Leland Stanford drive the last spikes ; the line exteuds from Omaha to San Francisco, — 1,914 miles. The Atlantic and Pacific coasts are now connected by rail. May 12. Fr. The shore end of the Franco-American cable is laid at Brest. May 18. Term. A Southern commer- cial convention is held at Memphis ; 22 States are represented by 1,100 delegates. [May 25, another is held at New Orleans.] June 25. N. J. The Camden and Amboy Railroad Company and the Raritan Canal Company surrender their reserved rights, by which they have mo- nopolized the trans-State carrying trade for 40 years. June 30. U. S. Immigrants in 1869, 352,569. A^T* July 7. A r . Y. The first stone of the new Capitol at Albany is laid. y^'' July 23. Mass. The French cable is landed at Duxbury, connecting with France, via St. Pierre, near Newfound- land. Length, 3,047 miles. July 27. Mass. The landing of the,. French Atlantic cable is celebrated.' Aug. * New York. The work off improv- ing the channel of the East Paver at Hell Gate begins. Aug. * N. T. The Erie Railroad seeks to acquire control of the Albany and Susquehanna Road ; a war of injunctions and armed resistance ensue. Sept. 6. Pa. A fire in the Avondale coal-mi n e in Luzerne County causes the loss of 108 lives. Sept. 7. la. A Commercial Conven- tion assembles at Keokuk. Sept. 13. New York. The Erie Ring panic occurs. Having secured the chief control of the gold in the market, and the preven- tion of sales of gold by the Government, Jay Gould and James' Fisk begin to pur- chase gold at about 130. Sept. 22. New York. The Erie Ring runs up the price of gold to 140. Sept. 23. New York. The price of gold reaches 144, and the conspirators declare their purpose to crowd it up to 200. Sept. 24. New York. " Black Fri- day 7i , — a financial panic — causes great financial disasters. The clique of speculators push up the price of gold to 164, and all the small and middle-*' I :tss speculators fail. [While it enriches a few, it brings great calamity to the business community, which is re- quired to pay duties in gold. The Gov- ernment breaks the corner by offering to sell §4,000,000 of gold. The conspira- tors plunder tbe market of about §11,. 000,000 in profits.] 268 1869, Oct 5-1870, Feb. 9. ARMY — NAVY. 1869 Dec. 24. D. C. Gen. A. H. Terry is assigned to the Georgia Mili- tary District. * */?./. The Federal Government estab- lishes a torpedo school at Newport. * * The Indian "War ends. ART - SCIENCE —NATURE. 1S69 Oct. 9. N. Y. The asteroid Fe- licitas is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. * * Cal. A new gold district is discovered near San Diego. * * New York. John A. Roebling makes the first survey for the East River Bridge. * * JVew York. E. Wood Perry, John La- farge, A. H. Wyant, and E. L. Henry are elected members of the National Academy of Design. -* * New York. Augnstin Daly takes charge of a theater in Twenty-fourth Street. * * N. Y. The Orpheus Singing- Society of Buffalo is organized. * * 0. The Harmonic Society of Cin- cinnati is organized. — 70 * * U. S. A method is introduced by which wood is ground to form the raw material for paper. * * U. S. The cotton crop of the year is the largest since I860, amounting to at least 3,000,000 bales (of 400 lbs.). * * Try sting Tree is painted by A. B. Durand. * * San Giorgio is painted by S. R. Gif- ford. * * Wine Tasters is painted by J. B. Ir- ving. 1870 Jan. 3. N. Y. Work on the East River Bridge is commenced by sinking a caisson on the Brooklyn side. AMERICA BIRTHS — DEATHS. for N. H., brig.-gen. of vols., 14th Pres. of U. S., A65. Oct. 16. ltitner, Joseph, Gov. of Pa., A90. Nov. 2. Bancs, Heman, M. E. cl., eri., A79. Nov. 4. Peabody. Georgre. of Massachu- setts, banker in Eng., philanthropist, pa- tron of education, A74. Nov. 6. Stewart. Charles, rear-adm., A91. Nov. 10. Wool. John Ellis, ma j. -gen. U. S. A., A 85. Nov. 11. Kendall, An master-general, A 80. , of Mass., post- Nov. 15. Butterfield, John, founder of stage and express lines, A86. Dec. 3. Potter, Hazard Arnold, physician, surgeon, A59. Dec. 18. Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pian- ist, composer, A 40. Dec. 23. Crapo, Henry H., Gov. of Mich., A65. Cozzens, Fred. Swartwout, writer, au- thor, A51. Dec. 24. Stanton. Edwin McMasters. atty.-gen., secretary of war, A55. Dec. 31. Perkins, Justin, Cong, clergyman, missionary to Nestorians, A64. 0.870. Jan. 3. Lozier, Charlotte T., physician, professor, writer, A26. Jan. 6. Joseph A. Mower, brev. maj.-gen., A63. Jan- 18. Chase, Carlton, P. E. bishop of N. H., A76. Jan. 20. Dudley, Benjamin W., surgeon, of Ky., professor of" surgery, A85. Jan. 22. Prentice. George Dentaon. edi- tor, author, A68. Jan. 23. Placide, Henry, actor, A71. Feb. 5. Elton, Kouieo, liapt. clergyman, professor, author, A78. Tiinble, Allen, Gov. of O., A87. CHURCH. 1869 Oct. 13. Ariz. William Whitaker is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Nevada and Arizona. Oct. * Phila. A reform convention (Protestant Episcopal) is held, and al- terations in the ritual aud other changes are favored. Nov. 12. Pa. The (adjourned) General Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; M. W. Jacobus, moderator. The (adjourned) General Assembly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; P. H. Fowler, moderator. The returns from the Presbyteries are overwhelmingly favorable to reunion. The union of the New and Old School Presbyterian Churches is consum- mated on the basis of the "Stand- ards, pure and simple." Dec. 8. //. Pope Pius IX. opens a general council. [It propounds the doc- trine of papal infallibility and a list of anathemas.] Dec. 22. N, J. The Ocean Grove (Methodist Episcopal) Association is organized. * * The word " German " is erased from the title, German Reformed Church. * * Boston. A Congregational Club is or- ganized. * * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing assembles. * * D.C. The General Synod (Evangel- ical Lutheran) meets at Washington. * * III. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; R. A. Browne, moderator. * * Ky. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Louis- ville; R, M. Bishop, president. * * Ky, A part of the Synod of Kentucky joins the " Presbyterian Church in the United States " (Southern Presbyterian). * * Kan, The Kansas Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * Kan. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized. * * New Mex. The Roman Catholic Vica- rate Apostolic of New Mexico is estab- lished. * * The Presbyterians begin mission-work among the Dakota Indians. * * John Dickinson is first elected bishop of the United Brethren. * * The General Council of the Evangeli- cal Lutheran Church begins its foreign mission-work in Southern India. * * The Lexington and Louisiana Confer- ences (Methodist Episcopal) are formed. 1870 Jan. 25. Henry Mies Pierce is consecrated /Protestant Episcopal) mis- sionary bishop of Arkansas and Indian Territory. Jan. 26. La. The Louisiana Congrega- tional Association is organized. LETTERS. 1869 * * The Association of American Medical Editors is organized. - * Ballads of New England, by J. G. Whittier, appears. * * Compendious German Grammar, by W. D. Whitney, appears. * * The Discovery of the Great West, by Francis Parkman, appears. * * The Heathen Chinee, by Bret Harte, appears ; also The Outcasts of Poker Flat. * * Hitherto, by Adeline D. T. "Whitney, appears. * * Innocents Abroad, by Mark Twain, appears. * * Lady Byron Vindicated, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, appears ; also Old Toicn Folks. * * Literature of the Age of Elizabeth, by E. W. Whipple, appears. * * An Old- Fashioned Girl, by Louisa M. Alcott, appears. * * A Pictorial History of the Civil War, by Benson J. Lossing, appears. * * Stepping Heavenward, by Elizabeth Prentiss, appears. * *The Story of a Bad Boy, by T. B. Aldrich, appears. * * Principles of Psychology, by John Bas- com, appears. * * Memoirs of Service Afloat, by Raphael Semmes, appears. * * Life and Letters of Fitz-Greene Hat- leck, by James Grant Wilson, appears. * * The Cathedral, by James KusseU Lowell, appears. * * Woman 9 s Suffrage, the Reform against Nature, by Horace Bushnell, appears. * * The Switzerland of America, by Sam- uel Bowles, appears. * * By- Ways of Europe, by Bayard Taylor, appears. * * Long and Short Span Bridges, by J. A. Roebling, appears. * * Mai bone : an Oldport Romance, by T. W. Higginson, appears. * * Mm, Women, and Ghosts, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, appears. * * Fire Acres too Much, by Robert Barn- well Roosevelt, appears. * * Hilt to Hilt, by John Esten Cooke, appears. * * Overture of Angels, by Henry Ward Beecher, appears. * * Naval Architecture aJid Shipbuilding, by Com. Meade, appears. * * Jesus of Nazareth : His Life and Teach- ings, by Lyman Abbott, appears. * * The Blameless Prince and Other Poems, by Edmund Clarence Stedman, appears. UNITED STATES. 1869, Oct. 5-1870, Feb. 9. 269 SOCIETY. 1869 Oct. 20. N. C. Gov. Holden is- sues a proclamation against the dis- orders and violence of secret societies in four counties. Oct. 24. New York. Pere Hyacinthe of Paris is publicly introduced by Henry Ward Beecher. Oct. * Wis. The northwestern branch of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers, established near Milwaukee, is dedicated. Nov. 20. Ky. Regulators horsewhip a cooper at Somerset ; a riot ensues in which three men are killed. Nov. 24. O. A "Woman's Suffrage Convention meets. (See State.) Nov.* Del. A "Woman's Suffrage Convention is held at "Wilmington. Dec. 10. D. C. A National Colored La- bor Convention meets. Dec. 11. Utah. A Mormon rebellion rises against Brigham Young. Dec. 12. Ind. A party of 70 men enter the jail at New Albany, take out four prisoners, and hang them. * * The Chicago Club is founded. * * Mass. A prohibitory statute is enacted. * * Neb. The State deaf and dumb in- stitute is opened at Omaha. * * Nev. The State erects an orphan's home at Carson City. * * New Tori:. The Baptist Home for Aged People is founded. * * N. Y. The Association of the Bar is instituted ; "William M. Evarts is the first president. * * O. St. Mary's Hospital at Cincin- nati is established. * * 0. The third National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic is held at Cincinnati ; Gen. John A.Logan of 111., commander-in-chief. * * Phila. The Baptist Home of Phila- delphia is founded. * * Phila. Uriah S. Stevens, a clothing cutter, organizes a secret society for the protection of the working people. [It develops into the Knights of Labor.] * * P. I. The Board of State Charities and Correction is organized. * * Tex. The Buckner Orphans' Home (Bapt.) is founded at Dallas. * * The General Assembly (Presbyte- rian) recommends total abstinence. * * The National Prison Association is formed. (1870?) 1S70 Jan. 24. D. C. Prince Arthur, Queen Victoria's third son (Duke of Connaught), is presented to President Grant. Feb. 8. Me. Prince Arthur and many distinguished people attend the funeral of George Peabody at Portland. Feb.* Mass. The remains of George Peabody are buried at Peabody. STATE. 1S69 Oct 5. J'a. The Legislature meets ; the first regular meeting in a decade. Oct. 8. Va. The Legislature ratifies the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Federal Constitution. Oct. 25. D. C. "William "W. Belknap of Iowa is appointed secretary of war. Oct. * -Nov. * Free-trade doctrines be- come more popular than formerly. Nov, 2. Fla. A majority of the people west of the Choctawhatchee River vote for annexation with Alabama. Nov. 24. O. The National "Woman's Suffrage Convention meets at Cleve- land, with 1S3 delegates present; Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, president. The American Woman's Suffrage Associa- tion is organized. Nov. 29. A treaty with the Dominican Republic is negotiated, for its annexa- tion to the United States, and for the leasing of the bay and peninsula of Sa- raana as a naval rendezvous. Nov. 30.-Dec. 1. Miss. The people ratify the new Constitution. Vote, 105,223-954. Nov. 30.-Dee. 3. Tex. The people rat- ify the Constitution. Vote, 72,395-4,924. Dec. 6. D.C. The 41st Congress opens. Dec. 13. D. C. Congress renews the Canadian Reciprocity treaty. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress removes the legal and political disabilities from a large class of ex-Confederates. Dec. 16. D. C. Congress declares the exclusion of free dm en from the Legis- lature, as done in Georgia, revolution- ary, and to be prohibited. Dec. 20. D. C. President Grant appoints Edwin M. Stanton of Pa. an associ- ate justice of the Supreme Court. Dec. 22. Ga. The Legislature refuses to ratify the 15th Amendment. Ga. The reconstruction of the State in compliance with an Act of Con- gress is accomplished. Dec. * D. C The correspondence of Sec- retary Fish and Lord Clarendon on the Alabama claims is made public. * * D. C. Congress reduces the tax on distilled spirits from $1.97 to 54 cents per proof gallon. * * la. The Legislature creates a State Board of Immigration. * * Minn. Both Houses vote to remove the capital from St. Paul to a site in Kandiyohi County ; the governor vetoes the bill. * * New York. A. Oakey Hall is elected the 77th mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -76 * * Ariz. (Ter.). A. P. K. Safford. Colo.(Ter.). Edwin M. M'Cook. Conn. Marshall Jewell. Dak. (Ter.). John A. Burbank. Del. James Ponder. 111. John M. Palmer. Kan. James M. Harvey. Mass. William Claflin. Mich. Henry P. Baldwin. -73* -70* -73* -75* -73* -72 < -71 * * Mo. Joseph W. M'Clurg. -70 * * Mont. (Ter.). James M. Ashley. -71 * * N. H. Onslow Stearns. -72 * * N. J. Theodore F. Randolph. -71 * *N. Mex. ( Ter.). William A. Pile. -73 * * N. Y. John T. Hoffman. -73 * * It. I. Seth Padelford. -71 * * Tenn. DeWitt C. Senter. -71 * * U. (Ter.) J. Wilson Shaffer. -70 * * Vt. Peter T. Washburn. -70 * * Wash. (Ter.) Alvin Flanders. -71* * W.Va. William E. StephenBon. 1370 Jan. 10. Mo. The Legislature rati- fies the 15th Amendment to the Fed- eral Constitution. [Jan. IS by Rhode Island ; Feb. 2, Georgia ; Feb. 3, Iowa ; Feb. 15, Minnesota; Feb. 17, Nebraska; Feb. 18, Texas ; Mar. 3, Kansas ; Mar. 26, Tennessee.] Jan. * D. C. Congress approves the scheme for a canal across the Isthmus of Darien. Jan. 24. D. C. Congress : The Sen- ators from Virginia are readmitted. [Representatives are admitted Jan. 26.] Jan. 26. D. C. A treaty is signed re- specting the Darien Canal. Jan. 27. Va. Gen. Canby turns the State over to the authorities elected by the people. Feb. 2. Ga. The Legislature permits colored members to resume their seats, and then ratifies the 15th Amendment. Feb. 8. Va. Gov. Walker proclaims the State fully reconstructed. Feb. 9. D. C. Congress provides for the establishment of a weather bureau. MISCELLANEOUS. 1869 Oct. 13. Ky. A Commercial Convention assembles at Louisville ; ex-President Fillmore, chairman. Oct. 27- III. About 200 lives are lost by the burning of the steamer Stonewall, near Cairo, on the Mississippi. Nov. 14. Cal. About 15 persons are killed in a collision on the Pacific Rail- road near San Francisco. Dec. 11. Eng. The body of George Pea- body, the American philanthropist, is placed on board the British steamship Monarch, to be conveyed to America. * * Chicago has a park system of seven parks, comprising 2,530 acres. The two south parks, 372 and 593 ; Jackson Park, GOO ; Douglas Park, 171 ; Garfield Park, 185; Humboldt Park, 1S4; Lincoln Park, 310; having 37£ miles of boulevards ; cost, S10,000,000. * * Mo. Tower Grove Park, 276 acres, is donated to St. Louis. * * Mich. Woodmere Cemetery, near De- troit, is established. * * Arthur Cummings introduces curve pitching in baseball. 1S70 Jan. 20. The Anglo-American and Anglo-French cable companies unite. Jan. 22. Cal. The California Southern Railroad Company is chartered. Jan. 23. The U. S. corvette Oveida col- lides with the steamship Bombay, and sinks, near Yokohama, Japan ; 112 lives are lost. Jan. * Boston. Dorchester is annexed. 270 1870, Feb. 10 -Oct. 13. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1870 Sept. * Utah. Gen. Shaffer for- bids tiie drilling of the Mormon militia. Oct. 17. Vice-Admiral David D.Porter is made admiral. * *D. C. Gen. Fitz-John Porter ap- peals to the President for a reversal of the sentence of the court martial. * * Military governments are with- drawn on the reconstruction of the Southern States. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1870 * * New York. James Gordon Ben- nett, the proprietor of the Herald, sends Henry M. Stanley to Africa in search of David Livingstone. Apr. 13. New York. A charter is granted to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. May 24. D. C. The Corcoran Gallery of Art at Washington is chartered. Aug. 14. N. Y. The asteroid Ate is dis- covered by C. H. F. Peters. Sept. 28. Va. The James River risea about 24 feet in two days, and the Shen- andoah about twice a3 much, destroying crops, buildings, etc. ; loss, $3,000,000. Oct. 20. An earthquake is felt through the Northern States from Maine to Iowa. Oct. * Africa. Henry M. Stanley of U. S. A., arrives at Zanzibar. * * Boston. The Museum of Fine Arts is incorporated. * * Boston. The New England Conser- vatory of Music is incorporated. * * The National Academy of Science extends the limit of membership from 50 to 1,000. * * la. A cave is discovered on the Du- buque and Minnesota Railroad line, con- taining a number of relics apparently Oriental, also skeletons of giants. * * Mass. Prof. "Win lock, of the Harvard Observatory, uses a horizontal photo- heliograph in photographing the sun. * * New York. Victor Nehlig is elected a member of the National Academy of Design. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1870. Feb. 14. Harper, Joseph WVsli'v, publisher in N. Y., A69. Feb. 22. Houghton, George Frederick, lawyer, writer, A50. Feb. 23. Burlingame, Anson, diploma- tist, M. C. for Mass., ambassador from China, A50. Mar. 1. Ashmead, Isaac, printer, inventor Of composition printing rollers, A80. Mar. 4. McClintock. John, M. E. cl., au- thor, president of Drew Seminary, A56. Mar. 16. Ripley, James W., bfev. maj.- gen., chief of ordnance, A76. Mar.17. Cornell, William \V.,ironfounder, Of N. Y., philanthropist, A48. Mar. 18. Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin, author, A84. Mar. 26. Soule, Pierre, senator for La., minister to Spain, A68. Mar. 28. Thomas, George H., maj.-gen. U. S. A., A54. Mar. 31. Boyden, Serb, inventor malleable cast-iron, h:ii -doming machine, A82. Apr. 3. Frothinghani, Nathaniel L., Unit, clergyman, author, A77. Apr. 15. Willard. Emma, pioneer educa- tionist for women, N. Y., A83. Apr. 22. Furrar, Eliza Ware, author, ATS. King, Austin A., « iov. of Mo., A69. May 17. Littell, Eliakiin, editor LitteWs Living Age, A73. May 22. Hazzanl, Samuel, archeologist, historian, publisher, A.86. June 3. Learned, Joseph E. *;., inventor, Inspector of iron-ckuls, A51. June. 7. Reed, David, antislavery re- former, editor. AM. June 12. Eliot, Thomas D., lawyer, M. C. for Mass., A62. June 26. Catting, Francis B., jurist, of N. Y., A65. July 6. Pope, Charles A., physician, pro- fessor of anatomy, A52. July 7. Ashmun, George, M. C. for Mass., A 66. July 12. DahlgTen, John Adolf, chief of ordnance, rear-adm. V. S. N., A61. July 19. Brooks, William T. H., maj.-gen. of vols., A 49. July 21. Baldwin, Theoron, Cong, clergy- man, educationist, A69. July 28. Ritchie, Anna Cora Ogden Mow- att, novelist, actor, dramatist, A49. Aug. 5. Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, maj.-gen. vols., author, A72. Aug. 6. Cobb, George, M. C. for N. J., benefactor, A57. Aug. 14. Farragut. David G., first ad- miral U. S. N., A69. Aug-. 18. Kennedy, John Pendleton, M. C. for Md., author, secretary of navy, A75. Sept. 5. Bedford, Gunning S.. physician, professor of obstetrics, N. Y., A64. Sept. 7. Munroe, James, col. IT. S. vols., M. C. for N. Y., A71. Sept. 8. Kingsley, Calvin, Meth. Epis. bishop, A58. Sept. 9. Lord, Nathan, Cong, cl., prosla- very advocate, president Dartmouth, A77- Longstreet, Augustus B-, lawyer, Meth. Epis. clergyman, author, A80. Sept. 11. Sayre, David Austin, merchant, banker, benefactor, of Ky,, A77. Sept. 18. Dawson, John Littleton, M. C. for Pa., A57. Sept. 27. Packer, William Fisher, Gov. of Pa., A63. Oct. 10. Bartley, Mordecai, pioneer, Gov. of O., A84. Oct, 12. Lee, Robert Edward, col. U. S. A., commander-in-chief of Confederate armies, college pres., A63. CHURCH. 1870 May 4. Tenn. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal South) meets at Memphis ; the North Mississippi, "White River, Los Angeles, North Alabama, and Western Confer- ences are organized. May 19. Phila. The first reunited General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church is held ; J. T. Backus, moderator. June 17. Phila. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. Sept. 21. N.H. "William "Woodruff Niles is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of New Hampshire. Sept. 25. Mass. Patrick T. O'Reilly is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Springfield. Oct. 6. Md. William Pinkney is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop of Maryland. LETTERS. 1S70 Feb. 17. Miss. The State Nor- mal School is opened at Holly Springs. Apr. * O. The University of Cincin- nati (non-sect.) is incorporated. May 14. Phila. The Public Record [Rec- ord] is issued. June 16. S. C. A free-school system is established for the State. June 20. New York. The Lenox Li- brary is incorporated. July 2. ///. The Eraiigelical Seminary at Elmhurst is opened. Oct. 13. (ia. The Legislature establishes a system of public instruction. * * Conn. The Silas Bronson Library is founded at Waterbury. [3G\500 vols.] * * Boston. Literary World magazine is established. * * Boston. The Old and New magazine is established. * * Cat. Napa CoUege (Meth. Epis.) U founded at Napa. * * Delaware CoUege (non-sect.) is or- ganized at Newark, Delaware. * * la. The Medical Department of the State University of Iowa at Iowa City is opened. * * ///. Carthage College (Luth.) is or- ganized. * * ///. The Swedish Theological Semin- ary (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Evanston. * * La. Leland University (Bapt.i is founded at New Orleans. * * Mich. The Michigan University opens all its departments to women. * * Miss. The Legislature passes a law organizing a State Board of Education, and providing for a superintendent of public education. * * Mo. The Legislature establishes the State Agricultural CoUege at Colum- bia. * * New York. Scribner's Monthly maga- zine (first series) is established. SOCIETY. 1870 Mar. 3. La. The trial of George M. Wickliffe, the State auditor, re- sults in his conviction and impeach- ment for extortion and fraud. Mar. 7. TVyo. A grand jury of both sexes is impaneled at Fort Laramie. Mar. ± * Pa. The "MoUy Maguires" subside. Apr. 5. Utah. Mormons in mass-meeting at Salt Lake protest against the inter- ference of Congress with polygamy. Apr. 14. Del. The ratification of the 15th Amendment to the Federal Con- stitution is celebrated by great gather- ings of colored people. May 10. yew York. Daniel MacFar- land is tried and acquitted of the mur- der of Albert D. Richardson on Nov. 25, 1SG9, at New York. May 19. Md. The colored people of Baltimore celebrate the passage of the 15th Amendment. July 22. New York. The Times exposes the frauds of the Tweed Ring. July 30. New York. Benjamin Nathan, a wealthy Hebrew, is found murdered in his home. [Criminal unknown.] July * N. C. The governor sends the militia to suppress Kuklux outrages. Apr. 9. The American Anti-Slavery Society is dissolved. May 25-27. Ft. Armed Fenians, 500 strong, invade Canada from Fairfield, and quickly return when resisted. UNITED STATES. 1870, Feb. 10 -Oct. 13. 271 Aug. 15. O. The National Labor Con- gress meets at Cincinnati. Aug. 23. 0. The Irish National Con- gress meets at Cincinnati. Oct. 4. O. A National Commercial Convention meets at Cincinnati. STATE. 1870 Feb. 10. Tenn. A Constitu- tional Convention meets at Nashville, Feb. 12. Utah. Brigham Young ap- proves the bill granting the right of suffrage to women. Feb. 15. N. J. The Legislature refuses to ratify the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Feb. 18. Tex. The Legislature ratifies the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Federal Constitution. Feb. 21. La. The Legislature grants $3,000,000 in 8 per cent State bonds to the New Orleans, Mobile, and Chatta- nooga Railroad. Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: Mississippi is again admitted to representation in both Houses. Feb. 25. D. C. Congress : Hiram R. Revels of Miss., the first colored Sen- ator, takes the required oath. Mar. 7. D, C. Congress restores legal and political rights of a large class of ex-Confederates. Mar. 16. D. C. Congress; House: H. R. Revels of Miss, makes a speech in favor of universal amnesty and suf- frage. Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate rejects the treaty for the purchase of the Islands of St. Thomas and St. John. Mar. 26. Tenn. The people ratify the new Constitution. Vote, 98,128-33,872. Mar. 30. D. C. Congress: Represen- tatives from Texas are admitted to the House, and Senators to the Senate. The Southern States are now all repre- sented in the National Congress. The 15th Amendment having been ratified by 29 States, is proclaimed apart of the Constitution ; it confers the right of suffrage to freedmen. Great apprehension prevails at the South ; the white taxpayers being a minority of the population in some of the States, are at the mercy of the non- taxpaying negroes, who may be easily corrupted by political adventurers. Mar. * D. C. Congress ; House : Mor- mons who practise polygamy are de- prived of civil rights. Apr. 5. New York. The Legislature grants the Tweed-Frear charter, com- bining the city and county. May 24. D. C. President Grant issues a proclamation against the invasion of Canada by Fenians. May 28. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected President pro tempore. [Again on July 1, and also on July 14.] May 31. D. C. Congress passes an act to enforce the right of citizens to vote in the several States. May * D. C. Congress charters the Northern Pacific Railroad. May * ///. A convention meets at Spring- field, and forms a new Constitution. June 12. I). C. The act limiting the circulation of the national banks to §354,000,000, secured by the deposit of Government bonds with the Treasurer, is approved. June 15. D. C. E. R. Hoar of Mass. resigns the office of attorney-general. June 22. D. C. Congress provides for the organization of the Department of Justice with the attorney-general at its head. June 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate rejects the treaty for the annexation of San Domingo. Vote, 28-28. June * D. C. Congress reduces the in- come tax by abolishing many stamp- taxes. June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1870. Revenue : Customs, $194,538,374 ; in- ternal revenue, 8184,899,750; direct tax, $229,103; sales of public lands. $3,350,- 482 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, $15,295,644; miscellaneous items, $12,942,118. Total revenue, $411,255,478 ; excess of revenue over ordinary ex- penses, $101 .001 ,917. Expenditures: Pre- miums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., $15,990,550 ; miscellaneous items, $53,- 237,401-; War Department, §57,655,(175; Navy Department, $21.7X0,230; Indians, $3,407,938 ; pensions, S2X.34O.202 ; interest on the public debt. $129,235,498. Total ordinary expenditures, $309,0.53,561 ; pub- lic debt, $2,4X0.072,427. Exports, $392,- 771,768; imports, $435,958,405. July 2. ///. The Constitution is rati- fied by the people. Vote, 134,227-35, 443. July 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate refuses to extend citizenship to the Chinese ; strong opposition to Chinese immigration prevails in many parts of the country. July 13. D. C. Congress changes the tariff and reduces the revenue by diminishing duties on tea, coffee, sugar, and certain articles of iron and si,eel; to go into force on Jan. 1st, 1871. July 14. D. C. Congress repeals the tax on legacies and successions. It grants a pension of $3,000 per an- num to the widow of President Lincoln. It passes an act for the refunding of the national debt at a lower rate of in- terest — 5, 4*, and 4 per cent. July 15. D. C. Congress passes an act providing for the removal of the Osage Indians and the sale of their lands. Congress passes an act to reduce the peace footing of the army to 30,000 The 41st Congress: the second ses- sion closes. President Grant approves the act for the readmission of Georgia. July * D. C. The President requests J. L. Motley, minister to Great Britain, to resign. [In November he is recalled.] Aug. 22. D. C. President Grant pro- claims the neutrality of the United States in the Franco-Prussian "War. Sept. 8. Mass. Wendell Phillips is nominated for governor by the Labor Reform and Prohibition parties. Sept. 15. Utah. Gov. Shaffer issues a proclamation forbidding the review of the Nauvoo legion, comprising 13,000 men. Oct. 13. D. C. The President by pro- clamation forbids military expeditions against nations with whom the United States is at peace. MISCELLANEOUS. 1870 Feb. 11. Eng. A board is found in Cornwall with writing, which states that the missing steamer City of Boston was sinking. Feb. 15. Minn. The Northern Pacific Railroad is begun at the Dalles of the St. Louis. Apr. 27. Va. The galleries of the Capi- tol break down ; 60 persons are killed, and 120 wounded. May 3. Cal. Blossom Rock, near North Point, San Francisco, is blown up. May 10. Eng. The American yacht Sappho wins in a triangular race with the Cambria. May 12. Mo. At Eureka 19 persons are killed in a collision. May 17. Eng. The Sappho again wins in a triangular race. June * The 9th Census is taken. States, 37; whites, 33,589,377 ; colored, 4,880,009. Total population, 3S. 558,371 ; increase, 22.63 per cent. Center of population, 48 miles east by north of Cincinnati ; westward movement in 10 years, 42 miles. July 4. The ocean yacht race begins. In the international yacht race from Cork to New York, the English yacht Cambria wins, arriving July 27, at 4 p.m.; the American yacht Dauntless, taking a more northerly route, arrives two hours later. July 14. D. C. Congress taxes real es- tate in the District of Columbia. July 24. New York. The first through car from the Pacific arrives. Aug. 8. New York. The English schooner yacht Cambria sails against the New York Yacht Club ; the Magic wins the race, retaining the America cup ; the Cambria is the 8th of 16 rivals. Aug. 15. The Union Pacific road is com- pleted for 63S miles from Kansas City to Denver ; also, the Denver Pacific road, 106 miles, from Denver to Cheyenne. Sept. 30-Oct. 2. Va. Freshets in the valleys of the James and the Shenan- doah destroy property valued at $5,000,- 000. Sept. * O. The first Industrial Exposi- tion, in Cincinnati, is held. Oct. 4. O. A Southern Convention meets in Cincinnati for political and commercial purposes. Oct. 12. The Southern Pacific Railroad is formed by consolidation ; length, 992.9S miles. 272 1870, Oct. 18-1871, Mar. 27. AMERICA : ARMY— NAVY. 1871 * * D. C. Adm. Rodgers is ordered to command the Asiatic fleet. [June 11. He attacks the forts of Korea in pun- ishment for an attack made by masked batteries.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE, 1870 * * Pa, A bone-cave is discovered near Phoenixville, containing remains of a mastodon and other animals of a period prior to the great northern drift. * * Aft. Whitney is painted by Albert Bierstadt. * * Venice is painted by Jervis McEntee. ■■;: * Greenwood Lake is painted by J, F. Cropsey. * Twilight is painted by George Inness. * * Continentals is painted by Frank B. Mayer. * * Sketcher is painted by A. B. Durand. * * Head of Christ is painted by William Page. 1871 Jan. 25. D. C. A statue of Abraham Lincoln is unveiled. Feb. 15. Phila. An exhibition is given of the sand-blast. It is a method of cutting hard sub- stances by the erosive action of a jet of driven sand ; B. C. Tilghman, inventor. Feb. 18. Africa. The Bennett expe- dition, led by Stanley, starts from Zanzibar for the interior, -\vith 193 men divided into five caravans. Mar. 21. Zanzibar. Stanley starts for the interior vrith the fifth caravan. Mar. * R. I. The State authorities pre- sent to the Federal Government a mar- ble statue of Boger Williams, to be placed in the Capitol. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1870. Oct. 18. Bacon, Ezekiel, jurist, M. C. for Mass., A94. Oct. 27. Harrison, Napoleon B., capt. U. S. N., A47. Nov. 26. Bassini, Carlo, musician, com- poser, writer, A58. Dec. 12. Launitz, Robert E., Russo-Ameri- can sculptor, A64, Doc. 13. Cuauvenet, William, mathema- tician, author, A50. Dec. 20. Holland, George, comedian, A79. Dec. 24. Barnes, Albert, Fres. clergyman, A76. 1871. Jan. 3. Lovell, Charles Swain, capt. Mexi- can war; col. U. S. A., AGO. Jan. 18. Richings, Peter, English-Ameri- can actor, manager, A74. Jan. 19. Burden, Henry, inventor water- wheel, horse-shoe machine, A80. Jan. 26. Tieknor, George, professor, au- thor, A80. Jan. 29. Taylor, R. Harvev, educator, au- thor, A64. Feb. 7. steinway, Henry Englehard, man- ufacturer of pianos, A74. Feb. 11. Bagioli, Antonio, musician, teacher of vocal music, A76. Feb. 12. Carv, Alice, author, poet, A51. Feb. 21. Elzey, Arnold, capt. IT. S. A.; Confederate maj.-gen., A55. Feb 23. Claflin,'l.ee, manufacturer, of Bos- ton, benefactor of Boston Cniversitv, ASO. Mar. 3. Palmer, Joseph, ed., in Boston, A75. Mar. 18. Xisbet, Kiigenins Arisiides. ju of Ga., M. C; Confederate M. C, A68. Mar. 25. Tappan, John, merchant, philan thropist, of Boston, A til). CHURCH. 1870 Oct. 19-21. New York. 4th Na- tional Unitarian Conference is held. Nov. 30. Mass. The Cape Cod Confer- ence of Unitarian Congregational and other Liberal Christian churches is or- ganized at Barnstable. Dec. 16. Tenn. Bishop Paine organizes the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church of America. * * Cat. Chinese mission work on the Pacific coast is begun by the American Baptist Home Missionary Society. * * Fla.—Mass. The Roman Catholic dioceses of St. Augustine and Springfield are established. * * Phifa. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held. * * Presbyterians begin mission work among the Cattaraugus and Chippewa Indians. * * Ind. The Annual Convention of the Diciples of Christ is held at Indianap- olis ; R. M. Bishop, president. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; T. S. Kendall, moderator. * * Phila. The "Woman's Board of the Presbyterian Church is organized. * * The mission to the Ojibway Indians is transferred from the American Board to the Presbyterian Board. * * U. S. The work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions becomes practically confined to the Congregational churches. * * if. S. Church communicants num- ber 6,673,396 — about one in six of the population. LETTERS. 1870* * New York. Neio-Yorker Tages Nachrichten is founded. * * N. T. Canisius College (Horn. Cath.) at Buffalo is organized. * *N. Y. St. John Baptist's College (Rom. Cath.) of Brooklyn is organized. * * N. Y. Syracuse University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Syracuse. * * 0. "Wilmington College (Friends) is organized at "Wilmington. * * 0. The Cincinnati University (non- sect.) is opened at Cincinnati. * * Pa. The Pittsburg Leader is issued. * * Pa. Thiel College (Evan. Luth.) is organized at Greenville. * * Pa. St. Vincent's College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Beatty. * * Minn. Carleton College (Cong.) is organized at Northfield. * * Pa. Ursinus College (Ref'd.) at Free- land is organized. fc * Utah. Salt Lake Seminary (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Salt Lake City. * * W. Va. The State Normal School at "West Liberty is opened. * * Among My Books, by James Russell Lowell, appears. fc * At Last, by Marion Harland, appears. fe * Looks and Beading, by Noah Porter, appears. * * Farmer s Alminaz, by Josh Billings (11. W. Shan i, i.- issued. * * Hammer and Rapier t \ appears, * * Great Americans, by Theodore Parker, appears. * * Ingham Papers, by Edward Everett Hale, appears. * * The Luck of Roaring Camp, by Bret Harte, appears ; also Poems. * * Mechanism in Thought and Morals, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears. * * Miriam, and Other Poems, by John G. Whittier, appears. * * Passage to India, by "Walt "Whitman, appears. * * Society and Solitude, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, appears. * * We Girls, by Adeline D. T. Whitney, appears. * * Taittiriya-Prdticakhija (Sansk.), by "William L\ "Whitney, who receives the Bopp prize from the Berlin Academy. appears. * * The War between the States, by Alex- ander H. Stephens, appears. * * The Iliad, a translation by "William Cullen Bryant, appears. * * Sketches of Creation, by Alexander "Winchell, appears. * * Tent Life in Siberia, by George Ken- nan, appears. ■ * * A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo- Saxon Language, by Francis A. March, appears. * * Hedged In, by E. Stuart Phelps [Ward], appears ; also The Silent Partner. * * Joseph and his Friend, by Bayard Tay- lor, appears. * * Words and their Uses, by Richard Grant White, appears. * * A Battle of the Books, by Gail Hamil- ton, appears ; also Stumbling Blocks. * * Mi/ Summer in a Garden, by Charles Dudley Warner, appears. * * Ginger Snaps, by Fanny Fern, appears. * * Crumbs Swept Up, by T. Be "Witt Tal- mage, appears. * * The Nation, by Elisha Mulford, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1870 * * D.C. The 4th National En- campment of the Grand Army -of. the Republic is held at "Washington ; Gen. John A. Logan of 111., commander-in- chief. * * Me. The Legislature passes a bill to increase the effectiveness of the pro- hibitory law, without opposition in either House. * * Minn. The Legislature changes the liquor law by providing for local option. * * Ore. The Oregon School for Deaf Mutes is opened at Salem. * * Phila. The Volunteer Fire Depart- ment is abolished. * * R, I. The Legislature abolishes im- prisonment for debt. Tote, 56-2. * * ?r. 1'a. The school for the deaf and blind at Romney is opened by the State. UNITED STATES. 1870, Oct. 18-1871, Mar. 27. 273 * + The American Association for the Cure of Inebriates is organized. * * The Association of Medical Super- intendents of American Institutions for the Insane is organized. * *_73* * New York. Robbery of New York by the Tweed Ring. "William M. Tweed, the Tammany " Boss," and his accomplices proceed to rob the city by requiring contractors to increase their bills, and pay over to them the excess. Bills amounting to $6,000,- 000 are passed at one meeting, and $1,000,000 traced to Tweed ; the expenses of the city are nearly equal to the ex- penses of the civil list of the National Government. * * N. T. The Society of the Royal Templars of Temperance is organized at Buffalo. 1S71 Jan. * Pa. The "Working Men's Benevolent Association order a strike of coal-miners in the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and Lower Wyoming districts. Feb. 25. Ky. A white man, incarce- rated for the murder of a negro, is taken from the jail at Frankfort and set free, by a band of armed men. Mar. 12. O. The reading rooms of the public library at Cincinnati are first opened on Sunday. STATE. 1870 Oct. 30. £». C. Jacob D. Cox, secretary of the interior, resigns. Nov. 8. Mich. The people ratify an amendment to the Constitution, which abolishes all distinction in the enjoy- ment of civil and political rights which are based on color. — D. C. The Republican majority in Congress is much reduced by the elec- tions. .Nov. 25. Ala. Gov. Smith enjoins the President of the Senate from counting the votes cast for governor on Nov. 8. Dec. 5. D. C. The 41st Congress: the third session opens. Dec. 7. Ala. Gov. Lindsay begins suit to recover the books and papers of the governor's office. Dec. 12. D. C. Congress ; House : J. H. Rainey of S. C, the first colored member, is sworn in. Dec. 14. N. C. Gov. Holden is im- peached for malfeasance in office. He refused to surrender Kuklux prisoners on a writ of habeas corpus. Dec. 22. D. C. Gen. Robert C. Schenck of O. is appointed minister to Great Britain. * * D. C. "William Strong of Pa. and Joseph P. Bradley of N. J. are ap- pointed associate justices of the Su- preme Court. * * La. The Legislature passes an act granting a charter uniting Jefferson City and Algiers with New Orleans. * * Md. The Legislature rejects the 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitu- tion by a unanimous vote. * * Ore. The Legislature rejects the 15th Amendment ; it protests against the treaty with China. * * U.S. Governors inaugurated : -72 * * Ala. Robert B. Lindsay. -71 * * Conn. James E. English. -71 * * Ida. {Ter.). Gilman Marston. -74 * * Minn. Horace Austin. -71* * Miss. James L. Alcorn. -82 * * Mont. (Ter.). Benj. F. Potts. -77 * * Ore. Lafayette S. Grover. -74 * * Tex. Edmund J. Davis. -74 * * Va. Gilbert C. Walker. -72 * * Vt. John "W. Stewart. -71 * * Wash. (Ter.). Ed. S. Salomon. 1871 Jan. 1. U. S. The new tariff comes into operation. Jan. 12. D. C. President Grant appoints B. F. "Wade of O., A. D. White of N. T., and Dr. Samuel G. Howe of Mass., a Board of Commissioners to visit San Domingo, and report on the desirability of annexing that Republic to the United States. Jan. 16. I). C. The Supreme Court ren- ders its decision that the Legal Tender Act of 1S62 is in harmony with the Con- stitution. Case of Knox vs. Lee. Jan. 20. D. C. Congress passes an- other Refunding Act for the reduc- tion of interest on the debt. Jan. 26. D. C. Sir Edward Thornton, British minister at Washington, pro- poses a joint high commission for settling international claims. Feb. 9. D. C. Congress passes an act providing for a commission on fish and fisheries. Feb. 21. D. C. Congress grants a ter- ritorial government to the District of Columbia, and provides for a governor, with a council of 11 members, appointed by the President, and a house of dele- gates, elected by the people. Feb. 27. D. C. The Joint Commission meets at Washington to settle several disputes with Great Britain — the dam- ages done by the Confederate privateers, the fishery question, and the San Juan boundary. It consists of ten members : the Earl de Gray and Marquis of Ripon, Sir Staf- ford Northcote, and three others for Great Britain ; Secretary Fish, Gen. Schenck, and three others for the United 'States. Feb. 28. P>. C. Congress passes an additional act* to protect the right of suffrage ; Republicans vote for the measure, Democrats against it. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress passes an act for the celebration at Philadelphia, in 1876, of the centennial of American Independence. It enacts that rules may be provided by the President for admission to the civil service. It is the first important step in the civil service reform. [George William Curtis, Alexander G. Cattell, Joseph Medill, D. A. Walker, E. B. Ellicott, Joseph H. Black fan, and David C. Cox, are appointed the first Civil Service Commissioners. Fitness for the place is to supersede political influence.] Mar. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress opens. Mar. * I). C. Congress ; House : Jamea G. Blaine (R«p.) of Me. is reelected Speaker; vote, 12G-92; George W. Mor- gan (Dem.) of O., 92 votes. Mar. 10. D. C. Congress: Charles Sumner of Mass. is deposed from the chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations because of con- tentions respecting San Domingo ; James Donald Cameron of Pa. is his successor. Mar. 5. I). C. President Grant issues a proclamation against the Kuklux ter- rorists in North Carolina. Mar. 10. Z>. C. Congress; Senate : Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected President pro tempore. Mar. 24. D. C. President Grant issues a proclamation against the armed Ku- klux bands of South Carolina. Mar. 27. D. C. Congress: Senator Sum- ner makes a powerful speech against the annexation of San Domingo. [His personal intercourse with the President is suspended, and his relations to Repub- lican senators are changed.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1870 Dec. 1. Utah. Mormons incor- porate Zion's Cooperative Mercan- tile Institution, Dec. 27. Phila. The new Chamber of Commerce is opened. Dec. * U. S. The census lately completed estimates the wealth of the United States at $31,000,000,000. Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1S70. Production: gold, $50,000,000; silver, $16,000,000. Bushels of grain : Indian corn, 760,944,549; wheat, 287,745,626; oats, 282,107,157 ; barley, 29,761,305 : rye, 16,918,795; buckwheat. 9,8_ , 1,721. Bales of cotton, 3,154,946. Pounds of wool, 162,000,000. Currency in circulation, S(>55,212,794; per capita, $17.50. Immi- grants, 387,203. * * New York. The "White Star Line of steamers running to Liverpool is estab- lished. * * Cal. The Government commences the improvement of Golden Gate. * * O. Lake View Cemetery, near Cleve- land, is laid out. * * La. A new charter is adopted at New Orleans ; Jefferson City is annexed. * * Minn. The digging of a ship canal across Minnesota Point at Duluth is be- gun. * * 0. Mount Auburn, Corryville, and Storrs township are annexed to Cin- cinnati. 1871 Jan. 27. Tenn. An explosion occurs on the steamer H. R. Arthur, above Memphis; fire follows, and 87 persons perish. Jan. 31. Chicago. The Foundling's Home is opened. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress charters the Southern Pacific Railroad, connecting Marshall, Texas, with Los Angeles, Cal. Mar. 15. Phila. The paid fire depart- ment is inaugurated. 274 1871, Mar. *-Dec. * AMERICA: ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1871 Apr. 15. ± Africa. Stanley ob- tains tidings respecting Livingstone. Apr. * N. Y. The State grants a site and $500,000 for a building to be used by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, June 10. New York. A bronze statue of Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of the electric telegraph, is unveiled in Central Park. June * Stanley reaches Unganyembe, in "West Central Africa. June 24. N. Y. The corner-stone of the Capitol at Albany is laid. The building is 300 by 400 feet, and with its porticos will cover seven acres of land ; estimated cost, about $24,000,000. June 29. Neio York. Capt. Charles F. Hall sails in the Polaris on his third expedition to the polar regions. July 24. N. Y. The asteroid Cassandra is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Also Iphigenia, Sept. 19.] Aug. 6. Mich. The asteroid Thyra ia discovered by J. C. "Watson. Sept. * The Polaris, with Capt. Hall's expedition, is frozen in by arctic ice. Oct. 6. 0. The Tyler-Davidson foun- tain at Cincinnati is unveiled. Oct. * Great forest fires rage in Michi- gan, Minnesota, and "Wisconsin ; 15,000 people lose their homes in Michigan. Nov. 8. Capt. Charles F. Hall, the arc- tic explorer, dies in the polar region. Nov. 10. Africa. Stanley's band dis- play the American flag and march into Ujiji, where he finds Livingstone. * * Chicago. Trie Apollo Musical Club is organized. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1871. Apr lO, Chauncey, John S., com. TJ. S. N., A71±. Apr. 16. Dumont, Ebenezer, brig.-gen. vols., M. C. for Ind., A56. Apr. 17. Marshall, Thomas Alexander, jurist, M. C. for Ky., A77. Apr. * Mason, James Murray, senator for Va., author of I umiivrsluw law, A74. May S3. Clark, Davis W'asgatt, editor, M. E. bishop, A59. May. 31. Montgomery, William- Reading, U. S. A., brig. gen. vols., A70. June l. Murphy, John McLeod, naval engi- neer, writer, A44. June 3. Lord, Eleazer, financier, scholar, author, benefactor, A83. June 4. Tatnall, Josiah, capt. IT. s. N.; capt. Confederate navy, A75. June 7. Kodman, Thomas .I.mT., brev. brig.- gen. U. S. A.; inventor of cannon, A53. JuneS. Ketchuin, Wm., brig.-gen. vols., A58. June 13. Croswell, Kdwin, editor, A74. June 17. Vallandighain, Clement Laird, M. C. for O., exded to the ('on fed., A5l. June 25. Gannett, Ezra Stiles, Unit, cler- gyman, A70. July 1. May, Samuel Joseph, Unit, clergy- man, abolitionist, A74. July 29. Slidell, John, sen. for La., A78. July 31. Cary, l'hojbe, author, poet, A47. Aug-. 8. Reman, Nathaniel S. S., Pres. cler- gyman, A86. Aug 1 . 26. SeribiuT, Charles, publisher Scrib ner's Monthly, A51. Sept. 8. Holbrook,.]olni Kdwards, natural ist, of S. C, A76. Sept. 16. Longnecker, Henry Clay, law- yer, M. C. for Pa.; col. vols., A51. Oct. 26. Ewing, Thomas, see. of treas, senator for O., A82. Oct. 27. Anderson. Robert, maj.-gen, defender of Fort Sumter, A66. Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, Bapt. cler gyman, A 60. Nov. 5. Loring, Fredrick W., author, A23. Nov. 8. Hall, Charles Francis, arctic ex- plorer, A50. Nov. 13. Cookinan, Alfred, M. K. clergy- man, A43. Nov. 26. Cogswell, Joseph Green, geolo- gist, librarian, A86. Nov. 29. Dunn, Oscar, born a slave, lieut.- gov. of La., A51. Dec. 17. Tuckerman, II. T.. essayist, art- critic, A58. Dec. 20. Baker, Osman C, M. E. bp., A59. Dec. 24. Morse, Sidney E., editor, A77. Dec. 26. Barker, Jacob, financier, politi- cian, of N. Y., A92. Dec. 27. Breckinridg-e, Robert J., Pres. clergyman, A71. Dec. 28. Ilackett, James Henry, actor, A71. CHURCH. 1871 May 24. D. C. The Interna- tional Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation assembles at Washington. June 9. Chicago. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem is held. June 11. Kan. Louis M. Fink is conse- crated (ftoman Catholic) bishop of Leav- enworth. Oct. S. S. C. "William Bell White Howe is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- sistant bishop of South Carolina. Oct. 25. Tenn. The Central South Con- gregational Association is organized. Not. 17. O. A National Council of Congregational churches is formed at Oberlrn. Nov. * N. Y. The Lutheran General Council meets at Rochester; Charles P. Krauth, president. Dec. 4. Tex. The Congregational Associ- ation of Southwest Texas is organized. LETTERS. 1871 Apr. *N. J. The free school system is introduced. Sept. 6. H. I. The State Normal School is opened at Providence. Sept. * Tex. The public school system is introduced. Oct. 4. Ala. The University of Ala- bama at University is reorganized and Dec. 20. JVis. A College for "Women is opened in connection with the State University at Madison. * * Ala. The Alabama Polytechnic College (non-sect.) is organized at Au- burn. SOCIETY. 1871 Apr. 26. Cal. Laura D. Fair is tried and acquitted at San Francisco for the murder of A. P. Crittenden on Nov. 3, 1S70. Apr. * PMla. The Presbyterian Hos- pital is chartered. May IS. N. Y. Edward H. Ruloff, a philologist, is tried for murder, and hanged at Binghamton. May * S. C. A taxpayers' convention is held at Columbia. July 4. Utah. A parade of the Mor- mon militia is broken up by United States officers. July 12. New York. A riot occurs be- tween the Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants. The Catholics attempt to break up a parade of Orangemen, though protected by the police; th*± military are called out, and over 100 persons are killed and wounded. Aug. 10. Mo. A National Labor Con- gress assembles at St. Louie. Aug. * Mich. George Vanderpc-ol is tried for the murder of Herbert Field, at Manistee, on Sept. 5, 18G9, and finally acquitted. 1st trial, guilty ; 2d trial, the jury disagree ; 3d trial, acquitted. Sept. 2. N. Mex. An election riot breaks out at La Mesilla. Sept. 4. New York. A mass-meeting of citizens appoints a committee of 70 to investigate the charges against the Tweed Ring. Sept. 18. Chicago. The Sovereign Grand Lodge of Odd Pellows assembles. Sept. 26. Md. A National Commercial Convention assembles at Baltimore. Oct. 2. Utak. Brigham Young, the president of the Mormon Church, is ar- rested for bigamy. Oct. 24. Cal. A mob causes a riot at Los Angeles in which 15 Chinamen are hanged and six shot. Oct. 28. New York. "William M. Tweed is arrested on a civil charge, and released on $2,000,000 bail. Oct. 31. Tenn. The Reunion and Re- form Association convenes at Nash- ville. Oct. * Mich. The sum of $462,106 and about $250,000 worth of clothing are dis- tributed among the sufferers by forest fires; the gifts are the benefactions of many States and several nations. Oct. * U. S. Great sums of money con- tributed throughout the country for the sufferers by the Chicago fire. Utah. Brigham Young escapes trial by flight; Elder Hawkins is senteuct-d to three years imprisonment for bigamy. Nov. 7. New York. The Tammany Ring is defeated in the municipal election. Nov. 19. New York. The Grand Duke Alexis arrives, accompanied by a fleet of Russian war-vessels. [He is publicly welcomed, Nov. 21.1 Dec. 16. New York. William M. Tweed is committed to the Tombs for a short time. * * Bosto7i. The 5th National Encamp- ment of the Grand Army of the Re- public is held ; Gen. Ambrose E. Burn- side of B. L, commander-in-chief. * * Neb. The State insane asylum is opened at Lincoln. * * The American Society of Mechani- cal Engineers is organized. 1S71 Mar.* Ky. The Government sends troops into the State, and withdraws the mail for one month from Benson, UNITED STATES. 1871, Mar. * -Dec. * 275 because of the murder of AVilliam H. Gibson, a colored mail agent of the Lex- ington and Louisville road, on Jan. 2G. Apr. 5. J). C. Congress receives the report of the San Domingo Commis- sion; also a message from President Grant, relating to annexation. Apr. 10. I). C. Congress passes a Gen- eral Amnesty Bill, which excepts three classes of secessionists. Vote, 134-4G. [Deferred by the Senate.] Apr. 19. D. C. Congress passes the unpopular Force Bill. By it military action may be taken in States where ;i conspiracy denies equal protection to all the citizens, and per- mits the President to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in such States. Apr. 20. D. C. The President approves Anti-Kuklux Act (Force Bill) ; it has for its object the enforcement of the 14th Amendment. The42d Congress: the first session closes. Apr. 27. W. Fa, The people vote to restore the rights of citizenship to persons implicated in aiding the Con- federacy. May 3. D. C. President Grant issues a proclamation to inform the South that it may avoid the enforcement of the obnoxious Kuklux Act by orderly be- havior. Conn. A joint committee of the Gen- eral Assembly is appointed to examine the election returns. May 8. D. C. The Treaty of "Wash- ington resulting from the labors of the Joint High Commission is signed. It provides for reference to the Em- peror of Germany of the dispute as to the Oregon boundary ; for a partial settlement of the fishery dispute ; and for the settlement of the Alabama claims. May 10. D, C. The Senate meets in special session at the call of the Presi- dent (Apr. 20). [It adjourns May 27.] Conn. The joint committee reports to the General Assembly the vote for governor; total vote, 94,860; Marshall Jewell (Rep.), 47,473 ; James E. English (Dem.), 47,373 ; scattering, 14. It reports Jewell elected. May 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate ratifies the treaty of "Washington ; it relates to Alabama claims. May* D. C. The President suspends the habeas corpus act in nine counties of South Carolina, consequent on Kuklux outrages. June 2. Neb. Gov. David P. Butler, charged with appropriating to his own use §17,000 of the school fund, is im- peached for corruption. June 28. The Civil Service Commis- sioners meet, and elect George Wil- liam Curtis of N. Y. chairman. June 30. V. S. Statistics for 1871. Revenue: Customs. S'206.270.408; internal revenue, $143,008,154; direct tax, S5S0,- 355; sales of public lands, $2,3*8,047; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, §8,892,840; miscellaneous items, $22,0!>3,541. Total revenue, §383,323,945 ; excess of revenue over ordinary ex- penses, §91,146,757. Expenditures: Pre- miums on loiins, purchase of bonds, etc., §9,01(5,795 ; miscellaneous items, $60,- 481,917 ; War Department, §:;5,7'.i9,992 ; Navy Department, §111,431,027 ; Indians, §7,426,997 ; pensions, §34,-W3,s;i5 ; interest on the public debt. §125,576.566. Total ordinary expenses, §292,177,188; public debt, §2,353,211,332. Exports, §442,820,- 178 ; imports, §520,223,684. July 4. Utah. The Federal Government disperses companies of the Nauvoo Legion. Aug. 8. La. The spirit of political faction disturbs the peace of the State. A convention called by the Republican State Central Committee (Warmouth- ites) meets at New Orleans to choose a State Committee; an opposition con- vention (Kelloggites) led by Lieut.-Gov. Oscar J. Dunn, colored, meets in the Custom-house. Sept. 26. D. C. The Joint High Com- missioners meet at Washington, and organize to adjust private elaimsagainst Great Britain and the United States, arising between the 13th of April, 1861, and the 9th of April, 1865. Oct. 12. D. C. President Grant issues a proclamation against the Kuklux, who terrorize the negroes in the upper coun- ties of South Carolina. He suspends the habeas corpus in several counties, and stations troops for the restoration of order ; 600 citizens are arrested. Oct. 30. Ga. Gov. Bullock being ac- cused of fraud, resigns and leaves the State. Nov. 7 New York. Tammany Hall is defeated in the State election ; William F. Havemeyer is elected the 78th mayor. Nov. 22. La. The Carter faction of the Republican party declares the election of P. B. S. Pinchback, to fill the va- cancy caused by the death of the lieuten- ant-governor, to be unconstitutional. Nov. 23. Ind. Gov. Baker issues a pro- clamation against mob violence and the lynching of criminals. Nov. 25. D. C. M. Katakazy, the Russian envoy, becomes obnoxious to Secretary Fish, by bis unwaranted in- terference in diplomatic matters, and he is dismissed. Dec. 13. D. C. Attorney-General A. T. Akerman resigns. Dec. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress : the second session opens. Dec. 14. Tenn. The Legislature pro- vides for an Agricultural Bureau. Dec. 15. Switz. The Alabama Arbi- tration Commission opens and organ- izes at Geneva. The Court consists of five members : Count Frederick Sclopis, president, for Italy, Baron Slaempii for Switzerland, Vicomte d'ltajuba for Brazil, CharleB Francis Adams for the United States, and Sir Alexander Cockburn for Great Britain. Dec. 20. Switz. The American and Brit- ish claims are presented to the Commis- Dec. * La. Two factions strive to cap- ture the Legislature by unseating oppo- nents. Dec. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected President pro tempore. MISCELLANEOUS. 1871 June 18. O. C. L. Vallandig- ham accidentally kills himself with a pistol in a court-room. June 24. N. Y. The corner-stone of the new Capitol is laid at Albany. June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 1871, 321,350. July 14. A foreign syndicate offers to take all the five per cent bonds that the government desires to sell. July 1. Chicago. The La Salle Street tunnel is^opened. July Infill. The Illinois and Michi- gan Canal is deepened, to create a cur- rdnrorom Lake Michigan to the Illinois iiver. July 30. New York. The Staten Island ferry-boat Westfield, while crowded with passengers, explodes her boilers ; 100 persons are killed, and many injured. Aug. 26. Mass. A collision occurs at Revere, on the Boston and Portland road, and causes 20 deaths. Aug. 27. Ala. The steamer Ocean Wave explodes at Mobile ; 60 lives lost. Aug. * III, The Illinois and Michigan Canal is transferred to the State. Aug. * Nev. The new Capitol at Car- son City is occupied. Sept. 19. III. President T .in coin's body is removed to its resting-place at Springfield. Oct. 8. Chicago. The great fire. A fire breaks out in a cow-stable at 9.30 o'clock on Sunday evening, and a strong west wind drives it rapidly through 73 miles of streets, till it covers three and a half square miles, destroys 17,450 buildings, '20(> lives, and property valued ;it S2()i),ooi),oou ; !»s,rioo people are rendered homeless. It is checked on the second day. Oct. 8-9. Wis. A terrific sheet of fire, 10 miles wide, sweeps over the counties bordering Green Bay ; losses, 1,000 lives, and $3,000,000 in property. Oct. 9. New York. The Grand Central Depot is opened. Oct. 16-22. The English yacht Livonia and the yachts of the New York Yacht Club engage in an international race, which is won by the Columbia and the Sappho of New York, they leading in four of the five races. Oct. * Mich. Many lives are lost by forest fires, which prevail during an ex- tensive drought in Michigan and the Northwest. Hov. 22. la. The corner-stone of the new State Capitol is laid at Des Moines. Dec.±* Phila. An epidemic of small pox causes 4,464 deaths. Dec. 31. U. S. Increase of railroads for 1871, 7,670 miles. F6 1871, ■ *-187 2, May 1. AMERICA ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1871* * Mass. A School of Agricul- ture is established at Harvard Univer- sity by the gifts of Benjamin Bussey. * * Mo. Beethoven's Conservatory of Music is established at St. Louis. * * New York. George H. Boughton of London, England, Thomas Waterman "Wood, and Alexander H. Ritchie are elected members of the National Acad- emy of Design. * * N. Y. The Buffalo park system is begun ; 638 acres and 17 miles of drive- ways are laid out. * * Phila. Work begins on the Public Building. It covers four acres; extreme height, 537£ feet ; estimated cost, $10,000,000. * * Phila. The Orpheus Society is or- ganized. * * U. S. Automatic self-binders for harvesting grain are introduced. * * Genesee Meadows is painted by J. W. Casilear. * * Close of Day is painted by A. B. Du- rand. * * The Battle of Gettysburg is painted by Peter F. Rothermel. 1872 Jan. 9. D. C. Congress places a statue of Roger "Williams in the National Capitol. Feb. 4. The aurora borealis is visible in Northern States, very brilliant. Feb. 20. New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art gives its first exhibi- tion, consisting of paintings, in a tem- porary gallery. Mar. 1. Wyo. Congress sets apart the Yellowstone National Park. It comprises about 3,300 square miles of remarkable scenery, and includes Yellowstone Lake, many rivers, moun- tains, and forests ; the hot springs, spouting geysers, and mud volcanoes attract attention. Mar. 8. Conn. The State formally pre- sents to the U. S. Senate the statues of Jonathan Trumbull and Roger Sher- man, to be placed in the National Capi- tol. Mar. 26, 27. Cal. Earthquakes de- stroy about thirty lives, and ruin several small towns. Apr. 3. Mich. The asteroid Althaea is discovered by J. C. "Watson. [Also, Her- mione. May 12, and Nemesis, Nov. 25.] Apr. 9. Mich. The Soldiers' Monu- ment at Detroit is unveiled ; cost, $75,000. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1872. Jan. 3. Brittan, Nathan, (earlier, inventor, A64. Porter, Andrew, brig.-cen. IT. S. vols., A52. Jan. 4. Naudain, Arnold, physician, sen. for Del., A82. Jan. 9. Halleck, Henry Wager, maj.- gen., gen. -in-chief, military writer, A57. Jan. 13. Rich, Isaac, merchant, philan- thropist, fdr. of Huston University, A71. Jan. 25. Ewell. Richard Stoddard, capt U. S. A., Poured, lieut.-gen., A52. Jan. 28. Eddv, Norman, lawyer, M. C. for Ind., A61. Lyman, .Joseph B., journalist, agricul- turist, author, A 42. Feb. 7. Grimes, James W., senator, Gov. of Iowa, A56. Spalding, Martin John, R. C, arch- bishop of Baltimore, A62. Feb. 27. Tread well, l>amel, machinist, in- ventor, A8L Mar. 6. Howard, Benjamin C, lawyer, M. C. forMd., A8I. Mar. 28. .Marshall, Humphrey, M. C. for Kv., Confederate l.rig.-gen., A 60. Apr. 2. Morse, Samuel Finley B., artist and inventor (Telegraph), A81. — Upham, Thomas Cogswell, Cong, clergy- man, metapln si.ian, author, A72. Apr. 5. Galloway, Samuel, lawyer, M. C for 0., A61. Apr. 16. Buchanan, HcKean, tragedian, . Tufts, Quincy, philanthropist, . Fort, George, physician, Gov. ., A63. . Kidwell, Zedekiah, physician, lawyer, M. C. for Va., A58. Moore, Nathaniel F., professor Greek and Latin at Columbia, A90. 449. Apr. 18. A81 an. of N. J. Apr. t#l. CHURCH. 1871* * The Protestant Episcopal dio- ceses of Arkansas and Central Pennsyl- vania are formed. * * Boston. The "Woman's Baptist For- eign Missionary Society is organized. * * Chicago. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held. * * Chicago. The "Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of the "West is organized. * * Chicago. The General Assembly of Presbyterians meets ; Z. M. Humphrey, moderator. * * Ind. The Indiana Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized. * * The Kansas Eldership (Church of God) is organized. * * The Minnesota and North Iowa Con- ference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * Md. The General Convention (Pro- testant Episcopal) meets in Baltimore ; it renews the vote of confidence taken in 1844. * * The Missouri Eldership (Church of God) is organized. * * Neb. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) of Nebraska is organized. * * O. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Dayton. * * O. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; R. M. Bishop, president. * * O. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Xenia; R. A. McAyeal, moderator. * * Pa. The Reformed Presbyterian Sy- nod at Pittsburg subscribes to the bond of the covenant received from the sessions. * * The Woman's Auxiliary to the Board of Missions of the Protestant Episcopal Church is organized. * * S. Dak. The Congregational Associa- tion of South Dakota is organized. * * Cal. The Congregational Associa- tion of Christian Chinese is organized at San Francisco. 1872. Apr. 14. O. Richard Gilmour is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Cleveland, Ind. Joseph Dwenger is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Fort Wayne. Apr. 21. A". 1". Francis McNeimy is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bit-hop of the diocese of Albany. May l.-June 4. N. Y. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is held in Brooklyn ; lay delegates are admitted; incipient action is taken to promote fraternal relations with the Methodist Episcopal Church South. The Central New York, Florida, and Northwest Iowa Conferences are organ- ized ; also the Chicago German Confer- ence. Thomas Bowman, "William L. Harris, Randolph S. Foster, Isaac W. Wiley, Stephen M. Merrill, Edward G. Andrews, Gilbert Haven, and Je6S6 T. Peck are ordained bishops. LETTERS. 1871* * Arkansas College (Pres.) is or- ganized at Batesville. * * Ark. Judson University (Bapt.) is organized at Judsonia. * * Arkansas Industrial University (non- sect.) is organized at Fayetteville. * * Boston University is opened. * * Cal. Mills College at Mills College is opened. * * Cal. The San Francisco Theological Seminary (Pres.) is opened. * * Cat. Pierce Christian College (Christian) is organized at College City. * * Conn. Noah Porter is elected presi- dent of Yale University, as successor to Theodore D. Woolsey. * * Ga. Dorchester Academy, colored, is opened at Mcintosh, by the American Missionary Association. * * Ky. The Public Library of Ken- tucky is founded. [60,800 vols.] * * Miss. Alcorn University (non-sect.) is organized at Rodney. * * Mo. The State Normal School at Warrensburg is opened ; also another at Kirksville; at Plymouth, N. H. ; at Genesee and Buffalo, N. Y. ; the Le- Moyne Normal Institute at Memphis, Tenn. ; and the Roman Catholic Normal School of the Holy Family, at St. Fran- cis, Wis. * *N. C. Rutherford CoDege is opened. * * Neb. Edward Rosewater establishes the Omaha Daily Bee. * * Neb. The University of Nebraska is opened at Lincoln. * * N. H. The compulsory education law becomes effective. * * N. J. Stevens's Institute of Tech- nology at Hoboken, founded by Edwin Augustus Stevens, is opened. * * N. J. The Princeton Review is estab- lished. * * N. Mex. The Legislature provides for common schools in each county. * * New York. The Witness is issued. * * A*. Dak. Fargo College (Cong.) is founded. UNITED STATES. 1871,* *-1872, May 1. 277 * * New York. Forest and Stream, is founded. * * 0. Miami Valley College (Friends) in Springboro is organized. * * 0. Buchtel University (Univ.) is opened at Akron. * * Pa. Lincoln Theological Seminary (Colored Pres.) is established. * * S. C. Benedict Institute (Colored Bapt.) is founded at Columbia. * * W. Va. Shepherd College (non-sect.) is organized. * * Jr. Va. The Broaddus College (Bapt.) at Clarksburg is opened. * * A Woman's Poems, by Sarah M. B. Piatt, appears. * * Landmarks, by John James Piatt, ap- pears. * * The Book of the Fast, by K. H. Stod- dard, appears. * * East and West Poems, by Bret Harte, appears. * * Dictionary of Literature and Authors, by Samuel Austin Allibone, appears. * * Life of Christ, by Henry "Ward Beecher, appears. * * Life of General P. E. Lee, by John Esten Cooke, appears. * * Little Men, by Louisa May Alcott, appears. * * My Study Windows, by Jamea Rus- sell Lowell, appears. * * Democratic Vistas, by "Walt "Whitman, appears. * * Peat Folks, by Adeline Dutton Train "Whitney, appears. * * The Hoosier Schoolmaster, by Edward Eggleston, appears. * * Success and its Conditions, by Edwin Percy Whipple, appears. * * History of Frederick the Great, by John S. C. Abbott, appears. * * Christianity and Positivism, by James McCosh, appears. * * Castilian Days ,hy John Hay, appears; also, Pike County Ballads. * * Tlte Country of the Dwarfs, by Paul B. du Chaillu, appears. * * Our Girls, by Dio Lewis, appears. * * The Moral Duty of Total Abstinence, by Theodore L. Cuyler, appears. * * Common Sense in the Household, by Marion Harland, appears. * * Overland, by J. W. DeForest, appears. * * Pink and White Tyranny, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, appears. * * Songs of the Sierras, by Joaquin Mil- ler, appears. * * Verses by H. H. (Helen Hunt, after- wards Mrs. Jackson) appears. * * Elements of Intellectual Philosophy, by Noah Porter, appears ; also Science of Nature vs. the Science of Man. * * The Sympathy of Religions, by Thomas "W. Higginson, appears. * * The Divine Tragedy, by Henry W. Longfellow, appears. 1872 Mar. 25. Chicago. The Inter- Ocean is issued. SOCIETY. 1871 * * N. Y. Aratus F. Pierce is tried and acquitted of the murder of *William Bullock at Lockport. * * Great bitterness prevails in the South against free suffrage. Northern men in the Southern States are stigmatized " Cai-petbaggers," loyal Southerners are called "Scalawags," 1872 Jan. 6. New York. Edward S. Stokes, through jealousy for a dissolute woman, shoots Col. James Fisk, Jr., a prominent railroad official and finan- cial speculator, at the Grand Central Hotel. Mar. 18. New York. The "Workmen's International Association makes a public demonstration. Apr. * New York. Carpenters, brick- layers, and helpers make a combined strike ; the employers also combine. Apr. 24. Mo. Judge J. C. Stephenson, Thomas E. Detro, and James C. Cline are assassinated by a large body of masked men near Gun City ; they were accused of complicity in increasing taxes by the fraudulent issue of railroad bonds. STATE. 1871 * * Vt. The Constitution is amended ; the sessions of the Legisla- . ture to be biennial, also the State elec- tions ; the council of censors is abolished. * * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : -72 * * Ark. Orzo A. Hadley. -73 * * Conn. Marshall Jewell. -75* *Ida.(Ter.). Thomas W. Bennett. -74 * * Me. Sidney Perham. -74 * * Miss. Ridgely C. Powers. -73 * * Mo. Benj. Gratz Brown. -73 * * Neb. "William H. James. -74 * *N. C. Tod R. Caldwell. -72 * * N. H. James A. "Weston. -79 * * Nev. Louis R. Bradley. -79 * *N. Mex. (Ter.). Marsh Giddings. -75 * * Tenn. John C. Brown. -73 * * XT. {Ter.). George L. "Woods. -77 * * W. Va. John J. Jacob. 1872 Jan. 2. Utah. Brigham Young surrenders himself for trial. Jan. 6. La. The Warmouth Legis- lature meets at the Mechanics' Institute at New Orleans ; the adherents of the speaker of the House, Geo. "W. Carter, also meet in another hall. Jan. 8. D. C. Congress provides for the issuing of one-cent postal cards. Jan. 16. W. Va. A Constitutional Convention is held at Charleston. Jan. 22. La. The Carterites, several thousand strong, attempt to seize the Mechanics' Institute at New Orleans, but are held in check by Gen. Emory, commander of the Federal troops. The House holds an extra session, with Warmouthites in the majority ; in the absence of Speaker Carter, it declares his chair vacant, and elects O. H. Brew- ster to fill it. Jan. 24. Mo. A convention at Jefferson City inaugurates the Liberal Republi- can movement. Jan. * Eng. Great excitement prevails because of the claims advanced for in- direct losses in the Alabama case. Jan. * La. Federal troops preserve the peace in the Legislative contest. Feb. 22 ±. 0. The 1st National Con- vention of the Prohibition party is held at Columbus ; James Black of Pa. and John Russell of Mich, are nomi- nated as presidential candidates. A Labor Reform Convention meets and nominates David Davis of ill. and Joel Parker of N. J. as presidential candidates. Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected President pro tempore. Feb. 26. Ala. The Legislature passes a new election law. Feb. * Fla. Another unsuccessful at- tempt is made to impeach Gov. Reed. Mar. 1. D. C. The Act establishing the Yellowstone National Park in Wyom- ing is approved ; it is about 3,300 square miles. Mar. 4. D. C. The Japanese embassy is presented to President Grant. Mar. 5. D. C. Congress removes the in- ternal taxes on fish, fruits, and meats. Mar. * D. C. President Grant appoints three commissioners to examine plans and proposals for the Panama canal. Apr. 10-14. La. A National Conven- tion of colored men convenes at New Orleans ; Frederick Douglass, president. Apr. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate admits Matthew "W". Ransom of N. C. ; all of the Southern States are now rep- resented in this branch of Congress. MISCELLANEOUS. 1871* * La. The city of New Orleans purchases Exposition Park. * * Miss. The Planters, Manufactur- ers, and Mechanics Association is incorporated. * * New York. The Gilbert Elevated Railroad is sold under a foreclosure. * * New York. Dummy locomotives sub- stitute the cable on the Elevated Rail- road. * *± N. Y. Prospect Park in Brooklyn is completed. * * O. The Cincinnati Cotton Exchange is established. * * O. The Union Stock Yards Com- pany is incorporated at Cincinnati. 1872 Jan. 2. N. Dak. Ground is bro- ken at Grand Forks for the Northern Pacific Railroad. Mar. 4. Phila. The Centennial Com- mission is organized to prepare for a National celebration in 1876. Mar. * Neiv York. The Erie Ring, ruled by James Fisk and Jay Gould, collapses ; restoration is made to Eng- lish bondholders ; Gens. Dix and McClel- lan are among the new directors. Apr. 11. The boiler of the Mississippi steamer Oceanus explodes ; 40 lives are lost. 278 1872, May 1-' AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1872. Nov. 29. Ore. Capt. Jackson, sent to remove the Modoc Indians to a reservation, has a battle with them on the Lost River. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1372 May * Zanzibar. Stanley arrives from the interior of Africa. June 17 -July 4. Boston. The "World's Peace Jubilee is celebrated under the musical leadership of P. S. Gilmore ; 10,000 singers accompanied by 1,000 instruments sound forth the joys of peace. July 31. N. Y. The asteroids Brun- hilda and Gerda are discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Also, Alceste, Aug. 23.] Sept. 22. PHla. The Lincoln Monu- ment in Fairmount Park is unveiled. Nov. 25-27. Brilliant meteroic dis- plays are visible in the Northern and Northwestern States. Nov. * The discovery of an atmospheric wave, covering nearly the entire terri- tory between the two great oceans, is reported by the chief of the Sigual Service. * * Ind. Discovery of block coal, whereby an impetus is given to the iron manu- factures of the State. i'.urhanan, poet, BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1872. May 11. Read, Tin artist, A50. May 24. Hopkins, Albert, astronomer, physicist, A 65. May 26. Stiinpson, William, naturalist, A40. June 1. Bennett, James Gordon, founder of N. T. Herald, All. June 3. Colvocoresses, George M., capt. U. S. N., AGO. June 6. Scranton, Joseph H., capitalist, one of the fuumlers of Scranton, Pa., A59. June 29. Crab be, Thomas, rear-adm. U. S. N., A 84. July 25. Nicholson, William C, com. U. S. N., A72. Randall, Alexander W., P. M.-gen., A52. July 31. Olney, Jesse, geographer, educa- tor, author, A74. Aug. 3. Eaton, Geo. W., Bapt. clergyman, teacher, A 68. Aug. 11. Mason, Lowell, musical com- poser, A80. Aug-. 18. Davenport, Henry K., capt. 1". S. N., A52. Aug. 26. Ingersoll, Ralph I., lawyer, M. C. for Conn., AH4. Sept. 11. Kastburn, Manton, P.E. bishop of Mass., A71. Sept. 22. Davis, Garrett, sen. for Ky., A7I. Sept. 25. Cartwright, Peter, frontier M. E. clergyman, A87. Oct. 2. Liebt-r, Francis, publicist, writer, A72. Oct. 3. Faville, Oran, educationist, in la., A45. Oct. 8. Bache, Hartman, brig. -gen. U. S. 0ct.*9. Deming, Henry C, M. C. for Conn., author, A57. Oct. 10. I'arton, Sara I'. Willis (Fanny Fern), author, A61. — Seward, "William Henry, Gov., sen. for N.Y., Lincoln's sec. of state, A71. Oct. 30. Ames, Joseph, portrait and genre painter, A56. Oct. 31. Brownell, Henry Howard, poet, A52. Griswold, John A., iron manufacturer, builder of Monitor, M. C. for X. Y., A54. Nov. 5. Sullv, Thomas, painter, A89. Nov. 6. Meade, George Gordon, maj.- gen., commander of Army of Potomac at Gettysburg, A57. Nov. 14. Hadley, James, philologist, pro- fessor of Greek at Yule, A51. Nov. 29. Greeley, Horace, editor, phi- lanthropist, founder A. }'. Tribune^ A62. Dec. 12. Forrest, Edwin, actor, A.66. Pollard, Edward, journalist, litterateur, historian, A44. Dec. 16. KenBett, John Frederick, land- scape painter, A56. Dec. 20. Putnam, George P., publisher, author, A58. Dec. 23. ratlin, George, artist, A76. Dec. 31. Brown, John A., llnancier, A84. CHURCH. 1872 May 5. N.Y. Edgar P. Wadhams (Roman Catholic), bishop of Ogdens- burg, is consecrated. June 7. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem is held. Oct. 22-25. Boston. The National Unitarian Conference is held. Nov. * 0. The Lutheran General Council meets at Akron. * * X. J. The New Jersey Conference (African Methodist Episcopal) is formed. LETTERS. 1872 May * * The Fisk University Ju- bilee Singers make a campaign for $20,000. * * Ala. The State Agricultural and Me- chanical College at Auburn is opened. * * Boston. The National Educational Association meets; appoints a commit- tee to examine the kindergarten system. [It reports favorably.] * * Boston. The Globe is issued. * * Cal. St. Mary's College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at San Francisco. * * Ind. The Indiana Public Library is founded at Indianapolis. [39,273 vols.] * * Mass. A School of Forestry is es- tablished at Harvard. * * Md . The College of Physicians and Surgeons at Baltimore is opened. * * Miss. The East Mississippi Female College is opened. * * Mo. The Fulton Synodical Female CoUege is opened. Harding College is founded by Baptists at Mexico. * * Xeb. Doane CoUege (Cong.) is founded at Crete. * * Xew York. The Popular Science Monthly is founded. * * Xeio York. The newspapers succeed in arousing the public for the complete overthrow of the " Tweed Ring" — the Times holding the place of honor. * * Ore. The Legislature establishes a reform school at Portland. * * 0. Buchtel CoUege (Univ.) in Akron is organized. * * S. C. The Walhalla Female Col- lege at "SValhalla is opened. * * Tenn. Christian Brothers' CoUege (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Memphis. * * Tex. Mansfield CoUege (non-sect.) is organized at Mansfield. * * Utah. Ogden Seminary (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Ogden City. * * Roughing It, by Mark Twain, appears. SOCIETY. 1872 May* -V.I'. Many other trades join the striking builders — a sympa- thetic strike. June 15. -V. I'. Strikers force then- way into Steinway's piano-factory to persuade the remaining workmen to strike. June* Xew York. Most of the 90,000 strikers surrender. Great losses : contractors and builders, $1,100,000; workmen, £1.400,000: general public, in an indirect way, $5,760,000. June 17 — July 4. Boston. World's Peace JubUee. (See Art — Science — Nature.) July +-* U. S. Temperance Republicans resent the Raster resolution placed in the national platform. The party is opposed to " laws for the purpose of removing evils by interfer- ence with rights not surrendered by the people to either the State or National Government." [Mr. Herman Raster says it applies to prohibitory- and Sun- day law.] Aug. 18. Xeie York. George C. Bar- nard, a judge of the Supreme Court <»f the State, having been convicted of offi- cial corruption in connection with the " Erie Ring," is degraded. Sept. 18. A', r. The corner-stone of the State Insane Asylum is laid at Buffalo. Sept. 25. Ky. The House of Reform for JuvenUe Delinquents is opened by the State at Anchorage. Sept. * -73 Feb. * U. S. Prof. John TyndaU of England, lectures in the chief citieB. * * The Kuklux of the Southern States make night raids in disguise, and terrify the blacks ; they commit many outrages to prevent the exercise of free suffrage. Oct. 10. Xew York. The Presbyterian Hospital is opened. Oct.±* New York. Jacob Rosenzweig, an abortionist, is tried for killing Alice A. Bowlesby ; the body was shipped in a trunk for Chicago. [Imprisoned for seven years.] Nov. 5. X. Y. Susan B. Anthony and other women vote at the election in Rochester. [Miss Anthony and 14 other women are prosecuted for illegal vot- ing-] STATE. 1872 May 1. D. C. Congress removes the customs duties on tea and coffee, to take effect July 1. May4+. 0. The National Conven- tion of Liberal Republicans is held at Cincinnati; Carl Sehurz, president ; Horace Greeley of N. T., editor of the Tribune, is nominated for President, and B. Gratz Brown of Mo. for Vice-Presi- dent. May 8. D. C. Congress passes an act for the removal of the Kansas Indians to the Indian Territory. May* Utah. The Supreme Court annuls the bigamy proceedings against Brig- ham Young. UNITED STATES. 1872, May 1- 279 May 21. B. C. Congress: The House passes the Civil Rights Bill. May 22. D. C. Congress modifies po- litical disabilities under Art. 3 of the 11th Amendment; the only exceptions being former members of Congress, of the Judiciary, of the Army aud Navy, and of the diplomatic service. May 23. W. Y. The Legislature passes an act establishing a commission for State parks. Xeio York. A working men's Na- tional Convention nominates U. S, Grant and Henry "Wilson as presidential candidates. May 31. B.C. Congress: Senator Sumner assails President Grant in a bitter speech, Sumner being strongly opposed to Grant's renomination. June 6. B. C. Congress makes a re- duction of 10 per cent in the tariff rates for certain articles, and reduces internal revenue taxes. Phila, The Republican National Convention, Thomas Settle of N. C., president, renominates Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for the presidency on the first ballot, and Henry "Wilson of Mass. for the vice-presidency. Vote for Vice- President, "Wilson, 364£ ; Schuyler Col- fax, 321$. June 10. B.C. The 42d Congress: the second session closes. June 15. Switz. The tribunal for the arbitration of the Alabama claims re- sumes its sittings. June 19. La. The discordant Republi- cans (Packard and Pinchback) hold two conventions at Baton Rouge. "William P. Kellogg is nominated for governor by the Packard Convention. June 21. UTew York. A convention of Liberal Republican Revenue Re- formers convenes, and nominates "Wil- liam S. Groesbeck of O. and Fred- erick Law Olmsted of N. Y. as presidential candidates. June 24. III. David Davis declines the nomination for President. [Joel Parker declines on the 28th.] (See Feb. 22.) June * B. C. The State Department se- cures the release of Dr. Howard, an American citizen, long imprisoned in Cuba. June * Congress abolishes the tax on incomes, and all stamp taxes under schedule B, except that of 2 per cent on bank checks, drafts, and orders. June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1872. Revenue: Customs, .<21G,:-;7u,287 : inter- nal revenue, si;;o,^12, 178; sales of public lands, $2,575,714; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, $0,412,638; mis- cellaneous items, $15,106,051. Total rev- enue, §374,106,868 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenses, $96,583,905. Expenditures: Premiums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., $6,958,267; mis- cellaneous items, $00,984,757 ; War De- partment, §35,372,157; Navy Departs ment, §21,249,810; Indians, $7,061,729; pensions, $28,533,403 ; interest on public debt, §117,357,840. Total ordinary ex- penses, $277,517,963 ; public debt, $2,253- 251,328. Exports, $444,177,586: imports, $626,595,077. July S. B. C. Congress ; Senate : Henry B. Anthony of II. I. is reelected President pro tempore. July 9. Md. The National Democratic Convention convenes at Baltimore; James R. Doolittle, president. The Democrats unite in a coalition ■with the Liberal Republicans, and Hor- ace Greeley of N. Y. is nominated for President on the first ballot, getting 686 out of 724 votes. Greeley has been re- garded for many years as the most famous anti-Democrat in the United States. B. Gratz Brown of Mo, is nomi- nated for Vice-President, getting 713 out of 732 votes. Aug. 9. La. P. B. S. Pinchback is nominated for governor by the adjourned Pinchback (Rep.) Convention. Aug.22. Phila. The Labor Reform Na- tional Convention nominates Charles O'Conor of N. Y. and Eli Saulsbury of Del. as presidential candidates. [O'Conor declines, Aug. 27.] * * La. The State Central Committee cause a fusion of divided Republicans, and W. P. Kellogg is nominated for gov- ernor, and Pinckney B. S. Pinchback for Congressman-at-large. [The Senate re- fuses him the seat.] W. Va. The people ratify the amend- ment to the Constitution restoring citi- zenship to ex-secessionists. Sept. 3-5. Ky. A National Conven- tion of Radical Democrats, who repu- diate Greeley and Brown as candidates, convenes at Louisville and nominates in their place Charles O* Conor of N. Y. and John Q. Adams of Mass. [They decline.] Sept. 14. Switz. The Court of Arbi- tration announce their decision con- cerning the " Alabama Claims." All the five members vote to award indemnity for the losses caused by the Alabama; four, for losses by the Florida; and three, for losses by the Shenandoah. Total damages awarded, $15,500,000. Sept. 25. Ky. A National Convention of Liberal Colored Republicans con- venes at Louisville, with delegates from 23 States, and nominates Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown as presi- dential candidates. Oct. 21. The San Juan dispute with Great Britain regarding the northwest boundary is settled by arbitration ; Emperor "William of Germany de- cides in favor of the United States ; the Canal de Haro becomes the international boundary. Oct. * U. S. The Democrats charge lead- ing Republicans with corruption by the ofiicers of the Credit Mobilier. It is alleged that the Vice-President, Vice-President elect, Speaker of the House, and the Secretary of the Treas- ury are implicated, by receiving stock in exchange for political influence. Nov. 5. U.S. The 22d presidential elec- tion ; Republicans elected. Popular vote: Ulysses S. Grant of 111. (Rep.), 3,597,070 ; Horace Greeley of N. Y. (Dem. and Lib.), 2,834,079 ; Charles O'Conor of N. Y. (Dem.), 29,408 ; -James Black of Pa. (Probib.), 5,608. Gen. Grant receives immense majorities in several States — Pennsylvania leading with 137,- Ala. Both political parties claim the governorship. Nov. 18. Ala. Two Legislatures are organized at Montgomery ; the Republi- cans at the TJ. S. Court-House, and the Democrats at the State Capitol. Nov. 23. Ala. David P. Lewis (Rep.) is declared elected governor. Nov. 25. Ala. Gov. Lewis assumes office, and recognizes the Republican Legisla- ture. Dec. 2. B. C. The 42d Congress; the third session opens. Dec. * B. C. Congress ; House : James G. Blaine calls for a committee to in- vestigate the Credit Mobilier scandal. (See Oct. *) Dec. * La. The Returning Board is di- vided—one faction declaring 'William P. Kellogg elected governor, the other John McEnery. * * B.C. "Ward Hunt of N. Y. is appointed a justice of the Supreme Court. Dec. 11. La. A Fusion (Rep.) Legis- lature convenes at New Orleans ; it im- peaches and suspends Gov. "Warmouth. Dec. * La. Judge Druell decides that W. P. Kellogg was elected governor in November. MISCELLANEOUS. 1872 June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 1872, 404,806. June * Colo. The first narrow-gauge railroad is opened, between Denver and Pueblo, for 118 miles. Aug. 30. The propeller Metis collides with a schooner on Long Island Sound ; 50 persons perish. Sept. 3+. Ky. A National Industrial Exposition is held at Louisville. Oct.* An epidemic, called the "epi- zootic," prevails among horses in the larger cities, and partially suspends the operation of commerce. Nov. 9, 10, 11. Boston. The great fire ravages 80 acres, burning 959 build- ings, located chiefly in the wholesale district, and destroys 35 lives ; loss, $73,- 000,000. Nov. 19. Mass. A special session of the Legislature is held to devise means for the relief of the sufferers of the Boston fire. Nov. 29. Eng. Sergeant Bates of America arrives in London, after hav- ing walked on a wager from Gretna Green, South Scotland, carrying the American flag. Dec. 24. Pa. A train breaks through a trestle bridge at Corry, and 20 persons are killed. Dec. * New York. Jay Gould agrees to give up to the Erie Company 89,000,000, and legal proceedings against him are abandoned. Dec. * N. Y. Dr. T. DeWitt Talmage's Tabernacle Church, Brooklyn, is burned. * * N. Bale. Bismarck is settled. 280 1872, * *-1873, May 9. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1873 Jan. 17. Ore. The Modoc In- dians, led by their able chief, Captain Jack, defeat the troop3 sent against them. Jan. 24. Congress abolishes the naval ranks of admiral and vice-admiral. Apr. 11. Ore. Captain Jack and other Indians massacre Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, two Indian commissioners, during negotiations for a peaceful set- tlement of difficulties ; Mr. Meacham is shot and stabbed, but survives. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1872 * * New York. Carl L. Brandt and J. H. Bear are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * Neto York. A bronze statue of Shakespeare, and another of Sir Walter Scott, are erected in Central Park, and another of Franklin in Printing House Square. * * N. Y. John "William Draper obtains a spectra of the stars, showing their fixed lines, by use of the photograph with a telescopic combination. * * O. The Cleveland Vocal Society- is organized. * * -73 * * 0. The Eden Park, 207 acres, and Burnett "Wood, 168 acres, are laid out at Cincinnati. * * Phila. John W. Keely begins his ex- periments to develop a machine worked by a power without cost ; it is called the Keely Motor. * * U. S. The triple-valve attachment to the "Westinghouse air-brake is intro- duced. * * Capt. Ericsson reports the shrinkage • of the sun's diameter to be 120.7 feet per day, thus differing from the Helm- holtz estimate. * * Ozone is produced by means of an electrical apparatus perfected by A. W. Wright. * * Home by the Seaside is painted by Worthington Whittredge. * * Golden Born is painted by S. R. Gif- ford. * * Grand Canon of the Yellowstone is painted by Thomas Moran. 1873 Feb. 5. N~. Y. The asteroid An- tigone is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Also, Electra, on Feb. 17, ^thra, June 13, and Cyrene, Aug. 16.] Apr. 30. The steamer Tigress, of New- foundland, rescues 19 survivors of the Polaris Expedition from a field of float- ing ice in Baffin Bay. May 9. A part of the crew of the Polaris expedition arrives at Newfoundland, having been rescued after drifting 2,000 miles on a field of ice, and experiencing great suffering. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1873. Jan. 16. Leavitt, Joshua, journalist, A79. Feb. l. Maury, Matt. Fontaine, hydrog- rapher, A67. Feb. 8. Coffin. .James Henry, professor in Lafayette college, A67. Feb. 8. Geary, John W., Gov. of Pa.,brig.- gen. of vols., AM. Feb. 16. Chesebro, Caroline, author, A 45. Feb. 25. Gillie, John P., coin. U. S. N. for 4H years, A70. Feb. 26. Hodge, Hugh L., physician, medi- cal writer, editor, ATT. Mar. 10. Torrey, John, botanist, chemist, A77. Mar. 13. Macllvaine, Chas. Pettit, P. E. bishop of O., AT4. Mar. 24. Collier, John A., jurist, M. C. for N. Y., A 86. Mar. 27. Dixon, James, Ben. for Conn., A59. Apr. 11. Canby, Edward Richard S.,brev. maj.-gen. V. S. A., A54. Apr. 27. Aulick, John H., com. U. S. N-, A84. Apr. 30. Brooks. James, journalist, M. (.'. for N. Y-, founder of X. Y. Express, A63. May 4. McGuffey, William Holmes, edu- cator, AT3. May 5. Orr. James L., M. C. for S. C, speaker, Gov., senator, A51. May 6. IlroiUiead, John Komevn, histo- rian, A59. May 7. Chase, Salmon Portland, Lin- coln's sec. of treas., sen., Gov. of O., A65. May 8. Ames, <>akt-s, manufacturer, rail- road builder, M. C. for Mass., A69. CHURCH. 1872 * * New York. The Baptist An- nual Meeting is beld. * * N. Y. — R. I. Tbe Roman Catholic dioceses of Ogdensburg and Providence are established. * * The Danish Church in America (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized. * * la. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at "Washington ; John S. Easton, moderator. * * Ky. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Louis- ville ; R. M. Bishop, president. * *Md.— Ya. The Maryland and Vir- ginia Elderships (Church of God) are organized. * * A 7 ". Y. — N. J. The General Synods (Evangelical Lutheran) of New York and New Jersey are organized. * * Mass. A Congregational Club is formed at Salem. * * Mich. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) is held at Detroit ; S. J. Nic- colls, moderator. 1873 Jan. 9. William Hobart Hare is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis- sionary bishop of Niobrara. [Later bishop of South Dakota.] Apr. 10. Utah. Brigham Young re- signs his temporal power over the Mormons. Apr. 17. John Gottlieb Auer is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- ary bishop for Africa. LETTERS. 1872 * * Sauntering s, by Charles Dud- ley Warner, appears ; also Back-Log Studies. * * Shakespeare, his Life, Art, and Char- acters, by Henry N. Hudson, appears. * * Atlantic Essays, by Thomas W. Hig- ginson, appears. * * Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag, by Louisa May Alcott, appears. * * Bits of Travel, by Helen Hunt Jack- son, appears. * * Coral and the Coral Islands, by James D. Dana, appears. * * The End of the World, by Edward Eg- gleston, appears. * * Kate Beaumont, by J. W. De Forest, appears. * * The Masque of the Gods, by Bayard Taylor, appears; also Beauty and the Beast. * * The Material and Form of Language, by W. D. Whitney, appears; also Orien- tal and Linguistic Studies. * * My Wife and I, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, appears. * * Myths and Myth-makers, by John Fiske, appears. * * The Pennsylvania Pilgrim and other Poems, by John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. * * The Religion of Humanity, by 0. B. Frothingham, appears. * * Surly Tim's Trouble, by Frances Hodg- son Burnett, appears. * * Their Wedding Journey, by William Dean Howells, appears. * * The Vatican Council, by L. W. Bacon, appears. * * Yesterdays with Authors, by James Thomas Fields, appears. * * The Thief in the Night, by Harriet P. Spofford, appears. * * How I found Livingstone, by Henry M. Stanley, appears. * * Laicus, by Lyman Abbott, appears. * * What Katy Did, by Susan Coolidge, appears. * * Infinite and Einite, by Theophilus Par- sons, appears. * * Poet at the Breakfast Table, by O. W. Holmes, appears. * * His Level Best, by Edward Everett Hale, appears. * * Barriers Burned Aicay, by E. P. Roe, appears. * * Three Books of Sang, by H. W. Long- feUow, appears. * * The Marble Prophecy, by J. G. Hol- land, appears. S0CD3TY. 1872* *-73* *The Credit Mobilier Scandal is exposed. Many shares of its stock are placed in the hands of certain Senators and Repre- sentatives at Washington, whose legis- lative action may greatly increase its value. (See State.) * * Conn. The prohibitory liquor law is repealed by a Republican Legisla- ture. * * Pennsylvania enacts a loeal-option law. * * la. The Legislature passes a law to restrict the sale of liquors, and limit the profit of licensees to 33 per cent. Also an act abolishing the death pen- alty. * * Ky. The German Baptist Orphans* Home is founded at Louisville. UNITED STATES. 1872,* *-1873, May 9. 281 * * Md. A State institution is established at Baltimore for the blind and for deaf mutes, among the colored people. * * Me. The Legislature amends the pro- hibitory law so as to forbid the sale of cider and wine made from home-grown fruits. * * The 6th National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Kepublic meets at Cleveland ; Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside of R. I., commander-in-chief. * * iris. The Legislature provides for the punishment of intoxicated persons by fine and imprisonment. * * The American Public Health Asso- ciation is organized. 1873 Jan. 8. Sim York. William M. Tweed is brought to trial. [Jan. 31. The jury disagree.] Feb. 18, 19. Ky. Colored men hold an Educational Convention at Louis- ville. Feb. 28. New York. Edward S. Stokes is convicted of the murder of James Fisk, Jr., and sentenced to be hanged. (See Oct. 30.) Feb * Boston. The reading-room of the Public Library is first opened to the public on Sundays. Mar. 4. D. C. Gen. Grant refers to the bitterness of the last election in his in- augural address, and complains of per- sonal " abuse and slander, scarcely ever equalled in political history." Mar. * Sew York. Ex-Mayor A. Oakey Hall, a member of the Tweed Ring, is tried ; a juror dies, and ends the trial. [He is tried later, and the jury disagree. Hall then leaves the country.] Mar. 21. Sew York. 'William Foster having been convicted of the murder of Avery D. Putnam with a car-hook, on April 2G, 1871, is hanged. Mar. 22. Ky. The Society for the Pre- vention of Cruelty to Animals is in- corporated at Louisville. Apr. * Wis. The State Northern Hospi- tal for the Insane, at Oshkosh, is opened. [An asylum at Napa, Cal., is established.] STATE. 1872 * * Minn. Minneapolis and St. Anthony are united and incorporated as one city. * * Ore. The 15th Amendment to the Federal Constitution is adopted by the Legislature. * * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : -75 * * Ark. Elisha Baxter. -75 * * Cal. Newton Booth. -77 * * Ga. James Milton Smith. -76 * * la. Cyrus C. Carpenter. -75* * Ky. Preston H. Leslie. -74* * Mass. William B. "Washburn. -74 * * S.H. Ezekiel Straw. -75 * * N.J. Joel Parker. -74 * * O. Edward F. Noyes, -75 * * S. C. Franklin J. Moses, Jr. -70 * * Vt. Julius Converse. -80* * Wash. (Ter.). Elisha P. Ferry. -74 * * Wis. C. C. Washburne. 1873 Jan. 6. D. C. Congress: The House resolves to conduct the Credit Mobilier investigation in open session. It resolves to investigate the relations of the Credit Mobilier and the Union Pacific Railroad Company to the Federal Government. [J. M. Wilson of Ind., Samuel Shellabarger of O., Henry W. Slocuni of N. Y. T Thomas Swaun of Md., and George F. Hoar of Mass., are ap- pointed a committee of investigation, on Jan. 7.] Jan. 14. La. Two Legislatures assem- ble, and two governors are installed — W. P. Kellogg (Rep.), and John McEn- ery, the caudidate of the Liberals and Democrats. [The Federal Government favors Kellogg.] Jan. 31. D. C. Congress deprives its members of the postal franking privi- lege after July 1. Feb. 6. D. C. Congress : The Senate enacts that the coinage of the silver dollar of 1792 and 1837 shall be discon- tinued from April 1 ; the trade dollar of 420 grains and 900 fine is to take its place. [The measure passes the House on Feb. 7.] Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : Ulysses S. Grant, 286 ; Thomas A. Hendricks, 42 ; B. Gratz Brown (Dem.), 18; Charles J. Jenkins (Dem.), 2 ; David Davis (Ind.), 1. Vote for Vice-President : Henry Wilson of Mass. (Rep.), 286; George W. Julian of Did., (Lib.), 5; A. H. Colquitt of Ga. (Dem.), 5; John M. Palmer of 111. (Dem.), 3 ; J. E. Bram- lette of Ky. (Dem.), 3 ; W. S. Groes- beckof 0.(Dem.), 1; Willis B.Machen of Ky. (Dem.), 1 ; N. P. Banks of Mass. (Lib.), 1. Feb. 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The Committee on the Credit Mobilier scandal recommend the expulsion of one of the Senators. [No action is taken.] The House passes resolutions censur- ing Oakes Ames of Mass. and James Brooks of N. T. for their connection with the Credit Mobilier scandal; Brooks was also a government director of the Union Pacific road. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress enacts that in future no Indian people shall be recog- nized as an independent nation, having power to make treaties. Congress passes a bill for the increase of salaries, popularly called the Grab Bill. The President's salary is raised from 525,000 to 550,000 ; the Vice-President's from 38,000 to $10,000; the Senators, Representatives, and Delegates from $5,000 to $7,500, besides traveling ex- penses. The increase is retroactive, and dates from Mar. 4, 1871. Total increase of salaries of Congressmen, $972,000. It enacts the establishment of 10 life- saving stations on the Atlantic coast. Mar. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress ends. The Senate convenes in special ses- sion, at the call of the President (issued Feb. 21). [Adjourns Mar. 26.] Ulysses S. Grant of 111. enters his second term as the 18th President in the 22d term of the presidency ; Henry Wilson of Mass. is Vice-President. Cabinet : Hamilton Fish of N. Y. (State), William A. Richardson of M:iss. Treas.), William W. Belknap of la. (War), George M. Robeson of N. J. (Navy), Columbus Delano of 0. (Inte- rior), George H. Williams of Ore. (Atty.- Gen.),John A. J. Creswell of Md. (P. M.- Gen.). Mar. 6. La. The police arrest the mem- bers of the McEnery Legislature. Mar. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: M. H. Carpenter of Wis. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. [He is reelected Mar. 26.] May 1. D. C. Congress removes all duties on tea and coffee after the first of July ; this reduces the revenue $20,000,000 per annum. The Government first issues one-cent postal cards. MISCELLANEOUS. 1872 * * Sew York. The State Line of steamers running to Glasgow is estab- lished. * * Sew York. The American District Telegraph Company is organized. * * Sew York. Two elevated railroad companies are formed — the New York Elevated, and the Manhattan Railway Company. * * Sew York. The Netherlands Line of transatlantic steamers is established. * * S. Y. The State begins the topo- graphical survey of the Adirondack region, under the supervision of Ver- planck Colvin. * * Pa. A lawsuit discloses the fact that much of the stock of the Cre'dit Mo- bilier is owned by certain members of Congress. Suspicion of their integrity becomes general. * *The Standard Oil Company is formed by the combination of all the oil companies of the United States. 1873 Jan. 7-9. Minn. A terrible snow- storm causes the loss of 70 lives. Jan. * Sew York. Barnum's Museum is burned ; this is the fourth time that his menagerie and exhibition have been destroyed. Feb. 15. Tex. The steamer Henry A. Jones burns in Galveston Bay ; 21 lives are lost. Feb. * Eng. The British press alleges that $6,250,000 too much is awarded to the United States in settling the Ala- bama claims. Apr. 1. S. S. The steamer Atlantic, of the White Star Line, putting into Halifax for coal, runs on a rock, and is wrecked in a few minutes ; 535 persons are drowned. Apr. 8. S. Y. A wall of a new braiding at Rochester gives way when occupied by spectators of a freshet ; 30 persons are drowned. May. 4. 712, An iron bridge falls at Dixon, when crowded with people ; 100 persons killed. 282 1873, May 17. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1873 May 22. Ore. The Indian hos- tilities close in the surrender of nearly all of the Modocs. [June 1±. Captain Jack and 20 well- armed Indians make a desperate resist- ance, when surrounded in lava beds. Oct. 3. He and others are executed at Fort Kalmath.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1873 Sept. 25. Phila. The new Ma- sonic Temple is dedicated. Oct. 6. N. Y. An attempt to cross the Atlantic to Europe by a balloon fails ; the aeronaut descends in Connecticut. Oct. 31. N. Y. The international bridge across the Niagara River at Buffalo is completed. Dec. 24. Boston. The Beethoven Quin- tet Club is organized. * * Boston. The Massachusetts Normal Art School is established. * * D. C. A 26-inch Clark equatorial is mounted in the U. S. Naval Observatory at Washington. * * _74 * * Kan. A long and severe drought destroys the crops. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1873. May 17. Russell, Wm., educationist, elocu- tionist, A75. May 22. Fagnani, Joseph, portrait painter, A 54. June 16. Ferris, Isaac, Reformed clergy- man, A 75. June 21. Tappan, Lewis, merchant, foun- der of the Journal of Commerce, A85. June 27. Powers, Hiram, sculptor, A6ff. June 29. Whiting, William, lawyer, M. C. for Mass., author, AtiO. July 6. Hitchcock, Henry L., Pres. clergy- man, A60. July 14. Pillsbury, Amos, prison reformer ,and manager, A68. July 26. SehmiU'ker, Samuel Simon, Luth. clergyman, A74. Aug. 17. Meredith, Wm. M., lawyer, sec. of treas., A74. Aug:. 18. Spring, Gardiner, Pres. clergy- man, author, A88. Aug, 24. Todd, John, Cong, clergyman, author, A73. Sept. 11. McCook, Edwin S., maj.-gen. U. S. vols., A37. Sept. 29. Winslow. John A., rear-ad- miral, A62. Oct. 26. Saxton, Joseph, expert, inventor, erbocker, A63. Nov. 4. Keene, Laura, actor, A53. Nov. 5. Early, John, hishop M. E. church South, A 87. Nov. 6. Hardee, Wm.J., lieut.-col. V. S. A., Confederal*- licut. -gen., author of Hardee's Tactics, A56. Nov. 9. Mallorv, Stephen R., jurist, sen. for Fla., ronfedei-atc sec. of war, A60. Nov. 19. Hale, John P., diplomatist, sen- ator for N. H., A67. Nov. 24. Flagg, Azariah C, founder of Free-soil Party, A83. Hitchcock, Samuel A., philanthropist, A89. Dec. 13. Nelson, Samuel, associate justice U. S. Supreme Court, A81. Dec. 14. Ag-assiz. Louis Jean Rodolphe, naturalist, prof, at. Harvard, A66. Dec. 24. Hopkins, Johns, founder of Johns Hopkins University of Bait., A78. * * Fry, Cary H., brev. hrig.-gen. U. S. A., A60. CHURCH. 1373 June 6. O. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets in Cincinnati. Sept. 17. Benj. Henry Paddock is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop ot Massachusetts. Oct. 3-11. New York. The Evangel- ical Alliance holds its sixth meeting. Dec. 2. Bishop George David Cum- mins, its organizer, is elected Presid- ing Bishop of the Reformed Episco- pal Church. Dec. 11. N. 0. Theodore Benedict Ly- man is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) assistant bislmp of North Car- olina. Dec. 14. Ky. CharleB Edward Cheney is consecrated a bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church. Dec. 31. Colo. John Franklin Spalding is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of Colorado. * * Tad. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Indian- apolis; R. M. Bishop, president. * * The Iowa Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * *Md. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) meets at Baltimore; Howard Crosby, moderator. * * The Presbyterians begin work among theNez.Perces. * * The New York Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * Nev. The first sermon in Virginia City, the capital, is preached by Jesse L. Bennett, a Methodist minister. * * New York. The Young "Women's Christian Association is incorporated. * * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held at Albany. * * O. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Canton. LETTERS. 1873 July 16. Cal. The University of California is located at Berkeley. Aug. 23. Mich. The Evening A r ews is issued at Detroit. * * Ala. The State Normal College is opened at Florence. * * Chicago. The Chicago Public Li- brary is established. [111,621 vols.] * * la. Perm College (Friends) is organ- ized at Oscaloosa ; also the German College (Meth. Epis.) at Mt. Pleasant. St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.) of Dubuque is established. * * III. St. Francis Solanus College at Quincy receives its charter. * *Ky. State University (Colored Bapt.) is organized at Louisville, * * La. New Orleans University (Meth. Epis., Colored) is founded. (Incipient organization effected by Freedmen's Aid Society in 1S6S.) * * La. The Southwestern Christian Ad- vocate (Meth. Epis.) is established at New Orleans. * * Mass. The Haverhill Public Library is founded at Haverhill. [39,268 vols.] * * Miss. Blue Mountain Female College (Bapt.) is founded. * * Mo. Drury College (Cong.; is founded at Springfield. The State Normal School at Cape Girardeau is opened. * * N. C. Bennett College (Meth. Epis., Colored) is founded at Greensboro. * * New York. St. Nicholas magazine in established. The Family Story Paper is issued. * *-78* * New York. The American Cyclopaedia (revised edition), by George Ripley and Charles A. Dana (17 vols.), appears. * * N. Y. The Evening News is issued at Buffalo. * * N. Y, Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts (non-sect.) is organized at Chau- tauqua. * * 0. Ohio State University (non- sect.) is organized at Columbus; also the St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.) at Cincinnati. * * Tex. Add-Rau Christian Univer- sity (Disciples) is founded at Thorp*a Springs. Henderson College (non- sect.) is organized ; also the Marvin College (Meth. Epis.) at Waxahachie, and the "Wiley University (Meth. Epis., Colored) is founded in Marshall. The Southwestern University at George- town is opened. * * Wis. The Germania and Der Haus- und Bauernfreund are issued at Mil- waukee. * * W. Va. The Shepherd Normal School and the Normal School at Glenville are opened by the State. * * The Poultry World is issued. * * Among the Isles of Shoals, by Celia Thaxter, appears. * * Arthur Bonnicastle, by J. G. Holland, appears. * * Bressant, by Julian Hawthorne, ap- pears. * * A Chance Acquaintance, by "William Dean Howells, appears. * * The Pair God, by Lew "Wallace, ap- pears. * * Farm Ballads, by "Will Carleton, ap- pears. * * The Gilded Age, by Mark Twain (Sam- uel L. Clemens) and Charles Dudley War- ner, appears. * * Gunnar, by Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, appears. * * Her Majesty the Queen, by John E. Cooke, appears. * * Jessamine, by Marion Harland, ap- pears. * * Life Among the Modocs, by Joaquin Miller, appears ; also So7ig$ oj' the Sun Lands. * * Marjone Daic, by Thomas Bailey Al- drich, appears. * * The Mountain Lovers, by Paul Hamil- ton Hayne, appears. * * Mystery of Metropolisville, by Edward Eggleston, appears. * * Palmetto Leaves, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, appears. * * Prehistoric Paces in the United States, by John Wells Foster, appears. UNITED STATES. 1873, May 17 288 SOCIETY. 1873 May 28. Ind. The National Congress of Agriculture holds its sec- ond, annual meeting at Indianapolis. July 5. yew York. The boy Frank H. Walworth is sentenced to imprison- ment for life for killing his father. Aug. * y. Y. The National Temper- ance Convention meets at Saratoga. * * Conn. The 7th National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic is held at New Haven ; Charles Devens, Jr., of Mass., Commander-in-chief. Sept. * Ind. The Reform School for Girls and the "Woman's Prison are opened at Indianapolis. Oct. 18. Ore. The Oregon Pioneer As- sociation is organized. Oct. 22. Chicago. The Northwestern Farmers' Convention meets ; 150 dele- gates are present. Oct. 30. Ifew York. E. S. Stokes, con- victed of the murder of James Fisk, Jr., is finally sentenced to four years' impris- onment. (1st trial, the jury disagree ; 2d trial, sentenced to be hanged ; 3d trial, found guilty of manslaughter in the third degree.) Oct. * Ky. The Kuklux commit atroci- ties in Shelby and Franklin counties. Nov. 5-19. New York. William M. Tweed is tried the second time ; is con- victed on each of 51 indictments. [Nov. 22. He is sentenced to 12 years' impris- onment, and fined.] Nov. 18. Ala. A State Labor Conven- tion (colored) meets at Montgomery. Dec. 14. y. Y. Women in Fredonia form a society to visit the saloons " in a Christian spirit ; " Mrs. Judge Barker is president. [Out of this movement the Woman's Christian Temperance Union develops.] Dec. 17. X. Y. The Woman's Temper- ance Crusade in Jamestown is opened, but without success. Dec. 23. 0. The Woman's Crusade begins in Hillsboro ; Mrs. Eliza J. Thompson, chairman ; the 146th Psalm becomes the Crusaders' Psalm. Mrs. E. D. Stewart, " Mother Stewart," is one of the leaders. * * The Order of Knights of Honor is founded. * * Me. Francis Murphy inaugurates the blue ribbon temperance movement. * * Mich. The State Board of Health is organized. * * Minn. The Legislature enacts a spe- cial tax on saloon-keepers, the money to be applied to a fund for erect- ing an inebriate asylum at Rochester. * * y. C. The Legislature passes an act of amnesty and pardon for offenses committed by various secret societies, including the Kuklux. * * yew York. The Society for the Sup- pression of Vice is incorporated. * * Ore. The Institute for the Blind is opened at Salem. STATE. 1873 May 22. D. C. President Grant, by proclamation, warns disorderly bands in Louisiana to disperse. June 6. D. C. Congress makes a re- duction of 10 per cent in the customs duties on cotton, wool, iron, paper, rub- ber, glass, and leather, imported into the country. June30. U.S. Statistics for 1873. Revenue: Customs, £1*8,089,523; inter- nal revenue, $113,729,314: direct tax, 8315,255; sales of public lands, $2,882,- 312 ; premiums on loans and sales of . gold coin, $11,560,531; miscellaneous items, §17,161,270. Total revenue, $333,- 73S,205 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, §43,202,959. Expenditures: Premiums on loans, purchases of bonds, etc., §5,105,920 ; miscellaneous items, §7:1,328,110; War Department, $40,323,- 138; Navy Department, §23,526,257; In- dians, §7,951,705; pensions, $29,359,427; interest on the public, debt, $UU,75n,0.xs. Total ordinary expenditures, $2!»0,:i4r»,- 245 ; public debt, S2.234,4*2,993. Exports, §522,479,922; imports, §642,136,210, July 29. Tenn. A convention is held at Jackson to promote a new State move- ment. It is proposed to take the western parts of Kentucky and Tennessee, and unite them with northern Mississippi. Aug. 7. y. C. The people ratify eight amendments to the State Constitution. Wis. The American Constitutional Union holds its first State meeting at Milwaukee ; 666 delegates are present. Sept. 5. England pays the indemnity ($15,500,000) awarded in settlement of the Alabama claims. Sept. 14. La. The McEnery party rise in arms and take possession of the State House. [They are dispersed by order of the President, who sends national troops to New Orleans,] Oct. 7. Conn. The Constitution is amended ; following May, 1875, the Gen- eral Assembly will meet only at Hart- ford. Oct. 8. Boston and several suburban municipalities vote to consolidate. Nov. 24. La. A people's Anti-KeUogg Convention is held at New Orleans. Dec. 1. D. C. The 43d Congress opens. Congress: The House elects James G. Blaine of Me., Speaker. "Vote : Blaine, 189 ; Fernando "Wood, 76 ; S. S. Cox, 2 ; Hiester Clymer, 1 ; Alex. H. Stephens, 1. Dec. 2. Tex. A special election is held ; vote for governor, Richard Coke (Dem.), 85,549 ; Gov. E. J. Davis (Rep.), 42,663. Dec. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate: M, H. Carpenter of "Wis. is reelected Pres- ident pro tempore. Dec. * La. The soldiers are called upon to preserve order between rival factions in New Orleans. Dec* D. C. Congress; House: Alex- ander H. Stephens, late "Vice-President of the Southern Confederacy, returns as a Representative from Georgia. * * D. C. Alexander H. Shepherd is appointed governor of the District. MISCELLANEOUS. 1873 May, 28. Ind. The United States Agricultural Congress meets at Indi- anapolis. May 30. Boston. A fire destroys prop- erty valued at about $1,500,000. June 3. Chicago. The Grand Pacific hotel is opened. June 8-July 3. Ire. — y. F. The Great Eastern lays the fourth cable from Valentia, Ire., to Heart's Content, N. F. June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 1873, 459,803. July 25. Md. A fire in Baltimore de- stroys over $1,000,000 in property. Aug. 2. Ore. A fire in Portland de- stroys $1,500,000 in property. July * Live beef-cattle are exported to England. Summer. Active speculation and mani- fest prosperity abound for many months. Aug. 8. The steamer Wawasset on the Potomac River takes fire, and 70 lives are lost. Aug. 24. Me. A fire at Belfast destroys property valued at $500,000. Sept. 10. y. Y. At a sale of shorthorn cattle at New York Mills, 109 animals bring $382,000, and a cow brings $4,600, a calf five months old, $2,700. Sept. 18. yew York. A financial panic is precipitated by the suspension of Jay Cooke and Company. [Business becomes paralyzed, and full recovery is delayed for many months ; the primary cause is alleged to be the fluctuation of the currency in volume and value.] Sept. 20. yew York. The Stock Ex- change is closed. [It reopens Sept. 30.] Oct. 31. y. Y. The International Rail- way Bridge across the Niagara River at Buffalo, built under the joint au- thority of Congress and Parliament, is opened. Summer, y. Y. The Colorado (Potato) Beetle reaches this State. Oct. 31. W. I. The American schooner Virginius is captured by a Spanish man- of-war while conveying men and arms to the Cuban insurgents ; the vessel having false papers, the Government does not interfere. [Great excitement in the United States follows the execu- tion of 30 Americans.] Nov. 1. Chicago. The Palmer House is opened. Nov. 4-7. Cuba. Thirty Americans captured with the Virginius are shot. Nov. 27. Mass. The Hoosac Tunnel is completed. Dec. 18. Cuba. The Spanish authorities surrender 102 survivors of the Virginius Massacre to the Americans at Santiago de Cuba. Dec. 19. The nrz/miws founders off Cape Fear, after her surrender by the Spanish authorities. * * Mich. The tunnel under the Detroit River is abandoned because of the inflow of sand and water. 284 1873, * * -187 4, Sept. 14. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1374 June 23. Md. Cadets are in- funned that "hazing" at the Naval Academy at Annapolis will subject the perpetrators to court-martial ami dis- missal. July 2. N. Dak. A military reconnoiter- ing party, under Gen. Custer, accom- panied by a scientific exploring expedi- tion, leaves Fort Abraham Lincoln for the Black HillB. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1873 * * New York. George B. Butler and Lemuel E. "Wilmarth are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * New York. The Oratorio Society is organized. * * Sunday Morning in New England is painted by A. 0. Shattuck. * * Lake George is painted by A. B. Du- rand. * * In the Narroivs is painted by Edward Moran. * * 0. Cincinnati determines to hold bi- ennial musical festivals. 1874 Feb. 13. The Royal Astronomi- cal Society of England awards its gold medal to Prof. Simon Newcomb of the "Washington observatory, for his re- searches respecting the orbits of Nep- tune and Uranus. Feb. 18. N. Y. The asteroid Hertha is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. July 4. Mo. The tubular steel bridge across the Mississippi at St. Louis, erected by J. B. Eads, is opened. Phila. The Girard Avenue bridge over the Schuylkill is opened. The corner-stone of the public build- ing in Penn Square is laid with cere- monies. July * Prof. Bell makes a successful electric telephone. July 26. Pa. A flood at Pittsburg de- stroys about 100 lives and much property. July * S. Dak. Gold is discovered at Deadwood. Summer. Minn. A plague of locusts de- stroys the crops in the northwestern counties ; the people suffer in conse- quence. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1874. Jan. 6. Baylor, Robert E. B., jurist, M. C. for Tex., A81. Jan. 15. Basted, Cliarles A., writer, A54. Jan. 17. Chang and Eng\ Siamese twins, of N. C., die, within a few hours of each other, A 63. Feb. 2. Dodge, Nathaniel S-, author, A64. Feb. 25. Bachman, John, clergyman, natu- ralist, A81. Mar. 2. Hall, Nathan K., judge, M. C. for N. Y., A64. Knapp. Jacob. ISapt. evangelist, A75. Mar. 3. Mason, Francis, missionary to India, A75. Mar. 7. Fillmore. Millard. 13th Pres. of U. S., A74. Mar. 11. Bondi, Jonas, Hebrew rabbi, founder JV. >". Hebrew Leader, A70. Sumner. Charles, orator, senator for Mass., scliul;!]', oiiimn.'iit of slavery, A63. Mar. 24. Tracy, Joseph, Cong, clergyman, journalist, author, A80. Mar. 27. Kirk, Edw. Norris, Cong. clergy- Mar. 31. Brown, Harvey, col. 1'. S. A., A79. Apr. 5. Edmonds, John W., Jurist, A75. Apr. 13. BogardiiH, .hunt's, inventor, A74. Apr. 16. Croxton, John T., lawyer, hrig.- gen. U. S. vols., A3ti. Apr. 19. Jackson, Abu- r, pres. college, A<>3. May 7. Hecker, .John, journalist, At>2. May 18. DeWltt, Thomas, Kef. clergyman, A83. May 20. Dyer, Alex. B., hrev. maj.-geti. I'. S. A., A59. May 23. Haven. Joseph, Cong, clergyman, philosopher, author, A58. May 27. Shubrick, Win. Branfdnl, rear- admiral, A84. June 11. Bailey, Silas, pres. of college, A66. Junel6. Dickinson, Edward, lawyer, M.C. for Mass., A71. June 30. Grinnell. Henry, merchant of N. Y., philanthropist, A75. July 3. 1'arnielee, Theodore N., journalist, A70. July 16. Green, A. L. P.,M. E. clergyman, , A68. July 18. Williston, Samuel, manufacturer, philanthropist, A79. Winslow, .lames, New York hanker, A60. July 31. Abbot, Gorhani I)., Cong, clergy- man, teacher, author, A66. Sept. 2. Foster, John, engineer, maj.-gen. U. S. A., A51. Morris, Thomas A., M. E. bishop, A80. Sept. 4. Wyman,. J effnes, comparative anat- omist, professor, A60. CHURCH. 1873 * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Phila- delphia; John Y. Scouller, moderator. * * The Women's Missionary Society of the Free Baptist Church is organized. * * The Baptist General Association of the "Western States and Territories is organized by colored Baptists. * * The Columbia River, South Kansas, and Texas Conferences (Methodist Epis- copal) are organized. 1874 Feb. 15. Tex. Robert W. B. El- liott is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) missionary bishop of Northern Texas. Feb. 22. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's new Tab- ernacle Church in Brooklyn dedicated. Apr. 15±. Chicago. Dr. David Swing is tried for heresy before the Chicago Presbytery, and acquitted. May 1. The General Conference (Methodist Protestant) assembles. It declares its settled policy not to legislate on moral and political ques- tions. (Cyc. of Methodism.) May * Kg. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal South) meets at Louisville. The North Texas, Southwest Missouri, and Denver Conferences are formed. June 9. It. Pope Leo XIII. receives 100 American pilgrims. June 24. Bishop George D. Cummins (Reformed Episcopal Church) is deposed by the Protestant Episcopal Church. Sept. 3. Tex. The Roman Catholic di- ocese of San Antonio is established. LETTERS. 1873 * * An Outline Study of Man, by Mark Hopkins, appears. * * Twelve Miles from a Lemon, by Gail Hamilton, appears. * * Hap-Hazard, by Kate Field, appears. * * History of Napoleon III., by John S. C. Abbott, appears, * * Lars, by Bayard Taylor, appears. * * Aftermath, by Henry W. Longfel- low, appears. * * The Wetherell Affair, by John William De Forest, appears. * * Two Rivulets, by Walt Whitman, ap- pears. 1874 Apr. 15. N. Y. The Legislature passes the compulsory education law, Mayl. Chicago. The circulating depart- ment of the Public Library is opened. May 16. Mass. A State Normal School is opened at Worcester. [Oct. 2. One at Columbia, S.C.] Aug. 4. N. Y. The first * Summer As- sembly meets at Chautauqua. SOCIETY. 1873 * * Phila. Lydia Sherman is con- victed of murdering three husbands and eight children. * * S. C. The State debt is repudiated. A law is passed repudiating a part of the public debt (325,770,011), and also half of the remainder by providing for its settlement at 50 centson the dollar. 1874 Jan.* O. The crusade against the saloons of Southern Ohio continues; Christian women sing and pray in the saloons, and when excluded continue in prayer and song before them on the sidewalk. Jan. 4. Phila. The main building of the hospital of the University of Pennsyl- vania is dedicated. Mar.* 0. The Christian crusade be- gins to subside. Apr. 10. N. Y. Emil Lowenstein is hanged at Albany for the murder of John D. Weston on Aug. 5, 1873. Apr. 25. Phila. The Produce Ex- change is organized. Apr. 28. Teni). A convention of col- ored people is held at Nashville to promote the enjoyment of civil and social rights. May * R. I. The Legislature passes the law prohibiting the sale of intoxicat- ing beverages, and a constabulary act for its enforcement. June 8. 5. C. Gov. Moses is indicted for official acts, but escapes trial on a technicality, as the law prescribes im- peachment in such cases. June 23. Md. " Hazing*' is abolished at Annapolis. (See Army.) U. S. Causing the involuntary ser- vitude of foreigners is made a punish- able offense. (See State.) July 1. Phila. Charley Ross, four years of age, is abducted. [Great efforts were made to find him, without success.] July 7. jV. Y. He v. Henry "Ward Beecher demands an investigation, by his church, of scandalous charges pre- ferred against him by Theodore Tilton. [He is acquitted. See page 2S7-] Aug. 12. Miss. A race riot occurs at Austin, which is not suppressed till the military are called out, and 15 persons killed. * UNITED STATES. 1873, * *-1874, Sept. 14. 285 Aug. 26. Term. Disguised men take, from the jail at Trenton, 16 negroes, and shoot them ; the negroes are charged with killing two white men. Aug. 30. La. Six Republican officials are shot while on their way from Cou- shatta to Shreveport, under arrest. Aug.* Term. An uprising of negroes is suppressed, and the leaders are sum- marily hanged. Aug.* N. Y. Christian women at Chau- tauqua decide to call a National Con- vention of Temperance "Women. Sept. 10. Me. The Bangor Reform Club, organized by Dr. Henry A. Rey- nolds, adopts the red ribbon as its badge ; this is the first club of its kind for reformed drinking men. STATE. 1873* * D.C. Congress provides for the sale of public lands containing coal, to encourage mining. * * I). C. Congress passes stringent laws to prevent cruelty to animals while in transit by railroad or other conveyance ; they must have five hours rest, loosed every 28 hours. * * D. C. Congress establishes the custom- house value of the English sovereign, or pound sterling, at §4.86 and 6£ mills. * * D. C. Congress passes a law requiring national banks to restore their capital when impaired. * * D. C. Congress passes a law to en- courage the growth of timber of "West- ern prairies by gifts of patents in land. * * New York. An amendment to the city charter is passed. * * N. Y. Brooklyn receives a new charter. * * O. The people reject the revised Constitution. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -74 * * Colo. (Ter.). Samuel H. Elbert. -77 * * Conn. Charles R. Ingersoll. -78 * * Dak. (Ter.). John L.Pennington. -74* * Fla. O.B.Hart. III. Richard J. Oglesby. -77** III. John L. Beveridge. -77 * * Ind. Thomas A. Hendricks. _77 * * Kan. Thomas A. Osborn. -77* * Mich. John J. Bagley. -75 * * Mo. Silas "Woodson. -75 * * Neb. Robert W. Furnas. -75 * * N. Y. John A. Dix. Pa. John F. Hartranft. -75 * * It. I. Henry Howard. 1874 Jan. 1. New York. The Act by which Morrisania, West Farms, and Kingsbridge are annexed takes effect. Pa. The new Constitution becomes operative. Jan. 5. Tex. The Supreme Court de- cides that the election of Dee. 2 is in- valid because of the unconstitutionality of the law authorizing it. Jan. 13. Tex. Two Legislatures or- ganize ; the governor refuses to recog- nize the new one. Jan. 20. D. C. Congress repeals the act for increasing salaries ("Salary- grab Bill"), except so much as relates to the salaries of the President and the Justices of the Supreme Court. Jan. 21. D. C. President Grant appoints Morrison R. Waite of 0. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; the Senate con- firms the appointment. Jan. 29. I). C. Congress passes an Act authorizing the mint to coin for foreign nations. Congress: The Senate directs that the busts of Chief Justices Roger B. Taney and Salmon P. Chase be placed in the Supreme Court room. Mar. 11. Wis. The Legislature passes the Potter Law, for regulating rail- roads and other corporations. Apr. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes a bill to expand the currency, with §400,000,000 as the maximum limit. "Vote, 29-24. [Passed by the House, Apr. 14. Vote, 140-102. Vetoed, Apr. 22.] May 15. D. C: The President by proc- lamation recognizes Elisha Baxter as governor of Arkansas, and orders hands of disorderly persons in the State to June 1. I). C. "William A. Richard- son, Secretary of the Treasury, resigns. [June 4. Succeeded by Benjamin H. Bristow of Ky.] June 5. D. C. Congress directs the President to invite foreign nations to participate in the Centennial Exhibi- tion to he held in Philadelphia. June 20. D. C. Congress abolishes the electoral territorial government in the District of Columbia, as a remedy for extravagance, and provides for a govern- ing hoard of three commissioners. Congress authorizes the establish- ment of public marine schools for in- struction in navigation and seamanship. June 23. D. C. Congress provides for a court of commissioners to adjust and settle Alabama claims. It enacts a law for the punishment of persons who may bring kidnaped or inveigled foreigners into the United States for the purpose of selling them, or holding them in involuntary servi- tude. The 43d Congress: the first session closes. June 24. D. C. John A. J. Creswell, Postmaster-General, resigns. June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1874. Revenue: Customs, £1(13,103,834; inter- nal revenue, §102,409,785 ; sales of pub- lic lands, SI, 852,429 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, £5,037,065; mis- cellaneous items, $17,075,043. Total rev- enue, $289,478,755 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, §2,344,882. Expenditures : Premiums on loans, pur- chase of bonds, etc., $1,395,074; miscel- laneous items, $09,041,593 ; War Depart- ment, §42,313,927; Navy Department, 530,932,587 ; Indians, $6,692,462; pen- sions. 829.038,415; interest on the pub- lic debt, $107,119,815. Total ordinary expenditures, $287,133,873 ; public debt, $2.25!,690,4(W. Exports, $580,283,040 ; im- ports, $567,406,342. July 7. T). C. James W. Marshall of Va. is appointed Postmaster-General. [Aug. 24. Succeeded by Marshall Jew- ell of Conn.] July 14. Ark. A convention meets to revise the Constitution. [Oct. 13. The new Constitution is ratified by a major- ity of 53,890.] Aug.* La. John McEnery (Dem.?) again claims the governorship ; bitter- ness and blood follow ; whites and blacks fight each other in various parts of the South. Sept. 14. La. Y>. P. Penn, claiming to be lieutenant-governor, organizes a mi- litia force in the absence of John Mc- Enery, defeats the police, and drives W. P. Kellogg out of the State House; 26 men are killed. MISCELLANEOUS. 1873* N.J. The Legislature general railroad law, conditioned by the surrender of exclusive rights by holders of existing franchises. * * Neto York. The Red Star Line of steamers, running to Antwerp, is es- tablished. * * New York. The "White Cross Line of steamers, running to Antwerp, is es- tablished. * * O. Lake View Park at Cleveland is purchased by the city, and improve- ments are made. * * S. Dak. The Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad is completed from Sioux City, Iowa, to Yankton. * * Va. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, connecting Richmond and Huntington on the Ohio River, is opened; length 421 miles. 1874. Apr. 29. The Fairview Pipe-Line [United Pipe-Line] is incorporated for conducting petroleum from the oil- regions to the seaboard. May 16. Mass. Williamsburg, Leeds, and Haydensville are almost destroyed by the bursting of a reservoir on the Mills River ; 144 lives are lost and prop- erty to the amount of $1,500,000. June 8. N H. The Faraday lands the direct cable of the United States Com- pany. June 30. XT. S. Immigrants for the year, .313,339. July 4. Phila. Ground is broken at Fairmount Park, in the suburb of the city, for the erection of the Centennial bui l dings. July 14. Chicago. A fire burns 346 build- ings ; loss, §4,000,000. Wis. A fire at Oshkosh destroys prop- erty valued at $1,000,000. July 24. Nev. At Eureka between 20 and 30 persons perish by a waterspout. July 26, 27. Pa. Rivers in the western part of the State overflow from heavy rains ; 200 persons are drowned in and near Pittshurg and Allegheny City. July * New York. Live cattle are ex- ported to England ; the steamer Euro- pean carries 373 head. July *-Oct. * The grasshopper plague causes distress in Minnesota, Kansas, and Nebraska. Aug. 5. The steamboat Pat Rogers burns on the Ohio River ; 50 persons perish. Aug. *- Sept. * The Great Eastern lays the sixth cable. 2SG 1874, Sept. 15-1875, Feb. 27. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY, 1874 Oct. 1. Mo. St. Louis is made the headquarters of the U. S. A. * * Ariz. The Indian War ends in the surrender of thelastof the hostile trihes to Gen. Crook. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1874 Oct. 10. Mich. The asteroid Jue- wa is discovered by J. C. Watson. Oct. 15. III. A Monument to Abraham Lincoln is dedicated at Oak Ridge, Springfield. * * Chicago. S. "W. Burnham reports that Alpha Delphini, known as a triple star, is really sextuple. * * Mo. The Morrison observatory is founded at Glasgow. * * N. C. Chang and Eng, the Siamese twins, die at Mount Airy. * * New York. A bronze figure of a soldier is unveiled in Central Park, in commemoration of members of the 7th regiment who died during the war. * * New York. "Wordsworth Thompson of New York is elected a member of the National Academy of Design. * * Franconia Notch is painted by A. B. Durand. * * On the Calumet is painted by A. C. Shaw. * * Scene near Perugia is painted by George Inness. * * Musketeer of the Seventeenth Century is painted by J. B. Irving. * * Drove at the Ford is painted by J. M. Hart. * * Cape Ann is painted by Jervis Mc- Entee. * * Shakespeare is painted by William BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1874. Sept. 15. Curtis, Benj. R., justice U. S. S. n, editor, A5l. Oct. 33. Inman, William, com. 17. S. N., A77. Oct. 38. Kinehart, Wm. H., American sculptor, A49. Wheeler, Win. Adolplius, lexicographer, .Nov. 2. Palmer, Phoebe, evangelist, au- thor, A.67. Nov. 5. Bacon, David W., R. C. bishop of Portland, Me., A60. Dec. 9. Cornell, Ezra, philanthropist, foun- der Cornell University, A67. Dec. 17. Gushing, William II., foimnander U. S. N., A32. Dec. 23. Walker, Jas., Unit, clergyman, president of Harvard, A80. Dec. 28. Smith, Gerrit, abolitionist, re- former, A77. 1875. Jan. 21. Sprague, Charles, poet, orator, of Boston, A84. Feb. 13. Delafield, Edward, physician, surgeon, of New York, A81. Feb. 19. Bell, Charles H,, rear-adm. U. S. N., A77. CHURCH. 1S74 Sept. 15-13. N. Y. The National Unitarian Conference meets at Sara- toga. Oct. 25. }Hs. Edward Randolph Welles is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of "Wisconsin. Oct. 27. A Triennial Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church is held ; a canon is passed against ritualism. Oct. * The Christian "Women's Board of Missions (iJisciples) is organized. Nov. 2. Cat. John Henry I>. Wingfleld is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of Northern Cali- fornia. Nov. 12. N. J. William H. Odenheimer is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Northern New Jersey. Nov. 19. 0. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is organized in Cleveland as the "sober, second thought of the temperance crusade." Dec. 20. Tex. Alexander Charles Gar- rett is consecrated (Protestant Episco- pal) missionary bishop of Northern Texas. Dec. * The Colored Methodist Episco- pal Church in America is organized. * * D. C. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held at "Washington. * * D. C. The Roman Catholic Bureau of Indian Missions is established at "Washington. * * III. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; John G. Brown, moderator. * * The (Congregational) National Coun- cil meets. * * Mass. The Congregational Club is formed in Taunton. * * The Woman's Foreign Missionary- Society of the African Methodist Epis- copal Church is organized. * * Mb. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) meets at St. Louis : Samuel J. "Wilson, moderator. * * New York. The General Conven- tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. The Church Congress is organized. The Protestant Episcopal dioceses of Newark, N. J., Western Michigan, Northern New Jersey, and Western Texas are organized. * * 0. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- nati ; R. M. Bishop, president. * * Ore. The Universalis! State Conven- tion is organized. * * Tex. The Boman Catholic Yicarate Apostolic of Brownsville is erected. * * The Clergymen's Retiring Fund Society (Protestant Episcopal) is incor- porated. * * The German Mission Conference (Methodist Episcopal Church South) is organized. * * The Wisconsin Conference (Free Meth- odist) is organized. 1875 Jan. 27. Ky. Thomas U. Dudley is consecrated assistant bishop (Prot- estant Episcopal) of Kentucky. Feb. 2. N.J. John Scarborough is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of New Jersey. * * Boston is erected a Roman Catholic archdiocese, with the bishops of Port- land, Burlington, Springfield, Provi- dence, and Hartford suffragans to it, Feb. 12. Boston. John Joseph Wil- liams is created tir.st (Roman Catholic) Archbishop of Boston. Feb. 24. George d<_- Normandie Gillespie is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Western Michigan. LETTERS. 1874* * Ark. Little Bock College (non- sect.), at Little Rock, is organized. * * Colorado College (Cong.) is founded at Colorado Springs. * * Cal. The Legislature passes the com- pulsory education law and revises the school laws. * * Chicago. The Union Signal is issued. * * Ga. Clark University [Meth. Epis., Colored) is founded at Atlanta. * * ///. St. Viateur's College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Bourbonnais. Ewing College (Bapt.) is founded. The Southern Illinois Normal Uni- versity is opened at Carbondale. * * Ind. Purdue University (non-sect.) is organized at Lafayette. * * Ky. Central University (Southern Pres.) is organized in Richmond. * * Mass. The Memorial Hall is opened at Harvard. It is erected in memory of the Harvard students who died in the Civil War. * *Mich. Dattle Creek College (Ad- ventist) is founded. * * Nevada State University (non-sect.) is organized at Elko. * * N. C. Gregory Institute, Colored, of Wilmington, is founded by the American Missionary Association. "Weaverville College (non-sect.) is organized. * * N C, N. J. Compulsory education laws are enacted. * * New York. International Review is established. The City Record is founded. The Drama t ic Ne ws is founded by Charles Albert Byrne. * * O. University of Cincinnati (non- sect.) is organized. * * Tenn. Southwestern University (Bapt.) is founded at Jackson. * * The American College and Education Society (Cong.) is formed by the union of two societies. * * The Circuit Rider, by Edward Eggles- ton, appears. * * Dancinism and Language, by William Dwight Whitney, appears. * * Echoes of tM Foot Hills, by Bret Harte, appears. * * Hazel Blossoms, by John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. * * In His Name, by Edward Everett Hale, appears. * * Joint Andros, by Rebecca H. Davis, ap- pears. fc * Life and Death of John of Barneveld, by Motley, appears. fc * Life on the Mississippi, by Mark Twain, appears. " * The Mistress of (he Manse, by J. 6, Holland, appears, UNITED STATES. 1874, Sept. 15-1875, Feb. 27. 287 * * roans, by Celia Thaxter, appears. * * The Prophet, by Bayard Taylor, ap- pears. * * Prudence Palfrey, by T. B. Aldrich, appears ; also Cloth of Gold and Other Poems. * * The Scottish Philosophy, by James McCosh, appears. * * Sex and Education, by Julia Ward Howe, appears. * * Songs of Many Seasons, by Oliver Wen- dell Holmes, appears. * * Toinette, by Albion Winegar Tourgde, appears. * * Democracy and Monarchy in France, by C. K. Adams, appears. * * Illustrious Soldiers, by James Grant Wilson, appears. * * Opening of a Chestnut Burr, by E. P, Roe, appears. * * Around the Tea Table, by T. De Witt Talmage, appears. * * Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, by John Fiske, appears. * * The Doctrine of Evolution, by Alexan- der Winchell, appears ; also, The Geology of Stars. * * A Foregone Conclusion, by William Dean Howells, appears. * * Life of Thomas Jefferson, by James Parton, appears. * * The Old Regime in Canad a, by Francis Parkman, appears. 1875 Jan. * Me. An industrial school for girls is opened at Hallowell by tbe authorities of the State. SOCIETY. 1874 Sept. 18. Neb, The Nebraska Be- lief and Aid Society is organized to furnish relief for sufferers by the grass- hopper plague and long drought. Oct.* Utah. Brigham Young is in- dicted the second time for polygamy. Oct.* Indians massacre settlers in the Northwest. Nov, 12. Pa. William E. Udderzook is convicted and hanged for the murder of W. S. Goss for his insurance, on Feb. 2, 1872. Nov. 17. 0. The First "Woman's National Temperance Convention meets in Cleveland. [Nov. 19 The Woman's Christian Temperance Union is organized.] Dec. 7. Miss. A race riot is caused by political conflicts, and many negroes are killed. Dec. 12. D. C. Kin g Kalakaua of the Hawaiian Islands visits Washington. Dec* Miss. A race riot at Vicksburg results in the death of 75 negroes. * * Cal. The Legislature enacts that when persons are convicted of capital crime, the jury may determine between inflicting the death penalty or imprison- ment for life. * * 0. The Constitutional Amend- ment in favor of license is voted down by 6,2SG majority. * * 0. The Queen City Club of Cincin- nati is organized. * * Phila. The Cecilian (musical) So- ciety is organized. * * Pa. The 8th National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic is held at Harrisburg; Gen. Charles Devens, Jr., of Mass., commander-in-chief. * * Term. The Tennessee hospital for the insane, of East Tennessee, is located at Knoxville. * * U.S. A whisky ring, composed of distillers and Government officials, as- sumes national proportions ; it robs the Government and disgraces the Admin- istration. 1875 Jan. 8-July 2. N. Y. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher of Brooklyn is tried on the charge of adultery, made by Theodore Tilton ; the scandal causes in- tense excitement during the long trial ; the jury disagree. Vote, nine for and three against conviction. STATE. 1874 Sept. 15. B.C. The President is- sues a proclamation ordering the Loui- siana armed partizans to disperse within five days. * * La. "The Crescent City White League '* is formed, for the reformation and purification of the State govern- ment. Sept. 17. La. The rival parties peace- ably surrender the State buildings to the XT. S. officers. Sept. 18. La. The white people submit to the decision of the President ; Gov- ernor Kellogg is restored. Sept. 19. La. Gen. Brooke is appointed military governor; W. P. Kellogg transacts the duties of the office. Oct. 28. Ore. The Legislature passes a law creating the State Board of Immi- gration. "Nov. 2. N. J. v'he Legislature sells the costly yet unfinished " Stevens's Bat- tery " to the Federal Government for $145,000. Nov. 3. Mich. The people ratify the re- vised constitution; the woman suf- frage clause is defeated in a separate vote (40,077-135,957). Nov. 4. U. S. A general political re- action favors the Democrats in the elec- tions. N. Y. Samuel J. Tilden (Dem.) is elected governor after the complete overthrow of the Tweed Ring. (See Society, 1873.) Dec. 7. JD. C. The 43d Congress: the second session opens. Dec. 18. D. C. Congress gives a recep- tion to King Kalakaua of the Hawaiian Islands. Dec. 21. Miss. President Grant issues a proclamation ordering disorderly people of "Warren County to conform to the laws. Dec. 22. D. C. Congress; Senate : The bill passes to resume specie payments. Vote, 32-14. All the yeas are Republi- can. Dec. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate : M. H. Carpenter of Wis. is reelected Presi- dent pro tempore. * * N. Y. The Legislature passes an Act by which the term of office for governor is made three years. * * Va, The people ratify an amendment of the Constitution abolishing the town- ship system. * * Wis. The Supreme Court affirms the constitutionality of the Potter Law. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -78* * Ala. George S. Houston. _77 * * Fla. M. L. Stearns. -77 * * La. "William Pitt Kellogg. Mass. Thomas Talbot. -76 * * Mass. William Gaston. -76 * * Me. Nelson Dingley. -76 * * Minn. Cushman K. Davis. -76* * Miss. Adelbert Ames. -77 * * N. C. Curtis H. Brogden. -76 * * N. LT. James A. Weston. -75 * * O. William Allen. -76 * * Tex. Richard Coke. -78 * * Va. James L. Kemper. -76 * * Vt. Asahel Peck. -76 * * Wis. William H. Taylor. 1875 Jan. 4. La. The Legislature is claimed by two bodies; Kellogg is maintained by military force. Jan. 7. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Act to resume specie pay- ments on Jan. 1, 1S79. Vote, 125-106; Democrats are unanimously against it. Jan. 8. La. The U. S. troops quell disturbances in the Legislature, caused by rival parties, while organizing. Jan. 14. D. C. The President approves the Act for resuming specie payments. Feb. 3. D. C. Congress : The Senate rejects the new reciprocity treaty be- tween Canada and the United States. Feb. 27. D. C. The Government fixes the indemnity claimed from Spain for the families of men massacred in the Virginius affair of Oct. 31, 1S73, at $S0,000. [It is soon paid.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1874 Sept. 19. Mass Sixty lives are lost by the burning of cotton-mUls at Fall River. Oct. 14. Kan. The Mennonites pur- chase 300,000 acres of railroad lands for settlement. Dec. 21-26. N, J. Edward Payson Wes- ton walks 500 miles in 5 days, 23 hours, and 34 minutes at Newark. * * La. Carrollton is annexed to New Orleans. * * Neb. The Nebraska Legislature ap- points an arbor-day, and thus inau- gurates a movement for tree-planting [which extends into many States]. * * New York. The Amsterdam-Neth- erlands line of steamers for Boulogne and Rotterdam is established. 1875 Feb. 9. Mass. The first train passes through the Hoosae Tunnel (4| miles long). 1875, Mar. 1-** AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1875 * * The troops bring into subjection the predatory bandsof Kiowas, Cheyen- nes, and Comanches on the borders of the Staked Plains ; the Indians are subdued in the southwest, where the Cheyennes give themselves up as prisoners of war. ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1875 June 3. N. Y. The asteroids Vibilia and Adeona are discovered by C. H. F. Peters at Clinton. June 15. JST. Dak. Gen. Forsythe, under official orders, starts from Bismarck to explore the Yellowstone River region. July* JV. J. Edison makes investiga- tions and experiments for the electrical transmission of speech. Sept. 15-18. Tex. A storm on the coast does great damage; Galveston, Indianola, and other places are much injured; villages are washed away by the sea, and many lives lost. Oct. 26. Va. A statue of Gen. " Stone- wall" Jackson is unveiled at Rich- mond. Dec. 22. Va. Richmond is visited by an earthquake. * * D. C. Prof. Alexander's theory con- cerning the zodiacal light is published by the Smithsonian Institution. He declares it to be a terrestrial girdle, bo situated that its time of revolution around the earth is equal to, and in the same direction as, that of the moon. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1875. Apr. 5. Koosevelt, James L., lawyer, ju- rist, of New York, A80. Apr. 13. Fitch, Leroy, commander U. S. N., A 40. May 17. Breckinridge, John Cabell, senator for Kv., Vice-President TJ. S., A54. June 14. Upham, Charles w., Unit, cler- gyman, writer, A73. July 3. Florence, Thomas B., M. C. for Pa., A 63. July 8. Blair, Francis P., maj.-gen. of vols., M. C. for Mo., A54. July 30. Pickett, George Edward, Confed. gen., led Confed. charge at Gettysburg, A50. July 31. Johnson, Andrew, M. C. for Tenn., Gov., senator, Vice-President, 17th President, A67. Aug-. 3. Lewis, Winslow, physician, medi- cal writer, A76. Aug. 11. Graham, "William A., lawyer, senator for N. C, A75. Aug:. 12. Binney, Horace, lawyer, M. C. for Pa., A95. Aug. 16. Finney, Charles G., Pres. cler- gyman, president of obeiiin College, AS3. Aug-. S3. Nutt, Cyrus, M. E. clergyman, educator, A61. Sept. 8. Lyon, Caleb, M. C, for N. Y., Gov. of Idaho, traveler, A53. Sept. 14. Lapham, Increase Allen, natu- ralist, author, A64. Sept. 16. Kemble, Gouverneur, capitalist, A89. Oct. SI. Hudson, Frederic, journalist, N. Y. Herald, A56. Oct. 29. Walker, Amasa, M. C. for Mass., professor of political economy, A76. Nov. 2. Hackett, Horatio Balch, Biblical scholar, professor am-ient languages, AtiT. Nov. 22. Wilson, Henry, senator for Mass., 18th Vice-President, A63. Nov. 24. Astor, William B., merchant, capitalist, A83. Dec. S. Harris, Ira, "jurist, senator for N. Y., A73. Dec. 9. Browne, J. Ross, traveler, writer, A58. Dec. S7. Richardson, William Alexander, M. C. for 111., Gov., senator for Neb., AGy. CHURCH. 1875 Mar. 12. //. It b= announced that Archbishop John McCloskey of New York has been created a cardinal, the first in North America. Apr. 28. O. Thomas Augustus Jagger is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Southern Ohio. May 23. W. Va. John Joseph Rain is consecrated ('Roman Catholic) bishop of West Virginia. June 5. New York. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. July 19-22. London. A Pan-Presby- terian Congress is held ; about 50 bodies are represented ; an " Alliance of Presbyterian Churches" is formed. Oct. 21. Mich. The Michigan Confer- ence of Unitarian and other Christian churches is organized at Jackson. Oct.* New York. The first annual meet- ing of the Church Congress (Protestant Episcopal) is held. Nov. 11. The Illinois Conference of Unitarian and other independent socie- ties is organized at Bloomington. Nov. 21. Phila. Moody and Sankey be- gin revival meetings in the old freight depot, 13th and Market Streets. •£ Dec. 6. III. William Edward McLaren is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Illinois. Dec. 15. Wis. John Henry Hobart Brown is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) bishop of Fond du Lac. Dec. 21. Minn. John Ireland, bishop of St. Paul, is promoted to the archbish- opric. Dec. 17. N.Mex. William Forbes Adams is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of New Mexico. * * Cal. The California Chinese Mission is organized by the General Association of the Congregational Churches of Cali- fornia as auxiliary to the American Mis- sionary Association. * * Cal. The Women's Baptist For- eign Missionary Society of the "West is organized. * * Ky. The Annual Convention of the Disciples of Christ is held at Louis- ville ; Isaac Errett, president. The Foreign Christian Missionary So- ciety is organized at Louisville. * * Ky. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized. * * Mass. The Worcester Congregational Club is formed. * * Me. James A. Healy is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Portland. * * Me. The Maine Unitarian Associa- tion is incorporated. * * 2f, Mex. Santa Fe is created a Koraan Catholic archiepiscopal see. * * Mich. The North Michigan Confer- ence (Free Methodist) is organized. * * Neb. The Nebraska Eldership (Church of God) is organized. * * The Woman's Association of the United Brethren in Christ is organ- ized for mission work, LETTERS. 1875 Mar. 13. Phila. 'The Daily Times is issued. Aug. 24. Va. The colored people hold an educational convention at Kich- mond. Dec. 20. The Chicago Daily News is issued. * * Boston. The Golden Rule is issued. * * Boston. Joseph Cook begins the Bos- ton Monday Lectures. * * III. Chaddock College (Meth.Epis.) is founded at Quincy. * * Md. The Baltimore Morning Herald is first issued. * * Mass. Smith College (non-sect.) ib organized at Northampton. * * Mass. Wellesley College (non-sect.) is organized at Wellesley. * * Mo. Park College (non-sect.) is or- ganized at Parkville. * * New York. The newspapers, led by the Times, drive the Government into action against the Whisky Ring. * * O. Ashland College (non-sect.) is organized at Ashland. * * O. Hebrew Union College (Jewish) in Cincinnati, is organized. * * Birds and Poets, by John Burroughs, appears. * * Ceramic Art, by William Phipps Blake, appears. * * Phila. The Daily Call is issued. SOCIETY. 1875 Mar. 4. A'an. The Legislature passes an Act providing for the issue of $95,000 State bonds to supply grain and seed to destitute citizens. Mar. IS. Phila. The Penn Club is or- Mar.* Utah. The courts condemn Brig- ham Young to support one of his wives while she sues for divorce, [He is im- prisoned in his own house for non-com- pliance with the mandate.] Apr. 5. Mass. The Legislature repeals the prohibitory liquor law. Apr. 20. A mutiny breaks out on board the schooner Jejf'erson Borden ; two mates are murdered, but the outbreak is finally suppressed by the captain. Apr. * New York. A civil suit iv begun against William M. Tweed to recover 96,198,950 of the city's money embezzled by him. [June 22. Tweed is discharged, be- cause confined on a cumulative sen- tence ; he is rearrested on an old indict- ment.] May 1. D. C. The whisky frauds iu the Western States are exposed ; the loss to the government by corruption is placed at $1,650,000. (See State.) May 12. Chicago. The 9th National En- campment of the Grand Army of the Republic is held; Gen. John F. Har- tranft of Pa., commander-in-chief. June 3. Chicago. The National Tem- perance Convention meets. UNITED STATES. 1875, Marl.-** 289 June 16, 17. Boston. The 100th anni- versary of the Battle of Bunker Hill is celebrated. July 4. S. C. Citizens at Hamburg are incensed against a colored militia com- pany for the alleged offense of blocking the highway. [July 9. The negroes are attacked by white citizens ; five are killed and many wounded.] July 5. Pa. The "Molly Maguires" shoot and kill a policeman of Tamaqua. July * The Indian-ring scandal is dis- closed by Prof. Marsh. He reports to the President the corrupt and fraudu- lent conduct of the officials employed to deal with the Indians. Aug. 1-Oct. 1. Mass. A long-continued strike of 15,000 cotton mill-hands against a reduction of wages occurs at Fall River, but the operatives finally yield, and return to work. Aug. 24. Va. A colored educational convention meets at Richmond. Sept. 1-4. Miss. Riots occur between the officers and the people at Yazoo City and Clinton. Sept. 1. Pa. " Molly Maguires" mur- der two miners at Raven Run. [Sept 3. John P. Jones at Lansford.] STATE. 1875 Mar. 1. D. C. The President ap- proves the stringent amendment to the Civil Rights Act; its aim is to prevent discrimination against negroes by com- mon carriers, theater managers, inn- keepers, and others. Mar. 2. Colorado Territory is organ- ized. [July 1. The people ratify the State Constitution.] Mar. 3. D. C. Congress restores the 10 per cent reduction in duties, in- creases duties on sugars, increases the internal revenue tax on tobacco, snuff, and cigars, and raises the rate on dis- tilled spirits from 70 to 90 cents, to pre- vent an impending deficiency in the treasury. It appropriates £">, 200,000 for the improvement of the mouths of the Mississippi by the construction of jet- ties. It passes a supplementary Immigra- tion Act; authorizes the coinage of 20-cent silver coins, and provides for making a part of the Island of Macki- nac, Michigan, a national park. Mar. 4. D. C. The 43d Congress ends. Mar. 5. D. C. The Senate meets in special session at the call of the Presi- dent (issued Feb. 17). [It closes Mar. 24-3 Apr. 14. La. The claims of contending candidates for the Legislature are sub- mitted to a Congressional committee for adjustment. May 4. Fla. The amendments to the Constitution are ratified by the people at a special election. May 15. J). C. George H. "Williams, Attorney-General, resigns. May 25. R.I. There being no choice of governor in the State election, the Legislature elects. Vote : Henry Lip- pitt, 70 ; Mr. Hazard, 3G. May * D. C. Secretary Bristow makes a secret investigation of the "Whisky Ring; it has defrauded the Government of internal revenue taxes on distilled liquors. [Indictments are brought against 238 persons ; $1,650,000 has been defrauded the Treasury in 10 months.] (See Society.) May 29. D. C. President Grant's letter, declining to be a candidate for a third term in the presidency, is published. June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1875, Rev- enue : Customs, :?1">7, 107,722 ; internal revenue, $110,007 ,494 ; sales of public hinds, $1,413,11-10 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, $:;,u79,280 ; miscella- neous items, $15,431,015. Total revenue, $288,000,051 ; excess of revenue over or- dinary expenditures, $13,376,658. Ex- penditures: Miscellaneous items, $71,- 070,073; War Dep't, $41,120,646; Navy Dep't, $21,497,026; Indians, $8,384,057; pensions, $20,456/21 G ; interest on the public debt. Si 03 .003,545. Total ordinary expenditures, 274,023,393; public debt, $2/2:;2/2S4.531. Kxpnrts, $513,442.711 ; im- ports, $533,005,436. July * Green Island, a notorious resort for outlaws, near Evansville,is declared the property of Kentucky by a commis- sion appointed by the Legislatures of Indiana and Kentucky. Sept. 5. Tex. A Constitutional Con- vention meets at Austin. [Feb. 17, 1876. The people ratify the new Constitu- tion.] Sept. 6. Ala. A Constitutional Con- vention is held at Montgomery. N. C. A Constitutional Convention assembles at Raleigh. [The people ratify the new Constitution. Vote, 122,912- 108,829.] Sept. 7. N. J. The people ratify the 28 amendments to the State Constitution. Sept. 22. D. C. Columbus Delano of O., Secretary of the Interior, resigns. Oct. 2. Conn. The Constitution is amended. Oct. 12. Neb. The people ratify the new Constitution. Oct. 19. D. C. Zachariah Chandler of Mich, is appointed Secretary of the Interior. Oct. 30. Mo. The new Constitution is ratified by the people. Vote, 90,600- 14,362. Nov. 2. Minn. The people ratify an amendment of the Constitution permit- ting female suffrage in the election of school officers (male or female), and re- specting school questious. Nov. 7. New York. William H. Wick- ham is elected the 79th mayor. Nov. 16. Ala. The new State Consti- tution is ratified. Vote, 95,672-30,004. Nov. 22. D. C. Thomas W. Ferry of Mich., the President pro tempore of the Senate, becomes acting "Vice-Presi- dent of the United States, on the death of Henry Wilson. [Dec. 20. He is re- elected.] * * O. Rutherford B. Hayes is again reelected Governor. Dec. 6. D. C. Congress; House: Michael C. Kerr (Dem.) of Ind. is elected Speaker, against J. G. Elaine (Rep.) of Me. Vote, 173-106. Democrats control the House for the first time since 1859. Congress; Senate: Ex-President Johnson returns as Senator from Ten- nessee. Dec. 7. D. C. President Grant recom- mends nonsectarian and compulsory education, in his message to Congress. MISCELLANEOUS. 1875 Apr. 19. Mass. The centennial of the battles of Lexington and Concord is celebrated. Apr. 28. Wis. A fire in Oshkosh burns property worth $2,000,000. May 27. Mass. Fire breaks out in the French Catholic Church at Holyoke; 75 deaths are caused by a panic. June 10. N. Y. The direct cable is completed, connecting New York with Newfoundland and the Irish coast. July 3. Mass. The centennial of Wash- . ington's assumption of command of the army is celebrated at Cambridge. July 18. Chicago. W. J. Donaldson, an aeronaut, makes an ascension, and is lost in a storm on Lake Michigan. Aug. 25. Cal. The Bank of California of San Francisco suspends because of unsuccessful speculations. Sept. 1. New York. The new post- office at Broadway and Park Row is _ occupied. Sept. 16. U. S. The system of fast mail trains is introduced. Oct. 26. Nev. Virginia City is destroyed by fire. Several lives and $4,000,000 in property are lost ; 10,000 persons are made homeless. Nov. 4. The steamship Pacific, running between Portland and San Francisco, founders ; 200 deaths. Nov. 9. Tex. Off Galveston Bar the steamship City of Waco burns ; nearly 70 deaths. Nov. 23. Mo. A convention meets at St. Louis to take action relative to the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad ; 869 members present. Nov.* Phila. The Market Street bridge is burned. Rebuilt in 21 days. Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1875. Cur- rency in circulation, $754,101,947; per capita, $17.16; Production: gold, 33,- 467,856; silver, $31,727,560. Cotton, 3,832,- 991 bales ; barrels of petroleum, 121,625,- 146. Immigrants (fiscal year), 227,498. Fire waste, $78,102,285; insurance, $39,- 325,400. * *-78* * Boston. An aqueduct is built, supplying Boston with water from the Sudbury River. 290 1875, * *-1876, May 10. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1876* * JVy. — Mont. War with the Sioux Indiana is caused by the " white man" breaking the treaty with the Gov- ernment, and by appropriating Indian lands in gold-seeking regions. The Sioux Indians burn houses, steal the stock of settlers, and murder those who oppose them. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1875 * *The American Neurological Association is organized, also the American Gynecological Society, the Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feeble-Muided Persons, Association of American Medical Colleges, Ameri- can Dermatological Association, and the American Academy of Medicine. * * N. Y. The Powers Art Gallery of Rochester is established. * * N. Y. Homer D. Martin, John B. Bristol, Charles H. Miller, and Charles Calverley of New York, and L. G. Sell- stedt of Buffalo, are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * 0. Charles Brush of Cleveland in- vents a successful dynamo and are- light lamp. * * R. J. Moses G. Fanner of Newport succeeds in making incandescent lights with platinum and iridium wire. * * Steamer Panther among Icebergs in Melville Bay under the Light of the Mid- night Sun is painted by William Brad- ford. * * France is painted by J. A. Brown. * * Valley of Kern's River is painted by Albert Bierstadt. * * Trout Brook is painted by J. W. Casi- lear. * * Keene Valley is painted by A. C. Shaw. 1876 Feb. 21. A r . Y. The asteroid Una is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Lorely, Aug. 10; Rhodope, Aug. 17; Urda, Aug. 29.] Feb. 26. Phila. The Pennsylvania Mu- seum and School of Industrial Art is incorporated. Apr. 14. D. C. A statue of Lincoln, by John Q. A. Ward, is unveiled in Lincoln Park, Washington, as a memorial of emancipation ; the contributions of freedmen erect it. Apr. 18. Mich. The asteroid Athol is discovered by J. C. Watson. [And Sibylla on Sept. 18th.] May 2. Phila. The Academy of Natu- ral Sciences is opened. May 10. Boston. Prof. Bell exhibits and explains his method of transmitting speech by electricity. [Later he ex- hibits his telephone at the Centennial Exhibition ; he uses an iron diaphragm.] Phila. The Corliss engine, of 1,400 horse power, and weighing 700 tons, sets in motion the machinery of the Centen- nial Exhibition. It attracts much at- tention because of its immense size and silent movement. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1676. Jan. 3. Clifford, John Henry, lawyer, Gov. Mass., pres. overseers of Harvard. Afi7. Jan. 9. Howe, Samuel CrHlev, surceon for the blind, philanthropist, of lioston, A 75. Jan. 10. (iranger, Gordon, maj. -gen. vols., col. U. S. A., A55. Jan. 14. Sears, Kdinund Hamilton, poet, Unit, clergyman, Atiti. Feb. 7. Stringliain, Silas Horton, rear- adm. U. S. N., A78. Feb. 8. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, ac- tor, singer, dramatic reader, A60. Feb. 10. Johnson, Reverdy, Benator for Md., atty.-tien., minister to Kngland, A80. Feb. 17. Bushnell, Horace. Cong, cler- gyman, author, theologian, educator, A74. Feb. 27. Horsley, Charles Kdward, musi- cian, composer, A54. Max. 11. Kobinson, William Stevens, jour- nalist, " Warrington," A58. Mar. 23. Iiedtield, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, author, A72. Apr. 7. Olden, Charles Smith, merchant, Gov. of N. J., A77. Apr. 10. Stewart, Alex. Turney, mer- chant, of N. Y., A73. Apr. 16. Polk, Tnisten, lawyer, Gov.; sen- ator for Mo., Confederate official, A65. Apr. 17. Brownson. Orestes Augustus, Pres., Unit., Univ., Rom. Cath. clergyman, editor Quarterly /:<>rietc, A73. May 3. Sprague, William Buell, PreB. cler- gyman, author, A81. CHURCH. 1875 * * O. The German Augsburg Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) of Ohio and ad- jacent States is organized. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at "Wooster; "W. W. Barr, moderator. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Cleveland ; E. D. Morris, mod- erator. The (Protestant Episcopal) dio- cese of Southern Ohio is organized. The Cleveland Congregational Club is formed in Cleveland. * *The German Baptist Brethren's Church begins foreign mission work in Denmark. * * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at Baltimore. * * JV. J. Henry Boehm, a centenarian of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and companion of Bishop Asbury, the organ- izer of American Methodism, dies. yea ; . C. Congress: The House passes a resolution to impeach Secre- tary Belknap for selling official places in the Navy Department ; he resigns a few hours later. Mar. 4. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Ar- ticles of impeachment are presented against Ex-Secretary Belknap. Kan. The Legislature passes an Act abolishing all restriction of the fran- chise as to color. Mar. 28. Miss. Gov. Adelbert Ames, having been impeached, resigns. Mar. * Gen. Robert C. Schenck, min- ister to England, is accused of compli- city in the Emma Mine frauds, and resigns. Mar.*-May. * A diplomatic dispute with England occurs in relation to tbe rendition of Winslow, an American forger. Apr. 3. Cat. The O'Connor Bill becomes a law ; three commissioners have power to regulate the condition of railroads when necessary for public safety. Apr. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate rejects the appointment of Charles A. Dana of N. Y. as minister to England. Apr. 19. D. C. President Grant vetoes the bill reducing the presidential sal- ary from §50,000 to §25,000, as it stood in 1873 ; the bill was to be operative after March 4, 1877. Apr. 20. D. C. Congress ; Senate: Grievances of Californians, respecting the immigration of Chinese, are pre- sented. May 4. D. C. Congress receives a mes- sage from the President in relation to his absence from the Capitol. May 5. D. C. Congress; Senate: Ed- wards Pierrepont of N. Y. is nomi- nated for minister to England. [Con- firmed.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1875 * * Cal. The Palace Hotel is com- pleted at San Francisco. * * La. Capt. Eads begins his work of deepening the mouth of the Mississippi River by means of jetties. * * Md. The foundation of the Johns Hopkins Hospital is laid at Baltimore ; endowment, §4,500,000. * * Mo. St. Louis acquires three public parks ; Carondelet, 180 acres ; Forest Park, 1,371 acres; O'Fallon Park, 158 acres. * * New York. The North Dutch Church, corner of Fulton and Williams Streets, and over 100 years old, is de- molished. * * New York. The railroad tunnel through Fourth Avenue, leading to the Grand Central Depot, is completed. * * Pa. A fire sweeps through Osceola ; loss, §2,000,000. 1876. Feb. 8. New York. A fire in Broadway consumes 30 buildings; total loss, $3,000,000. May 10. The Centennial Exhibition is opened at Fairmount Park, Philadel- phia. Many people and dignitaries from both hemispheres are present. Gen. Grant and Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, jointly start tbe great Corliss engine, moving all the machinery; $14,500,000 are invested in the preparation of build- ings, grounds, and other expenses ; 236 acres are enclosed in the grounds ; the main building is 1800 ft. long and 464 ft. wide, the area, 21.47 acres. The Ma- chinery Hall is 1402 ft, long and 360 ft. wide. 292 1876, May 11- AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1876 June 25. Mont. Gen. Custer attacks about 2,500 Indians under Sitting Bull, in a ravine on the Little Big Horn River; his entire command is outnum- bered, surrounded, and killed. Gen. Reno, in charge of a near-by force, holds his own until reenforced ; total loss, 2G1 killed, and 52 wounded. July * Mont. Gen. Sheridan is put in command of the expedition against the Sioux Indians. Nov. 24. Mont. The Sioux are se- verely defeated by the 4th Regiment of Cavalry, under Col. Mclvenzie, at a pass in the Big Horn Mountains. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1876 Aug. 2. D. C. Congress appropri- ates 8200,000 for the completion of the "Washington Monument at the na- tional Capital. Aug. 14. N. Y. The first wire of the East River Bridge is drawn over. Sept. 6. We ip York. A bronze statue of Lafayette is unveiled in Union Square ; it is the gift of the French Republic to the city. * * Cal. The Loring musical club is or- ganized at San Francisco. * * W. J. Thomas A. Edison establishes a laboratory at Menlo Park, near New Brunswick. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1876 May 30. Peck, George, M. E. clergyman, editor, writer, A79. June 21. Neal, John, lawyer, poet, critic, miscellaneous writer, A83. June 25. Custer, George A., maj.-gen. of cavalry, killed hy Sioux Indians, A37. June 26. Cummins. George David, Ii. E. bishop, founder of Reformed Episcopal Church, A54. Aug. 22. Perkins, George R., mathema- tician, astronomer, A59. Sept. 14. Davids, Charles, mathematician, professor at Columbia, A78. Sept. 18. Janes, Edmund Storer, M. E. bishop, A69. Sept. 27. Bragg-, Braxton, capt. U. S. A., Confederate general, A61. Oct. 1. Lick, James A., merchant, of Cal., philanthropist, founder of Lick Observa- tory, A80. Oct. 18. Blair, Francis Preston, journalist, senator for Mo., one of the founders of the Republican party, A85. Oct. 28. .Jacobus, Melancthon W., Pres. clergyman, author, AGO. Dec. 17. Bartlett, William Francis, officer U. S. vols., A36. Dec. 24. Tufts, Charles, manufacturer, donor of Tufts College, A95. Nye, James Warren, lawyer, orator, Gov., sen. for Nev., brig.-gen., A77. Dec. 28. Meek, Ficldmu; Bradford, paleon- tologist, A59. Dec. 29. Bliss, Philip Paul, evangelist, poet, composer, A38. CHURCH. 1876 June 9. Phila. Tne General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. July 17. Edward Cridge and Samuel Fellows are consecrated (Reformed Episcopal) bishops. Aug. 1 N. J. A joint commission of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church South meets at Cape May to consider a basis of reconciliation and formal fraternity ; three ministers and two laymen are pres- ent from each Church. Revs. R. K. Hargrave, Edward Jl. Myers, Thomas M. Finney, Messrs. Trusten Polk, and David Clopton of the South meet Revs. John I'. Newman, M. M. D'C. Crawford, E. A. Fuller, Gen. Clinton B. Fisk, and Mr. E. L. Fancher of the North. Sept. 10. la. "William Stevens Perry is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Iowa. Sept. 12-15. N. Y. The National Unitarian Conference is held in Saratoga. Oct. 8. Cal. The centennial of the establishment of the Spanish mission at San Francisco is celebrated. Oct. 9. The (Unitarian) Ministers' In- stitute first meets. * * Alas. Philip Mackay, an Indian, starts a mission at Fort Wrangel. * * Ala. The (Presbyterian) Institute for training colored ministers is opened at Tuscaloosa. LETTERS. 1876 July* Phila. An International Educational Congress is held. Aug. 17. Phila. The Spelling Reform Association is organized. Oct. 18. Ore. The University of Ore- gon is opened at Eugene City. ± * * Ala. An act is passed to establish a public school system. * * Boston. Wide Awake magazine ap- pears. * * Boston. A Chinese school is organized in the Mount Vernon Church. * * Chicago. The Homeopathic Medical College is opened. * * Fla. Cookman Institute (Meth. Epis. Colored) is established at Jacksonville. * * Ga. Fio Nono College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Macon. * * la. Parsons College (Pres.) is or- ganized at Fairfield. * * Md. Johns Hopkins University (non-sect.) is opened at Baltimore. [Li- brary, 23,000 vols.] * * Md. The Peabody Institute Library is founded at Baltimore. [S4.726 vols.] * * New York. Las Novedades (printed in Spanish) is founded. Puck is founded. The Library Journal appears. * * O. The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges at Columbus are opened under control of the State. * * O. Rio Grande CoUege (Free-will Bapt.) is organized. * * O. The National Repository (Meth. Epis.) is issued at Cincinnati. * * Ore. The Blue Mountain Uni- versity (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Le Grande. * * Phila. The Centennial Medical Con- gress is held. * * Phila. The American Catholic Quar- terly appears. * * Tex. The State Agricultural and Mechanical CoUege at College Station opens. * * Va. W. W. Corcoran <-f Washington gives $55,000 to the University of Virginia. " * * Music Teachers* National Associa- tion is organized * * State Normal Schools are opened at Cedar Falls, Tex. ; and at Philadelphia by act of the Legislature of Pennsyl- * * Second series of Among My Books, by James Russell Lowell, appears. * * Betty's Bright Idea, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, appears. * * Cloth of Gold, by T. B. Aldrich, ap- pears ; also Flower and Thorn, * * The Complete Poetical Works of Ray Palmer appears. * * Culture of Small Fruits, by Edward Payson Roe, appears, also Near to Nature's Heart. * * Gabriel Conroy, by Bret Harte, ap- * * Hawthorne, by James Thomas Fields, appears. * * Philip Nolan's Friends, by Edward Everett Hale, appears. * * Poems, by Sidney Lanier, appears. * * Tales from Two Hemispheres, by H. H. Boyesen, appears (in book form). * * That Lass o' Lowries, by Frances Hodgson Burnett, appears. SOCIETY. 1876 May 15. XT. Y. The State Sol- diers' Home is incorporated at Bath. June 26. Phila. The World's Convention of Homeopathic Physicians opens. July 4. Phila. An imposing demonstra- tion celebrates the Centenary of the founding of the Republic. July 9. S.C. At Hamburg, whites mas- sacre six colored militiamen who had joined in a parade on the 4th of July. Aug. * IV. J. The State opens an asylum for the insane at Morristown. Sept. 8. Spain. William M. Tweed is arrested at Vigo, and held for extradi- tion. [Nov. 23. Arrives in New York.] Sept. 14. N. Y. An international rifle match is concluded at Creedmoor ; the American team is victorious. Sept. 17. S. C A race war at Aiken occurs between whites and blacks. Oct. * JD. C. President Grant declines to receive a Centennial address from Irish Home Rulers. Dec. 12. D. C. Senator Henry W.Blair introduces a resolution in the Senate proposing Federal prohibition of the liquor traffic. * * Cal. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children is chartered. * * Chicago. The red flag is carried in the parade of 1500 armed Communists. * * Me. The Legislature abolishes the death penalty. STATE. 1S76 May 11. O. Second National Convention of the Prohibition party UNITED STATES. 1876, May 11-**. 293 convenes at Cleveland ; it nominates as presidential candidates Green Clay Smith of Ky. and G. T. Stewart of O. May IS. Ind. The Greenback National Convention convenes at Indianapolis ; it nominates Peter Cooper of N. Y. and Newton Booth of Cal. as presidential candidates. [Samuel F. Cary of C\ takes the place of Senator Booth, re- signed.] May 22. D. C. Alphonso Taft of O. is appointed attorney-general ; he resigns the office of secretary of war. May 30. R. I. The Legislature elects Henry Lippitt (Rep.) governor, the people having failed to make a choice in April. ¥ June * U. S. Many Republicans favor the election of President Grant for a third term, but he declines to be a candidate. June 11. O. The National Republi- can Convention assembles at Cincin- nati; Edward M. McPherson of Pa., president. A spirited contest ensues for the nomi- nation of James G. Blaine for President. First ballot: James G. Blaine of Me., 285 ; Oliver P. Morton of Ind., 124 ; Ben- iamin H. Bristow of Ky., 113; Roscoe Conkling of N. Y., 99; Rutherford B. Hayes of O., 61 ; John F. Hartranft of Pa., 53; Marshall Jewell of Conn., 11; William A. Wheeler of N. Y., 3. Neces- sary for a choice, 378. Seventh ballot : Hayes, 3S4 : Blaine, 351; Bristow, 21. The nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes is declared unanimous, and William A. Wheeler is nominated for Vice-Presi- dent. June 20. D. C. Benjamin H. Bristow of Ky., secretary of the treasury, resigns. June 27. Mo. The Democratic Na- tional Convention assembles at St. Louis ; John A. McClernand of 111., president. First ballot : Samuel J. Tilden of N.Y., 417 ; Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind., 140 ; Winfield S. Hancock of Pa.. 75; Wil- liam Allen of G.,56; Thos. F. Bayard of Del., 33; Joel Parker of N. J., 18. Necessary for a choice, 496. On the sec- ond ballot Samuel J. Tilden receives 535 votes, and his nomination is declared unanimous. [Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind. receives the unanimous vote of the convention for Vice-President.] June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1S76. Revenue: Customs, $148,071,9S5; inter- nal revenue, §116,700,732; direct tax, $93,799; sales of public lands, $1,129,467; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, §4,029,281 ; miscellaneous items, $17,456,776. Total revenue, $287 ,482,039 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expen- ditures, §29,022,242. Expenditures: Mis- cellaneous items, $66,1)08,374 ; War De- partment, $38,070,889; Navy Depart- ment, S1S,9G3,310; Indians, .^5,966,558; pensions. 828,257,396: interest on the public debt, 8HH"i,243.271. Total ordinary expenditures, S25S,459,797. Public debt, 82,180,395,067. Exports, 8^1,3^4,671 ; im- ports, $460,741,190. July 7. D. C. Iiot M. Morrill of Me. is appointed secretary of the treasury. July 11. B.C. Marshall Jewell of Conn., postmaster-general, resigns. July 12. D. C. > James N. Tyner of Ind. is appointed postmaster-general. July 22. D. C. Congress authorizes the coinage of not less than §10,000,000 in silver, to take the place of legal-tender notes ; the trade dollar ceases to be a legal tender. Aug. 1. D. C. The President proclaims Colorado admitted into the Union as the 3Sth State. Congress; Senate: The Court of Impeachment fails to convict ex- Secretary W. W. Belknap of official corruption. Vote, 35 guilty ; 25 not guilty. (See Mar. 2.) Aug. 2. D. C. Congress appropriates $200,000 for the completion of the Was hin gton Monument at Washing- ton City. Aug. 15. D. C. The 44th Congress: the first session closes. Oct. 7. S, C. Gov. Chamberlain issues a proclamation ordering all organizations to disband within three days; the State militia is alone excepted. [Presi- dent Grant issues a like proclamation Oct. 17.] Nov. 7. The 23d presidential elec- tion ; Republicans elected. Popular vote : Samuel J. Tilden (Dem.) of N. Y., 4,284,885 ; Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) of O., 4,033,950; Peter Cooper (Greenback) of N. Y., 81,740; Green Clay Smith (Prohib.) of Ky., 9,522; James B. Walker (American) of 111., 2,636. Nov. 8. Both parties claim the electoral votes of Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, and the strife between them is bitter. Nov. 15. Ala. The Legislature first meets in biennial session under the new- Constitution. Nov. 22. S. C. The State Board of Can- vassers gives certificates to Republi- can presidential electors; members of the Legislature from Edgefield and Laurens Counties are refused certifi- cates for alleged irregularities in their election. Nov. 28. S. C. Two Legislatures are organized — Democrats and Republi- cans ; the Democrats withdraw, and in a public hall organize their body ; William H. Wallace, speaker. * * All the Southern States are Demo- cratic, and the freedmen commonly have all their rights except that of voting. Dec. 4. D.C. The 44th Congress : The second session opens. Samuel J. Ran- dall (Dem.) of Pa. is elected Speaker. Vote, Randall, 162; James A. Garfield (Rep.)of 0.,S2. Dec. 6. U.S. The count of the electoral vote by the electors reveals a close election. The returning boards give Hayes (Rep.) 185 votes, and Tilden (Dem .) 184. Much dispute and great excitement prevail. Dec. 7. S. C. Daniel H. Chamberlain is sworn in as governor after he has been declared elected by the Republican Legislature. Dec. 12. S. C. "Wade Hampton is de- clared to be elected governor, by the speaker of the Democratic Legislature, after counting the votes, which have been certified by the secretary of state. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress; House : J. P. Knott (Dem.) reports a resolution from the Judiciary Committee, providing a Committee of Seven, to act with a similar committee of the Senate, in pro- viding a means for counting the elec- toral vote. Dec. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate also appoints a Committee of Seven. The Joint Committee — Senators : George F. Edmunds of Vt., Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of N. J., John A. Logan Of 111., Oliver P. Morton oi Ind., Allen G. Thurman of O., Thomas F. Bayard of Del.,* ami Matt. W. Ransom of N. C* Representatives : Henry B. Payne of O. * Eppa Hunton of Va.,* Abram S. Hewitt of N.T.,* William M. Springer of 111. * George W. Cary of la., George F. Hoar of Mass., and George Willard of Mich. (Democrats are indi- cated by stars.) Dec. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes an amendment to its bill to form a territory of Pembina from the north- ern part of Dakota [changing the name Pembina to Huron]. Dec.+* Fla. Three sets of electoral votes are sent to Congress. The Republican set is signed by Gov. Stearns; the Democratic, by the attor- ney-general ; the Democratic set, au- thorized by the Legislature, is signed by Gov. Drew. MISCELLANEOUS. 1876 June 30. Immigrants for the year, 169,986. July 10. The Lake steamer St. Clair burns on Lake Superior ; 27 persons missing. Aug. 11, 12. The Canadian schooner yacht Countess of Dufferin sails in a race for the America cup, and is beaten by the Madeline. Alfred Johnson, in 57 days, completes a voyage from America to Abercastle, England, in the Centennial, a boat 20 feet long. Sept. 24. New York. Hallett's Reef is blown up. Gen. Newton blows up Hallett's Point Reef, the chief obstruction at "Hell Gate " in the East River. After seven years spent in tunneling two and three- quarters acres of area, ten feet below the surface of the rock, 3,680 charges of dynamite and vulcanite are dis- charged from the shore through an elec- tric wire, by the young daughter of Gen. Newton. Oct. * A convention of governors is held at Omaha to consider the grasshopper pest ; several States are represented. Nov. 10. Phila. The International Exhibition closes ; total admissions, 9,7S9,392 ; average daily admissions, 61,568; receipts, S3,813,749. Dec. 5. N. Y. The Brooklyn Theater takes fire during a performance ; a panic ensues ; 295 persons are killed. Dec. 21. I). C. All the awards in pay- ment of the Alabama Claims are made, and about $8,000,000 surplus remains. Dec. 29. O. A train drops through the Ashtabula iron bridge to the water, 75 feet below ; fire follows, and more than 70 persons perish. 294 1876, * *-1877 ; June 30. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1877. Jan. 5. Mont. The Sioux Indi- ans are overtaken and again defeated by Gen. Miles; they scatter, and the Sioux war ends. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1876 * * H. Vander Weyde succeeds in making electric light effectual in photography. * * New York. A bronze statue of "Wil- liam H. Seward is unveiled in Madison Square Park. * * New York. "William Magrath of Wash- ington, D. C, and James D. SmiUie of New York, are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * The Landsknecht is painted by Roth- ermel. * * Song of Summer is painted by Jervis McEntee. * * Autumn is painted by J. "W. Casilear. * * Coast of Maine is painted by A. C. Shaw. * * Autumn near Stockbridge is painted by A. D. Shattuck. * * Off the Track is painted by J. B. Irving. * * Studies from Nature is painted by A. B. Durand. 1877 Jan. * N. J. Edison invents the carbon loud-speaking telephone. Jan. 23. Ind. and Ky. A brilliant me- teor is seen at several points ; it falls near Cyntheana, Ky., and penetrates the soil about a foot ; weight about 13 pounds. Feb. 12. Mass. A. Graham Bell exhib- its his telephone at the Essex Insti- tute, Salem. Apr. 1. Edison invents a microphone. Apr. 11. N. Y. Lewis Swift discovers the third comet of the year, at Roches- ter ; it has a direct motion. Apr. * Mass. The first telephone for business purposes is erected between Boston and Somerville — distance, three miles. May 10. Boston. A. Graham Bell de- scribes his telephone inventions before the Academy of Arts and Sciences. May 16. New York. A bronze statue of Fitz-Greene Halleck is unveiled in Central Park. P. E. clergyman, poet, Aftl. Apr. 14. H.ibine, Lorenzo, historian, A74. May 11. Lewis, Taylor, Greek scholar, author, A75. May 28. Harper, Fletcher, one of the four Harper Brothers, publisher, A72. Motley, John Lotbrop, historian, dip- lomat, A 63. June 3. Ellet, Elizabeth F., author, poet, A59. June 14. Owen, Hubert Dale, M. C. for Ind., author, A77. June 17. Abbott, John Stevens Cabot, his- torian, A72. Pratt, Daniel D., lawyer, Benator for Ind., Af>4. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1877. Jan. 3. Abercrombie, John J., brig.-gen. of vols., A75. Jan. 4. Vanderbilt. Cornelius, capitalist, of N. Y., A83. Jan. 8. Caswell, Alexis, president Brown University, A78. Jan. 26. Haines, Daniel, Gov. of N. J., educationist, A80. Feb. 8. Wilkes, Charles, rear-adm. U. S. N., A76. Feb. 16. Bailey, Theodorus, rear-adm. U. S. N., A75. Feb. 18. Davis, Charles H., rear-adm. V. S. N., author, A70. Feb. 20. Goldsborough, Lewis M., rear- adm. U. S. N., A72. Feb. 21. Eaton, Amos B., brev. niaj.-gen., A71. Mar. 1. Hart, Joel T., sculptor, A67. Mar. 26. Hurt, John Seelv, educational, A67. 1876 * * Tbe (Roman Catholic) Prefec- ture Apostolic of tbe Indian Territory is erected. * * Tbe Illinois Conference (African Methodist Episcopal) is organized. * * Miss. The Synod of Mississippi (N. S. Presbyterian) is organized. * * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held at Buffalo. * * Tbe Reformed Episcopal Synod of tbe Pacific, tbe Synod of tbe Northwest and of the West are organized. * * N. Y. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Brooklyn ; H. J. Van Dyke, moderator. It enters the Alliance formed by the union of the Reformed Churches throughout the world holding the Presbyterian system. * * Tbe modified book of Common Prayer is issued by Dr. Gregg of the Reformed Episcopal Church. * * The General Synod of "Wartburg (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Philadelphia ; James Brown, moderator. * * Va. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Richmond ; Isaac Errett, president. 1877 Feb. 13. Charles Clifton Penick is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of Africa. May 1. III. John L. Spalding is con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Peoria. May 11. Md. Two conventions, repre- senting the two bodies, meet in Balti- more, and reunite ** the Methodist'* and "the Protestant Methodists*' under the latter title. May 13. Fla. John Moore is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of St. Augustine. June 1. 0. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets at Cincinnati. la. An association of Unitarian and other Independent Churches is or- ganized at Burlington. June 20. Thomas H. Gregg is conse- crated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop. LETTERS. 1876 * * Tom Saioyer, by Mark Twain, : * Young Folks' Centennial lihymes, by "Will Carleton, appears. * * The Unseen World t t.;. John Flake, appears. * * My Winter on the Nile, by Charles Dudley Warner, appears. * * Sights arid Insights, by A. D. T. Whit- ney, appears. * * National Ode, by Bayard Taylor, ap- pears, also The Echo Club, and The Boys of Other Countries. * * Why We Laugh, by Samuel Sullivan Cox, appears. * * A Study of Haicthorne, by George Parsons Lathrop, appears. * * Rose in Bloom, by Louisa May Alcott, appears. * * My Little Love, by Marion Harland, appears. * * Hans Brinker, by Mary Mapes Dodge, appears. * * Helen's Babies, by John Habberton, appears, also The Barton Experiment and The Jericlw lioad. SOCIETY. 1876 * * Mich. The State Constitution is so amended as to prohibit any act of legislation that shall authorize the sale of intoxicating beverages. * * N.J. The "Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union meets in National Con- vention at Newark ; Mrs. Annie Witten- myer is elected president. * *Md. The first stone of tbe Johns Hopkins Hospital is laid at Baltimore ; its endowment of $3,500,000 comes from Johns Hopkins a merchant of Baltimore. * * New York. The Society for the Pre- vention of Crime is founded ; Howard Crosby, D.D., president. * * Phila. The Baptist Orphanage is founded. The 10th National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Eepublic is held in this city; Gen. John F. Har- tranft, commander-in-chief. * * Wis. The St. John's Catholic Deaf Mute Institution is opened. * * Congress prohibits both the soliciting and the receiving of political contribu- tions from Government employees. * * The Catholic Mutual Benefit Asso- ciation is founded. * * The United Order of the Golden Cross is founded. 1S77 Jan. 3. N. J. The centennial anniversary of the Battle of Princeton is celebrated. Feb. 12. Mass. — Me. The engineers of tbe Boston and Maine road strike with- out notice ; the strikers' places are soon supplied [and they are not taken back]. Mar. 23. The Mormon bishop, J. D. Lee, is shot as sentenced, for his share in the Mountain Meadows massacre of Sept. 18, 1S57, in which 136 emigrants were murdered. Apr. 1. Fla. Tbe State prison is mado an insane asylum. Apr. 2. 7?. I. A school for the deaf is opened by the State, at Providence. UNITED STATES. 1876, * *-1877, June 30. 295 May 17. Phila. Gen. Grant starts on his journey round the world. June 21. Pa. Ten "Molly Ma- guires," after trial and conviction for murder, are hanged. The conspirators are subdued. June 23. Boston. The Supreme Coun- cil of the Royal Arcanum is organized. STATE. 1876 * * D. C. Congress places the tax on distilled spirits at 90 cents per proof- gallon. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -79 * * Colo. John L. Routt. -SO * * Ida. { Ter.). Mason Brayman. -78 * * la. Samuel J. Kirkwood. -79 * * Mass. Alexander H. Rice. -79 * * Me. Selden Conner. -82* *Minn. John S. Pillsbury. -82 * * Miss. John M. Stone. -78* *N.Mex.(Ter.). Samuel B.Axtell. O. Rutherford B. Hayes. -79 * * Pa. John F. Hartranft. -79 * * Tex. Richard Hubbard. -78* * Vt. Horace Fairbanks. -78 * * Wis. Harrison Ludington. 1877 Jan. 8. La. There are two gov- ernors and two Legislatures ; the Re- publicans regularly inaugurate S. B. Packard in the State-house, and the Democrats install Francis T. Nicholls in a public hall. Jan. 9. La. The State offices and build- ings at New Orleans are surrendered to the Nicholls party. Jan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Joint Committee makes a report favoring a commission for counting the electoral vote. Jan 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes an Electoral Commission Bill. Vote, 47-17. (Yeas, 26 Dem., and 21 Rep. ; nays, 16 Rep., and 1 Dem.) Jan. 25. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Electoral Commission Bill. Vote, 191-86. (Yeas, 158 Dem. and 33 Rep. ; nays, 68 Rep. and IS Dem.) III. David Davis (Dem.), a justice in the Supreme Court, is elected Senator. Jan. 28. D. C. Congress votes on Sen- ator Matthews' concurrent resolution on the silver question. Vote : Senate, 34-22 ; House, 189-79. Jan. 29. D. C. The President approves the Electoral Commission Act. It is to count the electoral votes, and to settle all questions that may arise con- cerning the votes of Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and other disputed States. Members of the commission. Jus- tices: Nathan Clifford* of Me., Samuel F. Miller of la., Stephen J. Field* of Cal., and William Strong of Pa. [These select the fifth member, Joseph P. Brad- ley of N. J.] Senators: George F. Ed- munds of Vt., Oliver P. Morton of Ind., Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of N. J., Allen G. Thurman* of 6. (see Feb. 26), Thomas F. Bayard* of Del. Represen- tatives: H. B. Payne* of Wis., Joseph G.Abbott* of Mass., Eppa Ilunton* of Va., James A. Garfield of O., George F. Hoar of Mass. Total, seven Democrats to eight Republicans. (Democrats are distinguished by a star.) Jan. 31. />. C. Congress: The Elec- toral Commission is organized. Emi- nent counsel are employed on both sides. Feb. 7. D.C. Congress: The Elec- toral Commission begins the investi- gation respecting the electoral votes in three States. In South Carolina two bodies claim to be the Legislature. One gives the vote to Hayes by about 800 majority; the other gives it to Tilden by a somewhat smaller majority. In Florida both par- ties claim the vote, each by a small ma- jority. In Oregon, one of the three Republican electors is denied a certifi- cate by the Governor, having been a postmaster when nominated ; the Gov- ernor gives one electoral certificate to a Democrat. Revolution and civil war are freely threatened. Feb. 9. D. C. The Electoral Commis- sion awards the contested vote of Flor- ida to the Republicans. Vote, 8-7 — S Republicans, 7 Democrats. Feb. 16. D. C. The electoral vote of Louisiana is awarded to the Republi- cans, who claim that the Commission has no power to examine into returns made in due form. Vote, 8-7. Feb. 21. D. C. Congress; House: De- bate on the Bland Silver Bill is re- sumed. [The Senate changes are adopted later.] Feb. 23. D. C. Congress removes the political disabilities of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston of Va. Feb. 26. D. C. Senator Thurman being ill, Senator Francis Kernan of N. Y. takes his place on the Electoral Com- mission. Feb. 27. L). C. The electoral vote of South Carolina is awarded to the Re- publicans. Vote, 8-7. Mar. 2. D. C. The two houses of Con- gress meet in joint session, and confirm the election of Hayes and Wheeler only two days before the inauguration. Congress removes the political disabil- ities of Gen. John S. Marmaduke of Mo. Congress counts the electoral vote. Votefor President: Tilden, 184; Hayes, 185; Smith and Walker, 0. Vote for Vice-President : Thomas A. Hendricks (Dem.) of Ind.. 1S4 ; William A. Wheeler (Rep.) of N. Y., 185; Samuel F. Carey (Greenback) of O.. ; Gideon T. Stewart (Prohib.)of O.,0; D. Kirkpatrick(Amer.) of N. Y.,0. Congress: The Monetary Commis- sion (organized Aug. 15, 1875) makes a report. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress: The House repudiates the decision of the Electoral Commission in a strong resolution, which declares that Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks both received 196 electoral votes, and were elected. Vote, 136-88 ; not voting, 66. The 44th Congress ends. Rutherford B. Hayes is privately sworn in as President (Saturday). Mar. 4. D. C. Sunday : The inaugura- tion is deferred until Monday. The 23d Administration: Republi- can. Mar. 5. h. C. Rutherford B. Hayes of 0. is inaugurated the 19th President in the 23d term of the presidency. William A. Wheeler of N. Y. is Vice- President. Cabinet : William M. Evarts of N. Y. (State), John Sherman of O. (Treas.), George W. McCrary of la. (War), Richard W. Thompson of Ind. (Navy), Carl Schurz of Mo., (Interior), Charles Devens of Mass. (Atty.-Gen.), David M. Key of Tenn. (P. M.-Gen.). The Senate meets in special session at the call of President Hayes. [Ad- journs March 17.] Apr. 11. L>. C. Both claimants to the governorship of South Carolina visit Washington, and influenced by Presi- dent Hayes, D. H. Chamberlain with- . draws his claim. Apr. 21. La. The Packard Legisla- ture (Rep.), deprived of the President's support, is dispersed. [President Hayes thereby becomes unpopular with the stalwart Republicans.] May 5. D. C. The President calls a special session of the 45th Congress for Oct. 15, to make provision for the sup- port of the army ; this having been omitted by the 44th Congress. June 22. D. C. President Hayes orders all Federal officials who are subject to the civil-service rules to resign any situation held as political managers, or to give up their offices, in order " to take the office-holders out of poli- tics." June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1877. Revenue: Customs. §130.956,493; inter- nal revenue, *ll.s,G30,40S ; sales of public lands, $970,254 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, §405,777 ; miscellane- ous, $18,031,655. Total revenue, §269,- 000,587; excess of revenue over expendi- tures, $30,340,57S. Expenditures: Mis- cellaneous items, :?50.252,007; War De- partment, $37,0X2,7311; Naw Department, $14,959,935; Indians, #5,277,007; pensions, 27,9(13,752 ; interest on the public debt, ©97,124,512. Total ordinary expenditures, S23S.000.009. Public debt, $2.205.301, 392. Exports, §0(12,475,220 ; imports, $451,323,- 126. MISCELLANEOUS. 1876 * * S. Dak. Deadwood is laid out as a town. The Indians surrender all title to lands in South Dakota. * * U. S. Loss by fire in 1876, $64,630,600 ; insurance loss, $34,374,500. Jan. 7. N. J. The steamer L'Amirigue runs ashore near Seabright ; three of the crew are lost. 1877. Mar. 5. Mo. The Southern Hotel at St. Louis is burned ; 11 lives are lost. Mar. 6. New York. Property valued at $1,500,000 is destroyed by a Broadway fire. Mar. 16. New York. The new building of the New York Hospital is opened (Organized 1770). May 29. Ky. At Louisville the horse Ten Broeck runs two miles in 3.27£. June 5. New York. The Sixth-Avenue Elevated Railroad to Fifty-ninth Street is opened. 296 1877, June 30-* * AMERICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1877 July 22. Pa. Gen. Sheridan is sent to Pittsburg with troops to quell tlie riots. July * Ida. An Indian war breaks out in the Northwest ; Gen. Howard is sent against Chief Joseph of the Idaho Indi- ans. [Oct. 1. The chief is captured after a long pursuit.] Aug. 4. Pa. Order is restored at Pitts- burg by the troops. Sept. ±* Ida. The Nez Perces Indians defeat the troops and kill 33 men. Nov. 24. N. C. The sloop-of-war Huron strikes the rocks near Oregon Inlet ; nearly 100 lives are lost. Dec. 13. Tex. A mob of Mexicans and others attack the State troops at San Elizario ; six persons are killed. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1877 Aug. 11,18. D.C. Two satellites of Mars are discovered by Prof. Asaph Hall at Washington. Sept. 3. Mich. The asteroid Phoedra is discovered by J. C. Watson at Ann Ar- bor. [Andromache on Oct. 1 and Cly- temnestra on Nov. 12.) Oct. 14. N. Y. The asteroid Idun is dis- covered by C. H. F. Peters, at Clinton. Oct. 21. Africa. Henry M. Stanley arrives at Cape Town from his tour of exploration. Oct. 30. Kan. A monument is dedicated to John Brown at Osawatomie. Nov. 10. The American Chemical So- ciety is incorporated. Dec. 22. New York. The first building of the American Museum of Natural History is opened. Dec. * N. J. Edison announces a phono- graph. * * Chicago. Elisha Gray files a caveat for his telephone three hours after Bell's is filed. * * Kan. Lead is discovered in Cherokee County ; Galena and Empire City be- come prosperous. * * N. J. The Observatory of the J. C. Green School of Science is erected at Princeton. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1877. July 9. Tenney, Sanborn, naturalist, au- thor, A50. Aug: 9. Conrad. Timothy A., naturalist, author, A74. Aug. 39. Young, Brigham, Mormon high- priest, A76. Aug. 30. Semmes, Raphael, Confed. adm., commander of the Alabama, A68. 8ept. 1. Davenport, Edward L., actor, A61. Sept. 33. Trail, Russell, teacher, physi- cian, hydrojirttiiist, author, A65. Sept. 35. Orton, .lames, naturalist, A47. Sept. 39. ftleiggs, Henry, builder of rail- roads in S. Am., and public works, A54. Oct. 3. Fish, Henry, Baptist idergvman of N. J., author, A57. Oct. 3. ISaylev, -lames R., R. C. archbishop of Baltimore, A63. Nov. 1. Norton, Oliver Perry, war Gov., senator for Ind., A54. Nov. 3. Eve, Paul Fitzsimmons, surgeon, litholomist, A71. Nov. 13. Gray, Henry, artist, portrait- painter, A58. Nov. 29. Greene, Nathaniel, journalist, editor Boston Statesman, A80. Dec. 3. Marvin, Enoch M-, bishop of M. E. Church South, author, AS4. Dec. 7. HiiRer, Col. U. S. A., Confederate maj.-gen., A 72. Dec. 8. Bledsoe, Albert Taylor. Confeder- ate asst. sec. war, A 68. Dec. 24. Parrott, Robert Parker, inventor , A73. CHURCH. 1877 July 3. Scot. The first meeting of the General Council of the " Alliance of the Keformed Churches throughout the world holding the Presbyterian Sys- tem" is held at Edinburgh. Aug. 29. John Taylor, chief of the "Twelve Apostles," succeeds Brigham Young, deceased, as president of the Mormon Church. Oct. 16. N. Y. Francis McNeirny becomes (Roman Catholic) bishop of Albany. Oct. 31. Samuel T. J. Schereschewsky is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal | missionary bishop of Shanghai. Dec. 18. III. The Protestant Episcopal diocese of Springfield is organized. * * Alas. The Presbyterian Home Board opens a mission and school for girls at Fort Wrangel. * * Boston. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * Cat. Chinese Mission Work is be- gun in Oakland. * * Chicago. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; James Eells, mod- erator. * * Conn. The Congregational Club is formed at Hartford. * * A meeting of the (Congregational) National Council is held. * * Ida. The State Convention (Univer- salist) is organized. * * III. The General Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) meets at Carthage. The General Assembly (United Presbyte- rian) meets at Sparta ; Kobert E. Ewing, moderator. The Roman Catholic diocese of Peoria is established. LETTERS. 1877 Sept. 17. Phila. The Jefferson Medical College is opened. * * Ark. Philander Smith CoUege (Meth. Epis. Colored) is founded at Little Rock. * * The Boston Library reports 320,000 volumes. * * Cal. The San Joaquin Valley Col- lege (United Brethren) is organized at ^Voodb ridge. * * Colo. The. University College (non- sect.) of Boulder is organized. * * D. C. The National Tribune is issued at "Washington. * * Ga. The Shorter College (Fern.) is founded by Baptists at Rome. Clark University (Metli. Epis.) is organized at Atlanta. * * A'//. The Times is issued at Louisville. * * Ky. Ogden College (non-sect.) Is orgaoized at Bowling Green. * * La. The City Item la issued at New Orleans. * * Mich. Detroit College (Bom, Cath.) is organized at Detroit. * * Miss. The Lea Female CoUege is founded at Summit. *■ * New York. The Lenox Library on Fifth Avenue is opened. * * New York. The Mn gazine of American History appears. * * N. C. The Biddle University at Charlotte is chartered. The State Col- ored Normal School, at Fayetteville, is opened. * * Pa. The National Stockman and Farmer is issued at Pittsburg. * * .5. C. The Adger College (Pres.) is organized at TValhalla. * * Tenn. The Medical Department of the University of Tennessee at Nash- ville is opened. * * Tex. The North Texas Female College (Meth. Epis. South) is char- tered. * * W. Va. The Broaddus CoUege at Clarksburg receives its charter. * * TJie American, by Henry James, ap- pears. * * Biology, Orthodoxy, and Transcenden- talism, by Joseph Cook, appears. * * Eight Cousins, by Louisa May Alcott, appears. * * Footprints of the Master, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, appears. * * Garth, by Julian Hawthorne, appears. * * Haicthorne, by Edmund Clarence Sted- man, appears. * * Nicholas Minturn, by J. G. Holland, appears. * * Count Frontenac and New France, by Francis Parkman, appears. * * The Queen of Sheba, by T. B. Aldrick, appears. * * Modern Philosophy , by Francis Bo wen, appears. * * Reconciliation of Science aiid Religion, by Alexander Winchell, appears. * * Table Talk, by A. Bronson Aleott. appears. SOCIETY. 1S77 July 1. Md. A general reduction of wages on railroads ; strikes are threatened. July 4. Fla. A convention of colored men is held in Tallahassee ; it advises the fostering of a general social and moral improvement of the colored people. July 14 4-. Md. A great labor strike occurs. It extends over most of the railroads of the Northern States. It begins on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad against a 1U per cent reduction of wages ; soon the militia is called out. and later the National troops, to pro- tect new employees; 100.000 workmen participate in it. July 19. W. Va. A detachment of Na- tional troops arrives to protect railroad employees from strikers. UNITED STATES. 1877, June 30-**. 297 July 20. Md. A mob stones the soldiers called against the strikers on the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad, at Baltimore; nine of the mob are killed and mora than 20 are wounded by the fare of the soldiers. July 21. Pa. At Pittsburg strikers at- tack the soldiers. They drive them for shelter into the roundhouse, where they are besieged. Oil-cars are moved up to the building and tired, while the tire companies are restrained ; railroad buildings are fared ; 2,000 freight-cars are pillaged or burned ; barrels of liquor are taken from the cars, and general robbery follows, in which women participate, until sup- pressed by Federal troops. Loss esti- mated at about $10,000,000. July * Pa. The strikers raise a riot at Reading ; in a collision between the military and the mob, 13 are killed, 43 wounded. July 23. Cal. The Vigilance Com- mittee of San Francisco reorganizes. July 25. NewYoi-k. Communists meet in Tompkins Square and make inflam- matory addresses ; great alarm is felt throughout the country. July 26. Chicago. The Federal cavalry assist the police in charging a crowd of socialists ; 19 deaths follow. July 27. Pa. The unsuccessful strikers commence returning to work. Aug. 12. Tex. A band of Mexican des- peradoes breaks open the Jail at Rio Grande City, and releases two notorious criminals, Esproneda and Garza, who escape with them to Mexico. Aug. 22. N. J. A convention of col- ored men convenes at Princeton to promote the welfare of their race. Sept. *- Oct. * S.C. The frauds and embezzlements of the official ring in charge of the State are disclosed and the offenders prosecuted. Sept.* New York. "Boss" Tweed discloses the system by which the Tam- many frauds were perpetrated, also the names of guilty parties. Oct. * New York. The United States Brewers' Association is incorporated. Nov. 3. Cal. Dennis Kearney, leader of the Workingmen's Party, is arrested and imprisoned on a charge of incendi- ary speeches and threats. Nov. S. S. C. F. L. Cardoza, ex-treas- urer of the State, convicted of fraud, is sentenced to imprisonment for two years and to pay a fine of $4,000. Nov- * Chicago. The National Con- vention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union meets ; Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer, president. Dec. 1. Md. The Presbyterian Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital at Baltimore is opened. Dec. 10. Wyo. "Women are authorized to vote and hold office. * * Boston. The Marcella Street Home for the reformation of boys is opened. * * Cal. An anti-Chinese riot at San Francisco is subdued by members of the old vigilance committee of 1856. * * Chicago. The Citizens' League, against the saloon, and to save young men from intemperance is organized. * * N. J. A State Board of Health is organized. * * Nev. The Legislature amends the constitution so as to disfranchise biga- mists and polygamists. * * P. I, The eleventh National Encamp- ment of the Grand Army of the Re- public is held at Providence ; Gen. J. C. Robinson, commander-in-chief. STATE. 1877 July IS. D. C. President Hayes issues a proclamation for the suppres- sion of disorder and violence in West Virginia. [July 21 ; another for Mary- land. July 23 ; another for Pennsyl- vania.] July * N. S. The Fishery Commis- sion meets at Halifax. Commissioners : Sir Alex. T. Gait, Ensign H. Kellogg, and Maurice Delfosse, the Belgian min- ister to the United States. Aug. 7. W. Va. The capital is located at Charleston by a popular vote. Sept. * D. C. President Hayes holds a conference with a number of Indian chiefs at Washington. Oct. 5. Cal. The Workingman's Party of California is organized at San Fran- cisco ; Dennis Kearney (" sand-lot ora- tor"), president. Oct. 15. D. C. The 45th Congress opens in special session. Oct.* D. C. Congress ; Senate : Thomas "W. Ferry of Mich, is elected President pro tempore. House : Samuel J. Ran- dall of Pa. (Dem.) is reelected Speaker, receiving 149 votes ; James A. Garfield of O. (Rep.), 132. Thomas B. Keed of Me. and William McKinley of O. enter the House. Nov. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : R. P. Bland of Mo. introduces a bill for the free coinage of the standard silver dol- lar, and for its circulation as a legal tender in any amounts. (See Feb., 1878.) Nov. 6. Minn. The people ratify an amendment to the Constitution, chan- ging the sessions of the Legislature from annual to biennial. Nov. 23. 1ST. S. The Halifax Fishery Commission, under the Treaty of Washington, makes its decision, one member dissenting. It awards to the British government §5,500,000 for 12 years' use of the inshore Canadian fisheries, which belonged to the United States by the treaty of 1782 : it also remits to Canada, the annual duties ($350,000), which in 12 years amount to §1,200,000. Dec. 3. D. C. The 45th Congress; the special session closes. The 45th Congress opens in regular Bession. The President's message recom- mends the resumption of specie pay- ments on Jan. 1, 1879, and urges justice for freedmen. Dec. 12. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Koscoe Conkling of N. Y. and others oppose the Civil Service Reform efforts of the Administration. * * D. C. President Hayes appoints John M. Harlan of Ky. a Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. * * N. Dak. The capital is removed to Bismarck. * * N. H. The people adopt 12 amend- ments to the Constitution, and reject a 13th amendment which would eliminate the word " Protestant" from the Bill of Rights. * * New York. Smith Ely is elected the SOth mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated: -78* * Ariz. (Ter.). John P. Hoyt. -81 * * Ark. William R. Miller. -79 * * Conn. James E. English. -81 * * Fla. George F. Drew. -82 * * Ga. Alfred H. Colquitt. -83 * * III. Shelby M. Cullom. -81 * * hid. James D. Williams. -79 * * Kan. George T. Anthony. -78 * * La. Stephen B. Packard. -81 * * Mich. Charles M. Crosswell. -81 * * Mo. John S. Phelps. -79 * * N. C Zebulon B. Vance. -79 * * N.H. Benjamin F. Prescott. -80 * * N. Y. Lucius Robinson. -78 * * O. Thomas L. Young. -78** Ore. S. F. Chadwick. -78 * * S. C. Wade Hampton. -80 * * R. I. Charles C. "Van Zandt. -81 * * W. Va. Henry M. Matthews. MISCELLANEOUS. 1877 June 30. Immigrants for the year, 141,857. July* Because of the great Pittsburg strike, six or seven thousand miles of railroads are forced into idleness. Aug. 9. N. J. A train falls through a bridge at Ocean port ; 60 persons are injured; Gen. Grant is one of the pas- sengers and escapes unhurt. Aug. 15-17. Vt. The centennial of the Battle of Bennington is celebrated. Aug. 26. New York. The Third Ave- nue Elevated Railroad is opened to Forty Second Street. Aug. 29. la. By the washing away of a railroad bridge near Des Moines, 17 lives are lost. Aug. * Colo. Leadville is settled. Aug. * la. The canal around the Des Moines rapids is opened ; it is 7J- miles long and cost $1,500,000. Dec. 20. New York. An explosion and fire in Greenfield's confectionery works cause the death of about 50 per- sons. * * Ala. Birmingham is founded. * * Boston. The Back Bay Park System comprising 1,069 acres is established ; Charles River Embankment, Gd ; Back Bay Park, 106; Muddy River, 110; Ja- maica Park, 120; Arnold Arboretum, 167; West Roxbury, 485. English bi- cycles are first imported into the United States. The Produce Ex- change is organized. 298 1877, * *-1878, Nov. * AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1878 Apr. 12. D. C. A rehearing of the case of Fitz-John Porter by a military commission is granted; the board consists of Maj.-Gens. Schofield, Terry, and Getty. [He is finally restored to the army.] Nov. 29. Ky. Gov. Jackson sends troops into Breathitt County to sup- press an old feud which was revived by a mob attacking a sheriff while in charge of a prisoner. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1877 * * K.J. Thomas A. Edison com- mences experiments with incandescent platinum at Menlo Park. * * New York. The Lenox Library Art Gallery is opened. * * Pa. The Mozart Club is organized at Pittsburg. * * Close of Stormy Day is painted by Arthur Quartley. * * Ponce de Leon is painted by Thomas Mo ran. * * Scene in New Hampshire is painted by J. "W. Casilear. * * Head of Jersey Bull is painted by A. C. Shaw. 1878 Mar. 1. N. T. The asteroid Eunike is discovered by Peters at Clin- ton. [And Menippe on June ISth.] June 20. N. Y. Charles B. Everest, while boring for oil at Warsaw, discov- ers a strata of rock salt 70 feet thick lying 1,272 feet below the surface. June^iV. Y. "William E. Sawyer patents an incandescent carbon lamp, which he places on exhibition. July 7. N. Y. At the Rochester Obser- vatory a tailless comet, also without a nucleus, is discovered. July 29, 30. Mich. J. C. "Watson of Ann Arbor claims to have seen the planet Vulcan during the solar eclipse. July * N. J. Thomas A. Edison an- nounces the invention of themicrotasi- meter, in which he applies the princi- ple of the carbon microphone to the measurement of infinitesimal pressure. Aug. 6. Eng. McCormick's automatic self-binding grain harvester takes the gold medal at the Royal Agricultural Society's competitive test. Aug. 21. Mo. The American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science meets at St. Louis. Sept. 9. N. Y. The asteroid Phthia is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. [Ismene, on Sept. 22, and Kolga, on Sept. 30.] Oct. 21-24. Phila. A great storm pre- vails ; it destroys 384 houses, churches, and many public buildings, besides ■wrecking eight ships. Loss, 32,000,000. Oct. * N. J. Thomas A. Edison an- nounces his success in subdividing the electric current, adapting it for house- hold use. He invents an electric pen for copying. He also announces the in- vention of the megaphone, a form of telephone. Oct. 31. Ga. A monument to com- memorate fallen Confederate soldiers is uncovered at Augusta. * * D. C. A. Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter of "Washington invent a photo- phone. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1878. Jan. 16. Bowles, Samuel, miscellaneous writer, journalist, A52. Jan. 18. Efollins, George N., commander V. S. N., com. Confederate N., A79. Feb. 11. Welles, (iidt-on, editor, sec. navy, writer, A76. Mar. 2. Wade, Benjamin Franklin, anti- slavery leader, Benator lor 0., acting Vice- President, A78. Mar. 17. Pickering, Charles, physician, naturalist. niLScelluueoiiB writer, A73. Mar. 18. Hartt, Charles Frederic, natural- ist, author, A38. Apr. 1 2. Tweed, W illiam M., political "boss," embezzler, A55. Apr. 21. Peck, John .lames, capt. U. S. A. in Mex., maj.-gen. U, S. vols., A5I. Apr. 22. Orton, William, president West- ern Union Telegraph Co., politician, A52. Apr. 24. Dyer, Charles Volney, surgeon, abolitionist, ATI. Apr. 25. llashford, Coles, jurist, Gov. of Wis., A62. Apr. 30. Simons, Thomas Young, lawyer, politician, ('unit-derate capt., editor, A50. May 7. Hoffman, Murray, jurist, legal WTiter, A87. May 12. Beecher, Catherine E., educator, writer, A7R. May. 13. Henry, Joseph, physicist, Smith- l Institution, A81. June 12. Bonneville, Benjan dier, explorer, author, A85. L. E., sol- • Brvant, William Cullen, poet, editor Evening Post of N. Y., author, A84. June 19. Hodge, Charles, Pres.,cl., theolo- gian, professor at Princeton, author, A81. June 21. Warren, Fitz Henry, lawyer, politician, journalist, maj.-gen. U. S. vols., A62. Fast,, Harvey G., educator, July 13. politicii July 17. Appleton, George S., publisher, of N. Y., A57. Aug. 13. Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, journalist, compiler of cyclopedias, A78. Prentiss, Elizaheth, iiymnologist, reli- gious writer, A60. Aug-. 16. Upjohn, Richard, architect, A7S. Aug-. 17. Adrian, Garnett B., M. C. for A65. Sept. 2. Haight, Henry Huntlev, lawyer, Gov. of Cal., A53. Oct. 6. Adams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman, theologian, author of devotional and other works, A72. Pillow, Gideon J., lawyer, maj.-gen. U. S. vols.. Confederate bnu.-tren., A72. Oct. 20. Paulding, Hiram, ivar-adm. U. S. N., A81. Oct. 21. Kosecrans, Svlvester H., Rom. Cath. bishop of Columbus, 0., A51. Nov. 29. Godey, Louis Anloine, founder of Godey's Ladies' Bool; A74. CHURCH. 1S77 * * Mo. The Annual Conven- tion (Disciples of Christ) is held at St. Louis ; W. K. Pendleton, president. * * N. Mex. A mission to the Zunis is opened by the Presbyterian Home Board. * * P. I. The Annual Meeting (Bap- tist) is held at Providence. * * Tex. The Eastern Convention (Bap- tist) is formed. * * Utah. The Utah Conference (Metho- dist Episcopal) is formed. * * ControversyintlieUnitedPresbyterian Church respecting instrumental music. * * The Protestant Episcopal dioceses of Quincy, West Virginia, and Springfield, 111., are organized. * *The (Protestant Episcopal) Girls' Friendly Society L- formed. * *The Baptists labor among the Chero- kees, Creeks, Seminoles, Delawares, Shawanoes, Kickapoos, and Sac and Fox tribe, with 13 missionaries. * * Nicholas Castle is elected first bishop of the United Brethren. 1878 Jan. 10. The Church Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews is organized. Feb. 20. It. Cardinal GiacchinoPecci is elected successor to Pius IX., under the title of Leo XIII. May 1. Ga. The General Confer- ence (Methodist Episcopal South) meets at Atlanta. May 12. Ind. Francis S. Chatard is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Vincennes ; and Francis Mora bishop of Monterey and Los Angeles. May 15. 77/. Alexander Burgess is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Quincy. May 24. X. Y. The Brooklyn Church Society (Methodist Episcopal) is incor- porated. May 30. George 'William Peterkin is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of "West Virginia. May 31. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June 11. George Franklin Seymour is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Springfield. Sept. 1. Ind. The Indiana Conference of Unitarian and Independent Religious Societies is organized at Hobart. Sept. 3. Samuel Allen McCoskey, (Prot- estant Episcopal) bishop, is deposed. Sept. 17-20. N. r. The National Con- ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga. LETTERS. 1877 * * A Knight of the Nineteenth Cen- tury, by E. P. Roe, appears. * * Being a Boy, by Charles Dudley "Warner, appears. * * Two Men of Sandy Bar, by Bret Harte, appears; also Thankful Blossom. * * The Story of Avis, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, appears. 1S7S Nov. 3. The New "West (Cong.) Education Commission is incorporated. SOCIETY. 1S77 * * IHs. The Legislature legalizes the practice of law by women. * * The Knights and Ladies of Honor is founded. * * U. S. The demand for the rights of labor becomes more general and em- * * The Order of the Catholic Knights of America is founded. 1878 Jan. * V. S. The "Workingman's Party is reorganized as " The Social- istic Labor Party." UNITED STATES. 1877, * *-1878, Nov. * 299 Feb. * Chicago. The Union Club is or- ganized. Apr. 4. Chicago. The Calumet Club and the Illinois Club are organized. June 13. Phila. The Society for Or- ganizing Charity is founded, Aug. 5. Boston. Dennis Kearney of San Francisco, the labor agitator, deliv- ers a public address in Faneuil Hall. Oct. * N. Y. Jesse Billings, Jr., is ac- quitted of the murder of his wife at Saratoga on June 4. Nov. 7. New York. Thieves take the remains of the late A. T. Stewart from the family vault in St. Mark's church- yard. [Never found.] Nov. 26. N. Y. The Brooklyn Bureau of Charities is organized. STATE. 1S73 Feb. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes and returns the Bland Silver Bill with two amendments — one limiting silver coinage, and the other providing for an International Mone- tary Conference. "Vote, 48-21. Feb. 22. 0. A convention at Toledo organizes the National Greenback party, following the Greenback party of 1874. It advocates the unlimited coinage of gold and silver, the substitution of green- backs — national bills of credit made legal tender — for national bank-notes, female suffrage, and the advancement of working people. Feb.* D. C. Congress: The House passes the Senate amendments to the Bland Silver Bill. Vote on money conference, 96-71 ; on limiting coinage, 203-72. This concurrence passes the bill. Feb. 28. D. C. The President vetoes the Bland Silver Bill. Congress : The Bland Silver Bill is passed over the President's veto. House vote, 196-73 ; Senate vote, 46-19. It revives the coinage of the standard silver dollars of 412.! grains, to the ex- tent of not less than §2,000,000 or more than $4,000,000 per month — all seignior- age to accrue to the Treasury. These dollars are to be full legal tender for all debts, public or private. Feb.± * U. S. Public opinion is agitated respecting the payment of bondhold- ers in gold. Mar. 11. B.C. Congress: The Senate requests the President to transmit the correspondence which preceded the selection of Mr. Delfosse as the third commissioner in the Fishery Dispute. [His sole vote decided the issue.] Mar. 26. Conn. The Legislature meets in the new Capitol at Hartford for the first time. Apr. 17. D. C. Congress; Senate: Thomas W. Ferry of Mich, is reelected President pro tempore. Apr. *- July * N. Mex. The Federal Government removes the Ute Indians from New Mexico to the Colorado. May 2. Z>. C. Congress votes to sup- press the coinage of silver pieces of the denomination of 20 cents. May 17. D. C. Congress; Senate: The President transmits the correspon- dence respecting the appointment of Mr. Delfosse as the third commissioner on the Fishery Dispute. It proves his disqualification to act as arbitrator, and exhibits the persistency of England to secure his appointment. The House appoints a select committee to investigate the alleged election frauds of November 18, 1876, in Louisi- ana and Florida. May 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate votes an appropriation to pay the Hali- fax Award. (See Nov. 23, 1877.) It is to be paid " if the Government of her Britannic Majesty, after a full re- view of all the facts and circumstances of the case, shall conclude and declare the award to be lawfully and honorably due." May 31. D. C. Congress forbids the retirement of legal-tender notes. June 7. D. C. Congress repeals the Bankruptcy Law of March 2, 1S67, to take effect Sept. 1. June 11. Wash. A Constitutional Con- vention assembles at Walla "Walla. June 18. B.C. Congress restricts the use of the army as a posse comitatus in the execution of laws, except in such cases as are expressly provided for by the Constitution. It provides for additional stations of the life-saving service. June 19. D. C. Congress relieves Gen. E. Kirby Smith of Tenn. from politi- cal disabilities. June 20. D. C. The 45th Congress : the second session closes. June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1878. Revenue: Customs, $130,170,680; inter- nal revenue, $110,581,625 ; sales of public lands, $1,079,743 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, $317,102; miscellane- ous items, $15,614,728. Total revenue, $257,763,879; excess of revenue over ex- penditures, $20,799,552. Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, $53,177,704 ; War Department, $32,154,148; Navy Depart- ment, $17,365,301 ; Indians, $4,629,280 ; pensions, $27,137,019 ; interest on the public debt, $102,500,825. Total ordinary expenditures, $^;i;.:k'4,;>27. Public debt, $2,256,205,.SD2. Exports, $694,805,766; im- ports, $437,051,532. Aug. * Cat. Dennis Kearney starts a political agitation against the resump- tion of specie payments, and against national bondholders, on the sand lots of San Francisco. Sept. 28. Cat. A convention meets to revise the Constitution. £>. C. Secretary of State Evarts com- municates to the British Government his arguments against tlie Halifax Awards. He shows by fishery statistics that, for five years, under the treaty, the profits to fishermen have been only $25,000 a year. The first Chinese embassy to the United States presents its credentials. Oct. 7. D. C. The President by procla- mation orders disorderly persons in New Mexico to desist from violence. Nov. 5. Conn. The election fails to make a choice of State officers, and it falls to the Legislature for settlement. Nov. * Wash. The people ratify the Constitution. Nov. * Kan. John P. St. John is elected governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1877 * * Chicago. The Exposition building is opened. * * U. S. Loss by fire in 1877, $68,265,800 ; iniurance loss, $37,398,000. * * La. By means of jetties, Capt. James B. Eads secures a 20-ft. channel at the mouth of the Mississippi Kiver, which maintains its depth by the force of the current. 1878 Jan. 1. Colo. The gold and silver production up to date is 80 tons of pure gold, and 770 tons of silver, besides a large quantity of copper and lead. Jan. 15. Conn. A train of cars falls through a bridge at Tariffville, killing 16 persons. Jan. 31. N. C. The Steamer Metropolis^ bound from Philadelphia to Brazil, goes ashore off the coast in a gale ; about 100 lives lost. Mar. * S. C. The Legislature passes a joint resolution to settle certain debts at the rate of 50 per cent. It includes all the unfunded debts and liabilities of the State, including the hills of the Bank of the State, and so much of the debt of the State as is known as the Little Bonanza. Apr. 29. U. S. The enactment of Con- gress to prevent the introduction of con- tagious diseases becomes operative. Apr. 30. New York. A trial trip is made of the Gilbert [Metropolitan — Ninth Avenue] Elevated Railroad. [June 5. It is opened to the public, from Rector Street to Central Park.] May 2. Minn. The "Washburn Flour Mills explode ; fire follows, which spreads to other mills, resulting in 17 deaths and the loss of $1,500,000 in prop- erty. May 23. La. The first case of yellow fever is reported. [About 4,500 deaths follow.] June 30. U. S. Immigrants for the year, 138,469. July 12. La. Yellow fever appears as an epidemic. Sept. * - Oct. * Yellow fever rages in the Southern States ; 20,000 cases and 7,000 deaths are reported. Some of the in- terior towns in Louisiana are depopu- lated. Oct. 8. Mass. An excursion train on the Old Colony Road is wrecked at Quincy by a misplaced switch, killing 21 persons and injuring 150. Nov. * N. Y. Gas stocks fall 12 to 20 per cent on the announcement of Edi- son's discovery, subdividing the electric current for household use. Nov. 25. The Pomerania, a Hamburg- American mail steamer, is sunk about midnight off Folkestone by an iron bark of Carnarvon; 162 persons are saved, and 48 missing. 300 1878, Nov. *-1879, June 30. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1879 Mar. 4. "William K. Shatter is commissioned colonel — 1st infantry. July * The Sioux Indians under Sitting Bull, being defeated in a raid, retire to Canada, where they remain. Mar. 19. D. C. The board appointed to rehear the Fitz-John Porter case reports, exonerating his conduct. [He is restored to the army.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1878 * * Mich. J. C. Watson of Ann Arbor observes two intra- Mercurial planets. * * Me. The State presents a statue of "William King, its first governor, to the Federal Government, to be placed in Statuary Hall at "Washington. "*■ * New York. The Symphony Society is organized. The College of Music is incorporated. The Society of Ameri- can Art is organized for the advance- ment of the Fine Arts. Horace "Walcott Bobbins and R. Swain Giff ord are elected members of the National Academy of * * N. Y. The Vassar College Obser- vatory is erected at Poughkeepsie. * * O. The Cincinnati College of Music is incorporated. The Bach Society is organized at Cleveland. * * PJdla. The first telephone exchange is opened for business. * * Wis. The "Washburn Observatory is erected at Madison. * * Platte River is painted by Worthing- ton "Whittredge. * * New England Village School is painted by A. F. Bellows. -* * Capri is painted by G. L. Brown. * * Landscape is painted by Geo. Inness. * * Midsummer Day is painted by J. M. Hart. ■* * Bay of New York is painted "by S. R. Gifford. -* * View on the Scliemung River is painted by J. W. Casilear. 1879 Mar. 21. N. Y. The. asteroid Proene is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. [Philomela, on May 17.] May 29. Chicago. The Academy of Fine Arts (Art Institute) is incorpo- rated. May 30. Mo., Kan., Neb. An extensive tornado causes 40 deaths and destroys much property. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1878. Dec. 15. Alexander, Barton Stone, brev. brig.-gen., U. S. A., A59. Dec. 19. Taylor, Kayard, historian, poet, novelist, traveler, A&3. Dec. 25. Hoff, Henry K., rear-adm. V. S. N., A69. M. C. for Mass., atty.-gen., minister Spain, orator, jurist, scholar, author, A79. Jan. 6. lUi'Mniiael, Morton, of Phila., ed- itor, orator, A72. Jan. 10. Bigelow, Jacob, physician, bota- nist, writer, A92. Jan. 13. Guest, John, com. U. S. N., A58. Jan. 31. Hillard, (leonje Stillnian, lawyer, orator, editor, author, A71. Feb. 2. -Dana, Richard Henry, lawyer, poet, essayist, author, A92. Feb. 21. Halglit, Benjamin J.,1*. E. clergy- man, theologian, A70. Mar. 9. Burritt, Klilm, blacksmith, re- former, UngOlBt, author, eilitor, A69. Mar. 16. Sherman, Thomas WeBt, maj.- Mar. 19. I>e Koven, James, clergyman, educator, A4*. Mar. 25. Malcom, Howard, Bapt. clergy- man, author, Amo. Mar. 30. Wood, (Jeorge Bacon, physician, medical writer, author, A82. Apr. 12. Taylor, Richard, lieut.-gen. Con- federate arm'v, son of Zachary, A53. Apr. 13. llavs, Isaac, physician, editor, scientist, of Phila., A83. Apr. 21. I>ix, .John Adams, lawyer, A80. Apr. 25. Ames, Edward Raymond, M. E. bishop, A73. Apr. 30. Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell, ed- itor, writer, A89. May 15. Garrard, Kenner, capt. U. S. A., A5I. May 17. Packer, Asa, contractor, capital- ist, R. R. president, M. C. for Pa., donor Lehigh University, A73. May 26. Garrison, Win. Lloyd, antisla- very agitator, editor of Liberator, A58. June 26. Anderson, Richard H., capt. U. S. A., lieut.-gen. Confederate army, A58. CHURCH. 1S7S Dec. 12. Ga. The Georgia Associ- ation (Congregational) is organized. * * Ga. The "Woman's Foreign Mis- sionary Society (Methodist Episcopal Church South) is organized at Atlanta. * *The Presbyterian Home Board sends missionaries to the Jemez Indians. * * The Central Illinois Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * The Maine Eldership (Church of God) is organized. * * Minn. A Congregational club is founded at St. Paul. * * N. Y. The Foreign Sunday School Association in Brooklyn incorporated. * * New York. A Chinese School is organized in the Trinity Baptist Church. * * The Southern and Western Baptists withdraw from the consolidated Ameri- can Baptist Missionary Convention. * * O. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Cincinnati ; A. I. Hobbs, president. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Cambridge ; S. G. Irvine, moderator. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held in Cleveland. The Ohio Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * The Woman's American Baptist Home Missionary Society is formed. * * Pa. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) meets at Pittsburg ; F. L. Patton, moderator. * * Tenn. The General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) of Middle Tennessee is organized. 1879 May 25. New York. St. Patrick's Cathedral (Roman Catholic) is dedi- cated by Cardinal McCloskey. (The cor- ner-stone was laid August, 1858.) May 26. N. C. The North Carolina Con- ference (Congregational) is organized. May 30. N. Y. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1878 * * Ala. Selma University (Col. Bapt.) is founded. * * Boston. The Daily Evening Record is issued. * * La. The University of Louisiana (non-sect.) is organized at New Orleans. * * Minn. The Journal is issued at Min- neapolis. * * Mo. The Southwest Baptist Col- lege is founded at Bolivar. * * Neb. Creighton University (Rom. Cath.) at Omaha is organized. * * N. Y. The Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle is organized at the instance of Lewis Miller of Akron, O. * * New York. The Magazine of Art ap- pears. The Christian Herald and Sign* of our Times is issued ; also Texas Sifl- ings. The New-Yorker Volkes-Zeitung founded. * * O. The Cleveland Press is issued. * * O. Ashland CoDege (Ger. Bapt.) is organized. * * Pa. Pittsburg College (Bom. Cath.> is organized. * * Utah. The Brigham Young Col- lege is opened at Logan. * * Wis. The National German-American Teachers' Seminary at Milwaukee is opened. * * The Baptist Review (l ater Baptist Quarterly) is first issued. * * Barriers Burned Away, by E. P. Roe, appears. * * Conscience, Heredity, and Marriage, by Joseph Cook, appears. * * Driftwood, by Celia Thaxter, appears. * * The Europeans, by Henry James, ap- pears ; also Daisy Miller and French Poets and Novelists. * * Falco7iberg, by H..T3..'Boyesen, appears; also Goethe and Schiller. * * Keramos, by Henry W. Longfellow, appears. * * The Poet and Bis Master, by Richard "Walton Gilder, appears. * * Prince Deukalion, by Bayard Taylor, appears. * * Roxy, by Edward Eggleston, appears. * * Sigurd, by E. C. Stedman, appears. * * Story of a Mine, by Bret Harte, ap- pears. * * Thistledown, by William "Winter, ap- pears. * * Under the Lilacs, by Louisa May Al- cott, appears. * * The Visio7i of Echard, and other Poems, by John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. * * Songs of Italy, by Joaquin Miller, ap- pears. * * Elements of Geology, by Joseph Le Conte, appears. * * In the Wilderness, by Charles Dudley "Warner, appears. * * Poganuc People, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, appears. * * Haworth's, by Frances Hodgson Bur- nett, appears. 1S79 May. * New York. The Uni- versity Club is reorganized. UNITED STATES. 1878, Nov. *-1879, June 30. 301 SOCIETY. 1878 * * la. The Legislature repeals the Act to abolish the death penalty, and empowers the hanging of convicted pris- oners or their imprisonment for life. * * Kentucky. The Legislature establishes a State Board of Health. The Ken- tucky House passes a bill to reestablish the -whipping post. Vote, 63-21. It is lost by one vote in the Senate. * * Md. The "Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union meets in National Con- vention at Baltimore ; Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer, president. * * Mich. A State Insane Asylum is opened at Pontiac. * * Mo. A day school for the deaf is established at St. Louis. * * Mass. The twelfth National En- campment of the Grand Army of the Republic is held at Springfield; Gen. J. C. Robinson, commander-in-chief. * * A general assembly of the National Association of the Knights of Labor is organized. Terence V. Powderly is elected general master-workman. * * The American Legion of Honor is founded. The Improved Order of Heptasophs and the Order of Scot- tish Clans is founded. The American Bar Association is organized in New York. 1S79 Jan. 1. Minn. The State inebri- ate asylum at Rochester is opened. Jan. 10. JV. J. Benjamin F. Hunter is hanged at Camden for the murder of J. F. Armstrong, at Camden, on Jan. 23, 1378. Feb. 15. D. C. Women are authorized to practise law before the Supreme Court, by Act of Congress. Feb. 26. Boston. The Associated Charities is organized. Mar. * -Apr. * A great many negroes emigrate from the South to the West. Apr. 10. Vt. John P. Phair is hanged at Windsor for the murder of Ann E. Frieze of Rutland, on June 9, 1874. Apr. 30. Mass. The Legislature passes a law abolishing the several boards, and establishing the Board of Health, Charity, and Lunacy. Apr. * Kan. The first influx of refugee colored people arrives at Wyandotte, from the former slave States on the Mississippi. May 5. Miss. A meeting of the Missis- sippi Valley Labor Convention is held to consider the question of the negro exodus. May* Mass. An Advent fanatic as- sumes to imitate Abraham in offering up Isaac, and sacrifices his sleeping child while the mother looks on. STATE. 1878 Nov.* D.C. The award of $5,- 500,000 by the Fisheries Commission is paid to England by the Government, with a protest against the injustice of the award. (See May 17.) Dec. 2. D. C. The 45th Congress: the third session opens. Dec. * D. C. Congress ; Senate : A bill restricting Chinese immigration is introduced. * * D. C. The "usufruct" cipher de- spatches, relating to the bribery of elec- tors in Florida, South Carolina, and Oregon, are exposed. * * D. C. Congress enacts a law for the encouragement of timber plantations, granting a quarter section of land to any one growing 10 acres of timber on it for 10' years. * * D. C. Congress provides for the per- manent government of the District by three commissioners. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -82 * * Ala. Rufus W. Cobb. -82 * * Ariz. (Ter.). John C. Fremont. -80 * * la. John H. Gear. -80 * * La. Francis T. Nicholls. -82* * N.Mex.(Ter.). Lewis Wallace. -81 * * K. J. George B. McClellan. -80 * * 0. R. M. Bishop. -82 * * Ore. William W. Thayer. -80 * * S. C. William D. Simpson. -82 * * Fa. Fred W. M. Holliuay. -80 * * Vt. Redfield Proctor. -82 * * Wis. William E. Smith. 1879 Jan. 1. U. S. Specie payments are resumed, without excitement or excessive demand for gold, after 17 years of suspension. Jan. 9. Conn. The Legislature elects Charles B. Andrews (Rep.) governor. Jan. 20. I). C. Congress: The House appoints a committee to investigate the "cipher telegrams; " they relate to the purchase of presidential electors at the South in the interest of Samuel J. Tilden. Feb. 3. D. C. The President approves the Act of Congress declaring the incor- poration of the Society of the Jesuit Fathers of New Mexico to be void. Feb. 14. B. C. The Chair of the Senate is first occupied by a colored Senator — Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi. Feb. 15. D. C. Congress authorizes "women to practise before the Supreme Court. Congress : The Senate passes the Wil- lis Bill to restrict Chinese immigra- tion; the object of this bill is to limit the number of passengers that may be brought over by a single vessel. Vote, 39-27. Feb. 22. I). C. Congress: The House passes the Chinese Bill. Vote, 155-72. Feb. 25. Va. A new party is organized, called Readjusters — of the State debt. Mar. 1. D. C. Congress : President Hayes vetoes the Chinese BUI as violat- ing treaty stipulations without notice. The House sustains the veto. Vote, 95- 109. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress makes an ap- propriation of $250,000, the income from which is to be applied for the support of the American Printing House for the Blind at Louisville, Ky. It provides for the organization of a National Board of Health of seven members. Mar. 4. D. C. The 45th Congress ends. The President calls an extra session of the 46th Congress for March 18. Mar. 18. D. C. The 46th Congress opens, in extra session, to provide for the expenses of the Government. Congress; House : Samuel J. Ran- dall (Dem.) of Pa. is reelected Speaker, receiving 143 votes ; James A. Gar- field (Rep.) of O., 125 votes. Mar. 28. Tenn. The Legislature passes a bill for the settlement of the State debt at the rate of 50 cents on the dol- lar. Apr. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: A. G. Thurman (Dem.) of O. is elected President pro tempore. Democrats control both House and Senate — for the first time since 1856. Apr. 21. La. A convention is held at New Orleans and a new Constitution is formed ; the capital is changed from New Orleans to Baton Rouge. Apr. 26. D. C. The President, by proc- lamation, orders the removal of settlers not of the Indian race from Oklahoma, in the Indian Territory. Apr. 29. D. C. President Hayes vetoes the Army Appropriation Bill; also the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropriation Bill. June 23. D. C. A second Army Ap- propriation Bill is approved. June 28. D, C. Congress provides for the appointment of a commission of seven members to improve the mouths of the Mississippi River. June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1879. Revenue: Customs, $137,250,048 ; inter- nal revenue, $113,501,011 ; salesof public lands, $924, 7sl ; premiums on loans and sales of cold coin, $1,505,048; miscella- neous items, $20,585,097. Total revenue, $273,S27,1S4 ; excess of revenue over ex- penditures, $0,879,301. Expenditures: miscellaneous items, $05,741,555 ; War Department, $40,425,001 ; Navv Depart- ment, $15,125,127 : Indians, $5,206,109 ; pensions, $35,121,482; interest on the publiedel't, $105,327,949. Total ordinary expenditures, $200,947,883. Public debt, *2,:;40,232. Exports, $710,439,441 ; im- ports, $445,777,775. MISCELLANEOUS. 1878 Dec. 18. A gold and a paper dollar are of equal value for the first time in 17 years. * * U. S. Loss by fire in 1876, $64,315,900 ; insurance loss, $36,575,900. 1S79 Jan. 1. Mich. The new Capitol is formally dedicated. Feb. 12. N. Y. The new Capitol at Albany is opened. Mar. 1. D. C. The internal revenue tax on tobacco is reduced. Mar. 2. Nev. A fire at Reno burns $1,000,000 worth of property. June 16-21. London. Edward Payson Weston, an American, walks 550 miles in six days at Agricultural Hall. 302 1879, June 30-1880, Apr. 18. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1879 Sept. 29. Colo, Maj'. Thornbury and 17 men are killed in a fight with Indians at Milk Creek, near Rawlins. Nov. 9. Colo. The Apache Indians re- treat before Gen. Merritt, then suddenly turn and attack their pursuers, and kill 1880 Feb. 8. Elwell S. Otis is com- missioned colonel — 20th infantry. ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 1879 July8. New York. JamesGordon Bennett, proprietor of the New York Herald, sends out the Jeannette, under the sanction of Congress, on an Arctic exploring trips; it sails from San Fran- cisco under Capt. G. W. DeLong, U. S.N. [A few survivors reach Siberia and finally the United States.] July 10. N. Y. The asteroid Byblis is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin- ton. [Dynamene, on July 28.] Aug. 16-20. A cyclone wrecks or dis- ables 300 vessels near the North Atlantic coast, and damages inland property ; the wind at Cape Lookout attained a velocity of 138 miles an hour. Sept. 11. N. Y. The asteroid Chryseis is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin- ton. [Pompeia, on Sept. 27.] Oct. 15. N. Y. The asteroid Hersilia is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin- ton. [Dido, on Oct. 22.] Dec. 5. Chicago. The Central Music Hall is opened. Dec. * JV. J. Edison exhibits his incan- descent carbon vacuum lamps at Menlo Park. * * Colo. The first large discovery of sil- ver in Gunnison County is made. * * Mo. The St. Louis Choral Society is organized. "* * N. Y. A monument to Maj. Andre is erected at his grave in Tappan by Cyrus W. Field. * * S. C. A department of agriculture is established. * * Shelford Bidwell announces an im- proved phonograph. * * Lieut. Schwatka, of the U. S. N., leads a Franklin Search Expedition overland, and discovers some human re- mains of Franklin's crew and other relics ; he sets up memorials, and brings home the remains of Lieut. John Irving of the Terror. -80 * * JV. Y. The "Warner Observa- tory is erected at Rochester. * * Pasture Watching is painted by George Inness. * * Lake Nemi is painted by J. F. Cropsey. * * Quack Doctor is painted by T. VT. Wood, * * Homeward is painted by Edward Moran. * * Clouds is painted by Jervis McEntee. * * Catskill Brook is painted by Worth- ington Whittredge. * * Market Boats is painted by William Bradford. * * Back from the Beach is painted by F. S. Church. 1880 Feb. 16-17. N. T. The asteroid Lileea is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. Mar. 30. New York. President Hayes opens the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Spring. Ga. A nugget of gold is found near Nacooche weighing over a pound. Apr. 18. Mo. An extensive tornado strikes Mansfield ; 65 persons are killed, 200 injured, and the town destroyed; loss, $110,000. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1879. July 7. Olin, Abram Baldwin, jurist, M. C. for N. Y., A71. July 11. Allen, William, lawyer, M. C, senator, Gov. of O., A73. July 18. Barry, William Farquar, brig- gen, vols., Atil. Aug. 14. Odenheimer, William Henry, P. E. bishop of N. J., author, A62. Aug. 30. Hood, John Bell, lieut. U. S. A., lieut.-gen. Confederate army, A48. Sept. 8. Hunt, William Morris, painter of Boston, A55. Sept. 19. Drew, Daniel, capitalist, founder Drew Seminary, A91. Oct. 13. Carey, Henry Charles, political economist, A8t>. Oct. 31. Abbott, Jacob, author, Cong, clergyman, A76. Nov. 1. Chandler, Zachariah, senator for Mich., secretary of interior, A66. Nov. 23. Schaeffer, Charles Frederick, Luth. clergyman, theologian, author, A72. Nov. 29. Buddington, William Ives, Cong, clergyman, writer, A64. Dec. 6. Bigelow, Lrastus Brigham, in- ventor of weaving machines, A65. Dec. 19. Fowler, Philemon Halsted, Pres. clergyman, A65. 1880. Jan. 10. Leslie, Frank, (Henry Carter), publisher, A59. Jan. 24. Brewer, Thomas Mayo, ornitholo- gist, author, A66. Jan. 30. Haven, Gilbert, editor, author, M. E. bishop, A59. Feb. 5. Borie, Adolph E., sec. navy, A71. Feb. 17. Lenox, James, founder of Lenox Library, N. Y. City, A80. Apr. 2. Punchard, George, Cong, clergy- man, editor, A74. CHURCH. 1879 July 22. Peter Fayssoux, James Allen Latane, and Alfred Spencer Rich- ardson are consecrated (Reformed Epis- copal) bishops. Aug. 10. Conn. Lawrence S. McMahon is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Hartford. Aug. 19. Hubert Bower is consecrated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop. Sept. 7. Mich. Samuel Smith Harris is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Michigan. Sept. 14. John Vertin is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Marquette. Oct. 28. Alas. iEgidius Junger is. con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Vancouver Island and Alaska. Dee. 14. Mont. John B. Brondel is con- secrated the first (Roman Catholic) bishop of Helena. * * III. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Bloomington ; "W. H. Hopson, president. * *Me.-N. Y. The Portland and the New York Congregational Clubs are formed. * * N. Y. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) meets at Saratoga ; H. H. Jessup, moderator. * * -V. r. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held at Saratoga. * * O. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Wooster. * * O. The "Women's Home and For- eign Missionary Society (Lutheran Church) is organized at Canton. * * Pa. The "Woman's Foreign Mis- sionary Society (Methodist Protestant) is organized at Pittsburg. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at New Wilming- ton : William Bruce, moderator. * *The (Protestant Episcopal) Church German Society is incorporated. * * The Synod of the Special South (Re- formed Episcopal) is organized. 1880 Jan. 8. N. J. Thomas Alfred Starke; is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) bishop of Northern New Jersey. Feb. 1. Dak. Martin Marty is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Sioux Falls. Feb. 5. La. John Nicolas Galleher is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Louisiana. LETTERS. 1879 Oct. 6. Tex. The Prairie View Normal School at Hempstead is opened. Nov. 17. Mich. The Michigan CoUege of Medicine is opened. * * Cal. The Free Public Library is founded at San Francisco. [45,004 vols.] * * Chicago. The Graphic is issued. * * Conn. The News is issued at New Haven. * * Ga. The Southern Medical CoHege at Atlanta is opened. * * Ky. The Polytechnic Society Li- brary is founded at Louisville. [39,379 vols.] * * Mass. Radeliffe CoHege, annex to Harvard, is founded for the education of women. * * Miss. Jackson CoHege (Col. Bapt.) is founded. * * Mo. St. Louis CoHege of Physicians and Surgeons is opened. A manual training school is established at St. Louis. Stewartsville College (non-sect.) is organized at Stewartsville. * * N. J. The State Normal School is opened at Newark, * * New York. John Jacob Astor adds $250,000 in improvements to the Astor Library. Town Topics, The Art Amateur, Brad- street's. Harper's Young People, and TV Progreso Italo- Americano and The New- Yorker Herold are issued. * * N. Y. The Telegram is issued at Elmira. * * Ore. Ashland CoHege and Normal School (Meth. Epis.1 is founded. * * Pa. The Pittsburg Daily Times is issued. UNITED STATES. 1879, June 30-1880, Apr. 18. 303 * * Phila. The News is issued. * * Tex. The Sam Houston Normal School at Hunts ville is opened. * * Wis. A compulsory education hill is passed by the Legislature. * * Archibald Malmaison, by Julian Haw- thorne, appears. * * Boys' Froissart, by Sidney Lanier, ap- pears. * * Ethics, by John Bascom, appears. * * Figs and Thistles, and A Fool's Er- rand, by Albion Winegar Tourg^e, ap- pear. * * An International Episode, by Henry James, appears ; also Hawthorne (Eng- lish Men of Letters Series). * * Labor, by Joseph Cook, appears. * * An Old Maid's Paradise, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, appears. * * Short Studies of American Authors, by Thomas W. Higginson, appears. * * Lyrics and Idylls, by Edmund Clar- ence Stedman, appears. * * Visions of the Future, by Octavius B. Frothingham, appears. * * Old Creole Days, by George W. Cable, appears. * * Money, Trade, and Industry, by Fran- cis A. Walker, appears. * * Locusts and Wild Honey, by John Burroughs, appears. * * Progress and Poverty, by Henry George, appears. * * Along the Way, by Mary Mapes Dodge, appears. * * My Desire, by Susan Warner, appears. * * Rudder Grange, by Frank R. Stockton, appears. * * Detmotd, by W. H. Bishop, appears. * f Old Friends and New, by Constance Fenimore Woolson, appears. SOCIETY. 1879 July 2. O. The comer-stone of the "Widow's and Old Men's Home is laid at Cincinnati. July * Ky. Col. Thomas Buford is ac- quitted of the murder of Judge Elliott at Frankfort, on the ground of insanity. Aug.* Cal. Political disorder abounds; Editor De Young shoots and dangerously wounds Mayor Kallock of San Francisco. Sept. 20. Cal. Gen. Grant is received at San .Francisco, on his return from his tour around the world, with a grand procession and public ceremonies. Sept. 29. Colo. Indians massacre N. C. Meeker, the Indian agent, and 12 others, at the White River agency. Nov. 18. O. The Associated Charities is organized at Cincinnati. Dec. 12. Ind. The Charity Organiza- tion Society of Indianapolis is organ- ized. Dec. 17-24. New York. A banquet is given in honor of Gen. Grant on his return from his tour around the world. ■* * Ala. An Act is passed granting a pen- sion of $75 to citizens who lost either a leg or an arm in the Confederate army. * * Conn. H. H. Hayden is acquitted of the murder of Mary Stannard at New Haven. * * Ind. The School for Feeble-minded Youth is opened at Richmond. * * Ind. The "Women's Christian Tem- perance Union meets in national con- vention at Indianapolis; Frances Willard, president. * * Kan. The Constitutional Prohibitory Amendment Bill passes the Legisla- ture. * * Minn. The State school for the feeble-minded is opened at Faribault. * * Mich. The Prohibitory Bill is voted down. Vote 50-37. * * Miss. Mrs. Dorsey of Beauvoir be- queaths her estate to Jefferson Davis, to which he retires, and here devotes himself to literary pursuits. * * N. C. The colored people organize a State Industrial Association. * * N. Y. The Oneida community is dissolved, owing to opposition led by Prof. Mears of Hamilton College. * * N. Y. The 13th National Encamp- ment of the Grand Army of the Republic is held at Albany ; William Earnshaw, commander-in-chief. * * O. Rev. William H. Delano's church in Garretsville is blown up with gun- powder by anti-temperance men. * * The Knights of Labor increase and nourish. * * The Equitable Aid Union is organ- ized. * * The Gaelic Society is organized. * * The Order of Chosen Friends is founded. * * The Home Circle Association is founded. * * The United Order of Pilgrim Fathers is founded. 1880 Feb. 11. Mich. An Association of Charities is organized at Detroit. Mar. 15. Cal. Dennis Kearney, a "sand-lot" orator and leader, is sen- tenced to six months imprisonment and a fine of $1,000 for inciting a riot. [Sen- tence reversed, May 27.] Mar. 26. Wis. The State insane asylum at Milwaukee opens. STATE. 1879 July 1. D. C. The 46th Con- gress : the first session closes. July 4=. Cal. The new Constitution takes effect. July* John "Walsh, minister to Eng- land, resigns. Aug. 19 ±. U. C. James Russell Lowell is appointed minister to England. Aug. 27. Tenn. The people reject the scaling down of the State debt. Vote, 30,920 — 19,669. Oct. *-!N"ov. * U. S. Election returns are favorable to Republicans. Dec. 1. D. C. The 46th Congress: the second session opens. Dec. 8. La. The new Constitution and the debt ordinance are ratified by the people at the State election. Dec. 10. D. C. George W. McCrary, Secretary of War, resigns ; he is suc- ceeded by Alexander Ramsey of Minn. * * The Government reduces the annual interest charge from $81,639,684 to $61,- 738,838, by issuing low-rate bonds, and taking up those bearing a higher rate of interest ; $500,000,000 at 5 per cent, $185,- 000,000 at Uper cent, and $710,345,950 at 4 per cent. * * New York. Edward Cooper ia elected the 81st mayor. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -83 * * Cal. George C. Perkins. -81 * * Colo. F. W. Pitkin. -81 * * Conn. Charles B. Andrews. -83 * * Del. John W. Hall. -83 * * Kan. John P. St. John. -83 * * Ky. Luke P. Blackburn. -80 * * Mass. Thomas Talbot. -80 * * Me. Alonzo Garcelon. -83 * * Neb. Albinus Nance. -85 * * N. C. Thomas J. Jarvis. -83 * * Nev. John H. Kinkead. -81 * * N. II. Nathaniel Head. -83 * * Pa. Henry M. Hoyt. -81 * * Tenn. Albert S. Marks. -83 * * Tex. Oran M. Roberts. 1880. Jan. * Me. Republicans claim a majority of members, and organize the Legislature. Jan. 16. Me. The Supreme Court recog- nizes the Republican Legislature and Daniel F. Davis (Rep.) assumes the office of governor. Feb. 12. D. C. The President issues a second proclamation against settlers entering Oklahoma. Apr. 7. D. C. Congress : Senate : Allen G. Thurman of 0. is elected President pro tempore. [Again May 6.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1870 June 30. Nev. The completion of the Sutro Tunnel, four miles long, is celebrated in the Carson Valley. Immigrants for the year, 177,826. Sept. * Tenn. The yeUow fever rages at Memphis. Autumn. The grain crops are reported to be the largest for many years. Nov. 15. Mass. The French cable is landed at North Eastham, Cape Cod. * * Miss. The Mississippi Valley Cotton Planters* Association is organized. * * 0. The South Side Park at Cleve- land is purchased. * * II. S. Loss by fire in 1879, $77,703,700 ; insurance loss, $44,464,700. 1880 Jan. 13. Ga. The State sells at auction the Macon and Brunswick railroad for $1,125,000. Jan. 14. La. The Legislature passes an Act establishing a Bureau of Agricul- ture and Immigration. Mar. 1. New York. The Second Avenue Elevated Railroad is opened to Sixty- Seventh Street. 304 1880, Apr. 23-** AMERICA : ARMY - NAVY. 1880 Spring. U, S. The Apache In- dians are driven by the troops into Mexico ; Victoria, their leader, is killed and most of the band captured, Nov. * U. S. About 1,500 of Sitting Bull's Indians return from British America and surrender. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1880 May 20. Tenn. A statue of Gen. Jackson is unveiled on the Capitol grounds at Nashville. May 28. Tex. A storm in Fannin County destroys much property and 40 lives ; 83 persons are injured. * * Cai. The erection of the Lick Ob- servatory is begun on Mount Hamilton, 4,250 feet above the sea level. [1888. Completed.] June 12. Egypt. The Egyptian obe- lisk is shipped in a special vessel from Alexandria for New York. [July 22 it arrives.! Nov. 8. New York. Sarah Bernhardt, the French actress, makes her first ap- pearance in this country at Booth's Theater. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1880. Apr. 30. Janney, Samuel M., Quaker au- thor, A79. May l. ECeintzelman, Samuel P.,maj.-gen. U. S. A., A75. May 14. Church, Sanford E., jurist, poli- tician, of N. Y., AG5. May SO. Foote, Henry S., senator for Miss., Gov., A80. May 27. O'Callaghan, Edmund B., histo- rian, A83. May 30. Anderson, Rufus, Cong- clergy- man, 34 yearssec. Am. Board, author, A84. June 13. Bayard, James A., lawyer, sena- tor for Del., A81. July 4. Ripley. George, Unit, clergyman, transcemlrntalist, scholar, critic, au., A78. July 6, Sears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman, educator, A78. Curtis, William E., jurist, N. Y., A54. July 23. Hering, Constantin, (Jerinan-Am- erican phv.sician. author, A80. Aug-. 6. Butler, William 0., M. C. for Ky., brev. maj. U. S. A., A89. Aug-. 9. Bigler, William, senator for Pa., Gov., editor, A66. Aug 16. Johnson, Herschel V., lawyer, senator for Ga., Gov., Dem. candidate for vice-presidency, A68. Aug. 24. Mvers, Albert J., chief signal officer and brig.-gen. U. S. A., A53. Aug-. 28. Jackson, Charles T., physicist, author, A75. Aug;. 29. Gifford, Sanford It., landscape painter, A57. Herbert, Paul ()., Gov. of La., A62. Aug. 31. Adams, William, Fres. clergy- man, writer, A73. Sept. 10. Haldeman, Samuel S., natural- ist, philologist, author, Ati8. Sept. 11. Roberts, Marshall O., merchant, philanthropist, of N. Y., A66. Sept. 19. Foster, Lafayette S., senator for Conn., A74. Sept. 20. MeK;*v. Dnnahl, shipbuilder, A70. Oct. 2. Hallock, William A., ed., au., A66. Oct. 6. Peirce, Benjamin, mathematician, prof, at Harvard, IT. S. Coast Survey, A71. Oct. 13. Spmgue, 1'cU'g, politician, jurist, of Me., A87. Oct. 20. Child, Lydia M.. author, editor, philanthropist, A78. Oct. 27. Doggett, David S., bishop M. E. Church South, A70. Oct. 28. Seguin, Edward, physician, fdr. of training srin.nl for idiots, A68. Nov. 4. Lewis, Estella A., poet, dramatist, author, A56. Nov. 11. Mott, Lucretia C, social re- former, Quaker preacher, A87. Nov. 23. Watson, James C, astronomer, author, A42. Nov. 27. Crittenden, George B., lawy Confederate maj-gen., A68. Nov. 30. Mackenzie, Robert S., journalist, author, A71. Dec. 6. Ketchum, Wintbrop W., Jurist, M. ('. for Pa.. AW). Dec. 21. Akennaii, Amos T-, attorney-gen eral, A38. Dec. 27. Chapin. Edwin H, Univ. clergy- man, orator, author, A'iB. Dec. 31. Sargent, Epes, journalist, au. thor, Al)8. CHURCH. 1880 Apr. * The centennial of the birth of Channing is Celebrated by Unita- rians. May 1-23. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is held at Cincin- nati. It decides that "He" "His" and " Him " in the Book of Discipline, is not to be construed so as to exclude women from the office of stewards, leaders, and Sunday School superintendents. Henry W. Warren, Cyrus D. Foss, John F. Hurst, and ErastusO. Haven are ordained bishops. June 18. Chicago. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. July 1. Edward Wilson is consecrated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop. Aug. 8. John A. Watterson is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the Diocese of Columbus. Sept. 10. Mo. The Roman Catholic Dio- cese of Kansas City is established. Chicago. Patrick A. Feehan is pro- moted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of Chicago. Mo. John J. Hogan is transferred to the (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Kansas City, and made administrator of the Dio- cese of St. Joseph. Sept. 21-24. N.Y. The National Con- ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga. Sept. 23. The Pan-Presbyterian Con- vention commences in Philadelphia. Oct. 25. The American Church Build- ing Fund Commission (Protestant Episcopal) is established. Nov. 21. N. Mex. George K. Dunlop is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of New Mexico. Nov. * Ala. A convention of Southern Baptists is held at Montgomery; the Baptist Foreign Mission Convention of the United States is organized. Dec. 2. The Kansas Conference (Unita- rian) is organized. Dec. 8. Legh Richmond Brewer is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- ary bishop of Montana. Dee. 15. Wash. John Adams Paddock is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of Washington Terri- tory. LETTERS. 1880 Oct. 6. Miss, The State Agricul- tural and Mechanical College at Spark- ville opens for white students. Nov. 2. N. Y. The Long Island His- torical Society opens its new building at Brooklyn. * * Cat. The University of Southern California is opened at Los Angeles. " * In. The Dexter Normal College is opened at Dexter. * * /. T. The Indian University (Ind. Bapt.) is founded at Bacone. * * Ky. The Kentucky College of Agri- culture and Mechanics is incorpo- rated. * * La. The Southern University at New Orleans is opened ; it is established for the higher education of colored young men. * * La. The States is issued at New Or- leans. * * Miss. The Mississippi Agricultural College (non-sect.) is organized at Jack- son. SOCIETY. 1880 May 18. New York. A Board of Health is authorized. May. 31. li. I. The League of American "Wheelmen is organized at Newport. June 8. 0. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in the 14th National Encampment at Dayton; John Wagner of Pa., commander-in-chief. July 16. N. Y. Chastine Cox, a negro, is hanged for the murder of Mrs. Jane D. Hall, on June 10, 1S79, in New York. Aug. 6. y. Y. Pietro Balbo is hanged for the murder of his wife. Aug. 20. 0. Monroe Robertson, the murderer of nine men, is hanged at Greenville. Sept. 29. Mich. The State opens a school for the blind at Lansing. Oct. 5. Tenn. New Rugby is inaugn- rated by a colony of British farmers. following the suggestion of Thomas Hughes. Dec* Phila. The Committee of One Hundred is organized for the improve- ment and purification of the city govern- STATE. 18S0 May 4. D. C. President Hayes a second time vetoes the Appropriation Bill. May 6. Mb. Republicans who oppose a third term in the presidency hold a Convention at St. Louis; John B. Henderson, president. The precedent set by Washington is ignored by the "Stalwarts"; this strong faction, led by Roscoe Conkling of N. Y., claims that an intervening presidency makes the precedent inap- plicable. May 25. i?. /. The people having failed to choose a governor, the Legislature elects Alfred H. Littlefield (Rep.). May * D. C. P. M.-Geu. David McKay Key resigns. June 2. D. C. Horace Maynard of Tenn. is appointed postmaster-general. June 2-7. Hi. The Republican Na- tional Convention is held ; George F. Hoar of Mass., president. The friends of Blaine and of Grant conduct a spirited canvass. First ballot : James A. Garfield of 0., ; U. S. Grant, 304 ; James G. Blaine of Me., 2S4 ; John Sherm;iu of O., 93 ; E. B. UNITED STATES. 1880, Apr. 21-* 305 Wiishburne. of 111., 31 ; William Wlndom of Minn., 10. Tlie Blaine and Sherman men unite on the 3Gth ballot. Garfield., 399 ; Grant, 30G ; Blaine, 42 ; E. B. Wask- , burne of 111., 5 ; Sherman, 3. Chester A. Arthur of N. V. is nominated for vice- president. Vote, Arthur, 408 ; Wash- burne, 193. June 7. D. C. Congress appropriates §100,000 for the erection of a memorial of Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown. June 9-11. Chicago. The Greenback National Convention is held ; Richard Trevellick of Mich., president. James B. Weaver of la. is unanimously nomi- nated for president, and B. S. Chambers of Tex. for vice-president. Vote, Cham- bers, 403 ; A. M. West of Miss., 311. June 16. D. C. The 46th Congress ; the second session closes. June 17. O. The Prohibition National Convention meets at Cleveland, and nominates Weal Dow of Me. and H. A. Thompson of O. as presidential candi- dates. June 18. New 1'ork. Samuel J. Tilden ■writes a letter declining to be a candi- date for the presidency. June 22-24. O. The Democratic Na- tional Convention is in session at Cleveland ; John W. Stevenson of Ky., president. Wlnfield Scott Hancock of Pa. and "William H. English of Ind. are nominated as presidential candi- dates. First ballot : Winfleld S. Hancock, 171; Thomas F. Bayard of Del., 153i ; Henry B. Payne of O., 81; Allen G. Thurman of O., US'. ; Stephen J. Field of Cal., 65; William II. Morrison of 111., 62 ; Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind., 49i ; Samuel J. Tilden of N. Y., 38; Samuel J. Randall of Pa., 0. Second ballot: Hancock, 320 ; Randall, 12SA ; Bayard, 113. William H. English is unanimously nominated for Vice-President. June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs. 8180,522,1105; internal revenue, $124,009,374; direct tax, §31; sales of public lands, $1,016,- 507 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold coin, $110; miscellaneous items,. $21. 978.- 525. Total revenue, $333.526,611 ; excess of revenue over expenditures, 865,883,053. Expenditures: Premium on loans, pur- chase of bonds, etc., $2,795,320; miscel- laneous items, $54,713,530 ; War Depart- ment, $38,116,916 ; Navy Department, $13,536,985 ; Indians, $5,945,457 ; pen- sions, $56,777,174 ; interest on the public debt, $95,757,575. Total ordinary expen- ditures, $267,642,958. Public debt', 82,128,- 791,054. Exports, 8835,038.658 ; imports, S667,954,746. Sept. 1. S.C. Gov. Simpson resigns, and is succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. T. B. Jeter. Oct. 20. U.S. The "Morey letter," a lithographed forgery in imitation of Garfield's handwriting and signature, ap- proving Chinese immigration, is widely distributed for the purpose of impairing his vote. Nov. 2. U.S. 24th Presidential Elec- tion ; Republicans elected. Popular vote : James A. Garfield (Rep.) of O., 4,454,41G; "Winfield S. Hancock (Dem.) of Pa., 4,444,952; James B. Weaver (Greenback) of la., 308,578; Neal Dow (Prohib.) of Me., 10,305; John W. Phelps (American) of Vt., 707. Popular "Vote for President. Candid VTES. States. Garfield Hancock Weaver Dow Ala. . . 51,,221 91,185 4,642 Ark.. . 42,436 60,775 4,079 Cal. . . 811,348 80,426 3,392 27,450 24,647 1,435 Conn. . 67,071 64,415 868 409 Del. . . 14,133 15,275 120 Fla. . . 23,654 27,964 Ua. . . 54,086 102,470 " 969 111. . . 318,037 277,321 26,358 443 Ind. . . 232,164 225,522 12,1186 la. . . 183,1127 105,845 32,701 '592 Kan. . 121,549 59,801 111.851 25 Ky. . . 106,306 1411,068 11,499 258 La. . . 38,637 65,067 439 Me. . . 74,0311 65,171 4,408 93 Mel. . . 78,515 93,706 818 Mass. . 165,205 111,960 4,548 682 185,341 131,597 34,8115 942 Minn. . 93,003 53,315 . 3,267 286 Miss. . 34,854 75,750 5,797 Mo. . . 153,567 208,600 35,135 Neb.. . 54,979 28,523 3,950 Nev. . 8,732 9,613 N. H. . 44,852 40,794 ' 528 'l80 N. J. . 120,555 122,5li"i 2,617 191 N. Y. . 555,544 534,511 12,:l7:i 1,517 H. C. . 115,874 124.208 1,126 0. . . 375,048 340,821 6,456 2,616 Ore. . . 20,619 19,948 249 Penn. . 444,704 407,428 211.61,8 1,939 E. I. . . 18,195 10,779 236 20 S.C. . 58,071 112,312 566 Tenn. . 107,677 128,191 5,917 43 Tex. . . 57,893 156,428 27,405 Vt. . . 45,567 18,316 1,215 Va. . . 84,020 128,586 w. Va. . 46,243 57,391 9,079 Wis. . . 144,400 114,649 7,986 69 Total . 4,454,416 4,444,952 308,578 10.305 Perct. . 48.31 48.20 3.34 0.11 Plur. . 9,464 Ami. The people vote to approve the prohibitory amendment to the Constitution. Vote, 92,302-84,304. Nov. 9. D. C. A treaty with China is concluded. Dec. 6. D. C. The 46th Congress: the third session opens : House : Samuel J. Randall of Pa. is reelected Speaker. Dec. 15. D. C. Richard W. Thompson of Ind., Secretary of the Navy, resigns. * * Cal. The Legislature passes the De- bris Relief Bill, providing for a special tax on miners to relieve agriculturists who suffer loss by the dl'brls washed into the valley in hydraulic ruining. * * D.C. "William B. "Woods of Ga. is appointed Justice in the Supreme Court of the United States. * * Ore. The Constitution is amended to authorize female suffrage. * * Civil Service Reform Associations are formed in several cities, chiefly in the Eastern States. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : * la. Buren R. Sherman. * La. Louis A. Wiltz. * Mass. John D. Long. * Me. Daniel F. Davis. * JSf. Y. Alonzo B. Cornell. * O. Charles Foster. * R. I. Alfred H. Littlefield. * S. C. Johnson Hagood. * Utah (Ter.). Eli H. Murray. * Vt. Roswell Farnham. * Wash. (Ter.). Wm. A. Newell. -86* -83* -82* -81* -83* -84 < -83* -84* MISCELLANEOUS. 1880 Apr. 23. W.Afri Capt. Made The steamer founders off Cape Palmas ; nearly all the passengers and crew escape in boats. May 2. Neiv York. The Ninth Avenue Elevated Railroad is reopened after be- ing entirely rebuilt. May 17-24. Tenn. The centennial of the settlement of Nashville is cele- brated. May 30. Chicago. The Government buildings, including the post-office and custom-house, are completed. June 11. N. Y. The steamer Narragan- sett collides with a vessel near Cornfield Point Shoal, Long Island Sound ; 27 lives are lost. June 28. JST. Y. The Seawanhaka is burned off Ward's Island ; 24 lives are lost. June * The 10th census is taken. States, 38: whites, 43,402,970; colored, 6,580,793; (slaves, 0); total population, 50,155,783 ; increase, 30.08 per cent. Cen- ter of population, eight miles west by south of Cincinnati ; westward move- ment in ten years, 58 miles. July 4. Minn. The second centennial of the discovery of the Falls of St. An- thony is celebrated at Minneapolis. July 7. New York. Dr. Henry S. Tan- ner successfully closes his fast of 40 days. He drank water occasionally, but partook of no food ; his loss of weight was 36 pounds. The Harvard freshmen defeat those of Columbia in a boat-race ; time H.32. July 21. N.J. "Water bursts into the Hudson River Tunnel while the ex- cavators are at work, and drowns 20 workmen. July 22. Mich. The steam-yacht Mamie collides with the steamer Garland on the Detroit River ; 16 lives are lost. Aug. 29. Fla. The steamer City of Vera Cruz founders in a hurricane off the coast of Florida, 30 miles from shore ; only 11 out of 82 persons are saved. Sept. 17. Boston. The 250th anniver- sary of the settlement of Boston is cel- ebrated. Sept. 28. Ind. The corner-stone of the new State House at Indianapolis is laid with ceremonies. Oct. 10-15. Md. The 150th anniversary of the founding of Baltimore is cele- brated by its citizens. Oct. 15 + Mich. The steamer Alpena from Grand Haven for Chicago is lost ; about 70 lives are lost. , Nov. 15. Minn. The asylum for the in- sane at St. Peter takes fire, and 30 lives are lost. Dec. 31. V. S. Statistics for 1880. Production: Gold, $36,000,000 ; silver, $38,450,000. Bushels of grain: Indian corn, 1,754,861.535; wheat, 459,479,503; oats, 407,858,900 ; barlev, 44,113.495; rye, 19,831,595; buckwheat, lt,,sl7,327. Bales of cotton, 5,797,397. Pounds of wool, 232,500,000. Barrels of petroleum, 26,- 2S6.123. Currency in circulation, Juno 30, §973,382,228; per capita. §19.41. Im- migrants (fiscal year), 457,257. Miles of railroads worked, S2.140 ; capital stock, !?2,70,s,K7;;,:;7, r > ; total accidents. 1.07S ; lives lost, 315; injured, 1,172. Fire waste, $74,643,400 ; insurance, $42,525,000. 306 1880, * *-1881, July 2. AMERICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1881 Jan. 24. D. C. Charles H. Tomp- kins is commissioned colonel — quarter- master's department. Feb. 18. D. C. David G. Swaim is com- missioned brigadier-general ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1880 * * Boston. The Boston Sym- phony Society is established. * * Chicago. The audiphone is invented by R. G. Rhodes. * * New York. A bronze bust of the poet Thomas Moore, and a bronze statue of Robert Burns, are unveiled in Central Park. George 11. Yewell and Benjamin C. Porter of New York and Louis C. Tiffany of Chicago are elected mem- bers of the National Academy of De- sign. The Madison Square Theater is opened with the performance of Hazel Kirke. * * Ruins of the Parthenon is painted by S. R. Gifford. * * On the Plains is painted by Worthing- ton Whittredge. * * MuskraVs Nest is painted by F. S. Church. * * Touchstone and Audrey is painted by P. F. Rothermel. * * Old Church at Arreton is painted by J. F. Cropsey. * * The statue of Farragut is executed hy A. St. Gandens. * * In a Rye Field is painted by A. C. Shaw. * * The Coming Storm is painted by George Inness. * * Farmington River is painted by J. M. Hart. * * Edge of a Wood is painted by Jervis McEntee. * * Bachelor's Breakfast is painted by G. W. Maynard. * * Strictly Confidential is painted by T. W. Wood. * * Cupid is painted by William Page. * * The Trappist is painted by Frank B. Mayer. 1881 Jan. 22. New York. The Egyp- tian obelisk is erected on its pedestal in Central Park. Height, 90 feet; weight of shaft, 443,- 000 pounds ; cost of removal and erec- tion, defrayed by W. H. Vanderbilt, $103,732. Feb. 15. O. The Cincinnati Museum Association is incorporated. Apr. 4. The Chemical Industrial So- ciety is founded. June * Lieut. A. W. Greely and 24 others start on the Lady Franklin Bay Ex- pedition to Northern Greenland. [July 7. They leave Newfoundland on the Proteus.] June 13. The Jeannette of the De Long Polar expedition is crushed in the ice, in 77° 15 N., 155 E. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1881. Jan. 4. Wood, Alphonsn, botanist, au.. A71. Jan. 20. Sotliern, Edward Askew, Kng.- Am. comedian (Dundreary), A55. Feb. 3. JJiman, Jeremiah Lewis, Cong, clergyman, author, prof, of history, A 50. Feb. 13. Wood, Fernando: M. C. for if. Y., A68. Mar. 14. Emerson, George Barrel!, educa- tionist, writer, A84. Mar. 24. HoUiBter, Gideon Hiram, au.,A64. Mar. 26. Lawrence, William Beach, jurist, author, A81. Apr. 26. Palfrey, John Gorham, Unit, cler- gyman, author, professor at Harvard, his- torian, M. C. for Mass., A85. Apr. 28. GrigBby, Hugh Blair, historical scholar, A 75. June 2. Street, Alfred Billings, poet, au- thor, A70. June 5. Sabine, Joseph, Eng. bibliophile in America, A60. CHURCH. 1880 * * Chicago is created a (Roman Catholic) archiepiscopal see, with the bishops of Alton and Peoria suffragans to it. * * Chicago. The Synod of Chicago (Re- formed Episcopal) is organized. * * Ky. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Louisville ; T. P. Haley, president. * * New York. The General Conven- tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. It constitutes itself a Board of Mis- sions. * * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held at Saratoga. * * O. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; E. T. Jeffers, moderator. * * U. S. Church comm uni cants num- ber 10,065,963— about one in five of the population. * * Wis. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) meets at Madison ; William M. Paxton, moderator. * * The Congregational National Coun- cil meets. * * The Foreign Missionary Society of the Mennonites sends its first missionary to the American Indians. * * The Educational Department is added to the American Home Mission- ary Society, * *The Woman's Board of Foreign Missions of the Cumberland Presbyte- rian Church is organized. * * The Presbyterian Home Board opens a school among the Chilcat Indians ; also a school for the Pueblos. 1881 Feb. 2. Me. The first Young People's Society of Christian En- deavor is organized at Portland, by Rev. F. E. Clark of the Williston Con- gregational Church. Apr. 8. Tenn. The Board of Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church South is chartered by the Legislature. Apr.* Chicago. The Channing Club (Unitarian) is organized. May 1. La. Francis Janssens is pro- moted Roman Catholic Archbishop of New Orleans. May 4. Mo. The "Woman's Western Conference (Unitarian) is organized at St. Louis. May 8. Tex. John C. Neraz (Roman Catholic) is consecrated bishop of San Antonio. May 20. D. C. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets at Wash- ington. June.* N. Y. The International Med- ical Missionary Society is established for ministering to the poor. LETTERS. 1880* * Miss. The Shuqualak Female College (Bapt.) is founded. * * Mo. Pierce City College (Bapt.) is founded. * * Mo. The Sporting News is issued at St. Louis ; also the Daily Chronicle. * * New York. The Critic is founded. * * O. The Farmer's Home at Dayton iss. The Cincinnati Daily Post is established. * * Phil a. Golden Days is issued. * * Tenn. Memphis Hospital Medical College of the Southwestern Baptist University is opened at Memphis. * * Bible Dictionary (illustrated), by Philip Schaff, appears. * * Ben Hur, by Lew Wallace, appears. * * The Boys' King Arthur, by Sidney La- nier, appears. * * Bricks without Straw, by Albion W. Tourgi^e, appears. * * The Iron Gate, and Other Poems, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears. * * Jack and Jill, by Louisa May Alcott, appears. * * The Kingdom of God, by Edward Ev- erett Hale, appears. * * Louisiana, by Frances Hodgson Bur- nett, appears. * * Sebastian Strome, by Julian Haw- thorne, appears. * * The Stillwater Tragedy, by T. B. Al- drich, appears. * * Socialism, by Joseph Cook, appears. * * History of the United States under the Constitution) by James Schouler, ap- pears. * * A Tramp Abroad, by Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens), appears. * * An Undiscovered Country, by William Dean Howells, appears. * * Voices of Hope and Gladness, by Ray Palmer, appears. * * The Emotions, by James M'Cosh, ap- pears. * * The Pre-Adamite, by Alexander Win- chell, appears. * * Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe, appears. * * The Grandissimes, by G. W. Cable, appears. * * Rodman the Keeper, by C. F. Woolsen, appears. * * Odd or Even, by Adeline D. T. Whit- ney, appears. * * Every Day English, by Richard Grant White, appears. UNITED STATES. 1880, **-1881, July 2. 307 SOCIETY. 1830 * * Chicago. The National Far- mers' Alliance is founded. * * la. The State Board of Health is organized. * * Kan, A great immigration of colored people brings 40,000 negroes into the State. * * Mass. The antiscreen law respect- ing liquor saloons becomes operative. * * N. C. An asylum for insane colored people is opened by the State at Golds- borough. * * Ore. A Constitutional Amendment authorizing female suffrage is passed and approved. * * Phila. Dr. Buchanan is detected in the extensive and fraudulent sale of diplomas of Doctor of Medicine — for §50 each; he claims to be the dean of the American University (?) of Phila- delphia. * * S. Dak. The State school for deaf mutes at Sioux Falls is opened. * * The Memphis Hospital Medical Col- lege (Southwest Baptist University) opens. ■* * The National Association for the Protection of the Insane and for the Prevention of Ins ani ty is organized. * * Boston. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union meets in National Convention ; Frances Willard, presi- dent. It creates the department of Sci- entific Temperance Instruction in public schools. * * U. S. The census returns show that 5,107,993 white and colored persons, aged 15 years and upward, are unable to write. * * U. S. The American Society of Me- chanical Engineers is organized. * * The Irish National League of America is founded. 1881 Jan. 5. B. C. An International Sanitary Congress meets at "Washing- ton. Jan. 14. 0. The Society for Organiz- ing Charities is formed at Cleveland. * * Me. "Women are partially enfran- chised, being made legal voters for su- pervisors of schools, and also eligible to the offices of supervisor and superin- tendent of school committees. Feb. 3. Pa. George Smith and Mrs. Catharine Miller are haDged at Wil- liamsport for the murder of Mrs. Miller's husband on Mar. 18, 1SS0, near Jersey shore. Feb. 22. President Hayes issues an order prohibiting " the sale of intoxicating liquors at military posts and sta- tions ; " this order is for the government of post-traders, or private vendors. ITeb. * Neb. The enactment of the" Slo- cumb" Law starts the high-license crusade ; fees for saloons are $500 to §1,000. .Apr. 30. Md. The Charity Organiza- tion Society is formed at Baltimore. June IK Ky. Iron workers of Cov- ington and Newport strike for a new scale of prices ; after 21 weeks of idle- ness and the loss of $300,000 in wages, the strike ends in the defeat of the strikers. June 7. B. C. The Society of Associ- ated Charities is organized at "Wash- ington. June 11. W. Va. The Legislature es- tablishes a State Board of Health. June 15. Ind. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 15th Nation- al Encampment at Indianapolis ; George S. Merrill of Mass., commander-in-chief. June * N. Y. The National Temper- ance Convention meets at Saratoga. July 2. B. C. President Garfield is shot in the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station at "Washington by Charles Guiteau. (See State.) [Uni- versal sympathy is expressed for the wounded President ; deep and prolonged suspense prevails.] STATE. 1881 Jan. 6. B.C. Nathan Goff, Jr., of "W. Va., is confirmed as Secretary of the Navy. Feb. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate declares the President of the Senate not authorized by the Constitution to count and determine the presidential vote. [The House concurs.] Feb. 9. .D. C. Congress: The Vice- President in convention of both Houses counts the electoral vote. For President : Garfield, 214 j Han- cock, 155. Vote for Vice-President : Chester A. Arthur (Rep.) of N. T., 214; "William H. English (Dem.) of Ind., 155 ; B. J. Chambers (Greenback) of Tex., ; A. M. Thompson (Prohib.) of O., 0; S. C. Pomeroy (Amer.) of Kan., 0. Mar. 3. B. C. President Hayes vetoes the Funding Act, which proposes the funding of about 700,000,000 of the na- tional debt at 3 per cent. Mar. 4. B. C. The 46th Congress ends. The Senate meets in special session on the call of the President^Feb. 28). f 24th Administration; Republican. James A. Garfield of O., the 20th President, in the 24th term of the presi- dency, is inaugurated. Chester A. Arthur of N. Y. is Vice-President. Cabinet: James G. Blaine of Me. (State), "William Windom of Minn. (Treas.), Samuel J. Kirkwood of la. (Interior), Robert T. Lincoln of 111. (War), William H. Hunt of La. (Navy), Thomas L. James of N. Y. (P. M.-Gen.), Wayne McVeagh of Pa. (Atty.-Gen.). Mar. 28. D. C. A protest against the removal of Gen. Merritt from the col- lectorship of New York, and the ap- pointment of William H. Robertson, without the consent of the senators of N. Y., is presented to President Garfield. It is signed by Thomas L. James, Chester A. Arthur, Roscoe Conkling, and Thomas C. Piatt. [Its influence leads to the as- sassination of the President]. Apr. 20. D. C. The Assistant Post- Master-General, Thomas A. Brady, resigns on the exposure of the " Star Koute " frauds. May 5. I). C. The Senate confirms the Chinese Immigration and Commer- cial treaty, also treaties with Colombia and Japan. May 16. D. C. Senators Conkling and Piatt of N. Y. resign because of a con- troversy with President Garfield respect- ing appointments. (See Mar. 2S.) May 20. B. C. The special session of the Senate closes. June 24. B.C. Secretary Blaine issues a circular letter to ministers at European courts, stating that the United States will regard with disfavor any movement of European powers to jointly guaran- tee the neutrality of the Panama Canal. June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, §198,159,676 ; internal revenue, $135,264,3S6 ; direct tax, $1,517 ; sales of public lands, $2,201,803; miscellaneous items, $25,154,- 851. Total revenue, $360,782,293 ; excess of revenue over expenditures, $100,069,- 405. Expenditures : Premiums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., $1,061,249; mis- cellaneous items, $04,4.10,325 ; War De- partment, $40,400,401 ; Navy Department, $15,680,672 ; Indians, $6,514,161 ; pen- sions, $50,059,280 ; interest on the public debt, $32,508,741. Total ordinary ex- penditures, $260,712,888. Public debt, $2,077,3*9.253. Exports, $902,377,346 ; im- ports, $642,664,628. MISCELLANEOUS. 1880 * * Cat. The poor squatters of San Francisco are ejected from the Sand Lots by the Southern Pacific Railroad, after a conflict, In which several persons are killed. * * Fla. About 1,800,000 acres of land are conveyed to the State under an Act of Congress. * * Kan. The people oppose the Green drive- well patent as Invalid, and form four associations in South Kansas to de- fend users of driven wells in litigation. * * New York. Bordeaux Line of steam- ers is established to run between New York and Bordeaux, France. * * An international postage rate of five cents is adopted. * * The United Pipe-Lines Company be- gins to lay pipes for conveying petro- leum long distances. 1881 Jan. 17. S. C. The centennial of the Battle of Cowpens is celebrated at Spartansburg ; Gen. Daniel Morgan's statue is unveiled. June 1. B. C. The Secretary of "War prohibits the use of tobacco by the cadets at the West Point Military Academy. June 27. Harvard defeats Columbia in the boat-race ; time, 21.45. June 30. Harvard Freshmen defeat Columbia in a boat-race ; time, 9.05$. * * Immigrants received in 1881, 669,431. 308 1881, July 2-* AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1881 Dec. 15. A T . Y. The old frigate Constitution (Old Ironsides) goes out of commission at Brooklyn. (Launched in 179G.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1881 July 16. Minn. A cyclone de- molishes 100 houses at New Ulm ; 30 per- sons are killed or injured. Aug. 12. Greenland. Lieut. Greely's expedition arrives at Discovery Harbor. Aug. * Mass. Prof. Dolbear announces a new system of telephone, with an im- proved receiver. Sept. 6. Mass. A dense fog at Salem makes this the darkest day on record since the "dark day " of May, 1780 ; a dry fog extends from New Hampshire to North Carolina, and largely conceals the sun. Dec. * liussia. Two of the Jeannette's boats, carrying 15 men, arrive at the mouth of the Lena River, Siberia; one boat is missing. [All perish except two, who were sent forward for relief.] Dec. * D. C. At Washington Alexander Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter pro- duce sound by electricity and light. * * New York. Frederick A. Bridgman of France is elected a member of the National Academy of Design. * * N. Y. Henry Draper succeeds in . photographing the nebulse in Orion. * * O. The Case School of Applied Science is opened at Cleveland. * * Green River is painted by Thomas Mo ran. * * Sketching in the Glen is painted by J. F. Cropsey. * * Bird Song is painted by A. F. Bellows. * * Return of the Fleet is painted by Ed- ward Moran. * * Glen Mill Brook is painted by J. A. Brown. Dec. 4. Kilpatrick, .Tudson, maj.-gen. of cavalry, minister, A 45. Dec. 9. Forney, John Weiss, journalist, The Press, clerk of House, see. of Senate, A64. Dec. 17. Morgan, Lewis Henry, ethnolo- gist, archaeologist, author, A63. Hayes, Isaac Israel, Arctic explorer, author, A 49. Dec. 24. llacon, Leonard, Cong, clergy- man, theologian, editor, author, A79. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1881. July 14. Du Bois, William Ewing, numis- matist, writer, A71. Roberts, William Milnor, civil engineer, A71. July 17. Tuttle, Charles Wesley, astron- omer, lawyer, A52. July 24. Quaekenbos, George Payn, edu- cator, author of text-books, A55. Aug. 2. Haven, Erastus Otis, editor, pres- ident of college, M. E. bishop, A(il. Aug-. 3. Fargo, William George, president Am. Express Co., A63. Aug. 24. lliggs, George Washington, hanker, of Washington city, A68. Sept. 8. Lanier, Hugh Sidney, critic, poet, litterateur, author, A39. Sept. 1 3. Burnside, Ambrose Everett, maj.-gen. U. S. A., sen. for 11. I., Gov., A57. Sept. 19. Garfield. James Abram, col- lege pres., maj.-gen. U. S. vols., M. C. for O., senator, •Jiiih pn-sident U. S-, A50. Oct. 2. Harris, Caleb Fiske, book collector, A63. Oct. 3. Durant, Henry Fowle, founder of Wellesley College, A59. Oct. 5. Robinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman, author, editor, A65. Oct. 12. Holland, .losiah Gilbert (Timothy Titcomb), author, editor, A62. Oct. 21. Cox, Samuel Hanson, Pres. cler- gyman, prof, ecclesiastical history, A88. Oct. 30. De Long, George W.,lieut. U. S. N., arctic explorer, A37. Nov. 15. Tappau, Henry Philip, Cong. clergyman, educationist, author, A76. CHURCH. 1881 Aug. 24. Killan C. Flasch is consecrated (Koman Catholic) bishop of the Diocese of La Crosse. Oct. 18. N. J. "Winand M. Wigger is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the Diocese of Newark. Nov. 1. N. J. Michael J. O'Farrell is first consecrated (Koman Catholic) bishop of Trenton. * * Alas. The Presbyterian Home Board opens a school among the Hydahs in Southern Alaska. * * Ind. The Baptist Annua l Meeting is held at Indianapolis. The Anrmal Convention (Disciples of Christ) is held at Indianapolis ; R. Moffett, president. * * la. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport is established. * * The first contingent of the Salvation Army lands in the United States. * * JV J. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton is established. * * N. Y. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo ; Henry Darling, moderator. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Allegheny ; David W. Carson, moderator. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Altoona. * * E. B. Kephart is elected first bishop of the United Brethren. LETTERS. 1881* * Ala. The Normal and Indus- trial School established by the State at Tuskegee is opened. [Also the "Western Normal College is opened at Shenan- doah, la. ; the State Normal School at Plymouth, N. C, and another for col- ored students at Salisbury ; and the Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Insti- tute, at Austin, Tex.] * * Chicago. The Herald is issued. * * La. Southern Academic Institute at New Orleans is opened. * * la. The Drake University (Disci- ples of Christ) is founded at Des Moines. * * III. St. Joseph's Diocesan College (Rom. Cath.) is chartered at Teutopolis. * * I, T. The Levering Manual Labor School (Ind. Bapt.) is founded at We- tumpka. * *Ky. The South Kentucky CoUege (Christian) is organized in Hopkinsville. * * Kan. Bethany CoUege (Luth.) is or- ganized at Linds. * * N. Mex. The University of New Mexico (non-sect.) at Santa F^ is opened. * * Neiu York. The Judge is issued. * Pa. The L. P. Linderman Memorial Library is founded at Bethlehem. [50,000 vols.j * * Phila. The Medico-Chirurgical College opens. * * S. C. The Cooper Limestone Institute (Fern. Bapt.) is founded at Limestone Springs. * * Tex. Bishop CoHege (Col. Bapt.) is founded at Marshall. * * Tex. The State University at Austin is organized. * * The Boys' Mabinogion, by Sidney La- nier, appears. * * The Choice of Books, by C. F. Richard- son, appears. * * Doctor Breen's Practice, by "William Dean Howells, appears. * * Esmeralda, by Frances Hodgson Bur- nett, appears ; also A Fair Barbarian. * * Eve's Daughters, by Marion Harland, appears. * * Ilka on the Bill- Top, by H. H. Boyesen^ appears ; also Queen Titania. * * Josh Billings's Spice-Box, by Henry Wheeler Shaw, appears. * * The King's Missive, and Other Poems, by John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. * * Memoirs of the Jtffersons, by William Winter, appears. * * Rise and Fall of the Confederate Gov- ernment, by Jefferson Davis, appears. * * The School of Life, by William R. Alger, appears. * * Science of Mind, by John Bascom, ap- pears. * * Somebody's Neighbors, by Rose Terry Cooke, appears. * * Without a Home, by E. P. Roe, appears. * * Virginibus Puerisque, and other papers. Memoirs and Portraits, by Robert Louis Stevenson, appears. * * Science of English Verse, by Sidney Lanier, appears. SOCIETY. 1881 Aug.l. N.C. The people reject the Prohibition Bill. Vote, 48, 370-1 66, 325. Sept. 2+. La. About 10,000 cotton han- dlers at New Orleans strike for in- creased wages ; in two weeks the strike ends and fails ; loss in wages, $50,000. Sept. 6. D. C. The wounded President is removed to Elberon, N. J. ; flowers are strewn over the railroad in many places by sympathizing multitudes. Sept. 13. D. C. Sergeant Mason, one of the guards, fires at Guiteau, but misses his mark. [For this act Mason was tried and sentenced to imprisonment.] Sept. 20. U. S. Demonstrations of grief abound from all parties and every class over the death of the President ; the cities are swathed in black drapery. Sept. 20. Eng. Queen Victoria cables as a message of condolence to Mrs. Garfield : " Words cannot express the deep sympathy I feel with you at this terrible moment. May God support you as He alone can," UNITED STATES. 1881, July 2- 309 Sept. 21-28. Eng. The Court is or- dered to go into mourning because of the death of President Garfield. Sept. 23. O. After lying in state at Washington, the body of President Gar- field is buried at Cleveland. Oct. 26. Mo. Anlndustrial Convention for the people of the Mississippi Valley meets at St. Louis. Oct. * Chicago. The Brewers' Con- gress opposes woman's suffrage. " Hesolved, That we oppose always and everywhere the ballot in the hands of woman, for woman's vote is the last hope of the Prohibitionists." Nov. 2. O. The American Association of Professional Baseball Clubs is or- ganized at Cincinnati. Nov. 14. D. C. The trial of Charles Guiteau begins. Dee. 22. Wis. The Charity Organi- zation Society is formed at Milwaukee. Dec. 24-31. S. C. Several thousand colored people leave Edgefield County, being terrorized by violence. Dec. 27. D- C. An order is issued for the exclusion of women from the em- ployment of the Government. * * Colo. The Legislature provides for an Industrial School at Golden City. * * D. C. The "Woman's Christian Temperance Union meets in a national convention at Washington ; Prances Willard, president. * * B.C. The Star Route frauds against the Government are discovered. (See Mar. 1882.) * * Del. The Legislature passes an Act which imposes a fine on any person who marches in a torchlight parade. * * N. C. The Legislature passes a bill prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages; it is subject to the approval of the people. This so- called Prohibitory amendment is voted down by more than 116,000 majority. * * Neto York. The Church Temper- ance Society of the Protestant Episco- pal church is organized. " This Society lays down as the basis on which it rests, and from which its work shall be conducted, union and coopera- tion on perfectly equal terms for the promotion of temperance between those who use temperately and those who ab- stain entirely from intoxicating drinks as beverages." * * N.J. The Charity Organization is formed at Newark for systemizing pub- lic charities. * * 0. A fund of $364,000 is presented to Mrs. Garfield by admirers of the mar- tyred President. * * The Catholic Benevolent Legion is founded ; also the Order of the Golden Chain ; the National Union ; the Order of United Friends ; the So- ciety of the Knights of Pythias. * * A movement for land nationaliza- tion begins. It is warmly advocated by Henry George in his book, Pi-ogress and Pov- erty, which condemns compensation to STATE. 18S1 July 2. B.C. President Garfield is shot and fatally wounded by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, in the Pennsylvania depot at "Washing- ton. (See Society.) July 16. A'. Y. The Legislature eleets "Warner Miller to succeed Senator Piatt. [And Elbridge G. Lapham to succeed Senator Conkling, on July 22,] Aug. 12. Capt. Hooper and Mr. Reynolds of the revenue cutter Conoin take pos- session, in the name of the United States, of Wrangel Land, in the Arctic Sea. Sept. 19. A 7 . J. President Garfield dies at Elberon ; public and private buildings throughout the country are draped in mourning. Sept. 20. New York. Chester Alan Arthur, vice-president, is sworn into the presidency as the 21st President. The 24th Administration is con- tinued by Chester A. Arthur. Oct. 10. D. C. The Senate meets, in special session, at the call of President Arthur. (Sept. 23.) [Closes Oct. 25.] Thomas F. Bayard of Del. is re- elected President pro tempore. [David Davis of 111. is elected Oct. 13.] Oct. 27. D. C. Charles J. Folger of N. T. is appointed Secretary of the Treasury. Nov. 4. D. C. Sir Lionel Sackville "West, the new minister for England, is received by the President. Nov. 14. D. C. "William Windom of Minn., Secretary of the Treasury, re- signs. Nov. * D. C. "Wayne McVeagh of Pa., Attorney-General, resigns. Dec. 5. JD.C. The 47th Congress opens. Dec. 5. D. C. John W. Keifer (Rep.) of O. is elected Speaker. Vote, Keifer, 148; S. J. Randall of Pa., 129. Dec. 12. D. C. Fred. T. Freling- huysen of N. J. is appointed Secretary of State. Dec. 15. D. C. James G. Blaine re- signs the office of Secretary of State. Dec. 19. D. C. Benj. H. Brewster of Pa. is appointed Attorney-General. Dec. 20. D. C. Timothy O. Howe of "Wis. is appointed Postmaster-General. Congress grants the postal franking privilege to the widow of President Garfield. * * D. C Congress passes an act legaliz- ing trade-marks. * * D. C. Stanley Mathews of O. and Horace Gray of Mass. are appointed Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. * * D. C. Secretary "Windom ex- changes about §500,000,000 in bonds bearing 6 per cent and other rates of interest, for 3h per cent bonds. * * Kan. The Supreme Court of the State decides that the prohibitory amend- ment is valid. * * New York. "William R. Grace is elected the 82d mayor. U. S. Governors inaugurated : -83* * Ark. Thomas J. Churchill. -83* *Conn . Hobart B. Bigelow. -85* * Fla. William D. Bloxham. -85* * Ind. Albert G. Porter. -83* * Me. Harris M. Plaisted. -83* * Mich, David H. Jerome. -85* * Mo. Thomas T. Crittenden. -83* *$~.H. Charles H. Bell. -84* *N.J. George C. Ludlow. -83* * Tenri. Alvin Hawkins. -85* *W.V a. Jacob K. Jackson MISCELLANEOUS. 1881 Aug. 24. Eng. Two American sail- ors arrive at Falmouth after crossing the Atlantic in the City of Bath, a boat fourteen feet long. Sept. 6. Wis. An exposition is opened at Milwaukee. Sept. 14. The steamer Asia is wrecked on Lake Huron; about 100 lives are lost. Sept. * Mich. Forest fires devastate over 1,800 square miles in Huron, Sanilac, and Tuscola counties ; 2,900 families are burned out, and 138 lives lost. Oct. 5-Dec. 31. Ga. An International Cotton Exposition, the first in the United States, is held at Atlanta. Oct. 19. Va. The centennial of ' the Battle of Yorktown is celebrated on a grand scale. [Military review, Oct. 20 ; naval review, Oct. 21.] Oct. * Md. Citizens celebrate the opening of the aqueduct supplying Baltimore with water from the Gunpowder River. Nov. 4. Colo. Denver City becomes the permanent capital. Nov. 9. The American sloop Mischief defeats the Canadian sloop Atalanta in a race for the America cup. Nov. 29. Mo. A Missouri River Im- provement Convention meets at St. Joseph. Dec. 3. Phila. Electric street-lights are introduced. Dec. 26. Va. The steamer West Point takes fire on the York River ; 19 lives are lost. Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1881. Production: Gold, $34,700,000; silver, $43,000,000; bales of cotton, 6,589,329; pounds of wool, 240,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 27,661 ,238. Currency in circu- lation (June 30), $1,114,238,419 ; per cap- ita, $21.71. Immigrants received (fiscal year), 669,431. Miles of railroads worked, 92,971; capital stock, $3,117,375,179. Fire waste, $81,280,900; insurance, $44,641,- 900. Railroad accidents, 1,458; persons killed, 414 ; persons injured, 1,597. * * D. C. Congress awards Mrs. Ida Lewis "Wilson, the daughter of the keeper of the Lime Rock lighthouse, a gold medal for heroic services in saving 13 lives at various times. * *Ela. Philadelphia capitalists pur- chase 4,000,000 acres of State land south of the Ocala and east of the Kis- simmee Rivers for $1,000,000. * * III. The streets of Aurora are lighted by electricity — the first city in the world so lighted. 310 1881, * *~1882, Dec. 28. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1882 May 4. D.C. President Arthur remits so much of Fitz-John Porter's sentence by court martial as forever dis- qualifies him from holding office under the Government. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1881 *, * The Cup that Cheers is painted by T. W. Wood. * * Twilight on the Hudson is painted by ■Worthington Whittredge. * * Kaatskill River is painted by Jervis McEntee. * * Cows by the Meadow Brook is painted by A. D. Shattuck. * * Foggy Day is painted by F. S. Church. * * Spring is painted by George Inness. * * View of the Rocky Mountains is painted by J. W. Casilear. 1832 Mar. 18. N. Y. A new comet is discovered at the Dudley Observatory at Albany. Mar. 23. Russia. The bodies of Capt. De Long and others of the Jeannette Polar Expedition are found by G. W. Melville near the mouth of the Lena River. Mar. * A great flood prevails on the Mississippi and its tributaries ; 85,000 persons are made destitute ; Congress votes §150,000 for relief. Apr. 16-17. U. S. An aurora of ex- traordinary magnificence is observed throughout the country ; it lasts from nine in the evening till daylight appears. Apr. * Tornadoes occur in the South ; 150 people lose their lives. May * Ind. Ter. A cyclone kills and wounds 120 people. May 15. Arctic Sea. A part of Lieut. Greely's Expedition, under David L. Brainard, penetrates to latitude 83° '24.V north, longitude -40° 46V west. A higher latitude than ever before reached. June 18. la. A terrific tornado occurs at Grinnell ; GO persons are killed and 150 wounded. Property is damaged to the amount of $600,000. Dec * III. Sugar is manufactured in large quantities from sorghum. May 14. Barnard. Jnim Gross, gen., mili- tary engineer, writer, A67. May 26. Chester, Josei>h Lemuel, genealo- gist in Eng., writer, A61. May 30. Kuhciijatiiin Harvev, lawyer, M. C, sen. for Ga., Confederate sen., A5'J. Oct. 3. PhillipB. Adelaide, Anglo-Ameri- can contralto singer, A49. Nov. 20. Draper, Henry, scientist, educator, celestial photographer, A45. Nov. 22. Weed, I hurlow, journalist, poli- tician, author, A85. Dec. 1. Coan, Titus, Cong, missionary at Hawaii, A81. Dec. 18. James, Henry, au., novelist, ATI. CHURCH. 1881 * * The American Baptist Publica- tion Society organizes a special Bible department, with a secretary, to raise money for the circulation of the Scrip- tures at home and abroad. * * The Reformed Episcopal Synod of New York and Philadelphia, is organ- ized. 1882 Jan. 8. S. C. H. P. Northrop is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Charleston. Jan. 25. Pa. Cortlandt "Whitehead is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Pittsburg. Apr. 30. Tex. N. A. Gallagher is con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Galveston. May 3. Term. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal South) meets at Nashville. May 19. Mich. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids is established. June 9. Chicago. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. Sept. 19-22. K.T. The National Con- ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga. Nov. 9. Neb. The Nebraska Association (Unitarian) is organized at Omaha. Dec. 28. The Utah Association (Congre- gational) is organized. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1882. Jan. 4. Draper, John William, chemist, physiologist, historian (spectrum analysis), A71. Jan. 17. Bullock, Alexander Hamilton, lawyer, Gov. of Mass., writer, A66. Jan. 21. Pond, Enoch, Cong, el., au., A91. Jan. 29. Holley, Alexander Lyman, metal- lurgist, author, A50. Jan. 30. Bellows, Henry Whitney, Unit. cl., au., pres. U. S. Sanitary ('ononis., AGS. Feb. 19. Johnson, Samuel, Unit, clergy- man, author, A60. Mar. 4. Latham, Milton Seott, lawyer, M. C, senator, Gov. of Cal., A55. Mar. 21. Dewey, Orville, Unit, clergyman, writer, A88. Mar. 24. Longfellow. Henry "Wads- worth, poet, author, prof, of belles lettres at Harvard, A75. Apr. 27. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, essay- ist, philosopher, poet, lecturer, au., A79. May 3. Maynard, Horace, M. C. for Tenn., P. M. G., author, A68. May 5. Rodgers, John, rear-adm. IT. S. N., A70. LETTERS. 1882. Aug. 16. Mass. The "Harvard Annex" for the instruction of women, organized in 1S79, is incorporated. Oct. 1. 5. C. The State reopens its mili- tary academy at Charleston. Nov. 16. iris. The Milwaukee Daily Journal is issued. SOCIETY. 1882 Jan. 1. Xe the Friendless Jan. 24. D. and acquitted c W. S. Ketchum. Jan. 25. D. C. the assassin of found guilty of to be hanged. b. The State Home for at Lincoln is opened. Mrs. Wharton is tried )f the murder of Gen. Charles J. Guiteau, President Garfield, is murder, and sentenced Jan. 26. New York. The Charity Or- ganization Society is formed. Feb. 22. Boston. The National La-w- and Order League is organized. Feb. * Many Jews find refuge In Amer- ica from European oppression. Mar. 14- . Mass. About 5,255 weavers and spinners at Lawrence, unsuccess- fully strike against reduced wages, holding out 23 weeks, at a loss of $800,- 000 in wages. Mar. 22. D.C. The penalty for polygamy in the territories of the United States it a fine not exceeding S5,000, and impris- onment not exceeding five years. (See State.) Mar.i* D. C. Some of the Star Route conspirators are brought to triaL Indictments are found against the second assistant Postmaster Thomas J. Brady, Stephen W. Dorsey, John W. Dorsey, John M. Peek, and John K. Miner, who had made fraudulent mail bids. [The jury disagree on the first trial ; there are no convictions on the second trial.] Apr. I- 1 -. Pa. More than 2,000 coal miners in "Western Pennsylvania un- successfully strike against reduced wages, and hold out 20 weeks, at a wage- loss of $500,000. Apr. 17^. -V. Y. About 5,000 cotton- mill hands at Cohoes unsuccessfully strike against reduced wages, and hold out 19 weeks, at a wage-loss of $541,250. May 9-. O. About 5,000 rolling-mill hands at Cleveland unsuccessfully strike for the adoption of the rules of their Association, for 95 days, at a wage- loss of $376,250. June 1-f. Pa. About 30.000 iron-workers at Pittsburg unsuccessfully strike for a new scale of prices, and hold out four months, at a wage-loss of S3,300,000. June 21. Md. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 16th Na- tional Encampment at Baltimore; Paul Van Der Voort of Neb., commander-in- chief. June 30. D. C. Charles J. Guiteau is hanged at Washington for the murder of President Garfield. June * Conn. James Malley is acquitted of the murder of Jennie E. Cramer at New Haven on Aug. 5, 1881. July 1. Nev. An asylum for the insane is opened by the State at Reno. Sept. 11'. D.C. The jury on the " Star Route'* trials disagree respecting the guilt of the principals. Oct. 11. Mass. The 100th anniver- sary of the birth of Daniel "Webster is celebrated at Marshfield. Oct. 13. Mo. John Cockrill, editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, is acquitted of murder in fatally shooting Col. Slay- back. Nov. * Neb. The people reject the amendments to the Constitution, ex- tending suffrage to women. Vote, 25,756-50,693. Dec. 17. -V. Y. St. Mary's General Hospital at Brooklyn is opened for the reception of patients. UNITED STATES. 1881,* *-1882, Dec. 28, 311 STATE. 1882 Feb. 2. D. C. Congress grants an additional pension to the widow of Abraham Lincoln. Feb. 16. D. C. Congress: The House fixes its membership at 325, and changes the apportionment according to the late census. Feb. 27. D. C. Congress; House: James G. Blaine delivers a eulogy at the memorial services on the late President Garfield. Mar. 22. D. C. Congress passes the drastic Edmunds Bill. It disfranchises polygamists, and places the elections in ITtahimder charge Mar. 28. D. C. Congress extends the northern boundary of Nebraska to the 43d parallel. Mar. 31. D. C. Congress grants a pension of §5,000 each to the widows of James A. Garfield, James K. Polk, and John Tyler. Apr. * D. C. Samuel J. Kirkwood of la., Secretary of the Interior, resigns ; also William H. Hunt, Secretary of the Navy. "William E. Chandler of N. H. is appointed Secretary of the Navy. Apr. 4. D. C. President Arthur vetoes the Anti-Chinese BUI, restricting the immigration of Chinese for 20 years. Apr. 18. Z>. C. Congress: The Senate confirms Henry M. Teller of Colo, as Secretary of the Treasury, and "William E. Chandler of N. H. as Secretary of the Navy. [The latter is appointed minister to Russia.] Apr. 28. D. C. Congress passes a second Anti-Chinese Bill, making the term of exclusion 10 years, and prohibit- ing naturalization. May 3. L>. C. President Arthur, by proclamation, orders disorderly persons to desist from violence in Arizona. May 15. D. C. Congress provides for a Tariff Commission. It consists of nine civilians, who are to visit various sections of the country, in- vestigate the subject of tariff revision, and report to Congress. Members : John L. Hayes, president, Henry W. Oliver, Jr., Austin M. Garland, Jacob Ambler, Kobert P. Porter, John W. H. Underwood, Duncan F. Kenner, Alexan- der R. Boetler, and William H.McMa- hon. May 19. I). C. Congress : The House passes the hill extending the national bank charters 25 years. May 25-31. D. C. Congress: The House is in a deadlock over the con- tested election case of G. M. Mackey of S. C, vs. Samuel Dibble ; Mackey ob- tains the seat. May 28. I). C. Congress : The Senate passes the General Award Bill, ap- pointing a court to distribute the re- maining moneys received in payment of the Alabama claims. [June 5. Ap- proved.] June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: customs, $220,410,730; internal revenue, $140,407,595 ; direct tax, $160,142 ; sales of public lands, $4,- 7f>.'U40; miscellaneous items, $31,703,04.1 Total revenue, $403,525,250 ; excess of revenue over expenditures, §145,543,811. Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, $57,2111,325; War Department, $43,570,- 404; Navy Department, $15,032,040; In- dians, §9,730,747; pensions, $01,345,104; interest on the public debt, $71,077,207. Total ordinary expenditures, £:i»7,9S 1,440. Public debt, $1,926,038,078. Exports, $750,542,257 ; imports, $724,639,574. Aug. 1. D. C. President Arthur vetoes the River and Harbor Appropriation Bill, because of its excessive amount. Aug. 2. D, C. Congress: Both Houses pass the River and Harbor Bill over the President's veto. Aug. 3. D. C. Congress provides for the calling of an international confer- ence to establish a common prime me- ridian for the world. Aug. 4. U. S. The Chinese Exclusion Act becomes operative. * * D. C. Congress ; Senate : George H. Pendleton of O. introduces a bill for the reform of the civil service, having as a conspicuous feature open competitive examinations. [It attracts little atten- tion in Congress till after the elections, which alarm the majority.] Aug. S. I). C. The 47th Congress: the first session closes. Aug. 23. Chicago. Organization of the Home-Protection party. Nov. 7. If. Y. Grover Cleveland (Dem.) is elected governor by 193,825 majority over Charles J. Folger (Hep.). Nov. * Ya. The people ratify the amend- ment to the Constitution, abrogating the clause requiring the payment of a capitation tax as a condition of suffrage. Vote, 107,303-66,131. Dec. 4. D. C. The 47th Congress: the second session opens. Congress : The Tariff Commission reports a bill favoring protection. Kan. A Democratic governor is first elected. Dec. 24. D. C. Gen. N. M. Curtis, hav- ing appealed to the U. S. Supreme Court against a fine imposed for vio- lating the civil service rules, the court declares the law constitutional and the sentence affirmed. Dec. 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The Pendleton Civil Service BiUispassed. Vote, 38-5. [All the minority are Dem- ocrats.] Dec. 28. 2>. C. Congress ; Senate : A . hill for the relief of Fitz- John Porter is introduced. [Passes. Vote, 33-27. It is strongly opposed in the House.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1881 * * Great Britain pays the United States $75,000 compensation for damages done to American fishermen in For- tune Bay. * * The Standard Oil Trust is organized by the petroleum companies. 1882 Jan. 6. la. A railroad disas- ter causes 21 deaths at New Albion. Jan. 13. A r . V. Acollisionon the Hud- son River Railroad at Spuyten Duyvil Creek causes nine deaths. Jan. 28. Chicago. The new cable street- railroad is publicly tried for the first time. Feb. 4. The steamer Bahama, running between Puerto Kico and New York, founders at sea ; 20 lives are lost. Feb. 17. Pa. A fireworks factory at Chester explodes, and 14 persons are killed. A". H. The business center of Haver- hill is burned ; loss about $2,000,000. Mar. 30. The steamer Golden City is burned on the Mississippi near Mem- phis ; 20 lives are lost. Apr. 9. New York. The huge elephant called Jumbo arrives from London. Apr. 10. La. The second centennial of the discovery of the mouths of the Mississippi River by Sieur de La Salle is celebrated. July 1. The Columbia Freshmen defeat Harvard in a boat-race ; time 10.56. July 3. Columbia defeats Harvard;: time 24.32. July 4. The steamer Sciota is sunk by a collision on the Ohio ; 57 lives are lost. July 20. The steamer Louisiana runs from New Orleans to New York in 4= days, 14 hours, and 17 minutes. July 22. Cal. Miners hold a conven- tion at Nevada City to consider the de- bris question, as it affects streams of water. Aug. 7. The steamer Gold Dust on the Ohio River bursts her boilers, and kills 17 persons. Aug. 19. Ky. The 100th anniversary of the battle of Blue Lacks is cele- brated. Sept. 26. Cal. Residents and property owners in the Sacramento and San Joa- quin Valleys hold an Anti-Debris Convention at Sacramento. Sept. 29. The steamer Robert E. Lee is burned on the Mississippi ; 20 lives are lost. Oct. 8. Cal. The steamer Arabic runs from Yokohoma, Japan, to San Fran- cisco in 13 days, 21 hours, and 43 minutes. Oct. 10. The bark Malleville runs aground in Vancouver Sound ; 19 lives are lost. Oct. 22-27. Philadelphia celebrates the second centennial of its settle- ment. Oct. 22. The lYambe is wrecked off Van- couver Island ; several hundred lives are lost. Oct. 30. Next) York. The Park Theater is burned ; two lives are lost. Nov. * Cal. The Big Bend gold mining tunnel is begun. [It is completed April, 18S6 ; length, 12,000 ; size, 12 by 16 feet.] Nov. * V. J. "Work is suspended on the Hudson Hiver Tunnel from the New Jersey side, for financial reasons. 312 1882, Dec. 31-1883, June 24. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1882 * * The cruiser Trenton IB lighted by electricity ; the first war-vessel in the world so lighted. 1883 May* Gen. Crook pursues hos- tile Apache Indians into Mexico, with the concurrence of the Mexican Gov- ernment ; he captures 383 prisoners. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1882 * * Conn. A new observatory is erected for Yale. * * Mass. A Veterinary School is es- tablished at Harvard. * * Neio York. Thomas Hovenden of Pa., William J. Linton of New Haven, and Alfred C. Howland, George H. Smillie, and Gilbert Gaul of New York, are elected members of the National Acad- emy of Design. * * Nev. Nickel is discovered in Hum- boldt County. * * San Juan Abajo is painted by Thomas Moran. * * Princess Lily is painted by J. M. Hart. * * Rugged Maine is painted by "William Bradford. * * Uncle Ned and I is painted by T. W. Wood. * * Cattle is painted by A. D. Shattuck. * * The Huntsman is painted by George Inness, Jr. * * Bathers is painted by G. W. Maynard. * * Indian Summer is painted by Jervis McEntee. * * Venice is painted by G. L. Brown. * * A colossal statue of "Washington is executed by J. Q. A. Ward. [It is set up in Wall Street, New York City.] 1883 Feb. 23. A comet is discovered. Feb. * Floods prevail in Pennsylvania and Ohio ; 50,000 people in the valley of the Ohio are rendered homeless; rise of the Ohio at Cincinnati, 6(J feet ; relief is sent from all parts of the country. Feb. * Wyo. The mercury falls to 57 degrees below zero at La Crosse. Apr. 22. Miss. A cyclone at Beaure- gard destroys 200 houses and 83 lives. Apr.* Ga. — La. Tornadoes destroy millions of property and many lives in Georgia and Iowa. May 11. New York. The American Art Union is incorporated, for the ad- vancement of art. May 18. Wis. A cyclone at Racine kills 16 people and injures 100 ; 52 build- ings are destroyed ; loss, $175,000. May 24. N. Y. The East River Bridge is opened for public use. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1883. Jan. 2. Krauth, Charles Porterfield, Luth- eran clergyman, theologian, author, A(J0. Jan. 10. Merrill, Lot Myriek, lawyer, sen- ator, Gov. of Me., secretary of treas., A70. Jan. IS. Mills, Clark, sculptor, A68. Jan. 23. Beard, George Miller, physician, author, A44. Feb. 2. Greene, George Washington, au- thor of hislniiral books, A82. Feb. 9. ltortse, William Karl, merchant, of N. Y., philanthropist, A77. Feb. 10. Jewell, Marshall, Gov. oT Conn., minister to Russia, }'. M. G., A5B. Feb. 14, Morgan, Kdwiti J >eimlson, senator for N. Y-, Gov., A72. Mar. 4. Stephens. Alexander Hamil- ton, senator for Ga., Gov., Confederate Vice-President, M. C. for Ga., A7L Mar. 25. Howe, Timothy OtiB, lawyer, sen- ator for WiB., K M. G., A 67. Apr. 4. Cooper. Peter, manufacturer, founder of Cooper Union, Greenback can- didate for pres., A92. Apr. 6. Harries, .Joseph K., surg.-gen. U. S. A., A66. May 12. Washburn, Israel, M. C, Gov. of Me., A70. May 17. Peck, Jesse Truesdell, Chanc. of Syracuse Univ., M. E. bp., author, A72. May 28. Sbarswood, George, jurist, of Pa., legal writer, A73. June 11. Brooks, Charles T., Unit, cler- gyman, author, A70. CHURCH. 1882* * Cal. The California Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * The Boarfl of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Protestant Church is or- ganized. * * 111. The General Assembly (Pres- byterian) meets at Springfield ; Herrick Johnson, moderator. * * The Presbyterian Home Board opens a Choctaw Orphan School. * * III. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; David Paul, moderator. * * Ky. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Lexington ; B. B. Tyler, president. * * Mass. The Connecticut Valley Con- gregational Club is formed at Springfield. * * Mass. A Congregational Club is formed at Fitchburg. * * N. Y. A Baptist Ministers' Home is founded at West Farms. * * New York. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held. * ; - The Missouri, Pittsburg, South Da- kota, and West Kansas Conferences (Free Methodist) are organized. * * The American Missionary Society re- ceives by transfer the Indian missions of the American Board ; the association withdraws from work in foreign coun- tries. 1883 Jan. 27. S. C. H. P. Northrop is transferred to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston. Feb. 24. Miss. Hugh Miller Thompson is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop of Mississippi. Mar. 31. The Congregational Associa- tion of Mississippi is organized. Apr, 22. Mich. Henry Joseph Richter is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Grand Rapids. Apr. 23. Wis. Michael Heiss is pro- moted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of Milwaukee. May 17. -N. Y. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Saratoga ; E. F. Hatfield, moderator. It organizes the Board of Aid for Colleges. May 24. The two Bible Societies organ- ized by Baptists yield their work and office to the Missionary Union and the Publication Society. May 26. The General Synod of Great Britain and Ireland (Reformed Epis- copal; is granted separate organization by the General Council. June 1. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June 24. Joseph Rademacher is cod- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Nashville. LETTERS. 1882 * * Cal. The Normal School es- tablished by the State at Los Angeles is opened. * * Chicago. The College of Physicians and Surgeons opens. * * la. The West Des Moines Training- school is opened. * * Ida. The "Wilbur CoUege (Meth. Epis.) is founded in Lewiston. * * ///. St. Mary's School at Knoxville receives its charter. * * Ky. The Christian CoUege (Disci- ples) is founded at Columbia. * * Md. The Westminster Theological Seminary (Meth. Prot.) is founded. * * Neb. Gates CoUege at Neligh is opened. * * New York. The Argosy and the Morn- ing Journal are issued. * * N. Y. The Saturday Globe is issued at Utica. * * O. The "Western Reserve CoUege is removed from Hudson to Cleveland, and its name changed to Adelbert. * * O. The Central Ohio CoUege (Dis- ciples) is founded at East Liberty. * * Pa. The Holy Ghost CoUege (Rom. Cath.) at Pittsburg is chartered. * * Pa. The Pennsylvania Grit is issued at Williamsport. * * S. Dak. The Yankton CoUege is opened. * * Wash. Spokane College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Spokane Falls. * * W. Va. The Normal and Classical Academy established at Buckhannon is opened. * * History of the American People, by J. H. Patton, appears. * * Idyls of Noricay, by H. H. Boyesen. appears. * * A Modern Instance, by W. D. Howells, appears. * * Mr. Isaacs, by F. Marion Crawford, appears. * * Prince SaronVs Wife, by J. Haw- thorne, appears. * * Sunday Observance and Sunday Law, by L. W. Bacon, appears. * * Specimen Days and Collect, by Walt Whitman, appears. * * England Withoutand Within, by Rich- ard Grant White, appears. * * Prince and Pauper, by Mark Twain, appears. * * Life of John Randolph, by Henry Adams, appears. * * Anne, by Constance Fenimore Cooper, appears. UNITED STATES. 1882, Dec 31.-1883, June 24. 313 * * Life of Hamilton, by Henry Cabot Lodge, appears. * * An Echo of Passion, by George Par- sons Latbrop, appears. * * Through One Administration, by Fran- cis Hodgson Burnett, appears. 1883 Apr. 5. Ky. An educational convention is held at Frankfort ; it or- ganizes a movement against illiteracy. SOCIETY. 1882 Dec. * U. S. The Indians' Rights Association is organizeu Dec. + * D. C. New trial of the " Star Route" cases begins, and continues for six months. There were 296 contracts dishonestly obtained with worthless bonds for $8,000,000. A swindle amounting to $5,000,000 is alleged, in " expediting " privileges. * * Chicago. The Charity Organization Society is formed. * * Colo. Labor Day becomes a legal hol- iday, to be observed on the first Monday in September. * * la. The Prohibitory Amendment is adopted by the people ; majority— nearly 30,000 votes. " No person shall manufacture forsale, sell, or keep for sale as a beverage, any intoxicating liquors whatever, including ale, wine, and beer." * * Ky. The Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union meets in national con- vention at Louisville ; Frances Wil- lard, president. — The Hatfield faction in Pike County capture four political murderers of the McCoy faction, and shoot them. — The " Regulators " dis- band, surrender to the civil authorities at Louisville, and furnish the names of many members of their organization. * * Mich. An insane asylum is located by the State at Traverse City. * * Miss. The Legislature enacts a law against the selling or giving away of intoxicating liquors within five miles of the University of Mississippi. * * The Royal Society of Good Fel- lows is founded. * * New York. The Actors' Fund is es- tablished, to provide aid for disabled and needy members of the theatrical profession. * * Va. The Legislature abolishes cor- poral punishment. 1883 Jan. 4. Tenn. It is announced that the defalcation of M. T. Polk, the State treasurer, amounts to $4,000,000. Jan. 26. D. C. The Marquis of Lome visits Washington. Jan. * Ala. The deficit of the State treasurer, I. H. Vincent, is found to be $212,000. Mar. 21. Pa. N. L. Dukes is acquitted of the murder of Col. Nutt of Union- town. Mar. 28. The Legislature establishes a council of State charities and correc- tion. Mar. * Mo. The Downing Law (bigh- license) is enacted. It fixes yearly license charges at S. r .O to $'200 for State purposes, and $500 to $800 for county purposes — a minimum of $550 and a maximum of $1,000. Apr. 21. Chicago. Over 3,000 bricklayers successfully strike for increased wages ; they hold out 68 days at a wage- loss of $500,000. June 9. B. C. The remains of John Howard Payne, removed from Tunis, are interred with public ceremonies at "Washington. June 11. D. C. Tbomas J. Brady and the Dorseys are acquitted in the second Star Route trial. STATE. 1882 * * D. C. Samuel Blatchford of N. Y. is appointed justice of U. S. Su- preme Court. * * Ky. Commissioners are appointed to consider railroad affairs. * * U . S. Governors inaugurated : -86 * * Ala. Edw. A. O'Neal. -86* * Ariz.lTer.). Frederick A. Tuttle. -83 * * Ga. Alex. H. Stephens. -88 * fe L6 * * N. Mex. ( Ter.). L. A. Sheldon. -06 * * Ore. Z. F. Moody. -06 * * S. C. Hugh S. Thompson. -86 * * Va. William E. Cameron. -84 * * Ft. John L. Barstow. -88 * * Wis. Jeremiah M. Rusk. 1883 Jan. 4. Boston. Gen. B.F.But- ler is inaugurated governor of Massa- chusetts. Jan. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : The Pendleton Civil Service Bill is passed. "Vote, 155-i7. 101 Republicans, 49 Democrats, and 5 Independents vote for it ; 7 Republicans, 39 Democrats, and one Independent vote against it. Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes a Presidential Succession Bill. Vote, 40-13. It is designed to provide for a contin- gency when neither President nor Vice- President is selected, and where no Pres- ident pro tempore has been chosen by the Senate. [Not considered in the House.] Jan. 10. D. C Congress ; Senate : A tariff bill is reported. Jan. 16. D. C. Congress ; House : The Committee of Ways and Means reports a tariff bill. The Civil Service Reform Bill is signed by the President, and becomes the law of the land ; it requires compet- itive examination for admission into certain departments of the civil service. Jan. 26. Va. The Legislature passes the Riddenberger Act, proposing cer- tain terms of settlement with holders of State bonds. Feb. 28. D. C. Congress : A Confer- ence Committee meets to consider the tariff bill. [Mar. 2. It reports.] Mar. 3. D. C. Congress approves the tariff bill. Vote, Senate, 32-31 ; House, 152-116. The President immediately signs the bill. This act reduces the internal .reve- nue and repeals the tax on bank checks, etc., also on matches and medicinal pre- parations ; the protective tariff principle is retained. Congress authorizes postal notes of less Gums than $5 ; it reduces the rate of first-class matter from three cents to two cents per half-ounce. Mar. 4. D. C. Congress removes the special duty of 10 per cent on goods imported from ports west of the Cape of Good Hope. The 47th Congress ends. Mar. 5. B.C. Chief Justice Waite makes a decision in the case of New York and New Hampshire vs. Louisiana. " One State cannot create a contro- versy with another State within the meaning of that term as used in the judicial clauses of the Constitution, by MISCELLANEOUS. 1882 Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1882. Production: gold, $32,500,000, silver, $46,800,000; bales of cotton, 5,435,845; pounds of wool, 272,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 30,000,000; currency in circu- lation (June 30), yi,174,2yo,419; per cap- ita, $22.37. Immigrants received (fiscal year), 788,1)112. Miles of railroads worked, 104,971; capital stock, £o,511, 035,424; to- tal accidents, 1,305; persons killed, 380 ; injured, 1,588. Fire waste, $84,505,024; insurance, $48,875,131. * * Fla. Philadelphia capitalists begin the drainage of Lake Okeechobee to reclaim valuable land. * * N. Y. New York Yacht Club returns the America cup to one of the surviv- ing donors, that he may make new con- ditions. 1883 Jan. 10. Wis. The Newhall House is burned at Milwaukee, causing 71 deaths ; George Scheller, lessee of the barroom, is arrested on a charge of arson. Jan. 19. Cal. A passenger train on the Southern Pacific is "wrecked near Tehichipa ; 15 persons are killed. Feb. 13. Ga. Savannah celebrates the 150th anniversary of its settlement. Mar. 4. The steamer Yazoo sinks in the Mississippi ; the accident is caused by an obstruction ; 19 lives are lost. Mar. 17. Three base-ball clubs form a tripartite or national agreement — the National League, American Associa- tion, and the Northwestern League. Mar. 24. Distinct telephonic commu- nication is opened between New York and Chicago — distance, 1,000 miles. Mar. 30. O. An accident occurs on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad near Mason's Station ; 53 persons are injured. May 3±. The steamer Grappler is burned near Vancouver Island ; 70 lives are lost. May 24. N. Y. The great East River Bridge, connecting New York and Brooklyn, is opened for traffic after 13 years have been spent in its construc- tion. Cost, $15,000,000. (See Art, 1870.) May 30. A panic occurs on the East River Bridge : 12 persons are crushed to death, and many injured. 314 1883, June 30.-**. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1883 July 2. Judson D. Bingham is commissioned colonel — quartermaster's department. July 3. Matthew M. Blunt is commis- sioned colonel — the lGth infantry. Oct. 31. Philip H. Sheridan is ap- pointed (10th) to command the army, and (4ch) to rank as general. Nov. 1. D. C. Gen. "W. T. Sherman relinqiiishes command of the U. S. Army; Gen. Sheridan assumes com- mand. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1883 Aug. 12. N. Y. The asteroid Barbara is discovered hy C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. Sept. 2. Another comet is discovered. Oct. 22. New York. The Metropolitan Opera House is opened. Oct. * Henry Irving (John Henry Brod- rib) makes his first appearance in the United States. Oct. * Ellen Alice Terry Kelly makes her first appearance in the United States. (Ellen Terry.) * * N. J. A 23-inch Clark equatorial, with several large spectroscopes, is mounted in the Halstead Observatory at Princeton. * * New York. A bronze statue of "Washington is unveiled in "Wall Street. July 13. The steamer Proteus, sent to relieve the Greely Arctic Expedition of 1881, is crushed in the ice of Smith's Sound ; it is the second unsuccessful at- tempt to send relief. Aug. 21. Minn. A tornado destroys one-third of the houses in Rochester and many lives ; property loss, S1,000,000. * * New York. Frederick Dielman, H. Bolton Jones, Edgar M. "Ward, and Kruseman Van Elten of New York are elected members of the National Acad- emy of" Design. * * S. Dak. Tin is discovered in the Black Hills. * * N. Y. The Caecilia Ladies* Vocal Society is organized at Brooklyn. * * The American Climatological Asso- ciation is organized. * * Campanini makes his first appear- ance in the United States. * * Ancient Mariner is painted by G. W. Maynard. * * Cockle Gathering is painted by Edward Moran. * * Scene on Long Island is painted by J. "W. Oasilear. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1883. July 4. Pnrcell, John Baptist, P. C. arch- bishop of Cincinnati, 0., writer, A83. July 8. Baldwin, John Dennison, Cong. cl., editor, author, M. 0. for Mass., A74. July 15. Stratton, Charles Sherwood, dwarf (Gen. Tom Thumb), A45. July 21. Milmore, Martin, sculptor, A39. July 27. Blair, Montimiiif rv. lawyer, P. M. G., A70. Aug-. 19. Sikes, William Wirt, writer, au- thor, A47. Black, Jeremiah Sullivan, jurist, of Pa., atty.-gen., secretary of state, A73. Aug-. 20. Baker, William Mum ford, Pres. clergyman, novelist, A58. Oct. 10. Ewer, Ferdinand Cartwright, P. E. clergyman, author, A57. Oct. 12. Smith, John Lawrence, mineralo- gist, chemist, author, A65. Oct. 22. Keid, Wayne, captain in Mexican war, novelist, A65. Nov. 7. liandolph, Theodore Frelinghuv- sen, Gov., sen. for X. J., A57. Nov. 13. Sims, James Martin, phys.,surg., inventor of medical instruments, A70. Nov. 15. Le Conte, John Lawrence, ento- mologist, naturalist, author, A58. Dec. 27. Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson, brig.-gen. U. S. A., A73. CHURCH. 1883 July 4. 0. Wm. H. Elder succeeds to (Roman Catholic) See of Cincinnati. Sept. 16. If. Patrick W. Riordan is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Cabesa. Oct. 6. The Mormons hold a great meet- ing at Salt Lake ; 57 missionaries are sent out to make converts. Oct. 14. Ind. David Buel Knicker- backer is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) bishop of Indiana. Oct. 20. N Y. Henry Codman Potter is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop of New York. Oct. 21. Va. Alfred Magill Randolph is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop of Virginia. Dec. 6. Fla. The General Congrega- tional Association of Florida is organ- ized. Dec. 20. N. Dak. William W. "Walker is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of North. Dakota. * * The "Women's General Missionary- Society (United Presbyterian) is or- ganized. * * Boston. The Unitarian Ministers' Monday Club is established. * * The Bureau of "Woman's "Work is organized by the American Missionary Association. * * The American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions transfers all their Indian missions to the Ameri- can Missionary Asssociation. It becomes responsible for the Indian work of the Congregational Church. The missions transferred are the Fort Berthold Mission and school, among the Mandans, Gros Ventres, and Rees, in Dakota ; the Santee Mission and a large normal training-school, at Santee Agency, Nebraska ; and the Fort Sully Mission, with its out-stations, on the Cheyenne. (Cyc. of Missions.) * *_#". Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held at Saratoga. * * N. Dak. The North Dakota General Congregational Conference is organized. * * 0. The General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Springfield. * * 0. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Cincinnati ; D. R. Dangan, president. LETTERS, 1883 * * Ala. The Normal College for girls at Livingston and the State Nor- mal School at Jackson are opened. * * Ark. Little Rock University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Little Rock, " * Cat. Washington CoUege (Disci- ples; i.s founded at Irvine. * * Fla. Stetson University (Bapt. i* founded at Deland. The State Uni- versity is removed from Ban Gallic to Lake City. * * Oa. The Gammon Theological School of Clark University is founded at Atlanta. * * Ind. The Rose Polytechnic Insti- tute at Terre Haute is opened. * * Ky. Home College (Disciples) is founded at Cambellsburg. * * Mo. Ash Grove College (Disciples) is founded at Ash Grove. The St. Louis Evening Star Sayings is issued. * * Mont. The College of Montana, established at Deer Lodge, is opened. * * N.J. The Evening News is issued at Newark. * * New York. The World is bought by Joseph Pulitzer. * * Pa. The Press is issued at Pittsburg. * * Phila. The Ladies 1 Some Journal is issued. * * S. Dak. The State Normal Schools at Spearfish and Madison are opened. Sioux Falls University (Bapt.) is founded. The University of South Da- kota (non-sect.) is organized at Vermil- lion. Pierre University (Pres.) is or- ganized at East Pierre. * * Tex. University of Texas (non-sect.) is organized at Austin. * * Va. The State Normal and Collegiate Institute is located at Petersburg. Hartshorn Memorial CoUege (Col. Bapt.) is fo"unded at Richmond. The Southwest Virginia Institute (Fern. Bapt.) is founded at Glade Springs. * * Wash. Witman CoUege at "Walla Walla is opened. * * From Ponkapog to Pesth, by T. B. Al- drich, appears ; also Mercedes. * * The Bay of Seven Islands, hy John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. * * Beyond the Gates, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, appears. * * Donald and Dorothy, by Mary Mapes Dodge, appears. * * Dr. Claudius, by F. Marion Crawford, appears ; also To Leeward. * * The English Novel and lis Develop- ment, by Sidney Lanier, appears. * * English Bambles, by "William Winter, appears. * * Excursions of an Evolutionist , by John Fiske, appears. * * Farm Festivals, by Will Carleton, ap- pears. * * Fortune's Fool, by Julian Hawthorne, appears ; also Dust. * * History of Virginia, by John Esten Cooke, appears. * * The Booster School bo f/,by Edward Eg- gleston, appears. * * Hot Ploughshares, hy Albion Winegar Tourgee, appears. * * Lulu's Library, by Louisa M. Alcott, appears. UNITED STATES. 1883, June 30-* 315 : * Michael Angelo, by Henry \V. Long- fellow, appears. 1 * Portraits of Places, by Henry James, * * Common Sense in the Kitchen, by Mar- ion Harland, appears. SOCIETY. 1883 June * III. The Legislature passes the Harper law. Minimum rates of $500 for the sale of all kinds of liquors, and §150 for the sale of malt liquors only, are fixed. July 19. Pa. Tlie great strike of 67,- 000 telegraph operators, for an ad- vance of 15 per cent in tlieir wages, begins at Pittsburg [and extends to sev- eral States]. July 25. Colo. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 17th National Encampment at Denver ; Robert B. Beath of Pa., commander-in-chief. Aug. 15. The successful strike of tele- graphers ends. Sept. 1+. Pa. About 1,200 glass-blowers of western Pennsylvania successfully strike against reduced wages, and hold out 23 weeks at a wage-loss of §526,000. -Sept. 24+. Ky. A national convention of colored men is held at Louisville ; it claims civil and political rights. Sept. *-Oct. * Chief Justice Coleridge of England visits America. Oct. 30. N. Y. Edward M". Rowell of Batavia is acquitted of murder in fatally shooting Johnson L. Lynch of Utica, his wife's lover. Nov. 3. Fa. A riot breaks out between the negroes and the white military at Danville ; seven negroes are killed, and seven white men wounded. Nov. 26. New York. The Centenary of the British Evacuation is cele- brated by an immense procession. * * Chicago. The "Washington Park Club is organized. * * III. The Chicago Voice and Hearing School for the Deaf established at Englewood is opened. * *Ky. — La. The Charity Organization Society is formed at Louisville ; another at New Orleans. * * Mass. The Legislature passes a law for the bringing of children of worth- less parents before the court and provid- ing them with the proper guardianship. * * Mass. About 50,000 voters vainly peti- tion the Legislature to submit a Con- stitutional Amendment against the liquor traffic. * * Mick. The "Woman's Christian Temperance Union meets in a national convention at Detroit ; Frances Wil- lard, president. It organizes a "World's "Woman's Christian Temperance Union. * * Me. The death penalty is restored to the statutes. * * Mo. The Legislature passes the Down- ing High-License law; fee $1,200. * * Mo. A State Board of Health is es- tablished. ' * Mont. Mormons expelled from Utah for their monogamic apostasy settle in Deer Lodge and Gallatin Counties. ! * N. C. The State hospital for the in- sane is opened at Morganton. -87 • b N. Y. Grover Cleveland. '< Nev. Jewett W. Adams. ' Pa. Robert E. Pattison. 1 JR. I. Augustus O. Bourn. ' Tenn. William B. Bate. ( Tex. John Ireland. STATE. 1883 June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, $214,- 706,497; internal revenue, $144,7211,309 ; direct tax, $10S, 157; sales of public lands, $7,955,Si;4; miscellaneous items, $30,790,- 395. Total revenue, §398,1*87,582 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, $132,879,444. Expenditures: Miscella- neous items, $08,678,022; War Depart- ment, §48,911,383; Navy Department, $15,283,437; Indians, $7,362,590; pen- sions, $66,012,574 : interest on the pub- lic debt, $59,160,131. Total ordinary ex- penditures. $205,408,138. Public debt, $1,892,547,412. Exports, $823,839,402; im- ports, $723,180,914. Sept. 19. S. Dak. A Territorial Conven- tion at Sioux Falls frames a State Con- stitution. Oct. 10. U. S. Two-cent letter pos- tage goes into effect. Oct. 15. D. C. The XJ. S. Supreme Court decides that the Civil Rights Act of March 1, 1875, requires that equal privi- leges be given to colored people and whites in inns, cars, and theaters, is unconstitutional except within the District of Columbia and in the Terri- tories. Nov. 6. Dakota adopts by a popular vote a Constitution erecting South Dakota as a separate State. New York. Franklin Ed son is elected the 83d mayor. Dec. 3. D. C. The 48th Congress opens. Congress ; Senate : George F. Ed- munds of Vt. is elected President pro tempore. House : John G. Carlisle (Dem.) of Ky. is elected Speaker by 191 votes against 112 for J. "W. Keifer (Rep.), and 10 scattering. Dec. 31. D. C. The reduction of the public debt since July amounts to 81 milli ons. * * Kan. The Legislature provides for a railroad commission, to regulate the passenger and freight charges of rail- roads. * * Tenn. The Legislature passes a law for funding the State debt at a discount of 24 per cent on 6 per cent bonds ; the others are cut down in like proportion. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -85 * * Ark. Jas. H. Berry. -87 * * Cal. George Stoneman. -85 * * Colo. James B. Grant. -85 * * Conn. Thomas M. "Waller. -87 * * Del. Charles C. Stockley. -86 * * Ga. Henry D. M'Daniel. -84 * * Ma. (Ter.) John N. Irwin. -85 * * III. John M. Hamilton. -85 * * Kan. George W. Glick. -87 * * Ky. J. Proctor Knott. -86 * * Mass. George D. Robinson. -87 * * Me. Frederick Robie. -85 * * Mich. Josiah "W. Begole. -86 * * Minn. Lucius F. Hubbard. -87 * * Neb. James W. Dawes. -85 * * N. H. Samuel W. Hale. MISCELLANEOUS. 1883 July 4. NY. The first intercol- legiate boat-race for fours is pulled at Lake George, 1£ miles straight. Cornell, 11.57 ; University of Pennsylvania, 12.29 ; Princeton, 12.40 ; Wesleyan, 12.47. July 23. Md. Near Baltimore a pier on the Patapsco River gives way, and 70 excursionists lose their lives. July 24. N. Y. Capt. Matt. "Webb is drowned while attempting to swim across the Niagara "Whirlpool Rapids. July * New York. Work is suspended on the Hudson River Tunnel for lack of funds ; the amount expended on the abandoned tunnel is $1,000,000. Aug 1+. Ky. The Southern Exposi- tion is held at Louisville. Aug. 11. Mass. Vineyard Haven is almost destroyed by fire. Sept. 1. Ala. The State Agricultural Department becomes operative ; E. C. Betts is appointed commissioner. Sept. 3. Boston. The Foreign Expo- sition opens. Sept, 4. III. A railroad accident near Grayville causes nine deaths. Sept. 6. N. Y. The new steamboat Maid of the Mist makes a perilous passage through the lower rapids and whirlpools of the Niagara River. Sept. 8. Mont. The last spike is driven in the Northern Pacific Railroad, at a point near the mouth of Gold Creek ; the road is 1,674 miles long. Oct. 1. Miss. An Interstate Levee Con- vention meets at Vicksburg. Oct. 3. Pa. The Pittsburg Exposition buildings burn with the exhibits ; loss, $1,000,000. Nov. * Six New England fishing schoon- ers founder at St. George's Bank ; 76 lives are lost. Dec. 14. New York. The Standard Theater is burned. Dec. 20. N. Y. The cantilever rail- road bridge across Niagara River is opened. * * Florida prospers .after long neglect ; its wilderness is boomed by British and American capitalists. Dec. 31. U. 8. Statistics for 1883. Production: Gold, $30,000,000; silver, $40,^00,000 ; bales of cotton, G.992,234 ; pounds of wool, 290,000,000 ; barrels of petroleum, 23,449.033. Currency in cir- culation (June 30), $1,230,305,696 ; per capita, $22.91. Immigrants received (fiscal year) 603,322. Miles of railroads worked, 110.414 ; capital stock, $3,708,- 060.5S3; total accidents, 1,619; persons killed, 474 ; persons injured, 1,954. Fire waste, $100,149,223; insurance, $54,808,- 664; lives lost, 447. * * Phila. The "William Penn cottage, erected in ±1683 — the pioneer brick house — is transferred to Prospect Park, and rebuilt. 316 1883, * *-1884, Sept. 14. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1884 Apr. 18. Peter T. Swaine is com- missioned colonel — 22d infantry. .July 2. D. C. President Arthur vetoes the bill to restore Fitz-John Porter to the army as unjust to other officers. (See State, Feb. 1.) July 5. Guido N. Lieber is commissioned colonel. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1883 * * Geysers is painted by Albert Bierstadt. * * Neglecting Trade is painted by T. W. Wood. * * Uplands in Autumn is painted by Jer- vis McEntee. * * Wawayanda Valley is painted by J. P. Cropsey, * * Sunny Day in the Woods is painted by "Wortbington Whittredge. * * Hillside is painted by A. F. Bellows. * * July Day is painted by A. C. Shaw. * * Thomas Le Clear is painted by Wil- ■ Ham Page. * * Fishing Craft at Sunset is painted by William Bradford. * * Niagara Falls is painted by George * * Willing Captives is painted by F. S. Church. + * Mother of the Herd is painted by George Inness. 1884 Feb. 7±. Great inundations oc- cur in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and other regions ; about 15 lives are lost and 5,000 people are homeless. [Congress appro- priates $500,000 for relief.] Feb. 14. O. The flood in the Ohio reaches 71J inches at Cincinnati, the highest water recorded. Feb. 18. Tornadoes in the Southern States cause the loss of 600 lives. JMay 10. An expedition under W. S. Schley sails in search of Lieut. Greely in the Arctic regions ; a reward of $25,000 is offered by the Government. May 24. NY. The East River Bridge is opened. Depth of the New York foundation be- low high-water mark, 78 ft., 6 in. ; depth of the Brooklyn foundation below high- water mark, 45 ft. Size of the towers at high-water line, 140 x 59 ft. — at roof course, 136 x 53 ft. ; height of the towers above high-water mark, 276 ft., 6 in. ; height of roadway in the clear in the middle of the East River, 135 ft. ; width of bridge, S5 ft. ; length of main span 1,595 ft., 6 in. ; length of each land span '930ft. ; length nf the Brooklyn approach, 971 ft.; length nf the New York approach 1,560 ft. ; length of each of the four great cables, 3,578 ft., 6 in. ; diameter, 15J " number of steel galvanized wires in each cable, 5,434 ; weight of each cable, about 800 tons. Ultimate strength of each cable, 15,000 tons ; weight of steel in the suspended superstructure, 10,000 tons. Total cost, $15,000,000. (Houghtaling's Handbook.) June 18. Conn. A memorial of Gov- ernor Buckingham is unveiled at Hart- ford ; sculptor, Olin L. Warner. June 22. Arctic Region. Capt. Schley of the Thetis finds the seven survivors of Lieut. Greely's expedition five miles off Cape Sabins, on Smith's Sound, 17 persons having starved and one acci- dentally drowned. The expedition had penetrated to 83" 24 / N. July 17. N. F. Lieut. Greely and party arrive at St. Johns. [Aug. 1. They arrive at Portsmouth, N. H.j Aug. 5. New York. The corner-stone of the pedestal for the Statue of Liberty on Bedloe's Island is laid. Aug. 10-11. U. S. Slight shocks of earthquake are felt in the region be- tween New York and Washington. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1884. Jan. 36. Letcher, John, lawyer, M. C. for Va., Gov., A71. Feb. 3. Phillips. Wendell, lawyer, orator, antislavery leader, A73. Feb. 8. Guyot, Arnold Henry, naturalist, geographer, author, A 77. Feb. 16. Williams, Samuel Wells, prof, of Chinese at Vale, author, A72. Feb. 37. Hunt, William Henry, lawyer, sec. navy, diplomatist, A60. Mar. 31. Abbot, Ezra, Biblical scholar, theologian, author, A65. Fuller, George, figure and portrait painter, A62. Apr. 17. Appleton, Thomas Gold, author, poet, A72. May 3. Toebbe, Augustus Mary, K. C. bishop of Covington, Ky., A55. May 6. Gross, Samuel David, surgeon, author, A79. May 8. Benjamin, Judah Philip, lawyer, senator for La., Confederate atty.-gen., sec- retary of state, A73. May 13. O'Conor. Charles, lawyer, Dem. candidate for presidency, A 80. May 13. McCormick, Cyrus Hall, inventor- of reaper for harvesting grain, A75. June 7. Hoffman, Charles Fenno, poet, novelist, A 78. Webb, James Watson, journalist, of N. Y., A82. June 8. Swayne, Noah Haynes, jurist, as- sociate justice of U. S. S. Ct., A80. June 18. Simpson, Matthew, coll. pres., M. E. bishop, orator, A74, July 1. l'inkt-rton, Allan, detective, au.,A64. Aug-. 8. Whitehead, William Adee, histo- rian, A74. Aug-. 17. Woodward, Joseph Janvier, sur- geon, histologist, author, A72. Aug-. 18. Hudson, Mary Clemmer Ames, writer, author, correspondent, A45. Sept. 3. Bowen, Henry, journalist, editor, Gov., sen. for R. I., A79. Folger, Charles James, jurist of N. Y., secretary of treasury, AM. CHURCH. 1S83 * * Pa. General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; "William H. McMillan, moderator. * * Phila. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets ; it pro- vides for the enrichment of the Prayer Book. * * N. C. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of East Carolina ia established. * * Congregational Clubs are formed in Omaha, New Haven, Old Colony, San Francisco, and Central New York. * * The Presbyterian Home Board starts a day-school among the Cherokees at Fort Gibson ; also a boarding-school among the Sioux. * * The Presbyterians begin mission-work among the Sac and Fox Indians. * * The Presbyterian Board of Aid for Colleges is well sustained. * * The National Council (Congrega- tional) meets. The committee presents a Declaration of Faith. * * The East Michigan Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. ± * * The Woman's Board of the Evan- gelical Association (German Churches) is organized. 1884 Mar. 7. Mont. The Roman Catho- lic Diocese of Helena is established. Apr. 17. N. C. A. A. Watson is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of East Carolina. Apr. 24. Ga. The Southern Conference (Unitarian and other Christian Churches) is held at Atlanta, May 1-28. Phila. The General Con- ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held. Charles H. Fowler, William X. Ninde, Willard F. Mallalien, John M. Walden, are elected bishops; and William Tay- lor is elected missionary bishop for Africa. May 29. Phila. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June 11. N. H. Dennis M. Bradley is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of New Hampshire. June 17. The Montana Conference (Congregational) is organized. June 19. The General Association (Con- gregational) of Arizona and New Mexico is organized. July 31. Minn. Bishop John Ireland succeeds to the (Roman Catholic) Archi- episcopal See of St. Paul. Sept. 14. Ia. Henry Cosgrove is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Davenport. LETTERS. 1883 * * His Somber Rivals, by Edward Payson Roe, appears. * * Life of Henry Ward Beecher, by Ly- man Abbott, appears. * * Life on the Mississippi, by Mark Twain, appears. * * Daniel Webster, by Henry Cabot Lodge, appears. * * Spanish Vistas, by George Parsons Lathrop, appears. * * History of the People of the United States, Vol. L, by John Bach McMaster, appears. * * The Mate of the Daylight, by Sarah Orne Jewett, appears. * * For the Major, by Constance Fenimore Cooper, appears. * * A Daughter of the Philistines, by H. H. Boyesen, appears. * * The House of a Merchant Prince, by William Henry Bishop, appears. * * But Yet a Woman, by Arthur S.Hardy, appears. 1884 Apr. 7. D. C. Congress passes an Educational BiH appropriating $77,- 000.000 to be apportioned among the States, in proportion to illiteracy. Apr. 23. D. C. Congress grants 46,0S0 acres of land to the State of Alabama, for the benefit of the Alabama Uni- versity. SOCIETY. 18S3 * * The Brewers' and Malsters' Association define the political atti- tude of " the trade." UNITED STATES. 1883, * *-1884, Sept. 14. '31T Circulars will demand answers by all candidates. It is " Pcsotved, When candi- dates of both and all parties answer in the affirmative (that is, opposed to Pro- hibition), each member of this Associa- tion shall be at liberty to vote as he deems best. Where they fail to commu- nicate it will be considered as an answer in tho negative, in which case we shall withhold oar votes or select an indepen- dent candidate. When one answers in the affirmative and the other in the neg- ative, we shall always support the man who cooperates with us, whatever may be his party." e * 0. The Prohibitory Constitutional Amendment is adopted by the people by over 82,000 majority. [Technicali- ties defeat its execution.] : * O. The Scott Law is passed taxing the liquor traffic ; an anti-license ma- jority of 92,268 votes is given. : * Ore. — S. Dak. An asylum for the in- sane is completed by the State at Salem. Also one at Yankton in South Dakota is * * Wis. The school for the deaf is opened at Milwaukee. * * The Choctaw Indians adopt negroes into their tribes. * * U. S. Memorial services are held in many places celebrating the 400th an- niversary of the birth of Luther. * * Va. A Baptist Home for Aged Women is founded in Richmond. * * The National Provident Union is founded. — The Brotherhood of Rail- road Trainmen is founded in America. — The Fraternity of Modern "Wood- men of America is founded. 1884: Feb. 44-. Mass. About 5,000 spin- ners at Fall River strike unsuccess- fully against reduced wages, and hold out 16 weeks, at a wage-loss of $412,950. Feb. 26+. Ind. About 3,000 miners at Brazil strike unsuccessfully against reduced wages, and hold out 14 weeks, at a wage-loss of $300,000. Mar. 17+. New York. About 6,000 paint- ers strike successfully for increased wages, and hold out three weeks, at a wage-loss of $324,000. Mar. 28. 0._ William Berner, a confessed murderer, is convicted of manslaughter at Cincinnati, in killing "William H. Kirk. Mar. 28-Apr. 3. O. A riot ensues in Cincinnati upou the lenient verdict of manslaughter against the murderers, Berner and Palmer ; 20 more murder cases await trial ; the court-house with its records is burned, the militia is called out, and 42 rioters are killed, and 120 wounded. Mar. * Pa. The Union Veteran Legion is organized at Pittsburg. May 17. D.C. Congress prohibits the im- portation of intoxicating liquors into Alaska. June 2. Ore. The people defeat the "Woman Suffrage Amendment. Yote, 11,223-28,716. June 16+. Pa. Nearly 7,000 miners in the western part of the State unsuc- cessfully strike for increased wages [they lose $727,480 in wages]. June 23+-. O. Over 2,000 miners in Hocking Valley strike unsuccessfully against a reduction of wages, and hold out nine months, at a wage-loss of $727,480. July 4. la. The prohibitory liquor law becomes operative. July 10. * The National Democratic Con- vention in its platform declares : " "We oppose sumptuary laws which vex the citizen and interfere with individual liberty." July 23. Minn. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 18th Encamp- ment at Minneapolis ; John S. Kuntz of O., commander-in-chief. Sept. 2. Kan. The Prohibition party organizes at Lawrence. STATE. 1884 Jan. 14. Mont. A Constitutional Convention meets. Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The House votes to repeal the Iron Clad Oath Bill of the war period ; only one vote is cast in the negative. Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The House passes the bill to restore Fitz-John Porter to the army with emoluments. Vote, 184-78. [Mar. 13. It passes the Senate. Vote, 36-25. July 2. The bill is vetoed by the President ; later the House repasses it. Vote, 168-78; but it fails of a two-thirds vote in the Senate — 127-27.] Feb. 15. I). C. The German minister returns the resolution of the House of Representatives, laudatory of HerrLas- ker, by order of Prince Bismarck, who declines to present it to the Reichstag, because opposed to his political convic- tions. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Mexican War Pensions Bill. Vote, 227-46. The U. S. Supreme Court decides the Legal Tender Act for the reissue of Treasury Notes in time of peace con- stitutional, and that such notes are a lawful tender for all debts. Mar. 11. D. C. Congress ; The Senate ratifies a commercial treaty with Mex- ico. Vote, 41-20. House: The Morrison Tariff BUI is reported ; it aims " to re- duce import duties and war tariff taxes." Apr. 7. D. C. The Educational Bill passes. (See Letters.) Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The House rejects the Morrison Tariff Bill. Vote, 159-155. May 8. D. C. Congress: The House passes the bill appropriating $1,000,000 for the New Orleans Exhibition, [it becomes a law.] May 29. Ind. The National Green- back Convention nominates B. F. Butler of Mass. for President, and A. M. West of Miss, for Vice-President. June 6. Chicago. The Republican Na- tional Convention nominates James G. Blaine for President. John A. Logan is nominated by acclamation for Vice-President. Fourth ballot : Blaine, 544 ; Chester A. Arthur of N. Y., 207; George F. Edmunds of Vt., 41 ; John Sherman of O., 25 ; Jos- eph R. Hawley of Conn., and John A. Logan of 111., 7 ; and two each for W. T. Sherman of O., and R. T. Lincoln of 111. June 30. IT. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, #195,067,490; internal revenue, ?12l,r»,xG,07o ; direct tax, $70,721 ; saies of public lands, $0,810,705 ; miscellaneous items, $27,984,882. Total revenue, $348,519,870 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, $104,393,026. Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, $70,92(1,434; War Department, $39,429,- G03; Navy Department, $17,292,601; In- dians, $6,475,999 ; pensions, $55,420,228 ; interest on the public debt, $54,578,378. Total ordinary expenditures, $'J44,12G,- 244. Public debt, $l,s:;s,9(M,fl07. Exports, $740,513,609 ; imports, $667,697,693. July 7. D.C. The 48th Congress: the first session closes. July 10. Chicago. The Democratic Na- tional Convention nominates Grover Cleveland of N. Y. for President [and Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind. for Vice-President] . Third ballot : Cleveland, 683 ; Thomas F. Bayard of Del., 81& ; Thomas A. Hen- dricks of Ind., 45i ; Samuel J. Randall of Pa., 4; Allen G. Thurmanof 0.,4 ; and Joseph E. McDonald, 2. July23. Pa. The Fourth National Pro- hibition Convention opens at Pitts- burg [it nominates John P. St. John of Kan. for President, and "William Daniel of Md. for Vice-President]. MISCELLANEOUS. 1884 Jan. 5. III. The Convent of the Immaculate Conception at Belleville is burned ; 38 lives are lost. Jan. 18. Mass. The steamer City of Columbus is wrecked on Devil's Bridge, off Gay Head ; 97 lives are lost. Jan. 31. Ind. A passenger train is thrown into "White Kiver ; six persons are killed. Feb. 28. Phila. Fire destroys 19 build- ings valued at $1,500,000. Apr. 18. The Glasgow steamer State of Florida and the bark Pomona are sunk in collision in the Atlantic, off the coast of Canada ; about 123 lives are lost. May 6, 7. New York. The Marine Na- tional Bank suspends payment; Grant and Ward fail, owing $16,000,000. May 12, 13. Neio York. A panic oc- curs in the stock-market ; "Wall Street is demoralized. May 14. Pa. A collision of trains near Connellsville causes 14 deaths. June 18. Harvard defeats Columbia in a boat-race ; time, 24.21. June 26. Columbia Freshmen defeat Harvard ; time, 9.43£. July 7. N. Y. The second intercol- legiate boat-race for fours is pulled at Saratoga; 1£ miles. Time: University of Pennsylvania, 8.39^ ; Cornell, 8.41 ; Princeton, 8.49 ; Columbia, 9.25 ; Bow- doin, not timed. July 27. O. The first regular trip by electric street-cars is made in Cleve- land—East Cleveland Street line. Aug. 1. Jay- Eye-See trots one mile In two minutes and 10 seconds. 318 1884, Sept. 22-1885, Jan. 29. AMERICA ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1884 Oct. 15. Mass. A Statue of John Harvard is unveiled at Cambridge. Oct. 27. Pa. An oil-well is sunk on Thorn Creek, which immediately flows about 10,000 barrels daily [the volume soon diminishes]. Dec. 6. D. C. Thirty-six years after the laying of the corner-stone, the cap- stone of the "Washington monument is placed in position. Total cost, about $1,500,000. The base of the monument is 55 ft., Ik in. square, and the walls 15 ft., J in. thick. At the 500-foot mark, where the pyra- midal top begins, the shaft is 34 ft. 5\ in. square, and the walls are 18 in. thick. The height above the ground is 555 ft. The pyramidal top terminates in an aluminum tip, which is 9 in. high and weighs 100 ounces. The mean pressure of the monument is 5 tons per square foot, and the total weight, foundation and all, is nearly 81,000 tons. (Houghta- ling's Handbook:.) * * Cat. The Lick Observatory is com- pleted. * * New York. An equestrian statue of Gen. Simon Bolivar is unveiled in Central Park. The bronze bust of Bee- thoven, on a pedestal 15 feet high, is unveiled in Central Park. Thomas Moran of New York is elected a mem- ber of the National Academy of Design. * * Pa. Natural gas is introduced into Pittsburg as a fuel. * * IT. S. Cocaine is first used as an an- esthetic in ophthalmic and other surgi- cal operations. * * Va. The McCormick Observatory of the University of Virginia is com- pleted. * * Springtime in England is painted by J. F. Cropsey. * * Around the World is painted by G. W. Maynard. * * Crab Catching is painted by Edward Moran. * * Colorado is painted by Worthington Whittredge. * * Kaatskills in Winter is painted by Jervis McEntee. * * So Near and Yet so Far is painted by J. M. Hart. * * Return of Labrador Fishing Boats is painted by William Bradford, also Lofty and Lowly. * * Peaceful Bays is painted by A. D. Shattuck. * * Pandora is painted by F. S. Church. * * Portrait of Professor Torrey is painted by T. W. Wood. * * Ashen Days is painted by A. C. Shaw. * * Market Days in San Juan Abajo is painted by Thomas Moran. * * Vieio on Kern River is painted by Al- bert Bierstadt. * * Baccliantes is painted by Peter F. Rothermel. * * Springtime is painted by J. A. Brown. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1884. Nov. 26. Ivison, Henry, educational pub- lisher, of N. Y., A76. Dec. 1 1. Greene, Samuel Dana, com- mander U. S. N., A45. 1885. Jan. 9. Gaines, .Myra (lurk, lifiress, AKO. Jan. 12. Jervis, .loliii lilooiulield. engineer, A90. Jan. 13. Colfax, Scliuvler, Vice-President, M. C. for Ind., speaker, AG2. Jan. 14. Suliinan, Benjamin, chemist, author, professor at Yale, A69. CHURCH. 1884 Sept. 22-26. N. Y. The Na- tional Conference (Unitarian) is held in Saratoga. Oct. 11. N. Mex. Bishop J. B. Sal- pointe is promoted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of Santa Fe. Nov. 7- Md. The Third Plenary Council (Roman Catholic) meets at Baltimore ; about 70 bishops and arch- bishops are present. Dec. 28. Cat. Patrick W. Riordan succeeds to the archbishopric of San Francisco. * * Can. The International Mission- ary Union, at Niagara Falls, is inau- gurated. * * Cat. P. Manogue becomes first (Roman Catholic) bishop of Sacra- mento. * * Conn. The Eastern Connecticut Con- gregational Club is formed at Norwich. * * Ire. The Pan-Presbyterian Con- vention meets at Belfast; delegates from the United States attend. * * Mich. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held at Detroit. * * Mo. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held*at St. Louis; A. G. Thomas, president. The Gen- eral Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; William H. French, moderator. The Congregational Club is formed at Kansas City. * * N. H. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Manchester is established. * * N. Y. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Saratoga; Geo. P. Hays, moderator. * * The first "Women's Missionary So- ciety, auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Convention, is organized. * * The Women's Executive (Mission) Board of the Seventh-day Baptist church is organized. * * The Danish (Evangelical Lutheran) Association is organized. * * The Woman's National Indian Association begins mission-work among the Indians. * * The Presbyterian Home Board sends a missionary to the Papagoes in Arizona : and continues its work among the Mis- sion Indians of Lower California. * * The Wabash, Oregon and "Washington, and West Iowa conferences (Free Meth- odists) are organized. * * The West Virginia eldership (Church of God) is organized. 1885 Jan. 8. Md. William Paret is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Maryland. Jan. 25. Ky. Camillus Paul Maes is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Kentucky. Jan. * William E. Dodge (son of ite former president) is elected president of the t'nited States branch of the Evan- gelical Alliance. LETTERS. 1884 Sept. 25. NevaTork. The Voice (Prohibition) is first issued. * * La. The Tulane University 'non- sect.) at New Orleans is opened. The Storm Lake Normal and Business School is opened at Storm Lake, and a Normal School at Woodbine. * * la. Lenox College (Pres.) is organ- ized at Hopkinton. * * Ind. The School of Theology of De Pauw University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Greencastle. * * N. Dak. University of North Da- kota (non-sect.) is organized at Grand Forks. * * S. Dak. The State opens an Agri- cultural College at Brookings. * * Tenn. Doyle College (Bapt.) is founded. Bloomington College (Meth. JEpis.) is founded at Bloomington. * * Vt. St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.) is established at Burlington. * * An American Politician, by F. Marion Crawford, appears, also A Roman Singer. * * Beatrix Randolph, by Julian Haw- thorne, appears. * * Complete Poems, by Sidney Lanier appears. * * The Democratic Party: Its History and Influence, by J. H. Patton, appears. * * TJie Destiny of Man, by John Fiske, appears. * * Memorie and Rime, by Joaquin Miller, . appears. * * Memoir of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, by Thomas W. Higginson, appears. * * Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Park- man, appears. * * Nature's Serial Story, by E. P. Roe, appears. * * Newport, by G. P. Lathrop, appears. * * Tke Occident, by Joseph Cook, appears. * * Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, appears. * * The Fate of Mansfield Humphries, by Richard Grant White, appears. * *-S9 * * Narrative and Critical His- tory of America is edited by Justin Winsor. (S vols.) * * The Lady or the Tiger? and Other Stories, by Frank Richard Stockton, ap- pears. * * Choy Susan, by William Henry Bish- op, appears. * * A Gentleman of Leisure, by Edgar Fawcett, appears ; also, Tinkling Cym- bals, and The Adventures of a Widow. * * Mingo, by Joel Chandler Harris, ap- pears. * * A Country Doctor, by Sarah Orne Jew- ett, appears. * * In the Tennessee Mountains, by Charles Egbert Craddock, appears ; also, Where the Battle 2Cas Fought. UNITED STATES. 1883, Sept. 22-1885, Jan. 29. 319 ;f: * Poems for Children, by Celia TUaxter, appears. * * The Study of Hindoo Grammar and the Study of Sanskrit, by William Dwight Whitney, appears. * * Doctor Sevier, by George W. Cable, appears. * * Doctor Zay, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, appears. * * Marse Chan, by Thomas Nelson Page, appears. * * Studies in History, by Henry Cabot Lodge, appears. SOCIETY. 1884 Sept. * Mrs. Belva Lockwood ac- cepts the nomination for the presidency of the United States tendered by the Cal- ifornia Woman Suffrage Convention. Nov. 20-!-. Phila. About 2,000 carpet weavers partly succeed in a strike against reduced wages, after holding out 22 weeks at a wage-loss of $312,000. Dec. * Olda. W. L. Couch establishes an armed camp at Stillwater, and defies the troops to eject the intruding settlers. [They are expelled in January.] * * Chicago. The Ephphatha School for the Deaf is opened. * * D. C. Congress creates a national Bureau of Labor. * * Fla. The State institution for the blind, deaf, and dumb is located at St. Augustine. * * la. The Eastern Iowa School for the Deaf is opened at Dubuque. -* * Mass. A petition having 106,000 signa- tures vainly entreats the Legislature to submit a Prohibitory Amendment. * * Md. The third Plenary Council of Roman Catholic Prelates, at Baltimore, declares against the liquor traffic. " Both love of religion and of country therefore urge all Christians to use every effort to stamp out this pestiferous evil." * * Me. The Constitutional Prohibitory Amendment is approved by the people by a vote of three to one. * * Minn. The Charity Organization Society is formed at Minneapolis. * * Mo. The "Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union meets in national con- vention at St. Louis ; Frances Wil- lard, president. * * Neb. Lands are given by the Govern- ment to Omaha Indians in severalty. * * N. Mex. An orphans' home and in- dustrial school is established at Santa Fe" by the State. -* * New York. The Church Temperance Society reports that 633 political conven- tions and primaries, out of a total of 1,002, are held in saloons, and 96 others in places next door to saloons. The "Boodle" Board of 24 Aldermen contains 12 saloon-keepers or ex-saloon- keepers and four saloon politicians. * * Utah. The Deaf-Mute Institute at Salt Lake City is opened. * * Va. The Legislature provides for the establishment of the Southwest Luna- tic Asylum. * * The Fraternal Mystic Circle is founded. The American Society of Electrical Engineers is organized. 1885 Jan. 9. New York. Richard Short attempts to kill Capt. Thomas Phelan as a suspected traitor to the Fenians. Jan. 12. Miss. The East Mississippi In- sane Asylum at Meridian is opened. STATE. 1SS4 Sept. 24. D.C. "Walter Q,. Gresh- am, Postmaster-General, is appointed Secretary of the Treasury. [Oct. 2S. He is succeeded by Hugh McCulloch of Ind. Oct. 14. Frank Hatton of la. is pointed P. M. G.] Sept. * Me. The people vote to adopt the Prohibitory Amendment to the Con- stitution. Vote, 70,7S3-23,811. Oct. 29. New York. Dr. Samuel D. Burchard, one of a delegation of clergy- men calling on James G. Blaine, uses the alteration, " Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion," as connected with the antecedents of the Democratic party. Democrats immediately use it in the political canvass. [It is alleged to have turned New York over to the Democrats by a majority of 1,047, and thus defeated the election of Mr. Blaine to the presi- dency ; 524 votes taken from Mr. Cleve- land would have changed the result.] Nov. 4. Mont. The people ratify the new Constitution. U. S. The 25th Presidential Elec- tion; Democrats elected. Popular vote : Grover Cleveland (Dem.) of N. Y., 4,874,986; James G. Blaine (Rep.) of Me., 4,851,981 ; John P. St. John (Prohib.) of Kan., 150,626 ; Benj. F. Butler (People's) of Mass., 133,825. Popular Vote for President. Cakdid VTES. States. Blaine Cleveland Butler St.John Ala. . 59,591 93,951 873 612 Ark. . 50,895 72,927 1,847 Cal. . 102,416 89,288 2,017 2,920 Colo. . 36,290 27,723 1,958 761 Conn. . 65,923 67,199 1,688 2,305 Del. . 12,951 16,964 6 55 Fla. . 28,031 31,766 72 Ga. . . 48,603 94,667 ' 145 195 111. . . 337,474 312,355 10,910 12,074 Ind. . 238,463 244,990 8,293 3,028 la. . . 197,089 177,316 1,472 Kan. . 154,406 90,132 16,341 4,495 Ky. . . 118,122 152,961 1,691 3,139 La. . . 46,347 62,540 Me. . . 72,209 52,140 3,953 2,160 Md. . . 85,699 96,932 531 2,794 Mass. . 146,724 122,481 24,433 10,026 Mich. . 192,669 149,835 42,243 18,403 Minn. . 111,923 70,144 3,583 4,684 Miss. . 43,509 76,510 Mo.. . 202,929 235,988 2,153 Neb. . 76,912 54,391 2,899 Nev. . 7,193 5,578 26 N.H. . 43,249 39,183 552 1,571 N.J. . 123,440 127,708 3,496 6,159 N. Y. . 562,005 563,154 16,994 25,016 N. C. . 125,068 142,952 454 O. . . 400,082 368,280 5,1*79 11,069 Ore. . 26,860 24,604 726 492 Penn. . 473,804 392.785 16,992 15,283 R.I. . 19,030 12,391 928 S. C. . 21,733 69,890 Tenn. . 124.078 133,258 957 1,131 Tex. . 93J141 225,309 3,321 3,534 Vt. . . 39,514 17,331 785 1,752 Va. . . 13!l..'!.n6 145,497 138 W. Va. 63,096 67,317 ' 810 939 Wis. . 161,157 146,459 4,598 7,656 Total 4,851.981 4,874,986 175,370 150,369 Perct. . 48.22 48.48 1.74 1.49 Plur. . 23,005 Dec. 1. JJ. C. The 48th Congress : the second session opens. Deo. 16. 1). ('. CongresB: The Senate passes a bill for the admission of South Dakota, and forms the domain north of the 4Gth parallel into the Territory of Lincoln ; the House passes the Reagan Inter-commerce Bill. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -86 * * Dak. (Ter.). Gilbert A. Pierce. -86* * Ida (Ter.). Wm. N. Bunn. -86 * * Mont. (Ter.). Piatt Carpenter. -87 * * If. J. Leon Abbott. -86 * * O. George Hoadly. -86 * * Vt. Samuel E. Pingree. -87 * * Wash. (Ter.). Watson C. Squire. 1885 Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The House fails to pass the Mexican War Pensions Bill, after passing the Senate with amendments. Vote, 129-85 — a two- thirds vote is required. Jan. 6. N. Y. Grover Cleveland, President elect of the United States, resigns the governorship, and is suc- ceeded by the lieutenant-governor, David B. Hill. Jan. 7. D. C. Congress : The House defeats a bill for the suspension of silver dollar coinage. Jan. 14. D. C. Congress : The House passes the bill to submit the French Spoliation Claims to the decision of a Court of Claims. [Later it passes the Senate and becomes a law Jan. 20, 1885.] In 1799 the Government offset certain claims of France by surrendering the claims of American citizens for the spoliation of their commerce by France when at war with England, France hav- ing seized, many cargoes of vessels trad- ing with her enemy. Jan. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate refuses to ratify the Nicaragua treaty. MISCELLANEOUS. 1884 Oct. * 2few York. Fares on the elevated roads are reduced from 10 cents to five. Oct. 3. Chicago. The pacer Johnston covers one mile in 2.06^. Nov. 18-22. Mo. About 12,000 cat- tlemen hold a convention at St. Louis, and organize a National Live Stock As- sociation. Dec. 16. La. The World's Industrial Cotton Exposition is opened at New Orleans ; President Arthur at Washing- ton sets the machinery in motion by electricity. [It closes Mar. 31, 1885.] Dec. 31. V. S. Statistics for 1S84. Production : Gold, $30,S00,000 ; silver, $48,800,000; bales of cotton, 5,714,052: pounds of wool, 300,000.000; barrels of petroleum. 24,21S,4.jS. Currency in cir- culation (June 30), 81,243,925,909; per capita, $22.65. Immigrants received (fis- cal year), 518,592. Miles of railroads worked, 115,072; capital stock, $3,762,- 616, 6SG ; total accidents, 1,191; persons killed. 389: persons injured, 1,760. Fire- waste, §110,008,611 ; insurance, §60,679,- 1< ■St. 3S4. 1885 Jan. 3. Chicago. The County Court-house and City Hall are opened. 320 1885, Feb. 1-* * AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1885 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress prohibits the repairing of wooden vessels when the expense will exceed 20 per cent of the cost of a new vessel. Apr. 24. Panama. United States troops land, arrest Aizpuru, the insurgent leader, and protect American property [until the troubles are settled]. May 17. A". Mex.~- Ariz. The Apache Indians under Chief Geronimo take the war-path. [The Apache Indians con- tinue to make raids into New Mexico from Arizona until October.] July 10. Henry C. Merriam is commis- sioned colonel — 7th infantry. Sept. 1. Gen. Crook captures a band of Apache Indians, who have maintained warfare for three years. [They escape a few days later.] * * N. Y. A pneumatic dynamite tor- pedo-gun is built, and mounted at Fort Lafayette. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE, 1885 Feb. 21. D. C. The "Washing- ton Monument is inaugurated at Wash- ington ; orations by Robert C. "Winthrop of Mass., and John W. Daniel of Va. (See Dec. 6, 18W.) Mar. 16. An eclipse of the sun is observed. Apr. 13. Va. The McCormick Obser- vatory, costing about §70,000, dedicated. June 19. New York. Bartholdi's co- lossal Statue of Liberty is received — a gift of the French people to the United States. July 7. Term. A new comet is ob- served. Aug. 3. N~. J. A terrific storm sweeps Camden County ; six persons are killed and 500 buildings destroyed ; property loss, $500,000. Aug. 16. ^V. 7. The asteroid Use is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. Aug. 18. Chicago. The Chicago Opera House is opened. Aug. 25±. Ga. — S. C. Savannah and Charleston are visited by destructive cyclones ; 22 persons lose their lives ; property loss, $2,000,000. Aug. * New York. A mechanical tele- phone, invented by A. A. Knudsou and T. G. Ellsworth, is announced. A large galvanometer is made by William A. Cornell. Sept. 8. 0. "Washington Co\irt-House is nearly destroyed by a tornado. Oct. 23. 'Cat. Larkin G. Mead's marble group, Columbus before Isabella, the gift of D. O. Mills, is placed in the ro- tunda of the Capitol at Sacramento. Nov. 7. Wis. The statue of 'Washing- ton by Parks is unveiled at Milwaukee ; it is the gift of Miss Elizabeth Planking- ton. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1885. Feb. 27. Drake, Francis Samuel, author, Mar. 18. "Warner, Susan (Oizabefh Weth- erell), novelist, writer, A66. Mar. 34. Thompson, Jacob, M. C. for Miss., secretary of Interior, A.75. Apr. 8. White, Richard Grant, author, critic, A63. May 4. Maclmwell, Irvin, maj.-gen. U. S. A., A67. May 15. Sunderland, Le Hoy, author, A83. May 20. Frelingnuysen. Frederick The- odore, lawyer, senator for N. J., secretary of state, Ab8. June 6. Hough, Franklin Benjamin, phy- sician, historical writer, A63. June 21. Coil, Thomas Winthrop, P. E. clergyman, theologian, AS2. June * Barber, John Warner, historical writer, A87. July 6. Gorringe, Henrv H., capt. U. S. N., A44. July 10. Gilbert, Ruf us Henry, inventor of the elevated railroad system, A53. July 18. Prime, Samuel 1 reuse us, Pres. clergyman, author, A72. July 23. Grant. Ulysses Simpson, gen. V. S. A., 18th President of U. S-, A63. Aug. 12. Jackson, Helen Hunt (nee Fiske — H. H.), poet, novelist, A54. Aug. 25. Kenton, Reuben Katon, senator, Gov., M. C. for N. Y., AtJ6. Aug-. 29. Alden, Joseph, Cong, clergyman, president of college, editor, author, A78. Sept. 3. Gwin. William JIcKerv'ree, phy- sician, 11. C, senator for Cal., A 80. Sept. 16. TetTt, Benjamin Franklin, M. E. clergyman, author, diplomatist, A72. Oct. 1. Page, William, painter, A74. Oct. 10. McCloskey. John, archbishop, first American cardinal, A75. Oct. 14. Shaw, Henry Wheeler (Josh Bil- lings), humorist, A67. Oct. 29. McClellan. George Erinton, gen. -in-chief of U. S. armies, candidate for presidency, Gov. of N. J-, A59. Nov. 8. JlcCullough, John, Irish- Ameri- can tragedian, A48. Nov. 14. Claflin, Horace Brighton, mer- chant, of N- Y., A74. Nov. 15. Young, John Freeman, P. E. bishop, of Fla., A65. Nov. 17. Seyffarth, Gustav, Luth. clergy- man, archfologist, Kgvptoln^ist, A 89. Nov. 21. Wright, Elizur, journalist, pub- licist, reformer, A81. Nov. 25. Hendricks, Thomas Andrews, Vice-President U. S., M. C, senator for Ind., Gov., A66. Dec. 8. Vanderbilt, William H., railroad president, capitalist, A64. Dec. 9. Mulford, Ehsha. P. E. cl.,au., A52. Siblev, John Langdon, librarian of Har- vard, A81. Dec. 15. Toombs, Robert, senator for Ga., Confederate brig. -gen,, A75. Dec. 20. Draper, John Christopher, chem- ist, author, A50. CHURCH. 1885 Feb. 1. Bishop "William H. Gross is promoted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of the province of Oregon. Feb. 24. Neb. George "Worthington is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Nebraska. Mar. 19. La. Anthony Durier is con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Natchitoches. Apr. 19. Ida. A. J. Glorieux is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Apol- lonia. [Vicar-apostolic of Idaho.] Apr. 29. The Conference of the Middle States and Canada (Unitarian) is or- ganized. May. 1. Ariz. P. Bourgade is consecrated (Roman Catholic) vicar-apostolic of Ari- May 28. Cincinnati. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. June 20. Alas. A band of Moravian missionaries land on the shores of Alas- ka, aud found the Bethel Mission. July 25. Mich. The Pentecost Bands at Parma are organized for home mis- sion-work ; [afterward for foreign work]. Aug. 2. Richard Pbelan is consecrated (Roman Catholic; bishop. Oct. 2. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Omaha is established. Oct. 10. New York. Archbishop Cor- rigan succeeds to the Roman Catholic See of New York. Dec. 31. The Chicago Church Extension Society is organized. LETTERS. 1885 May 22. New York. The Re- vised Old Testament is published sim- ultaneously in London and New York. Oct. 22. Miss. The Industrial Institute and College is opened at Columbus for the education of white girls. * * Cat. Maclay College of Theology (Meth. Epis.) is founded at San Fer- nando. * * Chicago. The Chicago Training-school (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Chicago. SOCIETY. 1885 Feb. 2. New York. An attempt is made to kill O'Donovan Rossa, a Fenian ; he is shot in the street by Mrs. Lucille Y. Dudley. [June 30. She is acquitted, as insane.] Feb. 14. Phila. The Philadelphia Methodist Episcopal Hospital is incor- porated. Mar. 5-r. Pa. About 4,000 miners in "Western Pennsylvania strike unsuc- cessfully against reduced wages, and hold out 54 days at a wage-loss of $344,300. Mar. 9+. Pa. Over7,0Wminersin "West- ern Pennsylvania strike successfully for increased wages ; they hold out 29 days at a wage-loss of S323,G00. Apr. 30. -V. Dak. A hospital for the insane is opened at Jamestown. June 1+. Pa. Over 15,000 iron-workers in "Western Pennsylvania strike suc- cessfully against reduced wages ; they hold out 16 days at a wage-loss of S442,- 733. June 19. New York. Bartholdi's gigan- tic Statue of Liberty is received with great ceremonies. June 24. Me. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 19th National Encampment at Portland; S. S. Bur- dette of "Washington, D. C, commander- in-chief. July 1^. O. About 3,000 rolling-mill hands in Cleveland strike success- fully against reduced wages ; they hold out S3 days at a wage-loss of $410,000. July 4. Utah. Mormons at Salt Lake City place the United States flag at half- mast. (See State, Mar. 23.) * * Phila. The "Woman's Christian Temperance Union meets in National Convention at Philadelphia; Frances Willard, president. The Social Pu- rity movement is inaugurated. Aug. 29+. Wyo. White miners make murderous attacks on 400 Chinese la- borers at Rock Spring ; the Federal UNITED STATES. 1885, Feb. 1- 321 Government sends troops to quell the disturbance after many Chinese have been massacred. Sept. 25. S. Dak. The proposed Consti- tution is framed by a convention at Sioux Falls, with an article prohibiting the liquor traffic. (See 1889, May 14, Oct. 1.) Sept. 4.^- Pa. About 4,r>00 miners in "Western Pennsylvania strike unsuc- cessfully for increased wages, and hold out four months at a wage-loss of $549,780. Oct. 17. Mich. The National Prison Association meets at Detroit. Nov. 5. Wash. Gov. Squire issues a proclamation against riotous Knights of Labor who attempt to expel the Chi- nese. Nov. 14-K Mass. Nearly 6,000 lasters and bottomers in Brockton partly suc- ceed in astrike against rixed rates ; they hold out six weeks at a wage-loss of $430,000. * * Ga. The Legislature passes a general local option law. Nov. 25. Ga. Prohibitionists have a majority in the first election held under the local option law in Fulton County. Nov. * The Irish Parliamentary Fund Association is organized. STATE. 1885 Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Cullom Interstate Commerce Bill, as a substitute for the Reagan Bill. Vote, 43-12. [It fails in the House.] Feb. 11. D. C Congress counts the electoral vote. Vote for President : Grover Cleveland, 219; James G. Blaine, 1S2. Vote for Vice-President : Thomas A. Hendricks (Dem.) of Ind., 219 ; John A. Logan (Rep.) of 111., 182. Feb. 27. N. Y. President elect Cleve- land publishes a reply to the silver advocates in Congress, deprecating further coinage of silver as tending to produce a financial crisis. Mar. 4. D. C. Congress passes the bill retiring Gen. Grant with the full pay ($13,000) of the retired list. It enlarges the weight of single rate letters from one-half an ounce to one ounce, for two cents postage; news- papers from the publishers* offices are reduced to one cent per pound. The 48th Congress ends. The 26th Administration; Demo- cratic. Grover Cleveland of N. Y., the 22d President, in the 26th term of the presi- dency, is inaugurated. Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind. is Vice-President. Great rejoicing among Democrats follows the inauguration of Mr. Cleve- land, as the party has been excluded from the administrative offices for 25 years. Cabinet: Thomas F. Bayard of Del. (State), Daniel Manning of N. T. (Treas.), "William C. Endicott of Mass. 'War), "William C. "Whitney of N. T. (Navy), Lucius Q. C. Lamar of Miss. (Interior), "William F. Vilas of Wis. (P. M.-Gen.), and Augustus H. Gar- land of Ark. (Atty.-Gen.). Mar. * Edward J. Phelps of Vt. is appointed U. S. minister to England. Mar. 23. D. C. The Supreme Court de- cides that the Edmunds Anti-polygamy Bill is constitutional. Apr. 11. D. C. President Cleveland declines to unite with European govern- ments in prohibiting alcoholic liquors, arms, ammunition, and dynamite for the Pacific Islands. Apr. 16. N. Y. The Legislature passes a bill making the grounds bordering the Niagara Falls a State reservation, free to visitors ; cost, more than §1,400,000. May 15. N. Y. The Legislature pro- vides for the appointment of three forest commissioners. June 30. XI. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, §181,471,939; internal revenue, $112,498,726 ; sales of public hauls, $5,705,980; miscellaneous items, ,$24,014,055. Total revenue, $323,- 690,706 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expendit ures, $63,463,771 . Expenditures': Miscellaneous items, §87,494,258; War Department, $42,670,578 ; Navy Depart- ment, $16,021,080; Indians. §6,552,495; pensions. §56,102,267 ; interest on the public debt, §51,386,256. Total ordinary expenditures, §260,226,935. Public debt, §1,872,340,557. Exports, §742,189,755; im- ports, §577,527,329. Sept. 25. S. Dak. A convention at Sioux Falls, called by the Legislature, frames a State Constitution. Nov. 4. New York. "William R. Grace is elected the 84th mayor. Nov. 9. D. C. President Cleveland issues a proclamation against the bar- barous treatment of Chinese laborers in "Washington Territory. Nov. 25. D. C. Vice-President Thomas A. Hendricks suddenly dies at his home in Indianapolis. Dec. 7. D. C. The 49th Congress opens. Dec* D. C. Congress; Senate: John Sherman (Rep.) of O. is elected Presi- dent pro tempore. House : John G. Car- lisle (Dem.) of Ky. is elected Speaker. Dec. 17. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Presidential Succession Bill ; in case of the decease of both President and Vice-President, it invests the presidency in the secretary of state, or other Cabinet officers in their order. MISCELLANEOUS. 1885 Feb. 19. Phila. Fire destroys nine buildings in the business section ; loss 83,000,000. Feb. 27- D. C. The National Theater at "Washington is burned. Feb. * The Alert, used by the United States in the search for Lieut. Greely, is returned to the British Government with thanks. Apr. 12. New York. Twelve persons are injured in the collapse of eight buildings while workmen are completing them. May 14. N. Y. The first five-mile sec- tion of the Erooklyn Elevated road June 20. Harvard defeats Columbia in a boat-race ; time, 24.27. June 25. Harvard Freshmen defeat Columbia ; time, 12.22. July 4. Mass. The third intercollegiate boat-race for fours. It takes place on Lake Quinsigamond, near Worerster, I. 1 , in ih-s straight. Time : Cornell, 9.UU, followed by Brown, Bow- doin, and the University of Pennsylva- nia. July 15. N. Y. The Niagara Inter- national Park, purchased by the Federal Government for public use, is opened. July 30. O. Maud S. trots one mile in 2.08 J at Glenville. July* A "West Shore Road train runs from East Buffalo to Weehawken, 4-22.6 miles, in 9.23 hours ; speed, 45 miles per hour, including stops, or 51 miles actual running speed. Aug. 5-7. New York honors the memory of Gen. Grant by obsequies worthy of royalty. He lies in state two days ; and his body is followed to the grave by a funeral procession six miles long. It includes the General's bereaved family, President Cleveland, Gens. Hancock and Sherman, and other offi- cers of the U. S. Army ; Gen. Johnston and many ex-Confederate officers ; soldiers, marines, and regiments of State militia from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; also many carriages. The pro- cession starts at nine a.m., and arrives at the temporary tomb in Riverside Park on the Hudson at five p.m. Aug. 14. N. Y. The first of the inter- national yacht-races near Sandy Hook is won by the American schooner-yacht Puritan over the English cutter Genesta; lead, 16 minutes 48 seconds. Aug. 29. New York. The first cable- road begins its service. Sept. 16. N. Y. The Puritan again beats the Genesta in a race for the America cup; lead, lm. 38s. Oct. 10. N. Y. Flood Rock in Hell Gate is blown up with 285,000 pounds of dynamite and powder. Oct. 18. N. J. A train is wrecked near Hackensack ; nine persons killed. Nov. 10. La. The North, Central, and South Exposition opens at New Orleans. Dec. 15. Ga. Two trains collide near Austell ; 11 persons are killed. Dec. 26. Gloucester fishing schooners are lost at sea ; 42 fishermen perish. Dec. 3 1 . Statistics for 1885. Production: Gold, $31,SOO,000; silver, S51,6oo.00i>; bushels of grain: Indian corn, 1,936,176,000; wheat, 357,112,000; oats, 629,409,000; barley, 5S,360,000; rye, 21,756,000; buckwheat, 12.626,000; bales of cotton, 5,669,021 ; pounds of wool, 308,000.000; barrels of petroleum, 21,847,- 205. Currency in circulation (June 30), §1,292,568,615; per capita, $23.02. Im- migrants received (fiscal year), 395,346. Miles of railroads worked, 123,320: capital stock, $3,817,697,832 ; railroad accidents, 1,217 ; persons killed, 307; persons injured, 1,538. Fire-waste, $102,818,796; insurance, $57,430,789. 322 1885 * *-1886, June 17. AMERICA: ARMY -NAVY. 1886 Jan. 21. Gen. Miles, having been appointed to succeed Gen. Crook, con- tinues the pursuit of the Apaches; Capt. Crawford is unintentionally (?) killed by Mexican troops. Feb. 7-9. Wash. Troops are ordered out to suppress the anti-Chinese rioters at Seattle. Feb. 19. D. C. Com. James E. Jouett is promoted rear-admiral. [Also Mar. 4. Com. John H. Russell.] Mar. 4. D. C. Capt. John Irwin is pro- moted commodore. [Also May 19. Capt. James A. Greer.] Commander Norman H. Farquhar is promoted captain. [Also May 19. Commander Theodore F. Kane. Dec. 13. Commander Henry B. Seely.] Mar. 19. D. C. Oliver O. Howard is commissioned major-general. Thomas H. Ruger is commissioned brig- adier-general. The military board (Gens. Schofield, Terry, and Getty) entirely exonerate Fitz-John Porter of the charges under which he was dismissed from the army. Mar. 26. D. C. The Government orders U. S. troops to protect the transportation of mails against interference by riotous strikers at St. Louis and other points. Apr. 20. Zenas R. Bliss is commissioned colonel — 24th infantry. [Also June 11. James W. Forsyth — 7th cavalry. Sept. 6. Thomas M. Anderson — 14th infan- try. Sept. 16. George H. Mendel 1 — corps of engineers. Oct. 12. Henry L. Abbot — corps of engineers. Oct. 13. Edwin F. Towns — 12th infantry. Oct. 19. Robert E. A. Crofton — 15th infan- try.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1885 * * Cat. The Observatory of the University of the Pacific is erected at San Jose\ * * Ind. The McKim Observatory is erected at Greencastle. * * New York. A bronze statue of Wil- liam E. Dodge, a philanthropist of New York, is unveiled. J. C. Nicoll, F. D. Millet, F. E. Church, and George TV. Maynard of New York are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * The Jack o* Lantern is painted by T. TV. "Wood. * * At the Watering Trough is painted by J. M. Hart. * * Sunset is painted by George Inness. * * Peacocks in the Snow is painted by F. 5. Church. * * TJie Strange Gods is painted by G. TV. Maynard. * * The Russet Tear is painted by A. C. Shaw. * * Christmas Eve is painted by Jervis McEntee. * * October in Itamapo Valley is painted by J. F. Cropsey. * * Waiting for Dad is painted by Ed- ward Moran. * * Morning at Vera Cruz is painted by Thomas Moran. * * Sunrise over the Sea is painted by Worth ington Whittredge. 1886 Jan. 19. Cal. Much damage is done by a gale at San Francisco. Jan. * Neic York. A comet is discov- ered by TV. R. Brooks of Geneva. Mar. 1-3. A heavy snowstorm occurs in New England, and trains are stopped. Apr. 14. Minn. A terrific tornado strikes St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids, killing 34, and wounding 136 persons ; a great amount of property is destroyed. Apr. 29. Ala. Jefferson Davis lays the foundation of a monument to Con- federate soldiers of the State at Mont- gomery. May 6. Mo. A terrible tornado in Kansas city kills 70 people and destroys many buildings. May 12-15. Destructive tornadoes sweep through Southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. May 19. O. A waterspout devastates Xenia ; loss, 100 houses and 25 lives. June 17. N. H. A bronze statue of Daniel "Webster erected in the State- house Park is dedicated ; it is the gift of Benjamin Cheney. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1886. Jan. 16. Hudson, Henry Norman, P. E. clergyman, shakesp.-unan srholar, A72. Jan. 26. Atchison, David R., senator for Mo., A79. Feb. 9. Hancock, "Winfleld Scott, maj.- gen., Dem. candidate far ['resident, A62. Feb. 12. Seymour, Horatio, Gov. K. Y., Dem. candidate for President, A76. Feb. 18. Goug-h, John B., temperance orator, A69. Mar. 27. Hunt, Ward, associate justice U. S. S. Ct;, A76. Apr. 13. Noyes, John Humphrv, commu- nist at Oneida, N. Y., A75. Apr. 28. Richardson, Henry Hobson, ar- chitect, A47. May 1. Robertson, Charles F., P. E. bishop of Mo., A51. Shepard, Charles Upbam, phvsinst, author, A82. May 21. Lewis, Dio, physician, lecturer, A68. Andrews, Stephen Pearl, author, A74. May 25. Steele, Joel Dorman, educator, A50. June 6. Kevin, John Williamson, Ger. Kef. clergyman, theologian, A83. June "7. Hoe, Richard March, inventor of revolving press, A74. June 16. Whipple, Edwin Percy, essayist, critic, lecturer, A67. CHURCH. 1885* * Boston •+-. The Society of Chris- tians, professing " to effect physical healing by mental effort," is organized ; Mrs. M. B. G. Eddy, leader. * * Colo. The Colorado Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * £>. C. The Congregational Club is formed. * * Kan. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Topeka ; "Wil- liam Johnston, moderator. * * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held at Saratoga. ■ * 0. The Annnal Convention 'Disci- ples of Christ) is held at Cleveland; L. L. Carpenter, president. The Gen- eral Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; E. K. Craven, moderator. * * Pa. The 32d General Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) meets at Harrisburg. * * Wis. The Icelanders' Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) is organized. 1886 Jan. 1. Mont. The American Unitarian Association begins its work among the Indians. Jan. 13. New York. The Christian or- ders of the King's Daughters, and the King's Sons are founded by ten women. It is interdenominational, and its in- dividual members are pledged to render service of mercy or help; its motto, •' In His Name." [Jan. 18. The pioneer circle is formed.] Mar. 26. Ga. Thomas A. Becker, Roman Catholic bishop, is transferred to Savan- nah. May 5. Va. The General Conference (Methodist Episcopal South) is held at Richmond. W. W. Duncan, Charles B. Galloway, E. H. Hendrix, and Joseph S. Key are elected bishops of the Methodist Episco- pal Church South. May 26. New York. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. May.* Alas. A band of Moravian mis- sionaries found the Carmel Mission. June 7. Md. John Gibbons, Roman Catholic archbishop of Baltimore, is created a Cardinal. LETTERS. 1885 * * Fla. Rollins CoUege (Cong.) is organized at Winter Park. * * La. The Normal School is estab- lished at New Orleans. * * Mich. The College of Physicians and Surgeons at Detroit opens. * * Minn. Macalester CoUege (Pres.) is organized at St. Paul. * * Neb. The Nebraska Central College is opened at Central City. * * New York. The Cosmopolitan mag- azine is founded. * * N. Y. The Brooklyn Institute opens a training-school for teachers. * * Pa. Bryn Mawr College (Orthodox Friends) is organized. * * Ore. Provision is made for the estab- lishment of a State Normal School at Drain. * * S. I>ak. Dakota University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Mitchell. * * Wis. The State Normal School at Milwaukee is opened. * * A Biography of Emerson, by Oliver "Wendell Holmes, appears. * * Poets of America, by Edmund Clar- ence Stedman, appears. * * Elements of Moral Science, by Noah Porter, appears. * * The I?isuppres$ible Book, by Gail Ham- ilton (Mary Abigail Dodge), appears. * * Maruja, by Bret Harte, appears. UNITED STATES. 1885, * *-1886, June 17. 323 * * My Lady Pokahontas, by John Esten Cooke, appears. * * Problems in Philosophy, by John Bus- corn, appears. * * The Else and Fall of Silas Lapham, by "William Dean Howells, appears. * * Studies in Shakespeare, by Richard Grant White, appears. * * An Original Belle, by Edward Payson Roe, appears. * * The Idea of God as Affected by Modern Knowledge, by John. Fiske, appears. * * The Silent South, by George W. Cable, appears. * * City Ballads, by "Will Carletou, ap- pears. * * Miss Cadogna, by Julian Hawthorne, appears ; also, Noble Blood. * * The Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun- tains, by Charles Egbert Craddock, ap- pears ; also, Down the Ravine. 1886 Jan. 3. Md. The Public Li- brary at Baltimore, the gift of Enoch Pratt, is opened. SOCIETY. 1S85 * * Boston. The Algonquin Club is organized. * * Cal. The State Home for the care and training of feeble-minded chil- dren at Santa Clara is opened. * * la. The prohibitory liquor law is passed by a Democratic Legislature. * * Kan. The anti-saloon Republican movement is organized to induce the party everywhere to adopt "a platform of uncompromising hostility to the sa- loon." * * Me. A State Board of Health is es- tablished. * * N. C. A Baptist Orphanage is founded in Thomasville. * * Neb. The Santees are granted lands in severalty. * * JV. J. A State school for deaf mutes is opened near Trenton. * * N. Mex. A State school for the deaf and dumb at Santa Fe is opened. * * O. The Legislature establishes a State Board of Health. * * The Knights of Temperance (Total abstainers) are organized under the aus- pices of the Church Temperance Society. (Protestant Episcopal.) * * U. S. Liberal subscriptions are made for advancing Irish Home Rule in Ireland. * * The Daughters of the King are or- ganized in connection with the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. * * U. S. Indians are held responsible under the laws touching murder, man- slaughter, rape, assault to kill, arson, burglary, and larceny. * * Utah. The insane asylum at Provo is opened. 1886 Jan. 1+. N. Y. More than 7.000 glove-makers at Gloversville partly succeed in a strike for increased wages ; they hold out nine weeks at a wage-loss of 8648,900. Jan. 21. Judge Brewer of the XT. S. Circuit Court renders his decision in the case of the State of Kansas ex ret. v. John "Walruff, upholding compensa- tion for loss in brewing property occasioned by prohibition laws. Feb. 7. Wash. An anti-Chinese riot occurs at Seattle ; 400 Chinese are driven from their homes by a mob. Feb. 8. Wash. Gov. Squire proclaims martial law for the protection of the Chinese against rioters. Feb. 27+. N. F. Nearly 2,000 stove- molders at Troy strike successfully for increased wages ; they hold out 17 weeks at a wage-loss of S400.000. Mar. 6+. About 9,000 employees of the Missouri Pacific Railroad system strike unsuccessfully by the order of Mar- tin Jones, because of the discharge of Knight of Labor ; they hold out two months at a wage-loss of $1,400,000; seven of the strikers are killed by the militia in East St. Louis, Mo. Mar. 10. R. I. The Legislature votes unanimously for the submission of a prohibition amendment to a popular vote. [Apr. 7. It is approved by more than the required three-fifths vote.] Mar 17. Miss. A band of 50 whites kills ten negroes in Carrollton, at the court-house, who were there confined pending trial for wounding a white man. April 16+. New York. About 1,300 em- ployees of the Third Avenue horse-car line are partly successful in a strike against the hours of labor and the dis- charge of men ; they hold out 60 days at a wage-loss of $50,000. April * An ovation is given to Jefferson Davis on his journey through the South- ern States. Mayl. New York. About 20,000 cigar- makers strike unsuccessfully for fewer hours ; they hold out one day at a wage-loss of $27,000. May 4. Chicago. An anarchist mob creates a riot in which dynamite is used ; the police disperse the anarchists by hard fighting ; six of the police are killed and 61 wounded. May 5. Wis. An anarchist riot occurs at Milwaukee ; 10 persons are killed and 15 wounded ; Herr Most, the leader, es- capes arrest. May 10+ . Chicago. About 12,000 lumber- shovers strike unsuccessfully for fewer hours and more pay ; they holdout two weeks at a wage-loss of $270,000. May 12. New York. Herr Most, the anarchist leader, is arrested for inciting riots. (See May 5.) [He is fined and im- prisoned.] May 18. N. Y. A State Board of Arbi- tration for labor disputes is provided for by the Legislature. May 20. New York. Henry W. Jaime, one of the "boodle" aldermen, is sen- tenced to imprisonment. May 27. Chicago. The grand jury in- dicts 22 anarchists for murder. June 2. D. C. President Grover Cleve- land is married to Miss Frances Fol- som at the White House. June 5. New York. About 12,000 street car employees successfully strike in sympathy with other strikers, for one day ; wage-loss, $25,000. STATE, 1885 * * U. S. Governors Inaugu- rated : -89 * * Ark. Simon P. Hughes. -87 * * Colo. Benj. H. Eaton. -87 * * Conn, Henry B. Harrison. -89 * * Fla. Edward A. Perry. -89 * * III. Richard J. Oglesby. -89 * * Ind. Isaac P. Gray. -89 * * Kan. John A. Martin. -87 * * Mich. Russell A. Alger. -89 * * Mo. John S. Marmaduke. -89 * * N. C. Alfred M. Scales. -87 * * N. H. Moody Currier. -86 * * N. Y. David B. Hill. -87 * * R. I. George P. Wetmore. -89 * * W. Va. E. "Willis "Wilson. 1886 Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Edmunds Bill for the suppression of the Mormon hierarchy. Vote 38-7. Jan. 25 -f. D. C. The Senate and Presi- dent have a controversy lasting several months respecting the latter's refusal to communicate his reasons for the re- moval of public officers. Mar. 5. Z>. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Blair Educational Bill, appropriating $79,000,000 to be divided among the States for free public schools pro rata to illiteracy. Mar. 19. D. C. Congress increases pensions from $8 per month to $12. Apr. 8. 2>. C. Congress : The House defeats the bill for the' free coinage of silver; vote, 126-163. June 1. Pa. The Legislature passes the Bullitt Act, granting a reform charter to Philadelphia. [Operative Apr. 1, '87.] June 3. I). C. Congress: The House passes the bill taxing oleomargarine. Vote, 177-101. [June 20. Passed by the Senate. Vote, 37-24.] June 7. D. C. Congress: The House passes the bill repealing the preemption, timber culture, and desert-land laws. MISCELLANEOUS. 1885 * * Chicago. The new Board of Trade building is completed. * * New York. The National Brotherhood of ball-players is organized. 1886 Mar. 14. N. Y. The Cunard steamer Oregon collides with a schooner off Long Island ; the steamer sinks, but no lives are lost. Apr. 7. Mass. The derailing of a train near Deerfield causes 12 deaths. June 7. S. C. The derailing of a train near Santee Swamp causes seven deaths and injures 13. 324 1886, June 17-**. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1886 July 1. D. C. The President approves the act restoring Gen. Fitz- John Porter to his rank in the army. [Aug. 2. He is appointed to a colonelcy.] Sept. 4. Ariz. The Apaches under Chief Geronimo surrender to Gen. Miles at Skeleton CaBon. Sept. * The Apaches cease their warfare and surrender. [They are removed to Florida.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1886 June 21. Mass. Miss Whitney's marble statue of Harriet Martineau is dedicated at Wellesley College, Need- ham. June 28. The asteroid AJetheia is dis- covered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton observatory. Aug. 31. S. C. A series of earthquake shocks begin at 9.51 p.m. at Charleston, and alarm the city ; 57 persons are killed ; property damages, $500,000,000. Oct. 2. Can. Col. Gilder's polar expe- dition starts from Winnipeg. Oct. 12. A violent gale occurs in Texas and the Southwest ; more than 250 persons and thousands of cattle are drowned ; the town of Sabine Pass is destroyed. Oct. 28. New York. The Bartholdi Statue of Liberty Enlightening the "World set up on Bedloe's Island, in the harbor, is dedicated by President Cleve- land ; it is 151 feet in height, and stands on a pedestal 155 feet high. Oct. 31. N. Y. The asteroid Prymno is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Li- bussa is discovered, Dec. 22.1 * * Boston. A statue of William Lloyd Garrison is unveiled in Commonwealth Avenue. * * Cal. The Chabot Observatory is presented to the city of Oakland. * * Mass. The Smith College Obser- vatory is erected at Northampton. * * New York. The opera Erminie, by Jacobowski, is first sung in this country. * * Dr. Mott reports four successful in- oculations for hydrophobia. * * J. Alden Weir and C. Y. Turner of New York are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * The American College of Musicians is incorporated. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1886. June 26. Davis, David, senator for 111., justice U. S. S. Ct., A71. July 7. Havne, Paul Hamilton, poet, of S. C, A66. July 10. Krown, Henry Kirk, snilptor, A72. July 14. Nichols, William Kiplev, chemist, A39. July 16. Judson, Edward Z. C., story writer (Ned Runtime), A64. Aug. 4. Tilden, Samuel .tones, Gov. of N. Y., Dem. candidate for President, A76. Aug. 11. Hamilton, Frank Hastings, sur- geon, author, A73. Aug-. 20. Stephens, Ann Sophia, author, A63. Aug-. 22. Stowe, Calvin Ellis, Cong, cler- gyman, professor, author, A34. Aug-. 25. Perkins, Charles Callahan, art critic, A63. Sept. 17. Purand, Asher-Brown, landscape painter, engraver, A90. Sept. 27. Cooke, John Esten, novelist, his- torian, A50. Nov. 18. Arthur. Chester Alan, lawver, Vice-President, 21st President V. S., A56. Nov. 21. Adams, Charles 1 rancis, M. C. for Mass., minister to Eng., A79. Nov. 23. Brooks, Enibtus, ed. New Tork Express, ATI. Dec. 8. Lea, isaa<\ naturalist, author, AM. Dec. 24. Short, Charles, scholar, am, A65. Dec. 26. Log-an, John Alexander, M. C. for 111., ma j. -gen. vols., Rep. candidate for Vice-President, A60. CHURCH. 1886 June 21. Chicago. The Western Unitarian Association is organized at Chicago. Sept. 20-24. N. Y. The twelfth Na- tional Council (Unitarian) is held in Saratoga. Oct. 14. Pa. The Pennsylvania Congre- gational Association is organized. Oct. 18. Minn. Mahlon N. Gilbert is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- sistant bishop of Minnesota. Nov. 9. Cal. The Pacific Unitarian Con- ference at San Francisco is organized. JNov. 14. Del. Alfred A. Curtis is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the Diocese of Wilmington. * * Chicago. The General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) meets. * * Ind. The North Indiana Conference (Free Methodist) is organized. * * Minn. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Minneapolis ; D. C. Marquis, moderator. * * Mo. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Kansas City ; F. M. Drake, president. * * N.J. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held in Asbury Park. * * N. Y. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse is established. * * O. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Hamilton ; John T. Brownlee, moderator. LETTERS. 1886 * * Ark. Ouachita College (Bapt.) is founded. * * Kansas Wesleyan University (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Salina. * * Kan. Garfield University (Disci- ples) is organized at Wichita. * * Kan. Southwest Kansas College (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Winfield. * * Ind. The Indiana Normal College is opened at Covington. * * New York. The Forum is issued ; also, Hlas Lindn, printed in Bohemian ; the Listy and the Catholic News. * * N. Y. The Citizen is issued as a daily at Brooklyn. The Sunday Telegram is issued at Albany. * * S. C. The Winthrop Teachers' Train- ing School is opened at Columbia. * * Va. The Times is issued at Richmond. * * Wash. The Northwest Normal School is opened at Lynden. * * The Boss Girl, and Other Sketches, by James Whitcomb Riley, appears. * * Holy Tides, by Adeline D. T. Whitney, * Jo's Boys, by Louisa M. Alcott, ap- pears. * Little Lord Fauntleroy , by Frances Hodgson Burnett, appears. * * The Orient, by Joseph Cook, appears. * * The Catholic Church in America, by John Dawson Gilmary Shea, appears. * * The Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and Mrs. Aleshine, by Frank R. Stockton, appears; also, The Late Mr. Null. * * Brueton's Bayou, by John Habberton, appears. * * The Bostontans, by Henry James, ap- pears; also, The Princess Casamassima. * *The Tale of a Lonely Parish, by Francis Marion Crawford, appears. SOCIETY. 1886 June * The Parnellite Fund for aiding elections in Great Britain is sus- tained by large contributions. July 1. R. I. The Prohibition Amend- ment becomes operative. Aug. 3. la. Rev. George C. Haddock, a Prohibitionist, is murdered at Sioux City by a prominent friend of the brewers. Aug. 20. Chicago. Seven Anarchists are sentenced for murders committed during the riots. (See Nov. 11, 1887.) Aug. 26. Cal. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 20th National Encampment at San Francisco ; Lucius Fairchild of Wis., commander-in-chief. Aug. * Ncir York. Alfred Packer, one of six starving miners in Colorado, having killed and eaten his companions, is con- victed of manslaughter and sentenced to 40 years imprisonment. Sept. 23. N.Y. The Unitarian Church Temperance Society is organized at Saratoga. Its purpose is " to work for the cause of temperance in whatever ways may seem to it wise and right ; to study the social problems of poverty, crime, and disease in their relation to the use of intoxicating drinks, and to diffuse what- ever knowledge may he gained ; to dis- cuss methods of temperance reform ; to devise and so far as possible to execute plans for practical reform ; to exert, by its meetings and by its membership, such influence for good as by the grace of God it may possess." Oct. 9+. Chicago. Over 9,000 meat-pack- ers strike unsuccessfully against the 10-hour day ; they hold out 11 days at a wage-loss of $175,000. Oct. 11. The American Convention of the Christian Church, in quadrennial session, declares its hostility to the liquor-traffic. It announces " itself as the patron and aider of all activities and associations that point clearly, definitely, and wisely to a direct and* immediate erasure of permissions or sanctions of society or law upon the iniquitous liquor-traffic." Oct. 20. III. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors* Home is dedicated at Quincy. Wov.6+. Chicago. Over 10.000 meat-pack- ers strike unsuccessfully against an increase of hours ; they hold out 10 days at a wage-loss of §169,680. UNITED STATES. 1886, June 17-**. 325 !Nov. 13. Chicago, The officers of tlie Knights of Labor order the pork-pack- ers to abandon their strike. "Nov. 17. The national organization of the Union Veteran Legion is formed. Nov. 27. Cat. The observance of Arbor day begins ; AdolphSutro supplies 40,000 trees for the school children to plant. Nov. * Miss. Many negroes migrate from the hill-country to the river-bottom in the Yazoo section. Nov. * -Dec. * U. S. Speculation be- comes general. Dec. * O. The trades-unions meet in con- vention at Columbus ; a national orga- nization is formed, called The Ameri- can Federation of Labor. Dec. 20. New York. Alderman Hc- Q,uaid is sentenced to seven years' im- prisonment and fined for bribery, etc., in connection -with the Broadway car- line. Dec. 30. Mich, The Soldiers' Home near Grand Rapids is dedicated. * *D.C. Congress enacts that instruction concerning the nature and effects of alcoholic liquors shall be given in the schools of the District of Columbia, and the Territories, the military and naval academies, and all other schools under Government control. * *D. C. Congress passes a local option law for the District of Columbia. * * Ind. The school for the deaf at Evans- ville is opened. * * La. Provision is made by the Legisla- ture for the relief of wounded and dis- abled Confederate soldiers and for soldiers' widows. * * La. A State school for deaf-mutes is opened at New Orleans. * * Mass. The State Board of Health is established as a separate body. * * Minn. An asylum for the insane is established by the State at Fergus Falls. * * Minn. The "Woman's Christian Temperance Union meets in National Convention at Minneapolis ; Frances Willard, president. * * Miss. The Legislature passes a local option law. * * New York. The Commercial Tem- perance League is organized. * * O. The Legislature passes the Dow Law for the regulation of the liquor traffic. STATE. 1886 June 17. D. C. Congress; House : The Morrison Bill to reduce the tariff taxes about 15 or 20 millions fails. Vote, 140-157. June 18. D. C. Congress : The Senate indefinitely postpones the bill repealing the Civil Service Law; it passes a Con- stitutional Amendment Bill, by a two- thirds vote, substituting April 30 for March 4 as the beginning of all Presi- dential and Congressional terms of office. June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, #192,905,023; internal revenue, $116,805,936; direct tax, §108,240; sales of public lands $5,- 030,999; miscellaneous items, $2I),!)S0,52,S. Total revenue, $336,439,727; excess of revenue over expenditures, 893,956,589. Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, £74,166,930; War Department. $34,324,- 153; Navy Department, $13,907,888; In- dians, $6,099,158; pensions, $63,404,864; interest on the public debt, $50,580,140. Total ordinary expenditures, $242,483,- 13S. Publicdebt. $1,783,438,097. Exports, $679,524,830; imports, $635,436,136. June * D. C. Congress passes the Chinese Indemnity Bill. July 14. D. C. Congress: The House passes a resolution ordering the Treas- ury to pay off the public debt in sums not less than 10 millions a month. Vote, 209-65. [The Senate approves, but the President does not.] July 24. D. C. Congress requires the Treasury to issue silver certificates, in one, two, and five dollar notes, rep- resenting silver dollars, for general circulation. July 30. D. C. President Cleveland pro- motes civil service reform by check- ing the political activity of Government officials. Aug. 2. I). C. Congress passes the Alien Landlord's Bill, limiting the holding of land and mines in Territories by foreigners. Congress lays a special tax of two cents a pound on oleomargarine, be- sides a tax on the manufacturers and Aug. * I>. C. Congress authorizes the issue of postal letter-sheet envelopes. Aug. 5. D. C. The 49th Congress: the first session closes. Sept. 16. Chicago. A meeting is held of the National Conference of Anti- saloon Republicans; about 200 dele- gates are present. Nov. 2. Fia. The people ratify the new Constitution. In the Congressional elections the Democrats are successful in 168 districts, and the Republicans in 152. Dec. 6. B.C. The 49th Congress: the second session opens. Dec* D. C. Congress; Senate: John J. Ingalls of Kan. is elected President pro tempore. * * Fishing difficulties engage attention. American vessels visiting Canadian ports to buy ice or bait are seized by the Government, and condemned for acts " preparatory to fishing in Canadian waters." * * Governors Inaugurated: -88 * * Ala. Thomas Seay. -90 * * Ariz. (Ter.). C. Meyer Zulick. -90 * * Dak. (Ter.). Louis K. Church. -88 * * Ga. John B. Gordon. -90 * * Ida. {Ter.). Ed. A. Stevenson. -88 * * la. "William Larrabee. -89 * * Minn. Andrew R. McGill. -90 * * Mont. (Ter.). Preston H. Leslie. -90* * N.Mex.(Ter.). Edmund G.Ross. -88 * * O. Joseph Benson Foraker. -88 * * S. C. John P. Richardson. -90 * * U. (Ter.). Caleb W. West. -90 * * Va. Fitzhugh Lee. -88 * * Ft. Ebenezer J. Ormsbee. MISCELLANEOUS. 1886 June 24. Mo. The Merchant's Bridge spanning the Mississippi at St. Louis is commenced. [See May 3, 1890.] June 25. Columbia defeats Harvard in a boat-race ; time, 21.38. June * A special theatrical train runs from Jersey City to San Francisco — from ocean to ocean — in three days, seven hours, 30 minutes, and 16 seconds. June * Pa. The vestibule train is in- troduced on the Pennsylvania Railroad. July 3. N. r. The fourth intercolle- giate boat-race for fours is pulled on Lake George, 1^ miles straight. Time : Bowdoin, 8.06 ; University of Pennsylva- nia, second ; race won by a length and a half. Aug. 11. N. Y. Carlisle D.Graham, an Englishman, in a great buoy-shaped bar- rel, passes safely through the Niagara Rapids. Aug. 14. Mass. E. Hanlan sculls three miles on Lake Quinsigamond, in 19.23 minutes. Aug. 18. N. Y. The New York Central Railroad Company runs a special news- paper train from Syracuse to Buffalo, 148.77 miles, at an average speed of 61.6 miles an hour. Aug. 22. N.Y. Wm J. Kendall, in a cork vest, swims through the Niagara Rapids. Aug. 25. N. C. A runaway train near Saluda causes five deaths ; eighty other persons are injured. Sept. 7-11- The schooner-yacht May- flower beats the English cutter Galatea, in a race for the America cup. Sept. 14. N. Y. Trains collide on the Nickel Plate Road at Silver Creek ; 13 persons are killed, and 20 injured. Oct. 5. Mo. The steamer La Mascotte burns on the Mississippi near Craw- ford's Landing ; 34 lives are lost. Oct. 22. Mass. "W. A. Rowe rides a bi- cycle one mile in 2.29g, at Springfield. Oct. 28. Wis. A wrecked train takes fire near Rio ; 22 lives are lost. Nov.* The schooner Flying Scud, bound for Alaska, disappears with 24 persons on board ; fate unknown. Dec. 2. Cal. A panic in the Stock Ex- change at San Francisco causes 14 of the principal brokers to suspend. Dec. 27. Phila. Fire destroys Tem- ple Theater, valued at $400,000; two fireman are killed. Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1886. Production : Gold, §35,000,000 ; silver, $51,000,000; bushels of grain: Indian corn, 1,665,441.000; wheat, 457.218,000; oats, 624,134.000; barley, 59,428,000 ; rye, 24,489,000; buckwheat, 11,809,000; bales of 'cotton, 0,550,215 ; pounds of wool, 302,- 000.000 ; barrels of petroleum, 28.004,841 (including all production of oil in Ky. and Tenn. prior to 1883). Immigrants received (fiscal year), 334,203. Currency in circulation, Sl.252.700.525 ; per capita, $21.82. Miles of railroads worked, 125,- 185 ; capital stock, $3,999,508,508 ; total accidents, 1,211, persons killed, 401 ; per- sons injured, 1,433 : Fire-waste, $104,924,- 750; insurance. S0o, 500.507 ; 344 lives lost. Business failures, 10,568; liabilities, $113,648,391. 326 1886, * *-1887, Nov. 26. AMERICA: ARMY - NAVY. 1887 Jan. 3. D. C. James M. Whitte- raore is commissioned colonel — ord- nance department. [Jan. 10. William P. Craighill — corps of engineers. Apr. 21. James F. Wade —5th cavalry. Oct. 19. Charles E. Compton— 4th cavalry. Nov. 17. Charles Page — medical de- partment.] Jan. 26. D. C. Com. Lewis A. Kim- berly is promoted rear-admiral. [Aug. 25. Com. Bancroft Gherardi. Sept. 4. Com. Daniel L. Braine.] Capt. William P. McCann is promoted commodore. [Jan. 29. Capt. Charles H. Gillis. Sept. 4. Capt. George Brown.] Mar. 3. Adolphus W. Greely is com- missioned brigadier-general. [Apr. 16. Wesley Merritt.] Sept. 4. D. C. Commander Gilbert C. White is promoted captain. [Mar. 6. Commander J. Crittenden Watson. Aug. 25. Commander Henry B. Robe- son.] ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1886 * * November is painted by Jervis McEntre. * * Coming in from the Fish Pond is painted by Edward Moran. * * The Secret is painted by T. W. Wood. * * Brook Amojig the Hills is painted by Worthington Wbittredge. 1887 Mar. 3. Col. Gilder's overland polar expedition returns to Winnipeg. Apr. 29. Kan. A violent storm sweeps Prescott County, killing 20 persons, in- juring 237, destroying 330 buildings ; property loss, $1,000,000. May 13. Tenn. A new comet is discov- ered by E. E. Barnard of the Vanderbilt University at Nashville. Aug. 10. New York. The American Association for the Advancement of Science holds its 36th annual meeting at Columbia College. Sept. 5-10. D. C. The Ninth Interna- tional Medical Congress is held in Washington. Oct. 7. N. Y. The asteroid Ajnahita is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. Nov. 21. Neiv York. A practical pho- nograph, invented by Thomas A. Edi- son, is BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1887. Jan. 3. Potter, Horatio, P. E. bishop of N. Y„ A85. Jan. 1 1. Youmans, Edward Livingston, scientist, founder Popuhir Science Month- ly, A 66. Jail. 16. Hazen, William Rabeoek, signal service officer IT. S- A., A57. Feb. 13. Green, William Mercer. P. E. bishop of Miss., A88. Mar. 8. Beecher, Henry Ward, Cong. clergyman, author, orator, A74. Eads, James Buchanan, engineer, builder of .Mississippi jetties, A67. Mar. 29. Palmer, Kay, Cong, el., poet, A81. Mar. 31. Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, hu- morist, journalist, A71. Apr. 12. Lee, Alfred, 1'. E. bishop of Del., A79. May 30. Poore, Benjamin Perley, author, journalist, A67. June 4. Wheeler. William Almon, M. C. fbrN. Y., 19th Viee-presideut l T . S., A68. June 11. Stevens, William liacon, I'. E. bishop of Pa., A71. June 16. Hitchcock, Roswell Dwlght, Pres. clergy man, author, probsM-i. \ ,n. June 17. Hopkins, .Mark, president of Wil Hams College, author. Aw. July 18- Hunter. Robert Mercer. M. C, senator for Va., speaker, Confederate sec- retary of state, A78. July 23. Dix. Dorothea Lynde, philan- thropist, A82. Aug. 18. Tower, Orson Squire, phrenolo- gist, A78. Aug. 19. I'.air-l, Speneer Fullerton, natur- alist, author, A64. Clark, Alvan, optician, telescope maker, A79. Aug. 20. Green, Seth, fish cnlturist, A72. Aug. 26. Elliott, Kobert W. B., P. E. bishop of W. Texas, A47. Oct. 3. Finch, John Bird, philanthropist, Prohibition candidate for I'res. U. S., A35. Oct. 22. Washburne. Elihu Benjamin. JVI. C. for 111., secretary of state, minister to Fr., A71. Oct. 28. Carnochan, John M urray, surgeon, author, A70. Nov. 19. Lazarus, Emma, poet, A38. CHURCH. 1886 * * A plan of cooperation is adopted by the American Baptist Mis- sionary Union and the Baptist General Association of the "Western States and Territories. * * The Congregational Clubs of Merrimac Valley, Newton, Denver, and St. Louis are organized. * * The Foreign Missionary Society of Christian Denomination is organized. * * The Woman's Auxiliary to the Brook- lyn Mission and Tract Society is organ- ized. * * The Immanuel German Synod (Evan- gelical Lutheran) is organized. * * IT. S. The "Presbyterian Church in the United States " formally cele- brates its quarter centennial. 1887 Mar. 26. Boston. The Channing Club (Unitarian) is organized. Apr. 14. P. I. Matthew Harkins is con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Providence. Apr. 19. Archbishop Corrigan is made assistant at the Pontifical Throne. May 3. Cat. The General Association (Congregational) of Southern California is organized. May 4. Kan. Elisha Smith Thomas is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- sistant bishop of Kansas. May 27. Ethelbert Talbot is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of Wyoming and Idaho. Boston. The Unitarian National Bu- reau of Unity Clubs is organized. June 9. Detroit. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June 14. D. C. The Bureau of Indian Missions (Roman Catholic) is incorpo- rated. June 29. Utah. L. Scanlan is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) vicar apostolic of Utah. June * Chicago. The first Deaconesses' Home, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is established. Aug. 2. Neb. The Roman Catholic Dio- cese of Lincoln is established. Aug. 9. Wyo. The Roman Catholic Dio- cese of Cheyenne is established. Aug. * The first church for the Chi- nese on the Pacific Coast is dedicated by the Baptist Home Missionary Society. Oct. 25. The Arkansas Association (Congregational) ta organized. Oct. 28. M. F. Burke is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Cheyenne. * * Colo. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Denver is established. Oct. * Colo. Nicholas C. Matz is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Den- ver. Nov. 17. Minn. The Minnesota Confer- ence (Unitarian) is organized at St. Paul. LETTERS. 1886 * * The Wind of Destiny, by Arthur S. Hardy, appears. * * The Golden Justice, by William Henry Bishop, appears. * * Olivia Delaplaine, by Edgar Fawcett, appears ; also, An Ambitious Woman. * * The Minister's Charge^ by William Dean Howells, appears. * * Snowbound at JEagles, by Bret Harte, appears. * * Their Pilgrimage, by Charles Dudley Warner, appears. * * East Angels, by Constance Fenimore Woolson, appears. 1S87 May 20. Cat. The corner-stone of the Stanford University at Palo Alto is laid. Sept.* Wyo. The University of "Wyo- ming: at Laramie is opened. S0CD2TY. 1886 * * Tenn. The State hospital for the insane is located at Bolivar. * * Utah. The establishment of an indus- trial home at Salt Lake City for -women abandoning polygamy is authorized by Congress. * * U. S. Teachers in the Indian schools are required to give instruction on the effects of alcohol on the human sys- tem. * * Wash. The school for defective youth established by the Government at Vancouver is opened. * * The International Young Wom- en's Christian Association is formed. 1S87 Jan. 29. D. C. Congress passes a bill to grant pensions of $6 and $S per month to veterans of the war -with Mexico, who are physically disabled or over 62 years of age. Jan. * New York. The National As- sociation of Naval Veterans is organ- ized. Feb. 5. Vt. The State locates a Soldiers* Home at Bennington. Feb. * N. Y. Mrs. Roxalana Druse, con- victed of the murder of her husband, is hanged at Herkimer ; her daughter, an accomplice, is imprisoned for life. Mar. 21. N. J. James Titus, the janitor of Hackettstown seminary, is sentenced to be hanged for the murder of Tillie Smith, a servant, on Apr. 9, 1SS6. [His UNITED STATES. 1886, ** -1887, Nov. 26. 327 senteuee is commuted to imprisonment for life.] May 5. Miss. Roderick Dhu Gam- brell, a prohibition editor, is murdered ; Col. J. S. Hamilton is arrested, and acquitted through partisan influence. May * Neb. A State institution for youth of feeble mind is opened at Beatrice. May * The Triennial Meeting of the General Eldership of the Church of God declares against license. "All kinds of license or tax favoring the liquor-traffic, whether high or low, are wrong in principle, and demand the opposition of the Church, and of good men and women everywhere." June 7. Tex. Bishop H. M. Turner (col- ored) is mobbed by anti-prohibitionists. June 16. Mass. Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is established as a legal holiday. June 22. Ky. A murderous feud, in Rowan County, of ten years' standing, is closed. Two families, the Holbrooks and the Underwoods, living at Morehead, lead the strife, which began with a charge of horse-stealing and sometimes rose to actual war. The sheriff kills Craig Tolliver and his gang, which ends the feud. June* O. The General Synod of the German Reformed Church at Akron resolves against the liquor-traffic. ""We view with profound regret and sorrow the great evil of intemperance, — and . . . we here and now, before God and the nation, record our protest against it, and earnestly call upon our synods, classes, and churches to unite with us in zealous and persistent Chris- tian efforts looking towards its speedy extermination." June* The Reformed (Dutch) Church in General Synod favors temperance. "It reiterates the deliverance of former synods on the subject of temper- ance, and urges increased interest and zeal throughout the denomination in gospel temperance work." July 1. Kan. The Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Atchison is opened for the reception of children. July 14. New York. Jacob Sharp is convicted of bribery in securing the favorable action of the Board of Alder- men, respecting the Broadway surface road ; he is sentenced to imprisonment for four years and to pay a fine of $5,000. [The Court of Appeals reverses the sentence.] Aug. * Mo. Several Bald-Knob "Reg- ulators " are tried and fined at Ozark. Sept. 15. Phila. The centenary of the adoption of the Federal Constitution in this city is celebrated by a procession five miles long, which illustrates the progress of trade and industry. Sept. 27. Mo. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 21st National Encampment at St. Louis ; John P. Rae of Minn., commander-in-chief. Sept. * The General Conference of the Evangelical Church declares for pro- hibition. It is the duty of Christians " To faith- fully cooperate with all proper move- ments for the instruction of the children and youth, the reformation of the ine- briate, and the restriction and prohibi- tion of the liquor-traffic." It also dis- countenances the use of tobacco. Sept. 29. Term, The Constitutional Prohibitory Amendment is defeated by 27,693 majority. Vote, 117,504^145,197. Oct. 15. Mo. The State insane asylum at Nevada is opened. Nov. 11. Chicago. Four of the An- archists engaged in the May riot : Aug- ust Spies, Adolf Fischer, George Engel, and Albert R. Parsons, are executed ; Fielden and Schwab are sentenced to imprisonment for life; Oscar Nebe, for 15 years ; and one, Lingg, escapes by suicide. Great efforts have been made to have their sentences commuted. Nov. 15. New York. The Chamber of Commerce gives Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain of London a banquet. STATE. 18S7 Jan. 3. U. S. Congress extends the postal free-delivery system so as to include all towns having 10,000 popu- lation. Jan. 21. B. C. Congress: The House passes the Interstate Commerce Bill, providing for the appointment of five commissioners with large powers over railway charges. Vote, 219-41. The Sen- ate has already passed the bill. Vote, 43-15. Jan. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Edmunds Canadian Fish- eries Bill. Feb. 1. B.C. President Cleveland vetoes the Dependent Pension Bill. Feb. 4. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes a bill to refund the States $20,- 000,000 collected by the direct tax Act of 1861. IT. S. The Interstate Commerce Bill becomes a law. Feb. 6. Kan. Woman suffrage goes into effect. Mar. 3. B.C. Congress passes the Fish- eries Retaliation Bill. B. C. The President approves the Ed- munds-Tucker Act for the suppression of polygamy. Mar. 4. B. C. The 49th Congress ends. Mar. 31. B.C. Charles S. Fairchild of New York is appointed secretary of the Treasury, as successor to Daniel Manning. Apr. * li. I. The Republicans lose Khode Island in the State election, for the first time in 30 years. June 16. B. C. President Cleveland re- scinds his order to restore the captured Confederate flags. June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, $217,286,893 ; internal revenue, $118,823,391; direct tax, $32,802 ;jsales. if public hinds, $9,254,- 286; miscellaneous items, $2G,(K).~..S15. Total revenue, $371,403,278; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, $103,471,008. Expenditures : Miscella- neous items. $8.>,264,82(>; War Depart- ment, $38,561,026; Navy Department, $15,141,127 ; Indians, $6,194,523 ; pen- sions, $75,029,102; interest on the public debt, $47,741,577. Total ordinary expen- ditures, $267,932,180. Public debt, $1,664,- 461,536 [on Dec. 1st]. Exports, $716,183,- 211 ; imports, $692,319,768. Nov. 19. D. C. British members of the Joint Commission respecting fish- eries are received at Washington, — Joseph Chamberlain, Sir Lionel S. West, and Sir Charles Tupper. Nov. 21. B. C. The Fisheries Joint Commission holds its first meeting at Washington. MISCELLANEOUS. 18S7 Jan. 7. Cal. Thomas Stevens arrives in San Francisco from a tour around the world on a bicycle ; dis- tance, 11,700 miles ; time, less than three years. Feb. 5. Vt. A derailed train takes fire near "White River Junction; 30 lives are lost, and 37 persons injured. Mar. 1. Ala. The steamer W. B. Gard- ner takes fire on the Tombigbee River; 21 lives are lost. Mar. 14. Mass. A train on the Boston and Providence Railroad breaks through a bridge near Boston; 32 persons are killed. June 27. Harvard defeats Columbia in a boat-race ; time, 20.24. June 30. Columbia Freshmen defeat Harvard; time, 11.13|. July 5. Mass. The sixth intercollegiate boat-race for fours is pulled on Lake Quinsigamond, U miles straight. Time, 9.28J ; the Cornells beat the Bowdoins by two feet. July 10. N. Y. The yacht Mystery cap- sizes in Jamaica Bay ; 25 lives are lost. July 27. III. Trains collide near Hope- dale; nine persons are killed, and 15 injured. Aug. 10. The Inman Line steamer City of Montreal, from New York to Liver- pool, loaded with cotton, burns at sea, 400 miles off Newfoundland. III. An excursion train falls through a burning bridge near Chatsworth : 75 persons are killed, and 279 injured. Aug. * Ga. An Interstate Farmers' Convention meets at Atlanta. Sept. 15-17. Plula. The Centennial of the signing of the Federal Constitu- tion is celebrated. Sept. 27-29. New York. The schooner Volunteer defeats the cutter Thistle (Royal Clyde Yacht Club) in a race for the America cup. Sept. 30. N. Y. The new Capitol at Albany has cost $17,914,875. Oct. 10. Ind. Trains collide near Kouts, killing 10 persons. Nov. 19. The steamer La Bourgogne runs from New York to Havre in seven days, eight hours, and 29 minutes. Nov. 20. Conn. P. T. Barnum's great menagerie at Bridgeport is burned, and many animals perish ; loss, about $700,000. Nov. 26. Cal. The horses Arab and Conde trot one mile (double) in 2.18^ at San Francisco. 328 1887, Nov. 30-1888, Apr. 7. AMERICA : ARMY — WAVY. 1888 Jan. 31. D. C. Com.Winfield S. Schley is promoted captain U. S. N. Mar. * O. The Regular Army and Navy Union is organized at Cincinnati. Apr. 6. John R. Brooke is commissioned brigadier-general. [July 6. Thomas L. Casey.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1887 Nov. * Jj. C. S. P. Langley, of the Smithsonian Institution, makes public the result of his experiments relative to the moon's temperature. ISTov. * A graphophone, invented by Alexander Graham Bell, is announced. Nov. * D. C. The gramophone, in- vented by Emilie Berliner of "Washing- ton, is announced. * * Cal. The Legislature makes an ap- propriation of $5,000 for the erection of a monument to the memory of James W. Marshall, the first discoverer of gold. * * la. An observatory is erected for the Iowa College. * * Ind. The Legislature makes an ap- propriation for the erection of a sol- diers' and sailors' monument in Clyde Park, Indianapolis ; cost, $200,000. * * New York. J. Francis Murphy of this city is elected a member of the National Academy of Design. * * JV. Y. The observatory of the Uni- versity of Syracuse is erected. * * Pa. The Bucknell University Obser- vatory is founded at Lewisburg. * * Paper bottles first appear. * * The statue of Abraham Lincoln is executed by A. St. Gaudens for Lincoln Park, Chicago. 1888 Jan. 11-13. U. S. A terrific snow-storm prevails in the Northwest ; more than 200 people perish. Feb. 19. ///. A cyclone visits Mount Vernon ; 36 lives are lost, and 125 per- sons injured ; the town is nearly de- stroyed. Mar. 11-13. A blizzard of extraordi- nary severity prevails along the North Atlantic Coast ; high wind, severe cold, and much snow combine to interrupt communication between New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Many wrecks are made, and about 400 lives are lost ; food is at famine prices in the cities for a few days. Apr. 5. Wis. The Layton Art Gal- lery at Milwaukee is opened. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1887. Dec. 18. Walter, Thos. Ustie, architect, AS:t. Dec. 32. Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer, author, explorer, geologist, A58. Dec. 24. Manning, Daniel, secretary of treasury, A56. 1888. Jan. 30. Gray, Asa, botanist, author, pro- fessor at Harvard, ATS. Feb. 5. Tyron, George Washington, con- chologist, A50. Feb. 15. Locke, David Ross, humorous writer (Petroleum Vesuvius Nastoy), A55. Mar. 4. Alcott, Amos Bronson, transcen- dental philosopher, A89. Mar. 6. Alcott, Louisa May, author, A55. Mar. 8. Strother, David Hunter, artist, illustrator (Porte-Crayon), A7-. Mar. 12. Bergh. Henry, founder Society for Prevention of ( 'ruellv to An finals, A*i5. Mar. 23. Waite. Morrison Remlck. chief justice U. S., A72. Mar. 27. Darley, Felix Octavius C, artist, illustrator, A66. CHURCH. 1887 Nov. 30. Kan. Richard Scannell is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Concordia. Neb. Thomas Bonacum is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Lin- coln. Dee.* New York. The Unitarian Club is organized. * * Alas. W. Duncan establishes a vil- lage of 70 Christian Indians — all of them removals from British. America. * * Colo. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- cese of Colorado is organized. * * Ind. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Indianapolis ; C. L. Loos, president. * * The Roman Catholic Dioceses of Belle- ville, 111., Wichita and Concordia, Kan., are established. * * Minn. The Baptist Annual Meet- ing is held in Minneapolis. * * Mich. The Western Michigan Con- gregational Club is formed at Grand Rapids. * * Neb. The 33d General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Omaha. * * Neb. The 101st General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Omaha ; J. T. Smith, moderator. * * N. Y. P. A. Ludden is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Syracuse. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Philadelphia; M. M. Gibson, moderator. * * The Presbyterian General Assem- blies, North and South, appoint com- mittees to consider reunion. 1888 Jan. 6. Tex. James S. Johnson is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of Western Texas. Jan. 25. Nev. — Utah. Abiel Leonard is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis- sionary bishop of Nevada and Utah. Mar. 11. Pa. Thomas McGovern is con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Harrisburg. Mar. 22. The Cincinnati Church Exten- sion Society is organized. LETTERS. 1887 * * Ma. The Normal School is opened by the State at Troy. * * Ala. The Age-Herald is issued at Bir- mingham. * *Cal. Los Angeles University (Bapt.) is founded. A State tax is levied for the University of California of one cent on each $100 worth of property. * * D. C. The Catholic University of America is organized at Washington. * * Ky. Union College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Barbourville. * * Mo. Missouri Wesleyan Institute (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Cameron. * * N. C. The State opens the colored Normal School at Goldsborough. * * N. Dak. Fargo College is opened. * * New York. The Keening World is founded by Joseph Pulitzer ; the Press by Robert P. Porter. SeriOner's Maga- zine is founded. * * N. Y. Pratt Institute (non-sect.) is organized at Brooklyn. * * O. Shepardson College (Fem. Bapt.) is founded at Granville. * * Ore. Mount Angel College (Rom. Cath.) is organized at Mount Angel. * * B. I. The Legislature passes a com- pulsory school law. * * S. Dak. Black Hills College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Hot Springs. State School of Mines at Rapid City opened. * * Wis. The Normal School at Oshkosh is opened by the State. * * U. S. Number of American and im- ported books published in 1887,4,437, be- sides minor cheap libraries. * * American Literature, by Edwin Percy Whipple, appears; also, Recollections of Eminent Men. k * American Literature, by C. F. Rich- ardson, appears. fc * The Broader Range and Outlook of the Modern College Training, by Richard Salter Storrs, appears. * * The Fortunes of War, by Flora Haines Longhead, appears. fc * A Humble Romance and Other Stories, by Mary E. Wilkins, appears. * * The Gates Between, by Elizabeth Stu- art Phelps, appears. * * Madrigals and Catches, by Frank Dempster Sherman, appears. ' * Manual of North American Birds, by Robert Ridgway, appears. c * The Empire State, by Benson J. Loss- ing, appears. f- * * History of the Inquisition of the Mid- dle Ages, by Henry Charles Lea, appears. 1 * The Hundredth Man, by FtankRichard Stockton, appears. ' * Modern Italian Poets, by William Dean Howells, appears. ' * The Gray sons, by Edward Eggleston, appears. ' * Saracinesca, by Francis Marion Craw- ford, appears ; also, Marzio's Crucifix, and Paul Pat off. ' * The House at High Bridge, by Edgar Fawcett, appears. 1 * Old Virginia and Other Stories, by Thomas Nelson Page, appears. r * One Hundred Days in Europe, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears. ' * Character Sketches, by James Whit- comb Riley, appears ; also, Afterichiles. : * Ballads About Authors, by Harriet Prescott Spofford, appears. 1 * Thomas Hart Benton, by Theodore Roosevelt, appears. ' * The Great Cryptogram, by Ignatius Donnelly, appears. UNITED STATES. 1887, Nov. 30-1888, Apr. 7. 329 * * Recollections of a Minister to France, by Elisha B. Washburne, appears. * * Patrick Henry, by Moses Coit Tyler, appears. * * In Realms of Gold, by James Benj. Kenyon, appears. * * Seth's Brother's Wife, by Harold Fred- eric, appears. "* * The White Sail and Other Poems, by Louise Imogen Guiiiey, appears. SOCIETY. 1887 Nov.* Tenn. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union meets in National Convention at Nashville; Frances Willard, president. Hot. * Minn. The State opens a Sol- diers* Home at Minnehaha Falls. Dee. 10. Mich. Ten counties vote on local option, and all are carried for prohibition. Dec. 12. D. C. Senator Blair introduces a resolution in the Senate proposing Federal prohibition of the liquor- traffic. Dec. 17. The Republican League of the United States is organized at Chick- ering Hall, N. Y. Dec. 24 +-. Pa. About 30,000 em- ployees of the Reading Railroad unsuccessfully strike for increased wages ; they hold out two months, at a wage-loss of $3,620,000. Dec. * Pa. The Knights of Labor order colliers and railroad employees to strike ; 50,000 men go out on Dec. 28 ; the strike of the railroad employees ends. * * Cal. The Asylum for the Chronic Ins ane is completed in Santa Clara County. * * Dak. Tbe Territorial Legislature passes a Local Option Law in the licensing of tbe liquor-traffic. Michigan and Montana pass similar laws. * * Ga. The prohibitionists are defeated at the Local Option election in Fulton bounty. * K lnd. The Legislature establishes a Sc ol for Feeble-Mi nded Youth at Foi Wayne. * * K(\ t The Legislature passes a law to su oress t ne sa ] e f liquor as a beverafe a f drug-stores. * * Mass. 1 meetings. * * Mo. Prohibition is adopted in 50 out of 78 counties holding elections. * * New York. Forty-seven women vote at the election and are not punished. * * Ore. The Portland Methodist Hos- pital is founded. The Constitutional Prohibitory Amendment is defeated by 7,985 majority. Labor Day, the first Saturday in June, is made a legal holi- day. * * S. C. The Legislature enacts a pen- sion system for Confederate soldiers, who receive $5 a month if disabled, and widows of those killed in the war receive the same. * * Pennsylvania enacts the Brooks Law, a high-license and restrictive measure. * * The New England Order of Pro- tection is founded. * * Tex. The Legislature votes to sub- mit a Constitutional Prohibitory Amendment (80-21 and 22-8). [Later it is defeated by 91,357 majority.] * * W. Va. A Democratic House votes to submit the Constitutional Prohibi- tory Amendment (55-10). * * U. S. The General Conference of the Wesleyan Methodists resolves for prohibition. It declares, "That law must be an adjunct of moral means, in order to suppress the traffic side of this evil. Tbe appetite may be reached through the church and home ; but the public traffic must be struck through the law, and back of the law should be a political organization in sympathy with it, and pledged to its enforcement, in order to its efficiency." * * The Presbyterian General Assembly proposes to raise a permanent fund of $1,000,000 for disabled ministers and their families. 1888 Feb. 26-Apr. 11. 111. A great strike takes place on the Chicago, Bur- lington, and Quincy Railroad. Mar. 25. D. C. The International Coun- cil of "Women, for the promotion of the " welfare of women, meets at "Washington. STATE. 1887 Nov. * Dak. The people vote to divide the Territory into North and South Dakota. Dec. 5. D.C. The 50th Congress opens. D.C. The U.S. Supreme Court decides against the compensation claims of brewers whose property is impaired in value by prohibitory laws ; tbe court votes 7 to 1 in favor of the decision. Dec. 6. D, C. Congress ; Senate : John J. Ingalls (Rep.) of Kan. is reelected President pro tempore. House: JohnG. Carlisle (Dem.) of Ky. is reelected Speaker. * * Me. Capital punishment is again abolished. Labor Day is established. * * New York. Abram S. Hewitt is elected the 85th mayor. * * V. S. Governors inaugurated : * * Cat. "Wash. Bartlett (deceased). -91 * * Cal. Henry H. Markman. -88 * * Colo. Alva Adams. -89 * * Conn. Phineas C. Lounsbury. -91 * * Del. Benjamin T. Biggs. -93 * * Kan, Lyman U. Humphreys. -91 * * Ky. Simon B. Buckner. -88 * * Me. Sebastian S. Marble. -90 * * Mass. Oliver Ames. -91 * * Mich. Cyrus G. Luce. Mo. A. G. Morehouse (acting). -90 * * Nev. Christopher C. Stevenson. -89 * * N. H. Charles H. Sawyer. -90 * * N.J. Robert S. Green, -95 * * Ore. Sylvester Pennoyer. -91 * * Penn. James A. Beaver. -88 * * R. I. John "W. Davis. -91 * * Tenn. Robert L. Taylor. -91 * * Tex. Lawrence S. Ross. 1888 Jan. * R. I. The Legislature re- moves the property qualifications of voters. Jan. 19. Wyo. "Woman Suffrage is es- tablished by law. Feb. 15. D. C. The treaty respecting American Fisheries is signed at Wash- ington by the Joint High Commission. Mar. 14. D. C. A treaty is made with China prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers for 20 years. Apr. 2. D. C. Congress: House ; Roger Q. Mills of Texas introduces the Mills Tariff Bill. MISCELLANEOUS. 1887 Dec. 31. Ky. Trains collide and take fire near Greenwood ; six persons are killed and 21 injured. U. S. Statistics for 1887. Production : Gold, $33, 000,000 ; silver, $53,357,000 ; bushels of grain : Indian com, 1,456,161,000; wheal, 456,329.000; oats, 659,618,000 ; barley, 56,812,000; rye, 20,691,000; buckwheat, 10,844,000; bales of cotton, 6,513,624 ; pounds of wool, 285,000,00(1 ; barrels of petroleum, 28,278,- 866. Immigrants received (fiscal year), 490,109. Currency in circulation, $317.- 539,143; percapita, $22.45. Miles of rail- roads worked, 137,028 ; capital stock, $4,191,502,02!); total accidents, 1,491 ; per- sons killed, 656; injured, 1,946. Fire- waste, $120,283,0.15 ; insurance, $69,659,- 508; lives lost, 622. Business failures, 9,740; liabilities, $130,605,000. * * Mass. The State sells its interest in the Hoosac Tunnel and the Troy and Greenfield Railroad to the Fitchburg Railroad Company. * * The Coronet defeats the Dauntless in a yacht race across the Atlantic ; distance, 2,949 miles ; time, 14 days, 23 hours, and 30 minutes. 1888 Jan. 4. Ire. The ship Alfred D. Snow is wrecked off Waterford ; 28 lives are lost. Jan. 10. Mass. A train is wrecked by a broken wheel near Haverhill ; nine persons are killed and 13 injured. Feb. 22. Cal. The ferry boat Julia ex- plodes her boiler at South Vallejo ; 36 persons are killed. Mar. 17. Ga. A derailed train breaks through a bridge near Blackshear ; 27 persons are killed and 35 wounded. Mar. 27. Kan. The town of Ninnescah is destroyed by a gale. Apr. 7. O. The Centennial celebration of the founding of Marietta is cele- brated. 330 1888, Apr. 7 -Dec. 24. AMI-RICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1888 Apr. 7. Cyrus B.Comstock is com- missioned colonel — corps of engineers. [Apr. 24. Edwin C. Mason — 3d infantry. Apr. 25. Henry W. Closson — 4th artil- lery. July 23. Orlando M. Poe — corps of engineers. Aug. 5. Nathan W. Osborne — 5th infantry. Aug. 31. Robert P. Hughes. Oct. 19. Henry C. Hodges- quartermaster department.] Junel. B.C. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan receives the rank of General of U. S. A. by Act of Congress. July * Kan. State troops are sent to Stevens County to preserve the peace, the sheriff having been murdered in the county-seat contest. Aug. 14. Brig.-Gen. John M. Schofield is appointed 18th commander TJ. S. A. Nov. * Ky. State troops are stationed in Perry County to protect the Circuit Court from partizans in the •* Freneh- Eversole" feud. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 188S June * Cat. The Lick Observa- tory of the University of California is equipped, having a telescope with an aperture of 36 inches and a focal length of 56 feet 6 inches ; it is transferred to the regents of the University of Cali- fornia by the trustees. Aug. 7. N. Y. A new comet is observed by W. R. Brooks of Geneva. Oct. 31. Tenn. A new comet is ob- served by E. E. Barnard of Nashville. Nov. 25. A storm strikes the Atlantic Coast region ; it causes 45 deaths and wrecks 50 vessels. Nov. * Edison's improved phonograph is exhibited. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1888. Apr. 7. GUlmore, Quincy Adams, maj.- gen. U. S. A., A63. Apr. 8. Walling, Henry Francis, cartog- rapher, At>3. Apr. 17. Squier, Ephraim George, archeol- ogist, A67. Apr. 18. Agnew, Cornelius Kea, phy- sician, surgeon professor, A58. Conkling, Roscoe, lawver, M. C, sen- ator for N. Y., A59. Apr. 26. Lozier, (.'lemetn-e Sophia, phy- sician, A76. May 2. Brown, John H. H-, P. E. bishop of Fond-du-Lac, A57. May 3. Tarbox, Increase Niles, Cong, clergyman, author, A73. May 6. Northen, Amos Henry, geologist, A75. June 38. Jarves, James .Jarksun, art critic, A70. Hazard, Rowland Gibson, manufac- turer, author, A87. July 19. Roe, Edward Payson, Pres. cler- gyman, novelist, A50. Augr. 5. Sheridan. Philip Henry, gen,- in-chief U. S. A., A57. Aug-. 21. Harris, Samuel S., P. E. bishop of Mich., A46. Sept. Q. Wallack, John Johnstone (Lester Wallack), actor, dramatist, A68. Sept. 12. Proctor. Richard Anthony, as- tronomer, lecturer, A54. Sept. 21. Warren, William, comedian, A76. Oct. 16. Wentworth, John, M. C. for 111., journalist, A73. Oct. 19. Welles, Edward R., P. E. bishop of Wis., A58. Wight, Orlando Williams, author, trans- lator, A64. Dec. 10. LeRov, Ed-ar, A70. Dec. 22. Meeker, Jsaac of Paulists, A69. rear-adm. U. 8. A., Thomas, foumler CHURCH. 1888 Apr. 25. ///. John Janssen is con- secrated first (Roman Catholic.) bishop of Belleville. May 1. ill. James Ryan is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Alton. May 1 + . New York. The General Con- ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held. The limit of the pastoral term is ex- tended to live years. Bishops elected : John H. Vincent, Isaac W. Joyce, Daniel A. Goodsell, John P. Newman, James N. Fitzgerald ; James M. Tborburn, mis- sionary bishop for India. May. 4. Minn. The Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Paul is created an arch- diocese. May 13. New York. Chinese mission- work is begun by the Methodist Epis- copal Church. May 15. Minn. John Ireland, (Roman Catholic) bishop of St. Paul, is pro- moted archbishop of the Province of St. Paul. May 18. Mich. The Methodist Prot- estant General Conference meets at Adrian. May 19. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. May 24. Phila. The first century of the General Assembly is celebrated by the two Assemblies (Northern and Southern). May * Bishop Taylor's Self-support- ing Missions have received about 100 missionaries in three years. July 1. Leo Haid is consecrated (Roman Catholic) titular bishop of Messene [later, bishop of North Carolina]. July * The Christian Endeavor Societies report 4.S79 organizations in America. Sept. * The General Synod (Moravian) meets. Oct. 18. Del. Leighton Coleman is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Delaware. Oct. * B. C. Congress passes an act for the suppression of lawlessness on the part of the Mormon hierarchy. Nov. 4. Mich. John S. Foley is con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of De- troit. "Nov. 30. Kan. John J. Hennessey is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Wichita. Nov. * N. J. The Arabian Mission is organized at the Theological Seminary (Reformed Dutch) in New Brunswick. Dec. 12. The American Sabbath Union is organized, to preserve the Christian Sabbath as a day of rest and worship. LETTERS. 1888 May 10. D. C. Congress passes the International Copyright Bill, May 24. B. C. The corner-stone of the Catholic University of America is laid at Washington in the presence of the President and his cabinet. Aug. 29. Minn. The Normal School is opened by the State at Moorhead. Oct. * Ga. The Technological School is opened at Atlanta as a branch of the State Ciiiversity. SOCIETY. 1888 May 18. Mo. David Walker and three other leaders of Bald Knob ter- rorists are sentenced to be hanged. May * The General Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (300,000 members) resolves in favor of temperance. '* This General Conference reaffirms its stand against intemperance and vhe use of intoxicating liquors in any form as a beverage; we favor every means that can be brought to bear for "the destruc- tion of the traffic in all intoxicating drinks as a beverage in State and na- tion. We also heartily recommend that unfermented wine be used in the sacra- mental service as far as possible." May* The General Conference of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (400,000 members) resolves in favor of temperance. " That we indorse the great Prohibi- tion movement in this country, . . . and will use all honorable means to suppress the evils growing out of intemperance. . . . That it shall be a crime for any minister or member of the A. M. E. Church to tight against temperance, and if convicted of this crime he shall lose his place in the Conference and Church." May * The Bishops' address to the Gen- eral Conference of the Methodist Epis- copal Church declares against licensing the liquor-trarfic. " The liquor-traffic is so pernicious . . . that the only proper attitude toward it for Christians is that of relentless hos- tility. It can never be legalized without principle and powerless as a remedy."' June 1. Pa. The Brooks Law goes into effect ; license fee, $500. June 25. The National Republican Con- vention resolves for temperance. " The first concern of all good govern- ment is the virtue and sobriety of th" people and the purity of the home : t' e Republican party cordially sympathies with all wise and well-directed eff rt s for the promotion of temperance an & morality." June 30. Since 1S40 the average -mual consumption of all kinds of lu ior s for each individual has increased rom ^.17 gallons to 14.30 gallons ; the ' er age an- nual per capita consumpt' 11 0I - malt liquors advances from vG g&Hon to 12.4S gallons. The per c' ita consump- tion of wine has nearly oublea - (Cyc. of Prohibition.) July* Neb. A Hom< for Soldiers and Sailors is opened a ^ raud Island. July* N. Y. Cor act labor is Pro- hibited in the Sr e Prisons. Aug. 10. Mo. y*™^ an Englishman, is executed in * Louis for tlie murder of Mr. Prelle- Sept. 10. O ^ he Grand Army of the Republic " ets in lts " d National En- 'ainpmer t Columbus ; William War- of „ commander-in-chief. UNITED STATES. 1888, April 7 -Dec. 24. 331 Sept.* The " Woman's Republican League," headed by J. Ellen Foster, is organized. * * Kan. Oskaloosa chooses a woman for mayor and live women for the city coun- cil, thus placing the entire control of the municipal administration in the hands of women. Sept. * The General Synod of the Mora- vian Church favors temperance. Resolved : " that this Synod is opposed to all traffic in intoxicating drinks, and the use as a beverage of hard cider, beer, ale, whisky, wine, brandy, gin, rum, patent bitters, etc." Oct. 23. Minn. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists in conven- tion at Minneapolis declares : — " We pledge ourselves to labor earn- estly and zealously for the prohibition of the liquor-traffic." Nov. 14. Mo. Friends of the condemned Bald Knob outlaws, in revenge, seize and hang five of the leading witnesses against their condemned companions. Dec. 17. New York. A training-school for nurses is opened at Bellevue hos- pital. STATE. 1888 Apr. 13. D. C. Congress; House : the deadlock on the Direct Tax Bill is passed. May 16. Eng. The American Fisheries Treaty receives the royal assent. May 17. D. C. James G. Blaine an- nounces that he will not be a candidate for the presidency. May 21. D. C. Congress makes the Department of Agriculture an exec- utive department. May 30+. Ind. The 5th Prohibition National Convention meets at Indi- anapolis, and nominates Gen. Clinton B.Fiskof N.J. for President, and John A. Brooks of Mo. for Vice-President. June 6+ . Mo. The Democratic National Convention meets at St. Louis, and re- nominates Grover Cleveland of N. Y. for President, and Allen G. Thurman of 0. for Vice-President. June 25+. Chicago. The Republican National Convention meets, and nom- inates Benjamin Harrison of Ind. for President, and Devi P. Morton of N. Y. for Vice-President. June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, §219,091,174 ; internal revenue, §124,296,872 ; direct tax, §1,566; sales of public lands, §11,- 202,017 ; miscellaneous items, $24,674,- 446. Total revenue, §379,266,065 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, §111,341,274. Expenditures: Premium on loans, purchase of bunds, etc., §8,279,- 842 ; miscellaneous items, §72,952,261 ; "War Department. .S3S,522,43G; Navy De- partment, §10,926.438; Indians, §6,249,- "308; pensions, §80.288.509; interest on the public debt. §44.715,077. Total ordi- nary expenditures, §207.924.801. Princi- pal of the publjc debt [Dec. 1], §1,680,- 917,706: Exports, § 095 ,954 ,507 ; imports, §723,957,114. July 21. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Mills Tariff Bill. Vote, 162 -149. [The Senate delays action, and the bill fails to become a law.] Aug. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate approves the treaty with China pro- hibiting immigration for 20 years. Aug. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate refuses to ratify the treaty respecting the American Fisheries; vote, 30-27. Aug. 23. D. C. Congress receives a message from the President respecting the Fisheries Treaty, and announcing a policy of retaliation against Canada. Sept. 8. I). C. Congress : House passes the Anti-Canada Retaliation Bill. Oct. 20. D. C. The 50th Congress: The first session of 321 days closes ; it is the longest session in congressional history. Oct. 23. D. C. President Cleveland ap- proves the Chinese Exclusion Bill. Oct. 30. I). C. The Administration sug- gests to the British government the recall of the British minister, Lord Sackville-West, because of his indis- creet letter, published two weeks before election, and recommending a corre- spondent to vote the Democratic ticket as favorable to British interests. [Presi- dent Cleveland refuses longer to recog- nize Lord West, and he retires.] Nov. 6. V. S. 26th Presidential elec- tion; Republicans elected. Popular vote : Grover Cleveland (Dem.) of N. Y., 5,536,242 ; Benjamin Harrison (Rep.) of Ind., 5,440,708; Clin- ton B. Fisk (Prohib.) of N. J., 246,S76; Alson J. Streeter (Union Labor) of 111., 146,836; Robert H. Cowdry (United Labor) of 111., 3,073 ; James L. Curtis (Amer.) of N. Y., 1,591. Popular Vote for President. States. Candid VTF.S. Harrison Cleveland Streeter Fisk Ala. . 57,197 117,320 593 Ark. . 58,752 85,962 10,613 514 Cal. . . 124,816 117,729 5,761 Colo. . 50,774 37,567 1,266 2,191 Conn. . 74,584 74,920. 240 4,234 Del. . 12,973 16,414 400 Fla. . 26,65(1 39,561 403 Ga. . . 40,446 100,449 1,808 111. . . 370,475 348,371 7,134 21,703 Ind. . 263,361 261,013 2,694 9,881 la. . . 211,958 179,877 9,105 3,550 Kan. . 182,904 102,745 37,788 6,779 Ky. . . 155,134 183,800 5,225 La. . . 30,701 85,026 39 127 Me. . . 73,734 50,482 1,345 • 2,690 Md. . . 99,986 106,168 4,767 Mass. . 183,892 151,855 8,701 Mich. . 236,387 213,469 4,555 20,945 Minn. . 142,492 104,385 1,097 15,311 Miss. . 30,096 85,471 222 218 Mo.. . 236,253 261,954 18,589 4,540 Neb. . 108,425 80,552 4,226 9,429 Nev. . 7,238 5,326 41 N. H. . 45,728 43,456 42 1,593 N. J. . 144,360 151,508 7,933 N. Y. . 650,338 635,965 ' 626 30,231 N. C. . 134,784 147,902 O. . . 416,054 396.455 3,496 24,356 Ore. . 33,291 26,522 363 1,677 Penn. . 52:1,585 444,327 3,877 20,708 R. I. . 21,969 17,530 1,251 S. C. . 13,740 65,825 Tenn. . 138,988 158,779 5,969 Tex. . 88,280 234,883 29,459 4,749 Vt. . . 45,192 16,788 1,459 Va. . . 150,438 151,977 1,678 W.Va. 78,171 78,677 1,508 1,084 Wis. . 176,553 155,232 8,552 14,277 Total 5,440,708 5,536,242 146,836 246,876 Per et. . 47.83 48.63 1.27 2.16 Plur. . 95,534 Nov. * R. I. Republicans regain the as- cendancy. Nov. * R. T. An amendment to the Con- stitution abolishes the property qualifi- cation for electors. Dec. 3. D. C. The 50th Congress ; The second session opens. MISCELLANEOUS. 18S8 May 6. An accident occurs on the Philadelphia and Reading Rail- road; eight persons are killed and 30 wounded. May * The steamer Etrwria runs from Queenstown to New York in six days, one hour, and 55 minutes. June 28. Columbia Freshmen defeat Harvard in a boat-race ; time, 11.54. June * Wash. A tunnel 1G by 18fc feet, and 9,850 long, piercing Cascade Range, is completed ; it was begun Apr. *, 1886. July 4. O. The Centennial Exhibi- tion for the Ohio Valley and the Central States opens at Cincinnati. July 12. Pa. A derailed train breaks through a bridge near Orange Court- house ; nine persons are killed and 22 injured. Aug. 21. N. C. The Interstate Far- mers' Association meets at Raleigh. Sept. * The steamer La Gascoigne runs from Havre to New York in seven days and 10 hours. Oct. 10. Pa. A collision of excursion trains occurs near Penn Haven, on the Lehigh Valley Railroad; 61 persons are killed. [On Oct. 16 a second collision occurs on the same road, in which 14 persons are killed.] "Nov. 4. Kan. . Delegates to the Na- tional Farmers' Congress and Far- mers' Trust Association meet in conven- tion at Topeka. Nov. 12. The steamer Umbria runs from New York to Queenstown in six days, three hours, and four minutes. Nov. 17 + . Fla. Yellow fever prevails at Jacksonville ; 4,583 cases and 396 deaths are reported. Nov. 23. Ind. A fire at Fort Wayne destroys property valued at §300,000. Dec. 12. Ala. The Southern Interstate Immigration Convention meets at Montgomery. Nearly GOO delegates from the Southern States are present. Dec. 15. O. Three acres of property are destroyed by fire in Cincinnati. Mass. Seven acres of buildings are burned in Marblehead ; loss, §1,300,000. Dec. 23. Me. The brigantine Snoiv Bird of Brunswick is wrecked ; two of the crew are drowned. Dec. 24. The steamer Kate Adams burns on the Mississippi near Commerce Land- ing; 33 lives are lost. La. The steamer John H. Hannah, laden with cotton, burns near Plaque- mine on the same river ; 22 lives are lost, and many persons badly burned. 332 1888, Dec. 25-1889, Jan. 11. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1888 * * D. C. Congress authorizes the organization of the JSTavy Reserves for coast and harbor defense. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1888 Dee. 26. New York. Fifty thou- sand dollars are granted by the Board of Estimate to the Museums of Art and Natural History on condition that they be open and free to visitors on two nights of the week. * * Cal. A monument is erected to Francis S. Key in Golden Gate Park ; the cost ($60,000) is provided for by the legacy of James Lick. * * Md. The linotype, for casting type by machinery, operated by a keyboard, is perfected by the inventor, Ottmar Mergenthaler of Baltimore —speed from 3,000 to 6,000 ems per hour. * * New York, A bronze statue of Gari- baldi is unveiled at Washington Square. * * New York. Thomas W. Dewing, Wal- ter Shirlaw, and Edwin H. Blashfield of New York are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * N. Y. The Smith Observatory at Geneva is erected. * * U. S. Paper-pulp is first bleached by electricity as a process of manu- facture. 1889 Jan. 1. Pacific Slope. The great solar eclipse is visible. Jan. 3. N, Y. Natural gas is struck in Steuben County. [Also Jan. 20. In Central Ohio. Oct. 16. In South Dakota. Nov. 13. Near Chicago.] Jan. 7. Dak. a valuable deposit of coal is discovered at Centerville. Jan. 9. Ind. Shocks of earthquake are felt in this section. [Also Feb. 26. A slight shock of earth- quake is felt at Marion, Ind. Mar. 8. Another in eastern Pennsylvania, Dela- ware, and Maryland. May 18. At An- napolis, Md. June 5. At Nashville, Tenn. June 7. At New Bedford, Mass. July 7. At Farmiugton, Me. July 14. At Covington, Tenn. July 31. In Cali- fornia. Aug. 10. In the Adirondacks, N.Y. Aug. 26. In North Carolina; Aug. 28. In Los Angeles, Cal. Sept. 10. At Wilkesbarre, Ashley, Kingston, and Pittston, Pa.] ■ Pa. Tornadoes cause the loss of many lives and much property in Pitts- burg, and Reading, also at Sunbury, where 18 men are buried in the ruins of the nail-mills ; Buffalo and Lockport, N. Y., also other towns, suffer ; the upper Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls is wrecked. CHURCH. 1888 Dec. 28. New York. The Presby- terian Union of this city gives a recep- tion to the committees of the two Pres- byterian General Assemblies. Dec. 30. The Papal encyclical appears; it refers mainly to the materialistic and atheistic tendencies of the times. * * The Reformed Episcopal Synod of Canada is organized. * * B.C. The Baptist Annual Meeting- is held in Washington. * * la. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian; meets at Cedar Rapida; William T. Meloy, moderator. * * III. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Springfield ; J. H. Garrison, president. * * Mo. The English Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) of Missouri is organized. * * N.J. The International Missionary Union convenes at Bridgeton. * * Ore. The Woman's Foreign Mission- ary Society (Baptist) is organized. * * Phila. The General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets ; Charles L. Thom- son, moderator. The Board of Home Missions reports 38 ministers, 25 native teachers, 68 churches, 2,863 church members, 115 teachers, 29 schools, 2,441 scholars. * * The Brotherhood of Lay Readers (Prot- estant Episcopal) is organized. * * The Western Vermont, Brooklyn, and Fox River Congregational Clubs are organized. 1889 Jan. 2. D. C. The national Con- vention of Colored Catholics opens at Washington. Jan. 8. New York. The Railroad Branch of the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation celebrates its 13th anniversary ; Cornelius Vanderbilt, C. M. Depew, and others speak. The court decides against the Ro- man Catholic authorities in refusing burial to the remains of JohnMaguire, who was identified with the Anti-Poverty Society. Jan. 9. New York. A new Joss-house in Mott Street is consecrated by resident Chinese. Colo. The Chan n in g Club of Den- ver (Congregational) is organized. Jan. 11. New York. The Church Stu- dents' Missionary Association begins its annual conference. LETTERS. 1888 * * Cal. The Cogswell Polytechnic College is opened at San Francisco. * * Chicago. The Saturday Blade is issued. * * D. C. The National Economist is is- sued at Washington. * * Md. The "Woman's College (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Baltimore. * * Minn. The Medical Department of the University of Minnesota, at Minne- apolis, opens. * * Nebraska Wesleyan University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Lincoln. * * New York. Mail and Express is pur- chased by Elliott F. Shepard. * N. C. High Point Female College (Bapt.) is founded. * * O. The Union Gospel News is issued at Cleveland. * * U. S. Number of American and im- ported hooks published in 18S8, 4,631, besides minor cheap libraries. * * P. I. The State establishes an Agri- cultural School. * * U. S. Volap'uk is reported success- ful, and spreading in both Europe and America. * * American Weather, by Adolphus W. Greely, appears. * * Around t/ie World on a Bicycle, by Thomas Stevens, appears. * * The Boyhood of Christ, by Lew Wal- lace, appears ; also Life of Benjamin Harrison. * * The Black Phalanx, by Joseph T. Wil- son, appears. * * A Calabrian Penelope, by Elizabeth Cavazza, appears. * * California, by Hubert Howe Bancroft, appears ; also History of Mexico. * * Colonial Times in Buzzard's Bay, by William Root Bliss, appears. * * The Critical Period of American His- tory, by John Fiske, appears. * * A Phyllis of the Sierras, by Francis Bret Hart, appears. * * Evolution in its Relations to Religious Thought, by Joseph Le Conte, appears. * * Prance and the Confederate Navy, by John Bigelow, appears. * * The Genesis of the Civil War, by Sam- uel Wylie Crawford, appears. * * Gouvemeur Morris, by Theo. Roose- velt, appears. * * The Heart of the Creeds, by Arthur Wentworth Eaton, appears. * * History of the Christian Church, by Philip Schaff (vol. vi.), appears. * * A History of the Negro Troops, by George W. Williams, appears. * * John Ward, Preacher, by Margaret Deland, appears. * * A Library of American Literature, by Edmund Clarence Stedman. and Ellen Mackay Hutchinson (vol. i.), appears. * * Men and Measures of Half a Century, by Hugh McCulloch, appears. * * Women and Men, by Thomas Went- worth Higginson, appears. * * Natural Resources of the United States, by Jacob H. Patton, appears. * * Negro Myths from the Georgia Coast, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., appears. * * The Old Nortlncest, by B. A. Hinsdale, appears. * * Philosophy of Theism, by Bordon P. Browne, appears. * * Political Essays, by James Russell Lowell, appears ; also Heart's Ease and Rue. * * The Viking, by Elwyn Alfred Barron, appears. * * The Writings of Franklin (10 vols.), edited by John Bigelow, appears. * * Miss Lou, by Edward Payson Roe, ap- pears. * * Bonaventure, by George W. Cable, ap- pears. * * Romance and Reverie, by Edgar Faw- cett, appears. * * Free Joe, by Joel Chandler Harris, appears. UNITED STATES. 1888, Dec 25-1889, Jan. 11. 333 * * The King of Folly Island, by Sarah Ome Jewett, appears. * * The Despot of Broom sedge Cove, by Mary Noaillcs Murfree, appears. * * A Brother of Dragons, by Amelie Rives Chandler, appears ; also The Quick or the Dead, and Virginia of Virginia. * * Old Fashioned Roses, by James Whit- comb Riley, appears. * * With the Immortals, by Francis Marion Crawford, appears. * * Two Little Confederates, by Thomas Nelson Page, appears. 1889 Jan. 2. Boston. The Interna- tional Copyright Association holds its annual meeting. Jan. 4. Pa. George E. Heed is elected to the presidency of Dickinson College. SOCIETY. 1888 Dec. 25. O. White Caps cruelly flog a prominent physician at Hopedale. Del. A race riot occurs at Wilming- ton ; one white man is shot in the foot, and several colored men are cut and beaten about the head ; seven arrests are made. Dec. 27. Dak. At Tripp six men are in- jured in a riot over the ownership of a goose. The parties are American and Russian Mennonites. Dec. 28. New York. The Excise Commis- sion makes restrictions for the liquor- traffic. " The employment of a bartender un- der 18 years of age forfeits license ; women are forbidden to sell or induce sales of liquor ; licenses are forbidden for premises within 200 feet of a ceme- tery, college, academy, or reformatory. Dec. 29. la. The Sioux City Law and Order League commences proceedings against the transportation companies that have been nullifying the prohibi- tory laws. New York. The Excise Commission decides that during forbidden hours the interior of saloons must present an unobstructed view from the street. Dec. 30. Mo. Amos J. Stillwell, an old and wealthy citizen of Hannibal, is mur- dered by a burglar. * * Ala. The Alabama Academy for the blind is opened at Talladega. * * Chicago. The "Wesley Methodist Hospital is established. * * D. C. Congress erects the Bureau of Labor into a Department. * *Ky. The Hatfield and McCoy feud breaks out again ; the State troops are called out to prevent the McCoys from taking nine Hatfields from jail to mur- der them. * * Ky. The treasurer of the State for many years, is announced as a defal- cator to the amount of $--9,000 and sus- pended from office. * * N. J. A home for the training of feeble minds is opened near Vineland. * * O. The Legislature passes the Sun- day Liquor Law. * * Phila. The George Nugent Home is founded at Germuntown. * * Mass. The High-License and Lim- itation Law is enacted. * * Wyo. A school building for the deaf and dumb is erected at Cheyenne. * * W. Va. The Constitutional Prohibi- tory Amendment is defeated by 34,887 majority. * * The Northern Insane Asylum is opened at Logansport, Ind.; also one in Nebraska at Norfolk; in Vermont at Waterbury ; in Washington at Steila- 1889 Jan. 2. Ind. President Harri- son addresses his old comrades of the Grand Army, at Indianapolis. O. Brakeman and yardmen of the Lake Erie and "Western road strike at Lima. Jan. 3. Minn. The coal-dock laborers strike at Duluth. [Jan. 4. Riots occur.] Jan. 4. la. The officials and strikers of the Burlington road finally come to an agreement. Jan. 7. Wash. Alfred Shafford is lynched for a murder at Gilman. Jan. 8. N. J. Hunterdon County votes . no license by 500 majority. STATE. 1888 * * D. C. Congress makes the Labor Bureau an independent part of the Government. It authorizes the or- ganization of the Naval Reserves by the maritime States. * * Mass. The Australian Ballot sys- tem is adopted. * * Melville W. Fuller of 111. is ap- pointed Chief Justice of the U. S. Su- preme Court, and Lucius Q,. C. Lamar of Miss, an Asspciate Justice. * * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : -90 * * Ala. Thomas Seay. -92 * * La. Francis T. Nicholls. -91 * * Minn. William R. Merriam. -93 * * Neb. Algernon S. Paddock. -91 * *N. Y. David B. Hill. -89 * *Ii. I. Royal C. Taft. -90 * * Vt. William P. Dillingham. 1889 Jan. 1. N. Y. Capital punish- ment by an electrical current becomes the legal mode. New York. Hugh J. Grant becomes the SGth mayor. Jan. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the Tariff Bill; the House attempts to amend its rules so as to facilitate its business, but is defeated by filibustering. Jan. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate continues to discuss the Tariff Bill ; the House passes a bill to incorporate the Nicaragua Canal Company. Jan. 5. Okla. Martial law is enforced and order is restored ; the squatters de- part. Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes a resolution reaffirming the Mon- roe Doctrine, as applicable to the con- struction of a canal across the Isth- mus of Darien. Vote, 49-3. Jan. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the Tariff Bill at considerable length ; John Sherman of O. introduces a bill providing for changes in the elec- tion of Representatives; the House recommits the resolution to change the rules. Vote, 120-117. Cat. George Osgoodby is disclosed as- the author of the "Murchison" letter, whereby he entrapped Lord Sackville- West into recommending a person to- vote the Democratic ticket as favorable to British interests. Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes an anti-free coal amendment to the Tariff Bill. Jan. 10. Ind. The Lieutenant-Governor is prevented by hostile partizans from entering the Senate chamber. D. C. Congress : The Senate agrees to strike off fish from the free list, and make it dutiable at one-half cent a pound ; the House is prevented from doing business, both in the afternoon and evening, by dilatory motions. MISCELLANEOUS. 1888 Dec. 26. III. Gen. John A. Lo- gan's body is removed to its final rest- ing-place in Soldiers' Home Cemetery. Dec. 27. S. C. The Great Seal of the Confederate States is given to this State. Dec. 29. IV. I. The American schooner Jennie Hall is illegally fined $2,000 by the Spanish authorities at Porto Rico. Dec. 30. R. I. The steamer Bristol, of the Fall River Line, is burned at New- port ; some of her passengers have a narrow escape. Dec. 31. Md. The theft of $1,200 from the Sub-Treasury at Baltimore is discov- ered. U. S. Statistics for the year 1S88. Production: Gold, $33,175,000 ; silver, ?".',), 195,000 ; bushels of grain: Indian corn, 1,987.700,000; wheat, 4 15, SUN ,000 ; oats, 701,735,000; barley, 03,884,593; rye, 28,412,011; buckwheat, 12,000,000; bales of cotton, 7,017,707 ; pounds of wool, 269,- 000,000; barrels of petroleum, 27,008,025. Currency in circulation (J une 30), $1,372,- 170,870 ; per capita, $22.88. Immigrants received (tisral year), 546,889. Miles of railroads built, 145,341 ; capital stock, $4,438,411 ,342 ; total accidents, 1,935 ; persons killed, 5,282; persons injured, 25,888. Fire-waste, $110,885,665; insur- ance, $63,965,724 ; lives lost, 447. Busi- ness failures, 10,587; liabilities, $120,- 242,402. * * -92 * * Boston. The State House is enlarged to double its original size. * * Kan. A convention of delegates at Abilene inaugurates an agitation for the removal of the capital. 1889 Jan. 1. Mo. The Richardson Drug Company's store at St. Louis is burned ; loss, $200,000. Jan. 10. U. S. An English syndicate has purchased 30 breweries, and seeks control of all others in the= country. 334 1889, Jan. 11 -Feb. 13 AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Jan. 16. N Y. The National Guard Association meets at Albany. Jan. 19. The Atlanta sails for Port-au- Prince to reenforce the Galena. Jan. 25. Loomis L. Langdon is commis- sioned colonel — 1st artillery U. S. A. [Feb. 12. Also Edward M. Heyl. Feb. 17. Henry M. Lazelle — 18th infantry. Feb. Adelbert K. Buffington — ordnance de- partment. June 7. George D. Ruggles.] Jan. 30. Joseph C. Breckinridge is com- missioned brigadier-general U. S. A. Feb. 9. Rear-Adm. Bancroft Ghe- rardi is ordered to command the North Atlantic squadron. Feb. 12. D. C. Commander Silas Casey is promoted captain U. S. N. [Mar. 2G. William T. Samson and Bartlett J. Cromwell. Mar. 31. John "VT. Philip. Aug. 4. Henry P. Picking.] Com. George E. Belknap is promoted rear- admiral. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Jan. 13. A mass of the Horse- shoe Rock drops at Niagara Falls. Jan. 15. _V. Y. Prof. Brooks, at Smith Observatory, discovers a comet. [Also Dec. 25. Another comet.] Jan. 16±. New York. Henry G. Mar- quand gives his collection of paintings by the old masters to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Jan. 17. New York. Mrs. Joseph Drexel presents to the Museum of Art the antiquities loaned to it by her hus- band, and adds a collection of casts and Jan. 18. Colo. Avalanches occur in the southwestern part of the State. Jan. 19. New York. A carload of min- eral wax, called ozocerite, arrives from Utah. Jan. * Ida. A floating island 300 feet in diameter is reported at Henry Lake. Feb. 5. N. Mex. The remnant of a tribe of cliff-dwellers is discovered in the San Mateo Mountains. (See Nov. 23.) BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1889. Jan. 11. Taylor, Alva B., nianuf., A86. Jan. 13. McGill, Alexander T., Pres. cler- gyman, prot'fssi»r at Princeton, A82. Jan. 14. Phillips, George S., journalist, A73. Jan. 19. Mackenzie, Ronald Slidell, brev. maj.-gen., A49. Jan. 23. Dolaro, Selina, singer, writer, A36. Felton, Samuel Mur.se, civil engineer, A79. Jan. 26. Jones, Hoger, brig. -gen., dies in Va. Jan. 27. Cazauran, Augustus It., author, dramatist, A69. Jan. 31. Locke, John, poet, journalist, A 41. Feb. 1. Steins, Fredrick \V., singer, A53. Feb. 4. Fisk, Mary H., writer, author, dies. Cunningham, Thomas, It. 0. clergyman of Elmira, dies. Feb. 1 1. Dalton, John C, physiologist, A64. Hunt, Henry Jackson, brev. maj.- gen., U. S. A., A70. CHURCH. 1889 Jan. 18. Ariz. John M. Ken- drick is consecrated (Protestant Episco- pal) bishop of Arizona and New Mexico. Jan. 19. X. Y. A split occurs in the American Salvation Army, one fac- tion renouncing allegiance to Gen. Booth. Jan. * Phila. Two members of the Kristhena Society sail on the Gallia for India to seek the tomb of Buddha. Jan. 20. New York. Archbishop Cor- rigan's circular is read in all the churches of his diocese. It declares that every person attend- ing the Anti-Poverty meetings is guilty of a "reserved sin," — one that can be condoned ouly by confession to the or- dinary of the diocese ; the penitent must bear a letter from the confessor explain- ing the nature of the offense. Jan. 23. Pa. A Catholic colonization society is formed at Pittsburg ; its ob- ject is to establish colonies in the South. Jan. 25. O. Boyd Vincent is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Southern Ohio. Jan. 27. N. Y. The 35th anniversary of the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation is celebrated in 14 Brooklyn churches. Feb. 3+. Kan. The Mennonites are removing to Colorado. LETTERS. 1889 Jan. 12. Cardinal Melchers is directed by the Pope to prepare a report on the complaint of Irish bishops in America concerning education. Neio York. The New York College for the Training of Teachers [Teachers' College] receives a provisional charter. Jan. 18. Mass. At Haverhill a dis- agreement exists between the School Board and the French Catholic paro- chial school ; legal steps are taken to enforce tbe statute respecting public schools. Jan. 30. Boston. Oliver Wendell Holmes presents his valuable medical library to the Boston Medical Library Association. Jan. * Md. Jacob I. Tome, the million- aire hanker of Port Deposit, gives $2,500,000 to a board of seven trus- tees to found a training-school in that town. It is to be called " The Tome Male and Female Seminary of Port Deposit : " the sum of SfiOO.OOO goes for buildings, and $2,000,000 for maintenance. SOCIETY. 1889 Jan. 22. Pa. The joint resolution proposing an amendment to the State Constitution prohibiting the sale or manufacture of intoxicating liquors passes the House. Vote, 132-5S. Jan. 24. Wis, A bill is introduced in the Legislature making prize-fighting a penal offense. Jan. 25. Dak. The House defeats woman suffrage in committee of the whole. Vote, 17-28. Jan. 26. .V. Y. A strike for higher wages and shorter hours occurs on the Brooklyn street railroads; the em- ployees tie up the roads. Jan. 29. Ark. John M. Clayton (Rep.), who claims the election, is assassi- nated while searching for proofs of bis election. Jan. * Md. An asylum for children of feeble minds is opened at Baltimore. Feb. 4. New York. President Cleve- land becomes a prospective partner in a law firm. Feb. 5. Mass. The House votes to sub- mit the question of prohibition to the people. Vote, 101-C9. Feb. 7. D. C. Congress : A select com- mittee of the Senate reports in favor of ■woman suffrage. [No further action is taken.] Feb. 8. Dak. The Woman Suffrage Bill is defeated in the Legislature. Feb. 11. Ner. The people vote on 14 amendments to the Constitution, in- cluding one extending to women the right to hold school offices ; all are adopted except the one authorizing lotteries. STATE. 1889 Jan. 12. D. C. Congress: The Senate continues the debate on the Tariff; the House is paralyzed by a deadlock, until J. B. Weaver of la., a greenback member, makes an agree- ment "with the Democrats ; then the Pension, Military Academy, and Consular Appropriation Bills are passed. - — W. Va. The State Supreme Court quashes a motion intended to prevent the Legislature declaring the vote, which on the face of the returns elects Nathan Goff for governor. Jan. 14. I>. C. Congress: The Senate passes a Bankruptcy Bill of 24 articles. XT. S. The electoral colleges of the different States meet in their respective capitals, cast their ballots for President and Vice-President, and appoint mes- sengers to convey the certificates of these elections to "Washington. Jan. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the Tariff Bill and considers the admission of South Dakota. Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates the Tariff Bill, and receives the correspondence in the Samoan af- fair ; also that relating to the seizing of the Haitian Republic; the House con- siders the Territorial Bills providing for the erection of States. Jan. 17. D. C. Congress : The Senate discusses the Tariff Bill, disposes of the tin-plate paragraph, and reaches the sugar schedule, and then passes the Bankruptcy Bill ; the House considers the Territorial Bills. Jan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the sugar-bounty section of the Tariff Bill. Vote, 37-23. The House adopts the Springer Omnibus Bill as a substitute for the Senate bill, admit- ting South Dakota. Vote, 133-120. Jan. 19. D. C. President-elect Harrison offers the secretaryship of the interior to Andrew Carnegie. [It is declined.] UNITED STATES. 1889, Jan. 11 -Feb. 13. 335 Congress: The Senate debates the Tariff Bill; the House in Committee of the Whole passes the Fortifications Appropriations Bill, and the Ford Committee introduces a bill for the stringent repression of immigration, especially of the criminal class. The Creek Indian delegates cede the western part of their domain to Con- gress for $2,2S0,S57. [Ratified by the Creeks on Jan. 31.] Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes a substitute Tarriff Bill; vote, 32-30. Jan. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate asks for a conference with the House on the Mills Tariff Bill, and discusses the Trust Bill prohibiting combinations for the purpose of destroying competition ; the House adopts several amendments to the Sundry Civil Bill. Jan. 26. I). C. Congress : The House only is in session ; it refers the Senate Tariff BUI to the "Ways and Means Committee. Jan. 28. I). C. Congress: The House passes the Senate Pension Bill. Jan. 29. T). C. Congress; The Senate decides to discuss Samoan affairs with open doors, and adopts an amendment to raise ministers to England, France, Germany, and Russia to the rank of ambassadors ; the House appropriates $500,000 for a Library building. Jan. 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate considers the Samoan question, and discusses the British Extradition Treaty ; the House debates the Okla- homa Bill providing for its opening to settlers. Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate adopts the Samoan amendments re- ported by the Foreign Affairs Committee and refuses to raise certain ministers to the rank of ambassadors. Vote, 26- 25. The House discusses and amends the Oklahoma Bill. Jan.* Temi. The Australian Ballot System is adopted. Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate appropriates $600,000 for the pro- tection of American interests in Sa- moa ; it rejects the Anglo-American Treaty. Vote, 3S-15. The House passes the Oklahoma Bill. Vote, 148-102. The President informs Congress that the State Department is advised that German troops will be withdrawn from Samoa, and the neutrality of the islands preserved. Feb. 2. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Naval Appropriation Bill with an amendment devoting $100,000 for a coaling station at Pango-Pango, Samoa. Neb. The State Senate accepts the amendments to the submission resolu- tion made by the House; it provides that the people shall vote at the next election whether prohibition or high license shall be incorporated into the Constitution. Feb. 3. Eng. Sir Julian Pauncefote is appointed to succeed Lord Sackville- "West as British minister at Washington. (See Jan. 8.1 Feb. 5. D. C. Congress: The House discusses the report on the Nicaragua BUI. Feb. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates the Legislative Appropriation Bill ; the House agrees to the conference report on the Nicaragua Canal Bill. Vote, 177-60. The bill provides for the incorporation of a company to construct, equip, and operate a ship canal, either entirely through the territory of Nicaragua or in part through the territory of Costa Rica, and otherwise to have suoh powers as have been conferred on the Nica- ragua Association. The capital stock of the company is to be $100,em.) of O., 168; Levi P. Morton i kep.) of N. Y., 233 ; John A. Brooks (Prohib.) of Mo., C. E. Cunningham (I'liion Labor) of Ark., W. H. T. Wakefield (United Labor) of Kan., and James B. Greer (American) of Term., each 0. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 Jan. 13. New York. Many of the Fifth Avenue stages are withdrawn from Sunday use. Jan. 14. O. A passenger train runs into a freight train at Tallmadge, kill- ing the engineers, firemen, and eight passengers. Jan. 15. Cat. The Santa Monica hotel is burned. Jan. 18. President Cleveland is named as one of the arbitrators in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Jan. 21. Mich. A car is thrown from the track at "Watersmeet ; the lieuten- ant-governor and others are killed and several wounded. Jan. 22. N. Y. Senator Cantor intro- duces the $1,000,000 canal bill at Albany ; it proposes the enlargement of the Erie Canal. Jan. 23. A 7 . Y. The victorious yacht Volunteer is purchased by the Seawan- haka Yacht Club. Jan. 24. The Union Palace Car Com- pany sells out to the Pullman Car Com- pany for less than §3,000,000. Jan. 26. The loss of several vessels and many lives at sea is reported. The schooner Annie E. Hall and the ship Sarah and Emma, each lose eight lives ; the schooner August Floiver, seven; and the schooner Ella A., nine. Dak. The railroad taxes are re- pealed. Jan. 29. Mich. The first convention of furniture manufacturers meets at Grand Rapids. Jan. * Md. A train is thrown from the track near Lincoln City, and 36 persons are injured. Feb. 1. Pa. A mine explosion at Plymouth causes the death of six men. Feb. 2. A". Y. Extensive business prop- erty in Buffalo is burned, loss $3,000,000; 1,000 persons are thrown out of work. Feb. 5. N. Y. Seven loggers and 2-4 teams break through the ice, and are drowned in Pine Lake, Fulton County. Feb. 6. U. S. A trust is formed of 19 of the largest firms making sewer pipes. 336 1889, Feb. 13-Mar. 21. AMERICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1889 Feb. 14. Rear-Adni. George E. Belknap is sent to command the fleet on the Asiatic station. Mar. 15. Samoan Is. Three war-ves- sels are wrecked, the Nipsic, seven lives lost ; the Vandalia, 43 lives lost ; and the Trenton; all lost by the same storm. D. C. The Secretary of War, by spe- cial order, abolishes Sunday dress- parades at military posts. Mar. 17. Okla. The boomers are driven out by the troops. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Feb. 18. Ala. Many people are killed or injured by a cyclone in Bibb County. Feb. 21. Ind. Ter. Gold is discovered. [Also Apr. 23. In Franklin Co., Va. Aug. 1. At Arrowrock, Ark. Sept. 20. At Irvington, N.J. Oct. 3. In Wyo- ming.] Feb. 23. N. Y. At Saranac Lake the mercury falls to 34° below zero. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889. Feb. 15. 5IcTyeire,Meth. F.pts. South, cler- gyman, editor, bishop, A(j5. Feb. 19. Jones, Justin Edw., publisher, A74. Feb. 21. Flood, James C, u bonanza king," of Cal,, A63. Wharton, Francis, solicitor of State Department, author, A68. Hickey, Patrick, editor, author, of Brooklyn, A 43. Mar. 5. Booth, Mary Louise, editor of Harper's Bazar, A58. Mar. 7. Bartk-U, Sidney, lawyer, of Boston, A90. Williamson, Isaiah V., philanthropist, of Phila., A8f>. Mar. 8. Ericsson, John, engineer, designer of Monitor, scientist, Atflj. Mar. 9. Townshend, Richard \V., JI. C. for 111., A 49. Mar. 12. Davis, John Lee, rear-adm. U. S. N., A64. CHURCH. 1889 Feb. 14. It. The Pope and con- sistory publicly confirm the new bishops of Detroit, Natchez, and Wichita. Feb. 17. Chicago. " Billy" Sunday, a well-known base-ball player, makes his appearance as an evangelist. Neio York. A circular letter from Pope Leo is read in all the diocesan churches. It affirms that the rejection of Catho- lic doctrine is fraught with evil, and that Christian faith is the cure for all social evils. Feb. 21. New York. The Catholic pil- grims to the Holy Land sail on the Wieland. There are over 500 priests and laymen — the object being to raise money for the maintenance of shrines and sacred places in Palestine ; the pilgrimage is to occupy 84 days. Feb. 23. Z>. C. Pope Leo writes a letter approving the statutes of the new Catholic university at Washington, and lauding the zeal and intelligence of the Catholics of America. Feb. 27. N. Y. The Federate Council of the Protestant Episcopal Church of New York forms a province out of the five dioceses of the State. Feb. * New York. The New York Pres- bytery vote 93 to 43 for a revision of their creed. Feb. * Phila. A church for deaf- mutes is consecrated. It jb the only congregation in the world entirely man- aged by the deaf. Mar. 14. O. Thomas Ewing Sherman, son of Gen. Sherman, becomes a member of the Society of Jesus. [July 7. He receives final orders in the priesthood.] Mar. 18. It. The American pilgrims visit Pome, and receive the Pope's bless- ing. (See Feb. 21.) LETTERS. 1889 Feb. 13. The third annual con- vention of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association opens. Feb. 14. Miss. Mayor R. W. Millsap of Jackson subscribes S50,000 to build and endow a college for the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Feb. 22. Me. A free public library, costing $100,000, is presented by James P. Baxter to the city of Portland, Feb. 23. Boston. Amos W. Stetson of Boston gives to Wellesley College a fine eoUection of paintings, 65 in number, valued at $30,000. Mar. 4. Pa. Dedication of a Roman Catholic school-building in Pittsburg. Bishop Keane of Wheeling severely denounces the American public-school system ; he says that it is a divorce from moral and religious training, and that the only -way to counteract its effect is to establish Christian schools. N. H. At Camden a fine pubHc library is opened ; it is the gift of ex-Gov. Smyth to his native town. Mar. 10. New York. Dr. M'Glynn at- tacks parochial schools in a public address. Mar. 11. Pa. A. J. Drexel purchases the Lonella Mansion at "Wayne, and selects trustees and managers for the Drexel Industrial College for "Women. Mar. 13. D. C. Pope Leo issues a brief approving the statutes of the Washington University. SOCIETY. 1SS9 Feb. 21. Boston. The Board of Police Commissioners increase the cost of liquor licenses for the year commencing May 1. Mar. 1. Ariz. The Legislature bill, which is signed by the go^ making train-robbery a capital crime. Mar. 8. R. I. The House of Represen- tatives passes a bill to resubmit the Prohibitory Amendment to the peo- ple. Vote, 41-25. Mar. 9. Ind. The Legislature passes a bill to punish bribers. Cal. A bill allowing women to vote for school commissioners passes the Senate. Mar. 12. N. H. The people vote on seven amendments to the Constitu- tion and reject only one, the prohibition of the liquor-traffic. Mar. 14. /. Ter. Boomers are pouring into the Cherokee strip from Arkansas. Mar. 21. Conn. The Senate concurs with the House in passing a bill which pro- hibits selling, giving, or delivering to- bacco in any form to persons under 16 years of age ; it also prohibits mi- nors from using tobacco in cigarettes or in any other form. O. A reform ticket is put in the field in Cincinnati by the Committee of Five Hundred; its object is to enforce the laws, and keep liquor-shops closed on Sundays. STATE. 1S89 Feb. 13. Congress: The Senate debates the Texas election outrages; the House decides the Smalls-Elliott election contest in favor of Elliott. The proceedings of the Senate on the British Extradition Treaty are made public. Feb. 14. I). C. Congress : The Senate receives a resolution calling for the Byrnes Report on the alleged customs fraud in New York City : it confirms the nomination of Carroll D. Wright as Commissioner of Labor. Me. The House of Representatives rejects the Australian baUot system. Feb. 15. B.C. Congress : The Senate continues the discussion of the Texas election outrages: The House sends back to the Senate the Dakota Bill. Vote, 149-101. It passes the Senate Bill appropriating $250,000 for the pro- tection of American interests in Pan- ama ; Mr. Mills of Texas reports ad- versely the Senate substitute Tariff BiU. Feb. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates the political outrages in Texas ; in the House four Revenue Bills are reported, and the Post-office BiU is discussed. The Committee on Fish- eries recommends measures to secure American rights in Bering Sea. Feb. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate considers changes in the Sundry Civil BiU; the House has trouble in consid- ering the conference report on the Di- rect Tax BiU because of filibustering; a resolution is introduced by J. B. Mor- gan of Miss, inviting Canadian officials to visit this country for observation. Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate agrees to the Springer House Bill to admit four new States to the Union — North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington ; the House adopts the conference report on the Direct Tax BiU and sends it to President Cleveland ; the President signs the Nicaragua Canal BiU. The State Department is notified that a supplementary treaty of amity, navi- gation, and commerce with Japan has been signed hv Minister Hubbard on be- half of the United States. Feb. 21. D. C Congress: The Senate debates the Sundry Civil BiU; the Fouse passes the Post-office BUI ; Mr. UNITED STATES. 1889, Feb. 13 -Mar. 21. 337 Randall of Pa. introduces a resolution, calling for the consideration of the Cowles Tobacco Tax Bill. H. I. The Legislature approves the Australian ballot system. Feb. 22. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Sundry Civil and Agricul- tural Bills ; in the House Mr. Mills's resolution regarding the Senate's tariff action is defeated. Vote, 143-S3. The bills to retire Gen. Rosecrans and to pension the widow of Gen. Sheridan are passed; Mrs, Sheridan is to receive 650,000. The President signs an enabling Act for the framing of State constitutions for South Dakota, Montana, and "Washington, and for their admission into the Union ; provision is made for the division of Dakota. Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses resolutions relative to elec- tions in the South ; the House debates the Deficiency Bill, and eulogies are delivered on the late Congressman James H. Burnes of Mo. President Cleveland vetoes the River and Harbor Bill. Feb. 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Sioux Bill; also the Army Appropriation Bill, with some changes ; Mr. Spooner of 111. introduces bills for the supervision and protection of Congressional elections ; in the House bills are introduced to admit into the Union the Territories of Arizona, Idaho, "Wyoming, and New Mexico. President Cleveland by proclamation calls a special session of the Senate for March 4th. Cal. The Anti- Insurance Trust Bill passes the Senate. Feb. 27. I). C. Congress: The Senate passes a bill to protect salmon in Alaska rivers ; bills are introduced to admit "Wyoming and Idaho to state- hood ; the House passes the Indian Appropriation Bill; obstructive tac- tics prevent action on the Cowles bill. Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Post-office Bill, and votes down the House amendments to the In- terstate Commerce Act; the House considers conference reports on various appropriation bills. Mar. 1. D. C. Congress ratifies the ceding of one half of the Creek lands in Oklahoma to the Federal govern- ment. Congress : The Senate receives from Secretary Fairchild the result of the in- vestigation into alleged sugar frauds ; the House passes a joint resolution in favor of commercial union with Canada. Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate considers the Appropriation Bills, and passes the Direct Tax Bill over Presi- dent Cleveland's veto. Vote, 45-9. The House is occupied with Appropriation Bills. The 50th Congress closes. Ind. Gov. Hovey decides to ask the courts to pass on the authority of the Legislature in making appointments. — —Kan. The Legislature passes a bill making trusts, combinations, and pools illegal. Mar. 3. D. C. President Cleveland signs the bill amending the Interstate Commerce Act. The 23d Administration; Republi- Mar. 4. D. C. Benjamin Harrison of Ind., the 23d President, in the 26th term of the presidency, is inaugurated. Levi P. Morton of N. Y. is Vice-President. The Senate meets in special session chiefly to consider the nominations to be made by the President. jr. Va. At Charleston both Nathan Goif and President Carr of the Senate take the oath of office as governor ; they demand that Gov. Wilson shall vacate the governorship, which he declines to do. Mar. 5. D. C. The Senate receives and confirms the Cabinet nominations of President Harrison. Cabinet: James G. Blaine of Me. (State), "William Windom of Minn. (Treas.), Redfield Proctor of Vt. ("War), Benjamin F. Tracy of N. Y. (Navy), John W. Noble of Mo. (Interior), Jere- miah M. Busk of Wis. (Agriculture), "William H. H. Miller of Ind. (Atty- Gen.), John Wanamaker of Pa. (P. M.- Gen.). Mar. 6. Ark. A reform ballot law passes the Senate. Mar. 7. D. C. The Senate elects John J. Ingalls of Kan. president pro tem- pore. W. Va. The attorneys of Nathan Goff begin mandamus proceedings over the governorship. Mar. 8. Me. The British schooner Glean- er, from St. John for New York, is seized at Boothbay for non-entry ; the fine is SI, 500. Mar. 9. N. Y. Ernest H. Crosby intro- duces a bill in the State Assembly to make New York City and Brooklyn one municipality. [Apr. 4. It is or- dered to a third reading.l jr. Va. The Supreme Court of W. Va. decides that the failure of the Legis- lature to declare the result of the late gubernatorial election creates a vacancy which entitles Gov. Wilson to retain the office until the result is legally de- clared. N. Y. Mr. Sheehan introduces in the Legislature a substitute for the Sax- ton Ballot Reform Bill. Mar. 16. 01:1a. The Seminole Indians formally convey their lands to Congress, according to the treaty of 1886. Mar. 20. New York. Ex-President Grover Cleveland is elected a member of the Tammany Society. Mar. 21. Neb. The Legislature passes a bill to tax sleeping and dining cars. P. 7. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.) is nom- inated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1SS9 Feb. 13. Chicago. The South- ern hotel is destroyed by fire. Feb. 15 ±. iV. Y. The Rochester breweries are purchased by an English syndicate. [Mar. 5. Five Chicago brew- eries are sold for $1,800,000. Mar. G. Three leading breweries in New York are also sold.] Feb. 17. Chicago. A building 14 stories high collapses. Conn. P. T. Barnum's home at Sea Side Park is burned ; loss, $25,000. The Park Central Hotel at Hartford collapses after a boiler explosion ; 50 persons are buried in the ruins. The Court of Claims gives judgment for $1,002,517 in favor of the Central Pacific Railroad, in its suit against the United States, for withheld divi- dends. Feb. 20. Cal. The town of Guerne- ville, Sonoma Co., is nearly destroyed by fire. Fta. The Sub-Tropical Exposition at Jacksonville opens with a large at- tendance. -• — Ky. A railroad bridge at Spottsville gives way ; 12 men are killed. Minn. Two children are attacked and devoured by wolves at Aitkin. Feb. 21. Belle Boyd, the famous colt, is sold for $51,000. Feb. 24. Pa, More than 50 people are injured in a railroad accident at Roar- ing Branch. Feb. 25. Kan. Fire destroys 200,000 bushels of wheat in a flour-mill at Leavenworth. Feb. 26. Chicago. The Standard Oil Company gains control of the gas companies. Feb. 28. Mo. A convention of delegates from commercial bodies assembles in St. Louis to draft a new bankruptcy law. Feb. * Wis. At a fire in Milwaukee, 12 firemen are buried in the ruins of a building. Mar. 5. Cal. Many persons start for t the alleged new gold fields in Southern California. [The fraud is soon exposed.] Pa. The Reading Iron "Works fail ; the liabilities are estimated at $1,000,000. Mar. 11. New York. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad succeeds after long endeavor in making close connections with New York City. Pa. Five men are killed and 11 in- jured by a boiler explosion at Pitts- burg. Mar. 15. The sugar trust raises the price of sugar one cent a pound. Mar. 16. Va. The bark Pettengill of Portland, Me., is wrecked on the Virginia Cape; 14 lives are lost. 338 1889, Mar. 22 -May 13. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Mar. 25. Ariz. Chitachuan and 15 Indian warriors are intrenched 14 miles north of San Carlo's agency. Mar. 26. D. C. Com. David B. Harmony is promoted rear-admiral. Apr. 2. The Richmond, Alert, and Adams are ordered to Samoa. Apr. 20. Cal. Lieut. Ripley and 29 sea- men, hurt in the storm off Samoa, arrive at San Francisco. Apr. 29. New York. The great centen- nial parade includes a naval proces- sion ; 300 vessels sail through the harbor in celebration of the adoption of the Federal Constitution. Apr. 30. New York. A centennial mili- tary procession of 65,000 men marches through some of the principal streets. Apr. * Va. The Pensacola, while being cleaned and repaired at her dock in Portsmouth, fills with water and sinks. May 12. Samoa. The battery of the Tren- ton has been saved at Apia, and efforts are being made to save that of the Vandalia. May 13. Cal. The crusier Charleston arrives at San Francisco from Santa Barbara. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Mar. 28. Tex. Tin ore is discov- ered in Pecos county. Mar, * New York. John Ericsson ex- hibits his apparatus for condensing so- lar rays for motive power. Mar. * New York: Henry G. Marquand is elected president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Mrs. John Crosby Brown presents to the Metropolitan Museum of Art the finest private col- lection of musical instruments known to exist in this country ; estimated value, $35,000. President Marquand declines a gift of $10,000 from Mr.Walters of Balti- more, it being conditioned upon keeping the doors of the Metropolitan Muse- um of Art open on Sunday. Apr. 1. Cal. A new comet is discov- ered by Mr. Barnard at the Lick Ob- servatory. Apr. 2. Pa. A big landslide occurs on Second Avenue at Pittsburg. Apr. 3, 4. S. Dak. — Minn. "Wind storms and prairie fires damage and destroy fully §2,000,000 worth of prop- erty ; whole villages are swept out of existence, rendering hundreds of fami- lies homeless ; several lives are known to be lost. Apr. 8. N. Y. Rich strikes of oil are made at Andover. Apr. 16. D. C. The annual session of the National Academy of Sciences begins in Washington. [Apr. 17. It elects Prof. O. C. Marsh president.] Apr. 19. O. A shower of snails occurs at Tiffin. Apr. 22. New York. Centennial Loan Exhibition opens at the Metropolitan Opera House. [May 8. It closes.] Apr. 28. Minn. Relics of the mound- builders are found. Apr. * All the States and Dakota Terri- tory now have Agricultural Experi- ment Stations established under act of Congress. Apr.* X. Y. Natural gas in large quan- tities is discovered near Canisteo while drilling an oil-well. May 3. hid. A subterranean water- course, 12 feet wide and G feet deep, is discovered 12 miles from Hartford City. Dak. A shower of frogs occurs at Jamestown. May 9. ///. The mercury rises to 94* at Bloomington — the highest tempera- ture in May for 25 years. BIRTHS — DEATHS X8S9. Mar. 22. Campbell, John A ticeof U. S. S. Ct., A77. - — - Matthews, Stanley, justice TJ. S. S. Ct., A65. Mar. 23. Tilton, "W. S., brig.-gen., dies, Mass. Mar. 31. Sleeper, Jacob, philanthropist, of Boston, A87. Apr. 4. Kfinington, Pliilo, inventor, manu- facturer of firearms, A73. Apr. 7. Vrooman, Henry, sen. for Cal., A 45. Apr. 9. Patterson, Thomas H-, rear-adm., A 69. Apr. 14. Chittenden, Simeon B., million- aire merchant, vf Brooklyn, A75. Taylor. William K., rear-adm., A78. Apr. 25. Pearson, Henry G., postmaster of N. Y. City, A44. Apr. 27. Bariuird, Frederick Augustus P., pres. of Columbia Collet,'* 1 , author. A80. Apr. 29. Crolv, David G., journalist, of N. T., A60. Apr. 30. Barnum, William H., senator for Conn., chairman Hem. Nat. Com., A7I. May 9. Harnev, William Selby, maj.-gen. TJ. S. A., A89. O'Connor, William Douglas, au., A57. May 13. Bishop, Washington Irving, "mind-reader " in N. Y., A 42. CHURCH. 1889 Mar. 26. Wis. Cyras F. Knight is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Milwaukee. Mar. * President Harrison and every member of his Cabinet, excepting Secre- taries Proctor and Rusk, are Presbyte- rians. (World.) Mar. * Miss Flavin, an English Roman Catholic, passes through America on her way to Honolulu to exile herself as a missionary in the leper colony. Apr. 7. Mo. The world's conference of Latter-day Saints assembles at St. Joseph. There are 12 apostles, 70 patriarchs. 3,719 high-priests, 11,805 elders, 2,069 priests. 2,292 teachers, 11.610 deacons, 81,899 families, 115.915 officers and mem- bers, and 49,302 children under eight years of age. Apr. 7-14. New York. A week of prayer is observed for the Sabbath reform movement. Apr. 10. Md. Cardinal Gibbons is- sues a circular letter calling upon the Baltimore Roman Catholic clergy to hold special services on April 30 — Cen- tennial Day. Apr. 24. Mo. The Rev. Dr. Bray of St. Louis is deposed, at his own request, from the Episcopal ministry. Apr. 25. Mich. Charles C. Grafton is consecrated (Protestant Epil bishop of Fond du Lac. Apr. 28. Chicago. The American The- osophists meet. New York. Special centennial ser- vices are held in St. Paul's Chapel. S. C. A newspaper reporter, Henry D. Howren, preaches a ser- mon two hours long to 1.500 people in the Grand Opera House, Charleston. Apr. 30. Centennial Celebration. President Harrison has. by proclama- tion, appointed this dav for general thanksgiving and prayer throughout the nation. (See Army aiid State.) May 1. O. Leading Roman Catholic divines and educators form a Roman Catholic Educational Union. It aims to give to all who rind it diffi- cult to pursue their studies after leaving school an opportunity to follow a pre- scribed course of secular and religious reading and study. May ± * Pa. Miss Kate Drexel, daugh- ter of the Philadelphia banker, and heir- ess to §2,000.000 (?>, becomes a Sister of Mercy; she enters the Mercy Convent in Pittsburg. MayS. Phila. The 28th International Convention of the Young Men's Christian Association is held ; about 1,000 delegates are present. May 12. Va. Rev. John Jasper's re- vival at Richmond prospers ; 200 colored converts are baptized in the James River. May 13. New York. The bill to give school moneys to the Roman Catholic Protectory is defeated in the Assembly. LETTERS. 1889 Mar. 25. New York. Mrs. Mar- garet E. Sangster becomes editor of Harper's Bazar. Mar.* Md. Johns Hopkins University is placed beyond fear of financial dif- ficulty by means of the Emergency Fund recently raised by citizens of Baltimore. Mar. * Mass. Mary A. Bingham is chosen president of Mount Holyoke Serninary. Apr. 3. N. Y. The Madison Univer- sity library building at Hamilton is to be built at once. It is to be three stories high, 12S feet long, and S2 feet wide. The whole cost ($100,000) is as- sumed by James B. Colgate. Apr. 20. New York. Whitelaw Reid,* having taken office abroad under the Government, retires froiu the editorship and control of the New York Tribune. Apr. * Colo. Mary Lowe Dickinson is professionally employed in the Univer- sity of Denver at a salary of $3,300. The women of Colorado are raising an endow- ment fund of $40,000 for a woman's chair, always to be filled by a woman. Apr. *± Minn. Ex-Gov. John S. Pills- bury, one of the regents of the State University, gives $150,000 for the im- mediate use of the institution. UNITED STATES. 1889, Mar. 22 - May 13. 339 Apr.* Mass. Natiek elects three women on its school board. Apr. * It is said that the author of Listen to the Mocking-Bird has made $100,000 by that one effort. SOCIETY. 1889 Mar. 22. N. F. The Assembly bill allowing women to vote at muni- cipal elections is defeated. Mar. ± * Me. The Legislature passes a bill providing for a fine of $100, impris- onment for one year, and disfranchise- ment for 10 years, for a man who sells his vote. Apr. * Wyo. An asylum for the insane at Evanston is opened. [Also Aug. 1. At Hastings, Neb. Dec. 15. At Clarinda, la. * * At Evansville and another at Richmond, Ind. ; hos- pitals for the insane are provided for in South California ; at Los Vegas, N. Mex., and San Antonio, Tex.] May 1. Neb* An industrial home for women and girls is opened at Milford. May 4. Chicago. Dr. Patrick Henry Cronin, an Irish dynamiter, is suspected of treachery, expelled from membership and condemned to death by members of the Clan-na-gael. [May 22. His body is found at Lake View.] May 8. Ark. The Sheriff of St. Francis County, the city marshal of Forest City, and two other citizens, are killed in an election riot. May 10. Mo. David and "William "Walker and John Matthews of the Bald Knob gang are hanged at Ozark. STATE. 1889 Mar. 22. D. C. Bering Sea is closed to all nations. President Harrison issues a proclama- tion protiibiting under heavy penalties the killing of any otter, miuk, marten, sable, or fur seal within the limits of Alaska Territory or the waters thereof without a special permit from the United States. Mar. 25. Mont. Red Lodge is thrown open for settlement. Mar. 26. N. J. The Assembly Speaker refuses to permit business to be done, owing to the absence of two members of his own party. Mar. 27. President Harrison by proc- lamation fixes April 22, at noon, as the date of opening Oklahoma for purposes of settlement. N.J. The Assembly passes the Re- districting Bill ; the governor signs it, and it becomes law. Mar. 29. D. C. The President appoints the three members of the Oklahoma Commission. Mar. 30. D. C. The Senate rejects the nomination of Murat Halstead as minister to Germany. Vote, 19-25. Mar. * Ind. The State Senate passes the bill adopting the Australian system of secret voting. Apr. 1. N. J. The Assembly passes the BaUot Reform Bill. Vote, 48-2. Apr. 2. D. C. Senate : The special ses- sion closes. Chicago. Dewitt C. Cregier, the Democratic nominee for mayor, is elected by 10,000 majority. Apr. 3. N. Y. The Assembly passes the Excise Commission Bill as amended. Vote, 69-53. R. I. The election of the State ticket is in doubt,— a single office excepted. Apr. 4. Tenn. The Legislature passes the Doritch Election Bill. Apr. 5. N. Y. The Assembly orders the Nixon Dressed Beef Bill to a third reading. Vote, 55—40. Apr. 6. D. C. President Harrison is- sues a proclamation recommending that the hour of 9 a.m., Tuesday, Apr. 30th, be set apart for Thanksgiving services in all the churches and public places of worship in the country as a part of the celebration of the cen- tennial anniversary of Gen. Washing- ton's inauguration. Apr. 9. N. Y. The Assembly passes the Saxton Ballot Reform BiH. Vote, 74-44. Apr. 13. Va. Ballot reform after the Australian secret system is adopted by the House. Vote, 63-17. Apr. 17. N. J. The Senate passes a substitute for the Australian Election System Bill. Apr. 18. III. The House passes an An- ti-Trust Bill. N. Y. Senator Fassett and several other Republican senators, after vainly protesting against a ruling of Lieut.- Gov. Jones as unfair, leave the Sen- ate Chamber amidmuch excitement. The Interstate Commerce Commission decides that the Grand Trunk's ship- ments to Canadian points are subject to interstate law. Apr. 21. New York. Sir JulianPaunce- fote, the British minister to "Washing- ton, arrives. Apr. 22. Okla. The Oklahoma coun- try is thrown open to settlers at noon. N. Y. The Senate passes Mayor Grant's Rapid Transit Bill, and the New York City Police Commission, Park Commission, and Police Justice Bills. Apr. 27. Okla. A municipal govern- ment is organized in Guthrie by the election of a mayor and town council. Apr. 29. New York. The three U. S. Commissioners to the Berlin Con- ference respecting Samoa sail ; the members are William Walter Phelps of N. J., John A. Kasson of la., and George H. Bates of Del. May 1. The railway TJ. S. mail ser- vice passes under civil service rules. May 4. Mo. The Australian election system is adopted by the Legislature. May 6. La. Armed men break up an election in Lafayette to prevent ne- groes from voting. May 7. Berlin. The American Com- missioners of the Samoan Confer- ence, under instruction from their Gov- ernment, demand the neutrality of the islands and the administration of Sa- moan affairs by Samoans ; they also urge the claim of the United States to the right to establish a coaling-station at Pango-Pango. May 13. N. Y. Gov. Hill vetoes the Saxon Ballot Reform BUI. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 Mar. 26. Chicago. Forty thou- sand cases of tea are burned in a warehouse : loss, about §1,250,000. Apr. 5. Pa. At Wilkesbarre 16 col- leries resume work. Apr. 7. N. C. A fire nearly destroys Smithfield ; 28 houses and 32 stores are consumed. Ga. Savannah loses $1,250,000 by fire. Apr. 10. III. A private car is wrecked near Joliet ; four persons are killed and four others injured. N. Y. The New York Yacht Club accepts Lord Dunraven's challenge to sail for the America cup. Apr. 13. New York. A fire sweeps the Worth River front between Fifty-ninth and Sixty-fifth Streets, burning many valuable buildings of the New York Central Railroad ; loss, nearly $3,000,000. Apr. 16. The Richmond and Alle- ghany Railroad is sold to the Chesa- peake and Ohio, for §5,000,000. New York. Mayor Grant and the Board of Control begin the attack on the electric poles and wires; many are taken down. Apr. 17. The Standard Oil Company absorbs the Ohio Oil Company. Apr. 21. The 331 passengers and crew of the steamer Danmark are rescued at sea by the steamer Missouri. Apr. 22. Okla. Settlers lay out Guthrie, and start a bank in a tent on the day the Territory is opened ; capital, $50,000. There is a great rush of settlers and others into the strip of land now thrown open ; violence and bloodshed attend the inrush of people. Apr. 27. Mo. Grain elevator com- panies form a combination in St. Louis. Apr. 28. Ont. An excursion train from Chicago for New York is wrecked near Hamilton ; 17 persons are killed. May 8. Mich. At Kalamazoo an engine collides with a crowded street-car, killing six persons and injuring others. May 10. Va. A storm sweeps 25 workmen into the Potomac, and the wreck of the bridge on which they worked falls on them. May 11. N. J. English capitalists buy several large breweries near Newark. [May 14. Also, the brewery of George Ringler and Co., in New York. May 15. Two more are bought. May 22. The breweries of St. Paul, Minn. June 14. The Kastner brewery of Newark.] 340 1889, May 13 -June 26. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1889 May 21. I). C. President Harrison issues a proclamation forbidding Sun- day parades; general inspection is to be made on Saturday in place of Sunday. May 27. III. Troops are ordered to disperse the striking miners at Braid- wood. [May 28. The miners are taken prisoners by militia.J May 29. PJiila. A committee repre- senting the survivors of the Philadel- phia Brigade present a handsome new- silk flag to the survivors of Confederate Gen. Pickett's Virginia division. June 7. D. C. Col. Kelton is appointed adjutant-general of the United States in place of Gen. Drum, retired. June 10. D. C. The Ossipee has been ordered to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to look after national interests. Pa. Johnstown is under military rule for the preservation of order. June 14. Minn. Three companies of United States troops are sent to the scene of the reported outbreak among the Chippewa Indians; 400Chippewas are in war-paint. June 16. The Kearsarge starts for Port- au-Prince, Haiti. June 18. Va. The United States steamer Constellation goes ashore inside Cape Henry. June 21. Md. The Maxim gun is tested at Annapolis ; one gun fires 750 shots in a minute, and another 350. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 May 16. Mick. — Wis. Snowfalls to the depth of from three to five inches. May 24. Va. A monument is dedi- cated at Alexandria in commemoration of Confederate soldiers who fell at this place. May 31. Pa. The Johnstown flood. (See Miscellaneous May 31 and Sept. *) May * D. C. The site of the new Zoo- logical Park, for which Congress has appropriated $200,000, is located along the banks of Rock Creek, northwest of "Washington ; area, 150 acres. June 1, 2. Destructive storm in the Middle States. (See Miscellaneous.) June 4. New York: The International Medico-Legal Congress opens in Stein way Hall. June 6. N. Mex. Lieut. Schwatka ar- rives at Dening, and gives the details of the discoveries of cave- and cliff- dwellers in Chihuahua. June 25. P. I. The fortieth meeting of the American Medical Association opens at Newport. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889. May 16. Rice, Allen Thormlike, ed. Worth American Iiti\ Minister to Russia, A :!K. May 34. Bridgman, Laura, of Boston, blind deaf-mute, AGO. June l. Moore, S. P., surgeon-gen. of Con- federate Army, dies. June 8. Swett, Leonard, lawyer, of Chicago, A63. June 17. Gilbert, .John (Jibbs, actor, in Boston, A.79. Hosmer, William, dergyman, antisla- very agitutor, temperaiM-e mlvoeate, ATM. June 20. Myers, A. ''., i|ii;iriermaster-gen. of Confederate* army, ATT. June 25. Haves, Lu'ey Webb, wife of ex- rresldent, friend of temi>f*rain:e, A.V<. June 26. Cameron. Simon, senator for Pa., minister to Russia, nrst secretary of war tinder Lincoln, A90. Brown, George Lonng,of Mass., painter, A75. CHURCH. 1S89 May 14. Tenn. The Southern Baptist Convention, in session at Memphis, adopts resolutions denouncing the liquor traffic; it favors prohibition and opposes licenses. The Supreme Council of the Catho- lic Knights of America meets at Chat- tanooga. May 14, 15. O. The Epworth League (Methodist Episcopal) is organized at Cleveland at a conference of representa- tives of young people's societies. May 16. Neiu York. The General As- sembly (Presbyterian) begins its 101st session. Dr. C. L. Thompson delivers the open- ing address ; and Dr. W. C. Roberts is chosen moderator. The assembly is com- posed of 480 commissioners, coming from 2S synods in all parts of the United States and from China ; it represents 210 pres- byteries, containing 6,500 churches, with about 767,000 communicants. The two paramount questions are the supply of ministers and the regulations as to the confession of faith. (May 22.) It votes to discuss the pro- posed revision of the Confession of Faith. (May 23.) It decides to cooperate with the Southern Presbyterian General As- sembly of Home Missions. (May 24.) It votes to ask the presby- teries to express their desires respecting the revision of the creed. It agrees to cooperation. (May 27.) It adopts an important anti- license resolution. Vote, 193-S2. It favors vigorous efforts until laws shall he enacted in every State and Ter- ritory prohibiting entirely a traffic which is the principal cause of drunkenness, and its consequent pauperism, crime, taxation, lamentation, war, and ruin to the bodies and souls of men with which the country has so long been afflicted. (May 28.) The session closes. Tenn. The General Assembly (Southern Presbyterian) meets in Chattanooga. Mo. The General Assembly of the Cumberland Presbyterians meets in Kansas City. (May 20.) It discusses the case of Dr. James Woodrow, an evolutionist. (May 23.) It agrees to cooperate with the General Assembly of Kortheru Pres- byterians. May IS. Boston. Closing session of the 57th annual meeting of the Baptist Home Missionary Society. La. James D. Coleman of New Orleans is elected supreme president of the Catholic Knights of America. y. Y. The Methodist Episcopal Home for the Aged in Brooklyn is dedicated. May 22. Cat. The Greek (Russian) church at San Francisco is burned ; arson is suspected. May 23. Chicago. Pope Leo authorizes Archbishop Feehan of Chicago to " take whatever measures he may deem oppor- tune to declare the Clan-na-Gael in opposition to the Church." May 25. It. C. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. May 26. New York: The year I ing of the Society of Friends begins at Rutherford Place. May 28. New Fork. Mayor Grant in- sists that the Metropolitan Museum of Natural History shall be opened on Sundays. Otherwise he will refuse consent to the issuance of the $400,000 bonds authorized to be applied to the erection of the May * Seventy-third annual meeting of the American Bible Society. It reports 1,440,465 copies of the Scrip- tures issued from the Bible House dur- ing the year, and 509.7S2 copies sent to foreign "lands. Receipts : for general purposes. $499.S23.">3 ; for permanent investment, $1,447.72. May * About 1S.500,000 persons are re- ported as following the International Sunday-school Lesson Course. May * Pa. The General Conference (.United Brethren! is held at York. May* Boston. The Woman's Foreign. Missionary Society (Reformed Epis- copal) is organized. June 2. New York. The Roman Catholic priests read in their churches a pastoral letter denouncing secret societies as " the bane of the social order, the danger of a free people, and the great slavery of our day." June 3. Va. A. Van de "Vyver, vicar- general of the Diocese of Richmond (Roman Catholic), is elevated to the bishopric. June 5. N. Y. The 63d annual meeting- of the American Home Missionary Society opens at Saratoga. June 9. New York. Collections are taken in many churches for the Cone- maugh Valley relief fund. Pa. The people of Johnstown, in the Conemaugh Valley , meet for religious services in ruined chu rches and under the open sky. (See Miscellaneous, May 31.) June 12. Pa. The National Confer- ence (German Baptist) denounces the \ise of tobacco by ministers and deacons, and declares that it is wrong to install candidates "who use it. June 13. Pa. The 34th biennial session (Evangelical Lutheran) convenes at Pittsburg. It unanimously adopts a resolution approving the prohibition amendment to be voted on in Pennsyl- vania on June IS. Hundreds of sick persons gather at the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, in Allegheny City, in the hope of being healed of their diseases. 1SS9 May IS. John X>. Rockefeller offers $000,000 for the Baptist Univer- sity to be established in Chicago, and C. UNITED STATES. 1889, May 13 -June 26. 341 Hinckeley of Chicago offers 850,000 for the same purpose — there remains to be raised only §350,000 of the necessary §1,000,000. May 22. New York. Joseph Pulitzer, owner of the World, donates $15,000 to assist poor boys of this city in getting college educations. Each boy selected -will receive $250, and 12 boys will be thus assisted each year until* 60 have entered college. May* Mich. The Michigan House of Representatives passes the bill to confer upon •women the right to vote at all school, village, and city elections. Vote, 58—23. June 14. Conn. A complete set of the publications of Prince Lucien Bonaparte on the dialects of Europe is presented to the Yale Library by a citizen of New Haven. June 20. N. Y. The Madison Univer- sity is changed to Colgate University. Ji. I. Dr. E. B. Andrews is elected President of Brown University. ■ O. Miami University confers degree of T.T. Tl- upon President Harrison. June 24. New York. Gen. Daniel Butter- field presents to the public schools the gold medal for excellence in marching in the Centennial parade. SOCIETY. 1889 May 24. N. Y. Train wreckers ditch a train in Sullivan County; 45 passengers are injured. June 4. New York. Ferdinand "Ward (Grant and "Ward) is indicted for finan- cial frauds. Conn. The House defeats the bill giving women the right to vote on questions pertaining to the sale of in- toxicating liquors. June 12. N. J. The Society of the Army of the Potomac holds its 20th annual reunion in Orange. June 20. ft. I. The people vote to re- scind the Prohibitory Amendment. June 26. Ind. The Supreme Court at Indianapolis decides that a license to sell liquor is a special tax ; and as the power to grant, withhold, or annul li- censes to sell liquor is an exercise of the police power, it follows that no limita- tion can be placed upon its exercise by any statutory provisions. STATE. 1889 May 13. D. C. Charles Lyman of Conn, is chosen president of the Civil Service Commission. D. C. The U. S. Supreme Court de- cides that the Chinese Exclusion Act is valid; it gives an opinion in favor of the heirs of Myra Clark Gains in their suit against the city of New Orleans for property valued at more than §500,000. May 14. S.Dak. The people approve the Sioux Falls Constitution. Vote, 37,710 -3,414. May 21. III. The Chicago Drainage Bill passes the Senate. May 22. Conn. The lower House passes a secret ballot bill. [May 27. It passes the Senate.] III. The Assembly passes the Hotch- kiss Secret Ballot Bill. Vote, 183-9. May 2S. It. I. The people having failed to elect a governor, the Legislature choose H. "W. Ladd (Rep.). D. C. The "Wool-growers Associa- tion petitions President Harrison to call a special session of Congress to take action on the tariff. New York. The Civil Service Com- mission censures the examining board of the custom-house. May * Wyo. A call is issued for a Constitutional Convention to convene on Sept. 3, at Cheyenne. June 7. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley vetoes the Secret Ballot BUI; it is passed over his veto. Vote, 121-38 ; after which it is reconsidered and laid on the table. June 11. Conn. The Secret Ballot Bill is amended in the House by ex- empting city, town, and borough elec- tions from its operations ; it then passes, and goes to the Senate. [June 13. Its passage is defeated. Vote, 19-2. It is later modified and passed by both Houses.] N. Y. Gov. Hill signs the Anti- Bucket Bill to restrict speculation. June 12. Calvin S. Brice of O. is elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee. June 17. It is reported that U. S. revenue cutters are ordered to seize all vessels engaged in illicit killing of seals in Bering Sea. June 19. Phita. The jury in the hat- trimmings case returns a verdict against the Government ; this is a test case to recover excess of duties levied on material used as hat-trimmings, and by the verdict the Government is made liable for §30,000,000 or more. June 26. D. C. President Harrison appoints Ernest H. Crosby Judge in the International Court of Original Jurisdiction at Alexandria, Egypt. O. J. B. Foraker (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 May 14. N. C. A land syndicate purchases 30,000 acres of land in Cur- rituck and Camden Counties for farms. May 15. Ore. The steamer Alaskan breaks in two during a storm. May 18. New York. A second autopsy is performed on the body of "Washing- ton Irving Bishop, but the cause of death is not discovered. May 19. Dak. The Indian council at Standing Bock decides not to sell their lands unless they are paid §11,000,000. May 25. New York. The first expedi- tion of the Maritime Canal Company sets sail for Nicaragua. May 26. Chicago. The funeral of Dr. Patrick H. Cronin a victim of the Clan-na-Gael, takes- place. May 29. Tex. The Texan Spring Pal- ace at Fort Wayne is formally opened ; it contains a complete exhibit of the pro- ductions of the State. May 31. Pa. The Johnstown flood sweeps the Conemaugh Valley ; it is the most disastrous flood ever known in America. At 3 p.m. the Conemaugh Lake (2k by 1? ( miles), 18 miles distant from, and" 275 feet above Johnstown, is flooded by heavy rains; the dam weakens, breaks, and a flood-wave many feet high runs 18 miles in seven minutes, when its course is arrested by the railroad bridge below Johnstown; the waters being dammed, houses are swept away by the' rising tor- rents. [Several hundred bodies are found in an acre of drift near Keamsville. To- tal loss of life, 2,142, including 99 entire families. Contributions for the relief of sufferers amounting to §2,912,346 are received from many cities in America and Europe; contributions from Phila- delphia, §000,000; Pittsburg, ¥500,000; New York, §516,199; variousothercities contribute through Gov. Beaver, who turns over §1,230,146.] (See Miscellane- ous, Sept. *.) May * New York. The expenses of the Centennial Celebration are estimated at $461,000. The military parade, $120,000 ; the civic parade, $100,000; the fireworks, $15,000; naval parade, $5,000; the Kouitable ban- quet, $wumn (including $15,000 for wine); extras for troops, .$8,000 ; the ball, $125,- 000; the loan exhibition, $0,000 ; stands, $13,000. The receipts are estimated at $465,000. May * N. Y. The big Rockaway Beach hotel, the erection of which cost $1,000,- 000, has been sold for $27,000 to a dealer in building materials. May * D. C. The Chinese minister presents the Smithsonian Institution with a jewel connected with a dynasty reigning 3500 years ago. June 1. Pa. A destructive cyclone visits Wilkesbarre and vicinity, and destroys property valued at $1,000,000; 14 lives are lost and 180 persons injured. June 1, 2. Heavy rains cause destruc- tive floods in several of the Middle States ; many persons are drowned ; Washington alone suffers a loss of a $1,000,000. June 2. Pa. About 80 persons watch- ing the flood from abridge at Williams- port are swept into the Susquehanna River and drowned. June 6. Wash. Seattle is partly de- stroyed by fire ; [loss estimated at $15,- 000,000 ; contributions for relief, $36,800]. June 12. Mass. A broken canal wall at Holyoke releases a flood of water, which destroys property to the value of over $100,000; 15,000 are out of work. June 13. A trust is formed with $25,000,000 capital, which includes all the manufacturers of plug tobacco. June 25. N. J. A Pottery Trust is formed at Trenton ; 20 pottery represen- tatives sign the agreement. June 26. Pa. A freight-train collis- ion at Latrobe kills 25 men and injures a number of others. 342 1889, June 27 -Aug. 8. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY, 1889 June 27. &. C. Secretary Tracy issues an order reorganizing the vari- ous bureaus of the Navy Department. June 28. New York. Col. Emmons Clark of the 7th Regiment, on retir- ing, receives from Gov. Hill a commis- sion as brevet brigadier-general. [Aug. 18. Daniel Appleton is chosen his suc- Aug. 1. Ga. Veterans of the Con- federate Third Georgia and the Union Ninth New York regiments hold their first friendly union at Fort Valley, they having met frequently on battle- fields during the Civil War. Aug. 4. ft. I. The new cruiser Boston strikes on a rock in Narragansett Bay, and is seriously damaged. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 June 29. D.C. Washington suf- fers heavily from the flooded Potomac. Some of the streets are flooded, and the only traffic is by means of boats ; damages, $2,000,000. June* Fla. Valuable phosphate rock is discovered atDunellen, Marion County. June * N. J. A mural statue of ex-Presi- dent McCosh is presented to Princeton University by the class of '79 ; it is life size, in high relief, and cost §10,000. June * Kan. An ice-dam gives way at Fort Scott, in Bourbon county, causing much damage, especially at Uniontown. June * Okla. Rich iron ore is discov- ered a short distance from Guthrie. July 3. Tex. Serious floods are caused by the heavy rains. Rivers are swollen and fiatlands deso- lated ; houses are washed away and sev- eral persons drowned ; crops are badly damaged. Loss, about $2,000,000. July 7. N. Y. W. R. Brooks of Geneva discovers a new comet. Prof. Campbell's air-ship fails in its trial trip. Its navigator, Edw. D. Hogan, makes an ascension over New York and Brook- lyn ; but the air-ship fails to submit to his guidance, and drifts away seaward, after dropping its propeller to the ground in Brooklyn. [Hogan is picked up at sea.] July 9. JV. Y. A flood occurs in the Mo- hawk Valley ; 10 persons are drowned. July 22. Me. A plumbago mine is discovered in Soraerville. July 27. Chicago is visited by severe wind-storms, causing the loss of about 20 lives and of property estimated among the millions. July 28. Cat. The Broderick Monu- ment in Laurel Hill Cemetery is re- stored at Senator Fair's expense. July * U. S. Doctors are testing the Brown-Sequard elixir for the renewal of life with widely varying results. Dr. Robert Longfellow of Cincinnati reports the treatment of 49 patients, 40 per cent of whom were greatly bene- fited; while other physicians report al- most complete failure in cases treated by them. July* Pa. The Lackawanna Valley is invaded by millions of locusts that settle on every green thing. July * Tex. Disastrous floods con- tinue. Rain has fallen for three weeks, and the Colorado River is 31 feet high and rising. Aug. 1. Mass. A national monument in honor of the Pilgrim Fathers is un- veiled at Plymouth. Aug. 2. New York. The American Art Association pays nearly 8100,000 for Millet's Angelas. [Oct. 13. It arrives.] N. Y. A commission of experts select a design for a memorial arch to be erected in honor of Brooklyn's soldiers and sailors who perished in the war. It provides for a structure 125 feet wide and 9G feet high, surmounted by a statu- ary group ; the height of the arch is to be 64 feet and the width 65 feet. In front of each abutment is a pedestal of col- umns 3G feet high, crowned by a bronze group 22 feet in height. It will be the second largest arch in the world, and will cost §250,000. Aug. 6. Me. The fishing schooner Fan- nie Chase finds a big lump of ambergris floating on the water just outside of Portland harbor ; value, $25,000. New York. Seventeen-year locusts appear in Central Park. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889. June 38. Mitchell, Maria, of Mass., astron- omer, inatheiLiatirinn, A71. July 1. Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, pres. of Yale, author, political ami legal writer, A88. July 6. Watrous, George H., railroad offi- cial, A60. July 10. Barlow, Samuel L. M., lawyer, A63. July 14. Cole, AsahelN., agriculturist, A68. July 21. Johnston, Alexander, professor political economy at Princeton, author, A 40. July 24. Turner, Joseph Edward, physi- cian, founder first inebriate asylum, A67. July 26. Pugh, Eliza Lottus Phillips, writer, dies. July 31. Kendrick, James Ryland, pro- fessor, A 86. Aug. 3. Fitzhugh, William E., U. S. A., in Phila., A57. Aug. 4. Buckner, James F., Confederate general, dies. Gray, Geurge Zabriskie, theologian, A51. CHURCH. 1889 June 27. Mass. Dwight L. Moody's fourth annual encampment of college students begins at North- field. Wash. The General Congrega- tional Association of "Washington is organized. July 9. Bishops and others petition the Vatican to canonize Christopher Co- lumbus on the anniversary of the dis- covery of America. [Their petition is refused.] July 14+. It. Pope Leo sustains Bishop M'Quaid, yet Father Lambert, who criticised the bishop unfavorably in the newspapers, is to remain in connec- tion with the Diocese of Rochester. July 16. N. Y. A retreat for the physi- cal recuperation of returned women missionaries is opened at Round Lake in Saratoga County. July 18. Miss. Thomas Heslin is con- secrated (Roman Catholic; bishop of the Diocese of Natchez. July 25. O. The suspension of Dr. Quigley of Toledo, formerly of St. Francis de Sales church, by Bishop Gilmour of Cleveland, is not approved at Rome. July 27. Tenn. Two hundred people band together to drive Mormon elders and converts from Wilson County. July * There are now 7,672 Christian Endeavor Societies in America. July* U. S. There are 126 camp- meetings announced for July, August, and September. July* London. The "World's Sunday- school Convention is held; more than 300 of the 900 delegates present are from the United States. July * Ga. A fanatic, calling himself Christ, deceives and excites the negroes. They abandon their patches, turn their cattle on their crops, desert the tur- pentine farms, sawmills, and planta- tions ; wives separate from their hus- bands, and children leave their parents, to follow him. July * The General Government provides for the support of <( contract schools" among the Indians. Congress appropriates for this work $506,994. Of this sum the Human Catho- lics receive 8:356.491 ; the Presbyterians, §47,650; the Congregational Missionary Society, $16,408 — the remaining S86.455 being scattered in small amounts among other missionary boards. Aug. 4. N. Y. Prof. W. R. Harper de- fends himself at Chautauqua from the charge of being in sympathy with Ger- man rationalism. Aug. 7. N. J. A Deaconess Conven- tion is in session at Ocean Grove. LETTERS. 1889 June 30. The Commissioner of Education reports that the public- school system is making marvelous progress in the South ; the increase in enrollment greatly exceeds the increase in population. June * Bosto^^ . Several prominent women appoint a committee of 50 to carry out plans for taking the city schools out of politics and sectarian influence. June * l7id. Ter. The Cherokee Indians dedicate with great rejoicings their new seminary for girls at Tahlequah. The building is three stories high, con- tains more than 100 rooms, a chapel, study, and recitation-rooms ; it is steam- heated, supplied with water-works of its own, and cost S'200,000. The money comes from the lease of the Indians' lands to cattle companies. June* .V. )". Work is begun on Cornell's new library building at Ithaca ; it will be the finest university library build- ing in the country, and have shelf-room for 475,000 volumes. July 7. D. C. The National Edu- cational Association is in session at Washington ; it discusses the subject of denominational schools in a broad man- ner ; Bishop Keane (Rom. Cath.) of UNITED STATES. 1889, June 27 -Aug. 8. 343 ■Washington and Edwin D. Mead of Boston make addresses. July 10. Va, Gov. Fitzkugh Lee, a nephew of Gen. R. E. Lee, accepts the superintendency of the Lexington Military Institute, offered to him by the board of visitors. July 11. Pa. The American Philo- logical Society concludes its meeting at Easton. July 18. Tenn. The National Teach- ers* Association is in session at Nash- ville. July 21. N. J. The American Insti- tute of Christian Philosophy holds its regular summer meeting at Key East Beach. July * More than 43,000,000 copies of the Moody and Sankey Gospel hymn-books have been issued in this country and England. SOCIETY. 1889 June 28. Mich. The Legislature fixes the retail liquor tax at $500. July* }Vash. The "Washington Territory Constitutional Convention adopts wo- man suffrage as a separate proposi- tion, to be submitted to the people with the Constitution. Aug. 1. R. I. The Legislature enacts a high-license law. STATE. 1889 June 28. D. C. The Criminal Court orders a nolle pros, in the Star Route trial cases. S. Dak. The Republicans call a con- vention to nominate officers for the new State; it is to meet at Huron. June 30. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, §223,832,742 ; in- ternal revenue. §130, SSI, 514 ; sale of public lands. §8,038,052 ; miscellaneous items, §24,297,151. Total revenue, §387,- 050,059. Expenditures : Premiums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., §17,292,- 363; miscellaneous items, $80,604,064 ; "War Department, §44,435,271 ; Navy De- partment. S21.378.N09; Indians, §6,892,- 208; pensions, §87,024,779; interest on the public debt, §41,001,484. Total ordi- nary expenditures, §299,288,978; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, §87,761,081. Public debt (Dec. 1), §1,617,- 372,419. Exports, §742,401,375 ; imports, §745,131,652. June * Conn. The House passes over the governor's veto the bill prohibiting the coloring of oleomargarin so as to re- semble butter. July 3. Wash. A Constitutional Con- vention meets at Olympia. July 20. Okla. The Territorial Con- vention appoints committees on Organic Law, the Judiciary, the Legislature, etc.; it decides to partition the Territory into 12 counties, and then adjourns until Aug. 20. July 27. N. H. The Supreme Court of the State declares the law requiring a license for the practice of medicine and dentistry is unconstitutional. July 29. The Chippewas sign a treaty giving their consent to open the "White Earth Reservation for settlement. Aug. 5. Minn. The Chippewa Indians on the Gull Lake Reservation sign a treaty selling over 4,000,000 acres of line farming and timber lands to the Govern- ment. Aug. 6. Dak. The requisite number of signatures are obtained for the open- ing of the Sioux Reservation. New York. The Civil Service Com- mission approves of a request that cer- tain positions in the N. Y. Post-office shall be reserved from competitive ex- amination. Utah. The Gentiles at Salt Lake City are elected by a majority of 41. Aug. 7. Mont. At the Constitutional Convention in Helena, Bozeman ia chosen as the capital. Aug. 8. The president of the "Western Union Telegraph Company replies to recent criticisms of the Postmaster-Gen- eral concerning the charges for Govern- ment messages. He alleges that the Government has given nothing that cost it anything, or that was of any value for it to retain ; also that the Government is the most favored customer, and that the com- pany's rate, considering the nature of the service rendered, is lower than that given to any other patron. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 June 27. Conn. The seventh in- tercollegiate university boat-race for eight-oars and 3 miles straight is rowed ; Cornell defeats Columbia and University of Pennsylvania; time not accurately taken ; said to be 15 minutes, three sec- onds, and 15 minutes, four seconds. Harvard Freshmen defeat Colum- bia in a boat race ; time, 12.21. June 28. Chicago loses $290,000 by the burning of the Burton block. - — Minn. Judge Parish directs a verdict in favor of Fred C. Prentice in his suit against Mayor Beaser and others for the possession of one-half the city of Duluth, valued at §10,000,000. ± Mont. Fierce fires burn over 100 square miles of forest land. June 29. Chicago suddenly becomes the second city in the United States. By a vote taken this day, the suburban towns of Hyde Park, Lake, Lake View, Cicero, and Jefferson are soon to be- come a part of Chicago. The annexed districts (population nearly 200.000) make the total population about 1,100,000; the area of the city covers 172.18 square miles — the largest city area in the country. June * New York. A second canal con- struction party leaves for Nicaragua ; a large quantity of necessary material is also taken for work on the canal. Julyl. Colo. Durango is almost totally destroyed by fire. Wash. Seattle begins to recover from the great lire ; telegraph, telephone, and electric-light service are nearly com- pleted ; business houses are starting in tents, and churches resume services. July 2. Ida. The business portion of Hailey is destroyed by fire; loss, §500,000. Va. A train is derailed on the Nor- folk and Western Road, at Thaxton ; 30 persons are killed and 60 wounded. July 4. Wash. Ellensburg is burned ; 10 blocks in the business portion of the city are consumed, and 100 families homeless ; loss, §2,000,000. July 6. Cat. Bakersfield is nearly destroyed by fire ; loss, §1,250,000. July 8. Colo. Two of the largest brew- eries of Denver are purchased by the English syndicate. [4ulyl9. A Michigan brewery is bought for $200,000 ; also, on July 25, breweries in Paterson and New- ark, N.J.] Miss. John L. SuHivan wins the boxing championship of America, de- feating Jake Kilrain at Richburg. [July 23. He receives the $20,000 stakes and the championship belt.] July 11. Minn. An English syndi- cate combines to purchase several of the largest flour-mills of Minneapolis. July 13. O. An English syndicate becomes the owner of the Cleveland Otis Steel Company, with a capital of £900,000. July 24. Strawboard makers of the United States unite in a trust under the name of " The American Strawboard Company." July 25. N. Y. Lewis Brothers and Company, dealers in dry-goods, make an assignment, with liabilities exceed- ing $4,000,000. Md. A "sweet potato trust" is formed in Baltimore by a combination of dealers. The British schooner Black Diamond is seized by the U. S. revenue cutter in Bering Sea for illegal sealing. July 31. N. Y. The City of Paris ar- rives at Sandy Hook lightship, having completed her trip in five days, 23 hours, and 10 minutes. Neb. Negotiations are completed for the sale of all the breweries in Omaha to a European syndicate for §1,500,000. [Aug. 15. The control of the Pittsburg, Pa., breweries is obtained.] Pa. The immense plant of the Read- ing Iron Company, which recently failed for over §1,000,000, is sold in its entirety for $150,000 ; it is purchased for the Philadelphia and Reading Rail- road Company. Aug. 1. O. All trotting records, ex- cept those of Maud S. and Jay-Eye-See, are beaten at Cleveland by "Guy," who trots a mile in 2.10£ — two sec- onds more than the record of Maud S. Aug. 3. Cat. A brandy company is organized with a capital of §1,000,000. Aug. 4. New York. Special delivery letters are distributed for the first time. Aug. 5. Wash. Spokane FaUs suffers by fire; 25 blocks are in ashes; loss, $10,000,000. Aug. 7. Wis. A Milwaukee syndicate buys the Florence, Youngstown, and Iron River mines in the Menominee District for §850,000. 344 1889, Aug. 8 -Oct. 1. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Aug. 15. D. C. The Government orders a multicharge dynamite gun capable of throwing long shells charged with dynamite from six to ten miles. Aug. 19. D. C. The Pension Office at Washington gives a ruling that dis- honorable discharge is specific penalty for a specific act, but is no bar to a pension in case of disability. Aug. 20. D. C. The Pension Office issues an order allowing the evidence of claimant and one private soldier as to origiD of disability, provided they are men of reputable character. Aug. 22. Cal. The cruiser Charleston makes an official trial trip in Santa Barbara Bay, attaining a speed of 19 knots an hour ; this more than meets all requirements excepting that of horse- power, in which she shows a deficiency. Sept. 1. Miss. Gov. Lowry goes to Le Flore county with a company of militia to prevent a race war. Sept. 8. Pkila. The cruiser Philadel- phia is launched. Sept. 19. Tenn. Survivors of both the Northern and the Southern armies at the battle of Chickamauga assemble at Chattanooga ; they resolve to pur- chase the battle-field, and turn it into a national park. D. C. The man-of-war Galena is ordered from Haiti to Navassa Island, where several Americans are reported to have been killed in a riot. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1S89 Aug. 8. Wis. Clams are found in the Sugar River at Albany with pearls between the membrane and shell, some of which are valued at $100. Aug. 10. Neb. A mammoth's skele- ton, with a backbone 36 feet long, is un- earthed at St. James ; it was at least 15 feet tall. Aug. 15. Ind. Gold deposits are dis- covered in Brown county. Aug. 16. Pa. Experiments with the Brown-Sequard life elixir cause the death of 10 persons at Shamokin. Aug. 18. W. Ya. The Kanawha Valley is swept by a terrible storm. A cloud-burst completely floods the country, destroying many lives and thousands of dollars worth of property ; crops are ruined throughout an area of many miles. Aug. 20. Cal. San Francisco is infested with millions of crickets. Aug. 22. Ind. The corner-stone of the Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' mon- ument is laid at Indianapolis, in the presence of President Harrison ; the monument is to be 26S feet high, and will cost $222,000. Aug. 27. N. C. A cloud-burst de- stroys dams and mills, besides tearing up several miles of railroad ; loss esti- mated at $100,000. N. Y. C. H. F. Peters of Hamilton College discovers a new planet of the asteroid group. Aug. 28. Can. The annual meeting of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science begins at To- ronto. [Sept. 3. George L. Goodale of Harvard University is elected president.] Aug. 31. Ky. A deposit of asphalt is discovered near Cloverporfc, 13 feet thick, and covering a large area. Sept. 6. N. Y. The American Social Science Association ends its session at Saratoga ; Andrew D. White, president. Utah. An ice-cave is discovered in Ashley Valley, one room of which is over 1,200 feet long. Wis. Pearl-hunting continues ; §3,500 is refused for a single pearl. Sept. 7. 0. In Upper Sandusky a natural gas-well is drilled, which shows a ca- pacity of 50,000,000 cubit feet daily ; it is conceded to be the largest gas-well in the world. Sept. 10, 11. Immense damage is done by strong winds and tidal waves at Coney Island, causing a loss to property of about $250,000 ; the storm extends along the New Jersey coast. The loss in property runs up into the millions. At the Delaware Breakwater about 50 vessels are wrecked, and a large number of lives lost. Sept. 20. Athens. The Greek Govern- ment conditionally offers to the Ar- cheological Institute of America the privilege of excavating the site of the ancient oracle of Delphi. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889. Aug. 8. Pnpont, Henry, gen., A77. Aug. 12. Mott, Alexander B., physician, surgeon, A 63. Aug. 14. Loomis, Elias, astronomer, pro- fessor at Yale, A78. Aug. 17. Tbaw, William, railroad official, A61. Aug. 25. Shaw, Henry, millionaire, phi- lanthropist, A90. Aug. 29. Kowe, George Fawcett, actor, dramatist, A63. Sept. 6. Ward, Rorlney C, brig.-gen. of vols., politician, A52. Sept. 10. Cox, Samuel Sullivan, author, M. C. for N. V., minister to Turkey, A65. Sept. 25. Hill, Daniel Harvey. Confed- erate lieut.-gen., A68. Sept. 28. Sturgis, Samuel D., maj.-gen., A 67. CHURCH. 1S89 Sept. 5. N. Y. Bishop M'Quaid forbids the sacrament to two of Father Lambert's friends at "Waterloo. [Oct. 13. They resist excommunication and attend the church.] Sept. 8. Pa. The Eoman Catholic priesthood of Pittsburg and Allegheny City are making strenuous efforts to increase parochial school attend- ance. Father Corcoran of St. Agnes Church, Pittsburg, warns the parents of his parish against sending their children to the public schools under penalty of a denial of absolution. Sept. 10. I}id . The National Associa- tion of Colored Baptists holds its an- nual session in Indianapolis. The members of a party who were assaulted at Baxley Station, Ga., while on their way to attend the gathering, appear before the meeting and exhibit their injuries. Sept. 13. New York. The Jewish con- gregation Shaar Hashomajim cele- brates its 50th anniversary, and dedi- cates its new temple ; the temple of the congregation of Mt. Sinai is also conse- crated. Sept. 27-. N. Y. Eev. George F. Pentecost of Brooklyn is offered the pastorate of Clermont Presbyterian Church, Glasgow, Scotland, with a sal- ary of $5,000. Sept. 28. The Colored Protestant Epis- copal Conference adopts a memorial to the General Convention of that Chnxcb on the standing of negro preachers. LETTERS. 1S89 Aug. 27. Mich. The Annual Con- vention of the National Editorial As- sociation opens at Detroit. Sept. 5. Pa. President Harrison, P.M.- Gen. Wauamaker, and Gov. Beaver speak at the anniversary of the founding of the Old Log College, the cradle of American Presbyterianism, at Hartsville. Sept. 7. Mass. David Prouty presents to the town of Spencer a high-school building costing $46,000; it is dedi- cated with appropriate ceremonies. Chicago. Mrs. Charles B. Pope gives a library to the town of Danville, Vt., to replace one destroyed by tire. Sept. 17. Conn. Prof. Loomis of New Haven bequeaths $300,000 to Yale University. Sept. 20. New York. The will of Rev. F. A. P. Barnard of Columbia is made public ; he bequeaths practically his whole estate to that institution. Sept. 21. Pa. Andrew Carnegie agrees to rebuild the library at Johnstown ; the one destroyed cost 830,000. Sept. 24. New York. The Daihj Graphic suspends publication. Sept. 30±. New York. A law-school for women is opened by a practising lawyer — Miss Emily Kempen, LL.D. SOCIETY. 1889 Aug. 12. Kaii. The returns from the school elections show that many women are elected to office. Aug. 14. Cal. David S. Terry is shot dead at Lathrop by United States Marshal Wagle, when about to assault Judge Stephen J. Field. Aug. 21. Ala. The Southern Interstate Farmers* Association meets at Mont- gomery. Aug. 27. Wis. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 23d encamp- ment at Milwaukee : Russell A. Alger of Mich., commander-in-chief. Sept. 20. Wi/o. The election law passed by the Statehood convention provides that women may vote ; that electors shall he required to read Eng- lish ; that they shall he United States citizens, and residents of Wyoming for six months. UNITED STATES. 1339, Aug. 8 -Oct. 1. 345 STATE. 1S89 Aug. 9. New York. Sheriff Flack resigns as Grand Sachem of the Tammany Society and from the General Committee, he having gained unpleasant notoriety in divorce proceedings against his wife. Aug. 15. la. The Republicans nomi- nate Jos. G. Hutchison for governor. Aug. 16. N. Dak. The Constitutional Convention decides upon Bismarck as the permanent capital of the new State, and agrees upon an anti-trust clause to be put into its Constitution. Aug. 17. Mont. The Convention, having adopted a Constitution, adjourns. Aug. 22. Va. The Republicans nomi- nate Gen. Wm. F. Mahone for governor. Aug. 23. Cal. Judge Levy decides that the daughter of a slave may inherit. Aug. 27. Mont. The Democrats nomi- nate Joseph K. Toole for governor. Aug. 28. D. C. The President appoints Charles R. Flint of N. Y. and Henry G. Davis of SV. Va. delegates to the Three- Americas Congress. 0. The Democrats nominate James E. Campbell for governor. Aug. 29. S. Dak. The Republicans nom- inate Arthur C. Mellette for governor. Aug. 30. hid. Ter. The Progressive party gain in the election in the Chick- asaw Nation. Sept. 3-30. Wyo. A Constitutional Convention is held at Cheyenne. Sept. 4. la. The Union Labor party nominates S. B. Downing for governor. Sept. 5. S. Dak. The Democrats nomi- nate P. F. M'CLure for governor. Sept. 6. Wash. The Republicans re- nominate E. P. Ferry for governor. Sept. 9. Ind. Ter. Disputes occur in the Chickasaw Nation over the right of white men to vote. New York. Ex-Judge A. B. Tappen is elected Grand Sachem of the Tam- many Society, as the successor of Sher- iff Flack. N. J. The Democrats nominate Leon Abbett for governor. Wash. The Democrats nominate Eugene Semple for governor. Sept. 11. D. C. Pension Commissioner James Tanner resigns his office under great pressure of public criticism. [Sept. 12. Resignation accepted.] Sept. 17. Mass. Colored men in con- vention pass resolutions demanding greater recognition in political life. N. J. The Republicans nominate E. B. Grubb for governor. Sept. 18. Cat. Tsui Kno Yin, the new Chinese ambassador to the United States, arrives at San Francisco with his suite. [Sept. 25. He arrives at Washington. Oct. 3. He presents his credentials to President Harrison.] la. The Democrats nominate Horace Boies of Waterloo for governor. Sept. 19. Ga. The Young Men's Democratic League mass-meeting at Atlanta resolves adversely as to the pub- lishing of negro whipping, by the Con- stitution of that city, and votes down every resolution that in any way con- demns such whippings. Sept. 23. Minn. The Beef Inspection Law is decided to be unconstitutional by the U. S. Circuit Court in St. Paul. Sept. 26. Miss. The Republicans nomi- nate James R. Chambers for governor. Mich. Unearned railroad lands are surrendered to the United States authorities by the governor. Sept. 27. Wyo. Cheyenne is selected as the State capital. Sept. 30. D. C. The delegates to the Three- Americas Congress hold a pre- liminary conference in Washington. Sept. * N. Mex. A Territorial Conven- tion at Santa Fe" adopts a State Consti- tution. MISCELLANEOUS. 1SS9 Aug. 9. Pa. Bodies of ten more victims of the flood are recov- ered at Johnstown. Aug. 15. N. J. After an interval of two years, work is resumed on the Hudson River tunnel to connect New York city with Jersey City. New York. The trans-ocean race between the City of New York and the Teutonic is won by the former by seven- teen minutes. Aug. 16. New York. A terrible gas explosion occurs on the corner of Grand and Clinton Streets ; 30 people are in- jured and two are killed. Aug. 18± . Wis. The pearl-finding craze reaches Prairie du Chien, where many fine pearls have been found in near-by streams. Aug. 21. Minn. A log jam breaks in the rapids at Big Rock, and 50,000,000 feet of logs go down-stream together. Pa. Allegheny loses $200,000 by the burning of a large oil refinery. Aug. 23. Tenn. The first train over the new railroad is derailed south of Knoxville ; five persons are killed and 26 injured. W. Va. Four persons are killed and 1G injured by a collision on the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad near Parkers- burg. Aug. 25. R. I. Three persons are drowned by the bursting of a reservoir dam near Fiskville. Aug. 26. Cal. A wheat warehouse, 42 cars, three ships, and 10,000 tons of wheat are burned at Port Costa; loss, §700,000. Aug. 30. Vt. Several persons are killed in a railway collision on the Central "Vermont Road near Middlebury. .V. Y. The Comstock Tunnel Com- pany files a certificate of incorporation at Albany. The capital of the company amounts to §4,000,000, divided into §2 shares, and is organized for general mining purposes. Fla. A company is incorporated to cut a canal across the peninsula of Florida, saving 800 to 900 miles in a voy- age between New Orleans and northern ports, and nearly as much in sailing to Europe ; capital, $60,000,000. Sept. 1. Minn. The wheat crop of this State amounts to 50,000,000 bushels. Mass. Yarmouth celebrates its 250th anniversary. Sept. 4. Minn. "Winona loses by fire 22,000,000 feet of lumber, 7,000,000 shin- gles, a three-story brick warehouse, sheds, tramway, and other property, valued at $314,000. Sept. 15. N. Y. Walter G. Campbell swims the Niagara Hapids wearing a cork jacket. Sept. 16. Mo. The New Era Exposi- tion main building, with exhibits, at St. Joseph, is destroyed by fire ; total loss of exhibits, ©259,000. Sept. 19. The Cincinnati, "Washington, and Baltimore Railroad is judicially sold for $5,000,000. Sept. 20. N. J. Large refineries at Shadyside are burned; loss, $500,000. Sept. 21. N. J. A fire destroys the oil- yards of John Ellis and Co. at Edge- water; loss, $250,000. Sept. 24. III. Trains collide near Au- burn Park ; six persons are killed and ten injured. Sept. 25. Mo. The American Bankers' Association opens its session in Kansas City. Sept. 28. la. At Cresco 22 business houses are destroyed by fire; loss, $100,000. Conn. Milford celebrates its 250th anniversary with splendid ceremonies. A handsome granite bridge and tower is dedicated to the memory of the first settlers ; several memorial tablets and blocks are dedicated. N. Y. Several persons are killed and others injured by a collision between two sections of an express-train at Palatine Bridge. New York. The steamer City of New York arrives after crossing from Queens- town in six days, four hours, and 17 minutes. Sept. * N. Y. A break is reported in the two trans- Atlantic cables belonging to the Western Union Company. Sept. * Pa. Thomas J. Stewart, Secre- tary of Internal Affairs for this State, reports on the floods of May 31 and June 1. The rain of 36 hours in the valleys of the Conemaugh, Susquehanna, and upper waters of the Genesee and Poto- mac rivers, caused an estimated loss of S30,000.000; to corporations. $13,000,000; to farmers, $5,000,000; to merchants, P7.ooo.000, besides $5,000,000 losses at Johnstown. Sept. 30. Mon. Business houses in Butte are destroyed by fire ; loss, $250,000. Oct. 1. Kan. Delegates from 15 States and Territories meet at Topeka to pro- mote the movement for securing a deep harbor on the coast of Texas. 346 1889, Oct. 1 -Nov. 22. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Oct. 25. Md. The Galena, with the leaders of the Navassa riot, reaches Baltimore. Oct. 26. Cal. The cruiser San Fran- cisco is launched and christened at the Union Iron Works' shipyard. Nov. 4. Ariz. Apaches ambush a company of soldiers near Fort Hua- chuca. ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Oct. 6. /. T. Gold and silver are discovered in the land of the Chicaksaw Nation. Oct. 12. Chicago. The statue of La Salle, the French explorer, is unveiled. Oct. 16. New York. An expedition leaves in the steamer Pensacola for Africa to view the solar eclipse. Oct. 24±. Colo. The inflow of water to the desert lake at Salton has ceased, and the lake is drying up. Oct. 30. Del. A monument to Gen. Csesar Rodney, member of the Continen- tal Congress and a Revolutionary sol- dier of Delaware, is unveiled at Dover. N. Y. The corner-stone of the Soly diers' and Sailors' Memorial Arch, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, is laid with becoming ceremonies by Gen. Sherman. (See Aug. 2.) Nov. 7±. Cal. Millions of dollars worth of gold are taken from the bed of the Feather River. Nov. 16. N C. A rich silver vein is struck, also a gold vein, at Salisbury. N. Y. A new comet is discovered by Lewis Swift of the Warner Observatory. BIRTHS— DEATHS. X889. Oct. 6. Vail, Thomas H., P. E. bishop of Kan., A76. Oct. 17. Hartranft, John F., maj.-gen. of vols., Gov. of Pa., A59. Oct. 25. Lesquereaux, Leo, botanist, pale- ontologist, A83. Oct. 36. Root, Francis M., philanthropist, banker, dies. Oct. 30. Taylor, Isaac E., physician, of New York, A77. Nov. 13. Dean, Charles, author, historian, A75. CHURCH. 1889 Oct.l. 0. The Pope appoints Car- dinal Gibbons and Archbishop Riordan to investigate affairs under Bishop Gilmour in the Diocese of Cleveland. Oct. 2+. Neio York. The 34th triennial meeting of the Protestant Episcopal General Convention begins its ses- sions in St. George's church ; the Rev. Dr. Dix is president-elect of the House of Clerical and Lay Deputies. The most important questions to be considered are the change in the mode of presentation, the revision of the Prayer-book, and that of changing the name of the church. (Oct. 15.) It appoints a committee to prepare a standard revised Prayer-book, to be submitted in 1890. (Oct. 24.) It adopts a canon on dea- conesses. (Oct. 25.) The High Church and Low Church factions disagree concerning the proposed revision of the Prayer-book. Oct. 4. Tenn. "White Caps drive Mor- mon missionaries out of Wilson County. Oct. 5. Utah. The Mormon priesthood is defiant ; its leaders assert that the revelations given, including polygamy, come from God and will be successful. Oct. 9. Mass. The National Council (Congregational) begins its triennial session at Worcester. Oct. 12. O. "William A. Leonard is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Ohio. Oct. 13. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's Tabernacle in Brooklyn is destroyed by fire. The loss on the building and contents amounts to between §150,000 and $200,000 ; the grand organ, which cost .$'-<), . C, Direc- tor of the Mint; John B. Hamilton, of 111. (1879), Supervising Snrg.-Gen.of the Marine Hospital Service; James A. Dumont, of N. Y. (1876), supemsnin Inspector-Gen. of Steam Vessels; Wm. M. Meredith, of 111., Bureau of Engraving and Printing ; James H. Windrim, of Pa., Supervising Architect. War Department. — Lewis A. Grant, of Minn. [1890], Assist. Sec; John C. Kelton, of Pa., Adj. -Gen.; .Joseph c. Breckinridge, of Ky., Ins.- ^,'. The accounts of John A. Davis, city treasurer of Roches- ter, are over $100,000 short. Feb. * S. C. The white 'longshore- men of Charleston BOCede from their Protective Union because of the admis- sion of negn *es. Feb. * Ttx. Torn .Taints, a young pugilist Ol ]>allas, is killedin a brutal prize-tight in that city with Kilrain's boxer, Ben- ziah. Feb. * The National Convention of Builders refuses to declare f«>r the eight- hour movement ; but they adi »pt a reso- lution favoring the payment of workmen by the hour. Mar. 3. -V. Y. A monster petition for ballot reform is presented to the Le- gislature ; it contains more than 50,000 names, and weighs 1.000 pounds. Mar. 4. Mo. E. T. Noland is charged with defalcating $32,745. and suspended from the office of State treasurer. Mar. 11. Cal. Employment is given to 1.000 needy men in Golden Gate Park by public subscription. Mar. 13. New York. The Russian- American National League cele- brates the ninth anniversary of the assassination of Czar Alexander II. Mar. 14. Neic York. The trial of Sheriff James A. Flack begins. It is alleged that he obtained a divorce from his wife without her knowledge. [Flack, his son William L., who appeared against his mother, and Joseph Meeks. a lawyer, are found ^uiltv nf conspiracy to obtain a divorce fraudulently. Apr." 7. Meeks accepts s.-ntence and' goes to jail.] (See State, Mar. 31.) Mar. 17. Wash. " Citizen " George Francis Train and Miss Kegina Roth- schild start from Tacoma, matched for a race round the world. Mar. 25. N. J. The corrupt Jersey City election officers are allowed to serve again at the approaching election. Mar. 27. Md. Stevenson Archer. State treasurer, is declared a defaulter ; amount. $132,401. [Sentenced to State prison for five years.] Mar. 29. Pa. The American Mechan- ics call for 1.000 armed men to help raise the American nag over the public schools of Mucklerat, to which the for- eigners are opposed. Mar. 30. New York. The Chinese Charitable and Benevolent Associa- tion of this city is incorporated. Mar. * Boston. George P. Brown, head of Brown. Theese. and Clark, a big wool- firm, is charged with stealing $1,700,000, and absconding. Mar. * I. T. The Choctaw Indian Nation passes a law allowing a lottery to op- erate within its jurisdiction. Mar * Ky. A bill to abolish lotteries is passed by the Senate. Mar. * Ki/. "White Caps raid a dwell- ing near Covington, take out three men accused of petty thefts, and give each 30 lashes with blacksnake whips. Mar. * Md. The bill abolishing pool- rooms passes the Legislature and is signed by the governor. Mar. * Miss. The indictments against J. L. Sullivan for prize-fighting are an- nulled by the Mississippi Supreme Court. UNITED STATES. 1890, Feb. *- Apr. 6. 355 Mar. * AT. J. The Knights of Labor and the Farmers' Alliance of New Jersey form a new organization, to be called "The Industrial Senate." Its object is tbe improvement of the condition of wage-workers and tillers of the soil. Mar. * A 7 ". J. A bill is passed by tlie Legislature prohibiting racing on any- State track more than 30 days in the year. Mar. * New York. The shirtmakers' strike ends by the bosses yielding every point demanded. Mar. * New York. The Woman Suf- frage League prepares a petition to the Czar to personally investigate and reform the workings of the Siberian system. Mar. * Pa. About 800 men employed at the Sheldon Axle Works, in Wilkes- barre, strike because of injustice done to three employees. Mar. * Pa. Over 1,000 bolt-makers in Pittsburg strike for higher wages. Mar. * President Corbin of the Reading Railroad orders all employees dis- charged who frequent drinking-places, and the employment of total abstainers in preference to drinking-men. Mar. * Wis. The 1,000 employees of the Lorrie iron-mine at Ashland strike for higher wages. Mar. * The striking switchmen on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad gain a complete victory. Apr. 2. la. Many Anti-Saloon Republi- cans recommend high license and local option, instead of prohibition. Apr. 5. jV. J. Election officers are ar- rested in Jersey City for stuffing ballot boxes. Apr. 6. La. Confederate Memorial Day is observed. The New Orleans cemeteries are visited by thousands of persons. STATE. 1890 Mar. 4. Tenn. The annual as- sembly of the National League of Re- publican Clubs meets at Nashville. Mar. 6. D. C. Congress: Representa- tives appear before the sub-committee of the House "World's Fair Commit- tee, and convince the committee that Chicago has raised S5,000,000 and can furnish the §10,000,000 guaranty for the Fair. Mar. 13. D. C Congress: The House amends and passes the Oklahoma Tem- porary Government Bill. [Mar. 23, Apr. 23. Conference report agreed to. May 3. Approved by the President.] Md. The Senate passes a Ballot Re- form Bill. Vote, 23-1. [Mar. 19. By the Legislature of Washington. Apr. 8 and May 7. By New Jersey.] Mar. 17. DC. Congress : The Senate passes the bill fixing April 30 to Oct. 20, 1892, as the period for the "World's Fair, andrequiring that $10,000,000 shall be provided to meet expenses before the President invites foreign nations to par- ticipate ; the bill goes to the House. The House passes the Morrow Cen- sus Amendment Bill introduced Feb. G. [Apr. 1. Laid on table Mar. 18, 22. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Timber- Culture Bill introduced Feb. 19. Mar. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Urgent Deficiency Bill. Mar. 20. D, C. Congress : The Senate rejects the Blair Education Bill. Vote, 31-37. Mar. 21. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Pension Appropriation Bill introduced Feb. 18. It appropri- ates $100,000,000, and every veteran 50 years old who served for 60 days may receive a pension. New York. The Court of Appeals decides that the Electrical Execution Law is constitutional, on an appeal in the Kemmler case. Mar. 25. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Chicago "World's Fair Bill, but postpones the time of opening to May, 1893. Vote, 202-49. It authorizes the appointment of a board of lady managers. Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Wyoming Admission Bill in- troduced Dec. 18, 18S9. Mar. 27. S. C. The farmers hold a State Convention in Columbia ; they nominate Benjamin R. Tillman for governor, and J. C. Coit for lieutenant-governor. Mar. 28. D. C. Congress: A bill is in- troduced in the Senate to provide for a "World's Fair Annex in Washington or New York in October, 1892. Mar. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Dependent Pension Bill introduced Dec. 4, 1889. Vote, 42-12. (See June 11.) The House passes the Army Appropriation Bill introduced Feb. 28. A 7 ". Y. Gov. Hill vetoes the Saxton Ballot Reform Bill, providing for a se- cret ballot, on the ground of unconsti- tutionality ; Senator Fassett introduces a bill to submit the question of an offi- cial ballot to the people next November. mw York. Ex-Sheriff Flack is sentenced to a fine of $500 and two months' imprisonment ; Referee James Meeks, $f>oo and one month ; and William Flack, the son, $."»00 and four months on Blackwell's Island. (SeeSociety,Mar.l4.) D. C. Reduction of the public debt in March, $11,389,857. Apr. 1» D. C. Congress: The House passes the Fortifications Appropria- tion BUI introduced Mar. IS ; it appro- priates $4,521,678. Vote, 116-66. The President appoints Col. F. A. Seeley of Washington and Francis Forbes of N. Y. as representatives of the United States to the International Conference in Madrid. The new extradition treaty with England goes into effect. Apr. 2. D. C. Congress: The House passes the M'Adoo Hudson River Bridge Bill, to connect New York and Jersey City, introduced Jan. 6. The Pan-American Conference recom- mends the establishment of an inter- national monetary union. la. Anti-Saloon Republicans in convention agree to advocate a change in the prohibition law so as to introduce high license and local option. Apr. 3. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Struble Bill to admit Idaho ; bill introduced Jan. 13. R. I. The indecisive elections leave the choice of State officers to the Legis- lature. [Apr. 13. The Democrats win in the Legislative contest. May 27. The Legislature elects Democratic State of- ficers.] Apr. 4. N. Y. A Ballot Reform Bill is introduced in the Assembly ; also a bill to provide for a non-partisan police board in New York City. Apr. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Oklahoma Town Site Bill. [May 2-5. Conference report agreed to. May 19. Approved by the President.] It passes the Edmunds Meat Expor- tation and Inspection Bill introduced Feb. 19. Apr. 6. D. C. Congress : In the House the Democratic Representatives decide not to carry the new rules before the Supreme Court. MISCELLAENOUS. 1890 Mar. 6. N. Y. A rear end collis- ion near Hamburg, on the Lake Shore Railroad, causes six deaths, besides 17 wounded. Mar. 19. Wis. Five miners perish in a burning mine in Hurley ; over $100,000 worth of property is destroyed. Mar. 20. Ga. The new Capitol at At- lanta, costing §1,000,000, is completed. Mar. 23. Colo. Great prairie fires raging; 1,000,000 acres have been devastated. Okla. A multitude of "Boomers" rush into the Cherokee strip. Mar. 28. Md. The shortage of State Treasurer Archer is known to be $127,- 000, and may reach double this sum. Mar. 29. Mo. St. Louis loses $300,000 by a fire started by an electric-light wire. Mar. * Ind. Fifteen men are killed in a burning building in Indianapolis. Mar. * Mass. Gov. Brackett appoints a special commission for the extermina- tion of the gypsy moth. Mar. * Pa. English syndicates buy six farms at Lenover ; they will erect two mammoth cotton-mills, and dwelling- houses to accommodate '2.000 employees — the plant will cost $3,000,000. Mar. * Pa. Street railway franchises amounting to §00,000,000 are granted in Pittsburg. Mar. * (f. S. The big smelting organi- zations form a trust with a capital of S 1^,000,000. Mar. * The deep snow in the Northwest deprives the cattle of range-grass and fodder ; they perish by hundreds. Apr. 1. Utah. Many Mormons are leaving for Chihuahua, Mex., where they have purchased an immense tract of land. Apr. 3. Cal. The steamship China breaks the record ; making a trip from San Francisco to Hongkong in 20 days, in- cluding a stop at Yokohama. N. Y. The old Greeley home at Chappaqua is destroyed by tire ; the re- mains of Horace Greeley's library and many unpublished letters are burned. Apr. 5 . X. Y. W a t e r t o w n loses $150,000 by fire in its business section. 356 1890, Apr. 6 -Apr. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1890 Apr. 8. New York. The 7th Regiment is invited to attend the un- veiling of a statue to Gen. Robert E. Lee at Richmond, Ya, Apr. 15. D. C. John K. Mizner is com- missioned colonel — 10th cavalry. Apr. 18. Ky. Five militiamen are wounded in a skirmish with outlaws in Harlan County. Apr. 22. New York. The Old Guard celebrates its 64th anniversary. Apr. 23. D. C. Charles G. Bartlett is commissioned colonel — 9th infantry. Apr. * D. C. Secretary Tracy orders a court-martial to try Commander Mc- Calla of the U. S. S. Enterprise, on charges of cruelty to his crew. [May 15. He is suspended from rank and duty for three years.] Apr. * S. Dak. A band of Cheyenne Indians is on the warpath, led by a bad chief called Big Foot ; two companies of troops are sent to subdue them. Apr. * Fla. The North Atlantic Squad- ron is ordered from Key West to Haiti. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 Apr. 6. Boston. The 75th anni- versary of the Boston Handel and Haydn Society is celebrated. Apr. 12. 5. Dak. A dust blizzard is raging. D. C. President Harrison presents, in the name of Congress, a gold medal to Joseph Frances, the inventor of the life-saving appliances for the ship- wrecked. Apr. 13. Ariz. Rich gold deposits are found in Grand Cafion. Apr. 19. Ala. Several people are killed and much property is destroyed by a tornado in Geneva county. Apr. 20. Xew York. A Psychical Re- search Society is formed. Apr. 30. Xew York. Ground is broken for the Washington Memorial Arch. [May 30. The corner-stone is laid with ceremonies.] Apr. * Alas. An expedition organized by Frank Leslie's Illustrated Weekly starts to explore Alaska. Apr. * Ark. The streets of Arkansas City are under water from four to six feet deep ; the town is deserted by at least half of its populatiou. Apr. * Chicago. An imposing monu- ment in memory of Gen. Grant is near- ing completion in Lincoln Park. The pedestal is a solid terrace wall of granite, pierced by an arch 00 feet wide ; the terrace is 150 feet long and 42 feet high ; and on it is placed an equestrian statue of Grant 13 feet in height. Apr. * Da. Another flood occurs in Johnstown ; the water in the streets is four feet deep. Apr. * Da. A rich well of natural gas is struck at Pittsburg. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890. Apr. 13. Randall. Samuel J.. M. C. for Pa., speaker, A62. CHURCH. 1890 Apr. 27. X. Y. Members of the Salvation Army are arrested in Yonkers for singing in the streets. Apr. * la. Over 100 Mormon mis- sionaries are sent out from Des Moines. Apr, * New York. Bronze doors cost- ing not less than $100,000 are placed in Trinity Church, as a memorial to the late John Jacob Astor. Apr. * N. Y. Rev. Theodore L. Cuy- ler, for 30 years pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church of Brook- lyn, retires ; he is presented with a purse of $30,000. [Dec. 14. Dr. Gregg becomes his successor.] LETTERS. 1890 Apr. 9. Mass. Mrs. E.S.B. Mead is chosen President of Mount Holyoke College. Apr. 13. Chicago. The friends of the public-school system organize for its protection, owing to the active oppo- sition of Roman Catholics and Luther- ans to the Bennett law in Milwaukee. Apr. 15. Dhila. Archbishop Ryan will be editor-in-chief of The American Catholic Quarterly Review, beginning with the July number. New York. E. L. Godkin of the Evening Dost is arrested on charge of libel for articles reflecting on Tam- many leaders. Apr. 21. X.Y. Murat Halstead, of the Cincinnati Commercial, hecomes editor of the Brooklyn Standard- Union. Apr. * D. C. Mr. Lawler of Illinois in- troduces in the House a bill to test the science of short spelling and to establish 100 schools for that purpose. Apr.* Xew York. Andrew Carnegie gives $10,000 to the Authors* Club, to be used for the " encouragement of litera- ture." Apr. * O. A Catholic Educational Union, similar to the Chautauqua Cir- cle, is formed, and is spreading rapidly in other States. SOCIETY. 1890 Apr. 7. Chicago. The Board of Trade attacks the " bucket-shops." Five thousand carpenters strike for an eight-hour day and minimum wages of 40 cents an hour. [Apr. 11. The builders refuse.] Apr. 8. Chicago. The plumbers' strike is settled ; ttie men get a portion of the increase of wages demanded. Mass. The "Worcester People's Sav- ings-bank teller, F. Kimball, and $40,000 of the deposits, are missing. Apr. 10. la. High license is defeated in the Legislature, and prohibition sus- tained. Apr. 12. Ark. "White Caps flog a preacher of the Latter-day Saints. Apr. 14. Cal. Several hundred persons believe the predictions of Mrs. "Wood- worth, George Erickson, and other false prophets, declaring that San Fran- cisco, Oakland, Chicago, and Milwaukee would be destroyed by earthquake and tidal wave, and go to the hills. A7 >c York. The employees of 70 shops of clothing-makers strike for an increase ol wages ; more than 1,000 men are out. Apr. 16. X*w York. The "Working Girls' Societies of New York. Brooklyn, Boston, and Philadelphia open a con- vention. The Evening Dost publishes charges against Senator Quay of Pennsylvania. Da. The railroad companies in Pitts- burg decide not to recognize any fede- ration of railroad employees. Apr. 17. Chicago. A conflict between police and strikers rakes place. Apr. 19. D. C. A General Society of the Sons of the Revolution is organ- ized in Washington, with ex-Gov. John Lee Carroll as general president. X. Mex. "W. H. Pope of Ky., the de- faulting cashier of the Louisville City National Bank, with 870,000 of its funds, is captured. Apr. 21. Cliicago. The eight-hour movement is spreading. Carpenters liu.ke new demands, requiring boss car- penters to employ seven-eighths of the carpenters in the city. The carpenters' Council refuses to allow men to work for the masters' associations. [Apr. 22. The strikers become riot- ous. Apr. 25. They assault 32 non- union men. Apr. 26. The masters refuse to arbitrate. Apr. 29. The strikers agree to resume work in con- nection with the new organization of employers. May 3. The strike practi- cally ends in the failure of the car- penters.] Apr. 23. New York. A convention of the General Federation of "Women's Clubs is held. Apr. 24. New York. The Actuarial Society of America assembles. Apr. 28. la. The Supreme Court de- cides the seizure of beer sent into the State in sealed kegs from Illinois in original packages, and sold, to be in vio- lation of the Constitution. A mass-meeting is held in Chickering Hall ; it is called by the Ladies' Health Protective Association to demand clean streets. Apr. * Boston. The bricklayers have signed an agreement not to strike for three years in return for eight hours and an advance in wages. Apr. * Boston. Nine hours without re- duction of wages is granted the 2.200 workmen employed in 12 of the marble factories. Apr.* Chicago. The Daily Xews has been exposing wholesale gambling. It estimates that the receipts of the f ambling-houses, which are controlled y a syndicate, aggregate 510,000,000 a year, and that S-'Oii.oOO are paid to mem- bers of the administration for immunity from police interference, and a much larger sum to the police themselves. Apr. * Ga, Northern-born citizens resid- ing in Atlanta organize a Northern Society. Apr. * La. The Louisiana Lottery Company offers to pay the State $12,500,000 for a renewal of its charter for 25 years. UNITED STATES. 1890, Apr. 6-Apr. : 357 Apr.* Mo. Kansas City passes an ordi- nance fixing eight hours as a day's work for all city employees and all laborers employed on city contracts. Apr. * N. H, The woman suffragists of Concord elect Mrs. M. H. Woodworth to the Board of Education by a majority of 773 in a total of 3,S26 votes. Apr. * New York. The Central Labor Union passes a resolution for purifying the city government by obtaining evi- dence against the police protection of criminals. STATE. 1890 Apr. 7. D. C. Congress: The House refuses to suspend the rules and pass the Dependent Pension Bill. Vote, 169-87. Apr. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Anti-Trust Bill introduced Dec. 4 ; vote, 52-1 (absent, 29) ; the House reconsiders the vote by which it recently defeated the bill to appropriate $75,- 000 to supply the deficiency caused by the Silcott defalcation ; the bill is passed (the Senate also passes the bill) ; the House also passes the M'Adoo Alien Navy Enlistment Bill introduced Dec. IS ; referred to Senate Committee on Naval Affairs. N. Y. The Senate passes a resolution providing for the submission of a Pro- hibition Amendment to the Constitution to the vote of the people April 17, 1891. Vote, 58-1. Apr. 9. JV". Y. The Senate passes the Weekly Payment Bill, a measure fa,- vored by all labor organizations. [May 21. Gov. Hill signs the bill/] Apr. 10. la. The Legislature defeats the High-License Bill. Vote, 21-29. Mass. The House passes a Bill mak- ing nine hours a legal day's work in State and municipal employment. Apr. 11. D. C. Congress: The "World's Fair Bill is reported to the Senate ; an amendment provides for a naval review in New York Harbor in April, 1893. Apr. 14. D. C. Congress : Both houses adjourn as a mark of respect to the late Samuel J. Randall. The United States Supreme Court de- cides that the State of California has no jurisdiction in the case of Deputy-Mar- shal Nagle, who killed the would-be assassin of Associate Justice Field. Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Naval Appropriations Bill. Vote, 117-100. Introduced Apr. 1. It passes the Roger bill, introduced Apr. 4, denning the jurisdiction of the TJ. S. Courts. la. The Legislature gives physicians and pharmacies the right to sell liquor free of license tax. Apr. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate rejects the Chinese Enumeration Bill. Vote, 5-12. The Senate now has 47 Re- publicans and 37 Democrats. In the House the McKinley Tariff Bill is introduced by the majority of the Committee on Ways and Means ; it pro- poses " to equalize duties on imports and to reduce the revenue of the Govern- ment;" a minority report is also sub- mitted. Secretary Windom issues the new reg- ulations governing the landing of im- migrants. N. Y. The Senate repeals the Two- dollars-a-day Bill. Vote, 17-11. It passes the bill providing for the Hudson River Suspension Bridge from New York City to the Jersey shore. Vote, 20-8. The bridge is to have at least sis rail- road tracks and capacity for four more, and to cost about .840,000,000. It is to be finished within 10 years, and will be the largest bridge in the world. Apr. 17. D. C. Congress: Senate; John H. Regan of Texas introduces a joint resolution proposing an amend- ment to the Constitution, for the elec- tion of Senators by popular vote ; the House Committee on Rivers and Har- bors completes its appropriation bill — $20,901,500. Mass. The Legislature rejects the bill to grant municipal suffrage to women. N. H. The Supreme Court decides that President Taggert of the State Sen- ate is acting governor. Apr. 19. D. C. Secretary Blaine makes a farewell address to the delegates to the Pan-American Conference. Samoa. The Samoan treaty is signed at Apia. Apr. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Chicago "World's Fair Bill, including an amendment providing for a naval review. Vote, 43-13. N. Y. The Senate votes against the proposal to submit the Prohibition Amendment to the people in April in- stead of at a general election. Apr. 22. D. C. Congress : The Senate amends and passes the District of Co- lumbia Appropriation Bill. [July 31. Conference report agreed to. Aug. 8. Approved by the President.] The House debates the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropria- tion Bills. - — N. Y. The Senate amends and passes the new Saxton Ballot Reform Bill. [Apr. 29. It passes the Assembly. May 2. Gov. Hill signs it. J Apr. 25. D. C. Congress : The Presi- dent approves the act creating the World's Columbian Exposition. The bill is entitled : " An act to pro- vide for celebrating the 400th anniver- sary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, by holding an international exhibition of arts, indus- tries, manufactures, and the product of thesoil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chi- cago, in the State of Illinois." President Harrison signs the joint resolution of Congress appropriating $150,000 for the relief of the Missis- sippi flood sufferers. Apr. 26. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropriation Bill after six discussions ; bill introduced Apr. 7. N. Y. The Senate Committee on Cities, while investigating the munici- pal department in New York City, learns how $180,000 was raised to buy the Board of Aldermen in favor of Hugh J. Grant. Representatives of 10 American repub- lics sign the International Arbitration Treaty for the settlement of national disputes instead of war. The United States Supreme Court de- cides that the Iowa law providing for seizure of liquors in "original pack- ages " is unconstitutional. Apr. 29. I). C. Congress: The Senate passes the Land Grant Forfeiture Bill, restoring to the United States its title to lands granted to aid railroads in certain cases. It passes the Plumb Land Forfeiture Bill after seven discussions ; bill intro- duced Feb. 20. It amends and passes the Davis De- pendent Pension Bill. Vote, 179-71. [June 11, 23. Conference report agreed to. June 28. Approved by the President.] Apr. 30. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Worsted Bill introduced Apr. 21. Reduction of the public debt in April, $7,636,901. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Apr. 9. New York. Mayor Grant appoints August Belmont, C. S. Smith, J. H. Starin, "William Steinway, and O. B. Potter commissioners of rapid transit. Apr. 11. New York. The maiden trip of the steamship Majestic, in G days, 10 hours, 30 minutes, is the quickest maiden trip on record. Apr. 12. Boston. Four breweries are purchased by an English syndicate. Chicago. A panic occurs in the Board of Trade. Apr. 18. New York. Castle Garden ceases to be the depot for receiving im- migrants, the Government barge office taking its place. Apr. 30. Phila. The suspension of the Bank of America, a State bank, is announced. Apr. * Chicago. Ice-dealers form a trust and advance prices 25 to 50 per cent. The crop in the vicinity is 1,000,000 tons short. Apr. * Chicago. The "World's Fair of 1893 is fully incorporated and orga- nized. The directors adopt a report of the finance committee recommending that the capital stock lie increased to ftio.OUO,- 000. Apr±.* New York. An English syndicate buys up the Murphy Varnish Company of New York, the largest varnish com- pany in America. Apr. * N. Y. The water-power of Ni- agara Falls is to he utilized for mills and electric lights in Niagara and Buf- falo. Contracts are signed for the construc- tion of a tunnel and raceways under the falls; the capital stock of the Niagara Falls Power Company is 82,000,000. Apr. * N. Y. A two-thirds interest in four large paper-mills in New York State is transferred to an English syndi- cate for 38,000,000. 358 1890, Apr. *-May 30. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1890 May 15. D. C. Secretary Tracy confirms the finding of the court-martial sentencing Commander MeCalia to suspension of rank and duty for three years. May 23. New York. The Pensacola re- turns from the East Africa eclipse expe- dition. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1S90 May 3. Mo. The Merchants' Bridge, 2,420 feet long, spanning the Mississippi at St. Louis, and costing §6,000,000, is completed. May 5. New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is reopened to the public. May 6. Tex. A hurricane prevails. May 9, 10. Pa. Near Franklin a tor- nado tears a path 300 feet wide and 25 miles long ; two persons are killed and several others badly hurt ; houses and barns are demolished, trees uprooted, and cattle killed. May 13. New York. The corner-stone of the Carnegie Music Hall is laid by Mrs. Carnegie. May 16. Alas. A volcano is reported to be in a state of eruption. May 23. III. A new wheat-pest, the saw-fly, appears. May 29. Mel. The 12th annual Congress of the American Laryngological As- sociation begins its sessions in Balti- Va. An equestrian statue of Gen. Robert E. Lee is unveiled at Rich- mond. May 30. O. The Garfield Memorial is dedicated at Lakeview Cemetery, Cleveland. La. The Red River rises many feet, and sweeps away the levees near Shreve- port ; thousands of homes are rendered desolate, and immense damage is done to property and crops. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890. May 3. Beck, James, senator for Ky., A68. May 18. Ropes, Itipley, of Brooklyn, N. Y., CHURCH. 1890 May 7. Mo. The General Con- ference (Methodist Episcopal South) meets at St. Louis. [May 9. It decides to admit laymen as members. May 19. Revs. Atticus G. Haygood and Oscar P. Fitzgerald are elected bishops.] May 8. S. C. The Episcopal Diocese votes not to exclude a colored minis- ter who is at present a member of that body. May 15. N. C The Southern General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Ashe- ville ; Rev. James Park, moderator. The body embraces 2,321 churches, with 1.145 ministers, 161,000 communi- cants, and over 100,000 Sunday-school pupils. N. Y. The Northern General As- sembly (Presbyterian* meets at Sara- toga ; Rev. W. E. Moore of Columbus, Ohio, moderator. The great question that agitates the conference is the revision of the Confes- sion of Faith. The change proposed will blot out of the Confession of Faith — Reprobation ; the damnation of infants ; the damnation of the heathen ; the clas- sification of Roman Catholics as isola- tors, and the statement that the Pope is Anti-Christ. Its reports show 133 Pres- byteries favor revision, 6G oppose any change, seven decline to express an opinion, and seven are unheard from. [May 24. A committee is appointed to nominate a Committee on Revision. May 26. Committees on Revision and a Consensus Creed are appointed.] May 17. Colo. The Rocky Mountain Conference of Unitarian and other Liberal Christian Churches is organized at Denver. May 22. New York. Missionaries sail for the Soudan Pioneer Mission in Africa. They are volunteers from the Young^ Men's Christian Associations; and all venture " in faith," with no promise of financial support except the promises of the Bible. May 27. New York. The Jewish Min- isters' Association of America is in LETTERS. 1S90 May 6. New York. Arrangements are completed for accepting the gift of Charles Butler of $100,000 each to the University of the City of New York and to Union Theological Seminary. Steps are taken to unite the two insti- tutions in an alliance. May 10. li. I. The School Committee of Providence banishes the Bible and devotional exercises from its schools. May 14. D. C. Senator Edmunds intro- duces a bill to establish the University of the United States in the City of ■Washington; the bill calls for $5,000,- 000, the income of which is to be used for the expenses of the institution. May 19±. N. Y. The U. S. Supreme Court decides the Fisk will case against Cornell, the University there- by losing $2,000,000. May 22. N. Y. The Presbyterian Gen- eral Assembly's Committee on Bills and Overtures presents a report urging that the Bible be restored to its true place in our system of education, it not being sectarian, but the source of the highest moral teaching. May 28. Wis. German Catholic socie- ties organize against the Bennett Law. Mass. The New England Intercolle- giate Association holds its annual ses- sion in "Worcester. May 29. Fla. The University of Florida is founded at Tarpon Springs. SOCIETY. 1S90 May 1. Chicago. About 25,000 men unite in a labor parade. L>. C. The Secretary of "War directs that the provisions as to canteens at military posts shall be retained, except that no ardent spirits or wine shall be sold in canteen?, sales of "light beer** only being tolerated. Del. A private citizen is allowed the- privilege of whipping a criminal. C. S. Ex-President Grover Cleve- land is admitted to practise before the Bar of the Supreme Court. May 3. Chicago. Over 7,000 men join the dissatisfied strikers, making the total number out <&,00U. Boston. Carpenters prepare letters urging foreign working men to remain away. May 4. Chicago. Leaders among the striking carpenters endeavorto continue agitation, and postpone settlement of the strike. It is commonly believed to have failed and ended. May 5. NewTork. The Society for the Enforcement of the Criminal Law is incorporated. N. Y. The carpenters in New York and Brooklyn succeed in the eight-hour strike. May 7. />. C. The Decennial Conven- tion of Pharmacists of the United States is in session at Washington. New York. The annual meeting and election of the Civil Service Keform Association takes place. May 9. D. C. A reception is given to Gen. Sherman in Washington. May 10. la. Liquor-selling under the "original package" decision is increas- Kan. The women who were recently elected officers of Edgerton all resign because of criticism ; they say the men can conduct the government in the fu- ture. N. Y. The defalcation of 5100,000 by G. P. 'Whitney in the Albany City National Bank is reported. May 11. New York. The Central Labor Union denies admission to the delegates from the Saloon-Keepers' Associa- tion, on the ground that its members are not wage-workers. May 13. Fla. A reign of terror at Ce- dar Keys is caused by Mayor W. W. Cot- trell, who threatens the lives of all who oppose him. [May '21'. Citizens flee from the city through fear of the re- turn of Mayor Cottrell.] (See Nov. 6.) La. The Louisiana Lottery offers £1,000,000 a year to the Legislature for the continuance of its charter. Neic York. The 25th anniversary of the National Temperance Society is celebrated. May 14. N, Y. The National Confer- ence of Charities and Corrections be- gins at Buffalo. N. Y. Ex- Alderman John O'Neill of '* boodle" notoriety is released from Sing Sing. May 16. Ala. Two Mormon elders axe severely whipped in Clay County by -in farmers, among whose families the Mor- mons have been proselyting for several weeks. May 19. N.Y. The Democrat and Chroni- cle of Rochester announces that it will cease to issue a Sunday edition on July 6 ; this is in deference to public sentiment. UNITED STATES. 1890, Apr. * -May 30. 359 May 21. Cat. Plans for a filibustering expedition to annex Lower California to tlie United States are revealed at Los Angeles. D. C. The United States Brewers' Association, representing $195,000,IH)0 of invested capital, opens its session in Washington. .9. C. The State Convention of col- ored people assembles at Columbia to organize a State branch of the National Afro-American League. May 23. Pa. The Cincinnati Brewing Company, amid much excitement, opens an * * original package " store in Leeehburg, a dry town for years. May 24. Chicago. An Anarchist plot comes to naught. A bomb heavily loaded with dynamite is found at the base of the Haymarket monument ; but a rain puts out the fuse and averts the injury. May 25. Conn. The meeting of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi- neers at New Haven is addressed by Chauncey M. Depew. May 26. Chicago. The friends of Dr. Cronin are incorporated as an associa- tion to erect and maintain a monument to his memory. N.J. Indictments are found against 68 elections officers in Jersey City for ballot-box stuffing. Miss. The Bine and the Gray hold a reunion at Vicksburg, amid great en- thusiasm. May 27. N. T. The missing John Keenan, ex-alderman of "boodle" no- toriety in connection with the Broad- way street railroad, returns, and fur- nishes bonds in $4(1,000 to answer the "boodle" indictment. [June 2. The indictment against Patrick Farley is dismissed. June 9. Ex-Alderman John O'Neil's fine of §2,000 is remitted. July 9. Ex-Alderman DeLacy and " Billie " Malonev return and give bail in §40,000 for trial.] May 2S. D. C. The National Conven- tion of State Railroad Commissioners begins its sessions at Washington. May 29. D. C. The Judiciary Commit- tee of the House reports a bill for a Constitutional Amendment to secure suffrage to the women of the whole country. [No further action is taken.] Miss. A reunion of the Blue and the Gray is held on the battlefields of Port Gibson and Champion Hills. . Va. Richmond is decorated with Con- federate flags, in honor of the unveiling of a statue to Gen. Robert E. Lee. STATE. 1890 May 1. l>. C. Congress: The House passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Bill. [June 18, 20. Conference report agreed to. July 2. Approved by the President.] May 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Customs Administration Bill. [May 27. Conference report agreed to. June 12. Approved by the President.] The House defeats the Adams Interna- tional Copyright Bill. Vote, 98-126. May 3. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Bill introduced Apr. 22. III. The Knights of Labor, Patrons of Husbandry, and Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association unite for political action. May 5. B.C. Congress: Both Houses adjourn out of respect to the memory of Senator James B. Beck, of Ky. May 7. I). C. Congress: The Senate begins its debate on the Silver Bill. (See July 14.) In the House the debate on the Tariff Bill is opened by William McKinley of O. for the measure, and R. Q. Mills of Tex. against it. N. Y. The Senate passes the Black- well's Island Bridge Bill : the Assembly votes to submit the Prohibition Amend- ment to the people on April 9, 1891. May 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Dingley Worsted Bill. May 9. 1>. C. Congress : The Senate passes the regular Pension Bill. [June 24. The Senate recedes from its amend- ment. July 1. Approved.] May 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Army Appropriation Bill with the anti-canteen amendment. [May 28, June 2, 4. Conference report agreed to. June 16. Approved by the Presi- dent.] May 12, 13. D. C. Congress: In the Senate the Silver Bill is debated ; the House passes six paragraphs of the Mc- Kinley Tariff Bill. May 13. Kan. Judge Crozier decides that a part of the State Prohibitory Law is unconstitutional. May 14. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- ate G. F. Edmunds of Vt. introduces a bill for the establishment of a National University. (See Letters.) May 17. /->■ C. Congress : The Senate passes a bill appropriating §300,000 for an equestrian statue of Gen. Grant at Washington; hill introduced Apr. 16; re- ferred to House Committee on Library. The U. S. Supreme Court declares Minnesota's Dressed Beef Law uncon- stitutional. May 19. Ky. The 17. S. Supreme Court decides in favor of the claim of Ken- tucky to the ownership of Green Island in the Ohio. May 21. I). C. Congress :. In the Sen- ate the Silver Bill and the bill restoring the control of the liquor-traffic to the States within their own borders are dis- cussed ; the House passes the McKin- ley Tariff Bill. Vote, Yea, 164 Rep. ; Nay, 140 Bern., 1 Rep. (Wheeler) ; ab- sent, 6 Rep., 15 Dem. N. J. State Senator E. P. M'Don- aid (Dem.) of Hudson County is un- seated by the Republicans. May 23. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- ate the McKinley Tariff BUI is intro- duced and referred to the Committee on Finance. May 26. D. C Congress: The Senate refuses to strike out the provision for three battle-snips in the Naval Bill ; also rejects an amendment asking Great Britain to disarm her naval and military forces in the Western Hemisphere. It amends and passes the Naval Ap- propriation Bill. [June 24, 25. Con- ference report agreed to. July 1. Ap- proved by the President.] May 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the "Original Package" Liquor Bill in its constitutional as- pects ; in the House a joint resolution is offered appropriating $250,000 for the completion of the Grant monu- ment at Riverside Park, in New York City, and referred to the Committee on Library. The President transmits to both houses the plan of the Pan-Ameri- can Conference for an international American Bank. May 28. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Biver and Harbor Bill in- troduced Apr. 18. The Senate Finance Committee de- cides to consider the different schedules of the Tariff Bill separately. May 29. I). C. Congress : The Sen- ate passes the " Original Package " Liquor Bill. Vote, 34-10. Introduced Dec. 4, 1889. In the House a select committee report in favor of the enfranchisement of the women of the whole country, about 13,000,000 in numher. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Apr. * W. Va tie are dying for Wi Apr.* Publishers of cheap novels form a trust, and advance the price of paper- backed books of light reading 33 per cent. Apr. * The valleys flooded by the tribu- taries of the Mississippi River suffer im- mense damage. May 5. Pa. Easton celebrates its first centenary. May 6. N. J. The Singer Sewing- machine Works at Elizabethport are partly burned, and 3,500 persons are thrown out of employment: estimated loss, $1,000,000. May 8. ^V. Y. Ten lives are lost in fire in an insane asylum in Preston. Pa. Five more victims of the Johns- town flood are found. May 9. New York. The Postal Tele- graph Cable Company increases its capi- tal stock from $5,000,1)00 to $10,000,000. May 15. Pa. Thirty-one men are buried hy a rock-fall in a mine at Ashley. May 17. Mich. Grand Rapids loses $ 125,000 by fire. May 20. The steamer Beacon Light strikes an iceberg, and narrowly es- capes sinking. O. The remains of President Gar- field are placed in the crypt in the monument in Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, their final resting-place. May 23. N. Y. The Owego National Bank suspends payment ; its cashier has departed. May 24. Wash. George Francis Train reaches Tacoma. He completes his trip around the world in 67 days, 13 hours, three min- utes, and three seconds, thus heating Nellie Ely's record by about five days. May 30. Cal. A train falls through a drawbridge at Oakland ; 13 persons are drowned. 360 1890, May 30-June 21. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1890 May 26±. Miss. A reunion of soldiers of both he Union and Confed- erate armies is held at Vicksburg ; May * The new U. S. torpedo-boat Gush- ing surpasses all records, making in one hour 24.32 knots, or 28 miles. May * The Squadron of Evolution is ordered to sail from Europe to Brazil, to prevent outside interference with the elections in that country in September. June 2. Boston. The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company cele- brates its 252d anniversary. June 3. Pa. The gunboat Bennington is launched at Chester. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 May * 8. C. The largest deposit of manganese ever found in the United States is opened at Tredegar, Calhoun County. May * Tex. A destructive cyclone visits Salt Creek, in Hood County, and kills 15 persons, besides doing great damage to property. June 4. New York. A ball of fire strikes the Commercial Advertiser build- ing, but does little damage. June 9. Va. A monument to the Con- federate dead is unveiled at Petersburg. June 14. O. An earthquake is felt in Toledo. June 16. Cat. One of the peaks of Mount Shasta is reported to have dis- appeared ; it is believed to have fallen into the crater. D. C. In the Senate the Finance Committee restores the duty on "works of art. June 21. III. Forty lives are lost by a destructive cyclpne ; Faw-Paw is al- most swept away. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890. June 8. Moffat, James Clement, professor at Princeton, A79. June 33. M'Crary, George "W., secretary of war, A55. CHURCH. 1890 June 1. N. Y. Many Sunday- schools in Brooklyn are presented with United States flags by the Grand Army posts. The 7th annual session of the Inter- national Missionary Union begins at Clifton Springs. June 6. The General Synod (Re- formed) adopts a report recommending union with the Reformed Church in the United States. June 12+. Minn. The Norwegian Lutheran Church of America holds its annual session in Minneapolis. [The three sects of the church will, as a result of the meeting, unite under the name of the United Norwegian Lutheran Free Church of America.] + Mo. The 9th International Con- vention of Christian Endeavor Soci- eties meets at St. Louis ; 8,000 delegates are present, representing 000,000 mem- bers. June 14. Wis. The "Welsh Presbyte- rians — 300 in number — in convention at Milwaukee, denounce the Supreme Court of the State for deciding as uncon- stitutional the reading of the Bible in the public schools, and decide to indorse the Bennett law. June 21. Chicago. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. LETTERS. 1890 May* la. The State Congrega- tional Association, in session in Des Moines, decides to take up the fight for public schools and against the Catholic position. May * III. The Lutherans and German Catholics are about to make a com- bined attack at the polls on the Com- pulsory Education Law to secure its repeal. May * Wis. Republicans divide on the Bennett School Law issue. June 1±. Mass. The Faculty, the Aca- demic Council, and the corporation of Harvard, favor reducing the period of study for B.A. to three years. Wis. GuidoPfister presents the Ger- man and English Academy in Mil- waukee with grounds valued at $20,000, and $35,000 in cash to erect academy buildings. June 9. N. J. Class-day exercises are held at Princeton ; Mrs. Susan Brown gives the college $100,000 for a new dormitory. June 10. 0. Father Quigley, pastor of St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic church at Toledo, is indicted by the grand jury " for misdemeanor, for neg- lecting to report pupils to the Board of Education." June 13. Mass. A young woman of the Harvard Annex wins the Sargent prize for a translation from Horace. SOCIETY. 1890 May 30. Chicago. The Gar- field Memorial is dedicated at Lake- view ; President Harrison and others make addresses. New York. The Presbyterian General Assembly, in session at Saratoga, com- mends prohibition. " "While, as a church, we neither advo- cate nor antagonize any political party, Ave earnestly commend to our ministers and people, as Christian citizens, such -vigorous, persevering efforts as may seem wisest to them towards the enact- ment in every State and Territory of statutes which shall hopefully secure entire prohibition of a traffic largely re- sponsible for the hulk of the drunken- ness, crime, pauperism, and social mis- eries which afflict our land." ± New York. A National Conven- tion of " Christian Scientists " meets. May * D. C. Members of Congress re- ceive an appeal from 1,600 unem- ployed men in San Francisco, stating the causes of their destitution and ask- ing a loan of $6,000,000 from the Govern- ment. May * Miss. The governor refuses to ac- cept any aid whatever from the Federal Government for the flood sufferers, on the ground that it would demoralize the plantation hands. * * New York. The "Consumers' League " is formed. Its purpose is to patronize only Fu. C. President Harrison recom- mends that Congress provide relief for the starving families in Oklahoma. Aug. 11. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate George F. Edmunds of Yt. submits a resolution limiting all debate on the Tariff Bill to one five-minute speech from each Senator on each amendment. Wyo. The first State Conventions of the Democrats and Republicans are held at Cheyenne ; George W. Baxter (Dem.) and Francis F. Warren (Hep.) are nominated for governor. Aug. 12. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate Mr. Quay introduces an amend- ment to the rules providing for a postponement of the consideration of the Federal Elections Bill. The House Committee favorably reports the Anti- Lottery Bill introduced July 28. The House amends and passes the Dolph Bill for the prevention of collis- ions at sea. [Aug. 13. The Senate con- curs. Aug. 19. The President approves.] L>el. Robert J. Reynolds (Dem.) is nominated for governor. Miss. The Constitutional Conven- tion meets at Jackson ; its alleged pur- pose is to secure white supremacy in the State. Aug. 13. £>. C. Congress: IntheSen- • ate Henry W. Blair of N. H. reports favorably from the Committee on Edu- cation and Labor a joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Consti- tution to prohibit forever the manu- facture and sale of all alcoholic liquors used as beverages. Cal. Henry H. Markham (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 14. I. T. Gov. Byrd is reelected by the Indians ; he surrounds the polls with militia, and does not allow votes to be cast for his opponents. Aug. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the River and Harbor Bill. [Sept. 2-K Conference report agreed to. Sept. 27. Approved.] The House passes the Anti-Lottery Bill. — N. Y. The Constitutional Commis- sion at Albany agrees to the abolition of the Superior Courts of New York and Buffalo. Aug. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the General Deficiency Appro- priation Bill. [Sept. 29. Conference report agreed to, Oct. 1, Approved by the President.] N Mex. The Territorial Convention having reassembled, it proceeds to amend the Constitution. Aug. 19. £>. C. Congress: The Senate disposes of 21 paragraphs of the metal schedule of the Tariff Bill; the. House passes the Agricultural College Bill. [Aug. 30. Approved by the President.] The Treasury Department issues a cir- cular providing for the immediate re- demption of $15,000,0004.^ percent bonds at 104 k Aug. 20. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Meat Inspection Bill. [Aug. 30. Approved.] It lays the bill to amend the alien land law on the table. Wis. William D. Hoard (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 21. B.C. Congress: The special House Committee begins the investiga- tion of the charges made against Pen- sion Commissioner Raum. Pa. Charles W. Miller (Prohib.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate disposes of the tobacco schedule of the Tariff BUI. Wis. The Democratic State Conven- tion adopts a resolution opposing the Bennett School Law. Aug. 28. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate N. W. Aldrich of R. I. of the Finance Committee announces two proposed amendments to the Tariff Bill in the direction of reciprocity, — one giving the President power to suspend the free im- portation of sugar and other articles ; the other in reference to the Canadian Fisheries policy ; the House passes the Conger Lard Bill, introduced July 28, after six discussions; referred to Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Mich. James "W. Turner (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate disposes of the Agricultural and the wine and spirits schedules of the Tariff Bill ; the House passes the Om- nibus Southern War- Claims measure and sundry private bills. Aug. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate rejects J. G. Carlisle's motion to strike out the wool paragraphs (357 to 3G9) in order to put wool on the free list. Vote, 47-27. The House passes the bill prohibiting the employment of convict labor on public works. Bill introduced Jan. 6. Also the bill to prevent the pur- chase of supplies, the product of convict labor, by the United States. Bill intro- duced Dec. 20. The Secretary of the Treasury issues a circular for the redemption of $20,- 000,000 additional 4i per cent bonds. Sept. 1. L>. C. Congress: The Senate disposes of the wool and silk sched- ules of the Tariff Bill. John Sherman of O. offers an amendment to the Tariff Bill favoring reciprocity with Can- ada; it provides specifically for the free admission of Canadian coal into this country in return for the free admission of American coal into Canada. Ariz. John N. Irwin (Rep.) is nom- inated for governor. Wis. Many leading Democrats bolt their party ticket on the school-law Sept. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the sugar schedule of the Tariff Bill. New York. A single tax convention meets, and adopts a platform proposing a tax on the rental value of land exclu- sive of improvements, and abolishing all other taxes. Sept. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate Messrs. Evarts, Edmunds, and Voor- hees speak on the sugar schedule of the Tariff Bill. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Aug. 13. New York. The White Star steamship Teutonic arrives after making the voyage from Queens town in five days, 19 hours, and five minutes, the quickest ocean passage ever made. Boston. The letter carriers of the United States hold their first annual convention ; 100 delegates are present. Aug. 14. Kg. The Kentucky Company's plant in Louisville is burned ; 25,000 barrels of whisky are consumed. Aug. 19. D. C. Congress establishes a National Park on the Chickamauga battle-field in Georgia. Mass. A derailed train near Quincy causes 20 deaths, besides injuring 31 per- sons. Aug. 21. Phila. Four persons are killed and a number injured by the blowing down of a wall during a storm. Pa. A Gravity Road car at Read- ing breaks loose while going down grade at the rate of SO miles an hour ; it plunges over a 50-foot embankment, kill- ing four and seriously injuring 16 per- sons. Aug. 23. Chicago. Bonner's Sunol trots one mile in two minutes, 10£ seconds. Aug. 26. Chicago. M'Vicker's Thea- ter is burned ; loss, §200,000. Aug. 28. N.J. ThehorseSalvatorruns one mile at Monmouth Park in 1.3E& minutes. Aug. 30+. 7V. Dak. A prairie fire rav- ages many thousands of acres along the Little Missouri River. Aug. * La. It is officially reported that the total loss caused by the recent over- flow of the Mississippi River in Loui- siana is $1,213,040. Aug.* If. Y. S.J. Dixon, a photographer of Toronto, walks over Niagara Falls on a slender wire cable. Sept. 2. III. Shot-tower companies in the United States form an incorpora- tion under the laws of Illinois, with a capital of $3,000,000, to be known as the American Shot and Lead Company. Sept. 4. New York. Sawyer, Wallace and Co., one of the largest commission houses in the country, make an assignment ; the liabilities are over §1,000,000. 368 1890, Sept. 4 -Oct. 7. AMERICA ARMY— NAVY. 1890 Sept. 27. N. Mex. Citizens and soldiers, near Hillsboro, pursue Indians, who are charged with killing cattle and stealing horses. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1S90 Sept. 5. Pa. Two very large natural-gas wells are developed near Pittsburg. New York. The Grant Monument Association chooses a design by J. H. Duncan. The monument is to stand on a base 100 feet square, and in height will be 1G0 feet from base-line, with an equestrian statue of General Grant in center of front, and the same of each of the gen- erals commanding the four principal ar- mies on an elevated position behind that of Grant. Sept. 10. ///. During a shower at Cairo a number of live fish, four inches in length, fall in various parts of the city. Sept. 12. III. The bones of a masto- don are unearthed. S. Dak. Gold is discovered. Sept. 13. Ind. Abiggas-wellisstruek near Tipton, which, it is estimated, will reach 20,000,000 cubic feet a day. Wis. Pearl-producing clams are found in the Manitowoc River, Chilton. Sept. 20. New York. The bronze statue of Horace Greeley in the archway of the Tribune Building is unveiled, Chaun- cey M. Depew delivering the oration. Sept. 24. New York. The famous Emile- Brugsch-Bey collection of ancient Egyptian textiles and embroideries is presented to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by G. F. Baker of this city. Sept. 29. New York. The American In- stitute of Mining Engineers opens its 57th meeting in Chiekering Hall. Oct. 1. New York. The Iron and Steel Institute opens its American meeting. [Oct. 3. Nearly 350 members leave for a tour through the manufacturing and mining sections of the United States.] Oct. 3. N Y. The first sod is turned in the work of constructing the Niagara Falls Tunnel, for utilizing the water- power. Oct. 6. Alas. Prof. Russell and Mark Kerr (U. S. surveyors) discover an im- mense glacier, 10 miles wide, flowing 25 miles, and moving 15 feet daily ; they name it the Lucia Glacier. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890. Sept. 8. Christiancv, Isaac P., senator for "Wis., A78. Sept. 18. Boncicault, Dion, dramatist, manager, actor, A68. Sept. 27. Duryea, Abram, brig.-gen. vols., organizer of Duryea Zouaves, A75. CHURCH. 1890 Sept. 6. New York. Rev< George F. Pentecost starts for India at the head of an evangelistic mission. Sept. 7. Pa. The Presbyterian Commit- tee to revise the "Westminster Con- fession convenes at Pittsburg. [Oct. 7. At Allegheny City.] Sept. 23-25. Pa. The German Cath- olic Congress meets in Pittsburg. It protests against the indignities heaped upon the Pope ; demands that children be educated as parents see fit; it affirms both obedience to the United States and allegiance to the Pope, and expresses a preference for the German language. (See page 348.) Sept. 29. Chicago. The Presbytery pe- titions the Board of Education to have the Bible read in the public schools. Oct. 6. Utah. The 61st Conference of the Mormon Church at Salt Lake City decides to abolish polygamy, and President Woodruff issues an order for- bidding plural marriages. Oct. 7. D. C. The Roman Catholic Young Men's National Union Con- vention opens with high mass in St. Patrick's Church, Washington. LETTERS. 1890 Sept. 8. Neio York. The public schools reopen ; about 5,000 children are turned away for want of room. Sept. 11. Pa. Rev. John S. Stahr is in- augurated President of Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster. Sept. 12. N. H. The 12th annual meet- ing of the American Library Associ- ation Conference is held at Fabyan. Sept. 14. Md. Negroes are excluded from the State Law School. Fla. St. Leo's College (Rom. Cath.) is opened in San Antonio. Sept. IS. ///. William R. Harper of Yale is elected president of the Univer- sity of Chicago. Sept. 19. III. J. D. Rockefeller gives $1,000,000 to the University of Chicago ; the income of which is to be used, but the principal to remain intact. Sept. * Minn. John J. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railroad, gives $500,- 000 for the erection of a Catholic college at Groveland. SOCIETY. 1S90 Sept. 4. New York. The United Association of Typothetae is in session. O. George Gilbert, a Youngstown miser, dies ; he boasted that his living the year round did not cost him more than three cents a day. S. Dak. The Prohibition Law goes into effect ; it is bitterly opposed by saloon-men and their friends in Dead- wood, Lead City, and in the Black Hills mining- towns. Many of the richest corporations in the country unite in an alliance against strikes. They agree to stand by each other in allowing the strikers against one firm to remain idle until they see fit to return to work, and no one firm is to employ workmen during a strike that leave others of the confederated firms by striking. Sept. 7. New York. The Central Labor Federation decides to fight the Knights of Labor for making war on the open unions. Russian Hebrews organize for edu- cational, social, and protective pur- poses, and to promote intelligence by lectures and a spirit of Americanism among their countrymen. W. Va. The Law and Order League of Wheeling succeed in stopping every form of Sunday traffic except drug- stores ; their headquarters are stormed by an angry mob, and the president of the League is badly hurt. Sept. 10 r. Cal. The 40th anniversary of California's admission into the Union is celebrated. ±. U. S. The window-glass work- ers and bottle-blowers, numbering 10,000, decide to leave the Knights of Labor. — - N. Y. The Society of the "War of 1S12 is formed in the State of New York. Sept. 11. la. Incendiaries burn nearly all the business portion of Oxford, as well as many residences. Sept. 13. Md. Baltimore celebrates the anniversary of the battle of North Point. (.See Army, p. 122.) Sept. 14. Sweden. The body of John Ericsson is transferrred from the U. S. man-of-war Baltimore to the custody of the authorities at Stockholm with im- posing ceremonies ; the funeral proces- sion is viewed by 100,000 people. Sept. 20. Ida. President Rich and Bishop Donaldson, Mormon dignita- ries, are under arrest for advising Mormons to violate the election laws. 0. An unsuccessful attempt is made to wreck a crowded passenger- train on the Cincinnati, Sandusky, and Cleve- land Railroad. Sept. 22. Boston. Old-time abolition- ists celebrate the 28th anniversary of the issuance of the Emancipation Proc- lamation by President Lincoln. Sept. 23. N. r. The mayor of Brooklyn forbids a meeting of Hebrew anar- chists. Sept. 27. O. The entire edition of this week's issue of the Cincinnati Volks- freund is seized for violating the anti- lottery law. /?. /. The Slater-Cotton Cente- nary at Pawtueket begins with a Sun- day-school children's celebration"; the cotton exhibition opens. Oct. 1. N. Y. Official notice is issued that no Knights of Labor will be em- ployed on the Xew York Central road, owing to their action in a late strike. New York. The Convention of the People's Municipal League is held ; 1,000 delegates attend. Oct. 3. Mo. Alfred Wanamaker com- mits suicide in St. Louis, after dissi- pating a fortune of $60,000; cause, liquor and domestic trouble. New York. The Comte de Paris and the Due d'Orle*ans arrive. De Paris is welcomed by his old army com- rades ; he served as aid to Gen. 3I*Clel- lan in the Civil War. Oct. 6. Chicago. The Board of Health issues an order forbidding leg-vacci- nation. Utah. A general conference of Mor- mons at Salt Lake City decides to re- nounce polygamy. UNITED STATES. 1890, Sept. 4 -Oct 7. 3G9 Oct. 7. N. Y. A largo number of mer- chants determine to form anon-partisan New York State Business Men's Pro- tective Association, to watch and op- pose unjust and annoying action by the Legislature. STATE. 1890 Sept. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes over the Stewart Convict Labor Bill. Sept. 6. D. C. Congress: The House passes a bill granting a pension of $100 a month to Gen. H. A. Barnum. Sept. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate agrees to the Conference report on the River and Harbor Bill. Ky. The State Constitutional Con- vention begins its session at Frankfort. Sept. 9. D. C. Congress: The Sen- ate adopts the Aldrich Reciprocity Amendment reported from the Fi- nance Committee, and passes the Tariff Bill to a third reading. Minn. Thomas Wilson (Dem.) is nom- inated for governor. N. H. J. M. Fletcher (Prohib.) is nom- inated for governor. Sept. 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the .McKinley Tariff Bill with amendments. Vote, 40 (Rep.j-29 (Dem.) ; it passes the House bill to set apart a certain tract of land in California on which the big trees stand as a public park. Sept. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate considers the Conference reports on the Land Grant Forfeiture Bill. Wyo. The Republicans elect the governor and Congressman, and se- cure a majority in the Legislature. Sept. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate listens to speeches eulogistic of the late Samuel J. Randall of Pa., and ad- journs ; in the House James B. Mc- Creary of Ky. introduces a resolution demanding an immediate investigation of the killing of Gen. Barrundia when on board an American ship and while under the protection of the U. S. flag. Neio York. The Secretary of the " Treasury consults with bankers and merchants with reference to the strin- gency of the money market ; he issues a call for proposals for the sale of $16,000,000 in 4 per cent bonds. Sept. 15. D. C. Congress: The House non-concurs in the Senate amendments to the Tariff Bill. Vote, 120-82. Sept. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Anti-Lottery Bill. [Sept. 27. Approved by the President.] Also the Land Grant Forfeiture Bills, and it votes to purchase at a cost not exceed- ing $30,000 the Townsend National Records. It amends and passes the Timber-Culture Bill. [Feb. 28, Mar. 2. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 2. Approved by the President.] Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.) and Gen. E. S. Merwin (Rep.) are nominated for governor. Ofela. The Upper House of the Terri- torial Legislature passes a bill making Oklahoma City the capital of the Terri- tory. Sept. 17. D. C. Congress: The confer- ees on the Tariff Bill meet, but without arriving at any agreement. Mass. Gov. J. Q. A. Brackett (Rep.) is renominated for governor. N. H. H. A. Tuttle of Pittsfield (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Sept. IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes a bill to reestablish the grade of Lieutenant- General of the United States Army. Bill introduced Dec. 12. [Sept. 22. Referred to Senate Commit- tee on Military Affairs.] The House conferees on the Tariff Bill accept the Aldrich reciprocity amendment. Mass. William E. Bfcsell (Dem.) is nominated for governo^B Sept. 19. I). C. Congress : The Senate passes the McKenna Bill for the discon- tinuance of the coinage of the three- dollar and one-dollar gold pieces and the three-cent nickel piece. [Sept. 27. Approved by the President.] The House is prevented from doing business by Democrats purposely absenting them- selves. Colo. John L. Routt (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. Sept. 21. D. C. Notices are issued from the Post-office Department that all pa- pers containing lottery advertisements will render the publishers liable to arrest. Sept. 22 . New York. Mayor Grant chal- lenges the correctness of the Federal census, and decides upon the plan for taking a new census of the city under the direct supervision of the mayor and with the cooperation of the police force acting as canvassers. Sept. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes "William M. Evarts's substitute for the House bill denning and regulat- ing the jurisdiction of the United States Courts after six discussions. [Sept. 24. Referred to the House Com- mittee on the Judiciary.] The House passes the bill granting a pension to the widow of Gen. George B. McClellan. [Sept., 20. Approved by the President.] Sept. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes over the O'Neall Anti-Convict Labor Bill. Sept. 26. D. C. Congress : In the House the Conference Committee re- ports the McKinley Tariff Bill. Sept. 29. J). C. Congress ; House : The Conference Committee's report on the Tariff Bill is adopted. Vote, 152-81. Sept. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Conference report on the McKinley Tariff Bill. Vote, 33-27. [Oct. 1. It is approved by the President. Oct. 6. The law becomes effective.] Oct. 1. D. C. Congress provides for the transfer of the "Weather Service from the Signal Corps of the Army to the Department of Agriculture. It repeals the internal revenue tax laid on dealers in tobacco ; it reduces the tax on tobacco and snuff. The 51st Congress: the first session ends. Ida, The Republicans elect the State ticket and 44 of the 54 members of the Legislature. Oct. 7. N. Mecc. The people accept the State Constitution. Vote, 16,180-7,943. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Sept. 5. Mich. Eight miners are imprisoned by a cave-in in the Lake Angeline mine. N. Y. The steamers C. H. Northern and Continental ', of the New Haven Line, collide in the East River ; three persons are injured. Sept. 6. Okla. President Manvel, of the Santa Fe Railroad, announces that his company will supply Oklahoma farmers with $60,000' worth of seed-wheat at cost, and wtfit until harvest for the pay. [25,000 bushels of seed-wheat are fur- nished to the farmers along the line of this road.] Sept. 7. Colo. Trains collide near Flor- ence ; five persons are killed and 33 in- jured. Wash. A premature explosion bur- ies 45 men under many tons of rock at Spokane Falls. Sept. 9. Chicago. The "World's Fair Directors decide upon Jackson Park and the Lake Front as the site for the exhibition. Sept. 10. Ga. A Direct Trade Con- vention is organized at Atlanta ; dele- gates are present from six cotton-pro- ducing States. Sept. 15. Chicago. The National Com- mission of the "World's Fair meets to organize and inaugurate the movement. Sept. 19. HI. Col. George B. Davis of Chicago is appointed director-general of the "World's Fair. Pa. Twenty persons are killed and 32 injured in a train accident at Shoe- makersville. Sept. 23. N. J. A fire in the Eagle Oil Refinery Works, in Bayonne, causes a loss of $250,000. Sept. 25. The American fishing schooner David Crockett is seized in Canadian waters for violation of the Fisheries Law. Sept. 28. Cliicago. The Anglo-Ameri- can Packing Company's buildings are damaged by fire; loss, $400,000. Sept. 29. 7?. /. The centennial of the establishment of the first American cotton-mill is celebrated at Providence. Sept. * D. C. Congress provides for the improvement of Galveston harbor, Texas; estimated cost, $6,200,000. Sept. * Mich. The longest river tun- nel in the U. S. is completed, under the St. Clair Kiver, connecting Michigan and Canada; it is 6,050 feet in length, 2,300 feet of which is under the river- bed. Sept. * Okla. Many families in the Ter- ritory are in extreme want of food. 370 1890, Oct. 7-ffov. 19. AMERICA : ARMY — WAVY. 1890 Oct. 10. Kan. President Harrison attends the reunion of old soldiers at Topeka. Nov. 17. 5. Dak. Troops are massing at Pine Ridge Agency in anticipation of an outbreak of Sioux Indians. Nov. 18. N. Y. The battle-ship Maine is launched at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 Oct. 17. Ga. A bust of Sidney Lanier is unveiled in the library of Macon. Oct. 23 . N. ](. A statue of Gen. Stark is unveiled in the State-house Park at Concord ; cost, .$12,000. Oct. 27. S. Dak. Rich placer deposits of gold are found in the Sioux Reserva- tion, near Black Hills. [Oct. * Gold is also discovered in the Arbuckle Moun- tains, I. T.] Oct. 30. Md. A monument to explorers who perished in the Jeannette Explor- ing Expedition of 1881 is unveiled in the Naval Academy Cemetery, Annapolis. Nov. 1±. Millet's famous painting, The Angelus, is sold by the American Art Association to persons in Paris for $150,000. It is estimated that 400,000 persons have attended the exhibition since the picture was buought to America. Nov. 7. Chicago. The corner-stone of the Woman's Temple, which the Woman's Christian Temperance Union is building, is laid with impressive cere- monies ; it is to be in French Gothic style, 13 stories high, and cost $1,100,000. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890. Oct. 12. Belknap, William W., maj.-gen., sec. of war under Pres. <;rant, A61. Oct. 13. Miller, Samuel F., justice of U.S. Supreme Ct., A74. Nov. 13. Dexter, Henry M., editor of The Congregationalism A.69. -* — Apple ton, Daniel S., publisher, A76. CHURCH. 1890 Oct. 8. Minn. The American Board of Foreign Missions begins its 81st annual meeting in Minneapolis. [Oct. 10. Rev. Dr. K. S. Storrs of Brooklyn, N. Y., is reelected President.] Oct. 13. Neiv York. The Presbytery pass a resolution requesting the Commission- ers at Chicago to close the coming ex- hibition on Sundays. Oct. 14. Mo. Edwin R. Atwill is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of West Missouri. Boston. The celebrated " Andover case,*' which has been pending before the Supreme Court of Massachusetts for more than three years, comes up for a final hearing. Oct. 17. N. Y. The golden jubilee of Bishop Loughlin is celebrated in Brooklyn ; he is presented by the priests of the diocese with a purse of §20,000. Oct. 21. Boston. The celebration of the Centennial of New England Meth- odism opens. Oct. 27. N. J. The Roman Catholic churches of the Newark Diocese collect $20,000 for the poor in Ireland. Chicago. Archbishop Feehan'ssil- ver jubilee commences with pontifical high mass in the cathedral. Oct. 28. Boston. A winter school for scientific Bible study opens. Nov. 6-13. Conn. The fifth annual Con- vention of Christian "Workers in the United States and Canada meets at Hart- ford. Nov. 11. Phila. The 13th Annual Con- gress of the Protestant Episcopal Church meets. Conn. The 9th annual meeting of the Baptist Congress opens in New Haven. Nov. 13. New York. The Interstate Congress of the Salvation Army opens. Nov. 17- Ne^^Tork. The conference of the Protesfl^^ denominations of the State on moral instruction in the pub- lic schools begins ; Dr. Crosby is chosen permanent chairman. LETTERS. 1890 Oct. 8. Mass. The Committee of the Board of Harvard College reports unfavorably as to the shortening of the coUege course. Oct. 27. Md. Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Mary Gar- rett, and other ladies present to the trustees of Johns Hopkins Univer- sity $100,000 to found a Woman's Medical CoUege ; the money is ac- cepted subject to the terms. Nov. 4. Wis. The Bennett School Law of 1S89 is rescinded by the vote of the people. It required schools recognized by the State to use the English language in teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, and the history of the United States. Nov. 11. New York. Henry M. Stan- ley delivers his first lecture of his second tour, in the Metropolitan Opera House. SOCIETY. 1S90 Oct. 8. N. Y. The opening of the 8th Annual Indian Conference at Lake Mohonk, for the protection and elevation of American Indians. Oct. 9. Ga. The weekly edition of the Atlanta Constitution is seized for adver- tising its prize distribution at the Christmas drawing. Oct. 10. New York. The Cuban colony celebrates the 22d anniversary of the proclamation of Cuban independence. Oct. 11. D. C. The American Board of Missions adopts a resolution peti- tioning Congress to take steps toward the prohibition of the exportation of in- toxicating liquors to those countries where the missions of the Board are located. Mo. Four masked men hold up and rob a train near Schell City. Mich. The Local-Option Law is decided constitutional by the Supreme Court at Lansing ; also, that all citizens, white and black, have equal right- that must be observed. Oct. 12. New York. Thomas P. Gill, one of the Irish members of the British Parliament, arrives. He comes in the interest of the Home Rule cause [and lectures to many en- thusiastic audiences of Irish-Americans, who contribute large sums of money to aid in the achievement of the legislative independence of their native land]. Oct. 15. Mo. The 30th annual conven- tion of the Loyal Legion begins in St. Louis ; ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes presides. ±. New York. George "William Cur- tis is chosen president of the National Civil Service Reform League. La. David C. Hennessy, chief of police, is waylaid and shot by Italians at New Orleans, who are alleged to be agents of the Mafia; Hennessy had re- cently traced a number of grave crimes to this secret society. Oct. 16. Fa. An emancipation cele- bration by colored people takes place at Richmond. Oct. 20. Cat. The Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen begins its annual convention in Los Angeles. New York. The Comte de Paris is entertained at a dinner at the Plaza Hotel by the officers of the Army of the Potomac. Oct. 21. N. Y. Patrick Gleason, mayor of Long Island City, is sentenced to five days' imprisonment and to pay a fine of $250, for assault. Oct. 22. Term. The American Hu- mane Society meets in Nashville. D. C. The annual convention of the American Institute of Architects begins its session at Washington with a large attendance. Oct. 24. D. C. The "Wage- workers* Political Alliance of Washington peti- tions President Harrison to appoint Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in place of the late Justice Miller. Oct. 27. III. The Illinois Steel Com- pany of Joliet divides about S4.000 among its employees on a profit-shar- ing basis. /. T. Lee Allen, the lender of a no- torious cattle-thieving band, is captured by United States officers. Kan. The Leavenworth Times of this day is excluded from the mails for publishing results of a raffle at a Catho- lic church fair. Minn. The Chippewas welcome their old foes, the Sioux, to their village by a sham fight, after which they smoke the pipe of peace. Mo. Telegraphers go out on a strike at St. Louis. Oct. 31. New York. Rev. Br. Heber Newton asserts that a prominent clergy- man was offered $1,000 to make a speech for Tammany HaU. Oct. * Ala. A colony of about 25 families of Northern farmers secure 3,000 acres of farm-land in Cullman County, on which to locate a cooperative farm. UNITED STATES. 1890, Oct. 7 -Nov. 19. 371 Oct. 31. la. The prohibition of the sale of liquor in original packages becomes effective in this State. (See State.) Oct. * N. J. All the licensed cigar- dealers in Cape May City sign a con- tract, under a forfeiture of $50, not to sell another cigarette to either man or boy during the coming winter. Oct. * Fr. The 12th session of the Con- gress of Americanists is held in Paris. Prof. Quatrefages, the founder of the science of anthropology, presides. Nov. 1. New York. The General So- ciety of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York celebrates its 105th anniversary. Nov. 2. New York. "William O'Brien* John Dillon, Timothy Harrington, and T. D. Sullivan, the Irish agitators, arrive. (See Oct. 12.) Nov. 3. New York. Dr. Crosby, in a speech, says that he can prove, "for a Commissioner told him," that a police captain received $70,000 in blackmail from the saloons in his precinct. Nov. 4. Ky. The superintendent of pub- lic schools and two other persons are shot in Irvine. Neb. The people reject a Prohibi- tory Amendment to the Constitution. Vote, 82,292 for the amendment ; 111,728 against it. N. J. Twice in the ninth precinct of the First Assembly District, Jersey City, all the Republican ballots are stolen, but each time discovered and replaced in time to prevent much loss. Nov. 5. New York. Henry M. Stanley, wife, and party arrive on the Teutonic. T. P. O'Connor, M.P., the last of the Irish delegation, arrives in New York. (See Oct. 12.) Nov. 6. Fla. The notorious ex-Mayor W. ~W. Cottrell of Key "West, a fugitive from justice, is killed by the chief of police of Montgomery, Ala. New York. The 250th anniversary of the death of Gustavus Adolphus is celebrated with appropriate ceremonies by the Swedes of the city. Nov. 7. Fla. The Democrats of Jack- sonville are accused of suppressing the entire Republican vote. N. J. In Newark the anarchists at- tempt to hold a celebration in memory of the hanging of the Chicago Hay- market murderers ; Lucy Parsons and 10 of her followers are arrested. - — Phila. The Irish Nationalists hold a great meeting in the Academy of Music ; Gov. Beaver presides ; addresses are made by Messrs. Dillon, O'Brien, Sullivan, and O'Connor. Nov. 9. Boston. The visiting Irish mem- bers of Parliament make addresses in the Boston Theater and the Globe Theater. ■ Chicago. The anarchists celebrate the memory of the Haymarket mur- derers. Nov. 10. New York. A reception is given to the visiting Irish members of Parliament at the Metropolitan Opera House ; $37,000 is subscribed. (See Oct. 12.) Nov. 11. New York. Henry M. Stan- ley is warmly received by enthusiastic admirers of the explorer on his return to America. Nov. 13. O. Judge Allen G. Thur- man's 77th birthday is celebrated by a grand banquet in Columbus, at which 1,000 guests are present. Nov. 17. Colo. The Childs-Drexel Home for Aged and Infirm Printers is located at Colorado Springs, where 80 acres of land have been given for that purpose. Ga. The National "Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union meets in National Convention at Atlanta ; it reelects as president Miss Frances E. Willard. New York. The American Copy- right League officers are selected, the president being James Russell Lowell. Pa. The first National Non-Parti- san "Woman's Christian Temperance Union opens its session in Pittsburg, with Mrs. Ellen J. Phinney in the chair and about 100 delegates present. Nov. 19. Boston. The "Women's Na- tional Indian Association annual meet- ing opens. Chicago. The "Women Managers of the "World's Fair effect a tempo- rary organization. New York. Sailmakers go on a strike for increased wages. STATE. 1890 Oct. 9. D. C. The Secretary of the Treasury issues a circular offering to redeem 4.'. per cent bonds, with interest to Aug. 31, 1891. Oct. 17. la. In the Superior Court Judge Stoneman decides that the State Prohib- itory Law is null and void in regard to the sale of original packages. 1 Kan. In the U. S. Circuit Court at Topeka a decision is rendered, allowing the reopening of the original package liquor-houses in the State, and declar- ing that the Wilson Bill does not restore the power of the Kansas Prohibitory Law. Oct. 20. Miss. The Constitutional Con- vention refuses to entrust the Legisla- ture with power to divide the State. Oct. 31. la. Judge Caldwell of the U. S. Circuit Court renders decision in the Iowa original package case sustaining the Iowa Prohibitory Law and the WiP son Law ; this decision, with that of Judge Shims, will prevent the sale of liquor in Original Packages in Iowa until the U. S. Supreme Court shall finally decide upon the validity of the laws affected. Nov. 1. J). C. The Treasury Depart- ment reports the increase of the public debt $3,668,012 in October. Miss. The Constitutional Conven- tion at Jackson adjourns after promul- gating a new Constitution. Nov. 4. JVew York. Hugh J. Grant, the Tammany candidate, is elected the 89th mayor. Wash. The Eoman Catholic Bishop of Nesqually has brought a suit to get possession of 430 acres of land occupied as a United States military reservation at Vancouver, and valued at 8750,000 ; he bases his claim on the ground that a missionary station was established there with the "consent of the Hudson Bay Company. — State and Congressional elections are held in many of the States ; the Democratic party is generally victori- ous ; the Farmers' Alliance gains a clear majority in the Kansas Legislature, having 92 votes, while the Republicans have 62 and the Democrats 11. Nov. 13. Wyo. The first State Legis- lature meets at Cheyenne ; it is Repub- lican in both branches. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Oct. 7. Del. An explosion kills 12 men and injures 20 more, at the Dupont Powder Works, near Wilmington. Oct. 12. Chicago. Four persons are burned to death in a hotel. Oct. 15±. Mich. The R. G. Peters Salt and Lumber Company of Manis- tee fails ; liabilities, $3,000,000. Oct. 20. Colo. The last spike is driven in completion of the Pike's Peak Mountain Kailroad. Oct.22. Ky. Trains collide near Sloan's Valley ; seven persons are killed and 10 in 11 red. ■:<-,- 000. Nov. * III. A new stock-yard com- pany is organized at Springfield, with $10,000,000 capital. Nov. * Neb. A corn famine is threat- ening. The yield is less than 10 bushels to the acre because of drouth ; much suffering exists; churches and persons of means are organizing measures of relief. Dec. 4. III. Five men are killed and three fatally injured by a falling furnace at Joliet. Dec. 6. La. The cotton firm of V. and A. Meyer and Co. of New Orleans fails, with liabilities aggregating S2 ,000,000. Pa. The Oliver Iron and Steel Mills in Pittsburg are shut down, and the 3,000 employees are paid off. Dec. 8. S. Dak. Destitution is an- noiinced as worse than last year. Dec. 9. Mont. The Crow Indians cede 1,850,000 acres of their lands for ©946,000 to the Government. Dec. 25. Md. Masonic Temple in Baltimore is destroyed by fire. 374 1890, Dec. 29-1891, Jan. 16. AMERICA : ARMY — WAVY. 1890 Dec. 29. S. Dak. The U. S. troops under Maj. Whiteside have a bat- tle with Indians at "Wounded Knee Creek. Chief Big Foot's fugitive hand is or- dered to surrender ; they suddenly turn and attack the troops. Capt. Wallace, Lieuts. Casey and Mann, besides 29 others, are killed, and 30 are wounded. Big Foot's band is nearly exterminated. Among the killed are 44 squaws and 18 papooses. Dec. 31. S. Dak. The Indians burn the Catholic mission at Clay Creek ; six men of the 7th Cavalry are killed. * * D. C. The navy yard begins the man- ufacture of heavy ordnance. 1891 Jan. 1. S. Dak. Gen. Brooke is relieved of the command at Pine Ridge Agency, and is succeeded by Gen. Miles in person. Jan. 2. S. Dak. The 9th Cavalry ar- rives in time to prevent a massacre of the 7th by the Indians at Pine Bidge. Gen. Miles is encircling the hos- tiles with troops, hoping to compel their subjection by starving them and so sav- ing further bloodshed. [Skirmishing oc- curs.] Jan. 7. S. Dak. Orders are issued di- recting that army officers act as In- dian agents at Pine Bidge and other agencies ; Indians are gradually return- ing to Pine Bidge Agency, but mean- while settlers are flocking to the towns. Jan. 8. Ida. Indians are causing trouble. Jan. 9. S. Dak. A cordon of troops is drawn closer around the camp of the hos- tile Sioux, but peace negotiations con- tinue. [Jan. 11. Pine Bidge is menaced by the near approach of 3000 hostiles. Jan. 12. Gen. Miles holds a conference with some of the chiefs. Jan. 14. Some agree to a surrender. Jan. 15, The sur- render of the Indians is completed.] Jan. 15. D. C. John J. Coppinger is commissioned colonel — 23d infantry. [Also Jan. 31. Alfred Mordecai — ord- nance department. Feb. 7. Abraham K. Arnold — 1st cavalry.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 Dec* S. C. P. A. Emanuel claims to have discovered a process by which aluminum can be freed from kaolin at a cost of only $2.50 per ton. * * Pa. Many monuments are dedi- cated during the year at Gettysburg by surviving veterans of the great battle. * * U. S. The pneumatic tire safety bicycles are introduced. * * Thomas A. Edison adapts his phono- graph to a water-motor. 1891 Jan. 9. O. An earthquake dis- turbs the people at Toledo. [Jan. 16. A shock at Pepperell, N. H. May20. Seven distinct shocks atSusan- ville, Cal. June 23. Slight shock at Charleston, S. C, and June 28, another at San Francisco, Cal. (See Aug. 9. Cal.) Aug. 21. Several shocks in the West and South. Aug. 28. Several in Conn. Oct. 14. Shocks"~at San Francisco, Cal. Nov. 8. A severe shock, damaging buildings, in Texas. Nov. 13. A heavy shock through California.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890. Dec. 30. Peterson, Theoplnlus B., pub- lisher, of Phila., A67. Dec. 31. Spinner,- Francis, treasurer of U. S., M. C. for**. Y., Akh. 1891. Jan. 5. Abbott. Emma, opera singer, A42. Jan. 7. Devens, Charles, jurist, orator, U. S. atty.-gen., A71. CHURCH. 1890 * * Alas. Bethel, in "Western Alaska, on the river Kuskokwim, be- comes a mission station of the Mora- vian Brethren. * * Cal. The South California Confer- ence (Free Methodist) is organized. * * /. T. Isidore Robot is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Indian Ter- ritory. * * la. The Ajinual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Des Moines ; T. "W. Phillips, president. * * Kan. Elisha S. Thomas is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Kansas. * * N. Y. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets. at Buffalo; Andrew Watson, moderator. * *The Toledo Congregational Club in Toledo, Ohio, and the Northern Iowa Club, Charles City, Iowa, are formed. * * Phila. The Medical Mission, de- signed to reach the masses untouched by other agencies, is established. * * U. S. The American Bible Society reports 2,293,665 copies of Scriptures issued, and a total of 52,736,075 copies is- sued to date. * * U. S. The Woman's Foreign Mis- sionary Union of Friends is consum- mated. 1891 Jan. 1. Md. The memorial church of Corpus Christi in Balti- more is consecrated by Cardinal Gib- bons. Jan. 4. N.J. The First Presbyterian Church at Newark celebrates the 100th anniversary of the dedication of the building. Jan. 7. 0. The trial of Rev. Howard MacQueary (Protestant Episcopal) for heresy is begun at Cleveland. [Sept. 23. Under a sentence of suspen- sion he withdraws from the Protestant Episcopal Church and joins the Univer- salists. Sept. 25. He is formally de- posed, at Trinity Cathedral in Cleveland, by Bishop Leonard.] LETTERS. 1890 * * La. The New Delta is issued at New Orleans. * * Ind. The Taylor University (Meth. Epis.) of Fort Wayne is founded. * * N. Dak. Normal schools are estab- lished by the State at Valley City and Mayville. * * N. Dak. The Legislature establishes an Agricultural College at Fargo. * * Neto York. Das Morgen Journal is founded by Albert Pulitzer. * * New York. The Weiber Zettung (the Women's Journal), in the Polish tongue and in Hebrew characters, is issued ; it advocates the right of vote. * * Okla. A university is located at Norman by the Legislature. * * Ore. Portland University (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Portland. * * Utah. The Methodist University at Ogden is established. * * Utah. The Legislature makes public schools free to all. * * Wash. The Telegraph is issued at Seattle. * * U. S. American and imported books published during the y^ar. 4,559, besides minor cheap libraries. * * The American of 1890, by Henry Adams, appears. * * Dramatic Action, by Joseph Jefferson, appears ; also Autobiography . * * Boston Unitarianism, by Octavius B. Frothingham, appears. * * Civil Government in the United States , by John Fiske, appears. * * Clubs for Working Girts, by Maude Stanley, appears. * * The Economic Basis of Protection, by Simon N. Patten, appears. * * Economic and Social History of New England, by Wm. B. Weeden, appears. * * Over the Tea Cups, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears. * * The Tragic Jifuse, by Henry James, appears. * * Ballads, by Francis Marion Crawford, appears. * * Essays, Speculative a7id Suggestive, by John Addington Symonds, appears. * * Five Years with the Congo Cannibals, by Herbert Ward, appears. * * A Hazard of Neic Port imes, by William Dean Howells, appears. * * History of the American Episcopal Church, by S. D. McCounell, appears. * * The Life of Bishop Simpson, by George R. Crooks, appears. * * The Life of George H. Stuart, by Robert Ellis Thompson, appears. * * Alexia, by Mary Abbott, appears. * * The Negro Question, by George W. Cable, appears ; also The Silent South. * * The North Shore Watch and Other Poems, by George Edward Woodberry, appears. * * Pactolus Prime, by Albion Winegar Tourgee, appears. * * The Political Beginnings of Kentucky, by John Mason Brown, appears. * * A Short History of the Boman People, by William F. Allen, appears. * * The Story of Tonty, by Mary Hartwell Catherwood, appears. * * The Unknown God, by C. Loring Brace, appears. SOCIETY. 1890 Dec. 31. New York. The Com- missioners of Excise report S.SS5 places licensed to sell intoxicating liquors in the city. The total number of licensed drinking- places other than hotels, restaurants, and steamboats, is 6.742 ; there are 1,09S storekeepers licensed. UNITED STATES. 1890, Dec. 29-1891, Jan. 16. 375 Dec. * New York. The Sun estimates that every year 3,000 women find themselves " stranded" in this city; not only homeless, penniless, and with- out work, but unable to work. Dec. * Chicago. The Bureau of Jus- tice, a society to aid the poor and de- fenseless in obtaining their rights or defending themselves against aggression by legal methods, is organized. * * V. S. The wrecks of society are reported: penitentiary convicts, 45,233 ; prisoners in county jails, 19,53S; juve- niles in reformatories, 14,S46; paupers in almshouses, 73,045. Total prisoners in the country, S2,329. * * New York. Sergius Stepniak, the leader of the Russian Revolutionary party, arrives. * *Ia.— 0. Labor Day becomes a legal holiday— the first Monday in Septem- ber. * * Ind. The Marion branch of the Na- tional Soldiers' Home is opened. * * Md. A high-license law is enacted for Baltimore city. 1S91 Jan. 2. New York. The New York Herald fund provides 1,500 newsboys each with a pea-jacket. Jan. 9. Pa. G. "W. Delamater, late Re- publican candidate for governor, is ar- rested for embezzlement. Jan. 13. Ark. A shortage of $138,800 is discovered in the accounts of "William E. Woodruff, the State treasurer. (See June 26.) Jan. 15. Colo. A police official is killed and an attempt made to kill Speaker Hanna in the State House by a political faction ; the Assembly is surrounded by a cordon of police and State militia. STATE. 1890 Dec. 30-31. D.C. Congress: The Senate debates the Elections Bill. * * U. 'S. Governors inaugurated : -92 * * Ala. Thomas G. Jones (Dem.). -94* * Ga. William J. Northen (Dem.). -94 * * la. Horace Boies (Rep.). Ida. George L. Slioupe (Rep.) ; later Norman B. Willey (Rep.). -91 * * Mass. J. Q. A. Brackett (Rep.). -93 * * Miss. John M. Stone (Dem.). -93 * * N.J. Leon Abbett (Dem.). -92 * * 0. James E. Campbell (Dem.). -91 * * Ji. I. John W. Davis (Dem.). -94 * * S.C. Benj. R. Tillman (Dem.). -92 * * Vt. Carroll S. Page (Rep.). -94* * Va. Philip W.McKinney (Dem.). -93 * * W. Va. A. B. Fleming (Dem.). 1S91 Jan. 1. Miss. The new Con- stitution becomes operative. Jan. 2. D.C. The Treasury Department reports the public debt reduced $11,005,- 397 in December. Kan. The New Legislature stands : Senate — Republicans, 38 ; Democrats, 1 ; Alliance, 1. House — Republicans, 26 ; Alliance, 91 ; Democrats, 8. Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate votes to set aside the consideration of the Elections Eill (Force Bill), and takes up the Finance Bill to provide against the contraction of the currency. Vote, 34-29. The House passes the De- ficiency Eill. President Harrison submits to Con- gress the correspondence on the Bering Sea controversy, with a letter from Sec- retary Blaine to the British minister. Lord Salisbury insists that Bering Sea must be regarded as a part of the Pa- cific Ocean ; Secretary Blaine answers that it was not so considered in the treaties between England and Russia ; and although he does not contend that it must be regarded as a closed sea, he argues that the rights of the United States extend to the protection of the seal fisheries. Mont. A Senate and two Houses are in session — one Republican and the other Democratic ; the Democrats, hav- ing four majority in the Senate, recog- nize the Democratic House, so also does Gov. Toole. Jan. 6. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the silver debate is continued ; the House discusses the Shipping Bill. (See Mar. 3.) N. H, The Supreme Court of the State delivers an opinion dismissing the cases against Clerk Jewett on the ground of want of jurisdiction ; this leaves the making up of the roll of members of the House in Jewett's hands, which is favorable to the Repub- licans. Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate H. M. Teller of Colo, introduces a bill for negro colonization in Lower California. The International Monetary Con- ference meets in Washington ; Secre- tary Blaine makes an address of wel- come. III. In the Legislature the House elects a Democratic speaker, and the Senate a Republican president pro tem- pore. N. H. The Republicans of the Legis- lature organize, and elect Hiram A. Tuttle governor by a majority of 35. Jan. 8. Minn. In the Legislature the Farmers' Alliance candidate, E. T. Champlin, is elected Speaker. Neb. The Alliance men on one side, and the Republicans and Demo- crats on the other, are struggling for ascendency in the Legislature. Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: In the Senate J. C. S. Blackburn of Ky., and J. T. Morgan of Ala., speak in advocacy of the Free-Coinage Amendment to the Silver Bill. ■ III. In the Senate a bill is introduced for the repeal of the Compulsory Ed- ucation Law. Neb. James E. Boyd (Dem.) is sworn in as governor, but Gov. Thayer refuses to vacate the office, declaring that Boyd has never been naturalized, and therefore is ineligible ; Powers, the Alliance candidate, takes the oath of office. [Jan. 15. Gov. Thayer surren- ders the office under protest.] Jan. 10. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the Committee on Foreign Relations, by unanimous report, recommend that the bonds of the Nicaragua Canal Company be guaranteed by the Gov- ernment to the extent of $100,000,000. Jan. 12. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate M. S. Quay of Pa. introduces a sub- stitute for the Elections Bill ; in the House a select committee is appointed to investigate the alleged Silver pool. At Washington the Bering Sea con- troversy is brought into the Supreme Court, with the sanction of Great Brit- ain, upon petition for a writ of prohibi- tion in re the Canadian sealer W. P. Sat/ward, confiscated in 1887 by the Dis- trict Court of Alaska. N. Y. The Chamber of Commerce passes resolutions opposing the Silver Bill. Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate Messrs. Sherman, Allison, and Al- drich speak against free coinage. Conn. At Hartford the Democratic candidates for State offices are sworn in by the Senate, and make formal de- mands for the offices, which the incum- bents refuse to surrender. N.J. The Senate reinstates E. F. McDonald (unseated last May) vice Mr. Stuhr of Hudson Co., now unseated. N. Y. The Court of Appeals reserves judgment in the Flack case, and orders a new trial. Jan. 14. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the Free Coinage Silver Bill, adopted June 17, 1890, is passed as a sub- stitute for the Financial Bill. Tote, 39- 27. The Elections Bill is again taken up. Vote, 34-33, the Vice-President cast- ing the deciding vote. The House passes the Army and Navy Appropriation Bill after five discussions ; bill intro- duced Dec. 11, 1890. Colo. Rival factions in the Lower Houseof the Legislature quarrel ; troops are called out and successfully quell the disturbance. Jan. 15. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the consideration of the Elections Bill is resumed. Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the debate on the Elections Bill continues all night. It amends and passes the Coin and Currency Bill to provide against the contraction of the currency, after four discussions. Bill introduced Dec. IS, MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1890. Production: Gold, S32,N45.0on ; silver, $70,404,000 ; bushels of grain : In- dian corn, 1,489,070.000; wheat, 3!.)9,2([2,- 000; oats. 523.021,000; barley. 03,000,000; rye, 2S,000,000 ; buckwheat, 11.000,0011 ; bales of cotton, 7,313,726: pounds of wool, 76,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 4. V S22,G72. Currency in circulation, $1,- 429,251,270; per capita, §22.82; immi- grants received (fiscal year), 455,302. Fire-waste, Slus.9n;;.792; insurance loss, so:>.oi5,465. Total railroad accidents, 2,146; 6,335 persons are killed and 29,027 injured. Business failures for the year, 10,673; liabilities, $175,032,836. 1891 Jan. 2. New York. The Fifth Avenue Theater is burned. Jan. 3 + . Pa. The Scottdale rolling mills and pipe works and the Charlotte furnace and coke works are closed in- definitely; 10,000 men are out of em- ployment at Scottdale. Jan. 14. Minn. Station agents and telegraph operators on the St. Pau\ Railroad resign. New York. Three fires on the Hud- son River front destrov a grain elevator and two large building's ; loss, ©300,000. 376 1891, Jan. 16-Feb. 11. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1891 Jan. 23. X). C. Daniel W. Flag- ler is commissioned brigadier-general. Feb. 1. Ala. Troops are sent to Car- bon Hill to quell a race riot ; several negro miners are shot by the whites. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 Jan. 27±. la. A 16-inch vein of silver is found on a farm near Fair- port. Jan. 28. New York. "W. W. Astor gives 22 new paintings, valued at $75,000, to the Astor Library. Jan. 29. Chicago. The 30-foot model of a new air-ship is exhibited ; it does not work. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891. Jan. 17. Bancroft, George, historian, A 90. Jan. 18. Congdon, Charles T., journalist, A70. Jan. 19. Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands, A55. Jan. 24. Wadleiirh, liuinhriilt^', senator for N. H., AGO. Dod worth, Harvey B-, band-master, conductor, of N. Y., A69. Jan. 27. McEntee, Jarvis, landscape painter, Ab3. Jan. 29. Windom, William, senator for Minn., secretary of treasury, A64. Feb. 10. Kedpath, James, journalist, labor reform agitator, A57. CHURCH. 1891 Jan. 18. New York. The Mar- onite Syrians dedicate a chapel. Jan. 20. New York. Rev. Dr. Charles A. Briggs is installed professor of Bib- lical theology in Union Theological Seminary. Jan. 21. Ala. Henry M. Jackson is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assis- tant bishop of Alabama. Jan. 26. Minn. Archbishop Ireland of St. Paul issues an edict against church lotteries in his jurisdiction ; he makes no exception whatever. Feb. 6. New York. Archbishop Corri- gan issues a call for a conference of the clergy to consider the cases of per- sons who have attended Anti-Poverty Society meetings. LETTERS. 1891 Jan. 24. Boston. The Massa- chusetts Historical Society celebrates its centennial. Jan. 27. It. The Anglo-American Archeological Society is in session at Koine, with Lord Dufferin in the chair. Jan. 28. 0. "W. G. Ballantine is elected president of Oberlin as successor to C. S. Fairchilds. Feb. 2. Mass. A conditional addition of $100,000 to Amherst's endow- ment fund is announced by President Gates. Feb. 4. 0. Rev. C. F. Thwing is in- stalled as President of "Western Beserve University and Adelbert College in Cleveland. Feb. 6. N. Mex. New Mexico has a free-school law for the first time. Feb. 11. New York. The Board of Re- gents of the University approves a plan of University extension. [Feb. 12. The Regents decide upon three library degrees, one to be honorary.] SOCIETY. 1891 Jan. 19. The "Woman's Prison Association reports its wants. (1) Matrons in station-houses ; (2) reformatory for women ; (3) a graded sentence law, with power to pardon to be withdrawn from police justices; (4) all prisoners to serve their sentences in prisons, not in charitable institutions : (5) a woman commissioner for each de- partment of charities and corrections ; (6) that drunkenness should be treated according to class, whether as inebriates or criminals. Va. The first public observance of Gen. Robert E. Lee's birthday, made a legal holiday by the previous Legisla- ture, is celebrated. Jan. 21. New York. The American So- ciety of Civil Engineers is in session. Jan. 24. Kan. The trial of 35 ladies, who raided the illegal whisky-joints of Lathrop last February, destroying liq- uors and bottles, is concluded by an ac- quittal of the defendants. Jan. 28. N. J. G. H. Engeman and four other managers of the Clifton race-track are fined §1.000 and are to be imprisoned' for one year for allowing pool-selling on the track. Jan. 29. New York. "William "Windom, Secretary of the Treasury, dies of cere- bral hemorrhage and coma, at Delnioni- co's, after making an address as a guest of the New York Board of Trade and Transportation. Jan. 30. New York. Hughes and Buttner, two bogus divorce lawyers, are sen- tenced respectively to five and seven years' imprisonment. Jan. 31. Jnd. "White Caps in Harrison and Crawford Counties whip a farmer's wife nearly to death, laying the flesh open the length of her hack. Feb. 1. Ala. Negro miners in consid- erable numbers at Carbon Hill have been shot by whites ; troops are sent to quell the disturbance. Feb. 3. Ind. The Legislature passes bills, (1) requiring cigarette dealers to pay a State license of §'200 a year, and (2) to give wife-beaters at least 60 lashes pub- licly when found guilty. Feb. 4±. Cat. The police of San Fran- cisco are destroying the joss-houses of the highbinders in that city. Feb. 6. Tenn. The Morning Journal of Knoxville is seized by the postmaster for violation of the anti-lottery law. ± N, Mex. Two Republican coun- cilmen are fired upon by assassins in Santa Fe ; §15,000 reward has been of- fered for their arrest and conviction. Feb. 7. Cal. The International Society for the Colonization of Russian Jews is incorporated in San Francisco, with a capital of §1,000,000. Baron Hirsch authorizes the use of §2,500,000 to establish a fund for He- brew immigrants to this country. [Sept. 4. The fund is denounced by a mass-meeting of Hebrew working men in New York.] Feb. 8. Chicago. Organized labor passes resolutions against the employment of non-union labor on the World's Fair. Feb. 9. La. The Mardi Gras Festi- val begins in New Orleans. New York. The 5th annual conven- tion of the National Association of Builders of the United States lie-ins its session in Masonic Hall : 300 delegates are present from the principal cities. Pa. About 10,000 miners go on a strike in the Counellsville cuke region. (See Mar. 30 ; Apr. 18.) Feb. 10. Pa. Some 300 employees of the Pittsburg and Western Railroad go on strike. O. The United Mine Workers of America are in session at Columbus, with 300 delegates from 15 States pres- ent. STATE. 1S91 Jan. 16. Mass. The House of Representatives adopts by a large ma- jority resolutions against the free coin- age of silver. Jan. 17. £>. C. Congress: The Senate, after a continuous session of 30 hours devoted to the final discussion of the Elections Bill, adjourns at 6 p.m. (see July 2, 1890) ; the House Silver Pool Investigating Committee begins its inquiry ; it is alleged that members speculated in silver during the discus- sion of the Silver Bill. Can. The Dominion Ministry return the trade reciprocity proposals of the United States Government to the Co- lonial office ; they express hostility to full and complete reciprocity, but favor reciprocity in natural products. Jan. IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Coin and Currency Bill, to provide against the contraction of the currency, after 10 discussions. Intro- duced Dec. IS, 1S90. Jan. 19. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley issues a proclamation warning the Democratic claimants from attempting to exercise the functions of State officers. la. At "Vinton Judge Hoff holds the Wilson Bill constitutional, and the Iowa Prohibitory Law to be in force as to im- ported liquors. Jan. 20. D. C. Congress: In the Senate the Closure Resolution to limit debate is called up, and obtains the right of way for consideration on the 21st hist. It debates the Federal Elections Bill — the 36th discussion — without decisive results. Boston. A meeting of business men is held in Faneuil Hall to protest against the free coinage of silver. Conn. The state Senate allows the Republican hold-over officers to preside. Wis. In both Houses of the Legisla- ture bills are introduced for the repeal of the Bennett Compulsory Education Law. [Passed, Feb. G, signed by Gov. Peck.] Jan. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the Aldrich Closure Resolution is made the unfinished business ; in the House the District of Columbia Ap- propriation Bill is passed after six dis- cussions ; bill introduced Dec. 17, 1S90. UNITED STATES. 1891.Jan.16-Feb.il. 377 ■Jan. 23. The Legislatures of Missouri, North. Carolina, and Arkansas pass reso- lutions against making appropria- tions for the "World's Fair while the Elections Bill is pending. Jan. 24. D. C. Congress: The Senate takes another recess without voting on the Closure Resolution. Jan. 26. D.C. Congress: In the Senate the Aldrich Closure Resolution is dis- placed. Vote, 35-34. The House passes the Naval Appropriation Bill intro- duced Dec. 20, 1890. Senator Cameron of Pa. testifies be- fore the Silver Pool Investigating Com- mittee that he bought and sold 100,000 ounces of silver on margin before the Silver Bill passed the Senate. Spain agrees to the proposal of the XT. S. Government for the negotiation of a treaty of reciprocity "with Cuba. Jan. 27. D.C. Attorney-General Miller presents his answer in the Bering Sea case before the U. S. Supreme Court ; he holds that the seal-fisheries question is for the Executive, and not for the JifcUcial Department. Jan. 28. Conn. The House Committee on Canvass of Votes reports that of the State officers only Nicholas Staub, State Controller, is elected. Jan. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Apportionment Bill for members of Congress, under the 11th census, without amendment, by a strict party vote (37-24) ; [Feb. 10. Approved.] It passes the Dunnell Reapportion- ment Bill. [Feb. 10. Approved by the President.] Mont. The contesting parties in the Legislature agree to a compromise giv- ing the Republicans 2S members ; and the Democrats 27, together with the Speaker, the inferior officers, and the control of committees. Jan. 30. D. C. Congress adjourns as a mark of respect to the late Secretary Windom, he having been a member of both Senate and House. Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Military Academy Appro- priation Bill introduced Jan. 6 ; four witnesses testify before the Silver Pool Investigating Committee. Neb. The Senate adopts a memorial to Congress urging the appropriation of $1,000,000 for the relief of Western farmers suffering from crop failure. Jan. * III. The Legislature indorses the Free Silver Coinage Bill. Jan. * La. Judge Buckner of the Baton Rouge District Court refuses to grant a writ of mandamus compelling the Secretary of State to promulgate the lottery amendment which was passed by the last Legislature, and which Gov. Nicholls refuses to sign. Peb. 1. Mont. Speaker Witter (Rep.) of the Lower House dies, leaving the House a tie politically. Feb. 2. D. C. Congress: In the Senate the Hawaiian Treaty, the Fortifica- tions Bill, and the defenseless condition of the country, are discussed. The IT. S. Supreme Court holds that it has jurisdiction by way of prohibition to review the proceedings of the Alaska Court in the i of the forfeiture of Feb. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate adopts some amendments to the Forti- fications Bill, and passes the House Bill extending the time to 30 days for which the President may designate a temporary succession to the Cabinet, Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Fortification Appropriation Bill, after four discus- sions. [Feb. 17. Conference report agreed to. Feb. 26. Approved by the President.] It amends and passes the Military Academy Appropriation BUI. [Feb. 28. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 2. Approved by the President.] It be- gins the debate on the Nicaragua Canal Bill. [Nine discussions follow.] The House passes the Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Bill in- troduced Jan. 13. The presidents of the State organiza- tions of the National Farmers' Al- liance meet in Washington. The Committee on Silver Legislation submits a report urging upon Congress the demand for the free coinage of silver upon the same terms and conditions that gold is now coined. President Harrison asks the Senate to take action relative to the suppression of the African slave-trade and liquor- traffic. Conn. The Senate refuses to recog- nize the report of the House Commit- tee on Canvass of Votes. N. Y. The Senate passes the bill providing for the submission of the Prohibition Amendment to the voters of the State on April 14. Feb. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Pension Ap- propriation Bill. [Mar. 3. A confer- ence report is agreed to. Mar. 3. Approved.] The bill appropriates for pensions $133,173,0S5. The President issues a proclamation declaring that a satisfactory treaty has been made with Brazil under the terms of the reciprocity amendment to the Tariff Bill. (Effective April 1, 1891.) Ind. The Senate passes a sweeping measure against trusts. Feb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate recommits the Eight-hour Labor Bill. Vote, 27-24. The House passes the World's Fair clause of the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill ; the minority report of the Baum Investigating Committee offers a substitute for the majority reso- lution offered Feb. 6, condemning the course of the Commissioner of Pen- sions. S. Dak. The Senate by one majority decides to substitute life imprisonment for the death penalty. Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Sundry Civil Appropria- tion Bill, after five discussions ; bill introduced Feb. 3. Feb. 10. D.C. Congress : The Senate amends and passes the Army Appro- priation Bill. [Feb. 16. The House concurs. Feb. 26. Approved by the President.] It also discusses Com- mander Reiter's case in connection with the Barrundia affair. Jose' Martin Barrundia, a Guatemalan insurrectionist, a passenger on an Amer- ican vessel touching at San Jose\ is killed by Guatemalan officials, Aug. 27+ , 1S90, while attempting his arrest. Com- mander Reiter of the lianyer refused to interfere for his protection. The President approves the Act pro- hibiting the sale of tobacco to minors under 16 years of age in the District of Columbia. N. Y. In the State Senate a bill is introduced to authorize the construction of two bridges across the East River. Feb. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Naval Appro- priation Bill. [Feb. 21. A conference report is agreed to and the bill approved by the President.] N. Y. The Silver Pool Investigat- ing Committee continues to take testi- mony. The New York Chamber of Commerce delegation opposes the Free Coinage Bill before the House Committee on Coinage. N. Y. The Assembly passes the Acker State Care of the Insane Bill appropriat- ing $454,000, and another for a State printing-bureau. MISCELLANEOUS. 1S91 Jan. 18. N. Y. Buffalo loses $225,000 by fire. [Mar. 10. A like loss.] O. At Findlay a hotel is wrecked and several persons are killed by an explo- sion of natural gas. Jan. 19. Mo. The American National Bank of Kansas Citv suspends, with lia- bilities estimated at $2,250,000. Jan. 22. Cat. The Funeral Services of King Kalakaua of the Sandwich Islands are held in San Francisco. Jan. 23. N. Y. The Buffalo Clothing Exchange is burned ; the falling walls kill two firemen ; loss, $350,000. Jan. 27. Pa. An explosion of fire- damp in a shaft at the coke works near Mt. Pleasant kills 100 miners. Jan. 29. Cal. The canneries organ- ize with a capital of $5,000,000. Feb. 2. Conn. George M. Bradley, the first patient in the United States treated with Koch's remedy for tuberculosis, dies at New Haven. Feb. 3. N.Y. The Hecla Iron "Works, Brooklyn, take fire ; loss, $400,000. Feb. 6. III. The Pullman Car "Works are burned; loss, $200,000. N. Y. E. D. Church and Com- pany's soda works in Brooklyn are burned; loss, $200,000; 500 persons are thrown out of employment. Pa. A $4,000,000 contract to fur- nish armor for the Nary is awarded to Carnegie, Phipps, and Company of Pitts- burg. The nut and bolt works of J. H. Sternbergb at Heading are burned ; loss, $350,000. Feb. 8. Cal. The San Miguel Consoli- dating Mining Company is incorporated with a capital of $15,000,000. Feb. 9. New York. Table glassware manufacturers form a trust with a capi- tal of $1,000,000. 378 1891, Feb. 11-Mar. 9. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1891 Feb. 12. D. C. Col. Forsyth is exonerated from charges against him relative to the fight at Wounded Knee, in which women and children were killed. Mar. 2. U. S. Congress appropriates §25,000 for the equipment of the Naval Heserve. Mar. 6. D. C. The cruisers Philadel- phia and San Francisco are formally accepted by the Secretary of the Navy. Mar. 7. D. C. Secretary Proctor decides to enlist 2,000 Indians as soldiers. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1S91 Feb. 14. New York. The George I. Seney collection of pictures (106) is sold at public auction, and realizes §300,700. The American Academy of Po- litical and Social Science is incorpo- rated. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891. Feb. IS. Porter. David D.. adm. U.S. N., A78. Stuart, Alexander II. II., M. C. for Va., secretary of the interior, A84. Feb. 14. Sherman, William T.. gen. U.S. A., A71. Feb. 18. Siblev, Henry H., maj.-gen., first Gov. of Minn., A80. Feb. 19. "Winchell, Alexander, geologist, Universiiv of Michigan, A67. Feb. 24. Wilson, Ephr;iim K., senator for Md., A70. Feb. 28. Hearst, George, sen. forCal., A7I. Mar. 3. Furnian, James C., Bapt. clergy- man, president of Furnian University, AS2. Mar. 6. Hill, Joshua, senator for Ga., A79. LETTERS. 1891 Feb. 14. Boston. The New Na~ tio?i, by Edward Bellamy, appears as a weekly. Feb. 17. Prof. A. Graham Bell gives §25,000 to the Association for Teach- ing Deaf -Mutes. Feb. 19. Chicago. H. W. Rogers is in- stalled as president of the Northwest- ern University. Mass. The will of Mary A. Nevins bequeaths $20,000 to the Nevins Memo- rial Library of Methuen. Feb. 28. New York. The Friends hold an educational conference. Mar. 3. B. C. Congress passes an inter- national copyright law. [See July 1.] Mar. 7. Mass. Harvard receives $100- 000 by the will of Edwin Conant of Worcester. SOCIETY. 1891 Feb. 11. New York. The Ameri- can Newspaper Publishers' Associa- tion meets in annual session. Chicago. George J. Gibson, secretary of the Whisky Trust, is charged with bribing a gauger to blow up Shufeldt's anti-trust distillery ; he is arrested and held in $20,000 bail. [Apr. 20. The Fed- eral grand jury at Chicago finds a true bill against him.] Feb. 12. N. J. People in sympathy with the striking spinners at the Clark T-vead Works at Kearney join in a riot, and several thousand dollars of damage to property is the result. Feb. 13. Chicago. Italians stop work on the World's Fair site through fear of the mobs of unemployed workmen. Feb. 14. ftul. Charles hitter, teller of the First National Bank of Kvansville, is a defaulter in the sum of $25,000. Feb. 16. J). C. Senator Matt. Quay of Pennsylvania denies all the charges that have been made against him reflect- ing upon his public life. Neb. S. B. Cowles, bank president of Clarke, is arrested on the charge of mur- dering his wife. Feb. 17. New York. Hebrew private schools in tenement houses are closed by the Board of Health, owing to their filthy condition. 7?. /. The National Electric Light Association is in session at Providence. Feb. 18. Fla. Two outlaws. Mike Kelly and Jim Champion, are taken from jail at Gainesville, and lynched for murder and robbery. New York. The People's Municipal League effects a permanent organiza- tion. Feb. 19. New York. The remains of Gen. W. T. Sherman are escorted by an imposing parade of soldiers, Grand Army men, and others to the Pennsyl- vania Railroad station, en route to St. Louis. Feb. 22.-Mar. 1. D. C. The "Women's National Triennial Council is in ses- sion. It opens with religious services, and considers the subject of temperance ; it eulogizes Mrs. Windoin for not serv- ing wine in social life, and discusses woman's suffrage. Ga. A mob lynches two negroes near Brunswick. Feb. 23. Tex. John A. "Williams, a notorious train-robber, is sentenced at Linden to imprisonment for 99 years. Feb. 25. Fla. A "bulldozer" is fined $1,000 and costs in a Federal court. New York. The opposition to the Fayerweather will is withdrawn. The residuary legatees agree to give the immense sum in their hands to nu- merous colleges and charitable institu- tions ; the will, minus the codicils, is admitted to probate. Feb. 28. Boston. A strike at Dobson's plush mill is satisfactorily ended, and the men return to work. N. Y. The Senate Committee is again investigating the Sugar Trust — this time having several of the prominent Trust officers before it ; some of its books are missing. Feb. * Nero York. A strike of the em- ployees of the Troy Laundry Company end's in victory for the strikers. Mar. 1. Mb. Eight negroes are injured in a race-fight in St. Louis. Md. Cardinal Gibbons, in the cathe- dral at Baltimore, preaches against women taking part in politics. Mar. 2. Del. Ex-State Treasurer Her- bert is a defaulter to the State to the amount of 830,000. Mar. 5. New York. A riot of striking cloakmakers in Broadway is speedily quelled by the police. The Union Prisoners of "War Na- tional Memorial Association holds an The coroner's jury in the ease of the tunnel disaster holds the New York and New Haven Railroad officials re- sponsible forth.- death '.i the victims. [Mar. u. Messrs. Depew, Clark, and Park, as officials of the road, give bonds in $25,000 each. Mar. 31. The grand jury indicts the directors for misde- meanor in violating New York laws against heating ears l.v stoves. May 6. They are acquitted. (See Feb. 20, Mis- cellaneous.) Fla. Twenty-six illicit stills are destroyed, several lots of illicit rum seized, and 30 men arrested in a ten days' raid in West Florida. Pa. Burglars rob the Freeport bank of valuable bonds, money, and stamps ; total loss estimated at $59,000. Mar. 7. Miss. Colored lawyers at Greenville organize a State Bar Asso- ciation. Mar. 8. N. J. Delaware, Lackawanna, and "Western trainmen are discharged for signing petitions of saloon-keep- ers for licenses. Mar. 9. X. Y. A mob of Poles raids an employing cloakmakers establish- ment in Jamaica ; they destroy his sew- ing-machines and furniture, and scatter vitriol on his goods and child. STATE. 1891 Feb. 11. S.Dak. The high-license men in the House carry the motion to resubmit the Prohibition question. Vote, 32-29. Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the District of Co- lumbia Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 2. Conference report agreed to and ap- proved by the President.] In the House the appropriation for the clerical force of the Civil Service Commission is struck out of the Legislative Appropriation Bill on a point of order. A'. Y. The Assembly defeats the "Stadler Special License Bill." Vote, 63-00. Feb. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate adopts the Sherman amendment to the Copyright Bill (vote, 25-24), and lays the bill aside. The House passes the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropriation Bill, after five discus- sions. Introduced Jan. 10. President Harrison approves the Act for the tunnel between Staten Island and Long Island, N. Y. Ala. The Senate passes the House Bill to so redistriet the State into nine Congressional districts so as to give a solid white Democratic delegation to Congress by making two Congressional districts each 200 miles long and one county wide. N. Y. A bill is introduced in the State Assembly prohibiting the use of machinery in the State prisons. Feb. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate adopts an amendment to the Diplo- matic and Consular Appropriation Bill, pledging the support and assist- ance of the United States to any cor- poration that is willing to undertake UNITED STATES. 1891, Feb. 11-Mar. 9. 379 the construction of a telegraphic cable from the Pacific Coast to Hawaii ; also another amendment providing that Mexico shall rank as a first-class diplomatic mission. The House Committee on Coinage having reported adversely the Coin and Currency Bill, it is indefinitely postponed. New York: The IT. S. Senate Com- mittee begins its investigation of the Sugar Trust. Feb. 17. D.C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 3. A conference report is agreed to ; Mar. 2. Approved.] Feb. 18. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the Copyright BiU, with the Sher- man and Frye amendments, is passed after 15 discussions. Vote, 36-14. [Mar. 3. Conference report agreed to and bill approved.] The bill for a new Custom House in Bowling Green, New York City, is passed ; the House passes the Indian Appropriation Bill introduced Jan. 27. Feb. 19. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the bill for the adju- dication of claims arising from Indian depredations. [Mar. 2. Conference re- port agreed to and bill approved.] John J. Ingalls of Kan. formally resigns the office of President pro tempore of the Senate, which he has held for nearly four years ; for the first time in the his- tory of the House that body holds two distinct legislative sessions during the same calendar day. Kan. The House reconsiders the vote by which the bill authorizing women to vote was defeated, and passes the bill. Mass. The Senate passes the Con- stitutional amendments providing for biennial instead of annual elections. Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate discusses the Nicaragua Canal Bill ; the House Coinage Committee decides (vote, 8-4) to report the Senate Free Coinage Bill adversely, with a.recom- mendation that it be not passed. JV. Y. Ex-President Cleveland denies the report of his alleged withdrawal from the presidential campaign. Feb. 21. Cal. The State Senate passes the House bill appropriating $300,000 for its exhibit at the World's Fair. Feb. 23. £>. C. Congress: The House passes the Post-office Appropriation BUI after live discussions. Introduced Feb. 6. Ark. The House puts all the elec- tion machinery in the hands of the governor, the people not having any- thing to do with either judges or clerks of election. Feb. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate confirms by a unanimous vote the nomi- nation of Charles Foster of O. to be Secretary of the Treasury, and passes the bill to establish a U. S. Land Court. [Feb. 28. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 2. Bill approved.] The House passes the Direct Tax Bill. (See Mar. 2.) Vote, 172-101. Feb. 25. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Agricultural Appropria- tion BUI introduced Feb. 9. It lays on the table the Flower resolution for the reenumeration of New York City, the report of the census officers being approved as correct. Feb. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate amends and passes the Sundry Civil Appropriation BiU. [Mar. 2. The House concurs ; approved.] The House passes the General De- ficiency Bill introduced Feb. 17. It amends and passes the Post-office Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 3. Con- ference report agreed to. Mar. 2. Ap- proved by the President.] Kan. The bill providing for the re- submission of the Prohibitory Amend- ment to a vote of the people is defeated in the Lower House. Feb. 27. D.C. Congress : The Senate passes theLegislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 3. Conference report agreed to ; bill ap- proved.] It passes over the Direct Tax Bill. [Mar. 3. Approved by the Presi- dent.] The House amends and passes the Shipping BUI or the Postal-Aid Bill aiming to place the American merchant marine engaged in the foreign trade on an equality with that of other nations competing for the same service. Vote, 139-120. [Mar. 2. The Senate concurs in the House amendment. Mar. 3. Ap- proved by the President.] Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Indian Appropriation BiU with the House amendment. [Mar. 2. Conference report agreed to and bill approved.] It passes over the Eight-Hour Law Bill after nine discussions. Feb. 29. D. C. Congress: The Sen- ate adopts the Uthographers' amend- ment to the Copyright Bill ; the House passes the Sundry Civil BiU. Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate adopts the House Postal BUI, includes an appropriation of $1,250,000 in the Post-office BiU for the foreign mail service, and amends and passes the Agricultural Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 2. Conference report agreed to and bill approved.] Senator Mander- son is elected President pro tempore. The Senate passes the General De- ficiency Appropriation BiU. [Mar. 2. Approved by the President.] The House indefinitely postpones the bill to provide against the contraction of the currency. The President approves the bill for the repayment of $15,227,632 collected as a direct tax from the States, under the Act of Aug. 15, 1861, levying $20,000,- 000 for the maintenance of the war. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Senate the International Copyright Bill is passed without the Sherman amend- ment; the General Deficiency BiU is passed with several amendments. [Mar 3. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 2. Bill approved.] The Brussels Treaty is rejected in executive session ; the House passes the International Copyright BiU. Congress passes the French Spolia- tion Claims BiU, appropriating $1,304,- 095 to pay the findings of the Court of Claims for indemnity for spoliations by the French prior to July 31, 1801. (Senate vote, 41-14 ; House vote, 99-80.) After an all-night session the usual resolution of thanks to Speaker Reed is passed amid great confusion and by a strict party vote (152-116). The President approves the Shipping BiU, providing for the safe transport and humane treatment of export cattle, and for the inspection of export live stock and carcasses. The 51st Congress, the " Billion Dollar Congress ; " the second session ends. Gen. Barrundia's widow makes a claim of $1,000,000 upon the United States for the loss of her husband's life. Mar. 4. *N. Y. The State Assembly passes an amendment transferring contested election cases from the Legislature to the Courts. [Mar. 6. It passes the Senate by a unanimous vote.] Mar. 9. D. C. Sugar Refineries Com- pany officials refuse to show the books of constituent concerns to the Senate Investigating Committee. Va. The Legislature passes a gerry- mandering reapportionment bill, which is expected to give a Democratic major- ity of about fifteen on joint ballot. MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 Feb. 20. New York. A New Haven train crashes into a Harlem local in the Park Avenue tunnel ; six per- sons are killed and several injured. Feb. 21. Mo. The remains of Gen. "WiUiam T. Sherman arrive in St. Louis, and are escorted to their resting- place in Calvary Cemetery by a parade of soldiers, Grand Army men, and others. Feb. 22. Cal. The Elizabeth is wrecked at the entrance of San Francisco har- bor ; the captain and 17 saUors are drowned. Feb. 24. Pa. Four miners are res- cued after being entombed 20 days at Jeanesville. Feb. 28. N. Y. Traffic is resumed on the Central Railroad notwithstanding the strike. Mar. 1. New York. The ashes of Her- mann Meyer, a Staten Island saloon- keeper, are, in accordance with his dying request, scattered to the winds from the Statue of Liberty after the cremation of his body. Mar. 3. Mass. A gingham miU is burned at Adams,' loss, §700,000. Mar. 7. Tex. Archer City court- house is burned ; nearly all the county records are destroyed. 380 1891, Mar. 9-Apr. 13. AMERICA ARMY - NAVY. 1891 Mar. 15. Mass. The torpedo- boat Triana is "wrecked off Cuttyhuuk, while taking provisions to the crews of the stranded Government vessels Galena and Nifta. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 Mar. 12. New York. Several men of means subscribe $15,000 to pur- chase 99 Japanese swords for the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Mar. 21, ///. Natural gas is discovered while boring for water at Monticello. Apr. 3. Conn. New Haven women pre- sent the Greek tragedy Antigone with great BIRTHS - DEATHS. 1891. Mar. 9. Paddock, Benjamin H., Prot. Epis. bishop of Mass., At>3. Mar. 10. Swift, John F., U. S. minister to Japan, A62. Mar. 16. lirady, John R., justice N. Y. Supreme Court, A69. Mar. 18. Herndon, William H., law part- ner, biographer <.»f Lincoln, A7tf. Mar. 19. Young, Alexander, " Taverner," author, journalist, A53. Mar. 20. Barrett, Lawrence, tragedian, A53. Uphani, Frederick W., Meth. Epis. cler- gyman, A92. Mar. 21. Johnston. Joseph. E.. Confed- erate gen., A84. Mar. 32. Wells, Elija R., brev. maj. U. S. A., A 58. Mar. 23. Robinson, Lucius, lawyer, Got. of N. Y., A81. Mar. 26. Day, lLuimUal, bnu'.-gen., A87. Mar. 27. Mi; I^nery, John, Gov. of La., A58. Mar. 29. Crosby, Howard. Pres. clergy- man, philanthropist, AK5. Apr. 1. Hatfield, Robert M., Meth. Epis. clergyman, author, A73. Spear, Samuel T., Pres. clergyman, author, A79. Apr. 2. Pike, Albert:, poet, journalist, Con- federate bnu'.-uen., grand coin, of Scottish Rite of Masonry in V. S., A82. Apr. 7. Fowle, Daniel G., Gov. of N. C, A61. Bamum, Phineas T.. veteran show- man, A81. Prime, Edward D. G-, Pres. clergyman, editor Neir York Observer, All. Apr. 12. Tourjee, Ebcn, musical composer, founder N. E. Conservatory of Music, A.")7. Waterman, Robert \V\, Gov. Cal., A65. Apr. 13. Gilmour, Richard, Roman Catho- lic bishop of Cleveland, O., A67. CHURCH. IS91 Mar. 27. Mo. Archbishop Ken- rick washes, wipes, and kisses the feet of 12 boys in St. John's Catholic Church, St. Louis. Mar. 29. Pa. According to custom, at 5 A.M. 2,000 persons gather and hold Easter service in the Moravian grave- yard at Bethlehem. ■Apr. 6. O. The 39th annual Confer- ence of the Reorganized Church of the Latter-day Saints begins at Kirt- land. LETTERS. 1891 Mar. 11. NewYork. The friends of university and school extension hold a mass-meeting, with addresses by well-known educators. [Apr. 16. The Legislature appropriates §10,000,000 in support of the plan of University Ex- tension.] Mar. 12. Mass. A copy of the recently discovered treatise on the Consti- tution of Athens, by Aristotle, is received by Harvard. [Mar. 13. Colum- bia and Cornell also receive copies.] Mar. 23. Cal, David S. Jordan accepts the presidency of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University. Mar. 30. New York. The American Society of Authors is organized at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. 1891 Mar. 10. Miss. David H. Poston, a prominent lawyer of Memphis, is shot by H. Clay King. [July 3. King is found guilty of murder in the first de- gree. Sept. 17. He is sentenced to be hanged on Nov. G.j Mar. 11. New York. James A. Simmons is found guilty of embezzling $622,000 of the funds oi the Sixth National Bank. [June 26. He is sentenced to six years imprisonment.] Mar. 13. Wash. Cattle-thieves in Douglas and Lincoln Counties run off 12,000 head of cattle and several hun- dred horses. Mar. 14. Union Pacific telegraph opera- tors are required to either abandon labor organizations or leave their positions. La. The jury bring in a verdict of not guilty at New Orleans in the case of six of the alleged murderers of Chief of Police Hennessy, and disagree as to the others ; a desperate mob breaks into the jail, and shoots and hangs n of the imprisoned Sicilians. [Mar. 31. The remaining prisoners are released on bail. Apr. 7. The grand jury ac- tively enter's upon an investigation of the massacre. Apr. 17. Two arrests are made for the alleged bribery of jurors in this case.] (See May 5. J Neiu York. The Sugar Trust is again under investigation. Mar. 15. NewYork. The Parnell dele- gates arrive from Ireland and are re- ceived by a friendly delegation. [Mar. 19. They are given a warm welcome at a meeting in Cooper Union.] Mar. 16. NewYork. The Grant Mon- ument Fund now amounts to $145,- 97S.95. Mar. 18. New York. Gen. Peter J. Claassen, ex-president of the Sixth Na- tional Bank, is sentenced to six years in the penitentiary for embezzlement. The New York City "Woman Suffrage League gives a reception to Mrs. Clara B. Colley, editor of the Woman's Tri- bune, at the Park Avenue Hotel, about 500 persons being present. Mar. 20. New York. Italians hold a meeting at Cooper Union to protest against the New Orleans lynching. (See Mar. 14.) Mar. 21. Ga. Robert Willink is killed by a knock-down blow in an amateur prize-fight before the athletic club at Savannah. Ja. Three children die in Springville because of the neglect of their parents to provide medical attendance. W. Va.—Ky. It is announced that the long-standing Hatfield- McCoy vendetta is romantically ended by an engagement of marriage. Mar. 24. New York. The Sherman Statue Fund la now reported complete ; total amount collected, S44.7SG. Mar. 26. N. Y. A woman is robbed in Brooklyn of ? 1,300 by highwaymen. Mar. 27. 0. Men and women in a tem- perance crusade wreck a saloon, and destroy liquors, cigars, and billiard tables, at Bloomville. Mar. 29. Ala. Two negroes are lynched for alleged complicity in burn- ing tho town of Kussellville. Mar. 30. Ala. The National Real Es- tate Congress convenes in Birmingham. Pa. Riotous mobs, numbering be- tween 2,000 and 3,000 men and women, terrorize the Connellsville coke regions. They drive away the non-union work- ers, tear up railroad tracks, and destroy much property ; at Leith's works, near Uniontown, women disarm and beat the Superintendent, and drive away the workmen. [Apr. 2. Striking coke-workers attack the Moreland works, and are tired upon by deputy-marshals; 11 are killed and over 40 wounded. Apr. 3. The presence of the militia causes quiet. Apr. 7. Coke-workers are resuming work.] (See Apr. 21.) Apr. 1. Me. The Legislature passes a rigid temperance law. ^See May 4.i Mass. — N. LT. This day is observed as a fast-day by the proclamation of the governors in observance of a custom which has been continued for many years. Apr. 3. La. DetectiveD.C.O.O'Malley, accused of jury bribery, surrenders to the authorities at New Orleans. [Apr. 9. He is arraigned for perjury, con- spiracy, and attempted bribery of jurors in the Hennessy case.] (See May 5.) Apr. 4. N. J. "Warrants are issued for the arrest of the mayor and other offi- cials of Hoboken, for allowing viola- tions of the Sunday liquor law. [Apr. 5. The Sunday law is enforced, and the theaters are closed.] Kan. At Osage City, George Hoover. editor of the Times, is mortally shot by James McNales. Apr. 6. NewYork. The Christian League for the Promotion of Social Purity holds its first annual meeting. Apr. 10. D. C. Inventors and makers of patented articles organize a Na- tional Association in "Washington. O. "W. Dales, murderer of a police- man on March 31, is lynched at Ken- ton. Apr. 12. N. Y. A free kindergarten movement is organized at Buffalo. Apr. 13. N. J. Father M'Nulty of Pat- terson is beaten by a law-breaking saloon-keeper. New York. The American Copy- right League at its Sth annual dinner celebrates the enactment of the Copy- right Law in Congress. Samuel Fisher, a pool-room "man- ager," is sentenced by Judge Barrett to pay SI, 000 line and be imprisoned for three months. STATE. 1S91 Mar. 10. B.C. Secretary Blaine receives Lord Salisbury's communica- tion relating to the Bering Sea negotia- tions, offering a basis upon which to settle the difficulty. UNITED STATES. 1891, Mar, 9 -Apr. 13. 381 ft. I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.) is re- nominated for governor. Mar. 11. JV. Y. The State Senate passes the Acker State Care of the Insane Bill, appropriating $450,000 for that purpose ; the Assembly pusses the An- ti-Pinkerton Bill, and the measure providing for a garden over the Forty- second Street reservoir in New York City. Mar. 12. ft. I. The Democratic State Convention renominates the present State officers. Cal. The Assembly passes the Anti- Chinese Bill. Mar. 13. N. Y. New York makes the first application for repayment of the direct tax under the act of the last Congress ; the sum called for is $2,225,- 000. Pa. The Interstate Commerce Commission decides against the present coal rates of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and requires a reduction. Mar. 14. III. The Republican Conven- tion at Chicago nominates Hempstead Washburne for mayor. Mar. 15. I). C. Secretary Blaine sends a telegram to Gov. Nicholls of La. express- ing the President's regrets for the law- less violence of the Anti-Mafia mob, and demanding protection for Italian subjects in New Orleans, and the pun- ishment of the offenders. Mar. 16. N. Y. The State Assembly passes the bill incorporating a company to construct a tunnel between New York and Brooklyn; also the bill ex- empting bank cashiers and tellers from jury duty. Mar. 17. D. C. The Secretary of the Treasury refuses to permit the Assay office to furnish SI, 000,000 in gold bars for shipment to Europe. Conn. The House passes the Judson Bill for taking the controversy respect- ing the State offices to the Supreme Court. N. Y. The Assembly defeats the Stadler " Dance Hall " and the Hildreth Liquor Bills for open sale on part of Sunday. Mar. 18. Z>. C Mr. Cannon, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropria- tions of the 51st Congress, makes a state- ment of the appropriations of that Congress ; the total is $988,410,120. Mar. 19. X. H. Anti-license men refuse to vote in the House, which adjourns for want of a quorum. Mar. 21. Chicago. Carter Harrison's friends bolt the Democratic city con- vention, and nominate him for mayor; the regular convention renominates Mayor Cragier. Mar. 23. X. Y. The State Assembly by a party vote (62-48) refuses to submit* the Prohibition Amendment to the vote of the people in April ; it substitutes No- vember. Mar. 24. Mo. The State receives its share of the direct tax from the Fed- eral government. La. Gov. Nicholls replies to a des- patch from Mr. Blaine of Mar. 15 con- cerning the New Orleans lynching affair. Mar. 25. X. J. The Legislature passes a bill at the instance of liquor dealers, giving absolute power to County Boards of Excise to grant or revoke licenses at their pleasure, the Boards to be ap- pointed, by the governor. X. Y. In the State Senate the Vedder Bill taxing direct heirs of personal prop- erty valued at over $10,000 is passed. Mar. 26. X. H. The House rejects the Local-Option Bill. Vote, 166-148. Mar. 27- Me. The House passes a bill requiring that every voter shall be able to read and to write his own name. Mar. 30. Wyo. The "Wyoming forest reservation is set apart by proclama- tion of the President. [Another procla- mation follows Sept. 10.] Mar. 31. D. C. Baron de Fava, Italian Minister at Washington, is peremp- torily recalled by his government on account of dissatisfaction growing out of the negotiations concerning the kill- ing of alleged Italian subjects in New Orleans ; the correspondence between Baron de Fava and Secretary Blaine is made public. Del. The State Senate passes a Free School Bill which places white and col- ored schools on an equal plane. - Ale. The Legislature passes the Gen- eral Temperance Bill, which is charac- terized by its friends as one of the most important prohibition measures ever adopted in the State. U. S. The new Free Sugar La-w- and the new Immigration Law go into effect. m Apr. 1. ft. I. The election returns are announced. Davis, Dera., 22,249; Ladd, Rep., 20,- 995 ; Larry, Prohib., 1,829 ; Burton, Nat., 384. Davis lacks 960 votes of the major- ity over all necessary to elect ; conse- quently the Legislature will elect a governor. Apr. 2. D. C. Minister Rudini informs the Italian Secretary of Legation at Washington that his government de- mands only the prompt prosecution of the New Orleans lynchers. Apr. 6. D. C. Congress: George F. Edmunds resigns the office of U. S. Senator for Vermont, which he has held for 26 years; the resignation will take effect Nov. 1. Sir Charles Tupper and his colleagues of the Canadian Cabinet call upon Secretary Blaine for the purpose of continuing reciprocity negotiations, but leave "Washington on being informed of the desire of the President that the Con- ference be postponed. X. Y. In the State Senate the Bill appropriating $200,000 for the Chicago World's Fair is unanimously passed. Apr. 7. Chicago. Five candidates run for the office of mayor. The present mayor, De Witt C. Cre- gier (Dem.), Carter H. Harrison (Per- sonal Rights League and brewers), Hempstead Washburne (Rep.), Elmer Washburn (Citizens and Prohibition- ists), and Thomas Morgan (Socialist) ; Hempstead Washburne is elected. Apr. 8. B.C. President Harrison issues the Bering Sea proclamation, in com- pliance with the statute. Apr. 10. D. C. A despatch from Rome says that, in case the United States Government fails to answer by the fol- lowing day Minister Rudini's note relat- ing to the killing of Italians in New Orleans, the American Minister will be ordered to leave Italy. Apr. 11. Ky. The Constitutional Convention completes its work and adjourns. Apr. 13. X. Y. In the State Assembly Speaker Sheehan refuses to permit the reading of the minority report on the Schaff Excise Bill, permitting the sale of liquor on a part of Sunday. MISCELLANEOUS. 1S91 Mar. 13±. Colo. The city of Denver is without a mayor ; the acting mayor, after holding the office for nearly a year, being declared illegally elected. Mar. 14. N. Y. Two fires destroy $600,000 worth of business property in Syracuse. Tenn. The Central Insane Asy- lum, near Nashville, is burned ; six lives are lost. Sp. The Anchor line vessel Utopia is sunk off Gibraltar by collision with the Anson; 57*1 persons perish. New York. A fire destroys property worth $1,650,000. Mar. 18. X. J. The Cordage "Works at Elizabeth are burned; loss $601) ,000; 600 hands are thrown out of employ- ment. Mar. 21. New York. Hughes wins with a score of 55S miles the six days go-as- you-please walking match. A sperm whale is discovered and killed near East Hampton, Long Island. Tex. A soap manufacturing com- pany is organized at Houston, with a capital of sir>,000,000 ; it proposes to es- tablish plants in the principal cities in the cotton-belt of tbe South. The grip epidemic is prevalent in Pittsburg and Allegheny, Pa., in Mil- waukee, Wis., and Chicago, 111. Mar. 25. X. C. The Earn line steam- ship Strathairly is wrecked on the coast ; 19 of the crew of 26 are lost. Mar. 28. Chicago. It is announced that the death-rate has been more than doubled by the prevalence of the grip. A sash and door combination is effected. Mar. 31. New York. Mayor Grant issues orders for the removal of telegraph poles and wires from the streets. Apr. 2±. A combination between Spreckels and the Havemeyers is completed ; it is to he known as the West Coast Sugar Refining Company, the arrangement being that while one side is working the other side ceases. Apr. 4. Ark. The State Legislature re- fuses to appropriate money for the World's Fair. Apr. 11. Chicago. James W. Scott is chosen to succeed Lyman J. Gage as president of the Board of Directors of the World's Fair. Apr. 12. Chicago. A fire causes a loss of nearly $1,000,000. Apr. 13. X. J. Elizabeth loses prop- erty valued at $750,000 by fire. 382 1891, Apr. 13 -May 15. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1891 Apr. 19. Md. At Baltimore the "Old Sixth" Massachusetts Volun- teers are entertained in the city where they suffered. (See Array, Apr. 19, 1861.) Apr. 20. D. C. James J. Van Horn is commissioned colonel — Sth infantry. [Also George G. Huntt — 2d cavalry.] New York. The 9th Regiment of Volunteers entertains the survivors of the Confederate 3d Georgia Regiment with a reception and dinner. May 6. Cal. The Chilean insurgent steamer Itata is seized by the authori- ties at San Diego, at the instance of the Chilean minister. May 7. Cal. The Itata, with a deputy II. S. marshal in custody of it, sails from San Diego harbor and escapes ; cannon are hoisted from the hold and mounted, while the marshal is sent ashore in a boat, eight miles from port. May 9. The cruisers Charleston, Balti- more, and San Francisco are under orders to recapture the fugitive steamer Itata. May 13. Pa. Troops are -withdrawn from the coke region, order being re- stored. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 Apr. 17. Tex. A fatal tornado occurs. [May 19. Tornadoes do much damage in Texas. Oct. 24. One in Mississippi. Nov. 27. One at Red Bud, 111., kills two persons and wrecks 35 buildings.] Apr. 25. N. Y. Natural gas and oil are discovered at Newfane. Apr. 27. New York. Ground is broken for the Grant monument with imposing ceremonies. (See Sept. 5, 1S90.) May 2. Alas. The exploring party dis- covers a large lake, which proves to he a reservoir of Sakkr River ; it is claimed to be the source of the Yukon River. May 5. New York. The Carnegie Mu- sic Hall is opened by singing the dox- ology, and an address by Bishop Potter. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891. Apr. 14. Spinola, Francis B., M. C. for N. T., A70. Apr. 17. Hamilton, Charles S., maj.-gen. vols., A69. Apr. 19. Taylor, Alfred, rear-atlm. U. S. N., A81. Apr. 20. Darling, Henry, president of Hamilton College, A 68. Pettengill, Samuel It., pioneer advertis- ing agent, A68. Thacher, James K., professor physiology at Yale, A44. Apr. 23. Moen, Philip L., manufacturer of farm machinery, A67. Apr. 29. Long, Arrnistead L., Confeder- ate gen., Lee's chief of staff, A64. Apr. 30. Conant. Thomas J., Bapt. cler- gyman, Biblical scholar, ' "" LeConte, Joseph, plr University, of Cal., A73. " May 4. Pratt, Charles, millionaire, philan- thropist, foamier of Pratt Institute, A61. May 8. Hilgard, Julius E., physicist, super- intendent coast survey, A66. CHURCH. 1891 Apr. 26. N Y. The Rev. Dr. Tannage's new tabernacle in Brook- lyn is formally opened. (The third Tabernacle.) Apr. 30. Mass. Rev. Dr. Phillips Brooks is chosen Protestant Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts. May 3. New York: The American Bi- ble Society celebrates its 75th anniver- sary. May 11. New York. The Presbytery hears Dr. Briggs's protest against the appointment of the committee to exam- ine his inaugural address ; hut it de- clines to censure a sister presbytery. [May 12. It decides, 44 to 40, to put Dr. Briggs on trial for heresy.] LETTERS. 1891 Apr. 16. New York. Itev. James M'Mahon gives real estate worth $500,- 000 to the Catholic University at Washington, D. C. Apr. 19. Md. Col. J. T. Seharfs notable collection of curios, historical matters, and manuscripts are presented by him to Johns Hopkins University. Apr. 22. New York. A valuable collec- tion of hooks — 11,000 volumes, valued at $15,000 — is given to the Museum of Natural His tory. May 6. New York. The Roman Catho- lic Press Association of the United States is Apr. 21. Boston. Gen. B.F.Butler is declared disorderly in the United States Court, and is quietly ejected by order of Judge Carpenter. Apr. 22. Okla. Chief-Justice Green, at Guthrie, decides that women are eligi- ble to public office ; and, further, that a woman may, in the absence of a stat- ute, hold any office not incompatible with her sex. Apr. 23. Mich. Street-car strikers in Detroit cause much disorder. New York. The Patria Club holds its first meeting. Apr. 24. New York. The dead body of ltil:» Of i lodging- Apr. 25. Chicago. Over 400 marble-cut- ters are out on a strike. N. Y. Women are organized into the Mushing Citizens' League; officers are elected. Apr. 26. Boston. Mrs. Annie Besant addresses the opening session of the Na- tional Convention of Theosophists. Apr. 27. La. The Supreme Court at Xew Orleans sustains the application of the Lottery Company for a mandamus, despite the veto of Gov. Nicholls. It compels the promulgation of the SOCIETY. 1891 Apr. 13. D. C. The President and Mrs. Harrison aud party leave Washington at midnight for their trans- continental trip ; the train bears in letters of gold the inscription, "The Presidential Special." [Apr. 14. He is welcomed and makes addresses at several stopping-places in Virginia and Tennessee. Apr. 15. He is welcomed at Chattanooga, Ga. Apr. 16. He is received at Birmingham and other places along the route from At- lanta, Apr. 18. He is welcomed at Houston and Galveston, Tex. Apr. 20. At San Antonio. Apr. 21. At El Paso, Tex. Apr. 22-h Along the road from Tucson, Ariz., to Los Angeles, Cal. Apr. 25. In San Francisco with imposing cer- emonies. Apr. 30. At Monterey. May 6. At Portland, Ore. May 7. At Seat- tle, Wash., from whence he returns East. May 9. At Salt Lake, Utah. May 10. At Glen wood Springs, Colo. May 12. By an oration at Denver, Colo. May 13. At Omaha, Neb. May 15. He returns to Washington.] Apr. 14. Mo. The Commercial Con- gress begins at Kansas City ; a letter from President Harrison is read. New York. W. Heeney, a Bricklayers' Union walking delegate, is arrested and held in §1,000 bail. Apr. 15. New York. Ex-President N. Niles of the Tradesman's National Bank is rearrested aud arraigned on a charge of embezzlement. Apr. 1S±. /. T. Seven negroes are shot at Okmulgee, capital of the Creek Na- tion, for the murder of two Creek In- dians. Pa. In the Connellsville coke region strikers attack deputy-sheriffs at one of the Frick Company's plants ; shots are exchanged, and one deputy is seriously wounded. [Apr. 21. Pinkerton guards arrive and protect property. Apr. 23. Violence and bloodshed occur : three men are shot. May 4. The sheriff's dep- uties shoot a striker. May 19. Serious riots occur.] the char- years voted proposed amendments to ter of the Lottery Company for 2 at SI, 250,000 a year, the sanJe to h on at the election. Apr. 28. Chicago. The first official act of Mayor Wasliburne is to order all the gambling-houses in the city to be closed. New York. John T. Hill, deceased, late president of the Ninth National Bank, has been discovered to he a de- faulter to the amount of $400,000. Apr. 29. N. Y. Arthur C. Gilman, who died in Flushing, Long Island, is found to be a defaulter for nearly $223,000. O. Three recent attempts have been made to blow up Springfield's new City Hall, costing 8400,000. Wis. A statue and fountain erected in Milwaukee, to the memory of Henry Bergh, is unveiled in the presence of a large assemblage. Apr. * A Census Bureau bulletin shows 24.6 per cent increase of white pop- ulation in the South Atlantic States, Missouri, and Kansas, and only 13.9 per cent increase of the colored race. Apr. * V. S. The Superintendent of Im- migration reports that the number of immigrants from Italy exceeds those from every other country. Apr. * Del. It is enacted by the Legis- lature that all tramps may be arrested and sent to work for GO days breaking stone for mending roads. They are to work eight hours a day, and, if refractory, to be put in solitary confinement on bread and water. May 1. Ind. About 3,000 miners make an unsuccessful strike for a wage-scale. [They hold out for two months at a wage-loss of SS75,000.] New York. Kev. C. H. Farkhurst is elected tosucceed Rev. Howard Crosby as president of the Society for the Sup- pression of Crime. A meeting is held to celebrate the abolition of the poorhouse system of UNITED STATES. 1891, Apr. 13 -May 15. 383 care of the insane ; speeches are made by Joseph H. Choate, Bishop Potter, Grover Cleveland, and others. Work is practically stopped in the "building trades by a strike of the house- smiths. Strikes are general in the Worth and East fur the 8-hour day and higher May 2. Kan. The female Mayor of Kiowa has shut up all its gambling- houses and saloons, and Will allow uf no action to reopen them. May 3. X. Y. Three horse-ear lines in Long Island City are tied up by striking drivers. New York. The Poles of New York City and Chicago celebrate the 100th anniversary of the adoption of their liberal constitution. May 4. Me. The new liquor law, which provides for a fine of §100 with 60 days in jail for the first offense, goes into effect to-day; result, a general closing up of liquor-shops. May 5. La. The New Orleans grand indicts O'Malley and five associates for jury bribing, and accuses three of the jury of being bribed ; but refuses to indict the lynchers of the Italians. [June 8. Bernard Glaudi is convicted of offering a bribe to a juror. July 24. The last Mafia bribery case ends ; ver- dict, not guilty. Oct. 9. The State aban- dons the case against O'Malley.] (See Mar. 14.) Me. The East Maine (Methodist) Con- ference protests against the acts of the Administration in endeavoring to en- large the malt-liquor trade with Cen- tral American States. New York: The 26th annual meeting of the National Temperance Society is held ; Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler is re- elected president. May 6. Mo. The 29th International Young Men's Christian Association Convention opens in Kansas City. X. J. Westfield is terrorized by tramps. May 7. X. Y. A memorial service in honor of Gen. Sherman is held in the Academy of Music, Brooklyn; speeches by Chauncey M. Depew, Gens. Howard, Slocum, Swayne, Porter, and others. The Brooklyn Memorial Hospital for Women and Children is formally opened. May 8. Del. The lower House of the Legislature passes the Local-Option Bill. Vote, 14-4. X. Y. The will of Mrs. M. A. Os- borne, admitted to probate, gives Yale College $150,000 for a memorial hall to her husband, and makes provision for a Memorial Home for Aged "Women in Westchester County. Xew York. The Lumber Dealers' As- sociation resolves to boycott the Lumber Handlers' Union. Wis. The Grand Lodge of the An- cient Order of United Workmen at Milwaukee decides that liquor-makers and saloon-keepers are eligible to be- come members. "Vote, 114-81. May 10. Minn. John Mehan, the leader of a band of robbers operating in Yir- Xew York. Beth Israel Hospital is opened in its new house with addresses by prominent Hebrews. May 11. Kan. A convict forges his own pardon and raises a draft from SI to §20,000, but is discovered before being released. X. Y. The 116th anniversary of the capture of Ticonderoga is celebrated by the Sons of the Revolution. May 12. Md. A negro is lynched at Centerville by masked men after being sentenced to 21 years for assaulting a woman. Phila. The Typographical Union celebrates the 63d birthday of G. W. Childs by a banquet. May 14. La. The mayor of New Orleans appoints a committee of over 50 citizens to investigate the matter of oath-bound societies in the city, and how to sup- press them. STATE. 1891 Apr. 14. X.J. Gov. Abbett signs the Congressional Reapportionment and Assembly Districting Bill, thereby giving to the Democrats six out of eight Representatives, and 40 out of 60 Assem- blymen. Apr. 18. X. Y. The Legislature unani- mously passes a bill appropriating $10,- 000 for carrying out a plan of university extension under the Board of Regents. Apr. 19. D. C. It is announced that an agreement has been reached between Secretary Blaine and the Belgian Min- ister by which the Kongo Treaty will be saved. Apr. 21. O. The Fourth Annual As- sembly of League of Republican Clubs holds its first session at Cincinnati. Apr. 22. O, James S. Clarkson of la. is chosen President of the Republi- can National League at Cincinnati. Apr. 23. Pa. The House passes an amended Brooks Wholesale License Bill. Apr. 30. Mich. The Legislature passes a bill for the election of Presidential electors by Congressional districts, with two delegates at large, one each from the Eastern and "Western districts — a measure to divide the Presidential vote. May 5. Xeb. The Supreme Court decides that James E. Boyd (Dem.), being an alien, is ineligible to the governorship, and it reinstates Gov. Thayer (Rep.). May 6. Cat. Upon the representation of the Chileau Minister, orders are is- sued from "Washington for the seizure of the steamer Itata, supposed to have on board arms intended for the Chilean insurgents ; she is taken in charge at San Diego by the U. S. marshal. May 7. D. C. Secretary Blaine's latest letter to Sir J. Pauncefote, stating the conditions on which the U. S. Govern- ment is willing to submit to arbitra- tion the Bering Sea dispute, is made public ; it is dated April 14. May 8. Mass. The House passes a bill fixing 125 feet as the limit of height for nouses in cities. May 9. Kan. Mrs. Mary F. Burton, postmistress, is elected police judge at Jamestown, Cloud County. May 14. Xew York. The Union League Club memorializes Congress on the dan- gers of unrestricted immigration, natu- ralization, and suffrage. May 15. D. C. Green B. Raum, Jr., resigns his position as assistant chief clerk in the Pension Office. (See Feb. 6.) MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 Apr. 14. Mo. The first "Western States Commercial Congress meets at Kansas City. [Apr. 17. Two reports are presented ; altera heated debate, the majority re- port, favoring unlimited coinage of sil- ver and atariff exclusively for revenue, is adopted.] Apr. 15. Ifl. The annual meeting of the Whisky Trust takes place in Peoria. It reports sales for the year of 44,748,171 gallons, nearly 4., !>.!;.> ; miscellaneous items, $23,374,457. Total revenue, $392,612,446. Expenditures: Premiums on loans, pur- chase of bonds, etc., .310,401,221 ; miscel- laneous items, $110,048, 167 ; War Depart- ment, $48,720,065; Navy Department, $26,113,896 ; Indians, $8,527,469 ; pen- sions, 3124,415.951 ; interest, on the public debt, $37,547,135. Total ordinary expen- ditures, $365,773,004 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditures, $26,H3,s.542. Exports, $SS4,4S(),.SH) ; imports, 3*44,016,- 196. Public debt (Dec. 1), $1,546,061,695. July 1. Cal. The Australian Ballot Law becomes operative. D. C President Harrison issues a proclamation that Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Switzerland have complied with the first conditions of the International Copyright Act ; the act goes into effect. The Treasury Department reports a reduction of $20,000,000 of debt, and $53,853,808 surplus for the fiscal year. ■ la. Hiram C. "Wheeler (Rep.) is nom- inated for governor. July 2. D. C. At a special meeting of the Cabinet it is decided to extend the 4£ per cent bonds at 2 per cent after Sept. 2 ; a circular is issued to this effect. July 7. Cal. The Attorney-General or- ders that the Itata, now at San Diego, be libeled for attempting to carry mu- nitions of war to the Chilean insurgents. [July 9. Another libel is filed for violat- ing the Neutrality Law.] July 9. D. C. President Harrison ap- points T. C. Mendenhall, of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and C. H, Merriam, of the Agricultural Department, Com- missioners to visit Alaska and gather information on the Bering Sea question. July 15. D.C. The Postmaster-General issues a notice to bidders to carry the U. S. mail to foreign countries in vessels of American build. 0. James E. Campbell (Dem.) is re- nominated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1S91 June 21. O. On the Nickel Plate Road near Dover 15 cars are wrecked ; one man is killed and more than 30 are injured. June 23. N. Y. Nearly 20 people are injured by a collision of two trains at White Plains. June 24. Conn. Columbia freshmen defeat Harvard and Yale in a boat-race ; time, 9.41. June 25. Conn. In the 9th intercol- legiate boat-race, three miles straight, the Cornell crew breaks the record, and defeats the University of Pennsylvania by six lengths, and Columbia by 13 lengths ; time, 14 minutes, 27;V seconds. June 27. N. Y. Commissioners con- demn 50 acres on Plum Island for Government purposes, fixing the price at $90,000. June 30. Colo. The first passenger-train ascends the inclined railway on Pike's Peak. New York. The Board of Aldermen decide against the Elevated Railroad's occupancy of part of the Battery Park. Vote, 16-8. July 1. Mass. Holden celebrates the 150th anniversary of its settlement. July 3. O. A freight-train crashes into an express-train at Ravenna ; the wreck takes fire from the lamps, and 19 of the passengers are burned to death. U. S. It is reported that during the first six months of the current year 16 complete railroads — mileage, 2,590, bonded debt and capital stock, $106,531,000 — have been sold to satisfy creditors' claims. July 4. W. Va. In an accident on the Kanawha and Michigan Railroad 14 persons are killed and many injured. July 6. N. Y. The New York and Brook- lyn Bridge trustees turn over the bridge funds to the two cities — $100,000 to Brooklyn and $50,000 to New York. July 7. New York. The Empire Print- ing Works are burned ; loss, $175,000. July 8. O. A large building and a valu- able stock of furs are destroyed by fire in Cincinnati ; loss, nearly $900,000. July 9±. Cal. Bush fires burn over 10,000 acres of grain, feed, and timber lands. July 11. Pa. A syndicate purchases for $1,000,000 the stores of the Cambria Iron Company at Pittsburg. 388 1891, July 15 -Aug. 15. AMERICA ARMY -NAVY. 1891 July 20. Tenn. A body of 1,000 miners at Briceville compel the militia to withdraw with the convicts sent to work in the mines ; the governor orders 10 companies of militia to the place. July 21. X. Y. The Naval Reserve and the Squadron of Evolution unite in a drill in the North River. Aug. 1. D. C. John S. Poland is com- missioned colonel — 17th infantry. Aug. 11.- X. Y. A satisfactory test is made of the Sims-Edison torpedo- boat at "Willet's Point ; its speed is 20 miles an hour under perfect control. X. J. A charge of 440 pounds of powder is used in the 12-inch gun at the Government proving-grounds, Sandy Hook ; the French smokeless powder is also satisfactorily tested. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 July 21. Va. A monument to * ' Stonewall " Jackson is unveiled at Lexington. Gen. Jubal A. Early is the orator. July 23. Prof. Herbert B. Adams of Johns Hopkins University is appointed chief of the World's Fair Department of Liberal Arts. July 28. Commander Perry of the North Greenland exploring party reports his vessel, the steamer Kite, ice-bound in the Straits of Belle Isle. Aug. 5. Pa. A cloudburst floods the country near Harrisburg. [Aug. 23. An- other at Pottsville.] Aug. 9. Cat. A great earthquake and tidal wave occur at the mouth of the Colorado River, accompanied by wonder- ful phenomena ; the whole region is stirred by hundreds of mud volcanoes and sulphur eruptions. Aug. 12. D. C. The Hth annual con- vention of the American Society of Microscopists meets at Washington. Aug. 13. Mass. The Soldiers* Memo- rial Monument at Cottage City is dedi- cated. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891. July 17. Browne, Thomas M., statesman, A62. July 20. Davenport, Fanny E. V., actor, A62. July 35. Newi'.ninb, Richard S., lawyer, A47. July 26. Dillingham, Paul, Gov. of Vt., A92. July 28. Haverneyer, Frederick C, sugar refiner, A84. Aug. 8. Ax tell, Samuel B., Gov. of New Mex A72. Aug-. 7. ISoi.'oe.k, Thomas S., speaker Con- federate Congress, A6K. Aug-. 8. Bigelow, Allen Gilman, author, poet, musician, A37. Aug-. 9. Camphell, .labez Pitt, bishop Afri- can Meth. Epis. Church, A76. Aug-. 12. Jones, George, proprietor tfeio York Times, A80. Lowell. James Russell, poet, professor at Harvard, minister to England, A72. CHURCH. 1891 Aug. 2. N. J. The relics of St. Quietus the Martyr (discovered in 1849, and given to the Rev. A. Curren by Pope Pius IX., with authority to expose them for public veneration) are trans- ferred with great ceremonial from old St. Mary's Church to anew resting-place in Hoboken, Aug. 13. The Pan-Republic Congress Executive Committee calls upon min- isters and others to use for their text on Discovery Bay, Oct. 16, the words cast on the Independence Bell of Philadel- phia — a bell rung on July 4, 177G. (See Lev. xxv. 10.) LETTERS. 1891 July 17. LT. The Indian Bureau makes contracts this year with Cath- olic Indian Schools directly, instead of through the Bureau of Catholic In- dian Missions as before ; amount given, $400,000, as against §300,000 last year. July 26. Chicago. Orrington Lunt has presented 850,000 to found a new library building for the Northwestern Univer- sity. July 27t. Pa. The University of Pennsylvania receives several large bequests for the " School of American History and Institutions." Aug. 15. Tex. The attorney-general de- cides that nuns are eligible to teach in the public schools of this State. SOCIETY. 1891 July 15. Cal. A riot occurs in San Diego, when deputy marshals try to arrest some of the Charleston sea- men ; one sailor is killed and one fatally wounded. N. Y. The National Temperance Convention begins its session at Sara- toga. The International Medical Con- gress, called for the discussion of the use of alcohol by physicians, meets at the National Prohibition Park, Staten Island ; Dr. N. S. Davis of Chicago pre- sides. Tenn. Armed miners oppose con- vict labor in mines; the authorities de- termine to have the convicts work, even if blood is shed. [July 20. The free miners attack the militia at Briceville, and force the con- tractors to withdraw the convict miners from their work. July 24. A compro- mise is agreed to ; the convicts are allowed to return to work without military protection, and the Legislature must change the law to suppress such labor within 00 days.] (See Aug. 31, Sept. 11.) July 16. D. C. The Secretary of the Treasury awards a silver life-saving medal to Mabel Mason for saving Thomas Jones from drowning in the Detroit River on May 11. Mass. At Greenfield the grand jury reports the indictment of County Treas- urer C. M. Moody, who pleads guilty to the last count — the embezzlement of $i6,ooo. Mo. The glassblowers' convention at St. Louis votes to withdraw from the Knights of Labor. N. Y. The National Photogra- phers* Association is in session at Buffalo. July 18. N. H. Frank Almy shoots Miss Christie Warden at Hanover, be- cause of her refusal to marry him. [Aug. 20. Almy is captured in a bun on the Warden place ; besurrendereonly after long parleying and much shooting on both siden, in which one man is wounded.] X. Y. Charles Runels bequeaths six thousand dollars to the Methodist Old People's Home in Brooklyn. July 19. X. ./. A Chinaman is under arrest for abducting u 15-year-old girl in Camden. July20. Minn. A mass-meeting is held at St. Paul, to protest against allowing the Hall-Fitzsimmons prize-fight to take place there. At the close of the meeting about 5,000 people proceed to the State Capitol to present a memorial to Gov. Merriam concerning it. [July 22. The governor's resolute action prevents the tight.] 7?. I. The American "Whist Con- gress meets at Providence. July22. Boston. The Republican Press Club of Massachusetts is organized; Joseph L. Shipley of the Springyield Union is elected president. Ga. B7. C. Brown, editor of the Southern Alliance Farmer of Atlanta, is arrested for editorially advertising a lottery in his paper. III. The Highland Association of Hlinois unanimously elects Sir William Gordon-Cumming honorary chief, in place of the late Sir John Macdonald. Minn. The General Grand Chapter of the Royal Arch Masons of the United States begins its 28th triennial convocation in Minneapolis. July 23. Boston. At a meeting of the Patriotic Order Sons of America, an anti-Catholic State ticket is nominated. New York. The city editor of the Daily Xeics is indicted for violating the law forbidding papers publishing detailed accounts of executions by electricity. Phila. The Jewish Alliance of America issues a circular containing a detailed plan of distributing Russian Jews in communities throughout the "West and South. July 24. X. Y. Augustus Lewis is ar- rested for bigamy in Kllenville ; he has no less than eight living wives, ranging in age from 22 to 50 years, while he him- self is but 47 years old. July 25. New York. S. W. Lewis is con- victed of defrauding his wife of over $50,000, and sentem-ed to seven years and six months in prison. July 26. X. Y. Spiritualists open a Congress at Cassadaga Lake. Chautau- qua County ; it is to last six weeks. Tenn. A negro is lynched bv men armed with Winchester rifles, in Jack- son. July 27. N. J. The street-car lines of Newark are tied up by a strike. July 28. 0. W. E.Elliott, former pro- prietor and editor of the Sunday Capital, Columbus, who killed a reporter of the Sunday World, is convicted of murder in the second degree. July 29. III. The National Memorial Hall Association, Grand Army of the Republic, of Decatur, is incorporated, its purpose being to build a hall in which to preserve official records of the Grand Army, war relics, trophies, etc. UNITED STATES. 1891, July 15 -Aug. 15. 389 N. Y. The American Paper Man- ufacturers' Association begins its 14th annual meeting at Saratoga. New York. The New York Herald is indicted for publishing the details of the recent executions by electricity in Sing Sing prison. July 31. III. Farmers notify the mer- chants of Thorn psonville that if the three saloons located there are not closed at once they will boycott the town. Chicago. Railroad strikers are fined for conspiracy. July* U. S. The Knights Templars report a membership of 85,443. Aug. 1. Mick. A farmer named "Wil- liam Kepke, in Rogers City, near Alpena, confesses having killed two men — 1G years ago ; he says he is conscience- stricken, and can get no rest. Aug. 2. Neb. A mob of several hun- dred drunken men attacks the Omaha and Granite Smelting Works in Omaha, driving out the workmen in defiance of all the authorities. New York. C. E. Goodwin, a commis- sion merchant, is fatally shot at his own door by B. C. Webster while under the influence of liquor. S. Dak. Judge Aiken puts an estop- pel upon the wholesale granting of di- vorces in this State by affirming that divorce papers will be issued only on good grounds to actual residents. Aug. 3. N. J. Asbury Park and Ocean Grove have a baby parade, which is two hours Aug. 4. La. A bloody fight takes place near the Texas line between cat- tlemen and thieves ; 1G men are killed and several wounded. - — Mich. The Grand Army of the Republic meets in its 25th National Encampment at Detroit ; [John Palmer of N. Y., commander-in-chief ; 40,000 veterans march in the parade]. Pa. The Pottsville Iron and Steel Company are running five large double furnaces with non-union men. Aug. 5. D. C. The Catholic Total Abstinence Union opens its 21st an- nual session in Washington, Bishop Cot- ter, of "Winona, Minn., presiding; total membership represented, 53,000, besides several detached societies. Mich. The Women's Relief Corps meets in convention at Detroit, Mrs. Mary S. M'Henry, national president, in the chair. Its membership (77,779) is divided into 2,022 corps, and represents nearly every State and Territory in the Union. New York. The police make a raid on io Chinese "fan-tan," dens captur- ing 36 Chinamen. The Chamber of Commerce gives a dinner to the officers of the Squadron of Evolution. Aug. 8. Mass. Calvin Page of Boston recovers his two daughters from the Pai Ute Indians of Dakota; they had been held prisoners for 12 years. Aug. 9. Mich. The mayor of Escanaba forbids by proclamation 'ex-Priest Chini- quy lecturing in the city ; he also for- bids owners and managers of public places of assembly renting the same for the delivery of the Cbiniquy anti-Catho- lic lectures. N. Y. Brooklyn police capture a .girl burglar, making three females ar- rested within two weeks for that crime. Aug. 10. Chicago. The president and vice-president of the " National Capital Building and Loan Association of North America," with stock for #2",(H)0,«tH>, are arrested by the post-office authorities for swindling. Aug. 11. Mass. The 19th annual con- vention of Fire Engineers assembles at Springfield. Aug. 12. Ga. The governor signs the bill prohibiting the sale of liquor within three miles of any church or school, except in incorporated cities ; this nearly approaches virtual prohibi- tion in Georgia. Aug. 13. D. C. President Harrison re- ceives from Queen Victoria a despatch expressing her sorrow and regret on the death of James Russell Lowell. New York. Over 1,000 cloakmakers, cutters, tailors, and pressers go out on strike. A. Backer, who recently failed for 84,000,000, is arrested on a charge of grand larceny. Aug. 14. Mass. James Russell Lowell is buried from Appleton Chapel, Har- vard University, -with simple and unos- tentatious services. N. Y. A Brooklyn boy, 15 years old, one of a gang of "beard-pullers" (He- brews being the victims), is sentenced to 25 days in jail. Aug. 15. la. The National Colored Congress is in session in Red Oak. New York. The Foresters have a grand parade of about 15,000 men. STATE. 1891 July 16. D. C. The Secretary of the Treasury issues a call on Na- tional Bank depositories for nearly $4,000,000 of Government funds in their possession. July 25. Alas. The British and American Bering Sea Commission- ers meet for consultation at Ounalaska. July 29. U. S. Senator Quay and Col. Dudley resign their offices in the National Republican Committee ; Gen. James S. Clarkson of la. is elected chairman. July" 31. D. C. President Harrison is- sues a proclamation announcing a treaty of reciprocity with San Domingo. Aug. 1. D. C. Bering Sea is divided into districts for patrol purposes ; one legal warning is given to sealing vessels. Aug. 3. Ky. In the State election a Democratic governor and other officers are chosen, and the new Constitution is ratified. Vote, 312,950-74,446. Aug. 6. La. The Farmers* Alliance and the anti-lottery Democrats unite upon a joint ticket. O. John Seitz (People's Party) is nominated for governor. Aug. 11. Tex. The people ratify five Amendments to the State Constitution so as to authorize : Registration of voters in cities of 10,000 and over ; legal rate of interest, 10 per cent, but where in con- not stated, 6 per cent ; adopting and enforcing local prohibition; creation of additional courts and criminal appeals. Aug. 13. D. C. The President pro- claims the Cherokee strip in Oklahoma closed to settlers. MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 July 15. New York, A lumber raft arrives from St. John, N. B., con- taining 3,500,000 feet. Pa. Glassware manufacturers combine with those of Ohio and West Virginia, forming one association of IS firms, called the United States Glass Company; capital, $1,000,000. July 17. Mass. A fire at Lynn de- stroys two business blocks ; loss, .s:j()0,0U0. 0. Wine men are killed, a number injured, and two locomotives and 12 cars wrecked, at Hepburn. The Southeastern Mississippi Valley Association of Railroads is organized. July 19. 0. The Standard Oil Com- pany obtains all the wells of the Mar- ion Natural Gas Company. July 22. New York. The Rapid Tran- sit Commission decides upon a route for a four-track underground railway for the East Side. Wash. Five car-loads of stolen horses, valued at $10,000, are shipped from Pampa to Chicago over the Union Pacific Railroad. July 23. Mich. The Detroit Street Bail- ways, over .SO miles lung, are purchased by a New York and Boston syndicate for about $5,000,000. July 24. Phila. Campbell and Elliott's cotton-mills are burned ; loss, $650,000. July 25. O. An excursion- train is ■wrecked near Middletown ; seven per- sons are killed and many injured. Tex. Dallaslosesabout$2,000,000 by a fire in its business section. Wis. All the street-railway lines and electric-lighting facilities in Milwaukee are placed under the control of the Vil- lard syndicate. July 31. Ky. A train is wrecked near Louisville ; 13 persons are killed and 18 injured. Aug. 1. Boston. A Kindling "Wood Trust is formed. Aug. 3. N. Y. The Richmond County Electric Light, Heat, and Power Com- pany's works at St. George are destroyed by fire ; loss, $150,000. Aug. 5. New' York. The White Star steamship Majestic arrives from Queens- town, after breaking the record, hav- ing made the voyage in five days, 18 hours, and eight minutes. Aug. 6. N. Y. A passenger- train dashes into the rear end of a freight-train near Syracuse on the "West Shore Eoad ; 13 persons are killed and over 20 injured. Aug. 8. Eng. The American dory, Sea Serpent, Capt. Lawlor, after crossing the Atlantic, arrives at Cowes, Isle of Wight. Mich. Forest fires rage in the north part of the State. New York. The price of crude petroleum jumps from 52 cents to 70^ cents in two hours. 390 18 9 1, Aug-. 15 - Sept. 19. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1891 Aug. 17. Tex. Troops are search- ing for Simon Garcia, a notorious bandit and train-robber, who with 25 followers is raiding the country north of Brownsville. Aug. 19. Cal. The cruiser Charleston leaves San Francisco for Yokohama. Sept. 7. Secretary Tracy orders the war- ship Pensacnfa to proceed at once to Honolulu to protect American inter- ests. Sept. 10. H. I. The 150th. anniversary of the Newport Artillery is cele- brated. D. C. Charles T. Alexander is com- missioned colonel — medical depart- ment. [Oct. 14. Edward P. Pearson — 10th infantry. Dec. 4. Horace Jewett — 21st infantry.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1S91 Aug. 17±. Cal. The amount of water in the Salton Basin is estimated at 4,460,544,000 cubic feet. [Oct. Hi. The lake is rapidly disappearing.] Pa. Experiments made in Pittsburg relating to the properties of nickel-steel and manganese-bronze result in the discovery of a new metal with superior characteristics for all uses. It is of high tensile strength, impervi- ous to acids, indestructible by corrosion, and capable of being wrought while either hot or cold. Aug. 18-26. Tex. Gen.R.G.Dyrenforth conducts experiments for the Govern- ment, near Midland, for the artificial production of rain by firing explosives in the upper air. [Aug. 27. Success re- ported — later denied.] Aug. 19. D. C. The American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science meets at "Washington. [Prof. Joseph Leconte, president.] Vt. A monument 30S feet high, com- memorative of the Battle of Benning- ton, is dedicated at Benuington. Aug. 20. III. An air-ship at Monti- cello is guided by means of a sky bicycle so that it safely lands five miles from the place of ascension. Aug. 24. D. C. The American Society of Geologists meets at Washington. [It announces the discovery of the "correlation of geological forma- tions.'*] Aug. 26. D. C. The 5th International Geological Congress begins its ses- sions in "Washington. Aug. 31. X. Y. The 26th annual ses- sion of the American Social Science Association is opened in Saratoga ; ad- dress by President Andrew D. White. Sept. 11. Cal. Petroleum oil is discov- ered at Cobiago, 50 miles southwest of Fresno. Sept. 15. X. Y. The Rensselaer County Soldiers' and Sailors' monument is dedicated at Troy. [Sept. 17. Another at Yonkers.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891. Aug. 16. Sorakichi, Matsada ]{., Japanese wrestler, A33. Aug. 21. Bragg, Walter L., interstate commerce commissioner, A.W. Aug. 27. Pomeroy, Samuel C, senator for Kan., A76. Aug. 31. Ohnstead, John W., Bapt. cler- gyman, editor, A75. Sept. 9. Buni.lv, Jonas M., journalist, A55. Sept. 11. Latrobe, John II. B., lawyer, philanthropist, historian, inventor, A88. Sept. 14. Loring, George B., commissioner agriculture, ,V74. Sept. 18. Quimby, Isaac F., gen., A70. CHURCH. 1891 Aug. 16. N. Y. Between 3,000 and 4,000 Roman Catholics, principally from Troy and Albany, make a pilgri- mage to the shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs at Auriesville, the place where two missionary priests are said to have been killed by Indians in 1642. Aug. 26. X. J. Thirty thousand per- sons attend the Ocean Grove Camp- meeting. Sept. 18. New York. The Temple Beth-el, one of the largest and most magnificent Jewish synagogues in the country, is dedicated with imposing cer- emonies. LETTERS. 1891 Sept. 3. X. Y. Horace B. Silli- man of Cohoes is elected president of Hamilton College. Sept. 8. 77/. Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller is elected principal of the "Woman's College of the North- western University. SOCIETY. 1891 Aug. 16. X. J. The Platt- deutsch Volksvest Verein begins its an- nual festival at Union Hill. Aug. 17. Ark. J. L. Bay, an expert ac- countant, employed h> c\; i n line the books of ex-Treasurer woodruff, is arrested on a charge of stealing $100,000 in State script. (See June 26.) New York. People's baths are suc- cessfully opened at No. Centre Market- place, in a thickly settled neighborhood, by the New York Association for Im- proving the Condition of the Poor. Aug. 18. Phila. Charles Lawrence, ex- cashier of the Keystone National Bank, is sentenced to seven years' imprison- ment. [Sept. 7. One of the clerks, J. F. Lawrence, is arrested.] N. Y. President Harrison makes speeches at many cities en route from Cape May to Bennington, Vt., to attend the dedication of a battle monument. [Aug. 25. He speaks at Saratoga, and makes eight speeches en route to St. Albans. Aug. 26. He speaks in Vermont to large assemblies at Richmond, "Water- bury, Montpelier. Plainfield, and St. Johnsburv. At Montpelier he speaks in the Capitol to the members of the State Legislature. Aug. 27. He speaks at Bellows Falls and other places. Aug. 28. At Rutland and Proctor.] Aug. 24. .l/o. Brutal outrages are per- petrated by a band of 15 men to drive the Chinese from Missoula. Pa. A desperado holds up a train and robs and shoots several persons while two of his companions keep guard. Aug. 25. Conn. The National I tion of the Daughters of Liberty, rep- resenting a membership of G.402, opens at Waterbory. Aug. 26. Boston. The American Bar Association meets. [Aug. 28. It rotes medals to David Dudley Field and Lord Selborne.] Cal. Three hundred employers orga- nize a Manufacturers Association in San Francisco to resist the encroachments of trades-unions. Aug. 27. A';/. Two men are killed and one mortally wounded in a feud at Georgetown. Aug. 28. ///. The survivors of the Black Hawk "War of 1831 and 1832 hold their first reunion at Lena; 17 veterans attend. Ky. TT. Dudley, colored, is taken from jail and lynched by a mob at Georgetown. Phila. Alfred H. Love is elected president of the Universal Peace Union. Aug. 29. Kan. A feud results in the wilful shooting of J. P. Farr by C. A. Schultz, both farmers of Doniphan; Farr is mortally wounded. Aug. 30. Ind. The United Brethren brick church at Bourbon is wrecked by dynamite. N. Y. A ruffian enters a convent attached to the church of Our Mother of Sorrows, assaults several of the nuns, and escapes. Tenn. An ex-preacher, S. C. Stone. is arrested in Memphis on a charge of Aug. 31. Conn. Henry Bushenhagen, aged GO, and his wife Emily, aged 71, are killed in Bloomfield by a tramp to whom they gave shelter ; S200 reward is offered for his capture. Chicago. The cabinet-makers are or- dered out on strike. Kan. A secret order of boomers is organized on the border of Southern Kansas for the purpose of making a raid on the Cherokee Strip, burning the grass, killing the cattle, and holding the land for homes. N. Y. The American Social Sci- ence Association opens its meeting at Saratoga ; president, Andrew D. White. [It discusses labor organizations and trades-unions.] — — Tenn. The Legislature denies the pe- tition of the free miners, and declares its contract with the lessee of convict labor is binding, and must be observed until the expiration of the lease. (See July 15.) Aug. * Kan. "White maskers fasten a bov 17 vears of age to a fence-post, and give him 100 lashes for knocking down his father and ill treating his mother and sisters. Sept. 1. Colo. Seven masked men stop a Denver and Rio Grande train, rob the express-car of £3,600, and es- cape. X. J. Large quantities of Paris Ereen are found in a well at May's anding; a timely discovery is made, but the perpetrators are unknown. New York. Mayor Grant welcomes the State Liquor Dealers' Convention. He savs that there are not enough police to enforce the Excise Law. and that he is in favor of legal selling dur- ing " certain hours" on Sundays. UNITED STATES. 1891, Aug. 15-Sept. 19. 391 Sept. 2. Tex. Six masked robbers attack a Southern Pacific Railroad train with dynamite and rides ; they secure a large sum of money, and escape to Mexico. Sept. 3 . Chicago. The American Sab- bath Union representatives argue be- fore the "World's Fair Commission in favor of closing the "World's Fair on Sunday. New York. The police are forbidden to receive bribes or to spy into illegal liquor-selling during forbidden hours; on the other hand, judges refuse to hold the liquor-dealers, unless the police can testify that they bought the liquor at their saloons. Sept. 5. N. Y. Swiss-Americans cel- ebrate the GOOth anniversary of Swiss independence. Tex. A band of train-robbers are overtaken by a company of rangers ; 13 robbers and two rangers are killed. Sept. 6. Colored cotton-pickers per- fect an organization that numbers half a million throughout the Southern States ; their wage-scale demands not !ess than §1 per 100 pounds, and board. Sept. 7. Cal. The brig Tahiti arrives off San Francisco with a cargo of Gil- bert Islanders, 300 in number ; they are thought to be slaves. Labor Day is generally observed throughout the country ; there is a gen- eral cessation of business, and working men indulge in parades and out-of-door pleasures. Sept. S. Conn. Groton celebrates the 110th anniversary of the Battle of Groton Heights. Sept. 9. N. Y. Mrs. Leland Stanford gives property valued at §100,000 for the benefit of the Society for the Kelief of Orphans and Destitute Children in Albany. The Eelief Fund for the sufferers by the Park Place catastrophe amounts to $21,997. (See Miscellaneous, Aug. 22.) Sept. 10. Chicago. P. "W. Dittlinger is arrested for embezzling $16,000 from the Chicago Building and Loan Association, of which he was treasurer. Sept. 11. Tenn. The sub-lessees at the Briceville mines are arming guards to prevent interference of free miners with the convict miners. (See July 15.) [Oct. 31. The armed miners of Briceville visit two prisons and set 300 convicts free. Nov. 10. At Oliver Springs 200 more are set at liberty.] Sept. 12. Ga. Two men rob the night express on the Central Railroad 10 ruiles west of Savannah. ; Neio York. The 253d anniversary of the landing of the Swedes on the shores of the Delaware is celebrated. Sept. 13. Ga. Georgia pays a pension of $100 each annually to four thousand Confederate soldiers' widows. Sept. 15. The Brotherhood of Teleg- raphers and the Railway Telegra- phers unite, and apply for admission to the Federal Council of Railway Em- ployees. New York. Mexicans celebrate the 81st anniversary of the beginning of the war for Mexican independence. Utah. The Irrigation Congress is in session at Salt Lake City. Sept. 17. Chicago, The National Asso- ciation of Military Surgeons is organ- ized. Tex. E. M. Tate, editor of the Hop- kins County Echo, shoots and kills Everett Moore, editor of the Alliance Vindicator , at Dallas. Sept. IS. N. Y. James E. Ostrander of Kingston is arrested for stealing $75,000 from the Ulster County Savings Institu- tion, of which he was treasurer. STATE. 1891 Aug. 20. Va. Gen. Mahone issues a political circular, in which he says that a fair election cannot be had in Virginia under the present law. Aug. 24. I). C. The Secretary of the Treasury gives notice that the 4i- per cent bonds will be paid upon maturity, Sept. 2. Aug. 26. Ga. The House refuses to accept for the State the Confederate Veterans' Home erected by popular sub- scription, and cost ins; uver's r >0,000. Vote, 94-62. Aug. 27. Md. "W.G. Van Wort (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 31. Tenn. The Legislature meets in extra session to consider the State convict labor system. [Sept. 3. The lower House votes in favor of convict leases.] Sept. 1. Z>. C. The Treasury Depart- ment reports the public debt reduced §5,5S1,S95 in August. U. S. The reciprocity treaty with Spain regarding Cuba and Porto Rico takes effect. Sept. 3. Ger. The German Govern- ment removes the prohibition upon the importation of American pork. N. Y. J. W. Bruce (Prohib.) is nomi- nated for governor. Sept. 4. Chicago. The "World's Fair Cor- poration asks for a loan of $5,000,000 from the U. S. Government, to be repaid out of the first receipts of the Fair. Tenn. The House resolution declar- ing that the General Assembly has no power to annul the convict lease passes the State Senate. Sept. 5. D. C. The Chilean Minister leaves Washington. [Sept. 7. The State Department officially recognizes the new Chilean Government.] Sept. 9. III. The World's Fair Board of Control asks for Federal inspec- tion of the Exposition buildings. Mass. Charles H. Kimball (Prohib.) is nominated for governor. N. Y. J. Sloat Fassett (Rep.) is nom- inated for governor. Sept. 12. Tenn. The Legislature kills the bill for abolishing the convict-lease system by passing a bill empowering the governor to keep the National Guard under arms to prevent and sup- press unlawful assemblages. [Sept. 14. The lower House passes the bill against prize-fighting.] Mass. Charles W. Lowell (Rep.) is nominated for governor. .V. Y. Roswell P. Flower (Dem.) is nominated for Sept. 18. I). C. President Harrison announces by proclamation that the ceded Indian lands in Oklahoma Terri- tory will open to settlement Sept. 23. The State department at Washington is formally notified that a band of men on the Texas frontier contemplates a forcible invasion of Mexico. MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 Aug. 15. Chicago. On 'Change wheat for December delivery sells at S1.0S, an advance of eight cents per bushel over the previous day. Aug. 18. Fla. Jacksonville is greatly damaged by fire ; loss, $1,000,000. Aug. 19. New York. The White Star Line steamship Teutonic arrives from Queenstown after lowering the trans- atlantic record to five days, 16 hours, 31 minutes. Aug. 22. Neio York. Many persons are buried beneath the de'bris of a falling building in Park Place; tire follows the fall and 61 lives are lost. Aug. 27. N. C. In a rail- spreading accident on the Western North Carolina Road, two miles west of Statesville, 20 people are killed and 30 injured. Pa. A Philadelphia and Reading train, consisting of engine, tender, and three cars, breaks the American rec- ord by running 12 miles, from Jenkins- town to the Delaware River, in eight minutes, 42£ seconds ; speed, 82.7 miles per hour. Sept. 4. Mich. At a factory near White Pigeon 16 tons of dynamite explode ; the" building is destroyed and 16 work- men are killed. Sept. 5. Mo. Miles of grain-laden cars are side-tracked at Kansas City, and the market is choked. Sept. 7. The cotton crop of the United States this year is 8,652,597 bales, 1,300,000 more than last year. Sept. 8. Cat. The first car-load of raisins is shipped from Fresno for New York. Sept. 12. N. Y. The first train over the new route from Oyster Bay, Long Island, to Wilson's Point, Conn., is run aboard the transportation boat of the Sound Ferry, completing the line be- tween Long Island and Boston. Sept. 13. Del. The Delaware Iron Works at Newcastle are burned ; loss, $300,000 ; over 800 persons are thrown out of work. Sept. 14. N. Y. The New York Central Company runs a train from New York to Buffalo, 4361 miles, at an average speed, exclusive of stops, of 61.56 miles an hour. Sept. 15. New York. Fire destroys the old Commercial Advertiser building and the one adjoining ; loss, §300,000. Utah. The National Irrigation Congress opens in Salt Lake City. Sept. 16. /. T. Silver mining begins. Mich. The great tunnel under the St. Clair River between the United States and Canada is opened. 392 1891, Sept. 19 -Oct. 19. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1891 Sept. 20. Va. The Chancel- lors ville Battle-field Association is incorporated, with a capital of $100,000 in shares at $10 each. Its property consists of 845 acres of land, and covers the field of operations in May, 1863. Sept. * Wash. The Federal Government establishes a naval station at Port Orchard. Oct. 5. X. Y. The militia is held un- der arms at Kingston to protect the wreckers of the Ulster County Savings- hank from the enraged people. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 Sept. 22. Mass. The "Worces- ter Music Festival opens with a per- formance of Bruek's Arminius. Sept. 23. Me. A tornado cuts a swath in the woods, taking everything in its path for six rods in width and an eighth of a mile in length. Sept. 28. D. C. At the Catholic Univer- sity at "Washington a marble statue of Pope Leo XIII. is unveiled in the pres- ence of Cardinal Gibbons and Arch- bishop Corrigan. Congress passes an act to reserve the Big Tree Grove in California as a public park, to he called Sequoia Park. Sept. 29. Pa. A wonderful oil-well is opened IS miles west of Pittsburg; it flows 10,000 barrels of petroleum in a day. Sept. * Pa. A soldiers' monument is unveiled at Pottsville. Oct. 3. III. The natural-gas well at Paw Paw burns out suddenly, leaving its users in darkness. Oct. 5±. X. J. Thomas A. Edison in- vents a new form of electric motor for street-cars, which he claims will be from two to three times cheaper than the cable and trolley systems. Tex. An old gold-mine in Llamo is rediscovered. Oct. 6. Ga. A new mechanical cotton- picker gives satisfaction to investiga- tors, and proves a practical success. Oct. 7. A Piano Manufacturers' Com- mittee, of which "William Steinway is chairman, agrees to fix the standard pitch at 435 vibrations per second for A in a temperature of 68° Fahr. ; this pitch has been adopted in France, Austria, and Italy. Chicago. The colossal equestrian statue of Gen. U. S. Grant is unveiled in the presence of a vast concourse, in- cluding regulars, militiamen, Grand Army men, and prominent public men. (See Apr. 30, 1890.) Oct. 12. N.J. A monument commem- orative of the GOth anniversary of the first operation of a steam railway in New Jersey is dedicated near Borden- town. Oct. 13. Wis, A rich discovery of silver is made within 20 miles of "West Su- perior. Oct. 14. X. Y. A granite monument to the memory of Red Jacket, the chief of the Six Nations, of the Iroquois family, is unveiled on the shore of Sen- eca Lake, near where he was born. Oct. 17. X. Y. A monument is dedi- cated to the memory of Gen. Brownell in Cypress Hill Cemetery by his friends of the 47th Regiment of Brooklyn. Oct. 18. The 55 remaining pictures of the Verestchagin Collection are sold for 541,880. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891. Sept. 19. Scott, William L., M. C. for R. I., A63. Sept. 21. Whitthome, Washington C, sen- ator for Tenn., A66. Sept. 23. Morehouse, Albert P., Gov. of Mo., A 56. Sept. 25. Burchard, Samuel P., Pres. cl., "Rum, Humanism, IteU'llion," A79. Sept. 26. Hodge, Caspar W., professor Bible Literature at Princeton, ABO. Sept. 28. Melville, Herman, novelist, trav- eler, A72. Oct. 1. "Watterson, Hervey M., journal- ist, A80. Oct. 12. Bigelow, Hobartll.,Oov. of Conn., A57. Oct. 13. McCawley, Charles G., col. com- manding V. S. Marine Corps, dies. Oct. 15. Lee. Williams. Fitznugh. Con- federate niaj.-gen., A54. Oct. 16. Ingraham, Duncan N., com. TJ. S. N., A 88. Oct. 17. Parton, James, author, journalist, A68. CHURCH. 1891 Sept. 21. X. Y. The 5th Con- gress of German Catholics of the United States begins at Buffalo. A mon- ster parade of German Catholic societies takes place. Sept. 22. X. Y. The 14th National Unitarian Conference opens at Sara- toga. Sept. 23. New York. The 34th anni- versary of the Fulton Street Daily- Noon Prayer-meeting is attended by a large number of people. Sept. 24. Pa. The Schwenkf elders hold their 157th annual memorial re- union in Reading ; they number five con- gregations, "with a total membership of 1,000, all in Pennsylvania. Sept. 30. New York. The 108th Conven- tion of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of New York meets. Oct. 2 . The Jewish New Year — An- no Mundi 5652 — begins this evening •with services in the synagogues. Oct. 5. Xetv York. The delegates to the 2d Ecumenical Methodist Council at Washington are given a reception by the Methodists of this city. ' [Oct. 7. The Council opens in the Metropolitan Church. Oct. 14. It votes in favor of closing the World's Fair on Sunday. Oct. 17. President Harrison and Secretary Noble address the Council. Oct. 20. It approves the proposal to hold another Council in 1901, and adjourns.] The Presbytery of New York hears the charges and specifications against Prof. Briggs; it decides to proceed with the trial, and votes down all efforts to compromise the matter. Vote, 64-62. [Xov. 4. It dismisses the charges after listening to Prof. Briggs'a reply.] Oct. 11. .V. J. The First Presbyte- rian Church at Morristown celebrates its centennial with appropriate services. Oct. 14. Boston. Rev. Phillips Brooks is consecrated 'Protestant Episcopal) bishop for the Diocese of Massachu- setts in Trinity Church. LETTERS. 1891 Sept. 21. Tex. Atty.-Gen. Jones gives an opinion in which he says that Bible-reading in the public schools is unconstitutional. Sept. 24. Xew York. Col. H. S. Olcott lectures on " Theosophy and Madame Blavatsky." Oct. 1. Tex. The medical branch of the University of Texas at Galveston is opened by the State. Cal. Leland Stanford, Jr., Uni- versity at Palo Alto opens with 473 stu- dents; appropriate exercises are held. Oct. 7. N. Y. The new Library building of Cornell University — the gift of Henry Sage, is formally opened. The library of History and Political Science (15,000 volumes), given by ex- President White, is received at the same time. Oct. 14. ///. Rev. Hiram Buck gives $30,000 to the "Wesleyan University at Bloomington. Oct. 15. New York. The "Woman's University Club is incorporated. Its purpose is to promote literature and art and social welfare among college- bred women. SOCIETY. 1891 Sept. 21. X. Y. Italian citizens in Xew York and Brooklyn celebrate the 21st anniversary of the end of the Pope's temporal power. Sept. 22. B.C. The Congress of Ameri- can Physicians and Surgeons opens. III. The Russian Colonization So- ciety is permanently organized, with Senator John M. Palmer as president, and Rabbi Isaac Rubenstein as director- general. Sept. 25. Phila. Lord Hawkes's team of cricketers plays the first of eight games in the United States at Manheim, against the All-Philadelphia eleven. [Sept. 2S. The Philadelphia^ win.] Sept. 27. X. J. The annual convention of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers is held in Jersey City. S. C. The mayor of Spartansburg is fatally shot by a negro. Sept. 29. A*. Y. The annual convention of the National Civil Service Reform League is held in Buffalo. George Wil- liam Curtis is reelected president. Sept. 30. Chicago. World's Fair direc- tors give a banquet to the European envoys. Ga. The wharf laborers strike at Savannah and bring business to a stand- still. Tnd. "White Caps whip a woman nearly to death. UNITED STATES. 1891, Sept. 19 -Oct 19. 393 N. Y. A masked robber breaks into an express-ear on the New York Central Road between Albany and Little Falls ; he robs the safe of all the money he can conveniently seize, and escapes. Tex. A socialist is refused naturali- zation in Uvalde. Oct. 1. Ark. Nine negroes are taken from a sheriff by an armed mob and lynched. Chicago. The convention of the Irish National League of America meets. Pa. A general strike of railroad coal-miners of the Pittsburg district begins; 10,000 men quit work. Oct. 2. Ala. Masked white men lynch a prosperous negro farmer near Chil- dersburg. Oct. 3. Boston. A petition with at least 10 miles of signatures in favor of outlawing the liquor- traffic and opium-trade is prepared for presenta- tion to the ensuing great temperance convention. N. J. In spite of protest by petition, saloons are legally forced upon Mill- ville; this is the first time in 20 years that saloons have been permitted. New York. A daughter is born to ex- President and Mrs. Grover Cleveland, and named Ruth. Oct. 4. N. Y. Two Chinamen, on their way to Sunday-school, are brutally ill treated by a gang of drunken roughs in Brooklyn. Oct. 5. N. J. Near Newark, Patrick Brady, after a drunken bout, beats and kicks his wife to death in the presence of their children. Mo. In Stone County, a band of outlaws armed with Winchester rifles is discovered in a cave ; the authorities are guarding the entrance, and intend " to starve them out." Oct. 6. N. Y. A convention of Typo- graphical Unions opens at Syracuse, to provide a plan for more thorough organization. "Oct. 7. N. Y. The Lake Mohonk Indian Conference begins its sessions. Oct. 8. Colo. The American Humane Association is in session at Denver. Chicago. Gen. G. M. Dodge is elected president of the Society of the Army of Tennessee. N.Y. Buff alo lithographers strike because women are employed. Oct. 9. Kan. Anti-prohibitionists in Kiowa petition the woman mayor to resign because she makes continual war on the " dives." Neb. A mob breaks into the jail and hangs a negro, named Coe, at Omaha. [Oct. 10. Seven of the mob are arrested and locked up ; upon threats being made of liberating them, they are re- leased on bail. Oct. 15. The assistant county-attorney and City Councilman Moriarty, and six other prominent men of Omaha, are arrested for taking part in the lynching.] Oct. 11. La. A hot campaign is con- ducted on the lottery issue ; party lines are broken, the division being for or against the lottery. Md . Sunday closing is strictly en- forced in Baltimore. Druggists may sell on prescription only, but no proprietary medicines, mineral waters, or soda-water ; cigar .stores must be closed, and side-doors to saloons are closely watched; barber shops are also closed. [Oct. 12. Much indignation prevails because 176 persons have been cited before the grand jury for violating the law.] Oct. 12. Robbers partially wreck a passenger-train on the Central Pacific Railroad. Pa. The National Prison Con- gress is in session at Pittsburg. [Oct. 13. The Committee on Police re- ports that the chief superintendents of police are a unit in placing the chief detriments to police management to politics, licentiousness, and gambling, with lightness of sentences and laxness of prison discipline, etc., as allowed by Legislatures.] Phila. The Human Freedom League organizes at Independence Hall. The American Society of Railway Superintendents holds its 20th annual meeting. Oct. 14. Ind. The National "Water- ways Convention of about 300 dele- gates opens in Evansville. New York. T. H. Stout, a trusted employee of a Stock Exchange firm, at present in Europe, is found to be a de- faulter to the extent of $40,000. Oct. 15. Chicago. Delegates from 35 cities of the Union organize the United States "Warehousemen's Association. Oct. 16. Chicago. The Evening Post says that the street and alley committee of the Common Council has made a se- cret demand for $20,000 to pass the Wabash Avenue cable-loop ordinances, which it refuses to report. Ind. The alleged shortage of County-Auditor Lavelle of Washington is nearly $100,000; this is shown by the records which a tire at the court-house failed to destroy. N. Y. In a suit brought by the Adams Express Company, an attachment to the amount of upwards of $700,000 issues against the property in New York State of ex-President Hoey, who is directly charged with embezzlement. Oct. 19. Ky. The "Wholesale Drug- gists' Association opens its session in Louisville. STATE. 1891 Sept. 23. X>. C. President Har- rison appoints a commission to fix the true boundary between the United States and Mexico. Dkla. About 300,000 acres of Indian lands are thrown open for settlement. Sept. 26. Pa. Gov. Pattison calls an extra session of the Senate to investi- gate charges against the financial offi- cers of the State. Sept. 29. Conn. Both claimants to the governorship agree to take the contro- versy into the State Supreme Court for settlement. Mass. William E. Russell (Dem.) is nominated for governor. D. C. The State Department is noti- fied that the Provisional Government of Chile withdraws from its position adverse to the diplomatic rights of the United States. Oct. 9. New York. The People's Mu- nicipal League chooses candidates for the Assembly on the Ballot Reform Oct. 11. D. C. It is stated that the German Minister has concluded a con- vention with the State Department whereby Germany will remove the duty from American grain, in return for the continued free admission of beet- sugar into the United States. Oct. 16. Wyo. The Shoshone and Arap- ahoe tribes of Indians cede to the Federal Government 1,000,000 acres of their reservation, for which they are to receive 55 cents an acre. MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 Sept. 20. Pa. Three persons are killed and 20 cars of cattle and 40 freight cars destroyed in a railway accident at Greenburg. Sept. 23. Mich. The Union Mills at Duluth lose $100,000 by fire. +• Minn. Forest fires destroy villages and large tracts of timber lands. Property valued at $197,500 is burned in Minneapolis, and many firemen are much injured. Sept. 24. N. J. The Crescent Pottery in Paterson is burned ; loss, $150,000. Pa. Trains collide near Zelienople ; eight persons are killed and five injured. Sept. 25. Conn. A railway collision near Hawleyville kills several persons. N. J. A bomb explosion at Newark kills 11 persons. Sept. 27. Boston loses $500,000 by fire. Tenn. Chattanooga loses $650,000 by tire. Sept. 28. Neio York. John W. Mackay and party arrive in the private railway car Grassmere, after making the trip from the Pacific to the Atlantic in four days, 12 hours, and 28 minutes. Sept. 29. Ire. The White Star Line steamer Teutonic arrives at Queenstown, after making the eastern passage in 88 minutes less time than any previous record. Sept. 30. O. Three persons are killed and 20 injured by a train collision near Kent. Oct. 1. N. C. The Southern Interstate Exposition at Raleigh opens. Oct. 4. Cal. Forest fires are raging ; villages and much property are de- stroyed in Eldorado County. Oct. 7. Me. Forest fires do much dam- age. Oct. 8. Conn. The tobacco crop is the largest ever known. Oct. 11. The U. S. Steamer Despatch is a complete wreck and fast going to pieces on a reef near Nicaragua. Oct. 15. Ky. The Cumberland Valley Colliery plants at Pineville, and coal, iron, and timber lands in eastern Ken- tucky, are purchased by a Belgium syndicate for $5,000,000. Oct. 17. Kan. The pontoon bridge over the Missouri River at Leaven- worth is destroyed by a storm. Oct. 18. New York. The horse St. Blaise brings $100,000 at the Belmont 394 1891, Oct. 20 -Dec. 1. AMERICA ARMY -WAVY. 1891 Oct. 23. Md. The cruiser De- troit is launched at Baltimore. Nov. 4. New York. The cruiser Phila- delphia, the flagship of Adm. Ghe- rardi, sails for St. Thomas. Nov. 14. A test of armor-plates at the Naval Ordnance Proving-ground demon- strates the superiority of the superfi- cially carbonized American nickel-steel plates. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 Oct. 20. Alas. Prof. Isaac C. Russell and party climb 14,500 feet up Mount St. Elias, when they are turned back by a severe snow-storm. Oct. 21. Ga. The Grady Monument at Atlanta is unveiled ; an oration is delivered by Gov. Hill of New York. It. I. The Ladd Observatory at Providence, the gift to Brown University from Gov. Herbert W. Ladd, is formally presented ; the cost of the outfit alone is over $25,000. Oct. 23. III. Natural gas is struck at Hillsboro. A r . Y. A landslide at Haverstraw is the cause of an immense upheaval of the richest brick clay yet discovered at that place. Oct. 26±. Minn. The American Steel Barge "Works at Duluth lay the keel for the first <* whalebacks" to carry 140,000 bushels of wheat, with a draught of 15 feet, Nov. 1. III. The remains of a masto- don are unearthed near Onarga. Nov. 11. Pa. The Butler oil-well, near Pittsburg, is burning fiercely ; the burning oil does much damage. Nov. 23. Meteoric displays are ob- served in different parts of the country. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891. Oct. 24. Tiffany, 0. H., M. E. clergyman, orator, A66. Oct. 31. Seymour, Truman, niaj. -gen., A 67. Nov. 3. Preston, Thomas Si'ott, vicar-gen. R. C. An-lidioeese of New York, A67. Hart, Anthony C. (Tony Hart), actor, A36. Nov. 4. Marks, Albert S., Gov. of Tenn., A55. Nov. IS. Piatt, Donn, journalist, A72. Nov. 17. Cooper, George H.. rear-adm. U. S. N., A70. Nov. 19. Florence, William J., comedian, A60. Nov. 31. Hill, Thomas, der. cry man, author, president of Harvard University, A73. Nov. 23. Hovey, Alvm P., maj.-gen., Gov. of Ind., A70. CHURCH. 1S91 Oct. 25. New York, Mrs.Booth- Clibborn, head of the Salvation Army branches in France and Switzerland, arrives. Oct. 28. Wis. Isaac L. Nicholson is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Milwaukee. [Nov. 10. In his elevation the ceremony of enthroning abishop is first performed in the United States at Milwaukee.] Nov. 13. New York. Archbishop Gorri- gan says mercy may be exercised toward Dr. M'Glynn — Provided (1) that he himself makes tbe request and states his grievances ; (2) that be publicly condemns all that be has said and done ol an insulting char- acter as a^ainM tin- archbishop and the Holy See ; (3) that he be ready to abide by the orders ami submit to the judg- ment of the Apostolic See ; and (4) that he promises to abstain from any public utterance, or assistance at any meeting, on the matter under consideration. Nov. 16. New York. The case of the Rev. Dr. Briggs is appealed by the Prosecuting Committee to the General Assembly. [Nov. 21. A number of min- isters and elders make formal complaint to the Synod of New York concerning the dismissal of the Briggs case by the Presbytery on Oct. 5.] Nov. 17. D.C. The Episcopal Church Congress convenes in Washington. LETTERS. 1S91 Oct. 22. N. Y. Thos. C. Hodg- kins of Setauket gives $200,000 to the Smithsonian Institution at Washing- ton, D.C. Nov. 4. New York. Sir Edwin Ar- nold reads and recites to a large audi- ence in Carnegie Music Hall. Nov. 7. N. Y. Pratt Institute, Brook- lyn, has a School for Farming, includ- ing 160 acres of land, at Glen Cove, L. I. Nov. 14. Mass. The School Board of Fitchburg brings charges against four French citizens who send their children to a parochial school where half the teaching is in French, while the law requires that it shall only be in English. Nov. 18. N. J. Prof. Guyot's valuable library is given to Princeton. Nov. 25. Prof. S. C. Chandler informs the Boston Scientific Society of a dis- covery that the pole of the earth re- volves around a circumference of about 30 feet radius in 427 days, and hence that all paraUels of latitude are mutable. SOCIETY. 1S91 Oct. 20. O. The United Typo- thetse of America begins its 5th annual convention at Cincinnati, with 300 dele- gates present. Oct. 21. Chicago. About 700 women get their names on the registry lists. Oct. 22. New York. Sir Edwin Arnold, author of The Light of Asia, arrives. Oct. 23. Me. Every liquor-dealer at Bar Harbor has been indicted for violat- ing the liquor-law. N. Dak. Gen. Beauregard. Presi- dent Conrad, Secretary Horner, and other officers of the Louisiana Lottery, are indicted at Sioux Falls for violation of the postal laws ; V. S. marshals start for New Orleans to make arrests. Oct. 24. La. Eugene E. Garcia, paying teller of the Louisiana National Bank, at New Orleans, is charged with embez- zling $igo,ooo of the bank's fluids. Oct.25. New York. " Prison Sunday " is observed by the preaching of sermons on crime and the best means of prevent- ing and suppressing it, in many pulpits of this city. Oct. 29. Pa. Senator Quay enters [a successful' suit for libel against th<- Pitt.— burg Post, laying damages at 3100,000. also criminal suits against the editor and proprietor. Oct. 31. ///. An attempt is made to wreck a train on the Chicago and Al- ton Railroad, near Alton, with the sup- posed intention of injuring Gov. Fifer, who was a passenger. Nov. 2. Boston. President Asa Potter and Directors J. II. French and T. Dana of the Maverick National Bank are ar- rested on a criminal charge of taking respectively from the bank $1,100,000. SG00.000, and S300.000, giving merely nominal security. * * The Non-Partisan Woman's Christian Temperance Union holds its annual meeting, and elects Ellen J. Phinney president, and Jennie F. Duty secretary ; general organizations are doing service in seven States. Nov. 4. N. Y. A tramp murderously assaults a woman after eating a break- fast she gave him ; he is under arrest at White Plains. Nov. 5. La. W. S. Felton and J. T. Smith of Bastrop are lynched by a mob. Neb. A train is held up in Omaha by masked men, and the mail-car robbed. Nov. 6. Cat. A colony of Scotchmen is swindled out of $265,000 in Southern Nov. 8. Chicago. A demonstration is made in memory of the Anarchists who were hanged. (See May 4, 1886.) Nov. 10. Boston. The Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union holds its first World's Convention; Lady Somerset, president of the British Women's Tem- perance Association, is present. [Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt reports the completion of her tour around the world, in which she has established so- cieties in nearly every country. Nov. 17. Miss France's E.Willard is reelected president of the International Union. N. Y. John Blocher of Buffalo be- queaths his elegant house as a charita- ble Home for Aged Men ; he supple- ments the gift with an endowment of about S'2.000.000. Nov. 11. La. The American Bankers' Association begins its 17th annual con- vention at New Orleans. Nov. 11 r. Mo. The National Farmers' Congress is in session at Sedalia. It demands the free coinage of silver dollars of the Talue of 100 cents each: that national revenue be derived from taxes and imports on goods which come into competition with home manufac- tures, and Federal prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors. It also de- mands the cession of arid lands to the various States in which the arid lands are situated. Nov. 12. New York. A mass-meeting in Chickering Hall passes resolutions de- nouncing the Louisiana State .Lottery ; speeches are made by Seth Low, Father Elliott, Abram S. Hewitt, Bishop Potter, and others. Wis. A daring attempt is made to rob an express-train on the St. Paul road, near Milwaukee; the robbers are unable to open by force the treasure- boxes, but they secure about S5,000 in small packages". UNITED STATES. 1891, Oct. 20-Dec. 1. 895 Nov. 13. New York. A new society for suppressing vice is formed ; it is to be known as " The New York Union of Religious and Humanitarian Socie- ties for Concerted Moral Effort." Nov. 14. Chicago, A number of An- archists are fined in a police court for carrying concealed weapons. Tex. Two negroes are lynched near Brenkam. Nov. 16. New York. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers opens its semi-annual convention. Nov. 17. Ind. The Supreme Council of the Farmers' Alliance meets at Indian- apolis. Chicago. Union men commit acts of vandalism on the work of non-union contractors aggregating $40,000. Cal. Three Yuma Indians are sen- tenced to death for murdering an old medicine man because he failed to bring rain at the tribe's request. X.J. The act favoring pool-sellers is declared unconstitutional by the Court of Errors and Appeals. Nov. 18. R. I. Gov. Ladd declines to interfere to prevent a prize-fight. Nov. 19. Mass. T. O. H. P. Burnham of Boston bequeaths over $500,000 to public institutions. Nov. 21. Mass. Richard Ruggles of Lynnfield is whipped by White Caps. Mont. Masked men rob an express- car of §2,000 on a Montana railroad. Nov. 22. Miss. TVhites in Attala County shoot one negro and severely whip sev- eral others ; one white man is arrested, and the others are being sought after. Nov. 29. XeioYork. Rev. Dr. John Hall, pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, is shot at several times by an insane man. Nov. * Kan. The Supreme Court de- cides that colored children cannot be discriminated against in the public schools. STATE. 1891 Oct. 21. D. C. Official notice is received in "Washington that Italy will henceforth admit American salted meats. Oct. 24. D. C. The Government in- structs Minister Egan to demand prompt reparation from Chile for the murder of sailors wearing the naval uniform of the United States ; the cruiser Boston leaves Brooklyn navy- yard for Valparaiso, and the cruiser Yorktoion is also on the way. Oct. 28. D. C. Senor Pedro Montt, the new Chilean representative at "Washington, is received by Secretary Blaine. Oct. 29. D. C. The State Department receives from Minister Egan the reply of the Chilean Junta to the demand for reparation. Nov. 1. D. C. A despatch is received from Capt. Schley describing the brutal treatment of the Baltimore's sailors by the Chilean police. Nov. 2. Wis. Claims have been filed in one day for every acre of the S2,UOO,000 worth of pine lands (the Omaha indem- nity limit) thrown open at the United States Land Office ; for some lots claims have been filed several times. Nov. 4. 7. T. Cherokee Indians peti- tion for the partitioning and allotment in severalty of nearly 14,000,000 acres of land in the Indian Territory. Nov. 10. D. C. In the argument of the Sayicard Case in the Supreme Court, it transpires that a treaty agreement to be ratified by the Senate has been concluded between the U. S. Govern- ment and Great Britain, to submit the Bering Sea dispute to arbitration. Nov. 11. Pa. The State Senate decides that it has no jurisdiction in the State Treasurer Bardsley's case. Nov. 17. Alas. Alaska asks for a ter- ritorial form of Government. X. Y. The official canvass in the State as far as completed makes the As- sembly a tie, and the Senate Republican by two, with several Senatorial districts contested. Nov. 18. X. Y. Efforts are made in Dutchess County to count as valid six defective ballots that were destroyed by order of the Board of Canvassers at time of election. [Nov. 20. Judge Bar- nard decides that the Dutchess County canvassers must count the votes as re- turned by the election inspectors.] Nov. 20. Ind. The Farmers' Alliance Convention at Indianapolis splits on the sub-treasury plan. X. Y. DavidA. Munro, Jr., is counted out in Onondaga County by a majority of the Board of County Canvassers, and the certificate of election as member of Assembly is given to Patrick J. Ryan. The Court orders the returns to be sent back for correction. Gilbert A. Dean, Republican Sena- tor-elect (contested) of the 15th Dis- trict, dies at his residence in Copake, Columbia County. Nov. 21. N. Y. Judge Kennedy of the Supreme Court orders that the errone- ous returns of the ist Assembly District of Onondaga County be sent back to the inspectors for correction. The Columbia County Canvassers com- plete their work, giving the State sena- torship to Gilbert A. Dean ; plurality, 135. Nov. 23. X. Y. The County Clerk of Onondaga is summoned by Gov. Hill to answer charges brought by the Demo- cratic supervisors. [Dec. 3. He re- moves him.] Nov. 24. Ind. Gov. Alvin P. Hovey dies at Indianapolis ; Lieut.-Gov. Ira J. Chase succeeds to the governor- ship. N. Y. A Supreme Court order directs the Sullivan County Canvassers to re- convene and canvass the vote for As- semblyman. Nov. 27. X. Y. Judge Kennedy of Syr- acuse warns the inspectors of election that the Court will not permit any un- necessary delay in complying with its orders. Nov. 30. X. Y. The chairman of the Dutchess County Board of Canvassers ignores Judge Barnard's order to recan- vass the vote. Nov. * III. The Legislature adopts the "World's Fair amendment to the State Constitution. Tote, 500,299-15,095. Dec. 1. X. Y, The extraordinary spe- cial term of the Supreme Court ordered by Gov. Hill convenes in Syracuse, Judges Kennedy and O'Brien present ; a stay of proceedings in the Munro-Ryan mandamus case being moved, the Court sets down the motion for "Wednesday morning (next day) ; the missing returns are brought to Judge Kennedy's court. At Albany, Secretary of State Rice <-alls a meeting of the State Board of Canvassers lor Wednesday, Dec. 2; members of the Board are served with an order of Judge Edwards of the Su- preme Court to show cause at Hudson, on Dec. 5, why a peremptory manda- mus should not issue to prevent the canvass of the returns from Dutchess County. MISCELLANEOUS. 1S91 Oct. 20. Cal. The horse Sunol trots one mile in two minutes, Z\ sec- rd of i second. Five persons are killed and 50 or 60 injured in a railway wreck on the Chi- cago, Burlington, and Quincy road. Oct. 21. Xew York. Decker and Sons' piano factory and other factories in a four-story building are burned ; loss, $125,000. Oct. 22. Mass. The Glendale "Woolen Mills are burned; loss, $200,000. Minn. The flour-mills of Minneapo- lis are turning out a daily average of 32,767 barrels. Oct. 24. Wis. Settlers rush to take possession of the 150,000 acres of land now opened. Oct. 26. X. Y. The Empire State Express, a new train on the N. Y. Cen- tral Railroad, makes its first run from Xew York to Buffalo in eight hours and 42 minutes — two minutes behind sched- ule time ; distance, 436£ miles. Oct. 29. The steamer Oliver Bierne is burned on the Mississippi; 20 lives are lost. Nov. 2. Ga. The Southern States Exposition is opened at Augusta. Nov. 4. Boston. The failure of the Maverick Bank causes a run on the l<"ive Cents Savings-bank. Nov. 7. Chicago, The Edgmoor Land Syndicate buys 250,000 acres in North Dakota, on which to place German farmers to raise barley for malt pur- poses. Nov. 10. Cal. The horse Arion trots one mile, at Stockton, in two minutes, lOf seconds. Nov. 11. Ga. Atlanta business prop- erty is destroyed by fire; loss, §125,000. Nov. 16. Mo. St.Louisloses $1,500,- 000 by fire. Nov. 17. Cal. The horse Palo Alto trots one mile, at Stockton, in two min- utes, 8£ seconds. X. Y. By a fire in Brooklyn 70 families are rendered homeless; loss, $130,000. Nov. IS. Colo. A national Mining Congress meets at Denver ; a great number of delegates are present. Minn. Three children are killed by wolves 10 miles from St. Paul. Nov. 21. X. Y. Syracuse suffers a loss of $200,000 by fire. Nov. 28. O. A train is wrecked near Toledo : nine persons are killed and 20 injured. Nov. * Xe w York. The Grant Monu- ment Fund amounts to §155,000+. 396 1891, Dec. l.-Dec. * AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1891 Dec. 2. Phila, The armored cruiser New York, " the Queen of the Navy," is launched at the Cramps ship- yard. Dec. 5. Md. The two - thousand - ton steel cruiser Montgomery is launched at Baltimore. Dec. 12. N. Y. Plans for the new dry dock at the Brooklyn navy-yard are published. It will be the largest dry duck on the AtlanticCoast ; length, 60ifiVet ; breadth at the bottom, 70 feet ; depth, 28 feet. Dec. 18. Colo. Troops are ordered to Crested Butte to prevent conflicts be- tween the miners and strikers. JDec. 22. Tex. U. S. troops break up the Mexican rebel camp of Catarino Garza at Retanipal Springs. Dec. 26. Cal. The cruiser San Fran- cisco sails from San Francisco, carrying sealed orders. Dec. 28. Me. The iron gunboat Ma- chias is launched at Batli. ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 Dec. 11. O. Valuable relies of mound- builders are found at Chilli- cothe. JDec. 17. Phila. The Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry is dedi- cated. Dec. 26. N. J. Gov. Abbett lays the corner-stone of a Washington memorial monument in Trenton on the 115th an- niversary of the Battle of Trenton. Dec. 30. George "W. Vaiiderbilt gives the American Fine Art Society a cost- ly and handsome art gallery adjoining its new building, the whole valued at $100,000. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891. Dec. 0. Ranney, Rufus P., lawyer, Btates- Dec. 17. Hand, Daniel, philanthropist, of Conn., A90. Dec. 19. Pattison, Thomas, rear-adm. U.S. N., A 69. Dec. 20. Plumb, Preston B., senator for Kan., A54. Dec. S3. Creswell, John A. J., senator for Md., p09tin;istcr-L, r eiieral, A63. Dec. 29. Longhlin, John, K. C. bishop of Brooklyn, A76. Dec. 30. Stuart, Mary Maeraj, philanthro- pist, A 81. CHURCH. 1891 Dec. 9. 0. The Central States Conference of Unitarian Churches is organized at Cincinnati. Dec. 19. Md, Cardinal Gibbonsordains the first colored Roman Catholic priest in America, in the Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul, Baltimore. Dec. 22. D. C. The first annual meet- ing of the Christian Commission be- gins at "Washington. LETTERS. 189,1 Dec. 17. NY. A center for Uni- versity Extension is formed at Albany. T)ec. 30. Phila. A Convention of Col- lege Presidents and Professors as- sembles. * * Kan. Central College is founded at Enterprise by the United Brethren. * * Mont. The Montana University opens at Helena. * * N. C. The Legislature establishes a normal school for colored people at Elizabeth City. * * New York. The School of Social Economics (non-sect.) is opened. The Morning Advertiser is founded by Col. John A. Cockerill. The Recorder is also founded. * * Okta. An Agricultural College is opened by the State at Stillwater. * * The Lion's Cub, by Richard Henry Stoddard, appears. * * A Successful Man, by Julien Gordon, appears. * * Sir William Johnson and the Six Na- tions, by William Elliot Grifiis, appears. * * Rhymes of Childhood, by James Whit- comb Riley, appears. * * Judaism and Christianity, by Craw- ford Howell Toy, appears. * * Washington Irving, \ty George William Curtis, appears. * * Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adja- cent States, by Gates P. Thurston, ap- pears. * * Patrick Henry, by "William Wirt Henry, appears. * * The Second Administration of Madi- son, by Henry Adams, appears. * * Freedom Triumphant, by Charles Carle- ton Coffin, appears. * * Races and Peoples : Lectures on the Science of Ethnography, by Daniel G. Brinton, appears. * * Widow Gutkrie, by R. M. Johnston, appears. * * The Cruise of the Alerte, by E. F. Knight, appears. k * Wanneta, the Sioux, by "Warren K. Moorehead, appears. k * The Sisters' Tragedy ,with other Poems, by T. B. Aldrich, appears. k * Anne Brad street and Her Time, by Helen Campbell, appears. ' * The Pine Tree Coast, by Samuel Adams Drake, appears. 1 * Flower de Hundred, by Mrs. Burton Harrison, appears. ' * A Plea for Liberty, edited by Thomas Mackay, appears. ' * Washington's Rules of Civility, by Moncure D. Conway, appears. k * The Witch of Prague, by Francis Marion Crawford, appears. ' * An American Episcopal Church, by S. D. McConnell, appears. 1 * An American Girl in London, by Sara Jeannette Duncan, appears. ' * The Colonies, by Reuben Gold Thwaites, appears. ' * The Life and Times of John Dickin- son, by Charles J. Stille, appears. r * Woman's Work in America, edited by Annie Nathan Meyer, appears. ; * A Washington Bible Class, by Gail Hamilton, appears. * * Alexander Hamilton, by William Gra- ham Sumner, appears. * * The Railway Problem, by A. B. Stick- ney, appears. * * Principles of Social Economics, by George Gun ton, appears. * * Our Italy, by Charles Dudley Warner, appears. * * Japanese Girls and Women, by Alice Mabel Bacon, appears. * * Under the Trees and Elsewhere, by Hamilton W. Mabie, appears. * * The American Revolution, by John Fiske, appears. * * The Primes and Their Neighbors, by R. Malcolm Johnston, appears. * * Charles Grandison Finney, by G. Fred- erick Wright, appears. * * The Century Dictionary, edited by William Dwight Whitney, completed. * * Stones of Old New Spain, by T. A. Jannier, appears. * * Life of John Boyle O'Reilly, by J. J. Roche, appears. * * Hannibal, by Theodore A. Dodge, ap- pears. * * Excursion in Art and Letters, by "W. W. Story, appears. * * Noto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan, by Percival Lowell, appears. * * Spain and Morocco,by Henry T. Finck, appears. * * Silva of North America, by Charles Sprague Sargent, appears. * * The Oyster, by W. K. Brooks, appears. * * Criticism and Fiction, by "William Dean Howells, appears. 1891 Dec. 1. Mo. A train is held up near St. Louis, and the express-car robbed of about $16,000 beside other valuables. Minn. Two of a gang of incendiaries are arrested in St. Paul in the act ; their plan of working is the burning of houses on the percentage of insurance plan. Dec. 3. Ala. Two masked men hold up a train three miles west of Rome and rob its safe. Dec. 4. New York. Henry L. Xorcross of Somerville, Mass., a stranger, de- mands $1,250,000 in the office of Russell Sage, a millionaire ; being re- fused, he drops a bag which immediately explodes, killing himself and another, injuring Mr. Sage and others, besides partially wrecking the building. Wyo. Two ranchmen, John A. Tis- dale "and another man. are shot and killed in their wagons by ambushed assassins. Over 100 cowboys are on the lookout for the assassins. Dec. 10. D. C. The National Bar As- sociation, in session at Washington, elects officers, and fixes Washington as the permanent place for the annual meeting. New York. The Christmas Society is organized to give poor children Christ- mas presents ; it asks for contributions. UNITED STATES. 1891, Dec. 1-Dec*. 39T Dec. 11. Conn, A city hospital founded in iUiddletown receives its first patient. Dec. 12. Colo. At Crested Butte, the sheriff and a posse, while defending a mine, are fired upon by a large body of strikers; they return the tire, killing live rioters. Ga. James Freeman, a farmer, mur- ders his wife near Reedsville, because she refused to kill a neighboring farmer. N. Y. An unsuccessful attempt is made to wreck a train on the Harlem road, near Pleasantville. Dec. 14. Ala. The Eleventh Annual Convention of the American Federa- tion of Labor meets at Birmingham. [Samuel Gompers is reelected president.] New York. E. M. Field, of Field, Lindley, "Wiechers, and Company charged with grand larceny, is arrested at the asylum where he was confined, and taken to police headquarters. [He is pronounced insane by a jury at "White Plains.] Dec. 15. Chicago. Five highwaymen Stop a big mail-wagon, and compel the postal employees in charge to throw out several sacks of mail. Tex. The Southwest Silver Con- vention convenes at El Paso ; there are about 500 delegates present, with as many more on the way. Dec. 17. Mo. John L.Ferguson, a book- keeper in the National Bank of Kansas City, is arrested for embezzling $20,000. New York. A meeting- to oppose war and favor arbitration is held in Cooper Union. N. Y. Managers of Accident Insur- ance Companies in the United States hold their first annual convention at Niagara Falls. Dec. 19. Ind. Striking miners attack a train-load of non-union workers with stones and pistols. Dec. 24. The Cherokee Nation elects C. J. Harris first chief, and Stephen Tehee second chief. N. Y. Gov. Hill pardons Roches- ter's defaulting treasurer, John A. Davis, senteiieed to rive years' imprison- ment in March, 1890. Dec. 25. Tex. Catarino Garza, the Mexican outlaw chief, makes an unsuc- cessful attempt to capture Fort King- gold. Dec. 27. Fla. Race conflicts occur; a conductor is shot by a negro when or- dered to go into the colored people's car. Dec. 29. D. C. The American His- torical Society and the American Forestry Association hold their an- nual meetings in "Washington. Dec. 31. Ind. In a prize-fight at Indi- anapolis a woman defeats a man of some local reputation as a pugilist ; she gets the stipulated prize of $500. Dec. * Tex. The asylum for the insane is opened at Florine. STATE. 1891 Dec. 2. Ariz. Arizona votes in favor of a new Constitution. .V. Y. The State Board of Canvas- sers meets in Albany, and canvasses the votes for members of Congress. Dec. 4. N. Y. An agreement is reached at Albany to permit the State Board to the votes except those of the disputed districts. [Dec. 7. It acquiesces in the submission of the electoral dis- putes to the Court of Appeals.] Judge Barnard at P' High kecpsie grants a motion requiring the marked ballots cast in the town of Bed Hook to be counted for the Republican candidate for Senator. The mandamus motion is argued before Judge Edwards at Hud- son, and adjourned until l>ec. 7 at Al- bany. Dec. 7. />. C. The 52d Congress : the first session opens. Dec. 8. D. C. Congress : In the Senate . Wilkinson Call of Fla. and F. T. Dubois of Ida. are sworn in ; C. F. Manderson of Neb. is elected President;;™ tempore, in the House Charles F. Crisp of Ga. is elected Speaker. Dec. 9. D. C. Congress : President Harrison transmits his third annual message to Congress ; it announces reciprocity with Germany ; the House adjourns until Dec. 12. N. Y. The " quad " marked ballots in Dutchess County, 54 in number, are counted for Deane (Rep.) for State Sena- tor, and the result filed in the Clerk's office. Judge Barnard grants an order, returnable on the 12th inst., restraining the Clerk from transmitting the returns to the State Board. Dec. 10. I). C. Congress: Petitions are presented in the Senate adverse to open- ing the "World's Fair on Sunday. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate a bill is introduced to provide for a memorial statue in Washington to U. S. Grant. Dec. 15. I). C. Congress : In the Sen- ate several Friends' petitions are pre- sented remonstrating against the traffic in intoxicating Liquors and firearms iq Central Africa. Bills are intro- duced, one by Mr. Hiscock, for the erec- tion of bridges over the Hudson and East rivers at New York. Okla. A convention for organizing the State meets at Oklahoma City. Dec. 16. D. C. Congress j, Senate: A large number of bills are introduced ; in the House the Speaker announces the Committee on Rules. La. The Anti-Lottery and Pro- Lottery wings of the Democratic Party hold separate conventions. [Dec. 17. The Anti-Lottery delegates (233 in num- ber) nominate a full ticket at Baton Rouge. Dec. 18. The Pro-Lottery wing places a full State ticket in the field.] Dee. 17. B.C. Congress : In the Senate the Standing and Select Committees are announced. Senator HiU's creden- tials, signed by himself as governor, and dated Dec. 5, are presented. Dec. 21. D. C. Congress: Senator Plumb's funeral services take place in the Senate chamber. Dec. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate bills are introduced ; in the House the Speaker announces the commit- tees; in chairmanships, Mr. Springer of 111. is assigned to Ways and Means, Mr. Holman of Ind. to Appropriations, Mr. Mills of Tex. to Interstate and For- eign Commerce. III. The Legislature decides that the alien law is unconstitutional. Dec. 24. N. Y. Another stay is granted in the Dutchess County election Dec. 26. N. Y. Justice Cullen of Brook- lyn grants an order requiring the State Board to show cause why they should not canvass the corrected Dutchess County returns ; also an order directing the County Clerk to show cause why he should not be punished for contempt of court. Dec. 27. New York. M. J.Patenotre, the new French Minister to the United States, arrives. Dec. 29. D. C. Reciprocity agreements with the "West India Islands and some other British possessions are made public. N. Y. The State Board of Can- vassers give certificates of election to Osborne and Xiohols (Dem.), and Derby (Rep.), refusing a certificate to Sherwood (Rep.) ; thus giving a Democratic major- ity in the Senate. Interest becomes more intense as the Legislature is to choose a U. S. Senator. Dec. 30. D. C. Reciprocity treaties with Guatemala and Salvador are signed in Washington. MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 Dec. 1± *. Pa. Nearly 20 fur- naces in the Mahoning Valley shut down because of the refusal of the rail- road and coke men to reduce rates ; more than 10,000 men are idle. Dec. 2. N. Y. A dynamite explosion near Haverstraw kills five men, and greatly damages property. Dec. 3. N. J. Three men are killed and 15 injured by a train collision. Plain- field loses $150,000 by fire. Dec. 4. Cat. Forest fires do much damage. Dec. 5. Minn. Six men are kiUed and five injured by a falling wall in St. Paul. Dec. 7. The Pacific Mail Company's new steamer Nicaragua is lost in mak- ing her maiden trip, on the coast of Salvador; all on board are saved. Dec. 8. N. J. Two silk-mills are burned and 500 thrown out of work at Paterson ; loss, §125,000. Mich. The Deep "Water Conven- tion at Detroit resolves to ask Congress to formulate a plan whereby convict labor of the several States may be uti- lized in building a ship-canal from Lake Erie to the seaboard. Dec. 19. New York. A New York Cen- tral train runs from New York City to Buffalo, 436 1-2 miles, in 425 3-4 minutes actual time. Dec. 24. N. Y. A train is wrecked at Hastings ; 15 persons are killed. Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1891 : Production: Gold, §33, 175,000 ; silver, S75,410,505 ; bushels of grain : Indian corn, 2,060,154,000; wheat. 011.780,000: oats, 738,394,000 ; barley, 75.000,000+ : rye, 33,000,000* ; buckwheat, 12.000,000; bales of cotton, S,G55,518 ; pounds of wool, 285,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 53,- 980,313. Currency in circulation, $1,500,- 067,555 ; per capita, §23.45. Immigrants received (fiscal year), 500,319. Miles of railroad worked, 104,324; capital stock, $4,809,170,651. Fire-waste, §143,764,907 ; insurance, §90,570,918. Total railroad accidents. 2,444 ; 7,029 persons are killed and 33,831 injured. Business failures, $12,394; liabilities, §193,173,000. 398 1891, * *-1892, Jan. 20. AMERICA: ARMY - NAVY. 1892 Jan. 1. D. C. Secretary Tracy issues a new order reclassifying the war-ships of the Navy. Jan. 2i. Tex. Capt. Hardie, 3d cavalry, disperses a band of revolutionists under Catarino Garza. Jan. 4. Tex. Garza and his men are pursued by United .States troopers and Texan Rangers in Zapata County. [Jan. 10. The pursuit is unsuccessful.] Jan. 5. Cal. The cruiser Baltimore ar- rives at San Francisco. Jan. 6. N. H. The revenue cutter Gal- latin goes ashore off Mane lies ter-by- the-Sea. Jan. 10. D. C. Commander William R. Bridgman is promoted captain. [Apr. 3. Alex. H. McCormaek. May 5. Albert S. Baker. May 28. Charles S. Cotton. July 1. John R. Bartlett.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 * * New York. The Lion Tamer is first produced in this country at the Broadway Theatre. * * New York. Frederick F. Vinton of Boston, H. Siddons Mowbray, D. W. Tryon, J. S. Hartley, and Horatio "Walker of New York are elected members of the National Academy of Design. * * Pa. Many soldiers' monuments are dedicated on the battlefield of Gettys- burg during the year. 1S92 Jan. 15. At some points in the northwest thermometers mark a tem- perature as low as 50 degrees below zero. Jan. 16. New York. Henry G. Mar- quand gives .$50,000 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892. Jan. 2. Met^s, Montgomery Cunningham, maj.-gen. U. S. A., A76. Jan. 6. Bomford, James V., brig. -gen. vols., A80. Jan. 8. Kodgers, Christopher R. P., rear- adm. U. S. N., A73. Jan. 12. .J add, Orin B., clergyman, jour- nalist, A76. Jan. 14. Brisbin, .lames S., hrig.-gen. vols., A55. Jan. 15. Wood, Walter Abbott, inventor of harvest iim-mai 'hi nes, A7t>. Jan. 20. Cranch, Christopher P., painter, A79. CHURCH. 1891 * * Boston. John Brady (auxil- iary) is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Boston. * * Cal. The General Synod of Califor- nia (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized * * Tnd. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Princeton ; Thomas W. Kennedy, moderator. * * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting is held in Cincinnati. * * Okla. Theodore Meerschaert is con- secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Guthrie. * * Pa. The Annual Convention (Dis- ciples of Christ) is held at Allegheny ; D. R. Ewing, president. The 35th Gen- eral Synod (Evangehcal Lutheran) meets at Lebanon. * * Tex.— W. Fa. Universalist State Con- ventions are organized. * * Tex. T. F, Brennau is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Dallas. * * The Epworth League (Methodist Episcopal) reports over 200,000 members. * * The English Synod of the Northwest (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized. * * The General Synods (Evangelical Lutheran) of the Rocky Mountains and the Nebraska German are organized. LETTERS. 1891 * * Landscape Gardening, by Sam- uel Parsons, appears. * * The Odyssey of Homer, translated by George H. Palmer, appears. * * The Spanish Conspiracy, by Thomas Marshall Green, appears. * * With the Admiral of the Ocean Sea, by Charles P. Mackie, appears. * * Life and Works of Horace Mann ap- pears. * * Principles of Political Economy, by Arthur Latham Perry, appears. * * The Battle of Seven Pines, by Gusta- vus W. Smith, appears. * * Recollections and Impressions, by O. B. Frothingham, appears. * * Mechanism and Personality, by Fran- cis A. Shoup, appears. * * Mwrvale Eastman, Christian Scientist, by Albion W. Tourgee, appears. * * English Composition, by Barrett Wen- dell, appears. * * The Renaissance, by Philip Schaff, ap- pears. * * Across Russia from the Baltic, »by Charles A. Stoddard, appears. * * The Principles of Strategy, by Lieut. John Bigelow, Jr., appears. * * Conduct as a Fine Art, by N. Paine Gilman and Edward Payson Jackson, appears. * * The Witch of Prague, by F. Marion Crawford, appears. * * The Faith Doctor, by Edward Eggles- ton, appears. * * Betty Alden, by Jane G. Austin, ap- pears. * * Thrown Upon Her Own Resources, by Mrs. J. C. Croly (Jenny June), appears. * * The New Womanhood , by James C. Fernald, appears. * * Business Openings for Girls, by Sallie Joy White, appears. * * Life of General Houston, by Henry Bruce, appears. * * Thomas Hooker, by George Leon Walker, appears. * * Colonial Furniture of New England, by Irving W. Lyon, appears. * * Lectures on the Constitution of the United States, by Samuel Freeman Mil- ler, appears. * * Huckleberries, by Rose Terry Cooke, appears. * * Christopher Columbus, by Justin Win- son, appears. - * Sith ria and the Exile System, by George Kennan, appears. * * Aature and Man in America, by Na- thaniel S. Shaler, appears; also, T/ie Story of Our Continent. 1892 Jan. 6±. Chicago. A college is established to educate brewers in all branches of their trade. Jan. 9. Pa. Andrew Carnegie adds $ 100,000 to his gift of $2,000,000 to Pittsburg for a free library. Jan. 12. New York. Sir Edwin Arnold gives the first of a series of reading at Daly's Theatre. SOCIETY. 1891 * * Colo. Dr. T. Thacher Graves is tried at Denver for the murder of Mrs. Josephine iiarnabv at Providence, R. I., by poison. [1893. Sept. 3. He commitssuicide while awaiting a second, trial.] * * D. C. Congress passes a bill prohib- iting the sale of liquor within one mile of the Soldiers' Home in the city of Washington — a measure that will place about one-third of the District of Columbia under prohibition. * * Mont., N. H., Tenn. Labor-day, the tirst Monday iu September, is established as a legal holiday. * * N. C. A school for -white deaf and dumb children is located at Morganton. * * The Society of Loyal Volunteers is organized. * * Neb. — Colo. The Methodist Hospital and Home is founded hi Omaha ; also another at Denver. * * N. C. The Legislature enacts that the birthday of Kobert E. Lee (Jan. 19) shall be a legal holiday. * * N. C. The State incorporates a Confederate Soldiers* Home near Raleigh. * * N. J. The half -holiday bill for the relief of employees is enacted. * * N. Mex. A high-license law is en- acted. Senator Ingalls arrests widespread attention by declaring " The Decalogue and the Golden Rule have no place in a political campaign. . . . This modern cant about the corruption of politics is fatiguing in the extreme." " Purity in politics is an iridescent dream." * * A society called The "Woodmen of the "World is founded. 1S92 Jan. 2. Tenn. The convict mi- ners are returned to the mines at Coal Creek with a guard of soldiers for their protection from free miners. Jan. 3. New York A man threatens Jay Gould with death : another, insisting oh marrying Miss Helen Gould, has been arrested. Jan. 4. N. Y. A train- wrecker is cap- tured in the act near Rattlesnake Point ; he is imprisoned hi Rochester. Jan. 5. Ga. Eight men are killed in a tight in Clinch county. Kan. The sheriff and sheriff-elect of Seward county are killed by a mob In ambush; the district iudce is besieged in his house by 40 men armed with Win- chesters ; a county-seat war is the cause. [Jan. 7. Four more men are killed in a running fight with outlaws near Spring- held ; State militia occupy the town. UNITED STATES. 1891 **-1892,Jan.20. 399 New York. Mrs. Robert L. Stuart's will is filed ; nearly her whole fortune, estimated at $5,000,000, is left to public institutions. Tex. Strikers at Gorcum dismantle 15 locomotives of the San Antonio and Arkansas Pass Railroad. Jan. 7. Tex. At Houston an unknown thief robs the safe in the office of Wells, Fargo, and Co. of between $200,000 and §300,000. Jan. 8. la. Ex-County Treasurer Lane of Ottumwa is missing ; shortage, $30,000. Miss. Two negroes are lynched at Raysville. ± Neb. C. N. Paul of Hastings re- signs his office of county treasurer ; a shortage of $23,000 is made good by his bondsmen. Jan. 9. I.T. About 1,000 Indians engage in a Messiah dance in the Cherokee Strip. Jan. 10. Conn. The Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Engineers in session at .New Haven refuses to allow a strike on the branches of the Consoli- dated Railroad with regard to pay. Ind. The IS street-car lines of In- dianapolis are tied up by a strike. Jan. 12. New York. The wiU of Mrs. Elizabeth Coles gives large sums to the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the New York Genealogical and Biographi- cal Society, and for a new college. Jan. 13. Conn. Two attempts are made to wreck passenger-trains on the New Haven Road. Jan. 14. Pa. The Pittsburg Law Order Society begins its prosecutioi newsdealers* who sell papers sdealers and ja&h.] Jan. 15. New York. John Carson, a Baltimore lawyer, is found dead in the snow with his throat cut. Jan. IS. Ala. Harvay Hinton, impli- cated in the massacre of the M' Mi lien family in Choctaw County, is taken from jail and lynched. D. C. The American "Woman's Suffrage Association begins its annual session at Washington. New York. The Typothetee cele- brates the 186th anniversary of Benja- min Franklin's birth with a dinner. STATE. 1891 * * During the year 1S91, Arkansas, Colorado, Maine, North Dakota, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Ohio adopt the ' Australian ballot system. Illinois and Pennsylvania adopt ballot reform bills. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : -93 * * Ark. James P. Eagle (Dem.). -95* *Cal. Henry II. Markham (Rep.). -93 * * Colo. John L. Routt (Rep.). -93 * * Conn. M. J. Bulkeley (Rep.). -95* * Del. Robert J. Reynolds (Dem.). -93 * * Kan. L. U. Humphrey (Rep.). -95 * * Ky. John Y. Brown (Dem.). -92 * * Me. Edwin C. Burleigh (Rep.). -92 * * Mass. Wm. E. Russell (Dem.). -93* * Mich. Edwin B. Winans (Dem.). -93 * * Minn. W. R. Merriman (Dem.). -93 * * Neb. James E. Boyd (Dem.). -95 * * Nev. Ross Iv. Colcord (Rep.). -93 * * N. H. Hiram A. Tuttle (Rep.). -93 * * N.Dak. Andre\vH.Burke(Rep.). -95* * Ore. Sylvester Pennoyer (Dem.). -95 * * Pa. Robert E. Pattison (Dem.). -92 * * Ii. I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.). -93 * * S. Dak. A. C. Mellette (Rep.). -93* *Tenn. John P. Buchanan (Dem.). -93 * * Tex. James S. Hogg (Dem.). -93 * * Wis. George W. Peck (Dem.). 1S92 Jan. 2. D. C. The Treasury De- partment reports the public debt in- creased $2,794,749 in December. Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes a resolution authorizing the chartering of a ship to carry corn to the famine-stricken Russians ; in the House many bills are introduced ; one to provide for pneumatic postal tubes between New York and Brooklyn. Benton M'Millin of Tenn. is chosen Speaker pro tempore. Conn. The Supreme Court decides that Gov. Bulkeley is the lawful ex- ecutive of the State. N. T. In the State Senate "Walker (Dem.) is seated by a party vote for Sherwood's district, the 27th, although receiving only a minority vote in that district ; four notices of contest are filed to unseat as many Republican Sen- ators. Jan. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Mr. Morrill speaks against free coinage of silver, and is answered by Mr. Teller. Jan. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: Mr. Morgan's resolution for an inquiry into the condition of the Nicaragua Canal is adopted. Secretary Blaine notifies the represen- tatives of countries which have not en- tered into reciprocity agreements that the retaliatory clause of the Tariff Act will be applied by the President on March 15. Jan. 8. N. Y. Storm Emans, the Clerk of Dutchess County, is on trial for con- tempt before Justice Cullen of Brook- lyn ; he obtained the returns in the Dutchess County election case from the messengers of the governor, comptroller, and secretary of state at the offices of those officials and carried them back to Poughkeepsie. [Jan. 20. A second hear- ing is given. Feb. 18. The case dis- missed without costs.] Tenn. The Legislature refuses to make an appropriation lor the World's Fair. Jan. 9. D. C. The despatch from Sefior Pereira, the new Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs, received at Washington through Minister Montt, is considered more conciliatory than those from his predecessor. — — Cat. The testimony of sailors of the Baltimore taken by Judge-Advocate Remy at Vallejo tends to show that mobs in Valparaiso were deliberately orga- nized to attack the American sailors from the Baltimore. Jan. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate ratines the Brussels treaty to sup- press the African slave-trade and a commercial arrangement with the Kongo Free State; Henry M. Teller of Colo, introduces a joint resolution for an In- ternational Silver Congress [debated without action] ; in the House William C. P. Breckinridge of Ky. makes an un- successful attempt to introduce a reso- lution aiming at the repeal of the reciprocity clause of the Tariff Law. The President proclaims the forest preserve of New Mexico to be set apart for public use. Jan. 12. I). C. Congress; Senate: A bill is passed providing for two new revenue cutters for the Pacific coast ; Jos. M. Dolph. of Ore. reports favorably the bill to appropriate $100,000,000 for coast defenses and fortifications. Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: The resolu- tion of John H. Mitchell of Ore. for the relief of the Court of Claims is dis- cussed and referred; in the House Wil- liam S. Holman of Ind. introduces a resolution to limit expenditures. The final report of Capt. Schley of the Baltimore on the affair at Valparaiso is received at the Navy Department. N. Y. The "World's Fair Bill, ap- propriating §300,000, is introduced in the State Senate and ordered to a third reading. Jan. 15. D. C. Congress: In the House a resolution is introduced for the ap- pointment of a committee of seven to investigate the census office ; the Holman resolutions are adopted. Jan. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate : The Mexican Claims Bill, relating to certain undistributed moneys received from Mexico, is discussed; William A. Peffer of Kan. introduces a joint resolution favoring the election of President and Vice-President by a direct popular vote. Jan. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate discusses the reopening of the La Abra claim to a large part of the award of the Mexican Commission ; the heirs of Benjamin Weil are also claimants. The House kills the hill to regulate the printing and distribution of public documents. N. Y. Deputy Attorney-General May- nard is confirmed as a Judge of the Court of Appeals. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Jan. 7. New York. The Cham- ber of Commerce passes a resolution favoring an appropriation of SI, 000,000 for the New York exhibit at the World's Fair. Jan. 8. I. T. In a coal-mine explo- sion at McAlester, 100 men are killed and 115 injured. Jan. 10. Mo. The main building of the State University, Columbia, is destroyed by fire; loss, $400,000. Jan. 11. Ind. Two lives are lost and 20 persons are injured by a train falling over an embankment at Nicholson's Crossing. Jan. 15. Two women are burned in a railroad wreck on the Northern Pa- cific, caused by a broken rail. Jan. IS. O. A natural-gas explosion wrecks two churches and damages about 50 houses at Lancaster. W. Va. Six men are killed by a pow- der-mill explosion at Central City. 400 1892, Jan. 20-Feb. 17. AMERICA: 1892 ARMY — NAVY. Jan. 29+. Tex. Garza enters Mexico with 5.000 armed men, and is welcomed by many of the people. Jan. 30. Boston, The Common Council resolves to return a captured battle-flag to Company C, 12th North Carolina Con- federate troops. D. C. Caleb H. Carlton is commis- sioned colonel — Sth cavalry. [Mar. 9. Also Joseph C. Bailey—medi- cal department. Apr. 25. John C. Bates — 2d infantry. May 27. F. C. Ainsworth — pension department. July 1. Richard Lodor — 2d artillery. July 4. Andrew S. Bert — 25th infantry. July 9. Oliver D. Green. July 28. David S. Gordon — IGth cavalry. Aug. 16. Anson Mills — 3d cavalry. Sept. 16. Simon Snyder — 19th infantry. Dec. 4. Charles H. Alden — medical department. Dec. 11. John G. Chandler — quartermaster's depart- ment. Dec. 27. Thomas C. Sullivan — subsistence department.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Jan. 24. Cal. A meteorite flecked with gold is found. Jan. 26. Phila. The National Academy of Science decides to send a relief ex- pedition for Lieut. Peary, under Prof. A. Heilprin. (See June 27.) Feb. 6. Colo. Gold is found in large quantities at Squaw Gulch. Feb. 13. A remarkable display of au- rora borealis is observed throughout large sections of the north ; its bril- liancy causes people in New York to believe part of the city to be on fire. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892. Jan. 22. Bradley. Joseph P.. justice IT. S. Supreme Court, A79. Jan. 23. Kobinson, William E., journalist. M. C. for N. Y., A78. Hall, John w., Gov. of Del., A75. Jan. 26. Knapp, Manning M., lawyer, ju rist, A70. Jan. 29. Barnum, Henry A., brig.-gen, politician, A 60. Feb. 2. Hopkins, Moses, capitalist, philan tliropist, A75. Feb. 7. Bryson, Andrew, rear-adm. U. S. N., A69. Feb. 9. Knox, John J., comptroller treas ury, AG4. Feb. 12. Hunt, Thomas S., geologist, chem ist, author, A 66. CHURCH. 1892 Jan. 27 ±. New York. Four of the Methodist churches — St. Paul's, St. Luke's, St. John's, and Forty-third Street — agree to consolidate. Jan. 28. N. Y. Bishop Loughlin of Brooklyn wills all his property to the Roman Catholic Church. Feb. 12. N. F. The 5th annual conven- tion of the Young "Women's Chris- tian Association of the State of New York is held at Schenectady. Feb. 14. New York. Dr. C. H. Park- hurst delivers a scathing sermon against city officials who fail to execute the laws. LETTERS. 1892 Feb. 6. Chicago, The will of John Crerar, the millionaire, who left a large fund for founding a library, is sustained. Feb. 7. New York. Andrew Carnegie lectures on the " Gospel of Wealth." Feb. 9. N. Y. _ Bishop Doane is the choice of the caucuses for Regent of the University at Albany. Feb. 16. A T . Y. The Department of Superintendence of the National Edu- cational Association opens its 28th an- nual meeting in Brooklyn. SOCIETY. 1892 Jan. 20. New York. The Ameri- can Society of Engineers holds its annual meeting. Jan. 22. N. Y. Collar-starching ma- chines cause a strike in Troy, and a mob of 500 persons attacks the new machine employees. Pa. Senator Quay wins his suit against the Pittsburg Evening Post for criminal libel. Jan. 23±. Two men rob a Missouri Pa- fie train and kill a policeman. [One Jan. 24. Pa. The electric-car strikers in Allegheny are riotous; several per- sons have been hurt. Jan. 25. Tenn. Miss Alice Mitchell, a young society woman, cuts the throat of Miss Freda Ward on the street at Memphis. [Adjudged insane.] N. J. Rev. John "Weill is sentenced in Jersey City to five years in the State prison for robbing 35 churches of altar- cloths, chandeliers, etc. Jan. 26. N, Y. Antonio Pagassi is charged with attempting to wreck the Sag Harbor express-train near Heliport , Long Island. Jan. 30. La. Every Federal officer in the New Orleans Custom-house is under arrest for criminal libel at the instance of the Warmouth faction. Pa. Four "moonshiners" — man- ufacturers of illicit whisky — *• are cap- tured near Mount Pleasant. Jan. 31. New York. Railroad em- ployees from every State in the Union hold a convention in the Academy of Music. 0. Tramps seize an Erie and West- ern Railroad train ; six are captured and seven escape ; one brakeman is badly injured. Feb. 1. New York. Employees of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company employed. Pa. The defendants in Senator Quay's libel suit against the Beaver Star are sentenced to imprisonment for sis months, §600 line each, and costs. Feb. 2. Ga. David Porter, deputy-col- lector of customs at Savannah, is killed by his son, 16 years of age. New York. Carlyle W. Harris, a medical student, after an extended trial for the poisoning of his young wife (Helen Potts), is convicted of murder in the first degree. ^V. r. A little boy named "Ward Waterbury is kidnapped in Ponndridge, Westchester County; the abductors de- mand a ransom of $6,000. [The boy is restored to his father the next day, after being abandoned by the kidnappers. Mar. 3. Two kidnappers are sentenced to four years, and one to two years in the State prison.] Feb. 4. La. The officers of the Loui- siana Lottery Company withdraw their offer to the State for a license. New York. The Chamber of Com- merce appoints a committee to solicit subscriptions for the starving Rus- sians. Feb. 5. Pa. David Hastings, the first of the Indicted Allegheny City officials, is found guilty of embezzlement. Feb. 8. New York. Temperance socie- ties hold mass- meetings to protest against the passage of the Liqaor-deal- , ers' Excise Bill by the Legislature. W. H. Beers resigns as president of the New York Life Insurance Company, but will be retained as adviser at $37,500 a year. [May 13. The legality of this action is contested in the courts and denied.] Feb. 10. New York. St. John's Guild opens anon-sectarian children's hospi- tal for the poor. A building inspector confesses that he has made false reports concerning the fire-escapes of the Hotel Royal, in which many lives were lost by tire. Feb. 11. Pa. James Wyman. mavor of Allegheny City, is charged with extor- tion, and found guilty on two counts. Feb. 12. III. Abraham Lincoln's birthday as a legal holiday is cele- brated for the first time. Feb. 13. New York. Twelve police matrons are appointed by the Police Board. Feb. 14. Cal. The police of San Fran- cisco are searching for Sarah Althea Terry, who has mysterious lv disap- peared. New York. Rev. C. H. Parkhurst, president of the Society for the Preven- tion of Crime, denounces from his pulpit city officials as a " damnable pack of administrative bloodhounds." Feb. 16. Cal. A feud among the highbinders again breaks out in San Francisco. ±Ala. George Kaley shoots and kills O. B. Williamson. Prohibitionist, at the municipal election at Warrior ; he is charged by the coroner's jury with wil- ful murder. Feb. 17. N.Y. Chief of Police Hackett, of Tarrytown, kills James Harmon, an old resident, at a Democratic primary. The 6th annual convention of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association begins. STATE. 1S92 Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses Leland Stanford's Government Land Loan Bill ; in the House Bland's Free Coinage Bill is introduced. Jan. 22. N. Y. The Democratic State Convention, stigmatized as Gov. Hill's "snap" convention, opens its session at Albany; the convention derides to send a delegation to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago under the unit rule in favor of D. B. Hill for President. Jan. 23. D. C. The United States Gov- ernment in an ultimatum to Chile de- mands the withdrawal of the offensive Matta circular, and an apology with reparation for the outrages upon the sailors of the Baltimore. UNITED STATES. 1892, Jan. 20-Feb. 17. 401 Jan. 24. B. C. Congress: A message is received from President Harrison asking for an appropriation for the "World's Fair. li. I. Alexander Gibson (Proliib.) is nominated for governor. Jan. 25. B. C. Congress : President Harrison's Chilean message is read in both. Houses, and, with the voluminous correspondence bearing on the question, is referred to the Committees on Foreign Relations. The Chilean reply to the ultimatum of the United States is received at Wash- ington. It agrees to withdraw Sefior Matta's offensive note, withdraws its request for Minister Egan's recall, and proposes to submit the attack on the Baltimore's sailors at Valparaiso to arbitrament of some neutral nation, or to the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. Jan. 26. B. C. Congress ; Senate : A resolution for an international silver conference is reported ; in the House resolutions calling on the President to transmit the answer of Chile are re- ferred ; the House rules are discussed. The Urgent Deficiency Bill passes both Houses. N. Y. In the Legislature bills are in- troduced to appropriate $800,000 for work on the new Capitol. — — La. The Trans-Mississippi Congress at New Orleans favors the silver ques- tion, from a bimetallic standpoint. Jan. 27. B. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate public building bills are discussed. A despatch is received at Washington from the Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs yielding to President Harrison's demands and expressing regret for the Valparaiso outrage. N. Y. In the Senate Jacob A. Cantor introduces a bill providing for an Adi- rondack Park. Jan. 28. D. C. Congress: The Presi- dent sends to both Houses a message* with the latest Chilean correspond- ence; he expresses the belief that no special powers from Congress will be N. Y. In the Senate the bill appro- priating §300,000 for the "World's Fair Jan. 29. B. C. Congress: Senate not in session ; in the House the report of the Committee on Rules is further con- sidered. The Ways and Means Committee adopts Chairman Springer's plan of at- tacking the tariff by separate bills. Neio York. A number of prominent Democrats call a mass-meeting to pro- test against the action of the State Com- mittee in calling a midwinter conven- tion. N. Y. The State Liquor Dealers' Association Excise Bill is presented in the Senate by M;itthi;ts En. Ires of Buf- falo, and in the Assembly by Samuel J. Foley of New York ; among other things it provides for opening saloons on Sun- days at 1 P.M. Jan. 30. B. C. Secretary Blaine cables to Minister Egan the Government'3 acceptance of Chile's apology for the Valparaiso outrage, and consent to a settlement in accordance with President Harrison's message of Jan. 28. Feb. 1. B.C. Congress; Senate: The Mexican Claims Bills are passed (see Jan. 19) ; the House debates the pro- posed rules. The U. S. Supreme Court decides that Gov. Boyd is the rightful governor of Nebraska. [Feb. 6. Gov. Thayer sur- renders the office to him.] The court decides also that the Anti-Lottery Law is constitutional. Feb. 2. B.C. Congress; Senate: the Printing Bill is taken up ; the House continues to discuss the rules. Feb. 3. B. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the Public Printing Bill; the House discusses the rules. Feb. 4. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The New York Bridge Bills are unfavor- ably reported by the Committee; the House adopts the new rules. N. Y. The Assembly passes the Anti- Pinkerton Bill. Vote, 90-27. [Mar. 2. Passed by the Senate.] Feb. 5. B. C. Congress: Senate not in session ; the House passes the Census Deficiency Bill. The proclamation of the President an- nounces reciprocity arrangements with the British West Indies. N. Y. A bill is introduced in the State Senate providing for the con- struction of three bridges — two over the East River, and one over the Harlem. [Feb. 2-4. The former passes the Senate. Feb. IS. The latter passes the Assem- bly.] Feb. 6. B. C. Secretary James G. Blaine writes to the Chairman of the Republican National Committee an- nouncing that he is not a candidate for the Presidency. N..J. Two race-track bills are in- troduced in the Assembly. [And greatly opposed at public meetings in various parts of the State.] Feb. 9. B. C. Congress ; Senate : The Finance Committee reports unfavorably three Free Coinage Bills. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley calls on the people of the State to meet at Hart- ford on Washington's Birthday to raise money for the World's Fair. Utah,. The liberals at the Salt Lake City elections carry their ticket by the heaviest plurality yet obtained. Feb. 10. B. C. Congress; House: The Bland Free Coinage Bill is favorably reported. It is announced that Great Britain and the United States have agreed upon France, Italy, and Sweden as Bering Sea Arbitrators. Feb. 11. New York. A mass-meeting of Democrats to protest against the early date for the State Convention, called a " Snap Convention," is held at Cooper Union. Feb. 12. B. C. Congress : The House passes the Military Academy Appro- priation Bill introduced Jan. 25. Feb. 13. B. C. Congress: The House adopts a resolution calling for an inves- tigation of the "sweating system." Feb. 15. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Public Printing Bill ; an investigation into the admission of ty- phus fever immigrants at New York is ordered ; in the House an inquiry into the effects on agriculture of the McKinley tariff is ordered. The minority report on the Bland Free Coinage Bill is made public. Feb. 16. B. C. Congress : In the House the bill authorizing the interstate rail- roads to give reduced rates to com- mercial travelers is passed. New York. The State enumerators begin taking a census of the city under police escort. Feb. 17. N. Y. The Assembly passes a bill for a bridge over the St. Lawrence at Wolfe Island. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Jan. 20. Ore. 'The Oregon Pa- cific Railroad is sold at sheriff's sale for $1,000,000. Jan. 21. Boston. The new Chamber of Commerce is dedicated. -New York. A fire in Union Square causes a loss of about $500,000. Jan. 22. Jnd. The National Surgical Institute at Indianapolis burns ; 21 lives are lost, and mauy persons injured. Jan. 27. Chicago. A School Furniture Trust is organized, with a capital of $15,000,000. Jan. 28. Pa. Five trainmen are killed by a locomotive explosion at St. Clair. Jan. 31. Ky. The centennial of the admission of the State into the Union is celebrated at Lexington. Feb. 3. Ya. The historic Appomattox Court-house building is destroyed by fire. Feb. 5. New York. The Edison and Thomson-Houston Electric Light inter- ests consolidate. Many explosive matches are found scattered among bales of cotton about to be loaded into a transatlantic steam- ship. N. J. The steamer Venezuela, of the Red D Line, goes ashore on Brigantine Shoals in a snow-squall ; the passengers are brought to New York. Feb. 6. Fa. The steamer Polynesian, of the Allan Line, goes ashore near Cape Henry. The Barbed "Wire Trust of the United States is dissolved. Feb. 7. New York. The Hotel Royal is destroyed by fire in the early morning ; many lives are lost. Feb. 8. Tenn. A fire causes a loss of $1,000,000 in Memphis. Feb. 10. Neio York. The Sixth Avenue horse-car road is leased to a Philadel- phia company for 999 years. The Philadelphia and Heading Railroad Company secures control, by lease, of the New Jersey Central and the Lehigh Valley Roads. Feb. 11. Colo. By proclamation of President Harrison, Pike's Peak is set apart as a forest reserve. 40: 1892, Feb. 18-Mar. 25. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1892 Feb. * The claims of the Balti- more's seamen against Chile for assault and murder aggregate SI, 305,000. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Mar. 4. Kan. Gold is discovered by the fall of a bluff at Plymore. Mar. 14. Mb. Natural gas is struck in an artesian well at Kansas City. [June 1. Gas is struck in large quantities at Danvers, 111. July 15. Also found in Conway County, Ark.] Mar. 19. /. T. A large meteor falls in Eagle County, Choctaw Nation ; it im- beds itself 20 feet in the earth, while 12 feet remain above ground. Mar. 24. Ariz. Aztec city buildings are discovered during the process of digging on the extension of the Santa Cruz Canal. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1892. Feb. S3. Shea, John D. Gilmary, historian, philologist, A68. Feb. 28. Cullum, George W., maj.-gen. U. S. A., A83. Mar. 1. H olden, William W., Gov. of N. C, A74. Mar. 3. Hopkins, Stephen T., M. C. for N. T., A43. Mar. 4. Porter. Noah, clergyman, author, lexicographer, president of Vale, A81. Mar. 6. Pierrepont, Edwards, lawyer, atty.-gen., minister to Kimktiul, A75. Mar. 11. Bedell. Gregory Thurston, P. E. bishop of O., author, A75. Mar. 17. Strakoseh, ."\la.x, opera-manager, A57. Mar. 18. Depoele. Van, Charles J., electri- cian, inventor, A46. Mar. 19. Lothrop, Daniel, publisher, A60. Mar. 22. Agnew, David Hayes, sur- geon, professor at University of Pa., A74. CHURCH. 1892 Mar. 2. Cal. TheKorashan Messiah leaves San Francisco for Chi- cago with 45 of his followers. Mar. 11. N. Y. Archbishop Corrigan announces that Pope Leo has appointed Charles Edward McDonnell bishop of Brooklyn. [Apr. 25. Consecrated. May 2. Installed.] Mar. 13. New York. Dr. C. H. Park- hurst preaches another sermon on municipal corruption; he tells his experience in visiting a number of rjlaces that the authorities allow to remain open in violation of law. Mar. 20. N. Y. The First Reformed Church of Albany celebrates its 250th anniversary. LETTERS. 1892 Feb. 19. Pa. The new library hall at Johnstown, built by Andrew Car- negie at a cost of §65,000, is dedicated. Feb. 22. Mich. Ex-President Cleveland delivers an address on " Sentiment in Our National Life" at the University of Michigan. Feb. 26. New York. The Alumni of Columbia vote unanimously in favor of removing the college to the Bloom- ingdale site. Mar. 2. N. If. Or. William J. Tucker of Andover Theological Seminary is elected President of Dartmouth. Mar. 4. Conn. Yale's post-graduate courses in Philosophy are to be open without distinction of sex. SOCIETY. 1S92 Feb. 18. Nero York. Gen. Horace Porter is elected president of the Grant Monument Association. Term. The miners of East Tennes- see are finally pacified by the com- panies' employment of free laborers instead of convicts. Feb. 20. Ark. A negro is burned at the stake at Texarkana for criminal as- sault on a white woman ; thousands of spectators are present. Feb. 21. N. Y. A train-robbernamed Perry shoots an express-messenger on the New York Central road, near Roches- ter ; he intimidates the train's crew and captures the engine, but is chased, caught in a swamp, and locked up. [May 19. He is sentenced to State prison for 49 years and three months.] N. Y. Licenses are issued so freely in Brooklyn that there is now one saloon to 225 of population, — men, women, and children, — and one for every 62 male adults in the city. Feb. 22. Mb. The National Industrial Conference meets at St. Louis, with G50 delegates present. [It decides to favor the People's Party in the elec- tions.] Feb. 23. New York. Kev. C. H. Park- hurst is subpoenaed as a witness before the grand jury concerning the charges made in his sermon on Feb. 14th. N. Y. The National Convention of Electrical Engineers begins its annual session in Buffalo. Feb. 27. Chicago. The American Sec- ular Union — anti-Bible, anti-Sabbath law, etc. — holds a mass-meeting; it demands that the "World's Fair shall be kept open on Sunday. Ind. Attempts to run street-cars in Indianapolis are prevented by strikers. Phila. The will of Mrs. Anna P. Wilsbach leaves $1,000,000 to be divided among charitable organiza- tions. Feb. 28. Mr. Blaine furnishes the As- sociated Press with a statement con- cerning the marriage of his son James to Miss Nevins, and its results. Mar. 1. Neiu York. Dr. Parkhurst'a society presents evidence against liquor- dealers, and Judge Duffy issues nine warrants for their arrest ; seven are held in S100 each for trial. Mar. 3. Cal. J. "W. Collins, president of the broken National Bank, commits suicide ; be was financially ruined. Mar. 5. New York. The jury in the E. M. Field case disagree. (See Dec. 14, 1891.) Mar. 6. Tenn. Several white men are killed in one race fight, and several ne- groes in another, near Memphis. Mar. 9. Tenn. A mob takes three negroes from a jail in Memphis, shoots and kills them. New York. out 500 cow- boys set ont to exterminate the rustlers (cattle-thieves) of Wyoming and Mon- tana. Apr. 12. Pa. It is discovered that the superintendent of police of Pittsburg, ago, was pol- Apr. 13. New York. A defalcation of $32,072.94. is discovered in the United States National Bank. A new suit is entered against Henry Hilton to recover some of A. T. Stew- art's millions. Dr. Parkhurst publishes a statement regarding his action in obtaining evi- dence against the Police Department. The first public meeting of the New City Club is held. Apr. 15. Afass. Two "White Caps are sentenced to imprisonment in I»edham Jail for one year each for tarring and feathering H. N. Pratt. Apr. 17. -V. Y. An unsuccessful attempt ade to wreck the New York express road near Oswego. New York. The police make a show of enforcing the Excise law ; 91 arrests are made. Apr. 18. Boston. Nearly 2,000 persons attend the reception and banquet in honor of Rev. Dr. E. E. Hale. New York. J. U. Gamper. a socialist leader, in a drunken fit nearly kills his wife and daughter. Apr. 21. New York. Tiff an v & elers. suffer a loss of $50,000 by i James A. Palmer, who is under on the Larkau ;i "Bu by N. Y. Tin imas O'Brien, the notorious King." escapes from his keeper conspiracy while on his way to W( ster. Apr. 1. Pa. Moonshiners kill Jona- than Hochstetter on Laurel Hill Moun- tain for testifying against them in court. New York. The grand jury makes a strong presentment against the police department for corruption. Apr. 2. Ind. The State Board of "World's Fair managers vote against the clos- ing of the exposition on Sunday. Ky. Revenue officers make a success- ful raid on moonshine stills in Harlan County. 0. An unknown negro is lynched in Millersburg. Apr. 4. Ida. Six stage-robbers — all women, dressed in men's clothes — are arrested near Salmon City. New York. A mass-meeting of col- ored people at Cooper Union protests Clinton Pr [June 2. Keeper Buck is convicted at Utica of complicity in the escape. June 4. He is sentenced to State prison for three years.] The grand jury of Saratoga finds true bills of indi.-tment acainst W. H. Gailor and K. F. Enapp, late members of the Board of Police Commissioners, for bri- bery and extortion. Apr. 23±. N. Y. Prominent Buffalo lawyers are preparing a testimonial commending the action of the Bar Asso- ciation in regard to Judge Maynard ; it has already been signed by 34 lawyers. Apr. 23. N.J. Alfred Parkes, who killed his wife with a hammer in Newark, is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. Apr. 24. Chicago. The annual Con- vention of the Theosophical Societies begins. N. J. Armed residents of Passaic and Clifton raid a gang and capture 19 tramps, who are sentenced at once to 90 days each in the county jail. Apr. 25. New York. The Baptist pas- tors indorse Dr. Parkhurst in his cru- sade against vice. Apr. 26. New York. F. C. Ewer, a trusted clerk of the Corbin Banking Company, is a defaulter to the amount of $12,000; gambling the alleged cause. UNITED STATES. 1892, Mar. 25 -Apr. 27. 405 STATE. 1892 Mar. 25. N Y. The Judiciary Committees of the Legislature decide to limit the Maynard investigation to one day, and to call as witnesses only the nine members of the Bar Association's committee. [Mar. 30. F. K. Coudert and others testify.] Senator Hill arrives in Albany; tho liquor-sellers' Excise Bill is reported back to the Assembly, with the local-option clause added, and another forbidding the licensing of a saloon with- in "200 feet of a church or schoolhouse. Fr. The new Franco-American Ex- tradition Treaty is signed in Paris. Mar. 26. Miss. The House defeats a World's Fair appropriation. Vote, 20- 78. 0. The Legislature gives Cincinnati the right of raising $6,000,000 on ■water bonds by a popular vote. Mar. 2S. B. C. Congress : The Senate amends and passes the Anti-Chinese Bill. [May 2-4. Conference report agreed to. May 11. Approved.] Mar. 29. B. C. Congress: The Senate unanimously ratifies the Arbitration Treaty; "William M. Stewart of Nev. gives notice that he will move to take up his Free Coinage Bill; the House re- sumes discussion of the Tariff Bill. Mar. 30. B.C. Congress; Senate : The treaty between Great Britain and the United States for the arbitration of the Bering Sea difficulty is ratified ; in the House debate on the Free Wool Bill is continued. New York. The Central Park Com- missioners ask the Legislature to repeal the Speedway Act, which provides for a trotting course in the Park. [Apr. 1. It is repealed by the Senate. Apr. 14. By the Assembly. Apr. '25. Approved.] Mar. 31. B.C. Congress; Senate : The army provision in the Indian Appro- priation Bill is adopted ; the House de- bates the "Wool Bill. Apr. 1. B. C. Secretary Noble orders that the Cheyenne and Arapaho reservation be opened for settlement April 15. Apr. 2. B. C. Congress: In the House general debate on the "Wool Bill is closed. Apr. 4. B. C. Congress : In the House the Chinese Exclusion Bill, prohibit- ing the entrance of Chinese into the United States, is passed ; bill introduced - Feb. 19. N. Y. The Senate passes the Com- pulsory Education Bill, with New York and Brooklyn exempted. Apr. 5. N. Y. The Senate by a party vote passes the Congressional Reappor- tionment Bill and the * ( Huckleberry ' ' Bailroad BiH for New York City. [Apr. 7. The latter passed by the Assembly. Apr. 20. Approved.] In Buffalo at a Democratic mass- meeting, the mayor presiding, the Feb- ruary State Convention is denounced. Apr. 6. B. C. Congress: The Assembly amends and passes the Indian Appro- priation Bill after five discussions. [July 7. Conference report agreed to. July 15. Approved.] In the House the Committee of the Whole reports the Free Wool Bill. Ii. I. State officers and Legislature are elected. Apr. 7. B. C. Congress: The House passes the Free "Wool Bill introduced Feb. 15, and takes up the Cotton-Bag- ging Bill. N. Y. The Senate and Assembly pass the Constitutional Convention Bill. The Maynard investigation comes to an abrupt termination ; the Republi- cans not being allowed to subpoena any witnesses, none appear. Apr. 8. B. C. Congress ; Senate : An amendment appropriating §100,000 for the Grand Army of the Republic en- campment in Washington is incorpo- rated in the District Appropriation Bill. Apr. 9. B. C. Congress: The House passes the Free Bagging Bill for cot- ton ; bill introduced Feb. 15. Apr. 11. B.C. Congress; Senate : Ja- cob H. Gallinger of N. H. advocates his bill for a sanitarium for pulmonary patients. Apr. 14. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes the amendments to the bill creat- ing the Circuit Courts of Appeal ; in the House the reprinting in the Record of Henry George's book, Protection or Free Trade ? as the undelivered speeches of five Democratic members, is dis- cussed ; Julius C. Burrows's motion to expunge the matter is voted down. The payment of an indemnity of §25,000 by the United States to Italy, in repara- tion of outrages on Italians in New Or- leans, and the immediate resumption of full diplomatic relations between the countries, is announced. (See Society. Oct. 15, 1890.) Fla. The Republicans, on account of alleged Democratic election practices preventing a fair vote, decide to make no nominations in the State. Apr. 15. JS T . Y. In the Legislature the Assembly passes the "Woman's Suf- frage Bill. [It fails in the Senate.] S. Bale. The President by proclama- tion opens the Sisseton Indian reser- vation for settlement. Apr. lp\ B. C. It is announced that a copyright agreement with Germany has been signed by Secretary Blaine and the German Minister to the U. S., Theo- dore von Holleben. La. Both of the Democratic fac- tions hold large mass-meetings, refus- ing to compromise in any way in regard to the approaching elections. Mass. The House passes the bill fix- ing ten hours as a day's "work for railroad employees. Apr. 18. B. C. Congress ; Senate : The Bering Sea modus vivendi is re- ceived from the President ; the House passes the Naval Appropriation Bill, introduced Mar. 10 ; it provides for one new cruiser [New York.] N. Y. In the Legislature the major- ity and minority reports in the Maynard investigation are submitted. [Apr. 20. The majority report, exonerating Judge Maynard, is adopted by a strictly party vote]. Apr. 19. B. C. Congress: The Senate approves the Bering Sea modus vivendi. La. The people vote to reject the offer of the Louisiana Lottery Com- pany. Apr. 25. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes the substitute for the Gray Anti- Chinese BUI; it extends the present laws for ten years. Apr. 26. B. C. Congress : The Senate receives a message from the President declining to transmit the correspond- ence relative to an International Mon- etary Conference, as requested. Secretary Blaine telegraphs a member of the Republican State Committee of Maine that the use of his name in con- nection with the presidential nomina- tion is entirely unauthorized. Apr. 27. B.C. Congress : The Senate amends and passes the Army Appro- priation Bill. [July 15. Conference report agreed to. July 20. Approved.] ///. John B. Altgeld (Dem.) is nomi- nated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Mar. 29. La. The families of the lynched Italians at New Orleans are to receive $20,000, provided their Italian citizenship is proved. Mar. 30. New York. A great rubber trust, to control most of the rubber busi- ness of the country, is incorporated. Mar. 31. Colo. The silver-mines are shutting down on account of the low price paid for silver. Kan. Destructive prairie fires are raging. Mar. * A train on the New York Central and Hudson Biver road runs 21 miles at the rate of 72.69 miles per hour. Apr. 2. Miss. Greenville loses $100,000 by fire. Xew York. The Mercantile Exchange appoints a committee of 15 to cooperate with the Grant Monument Associa- tion to complete the tomb. Apr. 3. La. Four cotton compresses, S0,000 bales of cotton, and many dwell- ings are burned in New Orleans ; the loss is $2,(150,000. New York. Seven street-car lines are secured by a Philadelphia syndi- cate. Apr. 9±. Chicago. W. T. Baker is re- elected president of the "World's Fair Directory ; his salary is reduced one- half. La. New Orleans merchants organize a company with a capital of $500,000 to fight the rice trust. Apr. 12. New York. "Win. Murray re- tires from the office of Superintendent of Police ; Inspector Byrnes is ap- pointed his successor. Apr. 19. /. T. Cheyenne and Arapaho reservations are thrown open to set- tlers, and thousands rush in to take possession. 406 1892, Apr. 28 -May 31. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1892 Apr. 30. N. J. The practice gunboat Bancroft is launched at Eliza- betliport. May 18. Chicago. A military despatch by bicycle relays is started from Chi- cago for New York. [May 23. The Relay Bicyclists com- plete the work of bringing a message from Gen. Miles at Chicago to Gen. Howard at New York city ; time, four days, 13 hours, and live minutes.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Apr. 29. N, Mex. Valuable fossils are found in San Juan County. Apr. 30. S. Dak. A valuable discovery of platinum ore is made near Rapid City. May 17. D. C. The Congress of the National Art Association in behalf of free art opens in Washington. May 18. la. A flood-wave in the Floyd River, at Sioux City, drives 8,000 people from their homes ; many are rescued with great difficulty, and 11 are known to be drowned. May 21. Mo. It is stated that damages by flood in and about St. Louis will amount to §11,000,000 ; further loss of life is reported from Arkansas. May 23. III. The whole Illinois valley is a scene of desolation caused by floods. May 24. Ark. The crops of 40,000 far- mers are swept away. May 27- Kan. A cyclone kills 20 per- sons at Wellington and 11 at Hutchin- son, and destroys a vast amount of prop- erty. [July 3. Bethlehem, Pa., loses $150,000 by a tornado. Oct. 17. A hurri- cane rages along the Gulf of Mexico.] May 28. Ark. Gold is found which as- says from §3.50 to $110 per ton. May 29. Chicago. The first Bohemian soldiers' monument in the United States is dedicated. La. A monument to Chief Hennessy is unveiled at Metaric Cemetery, New Orleans. May 30. JV, Y. A soldiers' monu- ment is unveiled at Rochester ; Presi- dent Harrison and Gov. Flower are present. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Apr. 39. Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, pro- fessor at University of Pa., A69. May 5. Moore, George Henry, author, li- brarian, bibliographer, A59. May 14. Barbour, John S., senator for Va., A72. Blanebard, Jonathan, president Whea- ton College, A81. May 18. Ely, Alfred, M. C.,forN. Y., A77. May 30. Rutherford, Lewis Morris, physi- cist, A75. CHURCH. 1S92 Apr. 29. Wis. Archbishop Katzer of Milwaukee issues a letter forbidding Catholics joining socie- ties which bind their members to observe secrets so strictly that they cannot be revealed to even the bishop of the diocese. May 2. Neb. The General Confer- ence (Methodist Episcopal) begins its quadrennial session at Omaha. [It pro- tests against the State granting money for sectarian purposes ; declares in favor of equal lay and clerical repre- sentation.] May 5. New York. A relic, said to be a piece of the arm of St. Anne, the mother of the A'irgin Mary, is placed on exhibition at St. Jean Baptiste's Roman Catholic church. N. Y. Rev. Henry Gabriels is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the Diocese of Ogdensburg at Albany. May 9. M'is. The coronation of the statue of St. Joseph takes place at De Pere by favor of Pope Leo. The crowns are of pure gold studded with precious stones, and valued at §6,000. May 14. Cincinnati. The General Con- vention of the New Jerusalem meets. May IS. New York. Rev. Thomas Dixon, Jr., denounces the Tammany Society and Mayor Grant. [May 27. Mr. Dixon is held in SI. 000 bail for the grand jury in the criminal libel case of the excise commissioner, Koch. June 6. He is unanimously sup- ported by the Baptist Ministers' Confer- ence. June 30. The indictment is dis- missed.] May 19. Ore. The 104th General Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Portland. [May 25. The trial of Dr. Charles A. Briggs for heresy hegins. May 23. The Assembly decides to sustain the appeal of the Prosecuting Committee. May 30. It remands the case to the New York Presbytery for trial.] May 22. Pa. A priest stops a prize- fight at Plains, six miles from TTilkes- barre, after the fourth round was nearly finished. May 29. Neiv York. Dr. Rainsford (Protestant Episcopal) in a sermon fa- vors making barrooms as good as pos- sible, and keeping them open at certain hours on Sunday. May .31. X. Y. Father Dent institutes a slander suit against Bishop Ryan of Buffalo, claiming §100,000 damages. This day is observed as a day of fast- ing, humiliation, and prayer by the col- ored people of the South. SOCIETY. 1892 Apr. 2S. N.J. Judge Lippincott of Jersey City sentences two saloon- keepers to three months' imprisonment and a fine of §250 each for liquor-sell- ing on Sunday. Apr. 29. Ga. The Scotch-Irish Con- gress is in session at Atlanta. N. Y. J. D. Sheehan, a pedler, is murdered by tramps near Stony Point. Tenn. White Caps are terrorizing Jackson, Sevier, and Knox counties; they are under a leader employed on a salary, and about fifty persons have been whipped, some of whom are in a precari- ous condition. Apr. 30. New York. The Annual Con- gress of the Sons of the American Revolution meets. N. Y. Ferdinand Ward's term ex- pires, and he is released from Sing Sing Prison. Tenn. A Nashville mob takes a negro from jail and hangs him. May 1. Chicago. Three red flags borne in the May-Day parade are seized by the police, and their bearers arrested. New York. By official orders the police are restricted from the full en- forcement of the Excise law. May 2. New Eng. Granite-cutters and quarrymen throughout New England go on strike. [May 13. A number of strikes are ordered in New York City to aid them. May 14. Granite-workers are locked out in several New England towns. May 17. They accept the terms offered by the Thomaston owners, to work the quarries on the cooperative plan. July 8. The New York granite-pavers declare their strike off, and yield to the contractors. Aug. 27. The Milford branch of the Quarrymen's Union decides to allow its members to seek employment.] May 3. New York. The Pavers* Union orders its members in this city to go out on strike in sympathy with granite- workers. May 7. N. Y. A conspiracy between conductors and outsiders to defraud the "West Shore Railroad is discovered, and several arrests are made. New York. The Actors' Fund Fair at the Madison Square Garden closes ; about $170,000 is realized. Thousands of children attend May- parties in Central Park. May 8. N. J. Mrs. Susan B. Palmer gives 20 city-lots in Passaic for a hos- pital site. May 10. N. J. Italian laborers near As- bury Park put an armed guard over em- ployers who have not paid their wages. New York. The National Tem- perance Society holds its 27th anni- versary in the Broadway Tabernacle. May 11. Chicago. The Convention of the Federation of Women's Clubs opens. May 12. Colo. The Child s-D rex el Na- tional Home for Printers, at Colorado Springs, is formally dedicated. N. Y. Three assessors of Cohoes are indicted and two arrested on war- rants charging them with bribery. Tenn. The Confederate Soldiers' Home at the Hermitage (Andrew Jack- son's home) is opened. May 15. Cat. Stage-robbers kill the messenger, and secure $20,000 from the AVells-Fargo Express Company; one of the robbers is captured. May 17. Ga. Three negroes are taken from jail in Clarksville and lynched. May 19. Tex. En Denison four women, two of them of high social standing, are shot in widely different parts of the city, by au unknown assassin. May 20. Tenn. A mob storms the jail at Nashville to get a negro prisoner and lynch him ; the police "are armed with "\Vi ■ifles. May 21. New York. Eleven King's Daughters leave America for Russia, 11 In His Name," to distribute money among the famine sufferers. May 24. N. Y. A Sanitarium for Hebrew children at Rockaway Beach, UNITED STATES. 1892, Apr. 28 -May 31. 407 Long Island, is dedicated ; it has accom- modations for 100 children and their mothers, and cost $'27,500. May 25. Boston. The 32d annual con- vention of the United States Brewers* Association begins. New York. The American Fisher- ies Society begins its annual conven- tion. May 26. Cal. Union workmen blow up a non-union blacksmith shop in San Diego. Miss. The levee-guards at Gunnison shoot and kill a man trying to blow up the levee with dynamite. Neju York. Joseph Barondess, union cloakraaker, is sentenced to one year and nine months in the State prison for extortion. [Pardoned June 4.] The crusade against protected crime, led by Rev. Dr. Parkhurst, is indorsed at a mass-meeting in Cooper Union. May 27. New York. Three women are among the graduates from the Law School of the University of the City of New York. Paving contractors join the quarry- men in fighting the striking granite- cutters. (See May 2.) Utah. N. H. Groesbeck, a Mormon, is sentenced for the third time to one year's imprisonment for polygamy. May 30. III. W. J. Jones, manager of the Sandwich Manufacturing Company, is decoyed from his house, robbed, and murdered. May 31. New York. M. T. G. Cum- miskey, of the customs bureau in the post-office, is charged with stealing — in all, about $6,000. May * The General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church con- demns the liquor traffic. "License laws are the liquor traffic's strongest bulwark of defense. They are wrong in principle and impotent for good. We are unalterably opposed to the enactment of laws for that purpose, because they provide for its continu- ance, and afford no protection against its ravages. We will accept no compro- mise, but demand the unconditional sur- render of the rebellious business." STATE. 1892 Apr. 28. Mo. Major Wm. War- ner (Rep.) is nominated for governor. May 1. D. C. The President proclaims the completion of reciprocity arrange- ments with Honduras. May 2. D. C. Congress: In the House, under suspension of rules, the Free Bmding-Twine Bill is passed ; the bill to open the Colville Indian Reserva- tion in Washington is passed; bill in- troduced Mar. 15. [May 21. It passes the Senate. July 15. Approved.] It passes the Pension Bill for the relief of survivors of the Indian Wars of 1832-42 ; bill introduced Mar. 16. [July 21. The bill passes the Senate. July 28. Ap- proved.] Mass. The Senate refuses a third reading to a bill granting municipal suffrage to women. Vote, 32-10. May 3. D. C. Congress; Senate : the report of the Conference Committee on the Chinese Exclusion Bill is agreed to ; the House passes the Diplo- matic and Consular Appropriation BiH after seven discussions; bill intro- duced Mar. 28. May 4. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Chinese Exclusion BUI. [May 5. Approved.] The bill to admit certain foreign-built vessels to Amer- ican registry is passed; bill introduced Mar. 9. May 7. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Dependent Pensions Bill introduced Mar. 14. May 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the House Bill to Encourage Ship-building by granting U. S. regis- try to two steamships of the Inman Line on condition that two others be built by the company in this country. [May 11. Approved.] The House passes the River and Harbor Bill, appropriating $21,300,000, after six discussions ; bill in- troduced Apr. 9. Charles Emory Smith tenders his resignation as Minister to Russia. May 10. I). C. Congress: The Senate passes the biH for enlarging Yellow- stone National Park. May 12. D.C. It is announced that Jus- tice Harlan and Senator Morgan have been selected as arbitrators and ex-Min- ister Phelps as chief counsel for the United States in the Bering Sea arbi- tration. May 14. O. Judge Sage of the U. S. District Court in Cincinnati decides that the River and Harbor Act of Congress is unconstitutional so far as it gives to the Secretary of War judicial powers. May 17. Mich. A National League of College Republican Clubs is formed at Ann Arbor. May 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Naval Appropriation Bill as amended by the Committee, five Democrats voting with the Republi- cans. [July 15. Conference report agreed to. July 20. Approved.] N. I". Gov. Flower signs the codes prepared by the Statutory Revision Commission, and Senator George F. Koesch's Factory Bill. May 20. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the River and Harbor Bill. [July 6. Conference report agreed to. July 15. Approved.] President Harrison proclaims reci- procity with Guatemala, to take ef- fect May 30. May 23. Ida. Gov. Willey asks aid of the United States Government, the strik- ing miners being armed s and trouble is feared. May 26. D. C. Congress: The House adopts a provision for closing the Gov- ernment "World's Fair exhibit on Sunday. Ky. The Legislature orders rail- roads passing through the State to pro- vide separate coaches for negroes. May 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate makes the Stewart Free Coinage Bill unfinished business for the following Tuesday ; the House passes the Sundry Civil Appropriation BiH after 15 dis- cussions ; bill introduced Mar. 24. [July 14. It passes the Senate after 11 dis- cussions. Aug. 5. Conference report agreed to, and bill approved.] La. The Legislature passes a bill re- quiring all persons selling firearms to take out a license. May 31. N. Y. The (anti-Hill) protest- ing Democratic State Convention con- venes at Syracuse ; a full delegation to Chicago is chosen, with instructions to vote as a unit. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Apr. 28. N.J. The steamer Flor- ida goes ashore near Atlantic City. Plata. The Grand Central Theater is burned and 12 lives lost. Apr. 29±. Tex. A drought causes dis- tressing want; 500 families receive rations. May 5. Mo. By the collapse of a rail- way bridge near Medill seven lives are lost and many persons injured. May 7. Wash. The 100th anniversary of the discovery of IPuget Sound is celebrated at Port Townsend. New York. "Wm. Astor bequeaths the bulk of his estate to his son, John Jacob Astor, but gives about $150,000 to public charities. Tenn. The steel cantilever bridge spanning the Mississippi Biver at Memphis is opened with elaborate cere- monies. May 15. O. A train-wreck in a blind- ing storm near Cleves causes seven deaths and many persons injured ; loss to the company, over $100,000. May 16. "Weak levees on the Missis- sippi give way, and much damage is done ; women and children are rescued with difficulty. May 19. la. The loss of property by the flood-wave at Sioux City will reach $1,500,000; about 20 persons are supposed to be lost. May 25. Neb. The silver (25th) anni- versary of the admission of Nebraska into the Union is celebrated at Lincoln. May 26. Chicago. The steam propeller Wergeland arrives from Norway via the St. Lawrence and the Welland Canal. May 27. Chicago. The first elevated railroad is opened. May 28. N. Y. A receiver is asked for to wind up the Empire Order of Mu- tual Aid at Buffalo ; 45 death claims are still unpaid, calling for $'JO,000 ; assets, $20,000. May 30. N. Y. Brooklyn, eastern dis- trict, loses $175,000 by fire ; over 50 fami- lies are rendered homeless. May 31. Cal. The largest gold brick ever handled — 357J pounds avoirdupois, valued at $120,000 — arrives at the mint in San Francisco from the Harqua Hala mine in Arizona. Chicago. In the Board of Trade, the price of corn drops from $1.00 per bushel to 49 cents, causing the failure of Coster and Martin, who were " running a corner " for May. 408 1892, May 31 -July 1. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1892 June 8. Minn. Militia are sent to the Minnesota Company's mines at Tower, where trouble is feared from strikers. June 12. D. C. Commander Smith, U. S. N., is retired by direction of the President. June 28. Fix. The armored battle- ship Texas is launched at Norfolk. July 1. Fia. Additional troops are called out at Jackson to intimidate the negroes ; a number are arrested. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 June 1. Ind. Floods in this State and elsewhere are still raging ; estimated loss thus far, §50,000,000. June 2. Pa. The "High-Water Mark " Monument is dedicated at Gettysburg. It commemorates the terrible struggle on Cemetery Ridge, which resulted in the retirement of Gen. Lee's army from Northern States, and tin- gradual decline of the prestige of Confederate arms. June 5. Pa. IMew deposits of coal are found between Pottsville andTamaqua. June 20. New York. The University Settlement opens its first free art ex- hibition in Allen Street. June 27. The Peary relief party starts on its expedition to McCormick Bay, in the Arctic regions. [Aug. * McCor- mick Harbor is reached on the return trip from the Arctic Sea. Sept. * The successful expedition returns in safety.] La. The entire country along the Amity River, between Lake Maurepas and Port Vincent, is under water. June * D. C. The American Institute of Homeopathy meets at "Washing- ton. BIRTHS —DEATHS. 1892. June 3. Moore, I). T>. T., editor of rural papers, A72. June 9. Dillon, Sidney, president of Union Pacific R. R., A70: June 24. Cassidy, G. W., M. C. for Bio., A56. June 29. Dwight, Theodore W., jurist, professor at Columbia, A70. CHURCH. 1892 May* Phila. The National Baptist Congress convenes. June 13. Pa. A vast concourse of ailing people at Mount Troy, Alle- gheny, visit Father Mollinger to be healed, at the St. Anthony's Day cele- bration (Roman Catholic). [June 15. He dies soon after blessing a large as- sembly. Aged 70 years.] LETTERS. 1892 June 6. The American Jewish Historical Society is formed. June 8. Conn. A new public library* the gift of Miss Caroline Phelps Stokes, is dedicated at Ansonia, the building costing between $35,000 and $40,000. June 22. Cat. Prof. S. W. Burnham, the astronomer, resigns his position at Lick Observatory. Julylr. VI. Middlebury CoUege re- ceives §60,000 toward its permanent fund from C. J. Starr of New York City. 1892 June 1. Cat. Highbinders are rioting in the Chinese quartern at Sac- ramento; two Chinamen are killed and one wounded. June 2. N. Mex. A-n express-train on the Santa Fe road is held up and robbed, after a fight with the express- messengers. N. T. In Port Jervis a negro is lynched for an assault on Miss Mc- Mahon of that village. [June 2S±. The grand jury indicts the officials of Port Jervis for criminal negligence; they are acquitted.] June 3. Fia. By act of the Legislature Florida observes for the first time Jef- ferson Davis's birthday as a legal holiday. June 4. N.J. Alden Fales, 16 years of age, is convicted of the murder of Thomas Haddon at Newark. June 5. Chicago. The American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers begins its annual session. June 6. New York. Dr. Robert W. Buchanan is arrested on a charge of poisoning his wife; a week after her burial he went to Halifax, and remar- ried his (divorced) first wife. N. Y. Two Toronto men are arrested on the Niagara frontier with 6o pounds of smuggled opium in their possession. June 8. Boston. The colored citizens in mass-meeting adopt strong resolu- tions denouncing the outrages on colored people in the South, and demanding the punishment of the lynchers. Colo. Bob Ford, the slayer of Jesse James, is shot and killed by Dep- uty-Sheriff Kelly at Denver. June 9. Fia. Confederate flags are carried in a procession of Confederate veterans in Jacksonville. June 11. Miss. A mob of white men shoots every negro it meets on the hills near Port Gibson. X Y. At a riot among lumber- men in Tonawanda, several strikers are shot by officers ; two policemen receive wounds. Pa. The annual meeting and parade of the Society of the Aj-my of the Po- tomac occurs at Scran ton. June 13. Tenn. A negro prisoner is protected from a mob and tried accord- ing to law in open court at Chattanooga. June 14. Olda. President Harrison telegraphs the governor to use the most vigorous efforts to prevent any lynching at Guthrie, a mob having threatened a negro, arrested for assaulting a woman. Phila. The International Typo graphical Union is in session. June 15. N. T. The Master Car- Builders' Association of the United States is in session at Saratoga. New York. John E. Redmond, the Irish Home Ruler, speaks on the Irish question in the Academy of Music be- fore a large audience. June 16. Ky. For illicit whisky-selling in Lancaster, a local-option town, a negro is fined nearly $1,000,000 after confessing in 1,585 cases, and a white man $157,700. in 1,577 cases. June 18. Mies. One negro is lynched, and another threatened with the same fate, in McComb City. Ex-Congressman J. B. Morgan of Mis- sissippi is killed by Henry Foster, a law- yer, near Horn Lake. New York. The will of Sidney Dillon is made public ; his heirs give $100,000 to various charities. June 19. Minn. There is trouble with striking miners at Tower; the militia June 20. A". ./. The Court of Errors and Appeals affirms the conviction of the Jersey City ballot-box stuffers. (See Feb. 13, 1890.) [June 28. Thirteen are sentenced to the State prison and seven to the peni- tentiary. July I. Judge Lippincott sends four more to prison. Aug. 5. The last of the G7 ballot-box stuffers plead guilty. Dec. 24. All are released by the Court of Pardons.] Pa. The Homestead Steel Works at Pittsburg are partly closed ; 3,000 men are thrown out of work. June 21. Z>. C. Edwin J. Ryan, United States Express Company's clerk at "Washington, is missing ; also three packages of new bank-notes, amount- ing to $50,000. Phila. The Ladies' National Ten- nis Tournament opens. June 22. A". Y. Tramps seize a freight- train on the New York Central Railroad, and ride to New York on it. A'. Y. G. E. Carpenter, the assailant <.f John E. Searles, Jr., in Brooklyn, is sentenced to 20 years in the State prison, June 24. 0. Street-car strikers at Cleveland use violence. June 25. New York. The Iron League, composed of the big local iron firms, dis- charges all employees who are identified with the Knights of Labor; they num- ber about l,5u0. Pa. The Carnegie Steel Works at Homestead lock out the strikers, who demand payment for their labor accor- ding to a wage scale. (See July 6.) June 27. New York. Aprisonerontri.il in the Court of General Sessions is shot dead by the brother of the young girl he had assaulted. Tenn. "W. M. Bates is taken from jail at Shelbyville by a mob and lynched. June 2S. New York. The Health Board appoints 50 physicians of the " summer corps " to serve without charge among the poor in the tenement-house district. The grand jury, having dismissed ex- cise cases without limit, is discharged. Judge Lacombe delivers an opinion in June 29. A'. Y. The National Savings Bank, Buffalo, fails in consequence of the defalcation of Sr>0o,000 by Edward S. I)ann, its president. July 1. N. Y. An Excise Enforce- ment League is organized in Brooklyn. STATE. 1892 June 1. D. C. Congress; Sen- ate: John Sherman finishes his speech on the Silver Bill ; William M. Stewart of Nev. follows. The Treasury Department reports the public debt increased .S-i.G00.000 in May. UNITED STATES. 1892, May 31- July 1. 409 /?. /. The Legislature in Grand Com- mittee elects all the Republican nomi- nees by overwhelming majorities. Wis. Gov. Peck calls a special ses- sion of the Legislature for June 2S to reapportion the State into Senate and Assembly districts. June 2. B.C. Congress; Senate: Wil- liam M. Stewart finishes his speech on silver, and the bill goes over. June 4. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Postal Appropriation Bill after eight discussions ; bill introduced Apr. 16. [June 29. Bill passes the Sen- ate. July 15. Approved.] The Senate Committee on Immigration examines John I. Davenport on the naturaliza- tion frauds in New York City. [Again ©n June 9.] James G. Blaine tenders his resig- nation of the portfolio of State, which the President accepts ; this action is un- derstood to place Mr. Blaine in the field as a possible presidential candidate. June 6. B. C. Congress: The Legis- lative, Executive, and Judicial Appro- priation Bill is passed ; bill introduced May 2S. [June 29. Bill is passed by the Senate. July 20. Approved.] Bills are passed to admit Arizona and New Mexico as States. June 7- B. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Diplomatic and Consular Bill. [July 11. Conference report agreed to. July 20. Approved.] The House passes the Urgent Defici- ency Bill. . Ore. Republicans carry both branches of the Legislature. June 7-11. Minn. The Republican National Convention is in session at Minneapolis, with William McKinley, Jr., of O., chairman. President Harrison is renominated on the first ballot for presidential can- didate. Vote, Harrison of Ind., 535J ; James G. Blaine of Me., 1S2£ ; "William McKinley, Jr. of 0., 182; Thomas B. Reed of Me., 4; Robert T. Lincoln of 111., 1 ; Harrison's plurality, 166. Vote for candidate for Vice-President : Whitelaw Reid and Thomas B. Reed are put in nomination ; but the latter with- draws before a ballot is taken, and the former is nominated unanimously. June 8. B. C. Congress : The House passes the Agricultural Appropria- tion BUI introduced June 2. June 10. B.C. Congress: Li the House the Committee on Commerce reports in favor of instituting an investigation of the Beading combine to control the price of anthracite coal. June 15. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Fortifications Appropria- tion Bill introduced May 3. June 18. Mich. The Supreme Court de- cides that the Miner Electoral Law is unconstitutional. June 20. D. C. Congress : The Sen- ate receives a message from the Presi- dent, calling attention to the failure to agree upon reciprocity with Canada, and recommending retaliation upon the Dominion for unjust discrimination against American vessels navigating the Canadian canals. Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.) is nom- inated for governor. June 21-23. Chicago. The Demo- cratic National Convention is in ses- sion ; W. L. Wilson of W. Va. is chosen permanent chairman ; the convention unanimously adopts a platform, includ- ing a tariff resolution substituted for that reported by the committee ; late in the night session Mr. Cleveland is nomi- nated for President on the first ballot. Vote, 1st ballot: Cleveland, 617; D. B. Hill of N. Y., 114; Horace Boies of la., 103 ; A. P. Gorman of Md., 36 ; Adlai E. Stevenson of 111., 15; J. G. Carlisle of Ky., 14; W. R. Morrison of 111., 3; James E. Campbell of 0., 2; Win. E. Russell pf Mass., 2; and Robert E. Pat- tison and Wm. C. Whitney of N/Y., 1 vote each. Whole number of votes cast, 909i. Necessary to a choice, 607. For Vice-President : Adlai E. Steven- son of 111., 402; Isaac P. Gray of Ind., 343 ; Allen B. Morse of Mich., 86 ; John L. Michell, of Wis., 45; Henry Watter- son of Ky.,26 ; Bourke Cockran of N. Y., 5 ; Lambert Tree and Horace Boies of la., Ivoteeach. Stevenson is nominated by acclamation. June 22. Vt. Col. Levi K. Fuller (Rep.) is nominated for governor. June 27. D. C. Congress: The House passes the General Deficiency BILL The National Republican Commit- tee meets in Washington, and elects W. J. Campbell of Chicago chairman in place of Gen. Clarkson. June 28. B. C. Congress; Senate: The Agricultural Appropriation Bill is amended and passed. [July 1. Confer- ence report agreed to. July 6. Ap- proved.] It is announced that from July 1 the free list on American goods sent to foreign countries will cover Cuba and Porto Rico. Ind. Ira. J. Chase (Rep.) is renomi- nated for governor. June 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate confirms the nomination of John "W. Foster of Ind. for Secretary of State, and passes the Dependent Pensions Appropriation Bill ; total amount ap- propriated, $144,950,000. [July 9. Con- ference report agreed to. July 15. Ap- proved.] A caucus of Democratic Senators decides that white supremacy in the South ought to be the chief issue of the campaign. June 29- July 1. O. The Prohibition National Convention opens at Cincin- nati ; Col. Eli Ritter of Ind. is chosen permanent chairman. John Bidwell of Cal. is nominated for President on the first ballot. Vote : Bidwell, 590; Gideon T. Stewart of O., 179; W. Jennings Demorest of Ijf. Y., 139; H. Clay Bascom of N. Y., 3. For Vice-President; first ballot: James B. Cranfill of Tex., 410; Joshua Levering of Md., 351 ; A. W. Satterly of Minn., 26 ; T. R. Carskadon of W. Va., 21 ; Cranfill is nominated, June 30. Statistics for the fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, .$177,452,9(>4 : inter- nal revenue, .$153,971,072; sales of public lands, .$3,261,876; miscellaneous items, $20,251,872. Total revenue, $354,937,784. Expenditures : miscellaneous items, ■$9U,S41,9S7; War Department, $4i>,895,- 456; Navy Department, .$29,174,139 ; In- dians, $11,150,578; pensions, .$134,583,053; interest on the public debt, S23,37S,11G. Total ordinary expenditure, .$345,023,329 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expen- diture, $9,914,455. Exports. $1,030,278,- 148; imports. ,$.X27, 402,402. Public debt (Dec. 1), §1,563,612,455. July 1. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes Stewart's Free Silver Bill. Vote, 29-25. The House passes the Eight-Hour Labor Bill, for mechanics and laborers employed on the public buildings and works ; bill introduced May 25. [July 25. It passes the Senate. Aug. 2. Approved.] Kan. A. W. Smith (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892. May 31. New York. Gen. Por- ter announces that the raising of the .$350,000 required for the Grant Monu- ment at Riverside Park is completed, with ft700 additional. June 5. Mo. The National Nicaragua Canal Convention is held at St. Louis ; 25 States are represented. Pa. The surface of Oil Creek be- comes a sheet of fire by the bursting of tanks of oil and gasolene during a flood ; 100 lives are lost. June 10. V. J. The United States Cutlery Company is incorporated at Trenton; capital stock, $1,600,000. June 14. Ky. A train- wreck at Lone- some Hollow causes seven deaths. June 17. N. J. A leather-trust is in- corporated at Trenton ; capital stock, SI, 000,000. June 21 + . Ariz. A great gold-rush is made for a new mining-camp in Mohave County, 50 miles north of Kingman. June 25. Cal. The Commercial Hotel at Bangor is burned ; six guests perish and many are injured. Pa. A train is wrecked near Har- risburg, causing 12 deaths ; several men are caught robbing the dead. June 26. Boston. A balloon is torn in an attempt to open the valve during as- cension ; it descends rapidly into the harbor ; the two aeronauts are killed and a newspaper reporter is seriously injured. + la. Seven persons are drowned, many injured, and a vast amount of property destroyed, by floods in the "West; railroad travel is seriously im- peded in Iowa. June 30. Pa. The Homestead works in Pittsburg are closed on account of the strike. July 1. Conn. Yale defeats Harvard in a boat-race at New London ; time, 20.48. 410 1892, July 1- July 23. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1892 July 12. Pa. The State troops enter Homestead, and take possession of the mills. July 14. Ida. A force of 2,000 U. S. troops arrives at Wardner to suppress disorders in the Cceur d'Alene mining- district. [July 23. Order is restored.] July 16. New York. The Naval "Reserve starts on its annual cruise, and for ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 July 4. New York. Ground is broken for the Columbus Monument at-Fifty-ninth-mreetand Eighth Avenue. [Sept. 16. The corner-stone is laid after a parade by Italian societies.] July 11. B.C. The Patent Office at Washington decides that J. W. Swan, and not T. A. Edison, invented the electric- light carbon for incandescent lamps. July 13. Miss. Thousands of acres of cotton and corn are ruined by floods, and the people are in a destitute condi- tion. July 15. Colo. A waterspout almost sweeps away Canon City. July 21. Ind. A soldiers' monument is unveiled at "Winchester, Gov. Chase making a patriotic address. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892. July 10. Morgan, George W., organist, of N. Y., A70. Bungay, George W., author, journalist A74. July 12. Field, Cyrus "W., financier, ori- ginator Atlantic cable enterprise, A73. July 14. Booth, Newton, senator, Gov. of Cal., A67. July 18. Cooke, Rose Terry, author, A65. July 21. Gardner, Henry.)"., Gov. of 31'ass., A73. CHURCH. 1892 July 2. Mass. The 7th annual convention of college students opens at "Northfield. July 3. S. Dak. A Catholic Congress of Sioux Indians opens at the Cheyenne agency ; 6,000 Indians are present. July 6. New York. The Commission- ers of Charities and Correction have set apart a plot of ground attached to the Bellevue Hospital property for a Ro- man Catholic chapel, in which pa- tients of that faith may hear mass. American Jewish rabbis meet in convention. July 7. New York. The 11th Interna- tional Convention of Christian En- deavor Societies opens at Madison Square Garden ; there are 30,000 peo- ple in attendance. July 14. Mich. The Baptist Young People's Union begins its first annual National Convention in Detroit. LETTERS. 1892 July 5. P. I. The American Institute of Instruction opens its 63d annual convention at Narragansett Pier. July 6. X. Y. The Chautauqua Col- lege of Liberal Arts and the Teachers' Retreat are opened. New York. It is decided to introduce the kindergarten system into the public schools. July 12. N. Y. President Harrison speaks before the National Educa- tional Association at Saratoga. July 15. N. Y. The annual meeting of the American Institute of Christian Philosophy is held at Prohibition Park, Staten Island ; Rev. Charles F. Deeras is reelected president. July IS. Mass. The Summer School of Pedagogy and Psychology opens at Clark University, "Worcester, with an attendance of nearly 200. July 23. Minn. The State Turnfest, in session at Duluth, unanimously adopts resolutions condemning interference by any religious sect with the public- school system. SOCIETY. 1S92 July 2. Minn. A train is held up by robbers near Kasota ; the express- uger saves the money in a clever July 4. Fla. Three men are Bhot by negroes in Jacksonville, while assem- bled to prevent the lynching of a col- ored man held under the charge of murder. July 5. Conn. The Norfolk Gymna- sium, erected by Miss Alice B. Eldridge, opens ; it is built of Roman brick, with tiled roof. July 6. Pa. A Riot occurs at the Carnegie "Works at Homestead. Three hundred Pinkerton men, at- tempting to land at the works, are met by armed workmen, and in the fight which ensues 11 strikers and 9 detectives are killed and many wounded ; cannon and dynamite are used by the strikers, and the Pinkertons are compelled to surrender ; the barges on which they came are looted and burned. (See June 25.) [July 7. Homestead is quiet. The locked-out men repair the damage done to the steel company's plant on the 6th inst. ; five car-loads of Pinkerton guards are sent from Pittsburg to New York. All the liquor-stores are closed by order of the authorities. July 9. Gov. R. E. Pattison orders the State troops to Homestead to preserve order among the strikers. Ammunition to the extent of 25,000 rounds is sent from the State Arsenal to Pittsburg ; Homestead is still under control of the armed workmen. July 16. The Company gives formal notice to the strikers, that they will be discharged unless they return to their work.] (See July 18.) Six lynchings occur at different places in the South. July 7. N. Y. Nine young burglars, ages ranging from 13 to 19, are captured in Brooklyn. The American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf Mutes meets in convention at Lake George. N. Y. Sons of the Revolution cel- ebrate an anniversary at White Plains ; Whitelaw Reid delivers an oration. July 11. X. Y. Further protests are made to Mayor Boody of Brooklyn against the action of the Board of Al- dermen in giving a railway franchise without remuneration to the city, vhen $30,000 was offered for the same. July 12. Ky. At Padncah 75 armed negroes have a conflict with a sheriff's posse, and one of the latter is wounded fatally. New York. Over $2,000 are received at the Produce Exchange for the St. John's sufferers in Newfoundland. July 13. Ida. Striking miners blow up two railroad bridges of the Northern Pacific road in Cceur d'Alene country : non-union men are put to work in the mines at Wardner. July 14. O. Seven members of the To- ledo Common Council are indicted for soliciting bribes from the Pluto Oil Company for permission to pipe certain streets to furnish crude oil. July 15. Chicago. German societies in convention protest against the Sen- ate's action in requiring the closing of the "World's Fair on Sunday. /. T. Train-robbers, after a fight, open the express company's safe and secure $50,000; several employees are wounded, July 16. Mont. The National Mining Congress in session at Helena declares in favor of free coinage, and then ad- journs. O. Sheriff Herzog of Ashland County is arrested on the charge of embezzling July 18. Conn. William W. Backus of Norwich, recently deceased, leaves by will $300,000 to Norwich public in- stitutions. Pa. Warrants are issued for the ar- rest of seven leaders of the Home- stead strike, charged with the murder of two Pinkerton men on July 6; they ate all under.arrest except Hugh O'Don- nell, the chief leader. [July 19. Gov. Pattison arrives to in- spect the Pennsylvania militia in camp ; 150 non-union men are at work in the steel-mills. . July 22. H. C. Frick of the Carnegie Steel- Works is shot thrice ; Berkman, his assailant, is arrested. IWore strikers are arrested. The Carnegie Works are now being operated by non-union men. July 28. It is announced that upwards of 700* non-union men are at work in the Carnegie mills at Homestead. The Pennsylvania troops take posses- sion of Homestead ; Mr. Child, of the Carnegie Company, opens the office and resumes possession of the works for the Company ; Gen. Snowden declines a re- ception. Aug. 2. W. I. Brennan, representing the Amalgamated Association of work- men at Homestead, applies in court for the appointment of a voluntary trade tribunal to settle the trouble. Aug. 3. Several officials of the Car- negie Company are arrested at Pittsburg on charge of murder, and released on S 10.000 bail. Aug. 8. The strikers at the Carnegie mills at Duquesne return to work. Aug. 25. Upwards of 200 employees of the 20th Street Carnegie mill at Pittsburg begin a sympathy strike. Aug. 20. Non- union men are assaulted by strikers at Homestead. Sept. 1S>. Berkman is sen- tenced to 22 years imprisonment. UNITED STATES. 1892, July 1- July 23. 411 Sept. 21. Officers of the Carnegie Steel Company are arrested at Pittsburg on charges growing out of the Home- stead riots. Oct. 2. Five more Homestead stri- kers are arrested for treason against the State. Oct. 11. Indictments are found at Pittsburg against the strikers' Advisory Committee at Homestead for treason, and against Mr. Frick and others for murder and conspiracy. Nov. 17. Three hundred mechanics and day-laborers at Homestead leave the ranks of the strikers, and are taken back by the Carnegie Company. Nov. 18. More Homestead strikers re- turn to work ; the trial of Sylvester Critehlow, the first of the strikers charged with murder during the riot, begins in Pittsburg. ■ Nov. 20. The strike at Homestead is declared off by the Amalgamated Asso- ciation of Iron and Steel Workers. Nov. 21. Ex-strikers make a rush to get their former places in the Carnegie mills at Homestead, but many of them are disappointed. [Those who return are required to sign an agreement not to join any labor" organization.] July 20. New York. A Tee-To-Tum, a club for tenement-house people, the first in this country, is opened in Essex Street. /?. /. Anthony S. Haswell of East Providence is lured from his home, robbed, and killed. July 23. Russia. Rev. T. DeWitt Tal- mageof Brooklyn, N. Y., visits the Czar. STATE. 1892 July 2. D. C. Congress: The House agrees to several conference re- ports. Neb. The National Convention of the People's Party convenes in Oma- ha; C. H. Ellington of Ga., temporary chairman ; after a number of speeches, a committee on resolutions is appointed, and the convention adjourns till Mon- day, July 4. d [July 4-5. The People's Party Con- vention at Omaha adopts a platform, and nominates Gen. James B. "Weaver of la. for President on the first ballot. Vote: "Weaver, 995; James H. Kyle of S. Dak., 295 ; Mann Page of Pa. , Leland Stanford of Cal., and S. F. Norton of 111., one vote each. Jas. G. Field of Va. is nominated for Vice-President. Vote : Field, 733; Ben Terral of Tex., 554.] III. W. Q,. Gresham telegraphs that he cannot accept a nomination for the presidency from the People's Party. July 6. D. C. Congress : In the Senate the joint resolution is passed for an in- vestigation relative to the " Slums of Cities " having more than 200,000 popu- lation ; bill introduced Feb. 15. [July 18. It passes the House. July 21. Ap- proved.] July 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate Investigating Committee continues its inquiry regarding the Reading combine with two other roads for controlling the price of coal. July 8. D. C. Congress: The House un- der suspension of rules passes the Tin- Plate, Lead-Ore, and Utah Govern- ment Bills. [They all fail in the Sen- ate.] July 9. D. C. Congress: In the House the Stewart Free Silver Bill is re- ported favorably without amendment. It is announced that President Harri- son is to arbitrate a South American boundary question. July 10. Pa. Gov. Pattison issues or- ders to Gen. Snowden to move with the entire National Guard of the State to the support of the Sheriff of Alle- gheny County at Homestead. July 12. I). C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the Anti-Option Bill is put back upon the calendar. The President at the call of the gov- ernor of Idaho orders Federal troops to ig region lor the July 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate the Committee of the Whole adopts the Quay proviso for closing the "World's Fair on Sundays; the mo- tion to lay the amendment on the table is rejected. Vote, 11-45. The amend- ment is agreed to without division ; the Peffer proviso that the $5,000,000 should be paid out of the Treasury for the ex- penses of the Fair only on condition that intoxicating liquors should not be sold "within the Fair Grounds is agreed to. Vote, 28-26. The House re- jects the resolution reported by the Committee on Rules, to consider the Silver BUI. Vote, 136-154. It is there- by practically killed. Ida. Gov. Willey issues a proclama- tion placing Shoshone County under martial law. Md.— Va. The Maryland and Vir- ginia Legislatures appoint committees to fix the boundary line and determine upon a plan for the settlement of the oyster-grounds dispute. Pa. The Congressional Committee resumes its investigation of the Home- stead trouble. [July 14. It is com- pleted.] July 14. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- ate the proviso for closing the "World's Fair on Sunday, passed in the Com- mittee of the "Whole, is confirmed; Peffer 's anti-liquor selling proviso is reconsidered and rejected. Vote, 20-21. John Sherman of O. introduces a bill repealing parts of the present law direct- ing the purchase of silver bullion and of the issue of Treasury notes thereon. Minn. Ignatius Donnelly (People's Party) is nominated for governor. July 15. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- ate the Fortifications Appropriation Bill is amended and passed. [July 19. Conference report agreed to. July 25. Approved.] July 16. D. C. Thomas H. Carter, ex-Congressman from Mont., is elected Chairman of the National Republi- can Committee. July IS. D. C. Congress; Senate : the General Deficiency Appropriation Bill is passed. July 19. 7). C. Congress: The Senate receives the nomination of George Shiras of Pa. to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court in place of Justice Bradley, deceased. [July 26. Con- firmed.] The House non-concurs in the Senate amendment appropriating 85,000,- 000 for the "World's Fair ; the Sunday- closing proviso is adopted. July 20. I). C. Congress : The House passes the bill to raise life-savers* pay; it refuses to give American registry to Chinese. Mo. W. I. Stone (Dem.) is nominated for governor. N. T. At a meeting in Madison Square Garden, New York, Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson are officially informed of their nomination, for presidential offices. % July 21. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Retaliation Bill to enforce reciprocal commercial relations with Canada in canal tolls ; bill introduced Jan. 23. [July 22. It passes the Senate. July 26. Approved.] The President issues a proclamation making Oct. 12 a public holiday for the. Columbus celebration. Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. Pa. William F. Harrity of Pa. is elected Chairman of the Democratic National Committee. [Aug. 8. Don. M. Dickinson of Pa. is elected Chairman of the Campaign Committee.] Fla. Alonzo P. Baskin (People's Party) is nominated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 July 1. Ire. The Inman Steamer Chicago is wrecked on the coast, near Cork. [July 7. The vessel is broken up by the sea.] July 3. R. I. Providence suffers a loss, -by fire of $500,000. July 4. New York. The National Ci- garette and Tobacco Company, incor- porated in New Jersey, fixes its head- quarters in this city ; its capital stock is. $2,500,000. N. J. The city of Paterson celebrates the centennial of its settlement. Mass. The city of Quincy celebrates its centennial. July 6. Cal. Great forest fires are raging north of the American River, de- stroying timber and pasture lands. Md. Pocomoke City is partially de- stroyed by fire ; loss, about $230,000. Vt. A log-jam in the Connecticut River, near Springfield, suspends travel. July 9. Cal. The powder- works near West Berkeley explode, killing 100 Chi- nese laborers and three Americans. July 10+. Texas decides to take no part in the World's Fair [but is well represented in buildings and exhibits through the private enterprise of its citizens]. July 13. Hi. Sixteen lives are lost by the capsizing of a steamer at Peoria. July 19. N. J. The Atlantic Hotel at Long Branch is burned ; the guests lose §30,000 in clothing and jewelry, either burned or stolen. July 20. Cal. The first special fruit- train for London leaves Sacramento. 412 1892, July 23 -Aug. 21. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1892 July 24. Pa. Private Thomas lams, of Co. K, 10th Regt., N. G., hav- ing called for cheers for the man who shot H. C. Friek, is strung up by the thumbs and dishonorably dismissed. July 26±. Pa. Lieut.-Col. Streator's action in the punishment of Private lams by hanging him by the thumbs is strongly criticised by soldiers and civil- ians. [Aug. 3. He is unanimously re- elected to his position. (See Nov. 5.) Phila. The protected cruiser Colum- bia is launched at Cramps' shipyard. July 30. Pa. Troops are summoned to quell a disturbance by strikers in Du- quesne. Aug. 3. D. C. Com. James A. Greer is promoted rear-admiral. Aug. 11. Boston. The protected cruiser Marblehead is successfully launched at South Boston. Aug. 12. Phila. The corpse of Charles W. Riggin, of the cruiser Baltimore, killed in Valparaiso, is lying in state in Independence Hall. [Aug. 14. It is buried with honors at Woodlawn Ceme- tery.] Aug. 16. X. Y. The militia intimidate the strikers' mob in Buffalo. The separate companies of Rochester, Elmira, Syracuse, Auburn, and Oswego are ordered to hold themselves in readi- ness to proceed to Buffalo. [Aug. 18. Six New York and Brooklyn regiments leave for Buffalo. Gov. Flower orders the mobilization of the State militia at Buffalo if necessary. Aug. 20. Adj. -Gen. Porter assumes command at Buffalo.] Tenn. Free miners attack the stock- ade at Oliver Springs, but are repulsed. Troops arrive from Knoxville and Chat- tanooga. [Aug. 17. Miners capture the stock- ade at Oliver Springs, and send the con- victs and guards to Knoxville. Aug. 18. Miners make three unsuccessful attacks on the convict camp at Coal Creek, suf- fering considerable loss. Aug. 19. Mi- ners at Coal-Creek Camp are put to rout by Gen. Carnes, and compelled to deliver up Col. Anderson, who had been held captive by them. Aug. 20. A band of i,ooo miners attacks a company of sol- diers near Coal Creek ; two miners are killed.] Aug. 19. D. C. On application, the Sec- retary of "War orders 600 stands of arms to be sent from Indianapolis to Knoxville. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 July 25. This is the hottest 25th of July on record; many deaths occur from the heat, and there is much suffering in all the States east of the Rocky Mountains. July 28. Mont. A killing frost occurs. Colo. Rich ore discoveries are made at Pitkin, some of the assays running as high as $1,800 per ton. July 29. D. C. The National Acad- emy of Art is established by Congress. Aug. 3. X. H. A statue in memory of Senator John P. Hale, an antislavery leader, is unveiled at Concord. Aug. 15. X. Y. The American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Sci- ence begins its Bession at Rochester. Aug. 16. Ida. A great glacial field is found in Central Idaho, beneath which lies a series of glacial lakes. Aug. 17. Cat. Schiaparelli's Canal in Mars (Ganges) is shown at Lick Obser- vatory to be double. Aug. 20. Ark. High-grade silver and lead ores are discovered about 15 miles from Little Rock. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892. July 25. Beach, Moses S., journalist, A69. July 30. Craig, A. K., M. C. for Pa., A60. July 31. Kennedy, Anthony, U. S. sena- tor for Md., A 82. Au&. 9. Denver, James W., tiov. of Kan., brig.-gen. vols., A75. McCreauy, Benjamin W., physician, professor at l'.ellevue, A80. Aug. 14. Warwick, John G., M. C. for O., A(i2. CHURCH. 1892 Aug. 4. Mass. The 10th annual Conference of the Schools of Reli- gious "Workers begins at Northtield. Aug. 16. N. Y. The Catholic Toung Men's National Union of the United States begins its annual convention in Albany. LETTERS. 1892 July 30. Conn. The first Roman Catholic s um mer school is opened at New London. SOCIETY. 1892 July 26. New York. A thousand more men are ordered out by walking delegates of the Building Trades as against the Iron League and the Build- ing Material Dealers" Association. [Aug. 2. The strike in the building trades is extending ; work on new build- ings is practically stopped. Aug. 4. Many strikers return to work, and are attacked by others.] July 27. Mo. The Amerikanische Christliche Saengerbund is in ses- sion at St. Louis, with representatives from 13 American States and Brazil. Pa. The 300th birthday of Co- menius, the Czechic theologian and ed- ucational reformer, is celebrated with appropriate exercises at Mount Gretna. July 29. S. Dak. Sioux Falls decides to experiment with six city saloons — one for each ward — for a month at least . July 30. Boston. A.W. Turner, supreme president of the Endowment Order of the Red Cross, is arrested, charged with obtaining money under false pretenses. D. C. President Harrison by procla- mation forbids resistance to the pro- cesses of the Courts of "Wyoming ; the cowboys subside. Aug. 1. New York. Armenians hold a meeting and protest against the per- secution of their countrymen by the Turks. Aug. 2. N. J. An Italian padrone is under arrest at Newark for brutality to boys and girls, whom he forced to beg for his profit. Aug. 3. .V. Y. A well-known Brooklyn clubman, John L. How, disappears with $32,000 of trust-funds. Aug. 4. Cat. Two masked men dyna- mite and rob a Wells-Fargo express- car near Collis ; the amount secured \B reported at between §30,000 and £50,000. Mass. Andrew J. Borden, a wealthy resident of Fall River, and his wife, are murdered in their home in broad daylight by some person or persons unknown. [Aug. 11, Miss Lizzie Borden is arrested for complicity in the murder of her father and stepmother. Dec. 2. In- dicted ; later acquitted.] Aug. 6±. Chicago. One million dollars in forged deed's have been sold ; the property so deeded belongs to Mrs. Hetty Green. Wis. Three hundred sawmill strikers at Stevens' Point return to work, the proprietors conceding in part the de- mands of the men. Aug! 7^. La. The negroes of Kenner band themselves together for mutual protection as citizens and to secure rightful voting privileges. Aug. 9. Colo. The Knights Templars of the United States, numbering 100,000, open the Grand Conclave at Denver. [Sir Knight Hugh McCurdy of Mich, is elected Supreme Grand Commander.] _V. ./. Sixty-seven book-makers of Monmouth Park are placed under bail to appear before the grand jury in October. Aug. 10. Pa. Iron manufacturers and Amalgamated Association men in the Pittsburg district settle their difficulties by mutual concessions, and 15 mills will Term. Gov. Buchanan is de- nounced and hanged in effigy for commuting the death sentence of H. Clay King, the slayer of D. H. Posten ; King is hurried away to save him from a mob. (See Mar. 16.) Aug. 13. X.Y. Lehigh and Erie switch- men at Buffalo strike for a ten-hour day. [Aug. 15. At Buffalo striking switch- men stop traffic, burn freight-cars with $100,000 worth of merchandise, ditch pas- senger-trains, disarm the sheriff's posse, and defy all civil authority ; the two local regiments of the National Guard are called out. Aug. 17. The strike at Buffalo ex- tends to the West Shore and New York Central Railroads; the entire 4th bri- gade of the National Guard is on the ground. Aug. 18. Gov. Flower orders the entire National Guard of the State to Buffalo ; switchmen of the "Nickel Plate" join the strikers ; trains are moving under strong guard. Aug. 20. Riotous strikers at Buffalo are fired at by soldiers for throwing rocks at non-union men. Aug. 22. At Buffalo the switchmen of the Western New York and Pennsyl- vania road join the strike ; car-handlers on the Lehigh quit work ; the 12th regi- ment is attacked near midnight by a mob of strikers and others; much shooting follows. Aug. 23. At Buffalo. Lackawanna switchmen join the strike, and their places are filled in an hour; Buffalo, Rochester, and Pittsburg switchmen strike; many collisions occur between strikers and soldiers and some shooting follows.] UNITED STATES. 1892, July 23 - Aug. 21. 413 Aug. 13. Term. The free miners become riotous, and burn the stockade for con- vict miners at Tracy City. [Aug. 15-. State troops repulse the miners at Coal Creek.] [Aug. 16. Free miners attack the stockade at Oliver Springs, but are re- pulsed ; troops arrive from Knoxville and Chattanooga. Aug 17. The miners, 3,000 strong, cap- ture the stockade at Oliver Springs, and send the guards and convicts to Knox- ville. Aug. 19. The hostile miners at Oliver Springs in Kast Tennessee are defeated and routed by the militia. The strike at Coal Creek is crushed out by military and civil forces. Aug. 30. Convicts return to their work in the coal-mines.] Aug. 17. Colo. Train-robbers on the Union Pacific near La Salle are routed by a self-possessed cowboy, several shots being fired, and one of the robbers wounded. X. Y. The American Association for the advancement of Science be- gins its annual meeting at Rochester. Aug. 20. Kg. Thomas Young of Owens- boro is sentenced to 99 years im- prisonment for the murder of his wife. STATE. 1892 July 23. B.C. Congress; The Senate passes a bill to establish a Na- tional Academy and Gallery. of Art in the District of Columbia ; bill intro- duced May 25. [July 25. It passes the House. July 29. Approved.] July 27. B. C. Congress: The House recedes from its disagreement to the Senate amendment providing for a Gov- ernment appropriation of $5,000,000 to the World's Fair. Vote , 1 17-105. A mo- tion to reconsider is pending. July 28. B. C. Congress : In the House the filibustering against the "World's Fair appropriation is continued. July 29. B. C. Congress: In the House much excitement is caused by a charge of drunkenness in the House, pub- lished in a book by Thomas E. "Watson, M.C. from N. C. [July 30. A committee takes testimony. Later it reports the ac- cusations not proven.] July 30. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The Anti-Option Bill is laid over until the first day of the next session ; a resolu- tion is passed to extend the appropria- tions for the Civil Service until Wednes- day ; in the House the "World's Fair Amendment to the Sundry Civil Bill occupies the time. The President issues a proclamation commanding all persons resisting the laws in Wyoming to disperse. Aug. 1. B. C. Congress; The House continues the appropriations of the Sun- dry Civil Bill until August 4. A Democratic caucus votes to post- pone the World's Fair item of the Sundry Civil Bill until Dec. 7. Aug. 2. B. C. Congress; Senate: The Homestead labor troubles are de- bated ; in the House all business is at a standstill. Aug. 3. I). C. Congress: The House is without a quorum. W. Va. Thomas E. Davis (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Minn. Daniel V. Lawler (Dem.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 4. B. C. Don M. Dickinson is chosen chairman of the Democratic Na- tional Campaign Committee. Aug. 5. B.C. Congress: Both the Sen- ate and House pass the bill appropriat- ing $2,500,000 'to the "World's Fair, in memorial half-dollars. In the House the committee on the Homestead troubles make a minority report censur- ing Mr. Frick. The 52d Congress; the first session ends at 11 p.m. Chinese sailors are forbidden em- ployment on American ships, American ships being regarded as American terri- tory by Secretary Foster. The President approves the Monetary Conference Bill. Neb. Lorenzo Cronuse (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. X. Y. Judge Ramsey of the State Supreme Court decides the recent Le- gislative Apportionment Act uncon- stitutional, and therefore void. Aug. 7. B.C. The President announces the names of the United States repre- sentatives at the International Mon- etary Conference as follows : Sen- ators William B. Allison of la. and John P. Jones of Nev., Representative James B. McCreary of Ky., Gen. Francis A. Walker of Mass., and Henry W. Cannon of N. T. [Oct. 13. President Andrews of Brown University in place of Mr. Walker, who is unable to serve.] Aug. 8. B. C. William S. Holman of Ind. prepares a statement giving the Democratic version of the extrava- gant appropriations made by the re- cent session of Congress. Aug. 9. N. J. Thomas J. Kennedy (Prohib.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 12. New York. The City Reform Club denounces Tammany Hall's prac- tice of making the Health Department a political machine. B. C. The President invites foreign Powers to participate in the Columbian International Naval Keview in New York Harbor in April, 1893. Aug. 17. Wis. John E. Spooner (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 19. B. C. The U. S. Charge d' Af- faires at Constantinople is ordered by the State Department to demand of the Porte reparation for the burning of an American missionary's house at Bourdour, Asia Minor. President Harrison issues a proclama- tion retaliatory upon Canada by es- tablishing tolls on the Sault Ste. Marie Canal. Aug. 21. Term. The State authorities ask the War Department at Washington for artillery ammunition to use in sup- pressing disorders. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 July 23. T). C. The largest brewery in Washington is burned ; loss, $100,000. July 24. The steamer H. F. Bimocfc sinks W. K. Vanderbilt's steam- yacht Alva off Pollock's Rip Shoals ; Mr. Vanderbilt and a party of friends narrowly escape drowning. July 25. Mich. Bay City is greatly damaged by fire; loss, one life, and $1,000,000 in property. July 26. N. Y. Brooklyn aldermen override Mayor Boody'sveto of the resolution giving valuable franchises without cost to two new SouthBrooklyn Street Railroad Companies. There is great mortality in the Atlantic, Middle, and Western States caused by continual hot weather ; 50 deaths from heat occur during 24 hours in New York City on the 30th inst. July 27. Ga. Augusta loses $400,000 by fire. New York. The steamship City of Paris arrives from Queenstown in five days, 15 hours, and 50 minutes, shorten- ing all previous records. July 29. Mich. Ex-Congressman Fisher of West Bay City, and J. T. Hurst of Wyandotte, buy 72 square miles of pine land in the Georgian Bay district. 0. Four men are seriously hurt and 16 injured by a naphtha explosion at Cold Springs. Aug. 3 . Tex. The plant of the National Oil Company at Paris is burned ; esti- mated loss, $250,000. Aug. 4. Minn. A sluice bank gives way in St. Paul ; and the water torrent kills three persons, fatally injures seven, and sweeps away houses and other prop- erty, Aug. 5. Cat. A through train of four cars, carrying $20,000,000 in gold, and strongly guarded, leaves San Francisco for New York. [It arrives Aug. 9.] Aug. 8. Cat. Six of the largest flour- ing companies, controlling thirteen large mills, combine ; capital, ,$10,000,000. Conn. Kubber boot and shoe man- ufacturers in convention at New Haven combine ; capital, $50,000,000. Aug. 10. Fla. The American schooner Eva Douglass lies off the coast with several cases of yeUow fever on board. Aug. 14. New York. The Aurania and Alaska arrive after an exciting race across the ocean from Queenstown in which the vessels were constantly within sight of each other ; the Aurania wins by 55 minutes. Aug. 16. N. Y. The wrecking of a train at Cochecton causes six deaths. Aug. 17. Chicago. The mare INFaney Hanks lowers the world's trotting record to 2.07^, at Washington Park. H. N. Higinbotham succeeds W. T. Baker as President of the "World's Fair Directory. Aug. 18. Chicago. Brewers combine as the Chicago Brewers' Association, which includes all who do business in the city. Aug. 20. N. Y. Cars are moved on all the railroads at Buffalo, without any serious disturbance from strikers. 414 1392, Aug. 21 - Sept. 19. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1S92 Aug. 22. N. Y. A mob of stri- kers attacks the 12th regiment at mid- night near Buffalo. [Aug. 23. Collisions between strikers and soldiers are of frequent occurrence. Aug. 26. All the militia, except the 4th brigade, leave for home, order being re- stored.) Aug. 27. f>. C. Congress provides that monthly pensions of §8 shall be paid to each of the survivors of the Indian wars of 1832-42. Sept. 8. N. Y. Gov. Flower orders the Naval Reserve, the 13th regiment, and part of the 6gth regiment to Fire Island, to protect the property. [Sept. * Judge Barnard's injunction is vacated, and the Normannia's cabin passengers are landed. Sept. 14. The National Guard is withdrawn.] (See Miscellaneous.) Sept. 18. N. Y. Troops from Brook- lyn are sent to Fire Island, and the Wyoming cabin passengers are landed without opposition, the steerage passen- gers being landed at Sandy Hook ; strict quarantine begins. (See Miscellaneous.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Aug. 21. New York. The mu- seum of Natural History is to he opened to the public on Sundays. Aug. 23. Va. A cloud-burst iu Roa- noke does §100,000 damage iu half an hour. [Sept. 5. Another in Texas nearly sweeps away the town of Alpine, and does other damage. Sept. 28. Bruns- wick, Ga., is damaged by a cloud-burst.] Sept. 7. New York. The Art Loan Ex- hibition is informally opened. Sept. 11. Cal. Prof. Barnard of the Lick Observatory discovers a fifth sat- ellite to Jupiter. Sept. 14. Tex. A rich silver-mine is discovered at Brackettville. Sept. 17. Minn. A plague of frogs visits Little Falls. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892. Aug. 22. Bermudez, Edward E., lawyer, jurist, chief jusiice of La., A60. - Daboll, William S., actor, A35. Aug. 23. Clark, Myron H., Gov. of N. Y., A86. . • Aug. 31. Curtis, George William, au- thor, orator, editor Ihirper's Weekly, A 68. Sept. 5. Dougherty, Daniel, lawyer, ora- tor, A66. Sept. 7. Kernan, Francis, jurist, lawyer, senator for N. Y., A76. "Whittier, John, Greenleai. Quaker poet, A85. Sept. 12. Howell, T. C.,rear-adm. U.S. N., A73. Sept. 13. Bruce, David, type-founder, in- ventor of tvpe-rastnm niarliine, A90. Sept. 16. Watts, Thomas II., Gov. of Ala., A72. CHURCH. 1892 Aug. 31. New York. Cardinal Gibbons issues a proclamation appoint- ing special services for the celebration of the discovery of America, on Sunday, Oct. 16. Sept. 12. N. Y. Nearly 1,000 German Catholics make a pilgrimage from Schenectady to the shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs at Auriesville. Sept. 18. la. The 37th annual conven- tion ol the German Roman Catho- lic Central Society of North America opens in Dubuque. LETTERS. 1892 Sept. 4. Cal. Prof. Bernard Moses is announced to be the president- elect of the University of California. New York. The Standard, the single- tax paper founded by Henry George in 1887, suspends publication. Sept. 12. New York. The Roman Catholic parochial schools contain 30,444 children, taught by 800 teachers, at an annual expense of §300,000 ; they own property valued at §4,518,500. SOCIETY. 1892 Aug. 23. Okla. The Indian Messiah dance is in progress at Otoe, near Ponca. Aug. 24. Mo. The Supreme Lodge of the Knights of Pythias is in session at Kansas City. ——Nero York. A. J. Price, book-keeper for Street and Smith, is a defaulter for N. Y. Gov. Flower by proclama- tion offers a reward of $100 for the arrest and conviction of any one inter- fering with the railroads. The State arbitrators are in session at Buffalo. Aug. 25. N. J. Chancellor McGill at Trenton renders a decision against the coal-combine. Aug. 26. N. Y. The American Ear Association, meeting at Saratoga, elects officers and has a banquet. Aug. 29. Cal. L. B. McWhirter, a prominent lawyer and politician, is shot dead at Fresno by parties un- known. ± New York. The Central Labor Union having adopted resolutions calling upon workingmen to leave the mili- tia, several local unions are amending their constitutions, to prevent their members joining any regiment. Aug. 30. New York. Deputy factory inspectors investigate manufactories where the sweating- system is still in force. N. Y. Striking shoemakers in Brooklyn assault a party of non-union workmen ; tire arrests are made. Sept. 5. U.S. Labor Day is generally observed in the cities throughout the country. Sept. 6. Chirat/o. During a raid by the police on Garfield Park, James* M. Brown, a noted Texas turfman, fatally shoots two policemen and is afterwards killed. Sept. 7. La. John L. Sullivan is knocked out by James J. Corbett, in 21 rounds, at New Orleans. Sullivan lo*es the boxing championship of America. Sept. 9. Minn. Simon J. Ahem, a finan- cier of St. Paul, worth $100,000, is sen- tenced to 60 days in the workhouse for criminal libel. Sept. 12. N. Y. In Brooklyn Judge Barnard, on the motion of counsel for the village of Islip, grants an injunc- tion preventing the landing of the Normannia"s cabin passengers at Fire Island ; Gov. Flower issues a procla- mation commanding the sheriff of Suf- folk County to preserve the peace. (See Mil Sept. 13. Ind. A convention tore- organize the Order of Iron Hall is in session at Indianapolis, with 293 branches represented. [Sept. 16. Samuel T. Hall of Philadel- phia is elected Supreme Justice. Sept. 21. A plan for the reorganization of the Order is perfected at Baltimore. Oct. 13. The supreme officials of the Order are indicted by the Grand Jury of Marion County for embezzlement of about $200,- 000. Dec. 29. They are arrested at Baltimore.] /. T. Several men are murdered in the political strife between the Na- tionalists and Progressives of the Choc- taw nation. Sept. 14. Pa. Carl Knold and Henry Bauer are indicted in Pittsburg as ac- cessories to the attempted assassination of H. C. Frick. Evans and Sontag, train-robbers, kill four men who attempt their arrest. Sept. 15. Oil. Sheriff Laumeister of San Francisco is found guilty of con- tempt of court for refusing to hang a condemned murderer at the expiration of a reprieve. N. H. The locked-out granite-cut- ters of Concord lease a tract of land, and will begin business on their own account.- Sept. 16. New York. An illicit still is seized with 6,000 gallons of wine and Pa. Another strike occurs at Pitts- burg, involving 500 men. Sept. 2. N. Y. The American Social Science Association at Saratoga dis- cusses the sweating-system. Pa. Puddlers in the Elba Mill, Pitts- burg, are out on strike because they were asked to work only eight hours a day. Hugh O'Donnell and four other Homestead strikers are arrested on the charge of murdering J. W. Klein, who was shot July 6. Officers of the Order of Solon, a bene- fit organization, are charged with being $14,000 short in their accounts. Sept. 3. Phila. Large discrepancies are found in the accounts of the social and heneficiarv organization called the Iron Hall. (See Sept. 13.) ady. N. Y. At Albany a warrant is issued for the arrest of Labor Commissioner Peck on a charge of burning the written replies received from manufacturers — the confideutial documents on which he based his recent report. [Oct. 24. The case is dismissed.] Sept. 17±. Ark. At North Little Rock about 50 masked men take John Leimor from his home, strip and lash him with a bull-whip for whipping his wife. Sept. IS. Chicago. The Trades and Labor Assembly, by a vote of 119 to 40. declines to take part in the dedica- tion exercises at the World's Fair, because the gates are to be kept closed on Sunday. Sept. 19. D. C. The 26th National Encampment of the Grand Army at Washington is opened by the dedica- tion of Grand Army Place, and a parade of troops. [Sept. 20. Fifty thousand men march in the grand parade. Sept. 21. UNITED STATES. 1892, Aug. 21 -Sept. 19. 415 A. G. Weissert of Milwaukee is elected National Grand Commander ; the en- campment closes.] N. Y. Dennis Sullivan, the superin- tendent of the Coney Island and Brook- lyn Railroad, is shot and seriously wounded by a discharged employee. — Mo. Two men hold up and rob a train on the Missouri Pacific road, se- curing several thousand dollars ; no sts. STATE. 1892 Aug. 26. Venez. The American merchant steamship Caracas reports that, while in the harbor of Puerto Ca- bello, six refugees were forcibly taken from her decks by a Venezuelan general and a band of armed men. Aug. 28. New York. The Socialist Labor Party nominates Simon "Wing of Mass. for President, and C. H. Matchett of N. Y. for Vice-President ; eight delegates are present. .Aug. 30. Neb. J. Sterling Morton (Dem.) is nominated for governor. .Sept. 1. D. C. A circular is issued by order of President Harrison requiring all immigrant vessels from infected ports to be detained at quarantine 20 days. .Sept. 2. I). C. PresidentHarrison's letter of acceptance as the nominee of the Republican Party for the presidency is published. .Sept. 7. U. C. President McLeod of the Reading System testifies before the Sen- ate Committee on Coal. Conn. Gen. Merwin (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. N. R. John B. Smith (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. Luther F. McKinney (Dem.) is nom- inated for governor. Sept. 9. D. C. The War Department, by direction of the President, grants the use of Sandy Hook for quarantined steamship passengers. John Wanamaker, P. M. G., issues an order authorizing postmasters of free delivery cities and rural communities to put up letter-boxes for collection and delivery of mail at house-doors by request of citizens. Sept. 10. New York. A shipload of arms on the South Portland, supposed to be for the Venezuela revolutionists, is detained in port by Collector Francis Hendricks. Sept. 12. N. Y. Gov. Flower issues a proclamation concerning the acquire- ment of Fire Island, and warning all persons against illegal interference with its use as a quarantine station ; the Islip Board of Health secures from Judge Barnard a writ restraining the landing of passengers on the island. Sept. 13. Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.) is nominated for governor. N. J. John Kean, Jr. (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. Sept. 14. Mass. "William H.Haile (Rep.) of Springfield is nominated for governor. X. J. George T. Werts (Dem.) is nominated for governor. N. Y. Delegates from every State and Territory in the Union arrive in Buffalo to attend the Republican League National Convention. Sept. 16. Gens. "Weaver and Field, in an address to the country, accept the People's Party presidential nominations. Sept. 19. Ind. The Hendricks County Circuit Court declares that the regis- tration clause of the election law is class legislation, and therefore uncon- stitutional ; the State Apportionment Acts of 1SSG and 1S91 are declared un- constitutional by Judge Bundy. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Aug. 23. Mass. The 250th an- niversary of the settlement of Glouces- ter is celebrated. Aug. 26. New York. A man attempts suicide by leaping from the High Bridge into the Harlem River, but is only slightly hurt. City officials are taking renewed pre- cautions against cholera. Aug. 27. New York. The Metropoli- tan Opera House is almost wholly burned ; loss on scenery and costumes destroyed, §1,000,000. Aug. 28. Colo. All the timber on the mountains from Tin Cup to Texas Creek has been burned, and fully twenty square miles of timber are completely destroyed. New York. Vessels are detained at quarantine to be inspected for cholera cases ; the Health Department takes active measures to prevent the disease from reaching the city. Aug. 30. Wash. The town of Conco- nully is almost entirely consumed by fire; only a few houses remain; esti- mated loss, $100,000. Aug. 31. la. At Independence, the mare Nancy Ranks lowers the world's trotting record to 2.05J, beating her own record by two seconds. New York. The Health Board is- sues orders and rules looking to. im- proved sanitation in ferry-houses, rail- way-stations, etc., and for the treatment of people taken suddenly ill in public places. The steamer Moravia arrives from Hamburg with cholera on board ; she reports 22 deaths on the voyage. The Normannia, Rugia, and Stubben- hukj from Hamburg, follow, are or- dered to the lower Bay, and quaran- tined. Sept. 1. U. S. To shut out the cholera the Government proclaims 20 days' quarantine for aU European vessels. ±. The steel steamer Western Reserve is broken in two on Lake Superior ; 26 lives are lost; two or three vessels on the great lakes are lost in a 'storm with all on board. Sept. 2. New York. The Inman steamer City of Berlin, the National Line steamer Europe, and the Cunarder Gallia are re- leased from quarantine and allowed to go to their respective docks. A conflict of authority arises be- tween Dr. Jenkins, city health officer, and the Federal authorities respecting quarantine arrangements. Sept. 4. N. Y. Charles F. Peck, the Commissioner of Labor Statistics, reas- serts the accuracy of his figures on the favorable operation of the McKin- ley Law. Sept. 5. N. Y. A West Shore express- train having a defective engine plunges into the Hudson River; several per- sons are killed. Sept. 6. N. Y. A freight blockade 10 miles long occurs on the Reading Road near Buffalo. New York. There are 11 new cases of cholera and one death on board the ships in the lower Bay. Sept. 7. Cal. The 42d anniversary of the admission of California into the Union is celebrated as a legal holiday. La. James Corbett defeats John L. Sullivan at New Orleans, and wins from him the boxing championship of America. New York. Some new cases of chol- era occur among passengers quarantined in the lower Bay ; arrangements are made to place cabin passengers on Fire Island or Sandy Hook. Pa. Trains collide at Eckenrode Mills ; 14 persons are killed. Sept. 9. N. Y. Gov. Flower directs Health Officer Jenkins to purchase land on Fire Island, if necessary, to establish a quarantine station. Sept. 10. Next) York. In the lower Bay 11 new cases of cholera break out on the Scandia ; the Normannia's passen- gers are put on the steamer Stonington ; the Surf Hotel property on Fire Island is bought for quarantine purposes, and work begun at Sandy Hook. [Only a few cases of cholera develop among all the quarantined passengers.] Sept. 11. Mass. Nine persons are killed and 51 injured by a train accident in a fog on the Fitchburg Railroad at West Cambridge Junction. Sept. 14. New York. The Health De- partment announces that six. persons had died in the city from cholera ; that careful disinfection of the premises has followed ; and that there have been no new cases ; there are several new cases on the steamers down the Bay. Sept. 15. N.Y. The Normannia's cabin passengers are released from quarantine at Fire Island. Sept. 16. New York. One new case of suspected cholera is announced ; the steamer Bohemia reports 52 cases on her voyage ; the Normannia's passengers leave Fire Island for the city, Sept. 18. N. Y. Troops are sent from Brooklyn to Fire Island, and the Wyo- ming's passengers land at the hotel with- out opposition ; steerage passengers from the Normannia and Rugia are landed at Camp Low, Sandy Hook, and strict quarantine of the place is begun. [There are nearly 4,000 passengers on the cholera vsssels.] 416 1892, Sept. 20-Nov. 4. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1892 Oct. 1. Me. Harbor Defense Earn No. 1 is launched at Bath. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Sept. 21. Mass.— Conn. Two statues of Columbus are unveiled, one at Boston and another at Willimantic. Sept. 22. Cat. The Mountebanks, an opera by "W. S. Gilbert and Alfred ' !ol- lier, is first sung in this country at Bald- win's Theater, San Francisco. Sept. 26. Boston. The Art Commission rejects the proposed replica of Buyen's statue of Columbus to be erected in this city. New York. The Fencing Master, an opera by Reginald Be Koven, is first sung in this country at the Casino. Sept. 27. Phila. Lieut. Peary makes a preliminary report of his work to the Academy of Natural Science. Sept. * Pa. A soldiers' monument is unveiled at Mahanoy City. Oct. 29. Colo. Extensive deposits of talcose silica, carrying a large percent- age of corundum or emery, are discov- ered in Denver. Nov. 2. New York. A new wing of the American Museum of Natural His- tory is opened. Nov. 4. Chicago. A monument to the anarchists, Spies, Parsons, Engel, Fis- cher, and Lingg, is dedicated in Wald- heiin Cemetery. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892. Sept. 20. Ulman, Daniel, niaj.-gen. vola., A83. Sept. 23. Pope. John, maj.-gen. U. S. A., A70.* Sept. 24. Gilmore, Patrick S., hand-mas- ter of is . Y., A62. Sept. 25. Husted, James "W., brig.-gen. vols., politician, A59. Oct. 1. Atkins, Hiram, journalist, political leader in Vt., A83. Oct. 2. Douglas, John H., Gen. Grant's last physician, A65. Oct.'lO. Price, T. B., Confederate brig.- gen., A61. Oct. 24. S win ton, William, author, jour- nalist, writer of school-books, A59. Nov. 2. Schwatka, Frederick, lieut. U. S. A., arctic explorer, author, A43. CHURCH. 1S92 Sept. 27. N. J. The German Catholic Congress opens at Newark with the celebration of high mass by Archbishop Corrigan, assisted by other prelates. Sept. 28. It. Pope Leo gives orders to create the Archbishopric of Dallas, Tex. Oct. 3. New York. Pope Leo's ency- clical on the Rosary of the Blessed Virgin is read in all the Roman Catho- lic churches. Oct. 4. Chicago. The 83d annual session of the American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions begins. [Oct. 7. Dr. R. S. Storrs is reelected president.] Oct. 5. Md. The Triennial General Convention (Protestant Episcopal) he- gins at Baltimore. [Oct. G. It begins the work <>f revising the Prayer Book. Oct. n. Jt sits as a Board of Missions. Oct. 17. It adopts a new hymnal. Oct. 25. It electa Bev, Dr. \V. R. Thomas missionary bishop "f Northern Michigan, and adjourns sine die.] Oct. 8±. Utah, The Mormons hold their semi-annual conference in the Tabernacle at Salt Lake City, Presi- dent Woodruff presiding. Oct. 11. New York. As a part of the Columbus celebration religious ser- vices are held in the churches of this and neighboring cities, some on an elab- orate scale. Oct. 17. Mich. Salvationists are at- tacked in "Wyandotte ; five persons are seriously injured, one fatally. 3NTov. 1. New York. Dr. W. M. Taylor resigns from the pastorate of the Broad- way Tabernacle. The trial of Rev. C. A. Briggs be- gins before the Presbytery of New York. [Nov. 20. The Presbytery votes to strike out two charges especially ob- jected to by the defendant. Vote, 7±-iA. Dec. 7. Defendant pleads not guilty. Dec. 30. He is acquitted. Vote, 6-18.] LETTERS. 1392 Sept. 29. N. Y. Dr. Anson J. Upton of Auburn Theological Seminary is elected chancellor by the Regents of the University at Albany in place of George William Curtis, deceased. Mass. Harvard opens its 256th year with the largest attendance in its history. Oct. 1. Chicago. The University of Chicago begins its work with inaugu- ration ceremonies extreme in their sim- plicity. Oct. 2. Ind. Dr. G. S. Burroughs of Amherst accepts the presidency of "Wa- bash College at Crawfordsville. ±. Minn . At the school elections the Faribault plan is defeated by a major- ity of 200 in 1,000 votes ; the nuns wear- ing their peculiar dress while acting as teachers is said to have been the cause. Oct. 3. Wis. The University of Wiscon- sin organizes a University Extension department, Lyman P. Powell, formerly of Johns Hopkins, manager. Oct. 4. Mich. The Detroit Board of Ed- ucation practically excludes Roman Catholic teachers from the public schools. [Nov. 11. It rescinds resolu- tions requiring anti-Catholic qualifica- tions for positions as teachers.] SOCIETY. 1S92 Sept. 20. Jrk. 'Nine negroes and two whites are shot dead in a race-war at Thornton. Ey. J. B. Rucker, editor of the Som- erset Reporter (Prohibition), is mortally wounded by an unknown assassin. ±. Cal. The Six Companies issue another proclamation urging the Chi- nese in the United States to ignore the Geary Registration law ; the Emperor of China i.- appealed t". Sept. 21. Kan. Bobbers wreck a train on the Atchison road In an attempt to secure $1,000,000 known to be thereon; four persons are killed and 23 injured. Sept. 22. New York. The Chinese Civil Rights League holds a mass-meeting in Cooper Dnion, protesting vigorously against the legislation forbidding rights to the Chinese granted to all others. Pa. Lieut.-Col. Streator, Col. Haw- kins, and A.-sist.-Surg. (.rim are indicted for aggravated assault and battery in connection with the punishment of "Pri- vate lams at Homestead. [Acquitted.] (See Army, July 24.) Sept. 25. Wash. Three highwaymen shoot the assistant-cashier of a bank in Roslyn; they secure si0,00u and make theii :ape Sept. 26. Colo. A riot occurs at an anti- Catholic lectureon "Romanist influence in Public Schools" at Cheyenne; two men are seriously wounded* Sept. 27. Phila. Four mail-drivers are arrested on the charge of robbing the mails. Sept. 29. N. Y. Three non-union lumber- shovers at Buffalo are injured by union men in a riot with clubs and stones. Tenn. Marshal Brown raids an illicit distillery in West Tennessee, cap- turing 1.000 barrels of liquor. Oct. 1. Cal. J. W. Smith is lynched at Dunsmir; he was charged with kill- ing his wife and 6-year-old daughter at C as tela. Chicago. "Warrants are issued for the arrest of John Cudahy and Austin J. Wright, charged with conspiracy to make a corner in pork. Oct. 3. New York. Burton C. Webster is sentenced to 19 years in prison for killing Charles E. Goodwin in August, 1891. Pa. A daring attempt is made to rob a bank in Erie at midday ; the cash- ier is shot in the face, but the robbers are captured. Oct. 5. Kan. Three Dalton brothers and two members of their gang and five residents of CnVyville are killed in an attempt to capture the former while in the act of robbing two banks. Phila. William W. Runk, a wealthy merchant, kills himself: he bad been speculating with the firm's funds in the absence and without the knowledge of his partner while the latter was in Eu- rope. Oct. 8. New York. The Columbian Celebration is begun by special ser- vices in the Hebrew synagogues, and by the opening reception at the Art Loan . Exhibition at the National Academy of Design. [Oct. 11. It continues with a midday naval parade in the bay and North River, and in the evening a Roman Catholic school children parade, literary exercises in Carnegie Music Hall, a con- cert at Seventh Regiment Armory, and fireworks on the East River Bridge. Oct. 12. A military and civil parade takes place in the daytime, including public school children and college stu- dents, and a character pageant >\ i ; 1 1 floats in the evening. The Columbus Monument, the gift of Italy to America, is dedicated. UNITED STATES. 1892, Sept. 20-Nov. 4. 417 Oct. 13. It closes with a banquet at the Lenox Lyceum : addresses are made by Vice-President Morton, Secre- tary Foster, Gov. Flower and others.] Oct. 15. New York. DominicoL. Ruiz, consul-general for Ecuador for nine years at this port, is arrested for for- gery. Oct. 17. Ida. A gang of nine horse- thieves are killed or disabled in a fight with stockmen. N. Mex. All the telegraph opera- tors on the Santa Fe system, 900 in number, leave their posts at 10. A.M., on an order of Chief Ramsey to strike, which proves to be a forgery by a jok- ing operator; all traffic is suspended for 12 hours ; the joker is discharged. New York. Mr. Cleveland declines to be present in Chicago at the "World's Fair dedication, because he is a candi- date for the presidency. Oct. 18. Colo. A strike on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad ends. Oct. 20. O. The annual convention of the American Street Hallway Asso- ciation opens at Cleveland. Oct. 23. Mo. Four masked men hold up Ticket Agent Stokes at the Frisco Station, and rob both the station and agent. Oct. 25. Mass. Alderman Bolton is put on trial at Lawrence for taking bribes in connection with a liquor license. Tex. Dr. H. Jones, a prominent physician, shoots and kills Capt. W. G. Vial at ex-Confederates headquarters at Dallas. Oct. 27. I). C. The funeral of Mrs. Harrison takes place in the East Room of the White House, after which the funeral train starts for Indianapolis. (Died Oct. 25.) Oct. 28. Colo. The National Conven- tion of the "Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union is in session at Denver ; 500 delegates are present. [Miss Frances E. "Willard is reelected president.] Oct. 29. Minn. A. E. Law, Northern Pacific Division superintendent, is fined $50 or 60 days in the workhouse for overworking his employees. New York. Eighty-six Hebrew cloak- makers are arrested for breaking the Sunday law. Oct. 31. S. C. Charleston begins the celebration of its " Gala Week," in commemoration of its gratitude for as- sistance afforded after the earthquakes. Nov. 1. Ala. A train is held up and robbed on the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia Railroad. TTov. 2. Kan. Ford County Bank, Spear- ville, is robbed by two armed men ; they are pursued, but escape with the booty. STATE. 1892 Sept. 20. N. Y. An attempt to appoint none but Democratic election inspectors in Buffalo is foiled. Sept. 22. N. Y. The General Term at Saratoga decides the Apportionment Act by the extra session constitutional in the Oneida County case. Sept. 26. N. Y. Mr. Cleveland's let- ter, accepting the nomination for the presidency's is made public. Sept. 27. Conn. The Supreme Court decides in favor of the Republicans in the contested election cases. Mass. William E. Russell (Dem.) is nominated for governor. Wis. The Supreme Court practi- cally decides that the reapportionment made by the extra session of the Legis- lature is invalid. Sept. 28. B.C. The text of the Chilean claims treaty is made public. Oct. 1. D. C. The Treasury Department reports the public debt reduced S708,- 000 in September. Oct. 2. D. C. Secretary Foster notifies foreign governments that the Interna- tional Monetary Conference will begin in Brussels on the 22d of Novem- ber. Oct. 4. New York. Mr. Cleveland ad- dresses the convention of the National Association of Democratic Clubs at the Academy of Music. Oct. 10. D. C. The Supreme Court at Washington opens; George Shiras, Jr., of Pa. is sworn in as associate justice. Wis. Gov. Peck convenes the Legis- lature for the third time to reappor- tion the State. Oct. 12. Fa. Republicans make an agreement to unite with theThird party in many districts. Oct. 13. A r ew York. The Court of Appeals, by a vote of five to two, up- holds the constitutionality of the Ap- portionment Act of 1892, affirming that the courts have no power to interfere with the discretion of the Legislature. Oct. 17. D. C. The U.S. Supreme Court decides that the Michigan plan of choosing Presidential electors by Congressional districts is constitu- tional. Oct. 22. Wis. Both houses of the Legislature adjourn without agreeing on an Apportionment Bill. Oct. 27. D. C. A Treasury report is issued showing a large increase in the domestic tin-plate industry during the last quarter. Oct. 29. N. Dak. The Turtle Indians cede all right and title to lands in the Devil's Lake district, with certain res- ervations, for $1,000,000 in twenty annual payments. Oct. 31. D. C. President Harrison is- sues a proclamation extending the bene- fits of the Copyright Law to the citizens of Italy. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Sept. 20. 0. Thirteen persons are killed and several injured in a col- lision on the Fort Wayne Railroad. Sept. 21. Nexo York. Four women are killed and many injured in a panic caused by a small fire in a Hebrew syna- gogue. Sept. 22. Chicago. Liverymen form a trust, fixing the price of carriages during the World's Fair dedication parade at §22 each per day. Sept. 25. New York. It is officially re- ported that there is no cholera, either in the city or at quarantine. Sept. 26. Phila. The Board of Health orders all wells in the city to be filled up. Sept. 28. Ind. Nancy Hanks trots a mile in 2.04 on a regulation track at Terre Haute. Cal. The 350th anniversary of the discovery of San Diego Bay is cele- brated. Sept. 29. Nezo York. The Aldermen grant trolley franchises without cost. Sept. 30. Phila. The beneficial order of Social Guardians makes an assign- ment. Oct. 5. Neic York. A preliminary chal- lenge for the America cup is re- ceived from Lord Dunraven by the New York Yacht Club. pec. 13. The chal- lenge is accepted.] Oct. 7. Mass. Woburn celebrates the 250th anniversary of its settlement. Oct. 8. N. C. Raleigh celebrates its 100th anniversary with an elaborate street pageant, etc. Oct. 16. Conn. Stamford begins the four days' celebration of its 250th anniversary. Oct. 18. New York. The Aldermen's amendment forbidding the use of the trolley in this city is signed by Mayor Grant. Oct. 19. The steamship City of Paris arrives in New York Harbor, having made the voyage from Queenstown in five days, 14 hours, and 24 minutes, thus beating all previous records on the westward trip. Oct. 21. Chicago. Columbian Exposi-. tion dedication. Pres. Higginbotham of the "World's Columbian Exposition formally pre- sents the exposition grounds and build- ings to President Palmer Of the World's Columbian Commission, and they are dedicated with appropriate ceremonies, by Levi P. Morton, Vice-President of the United States, on behalf of Presi- ■ dent Harrison ; Chauncey M. Depew and Henry Watterson deliver the addresses. [Exposition to open May 1, 1893.] Oct. 24. Pa. Seven persons are killed and about 25 injured in a collision on the Reading Railroad near Philadelphia. Oct. 25. Mo. The wrecking of a train near Phillipsburgh causes six deaths. Oct. 26. New York. The Park Board authorizes the construction of an aquarium and other improvements at Battery Park. Oct. 28. Wis. A fire at Milwaukee burns 300 buildings, devastating 26 acres, with a loss of four lives and §5,000.000 ; relief is provided for home- less people. Oct. 31. N. J. A forest fire near Franklin Park destroys 1,000 acres of timber. Nov. 1. Neb. The wrecking of a train near Grand Island causes seven deaths. Nov. 2±. Pa. Twenty-five miles of for- est fires are raging along the ridges near Juhnstown. 418 1892, Nov. 4-Dec. 18. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1892 Nov. 5. Pa. In the lams case at Pittsburg, Col. Hawkins and Lieut. - Col. Streator are found not guilty of cruelty. (See July 26.) Nov. St. Ariz. Soldiers are pursuing Yaqui Indians who are on the war- path. Nov. 11. N.Y. The protected cruiser Cincinnati is launched at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Nov. 28. Com. Skerrett is appointed to the command of the Pacific Station Navy. Dec. 10. Wash. Naval dry docks on Puget Sound Naval Station are begun. Dec. 12. Chile. The protected cruiser Baltimore sails from Valparaiso for San Francisco, her presence being no longer necessary. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE, 1892 Nov. 6. Ky. Gray squirrels are doing immense damage near Petersville. Intl. A large oil-well, dug near Camden, flows 2,000 barrels a day. R. I. Gold is discovered in Lincoln, the mine assaying §15 a ton. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Nov. 14. Hoey, John, Pres. Adams Ex- press Co., A68. Merrnnon, Augustus S., chief justice of N. C, A62. Nov. 29. Scott,Jolm TV., Pres. clergyman, A92. Wvant, Alexander II., htmlseape painter, A59. Dec. 1. Hoyt, Henry M., Gov. of Pa., A62. Dec. 2. Gould, Jay. speculator, capitalist. Dec. 5. Learning, .Tames R., specialist in throat diseases, A72. Dec. 7. Newberry, John S., geologist, A70. Dec. 15. Gibson, Randall L., senator for La., A60. Dec. 16. Brannam, John M., maj.-gen, U. S. A., A72. CHURCH. 1892 Nov. 14. 0. The trial for heresy of Kev. Henry P. Smith of the Lane Theological Seminary is initiated before the Presbytery at Cincinnati. . [Nov. 21. The trial proper begins. Nov. 25. The Presbytery sustains the sufficiency of the third charge, and the case will go to a formal trial. Dec. 31. The Presbytery suspends Dr. Smith. Vote, 31-27.] Nov. 15. Boston. The "World's Con- vention of Christians at "Work is in session. Nov. 16. New York. The Roman Catho- lic archbishops of the United States meet in conclave. Nov. 21-23. New York. The Conti- nental Congress of the Salvation Army is in session. Nov. 26±. New York. Many clergymen and influential church-members are en- rolled in the Salvation Army's Aux- iliary League. Dec. 5. D. C. The Central Conference of American Hebrew Rabbis is in session at Washington. Dec. 12. A*. J. Rev. P. Corrigan, Roman Catholic priest in Hoboken, is put on trial for criticising Cahenslyism as manifested at the recent German con- vention. [Ends in compromise.] Dec. 18. XT. Y. Rabbi H. Rosenberg is expelled from the Temple Beth- Jacob in Brooklyn for eating pork. LETTERS. 1892 Nov. 13 = . Chicago. President Harper succeeds in purchasing for the University of Chicago the great 40- inch lenses made for the University of California. Nov. 16. III. The New Natural His- tory University of Illinois is dedi- cated. Nov. 21. N. Y. A public-school pro- tection league is formed in Buffalo by prominent business men, lawyers, and clergymen, the object being to keep the control of the schools free from po- litical interference. Dec. 1. Chicago. The "Western Asso- ciated Press reorganizes as " The Asso- ciated Press." Ga. Chrisman Hall, costing $30,000, is dedicated at Clark University in Atlanta. Dec. 10. Mass. A $100,000 library is presented to Fairhaven by the children of H. H. Rogers of New York City, in memory of a deceased sister. Dec. 14. New York. The Teachers College takes its new name ; its char- ter becomes absolute. SOCIETY. 1892 Nov. 4. Cat. The authorities seize i,ooo five-tael tins of opium con- cealed in barrels of salmon at San Fran- cisco. Neb. W. G. Pollock, a New York salesman, is shot, and robbed of a $15,- 000 case of diamonds, in a sleeper on a train in the Missouri Valley ; the thief escapes. Nov. 5. Ala. Sixteen persons are in- dicted for murder and IS for assault at St. Stephens, for lynching Chris. Chris- man in June. La. John Hastings is lynched at Jonesville. The Amalgamated Council of New Or- leans orders a general strike, to secure a recognition of unionism. [Nov. 11. About 25,000 strikers return to work without having accomplished the object of the strike.] Nov. 8. Cat. A masked highwayman Btops a stage between San Francisco and Sierra City, and secures its express-box. O. W. J. Gill, a councilman of To- ledo, indicted for soliciting bribes, is found guilty. The entire system of the Consolidated Street-Railway in Columbus is tied up ; the conductors and motor-men have gone on strike. Tenn. In Melvin a fight, the result of a long-standing lend. lakes place be- tween the SwoftWd and Toilette fami- lies; two of the Swoffords and one of the Toilettes are killed. Nov. 9. New York. A confidential clerk of James E. Ward and Co. is arrested for embezzling $40,000. 0. A strike on the street-rail- roads in Columbus stops all the cars. Nov. 11. Chicago. Ex-Banker S. A. Kean is arrested on Indictment by t ho grand jury for feloniously receiving de- posits at the time ol the bank failure. New York. A memorial service is held in Cooper Union for the Chicago anarchists hanged on Nov. 11, 1887. Nov. 12. Fa. Dr. Moffett, a Baptist pastor in North Danville and Prohibi- tion leader, is treacherously shot and killed by J. T. Clark, a lawyer and Dem- ocratic politician ; Clark* is in jail charged with murder. Nov. 15. Tenn. The National Far- mers' Alliance Convention opens in Memphis. [Nov. 18. H. L. Louckes of South Dakota is elected president.] Mo. The Knights of "Labor Con- vention begins in St. Louis. X. Y. M. A. Schwert, town collector of Hamburg, is missing ; th.-ie i> a short- age in his accounts of more than $15,000. Nov. 16. A'. II. The National Grange, Patrons of Husbandry, begins its 12th annual convention in Concord, J. II. Brigham of Ohio presiding. Nov. 18. New York. W. H. Parsons is elected president of the National League for the Protection of Amer- ican Institutions in place of John Jay, who resigns in consequence of ill-health. Tex. Capt. J. G. Bourke,3d Cavalry, is killed by a United States deputy- marshal in a court-ruom in San Antonio. Nov. 19. Cat. Highbinders in San Francisco shoot a Chinaman because he refused to pay blackmail. [Nov. 20. Five armed highbinders are captured in San Francisco while prosecuting their murderous intentions ; they wear bullet-proof coats.] O. Several ■women are chosen dele- gates to the Convention of Locomotive Engineers at Columbus. Nov. 20. N. J. At Allentown two rob- bers force the cashier of the bank to give them S2,700 ; they are afterwards captured. Nov. 22. N. Y. A suit is entered in Brooklyn against the Board of Super- visors. Cause, waste of public funds in paving S6.000 for stands on Columbus Day and $2,000 for decorations ; the al- dermen paid S 11,000 for similar purposes. Nov. 23. Pa. Sylvester Critchlow, the Homestead striker accused of murder, is acquitted. Nov. 25- Chicago. A juryman is sen- tenced to one year's imprisonment for trying to secure a bribe. Wash, Masked men rob the pas- sengers in a sleeping-car on the North- ern Paeihc Railroad, near Hot Springs. Nov. 28. Chicaqo. C. R. Williams, a trusted employee of Kand.MeXallv. and Co. of Chicago, is arraigned for the em- bezzlement of $25,000. Nov. 30. Ky. Ex-Speaker Harvey My- ers of the Legislature is indicted for of- fering a bribe. New York. Mrs. A. A. Anderson gives $350,000 to Koosevelt Hospital for the erection of a memorial pavilion. Dec. 1-t. Pa. The Pittsburg authorities are closing all disorderly houses, the inmates are to he eared for by ministers and church members so far as possible. Dec. 3. Md. The National Prison Reform Association meets in Balti- more ; Ex-President Hayes delivers the annual address. UNITED STATES. 1892, Nov. 4-Dec. 18. 419 N.J. A license is granted by the County Court to sell liquor in Viueland for the tirst time in its history. Dec. 6. XewYorlc. G. W. Gardner, agent of the Parkhurst Society is arrested on the charge of blackmailing a woman. (A conspiracy.) New York. Police Superintend- ent Byrnes makes serious charges in a newspaper against Dr. C. H. Park- hurst. [Dec, 7. Dr. Parkhurst answers the attack ou him made by Police Superin- tendent Byrnes. He charges that the police are accomplices of law-breakers, and receive large sums of money for the protection of criminals. Dec. S. Supt. Byrnes replies. Dec. 9. Dr. Park- hurst publishes another statement.] The provisions of the will of Jay Gould are made public ; the entire es- tate goes to the family, the great bulk of it being divided among his six chil- dren, and nothing for the relief of hu- man misery. Dee. 8. 77/. Telegraph operators on the Rock Island Railroad strike, but trains continue to run. [Dec. 17. Neb. The Rock Island tele- graph operators at Omaha declare the strike lost, and favor boycotting the road.] Ky. Two negroes and one white man are taken from jail and lynched by a mob at Williamsburg. Dec. 9. N. Y. Teachers in St. Paul's School, Garden City, go on strike. Dec. 10. N. Y. The State has formally assumed the care of all its insane poor, except those in New York and Kings Counties. Dec. 11. Conn. Two thousand per- sons sign the pledge in New Haven at a temperance meeting conducted by Edward Murphy. Pa. The details of a conspiracy to poison non-union workmen at Home- stead are made public in Pittsburg. Dec. 12. Phila. The 12th annual ses- sion of the American Federation of Labor begins. Tex. Garza, the Mexican rebel, in- vades Mexico from Texas, burns a bar- rack, and returns. Dec. 13. W. Va. Three robbers board a train near Huntington, and are stoutly resisted ; two passengers are shot, one mortally wounded. Wyo. Two armed men raid the town of Gillette, and escape capture. Dec. 14. Phila. The American Fede- ration of Labor resolves that, as the strike and boycott have failed as weap- ons of organized labor, a campaign of education should be inaugurated, look- ing to the power of the ballot to settle union supremacy. [It favors the open- ing of the World's Fair on Sunday.] Dec. 17. N. C. The revenue authori- ties capture io illicit stills in Wilkes County, and three in Catawba County, with 4,000 gallons of liquor ; they arrest one moonshiner. ± Wash. A 16-year-old highway- man is terrorizing ranchers and deputy sheriffs near Dungeness. 1892 Nov. 8. U.S. The24thPresi- dential Election ; Democrats elected. Grover Cleveland (Dem.) of N. Y., 5,554,226 ; Benjamin Harrison (Rep.) of Ind., 5,175,202 ; James B. Weaver (People's Party) of la., 1,041,028 ; John Bidwell (Proiub.) of Cal., 264,133 ; Simon Wing (Social Labor) of Mass., 21,164. Candidates for Vice-President; Adlai E. Stevenson (Dem.) of 111., Whitelaw Keid (Rep.) of N. Y., James G. Field (People's Partj-) of Va., James B. P an fi ll (Prohib.) of Tex., and Charles H. Matchett (Social Labor) of N. T. Cleveland's plurality, 380,810. Total popular vote, including scattering, 12,- 110,636. Kan. The proposition to hold a Constitutional Convention, and to cessate the enforcement of prohibitory laws, is adopted at the election. The People's Party carry Kansas and North Dakota, and they will hold the balance of power in the TJ. S. Senate. N. Y. In the investigation of the Buffalo election frauds case, the ballots cast show by count in court that two Republicans, Quinby and Emerson, received a majority, instead of a minority, as returned. Nov. 23. Pa. The Committee of the U. S. Senate, investigating the Fin- kerton system, begins its sessions at Pittsburg; H. C. Frick testifies. Dec. 2. Wyo. John E. Osborne (Dem.), candidate for governor, takes the oath of office before the returns are can- vassed by the State Board of Canvass- Dec. 3. New York. Robert A. Pinker- ton testifies before the Senate investi- gating committee regarding the Home- stead troubles. Dec. 5. D. C. The 52d Congress: the second session opens. Both Houses meet, but adjourn with- out transacting business of importance. Dec. 7. D.C. Congress; Senate: David B. Hill of N. Y. introduces a bill to re- peal the Sherman Silver Law ; the House passes th.e bill to stop the reduc- tion in the Engineer Corps of the Navy. ///. Judge Gresham declares a part of Sec. 12 of the Interstate Commerce Act unconstitutional. Dec. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the bill to stop the reduction of the Naval Engineer Corps ; the Chil- ean Claims Treaty is ratified. Dec. 9. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Printing Bill. Dec. 12. Ind. The Indiana Supreme Court declares unconstitutional the Apportionment Act passed by the Democratic Legislature two years ago. Dec. 13. D. C. Secretary of State Poster replies to certain strictures of Minister Foster of Canada upon the President's message. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Army Appropriation Bill, calling for $24,202,739. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Nov. 6. N. r. Two blocks of buildings are burned in Brooklyn ; total loss, $600,000, and fifty families made homeless. Pa. The boiler of a locomotive on the Heading Railroad explodes at Con- ner's Crossing, killing five men and fa- tally injuring another. Nov. 10. Conn. A British syndicate buys the Piatt and Whitney Works in Hartford for $2,50U,000. la. Four persons are burned to death in a railroad accident. Nov. 11. Me. Camden is almost de- stroyed by fire; loss estimated at from $350,000 to $500,000. Nov. 15. Ttnn. The National Far- mers' Alliance convenes at Memphis. Nov. 19. Phila. The coinage of Co- lumbus souvenir half-dollars is be- gun at the mint. Nov. 22. Mass. A kettle made in 1642, at the Saugus Iron Works, — the first iron easting in America, — is pre- sented to the city of Lynn. Nov. 23. Neb. Four men are killed and three fatally injured in a railroad col- lision near Grand Island. Nov. 25. 7?. /. "The Breakers," the summer home of Cornelius Vanderbilt at Newport, is destroyed by fire; loss, $300,000. Nov. 29. New York. The aldermen give the Power Company a franchise on very easy terms. Vote, 15-5. Nov. 30. La. A Nicaragua Canal Convention opens at New Orleans. [It passes resolutions calling on the Govern- ment to aid the enterprise.] Nov. * Phila. Electric street-cars are introduced. Dec. 3. La. The street- railroad sys- tems of New Orleans are bought by a New York syndicate for $10,000,000. Dec. 6. Phila. The Public Ledger build- ing is much damaged by fire ; loss, $250,000. Dec. 8. N.Y. The Silversmiths' Com- pany is incorporated at Albany ; capital, $12,000,000. Dec. 11. "Western subscription book publishers combine ; capital, $3,500,000. Mo. The first street-railroad mail- car, for collecting, sorting, and deliver- ing postal matter, is introduced at St. Louis. Dee. 12. New York. A number of the overdue German steamer Spree's pas- sengers arrive on the Etruria. Dec. 13. Md. Six large warehouses and 16,000 bales of cotton arc burned in Bal- timore ; loss, $700,000. Dec. 15. Phila. The police census gives a population of 1,142,653, an in- crease since 1890 of 95,689. Dec. 17. Chicago. President Higgin- botham, of the "World's Fair Commis- sion, accepts from the manufacturers of the Remington typewriter the bid of $10,000 for the first Columbian half-dollar issued from the mint. Minn. Eight men are killed and sev- eral injured in a wreck on the Great Northern Railway at Nelson. 420 1892, Dec. 19-1893, Jan. 10. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1892 Dec. 22. D, C. John P. Haw- kins is commissioned brigadier-general. Dec. 27. Tex. An encounter takes place between troops and bandits on the Mex- ican border. 1893 Jan. 6. B.C. Charles M. Terrell is commissioned colonel — pay depart- ment. [Jan. 22. Thaddeus H. Stanton . — pay department.] Jan. 7. III. Plans are on foot to orga- nize a Naval Reserve in Illinois. Jan. 9. D. C. Commander Silas W. Terry is promoted captain. [Feb. 25. Merrill Miller. Apr. 27. John J. Reed. May 9. Mortimer L. Johnson. May 15. Edwin M. Shepherd. June 27. Robeley D. Evans. Sept. 27. George W. Coffin.] ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 * * Pa. Many monuments are dedicated on the battlefield of Gettys- burg during the year. 1893 Jan. 2. Mass. E. H. R. Lyman gives to the city of Northampton the deed of an Academy of Music, costing $100,000. Mont. An avalanche causes disas- ter near Java Station, on the Great Northern road ; four lives are lost. Jan. 6. 0. The breaking of an ice- gorge causes 8100,000 damages to ship- ping in the Ohio River at Cincinnati. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Dec. 34. Dent, Frederick. T., brig. -gen. U. S. A., A72. Dec. 35. Henrici, Jacob, communist, at Harmony, Pa., A89. Dec. 38. Kimball, Richard Burleigh, au- thor, A76. 1893. Jan. 1. Horsford, Eben N., professor of chemistry at Harvard, A75. Jan. 3. Lamb, Martha .!., historian, A64. Jan. 3. Pillsbury, (iilhert, abolitionist, A79. Jan. 6. Cappa, Charles A., band-master, A59. Jan. 7. Low, Abiel A., merchant, philan- thropist, of New York, A82. Jan. 10. Kenna, John E., senator for W. Va., A45. CHURCH. 1892 Dec. 23. New York. Dr.M'Glynn is restored to his priestly functions by the Papal delegate, Mgr. Satolli. Dec. 25. N. Y. Dr. M'Glynn says mass in a small chapel in Brooklyn, and in the afternoon receives a great ovation from 2,000 people assembled in Cooper Union. Dec. 27. New York. The corner-stone of the (Protestant Episcopal) Cathe- dral of St. John the Divine, in Morn- ingside Park, is laid by Bishop Potter, Bishop W. C. Doane of Albany deliver- ing the address. Dec.* The Salvation Army of the United States reports 1,500 officers, 13,000 soldiers, work in 462 cities and towns, 555 outposts established, and 32,433 con- verts. * * Fla. "William Grane Gray is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- ary bishop of Florida. * * (7a. C. Kin loch Nelson is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal; bishop of Georgia. * * ///. Charles K. Hale is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Spring- held. * * The United German Synod (Evangeli- cal Lutheran) in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin is organized. * * Pa. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Allegheny ; David MacDill, moderator. * * Tenn. The Annual Convention (Disciples of Christ) is held at Nashville ; A. M. Atkinson, president. * * Tex. George Herbert Kinsolving is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Texas. * * Wash. Lemuel H. "Wells is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Spokane. 1S93 Jan. 5. O. Authority is given to mortgage the Roman Catholic cathedral in Cincinnati, in order to secure $62,000 to be paid as a dividend to the cred- itors of Archbishop Purcell. Jan. 6. Okta. Francis K. Brooke is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- ary bishop of Oklahoma. LETTERS. 1892 Dec. 21. Neic York. A new in- dustrial-school building is opened in Sullivan Street, under the auspices of the Children's Aid Society. Dec. 26. O. John L. Woods, a retired lumber-dealer, gives $120,000 as a Christ- mas present to the Medical College of "Western Reserve University. Dec. 27. Chicago. John D. Rockefeller gives $1,000,000 in bonds to Chicago University, making $3,000,000 as his total gift to that institution. Dec. 28. Phila. The 2d annual con- ference for the advancement of Univer- sity Extension is held. Dec. 29. Md. The $500,000 fund for a woman's medical department in Johns Hopkins University is completed by a gift from Miss Mary E. Garrett. * * N. Y. A collection of minerals be- longing to Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond, late United States Commissioner of Mines and Mining, is presented to the Brooklyn Institute. * * Phila. The Rev. W. Brenton Greene is selected to fill the chair of Apologet- ics and Ethics at Princeton Seminary. * * Boston. The World magazine appears. * * Phila. Peterson's Magazine (new se- ries) appears. * * The CJmiese, by Robert Coltman, Jr. appears. * * Prisons of Air, by Moncure D. Con- way, appears ; also Life of Thojnas Paine. * * Life and Letters of Gen. Thomas Jere- miah Jackson {Stonewall Jackson), by his wife, Mary Ann Jackson, appears. * * Autobiography of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler appears. k * Mark Hopkins, by Franklin Carter, appears. ' * The Lesson of the Master, by Henry James, appears. ' * A First Family of Tasajara, by Bret Harte, appears. ' * Concerning All of Us. by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, appears. ■ * Latest Literary Essays and Addresses, by James Russell Lowell, appears. * A History of the People of the United States, by John Bach McMaster, appears. * Moral Teachings of Science, by Ara- bella B. Buckley, appears. * lndika, by John F. Hurst, appears. * The Life of Charles Sumner, by Archi- bald H. Grimke, appears. * The Evolution of Christianity, by Ly- man Abbott, appears. * The Discovery of America, by John Fisko, appears. * The Colonial Era, by George Park Fisher, appears. * The Kansas Conflict, by Charles Rob- inson, appears. * The Quality of Mercy, by William Dean Howells appears ; also, An Imper- ative Duty. * Sibyl Knox, by Edward Everett Hale, c * The Puritan in Hoi land t England, and America, by Douglass Campbell, appears. '' * Methods of Industrial Bejmnieration, by David F. Schloss, appears. '' * The Life of Joshua P. Giddings, by George W. Julian, appears. k * The Naulahka, by Rudyard Kipling and Wolcott Balestier, appears. '' * Silhouettes of American Life, by Re- becca Harding Davis, appears. ' * The Wrecker, by Robert Louis Steven- son and Lloyd Osbourne, appears. ( * Darwin and After Darwin, by George John Romanes, appears. '' * The Speech of Monkeys, by R. L. Gar- ner, appears. ! *A History of Peru t by Clements R. Markham, appears. 1 * The Hiu7ia7i Mind, by James Sully, appears. [ * John Winthrop, by Joseph H. Twit- chell, appears. : * History of the New World called Am- erica, by Edward John Payne, appears. : * State Papers and Speeches on the Tar- iff, by F. W. Taussig, appears. : * Primitive Man in Ohio, by Warren K. Moorehead, appears. : * Cotton Mather, the Puritan Priest, by Barrett Wendell, appears. * Admiral Farragut, by Capt. A. T. Mahan, appears. * The World's Metal Monetary Systems, by John Henry Norman, appears. * Man and the Glacial Period, by G. Frederick Wright, appears. * History of the United States from the Compromise of 1S50, by James Ford Rhodes, appears. UNITED STATES. 1892, Dec. 19-1893, Jan. 10. 421 * * The Arctic Seas, by Robert Kelley and G. S. Davis, appears. 1893 Jan. 3. New Tor!:. Tbe public schools reopen with 148,000 children in attendance. SOCIETY. 1892 Dec. 23. N. J. Ballot-box stuffers are released from prison by tbe Court of Pardons. (See p. 408.) Dec. 24. Boston. The American Folk- lore Society is in session. Dec. 25. O. Linemen in the employ of the electric companies of Toledo go on strike, and cut tbe wires. Dec. 26. Neie York. Gifts are made to thousands of children by the Christ- mas Society at Madison Square Gar- den. Dec. 28. N. T. The new Hebrew Or- phan Asylum is dedicated in Brooklyn with addresses by Mayor Boody, Dr. M'Glynn, and others. Wis. The South Side Plant of the Milwaukee Street-Railroad Company is destroyed by a bomb explosion. Loss, $510,000 ; the perpetrator is unknown. Dec. 30. hid. "White Caps near Ko- korao take a man from bed, whip him with hickory switches, and leave him at a distance from his house in the snow in his underclothes and bare feet, Wyo. Two U. S. deputy-marshals and three desperadoes are killed in a fight. Dec. 31. la. "W. Mayhor is in jail at Sid- ney, charged with murdering five wives. * * Ala. A convention of colored peo- ple meets at Tuskegee to provide means for benefiting their race. * * Ala. A fund of $131,362 is raised by special tax to pay a pension of §25.60 to each of the 4,955 disabled Confeder- ate soldiers. 1893 Jan. 1. The Knights of Pythias report 413,944 members. Jan. 3. Ky. Several persons are killed and wounded in a conflict near Caylers- ville. Tenn. Henry Duncan is taken from jail in London and hanged by a mob. Jan. 6. N. Y. Kings County Grand Jury brings in a sweeping indictment against city and county officials for frauds in connection with the Columbian Celebra- tion. Jan. 8. Neio York. Dr. M'Glynn at Cooper Institute states how his restora- tion to favor with the authorities of the Roman Catholic Church was brought about ; he was not required to apologize or retract anything he had said. Jan. 9. Boston. Judge Lathrop of the Supreme Court orders that the Five- Year Benefit Order be placed in the hands of a receiver, it having been car- ried on for the sole benefit of the officers. STATE. 1892 Dec. 19. T). C. Congress; House : A bill increasing the pensions of Mexican "War veterans is passed. [1893 Jan. 2. Approved.] Dec. 20. Z>. C. Congress ; Senate : The sale of Brooklyn Navy- Yard land is authorized ; the bill to repeal the Fed- eral Elections Law is discussed. New York. The Bar Association asks the governor not to appoint Judge Maynard to fill the vacancy in the Court of Appeals. [Dec. 30. The gov- ernor makes the appointment.] Dec. 24. Mont. By a writ of the court commanding that the votes of the Box Elder precinct be canvassed, the Legis- lature is given to the Republicans. Dec. 27. Ida. The Idaho Apportion- ment Act is declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Dec. 30. D. C. President Harrison pro- claims the conclusion of a definite ar- rangement of commercial reciprocity with Salvador, to take effect Dec. 31. * * Z>. C. Congress appropriates $25,000 for the equipment of the Naval Re- serve. Popular Vote for President (Nov. 8). Candidates. States. Harrison Cleveland Weaver Bidwell Ala. . 9,197 138,138 85,181 239 Ark. . 46,974 87,752 11,831 113 Cal. . 118,927 118,151 25,311 8,096 Col. C. Congress; Senate: The French Extradition Treaty is ratified ; the House passes the Sundry Civil Ap- propriation Bill, introduced Jan. 18. Feb. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: Da- vid B. Hill of N. Y. gives notice that he will move to take up the Silver Repeal Bill on Feb. G. The Hawaiian Commissioners ar- rive in Washington. [Feb. 4. They present credentials to the Secretary of State. Feb. 11. They are officially pre- sented to tbe President.] S. Dale. The Local-option amendment is defeated in the House. Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the House bill (see Dec. 15, 1S92) relating to the contracts of common carriers, prohibiting non- liability clauses ; bill passed the House Dec. 15, 1892. [Feb. 13. Tbe House concurs in the amendments. Feb. 14. Approved.] The House passes tbe Di- plomatics Legislative, and Consular Service Bill, introduced Jan. 21. Feb. 6. I). C. Congress ; Senate : Da- vid B. Hill's motion to take up tbe Silver Repeal Bill is defeated. Vote, 23-42. The Senate Quarantine Bill is passed as a substitute for the House bill. [Feb. 15. Approved.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Jan. 11. Colo. Twenty-four mi- ners are killed by an explosion in tbe Union Pacific coal-mine, near Como. Jan. 13. Chicago. A syndicate of capi- talists and wholesale butchers buys tbe Farmers' and Drovers' Stockyards ; cap- ital, $1,000,000. Jan. 14. Lithographers of Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, and Roches- ter form a combination. Jan. 16. U. S. The corundum wheel makers combine ; capital, §6,000,000. Jan. 18. New York. Tbe Old Dominion steamer City of Atlanta is burned in the East River. Jan. 19. A'. J. Three persons are killed and eight injured in a collision on tbe Pennsylvania Railroad, near Marion. Jan. 20. 1). C The National Board of Trade ends its annual session at "Washington. Jan. 21. III. In a collision on the " Big Four " road, near Alton, nine per- sons are killed, 12 fatally injured, and 100 burned by an exploding oil-tank. Minn. A fire in St. Paul causes a loss of $213,000; two firemen are badly injured. Mo. A brewery combine is formed in St. Louis. New York. The French liner La Cham- pagne sails for Europe with ©4,500,000, the largest shipment yet made of gold and silver coin. The French steamer Bretagne sails for Europe with $4,300,000 in gold. N. Y. Many firemen are injured at a warehouse fire in Brooklyn; loss, $135,000. Jan. 22. Colo. A second expedition sets out in search of tbe lost Peg Leg mine of the desert. Mo. An elevator and 1,250,000 bush- els of wheat are burned at St. Louis ; loss, $1,500,000. Jan. 25. Manufacturers of sole-leather in New York and Boston form a trust. Jan. 27. New York. Twenty-nine la- bor-unions protest by open letter against extending the elevated railway system, and urge that the city build and operate the underground road as planned by the Rapid Transit Com- mission. Jan. 28. Chicago. Several "World's Fair buildings are damaged' by the falling in of their roofs under a great burden of snow. New York. The French liner LaNor- mandie sails for Havre with §2,850,000 (gold) in her bullion-room, Jan. 29±. Minn. A syndicate of lum- bermen concludes a deal transferring COO.nuo.OOO feet of standing pine around Leech Lake for more than $2,000,000. Jan. 30. D. C. The funeral services of James G. Blaine are held in the Presbyterian Church of the Covenant in "Washington, with many prominent officials and others in attendance. Feb. 1±. Colo. Two men from St. Louis cross the Colorado desert on bi- cycles, making an average of 56 miles a day. N. Y. Fire causes a loss of $200,000 at Little Falls. Feb. 2. Ark. The First National Bank of Little Rock fails on account of the issuance of fraudulent paper by former bank officers ; liabilities over half a million. Feb. 3. Mass. An explosion at tbe Star Foundry, Worcester, seriously in- jures 14 men. Feb. 4. N. Y. Tbe Deland Chemical Works, Rochester, are burned ; loss, $200,000. Feb. 7. N. J. Tbe bark Alice gees ashore near Barnegat Inlet : three of her crew are drowned. 424 1893, Feb. 8 -Mar. 6. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1893 Feb. 15. Kan. The militia is ordered out to eject the Republican representatives from the lower hall of the Legislature. (See State.) Feb. 28. Phila. The battle-ship In- diana is launched at Cramps' shipyard. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1893 Feb. 11. Ind. Silver and zinc are found in large quantities. Feb. 12. 0. An oil-well, flowing 1,000 barrels daily, is struck in Middletown township, on what has been regarded as "dry territory." Feb. 18. Mich. Bock which assays 2.43 ounces of gold and .50 ounces of silver to the ton is discovered in Calhoun County. Mar. 1. New York. About $108,000 is realized at the sale of the John Taylor Johnston paintings. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Feb. 12. Green, Norvin, president of "West- ern Union Telegraph Co., A.75. Feb. 15. Colgate, Samuel, merchant, of New York, dies. Feb. SO. Beauregard, Pierre Gustave Toutant. col. U. S. A., Con fed. gen., A75. Feb. 23. Hatch, Jiufus, linaimier, of New York, A60. Feb. 24. Manvels, Allen, president Atchi- son, Topeka, and Santa l'e Railroad, A'Hi. Mar. 2. Bishop, Richard M., Gov. of O., A81. Mar. 6. Evans, Frederick W., elder of Shaker Community, A85. CHURCH. 1893 Feb. 17. New York. Presbyte- rians issue a letter urging the cessation of dogmatic warfare in their church. Feb. 19. New York. Pope Leo's jubi- lee is celebrated by the Catholic Club. Mar. 1. New York. A special session of the Protestant Episcopal House of Bishops is begun. LETTERS. 1893 Feb. 14. N. Y. BoardmanHall, the home of the Law School of Cornell University, is formally opened, and the Moak Law Library is presented as a memorial of Judge Boardman. Feb. 26. N. Y. The Regents of the Uni- versity of the State of New York grant a charter to the trustees of the Catho- lic Summer School*; the institution is recognized by the laws of the State, and its acquired property is located on Lake Chaniplain, near Plattsburg. SOCIETY. 1893 Feb. 10. Minn. The House of Representatives passes a bill making the using and smoking of cigarettes by minors a misdemeanor by a fine of $25 to $50, or by imprisonment for 30 days. Miss. Two negroes are lynched for robbing and burning a store at Dickey, Amite County. - — IT'. Fa. Non-union men are at- tacked by a mob at Wheeling ; one of them will probably die. Feb. 11. N. Y. The Reform Club is making an organized effort to abolish personal taxation in Brooklyn. Pa. The State is taking steps to es- cheat the property of the Econo- mite Society near Pittsburg, it having only a few surviving members. Feb. 12. It is alleged that the Wabash Railroad Company has b<;en systemati- cally robbed by trusted employees of over $200,000 worth of valuable mer- chandise. X. Y. A "green goods" man is shot by a South Carolinian in a hotel in Poughkeepsie. Feb. 14. New York. G. W. Gardner, agent of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, is sentenced to two years' im- prisonment for extorting blackmail. (A conspiracy.) [Nov. 17. The Supreme Court reverses the verdict, and orders Gardner's re- lease.] Feb. 15. New York. The American Publishers' Association opens its 7th annual convention. Feb. 16. Kan. The sheriff at Topeka swears in a posse of 1,000 men for the purpose of maintaining the peace ; the Populists decide thereupon not to at- tempt to dislodge the Republican House, and the governor proposes a compromise. Neio York. A service in memory of Bishop Phillips Brooks is held in Carnegie Music Hall. Feb. 18, The Princess Kaiulani issues an appeal to the American people touching her rights as crown-princess of the Hawaiian Islands. Feb. 20. New York. Counselor John W. Goff is fined $200 by Recorder Smyth for contempt of court in connec- tion with the Gardner trial. Pa. A riot between strikers and non-unionists occurs at the Catsbury coal-mine, Monongahela City. Feb. 22v Ind. Dr. Joseph Gardner of Bedford gives, "asa thank-offering to humanity," a tract of land — 7S2 acres in extent — as the headquarters of the American National Red Cross Asso- ciation. [Miss Clara Barton, president, accepts the gift.] Feb. 24. Cal. John W. Mackay, the bonanza millionaire, is shot in San Francisco by William 0. Rippey, a fa- natic, who then shoots himself fatally ; Mackay's wound is not dangerous. O. Sympathizers of Gov. McKin- ley start a one-dollar subscription move- ment to aid in meeting the financial lia- bilities against him, his endorsements having involved his entire fortune. [Successful, but declined.] Feb. 25. Chicago. Strikers wreck a passenger-train. Pa. The Nanticoke mine strike is spreading ; 28,000 men and boys are now out. Feb. 26. N. J. Sunday : Mass-meet- ings are held in many cities and towns to protest against the action of the Le- gislature in passing pro-racing bills. [Also on Mar. 5.] Mar. 3. D. C. The President and President-elect exchange calls. Mar. 6. N. J. Immense numbers cf Jerseymen gather at Trenton, at the reassembling of the Legislature, with many remonstrances and appeals in favor of repealing the race-track bills. New York. The brownstone United Charities building is formally pre- sented by its founder, John Stewart Kennedy, to the organizations. Opened STATE. 1893 Feb. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes a bill to exempt soldiers and sailors from competitive examina- tions for promotion in the Civil Service. [Feb. 9. The House refers it to the C* rtn- mittee on Reform in the Civil Service — no final decision.] The report of the Sec- retary of War to the Senate shows that the militia of the United States num- bers 112,496 men; the Senate con- firms the Russian Extradition Treaty. In a joint session of both Houses the electoral votes are counted. Vote for President : Grover Cleve- land (Dein). of N. Y.. 277; Benjamin Harrison (Rep.) of Ind., 145 ; James E. "Weaver (People's Party) of la., 22; John Bidwell (Prohih.) of Cal., Simon "Wing (Social Labor) of Mass., each 0. For Vice-President : Adlai F. Steven- son (Dem.) of 111., 277; Whitelaw Held (Rep.) of N. T. 145 ; James G. Field (People's Party) of Va.. 22 ; James B. CranfiU (Prohib.) of Tex., and Charles H. Matchett (Social Labor) of N. Y., each 0. Feb. 9. D.C. Congress: In the House the silver adherents score a victory by sustaining the demand for the previous question on the Silver Purchase Repeal Bill. Vote, 152-143. The House passes the Legislative, Executive, and Ju- dicial Appropriation Bill, including amendments that no public building shall be draped in mourning, nor de- partment closed out of respect for the memory of any deceased official, and prohibiting the use of public funds for defraying the funeral expenses of any officer or employee of the Government : bill introduced Jan. 26. N. Y. In the Senate, G. S. Van Gor- der introduces bills providing for non- partisan hoards of election inspectors. Feb. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Car-Coupler Bill, providing for increased safety of life on railroads by the use of automatic couplers and air-brakes. Vote, 39-10. [Feb. 27. The House concurs in the Senate amendments. Mar. 2. Approved by the President.] John Sherman of O. gives notice of an amendment to the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill autho- rizing the sale of 3 per cent bonds. ± Native Hawaii ans send an appeal to the American Government asking for redress, not annexation : they say their country is overrun by foreigners, who by bringing coolies from the Orient are propagating leprosy in every village. Feb. 13. T). C. The committee begins the investigation of the Panama Canal matter. UNITED STATES. 1893, Feb. 8 -Mar. 6. 425 Feb. 14. D. C. Secretary Foster tele- graphs to Minister Stevens his approval of the plan for establishing a protecto- rate in Hawaii. Feb. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate receives the Hawaiian Annexation Treaty from the President with a message. Kan. Republican members take for- cible possession of the Representa- tives' Hall in Topeka; Gov. Levelling calls out the militia to help retake the hall for the Populists. [Feb. 17. A peace agreement is signed hy representatives of the contesting par- ties ; it virtually concedes to the Repub- licans all their demands.] Feb. 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The river and harbor items cut from the Sundry Civil Bill by the committee are restored ; in the House the commit- tee amendments to the Pension Bill are defeated. President Harrison gives Secretary of State Foster authority to issue bonds if necessary to protect the gold reserve. The Hawaiian Annexation Treaty is published. S. C. Judges Goff and Simonton of the United States Court decide against Gov. Tillman's authority to collect excessive taxes from railroads. Feb. 17. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Invalid Pension Appropria- tion Bill, introduced Jan. 27. Feb. 18. D.C. Congress; Senate : The Sherman amendment, authorizing an issue of 3 per cent bonds for the re- demption of U. S. Treasury notes, is agreed to. Vote, 30-16. [The House concurs, but the Senate finally recedes from it.] The appointment of Howell 33. Jackson of Tenn. as Associate Jus- tice of the Supreme Court is confirmed. [Mar. 5. He is sworn in.] In the House the Post-office Appropriation Bill is discussed. Ala. The Senate passes a bill which practically disfranchises negroes. Feb. 20. D. C. Congress; In the House the New York and Wew Jersey Bridge Bill is passed. [Feb. 21. The Senate refers it to the Committee on Commerce.] The Naval Appropria- tion BiH, introduced Feb. 13, is passed. Also the Agricultural Appropriation Bill, introduced Feb. 4. Feb. 21. N. J. The Assembly passes three race-track bills. [Feb. 22. They pass the Senate and go to Gov. Werts. "Feb. 23. He vetoes the bills. Feb. 24. They are passed over the veto.] Feb. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate "Washington's FareweU Address is read in honor of his birthday; the Sundry Civil BUI is passed. In the House the all-night session adjourns at 6 a.m. :Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate : The Diplomatic and Consular Service Bill and the Military Academy Bill are passed. [Mar. 2. Approved.] The Bussian Extradition Treaty is rati- fied ; in the House a vain attempt is made to call up the Anti-Option Bill. — Fi\ The Commissioners of Arbi- tration meet at Paris to settle the Bering Sea fisheries dispute ; they adjourn to March 23. Members of the Court : John M. Har- lan, Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, and Senator John T. Morgan of Ala., for the United States ; Lord JHannen and Sir John S. D. Thompson for Great Britain ; Baron de Couree (Pres.) for France ; Marquis Kniilio Viscounti Venosta for Italy; Judge Gram for Sweden and Nor- way. John W. Foster of Ind. is agent, nd Henry W. Blodgett, F. K. Coudert, i counsel for the Wyo. Gov. Osborn appoints A. C. Beckwith (Bern.) U. S. Senator. The Shoshones and Arapahoes disa- gree as to giving up their lands — about two million acres — for settlement by whites. Feb. 24. D. C. President-elect Cleve- land selects H. J. Thurber of Detroit as his private secretary. The Secretary of State approves the action of Minister Stevens in Hawaii in favoring the new republic. Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: The Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropriation Bill is passed. [Mar. 3. Approved.] In the House the "silver men" obstructively oppose the Senate amendments to the Sundry Civil Bill. The French Legation at "Washing- ton is raised to the rank of an embassy by decree of President Carnot. Kan. The Supreme Court decides that the Republican House is the legally constituted body. Feb. 26. Z>. C. The report of Special Agent Ayer of the Treasury Depart- ment shows a large increase in the pro- duction of tin and terne plates and of block sheets. Feb. 27. D. C. Congress : The Senate passes the Pension Appropriation Bill without amendment. [Mar. 2. Approved.] In the House the Indian Appropriation BiU is passed ; the Sen- ate amendment to the Car-Coupler Bill is concurred in. "Vote, 185-84. Feb. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: John Sherman's motion to proceed to executive business is defeated ; the Naval and Agricultural Indian Ap- propriation Bills are passed. [Mar. 3. All are approved.] The bill introduced Dec. 7, 1892, putting pig tin on the free list, is passed. It passes the Tin-Plate Bill, repealing the duties' bill introduced Feb. 16. [Mar. 3. The Senate Committee reports it back with amendments.] Kan. The Populist members in a body take their seats in the lower House. Mar. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: The Sherman bond amendment is dropped from the Sundry Civil Bill, so is the SSwuiOO appropriation for the New York Custom-house ; in the House the Anti- Option Bill is killed by failing to re- ceive the vote necessary to take it up under a suspension of the rules. Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Post-office Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 3. Approved.] Also the Deficiency Appropriation Bill. The House passes the Chandler Immigra- tion and Contract Labor Bill to prevent the immigration of Chinese laborers. President-elect Cleveland arrives in Washington, and takes up his quar- ters at the Arlington. Kan. The "Woman's Suffrage BiU passes both Houses of the Legislature. Mar. 3. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- ate the bill to repeal the duties on tin is reported back by the Committee with amendments. [No final action taken.] Mar. 4. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes the McGarrahan Claim Bill, and tenders votes of thanks to Vice- President Morton and President pro tempore Charles F. Manderson ; in the House ex-Speaker Thomas B. Reed pre- sents, with a speech, resolutions eulo- gistic of Speaker Charles F. Crisp, who replies. The 52d Congress ends. The 27th Administration ; Demo- cratic. Grover Cleveland, the 24th Presi- dent, is inaugurated. The pageant takes place in a snow- storm ; the Inauguration Ball presents a scene of splendor beyond any of its predecessors. Mont. Lee Mantle (Rep.) is ap- pointed U. S. Senator by Gov. Rickards. Mar. 6. D. C. The Senate meets in spe- cial session (chiefly to consider the Pres- ident's nominations) ; it confirms the nominations for the President's Cabi- net ; John Sherman of O. introduces a joint resolution for a constitutional amendment changing inauguration day to the 30th of April. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Feb. 11. The Western freight blockade is broken ; trains are run- ning on the Union and Northern Pacific Roads. Feb. 14. New York. The Metropoli- tan Opera House is bought in by a representative of the shareholders for $1,425,000. Feb. 18. Colo. Three persons are killed and a number injured in a collision on the Colorado Midland Railroad near Hartwell. The Northern Pacific Railroad in- vestigating committee makes a report condemning the present management of the road. Feb. 22. New York.'- President Harri- son raises the American flag on the first foreign registered ocean steamer, the New York, of the American Line, formerly The City of New York, of the Inman Line. Phila. Four persons are killed and 20 injured by a train collision on the Pennsylvania Railroad. Feb. 23. 0. Gov. McKinley puts his property into the hands of trustees for the benefit of the creditors of a person for whom he became surety; Mrs. Mc- Kinley surrenders her private estate for the same purpose. 426 1893, Mar. 7 -Apr. 10. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1893 Mar. 30. Atlm. Gherardi's squadron sails for Hampton Roads. Apr. 61 . Va. About 20 foreign war- ships gather at Hampton Roads prepar- atory to the Columbian celebration. ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 1893 Mar. 9. New York. An earth- quake shock is distinctly felt at 12.30 A.M. Mar. 14. Cal. A meteor falls and ex- plodes near Los Olivos ; the report is heard 50 miles away. Mar. 17. NIT. A valuable collection of geographical specimens is bequeathed to Dartmouth College by the late Ralph Butterrield of Kansas City. Pa. The books, drawings, manu- scripts, and herbarium which be- longed to Bayard Taylor are presented to the public library of West Chester by Mrs. Taylor. Mar. 18. Chicago. The Montana sil- ver statue of Ada Rehan is cast; cost of silver, $70,000. [May 30. Unveiled.] Mar. 25. Mont. A slight earthquake shock is felt in Helena. [Apr. 4. At Los Angeles, Cal. Apr. 8. Two shocks at Lincolnton, Ga., and in S. C. Nov. 27. A shock is felt in north- ern New York, Vermont, New Hamp- shire, and in Canada. Dec. 16. Another in Southern Illinois and Indiana.] Apr. 2±. Okla. A tornado kills 100 persons and injures 500 more. Apr. 9. Kan. An aerolite strikes and breaks the arm from the statue of John Brown at Ossawatomie. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Mar. 8. Fox, Margaret, spiritualist dium, A59. Mar. 10. Peabody, Andrew Preston, Mar. 13. Hvatt, .lames W., treasurer of United States, A56. Mar. 13. Kernell, Harry, actor, dies in an asylum. Mar. 18. Armstrong, I>avid II.. senator for Mo., A81. Baird, George A., " Squire Abington," dies. Mar. 23. Saulsbury, Eli, sen. for Del., A76. Mar. 24. Johnston, John Tavlor, founder Metropolitan Museum of Art, A73. Shepard. Elliott Fitch, editor Mail and Express, A59, Deady, Matthew P., U. S. Dist. Judge. A69. Mar. 28. Smith, E. Kirby, Confederate lieut.-gen., college professor, A 69. Apr. 7. Seney, George 1., financier, philan- thropist, A67- Kip, William I., P. E. bp. of Cal., A82. - Magrath, Andrew G., war-gov. of S. C, A80. CHURCH. 1S93 Mar. 20. Boston, The Baptists lose by the Tremont Temple fire a valuable missionary museum and a large collection of missionary publications, the work of 70 years. Total loss, §375,000. Apr. 6. Utah. The Mormons dedicate the completed temple at Salt Lake City ; the great edifice was 40 years in construction. LETTERS. 1893 Mar. 7. A'. J. A bill i 9 intro- duced in the Legislature providing lor a division of the public school moneys in aid of parochial schools. [It fails to pass]. Mar. 11. New York. A meeting of the University Settlement Society is held to decide upon plans to help the poor. Mar. 13. New York. A gift of $200,000 to the Teachers' College is announced. SOCIETY. 1893 Mar. 7. N. Y. Gross frauds are alleged in the election at Lansingburg. One policeman, Officer Gillespie, resigns when ordered to protect repeaters, and makes a written st a tenn/nt incriminating Chief of Police McCabe. Mar. 8. Mich. The engineers and fire- men strike on the Toledo, Ann Arbor, and Northern Michigan road. Mar. 9. N. Y. Bryce A. White, assist- ant cashier in the Wallabout Bank, Brooklyn, is arrested for embezzle- ment ; amount, §20,000. Mar. 10. Me. The city clerk of Portland confesses that the ballots from the first ward have been tampered with ; the mayor elected refuses to accept office. New York. Raids on pool-rooms are made, but the men arrested are nearly all discharged. Mar. 11. Ala. Rev. D. T. Stratton is beaten and robbed by moonshiners in Winston. ± Cal. The governor signs the bill prohibiting prize-fights. Mar. 12. Mass. Joseph Massey, a jeal- ous lover at Quiney, shoots MaryLafane and then himself. New York. Three boy burglars, aged 10, 12, and 13 respectively, are ar- rested and arraigned. Mar. 14. Neio York. Dr. Rainsford, rec- tor of St. George's Protestant Episcopal Church, in an address on " The Saloon Question," reiterates his belief that the only true solution of the problem is a liquor annex to the churches. Mar. 17. S. C. B.W.Crowe and family (white) are driven out of Nebo, because a daughter taught a negro school. Mar. 18. N. Y. Seven trainmen on the Lake Shore Railroad, refusing to handle Ann Arbor cars, are arrested on an order from a Federal court. Mar. 19. New York. Labor men are indignant at the extraordinary action of IT. S. District Judge Ricks in order- ing Chief Arthur to withdraw the order he has issued requiring the Brotherhood engineers to refuse to handle cars of non-union or boycotted roads. [Mar. 22. The firemen join with the engineers to contest this decision at Toledo. Apr. 2. The engineers and firemen at Toledo hold meetings and resolve to stand by the strikers, no matter what the decision of the court may he. Apr. 3. An engi- neer is held for contempt, and a tempo- rary injunction is granted against Chief Arthur.] O. The Big Four yard switchmen at Springfield strike, and the yards are again tied up. Mar. 20. Kan. The people are vigor- ously contending against the Kansas City (Mo.) liquor-houses that arc run- ning " joints " in several Kansas towns ; the State Temperance Union is waging war on " joints " all over the State. Mar. 21. A T . Y. A Chinaman in Brook- lyn has complied with the Registration Law, and finds himself ostracized by his countrymen, and is unable u» carry on his business. Mar. 23. Miss. "White Caps in Copiah Countyshootandkillacoloredmanat his own door ; E. D. Smith of Crystal Springs has been recognized and is In jail. New York. The Galilee Tee-To- Tum Workingmen's Club on Twenty- third Street is formally opened. Mar. 24. Del. The Legislature reenacts the Delinquent Law, which will disfran- chise all voters at the next election who have not paid the required poll-tax. Mar. 25. Boston. Carriage-makers re- solve to strike because they cannot get 10 hours' pay for nine hours' work. La. Judge Billings, at New Orleans. decides that the ordering of the big strike in that city in .November was un- lawful. Mont. The governor of Arkansas is- sues a requisition for Frank Hickey. a prisoner in Butte, accused of being'the assassin of John M. Clayton. Netv York. The lockout of cloth- ing-cutters by the Manufacturers' Asso- ciation begins. Mar. 27. Cal. Gov. Markham's ap- proval of the Parole Bill mil release from the two State prisons over 1,000 convicts who have served one year of their sentence. Ga. Two "White Caps are shot dead at Fort Valley by negroes upon whom they were making a raid ; the coroner's verdict is justifiable homicide. Mar. 28. Chicago. Judge Collins de- cides that acts directed by alleged spirits are not legal, and that certain deeds of transferred property are void. Mar. 30. Neb. The Legislature im- peaches three State officials. Mar. 31. Chicago. Charges of levy- ing blackmail to aid the election of Carter Harrison are made against mem- bers of the police force. Md. A big illicit distillery, valued at §75,000, is seized in Baltimore. Neb. The Legislature in joint ses- sion passes a resolution providing for impeachment of the Board of Public Lands and Buildings ; State Treasurer John E. Hill is sued to recover the sum of $236,364.60. which it is alleged was collected, but not transferred to his successor in office. Apr. 1. Mass. The weavers in Mill No. 2 in Palmer strike for increased wages. Apr. 2. N. Dak. "Woman's Christian Temperance Union women at Kola, in making a circuit of the "joints," are brutally beaten in one of them. Apr. 6±. New York. The National Con- vention of State Boards of Health is in session ; it considers the danger of a cholera epidemic. Apr. S. Tenn. Among the private pa- pers of Dr. Francois Fontenay of Clarks- ville a written confession is found stat- ing that he killed Rev. A. M. Feltner, Episcopal rector, 2S years ag< >. He adopted the rector's two children, leav- ing them his large fortune when he died. UNITED STATES. 1893, Mar. 7 -Apr. 10. 427 Apr. 9. Chicago. Hotel-keepers and others are charging exorbitant prices for accommodations during the World's Fair. A strike of 1,100 men begins in the shops of the Santa Fe road in various places. Apr. 10. Chicago. A strike of 4,000 workmen begins at the World's Fair buildings, but soon ends. N. T. Brooklyn aldermen give away valuable trolley franchises for which $200,000 had been offered. ± S. Dak. A band of cattle- thieves is broken up, its leaders being wounded and captured. STATE. 1893 Mar. 7. D. C. The members of the President's Cabinet are sworn info office all together, for the first time in the history of the country. Cabinet: "Walter Q,. Gresham of 111. (State), John G. Carlisle of Ky. (Treas.), Daniel S. Lamont of N. Y. (War), Hilary A. Herbert of Ala. (Navy), Hoke Smith of Ga. (Interior), J. Sterling Morton of Neb. (Agricul- ture), Richard Olney of Mass. (Atty.- Gen.), "Wilson S. Bissell of N. Y. (P. M.- Gen.). Mar. 9. D. C. Senate : the Hawaiian treaty is received from the President. [Withdrawn by President Cleveland.] Mar. 11. N.J. The Legislature passes a bill prohibiting racing in December, January, and February, and adjourns sine die. N. T. Gov. Flower signs the bill for the purchase of Fire Island, 125 acres in extent, for quarantine purposes, on which is a hotel having 400 feet front, and 14 furnished cottages are included ; purchase price, §210,000. Wash. Gov. M'Graw appoints John B. Allen to be his own successor in the U. S. Senate. Mar. 13. D. C. Senate : A resolution to limit the business of the special ses- sion to executive matters is defeated. Mich. The U. S. District Court en- joins connecting roads from refusing to deliver freight to the Toledo, Ann Arbor, and Northern Michigan road, be- cause of the action taken by employees. Cat. The Legislature votes to re- move the State capital to San Jose\ Mar. 14. N. Y. t The Ways and Means Committee of the Assembly decides to report favorably the bill for an addi- tional appropriation of $300,000 for the "World's Pair. Mar. 15. D. C. Senate : Arthur P. Gor- man of Md. offers a resolution recon- structing the Standing and Select Committees according to caucus agree- ment, which is adopted. Md. The Court of Appeals decides that a tax upon land alone is uncon- stitutional, and cannot be enforced. Mar. 16. D.C. Congress: The Senate meets, and, without action, adjourns un- til the 20th inst. Mar. 18. Mich. At Toledo the U. S. District Court issues an injunction re- straining the Locomotive Brother- hood from boycotting Ann Arbor freight because of the strike of its em- ployees. A $300,000 damage claim has been filed against Chiefs Arthur and Sargent. Mar. 20. D. C. Senate : Nominations are considered. Cat. Ex-Representative James H. Blount of Ga. sails from San Francisco for Honolulu on the revenue-cutter Rushy on a special mission to Hawaii by appointment of the President. Mar. 21. F. I. D. Russell Brown (Rep.) is nominated for governor ; David S. Baker (Dem.) is also nominated. Mar. 22. D. C. The Senate receives a number of nominations from the Pres- ident ; bills against trusts and for the appointment of a commission to fix the price of coal are introduced. Wis. Judge Egan of St. Paul dis- misses the arrested members of the Legislature. Mar. 23. D. C. The Republicans in caucus determine to oppose the reor- ganization of the Senate. Fr. The Court of Arbitration (Be- ring Sea dispute) opens its first session in Paris. (See Feb. 23.) Mar. 28. D. C. In the Senate the reor- ganization resolution is presented. Mar. 30. D. C. In the Senate the nom- inations are considered; the cases and counter-cases in the Bering Sea dispute are received. Mar. 31. Neb. The Legislature in joint session passes the resolution for the im- peachment of the Board of Public Lands and Buildings. [May 1. The trial begins at Lincoln.] Apr. 4. Chicago. Carter Harrison is elected mayor. New York. Bankers receive from the President a proposition for an issue of bonds. Fr. Arguments are begun in the Court of Arbitration at Paris respect- ing the Bering Sea fisheries. Apr. 5. D. C. Senate : Nominations are received. Fr. In the Bering Sea Court of Arbitration in Paris Mr. Phelps and Sir Charles Russell continue their argu- ments. N. Y. The Greater New York Bill is killed in the Senate and recommitted in the Assembly. Apr. 6. D. C. Secretary Gresham re- ceives a despatch from the XJ. S. Minis- ter to Peru saying that the consular agency at Mollendo has been attacked and the agent shot ; and directing that a demand for reparation be made. [Apr. 10. A satisfactory apology is tendered.] Apr. 7+. Fr. In the Bering Sea Court of Arbitration, J. C. Carter con- tinues his argument in behalf of the United States. [He continues for sev- eral days.] Tex. The House votes for impeach- ment of Land Commissioner Mc- Caughey. The requirements under the Geary Act are modified ; the Chinese will be required to furnish but one credible wit- ness. Wis. The Assembly passes the Anti- Pinkerton BiU. It prohibits the employment of bodies of armed men not duly authorized under the laws of the State. Apr. 10. D. C. Senate : The recent railroad decisions are discussed. N. Y. In the Legislature a bill abol- ishing capital punishment is passed by the Assembly and defeated in the Senate. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Mar. 9. Chicago. All the rail- roads entering Chicago decide to grant no increase of wages to their switch- men. Mar. 10. Boston. Fire destroys $4,500,000 worth of property. Mar. 11. Chicago. Bankers offer Secre- tary Carlisle $3,000,000 gold for treasury notes. Ind. Owing to the switchmen's strike in Chicago, thousands of coal- miners in Brazil are thrown out of em- ployment. Mar. 14. N. H. Fire destroys the cot- ton-mills at Exeter ; loss, $250,000. ±Pa. The Carnegie Steel Company orders a new press for its armor-plate works at Homestead, at a cost of £1,000,- 000, and capable of working in one piece a two-hundred-ton plate. Mar. 18. N. H. The Legislature ap- propriates $10,000 for statues of Gen. John Stark and Daniel Webster for the National Statuary Hall at "Washington. N. Y. Ten of the largest manufactur- ers of iron pipe in the United States form a trust. Mar. 20. New York. News is received of the finding of two life-boats of the missing steamship Naronic. [Lost.] Mar. 21. III. An explosion at Litch- field wrecks a flour-mill and many other buildings ; damage to the mill, over §500,000 ; one person is killed and nine injured. Mar. 27. New York. The New York Times changes hands ; price paid, $950,000. Mar. 30. N. J. The American Stave and Cooperage Company, capital, $4,000,000, and a typewriter company, capital, $20,000,000, are incorporated at Trenton. Mar. 31. N.J. The American Press, for gathering and disseminating news, is incorporated at Newton ; capital, $2,500,000. Apr. 1. Neb. A prairie fire lays waste 20 miles of country between Ogallala and Preston ; much property and one life are lost in Perkins, Keith, and Fron- tier Counties. Fa. The Higgins Hotel at Brad- ford is destroyed by tire; five lives are lost, and more than 20 persons injured. A miner's lamp causes an explosion in a mine at Shumokin ; 10 persons are killed and several injured; 12 or 15 are imprisoned in the mine. Apr. 4. D. C. The gold balance at Washington is down to $60,000,000. Apr. 8. O. A big iron and steel syn- dicate is organized at Cincinnati, in- cluding over 100 wealthy foundrymen, machinists, and others ; capital," $75,- 000,000. 428 1893, Apr. 11 -May 11. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1893 Apr. 21. Fa. The Spanish squadron, towing the three Columbiau caravels, reaches Hampton Roads. Apr. 22. Va. The Dolphin, bearing Sec- retary of the Navy Herbert, arrives in Hampton Roads ; the ships are all " dressed " in honor of the silver wed- ding of King Humbert of Italy. Apr. 24. Va. The international flotilla sails from Hampton Roads for New York. [Apr. 25. It arrives in the lower Bay.] Apr. 26. New York. The international flotilla anchors in the North River in position for the review; a reception to naval officers is given by the Union League Club. [It is visited by thousands of people.] May 5±. N. Y. The naval officers on their way to Chicago, as the guests of the New York Central Road in the " Admirals' Train," stop to see the Niagara Falls. May 7. Miss. State troops are ordered out against "White Caps at Brook- haven. May 9. New York. The cruiser Atlanta is ordered to proceed to Nicaragua to protect American interests during the revolution. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1893 Apr. 11. Cat. Jasper is discov- ered in large quantities near San Diego. Kan. A tornado causes much de- struction of property in the towns of Willis, Everest, and Powhattan. [Apr. 13. A cyclone strikes Robins- ville,Miss. ; 17 killed, 50 wounded. Apr. 18. Boles, Ark., destroyed. Apr. 19. A tornado at Osage City, Kan., kills two persons, injures several others, and wrecks 140 buildings. Apr. 23. The city of Ypsilanti, Mich., is nearly de- stroyed by a tornado ; it strikes else- where in Michigan, and in other West- ern and Southern States. Apr. 25. A cyclone in Oklahoma causes 90 deaths ; 250 persons injured. Apr. 28. The town of Cisco, Tex., is nearly destroyed.] Apr. 26. New York. The Audubon Monument in Trinity Cemetery is un- veiled. Ericsson's statue in Battery Park is unveiled. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1893. Apr. 17. Larcom, Lncv, author, A67. Apr. 18. Lefferts, John, financier, A31. Apr. 31. Lowry, Grosvenor P., lawyer, dies. Apr. 22. Beale, Edward F.,brig.-gen., A71. Waters, Horace, piano-maker, philan- thropist, A81. Apr. 28. Wiltse, Gilbert C, eapt. TJ. S.N., A55. Apr. 27. Corse, John M., brevet maj.-gen. vols., A58. May 2. Stuart, Henry A., chief engineer U. S. N., A70. May 4. Patterson, .lames \V., senator for N. H., A70. May 5. Le Compte, Edward W., secretary of state for Aid., dies. May 8. Lamon, Ward H., biographer of Lincoln, dies. May lO. Francis, Joseph, inventor of life- saving boat, A92. May 11. Townsend, ll.Iv.an) I.).,a.ljt. --< mi. V. S. A., A76. CHURCH. 1893 Apr. 25. La. A Roman Cath- olic centennial of the completion of the Cathedral is celebrated by a cleri- cal parade and pontifical mass at New Orleans. LETTERS. 1893 Apr. 12. New York. The 200th anniversary of the introduction of print- ing is celebrated. May 1. N. J. Mayor Haynes of New- ark, in a message to the Common Coun- cil, recommends that the parochial- school buildings from midnight of Sun- day to midnight of Friday be placed in charge of the Board of Education for school purposes — the board to supply books, furniture, and other sup- plies, fuel, and janitor ; the church to use the buildings from Friday midnight to Sunday midnight. May 2. New York. The widow of Prof. John Strong Newberry gives Columbia College his geological library of 2,500 volumes. SOCIETY. 1893 Apr. 11. N. Y. V. L. Beding- field, editor of the Flatbush Press, is sandbagged and robbed at Flatbush, Long Island. New York. Col. E. F. Shepard's will is filed ; the religious bequests ag- gregate §250,000. Apr. 12. Conn. The Senate passes a bill prohibiting all forms of pool- selling and gambling. Vote, 20-1. Va. A convention of Southern gov- ernors convenes at Richmond to con- sider the material welfare and develop- ment of the South. Apr. 13. O. The boycott of railroads is declared illegal by Judge Ricks at Toledo ; contracts with shippers are binding. Apr. 15. Chicago. A mass-meeting to protest against the Russian extradi- tion treaty is held. New York. The Duke de Veragua, a lineal descendant of Columbus, arrives at this port with his party. [Apr. IS. He is formally received by the mayor.] N. Y. Twenty burglaries are re- ported as occurring during a few hours in Brooklyn. Apr. 17. Neb. Several hundred em- ployees in the Union Pacific shops at Omaha and elsewhere strike. N. Y. Indignant citizens of Buffalo hold a mass-meeting to protest against the so-called " Sneak Bill," changing the police commissioners ; the bill was smuggled through the Legislature, but an injunction is granted, preventing ac- tion under it for the present. Tex. A conspiracy to assassinate six county officials is discovered at Sherman ; the leaders are friends of murderers sentenced to be hanged. Apr. 18. N. Y. The Anti-Conspiracy Bill against boycotting passes the New York Assembly. Vote. ii'J-iA. New York. The Earl of Craven (English) and Miss Bradley- Martin of this city are married in Grace Protes- tant Episcopal Chur-h. Apr. 19. Mass. The descendants of Revolutionary heroes commemorate the Battle of Lexington. New York. The Chamber of Com- merce, Historical Society, and Geo- graphical Society give at the Waldorf a reception to the Duke and Duchess of Veragua. Apr. 20. La. The second annual con- vention of the National Seamen's Union of America opens in New Orleans. Apr. 22. Boston. Ex-President A. P. Potter of the Maverick National Bank is sentenced to 60 days' imprisonment and fined £1,000 for false certification of checks. Ga. Eleven "White Caps are sen- tenced t<> one year's imprisonment in Carrollton ; one of them is the leading physician of the town. Apr. 23. New York. The Theosophi- cal Society begins its annual conven- tion, with representatives from the In- dian, European, and American sections. Thirty-five Soudanese arrive at this port, and 60 Koreans arrive at San Francisco, on their way to the World's Fair. Apr. 24. Chicago. The Columbian Guards at the World's Fair strike; the union carpenters refuse to go out as ordered. N. Mex. The Union Pacific iron- workers strike, and the Santa Fe me- chanics' strike is declared off, and the men return to work. Apr. 26. Mass. The Danvers Histori- cal Society holds a great antislavery commemoration meeting. New York. The international war- ships are moved in parade from the lower Bay to the designated places of anchor- age in the North River above Thirty-fifth Street ; naval officers are given a re- ception by the Union League Club ; President Cleveland comes to New York to review the war-ships. Dr. Robert W. Buchanan is convicted of the murder of his second wife by poisoning. [Aug. 14. He is sentenced to death.] Apr. 27. New York. President Cleve- land reviews the international fleet, a magnificent pageant on the river ; there is a ball at Madison Square Gar- den in the * N. Y. This being Columbian Day, it is a legal holiday in this State. Apr. 2S. Ind. The Liberty BeU from Independence Hall, Philadelphia, ar- rives at Indianapolis on its way to Chicago; ex-President Harrison deliv- ers an address on the famous Revolu- tionary relic before the school children of the city. [Apr. 29. It arrives at Chicago.] UNITED STATES. 1893, Apr. 11-May 11. 429 New York: Sailors and marines of the international war-fleet parade. They are reviewed at the City Hall by t lie public officials and by the admirals of the fleet, after which a dinner in honor ner is given by the University Club.] Apr. 29. Chicago. The President and the Duke of Veragua arrive ; the Wo- men's Building is finished with the driving of a golden nail by Mrs. Palmer. [June 11. The Duke returns to New York.] Apr. 30. New York. Many thousands of people visit the vessels of the inter- national war-fleet in the Hudson River. May 1. Chicago. The "World's Colum- bian Exhibition is formally opened in the presence of an enormous throng of people. President Cleveland presses the elec- tric key which instantly puts in motion all the vast and intricate machinery of the Fair. O. About 22,000 coal-miners strike, suspending work in every important mine in the State. May 2. Neio York. Ussagah, a Daho- mey chief, for the Columbian Exhibi- tion, dies at Ellis Island. May 3. Ex-President Harrison is elected Commander of the Military Or- der of the Loyal Legion. /. T. Masked bandits hold up a train and rob its passengers. at Pryor Creek. N. H. The Mary Hitchcock Me- morial Hospital, erected by Hiram Hitchcock in memory of his wife, is dedicated at Hanover. May 4. Cal. The Six Companies is- sue a circular forbidding Chinese "to register with white officials," as the whole matter is to be taken to the U. S. Supreme Court for settlement. May 5±. U. S. Fully 1,000,000 mem- bers of the Christian Endeavor So- cieties sign pledges not to patronize the Fair if it shall be opened on Sun- day ; other religious bodies take similar action. May 6. New York. The corner-stone of the new St. Luke's Hospital is laid. N. Mex. Three murderers are lynched at Las Lunas. May 7. Chicago. The World's Fair gates remain closed on this, the first Sunday after its official opening. lu.ay 8. Mass. Lizzie Borden is ar- raigned fur murder at New Bedford ; she pleads not guilty. [June 20. She is ac- quitted.] New York. ""White Lotus Day" is observed by theosophists. May 10. Kg. The National League of Republican Clubs meets in Louis- ville. STATE. 1893 Apr. 14. V. C. Congress : In the Senate "William E. Chandler of N. H. speaks in favor of the Roach (ship- builders) investigation. News is received that by order of Commissioner Blount the American flag has been hauled down from the government building at Honolulu. N. Y. The State Assembly passes the Saxton Anti-Pool- Room Bill, prohib- iting the sale of pools in pool-rooms. Apr. 15. D. C. The Senate adjourns sine die. New York. The Sub-Treasury re- ceives orders suspending the issue of gold certificates. Apr. 20. N. Y. The Legislature ad- journs sine die; before its adjournment William F. Sheehan secures the passage of a Buffalo Police Bill, by virtue of which Controller Gavan alone imme- diately appoints police commissioners. Apr. 21. D. C. Secretary Carlisle con- fers with bank presidents in reference to the financial situation. The Czar of Russia signs the extra- dition treaty between the United States and Russia. The offer of the Merchants' National Bank of Baltimore of $100,000 in gold for legal tenders is accepted by the Secretary of the Treasury. Apr. 25. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the Saxton Anti-Pool-Room Bill. Apr. 27. Utah is admitted into the Un- ion as the 45th State, by an enabling act. May 2. Fr. In the Bering Sea case Mr. Carter concludes his argument be- fore the Court of Arbitration, having spoken forty-five hours. May 3. Fr. In Paris, Frederick R. Cou- dert of U. S. counsel begins his argu- ment before the Bering Sea Arbitra- tion Court ; he insists on the right of absolute ownership of seals and the necessity of prohibiting pelagic sealing. May 4. D. C. Secretary Carlisle tem- porarily suspends the arrest of Chi- nese under the Exclusion Act. May 5. D. C. The President decides to postpone to November the reassembling of the International Monetary Con- gress. Gen. Rosecrans, Register of the Treasury, resigns. May 7. D. C. The President announces that hereafter the White House will be closed to office-seekers. May 9. N. Dak. The Prohibitory Law is declared constitutional by the Su- preme Court of the State. May 10. D. C. The President names James H. Blount of Ga. Envoy Extraor- dinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Hawaii. May 11. W. W. Tracy of 111. is chosen president of the National League of Republican Clubs ; Denver is selected as the next meeting-place. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Apr. 11. Chicago. Time for exhibitors at the "World's Fair is ex- tended to April 30. Apr. 12. New York. The Rapid Tran- sit Commission grants the extensions asked for by the Manhattan Elevated Railway. Apr. 13. N.Y. Oil-works at Buffalo, valued at $300,000, are destroyed by fire. Apr. 14. Ind. Artificial and natural gas companies consolidate ; capital, $1,000,000. Apr. 15. Chicago. World's Fair Di- rectorate officers are reelected. 1). C. The New York Sub-Treasury is advised that no more gold certifi- cates will be issued from the Treasury at Washington. Apr. 16. Phila. Permission is granted to put the trolley system on every block of track in the city. Apr. 17. N.J. America's oldest loco- motive, the John Bull, starts from Jer- sey City for the Chicago Fair over the Pennsylvania Railroad, drawing two old- time passenger coaches. Apr. 19. Mass. The Clinton Wire Cloth Company's factory is burned ; loss, $400,000. Apr. 21. Idaho. Worclner loses $700,000 by fire ; its business district is destroyed, and many people are home- Apr. 24. New York. The Spanish caravels, en route for the World's Fair, arrive, attract much attention and many visitors. Apr. 25. Chicago. Two lives are lost, and property valued at over $200,000 is destroyed, by fire in the First Regiment Armory. Pa. Trains collide at Somerset, causing five deaths and much damage to property. Apr. 29. Tex. A cyclone devastates the town of Cisco ; 30 persons are killed and many wounded. Apr. 30. la. Six men are burned to death in Burlington. ± O. Ohio Valley sewer-pipe men form a trust. May 3. O. The Lewiston reservoir, the second largest artificial body of" water in the world, breaks its embank- ments, causing heavy loss in the track of its flood. May 5. New York. A wild panic in the stock-market is narrowly averted ; values fall to zero ; S. V. White and others suspend. The Manhattan Elevated Railroad rejects the proposition of the Rapid Transit Commission for an extension of the elevated system. May 6. Chicago. The paid admissions for the day at the World's Fair num- ber nearly 25,000. May 7. Ind. A train is wrecked at Lafayette and 10 persons are killed. May 9. Chicago. The Chemical Bank and its branch on the Fair Grounds sus- pend. N. Y. A smoker's carelessness causes a fire in Utica ; loss, $280,000. May 11. Ark. The first crevasse of the season occurs on the Arkansas side of the swollen Mississippi at Lakeport. Chicago. — Ind. The Columbia Na- tional Bank suspends ; also the Capi- tal National Bank of Indianapolis. [Several other Western banks close their doors.] 430 1893, May 11 -June 10. ARMY — NAVY. 1893 May 17. D. C. Col. William P. Carlin, of the Fourth Infantry, is pro- moted to brigadier-general. May 18. D. C. George II. Elliot is com- missioned colonel — corps of engineers. And Robert H. Hall colonel — 4th. in- fantry. May 22. D. C. The Secretary of the Navy assigns Com. Oscar F. Stanton as commander of the South Atlantic station. The new cruiser New York, on her official trial trip, makes an average of 21.07 knots an hour. May 30. D. C. George M. Sternberg is commissioned brigadier-general. June 10. Conn. The gunboat Machias reaches New London, having averaged 15.17 knots on her trial trip, the required speed being 13 knots. Phi/a. The new battle-ship Massa- chusetts is launched at Cramps' ship- yard. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1893 May 14. Chicago. A bronze statue of the poet Richter is unveiled in the presence of a large number of people, mostly Germans. May 17. Chicago. The National Com- mission orders the resignation of Theo- dore Thomas as musical director of the World's Fair. May 24. Wash. A gold strike is made in the O'Kanogan mining district ; two pounds of gold are assayed from seven pounds of ore. [Oct. 21. Gold is found . in paying quantities in Tennessee.] Ga. A monument to the memory of Alexander H. Stephens is unveiled at Crawfordsville. May 26. N. Y. The Greek tragedy of Antigone is given at Poughkeepsie by Vassar girls. May 30. Ark. A terrible tornado leaves 5,000 people of the town of Hope homeless and destitute ; the authorities invite assistance. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. May 14. Bissell. William Henry A., P. E. bishop of Vt., A79. May 19. Murdoch. James E.. actor, elo- cutionist, A82. June 7. Booth, Edwin, actor, tragedian, AGO. CHURCH. 1893 May 14. Boston, Dean William Lawrence is chosen by the Episcopal Diocesan Convention to succeed Dr. Phillips Brooks as bishop of Massa- chusetts. Ind. Ex-President Harrison and ex- Postmaster-General Wanamaker deliver addresses before the Young Men's Chris- tian Association Convention in Indian- apolis. May 18. D. C. The General Assem- bly (Presbyterian) begins its session at Washington : Prof. W. G. Craig, mod- erator. AMERICA [May '24. Prof. Eriggs concludes his argument, and Col. McCook begins on behalf of the prosecution. May 26. The General Assembly votes. 410 t" 145, to entertain the l J v<>'-<-r\,\] U ^ < ommit- tee's appeal in the case of Prof. Briggs. May 29. Prof. Briggs"s trial by the Gen- eral Assembly for heresy begins. May 30. The trial continues. May 31. The Assembly sustains the appeal against Prof. Briggs. Vote, 383-1IG. June 1. It suspends him from the ministry until he shall give evidence of repentance ; it also takes action against the Union Seminary.] May 27. N.Y. The General Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. May 28. New York. The Infanta Eu- lalie attends mass in St. Patrick's Cathe- dral in the morning, and a reception by the Catholic Club in the evening. June 4. Rev. Dr. James H. Ecob an- nounces his withdrawal from the Pres- byterian Church on account of the decision in the Briggs case. June 5. It. Pope Leo thanks Cardi- nal Gibbons for bis argument in favor of restoring the temporal power of the Papacy. June 7. It. The Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda confirms the scho- lastic policy of Mgr. Satolli and Arch- bishop Ireland in the United States. LETTERS. 1893 May 22. Mass. The Salem Re- gister, established 1800, suspends publi- cation. May 23. Fa. Rev.' H. B. Frissell is chosen to succeed General S. C. Arm- strong as principal of Hampton Nor- mal Institute for Indians. May 31. New York. The University of the City of New York secures about eight acres of ground adjoining 20 acres purchased last year ; price, $111,986. June 10. New York. The Journal of Commerce and the Dally Commercial Bulletin are consolidated. SOCIETY. 1893 May 12. New York. Francis H. Weeks, the head of West Superior Land and Improvement Company, the "West Superior Steel Company, the West Superior AYoolen Company, and trustee of several estates, has absconded. He is believed to be a defaulter for over 81,000,000. [Sept. 9±. He is virtually arrested in Costa Rica. Nov. 8. He is sentenced to imprisonment in Sing Sing for 10 years.] May 13. Chicago. The local directors of the World's Fair decide to open the grounds (but not the exhibit build- ings) on Sunday, May 21, at 25 cents admission fee. [May 1G. They decide to open the Fair in all departments, the machinery only to be stopped.] Kg. One thousand women of Ow- ensboro band together and pledge them- selves to wage a continuous crusade against the liquor-dealers and manufac- turers of their city. O. The Scotch-Irish" Congress is in session at Springfield, with President Robert Bonner in the chair. '/'■ nn. The grand jury at Cbattanooga returns 25 indictments against citizens alleged to have b*-.-n concerned in the lynching of Alfred Blount,— live for murder and 20 as accessories. May 16. N. II. « too. H. Abbott (Frank C. Almyi, the murderer of Christie War- den at Hanover, is hanged at Concord. May 19. D. C. The President and Mrs. Cleveland give a reception at the White House to the members of the Presby- terian General Assembly. New Y<;-k. The Infanta Eulalie is formally welcomed, and taken by . W; Slu panied by the Saragossa Band, from Spain. [May 20. She is received at the White House. May 25. She is welcomed by the mayor of New York as the city's guest. May 29. She visits West Point and reviews the cadets. May 31. She reviews the parade of the police of New York. June 3. She is received by the mayor of Brooklyn. June 6. Slie ar- rives at Chicago. June 7. She is re- ceived by Mayor Harrison.] May 20. Til. W. H. Scbureman, pro- prietor of the Normal Exchange Bank, of Bloomington, is under arrest charged with embezzlement. Tex. The will of Henry Rosen- berg, banker, of Galveston, gives $400,- 000 to family and friends, and $520,000 for benevolences in Galveston — among them 530,000 for drinking-fountains and $25,000 for a public library. May 22. New York. C. J. Johnson is convicted of manslaughter in the first degree for throwing his wife out of an upper window and Killing her while he himself was drunk. May 23. New York. G. A. Whitman, cashier of the Spooner Manufacturing Company, is held in $3,500 bail for em- bezzlement. Chicago. The World's Fair National Commission adopts the Judiciary Committee's minority report in fa- vor of Sunday opening. Vote, 30-27. May 26. Chicago. Dircctor-of-Works Burnham issues an order announcing that the World's Fair will be open to the public on Sunday next. May 28, until 11 p.m., the buildings closing at 10 P.M. Tex. Masked robbers hold up a train at Coleman, and compel the en- gineer and fireman to help them rub the express-car. May 28. Chicago. The World's Fair gates are open aU day (Sunday) ; about 125,000 people are admitted — less than one-eleventh of Chicago's population ; British exhibits and the State buildings remain closed. May 29. Pa. The Hoy family- father, mother, and two children — are found murdered at home in New Haven. May 30. la. The removal of saloon screens on Sunday at Fort Dodge by force of law stops the sale of beer. May 31. Clticago. Argument begins in the Federal Court on the proceed- ings by the Government to close the World's Fair gates on Sunday. June 1. The Royal Arcanum reports 143.36S members : total benefits paid to date, $23,332,502. Neto York. A ** cheap-milk de- pot" is formally opened at the foot of UNITED STATES. 1893, May 11 -June 10. 431 East Third Street for the benefit of the poor people of the neighborhood. X. Y. The Presbyterian Rest for Convalescents is formally' opened in White Plains ; it will provide temporary shelter and care for worthy Protestant poor discharged from hospitals. June 3. N. 1". The Long Island Rail- road Company's general manager issues an order that heads of departments will be held responsible if they continue to employ men who frequent drinking- places during their leisure hours. June 4. Chicago. Sunday: The at- tendance at the "World's Fair to-day falls short of 60,000. The British exhib- its and the U. S. Government display are covered. June 5. Kg. The Hustler newspaper office is wrecked by dynamite ; the paper was edited by Rev. J. J. Dickey, who secured the enactment of the local- option law in Breathitt County. June 6. Cat. The Nawab of Ram- pur arrives at San Francisco on his way to Chicago. Chicago. The World's Congress on Temperance is in session. U. S. Officers of the Actors* Fund report the disbursement of about §450,- 000, and for relief, burials, hospital charges, etc., S203,500, since organizing in 1S92, and funds on hand amounting to §230,325. June 7. Supreme Master S. J. Willey of the Knights of Pythias is expelled from the order; cause, the loss of §80,000 through his operations. STATE. 1893 May 12. Fr. In the Bering Sea Arbitration Court discussion takes place over the forged interpolations in the American case. May 15. D. C. The TJ. S. Supreme Court renders a decision sustaining the constitutionality of the Geary Chi- nese Exclusion Act; Justice Brewer, Justice Field, and Chief-Justice Fuller, each delivers a dissenting opinion. May 16. Z>. C. The Cabinet discusses the Chinese question without result ; the Geary Law is practically nullified hy the lack of money to execute it. New York. The Senate Committee . on Immigration examines Dr. Senner. [May 17. It inspects Ellis Island and the method of treating immigrants there.] Okla. The Indians cede about 9,409 square miles in the Cherokee Strip (6,022,754 acres) to the Federal Govern- ment for 38,300,000, to be paid in five annual installments, 8300,000 at the time of purchase, besides 8110,000 to be paid other Indians. May 19. D. C. It is decided that the Government will pay all bills presented for the entertainment of the Duke of Veragua and the Infanta Eulalie as the nation's guests, except otherwise provided for by States and cities that voluntarily give them hospitality. May 20. Conn. The governor signs the Anti-Oleomargarin Bill, which will pre- vent the sale of oleoniargarin in the State. May 24. New York. The Congressional Commission appointed to investigate the Custom-house begins its work. May 25. China. The coining of the new Chinese Minister to the United States is alleged to be deferred, pending the reply of the Secretary of State to China's questions. May 27. L>. C. Secretary Smith an- nuls an order issuea by Gen. Raum while Commissioner of Pensions respect- ing disabilities not of service origin. May 28. D. C. The State Department is notified by the Chinese Govern- ment that if the Geary Law is enforced diplomatic and commercial relations with the United States will be severed. May 30. J?. I. Two Republicans are unseated by the Democratic majority in the House ; because of this the Re- publican Senate refuses to meet the House in Grand Committee. [June 3. Gov. Brown prorogues the State Legis- lature to January, 1S94.] (See Aug. 12.) June 2. D. C. It is announced that the Italian Legation at "Washington has been raised to the rank of an embassy, Baron Fava to be first ambassador. June 3. N. Y. Judge Edwards of the Supreme Court denies a motion requiring the State Board of Canvassers to show cause why they should not be punished for contempt of court in the Dutchess County election case. June 6. J). C. The Russian Extradi- tion Treaty is promulgated by Presi- dent Cleveland. June 7. D. C. Russia notifies the U. S. Government of her intention to raise her legation at "Washington to the rank of an embassy. June 8. 0. "William McKinley, Jr. (Hep.), is renominated for governor. June 9. D. C. The new Hawaiian Min- ister, Lorin A. Thurston, is presented to the President. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 May 11. N. Y. A syndicate is formed for the construction of a trans- mission line to convey to Albany and several other cities the electric power generated by the tunnel waters of the Niagara Falls Power Company ; capital, $4,000,000. The Empire State express, a regular passenger-train of four cars, drawn by locomotive number 999, is run on the New York Central Railroad, for one mile, at the rate of 112.5 miles per hour. May 14. Mich. Ten miners are killed by the cage striking the timbers and falling down a shaft in the Calumet and Hecla Mine. May 16. Ark. The Grand Lake Levee and the protective levee at Point Pleas- ant give way. May 17- Til. A generator explosion in a glucose factory at Geneva causes the loss of six lives, besides damage to the building. Two more Mississippi crevasses are reported. May 18. Ark. A box containing $10,- 000 is unearthed at Des Arc, under the house of S. P. Catlin, an eccentric bache- lor, who died 10 years ago. May 19. Chicago. The Local Directory defers opening the gates of the World's Fair on Sunday, in order to give the National Commission time to consider the question. May 20. Chicago. By the breaking of a floor at the "World's Fair 70 women drop en masse a distance of 12 feet ; nine are seriously hurt. May 21. Mich. Forest fires at Sagi- naw and elsewhere in the State destroy 12 lives and $1,500,000 in property. May 22. Chicago. The Swiss exhibit at the World's Fair is closed by the Swiss Commissioner because of the ar- rest of one of the exhibitors hy United States customs officers. May 23. La. A crevasse 200 feet wide occurs near New Orleans. May 25. Chicago. At the World's Fair, commissioners from 17 foreign countries withdraw their exhibits from com- petition for the awards. New York. The Dock Board adopts plans to build new piers and bulk- heads at a cost of $10,000,000. May 27. La. The body of Jefferson Davis is removed from the tomb in New Orleans, preparatory to its transfer to Richmond, Va. [Arrives on May 31, and is interred in Hollywood Cemetery.] New York. Gold coin amounting to $2,500,000 is shipped for Europe. May 28. Chicago. The New York Cen- tral's ** Exposition Flyer " makes its first run to Chicago [in less than 20 hours]. May 29. New York. Cable-cars begin regular trips on Broadway. June 5. Chicago. The exhibits sent by Queen Victoria of England and Queen Margherita of Italy are opened at the World's Fair. June 6. N. Y. The centennial anni- versary of the founding of Bath begins. June 7. JV. Dak. The business portion of Fargo is destroyed by fire ; loss, $2,500,000; over 2,000 people are home- less. Tex. The completion of a great dam, 1,150 feet long, 60 high, across the Colorado River at Austin, is celebrated. By it a lake 22 miles long, with an average width of 1,200 feet, is formed, containing a water supply for Austin of twenty-one billion gallons, and afford- ing power for the electric-light system of the city. June S. New York. All the members of the Rapid Transit Commission, ex- cept John H. Starin, resign. June 9. D. C. Ford's Theater, Wash- ington, where Lincoln was assassinated, collapses while nearly 400 Government clerks are at work inside ; 21 persons are killed and about 50 injured. 432 1893, June 10- July 10. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1893 June 16. X. Y. The militia is ordered to Tonawanda on account of a strike among lumber-shovers. July 3. Neto York. The Russian ar- mored cruiser Admiral Nachimoff ar- rives, and anchors in the Hudson Kiver. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1893 June 22. Kan. A tornado strikes Perry, in the eastern part of the State, kills 16 persons, and injures many others. June 25. Chicago. Bruce Joy's statue of Gladstone is unveiled at the World's Fair. A granite monument erected to the memory of the anarchists in the Haymarket massacre, Spies, Parsons, Fischer, Lingg, and Engle, is unveiled in Waldheim Cemetery. June 28. Mass. The Farragut statue in Marine Park, South Boston, is un- veiled. July 1. Pa. The statue of Victory is unveiled at Gettysburg in memory of fallen soldiers. July 2. New York. Lieut. Peary's vessel, the Falcon, starts for Boston on her way to the Arctic regions in search of the North Pole ; 12 men accompany the commander. July 7. la. Tornadoes occur; more than 100 lives are lost ; the town of Pome- roy is demolished. July 9. Miss. An enormous meteor falls near Brandon ; though buried in the earth, it gives out intense heat and noxious fumes. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. June 20. Stanford, Leland, Gov., senator for Cal., founder of University, A69. 1893 June 12. New York. TheBriggs case is again brought up in the Presby- tery. June 14. China. F. R. Graves is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of China. Japan. John McKim is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop of Japan. It. Pope Leo gives audience to Dr. M' Glynn, who leaves Rome after a sojourn of five days. [June 25. He returns to New York.] June 29. Mass. The Young "Women's Conference at Northfield closes. June 30. O. The Epworth League Con- ference begins its international session at Cleveland. July 9. N.Y. Rev. JohnS. Penman, Presbyterian pastor at Irvington, resigns his charge because of dissatisfaction with the decision in the Briggs case. LETTERS. 1893 June 15. Minn. Pope Leo de- cides that in the Diocese of St. Paul, Catholic and Protestant children must be alike instructed, without the exac- tion of a promise that the latter shall become Catholics. June 19. Chicago. The will of John Crerar is declared valid ; it provides for the erection of another great library, having an endowment of £2,000,000. June 21. Md. Cardinal Gibbons makes public a translation of Pope Leo's let- ter on the public-school question — public schools are not to *be entirely condemned, but Catholic institutions of learning are to be multiplied as fast as possible. June 25. Neio York. Several teachers are dismissed from the Wilson Indus- trial School because of their activity as theosophists. June 2S±. New York. The Christian Union assumes a new name — The Out- look. June 29. Pa. The Pennsylvania Chautauqua holds its opening session at Mount Gretna. SOCIETY. 1893 June 10. Chicago. Chief Jus- tice Fuller grants a stay of proceedings in the matter of Sunday closing of the World's Fair, the effect being to permit the Fair to keep open on the 11th inst. Kan. Train-robbers hold up and rob a train near Cimarron ; a messenger is fatally shot. N. Y. A Jewish society is incorpo- rated in Brooklyn to aid poor Hebrews in the matter of food, raiment, and ne- cessaries of life. June 11. Chicago. The Infanta Eu- lalie decides to participate in no more •'social functions" in Chicago. [June 24. She sails from New York for Europe.] III. Lovejoy Day is celebrated at Alton in memory of Elijah P. Love- joy, the first martyr to the antislavery cause ; he was murdered here in 1S37. June 12. Cal. The outlaws, Evans and Sontag, have an encounter with officers, in which Sontag is seriously wounded and captured. June 13. New York. The president, sec- retary, and paying teller of the Irving Savings Institution of this city are found responsible for the shortage of $70,000 in the bank's funds. June 14. The 110th anniversary of the adoption of the stars and stripes as the national emblem of the United States is celebrated by a general flag- raising in New York, Philadelphia, and other places. June 15. Chicago. The attendance at the World's Fair to-day — German Day — exceeds that of any other fete day since the opening of the Exposition ; the German building is dedicated with ap- propriate exercises. New York. Heir?- ol Jay Goulddecide to contest the payment of $250,000 in- heritance tax in addition to the 5500,000 already paid. June 16. Chicago. A reception is ten- dered to ex-President Harrison in the Ohio building at the World's Fair. The Congress of the American Sons of the Revolution meets. N. Y. Striking lumbermen at Ton- awanda are causing trouble; troops are ordered to be in readiness in case of outbreak. [June J8. Martial law is de- clared. June 23. The strike i6 settled.} June 17. Chicago. The U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously decides that the World's Fair Corporation has the right to open the gates on Sun- day. The anniversary of the Battle of Bunker TTill is observed in New Eng- land cities, and by a Massachusetts cele- bration at the World's Fair. June 18. Chicago. The "World's Fair is open (Sunday); but the attendance is small — 57,67G by payment, and nearly 17,000 on passes. New York. A Boston man jumps from the Brooklyn Bridge and is killed. June 19. D. C. The coroner's jury in the Ford's Theater disaster renders a verdict of criminal negligence against Col. Ainsworth, Supt. Covert, Engineer Sasse, and G. W. Bant, the contractor. June 22. Conn. A strike ties up the horse-car lines in Bridgeport. June 24. Miss. William Buckley is as- sassinated by White Caps in Marion County while on his way home from court, where he had been a witness against certain of their number. June 26. Chicago. Gov. Altgeld par- dons the anarchists Fielden, Schwab, and Neebe, at the same time severely arraigning Judge Gary, who conducted the trials. June 27. Boston. The annual meeting of the Army of the Potomac Associa- tion is held. Chicago. The grand jury appoints a committee of three to investigate all the known gambling-houses, with a view to their abolishment. ■ New York. A jury awards Mrs. Pol- lock $37,500 against her father-in-law for alienating her husband's affections. June 28. New York. The anti-sweat- er law is to be vigorously enforced ; a number of clothing-dealers are notified where not to purchase stock. The Cabinet of the Epworth League resolves to withdraw its exhibit from the World's Columbian Exposition be- cause of the opening of the Fair on Sunday. June 30. Mass. The Young "Wom- en's Conference at Northfield closes. July 1. Phila. The garment-work- ers' strike is ended, the employers con- ceding all points at issue. S. C. The Evans liquor-law be- comes operative ; the State assumes the monopoly of the traffic in intoxicants. July 2. N. Y. The Irish- American Military Encampment at Newark opens with a military mass ; total enrol- ment in the United States, about 40,000. UNITED STATES. 1893, June 10- July 10. 433 Pa. New York Day is celebrated at Gettysburg by the dedication of the State monument ; speeches are made by Bishop Potter, Gen. Sickles, and Gov. Flower. July 4. Chicago. Independence Day is celebrated at the World's Fair with addresses by Vice-President Ste- venson, H. L. Carson of Philadelphia, and Mayor Harrison ; the Paul Jones flag is unfurled, and the new Liberty Bell is dedicated. About 250,000 people are present. July 7. Ky. A negro named Miller, accused or murdering the Ray sisters, is lynched by a mob at Bardwell. [July 11. A negro uprising is feared because of the lynching.] Mont. The National Free Coinage Association is organized at Helena. New York. Anarchists hold a meeting at the "Windsor Theater. S. C. The Dispensary Law is de- clared unconstitutional by Circuit Judge Hudson at Bennettsville. July 8. Chicago. Mayor Harrison, in an address of welcome, says that unless "Congress gives plenty of money we shall have riots that will shake the country ; " there are about 200,000 un- employed laborers in the city, destitute of money. N. Dak. D. S. Kreeder, his wife, and four children are killed by the hired man, Albert Baunbargar, in Candor. July 9. Neb. The State Bank at Shu- bert fails ; its cashier disappears, leav- ing a shortage of $21,000. STATE. 1893 June 14. D. C. After the pres- entation of Baron Fava to President Cleveland under his new title as Am- bassador from Italy, the Turkish Min- ister in behalf of the Sultan presents to the President a massive gold medal commemorative of the 400th anni- versary of the discovery of America. June 18. /. T. Chief Harris announces the receipt of a bid and its acceptance for the Cherokee Strip bonds, involving about $6,000,000, with accrued interest of §100,000. June 22. Fr. Edward J. Phelps of U. S. counsel begins his argument before the Bering Sea Court of Arbitration in Paris. June 28. N. Y. Jobn Brooks Leavitt of New York City applies to Judge Bar- nard for an order requiring the State Board of Canvassers of 1891 to show cause why they should not be punished for contempt of court. June 30. D. C. The President sum- mons Congress to convene in ex- traordinary session on Monday, Aug. 7. Statistics for the fiscal year. Reve- nue : Customs, $203,355,017 ; internal revenue, $1(51,027,02-1 ; sales of public lands, $3,182,090; miscellaneous items, $18,253,898. Total revenue, $385,818,629. Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, $103,732,799; War Department, $49,641,- 773 ; Navy Department, $30,136,084 ; In- dians, $13,345,347 ; pensions, $159,357,558 ; interest on the public debt, $27,264,392. Total ordinary expenditures, $383,477,- 953 ; excess of revenue over ordinary expenditure, $2,340,674. Exports, $847,- July 1. Cat. Judge Koss at Los Angeles decides that imprisonment and de- portation of Chinamen under the Geary Law, without trial by jury, is unconstitutional. July 3. D. C. Secretary Carlisle sus- pends silver purchases. July 6. New York. The Chamber of Commerce by an almost unanimous vote demands the repeal of the Sher- man Silver Law. July 8. Fr. Mr. Phelps concludes his address before the Bering Sea Tribu- nal. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 June 10. N. Y. The Lehigh Valley coal-trestles at Buffalo, contain- ing Go,U00 tons of coal, are burned ; loss, $500,000. The Glens Palls Paper Company increases its capital stock from $330,000 to $2,700,000. June 11. Chicago. Thirty pieces of lace belonging to the World's Fair exhibit of Queen Margherita of Italy are missing. N. Y. A four days' centennial cele- bration of the settlement of Caze- novia begins. June 13. Conn. The Viking ship ar- rives at New London. June 14. N. Y. The Clinton Prison convicts begin work at grading roads, according to the new law, under the supervision of State Engineer Schenek. June 15. New York. The Clearing- house Association authorizes the issu- ing of certificates for the relief of banks. June 16+ . N. Y. The storage yard of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal Company at Buffalo burns. Fifty thou- sand tons of hard coal, and trestles, cars, outhouses, offices, and scale platform, covering 15 acres of ground, are de- stroyed ; loss over $S00,000. June 17. Neiv York. The Viking Nor- wegian ship arrives in the Hudson River. June 18±. La. Two serious crevasses occur near New Orleans. [Loss esti- mated at $1,000,000.] June 19. New York. John Haggerty, of Cherry Street, jumps, while in- toxicated, from Brooklyn Bridge into the East River, and swims safely ashore. Wis. — Minn. Lives are lost and several towns destroyed by forest fires. June 20. N. Y. A train is wrecked at Parkville, Long Island ; eight persons are killed and 29 injured. June 21. Wis. Seven persons are killed by lightning during a circus perfor- mance at River Falls. June 22. N. Y. The Columbian Lib- erty bell is successfully cast at the Clin- ton H. Meneely Bell Foundry, Troy. June 23. Chicago. The World's Fair is finally completed. The money stringency compels banks in New York and other States to close. June 24. N. J. A train wrecked at Paterson causes five deaths. N. Y. Three hundred persons are poisoned by eating ice-cream at the high-school reception at Rochester. June 25. Several Southern banks close their doors. June 26. Kan. The Tremont Hotel, in Fort Scott, collapses ; several persons are killed and wounded. La. Rescue crevasse near New Orleans is 600 feet wide, and still en- larging. Neiu York. In "Wall Street money rules at 20 and 30 per cent. The Viking ship starts on her trip to Chicago for the "World's Fair. Several "Western banks suspend payments. June 27. N. Y. The summer hotel Sagamore, at Lake George, is destroyed by fire ; loss, $200,000 ; guests and em- ployees are saved. June 28. Chicago. "Western railroads virtually agree on a one-fare round- trip rate for the "World's Fair. June 29. Colo. Silver-mines are shut down ; over 20,000 men are thrown out of employment. New York. United action of the banks relieves the money stress and averts se- rious trouble. June 30. Chicago. The management re- ports that the payments for admission to the "World's Fair during June aver- aged $80,000 daily. New York. Clearing-house banks are renewing loans by a further issue of over $5,000,000 certificates, whereby an easier feeling is caused. July 1. Chicago. President T. W. Palmer tenders the resignation of his office of president of the National "World's Fair Commission. Colo. Eighteen mining properties are closed in Leadville, owing to the drop in the price of silver. S. C. The State begins to sell liquor in the State dispensaries. July 3. N. Y. Auburn celebrates its 100th anniversary. July 5. Kan. Great destitution prevails in Western sections. July * U. S. Many business failures are announced, following a large num- ber since the opening of the year ; banks also close their doors, especially in the West. July 6. N. Y. A run on a savings-bank in Watertown is checked by speeches and a guaranty from Gov. Flower. The closing of 300 silver mines, owing to the tall in the price of silver, is announced. A number of "Western banks sus- pend. July 7. Chicago. The caravels arrive and are received with much ceremony at the World's Fair. July 9. Chicago. A number of firemen and others lose their lives by the burn- ing of the cold-storage warehouse on the World's Fair grounds ; property loss, $650,000. New York. A bronze tablet is fixed on the front wall of the City Hall to commemorate the reading of the Decla- ration of Independence by General Washington to the army, July 9, 1776. 434 1893, July 10 -Aug. 14. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1893 July 12. D. C. Com. T. D. "Wilson retires because of poor health. July 18. Kan. Military companies are disbanded by the State authorities ; cause, political dissensions and alleged use of the troops for political ends. July 29. Tenn. The troops which have been protecting the convict miners for 18 months against free miners are sent home. Aug. 12. Phila. The unarmored cruiser Minneapolis is launched at Cramps' shipyard. Tenn. Three companies of militia are ordered to Coal Creek to suppress rioting. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1893 July 17. Cal. A second comet is discovered by observers at the Lick Observatory ; it is enclosed in the tail of another now prominent in the heavens. July 20. Phila. The will of Anthony J. Drexel is filed for probate ; he bequeaths $1,000,000 to found an Art Gallery, or Museum. Aug. 3. Greenland. Lieut. Peary's ex- pedition reaches Bowdoin Bay. BIRTHS — DEATHS. July 13. Enochs, "William H., M. C. for O., A51. July 15. Kelton, John C, brig.-gen. vols., A65. July 16. JarcUne, Edward, brig.-gen. vols., A65. July 18. Auchmuty, Richard T., colonel, philanthropist, A62. July 19. Smith, Melancthon, rear-aclm, U. S. N., A83. Jones, Charles Colcock, author, anti- quarian, A82. July 31. Stephenson, John, builder first street-ear in New York City, A84. Aug. 8. Towle, George thor, A 52. CHURCH. 1893 July 19. New York. Rev. Henry Adams, late rector of the Church of the Redeemer, having announced that he has become a Roman Catholic, is for- mally deposed from the ministry by Bishop Potter. July 20. S. C. Ellison Capers is conse- crated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop of South Carolina. July 25. Tenn. Thomas F. Gaylor is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant bishop of Tennessee. July * Ind. The Baptist Young People's Union of America holds its second annual convention in Indianap- olis ; 4,000 delegates are present. Aug. 1-13. Mass. The 11th annual meeting of the Bible Conference is in session at Korthfield. Aug. 3. N. T. Dr. M'Glynn receives permission from Bishop McDonnell of Brooklyn to say mass for one month at the church in Bath Beach. Aug. 14-29. N. J. The International Bible Conference is in session at Ocean Grove. LETTERS. 1893 July 16. Phila. The Univer- sity Extension summer meeeting opens its second week with a largely increased attendance. New York. The library of the Orien- talist, Paul Anton de Lagarde, deceased, in Gottingen, is purchased for the Uni- versity of the City of New York. N. Y. The Roman Catholic sum- mer school at Plattsburg begins its sessions. Aug. 2i. New York. C. H. Jones, for- merly of the St. Louis Republic, as- sumes duty as editor of The World. SOCIETY. 1893 July 10. New York. Gen. But- terfield entertains the officers of the Russian war-fleet now at this port. [July 13. They arc welcomed by the authorities at the City Hall.] July 11. The suit of Wanamaker and Brown to secure the closing of the "World's Fair on Sunday is thrown out of court, the judge holding that they have no standing in a court of equity. 0. The 27th festival of the North American Saengerbund begins at Cleveland. July 12. Mass. The World's Stu- dents' Conference at Northfield ends its sessions. July 14. Chicago. The Local Directory of the Fair rescinds its former action, and votes, 24 to 4, in favor of Sun- day closing. O. The Toledo Cadets, O.N. G., start for Chicago on military bicycles. S. C. Gov. Tillman meets with re- sistance in enforcing the Dispensary Law ; Charleston liquor-dealers are pre- paring to protect their premises by arms. July 15. N. Y. The municipal au- thorities of Brooklyn are charged with having illegally expended $627,000 of excise moneys since 1877. July 16. N. Y. Merchants at Rocka- way Beach employ constables to arrest gamblers whom the police refuse to touch. July 17. New York. A pugilist is killed in a prize-fight. July 19. New York. Russell Sage is sued for an alleged breach of promise of marriage, dating back 25 years. July 21. New York. The Raja Raja- gan of Kapurthala (Punjab), with a reti- nue of servants, arrives here on his way to the World's Fair. July 23. Pa. Over 30 men are in- jured in a race-war between Hungarians and Poles near Scranton. July 24. Ore. Fifteen persons, includ- ing eight Federal employees, are in- dieted for smuggling Chinamen into the United States. July 25. Chicago. About 12,000 com- mercial travelers, representing every State in the Union, besides represen- tatives of England, France, Germany, Austria, Holland, New Zealand, and Canada, parade in Chicago, It is Edi- torial Day at the World's Fair. ± Kan . The strike in the coal-fields of the Cherokee district is so serious that Gov. Lewelling calls out the militia. July 26. New York. Matthew Green kicks James Halttead till lie cauhe& Lis death; Green is admitted to bail in the Mini of $1,500. Pa. A Pittsburg laborer kills his wife and two children ; be then sets fire to bifi house to hide the crime. July 27. -V- w Y<'>. 1'jr. ; parsonages, $146,- 100; cleVn-vi)ifiL.s4ii.ri00; miscellaneous, §28,068,200; total, $308,430,795. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Aug. 14. New York. There are 30 yellow fever patients and suspects in the harbor. Receipts of gold from abroad are large. Gold commands a premium of 1 to 1^ per cent. Aug. 15. N. Y. Buffalo grain eleva- tors are burned; loss, $800,000. Receivers are appointed for the Northern Pacific Railroad. Aug. 16, N. C. A train on the Atlantic and Danville Road breaks through a trestle near Milton, killing seven per- sons and injuring many others. Aug. 21. Chicago. The live-stock ex- hibit at the "World's Fair is opened to the public. Pa. Many iron-mills in and near Pittsburg resume operations. Aug. 22. Ga. The mayor of Brunswick advises the people to leave the city on account of the appearance of yellow fever. Aug. 24. CJdcago. A fire burns 150 houses, rendering 3,000 people home- less ; loss, about $650,000. Aug. 25. Ga. The inhabitants of Brunswick, except about 5,000, leave from fear of yellow fever. III. The trotting mare Nancy Hanks makes a record of one mile in 2.08 minutes at Springfield. Aug. 26. N. Y. A train is wrecked by collision on the Harlem road at Ber- lin ; 16 persons are killed, and 50 in- jured. Aug. 27. New York. The Columbian Liberty and Peace Bell arrives from Troy on its way to Chicago. N. Y. A Rockaway excursion-train runs into a Manhattan Beach train near Long Island City ; 11 persons are killed, and between 40 and 50 are in- jured. Aug. 28. Miss. Three persons are killed and seven wounded in a railroad wreck at Gulf port. Aug. 29. New York. The cost of the new Croton Aqueduct and the work on reservoirs to June 30 amounts to $27,333,924. Aug. 30. A receiver is appointed for the Nicaragua Canal Construction Com- pany. Ga. The steamship City of Birming- ham arrives at Savannah with the wrecked passengers of the steamship City of Savannah. Aug. 31. Mass. Thirteen persons are killed and 20 injured by a train falling through a bridge on the Boston and Albany Road near Chester. Sept. 1. N.J. A case of Asiatic chol- era appears in Jersey City. — -New York. The Equitable Mort- gage Company, one of the largest cor- porations engaged in lending money on farm-mortgages, goes into the hands of receivers ; liabilities about $15,000,000. Sept. 4. Pa. The Carnegie Steel Works at Homestead resume operations with 2,000 men. Sept. 5. New York. Monetary condi- tions are becoming normal, currency no longer commanding any premium. Pa. The Lalance and Grosjean works and the National Tube Works Company at McKeesport, giving em- ployment to 2,000 men, resume business. Sept. 6. Vt. The last car of a passenger- train is wrecked in crossing a bridge over Otter Creek, which had been weak- ened by wreckers. 438 1893, Sept. 7- Oct. 1 AMERICA : ARMY— NAVY. 1893 Oct. 4. Ala. Gov. Jones orders troops to Decatur, to quell threatened riots by Louisville and Nashville Rail- road Btrikers. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Sept. 13. LambertoTi, Hubert A., president of Lehigh University, A69. CHURCH. 1893 Sept. 11. Chicago. The "World's Parliament of Religions opens. [Sept. 14. Dharmapala, the Hindoo scholar, assails Christianity, and papers are read by Cardinal Gibbons, Lyman Abbott, and others. Sept. 24. The Par- liament considers the relation of Chris- tianity to America.] Sept. 15. The Christian Endeavor Society reports 37,S41 societies, with a membership of 1,650,000, chiefly in the United States, Canada, Australia, Great Britain ; also in all missionary lands. Sept. 20. Minn. Archbishop Ireland denies that the Faribault plan is a failure. Oct. 1. New York. A monstrance, to be used in the exposition of the sacra- ment in St. Patrick's Cathedral, arrives ; it cost $10,000, not including the jewels used in its construction. LETTERS. 1893 Sept. 13. Minn. The Faribault school scheme fails, as the Catholics would not consent to the assignment of two Protestant teachers to the Hill School. Sept. 27. N. Y. The Steele Memorial Library Association is incorporated to maintain a free public library in Elmira. Oct. 4. New York. St. Francis Xavier College opens its doors to women on the same plane with men, less the degree. SOCIETY. 1893 Sept. 8. New York. Claus Tim- merman, an anarchist, is sentenced to six months' imprisonment for lawless speech-making at a Union Square meet- ing. Sept. 9. D. C. Mrs. Cleveland gives birth to a daughter ; named Esther. Sept. 11. Chicago. The Parliament of Religions opens at the World's Fair. Sept. 12. Ky. Judge Saufley, while in- structing the grand jury at Danville, charges that playing progressive eu- chre in parlors for prizes is one of the worst forms of gambling, and tells the jury to spare no man or woman in its investigations. Sept. 15. Mich. Train-robbers hold up a train on the Mineral Range Rail- road, and secure $75,000. Sept. 16. Chicago. Trainmen on Pennsylvania Railroad trains running out are ordered to arm themselves to protect the company's property. Sunday : The attendance at the World's Fair is increasing, 27,000 pay- ing visitors having entered before two o'clock to-day. Colo. The miners return to work, a settlement having been effected. /. T. The Cherokee Strip is opened to settlers, and about 100,000 persons rush over the boundary line to secure the G,000,000 acres of land. La. Three negroes are hanged and one kicked to death by lynchers near New Orleans, because they would not or could not tell where an escaped murderer might be found. Phila. The 5,000 ounces of gold recently missed at the Mint is discov- ered; a trusted employee, Henry S. Cochren, acknowledges having taken it, and shows where it is secreted. Sept. 18. D. C. The centennial anni- versary of the laying of the corner-stone of the Capitol at "Washington is cele- brated ; President Cleveland and others make addresses. /. T. On the arrival of "boomers" on their fastest horses in the Cherokee Strip, they find that " sooners " are in possession of the best of the land and the town-lots. Sept. 19. New York. Mayor Gilroy re- fuses the application of the United Ital- ian Societies to display the Italian flag on the City Hall, on the 23d anniver- sary of the unification of Italy by Victor Emmanuel. Sept. 20. La. Colored people of New Orleans call upon the governor for pro- tection, as regulators are preparing for the torture of one of their number. Sept. 21. III. Three robbers hold up an Illinois Central train, but obtain no booty ; one of the robbers and three trainmen are shot. Va. Robert Smith, the negro on whose account a mob made preparations for torture at Roanoke for robbing a woman, is captured, hanged, riddled with bullets, and cremated. Sept. 22. Ala. A train is derailed by wreckers near Birmingham ; several per- sons are hurt, but none fatally. N. J. Three hundred wire-workers in Roebling's mill, at Trenton, strike against a reduction of wages. Tex. A claim-jumper named Wil- liams kills four persons on a claim near Waukomis. Sept. 23. III. Fourteen "White Caps in Quincy are indicted for wilful and malicious. murder by the grand jury; the indicted persons are prominent farmers and residents of Kingston. New York. The Lord Mayor of Dublin arrives at this port ; also Lord Danraven, owner of the yacht Valkyrie. Tenn. The Presbytery of Knoxville adopts resolutions condemning, in the strongest terms, the alarming increase of mob violence; it orders the resolu- tions to be read in full to the separate congregations. Sept. 25. La. A captured negro is tortured by a mob in Jefferson Parish ; tire is applied to his feet to extort con- fession, but without success. Neiv York. Bookkeeper E. J. Greene and Cashier J. F. Collins, of a firm of cotton-brokers, are arrested for stealing about $20,000, chiefly by means of forged checks. Sept. 26. Boston. John W. Washburn, treasurer of the Old Colony Railroad and Steamboat Companies, is announced as a defaulter. Chicago. The Odd Fellows have a day at the World's Fair, and ^0,000 mem- bers are present. Sept. 27. Chicago. Chas.Belden shoots three men and one woman at the Board of Trad.-. Miss. "White Caps are rousing the people to madness by burning cotton- gins, and other outrages. Ore. The Chinese of La Grande are driven away by mob violence. Pa. S. G. Southard of Pittsburg shoots his wife and kills himself be- cause he objected to his children being educated as Catholics. Sept. 28. Colo. Gov. Waite unearths great frauds in land-grants because of perjured testimony and fraudulent snr- vevs, coal-lands being entered as agri- cultural lands, etc. Sept. 30. Cat. Members of the Sailors* Union at San Francisco perpetrate out- rages upon non-union sailors, besides robbing them of their money. Oct. 1. O. Daniel Bauer, a city council- man of Cincinnati, is indicted on two charges of soliciting bribes from a per- son interested in the passage of an ordi- nance to improve terminal facilities of that city. Oct. 2. Me. A labor riot at Auburn is caused by strikers attacking non- union shoemakers ; the sheriff calls out a posse to maintain peace. New York. Mrs. Catharine Fitzgerald shoots and kills Mrs. Carrie Pearsall on Eighth Avenue, and then gives her- self up to the police. STATE. 1893 Sept. 7. L>. C. Congress; Sen- ate : Mr. Stewart ends a three days' speech on the silver question. Sept. S. I). C. Congress; Senate: Charles J. Faulkner of W. Va. delivers a speech which is by some construed as a suggestion of compromise on the sil- ver question. Sept. 9. I). C. Congress; Senate; Henry M. Teller of Colo, speaks against the Repeal Bill. Sept. 10. Col. V. S. Marshal Gard at Los Angeles is instructed to enforce the Geary Act for the exclusion of the Chi- Sept. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate: Henry M. Teller of Colo, and James L. Pugh of Ala. speak against the Repeal Bill, Mr. Pugh announcing the purpose of himself and those who agree with him to fight unconditional repeal by all par- liamentary methods. The new Chinese Minister to the United States confers with Secretary Gresham on the matter of enforcing the Chinese Exclusion Law. Sept. 12. D.C. Congress; Senate: John H. Mitchell of Ore. speaks against the Repeal Bill. New York. The convention called bv the New York Board of Trade and Trans- portation, consisting of delegates from various commercial bodies throughout the country, meets ; resolutions urging the repeal of the Silver Purchase Law are adopted. Vote, 1S5-5. Sept. 13. D. C. Congress; Senate: George L. Shoup of Ida. speaks against the Repeal Bill, and Joseph N. Dolph of Ore. argues against the free coinage of silver; Daniel Voorhees of Ind. tries UNITED STATES. 1893, Sept. 7 -Oct. 4. 439 unsuccessfully to have a date fixed for a vote on the Repeal Bill; in the House a bill is introduced to consolidate Utah and Nevada. [No action.] Sept. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate: John W. Daniel of Va. speaks against the Repeal Bill ; an amendment to the bill is introduced by Charles J. Faulkner of W. Va. Secretary Smith takes measures to relieve the boomers at the Cherokee Strip from further delay in registering. Sept. 15. D. C. Congress: Senate: William Lindsay of Ky. and Anthony Higgins of Del. speak in favor of the Repeal Bill. Sept. 16. D. C. Congress; Senate: William B. Allison of la. speaks in favor of the Repeal Bill ; another motion by Daniel W. Voorhees to have a time fixed to close the debate is defeated ; in the House a bill providing for a U. S. bank in every town of two thousand in- habitants is introduced. [No action.] Okla. The Cherokee Strip is opened for settlement at 12 noon. Sept. 18. D. C. Congress: No business is done in either House, the day being devoted to the celebration of the Cente- nary of the laying of the corner-stone of the National Capitol. There is a procession, and addresses are made by the President, Vice-Presi- dent, Speaker of the House, and Justice Brown of the Supreme Court ; the ora- tor of the day is William Wirt Henry, a grandson of Patrick Henry. Sept. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate: Roger Q. Mills of Tex. speaks in favor of the Repeal Bill ; Daniel W. Voorhees of Ind. makes another vain attempt to get the anti-repeal Senators to fix a date for closing debate. President Cleveland nominates W. B. Hornblower of N. Y. to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and J. J. Van Alen of R. I. to be ambassador to Italy. [See Oct. 20.] Sept. 20. D. C. Congress; Senate: James Z. George of Miss, speaks against the Repeal Bill and George Grey of Del. in favor of it ; in the House the Federal Elections Bill, under exceptional rul- ings by Speaker Crisp, is reported, and placed on the calendar. Sept. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the repeal of the Sherman Law ; Orville Piatt of Conn, introduces a motion to establish closure ; the mo- tion is discussed by Messrs. Piatt and Henry C. Lodge; Stephen M. White of Cal. speaks against the Repeal Bill ; in the House a resolution is adopted that the Federal Elections Bill be taken up on Sept. 26, and considered until Oct. 10. Sept. 22. B.C. Congress ; Senate : An agreement for longer sessions beginning with the 25th is adopted ; Edward O. Wolcott and Henry M. Teller speak on the closure resolution ; and Senators George, Henry C. Hansbrough, and Wil- liam M. Stewart speak against the Repeal BiU. Sept. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: William M. Stewart of Nev. makes a personal attack upon Mr. Cleveland, ridiculing the President and his knowl- edge of economics ; James Donald Cam- eron of Pa. and William B. Bate of Tenn. speak against the Repeal BiH; the House adjourns for want of a quorum. Sept. 26. D. C. Congress; Senate: Mr. Stewart accuses President Cleve- land of using Federal patronage to in- fluence legislation ; in the House debate begins on the Tucker Bill providing for the repeal of the Federal Elections Laws. Sept. 27. D. C. Congress; In the House Thomas G. Lawson of Ga. and Charles Daniels of N. Y. continue the debate on the Tucker Bill ; a resolu- tion is passed asking why the lawful amount of silver was not purchased during July and August. Sept. 28. X>. C. Congress; Senate: William A. Peffer speaks against the Repeal BUI; in the House John C. Black of 111., Tom L. Johnson of 0., and C. R. Breckinridge of Ky. speak on the Tucker Repeal Bill. Sept. 29. D. C. Congress; Senate: Isham G. Harris of Tenn. and John T. Morgan of Ala. speak against the Re- peal Bill ; in the House, John F. Lacey of la. and others discuss the Tucker Repeal Bill. Sept. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate: Johnson N. Camden of W. Va. speaks in favor of the Wilson Repeal Bill ; in the House, the debate on the Tucker Repeal Bill is continued by Samuel W. McCall of Mass., Josiah Patterson of Tenn., and others. Oct. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: The debate on the Repeal Bill is continued ; in the House, speeches are made on the Tucker Repeal Bill. — — .V. Y. The Brooklyn Independent Committee of One Hundred, for the purification of government and the over- throw of ring rule, meets and adopts a platform. [Oct. 4. William C. Low is elected president.] Oct. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jo- seph N. Dolph of Ore. speaks in favor of the Repeal BiU, and Thomas C. Power of Mont, against it; in the House, Ste- phen Northway of O. speaks against the Tucker Repeal BUI, and John C. Kyle of Miss, in its favor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Sept. 7. III. Eleven persons are killed and 10 injured in a railway col- lision on the Pan Handle road, near Colehour. Sept. 8. Ire. The Campania reaches Queenstown after making the voyage from Sandy Hook in five days, 14 hours, and 55 minutes. Sept. 10. New York. Fifty-two arti- sans arrive from Europe on their way to make a study of the World's Fair and American industries. Sept. 11. The yacht Vigilant wins the third trial race, and is selected by the America Cup Committee to defend the trophy against Lord Dunraven's yacht. Sept. 12. New York. Emigration from this port exceeds immigration for the first time. Sept. 15. /. T. The boomers on the Cherokee Strip border register at the rate of 20 a minute ; there are now about five registered for every lot in the strip. Sept. 16. /. T. About 150,000 persons are pouring into the Cherokee Strip. Sept. 17. Ga. At Brunswick 19 new cases of yeUow fever are reported ; the governor of the State issues an ad- dress asking for aid for the city. Sept. 19. 77/. A train is wrecked near Manteno, causing eight deaths. New York. A number of Clearing- house certificates, valued at $1,400,000, are canceled. Sept. 21. Ga. There is another death from yeUow fever at Brunswick, and two new cases of the disease are re- ported, making 17 now under treatment. [Sept. 22. Three new cases. Sept. 24. One death and two new cases. Sept. 25. Five new cases. Sept. 26. Two new cases and one death. Sept. 27. Eigh- teen new cases. Sept. 28. Thirteen. Oct. 1. Twelve. Oct. 2. Twelve. Oct. 3. Fourteen new eases and three deaths. Oct. 6. Twenty-four new cases. Oct. 7. Thirty-one. Oct. 8. Thirty-two. Oct. 12. Eighteen. Oct. 14. Twenty-six. Oct. 30. Twelve. Nov. 3. Twenty-four.] Iowa celebrates the 47th anniver- sary of its admission as a State. Pa. Five men are killed and "several injured in a mine explosion at WilkeB- barre. Sept. 22. Ind. Through the leaving open of a switch by a brakeman, a lim- ited express vestibuled train runs into a freight-train near Kingsbury ; 11 are killed and 21 injured. New York. The British yacht Valky- rie arrives after a very stormy voyage of 30 days. Sept. 23. Minn. A lumber fire in Bed Wing causes a loss of $150,000. Sept. 24. Wis. Five large mills of the Illinois Steel Company's plant at Bay- view will resume operations. Sept. 25. Mo. A fire in St. Joseph causes the loss of about $1,000,000. Sept. 26. S. Dak. Lead City is burned. Sept. 27. O. Oak-harness leather men meet in Columbus to form a trust. Sept. 29. Cal. The Mariposa arrives at San Francisco from Australia, bringing $500,000 in gold consigned to local houses. Mich. Twenty-eight miners are drowned by the Michigamme River bursting through the roof of the Mans- field iron-mine. Sept. 30. O. Forest fires are raging; Centerburg is burned, with heavy loss. Oct. 1. Chicago. The Sunday attend- ance at the "World's Fair is greatly increased. 440 1893, Oct 4 -Oct. 25. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1893 Oct. 25. X). C. Acting Kear- Adm. Stanton is removed from com- mand of the South Atlantic Squadron for saluting the flag of the Brazilian insurgents. [Dec. 20. He is restored, and assigned to command the North Atlantic Squad- ron,] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1S93 Oct. 4. N. Y. A statue of Al- exander Hamilton is unveiled in front of the Hamilton Cluh House, Brooklyn. Oct. 12. A West Indian cyclone is raging along the coasts of Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina. Oct. 13. N. Y. A natural gas-well is tapped by an artesian drill at Malta Ridge. [Nov. 11. Another is found near Grand Junction, Colo.] Oct. 14. Ida. Large numbers of crick- ets are moving from northern Idaho Bouth and east, destroying fruit and grain on their way, to the utter dismay of the farmers. Oct. 19. N. J. The monument com- memorating the victory of Gen. "Washington over the Hessians is un- veiled at Trenton. Oct. 21. N Y. The Founders' Mon- ument is unveiled at Southold, L. I., — this being the 253d anniversary of the founding of the town. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Oct. 11. Black: well, Lucy Stone, aboli- tionist, woman suffragist, reformer, A75. Oct. SO. Schaff, Philip, Pres. clergvrnan, author, professor sacred literature Union Seminary, A69. Oct. 24. Queen, Walter W„ rear-adm. V. S. N., A69. Bond, Hugh L., lawyer, jurist, of Balti- more, A65. CHURCH. 1893 Oct. 5. Boston. "William Law- rence is consecrated (Protestant Epis- copal) bishop of Massachusetts. Oct. 6. Chicago. A Congress of Young Men's Christian Associations of the "World opens. Oct. 7. Utah. The 64th semiannual conference of the Mormon Church is held in the Tabernacle at Salt Lake City. Oct. 8. Chicago. A great throng of people attend the opening exercises of the Evangelical Alliance Congress in Memorial Art Palace. Oct. 15. N.C. JosephB. Cheshire, Jr., is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- sistant bishop of North Carolina. Oct. 19. N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod, in session at Rochester, dismisses the complaints of Prof. Briggs ; it will not interfere with the action of the General Assembly. LETTERS. 1893 Oct. 8. Mass. Williams College, at "Williamstown, begins its centennial celebration with a sermon by the Rev. Dr. Harry Hopkins. SOCIETY. 1893 Oct. 5. HI. A train carrying non-union workmen from the Big Four Railroad shops at Indianola is attacked by strikers' friends ; one man is killed and a division superintendent injured. New York. Joseph Chamberlain, the English M. P., arrives on the Ma- jestic. Oct. 6. New York. The Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the throne of Austria, arrives at this port. Oct. 7. Ala. "White Caps are active, threatening to burn the gin-houses of farmers who sell cotton for less than 10 cents. New York. Daniel O'Neil, while drunk, pours kerosene over his baby's cradle and tries to burn the child; he then beats his wife for trying to prevent him. Oct. 8. /. T. Treasurer McCurtin of the Choctaw Nation, after making his re- port to the National Council, disap- pears ; he is said to be short $io,ooo. Louisiana is again terrorized by- regulators, and the people in meetings assembled are calling on Gov. Foster for help against them. Oct. 9. Chicago Day at the Fair ; 716,- 881 admissions, the largest number in one day during the Fair. Mo. The Pan-American Bimetal- lic Convention is in session at St. Louis. R. I. About 1,800 weavers in the woolen-mills strike against a reduction of wages. Oct. 10. New York. The Bar Associa- tion by resolution urges upon every good citizen to oppose " to his utmost the attempt to reward unworthy con- duct [of Isaac H. Maynard] by a seat on the bench of our highest judicial tribunal." [Oct. 15. Gov. Flower makes his defense of the appointment.] Tex. Two masked men stop a stage in Coke County and rifle the mail- bags, securing about §3,100. Oct. 12. New York. The Society for the Prevention of Crime sends letters to the police officials, charging them with neglect of duty. Oct. 14. Chicago. M. V. Gannon re- signs the presidency of the Irish National League of America. O. The Columbus grand jury has found over ioo indictments against W. Z. McDonald, late chief inspector of workshops and factories. Oct. 16. Chicago. The "World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union begins its second biennial session in the Hall of Columbus of the World's Fair. It is called to order by Lady Henry Somerset, vice-president at large, as Miss Willard is unable by ill health to be present. [Miss Willard is reelected president.] The public-school children of Chi- cago visit the Fair Grounds ; paid ad- missions for the day, 234,405. N. Y. Kingston celebrates the 116th anniversary of its burning by the British forces ; Daughters of the Amer- ican Revolution have charge of the ex- ercises. — — New York. Jacob J. Kaiser, over- gaiter manufacturer, is sentenced to the State prison for seven and a half years for setting fire to his place of business on Broadway. Oct. 17. New York. Lord Dunraven of England is entertained at dinner by C. Oliver Iselin and the New York Yacht Club. Dr. C. H. Parkhurst sends a letter to Mayor Gilroy and the chairman for selecting gTand jurors. He charges that Grand Juryman Hugh Slevin violates the Excise Law, and is not a fit person to be a grand juror ; a number of affidavits in proof accompany the letter. Oct. 18. Chicago. The American Bankers' Association Convention be- gins its session in the Art Institute of the World's Fair, with W. H. Rhawm of Philadelphia in the chair. AT. J. The Trenton Battle Monu- ment celebration begins. Oct. 19. Md. The anniversary of the burning of the tea-laden British brig Peggy Stewart in Annapolis Harbor in 1774, as a protest against the Stamp Act, is celebrated in Baltimore. Oct. 20. Fa. A mob attacks the jail at Roanoke ; the militia fire, killing nine men, and wounding 20 others. Oct. 21. Ind. Mrs. Augusta Schneider, a wealthy lady, quarrels with one of her tenants, and shoots and kills him near Walton. Oct. 24. Chicago. Mary "Washington Day is celebrated at the World'B Fair in the New York State building. STATE. 1893 Oct. 4. D. C. Congress ; Sen- ate : Speeches favoring compromise on the silver question are made by Joseph C. S. Blackburn of Ky., Matthew C. Butler of S. C, and Wilkinson Call of Fla. ; in the House the repeal of the Federal Elections Laws is discussed ; a bill to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Bill (see May 5, 1892) is reported. [It is sharply discussed in both Houses, and specially opposed by members from the Pacific Coast.] Oct. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : G. W. Murray of S. C. concludes his argu- ment against the repeal of the Federal Elections Laws; a bill is passed pla- cing the Secretary of Agriculture in the line of succession to the presidency. New York. The Chamber of Com- merce passes a resolution asking the TJ. S. Senate to amend its rules so as to pass the Silver Repeal Bills. Oct. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : An amendment to the "Wilson Repeal Bill is introduced by J. C. S. Blackburn of Ky. ; Senators Call, Butler, and Teller speak against repeal ; in the House debate on the Tucker Repeal Bill is continued. Oct. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. W. Voorhees of Ind., the Democratic leader, announces that he will ask on the 11th inst. for a continuous session until the Repeal Bill is disposed of; UNITED STATES. 1893, Oct. 4 -Oct. 25. 441 "W. N. Roach of N. Dak. and W. V. Allen of Neb. speak against the bill ; the House debates the Tucker Repeal Bill. Mass. Fred. T. Greenhalge (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Oct. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : After a discussion by several members as to how far the Repeal Bill would demone- tize silver, F. M. Cockrell of Mo. speaks against the Repeal Bill; in the House debate on the bill for repealing the Federal Elections Laws is closed, and it is decided to pass the bill as it now stands. Oct. 10. D. C. Congress; Senate: Messrs. McPherson and Coakrell speak on the Silver Repeal Bill; in the House the Tucker Bill, repealing all existing Federal Elections Laws, is passed. Vote, 200-101. Oct. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate : The session is continued all day and all night ; W. V. Allen of Neb. begins to speak at 6.30 p.m. against the Repeal Bill [and continues through the entire night]. Oct. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: Mr. Allen finishes his speech at eight o'clock in the morning, having been on the floor 14 and three-quarters hours ; it is the longest continuous speech ever made in the Senate ; the session continues all the day and even- ing. Oct. 13. D. C, Congress ; Senate : The debate on the Repeal Bill continues, W. M. Stewart of Nev. holding the floor. The Senate adjourns at 1.45 a.m., on the motion of D. "W. Voorhees of Ind., having been in session 39 hours con- tinuously ; it is found impossible to compel the attendance of the majority (43) members. Oct. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate: Several important amendments to the rules are offered ; James K. Jones of Nev. speaks against the Repeal Bill. The Secretary of the Treasury's order that nothing but coin or currency be accepted in payment of government taxes is rescinded ; certified checks will be received. Oct. 16. D. C. Congress: The House passes the McCreary Bill, which pro- vides for the amendment of the Geary Act, so as to give Chinese residents in the United States another six months in which to register. Vote, 178-1. [Nov. 2. It is amended and passed by the Sen- ate. Nov. 3. Conference report agreed to and bill approved.] Boston. The Associated Board of Trade unanimously adopts resolutions petitioning the United States Senate to change its rules so that a vote can be reached on the Repeal Bill. Oct. 17. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses a proposed amendment to the rules ; Senator Sherman makes a speech in which he aims to place the responsibility for the deadlock re- specting the repeal of the Sherman Law on the Democrats. Oct. 18. D. C. Congress: The House passes the New York and New Jersey Bridge Bill introduced Sept. 20, author- izing the construction of a bridge across the Hudson River. New York. The Cotton Exchange passes resolutions railing for the speedy repeal of the purchasing clause of the Sherman Law. Oct. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. B. Hill of N. Y. speaks against compro- mise on the Repeal ; Secretary Carlisle's statements in answer to the Senate's resolutions show that the deficit in revenues may reach $50,000,000 at the end of the fiscal year. Oct. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate in executive session confirms, among others, the nomination of J. J. Van Alen of R. I. to be ambassador to Italy. [The nomination is severely and persist- ently criticised. Nov. 20. Van Alen resigns. Dec. 3. The resignation is made public] The House passes a de- ficiency appropriation bill. [Oct. 28. Amended and passed by the Senate. Nov. 3. Third Conference report made. Final action not taken]. Also a bill to remit half the duties on exhibits here- after sold at the World's Fair, and another providing for the destruction of derelicts along the Atlantic coast. Oct. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate : Messrs. Peffer and Jones speak against repeal. The Senate agrees to a compromise, by repealing the purchasing clause of the Sherman Bill, to take effect Oct. 1, 1S94, and eliminating entirely the bond question ; all greenbacks and Treasury notes under $10 in value will be retired, and silver certificates and coined silver dollars will take their place, the pur- chase of the four and a half million ounces of silver to continue, the same to be coined from time to time as the seignorage now in the Treasury, also that which shall grow out of f urtherpur- chase. The Treasury's ten days' statement shows that the gold reserve has de- creased to $81,700,000, the lowest point yet reached. Oct. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate still discusses the Silver Repeal Bill ; the House passes the Printing Bill ; also a bill authorizing the construction of a new revenue cutter on the lakes. Oct. 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The silver men abandon filibustering, and Messrs. Jones and Stewart continue their speeches begun weeks ago. Midi. The Supreme Court of the State declares that the "Woman Suf- frage Law passed by the last Legisla- ture is unconstitutional. Oct. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: Messrs. Pugh, Stewart, and Jones speak on the silver question ; a joint resolu- tion is passed, thanking foreign gov- ernments for their participation in the Chicago Exposition. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Oct. 5. NY. The Valkyrie and Vigilant sail for the America Cup, but, owing to the light wind, are unable to cover the course in the allotted time. Oct. 6. New York. The Cunard steamer Lucania arrives from Queenstown, beat- ing the record of the Paris by 59 minutes. Oct. 7. Alas. La grippe is raging with great violence. New York. The Vigilant wins the first race for the America Cup, beating the Valkyrie by five minutes and 48 sec- onds, corrected time. Oct. 8, New York. Five deaths, some due to cholera, are reported on the Ham- burg American steamer Russia, arriving to-day. Oct. 9. N. Y. Some of the passengers of the infected steamer Russia are transferred to Hoffman and Swinburne Islands. In the second race between the Val- kyrie and the Vigilant, the latter wins by 12 minutes and 23 seconds. Oct. 10. Ind. Eight persons are killed in an accident on the Pittsburg, Fort "Wayne, and Chicago Railroad. Oct. 13. Mich. Excursion-trains col- lide at Jackson ; 13 persons are killed and 40 injured, N. Y. In the third and deciding race the Vigilant beats the Valkyrie by 40 seconds, retaining the cup in America. Oct. 14. Pa. A fire in the telephone exchange in Allentown destroys prop- erty valued at $300,000. Oct. 15. Kan. A head-end collision occurs on the Chicago, Bock Island, and Pacific Railroad, at Paxico ; two persons are killed and several injured. N. Y, The propeller Dean Richmond, with a crew of 18, is lost in Lake Erie, near Dunkirk ; five bodies are washed ashore. Oct. 16. Chicago. The "World's Con- gress of Agriculture opens in the Art Institute at the "World's Fair, S. W. Allerton presiding. III. A train goes over an embank- ment, and 30 persons are injured, near Nameoki. Five persons are killed and five injured by a premature explosion of dynamite at Emington. Oct. 17. D. C. The house in which President Lincoln died, in "Washington, is formally opened as the Lincoln Memorial House. O. Four men are killed and three injured by a train collision at Wells- ville. Oct. 20. Mich. A collision occurs be- tween passenger-trains on the Grand Trunk Railroad at Battle Creek ; 26 per- sons are killed and many injured. Wash. A fatal boiler explosion oc- curs at Spokane ; four persons are killed, and a number badly injured. Oct. 22. New York. The laboratory of the Presbyterian Hospital is burned out. Oct. 23. Chicago. Figures showing enor- mous profits of the "World's Fair con- cessionaires are made public ; paid ad- missions to-day, 231,014 ; total up to this date, 19,712,996. 442 1893, Oct. 25 -Nov. 15. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1893 Oct. 26. Cal. The battle-ship Oregon is successfully launched at San Francisco. Oct. 29. B.C. Adm. Skerret is trans- ferred to the command of the Asiatic Squadron, relieving Adm. Irwin, de- tached. Nov. 6. D. C. The President appoints Gen. George D. Ruggles adjutant- general of the army. Nov. 11. Cal. The new cruiser Olyin- pia returns to San Francisco from her trial trip ; her maximum speed is 21.26 knots an hour. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 1893 Oct. 31±. Peru. Harvard estab- lishes a new meteorological station on the Andes, the highest in the world. Nov. 4. Colo. Rich gold-finds, yield- ing at the rate of $120,000 per ton, are struck in El Paso County. Nov. 6. O. Wilmington is visited by a tornado; loss, $100,000. Nov. 11. Wis. Copper-ore is found while grading streets in Sheboygan. Nov. 14. A 7 . Y. An oil portrait of Ezra Cornell is unveiled in the Capitol at Albany. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Oct. 28. Harrison, Carter, mayor of Chi- cago, assassinated, A68. Nov. 9. Parkman, Francis, historian, A70. LETTERS. 1893 Oct. 28. Conn. The American Inter-Seminary Alliance is in session at New Haven. Nov. 11. Chicago. John D. Rockefeller has offered to give $500,000 to Chi- cago University on condition that $400,000 more be raised. [It is raised.] Nov. 15. N. Y. The Rev. Dr. J. R. Day of New York City is elected Chancellor of Syracuse University. SOCIETY. 1893 Oct. 26. New York. A mass- meeting under the auspices of the New York Bar Association is held in Cooper Union. It denounces the candidacy of Isaac H. Maynard for the chief judgeship of the Court of Appeals. [Nov. 1. The committee appointed by the meeting issues an address urging all citizens to reject Maynard at the polls.] N. Y. The Bar Association of Buf- falo holds an anti-Maynard mass-meet- ing for the same purpose. Oct. 28. Ark. J. V. Mitchell, clerk of Faulkner, has disappeared with $10,000 in trust funds. Chicago. Carter H. Harrison, mayor of the city, is assassinated in his own house by Patrick E. Prendergast. [Oct. 29. Prendergast is committed.] • Minn. The Assembly passes a law declaring that every public place used as a pool-room is a public nuisance ; that owners of buildings renting them for pool-rooms and frequenters of such places shall be guilty of misdemeanor, and liable to fine or imprisonment. Pa. The 211th anniversary of the landing of William Penn is celebrated with impressive ceremonies on the spot where the landing took place. Oct. 30. New York. F. L. Mathes, su- perintendent at the Postal-Telegraph building, is shot by Thomas Bradley for refusing to give him work. A man is arrested for demanding $5,000 from Edwin Gould at his office. Oct. 31. Conn. No-license elections suspend liquor-shops in East Hartford, Manchester, and New Britain. Nov. 1. Chicago. Columbian Guards, Ferris "Wheel employees, and visitors engage in a free fight in the Midway Plaisance of the World's Fair, Cause, the Ferris Wheel people refuse to stop as directed by the Fair Directory. N. Y. Counselor W. J. Gaynor ap- plies for an order of court to compel the authorities to permit a copy of regis- tration-lists of Gravesend to be made by his agents. [Nov. 2. Ho finds it difficult to get a copy ; the town has a population of a little over 8,000, yet 6,218 names are said to be registered. Nov. 3. The power of the Supreme Court is defied at Graves- end by John Y. McKane ; the copy of the registry-list is refused. Nov. 4. War- rants are issued against the election in- spectors by Judge Cullen.] New York. Five skilful forgers are captured by city detectives after the forgers have secured about $8,000 at the Bank of the Manhattan Company. Nov. 2. Minn. The Executive Land In- vestigating Committee finds that the State has been robbed of millions of dollars' worth of lumber by some of its most prominent citizens ; several of them have, however, been compelled to pay large sums for the lumber thus illegally taken. N. Y. The effort to have 1,200 ille- gally registered names stricken from the registry-lists at Albany is practically defeated in court. Nov. 3. Chicago. A new trial is granted Daniel Coughiin, accused of complicity in the murder of Dr. Cronin. [Acquitted Mar. S, 1894.] (See Dec. 1(3, 1SS9.) N. J. Judge Dixon sentences the convicted members of the Board of Freeholders at Paterson to 18 months' imprisonment. Nov. 4. Ga. Gov. Northen pardons eight White Caps who were sentenced to the chain-gang. New Yo^k. One bogus expressman and five receivers of stolen goods are ar- rested for victimizing express companies of several hundred dollars' worth of goods at express exchanges. Nov. 5. N. Y. Twenty-two men sent to Gravesend to copy registration-lists are arrested by John Y. McKane, the chief of police, at the head of a rough crowd, and thrown into jail, charged with vagrancy. They are detained in jail, though any amount of bail bad been offered for their release; and also though they had man- damuses issued by Supreme Court Judge Cullen to secure'copies of the registra- tion-lists of that town. [Nov. 6. Judge Cullen releases the prisoners. Counselor Gaynor secures an injunction from Judge Barnard re- straining the Gravesend election officers from interfering with watchers at the polls. Nov. 7. " As >..-.]i a.- Gaynor'6 watchers arrive at Gravesend, McKane and his backers seize, maltreat, and drive them out of town : no regard is paid to the mandamus from Judge Barnard of the Supreme Court, against any interfe- rence, which each watcher has in his pos- session. Nov. 9. A citizens' meeting is held in the Academy of Mutic, Brooklyn, to take steps toward the prosecution of McKane for his conduct at Gravesend before and during the late election. Nov. 13. Another mass-meeting is held for the same purpose.] Nov. 7. Miss. "White Caps burn the court-house at Brookhaven ; the Chan- cery and Circuit Court records are a to- tal loss, including about 75 indictments pending against the White Caps. N.J. Nine deputy- she riffs are shot and several others seriously injured in an incipient riot at Camden. Nov. 9. New York. A trusted clerk of J. H. Jacquelin and Company is arrested for stealing from $n,coo to $50,000 from his employers. "W. S. Patton, stock-broker, is arrested for hypothecating bonds worth $00,000 placed in his trust. Nov. 10. O. Treasurer M. T. Herrick of the Society for Savings at Cleveland has a desperate struggle with a man who threatened to blow up the place with dynamite if he did not at once give him suO.ooo in cash ; the outlaw escapes. Minn. The liabilities of President L. F. Menage of the insolvent Guaranty Loan Company at Minneapolis are about $1,000,000, made by systematic plunder- ing of the company. Nov. 11. Kg. Masked robbers stop a train on the Illinois Central Railroad and steal §7,000 from the express-car. Nov. 12. Chicago. The anarchists have a demonstration in memory of Spies, Parsons, and the other executed bomb-throwers. JTis. Henry Falk confesses setting fire to five places in Milwaukee. Nov. 13. Kg. A negro's house at Bards- town is blown up with dynamite; the crime is denounced by the citizens of the town. Phila. The General Assembly of the Knights of Labor is held. The General Executive Board is ac- cused of having appropriated $30,000 to the use of the order, instead of applying it to the relief of strikers, for whom it is alleged to have been contributed. Nov. 14. A". Y. Edward M. Shepard is appointed by Gov. Flower to aid in the prosecution of men accused of election frauds in Kings County, with full power to act. [Dec. 7. The hearing ends.] (See Dec. U.) Sheriff Beck makes damaging admis- sions in the investigation of election frauds in Buffalo. Nov. 15. Cliicago. James Prunty is killed, and his son and daughter are both wounded by burglars at their home. John A. Drake, treasurer of the Indi- ana, Illinois, and Iowa Railroad, is sand- id robbed of $-1,000, in his ofhc New York. The Board of Aldermen begins canvassing the city vote ; it de- cides to exclude watchers from occupy- ing a position where the figures can be seen ; notwithstanding this, one watcher succeeds in seeing the sheets after they are read, and files protests and notices of contests, accompanied by voters' af- fidavits. UNITED STATES. 1893, Oct. 25 -Nov. 15. 443 STATE. 1S93 Oct. 26. Z>. C. Congress; Sen- ate: Messrs. Teller, Squire, aud Stewart continue the debate on the Repeal Bill ; a joint resolution is passed providing for the removal of derelicts by interna- tional action ; the House continues the discussion of the Bankruptcy Bill ; it passes a joint resolution providing for the printing of enrolled bills. Oct. 27. B.C. Congress; Senate: Messrs. Stewart, Jones, and Teller speak against the Repeal Bill; William A. Peffer of Kan. offers an amendment to the Voorhees substitute for the Repeal Bill, providing for the free coinage of silver; it is defeated. Vote, 28-39; not voting, 18. Oct. 28. I). C. Congress : In the Sen- ate amendments to the Repeal Bill are rejected, and the measure is reported by the Committee of the Whole; speeches are made by Senators "Wolcott, Sher- man, Gorman, and Voorhees ; notice is given that a vote on the main bill will be asked for at 2 o'clock on the 30th inst. Oct. 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate substitutes the Voorhees Bill for the "Wilson Bill, and passes it. Vote, 43-32 ; not voting, 10. It declares it to be the policy of the United States to con- tinue to coin both gold and silver : Messrs. Cameron, Morgan, Jones of Ne- vada, Stewart, and others speak against the bill. Oct. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate: The New York and New Jersey Bridge Bill is passed without a division ; in the House the Repeal Bill is received from the Senate. Nov. 1. D. C. Congress; House: The Silver Repeal Bill as amended by the Senate is passed. Vote, 193-94 ; not vot- ing, 66. The President signs the bill, and it be- comes effective. Nov. 2. Chicago, Alderman G. B. Swift is chosen by a Republican aldermanic caucus as mayor pro tempore. Nov. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: The bill to amend the Chinese Exclusion Act is passed ; in the House a resolution is passed to pay employees during the interval before the next session, but, being amended by the Senate, it falls through. The Chinese Exclusion Bill is ap- proved. The 53d Congress; first Nov. 7. Eleven States hold elections. The Democrats carry Virginia, Mary- land, and Kentucky ; and the Republi- cans, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Ne- braska, and South Dakota. Legislatures only are chosen in Kentucky and New Jersey. Nov. 9. D. C. Ratifications of an extra- dition treaty between the United States and Norway are exchanged. N. J. The Supreme Court of N. J. declares the Gerrymander Act and the Nov. 10. D. C. A report by the Sec- retary of State to the President, dated Oct. 18, is published, suggesting that the former government of Hawaii be restored. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Oct. 23. Mich. A fire in De- troit causes the loss of seven lives, and destroys property valued at $800,000. ■ ± The Vanderbilts secure control of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and "Western Railroad. Oct. 25. N. J. Four persons* are killed and three injured by a train collision near Trenton. Oct. 27. Cliicago. Marshall Field offers to give $1,000,000 to the Columbian Memorial Museum on condition that §500,000 in cash be subscribed to its en- dowment fund, and that $2,000,000 of the Exposition stock be transferred to its trustees. Paid admissions to the "World's Fair for this day, 250,583. Pa. A fire in Pittsburg destroys property worth $1,000,000; several per- sons are much injured. Oct. 28. Chicago. More than 100 cities in the United States are represented at the "World's Fair by their mayors and officials. Oct. 30. Chicago. Close of the "World's Columbian Exposition. Oct. 31. Chicago. Mayor Carter Har- rison's body lies in state in the City Hall, and is viewed by thousands of citi- Nov. 1. Cal. The Pacific Mail steamer City of New York, which went ashore at the Golden Gate, is abandoned. Ore. An electric car goes through an open drawbridge into the river at Portland ; 20 lives are lost. Nov. 2. New York. A boiler explo- sion wrecks horse-car stables, killing five men and injuring a dozen. Ire. The Cunarder Campania arrives at Queenstown , breaking the eastward record by one hour and 20 minutes. The "Ward Line steamer City of Alex- andria, from Havana to New York, is reported burned at sea; about 35 lives are lost. New York. The Cunard steamship Lucania arrives, breaking the western record by 29 minutes. Nov. 5. III. Avestibuledtrainon the Illinois Central Railroad is ditched, it is supposed by train robbers ; the fire- man is killed. Mo. An attempt is made to blow up with dynamite the dam near Sedalia, at Water Oaks ; two gates are blown out. N. J. Three whales are stranded at Cape May. Phila. The Old liberty Bell is returned from the World's Fair, and restored to its place in Independence Hall with impressive ceremony. * * Chicago World's Fair Statistics: Cash Receipts. Capital stock #5,604,171.97 City of Chicago 5,OUO,ooo.ou Concession receipts 3,699,581.43 Interest 87,081.82 Gate receipts 10,020,2:10.71; Miscellaneous receipts .... (ino,070.4!i Souvenir coins and premiums . . 2,448,032.28 Total receipts ^28,151,168.75 Summary of Expenditures. Construction expenditures . . 018,322,622.56 General and operating expenses . 7,127,240.32 Preliminary organization . . . 90,674.97 Assets ^2,698,291.01 Liabilities .... 87,660.11 Net Assets 2,610,630.911 Total expenditures . . . #28,151,168.75 Principal Expenditures. Agriculture #740,655.55 Anthropology 217,638.65 Architecture 398,810.19 Art 801,444.68 Bridging 84,529.19 Ceremonies 333,663.88 Convent La Rabida 25,009.10 Coloring and decorating .... 388,284.31 Concession expenses 12K, 209. 44 Dairy 110,770.16 Damages 197,146.82 Decorations 119,134.81 Donations and charities .... 27,996.17 Dredging 615,144.36 Electrical 1,911,857-04 Engineering, etc 218,229.03 Fencing 95,631.45 Finance 601,230.85 Fire protection 29K.254.lH Fisheries 257,466.30 Foreign agents 168,898.17 Forestry 110,533.78 Furniture for buildings .... 125,774.55 Gate expenses 347,352.48 General expenses 1,294,565.92 Grounds 465,480.85 Horticulture and floriculture . . 456,628.25 Installation 387,950.81 Insurance 182,687.03 Janitors 378,038.42 Landscape gardening 551,448.45 Live stock 258,560.87 Machinery 2,786,684.91 Manufactures and liberal arts. . 1,890,198.65 Marine service 58,151.76 Medical and surgical 44,983.03 Mines and mining 327, 575.. 'it! Music 600,947.59 National agitation 87,807.56 Piers and breakwaters .... 600,449.11 Police protection 1,301,478.72 Preliminary organization . . . 90,674.97 Public comfort 150,404.23 Railway transportation .... 1,247,101.48 Roadways and sidewalks . . . 394,428.41 Sculpture 866,172.12 Shoe and leather 111,062.13 Special attractions 125,760.75 Stable expenses 110,207.37 Superintendence and inspection . 292,690.30 Transportation exhibits .... 587,231.75 Viaducts 39,637.63 Water and sewage 1,122,770.44 Woman's building 141,032.55 World's congress auxiliary . . 264,061.03 #25,540,537.79 Total attendance, 27,539,041. , Nov. 8. Chicago. Five people are killed and 10 injured in a collision on the Rock Island Railroad. Nov. 9. O. Five persons are killed and 12 injured by a railroad accident. Nov. 11. N. Y. The largest elevator in the world is completed in Buffalo. Nov. 13. Tenn. Several lives are lost and property worth $500,000 is destroyed by fire in Memphis. Nov. 14. Chicago. L. Z. Leiter con- tributes $100,000 to the Columbian Museum Fund, conditioned upon its being built and retained in Jackson Park. Ga. The Augusta Exposition is formally opened ; a large procession of military, civic bodies, and firemen takes part in the proceedings. 444 1893, Nov. 16 -Dec. 14. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1893 Nov. 23 ±. The cruiser Colum- bia's trial speed is 'J2.8 knots. Nov. 29. I). C. The annual report of the Secretary of War shows that the Army of the United States (Sept. 30, 1893) consists of 2,144 officers and 25,778 enlisted men. Dec. 5. Cal. The U. S. steamer Corwim sails from San Francisco for Honolulu. Dec. 7. The official trial of the cruiser Marbtehead takes place on Long Island Sound ; her average speed proves to he 18,94 knots. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1893 Nov. 16. New York. The Society of Naval Architects and Marine En- gineers opens its convention. Nov. 25. New York. A statue of Capt. Nathan Hale is unveiled in City Hall Park, a short distance from the spot where he was hanged as a spy by the British on Sept. 22, 1776. Nov. 26. New York. Dr. Dawbarn of the New York Polyclinic Hospital makes a successful operation on a patient with a fractured vertebra, with the pros- pect of perfect recovery. Dec. 6. D. C. A statue of Gen. James Shields is unveiled in Statuary Hall, at the Capitol in Washington. Dec. 12. Mass. James A. Garland of New York defrays the entire expense of four series of art lectures at Harvard ; he also presents to the University §25,000 worth of rare gems. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1893. Nov. 16. Beers, William II., president N. Y. Life Insurance Co., dies. Nov. 18. Deems, Charles F-, Meth. cler- gyman, scholar, A73. Nov. 21. Rusk, Jeremiah M., secretary of agriculture, A63. Nov. 23. Coleman, William T., head of Cal. viiiil.ini-c I'ouiiLiillff in 1*56, A 69, Nov. 25. O'Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa., Dec. i . Lilley, William, M. C. for Pa., A62. Billings, Edward (_'., judge U. S. Court, A64. Dec. 2. Pope, Hamilton, brig. -gen. vols., A76. Dec. 3. Lvman, Theodore B., P. E. bishop of N. C, A78. CHURCH. 1893 Nov. 17. Pope Leo's encyclical enjoining upon Roman Catholics the study of the Scriptures is made public. Dec. 10. New York. Mohammedanism makes a more open demonstration in this country, a muezzin, or public crier, making call to prayer in Union Square. Dec. 11. New York. The American Sabbath Union is in session ; Rev. G. S. Mott, acting president. LETTERS. 1893 Nov. 28. Eng. The unveiling of the memorial to James Russell Low- ell in the Chapter House of Westmin- ster Abbey takes place. Dec. 6. Mass. The authorities ot Har- vard call the Annex Radcliffe College, after Ann Radcliffe, an Englishwoman who contributed £100 to Harvard Col- lege in 1613. * * U. 8. Number of newspapers pub- lished, 20,015. * * The Prince of India, by Lew Wallace, appears. * * The Great Remembrance and Other Poems, by Richard Watson Gilder, ap- pears. * * The Army of Northern Virginia in 1862, by William Allan, appears. * SOCIETY. 1893 Nov. 16. Ind. Citizens of Clark County organize to hunt down a gang of burglars. Viola Dietrick, the head of a gang of women outlaws in Kokomo, is sen- tenced, to one year in the penitentiary. Nov. 17. Chicago. Vigorous measures are taken to rid the city of criminals. Orders have been issued that every per- son found in the streets between the hours of 1 and 5 a.m. shall be stopped by officers, not in uniform, and obliged to give an account of themselves. Several railroad companies are swin- dled by counterfeit tickets to the amount of $100,000 issued by scalpers. New York. The decision against W. R. Laidlaw in his suit for damages received at the office of Russell Sage, and in effect saving the latter from hurt by the dynamite-bomb explosion caused by Norcross is reversed, and a new trial may be had. N. Y. Gov. Flower addresses com- munications to officials and others in Al- bany and Kings County, urging them to take part in the prosecution of persons alleged to be guilty of electoral frauds. Nov. 18. Chicago. Tb£ examining phy- sicians in the case of Prendergast, the assassin of Mayor Harrison, say he is sane. Nov. 19. Boston. Trainmen are at- tacked by tramps armed with clubs and stones ; car-windows are smashed, and one man is injured. N. J. All the train-hands of the Le- high Valley road go on strike along the main line of the road, though trains keep running on the branches in the coal- regions. [Nov. 25. The strike is practi- cally broken ; at Wilkesbarre a regiment of soldiers is ordered out.] New York. Henry Karsten. undertbe influence of drink, compels his wife to drink carbolic acid, and the woman will probably die. Nov. 20. Ind. Four men are fired on and one killed, while attempting to kid- nap the 12-year-old daughter of Joseph Kraft, a wealthy citizen of New Albany. 1. T. The White Caps and Vigi- lance Committees of the Cherokee Strip are terrorizing " sooners," and claim and lot jumpers, by threatening to hang them if they return after being expelled. Nov. 22. New York. Burglars make a raid near Central Park, securing plun- der of much value. Nov. 23. N.Y. The National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry is in session at Syracuse ; it demands the removal of Secretary Morton of the Department of Agriculture. Ntw York. John Y. McKane brings suit for $100,000 against the New York World, as representing the Press Publishing Company, for libel ; but he will withdraw the suit if the statements are retracted. [It in not pressed.] The German-American Union, formed of German Cleveland Democrats, plans the purification of the city govern- ment. Nov. 25. N. J. John Slidell and Ed- ward Munn, two Princeton students, are convicted of assaulting a Chinaman, and attempting to burn off his cue with a hot flat-iron. N. Y. Chief of Police McGrane and two police officers are arrested in Albany, for interfering at the polls on election day. Nov. 26. Ind. Robber tramps are beaten off in an attempt to hold up the fast express-train on the Lake Shore Road near Goshen. Clinton Jordan of Seymour kills his wife, sister-in-law, and their parents ; he then kills himself. Nov. 27. Ind. A large mass-meeting is held at Terre Haute, to provide for rais- ing funds to relieve distress among the unemployed. Phila. The Knights of Labor are in session ; General Master Powderly's resignation is accepted, and James R. Sovereign is elected as his successor. Nov. 28. III. Piano-tuner J. G. W. Morrison of Springfield is stoned to death by a mob near Winchester. Nov. 29. New York. Police Captain Devery is finally indicted by the grand jury. Dec. 1. Conn. The town of Danbury votes $50,000 for the relief of the locked-out hatters. Dec. 4. Miss. The mayor of Hazle- hurst is killed by Keeley Miller, who had been convicted several times for violating gambling-laws ; he is under arrest for his latest crime. New York. The League for the Pro- tection of American Institutions is- sues an address to the public. O. Two clerks of the Lake Shore road are arrested at Cleveland, charged with wholesale forging of passes. Dec. 5. Ind. The Fort Wayne grand jury indicts the Fort Wayne Club offi- cers and members for selling liquor with- out license, for violating the eleven o'clock closing law, and for Sabbath desecration. Dec. 6. O. The grand jury of Putnam County finds indictments against ex- Treasurer Crawfis and others for em- bezzling $25,000 of the comity funds. Dec. 7. Chicago. Some 25,900 names, out of a total of 57.000, upon investiga- tion are found to be illegally registered in the lodging-house districts. Ind. Burglars steal $15,900 at the noon hour from the South Bend National Bank. La. A verdict is given against the city of New Orleans, for §5,000, in the Mafia trouble. [Dec. 19. A second verdict for $5,000.] Dec. 8. New York. Dr. Parkhurst an- nounces that the Society for the Pre- vention of Crime will receive and help all of the women driven from disorderly houses who desire to reform. UNITED STATES. 1893, Nov. 16 -Dec. 14. 445 Dec. 10. Gal. The bi and the owner of the San Francisco Mx- aminer have been indicted for violating the Anti-Lottery law. Chicago. Efforts are being made to raise a fund of $1,000,000 to relieve distress of the unemployed ; over 110,000 persons are out of work. Dee. 11. N. Y. The Brooklyn Commis- sion of Audit on the Columbian-stand bills finds that, of the $11,700 paid, $8,300.10 was overcharged. Tex. An express-train is si d e - tracked and robbed near Austin by seven men, many passengers losing their valu- ables. Dec. 12. Chicago. A. S. Robertson, wholesale stamps-department cashier, is found bleeding and unconscious in his office; §7,000 in packages are miss- ing. N. J. A den of robbers is discov- ered in the woods near Hackensack, with a large stock of stolen property. Dec. 13. New York. The books of N. J. Schloss and Co., upon investigation, are found to have been falsified by the clerk to the extent of $1,000,000. Dee. 14. Cat. Chris Evans, the out- law, is found guilty of murder, and sen- tenced to imprisonment for life. New York. The Union League Club resolves to pledge support to an anti- Tammany Hall movement. N. Y. Judge Barnard adjudges John Y. McKane, Justice Newton, and three election inspectors guilty of contempt of court, and sentences them to be im- prisoned for 30 days and pay a fine of $250. [Bee. 16. Justice Cullen issues an or- der in the McKane case to show cause why a stay pending appeal should not be granted. Dec. IS. An extraordinary Court of Oyer and Terminer opens in Brooklyn to try the Queen's County election cases, by order of Gov. Flower ; Justice Cullen presides.] STATE. 1893 Nov. 17. Cat. Instructions from "Washington are received at San Fran- cisco that Chinese registration is to begin Dec. 20. Nov. 20. D. C. Secretary Gresham makes public the correspondence be- tween Commissioner Blount and the State Department in the Hawaiian matter. Nov. 24. W. P. Alexander of Hawaii makes a reply to Mr. Blount's report. Phila. The Commercial Exchange by resolution protests against the im- position of an income tax. Nov. 27. D. C. 'The proposed new Tariff Bill, prepared by the Ways and Means Committee, is made public. Nov. 29. D. C. President Cleveland ap- points John R. Proctor of Ky. on the Civil Service Commission, vice G. D. Johnston, removed. Ex-Minister John L. Stevens issues a statement intended as an answer to the report of Commissioner Blount. Dec. 1. D. C. The public debt state- ment shows a deficit for the current year of 875,000,000. Dec. 2. Chicago. The Democrats nomi- nate John P. Hopkins for mayor as successor to Carter B. Harrison ; the Republicans nominate George B. Swift. Dec. 3. D. C. The annual report of the Controller of the Currency is made pub- lic. The total amount of bank-notes in circulation on Oct. 31 was S20£),311,393, being a net increase during the year of §3(3,SSG,972. Colo. Woman Suffrage is carried by 6,347 majority ; Gov. Waite accord- ingly issues a proclamation giving women the right to vote at all elections in the State. Dec. 4. D. C. The 53d Congress; the second and regular session opens at noon. Kan. Gov. Levelling addresses a letter to the Boards of Police Commis- sioners in all cities of the first class, in- structing them not to enforce the statute providing for the sentence of vagrants to work on the streets and rock-pile, as- serting that the law is unconstitutional. Dee. 5. D. C. Congress: The House resumes debate on the Bankruptcy Bill providing for a uniform system of bank- ruptcy. Dec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate, by resolution, calls upon President Cleveland for all correspondence in the Hawaiian matter. Dec. 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate : D. B. Hill of N. Y. gives notice that on the 11th inst. he will call up the House Bill for the repeal of the Federal Elec- tions Laws. N. Y. The General Term of the Su- preme Court at Albany decides that the State Board of Canvassers of 1891 was in contempt of court for canvassing the Mylod return of the Dutchess County Senatorial election ; for aiding in can- vassing this return Judge Maynard was denounced by the Bar Association of New York City, at the last election. Dec. 8. D. C. Congress ; In the House the Bankruptcy Bill is defeated. Vote. 111-142. N. Y. Justice Sutherland of Coney Island is ordered to show cause why he should not be removed from office for alleged violations of the election law. Dec. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate : George F. Hoar of Mass. introduces a resolution of inquiry whether any per- son whose name has not been submitted to the Senate has been appointed since the 4th day of March, 1S93, to represent the United States in the Hawaiian Islands ; in the House a bill to abolish postal notes is introduced. Ga. The Legislature declares in fa- vor of the free coinage of silver. Dec. 12. D. C. Congress ; the "Ways and Means Committee completes its revision of the tariff ; all Republican amendments are voted down. Dec. 13. D. C. Congress; In the House Mr. Hill's resolution calling for information in regard to Hawaii is unanimously adopted ; a bill for the ad- mission of Utah as a State is passed. The bill conditions its admission on anti-polygamy action and other terms. N. Y. The State Board of Canvassers canvasses the vote for State officers ; the Republicans have a majority of 41 in the Constitutional Convention. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. AY. Voorhees of Ind. introduces a bill to coin the seigniorage in the Treasury, and to renew silver-bullion purchases and silver coinage at the rate of $2,000,- 000 a month ; in the House a bill admit- ting Arizona to the Union as the 46th State is passed. Vote, 185-60. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Nov. 17±. Chicago. "World's Fair assets are shrinking at the rate of §10,000 a day ; the contractors are cart- ing away the property which the man- agers expected to sell to raise money to pay stockholders. Nov. 18. N. Y. On the Erie Canal a successful test of an electric canal-boat is made. Nov. 22. Mctss. Several blocks of build- ings are destroyed by fire at Springfield ; loss, §1,000,000. Nov. 23. Mich. A fire in Detroit causes the loss of seven lives ; property loss, $800,000. Freight -trains are moved at vari- ous points on the Lehigh Valley Rail- road, notwithstanding the strike. Nov. 24. Ga. The Southern Asso- ciated Press unites with the reorganized Press Association at its annual meeting at Augusta, paving by contract to the latter $20,000 for its news. Nov. 28. N. Y. A four-masted schooner is ashore near Bellport, Long Island, with the crew as well as the captain and his wife and son lashed in the rigging ; life-savers are powerless to help. Nov. 29. Neiu York. The Rapid Tran- sit Commission agrees upon a West Side route. [Dec. 4. It adopts an East Side route.] Mills and factories are shutting down or reducing wages because of the threat- ened tariff changes. Dec. 4. N. Y. Locomotive works at Rome are destroyed by fire; loss, $500,000. Dec. 5. N. J. The old Iron Fier at Long Branch, built at a cost of $200,000, is storm-wrecked. Dee. 5. Pa. The Crystal Ridge Mine, near Hazelton, in which several men are imprisoned, is burning. Dec. 6. Mass. The steamer Jason is wrecked off Cape Cod ; 20 lives are lost. Va. The Steam Engineering Build- ing at Norfolk is burned ; loss, $250,000. Dec. 8. 1). C. Over 50 bond and invest- ment companies throughout the country are denied postal privileges by the "Washington authorities. The reorganization committee of the Nicaragua Canal Construction Com- pany reports a plan providing for a new company to absorb the old one. Dec. 9. Mo. St. Louis suffers from a water -famine. A four-train collision occurs on the Northern Pacific Railroad between Boulder and Jefferson City ; the prop- erty loss is heavy. Dec. 10. N. J. Several mills and fac- tories at Paterson and Passaie close, and large numbers of employees are thrown out of work. 446 1893,1)60. 15. AMERICA: ARMY — WAVY. 1893 Dec. 19. The cruisers San Francisco and New York are ordered to proceed to Rio de Janeiro as soon as possible, in order to notify Adm. Mello that he must not interfere with United States merchant-vessels while loading or unloading cargoes. [Dec. 20. The Miantonomoh and Bennington are also ordered to follow.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1893 Dec. 17. N. Y. A freshet at Buffalo causes a property loss of §100,000, and drives 2,500 people from their homes. Dec. 27. Conn. The 12th annual meet- ing of the American Society of Natur- alists opens at Yale. Dec. * During the last three months 25 asteroids have been discovered by the photographic process. * * Boston. A statue of Columbus is unveiled. * * New York. Robert Blum of New York is elected a member of the National Academy of Design. * * Pa. Many monuments are dedicated on the Gettysburg battle-field during the year. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893. Dec. 16. Black, James, first prohibition candidate for President of U. S., A70. Dec. 31. Wheeler, Nathaniel, sewing-ma- chine inventor, A73. CHURCH. 1893 Dec, 27. It. The offering of Pe- ter's Fence since the beginning of Pope Leo's jubilee amounts to $4,900,000. Dec. * U. S. The Epworth League of the Methodist Episcopal Church reports 10,972 chapters and 650,000 members. * * la.— N. Dak. Universalist State Con- ventions are organized. * * 111. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; James Bruce, moderator. * * The Catholic Benevolent Legion reports 32,000 members, and $4,272,356 in disbursements since its organization in 1881. * * New York. The Brotherhood of Philip and Andrew holds its first fed- eral convention. It is composed of members of four Evangelical denominations : the Re- formed Church in America, the Reformed Church iu the United States, the Con- gregational Church, and the Presbyte- rian Church. It aims to Christianize young men, and reports 130 chapters and 3,536 members. * * Vt. The Universalist State Conven- tion is organized for Vermont and the Province of Quebec. LETTERS. 1893 * * The Aim of Japan, by Rev. John Batchelor, appears. * * The Influence of Sea-Power upon the French Revolution and Empire — 1793- 1812, by Capt. A. T. Mahan, U. S. N., appears. * * Life on tlie Circuit with Lincoln, by Henry C. Whitney, appears. * * TJie Dawn of Italian Independence, by William R. Thayer, appears. * * The Campaign of Waterloo, by John Codman Ropes, appears. * * Susy : A Story of the Plains, by Bret Ilarte, appears. * * The Chosen Valley, by Mary Hallock Foote, appears. * * From Dusk to Dawn, by Katherine Woods, appears. * * First Days Among the Contrabands, by Elizabeth H. Botume, appears. * * Division and Reunion, 1829-1889, by Woodrow Wilson, appears. * * The Realm of Music, by Louis C. Elson, appears. * * The Children of a King, by F. Marion Crawford, appears ; also Pietro Ghis/eri. * * How to Know the Wild Flowers, by William Star Dana, appears. * * Katherine North, by Maria Louise Pool, appears. * * Prisoners and Paupers, by Henry M. Boies, appears. * * The French War and the Revolution, by William M. Sloane, appears. * * From Chattanooga to Petersburg under Generals Grant and Butler, by William F. Smith, appears. *" * Abraham Lincoln, by John J. Morse, Jr., appears. * * Ventilation and Heating, by John S. Billings, appears. * * The Arctic Problem, by Angelo Heil- prin, appears. S0CD3TY. 1893 Dec. 16. Chicago. Samuel Gompers is reelected president of the American Federation of Labor. Dec. 17. N.J. Belief measures are taken in Passaic, and coal-stations are established in Paterson, in aid of the unemployed. New York. The licensed push-cart venders are circulating a protest ad- dressed to Mayor Gilroy against being required to * ( tip " policemen in order to make a livelihood. Dec. 22. Fla. Gov. Mitchell an- nounces that he will use every means to prevent the Corbett-Mitchell prize- fight at Jacksonville. [Dec. 28., The two pugilists are ar- rested at Jacksonville to test the valid- ity of the State law against glove-fights.] Dec. 26. New York. Eight more arrests are made for election frauds ; this makes 80 men now under indictment. Dec. 27. New York. Dr. Parkhurst gives testimony before the extraordi- nary grand jury on the charges against Police Inspector Williams. * * U. S. Numerous benevolent and social organizations report the num- ber of their members and disbursements of benefits. The Ancient Order of Foresters : mem- bers in America, 30,4-8 ; total members, 115,000; benefits, $991,832. The Ancient Order of Hibernians of America: 100,000 members, and 6439,542 in disbursements during the last fiscal year. The Ancient Order of United Work- men : members in America, 325,000 ; benefits, ^0,015.021; total benefits, $49,- 405,900. The Brotherhood of Railroad Train- men : numbers, 25,000; total benefits, $1,671,983. The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks: numbers in the L'nited States, about 35,000; total benefits, $500,000 ±. The Catholic Knights of America: members, 24,000: benefits, $63G,917; total benefits, $5,179,300. The Catholic Mutual Benefit Associa- tion : members, 38,000; total benefits, $3,650,000. The Catholic Benevolent Legion : members, 32,000; benefits, $795,500; total benefits, $4,272,356. Equitable Aid Union : members, 37,- 460; benefits, $914,424; total benefits, $5,416,824. The Freemasons: 722.333 members in the United States and British America. The Fraternity of Modern Woodmen : members, 85.312: benefits, 6095,000; total benefits, $2,854,000. The Home Circle: members, 7,000; benefits, $145,000 ; total benefits, $1,- 250,000. The Fraternal Mystic Circle: mem- bers, 13,000 ; benefits, $128,994 ; total benefits, $501,328. The Improved Order of Heptasophs report 15,217 members, $173,000 in bene- fits distributed during the last fiscal year, and $1,012,000 since organization in 1878. The Independent Order of Rechabites : members in America, 2,360. The Improved Order of Red Men: members, 133,632; degree of Pocahontas, 19,918; total, 153,500; total benefits, $13,000,000. Independent Order of B'nai B'rith : members, 30,000; total benefits, $37,005,- 744. The Junior Order of United American Mechanics : members, 175.000 ; benefits, $289,790 ; total benefits, $1,220,338. The Knights and Ladies of Honor: 73.000 members, and $7,033,411 benefits distributed since organization. Knights of Honor: members, 129,128; total benefits, $40,423,392. Knights of the Maccabees : members, 96.33S ; total benefits, $1,869,541. The Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows : 746,484 members. The National Provident Union: mem- bers, 7,000 ; benefits, $167,000 ; total bene- fits, $851,950. The National Union: members, 44,- 67S ; benefits, $745,000 ; total benefits, $3,6S0,44S. The New England Order of Protec- tion : members, 14.990 : benefits, $133,000 ; total benefits, $558,000. The United Order of Pilgrim Fathers : members, 15,690; total benefits, $1,- 153,000. The Order of the Golden Chain: S.500 members, and $1,196,514 in disburse- ments since organization in 1881, and ©223,384 during the last fiscal year. The Order of Chosen Friends: mem- bers, 41,274; benefits, $1,019,500; total benefits, $7,936,450. The Order of Scottish Clans : mem- bers, 4,027; benefits, $71,500; total bene- fits. $327,974. The Order of United American Me- chanics : members, 50,464. The Order of United Friends: mem- bers, 20.104 ; benefits. $495,121 ; total benefits, $3,429,999. UNITED STATES. 1893, Dec. 15-** 447 The Royal Society of Good Fellows: 11,055 members, and $1,540,312 disburse- ments since organization. The Royal Templars of Temperance : members, 27,311 ; benefits, $130 ,742 ; total benefits, $5,479,762. The United Order of the Golden Cross : 20,257 members ; benefits during last fiscal year, $327,431 ; total benefits, $2,787,563. The Woodmen of the World: mem- bers, 23,000; benefits, $162,000; total benefits, $385,000. STATE. 1893 Dec. 15. D. C. Congress; House : A bill admitting New Mexico as a State is favorably reported from the Committee of the Whole. [June 28, 1894, amended and passed.] Dec. 18. D. C. Congress: A message from the President on Hawaii is read in both Houses ; Senate : The bill to admit Arizona is referred to the Com- mittee on Territories. [Aug. 3. Reported back with amendment.] Dec. 19. D. C. Congress: In the House, C. A. Boutelle of Me. moves im- mediate consideration of his resolution on Hawaii ; the motion is fiercely con- tested and defeated ; the "Wilson Tar- iff Bill to reduce taxation and provide revenue is introduced. [Jan. 8±. De- bated 45 times before the House ; Feb. 1. Amended and passed.] It puts on the free list raw sugar, wool, coal, lumber, and iron ore ; it re- duces the high-tariff duties on many ar- ticles, but recognizes the principle of protection. Dec. 20. D. C. Congress : The annual report of the Secretary of the Treas- ury is sent to the Senate and House. After its reception both Houses of Congress adjourn until Jan. 3. Mr. Carlisle estimates that there will he a deficit of $28,000,000 at the end of the present fiscal year, and asks for authority to issue $200,000,000 of bonds to meet that deficit and maintain the coin reserve : in the House the New York and New Jersey Bridge Bill, as amended in the Senate, is passed ; the minority report of the Committee on the Wilson Tariff Bill is presented. Dec. 21. Chicago. John P. Hopkins (Dom.) is elected mayor ; plurality, 1290. Dec. 28. U. S. A large number of pe- titions adverse to the Wilson Tariff Bill are receiving many signatures. Dec. 31. .D. C. The opinion of Justice Harlan of the Bering Sea Court of Arbitration is made public. * * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : -97 * * Ariz, Louis C. Hughes (Dem.). -95 * * Ark. Wm. M. Fishback (Dem.). -95 * * Colo. Davis H. Waite (Silver). -95 * * Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.). -95 * * Ida. "Wm. J. McConnell (Rep.) -97 * * III. John B. Altgeld (Dem.). -97 * * Ind. Claud Matthews (Dem.). -95 * * Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.). -95 * * Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.). -95 * * Minn. Knute Nelson (Rep.). -97 * * .l/o. "William J. Stone (Dem.). -95 * * Mont. John E. Rickards (Rep.). -95 * * X. H. John B. Smith (Rep.). -96 * * X. J. George T. Werts (Dem.). -97 * *X. C. Elias Carr (Dem.). -97* * X.Mex.(Ter.). "W.T.Thornton (Dem.). -95 * * X. Dale. Eli C. D. Shortridge (Silver). -95 * * S. Dak. C. H. Sheldon (Rep.). -97 * * Utah. Caleb "W. "West (Dem.). -97 * * Wash. John H. McGraw (Rep.). -97 * * W. Va. W. A. MacCorkle (D.). -97 * * Wyo. John E. Osborne (Dem.). * *X>. C. Principal department offi- cers of the Federal Government, the ambassadors, ministers, and envoys to foreign countries. All appointments were made in 1S93, except as noted. State Department. — Edwin F. Uhl, of Mich., Ass't Sec. ; A. A. Adee, of D. C. (1882), Sec- ond Ass't Sec. ; W. W. Rockliill, of N. Y. [1894], Third Ass't Sec. Treasury Department. — W. E. Curtis, of N. Y., Charles S. Hamlin, of Mass., Scott Wike, of 111., Ass't Sees. ; K. B. Bowler, of 0., Compt. of Treas. ; Charles H. Mansur, of Mo. [1S94J, .-l«'( Compt.; J. M. Comsrock, Of N. Y., Chief Customs Div. Ai'DiTOiis: E. P. Baldwin, of Md., Treas. ; T. Stobo Farrow, of S. C, War Dept. ; Sam'l Black- well, of Ala., Int'r Dept. ; Chas. B. Morton, of Me., Nan/ Dept. ; T'lios. Holcomb, of Del., State, etc. ; . Kusgles, Adj.- Gen. ; Bri>j;.-Gen. Joseph C. Breckinridge, of Ky. (1*891, Insp.-Gen. ; Brig.-Gen. Rich- ard N. Batchelder, of X. H. (189(1), Q. M. G. ; Brig.-Gen. Michael R. Morgan [1894], Com. Gen. ; Brig.-Gen. George M. Sternberg, Sura. -Gen.; Brig.-Gen. William Smith, of Vt. (1890), P. M. G.; Brig.-Gen. Thomas L. Casey, of R. I. (lusxi, chief of Ennineers; Brig.-Gen. Daniel W. Flagler, of N. Y. (1891), Chief of Ordnance; Col. Guido N. Lieber, of N. Y. (1HK4), Judae Adv.- Gen.; Brig.-Gen. AdolphusW. Greely,of La. (1887), Chief Signal Officer. Navy Department. — "William McAdoo, of N. J., Ass't Sec. Chiefs of Bukeatjs: Com. E. O. Matthews [1894], Yards and Docks; Rear-Adm. Francis M. Ramsay (1889), Navigation; Capt. W. T. Sampson, Ordnance; Paymaster-Gen. Edwin Stewart, of N. Y. (1890). Supplies and Accounts; Surg.-Gen. J. UuJus Trvon, Medicine; Philip Hichborn, Construction ; Commander F. E. Chadwick, Equipment. George W. Melville, of Fa. (1887i, Engineer-in-Chief; Capt, Sam- uel C. Lemley (1892), Judge Ad v.- Gen. ; Col. Chas. Hey wood (1891 >, Commandant of Ma- rine Corps. Post-Office Department. — Frank H. Jones, of ILL, First Ass't P. M. G.; Charles Neil- son, of Md. ;ls9-i\ Second Ass't P. M. G. ; Kerr Craige, of X. C, Third Ass't P. M. G. ; John L. Thomas, of Mo., Ass't Atty.-Gen.; N. M. Brooks, of Pa., Supt. Foreign Mails ; Edward M. Gadsden, of Ga., Supt. Money- Order; Jas. E. White, of 111., (1890), Gen. Supt. Railway M. S. ; Bernard Goode, of Mich., Supt. Dead Letter Office; M. D. "Wheeler, Chief P. 0. Inspector. Interior Department. — William H. Sims, of Miss., First Ass't Sec; J. M. Reynolds, 'of Pa., Ass't Sec. Commissioners : S. W. Lamoreaux, of Wis., Land Office; William Lochren, of Minn., Pensions; Daniel M. Browning, of 111., Ind. Affairs; John S. Seymour, of Ct., Patents; W. T. Harris, of Mass., Education ; Wade Hampton, of S. C, Railroads. C. D. Wright, of Mass. (acting) Supt. of Census; Chas. D. Walcott, of N. Y., Director of Geol- Surv. Whitney, of N. Y., Holmes Conrad, of Va., Joshua E. Dodge, of Mass., Charles B. Howry, of Miss., John I. Hall, of Ga., John L. Thomas, of Mo., Assistants. Department of Agriculture. — Charles W. Dabnev, Jr., of Tenn. [1894], Ass't Sec. ; M. W. Harrington, of Mich. (1892), Chief Weather Bureau. Government Printing Office. — T. E. Bene- dict, of N. Y. [1894], Gov't Printer. Department of Labor. — Carroll D. Wright, of Mass. (1888). Librarian of Congress. — Ainsworth R. Spof- fordof O. (1865). Government Directors in the TJnion Pa- cific R. R. Company. — E. Ellery Ander- son, of N. Y. ; J. W. Doane, of 111. ; Fitz- liugh Lee, of Va. ; J. W. Paddock, of Xeb. Civil Service Commissioners. — Charles Ly- man, of Conn. ; Theodore Roosevelt, of ST. Y. ; J. R. Proctor, of Ky. Interstate Commerce Commission. — Wm. R. Morrison, of 111., Chairman ; James D. Yeomans, of la. ; Judson C. Clements, of Ga. ; Martin A. Knapp, of N. Y. ; Wheelock G. Veazey, of Vt. Ambassadors. — James B. Eustis, at Paris; Theodore Runyon, at Berlin ; Thomas F. Bayard, at London ; Wayne MacVeagh, at Rome. Ministers Plenipotentiary. — W. J. Bu- chanan, at Buenos Ayres ; Bartlett Tripp, at Vienna ; James S. Ewing, at Brussels ; Thomas Moonlight, at La Paz ; Thomas L. Thompson, at Rio de Janeiro ; James D. Porter, at Santiago; Charles Denby (1885), at Peking ; Luther Y. McKinney, at Bogota ; Lewis Baker, at Managua ; John E. Risley, at Copenhagen; E. H. Strobel [1894], at Quito ; Eben Alexander, at Athens ; P. M. B. Young, at Guatemala ; A. S. Willis, at Honolulu ; Edwin Dun, at Tokio ; Isaac P. Gray, at City of Mexico ; W. E. Quinby, at The Hague; Granville Stuart [1894], at Montevideo ; James A. McKenzie, at Lima ; George W. Caruth, at Lisbon ; Clifton E. Breckinridge [1*94], at St. l'etersburg ; Han- nis Taylor, at Madrid ; Thomas B. Ferguson [1894], at Stockholm ; James O. Hroadhead, at Berne ; Alexander W. Terrell, at Con- stantinople ; S. Haselton [1894], at Caracas. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Dec. 15. Ky. More than 20 work- men are killed by tbe fall of part of a bridge in course of erection across the Ohio Kiver at Louisville. X. Y. A train falls through a tres- tle near Dunkirk ; 11 persons are killed. Dec. 17. Great distress is reported among the unemployed and their families in Brooklyn and places in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Dec. 23. Pa. Tbe Homestead iron-wprks are closed indefinitely ; 3,800 are out of work. X. Y. A large right whale is caught and killed near Southampton, Long Island. Dec. 28. Tex. A block of mercantile houses in Hillsboro is burned ; loss, §275,000. Dec. 30. N. Y. The plant of the Onon- daga Iron Company in Syracuse, which cost $400,000, is sold by the sheriff for $41,000. Dec. 31. IT. S. Statistics for 1S93. Production: Gold, $35,955,000; silver, $77,575,757 ; bushels of grain : Indian corn, 1,619,496,131; wheat, 395,131,725; oats, 638.854,850; barley, 69,869,495; rye, 26,555,446; buckwheat, 12.132,311; bales of cotton, 6,717,142 ; pounds of wool, 303,000.001) ; barrels of petroleum, 48,412,- 666. Currency in circulation, $1,596,701,- 245; per capita, 823.85. Immigrants re- ceived (fiscal year) 502,917. Fire-waste, S167 ,544,370; insurance loss. 8105,994.577. Total railroad accidents. 2,307; 7,346 persons areklled and 40,393 injured (year ending June 30). 448 1893, * *-1894, Jan. 24. AMERICA ARMY - NAVY. 1894 Jan. 18. The official trial board of the new unarmored cruiser Olym- pia announces her speed at 21.69 knots. Jan. 21+. The speed made by the un- armored cruiser Montgomery on her trial run is 19.056 knots an hour. Jan. 23. D. C. Com. John George "Walker is promoted rear-admiral U. S. N. [Also Apr. 11. Com. Francis M. Ram- say. Nov. 11. Com. Charles C. Carpen- ter.] Commander Henry Glass is promoted captain U. S. N. [Also Apr. 11. Com- mander Philip H. Cooper. Apr. 16. Commander Henry C. Taylor. July 10. Commander George H. Wadleigh. July 21. Commander A. S. Crowninshield. July 31. Commander Frank Wildes. Sept. 7. Commander James H. Sands. Sept. 16. Commander Yates Stirling. Nov. 11. Commander "William C. Wise.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Jan. 1. Cal. A memorial in honor of the landing of Sir Francis Drake on the Pacific coast is unveiled in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Jan. 3. N. Y. A large coal-deposit is found at Thod Bottom, Delaware County. Jan. 20. Kan. A party of 10 men from Winnipeg are killed by an avalanche in the Rocky Mountains. Tex. A hurricane at Dallas destroys property valued at §100,000. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Jan. 2. Potter, Orlando R, capitalist, A71. Wheeler, H. H., president American Dis- trict Telephone Co., A56. Craig, Oscar, president State Board of Charities, A58. McNierney, F., R. C. bp. of Albany, A 66. Jan. 3. Sanger, A. L., president Board of Education, A52. Clarkson, Lloyd, officer of G. A. R., A63. Jan. 5. Singer, Otto, music-teacher, com- poser, A61. Jan. 10. Bolles, Frank, secretary of Har- vard University, dies. Fairfax, Donald McNiell, rear-adm. U. S. N., A70. Jan, 15. Losse, \V\, lawyer, jurist, A71. Jan. 16. Beardsley, Nelson, president Cay- uga Bank, N. Y., for 54 years, A86. Jan. 19. Gaston, William L., lawyer, Gov. of Mass., A74. Jan. 20. Shafer, Helen, pres. of Wellesley College, A54. CHURCH. 1894 Jan. 21. yew York. A small portion of a bone of the Blessed Brother Gerard is exhibited in one of the churches ; it is venerated and kissed by many Roman Catholics. LETTERS. 1893 * * Voodoo Tales as Told Among the Negr.oes of the Southwest, by Mary A. Owen, appears. * * Hypnotism, Mes7nerism, and the New Witchoraft, by Ernest Hart, M.D., ap- pears. * * The New Era, by Josiah Strong, ap- pears. * * The Silver Situation in the United States, by F. W. Taussig, appears. * * Major-General Wayne, by Charles J. Stille, appears. * * The Meaning and Method of Life, by George M. Gould, appears. * * A New England Boyhood, by Edward Everett Hale, appears. * * A House-Hunter in Europe, by "William Henry Bishop, appears. * * Science and a Future Life, by Frederic W. H. Myers, appears. * * The People's Money, by "William L. Trenholm, appears. * * Many Inventions, by Rudyard Kip- ling, appears. * * English History for American Headers, by Thomas W. Higginson and Edward Channing, appears. * * Louis Agassiz, by Charles F. Holder, appears. * * Thomas Jefferson, by James Schouler, appears. * * General George H. Thomas, by Donn Piatt, appears. * * General Greene, by Francis Vinton Greene, appears. * * Twenty Years at Sea, by Frederick D. Thompson, appears. * * General Johnston, (Joseph E.), by Robert M. Hughes, appears. * * The Gilded Man, by A. F. Bandelier, appears. * * The Arctic Journal, by Robert E. Peary, appears. 1894 Jan. 5. New York. The New York State Art Teachers' Association is in session in Art Association Hall. Jan. 12. U. I. President Andrews of Brown University declines an offer of the co-presidency of the University of Chicago. Jan. 19. Mass. Harvard defeats Yale in the joint debate at Cambridge. SOCIETY. 1894 Jan. 1. Boston. The Knights of Labor enter a protest gainst the low rate of wages — $1.50 a day — paid by the Citizens' Relief Committee to the men employed by it. Jan. 3. Chicago. It is announced that W. Campbell, president of the Illinois Electrical Forging Company, has disap- peared, and S-15,000 are also missing. O. Burglars at Kenton torture an old man by burning his feet with hot irons to make him tell where his money is secreted ; they secure about $100 in money and valuables. Jan. 4. New York. Dr. Parkhurst's so- ciety issues a statement of its efforts to secure the indictment of Police Inspector Williams and Capt. Sehmittberger, and the evidence in the cases. (See Sept. 11.) Jan. 6. Neio York. "W. H. Grimm is sen- tenced to Sing Sing prison for four years and six months for marrying four wives — all are now living. Jan. 7. Chicago. By order of Chief of Police Brennan, all the gambling-houses are closed. Ky. "White Caps terrorize three counties; one man is killed and many severely whipped. Mich. 0. W. Leggett of Ganges fc seri- ously injured by opening a box received by mail which proves to be an infernal machine. Jan. 9. Cal. A gigantic smuggling ring, employing three vessels in its operations, i's discovered at Ban Fran- cisco ; several arrests are made. N. Y. John Y. McKane and his associates decline to plead in Brooklyn, and their counsel move to quash the indictments against them. [Jan. 11. Denied by Judge Bartlett. Jan. 12. McKane pleads "not guilty'* to several indictments.] Jan. 10. Mo. Five masked men stop and rob an express-train near St. Joseph. Jan. 12. Kan. A colored man in Sabina is allowed by a jury two dollars for the loss of his son, who was hanged by a mob last April. O. A negro is hanged by a mob near Cincinnati for the murder of an old couple a month ago. Jan. 13. Ala. Burglars raid the vil- lage of Courtland, Lawrence County, breaking open every business house in the place. Jan. 16. Wis. R. J. Peschmann, lessee of the Cream City Hotel bar, Milwaukee, confesses to murdering Mrs. Annie Schrums for her money, and setting tire to her room in his hotel to cover the Jan. 17. N. Y. The cruelty case against Superintendent Brock way of the Elmira Reformatory is dismissed. [Mar. 19. The report of the State Board of Chari- ties sustains most of the charges against him. Dec. 10. Gov. Flower dismisses the charges.] S. Dak. Alexander Ross, cashier of the First National Bank of Lead City, is arrested for embezzling funds of the bank to the amount of S'24,893. Jan. 19. JBTew York. Three New York policemen are arraigned by the Lexow Committee, charged with levying black- mail on pushcart venders ; all plead not guilty. The fourth annual dinner in honor of the birthday of Gen. R. E. Lee is given by the Confederate Veteran Camp of New York. Jan. 21. Conn. The Bridgeport Trac- tion Company's men strike ; the mayor reads the riot act to the men. Fla. Troops are ordered to Jackson- ville by the governor to stop the Cor- bett-Mitchell prize-fight proposed to be fought there. Jan. 23. Colo. President M. H. Smith of the Bank of Sterling is sentenced to the penitentiary for three years for re- ceiving money on deposit after the bank became insolvent. Pa. Treasurer "W. T. Zell is de- clared an embezzler by officers of the Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal Company. Jan. 24. Fla. Judge Call issues an in- junction restraining the sheriff of Duyal County from interfering with the Cor- bett-MitcheU fight. STATE. 1894 Jan. 2. D. C. Congress: The majority of the House Ways and Means Committee decides to recommend an income tax of two per cent on incomes over $4,000 a year, to advance the tax on UNITED STATES. 1893, ** -1894, Jan. 24. 449 whisky ten cents a gallon, and to im- pose a tax of two cents a pack on play- ing-cards. The Treasury Department reports the public debt increased $7,000,000 in De- cember. Jan. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Senate William P. Frye of Me. introduces a resolution ordering Executive non-in- terference in Hawaiian affairs pending investigation ; in the House Charles A. Boutelle of Me. endeavors to have his resolution on the Hawaiian question considered before the Tariff Bill, but fails ; Richard P. Bland's bill to coin the silver bullion held in the Treasury is referred to the Committee on Coin- age, Weights, and Measures. Jan. 4. D. C. Congress: Senate does little business ; House without a quo- New York. The Chamber of Com- merce declares in favor of an issue of $200,000,000 in Government bonds. Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: Senate not in session ; House without a quorum. Jan. 6. D. C. Congress: Senate not in session ; House without a quorum. A resolution ordering the sergeant-alarms to arrest absent members is adopted. Jan. 7. U. S. It is announced that the TJ. S. revenue cutter Corwin, at San Francisco, brings news that the Queen of the Hawaiian Islands has notified Minister Willis that she is willing to comply with the conditions he demanded of her, but had heretofore rejected ; also that the U. S. Minister requested the Provisional Government to resign in her favor, and it refused to comply with the request. Jan. 8. D. C. Congress : In the House William L. "Wilson of "W. Va. begins debate on the Tariff Bill after the date for a final vote on the bill has been fixed for Jan. 29. [The Tariff is dis- cussed almost exclusively till the final vote is taken. The Federal Elections Bill nearly monopolizes the business of the Senate.] N. J The race-track laws passed by the last Legislature are declared un- constitutional by the State Supreme Court. Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate decides to take up the bill for the repeal of the Federal Elections Law as " un- finished " business on Jan. 15. N. J. The Democratic Senators hastily organize ; President Adrian re- fuses to accept the credentials of the Republican Senators-elect ; the Repub- licans retire to a Senate committee-room and organize, making two bodies ; Gov. AVerts sends his message to the Demo- cratic body. Jan. 10. Colo. The extra session of the Legislature meets at Denver ; the Senate refuses to print Gov. Waite's message. N. J. The Republican Senators forcetheir way into the Senate-chamber at Trenton ; a bill repealing the race- track law is passed by both Houses, and sent to Gov. Werts for his signature. Jan. 11. D. C. Mr. Carter resigns the chairmanship of the Republican Na- tional Committee at its session in Washington, and Joseph H. Manley is elected his successor. N. J. The Democrats again seize the Senate-chamber at Trenton, and forci- bly eject several (Rep.) Senators-elect. Utah. In accordance with the man- date from the TJ. S. Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Utah enters a decree ordering the receiver to turn over to the First Presidency of the Mormon Church all money in his possession — $438,174 — derived from personal property. Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: Senate not in session ; the President sends to the House the Hawaiian correspondence accompanied by a brief message. Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; House : De- bate on the Tariff Bill under the five- minutes rule is begun. A letter written by Secretary Carlisle to the chairman of the Senate Commit- tee of Finance, urging the Immediate anthorization of an issue of bonds, is made public. Mass. A bill providing for biennial sessions is introduced into the Legisla- ture. N. Y. John Y. McKane tries to wrest the gavel from the Supervisor at Large at the meeting <>f the Kings County Board of Supervisors, and with his col- leagues undertakes to carry on a meet- ing in violation of the law. Jan. 16. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- ate debate is begun on the bill for the repeal of the Federal Election Laws. N. J. Both of the Senates appoint committees of conference ; standing committees are announced in the House and Republican Senate. W. Va. The Senate provides that the State's portion of the debt of the old State of Virginia be settled by commis- sioners appointed by both States. Jan. 17. D. C. Congress; Senate : The Civil Service extension and the repeal of the Federal Election Laws are dis- cussed ; the House votes that the wool schedules of the Wilson Tariff Bill shall go into effect with the rest of the act. Secretary Carlisle issues a circular offering for public subscription $50,- 000,000 ten-year 5 per cent bonds. Jan. 18. I). C. Congress; Senate : W. A. Peffer of Kan. and W. V. Allen of Neb. introduce resolutions denouncing the proposed bond-issue ; in the House J. C. Burrows's amendment, substi- tuting the wool schedule of the McKin- ley Bill for that of the bill now under discussion, is defeated. Jan. 19. D. C. Congress: Senate not in session ; the House passes the Okla- homa Town Sites Entry Bill, requir- ing railroads to establish stations and depots at town sites fixed by the In- terior Department, in the Territories. Jan. 20. D. C. Congress : Senate not in session. President Cleveland vetoes the New York and New Jersey Bridge Bill. Jan. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen ate another message and more corre- spondence on the Hawaiian question is received from President Cleveland ; amendments to the Wilson Bill, re- pealing the bounty on sugar and putting refined sugar on the free list, are adopted in the House Committee of the Whole. la. The Supreme Court at Des Moines decides that the Prohibition Amendment of 1882 was not constitu- tionally adopted, and is therefore void. N. J. The Democratic Senators re- ject the Republican propositions for harmony ; the Republican Senators send a communication to Gov. Werts, asking his cooperation in organizing the lawful Senate. Jan. 23. D. C. Congress: The House votes down amendments to the Wilson Bill putting a duty on coal. Jan. 24. D. C. Congress: The House rejects all amendments to the iron ore schedule of the Tariff Bill; the In- ternal Revenue Bill is reported, with the income tax included, by the com- mittee, who vote 9-7. N. Y. The Forestry Commission proposes to acquire 1,200,000 acres in the Adirondacks, and 100,000 acres in theCatskill region, for State-park pur- poses, at a total cost of $3,515,134. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Jan. 2. Kan. Four persons are killed and as many injured by a train- wreck near Lawrence. Jan. 3. 0. A fire in Toledo destroys property valued at $1,000,000. Jan. 6. Kan. A large body of under- ground water is found in Ford and ad- joining counties ; farmers intend to sink wells about one mile apart, and dig ditches in order to irrigate the country thereabouts. Jan. 8. Chicago, The Manufacturers' Building in the World's Fair grounds, containing 20.000 crises of exhibits await- ing removal, the Music Hall, the Peri- style, and Casino are burned; loss on buildings, $800,000 ; on exhibits, §200,000. Jan. 15. N. J. Eleven persons are killed and 44 injured by a train collision at Hackensack. - — O. Organized unemployed men in Cincinnati refuse to accept work from the Associated Charities at SI a day. Jan. 17. N. Y. The cost up to 1894 of the unfinished State Capitol at Albany is $20,726,971.15. Wash. Over 12,000,000 bushels of wheat are destroyed by rains in east- ern Washington. Jan. 19. Ky. The City Council of Louis- ville annexes all suburbs, including five towns, adding 20,000 to the city's population. Cal. The Chinese Six Companies order their laborers to register. [Many of them do so.] Jan. 23. New York. The Normannia, of the Hamburg-American Line, is com- pelled to return to port much dam- aged by a tidal wave ; loss, ©50,000 to the vessel and about the same to the Jan. 24. Tenn. At Coal Creek 50 con- victs escape from a stockade. Tex. By the explosion of a stick of dynamite in a train smoking-car stove at Marcos, two men are killed and six seriously injured. 450 1894, Jan. 25 -Feb. 20. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1894 Jan. * U. S. The Naval He- serve numbers 2,45G men. Feb. 2. The war-ship Kearsarge is wrecked on a rock in the Caribbean Sea, two officers and crew being saved. Feb. 11. D. C. The militia force of the United States as reported to Con- gress aggregates 112,000 men. Charles K. Barnett is commissioned ma- jor — quartermaster department. [Feb. 22. Henry S. Kilbourne — medical de- partment. Mar. 1. Gilbert S. Carpen- ter— 4th infantry. Mar. 8. Carle A. Woodruff— 2d artillery. Mar. 12. Ab- ram A. Harbach— ISth infantry. Mar. 13. James C. Merrill — medical depart- ment.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Jan. 27. N. Mex. Gold is dis- covered near Sorocco. Feb. 7. Cal. An earthquake shakes San Jos 6. [Also May 24. St. Louis, Mo. July 30. Three shocks at Los Angeles, Cal. Aug. 10. Three shocks at Memphis, Tenn. Nov. 23. Slight shocks in Connecticut and West Virginia.] Feb. 8. La. A tornado strikes Port Hudson, demolishing a number of houses. [Feb. 19. Arkansas is visited.] Feb. 10. Ltd. A vein of gold assaying $80 a ton is discovered in a stone-quarry near Portland. Feb. 13. N. Y. Surveys are being made for the new East River bridge in Wil- liamsburg, Brooklyn. . Okla. — /. T. More than 30 persons perish in a blizzard ; thousands of cat- tle are lost. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Jan. 29. Calkins, W. H., lawyer, jurist, A52. Fsb. 3. Childs. George William, editor Public Ledtjt r, philanthropist, A64. Feb. 4. Wilkinson, Morton S., senator for Minn., lawyer, A75. Feb. 9. Honk, George W., M. C. for O., dies. Casey, T. A., vicar-gen. of R. C. diocese of Erie, dies. Feb. 17. Rotton, Otto, physician, of Brook- lyn, A83. Feb. 19. Keppler, Joseph, cartoonist, an editor of Puck, A56. Feb. 20. Smith, John M., horticulturist, ASH. CHURCH. 1894 Feb. 2. Vt. Arthur C. A. Hall is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Vermont. Feb. 9. N. r. Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, observes the 7th anniversary of the death of Henry Ward Beecher. Feb. 18. la. Protestant ministers at Sioux City make a concerted attack upon the American Protective Asso- ciation, and urge their congregations to shun it. New York. Russians for the first time in this city attend the service of the Greek Orthodox Church conducted in the native language. SOCIETY. 1894 Jan. 25. Conn. A dozen Dan- bury hat manufacturers reopen their shops, but less than 00 men return to work. [Jan. 26. Hundreds return. Feb. 1. The union men decide to work in nun- union factories; the strike has collapsed. ] Fla. The Corbett-Mitehell prize- fight takes place at Jacksonville with- out interference ; Corbett wins in the third round ; both men are arrested, and give bail. /. T. A band of train-robbers is captured by police ; one of the gang is killed and another wounded. N. Y. The trial of John Y. McKane begins at Brooklyn. Phila. The National Conference on Good City Government begins a two days' session. Jan. 26. Chicago. Alderman Jeremiah H. Mulvihill is fatally wounded in " Ed." Hussey's saloon by " Mike" Frewer. Jan. 27. N. Y. Robert Morrison shoots and mortally wounds his mother at Kingsbridge because she reprimands him for getting drunk. N. Y. Two Italian counterfeiters are arrested while at work in South Brooklyn, and four presses, a forge, seven dies, crucibles, gold, silver, tin, and other metals and machinery, are seized. Pa. A mob of strikers makes an attack upon working miners at Wood- ville ; rioting squads of about one hun- dred men each are going from mine to mine intimidating miners at work. Jan. 28. N. J. The certificate of incor- poration of the Daisy Fields Home and Hospital for Crippled Children, located at Englewood, is filed. Jan. 30. S. C. Liquor-stores in Charleston are raided by the police and an armed force. Jan. 31. Cal. A gang of ruffians makes an attack upon the private car of Mrs. Leland Stanford at Vina. Feb. 1. Pa. Ten anarchist miners are arrested in a settlement of Slavs and Italians near Mansfield. N. C. — Tenn. A fight takes place between farmers while working on the road on the Madison County line, next to Tennessee ; six are killed and 14 wounded. Feb. 3 . Boston. Albert Johnson shoots his sweetheart, Carrie Andrews, and kills himself, on account of breaking of her engagement. Lnd. James Arnold, of the bank of James Arnold and Co., Columbia City, flees ; he is charged with embezzling $100,000. Feb. 4. N. Y. A shortage of $19,000 is found in the accounts of Cashier W. D. Lohmann of the Brooklyn Excise Department ; he has disappeared. Feb. 5. Kij. A fatal fight occurs at Harlan Court-house ; one man is killed and one fatally injured. New York. Inspector Williams re- ports that he could rind nothing immoral in Capt. Slevin's precinct, as charged by Dr. Parkhurst. Tenn. President G. N. Henson, of the Citizens' Bank and Trust Company of Chattanooga, shoots and kills J. B. Werts, a well-known insurance man, and is arrested. Feb. 6. New York. A police census shows that 52,592 males and 14,6SS females are out of work, their fami- lies including 206,701 persons ; 39,311 families are in need of assistance. Feb. 7. A f ew York. Hungry people are ducking to relief-stores. Feb. 8. Tex. Sheriff A. Dickson is shot and killed by the Texan outlaw Braddock, and one of the sheriff's posse kills Braddock. Feb. 9. N. Y. John w. Love, resident of Watkins, and cashier <_.f the First Na- tional Bank <.f that Village, absconds with $50,000 of the bank's funds. Feb. 11. Ind. The grand jury of Whit- ley County returns twenty indictments against three banking officers forswin- dling 150 farmers out of their wheat and money. Mo. Judge Caldwell at St. Louis re- fuses to restrain the Northern Pacific Railroad employees from striking while the road is in the hands of a receiver. Feb. 12. New York. The committee ap- pointed by Mayor Gilroy to consider means to help the unemployed de- cides to raise $500,000, and subscribes 560,000 at once. Pa. The trial of 5S striking miners for rioting begins at Pittsburg. Feb. 13. Ky. A fight occurs between the Turner-Nolin families in Harlan County ; one woman is killed. S. C. The Charleston Chamber of Commerce celebrates its 110th anniver- sary with a banquet. Feb. 14. N.J. Silk-workers at Phillips- burg are attacked by strikers. Feb. 15. B.C. The26thannualeonven- tion of the National Woman Suffrage Association opens at Washington, with delegates from all parts of the United States. X. F. The jury in the John T. Mc- Kane case, after being out 20 hours, returns a verdict of g^iilty, with recommendation for mercy on ac- count of the many respectable witnesses that testified to his generally good pri- vate character. [Feb. 19. He is sentenced to imprison- ment for sis years in Sing Sing.] New York. D. J. Buckley, convicted of having permitted repeating at an elec- tion, is sentenced by Judge Barrett to a fine of $500 and imprisonment for one year in the penitentiary. Feb. 16. Cat. A Southern Pacific ex- press-train is ditched and robbed ; the robbers kill two men and injure two others. Lid. Supt. John Dingledey, of the Wernie Orphans' House, Richmond, is convicted of cruelty t<> the inmates, and New York. All the large silk facto- ries shut down on account of a strike of the employees for higher wages. Matthew Green is convicted of man- slaughter in the second degree for kick- ing to death James llalstead in July last. [He is sentenced to Imprisonment for five years.] Feb. 17. Chicago. The Continental Na- tional Bank is swindled by cashing two raised checks — one for $3,500 raised from $35, and one for $3,300 from $33. Lid. A large number of men at In- dianapolis call upon the mayor and Board of Public Works, demanding employment. Xeiv York. The Citizens* Relief Fund for the unemployed amounts to $75,000. UNITED STATES. 1894, Jan. 25 -Feb. 20. 451 Patrick J. Finn is arraigned for ab- stracting packets from the mails in the post-office; he admits his guilt, and is held in §1,500 bail. Feb. 18. New York. An attempt to ar- rest four Italians results in a community fight on the East Side. O. Three thousand miners are thrown out of employment in conse- quence of a dispute as to wages. Pa. A non-unionist kills a man in a saloon brawl in Sayre for calling him a " scab." STATE. 1894 Jan. 25. D. C. The Democratic caucus in Washington votes to make the Internal Revenue Bill, including the in- come-tax, an amendment to the Tariff Bill. Jan. 27. D. C. Congress; House : The time for the debate on the Tariff Bill is extended until Feb. 1, and several amendments to the bill are adopted. Jan. 29. D.C. Congress ; House : The Internal Revenue Bill is offered as an amendment to the Tariff Bill, and supported by Benton McMillin of Tenn. [Jan. 31. Accepted.] President Dole's reply to Minister Willis's demand for more specific charges is received at Washington. J"an. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate: John Sherman of O. upholds the right of the Secretary of the Treasury to issue bonds. Boston — New York. Jfew York bankers agree to subscribe for $30,000,- 000 of the new U. S. bonds, and a Boston syndicate will take SS.000,000. N. Y. The Senate unanimously adopts resolutions for investigating the New York City Police Department (Lexow Committee). [Jan. 31. The Committee : Senators Lexow, O'Connor, Kobertson, Pound, Saxton, Cantor, and Bradley.] Two bills are presented in the Legisla- ture to remove restrictions on Sunday liquor-selling in New York City and. Brooklyn. Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates the Stewart bond resolution denying the legality of the sale. Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates Secretary Carlisle's bond is- sue ; in the House the tariff debate closes ; the Wilson Bill passes. Vote, 204-140. Secretary Herbert sends a despatch to Adm. Benham approving his course at Rio de Janeiro on Jan. 30. (See p. 558.) JTeb. 2. D.C. Congress : In the Senate W. F. Vilas of Wis. defends the purpose of the Secretary of the Treasury to use, for current expenses, the money received from the sale of bonds ; the Tariff Bill is received from the House, and referred to the Committee on Finance. Feb. 3. D.C. Congress; House: The Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill is introduced. The Secretary of the Treasury an- nounces that the entire $50,000,000 of the new bond issue has been awarded. Ga. The Controller refuses to audit the bills of the State militia ordered out hy Gov. Northen to prevent the Corbett- Mitchell fight. V. J. Gov. Werts refuses to receive bills passed by the Legislature; the bills are left on his desk by the Committee. Feb. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate Finance Committee decides to give no tariff hearings ; in the House debate on the Hawaiian Resolutions is finished ; the Blair amendment and the Hitt sub- stitute are rejected. Feb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate repeals the Federal Election Laws. Vote, 39-28. [Approved Feb. 8.] The House approves of the McCreary Ha- waiian resolutions. Vote, 177-78. B. P. Bland of Mo. precipitates a fight over silver by the introduction of the bill for the coining of seigniorage ; it is ap- proved by the majority of the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. Feb. 8. D. C. Congress ; House : The Bland Bill to coin the silver seignior- age is taken up. Kan. The Supreme Court at Topeka renders a decision that Gov. Lewelling cannot remove Mary Ellen Lease from the State Charities Board. N. Y. The Greater New York BiU passes the Assembly. Vote, 106-7. [Apr. 27. It passes the Senate.] The scheme of consolidation having been approved by a majority of the citi- zens, a commission is provided for by the Legislature to give it effect. The combined area is 359.75 square miles ; combined population, 2,985,422. New York, Brooklyn, Richmond County, Flushing, part of Hempstead, Jamaica, Long Island City, Newtown, Jamaica Bay, East Chester, West Chester, and Pelham towns are all united in one municipality. Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate is not in session ; in the House debate on the hill to coin silver seigniorage is continued. The envoys of Brazil and the Ar- gentine Republic submit their cases to President Cleveland, who has con- sented to act as arbitrator in the boun- dary disputes between the two countries. Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The House amends and passes the Urgent Defi- ciency Appropriation Bill introduced Feb. 7. Ark. Judge Williamson of the State Circuit Court at Little Bock decides that the State tax on express and other corporations is unconstitutional. Feb. 13. D. C. House debate on the Bland Seigniorage Bill is continued. Mass. The House passes a bill to abolish the annual Fast Day. Vote, 109-59. [It becomes a law.] Feb. 14. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates the bill for the extermination of the Russian thistle (bill introduced Feb. 1). [Nine discussions follow]. In the House the debate on the Bland Bill is continued. Feb. 15. D.C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Town Sites Entry BiU. [Aug. 1. House concurs. Aug. 10. Approved by the President.] President Dole's (Hawaii) reply to Minister Willis's recent questions is made public. Feb. 16. D. C. Congress; House : The Boutelle Hawaiian Resolution is passed ; the President is requested to furnish information on Hawaii. Feb. 17. A'aii. Mrs. Lease refuses propositions made by Gov. Lewelling. He proposes that she stop fighting the State Administration, resign from the State Board of Charities, keep out of the Populist State Convention, and ac- cept a place on the Board of Regents of the State University, and be paid all ex- penses she has incurred. Feb. 20. D. C. Congress: Senate: John W. Daniel of Va. continues his defense of the Administration's Ha- waiian policy ; the Finance Committee reports the revised Tariff Bill. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Jan. 25. N. Y. The turbine wheels of the great Niagara tunnel are started. Jan. 26. XT. J. The 100th anniver- sary of Westfield is celebrated. Jan. 27. Cat. The Midwinter Fair in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, is formally opened. Jan. 28. Me. A fire at Bath destroys $500,000 worth of property. Feb. 1. Chicago. A warehouse is burned ; 25 employees are rescued ; loss, $130,000. Feb. 2. Mass. Spanish doubloons, jew- elry, and gold watches are found by workmen in an old colonial hotel in Waltham. Feb. 3. Ky. The Lin coln Homestead in La Rue County is bought by a syndi- cate. Feb. 4. New York. The Chinese cele- brate their New Year. Feb. 5. Ga. A fire in Savannah de- stroys property worth §500,000. Feb. 9. Me. The first steel sailing- ship ever built in New England is ready for launching at Bath. Feb. 10+. Boston. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is putting forth effort to suppress the ornamental lizard traffic. Mich. The large agricultural im- plement works at Lansing are destroyed by lire, caused by the explosion of a molding-pot ; the loss is estimated at $750,000. Feb. 11. Conn. Fire partially destroys the Colt's Firearms Factory at Hart- ford; loss, 8250,000. Feb. 12. O. Four men are killed in a railroad collision, which occurs be- cause of the signals being hidden by snow. Feb. 13. Chicago. More "World's Fair buildings are burned by incen- diaries. Pa. At Plymouth 13 men are buried alive by a cave-in in a mine. Feb. 16. Chicago. It is announced that a dividend of 10 per cent will be paid to "World's Fair stockholders. Kan. Much destitution is reported. Feb. 17. Ind. Near West Muncie a 4,000,000-foot gas- well, belonging to the Indiana Iron Company, takes fire. Feb. 18. Chicago. Another fire of in- cendiary origin occurs in the Illinois Building at the World's Fair. O. Pending their acceptance of the terms of the operators, 3,000 miners are thrown out of work. 452 1894, Feb. 20-Mar. 15. ARMY — NAVY. 1894 Mar. 1. T>. C. Alfred T. Smith is commissioned colonel — 13th infantry. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Feb. 23. New York. The north- ern lights make a splendid display over this city and vicinity. Feb. 24. Colo. The heaviest snowfall in 12 years covers Colorado. Feb. 25. O. A phenomenal oil-well is opened in the Fostoria iields, flowing oil over the whole neighborhood at the rate of 7,500 barrels a day. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Feb. 22. Woodward, E. T., com. V. S. N-, dies. . Feb. 24. Mnnro, Norman L., publisher of cheap libraries, dies. Feb. 25. Mackaye, Steele, dramatist, ac- tor, dies. Mar. 1. Downey, John G., Gov. of Cal., A67. Mar. 2. Earl v, .Tubal A., < 'on fed. gen., A78. Mar. 7. Frost, Kufus S.. president National Association Woolen .Manufacturers, A68. Mar. 10. Nevins, N., bandmaster, leader of troops through Ga., A61- LETTERS. 1894 Feb. 21. N. Y. One death oc- curs and several persons are prostrated by chlorine gas conveyed by Cornell Sophomores into the banquet-hall of the Freshmen. Mar. 13 Pa. The Central Board of Education at Pittsburg, by a vote of 29 to 2, refuses to pay any teacher ap- pearing in the public schools in the garb or insignia of any religious order, the same being in conflict with the State Constitution. Mar. 14. Mass. The will of Mrs. Mary Hemenway of Milton provides that the income of an estate of $15,000,000 shall be used for educational pur- poses. SOCIETY. 1894 Feb. 20. Boston. After listen- ing to addresses by socialist and anarch- ist speakers, about 2,000 unemployed ■working men march to the State House and demand work ; they are dis- persed by the police. O. Gov. and Mrs. McKinley's debts are all paid and their property returned to them by trustees who have raised the money without the governor's consent. Tex. Three men and a child are shot to death in the Grand Central Depot in Houston by Jim Mitchell of Richmond, Fort Bend County. Feb. 21. New York. Erastus Wiman is arrested and committed to the Tombs on two indictments charging forgery. [He is finally acquitted.*] The "Newspaper Publishers' Asso- ciation of America begins its sessions ; 200 representatives are present. Feb. 22. Ala. The third annual Tus- kegee "Negro Conference meets ; 600 black-belt negro farmers are present. AMERICA t other acts N. Y. The new rules of the Brook- lyn Excise Commissioners bring oat the fact that brewers have $500,000 invested in saloons, and have a large number of licenses locked up in their safes. Feb. 23. Boston. The Municipal League perfects a permanent organiza- tion for purifying city politics. New York. The offices of 16 physi- cians charged with criminal operations are raided by Central Office detectives. Neb. A gang of female counter- feiters is discovered in Omaha. Feb. 24. Pa. Richard Prior kills Christian Ehrleck at his residence at White Oak Run, fatally wounds his wife, steals what money he can find, and makes his escape. Feb. 28. Minn. Bad-Debt Agency swindlers defraud a number of people ; aggregate amount of frauds, S30,000. Tex. Two smugglers, with 1,746 opals hid in the lining of their coats, are captured at El Paso. Mar. 1. N. Y. F. Koelzler, of Dolge- ville, kills his wife and four children, and then kills himself. Mar. 3. Miss. A Populist member of the Missouri Legislature kills a Demo- cratic member at Kosciusko ; two other men are killed at the same time. 71*. Va. Striking railroad bridge a of violence. [Mar. 5. They burn coal-cars and at- tempt the destruction of other property ; the governor calls out the militia. Mar. 28. Striking miners fight the working miners ; a number are killed and wounded. June 1. Strikers destroy the Shore Line Railroad bridge at Cannel- ton, over which coal is shipped north. June 2. Strikers compel the train-crews to return the loaded coal-trains to the Wheeling-Creek mines. June 4. Four working miners are fired upon at Pow- ellton, from ambush, while returning from work.] Mar. 5. Ala. Six Federal officers at Birmingham are indicted for defrauding the Government of nearly §250,000. Mar. 6. New York. The aldermen re- quest Mayor Gilroy to fly the Irish flag on the City Hall on St. Patrick's Day. Police Captains Price and Martens are on trial before the Police Commissioners. [Mar. 16. Capt. Westervelt also. Apr- 9. Capt. O'Connor. Apr. 20. Capts. Martens and Slevin are charged with neglect of duty. Aug. 1. The Police Commissioners' dismiss the charges against Capt. Price.] N. Y. Robert Ross, a watcher at the polls, is killed and several wounded at a polling-place in Troy. [Mar. 8. Citizens in mass-meeting name a Committee of One Hundred to secure the punishment of the murderer. Mar. 11. The committee is constituted a permanent body to secure good govern- ment.] Mar. 8. Chicago. Daniel Coughlin is fi- nally acquitted of the charge of com- plicity in the assassination of Dr. P. H. Cronin. Mar. 9. N. J. Strikers make trouble at Paterson ; the police protect non-union men from being stoned. Mar. 9-Dec. 29. Nero York. The Lexow Senate Committee (appointed Jan. 31) investigates numerous charges publicly made against the Police De- partment by Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst and others; chfei accusation, bribery and complicity with criminals. (Mae. 9.) The committee bold* its flrsl ' -i ing in the < lounty Court-house ; William Sutherland, counsel (APE. 13.) William \V. Gofl is ap- pointed counsel. (JUKE I.) Evidence shows that the police levied blackmail upon keepers <-i disorderly houses. (Junk 7. t Civil Justice Roesch ad- mits that he received $100 from .Mrs. Thurow which he formerly denied ; he Bays it was a fee to him as a lawyer in payment for counsel given to his client. (JUNE 8.) More witnesses testify to police blackmail and intimidation, es- pecially implicating Capt. Price and his ward man. (JUNE 13. > Evidenceof blackmail and extortion implicating Police Captain Murphy is brought out. (JUNE 14.) Evidence shows that pro- tection has been given by police to 11 green goods " swindlers in return ior money. (June 15.) Evidence is given proving the existence of a Bohemian liquor- dealers' organization to secure police protection. (June 18.) Testimony associate* Po- lice Justice Patrick Divver with " bun- (June 21.) Evidence before the Sen- ate Committee shows that business men, including shipowners, have been obliged to pay tribute to the police to secure immunity from persecution in various ways. (June 26.) Testimony before the Lex- ow Committee shows that many mer- chants have been blackmailed by police- men ; also that one police captain paid $15,000 for his appointment. (June 27.) " Chinatown " is shown to be a fruitful place for police blackmail. (June 30.) The committee adjourns to Sept. 10. (Sept. 10.) Testimony is given charg- ing police captains with receiving bribes from '• green goods " swindlers. (SEPT. 11.) Police Inspector Williams is accused of receiving a bribe of $500 when captain. (Sept. 12.) The committee adjourns to Oct. 1. (OCT. 2.) Testimony show? that there has been absolute disregard of law by the police, and that they have been shielded from punishment. (Oct. 3.) A policeman, proved to be a blackmailer, threatens his accuser, in the court-room, with murder. (Oct. 9.) Policeman DeGann testifies that, because he refused to pay to Capt. Schmittberger all instead of half of the money he got for working overtime, he was transferred to another post. (Oct. 11.) A. F. Forget, of the French Line of steamers, testifies that Capt. Schmittberger demanded and gut $500 from him for dock privileges. [The captain is indicted by the grand jury for perjury, and arrested on Oct. 27.]* (Oct. 16.) Testimony is given relative to colonization and registration frauds. (Oct. 18.) Testimony shows that ex- Assemblyman Philip Wissig and his son threatened to kill an innocent man, and that the son made a brutal assault on him. (Oct. 29.) Police Commissioner John C. Sheehan in his testimony blames Su- perintendent Byrnes for the police cor- ruption of the city, the superintendent not having enforced the laws. (Oct. 30.) Police Commissioner Shee- han defies the committee by refusing to produce his private bank-books, which he has been ordered to do. UNITED STATES. 1894, Feb. 20 -Mar. 15. 453 (Nov. 1.) Commissioner W, S. An- drews, of the Street Cleaning Depart- ment, is accused of having received a bribe of $500 when a member of the Ex- cise Board. (Nov. 2.) Police Justice Hogan and several police captains are implicated in testimony. (DEC. 6.) Evidence shows that money was paid to police to protect prize-fights. {Deo. 13.) A city contractor testifies that he had sent a number of checks to Richard Croker as head of Tammany Hall ; also that a fund of $15,uUU was raised for Police Captain Creeden about the time of his promotion to his present office. (Dec. IS.) Evidence shows that large payments of money were made to In- spector Steers. (Dec. 21.) Evidence implicates In- spectors Williams and McAvoy, Corn- Martin and Sheehan, and [Mar. 19. He is sentenced to imprison- ment for one year andftSOO fine. Mar. 22. Justice Newton pleads guilty and is sen- tenced to nine months' imprisonment and $500 fine. Mar. 2G. The court sen- tences 1G election inspectors to impris- onment for various terms, varying from 29 days to six months; three are fined $500, and three $250.] other officials. (Dec. 29.) The committee holds its last session; Superintendent Brynes is examined, and then the committee ad- journs without day. Mar. 10. Chicago. The Columbian Guards strike at Jackson Park ; only eight are left to guard the "World's Fair Buildings. iV. F. Investigation shows that about $200,000 of school funds paid to John Y- McKane during 1393 have not been ac- counted for. Mar. 11. Boston. Mrs. Mary Lease of Kansas speaks at a meeting of the unem- ployed on the Common. Conn. The police capture 67 Chi- nese gamblers at New Haven. Ind. JohnRodgers, with stolen goods in possession, is shot by vigilants at Frankfort. ■ New York. The Charity Organiza- tion Society is organizing a movement to furnish work for unskilled women. Mar. 12. 2T. Y. The Brooklyn Alder- men, by a vote of 8 to 7, resolve to have the Irish flag displayed on the City Hall on St. Patrick's Day, with the Na- tional and State flags. [Mar. 13. The Board of Supervisors order the Irish flag to be displayed on the Court-house and the Hall of Records. Vote, 17-10. Mar. 16. The supervisor-at-large vetoes the resolution.] Mar. 13. JST.J. Striking dyers control Paterson all day, destroying goods and compelling men to quit work. iV. Y. The chief of police at TJtica orders the immediate stoppage of gam- bling at saloons and cigar-stands. O. Andrew Sauer, formerly cashier of the Defiance Savings Bank, is arrested on the charge of embezzling $37,000 of the bank's funds. Okta. Two robbers compel railroad station agent Rusk to go to the depot at "YVoodwark, open the safe, and deliver to them its contents, amounting to 510,000. Mar. 14. Mo. An order is issued at St. Louis to the Police Department to ar- rest saloon-keepers and others having nickel-in-the-slot machines in their places of business. iV. Y. Mayor Schieren orders the stoppage of boxing exhibitions in Brook- lyn. Justice K. F. Sutherland of Gravesend is found guilty of misdemeanor for his connection with election frauds. STATE. 1894 Feb. 20. Va. Two oyster schoon- ers from Maryland are captured in Vir- ginian waters. Gov. O'Ferrall sends a special message on the oyster question to the Legislature, asking'for legislation to enable him to protect the interests of the State. Pa. Galusha A. Grow is elected Congressman at large by a plurality of over 1SO,000. Feb. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: A warm debate takes place on the com- position of the Finance Committee ; House, no quorum. N. J. Quo warranto proceedings to determine the legal Senate of New Jersey are begun in the State Supreme Court at Trenton. Feb. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate "Washington's Farewell Address is read ; House, no quorum. Excitement is caused by Richard P. Bland's denun- ciation of filibusters as revolutionists. la. The House passes the bill grant- ing municipal suffrage to women. Vote, 51-44. Feb. 23-24. D. C. Congress: Senate, not in session ; House, no quorum. Feb. 23. _ZV. Y. The Assembly passes a bill to enforce payment to the State by racing associations of a 5 per cent tax on their gross receipts. Feb. 25. D. C. Congress: The House debates the Hatch Anti-Option Bill, regulating the sale of agricultural prod- ucts, defining " options " and " futures," and imposing taxes thereon. [May 18. Substituted.] Mar. 1. D. C. Congress : The Senate amends and passes the Urgent Defi- ciency Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 7. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 19. Approved by the President.] The House passes the Bland Silver Bill, providing for the coinage of silver bullion (seigniorage) held in the Treas- ury, after 20 discussions ; bill introduced Jan. 3. Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Fortification Appropria- tion Bill introduced Dec. 19, 1893. Mar. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The motion of William M. Stewart of Nev. to take up the Bland Seigniorage Bill is discussed. Senators make personal explanations regarding their alleged obstruction of the Tariff Bill in Committee ; David B. Hill introduces a hostile resolution in- structing the Finance Committee to change the Wilson Bill so as to obtain a sufficient revenue without an income tax. Mar. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: The Bland Bill is pushed to the point of final passage by the Democrats and Sil- ver Republicans ; a vote is avoided by a motion to adjourn; in the House the Pensions Appropriation Bill passes after five discussions without a divis- ion; bill introduced Jan. 27. Mar. 8. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John Sherman delivers a speech against the Seigniorage Bill; the Tariff Bill, as revised by the Democrats of the Senate Finance Committee, is presented to the full Committee; the House passes the hill to abolish the Customs Bureau of the Treasury Department; the Wilson Tariff Bill as amended is published, the income-tax feature remaining. iV. Y. Gov. Flower transmits a mes- sage to the Assembly vetoing the Troy Bipartisan Election Inspectors Bill. Mar. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : An agreement is reached to take the vote on the Bland Seiniorage Bill on Mar. 15. Mar. 10. D. C. Congress: Senate not in session ; in the House the District of Columbia Appropriation Bill is passed. Mar. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: Wm. A. Peffer of Kan. introduces a resolution to investigate alleged trans- actions in Sugar-Trust stock by mem- bers of the Senate, in connection with the Tax-iff Bill ; on motion of Matthew S. Quay of Pa., the resolution is tabled. Associate Justice Edward D. "White takes his seat on the bench of the U. S. Supreme Court. Mar. 14. B.C. Congress; Senate: William B. Allison's motion to recon- sider the vote on the third reading of the Seigniorage Bill is defeated. Vote, 28-45. Charles F. Manderson's motion to recommit the bill is defeated. Mar. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Bland Silver Bill after 10 discussions. Vote, 44-31. [Mar. 30. Ve- toed.] II. I. D. Kussell Brown (Rep.) is re- nominated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. Feb. 20. Chicago. By the burning of a warehouse GOD people are thrown out of work ; loss, $600,000. Feb. 22. Conn. A new town haU, the gift of Mrs. Abbie P. Rogers of New York, is opened at Fair Haven. Feb. 24. Chicago. Another "World's Fair fire occurs ; it is in the Agricultu- ral Building, the dome of which falls in. Feb. 25. 0. In Niles 100 families are without food, and the authorities are unable to help for lack of funds. Mar. 5. Md. Annapolis celebrates its bicentennial as the seat of State gov- ernment. Mar. 6. Ala. Three persons are killed and many injured by a dynamite ex- plosion during a fire in Cullman; loss, $100,000. Mar. 7. N. Y. The Forestry Con- gress is in session at Albany. Mar. 8. Chicago. Abandoned "World's Fair Exhibits are sold by auction ; the unused tickets — about 3,500,000 — sell for $11,000. Mar. 15. N. Y. Mayor Schieren vetoes the aldermanic resolution to display the Irish flag on Brooklyn City Hall on St. Patrick's Day. 454 189 4, Mar. 15 - Apr. 4. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1S94 Mar. 18. Colo. The Federal troops are withdrawn from Denver. Mar. 22. A court-martial for the trial of Commander Heyerman for the loss of the Kearsarge is hegun. Mar. 27±. The stranded war-ship Kearsarge is set on fire, and her hull broken up. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Mar. 19. Tex. Two terrific wind and rain storms kill 20 persons, and de- stroy much property. Mar. 20+. Neb. A blizzard is raging in the northwestern part of Nebraska and in the Black Hills region ; the loss of range-cattle is put at 75 per cent. Mar. 23±. Wyo. The extinction of both elk and buffalo in the Yellowstone National Park is threatened by lawless hunters, it being impossible to prevent their wanton destruction. Mar. 24. Utah, Gold that assays about $20 to the ton is found at Lehi. Mar. 25. Wyo. The terrible Western blizzard rages without abating for 76 hours, making all roads impassable ; stockmen experience heavy losses. Mar. 31. Va. Scientists of the Bureau of Ethnology discover an Indian soap- stone near Clifton Station, Fairfax County. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Mar. IS. Campbell, Allan, civil engineer, A79. Mar. 19. Whitnev, W. D., com. U. S. N., A71. Mar. 26. Colquitt. Alfred Holt. Gov., senator for Ga., A70. Mar. 28. Curtis, George Ticknor, lawver, A82. Mar. 31 Austin, Jane Goodwin, author, novelist, A63. CHURCH. 1894 Mar. 21. N. Y. Father A. Lambert, of the Redemptorist order, has left the Roman Catholic Church ; the alleged cause is its dominating spirit, not only in spiritual, but also in " purely scientific, social, and even political mat- ters." LETTERS. 1894 Mar. 19. Cal. Ex-President Har- rison lectures on " The Acts of Parlia- ment and the Rights of the Colonists," at Stanford University, Mayfield. Mar. 28. Md. Gov. Brown returns to the Senate the bill providing free school-books in the public schools of that State. Mar. 29. N. Y. The Legislature elects Rev. Sylvester Malone of Brooklyn a member of the Board of Regents. Apr. 2. Cal. Ex-President Harrison lectures at Stanford University. Sub- ject : " The Development of the Na- tional Constitution Outlined, the Early Attempts of the Colonies to Unite Before the Revolution." SOCIETY. 1894 Mar. 15. Colo. A conflict be- tween State forces under Gov. Waite and the city forces of Denver com- manded by the sheriff is prevented by Federal troops. The trouble is the result of an attempt of Gov. Waite to oust police commis- sioners whom he accuses of corruption. [Mar. 18. The Federal troops are with- drawn.] New York. The will of R. S. Ely is filed for probate; it bequeathes from $50,000 to §100,000 to Yale University, §20,000 to St. Luke's Hospital, besides other public bequests. N. Y. Mayor Schieren vetoes the aldermanic resolution to display the Irish flag on Brooklyn City Hall on St. Patrick's Day. The street-car lines of Long Island City and vicinity are tied up by stri- kers; many become disorderly. Mar. 17. Mass. " Fast Day " in Mas- sachusetts is abolished by an Act of the Legislature ; April 19, the anniver- sary of the Battle of Lexington, will be observed in future as a public holiday. Mar. 18. Chicago. L. S. Irwin, special agent and attorney for the Chicago Six Companies, is arrested on the charge of smuggling Chinamen into the United States. Mar. 19. Miss. In the trial at Jackson of the Rev. Mr. Ratcliff, the slayer of Mr. Jackson, his fellow legislator, the jury brings in a verdict of not guilty. New York. Counterfeiters are cir- culating a large number of facsimile one-dollar pieces — about $500,000; they have a profit of fifty-one cents on each dollar. Mar. 20. D. C. Senator Colquitt of Georgia is stricken with a second para- lytic shock at "Washington. New York. The Hospital Saturday and Sunday Association's Fund of §548,000 is distributed among 32 institu- tions. Mar. 21. la. The lower House passes the tax bill, which provides for a re- stricted local option for the cities and towns of the State, and allows the assessment of a tax of S600 on any real estate upon which liquor is sold. Vote, Mar. 22. New York. An incendiary puts 65 lives in peril by starting fire in a hallway of a six-story rear tenement- house. Pa. At Johnstown four masked men break into the house of a widow 84 years old, string her up until nearly insensible, burn her feet, rip off her clothes, and subject her to other indig- nities; they secure only 70 cents. Mar. 23. Cal. William Herrick, a bank cashier, is shot and killed at his desk in San Francisco by a noted criminal who attempts to rob the bank ; the murderer is arrested. N. Y. Jacob A. Moore, aged S5, and his housekeeper, Mrs. Raymond, aged 90, are found murdered in their house at Bushville, Sullivan County. Mar. 25. Ga. Lillian Willis kills her fatherduring a family quarrel at Homer ; the jury acquits the girl because of its being done to save her mother's life. O. Depositions show that David R. Paige, the fugitive aqueduct contractor, issued forged paper to the extent of $::.oixi,000. Coxey's "Army of the Common- wealth, " a band of unemployed men, marching to Washington to petition for relief, moves from Massillon to Canton, eight miles; one-third of the army de- serts. [Apr. 1. It reaches Beaver Falls, Pa. Apr. 2. It is at S«-v. n-1; k\- and Economv, Pa. Apr. ?,. At Allegheny, Pa. Other "armies" start from St. Louis. Mo., and Los Angeles, Cal., for Washington, D.C. Apr. 5. Coxey's army reaches Home- stead, Pa. ; Huns and Slavs join it. Apr. G. At McKeesport. Apr. ( J. At Uniontown, in the coke region of Pa. Apr. 17. In Maryland, and advancing in canal-boats on Washington.] (See Apr. 21.) Mar. 26. New York. W. T. Zell, treas- urer of the Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal Company, who defrauded the company of §93,000, surrenders to the police. Mar. 28. Chicago. W. L. Clifford is shot by Guy T. Ulmstead, who is nearly lynched by infuriated onlookers, but rescued by police and lodged in jail. New York. F. E. Edgar, a discount clerk of the Tradesmen's National Bank, is a defaulter to the extent of $17,000 of the bank's f unds. Mar. 30. New York. In the suit by W. R. Laidlaw against Russell Sage for damages because of injuries received by bomb explosion in the latter's office, the jury gives S'25,000. [Appeal taken.] S. C. Three counties are in rebel- lion against the Liquor Dispensary Law; two citizens and two detectives are killed. Mar. 31. S. C. Militiamen revolt when ordered by Gov. Tillman to suppress the whisky disturbance in Darlington County. The governor has possession of all the telegraph lines ; a mob seizes the State Dispensary at Florence, and with axes bursts open the barrels of liquor, de- stroying the whole stock. [Apr. 6. The militia are withdrawn.] Apr. 2. New York. Patrick Diwer re- sumes his place on the Police Court bench without replying to the charges of wilful violations of law alleged against him by witnesses in the Lexow investigation. Pa. A strike of large proportions begins in the coke-district; rioting and destruction of property follow. [Apr. 4. Strikers and working men fight; six persons are killed, and one mortally wounded. Apr. 7. At Con- nellsville the places of the foreign la- borers are filled with English-speaking workmen, and the strike ends. Apr. 13. Strikers, by abuse, compel working men to stop work.] (See Apr. 24.) Apr. 3. Mo. One man is killed and five wounded in an election fight at Kansas City. Okla. Two whites and five In- dians are killed in a fight between white settlers and Indians in the Cheyenne country. S. C. Gov. Tillman suppresses oppo- sition to the Dispensary Liquor Law by assuming control of the police and the marshals of all incorporated towns. Apr. 4. Kan. "Women are elected to fill the city offices in Spring Hill, includ- ing the offices of mayor, councilmen, and police justice. UNITED STATES. 1894, Mar. 15-Apr. 4. 455 , STATE. 1894 Mar. 16. NeioYork. ActingMayor George B. McClellan signs the resolution of the Board of Aldermen ordering the raising of the Irish flag over the City Hall on St. Patrick's Day. N. Y. Assemblyman Lawson intro- duces a bill prohibiting the display upon public buildings of any except the na- tional colors. [Apr. 10. Passed. Vote, 79-29.] Mar. 17. Colo. Gov. Waite agrees to sub- mit the Denver Police Board trouble to the Colorado Supreme Court. (See Society.) Mar. 19. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A message is received from the President enclosing Secretary Gresham's report on the Bluefields (Nicaragua) incident, stating that no English protectorate was intended. New York. The Civil Service Re- form Association transmits a memorial to the State Senate charging Gov. Flower with violating the State Civil Service Law, and asking for legislative investi- gation. N. Y. The "side-door" saloon hill, providing for Sunday traffic after one o'clock p.m., is killed in the State As- sembly. Vote, 62-53. The report of the State Board of Chari- ties upon the Elmira Reformatory sus- tains the charges of cruelty against Supt. Brockway. [Dec. 10. Gov. Flower dis- misses the charges.] Mar. 20. B.C. Congress; Senate: The revised Tariff Bill is reported from the Committee on Finance ; it is an- nounced that the debate will begin on April 2. The House passes the Civil Appropriation Bill (introduced Feb. 3) after nine disc Mar. 21. X.J. The Supreme Court hands down a decision upholding the Republi- can Senate as the legal Senate, and de- claring that under the State Constitu- tion the Senate is not a continuous body ; Justice Abbett dissents. New York. The bankers who took up the recent bond issue pass a resolution urging the President to veto the Bland Bill. Mar. 22. D. C. Congress; Senate: A resolution is introduced by George F. Hoar of Mass. in relation to the death, of Kossuth, and passed ; a new treaty with China, negotiated by Secretary Gresham, is discussed ; the House passes the Military Academy Appropriation Bill introduced Feb. 20. N. J. Members of the Democratic Senate join the legally declared Senate ; Gov. "Werts sends in several judicial nominations, which are confirmed. Mar. 24. D. C. Congress: Only the House in Session ; the Postal Appro- priation Bill is introduced. Colo. The Supreme Court decides that Gov. Waite had no right to order out the militia to put his appointees into office. Mar. 25. D. C. Congress: Senate; Several amendments to the Tarriff Bill are disposed of ; much opposition is made by Democratic members to its in- come-tax feature. Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : Both Houses adjourn out of respect to the late Sen- ator Colquitt of Ga. Colo. Judge Glynn renders a decision favorable to Gov. Waite and his Denver Board of Police ; there are now two po- lice forces in the city. N. J. Gov. Werts vetoes one of the race-track repeal bills passed - by the Legislature. Mar. 27. N. J. The Assembly passes the race-track repeal hill over Gov. Werts's veto. N. Y. Gov. Flower refuses audience to a citizen delegation from Troy, bear- ing a petition requesting him to entrust the prosecution of election frauds in that city to the attorney-general, there being no confidence in the district attorney. D. C. Congress: Funeral services are held in the Senate chamber for Sena- tor Alfred H. Colquitt of Ga. John M.Reynolds, assistant Secretary of the Interior, renders a decision which enlarges the pension roll. Mar. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: Joseph N. Dolph of Ore. introduces a resolution abrogating the Clayton-Bul- wer Treaty; it is referred to the Com- mittee on Foreign Relations. N. Y. The Senate passes the Non- partisan Election Inspectors' Bill. Mar. 29. D. C. Congress: The House receives President Cleveland's veto message on the Seigniorage Bill. The answer of President Dole of the Provisional Government of Hawaii to the demand by Minister Willis for more specific charges is received at Washing- ton. Ga. Gov. Northen appoints Speaker Charles F. Crisp to be U. S. Senator as successor to A. H. Colquitt, deceased. [Mar. 30. Declined.] N. Y. The Senate votes for a legisla- tive investigation of the management of the Elmira Reformatory. Apr. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. W. Voorhees of Ind. opens the tariff debate in a three hours' speech ; the Bering-Sea Bill is reported and slightly amended. Ga. Patrick "Walsh, editor of The Augusta Chronicle, is appointed by Gov. Northen to succeed the late Senator Colquitt as U. S. Senator. Apr. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Bering-Sea Bill, to give effect to the award rendered by the Tri- bunal of Arbitration of Paris; bill in- troduced Apr. 2, 3. [Apr. 5. Passed by the House. Apr. 10. Approved.] N. Y. At the Gravesend municipal election the anti-McKane ticket is chosen by a majority of 273, and in New Utrecht the reform ticket is elected. S. C. Gov. Tillman issues a procla- mation assuming entire control of the police and marshals in the cities and incorporated towns of the State ; he makes a statement in defense of his course ; the militia leave Columbia for the scenes of the dispensary trouble. Apr. 4. D. C. Congress ; in the Senate W. B. Allison of la. concludes his speech in opposition to the "Wilson Tariff Bill, and R. Q. Mills of Tex. defends it. House : The motion to pass the Seign- iorage Bill over the President's veto is defeated. Vote, 144-114. N. J. Gov. Werts signs the bill mak- ing women eligible to office of notary public, and issues the first commission to Miss Ida Phares. N. Y. Gov. Flower summons the managers of the Elmira Reformatory to appear before him, and answer the charges against them. R. I. The Republicans carry the State election by increased pluralities. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Mar. 18. Colo. The Union De- pot at Denver is destroyed by fire ; loss, $300,000. la. A prairie fire rages on the Mis- souri River bottoms below Sioux City. Mar. 19. Colo. The troops are with- drawn from Cripple Creek, order be- ing restored. Mar. 21. Cal. Ex-Senator Pair supports an attempt to corner wheat in San Fran- cisco. Neb. An interstate Irrigation Con- vention meets at Omaha. Mar. 23. Pa. At the Acme Powder Company's works at Black's Run, 10,000 pounds of dynamite explode ; five persons are killed, and one is injured ; five buildings are destroyed ; loss, $12,000. Mar. 26 +. N. Mex. — Ariz. A man named Reavis claims the Peralta grant, which includes 12,800,000 acres of land in New Mexico and Arizona. Mar. 27. New York. The State of Geor- gia arrives with a hole in her bow caused by ice-floes. Mar. 28. New York. Smallpox is de- clared epidemic by the health authori- ties. Mar. 29. Tex. Great destitution is re- ported ; many are on the verge of starvation. Mar. 30. Chicago. The last of the World's Fair Columbian Guards are formally mustered out of service. Cal. The Supreme Court of the State renders a decision which fixes the capi- tal at Sacramento. ///. Five lives are lost, 10 persons injured, several houses damaged and two wrecked by the collapse of a steam-pipe of the Peoria Water Com- pany. Mar. 31. La. A break occurs in the levees near Shreveport and at Harri- son's Bluffs. Cal. The Somali, England's largest merchantman, arrives at San Francisco, 147 days out from Hongkong, having been given up as lost. Apr. 2. Cal. The * ( IndustrialArmy" leaves Los Angeles ; it announces its purpose to visit Washington. Apr. 3. Cal. An "Army" starts from San Francisco for Washington. 456 1894, Apr. 5 -Apr. 23. AMERICA ARMY — NAVY. 1894 Apr. 10. D. C. Adm. Benham is retired from active service in the navy under the age of limitation. Apr. 11. D. C. Capt. Thomas O. Self- ridge is promoted commodore U. S. N. [Also Apr. 16. Capt. Joseph N. Miller. July 10. Capt. Montgomery Sicard. July 21. Capt. Edmund O. Matthews. July 31. Capt. Charles S. Norton. Sept. 7. Capt. Robert L. Phytbian. Nov. 11. Capt. Rush R. Wallace.] Apr. 13. S. C. Gov. Tillman is reor- ganizing the militia ; he dismisses the captain of one of the rebellious com- panies who refused to proceed against illegal, defiant liquor-dealers. Apr. 17. D. C. John E. Greer is com- missioned major — ordnance depart- ment. [May 16. William R.Hall— med- ical department. June 6. George H. Torney and Marshall W. Wood — medical department. Aug. 8. C. A. H. McCauley — quartermaster department. Aug. 13. Daniel W. Burke— 23d infantry. Aug. 16. George W. Davis — 11th infantry. Sept. 2. John Pitman — quartermaster depart- ment. Sept. 12. F. H. Hathaway — quartermaster department. Sept. 17. Frederick A. Mahan — corps of engi- neers. Oct. 8. John J. Clague — sub- sistence department. Oct. 10. John G. Trumbull — 1st artillery. Oct. 11. Thomas M. K. Smith — 1st infantry. Oct. 25. David H. Kinzie — 5th artillery. Nov. 10. William M. Wallace —2d cav- alry. Nov. 26. Jacob H. Smith— 2d in- fantry. Dec. 29. Charles W.Miner— 6th infantry. Dec. 31. Joshua W. Jacobs — quartermaster department.] Apr. 19. Pa. The 18-inch armor- plate designed for the battle-ship In- diana is shattered by a shot from a 12- inch gun at the Indian Head Proving Grounds. ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 1894 Apr. 15. New York. A statne to the memory of Father Drumgoole is unveiled by Archbishop Corrigan. Apr. 17. Okla. A tornado destroys 15 houses, kills two persons, injures several others, besides doing- much damage to property. [May 11. One destroys property at Dalton, 0. May 17+. Much property destroyed in Ohio. June 25. The vil- lage of Keighley, Butler County, Kan., is devastated. June 26. Houses are demolished in Louisville ; also in Jeffer- son, Ind. Sept. 22. Michigan and Min- nesota are visited. Oct. 1. Wichita, Kan., is visited. Nov. 3. At Willis, Tex., three churches and many houses are demolished.] Apr. 20. D. C. The annual convention of the American Meteorological So- ciety opens at Washington. Apr. 22. N. Y. Swarms of 17-year locusts appear in and near Nyack. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Apr. 5. Corey, Charles, insanity expert, Apr. 9. Graham, .John, criminal lawyer, dies. Apr. 13. Field, David Dudley, lawv^r, jurist, A89. Apr. 14. Slocum. Henry W., rnaj.-gen., corps commander under Sherman, A67. "Vance. Zebulon B.. Gov., Benator for N. C, A64. Apr. 17. Knabe, Ernest J., piano-manu- facturer, A57. Apr. 22. Waterbury, N. J., lawyer, A75. CHURCH. 1894 Apr. 5. Chicago. Methodist min- isters pass resolutions asking Pope Leo to extend the same religious freedom in South America that is enjoyed in North America — as Methodist missionaries are being maltreated by Roman Catholics in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. Apr. 21. The Judiciary Committee of the General Assembly (Presbyterian) recommends the entertaining of Prof. H. P. Smith's appeal from the Ohio Synod, and the Assembly adopts the order. (APR. 25.) The trial for heresy is con- tinued. (Apr. 26.) The General Assemblv, bv a vote of 396 to 101, convicts Prof. Smith of heresy. Apr. 22. New York. The 58th anniver- sary of the Protestant Episcopal Mis- sionary Society for Seamen is cele- brated. LETTERS. 1894 Apr. 6. New York. Twenty-nine young women graduate from the wom- en's law-class of the University of New York. Apr. 7. C S. The American and the Union News Companies refuse to handle W. T. Stead's book, //' Christ- Came to Chicago. Apr. 8. D. C. The 50th anniversary of the organization of the American So- ciety of Religious Education is cele- brated in "Washington. Apr. 9. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the Anti-Hazang Bill, to prevent disor- derly conduct in colleges. Apr. 14. Boston. "Women are admitted to the privileges of the club-house of the "University Club. Apr. 15. Phila. The trustees of the University of Pennsylvania decide to lengthen the course to four years in the scope and organization of the Whar- ton School of Fiuance and Economy. Apr. 16. Cal. Ex-President Harrison delivers his final lecture of the course before the Stanford University ; sub- ject, " The Institution of State Govern- ments." SOCIETY. 1894 Apr. 5. N. J. The Law and Order League of Franklin Park or- ders all negroes to leave the town before the 7th inst. Okla. In an Indian outbreak 42 lives are lost ; the fight between cow- boys and Indians is still going on. Apr. 6. Cal. An unemployed army, 600 strong, causes trouble in the city of Oakland, refusing to leave uutil com- pelled by over 1,000 citizens. Chicago. About 3,000 striking painters are l"<-kt.-d nut by 7."« linn.*. B. C. The testimony in the Breck- inridge-Pollard case at Washington i.» [Apr. 14. The jurv returns a verdict of $15,000 for Miss Pollard.] III. Frye's "army" is compelled by the chief of police to leave East St. Louis. Apr. 9. New York. A census of sa- loons open on Sunday, March 18, is published in the City Vigilant. It reveals that in 19 Assembly districts 2,0130 saloons were open : that in from 10 minutes to half an hour 3,312 persons entered them, not counting eight police- men, while 39 policemen were seen in the immediate vicinity. Police Captain W. G. Devery is acquitted of the charge of wilful neg- lect. N. Y. Articles of incorporation are filed at Albany by the Patriotic League of the Revolution, with headquarters in Brooklyn ; its object is to preserve relics of the Revolution, and to foster patriotism. Apr. 10. Okla. Robbers try to hold up a Rock Island train ; the express- messenger shoots one dead, the train- men capture another, and the rest flee without securing booty. Apr. 12. Utah. The Salt Lake "In- dustrials " (unemployed workingmen) seize a train at Provo'City ; the leaders are put in jail. [Apr. 14. They are sen- tenced to imprisonment in Montana for like offense. Apr. 19. They capture two trains of the Northern Pacific road in Montana. Apr. 30. The governor of Idaho appeals to the Federal authori- ties to provide quarters for "Industri- als" under arrest.] Apr. 13. Ga. Thirty masked illicit distillers, called Moonshiners, whip six farm-laborers near Calhoun, Gordon County. They compel women thinly clad to stand in the night air to witness the whipping ; one laborer is missing and supposed to be dead. U. S. Employees on the Western Di- vision of the Great Northern Railroad strike against a wage-reduction, and allov othing but mail to be : [Apr. 28. The Knights of Labor are called out in aid of the Railway Union strikers. May 1. The strike is declared off. President" Hill having agreed to the former scale of wages for a large num- ber of employees.] Apr. 14. A". Dak. A general strike is ordered along the Montana Central and Great Northern from Larimore to Spo- kane, Washington. Apr. 16. Cal. A highwayman robs the stage near Milton of the Wells-Fargo treasure-box, containing $2,000. N. Y. Ernest Knigge. of the Citizens' League for good government at Coney Island, is assaulted and badly injured in his store by two masked men. Apr. 17. Cal. Bands of unemployed men loot the houses of Chinese and Japanese on ranches. hid. "W. M. Copland shoots his brother-in-law, W. H. Pruning of New York, in ex-Attornev-General Miller's office at Indianapolis; he also accident- ally wounds his own lawyer. New York. Police Captain O'Connor and three of his men are put on trial charged with being in collusion with pool-sellers. UNITED STATES. 1894, Apr. 5.-Apr. 23. 457 Apr. 18. Boston. The celebration of Patriots' Day is inaugurated at the historic old North Church, where, 119 years ago, warning lights gave Paul Revere the signal that started him on his memorable ride. Mich. Two strikers are killed and several others, including a sheriff, in- jured in a labor conflict at Detroit. JV. Y. Gov. Flower appoints three commissioners to investigate the man- agement of the Ehnira Reformatory under Superintendent Brock way. [Dec. 10. The governor dismisses the charges.] Apr. 19. Okla. A fight takes place be- tween United States marshals and sev- eral outlaws of the " Bill " Dalton gang ; three bandits, a woman and girl, and two marshals are killed. Pa. The coke-workers at the Ma- honing and Atlas plants of the Cambria Iron Company return to work. Apr. 20. Neb. A mob seizes 40 box- cars at Omaha for the use of Kelly's " Industrial Army ; " Kelly refuses to use them. Apr. 21. D. C. The Commissioners is- sue a proclamation warning Coxey's army against violating the laws of the District by organizing processions and meetings. Ga. White Caps shoot and kill Henry Woolley, a Murray County farmer, while plowing. — — JV. Y. An Anti- Compulsory Vac- cination League is organized in Brook- lyn at a meeting of physicians and laymen. U. S. In obedience to the order of the national organization, 130,000 miners sti'ike. Apr. 22. D. C. Bills for the creation of an American organization similar to that of the French "Immortals" are submitted to the HouBe of Repre- sentatives. Fla. Roman Catholics drive agents of the American Protective Association out of Palatka. La. In a race conflict one white and one negro are killed ; 13 negroes are imprisoned, and posses are scouring the country hunting other negroes. STATE. 1894 Apr. 5. Md. Gov. Brown signs the bill which prohibits all-the-year- round racing and book-making. S. C. Gov. Tillman issues a proc- lamation restoring the civil status in Florence and Darlington Counties, and ordering the militia home. Apr. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: The Bering-Sea question is discussed ; ob- jections are taken to England's con- struction of the Paris award. Apr. 9. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate D. B. Hill of N. Y. makes a speech on the Tariff Bill, opposing the income tax. U. S. The U. S. Chilean Claims Commission expires by limitation after awarding damages to the amount of $240,000 against Chile. Apr. 10. D.C. Congress : Senate : The Wolcott resolution to coin standard Mexican silver dollars, under some agreement with Mexico, is passed. The caucus of House Democrats adopts a resolution in favor of the repeal of the tax on State-bank circulation. /. T. The Creeks reject the propo- sition of the Dawes Commission for a change in the character of the Territo- rial government, over 2,000 Indians at the national meeting at Okmulgee vot- ing against the change. JV. J. Many of the charter elections result in sweeping Republican victories, causing a revolution in several munici- pal governments. Apr. 11. D.C. The Biar, the Rush, and the Corwin are ordered to get ready to patrol the Bering Sea and prevent illegal sealing. Apr. 12. D. C. Congress: The House filibusters over a new rule to fine mem- bers $10 each for not voting. Apr. 13. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. B. Hill of N. Y. intimates that he is in favor of adopting the Reed rule of counting a quorum in the Senate ; in the House, after failing to get a quorum to act on the journal, the Democrats hold a caucus, and decide upon a policy which practically amounts to counting a quorum. Apr. 14. I). C. Congress ; Senate : W. A. Peffer introduces, by request, a bill to prohibit any person from owning more than one hundred acres of land ; it is referred to the Committee on Pi- nance ; the Tariff Bill is debated ; seven items on the chemical schedule are disposed of. Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate disposes of 18 paragraphs of the Tariff Bill ; in the House a new quorum-count- ing rule is practically agreed upon by the Democrats in the Committee on Rules ; it is aimed against obstructive action by an adverse minority, and de- signed to facilitate the transaction of business by the majority. Apr. 17. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A committee is appointed to investigate the alleged attempts at bribery and the Sugar Trust's campaign contributions ; the House adopts a rule to count a quorum, embodying ex-Speaker Reed's principle,— counting those who refuse to vote as present. Vote, 212-47. Apr. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate: The Tariff Bill is discussed by Senators Morrill, Turpie, Cameron, and Quay, David Turpie defending the bill. Secretary Herbert receives charges of armor-plate frauds against the Carnegie Company. Apr. 19. S. C. The Dispensary Li- quor Law is declared unconstitutional by the State Supreme Court, one judge dissenting. Apr. 20. JV. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the bill for a Bi-partisan PoHce Commis- sion in New York City, on the ground that it is bad in principle, and designed in the interest of party politics rather than public good. Apr. 21. D. C. The bribery investi- gation is begun by the Senate Commit- tee ; Eppa Hunton of Va. and James If. Kyle of S. Dak. testify. (See Apr. 17.) [Apr. 23. Investigation completed.] Secretary Lamont reduces "War De- partment expenses about $250,000 by the discharge of 22 clerks. Apr. 22. Ala. Congressman "Wm. C. Oates is nominated by the Democrats for governor, defeating the anti-Admin- istration men. Apr. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- ate a test vote is taken on the Tariff Bill, a motion to lay it on the table being defeated. N. Y. Bradley's Bridge Trustees Bill passes the Senate. Vote, 20-10. Pa. Gen. Daniel H. Hastings (Rep.) is nominated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Apr. 8. Pa. At the abandoned workings at Leggett's Creek mine 12 acres of Scran ton cave in. Apr. 9. Wis. Davidson's Theater at Milwaukee burns ; nine firemen are killed, and many injured. Apr. 10. JV. Y. A three-story apart- ment-house in Brooklyn collapses and takes fire; two persons are killed, and eight burned and bruised. Apr. 11. IV. J. In two wrecks on the coast 15 sailors lose their lives. Apr. 12. JV Y. The American Glu- cose Works in Buffalo are burned ; loss, $1,200,000. Apr. 13±. Mass. Two vessels are lost off the coast, with all on board ; many other shipping disasters occur as a re- sult of the great storm. Apr. 14. JV. J. The Central Traction Company files articles of incorporation with the Secretary of State. ± Neb. Judge E. S. Dundy, of the IT. S. District Court in Omaha, restores the rate of wages of the employees of the Union Pacific Railroad. JV. Y. Corporation Counsel McDon- ald begins action to recover $1,289.50 overcharge by, and paid illegally out of public funds by city officials to, G. F. Miller, for dinners and wines during the Columbian celebration in Brooklyn. Apr. 16. New York. The Coffee Ex- change decides to adopt the clearing- house system. Vote, 94^90. Apr. 17. Wash. The Bering-Sea fleet sails from Port Townsend. Apr. IS. III. The annual meeting of the Whisky Trust is held in Peoria. Apr. 20. Cat. A liberty tree is planted in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, by the Daughters of the Revolution. The soil around its roots comes from more than one hundred and fifty historic spots in different parts of the country. Apr. 22. D. C. The Pan-American Bimetallist Convention meets in Washington. 458 1894, Apr. 23-May 11. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1894 May 10. T>. C. John W. Barlow- is commissioned colonel — corps of engi- neers. [May 16. Joseph. P. Wright — medical department. June 28. Francis L. Town —medical department.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 May 6. Hail-storms do much damage in many parts of tlie country, both East and West. May 10. Fa, The monument to the mother of George Washington is dedicated at Fredericksburg ; President Cleveland is present. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Apr. 30. Hatton, Frank, postmaster-gen- eral, editor IVitshiiitjton Post, A50. Stock brid^:', Francis B., senator for Mich., A68. May 1. Abell, G. "W., publisher of Balti- more Sun, A52. May 7. Barrow, Frances Elizabeth, writer (Aunt Fanny), dies. 1894 Apr. 29. Monsignor Satolli or- ders that only English shaU be used in Catholic Cathedral churches of Amer- ica. May 4. Tenn. The General Confer- ence (Methodist Episcopal South) meets at Memphis. May 10. N. Y. The 25th anniversary of the pastorate of Rev. Dr. Talmage in Brooklyn is celebrated. LETTERS. 1894 May 6. N. C, Secretary Hoke Smith delivers the commencement ad- dress at the University of North Car- olina. SOCIETY. 1894 Apr. 23. New York. Dr. Park- hurst no tilies Police Captain Martens of a " dive " within 30 yards of the police- station. Apr. 24. Pa. Eight strikers are killed and many wounded in a fight with deputy-sheriffs in the coke-region. [Apr. 27. Strikers and operators are said to be arming and preparing for a conflict ; Gov. Pattison addresses the strikers and counsels peace and modera- tion. May. 4, Women lead an attack of rioters; three Hungarians are shot; a company's official is fatally beaten. May 9. The strike is renewed with vio- lence. May 24. Five strikers are killed while making. -in attack on a coke-plant.] (See June 5). [July 24. Strikers make some demonstrations of violence till driven off by the sheriff. Aug. 17. Coke- workers in the Connellsville region abandon the strike, denouncing their leaders for false representation.] Apr. 25. Colo. A conflict between strik- ing miners and deputy-sheriffs takes place at Cripple Creek. [May 20. A reign of terror prevails ; strikers plunder simps of provisions and arms. May 25. The strikers and dep- uty-sheriffs come into conflict. May 26. The strikers blow up the Company's buildings and wreck the shaft with dy- namite.] O. A young woman is killed in the street in Cincinnati by Father D. O'Grady, a jealous Roman Catholic priest. Apr. 26. Mont. Hogan's" Industrial Army " is captured at Forsyth, for steal- ing a train, and taken to Helena under an escort of Federal troops and deputy- marshals. [May 15. One member is sentenced to imprisonment for six months, and 40 others for two months.] Apr. 27. III. In the coal-region armed strikers are driving out working miners. Sheriff Lenz, of Marshall County, asks aid from the State authorities ; the First ■Regiment Illinois National Guards is ordered to the scene of trouble. La. Eight negroes are lynched. Okla. Vigilance committees attack a band of horse-thieves ; they kill five, and capture and hang two. Apr. 28. la. A gang of tramp thieves is corralled in a barn in Missouri Valley ; on being called to surrender, they open fire, killing the city marshal and wound- ing two of his officers. Ind. A gang of 25 masked men armed with axes visit Bert Willis's sa- loon at Burlington, and destroy the stock and fixtures, burning them in a bonfire. O. Galvin's "Industrial Army" seizes a train ; four companies of militia and Battery H are ordered to Mount Sterling and rescue it. Apr. 30. Chicago. Proceedings are be- gun against the Chicago Gas Trust and the American Tobacco Company, both doing business as trusts in violation of law. New York. Five men who have been burning stables to get insurance money are arrested. May 1. D. C. Coxey's "army" enters Washington ; the " general " is not al- lowed to make a demonstration at the Capitol ; Browne and Jones, two other leading men, are arrested for disorderly conduct. [May 2. " Gen." Coxey is arrested. The " army" diminishes Vapidly. May 8. Found guilty of trespassing on the Capitol grounds. May 9. The House Committee on Labor gives Coxey a hear- ing respecting the trespass and "the duty of the Government to laborers. May 21. Coxey, Browne, and Jones are sentenced to confinement in jail for 20 days.] la. " Gen." Kelley, of the " Indus- trial Army," refuses to leave Des Moines when ordered to go by the city author- ities. Ill, — Tenn. Several hundred more coal-miners go out on strike ; all the miners at Coal Creek, Tenn., stop work. (See May 28.) May 2. Minn. A mob of strikers com- pels over 300 workers at Mountain Iron mine, of the Rockefeller group, to quit. [May 3. Troops are ordered to the Messaba Iron range, the strikers threat- ening destruction to life and property.] Mo. The grand jury at Kansas City returns indictments against 13 partici- pants in the recent election riots ; three for murder in the first degree. O. Conflicts occur between the po- lice and riotous mobs in Cleveland ; the local militia are called to the armory. [May Si. Militia men are discharged by their employers for aiding to sup- press the strike.] May 3. N. Y. Commercial Bank offi- cers are indicted in Brooklyn, charged with violating the law of 1892, and wreck- ing the bank, May 5. Ark. A negro in Ouachita County, supposed to have smallpox, is. burned in his cabin, which has been tired by persons unknown. Phila. Barney Sacks, a confectioner, shoots his mother and kills himself. May 7. Ala. Striking coal-miners destroy property in two mines where men refusing to join the strike are at work. [June 7. Strikers blow up mine ma- chinery with dynamite at Horse Creek, discharge guns into the Company's stores and houses, and wreck freight- cars. June 18. Miners vote to continue the strike; two bridges are blown up July 1G. Miners murderously attack negro workmen, killing tight: tp.i.ps are ordered out to quell the disturbance.] May 8. The miners' strike is spreading in Maryland, West Virginia, and Illinois. New York. Maj.-Gen. O. O. Howard is chosen president of the National Temperance Society at its annual meeting. S. C The Supreme Court of the State decides that the Evans Liquor Law is valid. May 9. Boston. The second annual con- vention of "Working Girls' Clubs is held; over 100 delegates from 14 promi- nent American cities attend. Neb. The Hibernian Convention in session at Omaha decides to form Co- lumbian Leagues in each State to off- set the American Protective Association societies. Pa. A. Woodley shoots and kills Jennie Buchanan in Allegheny ; he wounds himself, and is imprisoned. ± Pa. — Colo. Trains are stolen by bands of Coxeyites ; in Pennyslvania the stealers are sent to jail for 20 days. Ph ila . The General Federation of "Women's Clubs begins its second bi- ennial session, with 325 delegates from 37 States, and 500 other women present. [Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, of Chicago, president.] May 10. Wash. Two deputy-marshals and several citizens are shot in a conflict with Coxeyites who have stolen a train at Yakima. May 11 + . Chicago. The Pullman Palace-Car "Works are closed against the employees, they having struck for higher wages. (May 22.) The American Railway Union declares a boycott upon all Pull- man cars, unless the company consents to arbitrate the differences with its strik- ing employees. (June 2d.) All the shops of the Car Company are closed except the Delaware works. (June 26.) The boycott of the Pull- man cars goes into effect. (June 27.) The boycott extends to all roads entering Chicago; one railroad yields, and runs trains without Pullman (Jfxe 28.) The railway strike spreads to 20 roads in the West, and paralyzes travel from San Francisco to Chicago; nearly 40.000 men are said to be involved. (June 20.) The operating of the roads is seriously crippled by trainmen joining the strikers. (June 30.) Strikers spike switches in Chicago : police protection is asked. (JULY 5.) Rioting occurs along three miles of the Lake Shore and K«>ek Island tracks. Mayor Hopkins and the Council Committee meet the American Railway UNITED STATES. 1894, Apr. 23-May 11. 459 Union officials ; Eugene V. Debs issues a statement ; eight more companies of regulars are ordered to Chicago. (JULY 6.) A mob burns 225 cars along the line of the Pan Handle Koud ; side- tracked produce-cars are looted. War- rants are sworn out for the arrest of Debs and Howard; Gov. Altgeld orders out two brigades of militia; about 50 fires start in the Stock-yards district. (July 7.) The mob continues the burning of cars, and rioting. Over $1,000,000 damage is already done by- incendiaries; the Government assumes control of the Northern Pacific as a Post and Military Road ; over 100,000 men are out of work in and near Chi- cago. (July 9.) Rioting and disorder; the Pullman Company finally refuses to sub- mit the controversy with its employees to arbitration, and a general strike of the labor-unions may take place. (July 10.) Debs, Howard, and other strike leaders are arrested for conspir- acy to obstruct the mails ; they are re- leased on bail. The Knights of Labor are asked by the General Master Work- man, Sovereign, to join the strike; the trades-unions of Chicago go out on a general sympathetic strike. (July 11.) The appeal to the Knights of Labor to join the strike is but slowly responded to ; only about 15,000 men go out in Chicago, and none go out else- where. A dressed-beef train of 50 cars bound for New York leaves under pro- tection of soldiers. A bomb is sent to Vice-President Wickes, of the Pullman Company, the messenger saying that he received it from a lady. (July 12.) Trains move more freely without attendant disorder ; reports from the Middle, Western, and South- western States show that the strike is breaking all along the line. (July 13.) President Debs offers to declare the railroad strike off if the gen- eral managers will take back the strikers not accused of crime, but the managers refuse to consider the proposition ; the strike is near its end ; Samuel Gompers issues a statement declaring a general sympathetic strike of the Federation of Labor inexpedient. (July 14.) President Debs declares he will continue the strike if necessary ; strikers return to work in several places ; the Chicago Building Trades' Council rescinds its strike order. (JULY 17.) President Debs and three other strike leaders are lodged in jail at Chicago on the charge of contempt of the Federal Courts ; telegrams sent by them to strikers after the issue of the injunction are produced in evidence ; the prisoners refuse to be bailed out. (July 18.) About 100 Pullman strikers return to work. (July 21.) Several directors of the American Railway Union are arrested. Several hundred workmen apply for re- instatement by the Pullman Company. (July 31.) Half the militia guarding Pullman is withdrawn. (Aug. 2.) Business is resumed at Pull- man ; 300 strikers return to work. [Others follow.] (Aug. 5.) This colossal strike is de-. clared off by a vote of the American Union ; the Chicago and Eastern Illi- nois and the Santa F6 roads are ex- cepted. (Aug. 7.) The last of the Illinois Guard are ordered home. (Aug. 14.) George M. Pullman issues a statement defending his company's character. STATE. 1894. Apr. 24. D. C. Congress; Senate : the "Wilson Tariff Bill is dis- cussed, Roger Q. Mills of Tex. closing the general debate in a speech favoring the hill with the income-tax provision ; the House passes the Post-office Appro- priation Bill introduced Mar. 24, after five discussions. The Senate Investigation Committee examines three newspaper correspond- ents on the Sugar Trust charges. AT* J. The Assembly passes the hill forbidding pool-selling and book-mak- ■0. pasi The House of Representatives the bill granting to women the ie in school elections. Apr. 25. I). C. Congress; Senate: Rapid progress is made on the metal schedule of the Tariff Bill. The Coinage Committee of the House decides to defer the consideration of the Meyer-Bland Seigniorage Bill, and discuss the Bland Free Coinage Bill instead. Apr. 26. D. C. Congress; Senate: "W. V. Allen's Coxey resolution, assert- ing the right of unarmed companies of men to enter upon the Capitol grounds, is opposed by several Senators; the House passes the Diplomatic and Con- sular Appropriation Bill introduced Mar. 5 ; a lively debate is caused by the resolution already adopted to impose fines on absentees. JV. Y. Gov. Flower having signed the bill, the town of Flatbush becomes the 29th ward of Brooklyn ; the governor signs the bill providing for the estab- lishment of a State Colony for Epilep- tics, to be known as " the Craig Colony," in honor of the late Oscar Craig of Roch- . ester. Apr. 27. D. C. The briefs in the John Y. McKane case are submitted to the Supreme Court of the United States, in. "Washington. (See Society, p. 442.) N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the Blan- ket Ballot Election Bill, for secret vot- Apr. 29. D. C. Congress: The report of a compromise among Democratic Senators is made public. The concessions made to the conserva- tives include a change of the sugar duty to an ad valorem, basis, and the limiting of the operation of the income tax to five years only. Apr. 30. N. J. The Senate repeals, by a strict party vote, the gerrymander laws of the last Assembly, also the law providing for the election of Assembly- men by counties. May 2. D. C. Congress : The House passes the Dockery Commission Bill, to consider improved methods of ac- counting in the Treasury Department ; it passes the Army Appropriation Bill introduced Mar. 19. May 3. D. C. Congress : The Senate disposes of the first paragraph of the "Wilson Tariff Bill. N". Y. Gov. Flower signs the annex- ation bills uniting all the Kings County towns to the city of Brooklyn. May 4. D. C. Congress: The House passes the River and Harbor Appro- priation Bill introduced Mar. 31. May 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the Chinese Treaty in execu- tive session ; the amended Tariff Bill (about 400 amendments) is presented in Committee to the Republican Senators ; the House passes the Dunphy Hudson Eiver Bridge Bill, to connect New York and Jersey City ; bill introduced Mar. 27. N. Y. The General Term of the Court of Common Pleas decides that the Ives Pool Bill is unconstitutional. The Republican delegates to the Con- stitutional Convention name the offi- cers : president, Joseph H. Choate ; vice- presidents, ex-Lieut. -Gov. Alvord and W. H. Steel of Oswego; clerk, C. E. Fitch, ex-editor of the Rochester Demo- crat and Chronicle ; Sergeant-at-arms, W. W. Bennett, a war veteran. May 8. N. Y. The Constitutional Con- vention is organized at Albany by the election of Joseph H. Choate of New York as president. S. C. The Supreme Court at Colum- bia decides that the State is practically under prohibition. May 9. JD. C. Congress : The Senate discusses the Tariff Bill; an amend- ment to levy duties on goods in bond, on the date the bill goes into effect, is agreed to ; the Lodge amendment, for the imposition of discriminating duties on England, as a means of forcing the acceptance of bimetallism by that coun- try, is laid on the table ; the Russian Bering Sea Treaty is ratified. ■ N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the " Huc- kleberry " Railroad Bill and the bill ap- propriating $350,000 for improving the canals of the State. May 10. D. C. Congress; Senate: The Tariff debate is continued ; the Allen resolution for an investigation of the po- lice treatment of the Coxey " Army " is discussed, Senators Stewart and Tel- ler defending Coxey, and Senator Hoar opposing the resolution. [It fails to- pass.] Jsfeiv York. Richard Croker resigns as a member of the Executive Commit- tee and as chairman of the Finance Committee of Tammany Hall ; John McQuade is selected to take his place. — — N, Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the non- partisan Park Commission Bill, as too partisan. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Apr. 27. JST. Y. Gasport is nearly burned out. Apr. 29 ±. La. The loss by the burning of the St. Charles Hotel in New Orleans reaches $500,000. May 3. N. Y. The second annual meet- ing of the National Association of Wholesale Lumber Dealers begins its sessions at Buffalo. The Wilson Line steamer Persian Mon- arch, from London for New York, runs ashore at Eastport, Long Island. May 6. New York. The steamer La Champagne of the French Line, from Havre to New York, runs aground in the Narrows near Fort Lafayette. May 9. Me. Norway loses $300,000 by fire. May 10. Chicago. The National Bur- ial-Case Association is in session. 460 1894, May 11 -June 4. AMERICA: ARMY— NAVY. 1S94 May 12. la. The torpedo boat Ericsson is launched at Dubuque. June 2. D. C. Orders are sent to the cruiser Baltimore to proceed to Korea to protect Americans whose lives and property are in danger. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 May 12. New York. Sunol's statue of Columbus is unveiled in Central Park by Vice-President Steven- son. May 15. Phila. The 15th annual meet- ing of the American Medico-Psycho- logical Association begins. May 16. Phila. The 23d annual conven- tion of the American Fisheries Society begins. May 18±. The worst storm of the sea- son is raging on Lake Michigan ; about 20 lives are lost. May 22. N. Y. — Pa. The floods are subsiding ; the loss in Lycoming County, Pa., alone is estimated at $3,000,000. May 23. O. The second concert of the Music Festival at Cincinnati takes place under the lead of Theo. Thomas. May 24. Conn. The bust of Harriet Beecher Stowe is unveiled at the "Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford. May 28. III. Locusts appear in large numbers. May 29. D. C. The Triennial Con- gress of American Physicians and Surgeons opens in Washington. May 30. New York. The statue of Horace Greeley, erected by Typo- graphical Union No. 6, is unveiled ; it stands at the corner of Broadway and Thirty-third Street. Va. A monument to the Soldiers and Sailors of the Confederacy is un- veiled at Richmond. May 31. Colo. The damage to property at Pueblo from cloudbursts amounts to $600,000 ; hundreds of people are home- less. June 2. Chicago. The Field Columbian Museum, occupying the Art Building at the World's Fair, is formally dedicated. Colo. Snow seven feet deep lies on Pike's Peak. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. May 15. Shaffer, Chauncy, criminal law- yer, A75. May SO. Lionberger, John R., financier, CHURCH. 1894 May 13. A r . Y. Dr. Talmage's Tabernacle in Brooklyn is again de- stroyed by fire. May 14. New York. The annual meet- ing of the American Society of Com- parative Religions is held. The Roman Catholic Parochial School Exhibit opens, with addresses by Archbishop Corrigan, W. Bourke Cockran, and others. May 16. Va. John B. Newton is con- secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assist- ant bishop of Virginia. May 22. Chicago. A Liberal Religious Congress is in session. Representatives are present from the Universalist, Unitarian, Independent, Reformed Hebrew, and higher Orthodox churches, and the Ethical Culture So- ciety. LETTERS. 1894 May 24- Conn. Judge Shum- way of the Superior Court at Hart- ford finds that the law authorizing the School Board to order aH school chil- dren vaccinated, and to exclude those not vaccinated from the schools, is con- stitutional. Mass. Miss Agnes Irwin of Philadel- phia is chosen Dean of Radcliffe Col- lege at Cambridge. May 26. N. Y. Rev. A. Y. V. Raymond is formally installed as the president of Union College. May 27- Phila. Some of the most com- prehensive collections of educational exhibits at the World's Fair are secured for an economic and educational mu- seum, by action of the City Council in appropriating §10,000. (Made in 1893.) SOCIETY. 1894 May 11. Ky. The women of Lex- ington are boycotting merchants who support the candidacy of Col. Breck- inridge for Congress. May 14. Md. The American Order of Steam Engineers begins its sessions in Baltimore ; it is opposed to strikes and boycotts as interfering with indi- vidual rights. N. Y. Dr. Talmage begins his tour around the world. New York. The arrest of two young pickpockets leads to the discovery of a regular school for thievery, and its mode of working. May 15. New York. The New York Chapter of Colonial Order is incor- porated. Its object is to cherish American tra- ditions, and to promote patriotism and loyalty to national institutions. May 16. Neio York. A man in East Twelfth Street, desperate through pov- erty, kills his mother and himself. N. Y. In Waverly, Alanson Hyatt, under the influence of drink, kills' his wife, wounds his mother, and kills him- self. May 17. R. I. Burglars enter the Waketield post-office and carry off $5,000 insecurities and SI. 400 worth of stamps. May 18. New York. Bookkeeper J. J. Kean, of the Harlem River Bank, is ar- rested on a charge of stealing between $19,000 and $20,000. May 20. W. Va. In Mason County, White Caps lynch three negroes, char- ging them with stealing horses, sheep, and cattle. May 21. New York. The first pawn- shop of the Provident Loan Society opens for business in the United Chari- ties Building, and has considerable pat- ronage during the day. N. Y. The strike of the employees of the Atlantic Avenue Railroad in Brooklyn ends [temporarily]. [May 26. The Company's trolley lines are tied up by a strike, the employees objecting to being compelled to provide uniforms ; there is no disorder.] May 23. 7V % . Robbers raid the First National Bank, Long View, securing about S2,500. In a tight which ensue:* two citizens and one robber are killed and several other persons injured, some fatally. May 25. N.J. Edward Bull of Kearney, influenced by jealousy, kills his wife and tries to kill himself. Okla. Thirty well-known citizens of Tecumseh are indicted for horse-steal- ing; the territory of their raids extends from Arizona to Arkansas, and they are charged with many murders. May 26. N. Y. Adolph Brenner, an an- archist, makes an attempt to murder an entire family in Brooklyn ; he Lodges a bullet in his own head. May 27. Ind. The striking miners stop all coal-laden cars on the Evansville and Terre Haute Railroad ; Gov. Altgeld is appealed to for troops. [May 29. The strikers attempt to close mines and seize coal-trains ; the gover- nors of coal-producing States are asked to act as an arbitration committee. June 2. Gov. Matthews orders out the militia to prevent lawlessness by the strikers. June 27. Operators agree to the miners' demands and work is resumed. Julv 8. There is a pitched battle between the regular troops and a mob of strikers at Hammond ; one man is killed and four are wounded. July 10. Incendiaries fire a trestle bridge over the Calumet River, near Hammond, preventing a two-sec- tion train from reaching that city. July 15. Strikers wreck a freight-train at Indianapolis.] Pa. Four men are shot and many badly hurt in a riot in the congregation at St. Casimir's Polish Roman Catholic Church at Freeland ; four Poles are ar- rested ; cause, dissensions respecting a priest. May 28. Ind. — III. A Federal Gov- ernment injunction is issued prohibit- ing strikers from interfering with coal- trains ; more troops are ordered out in Illinois to preserve order. N. T. Kenneth F. Sutherland, the fugitive Gravesend justice, returns to Brooklyn and surrenders himself. [He pleads guilty to one of the eight indict- ments against him in connection with election frauds ; he is sentenced to im- prisonment for two vears and eight months and to a fine of S500.] New York. Delegates of the Na- tional Municipal League meet and organize. May 29. New York. Catharine M. Fitz- gerald, Inspector McLaughlin's sister, charged with murdering Carrie Pear- sail last October, is acquitted on the ground of insanity. May 30. Ga. An Immigration Con- gress is opened at Augusta, four South- ern governors attending ; every Southern State is represented by delegates. May 31. It adopts the Atwood plan of colonization by county organization. O. Sheriff Riley calls on Gov. Mo- Kinley for troops to release a train seized by miners in Athens County ; the gov- ernor orders out the militia to prevent strikers from interfering with coal- trains. UNITED STATES. 1894, May 11 -June 4. 461 Pa. Gov. Pattison issues a warning proclamation to the rioters in the coke-regions. June 1. Ga. A dynamite bomb explodes almost under the House of 1). C. Wall, railroad engineer, Atlanta. June 2. Colo. Fully armed and equipped miners surround Cripple Creek. [June 4. Prominent men are held as hostages by striking miners. June 5. The miners and operators come to an agreement. Aug. 5. The strike having failed, the miners go back to work at the former wages.] Mass. A union of all the textile trades in Fall River, to be known as the Amal- gamated Association, is formed. ■ N. Y. Japanese residents in Brook- lyn hold a meeting, and organize a so- ciety for the social, intellectual, and moral welfare of their fellow-country- men. June 3. N. Y. The Temperance Con- gress opens at Prohibition Park, Staten Island ; Gen. Neal Dow speaks. The Mutual Employment Society, recently incorporated, has for its object the securing of work for deserving ap- plicants without regard to creed or na- tionality, and without expense to the employers. June 4. N. T. Twelve inspectors of Staten Island are sentenced for election frauds to different terms of imprison- ment, and some of them to pay a fine of $250 in addition. STATE. 1S94 May 11-12. D. C. Congress: The Senate votes on several amendments to the Tariff Bill ; the duties on tannic acid, tartaric acid, and alcoholic per- fumery are fixed. May 14. D. C. Congress: The Senate disposes of seven items on the chemical schedule of the Tariff Bill. N. J. Gov. "Werts vetoes 10 reform bills on the ground that they are too partisan. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the Pound Compulsory Education Bill. May 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes several paragraphs of the chemi- cal schedule of the Tariff Bill; the House passes the Naval Appropria- tion Bill after five discussions ; hill in- troduced Apr. 18. May 16. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- ate fifteen paragraphs of the chemical schedule of the Tariff Bill are disposed of; H. C. Lodge of Mass. offers a resolu- tion for an inquiry into charges of at- tempts to bribe Senators to vote against the Tariff Bill, and the charge that the sugar schedule was drawn in return for campaign contribution to the Demo- cratic party. [May 17. Appointed.] May 17. D. C. Congress: The House passes the Agricultural Appropria- tion Bill introduced Apr. 30. May 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate completes the debate on the chemical schedule and the earthenware and glass schedules ; the resolution for longer hours is agreed to. N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the bill appropriating §25,000 for the expenses of investigating the police and other departments of New York City (Lexow Committee), on the ground that the com- mittee is too partisan. Judge Gaynor decides that a health commissioner cannot imprison persons who decline to he vaccinated unless in- fected with disease or exposed to con- tagion. May 19. I). C. Congress; Senate : The Peffer resolution for a committee to give a hearing to Coxey's army is discussed ; the Populist Senators favor it, and pro- test against the proposal to treat the army as law-breakers. May 20. N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the New York City Bipartisan Police Com- mission Bill ; also the police bills for Albany, Troy, and Richmond County, all on the ground of being too partisan. May 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate fixes the duty on iron ore at 40 cents a ton ; the House in Committee of the Whole, while considering the Legisla- tive, Executive, and Judicial Appro- priation Bill, strikes out the item for salaries of the Civil Service Commis- sion and its employees. Vote, 109-7. It aims to destroy the commission. May 23. B.C. Congress : The Senate discusses the Tariff Bill. Bering Sea. Three schooners, while fishing for seals in the open sea, are seized by Capt. May of the Hyacinth, who, after confiscating their guns and papers, sends them home. May 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The resolution against the use of force in favor of Hawaiian royalty is discussed ; the House amends and passes the Le- gislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropriation Bill, with the item for salaries of the Civil Service Commission restored ; bill introduced May 15. N. Y. Gov, Flower vetoes the bill providing that no other than American flags float above public buildings, except on special occasions when foreigners of rank visit the country. May 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The consideration of the metal schedule of the Tariff Bill is finished ; David B. Hill's motion to put lead ore on the free list is defeated. Vote, 3-52. The House begins the debate on the hill to repeal the 10 per cent tax on State bank cir- culation. [Five discussions follow.] May 29. D. C. , Congress : The Senate Committee makes a partial report on the Sugar Trust scandal, recommend- ing the prosecution of the newspaper correspondents who decline to give the names of their informants ; the Vest resolution opposing the annexation of Hawaii is tabled. Tote, 36-1S. N. r. Over 200,000 women pe- tition the Constitutional Convention for equal suffrage. May 30. La. The TJ. S. Court of Ap- peals of New Orleans decides that the city is not liable for damages for the deaths of the Italians lynched in the riot of 1890. Pkila. The Federal Court dismisses the motion made on behalf of the Gov- ernment to enjoin the Gettysburg Elec- tric Railroad Company from building a' trolley road on the battle-field. May 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate passes a resolution declaring for non- interference in Hawaiian affairs; the lumber schedule of the Tariff Bill is finished. Secretary Carlisle and Senators Mc- pherson, Mills, and Harris testify before the Senate Committee in relation to the Sugar Trust charges. June 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate begins the consideration of the sugar schedule. New York. Business men hold a mass- meeting to protest against the proposed income tax. June 3. D. C. The gold reserve is again a source of anxiety, having fallen to about $79,000,000. New York. Yen Ching, Chinese am- bassador, and Ziar Yen Foo, his secre- tary, arrive from Havre, on a tour of inspection to the Chinese embassies at different countries. June 4. D. C. Congress; Senate: The sugar schedule of the Tariff Bill is dis- cussed, the Republicans attacking it; the House debates the Bank Tax Repeal Bill. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 May 11. New York. Tip, the big elephant of Central Park, having become dangerous, is killed by cyanide of potassium concealed in capsules hid- den in "mash." May 13. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's Taber- nacle, the Hotel Regent, and other buildings in Brooklyn are burned ; loss, $1,000,000. May 14. Pa. About 30 persons are in- jured by an explosion and fire at Brad- ford. May 15. Boston. The baseball buildings and about vz acres of adjoining prop- erty are burned, rendering several hun- dred families homeless. May 17. Boston. Many valuable port records and over $150,000 worth of prop- erty are destroyed by fire. Nev. Sheep perish by thousands in a snow, rain, and wind storm in the Sierra Nevada foot-hills. May 18. Md. A number of leading capitalists, bankers, and railroad officers organize at Baltimore, under the title of the Southern Immigration Land and Title Company, for the purpose of devel- oping the South. Phila. The Order of Tonti makes an assignment to the Land Title and Trust Company ; assets, $1,250,000. May 19. Chicago. The population is now reported at 1,700,000. May 25. Chicago. The Viking ship is donated to the Field Museum, Jackson Park, by the generosity of its pur- chasers. May 26. Chicago. The French Repub- lic begins a suit in the TJ. S. Circuit Court for $1,000,000 alleged damage to the French exhibit by the fire in the Manufactures Building at the World's Fair. May 28. Mass. Wakefield celebrates its quarter-millennial. May 30. Wis. A train is wrecked by an open switch on the Wisconsin Cen- tral Railroad, near Marshfield ; four men are killed, four missing, and 15 peo- ple injured. 462 1894, June 4- June 27. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1394 June 13. R.I. The Naval "War College opens at Newport. June 18. N. Y. Of the 96 applicants for admission to the "West Point Mili- tary Academy, only 41 are accepted. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 June 4. Ore. Great damage is caused by floods at Portland ; much of the business part of the city is under ■water. June 6. Cal. The 45th annual conven- tion of the American Medical Asso- ciation begins its sessions iu San Fran- cisco, with 2,000 delegates present. June 9. Wyo. A rich gold strike is made in Dutch Tom Gulch. June 14. N. Y. The corner-stone of a monument to the memory of "Wash- ington and Rochambeau is laid at Dobbs Ferry. June 18 ±. Pa. Another Arctic Ex- pedition — Henry G. Bryant, leader — starts for the relief of Lieut. Peary in the far north ; it is organized under the auspices of the Philadelphia Geographi- cal Club. June 21. New York. The memorial bust of Postmaster H. G. Pearson in the Post-office Building is unveiled. June 25. New York. The Saengerf est closes -with its final concert this evening in Madison Square Garden, with an im- mense audience present. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. June 4. Van Zandt, Charles C, Gov. of It. I., A64. June 7. Price, R. M., Gov. of N. J., A76. "Whitney. William Dwight, philolo- gist, professor at Yale, A67. June 1 7. Phelps, "William "Walter, M. C. for N. J., minister to Germany, A55. CHURCH. 1894 June 8. D. C. Several Koman Catholic prelates meet, and reorganize the Catholic Indian Bureau under a new Papal charter. June 9. Boston. The General Conven- tion of the New Jerusalem meets. June 13. N. Y. The 11th annual meet- ing of the International Missionary Union opens at Clifton Springs, with about 150 mission-board representatives from all parts of the world present. June 25. N. Y. The Ancient Order of Hibernians, in its State Convention at Rochester, receives recognition by the Church authorities in that diocese for the first time. LETTERS. 1894 June 5. N. Y. The Board of Re- gents votes to extend the system of free libraries. SOCIETY. 1894 June 4. Boston. The Ameri- can Sugar Refining Company files its answer to the information recently brought by the Attorney General which asks for au injunction to prevent it from doing business until it files a state- ment of its business as required by law ; the answer denies the constitutionality of such requirement. June 5. Md. Two regiments leave Bal- timore for the Cumberland coal-region to preserve order. [June 7. Striking miners at Frostburg make night attacks on the pickets of the troops guarding the town.] N. J. The Supreme Court at Trenton rejects the application of Miss Mary Phillbroke to be permitted to stand ex- amination for admission to the bar. Pa. Strikers at MeKeesport seize the plant of the National Tube Works, and assault the non-union employees ; a cannon is planted to guard against Pink- erton police ; the town is virtually in the hands of the strikers. [June 10. Strikers and deputy-sheriffs have a conflict at Lemont in the coke- district ; one striker is killed and two ■wounded. June 1S±. Many miners re- turn to their work. June 21. Two regi- ments and a troop of cavalry are ordered to Jefferson County to prevent rioting and dynamiting. More miners go to work. July3±. Rioting is renewed by coal-miners ; troops are called out.] June 6. ///. A coal-miners' riot takes place at Wesley ; one man is killed and several are seriously injured. [June 9. Troops are hurried to Paua to prevent violence. July 5. It is al- leged that the mayor of Springfield en- courages the strikers to obstruct railway traffic] Mont. Gov. Rickards, by proclama- tion, forbids the sun-dance of the In- dians at Great Falls, and orders the local authorities to enforce the prohibi- tion. O. Gov. McKinley orders out 1,200 troops to prevent seizure of coal-trains by strikers. [June 8. Coal-trains move under mili- tary protection. June 9. Strikers burn bridge No. 4 to delay the conveyance of the militia to Flushing. July 3. Troops are ordered out to protect moving coal- trains. July 11. At the yards in Toledo, 12 roads are tied up.] W. Ya. Coxeyites steal a train at Kanawha; a company of militia is or- dered to the scene of trouble. June 7. N. J. Mayor Lebknecher of Newark refuses to fly any but American flags on the City Hall. June 8. Chicago. The Municipal Order League secures the appointment of a woman as Inspector of the Bureau of Street and Alley Cleaning. June 9. Ind. Six men are arrested in Indianapolis for car-robbing; they con- fess that Claude McAlpin was kidnapped and sent bound and gagged in a box-car to Mexico to prevent him from telling the authorities what he knew about the robberies. La. City Councilman John T. Calla- han of New Orleans is indicted for ac- cepting a bribe of S500. [Aug. 22. Found guilty.] June 10. Chicago. John Cane, a tinner, while crazed with liquor, wounds five men with an ax; lynching is threatened by a crowd surrounding the police sta- tion. June 11+. O. A conference of miners and operators is held at Columbus. It agrees on a compromise wage scale of 60 cents a ton in Ohio and 69 cents in Pennsylvania; strikers continue de- struction of railroad property in Ohio and Alabama. New York.* The trial of Police Cap- tain J. K. Price begins. Pa. W. Webber kills his father-in- law, Justus KJemmer, and tries to kill his wife; he is under arrest in Reading. June 13. Ga. A colored criminal is skinned alive by a lynching mob. Chicago. The American Railway Union and the Knights of Labor effect a coalition. New York. Before leaving for Eu- rope, Richard Croker, the Tammany boss, resigns membership in the Man- hattan Club. June 14. I). C. A former employee of the Carnegie Company testifies 'as t<> the plate-armor frauds ; he makes start- ling charges of deliberate deception against a superintendent. N. J. John Kaulfmann, under the influence of poverty and despair, kills his wife and three children and hangs himself at Camden. June 15. New York. Erastus Wiman is convicted of forgery in the second degree. [June 19. He is sentenced to five years and six months imprisonment, and later acquitted. June 2o. Proceed- ings are stayed.] 0.4- Miners' conventions in a num- ber of coal-carrying districts vote to return to work under the Columbus compromise agreement. [The net loss of the great coal-strike is estimated at $20,000,000.] (See June 11.) June 16. Ya. The Court of Appeals decides that Mrs. Belva Lockwood may practise law in Virginia. June 17. Cal. Several hundred il- licit brandy distilleries are discovered in the mountain districts j they are worked mostly by Italians. Chicago. Sympathizers with Irish Home Hule organize a committee to raise money in aid of the struggle in the British House of Commons ; about S10,000 are already subscribed. New York. Harvey Curtis shoots Philip Moran to prevent him, while drunk, from shooting his daughter, to whom Curtis is betrothed. June 18. Mont. The Cree sun-dance is held at Havre in spite of the authori- ties ; great barbarities are practised by the Indians. Pa. Over 15,000 miners resume work in the soft-coal region; big plants in Pittsburg start up ; the Central Penn- sylvania operators refuse to yield, and are still out. June 20. A". Y. The 11th annual en- campment of the Sons of Veterans is held at Middleport. June 21. Mass. Emil C. Knappe is ar- rested in Boston on the charge of em- bezzling $49,000 of the funds of the Chicopee National Bank of Springfield. N. J. A robbers' den is found on the Kearney meadows ; several of the gang are arrested. New York. A reception is given to Miss Frances E. "Willard on her arrival from Europe. June 22. New York. The great Saen- gerfest begins with a torchlight proces- sion, in which 10,000 singers take part. The new State Club is formally opened in the presence of a large as- semblage. UNITED STATES. 1894, June 4-June 27. 463 N. }". Mrs. Halliday is sentenced at Monticello to die by electricity in the week beginning Aug. 6. June 23. Colo. Adj.-Gen. Tarsney, the representative of Gov. Waite in the mi- ners' strike, is kidnapped, taken away in a carriage, and tarred and feathered by masked men at Colorado Springs. — N. Y. "White Caps heat Patrick Ed- wards of Livingston Manor for drunk- enness, and duck him in a mill-race. June 24. D. C. The California contin- gent of the "Army of the Unemployed" arrives at Washington, 125 strong. June 25. Chicago. Ex-Treasurer W. A. Simrott of the Switchmen's Mutual Aid Association absconds ; his accounts are short S25,000. Ga. Six masked men hold up a train on the Savannah, Florida, and "Western Railway near Thomasville, and rob the express-car of $1,222; the pas- sengers are not molested. N.J. Edward K. Christopher, auditor of the Prudential Life Insurance Com- pany of Newark, is arrested on a charge of embezzling about $n,oooof the coin- . pany's funds. June 27- Mass. The Young Women's Conference at East Northfield is con- cluded by Mr. Moody. N. Y. The second annual convention of the Intercollegiate Prohibition As- sociation of the United States begins its three days' session at Prohibition Park, Staten Island. Pa. Mrs. Wight man of Pittsburg is bound and gagged in her home by two men, who rob the house of valuables. STATE. 1S94 June 5. X>. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Dunphy Hudson River Bridge Bill. [June 6. House concurs. June S. Approved.] Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.) is re- nominated for governor. 0. The State is carried by the Re- publicans ; the Populists suffer severe losses. June 6. D. C. Congress: The House rejects the hill to suspend the 10 per cent tax on bank-notes issued by State banks, after five discussions. Vote, 172- 102. The Senate Bribery Investigation Committee examines Congressman Cad- mus of N. J. in relation to the Sugar Trust's connection with the Tariff. [June 7. It decides to subpcena mem- bers of the Sugar Trust. June 8. Mr. Terrell testifies. June 12. President H. O. Havemeyer. June 13. John E. Searles, treasurer.] June S. I). C. Congress: The Senate discusses the agricultural schedule of the Tariff Bill under the five minutes' rule ; it disposes of several paragraphs. The United States makes a claim on Spain for reimbursement of sums im- properly collected as duties in Cuba. Pa. About 150 delegates in session at Pittsburg organize a new political party. It is to be known as " The Pro- fjessive American Party," which will avor non-interference with public schools, protective tariff, a prohibitive immigration law for 25 years, national June 12, I). C. Congress: The House practically legislates the Indian Com- mission out of office by refusing to make an appropriation for it. S. Dak. Legal proceedings are begun in Pierre to test the constitutionality of the Apportionment Act under which the Legislature was elected. June 13. D. C. Congress; Senate: The "wool schedule is discussed. Kan. L. D. Lewelling (Populist) is renominated for governor. June 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Several amendments to the wool sched- ule of the Tariff Bill are defeated by very small majorities. The Senate Investigating Commit- tee begins the examination of Senators in alphabetical order. It asks searching questions relative to sugar-stock holdings ; it also makes inquiry with reference t<> campaign con- tributions by the Sugar Trust. June 16. D. C. Congress: the House passes the Indian Appropriation Bill, after 11 discussions ; bill introduced Apr. 30. June IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate makes rapid progress with the Tariff Bill free list ; an amendment by David B. Hill for free coal is defeated ; the House passes the substitute for the Hatch Anti-Option Bill (see Feb. 25) after five discussions. [Aug. 2. Re- ported back by the Senate with amend- ments.] June 19. D. C. The Senate Investi- gating Committee concludes its work for the present time. The Treasury gold reserve falls to $60,000,000: bank presidents decide to furnish their own gold for export. June 20. I). C. Congress : The Senate finishes the consideration of the free list of the Tariff Bill ; salt remains on the free list. Cal. M. W. Estee (Rep.) is nominated for governor ; the State Convention de- clares for free coinage of silver and woman suffrage. June 21. .D. C. Congress; Senate: The income-tax section of the Tariff Bill is reached ; Senators Hill, Hoar, and Higgins oppose the tax ; the Senate Investigating Committee reports the contumacy of Messrs. Havemeyer and Searles ; a minority dissenting report is filed. June 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses the income tax, but no vote is reached ; incomes above ©3,000 to be taxed under an adopted amendment ; the House amends and passes the sub- stitute Anti-Option Bill. Vote, 150-87. Prof. Mendenhall, in charge of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, tenders his resignation to President Cleveland, on the ground of official interference with the working of the bureau. June 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates the income tax; the limit of exemption is restored to §4,000. O. The Supreme Court of Ohio de- cides that the Holcomb Law, taxing the business of dealing in cigarettes, is valid. June 25. D.C. Congress : Both Houses adjourn out of respect to the memory of President Carnot of France, whose death is reported. June 26. I). C. Congress : The House passes the General Deficiency Bill introduced June 18. The House subcommittee resumes the armor-plate investigation respecting alleged defects. Colo. The National Republican League Convention opens in Denver. June 27. Boston. Judge Colt decides that Japanese, as Mongolians, are de- barred from naturalization. Pa. The Democrats nominate Edi- tor Singerly of the Philadelphia Rec- ord for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 June 6. N. Y. Onondaga cele- brates its centennial. June 8. Colo. Fifteen Coxeyites are accidentally drowned in the Platte River, near Brighton. June 10. N.J. Locusts on the rails stop ■a Long Branch train near Avenel. June 14. N. J. The " corner-stone" of. the "Atlantis" Hotel is laid at sea, 19 miles east of Sandy Hook, and 11 miles from the Long Island shore ; the "stone" is a tin cylinder surmounted by a flag with a red border, a white cen- ter, and bearing the initial *' A." Neto York. " Flag Day" is cele- brated, but without suspension of busi- ness. June 17. Scot. The Ethiopia, Anchor Line steamer, reports having struck an iceberg on her way from New York to Glasgow, and having been saved from sinking only by bags of flour jammed in a hole at her bow. June 18. New York. Bank presidents hold a conference on gold exports. JR. I. The steamer Plymouth runs on the rocks at Rose Island, near Newport. June 19. O. Many mines are re- opened. June 20. Ala. In the Mary Lee mine, near Birmingham, 50 miners are en- tombed by a fire. June 22. Mo. The "Williams Palace Car Company at St. Joseph is capitalized at 83,000,000 to compete with the Pull- man and Wagner Companies. June 24. Cal. Fruit-canners organ- ize a trust, and incorporate under the name of the California Cannery Com- pany, with a capital of $500,000. N. J. The overloaded tug James D. Nicoll sinks off the Navesink High- lands ; 13 lives are lost. O. Three persons are killed and sev- eral injured by a train-wreck at Chilli- cothe. June 26. Pa. The Edgar Thomson Steel Works of the Carnegie Works at Braddock resume operations, giving employment to 1,500 men. 464 1894, June 28- July 17. AMERICA : ARMY — NAVY. 1S94 July 10. Cat. United States troops start from San Francisco for Sacramento, which for 12 days has been under mob rule. July 14. Mass. The cruiser Minne- apolis, on her trial trip in Massachusetts Bay, develops a speed of 23.05 knots, un- official time. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 July 4. O. A Soldiers* Monu- ment is dedicated at Cleveland. N. Y. A monument to the mem- ory of Capt. Nathan Hale, the mar- tyred patriot, is unveiled at Huntington. July 5. N. F. The Society for the Promotion of Music begins its 16th annual meeting at Saratoga. July 7. 5. Dak. Twenty bridges are washed away by a heavy hail-storm and cloudburst at Hot Springs. July 9. Wash. The town of Conconully is visited by a destructive cloudburst. July 15. S. Dak. The prairie fire is " still burning on the ceded lands at Pierre. The tract burned over is 50 by 90 miles in extent. A Russian settlement on Yellow Medicine Creek is wiped out; several settlers are seriously burned. July 16±. N.J. Forest fires are ra- ging ; between 6,000 and 7,000 acres of land are burned over. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. June 28. Temple, w. G-, rear-adm. V. S. N., A70. June 30. Law, Sallie C. G. (Mother of the Confederacy), A84. July 11. Fry, James B., maj.-gen. U. S. A., CHURCH. 1S94 July 1. N. J. The new audito- rium at Ocean Grove is formally opened with impressive services, 7,000 persons present. .V. Y. Kev. Thomas M. A. Burke is consecrated as the fourth (Roman Catholic) bishop of Albany. July 11-15. O. The National Conven- tion of the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor is in session at Cleveland, with 10,000 delegates in at- tendance. LETTERS. 1S94 June 28. Me. Bowdoin College celebrates its 100th. anniversary. July 2. N. J. The 10th annual conven- tion of the National Editorial As- sociation begins its sessions at Asbury Park. July 5. N. Y. The 32d convocation of the Regents of the University opens in the Senate Chamber at Albany, with over 200 educators present. Phila. The American Society opens the first meeting for University Ex- tension. July 8. X. Y. The Long Beach (Long Island), Summer Parliament opens. July 9. N. H. The C4th annual conven- tion of the American Institute of Instruction opens at Bethlehem. July 15. N. Y. The Roman Catholic summer school at Plattsburg opens. SOCIETY. 1894 June 28. New York. Richard Worthington, formerly book-publisher, is arrested on the charge of embez- zling $19,085.71 belonging to the Wor- thington Company. N. Y. A Brooklyn tailor, M. Gessner, kills Annie Sauter, his employer's daughter, and then kills himself. June 29. D. C. The Washington grand jury finds indictments against brokers who refused to give information to the Senate Investigating Committee, in connection with sugar speculation. June 30. Ind. The American Wire Rod and Wire Nail Mills at Anderson shut down; 800 operatives are out of work; the men demand the wage-scale with the Amalgamated Association. The strike on the Western railroads is spreading. July 1. Cat. Federal troops are or- dered to Trinidad to suppress riotous strikers. July 3. Chicago. The jury, after two hours' deliberation, returns a verdict that Patrick Eugene Prendergast is not insane, and that therefore he is respon- sible for the murder of Mayor Carter Harrison. [July 13. He is hanged.] N. Y. " Boodle" Alderman H. W. Jaehne of New York is pardoned by Gov. Flower. N. Y. The jury in the "Bat" Shea trial in Troy returns a verdict of murder in the first degree. [July 10. Sentenced to be executed in the week beginning Aug. 21.] Mich. Rioting exists among coal- miners ; troops are called out. July 4. Cat. Violence by strikers re- sults in the ordering out of the militia. [July 10. Troops start for Sacra- mento ; the city has been under mob- rule for a week. July 11. Strikers at Sacramento wreck a train, killing the engineer and three soldiers and injuring four others. July 12. D. Warden is arrested at Sacramento as leader of the train-wreckers. July 14. Regulars fire into a mob at Sacramento, mortally wounding two men. July 16. Strikers attack a freight-train in West Oakland ; they are repulsed by troops and several are injured ; 21 are arrested.] New York. The Society of the Cin- cinnati holds its annual meeting, and elects Gen. John Cochrane of N. Y. president. Okla. Seventy-five masked men overpower the guards and burn the Rock Island Railroad Bridge at Waukomis, south of Enid ; the soldiers at Round Fond are fired on. Ida. Masked men in the Ccenr d'Alene region kill a non-union man and kidnap four others. Mass. Over S3,000 worth of statuary- is maliciously destroyed on the estate of the late S. D. Warren at Waltham. JV. J. A national Good Roads Convention opens at Asbury Park. July 6. Minn. In Duluth doc km en strike for increase of pay. X. Y. The Constitutional Cob rejects a resolution introduced by 1L I.. Towns of Brooklyn condemning of the Federal Government in sending troops to suppress the railroad strike. July 7. Cat. President Kingsbury, of the National City American Railway Union, and a yardman are arrested at San 1 uVgo, on the charge of conspiracy ; Rev. X. E. Ravelin i.s arrested on an in- dictment by the Federal grand jury at Los Angeles, charging him with inciting to insurrection against the authority of the United States. July 8. X. Y. The American Railway Union men in Buffalo are ordered to strike to-morrow, W. Fa. Kelly's band of Common- wealers are arrested for stealing a train. They are divided into three companies ; two are sent into Ohio, one is sent into Kentucky, and the remainder, about 70, are taken by police to Huntington. N. Y.+ Labor-unions in New York, Boston, and elsewhere pas? resolutions of sympathy with the railroad strikers. July 9. Boston, An attempt at jail- delivery by 100 prisoners is made in the House of Corrections. ± Mich. Mayor Pingree of Detroit and a number of other mayors favor joining in a request to George M. Pull- man to consent to arbitrate ; a mass- meeting in Detroit adopts a resolution asking Congress to pass a law providing for arbitration in strikes. N. J. Newark police capture nine train-plunderers, and recover a large quantity of stolen goods buried near their camp. July 10. Phila. George Bellwear. a post-office clerk, is arrested for stealing and rifling the mails; he makes a full confession of guilt. July 11. New York. Michael Brady. Police Captain Stephenson's ward man, is dismissed from the force for accepting a bribe. July 12. N. J. The Orangemen of Jersey City parade for the first time since 1S70, and without disturbance. New York. Judge Barrett gives a certificate of reasonable doubt in the case of Erastus Wiman, under sentence for forgery. [July 13. He is released on S30,000 bail, pending the decision of the Court of Appeals.J A mass-meeting is held in Cooper Union to indorse Eugene V. Debs and the great railroad strike at Chicago. N. Y. The Brooklyn authorities, fearing disturbance, refuse to allow Orangemen to parade. Phila. Green-ribbon men attack parading Orangemen with brickbats, causing a small riot in which some are wounded ; a number of participants are arrested. July 13. Mont. Highwaymen hold up an express-wagon in Montana, and take everything or value from it, in- cluding a package of $11,000 shipped by a grocery firm. Okla. Two bridges are blown up, a large extent of track is destroyed, and a freight-train of 13 cars is thrown into a river, killing three men and in- juring others ; the governor is appealed to for protection. UNITED STATES. 1894, June 28- July 17. 465 July 14. Conn. The chief of police of Bristol orders that all nickel-in-the-slot machines be removed from the cigar- shops of the city. Tenn. A negro barn-burner is lynched in Dixon County by a body of masked men. July 15. Pa. A house in Harrisburg, occupied by a man who went to work in a striker's place in the coal-mines at Punxsutawney, is wrecked by dynamite. July 16. Mich. A Grand Trunk train is wrecked near Battle Creek ; one man is killed and several persons are seri- ously injured ; strikers suspected of the crime. New York. The Police Board de- cides to try Capt. Doherty and Wardmen Hoch, Levy, and Meehan on the charge of bribe-taking. [Oct. 20. Doherty and six other ex- police officers of various ranks are ar- rested on indictment for blackmail.] July 17. Okta. Rioting and destruc- tion of bridges occur on the Rock Island Railroad ; a dynamite bomb is thrown under a train carrying soldiers. STATE. 1894 June 28. D. C. Congress; Sen- ate : A motion to strike out the income- tax section of the Tariff Bill is defeated. Vote, 40-23. The House passes the bill to admit New Mexico to statehood in the Union, June 29. D. C. Congress; Senate: The consideration of the Tariff Bill in Committee of the "Whole is finished, and the measure reported. Mass. The Senate adopts the amend- ment submitting the Elevated Railroad Bill to the voters of Boston for approval or rejection. June 30. B.C. The Treasury statement for the fiscal year places the deficit at $71,500,000. July 1. D. C. At a conference between the President, Attorney-General Olney, and others, it is decided to apply for sweeping injunctions against the rail- road strikers in the West. (See So- ciety.) The Administration appoints special counsel and takes steps to enforce the carrying of mails on the railroads in the West. July 2. D. C. Congress; Senate : The Tariff Bill is considered ; a defeat of the one-eighth cent tax on refined sugar is prevented by Senator Quay's vote ; the sugar schedule is amended so that the duty and repeal of the bounty will take effect upon the passage of the bill. The U. S. Courts in Chicago issue an injunction against the strikers ; Fed- eral troops are ordered out in Colorado, and State militia put into active service in Illinois, to prevent interference by strikers. July 3. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The Wilson compromise Tariff Bill is passed; only one Democratic Senator, David B. Hill, votes against it ; the Re- publicans vote solidly against it. "Vote, 39-35. Edwards and Shimer, newspaper cor- respondents who refused to answer in- quiries of the Senate Investigation tion July 6 Committee, are indicted by the Wash- ington grand jury. Attorney-General Olney orders the in- dictment of President Debs of the Railroad Union. The blockades in Illinois are broken with the aid of Federal troops ; violence by railroad strikers in California occa- sions the calling out of the militia. July 5. D. C. Congress : Only the House is in session; the Tariff Bill is received from the Senate, having 633 amendments ; it provides for higher rates than the House Bill. President Cleveland replies to a pro- test from Gov. Altgeld against sending Federal troops to Chicago. N. Y. The Constitutional Conven- onvenes at Albany. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sev- eral measures bearing on the railroad strike at Chicago are introduced ; in the House the amended Tariff Bill is re- ferred to the Committee on Ways and Means ; the House passes the bill, in- troduced Apr. 6, providing for the taxa- tion of national banks. July 9. D. C. Congress : The Senate amends and passes the Naval Appro- priation BUI. [July 19. Conference report agreed to. July 30. Approved.] The Democratic members of the Tariff Conference Committee meet. The President issues a second proc- lamation, covering nine Western States and Territories, ordering rioters to dis- perse. July 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Post-office Ap- propriation Bill. [July 11, 12, House concurs. July 24. Approved.] The resolution of W. A. Peffer of Kan., declaring it the duty of the government to control aU railroads engaged in in- terstate commerce and work the coal- beds, is taken up. New York. The Leiow Commit- tee's witnesses refuse to obey the sum- mons of the Police Commissioners to give evidence at an investigation held by the latter. N. J. A convention to revise the ju- diciary is in session at Trenton. July 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Military Acad- emy Appropriation Bill. [July 16. Conference report agreed to. July 30. Approved by the President.] It amends and passes the Pensions Appropriation Bill. [July 13. Con- ference report agreed to ; approved.] It amends and passes the Diplomatic and Consular Appropriation Bill. [July 19. Conference report agreed to.] John W. Daniel's resolution indorsing the action of President Cleveland in the railroad strike is passed unanimously. July 12. B. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Army Appro- priation BUI. [July 27. Conference report agreed to. Aug. 7. Approved.] It amends and passes the Fortifica- tion Appropriation BUI. [Aug. 6. Conference report agreed to. Aug. 8. Approved by the President.] President Cleveland consents to ap- point a commission to investigate the strike against the Pullman Car Com- pany under the Arbitration Law of 1888. July 13. D.C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the River and Har- bor Appropriation Bill. [Aug. 6. Conference report agreed to. Axig. 20. It becomes a law without the Presi- dent's approval.] July 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Appropria- tion Bill. [July 25. Conference report agreed to. Aug. 8. Approved by the President.] The House passes a resolu- tion indorsing President Cleveland's ac- tion during the recent strike. N. Y. The special Senate Commit- tee begins its investigation of charges brought against Gov. Flower by the Civil Service Reform Association. New York. Mayor Gilroy accepts the resignation of John McClave as Police Commissioner, and appoints Michael Kerwin his successor. July 17. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes the Agricultural Appropria- tion Bill with an amendment appro- priating $1,000,000 to exterminate the Russian thistle. [July 31. Conference report agreed to. Aug. 10. Approved by the President.] The House passes the Bailey Uniform Bankruptcy Bill. The President signs the hill enabling Utah to become a State. (Jan. 4, '96.) MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 June 29. Conn. A brass tablet is unveiled in Hartford, to commemorate the meeting of Washington and Rocham- beau in the city in 1775. June 31. Cat. A break in a levee at Sacramento floods 500 acres of fine land. July 1. New York. The steam yacht Aztec is run down by the steamer Sam Sloan in Hell Gate. July 2. Chicago. The Gas Trust is of- ficially dissolved. Me. Five persons are killed and others injured in a train-wreck near Moosehead Lake, caused by a tie on the track. July 4. Conn. About 50 persons are in- jured by a train collision on the Nau- gatuck division of the New Haven road at Seymour. July 5. Chicago. Several of the "World's Fair buildings are destroyed by an in- cendiary. July 9. 0. Several railroads at To- ledo are tied up. July 11. Ind. The Big Four System at Indianapolis drops 6,000 men from its- pay-roll, it having suffered heavily from the boycott, and uses Wagner cars ex- clusively. July 13. N.J. The New York and Philadelphia Traction Company is in- 'corporated at Trenton ; capital, $10,- 000,000. July 14. New York. The East River Tunnel to Long Island City is com- pleted. It is eight feet high and 10 feet wide ; it is to be a conduit for the big mains of the East River Gas Company. 466 1894, July 17 - Aug. 4. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1894 July 21. The cruiser Columbia starts on her voyage to Bluefields, Nica- ragua, to protect American interests. ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 July 17. Wis. The army worm is doing thousands of dollars damage. July 18. Minn. Forest fires are raging and doing great damage. N. Y. A Soldiers' Monument is dedicated at the Soldiers' Home at Bath. It is the gift of the late Samuel Dietz of New York City. July22. Wyo. The Yellowstone Park geysers are unusually active, the new Crater Geyser throwing rocks of 25 pounds weight to the height of 200 feet. July 26. Ariz. In an observation made at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, it is found that the light from the " larger lakes " of Mars is unpolarized, and that the light from the polar sea is polarized. Hence the " polar sea " is probably water, and the " lakes " prob- ably not. July 28. Cal. Central and northern California are illuminated by a brilliant meteor. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. July S3. Low, Fred. F., Gov. of Cal., AI36. July 34. lloniagtu', Crur^r, banker, dies. July 35. Soule, Wilson, nnllionaire, phi- lanthrope!, of Rochester, A41. MeCullough, J. B., Meth. clergyman, editor, A71- Aug-. 1. Holt, Joseph, jiulue- advocate-gen- eral U. S. A., A87. Aug. 3. Andrews, Judson B-, superinten- dent insane asylum, A60. CHURCH. 1894 July 18. New York. Ninety pil- grims leave this port for Lourdes on the Paris; they are under Rev. E. H. Por- cile, who takes several thousand dollars of " Peter's pence " to Pope Leo from Brooklyn. Mgr. Satolli affirms a ruling of Bishop J. A. Watterson of Colum- bus, O. He says he will withdraw his approba- tion from any Roman Catholic society in his diocese that has a liquor-dealer or saloon-keeper among its officers ; and will, furthermore, refuse absolution to any of the latter who sell on Sundays or carry on business in a forbidden or disedifying way. July 28. Wis. The episcopal residence of Archbishop Katzer is assessed at $103,150; the Board of Assessors, by a vote of 16 to 7, decide that the prop- erty must pay the tax. [The case will be appealed.] July 31. N. J. Ocean Grove cele- brates its 25th anniversary. July * The 3d annual convention of the Baptist Young People's Union of America is held at Toronto, Canada ; 2,000 delegates present. Aug. 1. Mass. D. L. Moody's Confer- ence for Bible Study at Northfield opens. LETTERS. 1894 Aug. 3. New York. The Chinese News is issued ; Yung Kwai, editor ; it is printed in Chinese, on light buff paper, and illustrated. SOCIETY. 1894 July 17. Utah. Three strikers are caught removing rails on the Union Pacific as the overland dyer is due ; they are imprisoned. July 18. I). C. Mgr. Satolli makes a decision adverse to the liquor-traffic. (See Church.) July 19. New York. The trial of the accused poliee officials begins before the Police Board. July 21. The Southern Pacific Railroad strike is declared off; the strikers will be taken back. July 22±. O. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad Company orders the dismissal of all American Railway Union men. July 23. S. C. Gov. Tillman proclaims that the State dispensaries for the sale of liquor will be reopened on Aug. 1. [Aug. 1. Opened.] July 24. Chicago. The Federal Court refuses to release President Debs and his associates on their answers to the bill of complaint. N. J. The annual convention of the International Orders of King' s Daughters and King's Sons opens at Ocean Grove. July 25. D.C. President Cleveland ap- points John D. Kernan of New York and N. E. Worthington of Peoria, 111., mem- bers of the commission to investigate the late railroad strike. July 26. New York. Police Captain Doherty and his ward men, Hoch and Meehan, are found guilty of extortion and neglect of duty, and dismissed from the force-; charges are preferred against five police sergeants and two patrolmen, who are suspended until trial. (See July 16.) July 27. D. C. Carroll D. Wright re- ports to the President the result of his investigation of the slums in large cities. Tenn. Convicts cause a dynamite Sipe explosion at a mine at the Tracy ity coal-mines, killing a mine official and wounding two guards; mauy of the convicts defy the guards. July 28. Minn. Masked miners at- tack the crew of a Milwaukee Short Line freight-train at Saint Paul, injuring some, and driving others into the woods near the city. Wyo. Firemen on the Wyoming di- vision of the Union Pacific Railroad are being dismissed for incendiary remarks during the strike- July 29. ///. A non-union engineer at Danville Junction is shot. The Straw- Haulers' Association, composed of farmers, boycotts the Yan- dalia Paper Mill Company because of a quarrel between union and non-union straw-haulers. July 30. New York. Archbishop Cor- rigan approves of Mgr. Satolli's views relative to the exclusion of liq- uor-dealers from Roman Catholic soci- eties. A'- h. Beef-kiHers at the South Omaha packing-houses strike for the pay ruling during 1693. 0. About 100 men employed at the Baltimore and Ohio shops at Chicago Junction are discharged because they refuse to withdraw from the American Railway Union. Okta. The courts are busy with divorce suits brought by people from every State in the Union. July 31. Pa. In a bar-room fight at a mining-camp seven miles east of Pittsburg, called Yale, six men are killed, and seven men and eight women wounded. Aug. 1. X. }'. Burglars wreck and loot the Glen Cove post-office, securing about §1,200 in postage-stamps, and over $400 in cash. New York. A strike of workmen on public school buildings is ordered. [Aug. 2. A strike of 2,000 mechanics and workmen is declared.] Okla. Bandits attack a bank in Chandler, securiug $200 ; one citizen is killed and an outlaw shot in the effort of the band to escape. Aug. 2. N. Y. The prosecution in the Flmira Reformatory investigation closes its case. New York. Russell B. Hoyt is ar- rested, charged with extensive coun- terfeiting. Cliicago. B. R. Tufts, chief postal clerk of the Rock Island road, between Chicago and Iowa City, is arrested on the charge of robbing the mails of about 810,000. Wis. The forest fires are extin- guished by rains ; 2S carloads of lum- ber, with supplies of bedding and clothing, arrive for free distribution among the survivors. Aug. 3. Colo. A highwayman holds up the Truckee and Tahoe stage, and robs 15 passengers. ■ Mo. Coal-shafts at Fulton are fired by strikers ; loss, $40,000. X Y. An unsuccessful attempt is made to wreck a passenger-train by an open switch at the outskirts of Water- town. The Constitutional Convention rejects an amendment offered by Mr. Titus of New York, providing for the free sale of liquor in cities on Sxmdays. Vote, 50-86. STATE. 1S94 July IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Indian Appropriation Bill. [Aug. S. Confer- ence report agreed to. Aug. 16. Ap- proved.] The Tariff Bill conferees disagree, and decide to report their disagreement to Congress. Secretary Gresham instructs the U. S. Minister to Japan to offer to the Jap- anese government the good offices of the United States in the Korean dispute. July 19. D. C. Congress; House: Chairman Wilson reports the disagree- ment of the second Tariff Conference Committee. The House is much opposed to the Senate's amendments. President Cleveland approves the joint resolutions permitting Capt. T. O. Self- UNITED STATES. 1894, July 17 -Aug. 4. 467 ridge, U. S. N., to receive a decoration from the President of France, and Prof. Asaph Hall to accept a gold medal from the French Academy of Science. July 20. B.C. Congress; Senate: President Cleveland's letter to Chairman Wilson on the tariff situation, opposing the admission of free raw materials, is the subject of a sharp debate ; the House passes the Stone bill for the restric- tion of immigration ; bill introduced Jan. 16. The Senate Sugar Investigating Committee reopens its inquiry to ex- amine brokers charged with having hought sugar stocks for Senators. Orders are issued to the superinten- dents of the mints at San Francisco, Carson City, Philadelphia, and New Or- leans, to coin an unlimited number of silver dollars during the present month. N. Y. The Socialists, through Gideon J. Tucker, ask that amendments be pro- vided by the Constitutional Convention, requiring the State to purchase all rail- roads, and increase the number of public schools. July 21. D. C. Congress: The House agrees to a joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution so as to elect U. S. Senators by a direct vote of the people. Vote, -134-48. Bill intro- duced Feb. 3. Senator Allen's report of the results of the sugar and bribery investiga- tion is made public ; it exonerates the Senators, and recommends legislation against lobbying and similar practices. The gold reserve in the U. S. Treas- ury is reduced to below $61,000,000. Chicago. Merchants and bankers ap- peal to President Cleveland not to with- draw the U. S. troops from the city at present. July 23. D. C, Congress; Senate : Ar- thur P. Gorman of Md. makes a bitter attack upon President Cleveland, al- leging that he expressed approval of the Senate Bill when it was under discussion in that body. (Tariff discussion.) S. C. Gov. Tillman issues a proclama- tion reestablishing State control of the liquor-traffic, and ordering the county dispensers to open their dispensaries on Wednesday, Aug. 1. July 24. D. C. Congress; Senate : D. B. Hill of N. Y. in reply to Senator Gor- man defends the President, and fa- vors concessions by the Senate. The di- rect vote resolution is refered. [No final action taken.] N. Y. The Constitutional Conven- tion sends to the third reading the pro- posed amendment to prevent the rail- roading of bills through the Legislature. July 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : W. F. Vilas of Wis. defends President Cleve- land's letter (See July 20) ; D. B. Hill's motions for free coal and iron ore are voted down ; the House passes the bill providing that life-saving stations shall be kept open 10 months instead of eight. The Japanese Minister at Washing- ton is recalled, and his successor named. Wis. W. H. Upham (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. July 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate sends the Tariff Bill back to conference without instructions ; motions to recede from Senate amendments on sugar are defeated. July 28. D. C. Congress: The House passes a joint resolution extending current appropriations until Aug. 14. July 30. D. C. Congress: In the House, C. A. Boutelle of Me. presents a resolution for the recognition of the Hawaiian Republic; referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. [Fails to pass.] Secretary Gresham orders Minister Denby to return to Peking, believing war between China and Japan inevitable. The conferees on the Tariff Bill meet and adjourn without agreement. July 31. D. C. Congress: The Tariff Bill conferees fail to agree. Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.) is renom- inated for governor. Aug. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: W. E. Chandler of N. H. offers a resolution calling for an investigation of the rela- tions of the Nova Scotia coal syndicate to the Tariff Bill ; the House passes the Agricultural Appropriation Bill, the Senate having withdrawn its amendment regarding the Russian thistle. The Armor-plate Investigating Com- mittee of the House visits the Carnegie Works at Homestead. Aug. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the Civil Appropri- ation Bill after six discussions. [Aug. 15. Conference report agreed to. Aug. 20. Approved by the President.] The Sugar Investigating Commit- tee makes a report signed by all the members ; a supplemental report is made by Senators Davis and Lodge. Ga. W. Y. Atkinson (Dem.) is nomi- nated for governor. Aug. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate amends and passes the General Defi- ciency Bill. [Aug. 17. Conference re- port agreed to. Aug. 24. Approved.] Aug. 4. D. C Congress: The Senate amends and passes the State Taxation of National Banks Bill. [Aug. 7. House concurs. Aug. 16. Approved.] The tariff conference fails to agree on a report. Term, The Democrats lose heavily in the elections. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 July 17. Chicago. The City Council passes an ordinance giving the Universal Gas Company the right to build works and lay mains in all the streets and alleys of Chicago, the gas to be sold to consumers at $1 per 1,000 feet, and 10 per cent of all receipts to be paid into the city treasury. Ire. The Vigilant wins the yacht- race in Belfast Lough. July 18. Cat. News is received that Hawaii was formally proclaimed a re- public on the 4th of July, with S. B. Dole as president. July 20. Ire. The Vigilant is beaten by the Britannia for the eighth time in a race over the Dublin Bay course. July 21. Ala. Birmingham loses over $500,000 by the burning of several large business houses, including the Caldwell Hotel. Eng. The Vigilant again beats the Britannia, this time under conditions favorable to the latter. July 22. iV. J. Five sailors are res- cued from the masts of a sunk schooner off Seabright. July 23. Ark.— O. Eight persons are killed in a railroad wreck; and three killed in a collision on the " Big Four" road near Cincinnati. Eng. The Britannia defeats the Vigilant in a race. July 24. Boston. The vote taken on the Meigs Elevated Railroad Bill shows 15,492 for, and 14,214 against its con- struction. July 25. D. C. Three firemen and over 200 horses lose their lives at the burn- ing of tin- warehouse and stables of the George W. Knox Express Company in Washington. July 26. &, Y. The Higgins Soap Company is forced into the hands of a receiver by the alleged swindling opera- tions of David Coleman through adver- tisements of money to invest, and oper- ating with false cheeks. July 28+. Wis. — Minn. Thousands of people are made homeless by forest fires ; 40 lives are lost at Philips. July 29. Conn. The bodies of three missing boys are found in the locker of a caboose car at the freight-yards in Hartford, a spring-lock shutting the door. la. A fire at Belle Plaine causes a loss of nearly $500,000. July 31. iV. r. Work is begun on the hydraulic canal to supply 100,000 horse- power at Love's Model City, near Lewis- ton. Aug. 1. Eng. Mr. Gladstone declines, because of old age and infirmity, the latest invitation to visit the United States. A fishing-schooner is run down in a dense fog by the White Star steamer Majestic ; two lives are lost. Aug. 2. Chicago. The Pullman shops are reopened with 300 men at work in the passenger-car repair department. Aug. 4. Chicago. The Columbian Ex- position Salvage Company files a claim for §230,000 damage done to the property in Jackson Park by rioters on July 5, when several of the buildings were burned. Colo. While crossing a stream near Berwin a stage-coach is washed away by a cloudburst flood ; five lives are lost ; the mail-sacks and one body are found. Eng. The Vigilant wins the race at Cowes, beating the Britannia by four minutes and 29 seconds. 468 1894, Aug. 4 -Aug. 23. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1894 Aug. 6. Pa. A naval reserve of 84 men is formed, and will proceed at once to Philadelphia for six days' training at the League Island Navy Yard. Aug. 9. Ariz. Troops are withdrawn from service along the Southern Pacific. Aug. 13. D. C. Ham. S. Hawkins is commissioned colonel — 20th infantry. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Aug. 9. N. J. The statue of Frederick T. Frelinghuysen in Military Park, Newark, is unveiled. Aug. 16. N. Y. The annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science begins in Brooklyn. Aug. 18. N. Y. Oilis discovered on the Scott farm, six miles from Dunkirk. Aug. 22. X. Y. "Wells College, at Aurora, elects "W. E. Waters, of the University of Cincinnati, as president. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Aug. 4. Barnard, D. M., jnristof N. Y., A54. Irick, John S., gen., railroad and bank president, A83. Aug. 6. Blair, Austin, war Gov. of Mich., A76. Aug. 7. Strong, James, professor Drew Seminary, author, A 72. Aug-. 14. Adams, John Quini-v, politician of Mass., A61. Aug. 16. Newell, John, president Lake CHURCH. 1894 Aug. 14. New York. Three cor- ner-stones of the new Salvation Army building to be erected in this city are laid. Aug. 16. X. Y. The chiefs of the Six Nations assemble witb the Onondagas for a great council near Syracuse ; they have in view the preservation of their traditional religion. The Indians dance every night in the Long House of the nation, and the lead- ing chiefs urge their people to cast aside Christianity, and return to the faith of their fathers. The council is to continue for five days. Aug. 19. N. Y. Over 2,000 pilgrims visit the shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs at Auriesville, near Tribes Hill. Aug. 21. 0. The convention of the new Independent Polish Catholic Church is held at Cleveland, with Bishop Yilatte of "Wis. presiding. LETTERS. 1894 Aug. S. X. Y. Chautauqua and the Catholic Summer School at Plattsburg exchange greetings by tele- grams. Aug. 18. Mo. Catholic priests of Kan- sas City recommend to Bishop Fink the abandonment of parochial schools; also that the pupils, about 1,000 in num- ber, take advantage of their rights to attend the public schools. Aug. 20. Pa. Judge Parker, in the Gnl- litzen School Case, decides that nuns having certificates issued by the county superintendent may be employed as teachers while wearing their peculiar garb; but that sectarian books or secta- rian instruction must not be used or 1894 Aug. 4. Mo. Miss Ella Lunney shoots and kills Eugene McEnroe near Lenora. N. J. John Connors, farmer of Mor- risville, a drunkard and wife-beater, shoots his wife and kills himself. N. Y. Chu Wong shoots Chu Hing in Albany because the latter owed him money he could not collect. Pa. Miners riot at Barnesboro, and burn coal-tipples. Aug. 5. New York. In a fit of melan- cholia J. B. Hunt kills his wife and shoots himself. Cal. W. B. Melville, collecting clerk of the Bank of California, San Fran- cisco, is sentenced to San Queutin Peni- tentiary for eight years for embezzling §24,000. Aug. 6. New York. A man crazed by drink gashes a woman with a razor on board the C. H. Northam in the East River. Aug. 8. N. Y. At Long Beach the little daughter of Mr. Ryder is lured away by parties unknown. The New York Constitutional Conven- tion votes against a proposal to abolish capital punishment. New York. Police Captain Devery is said to be too ill to appear for trial ; his appearance is excused pending a report from a committee of police sur- geons. [Aug. 31. Found guilty of bri- bery, and dismissed.] Pa. Cashier H. A. Gardner of the Second National Bank, Altoona, ab- sconds, taking with him $150,000 of the bank's funds. Aug. 9. Md. Eighty-eight members of Coxey's commonweal army are arrested at Hyattsville and sent to jail. Aug. 10. Cat. The silver men and others at Los Angeles form a secret political order called the United Sons of America. Neb. The Nebraska militia is in authority at South Omaha ; striking packers are forbidden to congregate, and saloons are closed. N. J. Tramps overawe the crew and hold up a train at Cranford ; three are captured by the police. Neio York. A thief is captured while trying to steal a tray of diamonds, val- ued at $5,000, from the jewelry store of J. H. Johnston, in Union Square. Aug. 11. Chicago. The Sunday Obser- vance Association asks aid of the courts to prevent the playing of baseball on Sunday. III. The State attorney-general be- gins action to declare void the char- ter of the Pullman Company, on the ground that it has engaged in business not authorized by the charter. N. Y. Two men and a complete illicit still outfit are captured near Fulton Ferry in Brooklyn. Tenn. A negro is lynched at Hum- boldt for barn-burning. Va. The militia break up the Cox- eyite camp ; the campers are driven over the State boundary into the .Dis- trict of Columbia. W. Va. Or. J. W. Davis, a prominent physician <>f Montgomery, is killed by a man in ambush while returning home from visiting a patient. Aug. 12. Chicago. The Pullman Com- pany orders the eviction of strikers from houses which they rent from the Company. Inn*. A number of Populist leaders are arrested in Indianapolis for holding a political meeting on the Sabbath. /. T. Two more members of the Bill Cook gang of outlaws are shot dead in a conflict with the Uchee scouts under command of *' Jim " Sapulpa. Aug. 14. Chicago. Alderman John Coughlin receives an infernal machine; he opens it without causing an explosion. Kan. Populist Jerry Murphy, the city jailer at Leavenworth, after re- ceiving an order of dismissal from the office, unlocks the prison doors and liberates the prisoners. Xeiv York. The trial of five police sergeants, on charge of accepting bribes, is concluded ; the announcement of the result is deferred. The American Chemical Society- begins its sessions. Aug. 15. N. H. At Henniker. A. Mc- Lean, a young man IS years of age, shoots and kills Miss Nettie Douglass, 15 years of age ; he is arrested. New York. The National Associa- tion of Newspapers, Booksellers, and Stationers opens its 11th annual conven- tion. Four police sergeants, found guilty of accepting bribes, are expelled from the force ; one, because of general good conduct, is allowed to retire on half pay. N. Y. The Constitutional Conven- tion rejects the proposal to submit the woman -suffrage question to popular vote. Aug. 16. Chicago. The strike at the stock-yards is declared off, the men agreeing to work at former wages. Aug. 17. N. Y. Moses TVeldon, a farmer living near Fort Plain, is fleeced out of $4,000 by confidence men, who escape capture. New York. Mrs. Khoda Sanford. the keeper of a disorderly house, testifies before the Police Board to having made payments for " police protection." Aug. 18. Moss. Edward Crosby is killed by burglars while trying to* cap- ture them in his brother's house in Mer- rimac. 5. C. Another judge declares the Liquor Dispensary Law unconstitu- tional. Aug. 19. Chicago. Detectives arrest four expert Polish counterfeiters ; much spurious silver coin is in circulation. Aug. 20. Chicago. Two men and a boy are arrested on the charge of attempting to wreck a Great Western train near Maywood on July 6. Gov. Altgeld visits Pullman, and finds wide-spread destitution among the ex-workmen. [Aug. 21. He appeals to the public for aid.] Conn. Mrs. Bobbins, who swin- dled many Harvard men in New York Hartford for a UNITED STATES. 1894, Aug. 4-Aug. 23. 469 The Convention of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen passes resolu- tions condemning sympathetic strikes. JHfass. More than 10,000 textile work- ers in New Bedford strike against a re- duction of wages; nearly three-fourths of Fall River mill employees are idle. [Aug. 23. At Fall River 23,000 cotton- mill operatives are locked out. Oct. 11. Most of the operatives return to work, and the mills are reopened. Oct. 20. The strike of Bpinners ends at New Bed- ford by an agreement.] New York. The striking tailors are permanently enjoined from interfering with employers. Charges of bribery are preferred against Police Captain Stephenson. [Sept. 6. Dismissed from the force.] (See Dec. 10.) Aug. 21. Mich. Prof. Ely, of the Mich- igan University at Ann Arbor, is put on trial for teaching socialistic and an- archistic doctrines. Phila. Anthony Comstock causes several arrests for publishing and dis- tributing vile books and photographs. Aug. 22. N. J. Alderman Parks of New York City is arrested on the charge of running a gambling establishment at Asbury Park. N. Y. The National Council of the Daughters of Liberty begins its 17th annual convention in Brooklyn ; 400 delegates are present from 25 States, representing 30,000 members. The American Forestry Associa- tion holds its 13th annual meeting at Brooklyn. — — The 17th annual meeting of the American Bar Association opens at Saratoga. Aug. 23-K Chicago. The hearing in the contempt cases of President Eugene V. Debs and his associates is begun in the Federal Court before Judges Gross- cup and "Woods. (Sept. 23, 25.) The Government closes its case ; the defense decides to intro- duce no testimony ; oral arguments are heard by the court on Sept. 25. (Dec. 14.) Debs is sentenced to six months' imprisonment for contempt of court ; his associates in the American Union railroad strike are sentenced to three months. They obstructed railroad traffic in disregard of an injunction. STATE. 1894 Aug. 6. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes the bill for the deporta- tion of alien anarchists, and discusses the Chandler resolution for the investi- gation of the Nova Scotia coal syndicate. It amends and passes the Stone bill for the restriction of immigration. [Aug. 8. The House non-concurs.] (See July 20); the House recalls the River and Harbor Bill from conference for cor- rection. us of Democratic. Representa- tives is called on the tariff situation ; the conferees fail to agree. Alabama is carried by the Demo- crats, Col. Oates being elected governor. La. The convention of sugar-planters in New Orleans decides to withdraw from the Democratic party, and act with the Republicans in national elections. Aug. 8. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A few unimportant bills are passed by unanimous consent in the absence of a voting quorum ; the House passes sev- eral bills appropriating money for pub- lic buildings and non-concurs in the amended Anti- Anarchist Bill. The President formally recognizes the Hawaiian Republic. N. Y. The Constitutional Convention adopts the report adverse to abolishing the death penalty. Vote, 85-55. Aug. 9. B. C. Congress: The House debates the Administration's Hawaiian policy. The Tariff Conference Committee reaches no agreement. Aug. 10. B. C. Congress; Senate: D. B. Hill's resolution that the tariff con- ferees report an agreement or disa- greement causes a lively debate ; no action follows. Aug. 13. B. C. Congress: The Senate ratifies the new Chinese treaty regu- lating immigration. Vote, 47-20. The House, carrying out a Democratic caucus program, passes the "Wilson Tariff Bill, concurring in all its amendments. Vote, 182-106. Separate bills for free coal, sugar, iron ore, and barbed wire are passed, and sent to the Senate. [Aug. 20. Amended by the Senate Committee on Finance, and reported back to the Senate.] Aug. 14-16. B.C. Congress; Senate: The four free raw material bills passed by the House are debated and referred to the Committee on Finance. [Aug. 30. Reported back with amendments. Dec. 12. Passed over.] D. B. Hill gives no- tice of an amendment providing for the repeal of the income tax. Aug. 15. B. C. Congress: The Senate passes an Anti- Anarchist Bill for the exclusion and deportation of alien an- archists ; bill introduced Aug. 15. [Aug. 21, 24. Consideration objected to in the House.] A letter from Secretary Carlisle is read, saying that the Free Sugar bill would cause a deficit of $30,000,000 ; the House attends to routine business. The Tariff Bill is placed in the hands of the President. 0. The Populists and Labor Party form a coalition. Aug. 17. B. C. Congress; Senate: A resolution is offered by E. Murphy, Jr., of N. Y. against further tariff legisla- tion this session. [Aug. 18. Passed.] Aug. 18. Tex. Charles A. Culbertson (Dem.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 19. B. C. Congress is ready to adjourn, and is waiting for the Presi- dent's action on the Tariff Bill. Aug. 21. Bel. Joshua H. Marvil (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Aug. 22. Neb. Thomas J. Majors (Rep.) is nominated for governor. Tenn. H. Clay Evans (Rep.) is nomi- nated for governor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Aug. 4±. Neb. Drought suffer- ers in the western part of the State ask for relief. Aug. 5. New York. Capt. A. Freitch starts alone from the Battery for Queens- town in a forty-foot boat, schooner- rigged, with a centerboard. Aug. 6. Eng. The Vigilant wins the race around the Isle of Wight, beating the Britannia by six minutes, and the Satanita by 40 minutes. B. C. A 2,000-mile bicycle relay run begins at Washington at noon, to convey a message from the White House to the governor of Colorado at Omaha. [It ends Aug. 10 at 8.12 P.m., nearly 27 hours ahead of time.] New York. The authorities seize 51 packages of cheese, the bacillus of diphtheria being found in them, owing to the milk having come from a farmer in whose family a fatal case of diphtheria had occurred. Aug. 8. Vt. Stowe celebrates the cen- tenary of its settlement. Aug. 9. Chicago. Business is resumed at Pullman; the big Corliss engine starts, and over 1,000 men commence work. Eng. The Britannia defeats the Vigilant in a race at Cowes. Pa. Eight acres of land cave in over the Hampton Mine at Scranton ; a number of dwellings are wrecked. Aug. 10. la. It is discovered that a firm in Sioux City slaughters cheap ranch horses, and ships the product to Jersey City as " dried beef." In a train wreck and fire on the Rock Island Railroad 11 lives are lost; one mar^is arrested for wrecking the train. j Aug. i)4 Eng. The Satanita defeats the Britannia in a race at Ryde ; the Vigilant is not in the race. Aug. 15. New York. The Cunard Line steamer Campania arrives after making the passage from Queenstown in five days, nine hours, and 29 minutes, over three hours less than the run of any other steamer. (See p. 471, Aug. 31.) Aug. 18. Chicago. Four French exhib- itors, having had goods in the Manufac- tures Building at the time of the fire on Jan. 8, commence action against the "World's Columbian Exposition Com- pany for $16,000 damages. Aug. 20. The Bering-Sea fleet officers report the number of seals at the seal islands to be much less than in former years. Aug. 21. New York. Julius de Marcus and Mrs. Juliette Fournier, of Brooklyn, are found shot and dead in Central Park, having committed suicide through love-craze. Aug. 23. Va. J. M. Winstead, presi- dent of the Piedmont and People's Sa- vings-bank, of Greensboro, N. C, jumps from a City Hall tower in Richmond, a height of 170 feet, and is terribly mangled. 470 1894, Aug. 23 -Sept. 18. AMERICA: ARMY — NAVY. 1894 Sept. 12. D. C. Charles G. Saw- telle is commissioned colonel — quarter- master department. [Oct. 8. John W. Barringer — sustenance department. Oct. 25. Royal T. Frank — 1st artillery. Nov. 10. Edwin V. Sumner— 7th cav- alry. Nov. 26. Daingerfield Parker — 18th infantry. Dec. 31. Mar. I. Luding- ton — quartermaster department.] Sept. 17. L>. C. The War Department issues an order concentrating the army, and doing away with several posts. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Aug. 25. Wyo. Grasshoppers are devouring the grass in Cheyenne. Aug. 26. Tex. Boll-worms are destroy- ing a large portion of the cotton-crop in Dallas County. Sept. 1. Tex. Hundreds of lives are lost in the floods. Sept. 3. Mich, Minn., Wis. The forest fires are partially quenched by rain. The total number of lives lost is esti- mated at from 800 to 1.200 ; relief work is in progress in the stricken territory. Sept. 4. The members of the Cook Arc- tic Expedition arrive at North Sydney, Cape Breton, on a fishing-schooner, the Miranda having been abandoned at sea in a sinking condition. [Sept. 11. Ar- rive in New York.] Sept. 7. Pa. The largest steel plate yet made is rolled at Chester by the Well- man Iron and Steel Works ; it is 450 ■ inches long, 130 wide, and l\ thick. Sept. 8. N. J. An oil-well is discov- ered on a farm in Finderne. Pa. A cloudburst at Bethlehem causes much damage. v I Sept. 15. Neio York. The relrfU garner Falcon returns from the Arctic -* "New- foundland with all the members tf? the Peary expedition except Peary and two companions, who are to spend another year in the polar region. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Au?, 27. Shaw, D. B., M. C. for Mich., A40. Thaxter, Celia, author, A58. Aug. 38. Stevens, Simon, lawyer, aboli- tionist, A64. Sept. 1. Banks, Nathaniel P.. maj.-gen., editor, lawyer, M. C, Gov. of Mass., speaker, A78. Sept. 2. Ktrkwood, Samuel J., Gov. of la,, secretary of interior, A81. Sept. 4. Willing, James C, president Co- lumbian University, A69. Sept. 5. Stoneman, George, Gov. of Cal., gen., A72. Sept. 7. Talladee, O. W., inventor, A64. Sept. 11. Pico Pio, Gov. of the two Cali- fornias, A94. Sept. 14. McCauley, E. T.,rear-adm. 17. S. N., AG7. CHURCH. 1894 Sept. 1. Pa. The Poles and Greek Catholics of Hazleton form a new church, to be known as the American Catholic. Sept. 17. New Yorlc. The German Roman Catholic Central Verein, with 110 delegates in attendance, is in LETTERS. 1894 Aug. 26. N. Y. Allen Barlow of Binghamton leaves all his property, valued at $100,000, to found an industrial training-school in that city. Aug. 28. N. Y, Judge Bartlett denies the application to compel school prin- cipals to admit pupils who refuse to be vaccinated. Sept. 15. N. Y. The Constitutional Convention passes the Educational and the Charities amendments, the latter providing for educational require- ments in sectarian charitable insti- tution a. SOCIETY. 1894 Aug. 25. ///. A railroad detec- tive is shot by masked train-robbers on a train near Deertield. La. Louis O. Desforges, city council- man of New Orleans, is indicted on the charge of soliciting a bribe of §7,500 from the Louisville and Nashville Pail- road Company. Mich. Three members of the Detroit School Board — Messrs. "Walsh, Lip- hardt, and Liehtenberg — are held for trial on the charge of bribery in connec- tion with school supplies. N. Y. The American Bar Associa- tion at Saratoga elects James C. Carter, of New York City, its president. Aug. 26. Tex. Hubbell Smith, charged with forgery, is arrested in Fort Worth ; S5., clergyman, A75. Oqt. 30. Peterson, It. E., founder Peter- son's Magazine* A82. Nov. 16. McCosh, James, president Princeton, author, Pres. clergyman, A83. Winthrop, Robert (_'., philanthropist, 11""" No CHURCH. 1894 Oct. 19. New York. Archbishop Corrigan secures a branch of the Sul- pieian Order of Priests of Canada. Gen. "William Booth of the Salva- tion Army arrives from Montreal. Oct. 22. New York. Gen. Booth, the head of the Salvation Army, is given a grand reception in Union Square ; clergy- men welcome him in an address. Oct. 23. Mass. The convention of the American Missionary Association opens at Lowell. New York. A second great meeting of the Salvation Army to welcome Gen. Booth is held in Carnegie Music Hall, Chauncey M. Depew making the address. Oct. 25. Ph. The Pittsburg conference of the Evangelical Church, representing 100 congregations, votes to establish the New Evangelical Church. Nov. 1. New York. Prayers are offered at the Greek chapel for the repose of the soul of the dead Czar. Nov. 8. N. Y. The resignation of Dr. Talmage as pastor of the Brooklyn Tabernacle is accepted. Nov. 13-15. Mich. The Baptist Con- gress, representing the Baptist churches throughout the country, is in session at Detroit. LETTERS. 1894 Nov. 12. Pa. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court sustains the decision of a lower court refusing to enjoin Catho- lic nuns from wearing their garb while performing their duties as teach- ers in public schools. Nov. 15. New York. The formal open- ing of the Teachers College in its new building takes place with suitable and addresses. .V. ./. Clemens Warner is stabbed and killed at Sayreville by \\\ Hart, who escapes. Oct. 25. New York. The Woman's Municipal League holds & maes-meet- ing in Cooper Union; President Lou, C. S. Fairchild, Henry George, and Dr. -Parkhurst make addresses. Oct. 26. Conn. J. A. Francis, teller of the City Dank of Hartford, is in jail on the charge of being a defaulter for about $23,000. Oct. 27. N. Y. The post-office at Brewsters i> robbed of between $400 and $500 in cash and stamp.-. Oct. 28. O. Incendiaries burn the home of J. S. Coxey iCoxev's Armvi, near Massiilon. Pa. A miners' boarding-house near "VVilkesbarre is wrecked by unknown dynamiters ; three men are killed and several wounded. SOCIETY. 1894 Oct. 19. Tex. Pour masked men hold up a train, and secure over S4,000. Oct. 21. /. T. Robbers hold up a train on the Missouri Pacific Railway ; they shoot and wound several passen- gers, but secure little booty. [Two hun- dred men are called out to pursue them.] Oct. 22. N. Y. Mayor Schieren lays the corner-stone of the German Hos- pital in Brooklyn, after a parade by a large number of German organizations. N. Y. Patrick Riley, an expert dy- namiter, is committed "to White Plains jail on the charge of attempting to blow up a large frame building occupied by about luo Italian laborers. New York. Ex-Police Sergeant Liebers, indicted for blackmail, sur- renders himself. Oct. 23. Tenn. A colored woman, di- vorced from her husband in Shelby County, is allowed S2 a month alimony. Chicago. Hoodlums attack a train and burn cars in one of the suburbs. Oct. 24. O. The national convention of the Phi Gamma Delta College Fra- ternity opens in Columbus for a three days 1 session ; 150 delegates are present. Chicago. A Russian emigrant. Simon Rauskin, breaks windows when refused work, and stones the officer who arrests him. /. T. The Cook gang raid towns, and rob cotton-pickers at work ; a strong force of Indian police and deputy-mar- shals are in pursuit of the criminals. ["Oct. 29. Five of the outlaws are taken. Nov. 4. Two officers and one of the Cook gang are killed and two other out- laws wounded. Nov. 9. The gang raids Lenapah, I. T., killing one man and rob- bing a store. Nov. 14. It holds up a train of cars in Indian Territory ; large rewards are offered for the capture bf the outlaws. Nov. 17. The marshals surround the gang and kill ''Cherokee Bill." Nov. 19. The officials request the assistance of TJ. S, troops. Nov. 23. Two of the gang are arrested. Nov. 25. Several more arrested. Nov. 2S. Four more are taken.] Oct. 30. Chicago. A clerk is overpow- ered and about S6.000 worth of jewelry and watches stolen from a jewelrs store by two robbers, who make their escape. Oct. 31. Ky. A mob in Crittenden County lynches " Eddy " Martin because he refused to turn State's evidence against his friend, Pauper Commis- sioner Goode. Nov. 1. Chicago. T. Brady is arrested with three others for holding up a street-car and attempting to rob its pas- sengers, taking from one a diamond pin. Nov. 2. New York. The grand jury in- dicts more police-officers for bribery. Nov. 3. N. Y. Dr. T. DeWitt Tal- mage, after an all-around-the-world tour, arrives in Brooklyn. N. Y. William Gipps, of Buffalo. kills his mother and seriously wounds his father. "^Nov. 7. Chicago. Several men are shot at the polls ; a defeated candidate shoots two men, and a gang of eight men fire volleys at election officers at one polling- place, wounding three men ; no arrests are made. Tex. W. A. Turner, express-agent at Wvlie Statin]], is arrested, charged with taking $1,500 from a Wells-Fargo Ex- press Company envelope, and substitut- ing paper. Nov. 8. O. Ex-Treasurer Mandru's ac- counts in Stark County show a shortage of $19,444; false and" duplicate entries appeal' in the cash-hook. Nov. 9. O. The First National Bank at Oberlin is broken into and robbed of about $500 in silver. Nov. 10. Ala. Four thousand ne- groes are preparing to leave for Liberia, Africa, under the auspices of the Inter- national Migration Society. Md. The 20th annual convention of the American Bankers' Association begins in Baltimore. Nov. 11. New York. Charles Miller, watchman in a stone-works at Harlem, is found murdered ; there is no clue to the perpetrators of the crime. Nov. 13. La. The Knights of Labor meet in convention in New Orleans. Nov. 16. O. The 21st national conven- tion of the "Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union meets in Cleveland. [Miss Frances E. Willard is reelected president.] Miss. Mayor J. \T. Harman of Lulu, and Henry Lawrence, a leading jeweler of the town, are shot and killed by J. W. Bond and his brother. UNITED STATES. 1894, Oct. 19 -Nov. 21. 475 Nov. 17. T.T. The Chotopa Protec- tective Association is organized with 62 business men as members to guard the town against the Cook gang. .V. Y. A Law Enforcement League is organized in Brooklyn; George F. Elliott, president. Pa. Nearly 3,000 men go out on strike at Keynoldsville and Dubois. Nov. 18. New York. Richard Leach kills his housekeeper in West Forty- ninth Street, and alter attempting to kill himself, surrenders to the police. Nov. 19. Phila. H. H. Holmes, Mrs. Carrie Pitezel, and Jeplithah D. Howe are arrested for participating in a fraudulent life-insurance scheme. New York. The conference to form a State Federation of Women's Clubs begins its session ; Mrs. J. C. Croly is elected president. Tenn. Severfil lynchers of six ne- groes near Kerrville are identified, and their names given at the trial of two suspected men. Nov. 20. Ala. Three negro laborers are killed by whites at Williams's lum- ber-camp in Escambia County. Ark. Amy Seymour shoots and kills Judge Ferrell in Jonesboro, and is arrested. La. The Kni ghts of Labor reelect General Master Workman Sovereign. Nov. 21. New York. The American Authors' Guild is in session, James Grant Wilson presiding. Charges of neglect of duty are pre- ferred against District-Attorney Fel- lows, and laid before Gov. Flower. [Nov. 27. He files his answer. Dec. 22. The governor dismisses the charges.] Mass. The American Protective As- sociation, 1,200 strong, parades in Con- cord ; it is stoned, and a number in- STATE. 1894 Oct. 19. Chicago. A Federal grand j ury indicts officials of the Santa Fe> Railroad for violation of the Inter- state Commerce Law in paying rebates. New York. Nathan Strauss with- draws from the Tammany city ticket, and ex-Mayor Hugh J. Grant is nomi- nated for mayor by Tammany Hall. Oct. 26. D. C. The German Ambassa- dor informs Secretary Gresham that the importation of cattle and fresh beef from the United States to Germany will soon be prohibited. Oct. 28. Netv York. The Committee of Seventy issues an address charging tyranny, corruption, and criminality against Tammany Hall. Oct. 29. D. C. Secretary Gresham pro- tests against Germany's prohibition of importation of American cattle. Oct. 30. D. C. The Treasury Depart- ment is informed that Quebec, having revoked its discriminating sturnpage dues on lumber exported from the prov- ince, Canadian lumber will under the new tariff come into this country free. President Cleveland sends a cable- gram of sympathy in reply to one from Czar Nicholas II. announcing the death of the emperor's father. Nov. 2. D.C. President Cleveland signs an order extending the classified system in the civil service. Nov. 3. D. C. Secretary Carlisle decides that ex-Viee-President Morton's coach- man, J. J. Howard, comes under the contract law as a domestic servant, and therefore ought not to be deported. He is released from detention. Nov. 4. N. Y. The Committee of Seventy issues a final appeal to New York citizens to vote for honest govern- ment. Nov. 6. New York. Tammany's ticket is defeated by 45,000 majority. U. S. The Democracy of the solid South is broken ; West "Virginia is Re- publican ; iu Missouri Republicans elect the majority of Congressmen ; in Ten- nessee the Republicans elect their candi- date for governor [who is later declared not elected by the Legislature]. Nov. 7. N. Y. The Constitutional Amendments are carried by majorities ranging from about 14,000 for the Su- preme Court judges to over 36,000 for the State apportionment. The Greater New York consolidation scheme is carried in all but two places, Mount Vernon and Flushing. Nov. 8. New York. Judge Fitzgerald calls attention to the neglect of the dis- trict attorney's office relative to the indictments brought for illegal regis- tration. Nov. 9. Mo. The Federal grand jury at Jackson refuses to indict the State au- thorities for the printing of State war- rants in imitation of United States currency. ■ Neio York. The Committee of Sev- enty decides to continue in existence, and cooperate in securing " an honest, efficient, economical, and non-partisan government." Nov. 12. D. C. The Federal Commis- sion appointed to investigate the Pull- man strike submits its report to the President. (See Society.) Nov. 13. D. C. Secretary Carlisle is- sues a circular calling for bids for a second issue of $50,000,000 of bonds. Neio York. A Tenement House Commission opens its investigations. Nov. 17. D.C. It is announced that the President will extend the civil service regulations to the Internal Revenue Office. Nov. 19. /. T. Officials request that troops be sent to suppress lawlessness. Nov. 20. D. C. Gold is withdrawn from the Treasury for the purchase of bonds. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Oct. 20. Chicago. Clothing man- ufacturers organize the Merchants' As- sociation of Chicago ; capital repre- sented, over $15,000,000. Oct. 22. N. Y. The dwelling-house of the Rev. Ross Taylor at Nyack is burned in the night ; four children are lost. Oct. 26. Mich. One man is killed and 11 are entombed alive in the Pewabic mine at Iron Mountain. [Oct. 27. Res- cued.] N. J. The Great "White Spirit (Distilling) Company tiles papers of in- corporation :it Tivnton, with a paid-up capital of $5,000,000 ; its headquarters are to be in Boston. New York. The Cunard steamer Lu- cania arrives after reducing the west- ern record by 20 minutes. Oct. 28. Pa. Two men are killed and several injured by a rear-end train collision on the Pennsylvania road, near Philadelphia. Oct. 30. Ger. The embargo on Amer- ican cattle is extended to all parts of the empire. New York. Seven persons are killed in a tenement-house fire on the West Side. Nov. 2. Neb. Three firemen are buried under tons of brick and timber at a big fire at South Omaha; property loss, §500,000. Nov. 3. Ind. The Scottish Rite Build- ing, the Natural Gas Building, and the Indiana Medical College, in Indianap- olis, are burned ; loss, $200,000 and a valuable Masonic Library. Nov. 4. Cal. A fire in San Francisco causes a loss of $300,000. ± La. Race troubles in New Or- leans cause incendiary fires. Nov. 5±. Chicago. A number of fami- lies leave Pullman for Hiawatha, Kan., to join the new cooperative colony there, some of them former employees in the Pullman shops. Ga. Fires break out in four foreign steamers loading cotton at Savannah. Nov. 6. D. C. The Court of Appeals decides against the Blodgett claim, which has clouded titles to real estate in the finest residential part of Wash- ington. Ga. Fire is discovered on six more cotton-steamers at Savannah ; loss, $50,- 000. R. F. Harmon, the stevedore in charge of the non-union men, is threat- ened with death, by letter. Nov. 7. Pa. Six men are killed and $200,000 worth of property is destroyed on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in a collision caused by disobedience to orders. Nov. 10±. /. T. Near Wilburton 400 Choctaws are on the war-path. N. Y. The four-masted coal-laden schooner Massasoit, of Taunton, Mass., is driven ashore in a blinding snow- storm on Long Beach, Long Island ; the captain, wife, and crew of 11 men are rescued by the life-saving patrol. ± Forest fires are raging in west Tennessee, north Mississippi, and east Arkansas ; several plantations are dev- astated, and the tenants left homeless. Nov. 12. Phila. The new steamship Si. Louis, of the American Line, is launched. Nov. 15. Pa. A big coal-breaker near Plymouth is burned; loss, nearly §200,000; about 300 people are thrown out of work. Nov. 19. New York The right to tax- in this city the estate of Jay Gould and the property of his children, who declare they reside elsewhere, is affirmed in the Supreme Court. 476 1894, Nov. 21 -Dec. 14. AMERICA ARMY — WAVY. 1894 Nov. 21. D. C. Gen. Miles formally takes command of the Mili- tary Department of the East. Dec. 3. Md. The unarmored cruiser Baltimore is ordered to proceed to Taku, and furnish a guard of marines for duty at the American legation at Peking. Dec. 13. Utah. The invading TJte In- dians agree to return to Colorado ; the Utah, militia returns to Salt Lake. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Nov. 25±. Ariz. The discovery of a wonderful village of cliff-dwellers in the Bradshaw Mountains is announced. The houses number 2(10, and some have been explored ; large quantities of pot- tery and some agricultural (?) instru- ments have been found. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Nov. 31. Wyman, Andrew A., jurist, A64. Adams, -lames T., jurist, dies. Nov. 22. Walters, w. T., philanthropist, art collector, A74. Nov. 30. Brown, Joseph E., Gov., senator Dec. 4. Abbett, Leon, Gov. N. J., jurist, A58. Dec. 6. Campbell, A. J., M. C. for N. T.. A66. Dec. 7. Browne, John M., medieiil director U. S. N., A63. Dec. 12. Wright, J. H., broker, dies. CHURCH. 1894 Dec. 10. New York. The Amer- ican Moslem Institute unanimously repudiates Mohammed Alexander Rus- sell Webb, who is charged with drunken- ness. Dec. 13. Boston. The 16th annual ses- sion of the Church Congress (Protes- tant Episcopal) of America opens. LETTERS. 1894 Dec. 1. N. Y. The Brooklyn Catholic Historical Society is incor- porated for purposes of historical and literary research with a Catholic trend. Dec. 4. N. Y. The Brace Memorial Farm School in Westchester County is formally opened. Dec. 12. Mass. Dr. Dudley A. Sargent of Harvard proposes to make athletics a part of the regular curriculum for a degree. Phila. Ex-minister W. Potter pre- sents to the University of Pennsylva- nia a complete set of Hansard's Par- liamentary Debates — 459 volumes, and covers the proceedings of the British Parliament from 1S03 to 1891. SOCIETY. 1894 Nov. 22. New York. Charges against Police Justice Divver are filed with Chief Justice Daley, of the Court of Common Pleas, by W. H. Hale, a Brooklyn lawyer. [Dec. 17. Further charges are made and his trial begins. Dec. 28. Found not guilty.] Nov. 23. La. The Knights of Labor in convention at New Orleans by resolu- tion protest against the issue of $50,- 000,000 bonds by the Government as an outrage on the toiling masses. Nov. 24±. New York. The Shoe and Leather National Bank is discovered to have been robbed of $354,000 by Samuel C, Seeley, a bookkeeper. [Nov. 25. Frederick S. Baker, an ac- complice, is found drowned in Hemp- stead Harbor, Long Island. Dec. 11. Seeley is arrested in Chicago, and later sentenced to imprisonment for eight years.] Tex. Two thieves who raided Shiner, robbing A. G. "Wangeman of about $20,000, and setting fire to the busiest part of the town, are arrested. Nov. 25. Minn. Herant M. Kiretseh- jian, secretary of the Phil-Armenic As- sociation of the Northwest, has issued an appeal from Minneapolis to the people of the United States, soliciting contributions for the suffering Arme- nians. Nov. 26. /. T. A freight-train is fired on by seven mounted bandits, but no- body is hurt ; the engineer refused to stop the train. Nov. 27. Chicago. Lawyer E. P. Hil- liard is killed in his office by E. C. Hastings, a milkman. New York. The City Vigilance League gives a dinner in honor of Dr. Parkhurst. Nov. 28. Ore. Six masked men raid a gambling hotel in Baker City; they secure about §1,200 and escape. O. Strikers set fire to the stave- sheds of the Shelley Brothers' factory in Holgate ; damage about $24,000. New York. An illicit distillery in Rivington Street is raided ; the appara- tus and a quantity of raw material are seized. Tex. Sheriff McGee is kiHed at Ca- nadian City by bandits who try to rob an express-train. Dec. 2. New York. John Burns, the English labor leader and socialist, ar- Dec. 3. N.J. The Hoboken post-office is robbed of $7,350 in stamps by the use of duplicate keys. Dec. 4. New York. The new Seton Hospital for consumptives at Spuyten Duyvil Parkway is opened by Arch- bishop Corrigan. Dec. 6. Conn. The National Wo- man's Indian Association is in session at New Haven. Dec. 7. N. Y. Parts of the eastern dis- trict of Brooklyn are raided by thieves. Utah. Settlers arm to drive the TJtes out of southeastern Utah. Dec. 8. Minn. The convention of the National Municipal League opens in Minneapolis. 1. T. Col. A. J. Blackwell is tortured in David by Cherokee Indians for selling land in their reservation. S. C. The House passes a bill de- claring that intoxication and the use of obscene and profane language are misdemeanors. Ky. Two unknown masked men force -hi entrance into the house of Thomas Edgexton at Springfield, and shoot and kill him in the presence of his wife and live children. Dec. 9. la. The Sioux City grand jury return 52 indictments against ex-county officials and members and ex-members of the Board of Supervisors. Tex. Ex-Cashier TV. F. Brice. of the City National Bank of Quanah, is charged with embezzlement, aggregat- ing $37,500, of which $20,000 is from Kansas City, $10,000 from St. Louis, and .S7,500 from New York banks. Dec. 10. Colo. The convention of the American Federation of Labor opens in Denver. John Burns, M.P., the Eng- lish labor leader, makes an address. New York. The trial of ex-Capt. Stephenson for blackmailing and ac- cepting a bribe is begun. [He is found guilty on Dec. 12, and" on Dec. 26 sen- tenced to three and a half years impris- onment and to pay a fine of $1,000.] Dec. 11. New York. The members of Typographical Union No. 6, by a vote of 1,049 to 484, adopt a resolution calling for the destruction of the liquor- traffic in both State and na- tion. O. Two counterfeiters, with a com- plete counterfeiting apparatus and bat- teries and a quantity of spurious coins, are captured in Mansfield. D. C. The Labor Commission ap- pointed to investigate the great railway strike reports. It recommends that there be a per- manent United States Strike Commis- sion of three members, with powers similar to those vested in the Interstate Commerce Commission, to deal with disputes between railroad companies and their employees, etc. Dec. 12. 0. "W.H. Price, printing-press manufacturer, is killed by a burglar at his home in Cleveland. Dec. 13. Chicago. The National Civil Service Reform League reelects Carl Schurz president, and passes resolu- tions demanding further extension of the classified service. The Congress of Arbitration and Conciliation is in session. Colo. A third woman is found strangled in Denver by unknown per- N H. Frank A. McKean, cashier of the Indian Head National Bank of Nashua, is missing; shortage, $30,000. New York. Police Captain West- ervelt is put on trial before the Police Board for allowing policy shops to be run in his precinct. Dec. 14. Ariz. One train-robber is sentenced to death in the District Court of Pinal Comity, and another to 30 years' imprisonment. D. C. A big strike of street-rail- way employees begins at Washington. Teniu Chancellor A. Allison, of the Davidson County Chancery Court, is instantly killed by Clerk 6. K. "Whit- worth, of the same court, who at once fatally wounds himself with the same revolver; he was incensed by Mr. Alli- son's appointing another clerk in his place. UNITED STATES. 1894, Nov. 21- Dec. 14, 477 STATE. 1894 Nov. 21. D.C. The commission appointed to investigate the present sys- tem of tribal government of the Indians recommends its abolition. Nov. 22. Tex. A grand jury returns in- dictments against the Standard Oil Trust for violation of the laws of tbe State. Nov. 23. D. C. Tbe new commercial treaty between tbe United States and Japan is signed in "Washington. Nov. 24. D. C. Bids for tbe new loan are opened at the Treasury Depart- ment; proposals aggregating over $154,- 000,000 are received. [Nov. 26. Secretary Carlisle awards tbe whole issue of the new bonds to the Stewart syndicate at its bid of 117.077.] Nov. 30. y. Y. Gov. Flower on techni- cal grounds refuses to grant extradition papers for tbe officers of tbe Standard Oil Company to the governor of Texas. Dec. 1. Ala. W. C. Oates is inaugu- rated at Montgomery as governor of Alabama ; Capt. Kolb, tbe defeated (Populist) candidate, also takes the oath of office, but there is no disturbance. Dec. 3. D.C. The 53d Congress; the third session opens. Only routine business is transacted in both Houses ; the President's message is read. Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate discusses a closure resolution, and re- fers a resolution calling for information as to the surrender of the two Japa- nese students by the American Consul in Shanghai, China, f Dec. 28. The Gov- ernment demands satisfaction for their surrender.] The House passes the Print- ing Bill. Dec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates the Morgan Bill to amend the act incorporating the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua. [39 discus- sions follow.] The Treasury reserve reaches its highest recent mark, standing at $111,- 142,000. Dec. 7. D. C. Congress: The House refers to tbe Committee on Privileges and Elections the Federal Elections Bill providing for the repeal of all stat- utes relating to supervisors of elections and special deputy-marshals. [1895. Feb. 7. Passes Senate. Feb. 12. Ap- proved by the President.] It is announced that President Cleve- land will send an independent commis- sion to investigate the outrages com- mitted by Turks and Kurds upon tbe defenseless Armenians. The Chinese treaty, regulating im- migration, is ratified in Washington. Dec. 8. New York. Sir Julian Paunce- fote, British Ambassador, arrives on his way to Washington. Dec. 9. Cal. The Republicans decide to contest the election of James H. Budd as governor, on the ground of extensive frauds. Dec. 10. D. C. Congress; Senate: A resolution asking Secretary Gresham for the correspondence in the Bering Sea damage cases is passed ; in the House, R. Hitt of 111. introduces a reso- lution calling for tbe papers touching the proposed payment of $425,000 to Great Britain under the Bering Sea award; Joseph L. Rawlins of Utah introduces a bill annexing to Utah that portion of Arizona north of the Colo- rado River. The President sends the report of the Strike Commission to Congress. Dec. 11. D. C. Congress: Tbe House passes tbe railroad Anti-Pooling Bill after four discussions. Vote, 1G0-110. Bill introduced May 31. [Dec. 13. Sen- ate : Referred to the Committee on In- terstate Commerce.] Boston, The Republicans elect Ed- win U. Curtis mayor. Plurality, 1,600. S. C. Ex-Gov. Benjamin R. Tillman is elected Senator over Senator M. C. Butler. Vote, 131-21. Dec. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: A motion to take up tbe bill repealing the differential duty on refined sugar is defeated. Vote, 23-27. A motion to con- sider a closure resolution is defeated. Vote, 24-34 ; in the House the Committee of tbe Whole refuses to strike out from the Urgent Deficiency Bill the appro- priation for the collection of the in- come tax. Vote, 54-127. N. Y. ConsoHdation is carried in Brooklyn by an official majority of 277. Dec. 13. D.C. Congress; Senate: The Nicaragua Canal Bill is discussed. Tbe Senate Rules Committee reaches a deadlock on a proposal to adopt clo- sure on revenue and appropriation bills ; Senator Gorman is absent. Secretary Carlisle issues a circular calling for bids for a third issue of $50,000,000 of 5 per cent ten-year bonds. Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House passes a resolution calling for the cor- respondence in relation to Secretary Gresham's promise to pay §425,000 dam- ages to Canadian sealers. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Nov. 21 + . Wis. The survey un- der Congressional authority of a route for a proposed 22-foot ship-canal from Lake Superior through "White Birch, to the Mississippi River, near Saint Louis or Minneapolis, is completed. Nov. 22. New York'. Gold is bought by intending subscribers for Govern- ment bonds at a slight premium. Nov. 23. The steamer Ozama of the Clyde Line is lost off the Carolina coast. Nov. 24. Ind. Suit is filed at Winamac, involving land worth over $200,000, on which over 100 farmers are settled. ■ A syndicate representing 30 banks in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago, bids 116.8808 for any part of the government bonds offered for sale, or 117.077 for the whole §50,000,000. Nov. 26. Mo. The Trans-Mississippi Congress meets in St. Louis. [Nov. 28. It demands free silver at the ratio of 16 tol.] Neb. Judge Dundy at Omaha de- clares the Nebraska Maximum Freight Rate Law unconstitutional. Nov. 27. New York. Over $26,000,- 000 in gold is deposited in tbe Sub- Treasury in payment of the new bonds. Pa. Judge Dallas declines to order the Reading receivers to reinstate the discharged employees. Nov. 28. Conn. Tbe schooner Annie J. Pardee is wrecked off Saybrook ; the life-saving men are unable to rescue the captain and crew of nine. O. The Lozier Bicycle "Works at Toledo are burned ; loss, 8500,000. Nov. 29. Mass. A train strikes a large vehicle loaded with football players and others at Southbridge, kill- ing two and injuring many, several fatally. Nov. 30. Wash. Fourteen acres cf fllled-in land at Tacoma are engulfed by the waters of Puget Sound. Dec. 5. D.C. Tbe Governments' special report estimates that over 75,000,000 bushels of wheat of this year's crop^ will be fed to stock because of the low price of wheat in the market. ± N. Y. The tramp steamer Dorian runs down the schooner Clara E. Simpson off Eaton's Neck, Long Island Sound ; three lives are lost. Dec. 6 Jr. Tex. Western Texas is swept by fire; 25,000,000 acres of grass are con- sumed. Dec. 7. Turk. By invitation of the Sul- tan of Turkey, an American will ac- company the Commission of Inquiry to Armenia. [Later, he is rejected.] Dec. 8. N. Y. A wharfage trust is organized in Brooklyn, having a capi- tal of $30,000,000. New York. The French Line steamer La Bourgogne sails for Havre with 81,250,000, the first large shipment of gold for many months. Dec. 9. Pa. The Shenango Glass Works at Newcastle are burned ; loss,. $100,000 ; 300 men are thrown out of work. Dec. 10. Conn. A sperm-whale nearly 40 feet long is caught in Fisher's Island- Sound. N. Y. James Mahar, an American,. dies of starvation in the Brooklyn City Hospital, having been eight days with- out food while unsuccessfully looking for work. Dec. 11. Chicago. Two persons are killed and 10 seriously injured by a cable-car collision. N. Y. Birge's wall-paper factory in Buffalo is destroyed by fire ; loss r $500,000 ; over 500 employees are thrown out of work. Pa. Pittsburg car-lines consoli- date under tbe Second Avenue Trac- tion Company, with a paid-up capital of §5,000,000. Dec. 13±. D. C. Secretary Lam out de- cides that the New York and New Jersey bridge, over the Hudson, must be a. suspension bridge. 478 1894, Dec. 14-Dec. 30. AMERICA ART— SCIENCE —NATURE. 1894 Dec. 15. la. Important gold discoveries are made in Iowa Gulch. Dec. 27 r. Boston. The American Chemical Society opens its 10th gen- eral meeting with 75 members present. N J. The 3d annual meeting of the American Psychological Association begins at Princeton College. * * Boston. The public library build- ing is completed at a cost of $'2,000,000. * * Mass. AlvanG. Clark of Cambridge is making a 40-inch lens for the Chicago University. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894. Dec. 14. Pol hem us, John, publisher, printer, A68. Porter, .losiah, adj. -gen., A63. Dec. 15. Lord, John, historian, lecturer, dies. Dec. 16. Gilnllan, James, jurist, A65. Dec. 19. Kellv, Kuueiie, banker, A88. Dec. 30. Alcorn, J. L., Gov. of Miss., sen- ator, A78. Dec. 26. Simpson, James, merchant, A47. Van Fleet, Abraham, vice-chancellor, N. J., A. 64. Dec. 39. Fair, James, "bonanza million- aire," senator for Cal., A(i3. Dec. 30. Fitzgerald, John, president Irish National League of America, A 65. CHURCH. 1894 Dec. 14. Md. The Unitarian Conference of churches in the Middle States and Canada begins its session iu Baltimore. Dec. 20. An Evangelical Alliance Committee urges Secretary Gresham to influence the protection of Christians Roman Catholics in this country are forbidden, by order of Pope Leo, to belong to the Sons of Temperance, the Knights of Pythias, or the Odd FeUows. Dec. 30. New York. A mass-meeting is held to protest against the Armenian persecutions, Chauncey M. Depew being the chief speaker. * * The Slavonian Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized. * * Ore. The General Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets at Albany ; John A. Wilson, moderator. * * Wash. The Universalis State Con- vention is organized. LETTERS. 1894 Dec. 27. Phila. The first Con- gress of Philologists ever held in this country opens. * * Poems Here at Home, by James "Whit- comb Riley, appears. * * Ivan the Viking, by Paul du Chaillu, appears. * * Pudd'nhead Wilson, by Mark TVain, appears. * * Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia (new and enlarged edition), Charles K. Adams, editor, appears. * * A Mound of Many Cities, by Frederick Jones Bliss, appears. * * A Student'* Text-Book Of Jiotainj, by Sidney II. Vines, appears. * * Basal Concepts in Philosophy, by Al- exander T. Ormond, appears. * * Roger Williams, by Oscar S. Straus, appears. * * The Animal as a Machine and a Prime Motor, and the Laius of Energetics, by Robert H. Thurston, appears. * * A Protegee of Jack Hamlin's, by Bret Harte, appears. * * Overheard hi Arcady, by Robert S. Bridges, appears. * * Modern Mystics and Modern Magic, by Arthur Lillie, appears. * * Edward Livingston Toumans, by John Fiske, appears ; also A History of the United States for Schools. * * Dante Gabriel Possetti, by F. G. Stephens, appears. k * A Short History of the Crusades, by Jacob Isidor Mombert, appears. fc * Congregationalists in America, by Al- bert E. Dunning, appears. k * Modern Methods of Sewerage Disposal, by George E. Waring, Jr., appeal's. fc * A History of the United States, by Allen C. Thomas, appears. * * A History of the Congregational Churches in the United States, by Wil- liston Walker, appears. k * An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology, and Allied Sciences, by George M. Gould, appears. fc *A History of the Mental Growth of Mankind in Ancient Times, by John S. Hittell, appears. fc * A Historical Sketch of Unitarian Movement since the Reformation, by Jo- seph H. Allen, appears. k * A Traveler from Altruria, by William Dean Howells, appears. k * Climbing and Exploration in the Ka- rakoram-Himalayas, by William Martin Conway, appears. 1 * A Champion of the Cross, by Charles F. Sweet, appears. * * The Silva of North America, by Charles S. Sargent, appears. k * The Sherman Letters, edited by Rachel Sherman Thorndike, appears. fe * The Study of Animal Life, by J. Ar- thur Thomson, appears. ' * Life of Frances Power Cobbe, by Her- self, appears. r * Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, by Lafcadio Hearn, appears. : * Wealth Against Commonwealth, by Henry Demarest Lloyd, appears. ' * The Interpretation of Nature, by Na- thaniel Southgate Shaler, appears. : * Tlie History of Illinois and Louisiana under French Rule, by Joseph Wallace, appears. ! * The Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry, by J. C. Jebb, appears. ' * In the Land of the Cave and Cliff- Dweller s, by Lieut. Frederick Sehwatka, appears. i * Economic Geology of the United States, by Ralph S. Tarr, appears. * * The First Stage* of Iht Tariff /'"/try in ih. United States, bj William Hill, appears. * * A Standard Dictionary of the English Language, Isaac K. Funk editor-in- chief, appears. * * Reed's Rules, by Thomas B. Reed, ap- pears. * * Essay Horace Chase, by Constance Fenimore Woolson, appears. * * Trilby, by George duMaurier, appears. * * Roman and Medieval Art, by W. H. Goodyear, appears. * * Louisiana Studies, by Alcee Forfcler, appears. * * Sewage Disposal in the United States, by George W. Rafter, appears. * * The Story of Two Noble Lives, by Augustus J. C. Hare, appears. * * Japan, by David Murray, appears. * * Pomona's Travels, by Frank R. Stock- ton, appears. * * Marion Darche, by F. Marion Craw- ford, appears ; also, Katherine Lauder- dale. * * The Copperhead, by Harold Frederic, appears. * * Brothers and Strangers, by Agnes Blake Poor, appears. * * The Monism of Man, by David Allyn Gorton, appears. * * Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General, by William M. Polk, appears. * * The Pottery and Porcelain of the U. S., by Edwin Altee JSarber, appears. * * Studies of the Stage, by Brander Mat- thews, appears. * * Tlie Ore Deposits of the U. S.. by James F. Kemp, appears. * * Landmarks of a Literary Life, by Mrs. Newton Crosland, appears. * * Total Eclipses of the Sun, by Mabel Loomis Todd, appears. * * An Essay on Judicial Power and Un- constitutional Legislation, by Brintou Coxe, appears. * * Cartier to Frontenac, by Justin Win- sor, appears. * * History for Ready Reference, by J. N. Lamed, appears. * * Samuel Longfellow, by Joseph May, appears. * * The Art of Music, by C. Herbert and H. Parry, appears. * * Pei'sonal Recollections of Xathariiel Hawthorne, by Horatio Bridge, appears. * * Wah-Kce-Nah and Her People, by James C. Strong, appears. * * Good Old Dorchester, by W. D. Orcutt, appears. * * Art in Theory, by George Lansing Raymond, appears. * * Secularism, its Progress and Morals, by John M. Bonham, appears. k * On the Offensive, by George J. Put- man, appears. k * Recollections of a Virginian in the Mexrican, Indian, and Civil Wars, by Dabney H. Maury, appears. UNITED STATES. 1894, Dec. 14-Dec. 30. 479 * * Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, by John G. Nicolay and John Hay, appears. * * General Scott, by Marcus J. "Wright, appears. * * The Evolution of Woman, by Eliza Burt Gramble, appears. * * The Spanish Pioneers, by Charles F. Lummis, appears. * * Famous Companies and Their Worts, by J. K. Paine, Theodore Thomas, and Karl Klauser, appears. * * History of the Philosophy of History, by Robert Flint, appears. * * A History of the United States Navy from 1775 to 1893, by Edgar Staunton Maclay, appears. * * The Recipe for Diamonds, by C- J. Cutcliffe Hyne, appears. * * Pastime Stories, by Thomas Nelson Page, appears. * * The Holy Cross, by Eugene Field, appears. * * Bayou Folic, by Kate Chopin, appears. * * Pembroke, by Mary E. Wilkins, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1894 Dec. 15. Chicapo. President C. S. Purintun of the Purinton Brick Com- pany disappears with $40,000 of the funds belonging to the company. New York. The Police Board under pressure restores Capt. Creeden to his office. Dec. 16. Pa. David Slocum of Wash- ington township, and his aged wife, are bound, and robbed of their life savings of over S9.U00, by a baud of armed men ; preparations for torture are discovered. la. J. R. Huntington, clerk in the Council Bluffs Citizen's Bank, kills him- self after wounding C. A. Crowell and F. N. Harden, bunk inspectors ; cause, a shortage is discovered. Dec. 17. Ind. John McBride is elected president of the American Federa- tion of Labor, with headquarters in Indianapolis. Dec. 18. N. J. Five farm-hands are in jail at Freehold for burning barns and stables through revenge ; total loss, §50,000. Dec. 19. New York. A Committee of Fifty, with Seth Low as president, is organized to study the liquor-prob- lem, with a view to public and private action. X }'. A national bank at Rome is robbed of $40,000 by a cashier and teller. Dec. 22. Judge Woods, in the case of Debs and the other A. R. U. officers, grants a stay until Jan. 8, that the de- cision may be tested in a higher court ; the sentences are made cumulative in- stead of concurrent. Dec. 24. Ga. A race-war breaks out ; seven negroes are lynched for the mur- der of a constable. Dec. 25. O. Nine non-union glass- workers, arriving at Martin's Ferry, are assaulted and two terribly beaten by the local men ; the union denounces violence. An attempt to burn the city of Zanes- ville is partially successful. The commander-in-chief of the Sons of Veterans refuses charters to camps composed of negroes in the South. Dec. 26. Mo. The sheriff-elect of St. Louis is indicted for election frauds and bribery. N. II. The will of N. B. Gale, ad- mitted to probate at Laconia, gives $100,000 to the town for hospital, library, and park purposes. New York. Coupon Clerk E. K. Car- ter, of the National P.ank of Commerce, is arrested tor stealing about $30,000 of the bank's funds. The American Economic Associa- tion meets. Dec. 27. N.J. The annual meeting of the American Psychological Asso- ciation begins at Princeton College. Dec. 28. New York. The Federation of East Side "Workers, representative of churches and benevolent societies working below Fourteenth Street and east of Broadway, adopts a constitution and elects officers. Okla. A train is held up, but the highwaymen are put to flight. Dec. 30. N. Y. A bookkeeper of the Hudson River National Bank of Hud- son is found to be $14,000 short in his accounts ; he is arrested. * * D. C. Congress makes Labor Day, the first Monday in September, a legal holiday. STATE. 1S94 Dec. 14. D. C. The Treasury reserve has fallen to $96,341,384, a loss of $14,799,116 in eight days. ± Under authority of a Joint Com- mittee of the two Houses of Congress a bill is drawn, the purpose of which is to provide for earlier and more frequent promotion of naval officers. N. Y. The State officers who can- vassed the Mylod returns from Dutch- ess County in 1891 appeal their case to the Court of Appeals. Dec. 17. D. C. Congress: The Senate debates the Springer substitute for the Carlisle Currency Bill, exempting the notes of State banks from taxation. [15 discussions follow.] N. Y. Gov.-elect Morton decides not to appoint 12 additional justices of the Supreme Court, for which the new Con- stitution makes certain provisions. Dec. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : David B. Hill of N. Y. speaks in favor of closure; the debate on the currency reform is begun in the House. Dec. 19. I). C. Congress: The Senate receives the report on Hawaii ; the House continues to debate the Cur- rency Bill. Dec. 21. D. C. Congress ; House: A substitute for the Carlisle Currency Bill is introduced by William M. Springer of 111., and made the subject of debate. N. Y. For contempt of court, the Court of Appeals reaffirms its sentence against the State Board of Canvassers of 1891 for their action in regard to the Mylod returns from Dutchess County', fining its five members $550. Dec. 22. D. C. A suit to test the con- stitutionality of the income tax is be- gun in the Supreme Court. Dec. 23. Tex. Gov. Hogg sends a req- uisition to the governor of Florida for the person of H. M. Flagler, of the Stan- dard Oil Company. |Dee. 25. Gov. Mitchell honors it.] Dec. 28. Mo, The conference of the Populists opens at St. Louis. Dec. 29. D. C. President Cleveland signs the act establishing a national military park on the Shiloh battle-field. * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : — -96 * * Ala. William C. Oates (Dem.). -96 * * Alas. James Sheakley (Dem.). -95 * * Ida. Win. I. McConnell (Rep.). -96 * * Id. Frank D. Jackson (Rep.). -95 * * Mass. F. T. Greenhalge (Rep.). -96 * * Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.). -96 * * 0. Wm. McKinley, Jr.. (Rep.). -97 * * Okla. Wm. C. Renfrew (Dem.). -95 * * If. 1. D. Russell Brown (Rep.). -96 * * S. C. John Gary Evans (Dem.). -97* * Va. CharlesT.O'Ferrall(Dem.). MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Dec. 15. Mo. Two lives are lost and much damage done to property by a cyclone near Attalia. Dec. 17. New York^. Judge Truax sets aside the deed of gift made by the ex- ecutors of the Payer weather will. Dec. 20±. Many vessels are reported lost on the Pacific coast. Dec. 21. N.J. In Salem 14 persons are bitten by a mad dog. Dec. 22. Penn. Cedarcroft, near Ken- nett Square, the former home of Bayard Taylor, is burned. Dec. 23. Neb. The people of the drought- blighted counties are starving and in need of clothing. Dec. 24. Pa. The cut in wages is posted at the Carnegie Steel Works at Homestead ; several high-priced men are dismissed ; the rents of the company's houses are materially reduced. Dec. 25. Pa+. Fatal collisions occur " on the Pennsylvania and Big Four rail- roads ; a train is wrecked on the Atlantic and Pacific. Dec. 26. Boston. The Denison Manu- facturing Company celebrates its 50th anniversary by distributing among the employees a sum equal to five dollars each for each year's service, the total gift amounting to $33,000. Tex. Sixteen persons are hurt in a railroad collision. Dec. 27- N. J. A State court declares boycotting to be illegal, and a trades- union is enjoined from boycotting a newspaper. N. Y. A fire in B"ffalo causes a loss of 5300,000. Dec. 29. Ore. Over 40 lives are lost at a Christmas festival at Silver Lake through a fire caused by the upsetting of an oil-lamp. Okla. Payne County court-house, with all the county records, is burned. — Ky. Louisville loses about $300,000 by fire. Dec. 30. Fla. The fruit-growers' loss from freezing weather during the last 72 hours is estimated at §3,000,000. Ida. The mineral output for the year 1894 : Gold, $1,879,000 ; silver, §2,359,000; lead. .$3,406,000. N. Y. The Delavan House in Al- bany is burned. 480 234 b. c.-a. d. 1883, Aug. 18. A N N A M. Annam is a coast country of southeastern Asia, under the protection of France, and having Hue for its capital. The government is an absolute monarchy, with a French resident. The religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, spirit worship, and the Christian faith. Area of Annam, about 27,020 square miles ; population, about 5,000,000. French Cochin-China, is a French colony south of Annam, on the extremity of the peninsula. Area, 23,082 square miles ; population, 2,034,453. Cambodia is a dependency of France, lying between Siam and French Cochin-Cbina ; Pnompenh is its capital. Ar«-a, 38,000 square miles ; population, about 1,500,000. Tongking (Tunking, Tonkin, or Tonquin) is a French colonial possession, lying northeast of Annam, with Hanoi for its capital. Area, 34,740 square miles; population, about 9,000,000. For convenience of classification these four countries are here combined under Annam, and each item i.s prefixed with a locality word. ARMY — NAVY. 234 * * b. c. Annam is conquered by the Chinese. 907 t * * a. d. An anti- Chinese revolt breaks the rule of the foreigners. 1406 * * Annam is reconquered by the Chinese. [1428. Expelled.] 1789 * * Cochin-China. Bishop Pi- gneaux de Beshaine of Ardan lands at the head of a well-armed force of adventurers. 1802 * * Tongking is reconquered by the Annamese, aided by the French. 1843 Jan.* Cochin-China. A French frigate anchors off Touron and demands the release of the captive missionaries, [They are delivered, and embark.] 1847* * Cochin-China. ThienTu, hav- ing continued his persecutions of the French missionaries, Adm. Lapierre ap- pears before Touron, and after some resistance dismantles the fortifica- tions, but is unable to secure liberty in Annam. 1858 Aug. 31. Cochin-China. A Franco- Spanish squadron under Adm. Rigault de Genouilly anchors off Touron; an ultimatum is sent to the king because of the persecutions of Christians and the murder of M. Diaz; the city is stormed. 1859 Feb. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. Adm. Genouilly, with five vessels, bombards Saigon, and forces its surrender. The booty consists of 400 cannon, 6,000 rifles, 1GO,000 pounds of powder, and $500,000 in specie; the French lose 200 killed and wounded. 1860 * * Toughing. M. Dupuis, an adventurer and merchant, makes an armed invasion. 1861 Feb. * Fr. Cochin-China. Adm. Garnier subdues the revolting natives. 1862 Dec. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. An insurrection breaks out against the French. [1863. Feb. * The revolt is suppressed.] 1872 * * Tongking. M. Dupuis ascends the Red River with an armed flotilla. [Mar. 4. He reaches the head of navi- gation at Manghao.] 1873 Oct. 8. Fr. Cochin-China. Fran- cis Garnier's expedition, escorted by two men-of-war, sails from Saigon for the mouth of the Red River ; the entire force numbers less than 200 men. Nov. 5. Toiigking. Garnier's expedition arrives at Hanoi. Nov. 20. Tongking. M. Dupuis attacks the citadel of Hanoi, and carries it by assault ; it is the first step in the con- quest of the Bed Biver valley. Dec. 11. Toughing. Nam-Dinh is cap- tured from the Annamese by the French, after a short resistance. [It is soon evacuated.] The whole delta of the Red River is now iu the possession of the invaders. Dec. 21. Tongking. A force of Chinese Black Flags and Annamese surround the citadel at Hanoi; the small garri- son makes a vigorous defense ; Francis Garnier and M. Balny D'Avricourt lead sorties from different gates, and both are killed. 1874 Jan. 8. Tongking. The French evacuate Ninh-Binh. [Jan. 10. They evacuate Nam-Dinh, and strengthen the garrison at Hanoi. July* The French garrison is withdrawn from Hanoi.] 1883 Mar. 26, 27. Tongking. An at- tack of the Black Flags on Hanoi is repulsed by the French. Mar. 27. Tongking. The French bom- bard and capture Nam-Dinh. Mar.* Fr. Cochin-China. The French Bed Biver expedition of 620 men and 10 war-vessels is organized by Capt. Henri Riviere. Apr, 2. Tongking. Biviere's expedi- tion arrives at Hanoi. Apr. 26. Tongking. Hanoi is as- saulted and captured by the French. May 8. Tongking. Lin-Yun-Fu, sus- tained by his Black Flags, declares hos- tilities against the French. May * Tongking. Capt. Riviere with a force of 230 men is besieged at Hanoi by the Black Flags. May 16. Tongking. The French des- troy Gia-lam, and retire to their ships. May 19. Tongking. The French make a sortie at Hanoi, and are driven back by the Black Flags ; Riviere and three other French officers are killed ; the French garrison is shut up in the citadel. June 16. Tongking. Gen. Bouet ar- rives at Hanoi with reenforcements, and assumes command. July 5. Tongking. The French repulse an attack at Haiphong. July 11. Tongking. The Black Flags are repulsed at Nam-Dinh. [July 19. Col. Badens makes a successful sortie at Nam-Dinh. [Also on Aug. 7.] July 20. The French Capt. Morel Beaulieu offers protection to the na- tives who have been deserted by Annam, and made to suffer on all sides during the war. Aug. 15. Tongking. Gen. Bout-'t with a force of 1,500 men makes a sortie against the Black Flags near Hanoi ; the French are repulsed, and forced to- Aug. 18-20. Cochin-China. A French squadron under Adm. Courbet bombards, and captures the forts at Hue" ; the Annamese suffer heavy loss. [Aug. 20. An armistice is arranged.] CHURCH. 1555* * Cambodia. Gaspar da Cruz, a Dominican from Portugal, introduces Christianity. 1626 * * Tongking. Many Jesuits ar- rive, including the celebrated mission- ary Alexander of Rhodes. 1780± * * Tongking. French missiona- ries reintroduce Christianity ; it spreads rapidly. 1800+ * * Annam. French priests claim to have converted the emperor, and establish a hierarchy of great influence. 1821 * * Opposition to French mis- sionaries becomes strong under the new ruler ; persecution is encouraged [and is continued after his death under three emperors]. 1833 * * Tongking. Francis Gagelen, Jesuit missionary, is strangled. [1834. M. Ordorico is beheaded. 1835. M. Marehaud is torn to pieces, after suf- fering torture by hot irons.] 1836 * * Tongking. Six missionaries are beheaded, and one is strangled. [1S39. Another missionary is executed.] 1841 * * -42 * * Tongking. Three mis- sionaries are killed, and several more are imprisoned. 1851 * * -58 * * Annam. Ten French missionaries are beheaded, and Ro- man Catholic natives are persecuted. May 4. Cochin- China. M. Schoffier, a French missionary, is beheaded by order of the grand mandarins, for preaching. 1857 * * Tongking. Bp. Diaz, the Span- ish vicar-general, is beheaded after suf- fering cruel torture. 1S5S July 27. Tonglcing. The French missionary. Bp. Melchior, is murdered with great barbarity. 1860 Nov.* Tongking. The Abbe" Neron is brutally murdered by anti- French fanatics. [1S6S. July * By or- der of the bonze, several native Chris- tians are massacred.] 1883* * Annam. Christians are massa- cred at the instigation of a native prince. AN NAM. 234 b. c.-a. d. 1883, Aug. 18. 481 STATE. 214+ * *b.c. Annum. The Chinese invade and annex the country. 112* *b.c.-968* *a. D. Tongkingisa dependency of China. 110* *b. c-907* *a. n. Annam. Chi- nese vassal governors hold authority in the South. 263 * * a. d. Annam. The Chinese do- mination ends. 767 ** Tongking. The capital is founded (La Thang). * * * Annam is again subject to China. 806 * * Cochin-China. The name Koue Tehen is first applied to Southern Tong- king. (Corrupted into Cochin-China.) 907+ * * Annam. Native chiefs who are weary of Chinese rule lead a successful revolt. 970+ * * Annam is under independent native princes, who are only nominal vassals of China. [1280. The Chinese attempt its complete subjugation.] 1406 * * Annam is again subdued by the Chinese. 1427* * Tongking. Le-Loi obtains the throne by violence ; he virtually sepa- rates the province from Annam, and by a successful rebellion becomes indepen- dent of China. 1428 * * Annam. China abandons its rule of Annam. [1471. Annam is con- quered by Tongking.] 1553 * * Annam throws off the yoke of Tongking. 1610 * * Annam. Tsiampa is occupied by the Annamese, and the aborigines are driven from the plains into the hill country. 1650+ * * Annam virtually consists of two kingdoms; the northern is ruled by the L6" dynasty, and the southern by the Nguyen family. 1780+ * * Tongking. Gia-Long is de- throned by an invading successor of Nguyen-Dzo, the late viceroy. 1787 Nov. 28. Ft. Cochin-China. France obtains the peninsula of Touron and the Isle of Pulo-Condore by the treaty of Versailles. French influence becomes dominant through the instrumentality of Bishop Pigneaux de Beshaine, chief of the Jes- uit mission at Bangkok, Siam. 1788 * * Tongking. The king is de- throned and exiled; he appeals to France, through the French missiona- ries, for aid. 1802 * * Tongking is conquered, and reunited to Annam. 1820 * * Annam. Gia-Long, the king, dies ; he had named his younger son, Minh-Mang, as his successor. [The new king is bitterly opposed by his eldest brother, Canh-Dzue; he meets with great difficulty in suppressing a rebellion.] 1821* * Annam. The anti-foreign party becomes powerful after the death of Gia-Long. 1840 * * Annam. Thien Tu succeeds his father, Minh-Mang, as king, and re- news the persecution of Christians. 1848 * * Annam. Tu Due, the younger son, succeeds his father, Thien Tu, as king ; he cruelly persecutes the native Christians and their missionaries. 1851 * * Annam. Nu-Phong, the elder brother of Tu Due, leads an unsuccessful rebellion to wrest the kingdom from him. 1858 * * Annam. The king orders M. Diaz put to death because a French vessel happens to be cruising near the coast. 1859 Oct. * Tongking. The French government determines to intervene in behalf of Christians. 1860 Oct. 15. The treaty of Tien-tsin is signed ; it assures the whole of the Oriental seas to the French. 1861 * * Tongking. The pretender, L e Phung, leads a revolt [which is successful for a time in resisting the French ; subdued in 1866]. 1862 June 5. Annam. The treaty of Saigon is signed ; peace is made with France under the pressure of an invad- ing army and a dangerous rebellion. Three of the lower provinces are ceded to the French ; Christianity is to be tol- erated and an indemnity paid. Dec. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. An insur- rection breaks out against France in the ceded provinces. 1863 Sept. * Annam. Ambassadors are sent to France to regain the ceded provinces. [Their mission is unsuccess- ful.] 1864 * * Cambodia. Phara-Norodom is crowned king. 1867 June 25. Fr. Cochin-China. The revolt against the French continues. The French occupy the three lower provinces, and by proclamation annex them to France. 1870* * Tongking. M. Dupuis, a Frenchman, explores a part of the Red River. [1872. May * On behalf of the French government he issues a procla- mation to the people.] 1873 Dec, 21. Tongking. M. Philas- tre, the new French envoy, arrives at the delta of the Red River ; he learns that the French occupy the forts, and that Garnier is dead. [He introduces a pacific policy.] (See Army.) 1873 + * * The French determine to ex- pel the Chinese from the valley of the Red River, and annex Tongking. 1874* * The French protectorate is threatened by the Black Flags; vig- orous measures are taken for its de- fense. Mar. 15. Fr. Cochin-CJiina. A treaty with the French is concluded at Saigon, The king is to be independent of China, the ports are to be opened to commerce, the Christian religion to be tolerated, and the six lower provinces to be finally abandoned to France. Aug. 31. Fr. Cochin-China. A com- mercial treaty is signed by France and Annam at Saigon. 1881 * * France resents the intrusion of China in Tongking ; it refuses to rec- ognize the latter's claims of suzerainty, and prepares for an armed occupa- tion. 18S2 Jan. * Fr. Adm. La Pierre is appointed to the chief command of the French forces in Tongking. Apr. * The Tougkingese authorities are exasperated at the presence of an armed French flotilla in the Red River ; they regard it as a menace and a gross infrac- tion of the treaty of 1874. * * Tongking. France asserts her claim to a protectorate. * * Tongking. The Annamese repel an invasion of a French force sent by Le Myre de Villers, governor of Saigon. 1883 * * Tongking. China becomes an ally of Annam, its tributary, in resist- ing French aggressiveness. Apr. 21. Tongking. Capt. Riviere is- sues an ultimatum at Hanoi. He demands from the mandarins a treaty for French supreni acy , and threat- ens to bombard the citadel if they re- fuse. [The mandarins reply that they have no power to consider treaties.] * * Tongking. The Emperor Tu Due re- sists the aggressiveness of the French. July 20. Annam. The Emperor Tu Due dies ; Hiep-hoa is enthroned. MISCELLANEOUS. 1295 * * Cambodia is a vast and im- portant country. 1590± * * Cambodia. Swarms with for- eign adventurers. 1600+ * * Cambodia. The Portuguese establish factories. 1635+ * * Cambodia. The Dutch es- tablish factories. 1641 * * Cambodia. A Dutch expedition explores the Great Mekong River for 1,000 miles. 1643 * * Cambodia. Many Europeans are butchered at the instigation of the Portuguese. 1702 * * Cambodia. The English es- tablish a factory off the coast. 1799 * * Tongking. Pigneaux de Be- shaine, Jesuit bishop, dies. 1820 * * Annam. Gia-Long, the king, dies. 1840* * Annam. Minh-Mang, the king, dies. 1848 * * Annam. Thien Tu, the king, dies. 1858 July 27. Tongking. Bishop Melchior is murdered. 1860 Nov. * Tongking. Abbe" Heron is murdered. 1866+ * * Fr. Cochin-China. A French expedition under Capt. Doudart de Lagree ascends the Mekong to Middle China. 1879 * * Annam. Bun-Lan, or Than- Khai, the emperor, is horn. 1883 May 20. B. T. Biviere, French commander, dies. July 20. Annam. Tu Due, the king, dies. Aug. *-Dec. * Tongking. The unarmed natives suffer much from all parties in the war. 482 1883, Sept. 1-1893, May 17. ANNAM. ARMY — NAVY. 1883 Sept. 1-3. TongHng. Gen.Bouet makes a successful sortie in the direc- tion of Soutay. [Sept. 3. He beheads a number of Annamese prisoners.] Sept. 15. The Annamese troops dis- band. The Yellow Flags continue hos- tilities. * * TongHng. Col. Badens with a small force surprises the citadel of Winh- Binh; it surrenders without bloodshed. Sept. 20. TongHng. It is announced that Adm. Courbet supersedes Gen. Bouet. Nov. 17. TongHng. The Black Flags make a fierce attack on the French at Hai Dzuong, and are repulsed by the aid of the gunboat Carabine. Dec. 16. TongHng. Adm. Courbet shells and captures the forts at Sontay ; French loss, 75 killed and 245 wounded. [Dec. * Sontay is fortified, and the French advance.] 1884 Jan. 1, 2. TongHng. Pirates attack Nam-Dinh. Jan. 20±. TongHng. Chinese reen- forcements arrive to assist the natives against the French. Mar. 12. TongHng. Gens. N^grier, Briere de l'lsle, and Millot defeat the Chinese at Bac-iNmh ; the Celestials hastily retire from the city. Mar. 22. TongHng. The citadel of Thai -Nguyen is captured by a French force under Gen. Briere de l'lsle. Apr. 9. TongHng. The Chinese set Honghoa on fire, and retreat from the town. June 23. TongHng. A rash attempt is made by Col. Dugenne-with 700 men to occupy Langson ; the Chinese resist, and kill 10 of the French. Aug. 30. TongHng. Gen. Briere de l'lsle succeeds Gen. Millot as com- mander of the French forces. Oct. * TongHng. Fighting is renewed between the French and the Chinese. Oct. 6-8. TongHng. The Chinese regulars attack the French under Gen. Negrier, who repulses them, killing many of the Chinese. Oct. 10, 11. TongHng. The Chinese are again defeated, with a loss of 3,000, by Col. Bonnier, near Chu ; French loss, 20 killed and 90 wounded. Oct. 13. TongHng. The Chinese are again repulsed at Tuguen Qua-Hung, losing many men. Nov. 20±. TongHng. The Black Flags are defeated by the French. Dec. * TongHng. The French retire to the hill country before the approach of a great Chinese army. Dec. * The defeat of Chinese pirates is announced. 1885 Jan. * The arrival of 10,000 men increases the army of Briere de l'lsle to 40,000 men. Jan. 3±. Gen. Ne*grier defeats 12,000 Chinese in a great battle east of Chu. Feb. 2. The French forward move- ment begins. Feb, 6. TongHng. The French capture Dong Song after a severe fight, taking three forts and a large amount of sup- plies and ammunition. Feb. 8. TongHng. The Chinese, 10,000 strong, attack the French near the frontier, and are repulsed. Feb. 10. TongHng. The column moves forward, and the Chinese fall back. Feb. 12. TongHng. The Chinese give battle, and are driven back. Feb. 13. TongHng. The citadel of Langson is finally occupied by the French without resistance, as the gar- rison retires. Feb. 24. TongHng. Tuyen-Kouan is attacked by the Chinese, hut they are repulsed by the French. Feb. 27. TongHng. Gen. Ne'grier cap- tures a large quantity of war material, stores, and ammunition from the Chi- nese. Mar. 2. TongHng. The siege of Tu- yen-Kouan is raised after IS attacks by the Chinese in as many days, the French having lost 463 men. Mar. 4-7. TongHng. Col. Duchesne again defeats the Chinese. [Mar. 22. Again at Dong-Dang.] Mar. 24. TongHng. The French and Chinese fight a severe battle on the frontier. Mar. 27. TongHng. The Chinese de- bouch in great numbers before the French position at Ki-Lua ; the latter fall back on Dong-Song and Than- Moi. Mar. 28. TongHng. The Chinese drive the French back in great confusion, and retake Dang son; Gen. Negrier is wounded. Mar. 30. TongHng. Col. Herbenger evacuates Dong-Song on the approach of the Chinese. Apr. 3. TongHng. Preliminaries of peace are signed. Apr. 14. TongHng. The Chinese, un- informed of the peace, attack the French at Kep, and are repulsed. Apr. * TongHng. Gen. de Courcy is appointed to the command of the French forces in the field. Apr. * The Chinese reward Luh Vinh Phuoc, the chief of the Black Flags, for his services against the French. May 5. TongHng. The Chinese troops evacuate Langson, and proceed to withdraw from the province. July 2. Cochin-China. The Annamese at Hue revolt, and surprise the French in a night attack. July 5, 6. Cochin-China. The regent Thayet, with 30,000 men, treacherously attacks Gen. de Courcy at Hue\ but is de- feated and captured. [July 10. French reenforcements arrive at HuC] Aug. 24+. TongHng. The citadel of Than Hoa is occupied by the French without resistance. Aug.* The Black Flags raid five mis- sionary stations, and massacre the priests and 10,000 native Christians. Sept. * Cochin-China. Two French missionaries are reported killed and 24,000 native Christians massacred at Kuang-Tri. Oct. * TongHng. Gen. Jounont attacks Than-Moi, and routs its defenders after fighting three days. Oct. * TongHng. Black Flag bands annoy the French. Dec. * TongHng. Gen. Negrier defeats the Black Flags. 1886 Nov. * TongHng. Insurrections break out against the French, but are soon suppressed. 1887 Jan.* TongHng. Insurgents are again active. [Apr. 19. Col. Bose cap- tures Mupng.] 1888 Sept.* TongHng. A native guard is organized by the French for the pur- pose of suppressing piracy. 1889 Jan. 17. The pirates are de- feated by Gen. Borgnis des Bordes. Mar. 16. Doivan, the chief of the Bac- !N"inh pirates, surrenders, and quiet follows. 1S90 Nov. 8±. TongHng. Piracy is rampant, the French outposts being at- tacked constantly. 1893 May 17. Siam. A bloody battle occurs between the French Annamese garrison at Khong and the Siamese, on the boundary line of Annam and Siam ; the Siamese government repudi- ates responsibility in the matter. CHURCH. 1885 Aug.i * -Dec. * Annam. About 22,000 native Christians are massa- cred. 1886 Aug. * TongHng. Seven hun- dred Christiana are massacred by the Black Flags, who destroy 30 villages. 1890 * * Annanw There are no Protes- tant missions in the country. The educated classes follow Confu- cius, Buddhism is tolerated by the government, and many of the natives profess Roman Catholicism. Some Ro- man Catholic authorities claim 420,000 members, under 125 European priests and 264 native priests, in seven apostolic vicariates. STATE. 1883 Apr. 25. Fr. Cochin-China. The Emperor Hiep-hoa is forced, by a French naval demonstration, to sign a treaty at Saigon. Therms : A French protectorate and the exclusion of foreign powers, except as approved by the French Government ; ANNAM. 1883, Sept. 1-1893, May 17. 483 Bink Tuan is ceded to France ; French occupation of the forts on the Hue* River ; French administration of customs ; ports to be opened and an indemnity to be paid by Aunam, etc. Oct.* Cambodia. The king, Norodom, recognizes the French protectorate by treaty. Dec. 14. Annam. Anti-French fanatics kill King Hiep-hoa, and Yoe-Duc succeeds him. 1884 Mar. 26±. Annam. An Annam- ese prince is executed for instigating the massacres of Christians. May 11. China. Capt.FournierandLi- Hung-Chang, the imperial prime minis- ter, sign a treaty at Tien-tsin ; the French protectorate of Annam and Tong- king is recognized, and the Chinese troops are withdrawn from the north- ern provinces. June 6. The Annamese sign a convention which compels the acknowledgment of the French protectorate. July 1±. Tongking. The Chinese de- cline to ratify the treaty of May 11, and refuse to pay indemnity for the killing of French citizens at Langson. July 18i:. Tongking. The Chinese de- mand the evacuation of Langson and other places held by the French. Aug. 2. Annum. The king's death is an- nounced, and his young brother, Kien- phouc, is his successor. 1885 Apr. 5. China. The prelimina- ries of peace are signed at Peking. The Chinese agree to evacuate Tong- king, and France will take it under its protectorate, and also evacuate For- mosa. June 9. China. The Treaty of Tien- tsin is ratified by the French and Chi- nese. July 2. Annam. The Annamese rise in revolt against the French. Sept. 14±. Annam. Chaul-Mong, the adopted son of Tu Due, is proclaimed emperor. Sept. 19. Annam. The emperor is crowned, and named Douck-Hanh. 1S86 Jan. 31. Tongking. Paul Bert is appointed French resident. [Nov. 11. He dies.] Jan. 28. Annam. The emperor, Douck- Hanh, dies. Jan. 30. Annam. Thau-Khai, the young son of Douck-Hauh, succeeds to the throne. Apr. * Cambodia. The rebellion led by Prince Si-Votha is broken, and he sues for peace. 1888 Sept. 8. Tongking. M.Richaud succeeds Paul Bert, deceased January, 1887. MISCELLANEOUS. 1884 Jan. 1,2. Tongking. Pirates de- vastate Nam-Dinh, and kill the people. 1889 Jan. 29. Annam. Douck-Hanh, the king, dies. Feb. 27. Tongking. Gen. Des Bordes of the French army is murdered. ARABIA AND THE MOSLEMS. Arabia is a large peninsula of Western Asia, and is destitute of any permanent river; its area is estimated at 1,200,000 square miles, and its population at 5,000,000. The country has no common government ; its political divisions are various, and include three Turkish provinces : Hedjaz along the coast of the Red Sea, Yemen farther south, and El Hassa bordering the Persian Gulf ; three sultanates, Oman along the gulf of the same name, El Nejd in the interior, and Hadramant in the south ; Aden, in the extreme south, is a British protectorate. The religion of the people is Mohammedan, and their language is Arabic. About 185,000,000 Mohammedans are at the present time scattered over northern Africa, southern Asia, and southeastern Europe. Authorities are not agreed concerning the precise dates of the chief events connected with the life of Mohammed. Many of the Moslem dates are of uncertain value. ARMY — WAVY. 1438* *-1388* *b.c. Setil.(Sethos), the ruler of Egypt, sends a military ex- pedition into Arabia. 25 * * b. c. The Romans send an expe- dition into Arabia under C. iElius Gallus. His army consists of 10,000 Roman in- fantry, 500 Jews, and 1,000 Nabatheans ; they suffer greatly from the climate, and return without making conquests. 500* *a.d. The Mustareb, or Northern Arabs, revolt, and in the battle of Ha- zaz forever break the yoke of Yemen. 529* * The Abyssinians numbering 70,000, under Aryat, invade Yemen to avenge the persecution of Christians. 562 * * Chosroes, king of Persia, makes an expedition against the Christian king- dom founded in Arabia by Abyssinians. * * The Abyssinians are driven out, and Arabia becomes a province of Persia. 569* *King Abraha of the Abyssin- ian dynasty, advancing for conquest, is defeated near Mecca. ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 500± * * Antar, or Antarah, chief and poet, fiourisbes. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 267± * * Odenathus, warrior, husband of Ze- nobia, is assassinated. 545± * * Ahdallah-Ben Abd-el Moottalib, merchant, father of Mohammed, born. [570. »71 * * Abu Bekr. father-in-law and suc- cessor of Mohammed, born. [634, Aug. 22. Dies. A63.] CHURCH. 500 * * A stone temple or shrine at Mecca of unknown antiquity is visited by worshipers, and greatly enriched with offerings. 529 * * The Abyssinians xinder Aryat proclaim the Christian religion [and maintain it for 76 years through the southern half of the peninsula]. STATE. 1919 * * (?) b. c. Chaldea. Ishmael, the son of Abraham, is born ; from him the Arabs claim descent. 1550 * * -1305 * * b. c. The dynasty of Hammurabi reigns in Chaldea. 1438* *-13S3* *b. c. Seti I. (Se- thos), king of Egypt, reigns ; his expe- dition penetrates Arabia and advances to the Euphrates. 722 * * -705 * * b. c. Sargon, king of Assyria, having destroyed the kingdom of Israel, extends his conquests into Arabia, and exacts tribute. 400± * * b. c. Yemen, the oldest mon- archy of Arabia, is established. [It continues for about 2,500 years ; ruling the southern half of the penin- sula directly and the northern half in- directly.] 105 * * a. d. The Romans, by the gov- ernor of Syria, take possession of the country from the northern end of the Red Sea, and call it the Roman province of Arabia. 5th century. The northern Arabs re- volt against the king of Yemen ; the Koreysh tribe begins to develop. 522 * * King Caleb, or Elesbaan, of Abys- sinia, extends his kingdom into Arabia. 529 * * The Yemen monarchy is over- thrown by invading Abyssinians under the king of Axoum, the capital of Abys- sinia, to which Yemen (Arabia Felix) belonged by right of conquest. 562 * *Chosroes overthrows the Abyssinian kingdom in Arabia, and places Sai'f, leader of the native Homer- ites, in power. MISCELLANEOUS. 500 * * An important coast trade along the Red Sea brings wealth to the Ko- reysh Arabs. * * The annual fair of Okad, near Mecca, becomes a national assembly ; races, games, and commerce the chief attrac- tions. [It becomes the central emporium of all the Arab tribes, and a truce exists between warring tribes when present on the fair grounds.] 484 570, **-775, ** ARABIA ARMY — NAVY. 6th Century. The heroic period of the northern Arabs ; a series of wars among "Mustareb" tribes. 623* *The Holy "War begins; Mo- hammed attacks and plunders a Mecca 624* * Mohammed defeats the Ko- reyshites in the battle of Bedr. ±* * Mohammed is at war with the Jews. 625 * * Mohammed is defeated in the battle of Ohod by idolaters led by Abu Sofian. . 627 * * Mohammed is besieged in Me- dina by the Koraish, 40,000 strong ; part of his followers turn against him ; the siege is raised in 14 days. [It is called the War of the Fosse, or Ditch.] 628 * * Mohammed leads his followers in a successful war against several Jew- ish tribes. 629 * * Syrid. Mohammed's followers, led by Kaled, defeat an army of 100,000 Romans and allies at the battle of Muta; for his bravery Mohammed names Kaled » The Sword of God." 630 * * With 10,000 men Mohammed en- ters Mecca in triumph. 631 * * Mohammed proclaims a holy war against the Byzantine empire ; it proves an utter failure. 632 * * -34 * * The Mohammedans sub- due large parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. 634 * * Syria. The Saracens (Mohamme- dans) besiege and capture Damascus. 634* *-44* *TheMohammedans make conquests in Persia, Palestine, and Phoenicia. 637 * * Persia. The Saracens defeat the Persians at the battle of Jaloulah, or 11 Battle of the Bridge.'* 640 Dec. 22. Egypt. The Saracens under Amru take Alexandria. 642 * * Persia. In the battle of Neha- vend, "Battle of Victories," the Sara- cens defeat the Sassanidfe (Persians) ; their empire is destroyed. 645 * * _656 * * Othman (Osman) sub- dues northern Africa, and captures Rhodes and Cyprus. Civil wars occur with much blood- shed. 656 * * First civil war ; at a battle near Basrah, "the Day of the Camel," Ali defeats the rebellious friends of the murdered Othman, including Ayesha, one of the wives of Mohammed, who rode up and down the battle-field mounted on a great camel. 683 * * Hosein besieges Medina, and destroys the temple ; he raises the siege on hearing of the death of Calif Yezid. 692 * * Mecca is taken after a siege of eight months by Hejaj, the general of Abdalmelik. 710+ * * Musa, the Saracen governor of Egypt, extends Arabian conquests along the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean. 711* *Tarik, the Saracen general, crosses to Spain, and overthrows the kingdom of the (Catholic) Visigoths at the battle of Jeres de la Frontera. [Spain is conquered after a struggle of eight years.] 725 * * Turkey. The Saracens invade Constantinople with 120,000 men, be- sides 1,800 who approach by sea; the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire. 732 * * Fr. The Saracens enter Gaul, and are defeated and routed by Charles Martel in a great battle between Tours and Poitiers. [This battle is said to have changed the history of Europe.] * * Civil wars are renewed with the Shiites, or followers of Ali. ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS — NATURE. 610± * * The Koran, the sacred book of the Mohammedans, is divulged by Mo- hammed. [First published by Abu-Bekr 635+.] 622 July 15. The Mohammedans be- gin their era from the Hegira, or flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. 700* *-80O* * The medical schools of Bagdad and Salerno flourish. (?) 705 * * The mosque at Mecca is erected by the calif, El Madgy. 750 * * Sp. John, Bishop of Seville, pre- pares an Arabic Bible. 760+ * * Astronomy and geography are sciences cultivated by the Arabs. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 571± * * Mohammed, religious teacher, founder of Mohammedanism, born. [632, June 8. Dies. A61+.] 581 * * Omar I., calif and captor of Jerusa- lem, born. [644. Dies. A63.] * * * Antar, warrior and poet, b. and d. 600+ * * Ali-Ibn-Abi-Talib, son-in-law of Mo- liiunmed, born. [661. Assassinated. A59+.] 631 * * Kahadijah, wife of Mohammed, dies. 632 * * Fatima, only daughter of Moham- med, A26±. 655 * * Othman, calif, is murdered. 663 * * Kaab, poet, dies. 663 * * Amru, general, dies. 680 * * The sons of Ali murdered. 700+ * * Amru-el-Kais, poet, dies. 705 * * Abd el Mealiek, calif, A 60. 713* * Mansur, Al, Abou Jaffar Alnlallah, second Abbasside calif, founder of Bagdad, born. [775+. Dies. A63±.] 730+ * * Abu-Moslem, general, born. [755 + . Dies. A35+.] 765+* * Jobeidah, wife of Harun-al-Kas- chid, born. [831. Dies. A66+.] 765+* *Harun al Raschid ("Aaron the Just"), calif of Bagdad, born. [809. Dies. A44+.] * * * Geber, Aboo-Moossah-Jaafar-al-Sofee, alchemist, born and died. CHURCH. 570 * * The Christian Abyssinians vainly endeavor to seize the keys of the holy temple from the Koreyah Arabs. * * The religion of the Arabs sinks into idolatry or indifference. 571 July 16. Mohammed is born. 604 * * Mohammed Bets forth his creed. 606* *-611* * Mohammed often retires to a solitary cave near Mount Hara, and giveB himself up to religious medi- tation. Here he has his first vision ; he says the chief part of the Koran is brought to him by the angel Gabriel. He comes into connection with the Hanifs, or penitents, who seek deliv- erance from sin and reject idolatry. 610± * * Mohammed appears in Mecca as a prophet. 611* * Kadi j ah becomes Mohammed? first convert. 612 * * or 613 * * Mohammed publicly announces himself a prophet, and is met with imprecations and maltreat- ment. 613+ * * Mohammed has made no con- verts beyond his family and friends. 621+ * * Mohammed makes his alleged ascent into heaven. 622 * * Mecca. Mohammed's cause is greatly advanced by the addition of 12 pilgTims from Yathreb. July 16. The Hegira; Mohammed flees from Mecca for an asylum in Medina [where he becomes a political leader and a religious reformer]. He makes Friday the principal day for worship, and Mecca the principal place; for the Jewish fast he substi- tutes the month Ramadan, * * Mohammed endeavors to gain over to his religion the Jews in Medina, but fails, and becomes their irreconcilable enemy. 623 Dec.* Mohammed commences the Holy "War (mission work) by at- tacking a Mecca caravan, which he plunders. Mohammed produces the 8th chap- ter of the Koran, which he alleges came to him from heaven. 625 * * Banu Nadir, the Jew, is ex- pelled from Medina with his powerful family. 626 * * Mohammed prohibits wine and games of chance. 627 * * A heroic spirit is exhibited by the 600 or 700 Jews who are martyred by Mohammed. 628 * * Rapid spread of Islamisni. 629 * * Kalid, Amru, and Othman, who presided over the Kaaba, become Mussulmans, increasing Mohammed's power and influence ; he is acknowl- edged in all the country between the Euphrates and the Red Sea. 630 Jan. * Mohammed with 10.000 men enters Mecca on a pilgrimage, and destroys the idols. 632 * * Mohammed and 40,000 adherents perform the pilgrimage to Mecca. June 8. Mohammed dies. He was slowly poisoned by a Jewess. (?) * *-34* *The Koran is collected [later enlarged by the Soona, an oral tradition]. AND THE MOSLEMS. 570, **-775, * *. 485 634± * * A mosque is erected on the site of Solomon's temple at Jerusa- lem. 642 * * In Egypt the Christians (Copts) aid the Arabians under Omar, out of hostility to the Greek Orthodox Church. 644 * * The Christian Berbers in Worth Africa are won over to Islam ism by Othman. 679 * * The great schism takes place. Separation of believers into two par- ties, the Soonees, Sunnites (Tradition- alists), who accept the addition, and the Sheeah or Shiites (Separatists), who reject it, and regard AH (son-in-law) as Mohammed's rightful successor. 720 * * The successful Saracens threaten to encircle Christendom, and to speedily destroy the Christian faith. 732* * Charles Martel saves Christian Europe from becoming a Moorish Eu- rope by winning the battle against Abd-er-Rahman between Tours and Poi- tiers. (See A. and N.) 750 * * Rise of the Motazilites, who originated the Mussulman theology. STATE. 622 Mar. * Seventy Moslems from Yathreb conclude an offensive and defensive treaty with Mohammed at Akaba, near Mecca. July 16. The Hegira, or flight of Mo- hammed from Mecca to Medina, takes place. [It is the beginning of the Mo- hammedan era ; Mohammed becomes a great political and religious leader.] 628 * * Mohammed organizes a pilgrim- age to Mecca. * * Mohammed receives the homage of his followers under a tree near Medina. * * The Meccans refuse Mohammed ad- mission to the city ; they make a treaty with him at Hodaibiya, agreeing to a truce for 10 years. * * Mohammed sends letters to the kings of Persia and Abyssinia, and the chiefs of several Arab tribes, demand- ing of them to become followers of his. 630 * * Mohammed takes possession of Mecca. [His final and complete suc- cess is assured.] 632 * * On the death of Mohammed, Abu- Bekr his father-in-law, is elected his successor — calif. [He reigns two years.] 634 Aug. 23. Abu-Bekr dies, and Omar becomes calif. [He bears the title Emir-al-Mumenin, Commander of the Faithful, which all succeeding ca- lifs assume.] * * The Yemen monarchy is ab- sorbed in the Mohammedan conquest. 642 * * Persia is conquered by the Ara- bians. 644* * Omar is assassinated, and Oth- man (Osman) becomes caliph. [He reigns 12 years ; he extends the king- dom into northern Africa.] 655 * * Othman is murdered by fanatics during an insurrection, arid Ali, the husband of Fatima and son-in-law of Mohammed, becomes calif ; he is recog- nized by only part of the Arabs. [The followers of Ali, known as Shi- ites, recognize him as the first legiti- mate successor of Mohammed ; their opponents are the Sunnites, who recog- nize the first four califs as legitimate successors ; the Mohammedans of Persia are mostly Shiites, those of the Turkish empire and India mostly Sunnites.] * * Moawiyah is supported as calif in Syria. 660 * * Ali [the sixth of this name] is assassinated, and Hassan his son be- comes calif. 661 * * Hassan resigns, and Moawiyah succeeds him ; he is the great-grandson of Mohammed. 661 * * -750 * * The dynasty of the Ommiades. [Moawiyah changes the royal resi- dence from Medina to Damascus, and makes the office of calif hereditary.] 679 * * -683 * * Yezid I., son of Moa- wiyah, is calif. 680 * * Abdallah revolts, amd is pro- claimed calif at Medina by the people of Mecca and Medina. 683 * * Moawiyah II., son of Moawiyah I., is calif. 683 * * -684 * * Merwan I. is calif. 684 * * -705 * * Abdalmelik is calif. * * * The glory of the Moslem empire culminates. * * * The decline of Arabia commences. 705* *-715* * Walid I. is calif ; Spain becomes part of the Moslem empire. 710+ * * Conquests are extended through North Africa to the Atlantic under Musa, the Arab governor of Egypt. 715* *-717* * Soliman is calif . 717 * * -720 * * Omar II. is calif. 720 * * -724 * * Yezid H. is calif. * * * The Mohammedan Berbers, shep- herds of Mount Atlas, parts of North Africa, and other people of African, Roman, and Greek descent, become mixed with the Arabs, and are called Moors. 720 * * Fr. The Saracens advance be- yond the Pyrenees. 724 * * -743 * * Hashem is calif. He is very strict in the practice of religious duties, and an avowed enemy of luxury. 743 * * -744 * * "Walid H. is calif. 744* * Yezid III, becomes calif; he dies of the plague after reigning five months. * * Ibraham becomes calif ; he is de- posed after reigning three months. * * -750 * * Merwan H. is calif. The califate reaches its greatest ex- pansion, and includes within its domin- ion southwestern Asia from the Indus to the Mediterranean and the Cauca- sus, all northern Africa, Sardinia, Cor- sica, and parts of France and Spain. 750 * * Dynasty of the Abbassides. * * Abul Abbas, a great-grandson of an uncle of Mohammed, having overthrown Merwan II., the Abbassides com- mence their reign, Abul Abbas being made calif by the soldiers. 754 * * -775 * * Al Mansur is calif ; he introduces learning among the Arabs. 756 * * The separate califate of Cor- dova is established in Spain by Abd-er- Rahman. * * * Fr. The Moslems advance north- ward and invade Gaul, where they are repulsed. 759* * Pepin delivers France from the last vestige of Mohammedan rule. 762+ * * Bagdad, in Asiatic Turkey, a city on the Tigris, is founded by Al Mansur, and becomes the seat of the Saracen empire. The golden period of the Saracenic empire begins. 775 * * -785 * * Al Mahdi is calif. MISCELLANEOUS. 571+ * * 629 * * Mohammed rises from obscurity to power. (571) He is horn. (577+ * *) He loses his mother, and is committed to the care of a slave. (579± * *) He, having lost his grandfather, is adopted by his uncle Abu Talib. (594+ * *) He earns his living as a shep- herd. (595 * *) He enters the house and business of Kadijah. (598+ * *) He marries Kadijah. (606+ * *) He settles the dispute of the chiefs respecting the restoration of the sacred black stone on the rebuilding of Kaabeh. (619 * *) He loses his uncle, and three days later his wife ; he seeks solace by marrying several wives — Ayesha, seven years of age, and Sawda, and Hafsa ; the second became his bride only two months after the death of the first wife. He gives his daughter Fatima in mar- riage to Ali-Ibn-Taleb. (622 * *) The Koreyshites attempt to as- sassinate the prophet ; he hides in a (628+ * *) He marries Jeweira, a woman of great beauty. An attempt is made to poison the prophet, but he is delivered. (629 * *) He claims a revelation from heaven permitting him to have as many concubines as he may wish ; he takes Mary. 641 * * Egypt. The Saracens burn the great library at Alexandria. (?) 644 * * Omar is murdered by a Persian slave. 692 * * Abd- Allah Ebn Zobeyr is slain in storming the walls of Mecca. 695 * * Abdalmelik coins the first Ara- bian money ; Somyor, a Jew, is his mint- master. 486 776, **~1807, ARABIA ARMY — NAVY. 920 * * Mecca is stormed by the revolt- ing Karmathiaus under their leader, Suleyman Aba-Jahir. 1258 * * The Tartars take Bagdad, and end Moslem rule in that city. 1517* * The Turks conquer Egypt and Arabia, and thereby transfer the sovereignty to the Ottoman sovereign. 1630 * * The Yemenites expel the Turks from their native province. 1650± * * The Yaarebah princes drive the Portuguese princes out of Mus- cat. 1737 * * Nadir Shah attacks the king- dom of Oman, and takes the principal towns, and slaughters mauy of the in- habitants. 1797 * * The Turks with an army of 5,000, and 5,000 Arabian allies, invade Hasa for the suppression of the Waha- bis ; they besiege Hofhuf, the capital, and retire unsuccessful. 1801 * * The Wahabis invade Bagdad and besiege and plunder Kerbala. 1802 * * The Wahabis subdue Taif , the pleasure-ground of Mecca, with much bloodshed. 1803 Apr. * Mecca is taken by the Wahabis. 1804 * * Sayyid, at the head of the Wa- habis, conquers Medina, plunders the tomb of the prophet of its accumulation of rich offerings, and' treats the people with much severity. * * -11 * * The "Wahabis are at war with their neighbors and especially with the Turks. ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS — NATURE. 8th Century. Geber (Abu Musa Jaffaral- Soii) the chemist flourishes. 813 * * -842 * * Alkindius writes on astronomy and medicine. 818 * * Al-Mamun patronizes literature and learning. 820± * * Aristotle is first translated into Arabic. 900± * * Albategnius, the great astron- omer, determines the length of the tropical year. 950 * * AJfarabius, writer and scientist, linguist, and compiler of an encyclope- dia [the first], familiar with all branches of science, dies at Damascus. 995+ * * Astronomers have a sextant whose radius is 59 feet, nine inches. * * Azzarkal, the mathematician and astronomer, flourishes. 961 * * -976 * * The Society of the Brothers of Purity or Sincerity, f o unded at Basra, prosecutes philosophic and scientific studies. 961 * * -976 * * Spain. Learning is en- couraged by Alhakun, Calif of Cor- dova ; the catalogue of his library fills 44 volumes. Twenty-seven free schools are opened in Cordova for the poor ; knowledge* is widely distributed in Mohammedan Spain. 10th Century. Hydropathy is practised. 978i * * Spain. The successor of Ha- kem burns every book in the royal library which treats of philosophy or astronomy. * * The Society of Brothers of Basra write a cyclopedia of knowledge in 51 treatises. 1000± * * Avicenna, the physician and scholar, flourishes [the most learned man of his time]. 1006 * * The Talmud is translated into Arabic. (?) 1008± * * Ebn Junis draws up astro- nomical tables. (?) 1030± * * Alhazen discourses on the nature of sight, and writes a treatise on optics. 1045 * * -1070 * * Spain. Avicebron, the Hebrew poet, better known as Solo- mon ben Gabriol, writes his philosophi- cal work, Fountain of Life. 1050+ * * Magnifying glasses are in- vented by Alhazen. 1150* * Philosophical books are burned at Bagdad by command of the calif. 1180 * * Philosophy revives in Spain, and is cultivated by Avenpace, Ibn- Tofail, and Averroes. 1185 * * Death of Ibn-Tofail in Mo- rocco, a writer of romance and phi- losophy, and a treatise on medicine, and also one on astronomy. 1192 * * At Bagdad the books of a phy- sician are publicly cursed and burned, and their owner is imprisoned. 1195* * Spain. Philosophers are ban- ished and their works burned ; Ben- Habib is condemned to death for philos- ophising. 1253 * * Spain. Alphonsine (astro- nomical) tables, composed by Al Bagel and Al Kabitz, are drawn up under the auspices of King Alfonso X. of Castile. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 7764- * * Albumazar, astronomer, born. [885. Dies. A109±.] 780 * * Alhakem Ibn Atta. prophet, dies. 806 * * Abu Teman, poet, born. [845 (?). Dies. A39+.] 852± * * Kliazes, or Kasis, physician, born. [932. Dies. A80+.] 890± * * Masudi, Abu Hasen All ben Husein ben- Ali, historian, born. [956. Dies. A66±.] 933 * * Abu FaraSj poet, born. [968. Dies. A 36.] 850* * Albateg-niue. Mohammed ben Jabir. astronomer, born. [929. Dies. A79±.] 950 * * Alfarabius, writer on all branches of science, dies. 965 * * Al Mootenabbee, poet, dies. * * * Al-Kimh, philosopher, dies. 970* * Abu el Ala, blind poet, born. [1057. Dies. A87+0 979 * * Ibn-Yunas, Ali-Ibn-Abd-er-Rahman, poet, astronomer, horn. [1008. Dies. A30.J 980* * Avicenna, phvsieian, author, born. [1037. Dies. A57.] 994± * * Ali Ibn ul Albas, physician, dies. * * * Azzarkal, mathematician, astronomer, born and dies. 1038 (?) * • Alhazen, phllOSOpber, mathema- tician, dies. 1045 " • Hariri, Abu Mohammed Kasem ben ah, poet, born. [1122±. Dies. A77±.] 1058" " Algazel, scholar, teacher, philoso- pher, mystic Baint, born. [1111. A53.J • Abdullah ben Yasini, scholar, soldier, Avenzoar, physician, born. [1162. dies. 1072 b Dies. 1087 b* -Abu Abdallah Mohammed, founder of the Almuhades, born. ;il3u, 1099 ' A.43 • Edr g'-uyrapher, born. [1164. HlOz * * Ahn-el-Kasim, surgical writer, dies. 1138 ' * Avempace, philosopher, dies. 1149- * * Averroes. Ibn JCoshd, philosopher, physician, born. [119». Dies. A49_.' ± * * Fakhr-ed-Din, Ad-liazi, phvsieian, born. [1210. Dies. A61±.J 1161 * • Abdul Latif, writer, born. 1185 • * Ibn-TofaU, writer of romance and medicine, dies in llorocco. 1193 Mar. 24. Saladin Ynsuf Ibn Ayub, sultan of Egypt and .Syria, dies. 1231 * * Abdul Laiif, writer, A70. 1256* * Abu Hayyan, Athir-tl-Dur, anthor, born. [1344. Dies. A88.J 1259 * * Othinan, founder of the Ottoman Empire, born. [1326. Dies.] 1273± * * Abu el Feda, warrior, author, born. [1331. Dies. A58±.J 1275 * * Adhahahebi. historian, born. [1275. Dies. A73.] 1332 * * Ibn Khaldun or Khaldoun, histo- rian, born. [1406. Dies. A 74.] 1608 - * * Abu el Fazl or Aboulfazl, vizier, historian, dies. 1691- * * Abd el Wahab. founder of the Wahabis, horninNejd. [1787. Dies. A96±.] 1803 * * Abd el Aziz, Wahabi chief, assas- sinated. 1807* *AbdelKader, Dies. A76.] r,born. [1883. CHURCH. 890 * * The Karma thi an Mohammedan sect arises [and in 900 devastates the Eastj. 900 * * General skepticism develops in the heart of Arabia among the Karmathites. 930 * * TheKaabeh is ruined, and the sacred black stone is carried to Hasa [where it remains 22 years]. 1730± * * Rise of the "Wahabis — the Arabic Puritans. They seek to reform Islamism ; con- demn fine dressing, use of tobacco and wine, the honors paid to shrines, and inculcate hatred to foreigners, espe- cially the Turks. The reform spreads swift and wide in Arabia. 1805 * * Nearly all Arabia accepts the reformed Islamism of the Wahabis. STATE. 785* *-786* * Al Hadi is calif . 786* *-809* *Harun-Al-Easchid (Aaron the Just) is calif ; he is a patron of learning and an enlightened ruler. 800* *-941* *N. Africa. The Ag- labite dynasty is in power at Kairwan and Tunis. 808* *-908* * N. Africa. The Ed- risite dynasty, founded by Kdris, a descendant of Ali, the son-in-law of Jlohammed, reigns at Fez. 809 * * -813 * * Al Amin is calif. 813 * * -833 * * Al Mamun, son of Harun-al-Raschid, is calif ; he is a lib- eral patron of schools and science. 820 * * The Arabian monarchy is dis- membered. AND THE MOSLEMS. 776,* *-1807,**. 487 * * -872 * * The dynasty of the Taher- ites is in power at Khorassan. 833 * * -841 * * Al Motassem is calif. He has 40,000 Turkish slaves, bought in Tartary ; they become the disposers of the throne ; he builds Saumara, and makes it the seat of government ; the califate gradually declines. [841-847, Al Wathek is calif; 847-861, Al Motawakkel ; 861-862, Al Mostan- ser; 862-866, Al Mostain; S66-S69, Al Motaz ; 869-870, Al Mohtadi.] 870 * * -892 * * Al Motamed is calif. He reestablishes the capital at Bag- dad; the Turkish guards lose some of their prestige and power. 872 * * Persia. Yakub Ebn Seis, the bra- zier, overthrows the Taherites, and founds the Saffarian dynasty. 890* *-951* *TheKarmathians, prompted by skepticism and injustice, revolt, and sever Arabia from the em- pire ; they condemn the pomp of the court at Bagdad, and war against it. 892* *-902* *AlMotadhed is caliph. * * Turkestan becomes independent under Ismail Samani. 902 * * -908 * * Al Moktafi is calif. 902± * * Ismail Samani conquers Persia. 908 * * The Fatimites, descendants of Fatima, daughter of Mohammed, appear in Egypt. [They claim the califate in "western Africa, with Kairwan for the capital, and subvert the Aglabite and Edrisite dynasties.] * * -932 * * Al Moktader is calif. 93o± * * Algeria. The town of Algiers is founded by the Arabs near the site of ancient Icosium. 932* *-934* * AlKaher is calif. [934- 940. Al Radhi is calif. A tribute of 50,000 dinars is annually paid to the Karmathians. 940-944, Al Motaki ; 944- 945, Al Mostakfi.^ * * * Ahmed, the Buyide, vizier of the calif of Bagdad, engrosses all political power; he establishes the office or ap- pointment of Emir Al Omra ; his descen- dants continue his claims. 945 * * -974 * * Al Moti is calif. 958 * * -972 * * Maiz Ad Din, a calif of the Fatimite dynasty, subjects regions of Africa and Egypt to Moslem rules ; he builds Cairo. 961 + * * Afghanistan. The principality of Ghazni is established. 972* *-973* * Cairo becomes the capital of the Fatimite Arabs in Egypt. 974 * * _99i * * Al Tai is calif. 983 * * -1056 * * Insurrections occur in Persia, and Imad Al Daulah founds the Buyide or Deylimite dynasty. 991 * * -1031 * * Al Kader is calif. 997* *-1028* * Afghanistan. Mah- mudis sultan of Ghazni, which he en- riches with the immense spoils obtained in 12 expeditions against Hindustan. 1031 * * -75 * * Al Kaim is calif. 1032± * * Afghanistan. The principal- ity of Ghazni declines. 1055 * * Togrel Beg conquers Persia ; after capturing Bagdad he marries the daughter of Al Kaim and becomes Emir Al Omra. 1075 * * -94 * * Al Moktadi is calif. * * * Hassan Jubah of Nishapur, "the old man of the mountain," raises an in- surrection ; his followers are called as- sassins and are numerous in Persia and Syria. 1074 * * Syria. Shah, the leader of the Seljuks, captures Jerusalem ; by insult- ing and robbing Christians his followers furnish a cause for the crusades. 1092 * * Syria. Melek Shah dies, and the kingdom of the Seljuks is divided and declines. 1094* *-1118* * Al Mortader is calif. 1096* * Syria. Mustali, the eighth Fatimite calif of Egypt, takes Jerusa- lem. 1099* * Syria. The Crusaders capture Jerusalem from the Moslems. [1111. They take Sidon and Berytus (Beyrout) from the Mohammedans.] 1104 * * Syria. The Crusaders under Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, take Acre. [1109. They take Tripoli in North Africa.] 1118 * * -35 * * Al Mostarshed is calif. 1135 * * -36 * * Al Kaschid is calif. He defeats the Turks in their attempt to capture Bagdad. 1136 * * Assassins cruelly murder Al Raschid. -1160 * * Al Moktafi is calif. 1147 * * Syria. The second crusade, urged by Pope Eugenius, begins. 1160 * * -70 * * Al Mostanjed is calif. * * * Great disorders occur in Persia; the governors of provinces assume inde- pendence, and are rivals for supreme authority. 1170 * * -80 * * Al Mostadhi is calif. * * * Saladin, vizier of Egypt, proclaims Al Mostadhi calif of Egypt. * * * Saladin, having become Sultan of Egypt, conquers Syria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. 1180 * * -1225 * * Al Waser is calif. * * * The assassins murder many emi- nent Mohammedans and Christian lead- 1183 * * Afghanistan. The principality of Ghazni falls. 1187* * Saladin defeats the Christians at Tiberias. 1191 July 17. Syria. The Crusaders capture Acre. 1192 * * Syria. Richard, King of Eng- land, the lion-hearted, takes Jaffa, and forces Saladin to make peace. 1193 Mar. 24.^ Egypt. Saladin dies, and his dominions are divided. 1206* *-27* * Mongolia. Genghis Khan rules the Mongols. 1225* *-26* *A1 Zaher is calif; he reigns only a few months. 1226 * * -40 * * Al Mostanser is calif. 1240 * * -58 * * Al Mostasem is calif . 1256* *-65* * Persia. Houlakou, grandson of Genghis Khan, is sultan. He exterminates the assassins, captures Bagdad, destroying l.Cuu.noo people, puts Mostasem the calit to death, thus ending the califate of Bagdad ; the califate is transferred to Eg\pt [where it continues as a spiritual power until 1577]. 1291* * Syria. The Mohammedans cap- ture Sidon. The Knights of St. John yield the last stronghold of the Christians to the Arabs in the surrender of Acre. 1508 * * The Portuguese occupy Mus- cat. 1517 * * Selim I., the Turkish or Otto- man sultan, after conquering Egypt, ob- tains the investiture of the califate, which thus becomes a politico-religious office. 15 18 * * The Ottoman sultan receives the nominal allegiance of many of the Arab tribes, 1630 * * The Yemenites, after having ex- pelled the Turks, establish a kingdom of 30 small provinces. 1650 + * * The Portuguese surrender Muscat to the Taarebah princes. 1737* *-41* *The kingdom of Oman (Muscat) is under Persian rule. 1741 * * Ahmad Ebn Saood founds a dynasty in Oman after repelling the Persian invaders. 1765 * * Abd-el-Aziz, one of the Waha- bis, reigns in Nejd, assuming the titles of imam and sultan; he extends his dominions. 1775 * * Sayyid succeds his father, Ah- mad Ebn Saood, in Oman (Muscat). 1803 ± * * Saood, son of Aziz, com- mences his prosperous reign at Mecca over the Nejd kingdom ; he soon dic- tates on what terms yearly pilgrimages may be made from all parts of the Mo- hammedan world. 1804 * * Sultan Saood reigns in the kingdom of Oman. MISCELLANEOUS. 800i * * The first apothecary's shop in the "world is established at Bagdad. 1243 * * -58 * * During the reign of Mostasom the sacred black stone is fixed in the threshold of the principal entrance of his palace at Bagdad. [This entrance, the "Porte," becomes by eminence the title of his court.] 1300 * * Coffee is introduced. (Arabia.) 1454 * * Coffee comes into repute in Arabia. 1804 * * The Sultan Saood, of the king- dom of Oman, is killed. 1810, **-1893, Apr. 12. ARABIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1810* *-1819* *The British subdue the Wahabi pirates. 1811 * * -15 * * Mehemet Ali, Egyp- tian vassal of the Sultan of Turkey, conquers the Wahabis ; Arabia becomes [for a few years] an Egyptian prov- ince. 1812 * * Jouson Beg, son of Mehemet Ali, storms and captures Medina, the "City of the Prophet," and massacres the garrison and inhabitants. 1816 Sept. * Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, adopted son of Mehemet Ali, lands at Yembo to complete the subjugation of the "Wahabis. * * The Wahabis surrender their last stronghold at Dereyeeyah, after a siege of five months by Ibrahim, the pasha of Egypt. 1817 * * Toorkee, son of Abdallah, or- ganizes guerrilla bands, and finally drives the Turks out of the eastern and central provinces. 1858 July 25, 26. Consuls and Chris- tians having been massacred at Jiddah, Com. Pulien with the Cyclops of the British navy bombards the town. 1871 Jan. 30+. Sa'id Toorkee takes the city of Muscat, and kills the chief. 1883 Oct. * The sultan's rebel brother besieges Muscat till driven away by the British ship Philomel. 1890 Nov. 17. The Porte calls upon Arab chiefs to form a corps of 100,000 foot-soldiers 1 and 10,000 cavalry, to act in conjunction with Turkish troops in time of need. 1891 Aug.± A revolt in Yemen is crushed by the Turks. Ahmed Ritshdi Pasha, the Turkish commander, enters the capital with fourteen camel-loads of hands, cut from rebel chieftains. Sept. 23. The Governor of Yemen and all Turkish officials are driven out of Sana by insurgents, who capture Hodeida. 1 ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS — NATURE. 1859 * * Tischendorf obtains the Codex Sinaiticus, a manuscript of the Septua- gint and Greek. New Testament, from the Convent of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai. 1874 Feb. * Charles T. Beke an Eng- lish traveler claims to have discovered the Mount Sinai of the Bible. 1893 Apr. 12. A complete Syrian text of the Four Gospels is discovered in the Convent of Mount Sinai. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1820 liou Ma'za, Si Mohammed, dervish, fanatic, born. 1870* * Feysal, aged and blind, is assassi- nated. 1810 * * The "Wahabis allow no pilgrims to visit the holy places except those who join their reformation of Islam. It occasions war. 1853** Only 50,000 pilgrims visit the holy shrine at Mecca. 1858 June 15. At Jiddah, the seaport of Mecca, the Mohammedans massacre 26 Christians, including the English and French consuls and part of their families. * * A host of pilgrims arrive ; 60,000 visit Mecca. 1865 * * The "Wahabis are reported to be in a prosperous condition, and the sect extended into India. * * The Keith Falconer Mission of the Free Church of Scotland is opened at Sheik Othman, 10 miles from Aden. 1889 Aug. 1. The Reformed (Dutch) Mission of South Arabia is organized as an undenominational mission. STATE. 1811* *-15* *The "Wahabis ter- ritory is conquered by the Turks under Mehemet Ali, and it becomes an Egyp- tian province. 1814 * * Abdallah succeeds his father as ruler of the "Wahabis in Nejd. 1815 * * The treaty of peace, con- cluded with the Wahabis by Jouson, is rejected both at Cairo and Constan- tinople. 1816 * * The Turks establish despotic rule in Arabia, which is aggravated by the licentiousness of their officers. 1818 * * The "Wahabis revolt under Toorkee, and reestablish their govern- ment, after driving the Turks out of the central and eastern provinces. 1839 * * Aden, on the south coast, be- comes a British possession by treaty with Oman. 1842 Koorshid Pasha, the representa- tive of Egyptian rule, is crowded out by Feysul, son of Toorkee, and Asseer is added to the now independent Wahabis empire. 1856 * * The death of Sayyid is followed by a contest for the throne ; his son, Sayyid Thuwainy, finally gets Oman, and Majd gets Zanzibar, near the Afri- can coast. 1858 Aug. 6. Eleven of the assassins of the Christians and consuls at Jiddah are executed. [Their leaders suffer later.] 1868 Oct. * Syud Redin, Imam of Muscat, is driven away, and the chief, Azan bin Gheo, seizes authority. 1870 Aug. * Syud Redin attempts to regain his office at Muscat. Oct 7. Af. Sayyid Thuwainy obtains Zanzibar on the death of his brother. 1871 Jan. 30^. Sayyid Toorkee cap- tures Muscat, and kills Chief Azan bin Gheo. 1875 Dec. * Sayyid Aseer is deposed in Muscat by his brother Sayyid Toor- kee. 1880 Mar. 21. The Grand Sheriff (gov- ernor) of Mecca, is assassinated by a fanatic. 1882 June * Muscat is agitated by a rebellion against the Sultan. 1891 Sept. 23. The governor of Ye- men and all the Turkish officials flee from Sana to escape the rebels. MISCELLANEOUS. 1812 Aug. 9. A caravan consisting of 2,000 is destroyed by a blasting wind while crossing the deserts of Arabia when returning from Mecca ; only 20 persons are saved. 1828* * Abd-el-Kader of Algeria makes his second pilgrimage to Mecca, and receives the title Hadji. 1856 * * The Sultan Saood (son) dies, after reigning 52 years. 1866* *Thoweynee, the sultan of Oman, is assassinated by his own son. 1877 * * Capt. Richard F. Burton ex- plores the ruined cities of Midian, find- ing many relics and gold. 1886 * * Nov. 18. Five Arab horses, sent by the sultan of Oman, are pre- sented to Queen Victoria. 1889 * * Dec. 10. Cholera is raging at Bagdad. 1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid pilgrimages to Mecca on account of the prevalence of oiiolera. Jan. * A great flight of locusts, cover- ing 2,000 square miles, is reported to have passed across the Red Sea from Africa to Arabia. July 8. A terrific hurricane at Mus- cat demolishes many dwellings and kills over 700 persons^ July 13. Pilgrims returning from Mecca are quarantined at Ellir 20 days before proceeding through the Suez Canal. July 17. Deaths from cholera in Mecca average 50 daily. [Cholera continues to prevail in Mecca. July 29, 140 deaths on this day. Aug. 7, 175 deaths. 1893. Apr. 21. It is again prevailing. June 9, 60 deaths ; June 10, 70 deaths ; June 27, 900 eases reported ; July 2, 440 deaths ; July 4, 260 deaths ; 1894. July 1, 400 deaths.] Aug. 7. At Jiddah 100 deaths from cholera are daily reported. [1S94. Sept.i * A total of 11,000 deaths of pil- grims are reported.] ARGENTINE. 1515, **-1823, Oct. 489 The Aiigentixe Republic, formerly called the Argentine Confederation, and earlier the United Provinces of La Plata, is a country in the southern part of the American continent, and mostly in the south temperate zone. It lies, for the most part, between the South Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Andes on the west ; it is separated from Uruguay and Brazil by the Rio Uruguay, from Paraguay by the Parana, Paraguay, and Pilcomayo rivers ; Bolivia borders the extreme north, and Chile lies on the west and south. Extreme length, 2226 miles ; extreme breadth, 920 miles ; area, 1,168,682 square miles ; estimated population, 4,0S6,492. The country is divided into 14 provinces and nine territories ; Buenos Ayres is the capital. The executive of the government is a president ; the Congress consists of 30 senators and 86 deputies. The Roman Catholic religion is the prevailing faith, but other religions are tolerated ; the population is chiefly of Spanish descent ; the Spanish language is generally spoken. Many immigrants have arrived during recent years. ARMY — NAVY. 1535 * * Buenos Ayres. Pedro de Men- doza, having founded a settlement, conquers the adjacent country; his force comprises 2,000 men. 1806 June 26. Buenos Ayres. England and Spain at war. Sir Home Popham and Gen. Beresford take the city after slight resistance by the viceroy, Sobre- monte, who retires. Aug. 12. Buenos Ayres. Spaniards under Viceroy Sobremonte attack the city, and the British under Gen. Beres- ford surrender. Oct. 29. Buenos Ayres is retaken from the Spaniards by the British. 1807 Feb. 3. Sir Samuel Auchinuty with a British force takes Montevideo by storm. July 7. Montevideo is evacuated by the British. 1808 May * Buenos Ayres. General Whitelock with 8,000 men attacks the city, but is forced to capitulate, and agrees to abandon both sides of the River La Plata within two months. 1814* * Montevideo, adhering to Spain, is compelled to surrender to the revolutionary army of the prov- inces. * * Civil war rages much of the time under various leaders [until 1852]. 1817 * * The combined armies of the Argentine Republic and Chile defeat the Spaniards at Chacabuco. 1818 * * The allied armies again defeat the Spaniards at Maypu. CHURCH. 1610 * * Christianity is first introduced by the Jesuit fathers. 1620 * * Buenos Ayres becomes a bish- opric by creation of Pope Paul V. 1820 Nov. 19. Buenos Ayres. The first Protestant worship in the city is held at the home of Mr. Dickson, an English- man, by Mr. James Thompson, a Scotch- man. [1821. Mar. 23. The first Sunday- school is opened.] 1823 Oct.* Buenos Ayres. The mission of the American Board is opened by J. C. Brigham and Theophilus Marvin. STATE. 1515 * * Spanish explorers, led by Juan Diaz de Solis, searching for a south- west passage, enter the Rio de la Plata, and land on the north coast. 1519 * * Magellan enters the fresh- water sea Plata, but does not go ashore. 1527 * * Sebastian Cabot enters the Plata, and anchors opposite the site of Buenos Ayres ; he starts a settlement on the Parana, called San Espiritu, which is soon deserted. 1534 * * Pedro de Mendoza sails from Cadiz for the Plata River, with the lar- gest and wealthiest expedition that has yet left Europe. [1535. Jan. * He ar- rives in the Plata.] 1535 Feb. 2. Buenos Ayres. Mendoza lands his expedition, and Santa Maria de Buenos Ayres is founded. 1536 Aug. 15. One of Mendoza's cap- tains ascends the Parma, and makes a settlement at Asuncion. 1537 * * Buenos Ayres. The settlement is burned by the Indians, and the Span- iards sail for Corpus Christi, together with reenforcements just received from Spain. 1542* * Buenos Ayres is reestab- lished by a fresh expedition under Cabesa de Vaca ; it forms part of the province of Peru. 1543 Feb. 3. Buenos Ayres. Indian hostilities again compel the Spaniards to evacuate their settlement. 1559 * * Hurtado de Mendoza, the sol- dier, poet, and historian, crosses the Andes from Chile, and founds the city of Mendoza. 1565 * * Spaniards from Peru, led by Diego de Villarsel, found the city of Tucuman. 1570 * * The Spanish court cripples the colonies by restrictions on naviga- tion and commerce. 1573 * * Spaniards from Peru found Cordova. * * Juan de Garay leads out an expedi- tion, and founds Santa Fe". 1580 * * Buenos Ayres. Garay makes a third and successful attempt to found the city ; the colony prospers. ± * * Don Juan de Garay is made lieu- tenant-governor. 1602 * * Spain permits the colonists to export two ship-loads of produce each year, with 50 per cent customs duties added. 1620 * * Buenos Ayres is separated from Asuncion; and the provinces on both sides of Paraguay are designated as the government of Rio de la Plata, and are subject to the viceroyalty of Peru. 1665 * * Spain relaxes its restrictions on commerce. 1774 * * Free trade is permitted with several American settlements. 1775 * * Buenos Ayres is separated by the Spaniards from Peru ; they make it the capital of the province of Rio de la Plata and the seat of a viceroyalty. [It includes the territories now known as Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Argentine Republic] 1810 May 25. The revolutionary movement against Spain takes form ; a provisional government of nine per- sons is established, with the consent of the viceroy, to govern the provinces of the Rio de la Plata. 1811 * *The Confederation joins the insurrection of the other provinces against the rule of Spain. 1813 Jan. 31. Buenos Ayres. A con- gress meets and elects Posadas dictator of the Confederation. * * * A sanguinary struggle with the adherents of Spain ensues in all the country of the River Plata. [The party of independence is finally victorious.] 1816 Mar. 25. A new congress of dep- uties elected by the people meets at Tucuman; it elects Payridon Presi- dent of the Republic. July 9. The Declaration of Indepen- dence from Spanish rule is formally made by the Congress, and a title chosen, The United Provinces of La Plata. [Comparatively good order follows.] 1817 * Buenos Ayres is involved in war with Brazil; the Portuguese having taken possession of Banda Oriental [Uru- guay] and anarchy ensuing, both parties struggle to possess the country. 1822 Feb. * * Buenos Ayres is recog- nized as a part of the Argentine Repub- lic, and declared the seat of govern- ment. Mar. 1. Buenos Ayres. A general con- gress of all the liberated States meets and decrees an amnesty ; the war con- tinues. MISCELLANEOUS. 1537 * * An exploring expedition of 200 men is massacred by the Indians. 1570 * * Spain cripples the colonists by restricting navigation and commerce. 1793 Mar. 30. Juan Manuel de Ro- sas, dictator, is born. 1800 Mar. 19. Justo Jose - TJrquiza, general, is born. 1811 Feb. 11. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento is born. [He becomes dis- tinguished as an educator, author, jour- nalist, minister to the United States, and President of the Republic] 490 1821, June 26-1889, Apr. 30. ARGENTINE. ARMY — NAVY. 1821 July 9. Gen. San Martin leads his victorious troops from Chile, and makes a triumphal entry into Lima, the stronghold of Spanish power in America. 1824 Dec. 9. The Republican army gains a decisive victory over the Spaniards at Ayacucho, in the Peru- vian districts of the Amazon. 1826 * * -28 * * "War with Brazil is waged for the possession of Uruguay. 1828 * * A rebellion breaks out against the party in power. The Unitarians (Anti-Federalists), sup- ported by Gen. Lavalle and his troops, rebel against the Federals in power and defeat them ; President Dorrego is cap- tured and shot. 1829 * * Federalists led by Gen. Rosas defeat Gen. Lavalle. 1838* *-40* *War with France occurs. * * Buenos Ay res. The French blockade the city because of a dispute with Gen. Rosas. 1839 * * Gen. Lavalle, encouraged by the blockade, rallies the Unitarian party. 1840 * * Gen. Lavalle invades Buenos Ayres, but is routed by tlie Federal army under Gen. Pacheco ; he is cap- tured and finally shot. 1845 Mar. 28. Gen. Justo Jose Ur- quiza, while assisting Oribe against the government of Montevideo, defeats Gen. Rivera at India Muerta. * * Buenos Ayres. The British inter- vene, blockade the city, and claim free navigation of the River La Plata. Nov. 20. The combined British and French fleets land a force to attack Gen. Rosas in his intrenchments at Punta de Obligata, and drive him out. 1847 * * Buenos Ayres. The allies raise the blockade. 1851 Oct. 2. Gen. Urquiza having joined forces with Brazil and Monte- video, Gen. Oribe is compelled to ca- pitulate, and the nine years' siege of Montevideo ends. 1852 Feb. 3. Gen. Urquiza, command- ing the combined army of Entre Rios and Brazil, defeats and overthrows Gen. Rosas at Monte-Caseros, " The Gate of Buenos Ayres," which brings the victor to the office of provisional dic- tator of the Argentine Confederation. Buenos Ayres capitulates, and the civil war ends. Sept. 11. Buenos Ayres. A rebellion breaks out against Urquiza, caused by the alleged non-recognition of the po- litical and commercial preeminence of Buenos Ayres. [He is deposed.] Dec. 28. Buenos Ayres. Urquiza in- vests the city, but soon retires. Apr. * Buenos Ayres. The fleet of the Confederation blockades the city, Ur- quiza commanding the besiegers. Apr. 18. Buenos Ayres. Urquiza de- feats his opponents' squadron. [July 13. The besiegers withdraw, and the civil war is ended.] 1859 Oct.* Civil war: Hostilities are resumed between the Confederate gov- ernment at Parana and the independent government at Buenos Ayres. Oct. 23. The Confederate forces un- der Gen. Urquiza defeat Col. Mitre at Cepeda, in the province of Buenos Ayres; Urquiza enters Buenos Ayres. 1860 May* Gen. Urquiza resumes the command of the Federalist army in San Juan. 1861 Sept. 11. The war is renewed and ended ; the Congressional army is defeated at Pavon, in the province of Santa Fe, by Gen. Mitre\ [This battle ends the Federalists' system.] 1864 k * Paraguay begins a war with Brazil [and soon involves Argentina]. 1865 Apr. 13. Paraguayans commence hostilities by firing upon two Argen- tine vessels in the port of Corrientes. [Apr. 14. They take possession of the town.] 1866 * * The allies carry on the war against Paraguay. 1867 Jan.* Another rebellion breaks out under Saa and Videla in Buenos Ayres ; the main army is recalled from Paraguay. 1870 Mar. 1. The war with Para- guay ends by the shooting of Lopez at Aquibana. * * Civil war breaks out in Entre Rios because Congress sends troops to secure a free election. 1873 Jan. * The army of Entre Rios is completely routed by national troops and the war ends. Dec. * The defeat of Lopez Jourdan, the rebel, is announced. 1874 Dec. 2. Civil war : The revolu- tionary forces are defeated in battle ; Gens. Mitre" and Arredondo are made prisoners, and the abortive revolution ends. CHURCH. 1836 * * Buenos Ayres becomes a mis- sion of the Methodist Episcopal Church, U. S. A. 1851 * * Mission-work is begun by Capt. ADen Gardiner in Ooshooia, Terra del Fuego. Sept. * Capt. Gardiner and his missionary associates starve, owing to a mistake in not landing, with their supplies, pow- der and shot to enable them to obtain game. Oct. * Supplies for the starved mission- aries at Ooshooia arrive too late. 1853 * * Buenos Ayres. The American Presbyterians open a mission. [It closes in 1859.] 1855 * * A mission is started on Keppel Island, West Falklands, Terra del Fuego, having an industrial farm, a school and workshop, with one cate- chist and a farm bailiff. 1859 Nov. 6. Two missionaries, while ' conducting their first service, are mur- dered by the natives in Terra del Fuego. 1863 Jan. * Missionaries again visit Terra del Fuego. 1864 * * A mission is opened at Pata- gones, or El Carmen, by the South American Missionary Society. 1868 * * A mission settlement is formed on Navarin island, Terra del Fuego. 1869 Jan.* Ooshooia, in Terra del Fuego, becomes a station of the South American Missionary Society. [1889. It reports 300 natives baptized.] 1874 * * A Girls* Boarding- School is founded in Rosario by the Methodist Episcopal Church, U. S. A. 1879 * * Cordova has a mission of the South American Society, with one mis- sionary. 1886 * * Buenos Ayres. A Theological Institute is founded by the Methodist Episcopal Church, TJ. S. A. STATE. 1824* * Bolivia. Paraguay and Uruguay, after much struggling, finally establish separate republics. 1825 Jan. 23. Buenos Ayres. A Na- tional Constitution for the States of [the present] Argentine Republic is de- creed ; 13 independent States are confederated, and entitled " The Ar- gentine Confederation." Rivadaria (Unitarian) is elected President. Feb. 2. The British government rec- ognizes the independence of the Repub- lic, and enters into a commercial treaty. 1827** By mediation of England Banda Oriental [Uruguay] is made in- dependent of both Buenos Ayres and Brazil. 1827 * * -1857 * * No meeting of the National Congress. July * Dorrego (Federalist) is elected President of Buenos Ayres. 1828 * * A rebellion breaks out ; Presi- dent Dorrego is captured and shot by Unitarians (Anti-Federalists). Gen. Rosas becomes the leader of the Federalist party, which aims to secure the practical independence of the prov- inces. 1829 Dec. * Buenos Ayres. Gen. Juan Ma.iuel de Rosas is made dictator of Buenos Ayres by Act of Congress, and by his arbitrary conduct becomes a ter- ror to both parties. 1832 Dec. * Buenos Ayres. The dicta- tor Rosas is deposed. 1S35 Mar. 7. Buenos Ayres. Gen. Rosas is reelected dictator, and becomes the sole and uncontrolled ruler of Buenos Ayres [for 15 years]. 1840 * * A new treaty of peace is made between the Confederation and Monte- video. 1842 * * Gen. Rosas joins Gen. Oribe, the exiled president of Uruguay, in an endeavor to subject Montevideo to Buenos Ayres, the former city being the center of the Unitarian party and a refuge for exiles. 1846 * * Gen. Urquiza is elected gov- ernor of the province of Entre Rios. ARGENTINE. 1821, June 26-1889, Apr. 30. 491 1351* *Gen. Urquiza overthrows Gen. Rosas at Montevideo, and is made dictator. 1S52 Feb. 3. Buenos Ayres capitu- lates to Urquiza. May 31. Justo Jose de Urquiza is elected provisional president; Vin- cente Lopez is elected governor of Buenos Ayres. June 23. Urquiza, having won over the army by a sudden coup cVHat, puts him- self at the head of the Government as dictator. Urquiza acknowledges the indepen- dence of Paraguay. Sept. 10. Urquiza is deposed [and soon heads a revolt]. ±* * Urquiza is duly elected President by the other 13 provinces. Sept. 11. Buenos Ayres secedes from the Confederacy ; the revolution is led by Gen. Bartolome Mitre ; Valentine Alsina is elected governor. Sept. * Urquiza leaves Buenos Ayres to attend the Congress at Santa Fe\ Oct. * Urquiza secures by treaty the free navigation of all rivers flowing into the La Plata. Nov. 20. The Congress of the Con- federation meets, and directs Urquiza to suppress the rebellion in Buenos Ayres. Dec. * Another revolution in Buenos Ayres changes the governor; Gen. Pin- tos takes the office. 1853 Jan. 22. The Federal Congresa meets again to form a constitution ; it favors the war against Buenos Ayres. May 1. The new Constitution is pro- mulgated ; it makes Buenos Ayres the capital of the Confederation. [May 23. It becomes effective.] Oct. 12. Buenos Ayres secedes again, and forms an independent State ; Dr. D. Pastor Obligado is elected its first governor. Nov. 20. Gen. J. Urquiza is elected President for six years. 1854 Jan.* A new Constitution is formed in Buenos Ayres. * * The seat of government is changed to Bajada del Parana. * * Filibusters enter the province of Buenos Ayres, and Urquiza repels them. Dec. 20. A treaty of peace is signed by Buenos Ayres and the President of the Republic. 1855 Jan. 8. Another treaty of peace is signed by Buenos Ayres and the Re- public ; with the former treaty it pro- vides for independent government and for mutual assistance. Oct. 10. Negotiations are opened for a union of the two sovereignties. Dec. 24. Argentine refugees from Montevideo, under Gen. Floras, invade Buenos Ayres, and a counter invasion follows, causing much irritation. 1856 Mar. 18. The Argentine Govern- ment withdraws from the treaties of 1854 and 1855. July 19. The Confederate Congress at Parana establishes differential duties against Buenos Ayres [commencing Feb. 1, 1857 J. 1857 May * Dr. Valentine Alsina is elected governor of Buenos Ayres. * * The union of the two republics is re- stored by treaty. * * Pastor Obligado is elected governor of Buenos Ayres for a term of five years. 1859 Nov. 11. Buenos Ayres, by a treaty, rejoins the Confederation, of which Urquiza resigns the presidency. 1860 Feb. 8. Dr. S. Derqui is elected President of the 14 provinces. Nov. * An insurrection breaks out in San Juan. [1861. Sept. 17. Hostilities are renewed. 1862. Jan. * The insur- rection is suppressed.] Oct. 12. Gen. Bartolome Mitre is elected President of the new Argentine Republic for six years, and assumes the office. [Prosperity follows.] 1865 Mar. 29. Paraguay officially proclaims war against the Confedera- tion because of a declaration made in Congress on Mar. 18. [The war contin- ues until 1870.] Apr. 13. The Argentines are sur- prised by the sudden hostilities of President Lopez of Paraguay. [Apr. 16. "War is declared.] May 1. The Argentine Republic, Brazil, and the Banda Oriental [Uruguay] unite in a treaty to overthrow President Lopez, and yet preserve the indepen- dence of Paraguay. May 25. Buenos Ayres. A National Congress opens. 1867 * * Urquiza, nominally under the order of the National government, prac- tically maintains a position of neutral- ity in the province of Entre Rios. 1868 Oct. 12. Col. Domingo F. Sar- miento is peacefully elected President for a term of six years. 1871 Apr. 11. Urquiza is assassi- nated at his residence by well-known officers of his army ; Lopez Jourdan is elected governor in his place by the Legislature of the province of Entre Rios. * * The new governor in his inaugural address assumes responsibility for the assassination; and Congress refuses to recognize his office, on the ground of undue influence upon the Le- gislature ; it sends troops into the prov- inces to secure a free election. 1873 Jan. 3. A treaty of peace is made with Brazil. 1874 Sept. 24. A revolution is de- clared by the defeated party in the national election, led by Brig.-Gen. Mitre, who unsuccessfully appeals to arms for the overthrow of President- elect Avellanda. Oct. 12. Don Nicolas Avellanda is constitutionally installed President of the Republic for a term of 6ix years. Sept. * -Nov. * Buenos Ayres. An in- surrection under Gen. Mitre breaks out. [Dec, 2. The insurrection is sup- pressed.] Dec. 17. A state holiday is observed for rejoicing over the restoration of peace. 1876 May 16. The national- bank spe- cie payments are suspended by the Government. Dec. 12. The rebellion is at an end, and Gen. Lopez Jourdan is captured. 1879 May * A revolution breaks out in the province of Jujuy. 1880 Feb. * Buenos Ayres. A revolu- tion breaks out. June * -July * A settlement is made of disputes with Buenos Ayres. Oct. 12. Gen. J. A. Roca of the Anti- Buenos Ayres party is elected President of the Republic in opposition to Dr. Tejedor. Oct. * The revolt in Buenos Ayres is ended by mutual concessions. 1881 July 23. By treaty with Chile, Patagonia and Terra del Fuego arc divided between the two States. 1882 Nov. 24. La Plata, the new capital of the province of Buenos Ayres, is founded by Dr. Roca, the governor. 1883 Aug. * Buenos Ayres. A general amnesty bill is passed. 1889 Apr. 30. A treaty defining the boundary between the Republic and Bolivia is signed. MISCELLANEOUS. 1821 June 26. Bartolome" Mitre, general, statesman, and author, is born. 1852 * * Gen. Bartolome' Mitre estab- lishes La Nation. [It soon becomes the most important paper in the Platine region.] * * The currency is greatly depreci- ated ; the Government votes $5,000,000 to reimburse those who created the insurrections, giving two generals §227,000, and two majors $128,000. 1857 * * Historia de Belgrano, by Barto- lome" Mitre, appears. 1860 Mar. 20. An earthquake at Mendoza destroys about two-thirds of the city, and 7,000 lives are lost. 1871 Apr. 11. Justo Jose" Urquiza is assassinated, A71. 1872 Jan. 1. Native Gauchos mas- sacre the foreigners in the Tandel dis- tricts. 1875 Feb. 28. Buenos Ayres. A mob burns the Jesuits* College and the archbishop's palace ; several priests are killed [order is finally restored by pro- claiming martial law]. 1876 May 16. Buenos Ayres. The na- tional bank is closed, and the Govern- ment suspends specie payments. 1877 Mar. 14. Eng. Juan Manuel de Rosas, dictator, dies near Southamp- ton, A84. 1882 Feb. 15. Buenos Ayres. The Gov- ernment opens an exhibition. 1884 * * Historia de San Martin, by Bar- tolome Mitre, appears. 492 1889, Eeb. 11-1894, May 25. ARGENTINE. ARMY — NAVY. 1890 July 21. Several army officers are under arrest at Buenos Ayres for conspiracy to overthrow the President of the Republic. July 26. Buenos Ayres. A revolution breaks out, followed by three days' fighting, with the loss of upwards of 1,000 lives. July 28. Buenos Ayres. The Govern- ment forces are defeated, with heavy loss, and a truce for twenty hours is agreed to. During the fighting 1,000 men are killed and 5,000 wounded. Feb. 21. Buenos Ayres is declared in a state of siege. 1891 Mar. 2. Bitenos Ayres. Insur- rectionary troubles break out ; the state of siege is resumed. 1892 Apr. 10. Elections for dele- gates to choose a president, are held, and the state of siege is afterwards re- imposed. Sept. 25. The city of Rosario is cap- tured by the insurgents, and the na- tional troops are forced to retreat. Sept. 29. The insurgents at Rosario surrender to the national forces. [Oct. 1. The city of Rosario is recaptured, and the rebellion is entirely suppressed.] Oct. 5. The rebels are in full retreat, •with cavalry in pursuit. Dec. 26. Troops are mobilized to sup- press the spreading rebellion in the province of Corrientes. 1893 Jan. 12. The insurgents surren- der to the Government. Aug. 1. The insurrection continues ; several towns are taken by the insur- gents. Aug. 2. The government of Santa ~F6 surrenders to the insurgents. [Aug. 3. The vice-governor is killed by rebels.] Aug. 15. A state of siege is proclaimed in the disturbed provinces. Aug. 18. It is announced that the reb- els have defeated the Government troops in the province of Corrientes. Sept. 26. ThecityofTucumaniswrested from the insurgents ; the revolution- ary junta are arrested and confined. 1894 Feb. 15. The insurgents are in possession of the State of Parana, and disaffection is spreading elsewhere. CHURCH, 1891 Sept. 5. The Government makes known its objection to an extensive settlement of Jews in the country. 1893 July 4±. The Government de- cides to send a representative to the Vatican to adjust with Pope Leo all questions that have arisen between Church and State in the republic. STATE. 1889 Dec. 15. Buenos Ayres. The Federal Congress opens in extra ses- 1890 Apr. 4. Buenos Ayres. The Min- istry resigns. June 7. Buenos Ayres. Defalcations are discovered in the Custom House amounting to $10,000,000 annually. [A financial crash follows.] July 17. Buenos Ayres. The President of the Republic sends a message to the House of Deputies asking it to authorize the issue of $6,000,000 in paper cur- rency. July 22. Buenos Ayres is greatly agitated over the discovery of a conspiracy to overthrow the government ; 4,000 troops and 3,000 armed policemen gar- rison the Government buildings and the Cathedral. July 26. Buenos Ayres. A revolution breaks out, caused by financial distress following a period of maladministration, and extravagance ; the shops are closed, and the troops and revolutionists are fighting in the streets ; the Minister of Finance is a prisoner in the hands of the revolutionists. July 24. Buenos Ayres. Sefior Racedo, Minister of War, resigns, causing a Ministerial crisis. July 30. Buenos Ayres. Quiet is re- stored; the revolutionary leaders agree to the terms of the Government, and a general amnesty is granted. Aug. 2. Buenos Ayres. The crisis con- tinues; the Director-General of Posts and Telegraphs resigns. Aug. 5±. Buenos Ayres. President Cel- man resigns, and Sefior Pellegrini acta in his stead. Aug. 7. Buenos Ayres. President Cel- nian's resignation is accepted, and Sefior Carlos Pellegrini succeeds him. Oct. 5. Buenos Ayres. The Federal Con- gress passes the Conversion Law. Oct. 7. Buenos Ayres. A panic is caused by a rumor that a new revolu- tion has broken out ; detachments of cavalry patrol the streets. 1891 Feb. 17. Buenos Ayres. A con- spiracy to assassinate the principal members of the Government is discov- ered. Mar. 15. Buenos Ayres. The state of siege is raised ; the elections pass off quietly, the Union Civica being victo- rious. Apr. 8. Buenos Ayres. The Cabinet suspends payment of deposits in the provincial and national banks. June 3. Buenos Ayres. Five banks are compelled to close their doors ; the Chamber of Deputies passes a bill ex- empting banks from legal process for * nth. June 25. A provisional government is set up by insurgents in Catamarca. July 1. The provincial revolutions are July 23. Buenos Ayres. Both Houses of the Federal Congress vote a reduction in the duties on petroleum and rice. Sept. 24. Bue7ios Ayres. The Govern- ment abolishes its legations at Vienna, Lisbon, Berlin, and Mexico, thereby sav- ing $100,000 a year. Sept. 30. Buenos Ayres. The Govern- ment suspends gold payments for two years. 1892 Feb. 8. The Conciliation party defeats the Radicals in the national elec- tions. Apr. 2±. Buenos Ayres. A state of siege is again proclaimed. [Apr. 4. Quiet is restored.] Apr. 10. The provincial election of delegates to choose a president passes off quietly. Oct. 12. Buenos Ayres. Saenz Pena is inaugurated President. [Oct. 14. The new Cabinet is formed with Tomas An- chorena as Minister of Foreign Affairs.] Dec. 2. Buenos Ayres. A Cabinet crisis is settled by the resignation of the Min- ister of the Interior. Dec. 12. Buenos Ayres. Differences arise in the Cabinet. [Many Federalists are arrested on the frontier, in the province of Corrientes.] 1893 Feb. 6. The wheat tax causes an armed revolt in the province of Santa Fe. June 7- Buenos Ayres. The Cabinet resigns. [June. 8. A new Ministry is formed. Aug. 1. The insurrection con- tinues. Aug. 8. The revolution is ended, the governor of the province of Buenos Ayres having resigned.] Sept. 1. Buenos Ayres. Thirty Radical leaders are arrested for conspiring to overthrow the Government. [Oct. 3. The rebellion is entirely suppressed.] 1894 Apr. 17. Buenos Ayres. The au- thorities turn over to the Brazilian Minister Admiral Mello's fleet of five vessels now at that port. (See Brazil.) May 25. Buenos Ayres. A plot is dis- covered to blowup the Congressional buildings and the Bourse ; two Aus- trians and an Italian are arrested. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 Feb. 11. A report is issued showing that in January, 18S8, steamers took 29,000 immigrants to Buenos Ayres. Apr. 9. The premium on gold reaches G4 per cent. [July 27. 75 per cent. Sept. 13. 125 per cent.] Jan. 26. Brazil and the Republic sign a boundary treaty. June 9. Buenos Ayres. The premium on gold is 134 per cent. [July S. Panic ; gold 195 per cent. July 10. 320.] July 12. Buenos Ayres. The financial panic subsides, and the premium on gold falls to 19S per cent. [Aug. 30. It is 141; Oct. 1, 143; 1891, Jan. 20, 216; Mar. 5, 271 ; May 7, 252 ; Aug. 5, 301 ; Oct. 16, 353 ; Nov. 13, 263.] 1S91 Mar. 2. Buenos Ayres. The state of siege is resumed, and business is paralyzed. Mar. 6. Buenos Ayres. Business is suspended by a decree for two days. Mar. 14. Buenos Ayres. The banks reopen for business. ARGENTINE. 1891, Mar. 2-1894, May 25. 493 Mar. 19. Buenos Ayres. Ex- President Mitre is cordially welcomed. Mar. 28. An attempt is made upon the life of Gen. Roca, Prime Minister of the Republic. June 31. Buenos Ayres. The banks open their doors for the first time since the recent revolt. Aug. 14. Baron Hirsch signs a docu- ment empowering Dr. Lowenthal and others to expend *10,000,000 pesos for land to provide homes for the expa- triated Russian Jews. Aug. 23. Buenos Ayres. A panic is caused by the report of the failure of the Provincial Mortgage Bank. Aug. 25. A plot to blow up public buildings at Cordova is discovered. Sept. 24. Buenos Ayres. The first col- ony of Hebrew immigrants, consist- ing of 150 families, sent to the Republic by the benevolence of Baron Hirsch, arrives. Oct. 11. The Government appropriates $100,000 to take part in the Chicago "World's Fair. * * Civilization is developing in Terra del Fuego under the teachings of mis- sionaries ; and at Ooshooia shipwrecked crews are now guided to places of safety instead of being massacred as in former years. 1892 Dec. 24±. Buenos Ayres. An anti-Chilean demonstration is made. Dec. 30. Buenos Ayres. Several police- men and firemen are arrested, charged with conspiring to burn the city. 1893 Aug. 27. The censorship of the press is established. Sept. 22. Revolutionists tear up rail- road tracks in the provinces of Cordova and San Juan. Sept. 27. Buenos Ayres. Col. Espina is arrested for inciting a revolt ; be is convicted, and sentenced to be shot. [Sept. * Sentence commuted to 20 years imprisonment.] Oct. 11. Some of the disbanded rebel soldiery engage in brigandage among the foreign settlers. Oct. 13. The end of the revolt is cele- brated with a Te Deum and military fUes. Nov. 15. Buenos Ayres. Six anarchists are expelled. AUSTRALIA. Australia is an island-continent lying south of Asia, between the South Pacific Ocean on the east and the Indian Ocean on the south and west. It is a British possession, and is divided into five colonies : Victoria at the extreme south, with the smallest territory and the largest population, capital Melbourne ; New South Wales in the southeast, capital Sydney ; Queensland in the east and north, capital Brisbane; South Australia in the central part, with the northern territory extending from the Indian Ocean to the Arafura Sea, capital Adelaide ; "Western Australia is an extensive region in the western part of the island, capital Perth. Area of the whole country, 2,944,628 square miles ; population in 1891, 3,173,000, comprising about 3,118,125 white people, chiefly of British descent, the remainder being aborigines. Each colony has a governor appointed by the Crown, who is aided by a cabinet or Executive Council ; each has a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly for the enactment of laws. Note. — The abbreviations used to denote the colonies of Australia are as follows : N. S. W. for New South Wales ; t S. A. for South Australia ; Vic. for Victoria; W. A. for West Australia; Tas. tor Tasmania. , for Queensland; ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1601 * * Manoel Godinho De Exedia, a Portuguese, is said to have discovered Australia. 1606 Mar. * The Dutch, sailing in the Duyfhen, discover Australia. * * Luis Vaez de Torres, a Spaniard, follows the western coast. June * Torres discovers Torres Strait, north of Queensland. 1616 * * W. A. Dirk Hartog, a Dutch navigator, visits Shark Bay, and surveys part of the west coast. 1618 * * The north coast is surveyed by Zeachen, a Dutch navigator, also by Peter Carpenter. 1622 * * The Dutch ship Leeuwin, or Lion- ess, follows the south coast. 1623 Jan. * Carstenz, a Dutch navi- gator, names the great north gulf Car- pentaria, in honor of Peter Carpenter. 1627 * * Peter Nuyts surveys the south coast [Nuyts* Land]. [No further com- munication is had with civilization for half a century.] 1628* * Gen. Peter Carpenter ex- plores the north gulf. * * W. A. Dutch traders explore De Witt's Land on the western coast. 1642 Nov. 16. Abel Janssen Tas- man, a Dutch navigator, discovers the island [called by him Van Diemen's Land, and after his name, Tasmania]. 1644 * * Tasman explores the northwest coast [from Arnhem Land to Dampier Archipelago]. 1689 Jan.* "William Dampier, an English buccaneer, while searching for Dutch booty, begins to explore the west and northwest coasts. 1699 * * W. A. Dampier, commanding the Roebuck, explores 900 miles of the northwest coast. 1763 * * -1806 * * Explorations are made by the English navigators, Samuel Wallis and Philip Carteret. 1770 Apr. 28. Capt. James Cook makes an important visit in the bark Endeavor, when returning from the Royal Society's expedition to observe the transit of Venus at Tahiti ; he is accom- panied by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander. [They land at Botany Bay, and call the country New South "Wales.] * * * N. S. TV. Port Jackson is visited and named by Capt. Cook, who takes possession in the King's name. 1772 Mar. 25. Capt. Cook makes a second voyage of exploration. 1773 * * Capt. Furneaux, in the Ad- venture, explores the coast of Tasmania and Bass Strait. 1774* * Norfolk Island, 1,050 miles northeast of Sydney, is discovered by Cook. [It is a dependency of New South Wales.] 1777 * * Capt. Cook appears again on his third voyage. SOCIETY. 1786 * * Eng. The Government is em- barrassed in the disposal of its convicted criminals. It proposes a penal colony. (See State.) STATE. 1660 * * Eng. The first Council of Trade and Plantations is created. 1665 W. A. The country is named New Holland by order of the States- General. 1688 * * The English first visit the country; Capt. Dampier lands, and re- mains five weeks. 1697 * * A Dutch expedition, under Vlamingh, visits the island. • 1699* * Vlamingh comes again to make researches for the English government. 1705 * * An unimportant Dutch expe- dition arrives. 1768* * Eng. A separate Colonial Office is formed. [1781. It is abolished.] 1783 * * Eng. Parliament passes a new Act authorizing the transportation of convicts. 1786 * * Eng. Orders in Council fix on the east coast of New Holland [N. S. W.] for a penal station. MISCELLANEOUS. 153 1± * * Australia is known to the French previous to this date. 494 1788, Jan. 2-1841, AUSTRALIA. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1789 * * -92 * * William Bligh is sent to the South Seas to procure valuable plants for introduction into the West Indies. 1795 * * JV. S. W. George Bass and Matthew Flinders begin the survey of the coast in the Botany Bay region. * * N.S.W. A Government Gazette is first issued. 1797 * * John Macarthur begins the breeding of sheep in a scientific man- ner. * * JV. S. W. Coal is discovered at Point Solander on the Hunter River. 1798 * * Vic. Bass Strait is discovered by George Bass and Matthew Flinders. * * Tas. Bass and Flinders, in a small sloop, survey Van Diemen's Land. 1800* * Vic. Flinders makes exten- sive surveys by order of the British Government. * * Capt. Grant surveys the coasts. 1801 * * -05 * * Flinders explores the north, east, and south coasts. 1802 * * Vic. Flinders drops anchor in Port Phillip. 1803 * * JV. S. W. The Sydney Gazette and the New South Wales Advertiser is authorized to be issued. 1813 * * JV. S. W. Maequarie sends an exploring-party into the interior to find pasture for cattle ; Bathurst pastures are reached, and a road 130 miles long is made. * *JV. S. W. Wentworth, Lawson, and Bloxland penetrate the Blue Mountain region, and discover fine pas- ture lands. * * JV. S. W. Bathurst Plains are dis- covered. 1817 May 1-Aug. 29. An expedi- tion, led by Lieutenant Oxley, follows down the Lachlan River. 1821 * * The Philosophical Society of Australia is founded. 1823 * * Que. Maneroo Plains are ex- plored by Capt. Currie ; Moreton Bay and Brisbane River are explored by Oxley. * * JV. S. W. Gold-mines are known to be in the country. 1825 * * Pastures near Moreton Bay are explored ; one is named Brisbane. 1827 * * JV. 5. W. Allan Cunningham, an eminent botanist, leads an important expedition northward until he beholds the Darling Downs. 1828 * * -31 * * Gov. Sir Ralph Darling sends Capt. Charles Sturt to explore the course of the large rivers flowing northeast and northwest into interior. 1829 * * S. A. The Murray River is explored by Capt. Sturt. 1830+ * * JV. S. IT. — S. A. Capt. Sturt explores the country, following water- courses to Lake Alexander. 1831 * * -36 * * JV. S. W. Sir Thomas Mitchell's expedition explores the brnn?hes of the Darling River. * *A*. S. W. An expeditic.nlcd by Capt. Charles Sturt explores the Murruni- bidgee River, traveling 2,(100 miles. * * * Capt. Parker and Mr. Kent ex- plore the country ; Parker is killed by the natives. 1836 * * S. A. The Library of the In- stitute is founded at Adelaide. * *JV. S. W. Thomas Mitchell, sur- veyor-general, makes extensive explora- tions of river courses, and discovers Australia-Felix. 1837 Dec. 3±. Sir George Grey and Lieut. Lushington arrive at Hanover Bay, and thence explore northwestern Australia. 1838 Nov.* -39 July* 5. A. Edward John Eyre makes an overland journey with a flock of sheep from Adelaide to Albany, Western Australia. [He again makes the journey with 3,000 sheep.] 1839 * * JV. S. W. Count Strzelecki, a Prussian geologist, discovers gold in Bathurst, Wellington, and other places, but keeps the discovery a secret. 1840 * * JV. S. W. Count Strzelecki makes explorations in the Australian Alps, and visits the thickly wooded coun- tries of Gippsland. * * Eyre explores southwest Australia from Spencer Gulf to King George's Sound. CHURCH. 1793 Aug. *JV. S. (P. The first church is built. 1795 * * Australia becomes a mission- field of the English Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 1802 * * JV. S. W. The first brick church is erected. The first clergymen are chaplains ; they traffic in whisky, arid with a few noble exceptions they aggravate the miseries of the people. 1815 * * JV. S. W. Sydney becomes a mission-field of the English Wesleyans. 1817 Mar. * The Auxiliary Bible Society is established. 1823 * * Rev. Dr. Lang, a clergyman from Scotland, begins mission-work among the aborigines. 1825 * * The London Missionary So- ciety engages in mission-work. 1831 * * After six years of failure the London Society gives up its mission- work, but the colonial government continues it. 1832 * * JV. S. W. A mission is opened at Wellington. 1835 Sept. * JV. S. W. Bishop Pold- ing, the first Catholic bishop, arrives. 1836* *JV. S. W. The bishopric of Australia (R. C.) is established. June * * Bishop Broughton, the first Protestant bishop, arrives. * * JV. S. IF. Sydney is created a metro- politan bishopric. 183S * * S. A. The Dresden Luther- ans open a mission among the abo- rigines. 1840 * * Three missionaries arrive from England to work among the abo- rigines. SOCIETY. 1788 Jan. 2. Convict criminals first arrive from England to found a penal station. Of the 1,044 people with whom Capt. Phillip founds the first settlement in Sydney, seven-tenths are convicted criminals, and the remainder the guards of the convicts ; among them is one woman to three men. 1795± * * Life is held cheaply ; murder is committed at any time for two or three days' rations. 1804 * * JV. S. W. An insurrection of convicts occurs. 1807 Feb. * JV. 8. W. Gov. Bligh pro- hibits the payment of bills for liquor in labor or goods, in order to curtail the traffic. 1810* * A free-school system, a public market, and the Sydney races are es- tablished. 1822 * * JV. S. IT. The flow of free im- migration begins. 1824 * * Que. A penal settlement is established at Moreton Bay. [1835. The first party of convicts arrives.] 1829 * * Trial by jury in civil actions is introduced. 1830 Mar. * W. A. Fifty ships arrive, conveying 2,000 emigrants ; they bring with them £1,000,000 in cash. 1832 * * Tic. Edward Henty comes from Tasmania with cattle and sheep, and establishes himself as the first settler. 1837 * * New South 'Wales becomes the sole receptacle for felons. 1838 * * JV. S. IT. " The assignment " system of employing convicts is dis- continued. 1839 * * The transportation of con- victs from England is suspended. * * W. A. Almost universal bank- ruptcy prevails, owing to overspecula- tion in land, building, and other enter- prises. STATE. 1788 Jan. 18. JV. S. W. A free Euro- pean settlement is begun by Capt. Arthur Phillip at Botany Bay. Capt. Phillip's expedition consists of two men-of-war and six transports, carrying about 550 male and 200 female convicts, 40 free women, marines and crews, making a total of about 1.100 people at the time of embarkation. May 13, 1787. Jan. 24. JV. S. W. A French expedi- tion arrives six days too late to claim possession. Jan. 26. JV. S. W. The British flag is first raised at Sydney Cove by Capt. Phillip. Capt. Arthur Phillip, the governor, founds Sydney, near Port Jackson, as an English penal station, with 1.030 per- sons, SOO of whom are convicts. [Feb. 7. He proclaims the colony organized.] AUSTRALIA. 1788, Jan. 2-1841, 495 Oct.* N. S. W. Another colony is planted on Norfolk Island. * * Norfolk Island, about 900 miles east, is settled by people from Port Jackson, New South Wales. 1790 * * N. S. W. The colony receives a large reenforcement. [1792. Gov. Arthur Phillip resigns.] 1795 Sept. * N. S. W. Capt. Hunter, who succeeds Gov. Phillip, arrives ; the white population is less than 4,000. 1800 Sept. 28. N. S. W. Capt. Philip Gidley King is appointed governor. 1801 * * Eng. The Colonial Office is reconstructed, and combined with the "War Department. 1803 Oct. * Vic. A convict colony is planted at Port Phillip. [It departs within four months.] * * Tas. The English colony of Van Diemen's Land is established as an auxiliary penal station. [1812. It is made a single colony. 1823. It is par- tially separated from New South Wales. 1825. It is fully separated, and becomes a province.] 1804* *iV. S. JV. About 300 Irish convicts unite in the first and last in- surrection by convicts, which is speedily quelled. 1805 * * iV. S. W. John Macarthur, called the Father of New South "Wales, commences sheep-farming at Camden. 1806 * * N. S. JV. Capt. "William Bligh is governor. The Government officials make a rich monopoly of the rum- traffic, and mutiny when disturbed. 1808 Jan. 31. JV. S. jr. Gov. Bligh is deposed for his tyranny by insurgent military and colonial forces under Maj. Johnston. 1809 * *N.S. Jr. Col. Lachlan Mac- quarie assumes the governorship. [He holds the office for 12 years.] 1814* *iV. S. Jr. Civil courts are created. 1817 Feb. * N. S. jr. Barron Field, the first judge, arrives. 1821 Dec. 1. JV. S. jr. Gov. Sir Thomas Brisbane arrives, and assumes the governorship. [He introduces free institutions.] 1823 * * Que. Surveyor Oxley practi- cally rediscovers Queensland and founds Brisbane. * * Eng. The first Australian Constitu- tion is granted. 1824 * * N. S. TV. The first land regu- lations are issued. The first chief jus- tice arrives. The freedom of the press is formally proclaimed. * * Vic. Hamilton Hume and Capt. Ho- vell, by an overland journey from Syd- ney, visit Port Phillip at Corio Bay. 1825* * J r ic. A temporary settlement is made by Capt. "Wright near Western- port Bay. Dec. 18. N. S. JV. Sir Ralph Darling is governor. 1826 * * jr. A. The settlement of King George's Sound is established as a military station. 1827* * N. S.JV. The prosperous colony * * J'ic. Sir Richard Bourke, governor supports its own civil government. of New South Wales, selects sites for 1828 July 15. JV. S. Jr. The HomeV t0 * ns at Port Phillip, and orders the Government grants a second constitu- tion; it increases the governor's council from seven to fifteen. * * Jr. A. Col. Thomas Peel projects the Swan River settlement. 1829 Jan. 17. "Western Australia is formed into a province, and Capt. [Sir James] Stirling is appointed lieuten- ant-governor. [June 21. He arrives.] July 13. N.S.Jr. TheLegislative Council holds its first meeting at Syd- ney. Aug. * JT. A. Capt. Stirling's expedi- tion arrives at the entrance of Swan River. 1830 Mar. * JV. A. About 50 ships at Swan River land 2,000 immigrants, who bring with them £1,000,000; they proceed to survey the land and erect dwellings. Apr. 21. JV. S. JT. The Legislative Council passes a Bushranger's Act through all its legislative stages, which practically places the country under martial law. 1831 * * M. S. JT. Land grants are reg- ulated by a uniform method of public sale at auction. * * JV. A. Settlements are made at Perth, Freemantle, and Guildford. * * JST. S. JJ'. Sir Ralph Darling, the gov- ernor, returns to England, and Sir Rich- ard Bourke succeeds to the governor- ship. 1833 * * N. S. JT. The Commissioners 1790 survey of the lands ; Capt. Lonsdale is appointed governor. 1838 Feb. 24. iV. S. jr. Sir George Gipps is governor. [The practice of assigning the service of convicts to settlers is abandoned.] * * Vic. Sir George Gipps is governor. 1839* * Tic. The colony at Port Phillip is called "Victoria, and Charles J, La- trobe is appointed lieutenant-governor. Port Phillip has a population of 6,000. * * N. S. Jr. New Zealand is incorpo- rated with this colony. The colonial statute provides for the border police to keep order in pastoral districts. Sept. 30. J'ic. Charles J. Latrobe, superintendent of Port Phillip, arrives at Melbourne. 1840 * * Eng. The Colonial Land and Emigrant Commissioners are appoint- ed to assist the Colonial Secretary in the disposal of Australian Crown lands, and to promote emigration. * *JV. S. JV. Important land regula- tions are issued. * * Vic. The town of Portland is laid out ; Melbourne is divided into two dis- tricts, north and south. 1841 * * S. A. Capt. George Grey is governor at Adelaide. * * iV. S. JV. New Zealand is detached from the province of New South Wales. MISCELLANEOUS. : The store-ship Guardian i lost of Crown Lands are appointed. 1834 Aug. 15. Eng. Parliament passes the South Australian Act. * * S. A. The boundaries of the prov- ince are established. * * J r ic. The Henty family settle [at Portland]. with much needed supplies. 1795 * * N.S. JV. Cattle become accli- mated. 1805 * * A colonial ship is built. 1806 * * A great flood prevails in the valley of the Hawkesbury River ; it is followed by famine. 1835 May 29. J'ic. Geelong is set- 182 7 -29 < iV. S. Ji r . The colonists tied by John Bateman's company, which obtain deeds of land from the abori- gines. Aug. * S. A. The territory is separated from the mother colony, granted to the South Australia Colonization Asso- ciation, and erected into a province. [Aug. 29. Vic. Melbourne is founded.] Nov. * Vic. Port Phillip is colonized pass through a severe commercial crisis caused by speculation and drought. 1835 May* J'ic. John Bateman pur- chases a large tract of land from the natives near Port Phillip, and with 15 associates [takes possession of 600,000 acres], * * Vic. John Pascoe Falkner and others encamp on the site of Melbourne. by the Port Phillip Association from 1839 * * S. A. Speculation causes al- Tasmania. 1836 July* S. A. The country is col- onized by the British ; Adelaide is founded. Dec. 28. S. A. The first governor, Capt. Hindmarsh, arrives ; he officially proclaims the colony. * * JV. S. JV. Temporary grazing li- most universal bankruptcy. * * _42 * * There is a great influx of im- migrants drawn by the prosperity of the colony and the discovery of rich copper- mines at Burra Burra ; speculation is rampant, and insolvencies follow. 1841 * * The latest census reports a pop- ulation of 87,200 males, 43,700 females. censes for "squatting" are issued for May * iV. S. JV. Sydney is first lighted outlying districts. * * Vic. Gov. Bourke recognizes the set- tlement at Port Phillip by a proclama- tion, and appoints a police magistrate. 1837 Nov. * Vic. Melbourne is laid out as a town. with gas. ■ * -43 * * JV. S. JV A severe commer- cial crisis is caused by extravagance, inflated prices, and speculation. : * On the discovery of gold agriculture is for a time abandoned. 496 1841, **-1866, AUSTRALIA. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1841 * * S. A. Silver ore is discovered on the Mount Lofty range. 1842 * * S.A. Rich copper ore is found near Kapunda Station ; the Burra Burra mines are also opened. 1843 * * TV. A. The explorers Landor and Lefroy visit the country. 1844 * * S. A. Gold is discovered at Echunga. * * X. S. TV. The Parliamentary Li- brary is founded at Sydney. 1845 Dec. 17. Leichart's expedition arrives at Port Essington, in North Aus- tralia. * * S. A. Capt. Charles Sturt advances to the middle of the continent, for the most part over a stony desert. 1847 * * Leichart again attempts to cross the continent from east to west, starting at Fitzroy Downs [and is never heard from]. 1848 Apr. 3. Dr. Leichart's last de- spatch is sent from Gogoon. [He meets his death either by enemies or by starv- ing-] Aug. 13. Que. E. B. Kennedy's first expedition starts to explore the penin- sula of Cape York. Dec. 13. Que. Kennedy is killed by the natives. * * A. C. Gregory makes an exploration of the interior. * * X.S. TV. A Board of National Edu- cation and a Denominational School Board are formed. * *N.S. TV. The Sydney University is founded. [1850. Incorporated.] * * N. S. TV. Count Strzelecki makes extensive explorations in New South Wales and Tasmania. 1851 Feb. 12. N.S.TV. Goldisdis- covered by Edward H. Hargreaves, a returned gold-seeker from California ; great excitement follows. Feb. * Que. Gold is discovered in Sum- merhill Creek on the Macquarie Plains. July * X. S. TV. Dr. Kerr, a squatter, discovers a mass of virgin gold weigh- ing more than 100 pounds, on Meroo Creek. Aug. * Vic. The gold-fields at Ballarat are discovered. Oct. * Vic. Gold discoveries are made at Melbourne which surpass all others. 1852 Oct. 11. N.S. W. The Univer- sity of Sydney is inaugurated. 1853 * * Vic. The Public Library is founded at Melbourne. 1855 * * Vic. The University of Mel- bourne is founded. * * -58 * * Vic. A. C. Gregory makes further explorations in the interior. 1856 * * TV. A. The Freemantle Gazette is issued at Albany. 1858 June * Que. Gold is discovered at Canoonan. * *-62* *J. MacDonall Stuart's ex- pedition solves important problems re- specting the inland lakes, 1860 Mar.* S.A. J. MacDonall Stu- art attempts to cross the continent from Adelaide northward and fails, though a reward of £10,000 is offered. Aug. 20. Robert O'Hara Burke, Wil- liam John Wills, John King, and others start inland from Melbourne for the purpose of exploring the continent from south to north ; all except King perish. * * S. A. The Government offers a re- ward of £10,000 for the first person to cross the continent from south to north. 1861 May 13. X. S. IV. The Great Comet is first seen at Sydney. * * S.A. John MacD. Stuart makes ex- plorations. 1862 Jan. 22. Stuart starts on his third and most successful journey across the continent. Aug. * MacDonall Stuart and M'Kin- lay complete the journey across the continent from south to north. CHURCH. 1841 * * New Zealand is detached from the bishopric of Australia. * * N. S. TV. The vices of the white man demoralize the mission at Welling- ton, and it is broken up. * * Five more missionaries go to teach the aborigines. 1842 * * Tasmania is detached from the bishopric of Australia. 1847 * * Vic. The bishopric is di- vided; the sees of Adelaide, S. A., Newcastle. W. A., Sydney, N. S. W., and Melbourne, Vic, are erected ; the bishop of Sydney is metropolitan. 1849 * * Jr. A. A Roman Catholic mission is begun, with 10 priests, 14 monks, and seven nuns. 1850 Feb.* Vic. A band of Moravian missionaries lands at Melbourne. * * X. S. TV. A mission among the natives is opened by William Ridley. * * Moravians open a mission at Lake Bogo. * * S. A. The English Bible Christian Foreign Missionary Society sends out James Way and James Rowe. 1856 * * The Moravian missionaries at Lake Bogo retire. 1857 * * IV. A. The diocese of Perth is established. 1858 * * Moravians reopen the mission at Lake Bogo. * * S. A. George Taplin, a Scotchman, opens a mission for the Aborigines' Friends' Association on the shores of Lake Alexandria. He translates parts of the Bible into Narrenjeri, writes a grammar of that tongue, and makes a careful study of 22 native languages. 1859* * Que. Brisbane is made a bishopric. * * Vic. The Ebenezer mission is begun by the Moravians. 1862 * * S. A. — Vic. Adelaide and Mel- bourne become mission -stations of the New Connection Methodists. * • Vie. Kama hyuck, Gippsland, be- comes a mission-station of the Moravi- ans. The Presbyterians open a mission at Ramahyuek. Mr. Bulmer is sent to Gippsland to open a mission. 1863* * X. s. W. The diocese of Goulburn is established. 1864 * * X. 8. W. A Missionary Jubi- lee is celebrated at Sydney, and £12.000 is subscribed for a Wesleyan College and for the relief of church property. SOCIETY. 1841 * * -46 * * Mrs. Chisholm estab- lishes a " Home for Female Emi- grants." 1848 Sept. 4. X. S. TV. Transporta- tion of criminals to the colony ceases. * * JV. A. The colonists petition that convicts be sent out to thorn. 1849 * * TV. A. Convicts arrive and are kindly treated. * * Vic. The Hashemy arrives laden with convicts ; the indignant colonists drive the vessel to Sydney. [The convicts are welcomed by the squatters of Darling Downs.] * * Strong opposition is made to trans- portation, which has been revived by Lord Grey. 1850 * * JV. A. Convicts arrive, and are welcomed by the colonists because of the scarcity of labor. 1852 * * Vic. There is a great flow of immigration to Melbourne from Eu- rope, America, and China, averaging 2,000 arrivals each week ; the newcom- ers are attracted by the gold-fields. [The population of Victoria is doubled in one year.] 1853 * * Tas. The transportation of convicts to Van Diemen's Land ceases. * * Vic. Social disturbances occur in the gold-fields. 1854 Oct. 8. Vic. The Victoria Bank at Ballarat is broken into, and robbed of £14,300 and 200 ounces of gold-dust. 1855 Nov. 30. Fie. A mass-meeting is held at Ballarat on the payment of gold licenses. [Riots follow, and the flag of the Southern Cross is raised ; 30 rioters and a few soldiers are killed on Dec. 3.] 1858 July* Archdeacon Cowper dies at the age of SO, after a residence in Australia of about 50 years. * * Vic. The mayor of Melbourne visits England to congratulate the Queen on the marriage of the princess royal. 1861 * * N, S. TV. Miners engage in an anti- Chinese riot, with great barbarity. 1862 * * N. S. TV. The country is ter- rorized [for many years] by the exploits of the bushrangers. 1S64 Oct. * Vic. The vigorous opposi- tion to the reception of convicts causes a shipload to be sent back to England. 1865 * * If". A. The transportation of criminals to the colony is abandoned by.the Home Government notwithstand- ing ihe protests of the settlers. AUSTRALIA. 1841, * *-1866, 497 STATE. 1842 * * X. S. JV. The first representa- tive constitution is granted by the pas- sage of an Imperial statute; the Gov- ernment nominees in the colonial council are reduced to a minority, — 12 out of 36, — only half of whom are to be office-holders. * * A new set of land regulations is issued for all the colonies ; they divide the mother colony into three land dis- tricts, Northern (Moretou Bay), Middle (Sydney), and Southern (Port Phillip). * * Eng. The Crown Land Sales Act, for New South Wales, passes Parlia- ment. * * N. S. W. — Vic. Sydney is incorpo- rated ; Melbourne receives its charter. * * Vic. Agitation of separation from the mother colony begins [and grows rap- idly]. * * Que. MoretonBay [Brisbane] is pro- claimed a free settlement. 1845 * * S. A. Maj. J. H. Robe is gov- ernor. 1846 Aug. 3. X. S. TV. Sir Charles Fitzroy, the governor, arrives. [1S50. He is appointed governor-general.] * * Que. An abortive proclamation of "North Australia" is issued. [1S49. It is revoked.] 1847 * * X. S. TV. Granting of pastoral leases (1 to 14 years) is authorized by the Crown. 1848 * * JV. S. JV. The constitution is proclaimed. [Sept. 4. Eng. The trans- portation of convicts is abolished by Orders in Council.] * * S. A. Sir Henry Fox Young is governor. 1849 * * TV. A. Convicts are first trans- ported to this colony. 1850 Aug. 5. S. A. An improved representative government with a new constitution is provided ; all the colonies except Western Australia have similar forms of government. Nov. 11. K. S. TV.— Vic. A vessel ar- rives bringing tidings of the separation of Port Phillip from New South "Wales [public rejoicing continues for five days at Melbourne]. * * Vic. Port Phillip is separated from New South Wales, and erected by the government into a province called Vic- toria. 1851 June 9. Vic. A gold discovery committee is appointed at Melbourne, which is authorized to offer rewards for discoveries. July 1. Vic.—N. S. TV. Port Phillip and New South "Wales are legally sepa- rated; Victoria, with a population of 77,000, becomes a separate province of the British realm. Aug. 20. S. A. The new Legislative Council (General Assembly) meets for the first time. * * Vic. Melbourne becomes the capital. * * Eng. The custom-houses of Aus- tralia are transferred to the manage- ment of the colonies. 1852 * * The gold revenue is trans- ferred to the colonial exchequers. * * The Home Government requests each colony to form a constitution for it- self. * * Vic. The Legislative Assembly at Melbourne first meets. 1853 Mar. * Vic. Mints are estab- lished. Dec. 21. A r . S. TV. A constitutional bill is passed, to be submitted to the Imperial Parliament at London. 1854 June * Vic. Sir Charles Hot- ham, the governor, arrives. Dec. 3. Vic. Insurgent miners en- trench themselves at the Eureka stock- ade, Ballarat. * * Eng. A separate Colonial Office is created. * * N. S. JV. Sir "William T. Denison is governor. 1855 July 16. JV. S. JV. A new con- stitution is granted by the English Parliament; it provides for representa- tive government. "Nov. 23. Vic. A representative con- stitution is proclaimed. * * N. S. W. Sir Charles Fitzroy retires from the governor-generalship ; the full title of governor is now given to the rulers of the other colonies. A mint is established at Sydney. * * A federal council is formed by the advocates of colonial federation ; its decisions have no authority. 1856 May 22. N. S. W. The first parliament under responsible govern- ment is opened at Sydney by Sir William Denison. * * N. S. JV. A select committee is appointed to consider the best means of legislating on matters of a common interest and looking toward federation. * * Vic. The ballot system is intro- duced into the electoral law. Sir Henry Barkly is governor. 1857 Nov. 26. Vic. The first parlia- ment is opened at Melbourne. The federation of the colonies is proposed by Sir Charles Gavan Duffy ; a select committee to consider the proposal is appointed as in New South Wales. 1858 * * N. S. JV. Manhood suffrage is carried by a majority vote. 1859 Dec. 4. Que. The Moreton Bay District is separated from New South Wales by the Home Government, and made an independent colony called Queensland; population, 30,000. [Sir George F. Bowen is appointed gover- nor.] 1860 May 29. Que. The first parlia- ment opens at Brisbane under the ministry of Mr. Herbert. * * N. S. JV. Sir John Young is ap- pointed governor. 1861 Nov. * JV. A. JohnS. Hampton is appointed governor. Nov. * S. A. Sir Dominic Daly is gov- ernor. [1862 Mar. * He assumes office.] 1862 * * N. S. JV. Primogeniture is abolished. 1863 May* Vic. Sir Charles Dar- ling is appointed governor. [Sept. 11. Gov. Darling arrives at Melbourne.] 1865 Jan. * Vic. The House of As- sembly passes a new tariff act. [The Legislative Council rejects it.] Mar. 22. Vic. The parliament at Melbourne passes an important land act. July * J r ic. Gov. Darling raises money for colonial uses by irregular methods. [This action of Gov. Darling precipitates a crisis.] Dec. * Vic. The parliament at Mel- bourne is prorogued. 1866 Apr. * Eng. The governor of Victoria, Sir Charles Darling, is re- called. Apr. * Victoria is disturbed by minis- terial difficulties ; M. MeCulloch is appointed premier. May * Vic. The House of Assembly votes £20,000 to Lady Darling on her departure with her husband, the ex-governor. [1867. Aug. 20. The Legis- lative Council rejects the resolution, and a ministerial crisis follows.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1843 born Agnes Booth, actor, is 1844 Aug. 15. JY.S.JV. LudwigLei- chart's expedition leaves Moreton Bay, on the east coast, and journeys inland. 1846 * * The census reports 114,700 males, 74,800 females. 1850 * *2T. S. W. The first sod is turned for the construction of the first rail- way. [The enterprise fails.] 1851 Aug. * Gold-mines begin to be worked ; a great rush of people follows. * * The census reports males 106,000 ; females, 81,000 (exclusive of Victoria, 80,000). 1852 * * Vic. Adelaide receives during the year £2,216,157 in gold from Mel- bourne, chiefly for provisions, supplies, etc. 1853 * * Vic. Melbourne is greatly im- proved by new buildings. * * N. S. TV. A second attempt is made to construct a railway. 1855 * * N.S.W. A railway is opened from Newcastle to Maitland. Dec. 31. Sir Charles Hotham, governor, dies. 1857 June * N. S. JV. The Catherine Adamson is wrecked 25 miles from Syd- ney ; 20 lives are lost. 1859 Aug. 6. The steamer Admella is lost ; 49 persons perish. 1861 Oct. 1. Vic. A grand Exhibi- tion of Colonial Products and indus- tries is opened by the governor at Melbourne. 1864 Sept. 20. N. S. JV. Aaron Bu- zacott, a missionary of the London Society, dies, A64. 1865 June 29. N. S. JV. TheEoman Catholic cathedral and much other property at Sydney are destroyed by tire. 498 1866, May —1887, Apr. 22. AUSTRALIA. ART — SCIENCE - NATURE — LETTERS. 1866 May * N. S. W. The Royal So- ciety of New South "Wales is estab- lished. * * N. S. JV. The Public Schools Act is passed, providing for two classes of schools and a Council of Education. 1867 * * S. A. Francis Cadell, an ex- plorer, navigates the Murray River to the junction of the Darling. * * Que. The Gympie gold-field, 130 miles from Brisbane, is discovered. 1868 Mar. 28. N. S. W. The founda- tion of Capt. Cook's monument at Sydney is laid by the Duke of Edin- burgh, son of Queen Victoria. May * Vic. Woolen and paper manu- factories are established. 1869 * * Vic. The great telescope is set up at the Melbourne Observatory. * * N. S. JV. The Free Public library is founded at Sydney. 1870 Sept. * W. A. Gold is discov- ered. Nov. * Capt. Cadell makes explorations in South Australia, and discovers the mouth of the River Roper. 1871 Nov. * Vic. Capt. Burton dis- covers gold in the Bendigo fields. 1878 Feb. 2. N. S. JV. Capt. Cook's statue is uncovered at Sydney. 1880 * * N. S. W. State aid to denomi- national schools is abolished ; a Minis- ter of Public Instruction is created. 1882 * * Piturine, a narcotic, is first extracted from the dried leaves of the Duboisia pituri. Dec. 18. Ernest Morrison sets out to walk across the continent, southward, from the Gulf of Carpentaria to Mel- bourne. [He accomplishes the journey in 120 days.] 1886 May* IF. A. A gold-field is discovered at Perth. Oct. * S. A. Alluvial gold is discovered at Tatutpa, "Waukaringa. CHURCH. 1866* * S. A. The Moravians estab- lish a mission for the aborigines at Copperamana [which is abandoned in 18721. 1868 Nov. 30. X. S. JV. The new cathedral at Sydney is consecrated. 1869 * * X. S. W. The dioceses of Bathurst, Armidale, and Grafton are established. 1872 Oct. 25. X. S. JV. The Synod of the Church of Australia assembles at Sydney. Dec. 15. Vic. John Geddie, mission- ary in the South Seas, dies in Geelong, A57. * * A mission in the Southwest is ' opened under Mr. Clark. 1873* *The Primitive Methodist Church heroically attempts to found a mission on Frazer's Island [afterwards at Mackay] ; the endeavor fails. 1875 * * Vic. The diocese of Ballarat is established. 1877* * S. A. Hermannsburg is founded by the Hermannsburg Mission. The mission works among the black natives, who prove themselves very apt in learning, and as apt in forgetting. 1878 * * Tas. Penguin becomes a mis- sion-station of the United Methodist Free Churches. * * Que. The diocese of North Queens- land is established. * * The Bavarian Lutherans reoccupy the mission-station in Copperamana. 1883 * * X. S. JV. The diocese of Kiv- erina is established. 1884 Jan. 1. X.S.JV. Alfred Barry is consecrated bishop of Sydney and metropolitan of Australia. 1885 * * X. S. JV. The archbishop of Sydney, Patrick F. Moran, is created a cardinal. SOCIETY. 1867 Nov. 23. Vic. The Duke of Edinburgh arrives at Melbourne. * * Vic. An address is presented to the Duke of Edinburgh by Edward Hently, the first settler, and others. 1868 Feb. * X. S. JV. TheDukevisits Sydney. Mar. 12. X. S. JV. At a picnic at Port Jackson, a Fenian named O'Farrell shoots the Duke of Edinburgh in the back. [The Duke soon recovers from his wound. Apr. 4. He sails for England.] Apr. 21. X. S. IV. O'Farrell, the would-be assassin of the Duke of Edin- burgh, is executed at Sydney. 1879 Feb. 8-10. X. S. W. A band of thieves from Victoria, known as the " Kelly Gang," seize and plunder the town of Jerilderie. 1880 June 27, 28. Vic. Wed Kelly and several of his gang of bushrangers, robbers, and murderers, are captured aud sent to Melbourne. [Nov. 11. Kelly is hanged."] * * Vic. An International Temperance Convention in Melbourne passes a reso- lution urging each colony to form an alliance for securing local option. 1885 * * Que. Laws favorable to local option are passed. * * Vic. Chinese immigrants are al- most entirely excluded. STATE. 1866 Aug. 13. Vic. The new gover- nor, John H. T. Sutton, arrives at Melbourne. 1867 * * X. S. JV. The Earl of Bel- more is governor. Mar. * Vic. The Ministers from the Australian colonies hold a postal con- ference at Melbourne to improve postal communication with Europe. Dec. 30. Vic. The parliament at Mel- bourne is dissolved. 1S69* * Eng. Sir Benjamin C.C.Pine is appointed governor of "Western Aus- tralia. Mar. 12. Vie. The Ministry resigns, in <-<,jj*i_'queii<_ , e of the governor's objec- tion to the insertion of the Darling grant in the Appropriation Bill. Apr. 7. Eng, Frederick A. Weld appointed governor of Western Aus- tralia. May * IV. A. Sir Benjamin C. C. Pine assumes office as governor. July * Vic. The McCulloch Ministry settles the Darling grant question. Oct. * Vic. The McPherson Ministry is formed. Dec. * S. A. Sir James Fergusson is * * Que. Gov. Sir George Ferguson Bowen retires from the governorship, and Gov. Blackall succeeds him. 1870 Apr.* Vic. A new McCulloch Ministry is formed, which includes McPherson. May * Eng. Premier McCulloch is knighted by the Queen. [June 14. Pic. He resigns his office.] June * Vic. The union of the five colo- nies in a federation is discussed in the Assembly at Melbourne. * * Eng. Representative government is granted to Western Australia. * * W. A. A Legislative Council is elected on the model of the Constitu- tions of 1850, consisting partly of nomi- nee and partly of elected members. 1871 Apr. 8. Que. The Marquis of Normanby is governor. July 13. Eng. Lord Kimberley. British Colonial Secretary, expresses dissatis- faction with the complex tariff system of the four colonies. July * Vic. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy becomes premier. Sept. 27. Delegates from the four Australasian colonies meet to con- sider the interference of the British Government with their local fiscal arrangements. 1872 May 29. Vic. Premier Duffy resigns on an adverse vote in the As- sembly. June* Vic. Mr. Francis forms a Minis- try at Melbourne. Dec. * X. 5. JV. Sir Hercules Robin- son is appointed governor. * * The members of parliament begin to receive salaries of £300 a year. 1873 Jan. * .V. .S. W. Delegates from the several colonies meet in conference to discuss customs union, postal af- fairs, and arrangements respecting rail- ways. Feb. * Vic. Sir George F. Bowen suc- ceeds Sir John H. T. Sutton (Viscount Canterbury) as governor. * * Que. The Ministry present a free- trade budget. Apr. * X. S. IV. Sir Hercules Robin- son, governor, arrives. June * S. 'A, Sir Anthony Musgrave 1S74 Sept. 22. Que. "William W. Cairns is appointed governor. AUSTRALIA. 1866, May *-1887, Apr. 22. 499 Oct. 7. W. A. "William C. F. Robin- son is appointed governor. 1575 Aug.* Vic. A ministerial crisis is caused by the rejection in parliament of the free-trade policy proposed by Premier Kerford ; the premier resigns, Sir William S to well, the acting governor, refusing to dissolve parliament. Oct. * Vic. Graham Berry, the premier, being defeated in his proposed protec- tion scheme, resigns ; the objectionable feature of the scheme is the proposal to tax the richer more heavily than the poorer colonies. Oct. * Vic. A coalition Ministry is formed by Sir James McCulloch. Nov. * Vic. The Ministry proposes an income tax, with a tax on land and realized property. 1576 June * Vic. Parliament passes the income-tax bill by a majority of three. Mar. *- June* Vic. The Administra- tion becomes involved in a dispute with the Messrs. Stevenson respecting the un- der-valuation of their goods in the pay- ment of duties ; the Stevenson letters are unlawfully opened by the Govern- ment. 1577 Jan. * Que. Sir Arthur Ken- nedy is governor. Jan. * S. A. William W. Cairns is governor. May * Vic. The elections favor the Pro- tectionists, and Premier McCulloch re- signs ; Graham Berry is again ap- pointed premier. June * S. A. W. F. D. Jervois is gov- Oct. 30+. Vic. Premier Berry's Appro- priation, Defense, and Exhibition Bills are rejected by the Legislative Council. Oct.* Vic. Parliament enacts a land-tax. * * W. A. Maj.-Gen. Sir Harry St. George Ord is governor. 1878 Jan.* Vic. The Legislative Council dismisses the county court and judges; the Ministry is approved by the governor, Sir George F. Bowen. Feb. 13 + . Vic. Overruling the Coun- cil, the Assembly orders that public creditors shall be paid by its vote alone. Dec. 10. Vic. The Marquis of Nor- manby is appointed governor. 1879 May 3. N. S. W. Lord Augus- tus F. Loftus is appointed governor. [Aug. 4. He arrives at Sydney.] Sept. * Vic. A reform bill is introduced in parliament by Premier Berry. [Dec. * It is withdrawn.] 1880 Feb. 9. Vic. Parliament is dis- solved. Feb. 28. Vic. The elections favor the opponents of the Ministry. [Mar. 2. The Ministry resigns. Mar. 3. The James Service Ministry is formed. June 24. Parliament rejects the newreform bill. June 29. The Assembly is dissolved. July 14. The Service Ministry re- signs.] July 28. Vic. Graham Berry again forms a Ministry. * * W.A. Sir W. F. Robinson is gov- * * Most of the colonies impose a poll-tax of £10 on all Chinese immigrants. * * Vic. A Federation Council meets at Melbourne ; it adjourns to Sydney. 1881 July * Vic. Parliament refuses Premier Berry a vote of confidence; Sir Brien O'Loghlen becomes premier, and forms a new Ministry. * * Jv". S. W. A conference is held at Sydney to pave the way for federation. 1882 Nov. * S. A. Sir W. Robinson is governor. * * W.A. Sir Frederick Napier Broome is governor. 18S3 Jan. 3. N.S. W. The Minis try resigns ; Alexander Stuart forms a new administration. Mar.* Que. Sir Anthony Musgrave is governor. Apr. 4. Que. The Queensland Govern- ment takes possession of New Guinea in the name of the Crown. * * An Australasian army and navy are being slowly developed for colonial defense. Dec. 6. iV. S. W. A conference of delegates representing all the colonies opens at Sydney ; it recommends the annexation of New Guinea. Dec. 7. A r . S. W. The Intercolonial Conference at Sydney adopts a scheme for federation, and the creation of a federal council for Australasia. It prepares a bill [which is passed by the Imperial Parliament as the Federal Council Act] ; it agrees on a scheme for the introduction of an intercolonial ju- dicial system, and fails to agree upon a restrictive policy respecting Chinese immigration. [Dec. 8. The Conference closes.] 1884 Mar. * Vic. The Marquis of USTor- manby resigns the governorship. [Apr. 10. Sir Henry Brougham Loch is appointed governor.] June 30. Vic. Premier Service favors a bill for the confederation of the colonies. Aug. * The federation scheme is ac- cepted by Victoria, Tasmania, and Queensland. Nov. 1±. N. S. W. The federation scheme is rejected in the Legislature by a majority of one. Dec. * Germany protests against the an- nexation by Great Britain of New Guinea and the other islands. 1885 Jan.* Woodlark and other islands in the East Indian Archipelago are formally taken possession of in the name of the British crown. Feb. 1. The colonies offer to the Home Government military contingents for the reenforcement of Gen. Gordon in the Soudan war. Feb. 23. N. S. W. A military contin- gent, 800 strong, is ordered for the Sou- dan, and £30,000 are raised as a patriotic fund. Mar. 3. N. S. "W. The military contin- gent embarks for Suakim ; the patriotic fund is increased to £45,000. May* The military contingent returns from Suakim. Dec. 9. All the colonies except New South Wales and New Zealand unite in a confederation. Dec. 11. Lord Derby announces that the consideration of the federal scheme is deferred. Dec. 12. N. S. W. Lord Carrington assumes office as governor. Dec. 17. N. S. W. The ministry re- signs ; a new administration is organ- ized by Sir John Robertson. * * The Federal Council of Austra- lasia is established. 1886 Feb. 18. Vic. Duncan Gillis forms a new Ministry. Feb. 25. M. S. W. Sir John Robertson and Patrick Jennings form a coalition Ministry. MISCELLANEOUS. 1866 Oct. 25. Vic. The Interna- tional Exhibition is opened at Mel- bourne. 1868 Feb. 19. S. A. Sir Dominic Daly, governor, dies. 1869 * * N. S. W. The railway is ex- tended to connect Sydney with Goul- burn. 1870 Aug. 30. N. S. W. The Gov- ernor-General, Lord Belmore, opens the Intercolonial Exhibition at Sydney. Sept. 8. Vic. The Industrial Mu- seum at Melbourne is opened. 1872 Aug. 22. S. A. Adelaide and Port Darwin are connected by tele- graph. 1874 Apr. 11. Vic. An Industrial Exhibition is opened at Melbourne by the governor. 1878 * * S. A. The first railway is be- gun at Port Augustus. 1879 Sept. 17. JT. S. W. An Inter- national Exhibition is opened by the governor. 1880 Oct. * Vic. An International Exhibition is opened at Melbourne. 1882 Jan. 16. N. S. W. The Wolver- ene is presented by the British Govern- ment to the colony of New South Wales. Sept. 22. N. S. W. The Exhibition Building at Sydney is burned down. 1883 June * Vic. Direct railway communication between Melbourne and Sydney is completed. 1886 Mar. 30. The Ly-ee-Moon t an iron steamer, is wrecked off Green Cape ; 76 persons perish. 1887 Mar. 23. N. S. W. A mine ex- plosion occurs at Bulli colliery, near Sydney ; 85 men are killed. Apr. 22. A violent hurricane destroys a pearl-fishing fleet on the northeast coast; 650 persons are lost. 500 1887, Oct. *-1894, Nov. 29. AUSTRALIA. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1889 Apr. 10. X. S. W. A committee at Sydney reports on M. Pasteur's sug- gestion of a means to exterminate rab- bits. Apr. 18. N. S. JV. Destructive floods occur. May 29. X. S. JV. The Meteorological Society reports a destructive hurri- cane extending along the entire coast, and a rainfall never before equalled ; railroad traffic is suspended and several lives are lost. July 21. Que. "Warner Davidson dis- covers a bright comet. 1890 Jan. 5. Que. Floods covering an area of 500 square miles do great damage. Feb. 16. Que. Great floods again pre- vail. Mar. 1. Que. Floods damage the town of Brisbane to the amount of $1,500,000. Apr. 3. Que. A cyclone does great damage. May 11. Que. Darling is surrounded by floods. July 11-Aug. * Vic. Floods damage the city of Melbourne to the amount of $2,000,000. 1891 Jan. 31. Que. Floods cause great loss of life and property. Feb. 1. Que. The country suffers again from floods. Feb. 6. Que. Floods prevail ; a large number of persons are drowned ; part of the city of Brisbane is submerged. Feb. 7. Que. Brisbane is in darkness ; water is 30 feet deep in its principal streets ; 500 houses are demolished. Feb. 8. Que. The floods have sub- sided ; loss of life and property is greater than at first reported. Feb. 10. Que. The loss by the flood is estimated at $15,000,000. Feb. 19. Que.— Vic. Brisbane and other places are flooded; three vessels are stranded in the Botanical Garden at Melbourne. 1893 Aug. 9. W. A. A great dis- covery of gold is made at Coolgardie, near Perth. CHURCH. 1887 * * Que. Bowen, on the extreme northeast coast, becomes a mission- station of the Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel, with one missionary. 1889* * Vic. Bamahyuck, a Moravian mission-station, reports one missionary and wife. * * Vic. The Ebenezer Mission reports one married and one unmarried mission- ary ; the mission buildings are on a plot of ground given by the Government ; the success of the work far exceeds the an- ticipation of the missionaries. * * X. 5. JV. Norfolk Island is a mis- sion-station of the Society for the Prop- agation of the Gospel ; it has one missionary. * * Macleag is a station of the Hermanns- burg Evangelical Lutheran Mission. 1890 * * S. A. Burkujanna is reported as a prosperous mission-station of the Hermannsburg Society. Apr. 9. Que. At Towusville, C. G. Barlow is installed in the bishopric of North Queensland. 1891 Jan. 1. Vic. At Melbourne the Anglican Cathedral is consecrated with imposing ceremonies. 1888 Oct. * Vic. Strikes are frequent among workmen, and opposition to Chi- nese immigration is very strongly ex- 1889 Apr. 30. Vic. John Dillon, M.P., the Irish home ruler, addresses a monster meeting at Melbourne. June * X. S. JV. The courts of Sydney decide that publishers of newspapers cannot collect pay for Sunday adver- tisements, the contracts being illegal. 1890 May 11. X. S. JV. Messrs. Dil- lon, Deasy, and Esmonde, Irish home-rule advocates, arrive at Sydney. May 16. Vic. Immense meetings are held at Ballarat in favor of Irish home rule. June 21. Vic. Cardinal Moran, the chief justice", and the premier of Queens- land, are proposed as arbitrators of the labor troubles in Australia. June 28. Vic. Strikers are becoming disorderly. June 29. The shipping-trade strike has spread to New Zealand. Aug. 7. X. S. W. Strikers hold a large demonstration in Sydney, and adopt resolutions declaring that the men will stand firm. Aug. 31. Vic. The full police-force of Melbourne and 1,000 special constables are on duty ; 40,000 men, represent- ing all trades, form in procession and parade the streets ; there is no disturb- ance. Sept. 10. jV. S. W. The conference of employees at Sydney condemns boy- cotting and upholds freedom of eon- tract. Sept. 11. X. S. TV. In consequence of the strikes 7,000 men are out of work in the New Castle district. Sept. 15. X. S. JV. The Labor Con- ference at Sydney adopts a proposal to call out all the shearers, wool-shed labor- ers, and carriers, a procedure that will affect 80,000 men. Sept. 19. .V. S. W. The mayor of Syd- ney reads the riot-act to the strikers. [Sept. 26. Labor troubles continue.] 1891 Feb. 24. Que. Troops and armed strikers are face to face at Cler- mont. Apr. 28. A scheme is drafted to bring Hebrew immigrants from Poland and the southeast of Europe, and locate them on lands in Australia. May 2. The promoters of Hebrew emi- gration from Europe are informed thai Russian exiles are not wanted. July 31. .V. S. W. The Assembly re- jects the bill granting the right of suf- frage to women. Vote, 57-34. 1892 Mar. 27. lie. Attempts are made to lynch F. B. Deeming. Mar. 28. J 1c. The coroner's j u ry finds Deeming guilty of murdering his wife and four children at Kainhill. [Apr. 28. His trial begins in Melbourne. May 'j. He is convicted, and sentenced to be executed ; he confesses that be mur- dered his wife. May 23. He is hanged.] * * X. S. W. "VThite workmen protest against the introduction of colored labor. Aug. 11. X. S. TV. The shearers* strike is declared settled. Oct. 5. Que. A labor vessel, while re- cruiting off the coast of Malayta, Solo- mon Islands, is attacked by natives, looted, and its crew are killed. Nov. 2. X. S. JV. Strikers on the docks resort to dynamite just as business is beginning to revive. . STATE. 1887 Oct.* JV. A. The Legislative Council petitions for a change from a Crown colony to representative gov- ernment. * * London. A conference of delegates from the colonies adopts a scheme of Australasian naval defense. Nov. 24-25. Eng. Parliament passes, as the Australasian Naval Force Act, the scheme adopted by tbe colonial con- ference. [It is approved by the Queen. J * * London. Parliament passes the Brit- ish Settlements Act. 1888 Jan. 16-19. Tas. The Fede- ration Council meets at Hobart. May 16-18. X. S. TV. The Legislative Assembly passes a Chinese restriction bill, regardless of the treaties of Nanking and Peking. June 14-16. A conference of the Australian colonies appeals to the Im- perial Government for restriction of Chinese immigration. Nov. * Que. Sir Henry Arthur Blake is appointed governor. [He is objected to, and he resigns.] Aug. 13. London. The act for Impe- rial defense passes Parliament ; it pro- vides for defraying the expenses of a naval defense of the Australasian colo- nies. Dec* Que. Sir Henry Wylie Norman is appointed governor. Dec. * S. A. The Earl of Kintore is governor. * * London. An Imperial statute is passed providing for the maintenance of a naval force of seven men-of-war at the Australian station, three of them to be kept in reserve. 1889 Jan. 29-Feb. 4. Tas. The Fed- eration Council meets at Hobart. AUSTRALIA. 1887, Oct. * -1894, Nov. 29. 501 Feb. 2. Tas. The Federation Council adopts an address to the Crown. It views with deep anxiety recent events in Samoa, favors treaties guar- anteeing Samoan independence, and ex- presses the opinion that foreign domina- tion of Samoa (by Germany) endangers the safety of Australia. Feb. 2. X. S. W. Parliament is dis- solved. Mar. 6. X. S. TV. The Ministry re- signs after defeat on the question of protection. [Mar. 14. Sir Henry Parkes forms a new Ministry.] Apr. 10. N.S.W. TheGovernment proposes to abolish all specific duties and to adopt direct taxation. June 7. Vic. Parliament is opened at Melbourne by Acting-Gov. W. C. F. Robinson. June 22. Vic. Gov. Sir Henry Brougham Loch accepts the governor- ship of Cape Colony. June 24, 25. S. A. J. A. Cockburn forms a new Ministry. July 16. London. The House of Lords votes in favor of granting the petition of AVestern Australia for responsible gov- ernment. [The question is deferred in the Commons.] July 22. Vic. The Earl of Hopetoun is appointed governor. July 31. X. S. TV. The Legislative As- sembly passes a bill providing for the payment of yearly salaries to its members. Nov. 10. X. S. TV. At a public meeting in Sydney resolutions are adopted in favor of colonial federation. Dec. 9. The federation proposal is ac- cepted by Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, "Western Australia, and Tas- mania. [New South Wales and New Zealand reject it.] 1890 Feb. 6. Vic. The Australasian Federal Conference opens at Mel- bourne ; the prime minister of Victoria is elected chairman. June 5. S. A. Parliament opens at Adelaide; the prosperous condition of the colony is reported. June 10. Vic. The Legislative Assem- bly unanimously approves the scheme for the federation of the Australian colonies, and appoints delegates to the convention for that purpose. June * The scheme for the federation of the colonies grows in favor. July 27. X. S. TV. The Earl of Jer- sey is appointed governor. Aug. 7. Que. The Cabinet resigns, owing to a lack of support in parlia- ment on its budget proposals. Aug. 8. Que. A new Cabinet is formed, with Mr. Griffiths as prime minister. Sept. 11. N. S. TV. The Legislative As- sembly adopts Sir Henry Parkes's scheme for federation. Vote, 97-11. Sept. 21. Vic. A Decimal Coinage and Metrical "Weights and Measures Act is passed by the Legislative Assem- ble Nov. 4. Vic. A new Cabinet is an- nounced at Melbourne. Dec. 8. Que. The Government accepts the Anglo-Mexican treaty of Nov. 27, 1888. * * IV. A. The colony receives a bicam- eral constitution and responsible gov- ernment. 1891 Mar.* X. S. TV. A Federal Convention at Sydney [after five weeks] agrees upon a constitution to he submitted to the several colonies. It provides for a federal executive, legislature, and judiciary. Mar. 2. X. S. W. The Australasian Federal Convention meets in the Par- liament House at Sydney, having seven representatives from each colony, except New Zealand, which sends only three ; Sir Henry Parkes is elected president. Apr. 9. X. S. TV. The Australasian Federal Convention adopts the draft of a constitution. The Federal Parliament is to consist of two houses somewhat resembling the Congress of the United States of America; each colony to be represented by an equal number in the Senate for the protection of colonial rights ; mem- bers of the popular chamber to be chosen according to the population : each colony to elect its own governor, but the gov- ernor-general to be appointed by the Crown. * * N. S. TV. The Federal Conven- tion at Sydney closes. * *A bill to constitute a "Common- wealth Australia" is afterwards in- troduced into the parliaments of the several colonies. [The people evince but little interest in the matter.] May 25. Th*e colonies decide to join the International Postal Union in Oc- tober. June 30. N. S. IV. The complete elec- tion returns show that the Opposition has elected 57 members, the Ministerial- ists 51, the Labor Party 26, and the In- dependents 3 ; grouped according to tariff policy, the representatives will number 75 for protection, and 62 for free trade. July 31. X. S. W. The Legislative Assembly rejects the motion of Sir Henry Parkes in favor of woman suf- frage. Vote, 57-34. Sept. 6. Vic. The Legislature passes the Federation Bill, but adopts an amendment excluding New Zealand from the federation. Oct. 18+. X. S. TV. Sir Henry Parkes, premier, resigns. [Oct. 23. A new cabi- net is formed by Mr. Dibbs.] Dec. 19. X. S. W. Parliament adopts a protective tariff bill after a sitting of 36 hours. Vote, 60-3. 1892 Jan. 6. S. A. A new Ministry is formed. 1893 Feb. 3. X. S. TV. Robert W. Duff is appointed governor. Mar. 24. Que. The Intercolonial Postal Conference at Brisbane agrees to a resolution to establish a Pacific cable between Australia and Vancouver. Apr. 29. Australian savings-banks are to be consolidated with the postal service. 1894 Nov. 29. The Australian pre- miers convene to discuss Imperial fed- eration and intercolonial free trade. MISCELLANEOUS. 1887 * *N.S. TV. The Government offers a reward of £25,000 for the de- vising of means of exterminating Eu- ropean rabbits, which have become a destructive pest. 1888 Aug. 1. Vic. The Interna- tional Exhibition is opened at Mel- bourne. Aug. 21. N, S. TV. Richard Jonis dies, A76. Sept. 28. Sir Thomas Cockburn Campbell, 4th baronet, politician, dies, A47. Oct. 9. Que. Sir Anthony Musgrave, governor, dies. 1889 May 25. X. S. W. A great storm causes loss of life. June 22. N. S. TV. At Newcastle 70 miners are entombed in a pit; all are rescued except two. 1890 Feb. 22. Vic. The West Mel- bourne docks are opened. Apr. 5. Vic. The Melbourne Exhi- bition closes with a deficit of about $1,000,000. July 12. X. S. TV. J. B. Watson, *' Quartz Reef King," dies, A64. Oct. 1. X. S. TV. Sydney suffers a loss of £750,000 by fire. 1891 Feb. 7. S. A. The wheat crop is 12,600,000 bushels, with probably 9,000,- 000 bushels available for export. Aug. 28. X. S. TV. By a collision of steamers near Sydney, 26 lives are lost. Dec. 1. Eng. Charles Perry, first bishop of Melbourne, dies, A84. 1892 Mar. 5. Vic. The Mercantile Bank, Melbourne, suspends, though having an excess of assets. 1893 Feb. 4. Fr. The French Cabinet approves the proposition to lay a cable from the French colony of New Cale- donia to Australia. May 15. X.S.W. Sydney Linton, bishop of Riverina, dies, A51. 1894 Apr. 4. Vic. The Commercial Bank of Melbourne suspends payment. Apr. 6. Vic. The Colonial Bank, Alexandria, suspends. Apr. 20. The (Australian) Joint-Stock Bank of London fails. Apr. 25. The London Chartered Bank suspends ; the suspension of the* Standard Bank of Australia follows. May 9. Vic. The Bank of Victoria, Melbourne, suspends ; liabilities, £2.400,- 000. June 15. Three more bank failures. are reported ; the London Stock Ex- change is panicky ; three defaulters are posted. June 16. Vic. The City of Mel- bourne Bank fails. 502 179 B.C.-A.D. 1127,**. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. Austria-Hungary is a state of Central Europe, having Vienna for its capital. Area, 240,94^ square miles ; population In 1890, 41,358,886. It is one of the great powers, and has a constitutional government administered by an hereditary monarchy. The people comprise several races ; of these about one-half are Slavs, one-fourth Germans, one-sixth Magyars, and one-fifteenth Roumanians. The greater part of the people are Roman Catholics in religion, but the Protestants and Greek Catholics each number several millions of adherents. Little is known of the peoples dwelling before the Christian era in that part of the basin of the Danube which now belongs to Austria- Hungary. Note. — The very extensive literature of this country is almost entirely omitted in these pages to economize space. ARMY — NAVY. 115 * * B. c. The country of theTaurisci is invaded by the Roman consul, Marius iEmilius Scaurus, who meets tlie Ger- man tribes as he advances northward. 17 * * A. d. Maroboduus, a prince of the Marcomanni, is conquered by the Germans under Arminius. 169* *-180* *War between the Goths and the Romans. 170 * * The legate Vindex is defeated by barbarians, and loses 20,000 men. 174 * * The Roman army is saved from the Quadi, as by a miracle. 356 * * -359 * * Aust.-Bung. The Ale- manni, Quadi, and Sarmatfe invade Rhaetia and Pannonia, and ravage the country till they are repulsed with great loss. 788 * * The Avari cross the river Enns, and attack Bavaria, but are repulsed by Charlemagne. 806 * * The Franks invade Bohemia with three armies, and force the inhabi- tants to pay tribute. 892 * * The Hungarians attack Mora- via without success. 907 * * Bung. The Hungarians terribly defeat the Germans at Presburg. 910 * * Ger. The Germans are again de- feated near Augsburg, in Bavaria. * * * The Germans defeat the Hungari- ans before Wels. 924* * It. The Hungarians invade Italy, and burn Pavia. 933 * * Ger. The Hungarians are re- pulsed by Henry of Saxony before Merseburg. 936* * Bohemia is invaded by two Ger- man armies, which enter by way of Thuringia and Saxony. 955 * * Bung. Otho, Emperor of Ger- many, repulses the Hungarians, con- quers their territory, and annexes it. 1025 ± * * Bohemia. Bretislav I. con- quers Silesia and Lesser Poland, and takes Cracow by assault. 1067 * * Transylvania. The invading Cumans (or Polovtses) are defeated at the battle of Cserhalom. 1089 * * Bung. King Ladislaus 1. con- quers Croatia. 1102 * * Bung. King Coloman wrests Dalmatia from the Venetians. 1127 * * Galicia. Stephen II. of Hun- gary avenges his father by conquering Premysl. [He is soon driven away, and loses many towns on the coast of the Adriatic] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 869 * * Arpad, founder of the Hungarian monarchy, born. 885 Apr. 6. Methodius. Greek mission- ary to Slavonians, dies. 892 * * Savalopulk, King of Moravia, dies. 907 * * Arpad, King of Hungary, A38. 955 * * Adalbert, Saint, Apostle to Prus- sians, born. 967 * * I'.oleslav, King of Bohemia, dies. 979* * 8tephen I., Saint, born at Gran, Hungary. 991 * * Leopold I., Margrave of Austria, dies. 997* * Adalbert, Saint, patron saint of Bo- hemia, murdered. 1038 Aug-. 15. Stephen I.. Saint,Kingof Hungary, A59. 1044 * * Aba Samuel, or Aba Sainu, King of Hungary, dies. 1047 * * Andrew I., King of Hungary, is as- CHURCH. 366 * * It. St. Damasus is pope. 367 * * It. Ursicinus is (anti) pope. ±* *TJlfilas (Wulfila), the scholar, preaches to the Arian Goths, and makes a Gothic translation of the Scriptures. 380 * * Bung. A Church Council is held at Sirmium; it condemns the doc- " trine of the Arians. 381 * * Aust. A Church Council is held at Aquileia; it condemns the Arians. 384 * * It. Siricius is pope. [398, St. Anastasius ; 795, Leo III.] 710* * Aust. St. Emeran' of Poictiers founds the bishopric of Salzburg. 804* * Hung. The Greek missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, preach to the Slavs, and adapt the Greek alphabet to the Slavonian language. 845 * * Bohemia. Fourteen nobles are baptized at Regensburg. 863* * or 864* * Moravia. St. Cyril and his brother Methodius propagate Christianity among the Moravians. 874"+ * * Bohemia. Christianity is in- troduced; Borivoy, the first Christian prince, builds the first Bohemian church, and dedicates it to St. Clement. 891* * It. Formosus is pope. [896, Boniface IV. ; 985, John XVI.] 906 * * Bohemia accepts Christianity through the effort of Princess Pubravka, who first converted her husband, Prince Mieczyslaw. 925 * * Bohemia. St. Ludmila is canon- ized. [934, St. Weneeslaus.] 974 * * Bung. The Pope is informed of the conversion of 5,000 Hungarians by Pilgrim. 983 * * Bohemia. St. Adalbert is hishop of Prague. 989 * * Bohemia. St. Adalbert becomes discouraged with the vices of tbe clergy, and retires to a monastery. 992 * * Bung. Christianity is intro- duced in the reign of Geyza, who mar- ried Clotilde of France, a Christian princess. 994+ * * Hung. Duke Stephen is bap- tized. [He completes the conversion of his people.] 996* * It. Gregory V. is pope. [999, Sil- vester.] 1000 * * Bung. Stephen establishes the Roman Catholic religion; he receives the title of Apostolic King from the Pope. [The title is still used.] 1003 * * It. John XVII. is pope ; soon dies; later John XVIII. 1032 * * Bohemia. Prince Oldric founds the Monastery of Sazava, in which the Slav liturgy is used. 1060= * * Bung. Bela I. suppresses a new rising of the pagans against Chris- tianity. 1088* * It. Urban n. is pope. [1099, Pascal II.] 1092 * * Hung. Ladislaus promulgates a law in opposition to a recent decision of Pope Gregory VII., permitting the priests to marry. 1096* * Bang. The First Crusade crosses Hungary ; depredations abound. LETTERS. 864 * * The Greek missionaries preach in Slavonia, and adapt the Greek alpha- bet to the Slavonic. SOCIETY. 921* * Bohemia. Saint Ludmila is murdered. 1047* * Bang. King Andrew is assas- sinated by his brother. 1063 * * Bung. King Solamon is de- posed by his son. 1108* * Bohemia. The turbulent fam- ily of the Vesovici is massacred. STATE. 179** B.C. Aust. Istria becomes a Ro- man province. 129** B.C. Aust. LUyria and Dalma- tia become Roman provinces. 14 * * B. c. The country is inhabited by the Taurisci, a Celtic race [later called Norici], whom the Romans incorporate with their armies, or transport to other lands. 30± * * A. d. Hungary, a part of an- cient Pannonia, and Dacia become subject to the Romans in the reign of Tiberius. 33± * * Aust. The Romans annex CEster- reich ("Eastern kingdom," east from Germany, anciently called Noricum) and part of Pannonia. 274* * The Goths, after conquering Dacia, erect the double kingdom of the Westgoths and the Eastgoths^ AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 179, b.c.-a.d. 1127,**. 503 376+* * Hungary is invaded by the Huns, who drive out the Goths. 437* * Hung. Attila [known as the Scourge of God] becomes king of the Huns. [He conquers Pannonia and other countries.] 447* * Hung. The Romans abandon Sirmia to Attila, engaging to pay him heavy tribute. 5th and 6th Centuries. The country is successively overrun by the Boii, Vandals, Heruli, Rugii, Goths, Huns, Lombards, and Avari. 500 * * Hungary is held by the Lom- bards. 550+ * * Hung. The Czechs, or Slavs, take possession of the plains of Hun- gary- 56S * *Hungary is overrun by the Avari. The river Enns divides the people of German origin from the Avari, who come from the East. 748 * * Aitst. Borut is prince of Carin- thia. [750, Karat; 753, Chotimir ; 772, Valaduc] * * Bohemia. Premysl becomes duke. * * Hung. Pagan princes rule [till 870J. 759 * * Bohemia. Prague is founded. 701* *-796* * Aust. Charlemagne delivers Austria from the pagans, — Huns, Avari, and others. 817+ * * Aust. Louis the German, son of Louis le De'bunnaire, defeats Radbod, the margrave (lord or governor) of Aus- tria, and annexes his dominions. 823 * * Hung. Ljudevit becomes prince of Croatia. Borna succeeds Ljudevit. [830, Povin ; 892, Matimir ; 900, Kresimir ; 958, Kresi- mir II.; 968, Zedeslav ; 970, Drzislav.] 870 * * Bohemia. Borzivoj becomes duke. [Dukes rule the country till 1198.] 874:<: * * Moravia throws off the German yoke. 876 * * Austria is enlarged by the addi- tion of Bavaria. 883 * * Aust. The Bavarian descendants of Radbod the margrave revolt against Charles the Fat, Emperor of the Franks. 884* * Hung. The history of Hun- gary properly begins with the appear- ance of the Magyars. 889 * * Hung. Arpad, the founder of the Hungarian dynasty, and chief of the Magyars, flourishes. [He conquers all of Hungary and Transylvania ; kings of his line follow until 1309.J * *± Hung. Pesth [Budapest] is founded. 890+ * * Moravia under Savatopulk is a powerful state. * * Austria loses Pannonia, which goes to Croatia. 894 * * Moravia is invaded by a great host of Hungarians, of Finnish origin, having according to tradition 216,000 warriors. * * Bohemia. Spitchnev I. becomes duke. 900 * * Moravia is invaded by Bava- rians and Czechs. 912* * Bohemia. Vratislav is duke. [925. Vacslav the Saint is duke. 936, Boleslav. 967, Boleslav II.] 937 * * Austria is destroyed as a march and absorbed by the Magyars, whose frontier is bounded by the river Enus. 950 * * Bohemia is forced to pay trib- ute to Otho I., Emperor of Germany. 955 Aug. 10. Aust. The Bavarian Ostmark is reestablished on the Lech- feld (Augsburg) by the defeat of the Hungarians. [Later it is transformed into the duchy of Austria.] * * Hung. Otho I. takes territory from the Hungarians, and annexes it to Ger- many. 962 * * The German states become [con- tinuously] connected with the Holy Roman (German) Empire. 972* * Hung. Geiza, the first pacific king of pagan Hungary, is enthroned. 973 * * Aust. The dynasty of Leopold of the House of Babenberg begins. [It lasts 263 years.] Leopold I. is margrave. 976 * * Aust. Henry of Scheyer is in- dependent duke of Carinthia. [978, Otho of Wormsfeld ; 995, duke the second time; 1014, Conrad I. of Wormsfeld; 1012, Adelbero of Eppenstein ; 1035, Con- rad I. of Wormsfeld.] 984 * * Vienna is the capital of Austria. 991 * * Aust. Ottoear I. is margrave of Styria. [1038, Ottoear III.] 994 * * Aust. Henry I., son of Leopold I., is margrave. 997 * * Hung. Duke Stephen (Saint) assumes the title of king. [He extends his kingdom eastward, and gives a constitution and written laws. Hungarians honor him as the second founder of their nation, the first being the legendary Arpad.] 1000 Aug. 15. Hung, Stephen is crowned at Gran with a crown sent by the pope. * * Aust. Kresimir I. is king of Croatia. [1035, Stephen I. ; 1056, Kresimir II.] 1002t * * Bohemia resists Boleslav the Brave of Poland. * * * Hungary receives an extensive im- migration of Germans. 1004 * * Bohemia. Jaromir becomes duke. [1012, Oldric ; 1037, Betislav I. ; anarchy follows.] 1018 * * Aust. Albert I. the Victorious (over the Magyars) is margrave. [The ostmark almost doubles its size under his rule.] 1030 * * Styria is created a margravate. 1038* * Hung. Peter I., nephew of Stephen L, is enthroned. 1039 * * Aust. There is an interreg- num in Carinthia. [It continues till 1046.] 1040± * * [Austria] is taken from the Hungarians and joined to Germany. 1041 * * Hung. Aba or Owen becomes king. * * Bohemia is conquered by the German Emperor Henry III., who devastates the country. 1044 * * Hung. Peter the German is again enthroned. 1046 * * Hung. Peter is dethroned by a popular assembly at Csanad. * * Hung. Andrew I. becomes king. [He is assassinated in 1060 by his brother Bela.] 1047 * * Aust. Welf of Altorf becomes the independent duke of Carinthia. [1057, Conrad HI. ; 1059, Berthold.] 1055 * * Bohemia. Spitchnev II. be- comes duke. [1061, Vratislav II. ; 1110, Borzivoj.] 1056 * * Aust. Ernest the Valiant be- comes margrave. 1060* * Hung. Bela I. deposes Andrew and becomes king. 1061 * * Hungary is overrun by Poles. 1063* * Hung. Salomon becomes king. [1077, Ladislaus the Saint.] 1073* * Aust. Markhardt of Eppenstein becomes hereditary duke of Carinthia. [1076, Liutold ; 1090, Henry, Margrave of Istria; 1122, Henry IV.; 1124, Egelbert, margrave of Istria ; 1134, Ulrich I.] 1074 * * Aust. Slavisa becomes king of Croatia. [1076, Demetrius Zvonimir; in his reign Croatia attains the zenith of her power.] 1075 * * Aust. Leopold II. the Hand- some becomes margrave. [He resists the Emperor until reduced to submis- sion.] 1086* * Bohemia. The Emperor rewards Vratislav II. with the title of king. 1087 * * Aust. Stephen II. becomes king of Croatia by conquest. [1102. He assumes the title.] 1092 * * Aust. Ottoear IV. becomes mar- grave of Styria. [1122, Leopold the Strong ; 1129, Ottoear V.] 1095 * * Hung. Koloman, the nephew of Ladislaus, becomes king. 1096* * Atist. Leopold III. the Saint becomes margrave " by the grace of God." * * "Werner is the first named Count of Hapsburgjin this familyis established the House of Hapsburg [from which the Imperial House of Austria is de- rived]. 1100* * Hung. Croatia is united with Hungary on the death of Stephen II., its king. 1102* * Hung. Koloman is crowned king of Croatia and Dalmatia, after conquering the foi'mer. 1114 * * Hung. Stephen II. (Thunder), 13 years of age, becomes king. 1120* * Bohemia. Vladislav I. be- comes duke. [1125, Sobieslaus 1. ; 1140, Vladislav II.] 1126* * Bohemia. The Emperor being defeated, renounces his claims, and rec- ognizes Sobieslaus as prince. MISCELLANEOUS. 453 * * Hung. Attila, the chief of the Huns, drinks so freely of honey and water on his wedding-day that he dies of suffocation. 504 1131,**-1326, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1140 * * Just. Guelf attempts to recon- quer Bavaria from the margrave of Austria, and is defeated in the battle of Weinsberg. 1203 * * Hung. The Venetians, aided by the Crusaders, take Zadar from Hun- gary. 1240+ * * Hungary is terrorized by an invasion of Mongols, who are irresisti- ble for a time. 1 24 1 * * Hung . The Mongols are checked by a defeat at Grobnik. [They reappear, devastate the country, and commit horrible cruelties.] 1246 * * Hung. Bela IV. defeats the Emperor Frederick II., on the banks of the Leitha, where Frederick is killed. 1255 * * Bohemia. Rudolph, Count of Hapsburg, Emperor of Germany, assists King Ottocarin his crusade against the pagans of Prussia. 1260 * * Bohemia. Ottoear is compelled to cede Styria to Hungary, but soon re- gains it as the fruit of a great victory. * * Moravia. Bela IV. of Hungary is defeated by Ottoear on the plains of Moravia; 18,000 men are killed. 1270+ * * Aust. "War breaks out be- tween Bohemia and Hungary ; the Ma- gyars ravage Austria, and carry away 16,000 captives. 1274 * * Bohemia. Rudolph marches against Ottoear as a rebel. 1275 May 15. Ottoear, having refused to pay homage to the Emperor for his lands, is placed under the ban of the Empire. 1276 * * Vienna. The Emperor Rudolph takes the city. * * King Ottoear of Bohemia is forced to sign a treaty by which he surrenders to the Emperor, Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, and holds Bohemia and Moravia as fiefs of the Empire. 1278 Aug. 26. Aust. Rudolph of Haps- burg, having secured Ladislaus IV., the King of Hungary, as an ally, defeats the Bohemians in the battle of Marchfeld, near Vienna, one of the most terrible of the Middle Ages ; Ottoear is killed. 1290 * * Bohemia. King Wenceslaus takes possession of Cracow and Lesser Poland. 1314 * * -22 * * War rages between Louis, Duke of Bavaria, and Frederick of Austria ; they are rivals for the Im- perial crown. 1315 Nov. 15+. Stvitz. The revolt- ing Swiss Confederates (1,400) under Unterwalden utterly defeat the Aus- tvians (15,000) under Duke Leopold in the mountain-pass at Morgarten ; 1,500 men, the flower of the Austrian chiv- alry, perish. 1322 Sept. 28. Ger. Frederick, Duke of Austria, contending for the crown of the German Empire, is defeated and captured by Louis, Duke of Bavaria, at the battle of Ampfing, near Muhl- dorf , Bavaria. BIRTHS -DEATHS. killed in battle. 1207 * * Elizabeth, Saint, b. at PreBburn- 1218* * Rudolph H., Kmperoruf (jerinany. 1231 * * Elizabeth. Saint. A24. 1236* * Andrew II., Kintfof Hiinearv, A.60. 1248 June 15. Frederic II.. the Fighter, the last male of the House of llamberg, is killed in battle with the Hungarians. 1253 * * WenceBlaus, King of Bohemia, dies. 1278 Aug:. 26. Ottoear II., King of Bohe- mia, is killed. 1291 July 15. Rudolph I., Kmperor of Germany, dies. 1301 * * Andrew III., King of Hungary, d. 1305 * * Wenceslaus II., King of Bohemia, <1. 1307 * * Rudolph, King of Bohemia, is killed in the war. Gessler, Hermann, the Austrian bailiff, is killed by WUliam Tell. (?) 1308 * * Albert. Emperor of Germany, is CHURCH. 1140+ * * Bohemia is visited by Cardi- nal Guido, who supervises the organiza- tion of the church, and imposes celibacy on the clergy. 1147* * Bohemia. Ladislaus II. goes on a crusade. 1187 ** Bohemia. The bishop of Prague, being a prince, refuses obedi- ence to the Prince of Bohemia. 1189* * Hung. The Third Crusade, led by Frederick Barbarossa, crosses the country, and is received with great magnificence. 1198 * * It. Innocent III. is pope. 1200+ * * Vienna. The Jews have a syn- agogue. 1205± * * Berthold, of scandalous life, is bishop of Bulgaria ; he and his sister, the queen, surround themselves with favorites of infamous characters, until lie is driven out by the people ; the queen is killed by them. 1216 * * It. Honorius is pope. [1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243, Innocent IV-] 1217 * * Aust. Duke Leopold VI. be- comes a crusader, and goes to the Holy Land. * * The Fifth Crusade is led by King Andrew II. ± * * Hung. The clergy are scandal- ously corrupt. 1279* * Hung. The Synod of Buda places a limit on the knowledge which monks are allowed to acquire. LETTERS. 1147= * * Hungarian students begin to find their way to Paris. 13th Century. Bohemia. The Univer- sity of Prague is in existence as a " studium generale," and the earliest in German States. 13th Century. Bohemia. The only schools in the country belong to the monks. 1290* --1310* •Bohemia. ThelluXo- p'ts Kralodwomky is written. 1314* * Jinhf.mia. Hhyming Chronicle of Bohemia, by Daliniil, appears. SOCIETY. 1131 * * Hung. Bela LI., King of Hun- gary, has his eyeB put out by his royal uncle. 1132 * * Hung. Bela II. orders 68 of his enemies to be slain. 1174* * Hung. King Bela III. intro- duces the Greek civilization into Hungary. 1192* * Aust. Leopold V., Duke of Austria, detains Richard I. of Eng- land a prisoner, when returning in disguise from the Crusade, but he is compelled to surrender him to the Em- peror Henry VI. 1290 * * Hung. Ladislaus, the Cuman, is assassinated by the Cumans. 1297 * * Bohemia. The coronation of Wenceslaus II. is one of the most bril- liant ceremonies and immense festivals of the Middle Ages. 1306 * * "Wenceslaus LLT. is assassi- nated. 1308 May 1. Albert I., Duke of Austria, is assassinated by his nephew, John of Austria. STATE. 1131 * * Hung. Stephen II. abdicates, and Bela H. (blinded by Koloman) is enthroned. 1136* * Aust. Albert LI., and later Leopold LV., son of Leopold III., be- come margrave ; the accession of Leo- pold occasions war. [1141, Henry Iaso- mirgottO * * Vienna is made an Imperial city. 1138 * * Austria is enlarged by the ad- dition of Bavaria. 1141* * Hung. Geiza LI., 10 years of age, is enthroned. (German immigrants arrive and found 24 towns in the valley of the Maros.] 1143* * Aust. Henry LT. becomes in- dependent duke of Carinthia. 1156* * Aust. Henry H. is made the first duke of Austria. The margravate of Austria, founded by Charlemagne, is separated from Ba- varia, which is surrendered to Henry the Lion, and made an hereditary duchy, by the Emperor Frederick I. The terri- tory west of the Enns is annexed. Sept. 21. Aust. An Imperial edict de- clares the duchy hereditary, even in the female lines, and other privileges. * * Bohemia. Silesia is restored to Bohe- mia by Frederick, and Ladislaus re- ceives the title of king for himself and his successors. 1161 * * Hung. Stephen LLT. and Ste- phen TV. are enthroned. Stephen IV. and Ladislaus, his uncle, are rivals. An- archy prevails. 1164* * Aust. Ottoear VI. becomes margrave of Styria. 1173* * Hung. Bela LLT. is enthroned. He marries Margaret of France, the widow of Prince Henry of England. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1131, 1326, 505 1174* * Bohemia. Sobieslaus II. is enthroned. 1177 * * Aust. Leopold V. the Pious be- comes duke. [1198, Leopold VI. the Proud, brother of Frederick.] 1178* * Bohemia. "Vladislav II. abdi- cates, and retires to a convent. 1180 * * Aust. Ottocar VI. of Styria re- ceives the title of hereditary duke from the Emperor. 1189* * Bohemia. Konrad Otho is enthroned. 1192 * * Bohemia. Fremysl Ottocar is enthroned. * * Austria annexes Styria. [A perma- nent union.] * * Aust. Leopold V. captures Rich- ard I. of England. Richard is passing through his domin- ions incognito, on his return from the crusade. [1194+. The ransom paid for his re- lease is used to enlarge Vienna and enclose it with walls.] * * The Emperor Frederick II. receives Carniola. 1194 * * Aust. Frederick I. the Catholic becomes duke. 1196* * Hung. Emerich, son of Bela III., is enthroned. 1201 * * Aust. Bernard becomes in- dependent duke of Carinthia. [1269, Premysl Ottocar II.] 1204 * * Bohemia is confirmed in the use of the royal title by the Pope. * * Hung. Ladislaus II., the young son of Emerich, is enthroned (six months a king). 1205 * * Hung. Andrew H., son of Bela III., is enthroned. 1222 * * Hung. The Golden Bull, or the charter of Andrew II. , is granted ; it is the Magna Charta of Hungary, and the foundation of its national liberties. 1230* ^us*. Frederick H. the Fighter becomes duke. * * Bohemia. Wenceslaus I. succeeds Ottocar his father. 1231 * * Hung. The Golden Bull is again solemnly confirmed. 1235 * * Hung. Bela IV. is enthroned ; the Emperor Frederick II, makes a claim for tribute. * * * Aust. The Emperor Frederick II. declares Austria and Styria to have lapsed to the Imperial Crown, and appoints Otto, Count of Eberstein, to rule these provinces, as his lieutenant. 1246 * * Aust. The Babenberg line of kings becomes extinct by the death of Frederick II. [An interregnum fol- lows in the rule of Austria till 1273.] Bohemia and Hungary both claim the inheritance, and struggle for its posses- sion. -* * Aust. Ladislaus, the margrave of Moravia, assumes authority over the provinces of Austria, in the right of Gertrude his wife, the niece of Freder- ick II. The Emperor is a rival claimant. 1247* * Moravia. Ladislaus dies with- out heirs. 1250 * * Aust, Hermann, the margrave of Baden, marries Gertrude, and as- sumes authority in Austria. 1251 * * Aust. The states of Austria in- vite Premysl Ottocar to become their ruler. 1253 * * Bohemia. Premysl Ottocar H. is enthroned. He acquires the duchy of Austria, and reconquers Styria from the Hungarians. * * Aust. Albert III. becomes count of Tyrol. [1254, Meinhardt I.; 1258, Mein- hardt II.] 1254 * * -73 * * Ger. Interregnum in the Holy Roman Empire. 1256 * * Aust. Ulrich III. becomes in- dependent duke of Carinthia. 1269 * * Bohemia. Ottocar inherits Carinthia, a part of Carniola, and Fri- uli, by the bequest of Ulric. 1270* * Hung. Stephen V. is en- throned. * * Aust. Premysl Ottocar marries the daughter of the King of Hungary. 1272 * * Hung. Ladislaus HI. the Cu- men is enthroned. * * Bohemia. Ottocar declines the throne of the German Empire, which is offered by the German princes. 1273 * * - 1740 * * The Hapsburg dy- nasty. 1273* *~91* * Rudolph I., Count of Hapsburg in Switzerland, and Duke of Austria, is elected Emperor of Ger- many by the three archbishops of Mainz, Cologne, and Treves. * * Hung. Ottocar refuses homage to Rudolph of Hapsburg, * * "Vienna is the real capital of the Ger- man Empire. 1276 * * Aust. Rudolph I., Emperor of the Holy Roman (German) Empire, becomes duke. 1278* * Bohemia. "Wenceslaus II. succeeds Premysl Ottocar. 1280 Sept. * Bohemia. A truce is en- tered by Otto and the nobles. 1282* * Aust. Albert I. and his brother, Rudolph II., become dukes of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia, by the investment of their father, the Emperor. The duchies of Austria, Styria, Ca- rinthia, and Carniola are given as Im- perial fiefs to Rudolph's sons. 1283 * * Aust. Albert I. becomes sole ruler of Austria, Styria, and Carniola. * * Bohemia. "Wenceslaus II. comes out of prison, after a delay of five years, and ascends the throne. 1286 * * Aust. The Emperor bestows Carinthia upon Menhardt II., count of Tyrol. 1289 * * Hungary and Poland are in- vaded by the Moguls. 1290 * * Hung. Andrew III. the Ve- netian, the son-in-law of the Emperor, is enthroned. 1292 June 24. Aust. Adolf of Nas- sau is elected Emperor of Germany, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. Albert I., the Emperor's son, is dis- placed by the opposition of the Arch- bishop of Mainz, in order to favor Adolf, the prelate's relative. 1295 * * Aust. Henry of Carinthia be- comes count of Tyrol, and independent duke of Carinthia. 1298 ** -1308 ** Ger. Albert I., Duke of Austria, succeeds Adolf as Emperor of Germany. 1301 * * Hung. Andrew III. dies, and the Arpad or native, dynasty (Ma- gyars) expires. * *Huug. Prince Wenceslaus of Bohemia, a usurper, 12 years of age, is elected king. 1305* * Hung. Otto of Bavaria, a usurper, is enthroned. June * Bohemia. "Wenceslaus TTT., a frivolous and debauched prince, is en- throned, after the death of Wenceslaus II.; he is the last of the dynasty of the Premyslides. [1306 Aug. 4. Assassinated.] 1306 * * Bohemia. Rudolph of Haps- burg is enthroned. 1307* * Bohemia. Henry, Duke of Carinthia and Count of Tyrol, is en- throned. * * Switzerland revolts from the rule of the House of Austria because of op- pression. [William Tell shoots Gess- ler.(?)] 1308 * * Hung. Charles Robert of An- jou is elected. [He really becomes king two years later, when Hungary comes under the rule of the House of Anjou.] May 1. Ger. Albert I. is assassinated by his nephew, John, near the Hapsburg, while attempting to enslave the Swiss. [His death is terribly avenged by Eliza- beth, his widow, and Agnes, his daugh- ter.] Albert I. is succeeded by his five sotfs, Frederick, Leopold, Henry, Albert, and Otto. * * Aust. Frederick I. and Leopold I. become dukes. * * Hung. Otto abdicates. * *-1313* * Ger. Henry VII., Count of Luxemburg, a half-Frenchman, is Emperor. 1310 * * Bohemia. Blind John of Lux- emburg is elected king by the National Assembly. [The House of Luxemburg retains the crown 127 years.] 1314* *-30* * Frederick of Austria is King of Germany. 1314* * Ger. Frederick ELI. of Haps- burg, Duke of Austria, son of Albert, is set up as king in opposition to Louis, Duke of Bavaria. [War follows for eight years. Frederick is defeated.] * * Galicia. Cracow is the capital of the Franks. 1322 * * Ger. Frederick III. is taken prisoner by Louis of Bavaria at Ampfing. 1325 * * Ger. Frederick III. is re- leased on condition that he renounces the throne of the Empire. 1326 * * Bosnia. Herzegovina is united with Bosnia. MISCELLANEOUS. 1194* * Vienna is waUed and en- larged, the cost being met by the £40,000 ransom money paid for the re- lease of Richard 1. of England. 506 1326, ** -1436, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1332* * Just. King John of Bohemia is defeated at Mailberg, and forced to purchase a peace. 1344 * * -82 * * Hung. Louis I. the Great, King of Hungary and Poland, prosecutes many campaigns. 1346 Aug. 26. Fr. Blind King John of Bohemia fights for Philip of France in the battle of Cre'cy, and is killed. 1348 * * Hung. Louis I. invades Italy, and punishes the accused murderers of his brother Andrew, King of Naples. 1356 * * Hung. The first war between Hungary and Venice occurs. 1386 July 9. Switz. The Swiss gain a great victory over Leopold in the battle of Sempach ; Leopold is killed, and the liberty of Switzerland is as- sured. At this battle, according to tradition, Arnold von Winkelried, rushing upon the Austri;ms, gathers a number of their spears against his breast, and falls pierced through, thus opening a way for his countrymen. (?) 1388 Apr. 9. Switz. A small body of Swiss defeat the Austrians at Naf els. 1396 Sept. 28. Bulgaria. Battle of Nikopoli. The Turks under Sultan Bajazet I. defeat the allied Christian powers under Sigismund, King of Hun- gary ; 20,000 of the Allies are killed. 1400 * * Ger. The Emperor Rupert de- clares war against Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia. 1419 * * -36 * * Bohemia. The Hussite "War. Itis occasioned by Catholic oppression, and indignation at the execution of John Huss, the religious reformer. John Ziska is leader of the Hussites. 1420 July 14. Bohemia. The Impe- rialists under Emperor Sigismund are defeated by John Ziska at the siege of Prague. 1421 * * Bohemia. The German Impe- rial troops are repulsed from the bor- der as they enter. 1422 Jan. 8. Bohemia. Sigismund is driven back by the Hussite troops to Deutsch-Brod. * * Bohemia. The Hussites ravage the neighboring country, and make a skilful use of gunpowder and clumsy cannon. * * Bohemia. John Ziska gives Sigismund a terrible defeat on the banks of the river Sazava ; the Czechs are masters of their own land. 1426* * Bohemia. The Hussites defeat the Saxons and Misnians in a bloody battle under the walls of Ousti. 1428* *-29* * Bohemia. The Hus- sites, led by Procopius the Great, carry on an aggressive war, and devas- tate part of Hungary and Silesia. 1430 * * Bohemia. Andrew Procopius leads a great expedition of the Hussites into Germany, where they become a terror to the inhabitants. 1431 * * Bohemia. Procopius defeats the Imperial army near Domazlice (Tauss), and routs it with great loss. 1434 May 30. Bohemia. The Ta- bontes (Hussites) are crushingly de- feated by the Calixtines and Roman Catholics in battle at Bohmisch-Brod ; Andrew Procopius is killed. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1328 * * Leopold, Duke of Austria, dies. 1330* * Frederick, Duke of Austria, dies. 1331 * * Engelbert, historian, Benedictine dies. 1360* * Ziska, John, general, born. 1361 * '■' Wenreskms, King of Bohemia, born. 1365 * * Kudolph V., Duke of Austria, dies. Jerome of Prague, Bohemian martyr, born. 1369* * .Multas<-he, .Margaret, Countess of Tyrol, dies. 1373* * Huss. John, Bohemian religious reformer, born. 1378* * Charles I., Emperor and King of Bohemia, dies. 1382 * * Louis the Great. King of Hungary, dies. 1386 * * Leopold III., Duke of Austria, falls in battle. 1395 * * Albert III., Duke of Austria, dies. 1400 * * Huniades, Joannes Corvinus, Hun- garian general, born. 1404* * Albert IV., Duke of Austria, dies of poisoning. 1415 * * Huss. John, Bohemian reformer, burned, A40+. 1416 May 30. Jerome of Prague. HuBSite martyr, burned A51. 1419* * Wrncf-slaiis. Emperor of Germany, King of Bohemia, A58. 1420* * Podiebrad, George, King of Bohe- mia, born. 1424* * Ziska. John, leader of the Huss- ites, A64. CHURCH. 1342 * * It. Clement VI. is pope. 1347 * * Bohemia. Charles I. founds the Benedictine monastery of Emaus at Prague. 1350+ * * Conrad Waldhauser and Milic of Moravia, the great preachers, attempt to reform the morals of the people, and reprove the vices of the clergy. 1350± * * Persecution of the Jews. * * The Flagellants become conspicuous. 1352* * Innocent VI. is pope. [1362, Urban V.] 1356 Apr. 7. Vienna. Rudolph iV. lays the foundation of the cathedral of St. Stephen. [A splendid specimen of Gothic architecture.] 1358 * * Kudolph IV. becomes duke, and proceeds to finish the church of St. Stephen. 1393 * * Bohemia. King "Wenceslaus at- tacks John, Archbishop of Prague, because he refuses to surrender one of his castles. 1395+ * *Aust. The sect of the Vau- dois prospers, notwithstanding the re- pressive measures of Albert IV. 1400 * * Aust. Duke Albert IV. makes a dangerous pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and is applauded as Mirdbilia Mundi. 1403 * * Bohemia. The University of Prague condemns 45 propositions taken from the works of Wyclif . 140S * * Bohemia. A meeting of the na- tion is held at the University of Prague, and it is decided that the 45 Wyclif articles are not necessarily heretical. 1409 * * It. A General Council is held at Pisa, to end the schism of Avignon (2 popes). 1410* * It. John XXIII. is pope. [1417 r Martin V.] 1412 * * Bohemia. John Huss is under the ban of the Pope. * * It. Pope John XXIII. promises ple- nary indulgences to those who aid his cause against the King of Naples; Huss denounces the trade in indulgences. 1414 Nov. 1.-18* * r; tr . The 17th General Council of the Church is held at Constance in Baden, for the suppres- sion of the Hussite heresy, the removal of schism, and the reformation of the Church. Nov. 28. Ger. John Huss is arrested at Constance for heresy, in disregard of the solemn pledge of the Pope for his personal safety ; his enemies allege that it is "wrong to keep faith with a heretic. [Dec. 4. He is cast into the dungeon of the Dominican monastery.] 1415 June 5, 7, 8. Ger. Huss ap- pears before the Council, and is required to make immediate recantation. July 6. Ger. John Huss, cited to ap- pear before the Council for the last time, and answer respecting the doctrines of transubstantiation, is condemned, and immediately burned as a heretic. * * Bohemia. The Hussites form a party within the Church; they refuse obedi- ence to foreign priests, or either priests or bishops who transcend the Word of God. * * Bohemia. The assembled Hussites de- clare John Huss a saint and a martyr, and fix his festival on July 6, the day of his death. 1416 May 30. Ger. Jerome of Prague is burned at Constance for the heresy of Protestantism. 1419 * * -36 * * Bohemia. The Hussite "War. The Bohemians demand communion in both kinds, bread and wine, for the laity as well as the clergy, and rapidly spread their doctrine. 1419 * * Bohemia. On the death of King- Wenceslaus churches and monaster- ies are attacked and pillaged, and the Catholic priests driven out of the towns to make place for the Hussites. 1420 * * Bohemia. The Taborites sepa- rate from the Bohemian and the national church by choosing a bishop to conse- crate their priests. ± * * Bohemia. The Hussites declare their creed in four articles. Communion in both kinds ; freedom of preaching; secularization of church property ; and the punishment of mortal sins and offenses against ecclesiastical law with only temporal penalties. 1422± * * Bohemia. The Taborites split into sects. Some preach a community of goods, and even of marriage. John Ziska burns some of them alive. 1424 * * Clement VII. is (anti) pope. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1326, ** 1436, * SOT 1431 * *-49 * * Switz. The 18th Gen- eral Council of the Church at Basel. The moderate Hussites enter a treaty. * * It. EugeniusIV. is pope. [1439. Felix V. is (anti) pope. 1447. Nicholas V. is pope. 1455. Calixtus III.] 1433 Jan. 6.* Switz. Procopius, with 100 other Hussites, enters Basel to attend the council of the Church. 1434 * * Bohemia. The Taborites (Huss- ites) are annihilated in battle at Boh- misch-Brod. LETTERS. 1348 Jan. 26. Bohemia. Pope Clem- ent VI. authorizes a " studium gene- rale" at Prague in all the faculties. * * Bohemia. The Emperor Charles IV. founds the University at Prague. 1364 May * Gal. The University of Cracow is founded by King Casimir the Great. Sept. * Galicia. Urban V. constitutes the University of Cracow a " stu- dium generale " in all the faculties save theology. 1365 * * Vienna. University of Vienna founded by Rudolph IV. 1367 * * Hung. The University of Funfkirehen is founded by King Louis. 1367 * * Bohemia. Thorn. Stiny's book for his children is written. 1380 * * Bohemia. A complete version of the Bible in the Slavonic appears. 1389± * * Hung. The University of Ofen is chartered by Boniface IX. 1398 * * Bohemia. John Huss is a pro- fessor at Prague. 1400 * * Galicia. The University of Cracow, which has hitherto had only a nominal existence, is reconstituted [and prospers]. 1402 * * Bohemia. Baron Andreas de Duba writes his judicial constitution for Bohemia. * * Bohemia. John Huss is rector of the University. 1409 * * Bohemia. Hussite troubles drive all the German professors and students, numbering 5,000, out of the University of Prague ; they go to Leip- sic, where Frederick the Warlike founds a university. 1415 * * Bohemia. The Church Council of Constance suppresses the Univer- sity of Prague as the seat of heresy. SOCIETY. 1393 * * Hung. The female sovereign is called King because or an aversion to the name Queen. STATE. 1330 * * Frederick m. dies. * * Just. Albert II. and Otto, his brother, become dukes. * * Margaret Multasche becomes count- ess of Tyrol. She marries John Henry, son of John of Bohemia. [Later she repudiates the marriage.] 1335* * Just. The dukes acquire Ca- rinthia by inheritance. * * Bohemia. King John divides the reign with his son Charles as coregent. 1339 * * Aust Albert II. is duke and sole ruler. 1342* * Hung. Louis the Great of Anjou is elected king. Hungary attains the climax of its power. * * Tyrol. Margaret is divorced from her youthful husband. 1346 * * Bohemia. Charles I. (IV.), son of John, is enthroned. 1347 * * -78 * * Ger. Charles IV. is emperor. 1354± * * Bohemia annexes Silesia. 1358** Aust. Budolph IV. the Founder is duke. * * Hungary acquires the Danubian principalities by conquest. 1363 * * Bohemia. Wenceslaus, son of the Emperor Charles, is king. * * Austria acquires Tyrol as a bequest from Margaret Multasche. 1365 * * Aust. Albert m. and Leo- pold III., two brothers of Rudolph IV., succeed him as dukes of Austria, with undivided territory. 1370 * * Poland. Louis of Hungary is proclaimed king of the Poles. 1376 * * Bosnia is no longer ruled by chiefs, but erected into a kingdom. * * Bohemia. King "Wenceslaus, son of Charles IV., is elected king of the Romans. 1378 * * -1400 * * "Wenceslaus is Em- peror of Bohemia and Germany. 1379 * * Aust. Albert III. and Leopold III. divide their possessions. Albert takes the duchy of Austria, and Leopold the duchies of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Tyrol, and Outer Austria. 1382* * Hung. Mary, called King Mary, is enthroned. Anarchy follows ; much blood is shed. Elizabeth, the queen of Louis, is drowned. * * Aust. The town of Aquileia volun- tarily unites with Austria ; it is a valu- able addition of sea-front for the duchy. 1385* * Hung. Charles Durazzo {Charles II.), the Pretender, claims the throne. [He is assassinated.] 1386± * * Hung. Mary reigns con- jointly with her consort, Sigismund of Brandenburg, a son of the Emperor Charles V. Hungary suffers from the severity of their rule. * * Aust. William and Leopold be- come dukes. July 9. Switz. Duke Leopold of Styria is killed at Sempach while waging war against the Swiss, who resisted his op- pressions. 1387 * * -1437 * * Hung. The House of Luxemburg rules Hungary. 1389 * * Bosnia. The King of Bosnia is defeated by the Turks, and becomes their vassal. 1392 * * Hung. Mary dies, and Sigis- mund reigns alone as King of Hungary. 1393 * * Hung. The rule of Sigismund is so oppressive that the Hungarians invite the invasion of the Turks for their relief. 1394 * * Bohemia. The nobles force the cruel "Wenceslaus to virtually abdi- cate. 1395 * * Aust. William I. and his brothers, with their cousin, Albert TV., are dukes of Austria. 1397 * * Hung. The 'Diet of Temesvar provides for representative govern- ment. 1400 * * -1410 * * Ger. Rupert, the* elector palatine, is elected emperor in place of Wenceslaus by the archbishops, the three ecclesiastical electors. Only his own party respect his authority. 1401 * * Hung. Sigismund is made a; prisoner in his palace. [He is soon lib- erated.] 1404 * * Aust. Albert V. succeeds his father, Albert IV., as duke, 1406 * * Aust. Frederick of the Empty Purse becomes duke. [The nobles of Tyrol oppose him.] 1410* *-37* * Ger. Sigismund, King of Hungary, is emperor, the first Hun- garian chosen to the Imperial office. 1411 * * Aust. Albert V. obtains Bohe- mia and Moravia. * * Aust. Frederick TV. becomes duke of Tyrol and Outer Austria. * * Aust. Ernest is duke of Styria, Ca- rinthia, Carniola, and Trieste. The provinces are divided into the duchies of Austria ami Carinthia and the county of Tyrol. 1415 * * Bohemia. An insurrection follows the burning of the Reformers Huss and Jerome of Prague for heresy. (See Church.) July* Bohemia. The Hussites at Prague rise against "Wenceslaus, pitch his anti- Hussite sheriffs out of the windows, and compel the king to appoint others', fa- vorable to their party. 1419 Aug. 16. Bohemia. King Wences- laus dies. * * Bohemia. Sigismund takes the throne. [He is soon driven out of the country.] * * Hungary loses its lands on the Dal- matian coast in a war with Venice. * * Bohemia. Many of the Hussites form a political party, and rise in arms under John Ziska. They build the city of Tabor. 1422 * * Aust. Albert V. marries the daughter of Sigismund, whose dowry is Moravia. 1424 * * Aust. Albert "VI. of Styria is duke of Carinthia, Carniola, and Tri- este ; Gratz is the capital. 1435 * * Hungary reorganizes the army. 1436 * * Bohemia. The Compactata with the Estates is accepted. (Church. > MISCELLANEOUS. 1349** The black death prevails throughout Austria and all Europe, 508 1437, **-1526, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — WAVY. 1443 * * Servia. Ladislaus VI. and Jo- annes Huniades defeat the Turks at Nish, or Kunobitz. 1444 * * Hungary makes a truce with Turkey for 10 years ; it is broken by Ladislaus IV., under the persuasion of the Pope. Nov. 20. Bulgaria. The Turks under Amurath II. defeat the Hungarians under Joannes Huniades and King La- dislaus near Varna ; Ladislaus and a great number are killed, and Huniades is taken prisoner. 1448 Oct. 19. Servia. Huniades is defeated by the Turks under Amurath on the plain of Kossova; Huniades' army is annihilated. 1456± * * Hung. The Magyar fleet de- feats the galleys of the Turks on the Danube. July 21. Servia. Huniades repulses an attack of Mahomet II. on Belgrade. The defeated Turks are routed, leav- ing 24,000 of their dead on the ground, and abandoning all their splendid ar- tillery. 1457 * * Aust. War breaks out between the Emperor of Germany and his relatives, on the division of Austria. 1458 * * -90 * * Hungary is at war with Bohemia and Turkey. 1462* * Aust. The Emperor Frederick III. is besieged at Vienna by his brother and cousin, till released by George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia ; this ends the war respecting the di- vision of Austria. 1468 * * Bohemia. George Podiebrad captures the principal fortresses of his rebellious Catholic subjects, and sends his son Victorin to invade Austria, and punish the emperor for encouraging the rebels. 1468* *-69* * Bohemia. Matthias Corvinus, son of Joannes Huniades, invades Moravia and Silesia, where he is welcomed by the Catholics and pro- claimed king ; George Podiebrad forces him to sign a truce at Vileniov. 1471* *-72* * Bohemia is again in- vaded by Matthias, but with small success. 1472 * * -73 * * Aust. The Turks in- vade Carinthia and Carniola. 1475 * * Hung. Matthias secures Mo- ravia and part of Silesia by conquest. 1477 * * Hungary is at war with Fred- erick Augustus I., Elector of Saxony, an ally of the Emperor Frederick HI. 1479 July 14. Bohemia. The war with Hungary ends by the peace of Olniiitz. (See State.) Nov. 13. Transylvania. The Hungari- ans under Stephen Batory totally de- feat the Turkish invaders on the plain of Kenyermezo. 1480 * * Bosnia. Sarajevo is taken by King Matthias. 1492 * * Hung. Bajazet II. leads the Turks into the valley of the Save, and defeats the Hungarian army. 1493 * * Aust. The Turks again invade Carinthia and Carniola. 1513 * * Hung, The insurrection of the Kurucs crusaders, a peasant rising against the nobles, breaks out ; Dosza, the leader, is defeated by John Szapol- yai near Temesvar. 1515* * Aust. The peasant war breaks out in Carniola. 1521 * * Senna. The Sultan Solyman the Magnificent besieges and takes Belgrade, and annexes it to his do- minions. 1526 * * -32 * * Hung. "War with the Turks, caused by an insult to Turkish ambassadors by Hungarians. 1526 Aug. 26. Hung. The Turks under Solyman, 100,000 strong, and hav- ing 300 cannon, defeat the Hungarians at Mohacs ; the Hungarian King Louis, seven bishops, 22 barons, and 22,000 men are left on the field. [Buda is captured.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1497 * * Aust. A mine of quicksilver is discovered by accident in Illyria, yielding 1,200 tons annually. 1512i * * Aust. Albert Diirer is made court painter by Maximilian. 1515 * * Tyrol. The rolling-machine is invented by Hall. BIRTHS — DEATHS. Frederickj Duke of Austria, dies. Albert V.. Emperor of Austria, dies. 1443* * Matthias I. Corvinus. general, King of Huugarv, born. 1444 Nov. 10. Ladislaus IV. (or VI.), King of Hungaxv, killed in battle, A44±. 1456 Sept. 10. Huniades, Joannes. Hungarian general. A56. 1457 * * Ladislaus V., Duke of Austria, dies. 1457 * * Ladi6laus the Posthumous, King of Hungary and I'.ohemia, dies. 1463 * * Albert VL, the Prodigal, Duke of Austria, dies. 1471 * * Podiebrad, George, King of Bohe- mia, A5L 1490 * * Matthias I. Corvinus, King of Hun- gary, A47- 1493 Aug. 19. Frederick m.. Emperor of Germany, A78. 1498 * * t'lovio, (iiulio, painter, b. in Croatia. 1506* * Philip, the Handsome, Duke of Aus- tria, dies. 1516* * Ladislaus VL, King of Bohemia and Hungary, dies. 1518± * * Zrinyi, >'iklas, Count, Hungarian general, born. 1519 * * Maximilian, Emperor of Germany, dies. 1526 Aug:. 29. Louis, King of Hungary and Bohemia, dies in battle, A20. CHURCH. 1440 * * Hung.— Bohemia. Ladislaus IV., King of Poland, a Protestant leader, becomes king. 1448 * * Bohemia. The Pope sends Car- dinal Carvajal on a mission ; he arrives at Prague. He arouses fresh resentment. 15th Century. It. Leopold HI. of Aus- tria is canonized by the Pope ; he had founded monasteries and favored the church. 1457± * * Bohemia. The Moravian Brothers first appear. 1458* * It. Pius II. is pope. [14&i, Paul II.] 1465 * * Bohemia. The Pope issues an anathema against George, ae a re- lapsed heretic, forbids his subjects to recognize his authority, and proclaims a crusade against the Hussites. 1468 ♦ * Bohemia. The Pope threatens George with excommunication unless he abandons the Utraquist (Hussite* faith. 1471* * It. Sixtus IV- is pope. [14&4, Innocent VIII. ] 1485- * * Bohemia. The Catholics and L'traquists (Hussites) at Kutna Hora agree to a treaty, providing that in the future all religious parties will tolerate each other. 1492 * * It. Alexander VI. is pope . Rod- eric Borgia. [1503, Pius III. t 21 days); Julius II. ; 1512, Leo X.] 1495* * * Ger. The Edict of "Worms, Hesse-Darmstadt, prohibits all new doc- trines. 1516* *-26* *The Reformation of Luther spreads into Bohemia. 1517- * * Period of the Reformation. 1522 * * It. Adrian VI. is pope. [1523, Clement VII.] 1523 * * Bohemia. The Utraquist Synod adds to the confession of faith several articles borrowed from Luther. LETTERS. 1440 * * Vienna. The Imperial Li- brary of Vienna is founded by Fred- erick HI. 1453 * * -1517 * * Period of the Re- naissance. (See State.) 1460±* *Bo?temia. History of the World, by Paul Zidek, appears. 1464 * * Bohemia. Albr. Kostka de Postupic writes his travels in France. 1465 * * Bohemia. Lew de Rosmital writes his travels through Europe. 1473 * * Hungary receives the art of printing from Germany. 1473- * * Hung. Matthias Corvinus pat- ronizes literature and the arts ; a large library is established at Buda, with 300 copyists of manuscripts. 1476* * Bohemia. Printing is intro- duced. 1491 * * Bohemia. Mart. Kabatnik writes his travels in Asia Minor and Egypt. 1493 * * Bohemia. John de Lobkowic writes his travels in Palestine. 15th Century. Bohemia. Citbor de Cim- burg writes his political work ; The Art of Governing is written by Vict. Corn. de Wzehod ; the great Encyclopedia, by Paul Zidek, is written ; many works on economy, popular medicine, etc., appear. 1500 * * Aust. The Imperial Library at Vienna is enlarged by Maximilian I. * * * Bohemia. History of the World, by Paul Zidek, appears. 1505 * * Hung. Ladislaus sanctions the founding of a university at Breslau. 1524* * Bohemia. Barton's work on the religious troubles is published. 1526* *-1630* * Bohemia. The Czech- ic literature attains its golden age. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1437, 1526, 509 SOCIETY. 1471* * Bohemia. Ladislaus makes the peasants serfs of the soil, by prohibit- ing their leaving the place where they are born. 1513* * Hung. Dosza, the leader of the revolting peasants, is captured by the nobles, seated on a throne of fire, and crowned with a red-hot STATE. 1437 * * Bohemia is practically under George of Podiebrad. * * Bohemia. Albert V. of Austria is accepted by the estates of Bohemia and Hungary as successor of Sigismund. 1438 * * Hung. Albert V. of Austria is enthroned. * * Ger. Albert V., Duke of Austria, is enthroned Emperor of Germany and Bohemia, as Albert II., while King of Hungary. [The House of Austria fills the throne of Germany for 368 years, except for a brief interval. Albert obtains the crowns of Hungary, Bohemia, and Ger- many by marrying Elizabeth, the daughter of the Emperor Sigismund, and becomes Albert II. (the Great), Emperor of Germany.] 1439 * * The Emperor Albert II. dies. An interregnum occurs in the German Empire. * * Elizabeth becomes sole sovereign of Hungary. June 29. Aust. Frederick IV, dies, and is succeeded by his son Sigismund, who becomes the Count of Tyrol, and Duke of Outer Austria, with Innsbruck as the capital. * * Bohemia. — Hung. Ladislaus V. Posthumous, son of Albert" V., the Duke of Austria, is elected king by the parti- zans of Queen Elizabeth. * * The ordinance called the Pragmatic Sanction is issued, for settling the suc- cession for the Empire of Germany in the House of Austria. 1440 Feb. 2. Ger. Frederick III. (or IV.) the Pacific, cousin of Albert V., becomes emperor. [He is the last em- peror crowned by the Pope.] * * Herzegovina is made a duchy by the Emperor Frederick IV. * * Bohemia. The succession is infringed by the election of Ladislaus III., the king of Poland, as king. * * Austria has Zurich for an ally. * * Hung. Ladislaus TTT. of Poland is elected king by the strong H unlades party. 1442* * Hung. The party favoring Lad- islaus III. finally secure the throne. 1444 Nov. 10. Bulg. Ladislaus III. of Poland falls at Varna. Hung. Ladislaus, an infant son of Albert V., succeeds his father. [He is poisoned in infancy.] * * Hung. An interregnum. * * Hung. Joannes Huniades is elected governor for the period of the king's minority. 1451* * Bohemia elects George Po- diebrad regent ; the emperor confirms the election. 1453 Jan. 6. Aust. Frederick III., Emperor of Germany, as the head of the House of Hapsburg, erects the duchy of Austria into an archduchy with sov- ereign power. May 29. (Modern history begins with the fall of Constantinople, which ends the Eastern Empire.) * * Hung. The young king, Ladislaus the Posthumous, is allowed to return from Austria. 1453 * * -1517 * * Period of the Re- naissance. The " new birth " of art, letters, trans- formation of state policies, development of discoveries, and quickening of the desire for freedom of intellect and con- science. 1457* * Hung. — Aust. Ladislaus TV. , Posthumous dies childless, and the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia pass into the hands of native kings for a time. * * Aust. The emperor Frederick III. and Albert VI. both claim to be dukes of Austria. * * Hung. Matthias Corvinus, son of Joannes Huniades, is elected king. [He advances the kingdom to the highest point in its history.] 1458 * * Bohemia. George Podiebrad is elected provisional king, and [be- comes freed from the rule of Austria and Hungary]. He is a leader of the Protestants, and favored by the Catholic nobles. [This Protestant nobleman reigns over the Czechs for 13 years.] 1463 * * Aust. On the death of Albert, the Emperor Frederic III. is sole ruler of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Tri- este. [He unites all the domains of the House of Hapsburg.] * * Bosnia is incorporated with Turkey. [The Bosnians make many ineffectual efforts to recover their independence.] 1466 * * Bohemia. Podiebrad is ex- communicated by Pope Paul II. for heresy. A few of the royal towns rebel, and join an invading Imperial army. 1468 * * Bohemia. Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, instigated by the Pope, at- tacks George Podiebrad in the hope of uniting the crowns of Bohemia and Hun- gary on his own head. 1469 May 3. Bohemia. Matthias Cor- vinus is crowned. [A rival soon ap- pears.] 1471 * * Bohemia. George Podiebrad, fearing the dismemberment of the kingdom, sacrifices the interests of his family by offering the crown to a for- eigner, Kasimir, King of Poland. * * Bohemia. Ladislaus of Poland is elected king by the Utraquists. The legalized oppression of the people begins in this reign. The peasant is made a serf of the soil. The nobles are advanced and become oppressive to the peasants. 1477 * * Belgium. Maximilian, son of the Emperor Frederick III., acquires Burgundy and the Netherlands by marrying Mary, the daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. 1479 July 14. Bohemia is given to Matthias by the Peace of Olmiitz ; he also obtains Moravia, Silesia, and Lu- satia. 1485 * * Aust. Matthias, King of Hun- gary, takes Vienna. The Emperor Frederick III. is obliged to flee out of Austria for his life. He recognizes the claim of Matthias to the crown. 1490* * Hung. Matthias Corvinus dies ; Ladislaus II. is '. Hungary and Bohemia are united, and the Emperor Maximilian claims both kingdoms. 1493* *-1519* * Ger. Maximilian I., son of Frederick III. (Archduke of Aus- tria), is emperor. [He transfers the government of the Netherlands to his son Philip. He adds Tyrol and parts of Bavaria to his em- pire. All Austrian lands are in his pos- session.] 1495 * * Ger. An Imperial Diet is held at "Worms. 1496 * * Austria and Spainare united. Philip I. of Austria marries Joanna, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella ; she is also heiress of the Spanish-Ameri- can colonies. 1499 * * Sivitz. The Peace of Basle is concluded after 200 villages and castles have been destroyed, and more than 20,000 men have been killed. By it the Swiss are finally released from all obligations toward the House of Austria and the Emperor of Germany. 1501 * * Aust. Maximilian forms a College of Government, called the Aulic Council, at Vienna. 1509 * * Bohemia. — Hung. Louis, son of Ladislaus II., only three years of age, becomes king. 1512 * * Germany is divided into 10 circles at the Diet of Cologne, and Aus- tria forms one of them. Bohemia and Hungary, as independent kingdoms, are not included. 1516* * Hung.— Bohemia. Louis II. becomes king. 1517 * * Bohemia. The representative system is adopted ; the citizens of the towns are allowed to vote at the Diets. 1519 June 1.-56 * * Ger. Charles, Duke of Austria and King of Spain, suc- ceeds his grandfather, Maximilian I., to the throne of the Empire as Charles V". 1526 * * Hung. King Louis II. falls in battle with the Turks at Mohacs. Dec. 16. Hung. Ferdinand I. of Aus- tria is proclaimed king. [John Zapolya is rival king of Hungary in Transylvania. Ferdinand acquires right to the crowns of Bohemia and Hungary by marrying Anne, sister of the deceased Louis II.] The [continuous] rule of the House of Hapsburg begins. Austria, Bo- hemia, Hungary, Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia are united. Hungarians insult the Turkish am- bassador, causing war. MISCELLANEOUS. 1465 * * Bosnia. Serajevo, the capital, is founded by two nobles. 510 1526, ** -1620, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1529 < : Aust. Solyman unsuccessfully s Vienna, being forced to raise the siege after loosing 70,000 of his army of 300,000 men ; he returns to Buda. * * -32 * * Austria suffers from inva- sions of the Turks. 1532 * * Hung. A great Imperial army is sent from Germany to aid Hungary, which is invaded and ravaged by Soly- man. 1542 * * -44 * * Hung. Solyman again invades Hungary and Austria. 1552* * Transylvania. Erlau is un- successfully besieged by the Turks, 8,000 of whom perish. 1559 * * Aust. Carniola suffers greatly from an invasion of Turks. 1564 * * Hungary is partly abandoned to the Turks. 1566 * * Hung. Solyman with 65,000 men besieges the heroic Nicholas Zrinyi with 3,000 men in Szigeth ; after one month the Turks are successful ; Soly- man dies in camp. * * Hung. A truce is made with Sultan Selim II., each side to hold its own pos- sessions. 1604 * * Hung. The revolting Protes- tants under Stephen Bocskai are aided by the Turks. 1606 * * Hung. The revolt ends, peace being made with Emperor Rudolph. .1611 * * Bohemia. The Archduke Leopold of Styria, instigated by Rudoph II., advances with an army of 12,000 men, captures several cities, and reaches Prague. [An army raised by the Diet soon drives him back.] 1613* *-48* *The Thirty Years* "War. A long struggle occurs between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, followed by political wars against the House of Hapsburg, and wars of conquest on Ger- man soil by Sweden and France. * * -23 * * Bohemia. "War against the oppressors of Protestants; part of the Thirty Years' War. It is occasioned by questions relating to authority over churches. 1619 * * -40 * * Bohemia is subdued. * * Bohemia. The Protestant Union sends troops to aid the Bohemians. * * Bohemia. Count Thum, leading the Protestant revolt, marches on Vienna, and besieges Ferdinand II. ; he is obliged to retire. Nov. * Bohemia. Thurn appears the second time before Vienna and again retreats. * * Hungary is invaded by Gabriel Bethlen. 1620 * * Hung. Bethlen makes peace with the Emperor. * * Bohemia. The army of the Catholic League, commanded by Count Johann Tilly, is joined by Maximilian of Bavaria and the Imperial army in invading Bo- hemia. Nov. 8. Bohemia. Battle of "White Mountain. The troops of Frederick V.,' com- manded by Christian of Anhalt, are de- feated by the Imperialists under Tilly and Maximilian, and the Bohemian Prot- estants are subjugated ; 10,000 dead men are left on the field. Nov. 9. Bohemia. Frederick V., the Elector Palatine and chief of the Ger- man Protestant Union, flees to Holland. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1533 Feb. 6. Dudith, Andrew, Hungarian reformer, born. Sept. 7. Elizabeth, Princess, born. 1540* * Zapolya. John, King of Transyl- vania, dies. 1560 * * Zapolya. John, rival King of Hun- gary, dies. 1561* * I'.urqnoi, Charlesde L., Count, born. 1564 July 25. Ferdinand I.. Emperor of Germany, A60. 1566* * Dominis, de, Marco Antonio, scien- tist, born. Sept. 5. Zrinyi, Nicholas, Hungarian general, The Vulgate is sion of Scripl a the < >nly authentic ver- id this alone i- to be read. (4 lr ual interpretation of Senpnm- coi -■ t<> the teaching <-f th-- <-|mrch ant universal consent of the Fathers ihibited. (5, Faith is the foundati. justification, but i* not exclusive o nctifi n'- quers Bavaria. May 17. Bohemia. Frederick the Great defeats the Austrians under Charles of Lorraine at Czaslau, and Chotusitz, and thereby gains all the fortified posi- tions in Silesia. * * Bohemia. The Allies are driven out by the Austrians. 1743 June 27. Bavaria. Battle of Dettingen. The Pragmatic army (52,000) under King George II. of England and the Earl of Stair defeats the French (60.000) under Marshal Noailles ; the Allies are driven out of Bavaria. 1744 * * -45 * * The Second Silesian "War. Frederick II. suddenly renews hos- tilities, and invades Bohemia with t>0,- 000 men. * * Bohemia. Prague is taken by Fred- erick II. Later he is driven back into Saxony. 1745 Apr. 15. Bavaria. The invad- ing Austrians under Prince Karl von Batthyanyi defeat the French and Bavarians at Pfaffeuhofen. * * Belgium. The French begin the con- quest of the Austrian Netherlands. June 4. Prussia. Frederick II. defeats the Austrians and Saxons \mder Charles of Lorraine in the battle of Hohen- friedberg, in Silesia, losing '2,000 men ; the defeated lose 4,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners. Sept. 30. Bohemia. Frederick II. de- feats the Austrians under the Duke of Lorraine in the battle of Soor ; Prussian loss, 3,000 ; Austrian loss, S.000 and 22 guns. Dec. 15. Saxo?iy. Leopold of Dessau, commanding the Prussians, defeats the Austrians and Saxons at Kesselsdorf . 1746 Oct. 11. Belgium. The French under Marshal Saxe totally defeat the Austrians and their allies at Rocoux, and so complete the conquest of the Austrian Netherlands. 1756* *-63* * The Third Silesian "War, or the Seven Years' "War. Frederick II. renews the war for the possession of Silesia, against Austria, Russia, and France. * * Anst. The army under Marshal Browne advances to relieve Saxony, held by the Emperor Frederick. Oct. 1. Bohemia. The Austrians under Marshal Browne are defeated at Lobo- sitz by the Prussians under Frederick the Great. Oct. 16. An army of Saxons numbering 18,000 surrenders ; they are forced into the Prussian service. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1708* * Francis I. (Stephen), Emperor, husband of Maria Theresa, born. 1711 Feb. 2. Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von. Count, statesman, born. 1716 Feb. 2. Laudon, Gideon Ernst von. Baron, general, born. 1720* * Hell, Maximilian, astronomer, born. 1724 May 7. Wurmrer, Dagobert Sfgimiind von, general, horn. 1732 Dec. 13. Kalona, Istoan or Stephen, historian, born. 173.: * • Clerfayt, .le. Francois & C J. de Croix, Comte, general, born. 1734" 'Kempelen, Wolfgang von. Baron, Hungarian mechanician, born. 1735 Feb. l. Alvjur/v, .ii.M-j.h von, gen- eral, born. Ligne, de. Karl Joseph, Prince, general, au- thor, horn. Kakoczy, Franz Leopold, Prince of Transyl- vania, jiatriot, A59. 1736 Apr. 21. Eugene. Prince of Savoy, French-Austrian general, dies ai Vienna. A73. 1737* * Eckhel, .Joseph Hrirav, numismatist, born. 1740 Oct. 20. Charles VI.. Emperor of Germany, A56. 1741 • * Beniowsky, Montz A., adventurer. iraloglst, born. 1747 May 5. Leopold TX. Emperor, born. 1749 * * Trench, Franz, von tier. Baron, gen- eral, A 38. 1752 Aug. 24. Mack, Leibericb von. Baron, general, born. 1753* * Dobrowski, Josef, Slavic philologist, 1754 * * Zach, Franz Xaver von. astronomer, Vega, Georg von. mathematician, born. 1756 * * Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, Hungarian author, born. 1757* *Gran. Daniel, Austrian fresco painter, A63. Browne, Maximilian Ulysses, general, A52. Bartseu, Jouann A. B. von, engraver, born. CHURCH. 1722 * * Saxony. Tbe Moravians form a settlement called Herrnhut (the "Watch of the Lord) on the estate of Count Zinzendorf , in North Germany. 1724 * * It. Benedict XIU. is pope. [1730, Clement XJX ; 1740, Benedict XIV. ; 175S, Clement XIII. ; 1769, Clem- ent XIV. : 1775, Pius VI.] STATE. 1705 * * Joseph 1., son of Leopold King of Hungary, is elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 1706* *-ll* * Transylvania. Francis Rakoczy is grand prince by the choice of the malcontents. 1708 Jan. 3. It. Mantua is ceded to the emperor. * * Aust. The allies demand the sur- render of the Spanish monarchy to Charles of Austria. 1711 * * Death of the Emperor Joseph I. ; Charles becomes heir of all the Aus- trian possessions. * *-40* * Charles "VX, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, tbe brother of Joseph I.. King of Hungary and nominal King of Spain, is elected. [He is tolerant to Protestants, and for- bids Catholic hostilities against them.] Apr. 11. Netherlands. Peace of Utrecht. (See France.) 1713 Apr. 19. Vienna. The Emperor announces the Pragmatic Sanction. 1. It decrees that tbe lands belonging to the Austrian Empire shall be indivis- ible. 2. That Maria Theresa, his eldest daughter, shall be tbe heir if males should fail. 3. If this line should be- come extinct, the daughters of Joseph I. and their descendants shall inherit. 1714 Mar. *-Sept. * Peace of Rastatt and Baden. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1705,* *-1757, * *. 515 The German frontier is restored to the lines fixed by the treaty of Kyswiek ; Austria takes the Spanish Netherlands, Milan, Naples, and Sardinia, amounting to 191,350 square miles, and gives up Spain. 1715 Nov. 6. The barrier treaty is made with the Dutch. (See Belgium.) Nov. 15. Naples and Sicily are an- nexed to the dominions of Charles VI. 1718 July 22. Servia. The Peace of Passarowitz, between Germany, Ven- ice, and Turkey, closes the war with Turkey. Austria cedes certain commercial rights, annexes the Banat of Temesvar, a part of Bosnia and Servia, with Bel- grade and Little Wallachia. Venice re- tains her conquests in Dalmatia, but cedes Morea to the Turks. Aug. 2. The Quadruple Alliance is formed by Great Britain, France, and the Emperor Charles VI. [Later joined by Holland.] (See Germany.) 1720 Apr. 21. Aust. The estates of Lower Austria agree torecognize Maria Theresa as rightful heir, if there should be no male heirs. 1771 Sept. 2. The estates of Silesia follow the example of Lower Austria. Mar. * Croatia signs the approval of the Pragmatic Sanction. 1722 * * Transylvania approves the Pragmatic Sanction. June * Hung. Charles VI. opens the Diet which ratifies the Pragmatic Sanction. 1723 Oct. 16. Bohemia. The Diet of the Estates approve the Pragmatic Sanction. * * Hung. The Emperor Charles VI. settles his dominions on "his daughter Maria Theresa, in accordance with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. * * Hung. The Diet reduces the Servian colonists to the condition of serfs. 1725 Apr. 30. The Emperor of Ger- many and the King of Spain enter the Treaty of Vienna. [Of short duration.] The Spanish dominions in the posses- sion of each party are confirmed to them. The emperor privately engages to use force to restore Gibraltar to Spain, and use his offices to enthrone the Pretender in Great Britain. The king guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction. 1731 Mar. 16. Vienna. The Treaty of Vienna is signed by Charles VI. of Germany, George II. of England, and the States of Holland. It guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction, but neither France, Spain, nor Sardinia has signed it. July 22. Spain accedes to the Treaty of Vienna. 1733 * * Austria becomes involved in the controversy concerning the Polish Succession ; with Russia, she prompts the election of Augustus III., Elector of Saxony, as king, who is chosen by a minority. 1734 * * Hung. Hungarian and Servian "peasants unite in a remarkable re- volt under the leadership of Pero Tze- gedinac. [They are soon subdued, and cruelly punished.] 1735 Oct. 3. Vienna. The preliminr ries of Peace are signed at Viemu (See France.) 1736 * * Francis, Duke of Lorraine marries Maria Theresa. 173S Nov. 18. Charles VI., Emperor of Germany, and Louis XV., King of France, enter the Treaty of Vienna. (See France.) 1739 Sept. 18. Servia. Treaty of Eel- grade. Charles VI. is forced to restore to the Porte, Orsova, Belgrade, and Little Wallachia, after the fortifications are destroyed. 1740 Sept. 20. Hung. The Diet ac- cepts Francis I., the prince-consort, as co-regent with the queen. Sept. 21. Hung, Maria Theresa pre- sents her infant son to the Diet. " Mo- riamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa! " Oct. 20. Hung. Maria Theresa, the eldest daughter of Charles VI., and wife of the Duke of Lorraine, on the death of her father, becomes Queen of Bo- hemia and Hungary, and Archduchess of Austria. Charles VI. is the last of the male line of the House of Hapsburg. [The queen also comes to the throne as Empress of Germany.] * * Aust. Maria Theresa is accepted the sovereign of the Austrian States. The claimants for the Austrian inherit- ance are Charles Albert, Elector of Ba- varia, Philip V., King of Spain, and Augustus III. of Saxony. * * Prussia claims a portion of Silesia; war follows. 1741 * * Hung. Maria Theresa is en- thusiastically received by the Hunga- rians, and crowned as queen. May * Bavaria. The Alliance of Nymphenburg is formed ; France, Ba- varia, and Spain secretly unite against Austria. [Later Saxony joins, and after- ward Prussia.] May * Hung. Maria Theresa convokes a Diet. * * Bohemia. The Elector of Bavaria claims Bohemia, takes possession, and is proclaimed king. 1742 Jan. 24. Ger. Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, is chosen emperor, with the title of Charles VII. The Crown leaves the House of Austria [for a short time]. * * Hung. Maria Theresa forms an alli- ance with England. June 11 — July 28. Pros. Treaty of Breslau and Berlin. Maria Theresa concludes a treaty of peace with Prussia, by which Silesia and Glatz are ceded to Frederick II. of Prussia. 1743 Apr. * Bohemia. Maria Theresa is crowned Queen of Bohemia at Prague by the Bishop of Olomuc. July* Prus. The Emperor Charles VII., being defeated by the Austrians, becomes a refugee in Frankfort. * * Sardinia concludes a separate peace with Austria. * * Saxony concludes a separate treaty with Maria Theresa. 1744 * * Prus. Frederick LT. forms an alliance with Charles VII., and France and begins the second war, to secure his possessions in Silesia. 1745 Jan. 20. The Emperor Charles VLT. dies. Jan. * An alliance is formed by Austria, Saxony, England, and Holland, against Prussia, which is jealous of the success of Austria. Apr. * The separate Peace of Fiissen. Prussia enters a separate peace with Austria, and restores all conquests to Bavaria. The Elector of Bavaria sur- renders all claims to the Austrian suc- cession, and promises to vote for Francis Joseph, the husband of Maria Theresa, in the imperial election. Sept. 13-65 * * Francis I., the hus- band of Maria Theresa, and the Duke of Lorraine, is Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The crown returns to the House of Austria. Dee. 15. Saxony. The Peace of Dres- den is concluded between Prussia and Austria (Saxony). Possession of Silesia is confirmed to Prussia. 1747 May* Hung. Elizabeth, Em- press of Russia, enters a defensive alliance with Maria Theresa. 1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed by Great Britain, France, Holland, Germany, Spain, and Genoa. It terminates the war of the Austrian Succession. Parma, Piacenza, and Gustalla are given up to Spain. All the hereditary estates are retained by the empress ex- cept Silesia. Its loss to a smaller power is considered by Austria as a disgrace, and she seeks by intrigue to regain the lost province. The Pragmatic Sanction is made a part of the international law of Europe. 1749 May 14. Hung. A patent is is- sued, separating the administration of- justice from provincial business. 1750+ * * Hungary loses about 100,000 citizens by a great exodus of Servians to Russia, because of the suppression of the frontiers of Tisza and the Maros. 1756 * * Aust. Elizabeth, the Empress of Russia, becomes an ally of Austria. (See May, 1747.) May 11. Austria and France enter into a defensive alliance by the treaty of Versailles. Its secret clauses agree that Austria shall reconquer Silesia and her lost Italian possessions. 1757 Jan.* Aust. A treaty is made be- tween Austria and Russia concerning the partition of the Prussian mon- archy when subdued. May * Aust. An offensive treaty is made between Austria and France con- ' cerning the division of Prussia. France places 105,000 men and 12,000,000 of florins at the service of its ally. MISCELLANEOUS. 1711* *-14* * Hung. One and a half million of cattle die of the cattle- plague. 1715* * Hung. Helen-Judith, the joined twins, are born. [They die in 1723.] 516 1757,**-1790, * AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1757 * * War is declared upon Fred- erick IT. in the name of the Empire ; Hanover, Hesse, Brunswick, ami Gotha are his allies ; four columns of Prus- sians invade Bohemia. May 6. Bohemia. The Prussians under Prince Henry defeat the Austrians in a great battle near Prague ; the Aus- trian Gen. Browne is mortally wounded, and the Prussian Marshal Schwerin is killed; Prussian loss, 18,000; Austrian loss, 20,000. June 18. Bohemia. The Austrians under Marshal Daun (53,000) defeat the Prussians (34,000) under Frederick the Great at Kolin ; Frederick is compelled to raise the siege of Prague and evacuate Bohemia. July 26. Hanover. Frederick's Allies under the Duke of Cumberland are de- feated by the French under Marshal d'Estre~es at Hastenbeck. Aug. 30. Prussia. The invading Rus- sians under Gen. Stefan Apraxin defeat the Prussians under Von Lehwald at the battle of Gross-jagerndorf, and then retire from Prussia. Nov. 5. Prussia. Frederick, at the head of 22,000 Prussians, defeats the French under Prince de Soubise and the Imperialists under the Prince of Saxe-Hildburghausen, with a total of 43,000 men, in a great battle at Ross- bach in Saxony, and then enters Silesia. Prussian loss, 500; allies, 1,700 killed and 7,000 prisoners. Nov. 22. Prussia. Battle of Breslau, Silesia : The Austrians defeat the Prus- sians, and capture the Duke of Bruns- wick-Bevern. Dec. 5. Prussia. Frederick U. by su- perior tactics (30,000+ men) defeats the Austrians (80,000±) under Charles of Lorraine and Marshal Daun at Leu- then, Silesia ; Austrian loss, 7,000, be- sides prisoners ; Prussian loss, 5,000. 1758 * * Moravia. Frederick II. is un- successful in the siege of OLmiitz. * * Russia. The Russians under Wil- helm, Count of Fermor, advance to join the Austrians. * * Ger. Ferdinand of Brunswick drives the French back across the Rhine. June 23. Prussia. Ferdinand of Bruns- wick routs the French under the Count of Clermont at the battle of Crefeld. Aug. 25. Prussia. Frederick the Great defeats the Russians at Zorn- dorf ; Prussian loss, 11,000 men; Russian loss, 1,529 ; the Austrians now advance upon Lusatia. Oct. 14. Saxony. The Austrians (65,- 000) under Count Daun surprise and defeat Frederick (42,000 men) at Hoch- kirch, killing several of his generals, and taking his camp and ammunition. Austrian loss, 6,000± ; Prussian loss, 9,000±. 1759 July 23. Prussia. The Rus- sians defeat the Prussians under Gen. H. von "v^edell at Kay, losing 8,000+ men ; the victors soon unite with the Austrians under Baron von Laudon. Aug. 1. Prussia. Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, commanding the English and German forces, defeats the French under Contades at the battle of Min- den, and compels their retreat. Aug. 12. Prussia. Frederick II, is to- taUy defeated by the Austrians and Russians (G0,000±) under Count Peter Soltikoff and Baron Laudon atKuners- dorf ; Prussian loss, 18,500 ; allies, 16,- 000. [The Austrians overrun Saxony, and soon take Dresden.] Nov. 20. Saxony. The Prussian Gen. Fink (12,500± men) surrenders to Baron Daun at Maxen. 1760 June 23. Prussia. The Aus- trians, numbering 30,000, under Mar- shal Laudon, surround and defeat 8,000 Prussians at Landeshut, Silesia. Aug. 15. Prussia. Frederick gains a victory at Liegnitz over the Austrians under Marshal Laudon ; it prevents the union of the Austrian and Russian armies. Oct. 3. Prussia. Berlin is taken by the Russians and Austrians, and the city burned ; the allies retire on the approach of Frederick. Nov. 3. Saxony. The Austrians under Count Daun are defeated by Fred- erick at Torgau. 1761 Aug. 12. Ger. The Austrians and Russians unite their armies (130,- 000) against the Prussians (30,000), but take no decisive action. Oct. 1. Prussia. The Austrians take Schweidnitz. Dec. 13. Prussia. The Russians take Colberg. 1762 Mar. 16. Russia. Peter III. concludes the Truce of Stargard with Frederick II., and withdraws from his alliance with Austria. July 21. Prussia. Frederick II. de- feats the Austrians under Marshal Daun at Burkersdorf. Aug. 16. Silesia. Frederick II. again defeats the Austrians under Marshal Laudon at Reichenbach. Oct. 9. Silesia. Frederick II. takes Schweidnitz. Oct. 29. Saxony. Prince Henry of Prussia and Gen. Friedrich "Wilhelm von Seydlitz (13,000) defeat the Austrians and Imperial forces. (30,000) at Freiberg. [The preliminaries of peace are soon signed.] 1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. The Seven Years' "War is ended by the Peace of Hubertsburg ; Prussia gains Silesia ; estimated loss of fighting men, 853,000. 1778 * * -79 * * War of the Bavarian Succession. Lower Bavaria is invaded by Austri- ans, but there is no battle ; the Peace of Teschen, concluded May 12, 1779, ends the vrar. 1778 July* Bohemia. Frederick II. and Prince Henry invade Bohemia. 1788-91 Austria is at war with Tur- key, in the hope of sharing with Rus- sia in the spoliation of Ottoman terri- tory. Dec. * Aust. Joseph LT. resigns the command of the army against the Turks, after losing 45,000 men by sick- ness and in fighting. 1789 Sept. 29. Srrvin. Austrians un- der Marshal Laudon capture Belgrade from the Turks. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1763 June 28. Hung. Comorn, Pesth, and other sections are much damaged by an earthquake. 1774± * * Aust. Animal magnetism, professing to cure diseases by sympa- thetic affection, is practised by Father Hehl, a Jesuit, at Vienna. 1786 May 1. Vienna. Mozart's Ze Nozzt? di Figaro appears. 1787 Oct. 29. Bohemia. Mozart's Don Giovanni appears at Prague. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1759* * Kazinczy, Francis, Hungarian au- thor, born. 1763 * * Cbasteler, du, Jean, Marquis, born. 1765 Aug. 18. Francis I.. Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, husband of Maria field-marshal, A61. Kadtzky, Josepli Wenzel, Count, general, b. Feje>, Gyorgy, antiquary, born. 1767 Nov. 22. Hofer, Andreas, patriot of Tyrol, born. 1768 * * Abel, Joseph, painter, born. Bubna Littis. Ferdinand. Count, born. Francis I., Emperor, born. 1771 * * Charles, or Karl, Archduke, born. Scliwarzenbprp, Karl P. von, marshal, born. 1772 * * Kisfalndy, Sandor, Hungarian poet, born. 1773 May 15. Metternich. Clemene Wenzel von, prince, Aust. statesman, b. Csokonai, Vitez Mihaly. poet, born. 1778 * * Causbaelier. .iuhann, composer, b. 1780 Nov. 29. Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, Queen of Hungary and Bohe- mia, A64. 1781 * * Hormavr, Joseph von, historian, b. 1786 * * Mailath, Janos Nepomuk, Count, b. Hay nau, Julius Jacob von, Baron, gen., b. Pobrentei, Gabor, author, born. Beniowsky, Moritz August, Count, Hunga- rian adventurer, A 45. Fay, Andreas, novelist, born. 1788* * Hess, Heinrich von. Baron, Aus- trian general, born. Kisfaludv, Karolv, dramatist, novelist, born. 1790 Feb. 20. Joseph H., Emperor of Germany, A49. Kolesey, Ferencz, orator, born. Laudon. Gideon Ernst von, Baron, mar- shal, A74. Csomade Koros, Sandor, Hungarian scholar, traveler, born. CHURCH. 1763* * Aust. -Hung. Maria Theresa reforms ecclesiastical abuses, abol- ishes the Inquisition, and suppresses the Order of Jesuits. * * * Hung. Maria Theresa forbids priests having anything to do with the making of wills. 1776* * Hung. Keligious toleration is granted. 1780 * * Aust Abbeys are suppressed by Joseph II. * * Aust. Reforms are introduced. The right of granting marriage dis- pensations is transferred from the Holy AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1757,* *-1790, * *. 517 See to the bishops of Austria ; heads of religious orders must reside in Austria; papal bulls must receive Imperial sanc- tion before they are published, and two bulls denning the prerogatives of the Pope are not to be taught ; money is not to be sent to Rome, nor students from Austria to there attend the Collegium Germanicum. 1781 * * Aust. An edict of toleration is issued; Lutherans, Calvinists, and non-Uniat Greeks are granted the pri- vate practice of their religion. 1782* * Vienna. Futile journey of Pope Pius VT. to Vienna to prevent ecclesiastical changes. 1783 * * Bavaria. Violent proceedings occur in the case of the bishop of Passau. 1784* * Hung. The Protestants are per- mitted to worship in churches. 1788 * * Aust.-Hung. In the last eight years 700 monasteries have been closed, and 36,000 members of orders released. Yet 1,324 monasteries and 27,000 monks and nuns remain. LETTERS. 1722 * * Bohemia. A national museum is founded by the efforts of Leopold Krakowski Kolowrat. 1740 * * Schools have hitherto been in the hands or under the control of the clergy ; they are now placed under state control. 1745 * * Tyrol. The University of Inns- bruck receives its library from Maria Theresa. 1749 Feb. 7. Vienna. A law is passed reserving to the state the sole right of choosing the professors of the Uni- versity at Vienna. 1762* * Vienna. Gluek's Or/eo ed Euridice appears. 1763* * Maria Theresa establishes many schools. 1766* * Hung. The commission of in- struction and the censorship of the press is founded. 1768 * * Hung. Constitutio Criminalis Tkeresiana is published. 1770 May* Vienna. The first normal school opens. Sept. 24. Hung. An imperial resolution is issued announcing, "The organiza- tion of the schools is and always must be an affair of state." 1774 * * Bohemia. Maria Theresa de- crees the use of the German language in the higher and middle schools. 1780 * * Emperor Joseph urges the ex- clusive use of the German language in the schools. 1781* *-87* *, 91* * Hung. Un- grisches Magazin is issued at Presburg. 1782 July 16. Aust. Mozart's Die Entfiihrung aus dem Serail appears at * * Tyrol. The University of Innsbruck is reduced to the status of a lyceum. 1784 * * Galicia. The University of Lemberg is founded. 1788 * * Hung. Magyar Museum is is- sued. 1791 Sept. 30. Bohemia. Mozart's Die Zauberfl'ote appears at Prague. * * Tyrol. The University of Inns- bruck is restored to its privileges by the emperor. SOCIETY. 1763* * Hung. Maria Theresa im- proves the condition of serfs. 1770 * * Hung. Maria Antonia (Marie Antoinette) marries the Dauphin of France. 1776* * Hung. Maria Theresa abolishes punishment by torture and feudal service. 1777 * * Hung. Torture as a criminal punishment is abolished. 1781* * Hung. An edict of tolerance is issued by Joseph II. 1782 * * Hung. Joseph II. causes the slave-trade to be abolished. 1783 Jan, * Aust. The marriage law is passed, which makes it a civil con- tract and permits divorce. 1785 * * Aust. Freemasonry is offi- cially recognized. STATE. 1760* * Hung. Maria Theresa institutes a Council of State, to assist in the ad- ministration. 1762 May 5. The Peace of St. Peters- burg is signed. Peter III., having come to the throne, makes peace with Frederick ; Russia restores her conquests, ami both parties agree to withdraw from all hostile alii- 1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. Peace of Hubertsburg is signed by the Em- press and the King of Prussia, and ends the Seven Years' "War. It ratifies the Peace of Breslau and Berlin, and also that of Dresden. Fred- erick II. agrees to vote for the Archduke Joseph at the election of the King of Rome. No territorial changes are ef- fected in any of the countries. 1764 * * Joseph H., son of Maria The- resa, is crowned King of the Romans. * * Hung. Maria Theresa associates her eon Joseph (II.) with herself in the gov- ernment of the Hapsburg dominions. * * Hung. Maria Theresa provides a com- pilation of uniform laws for the whole of her dominions ; eight volumes are completed. 1765 Aug. 8. Joseph II. succeeds his father as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire ; for the Austrian lands he is only co-regent with his mother, Maria Theresa. 1772 July 25. The treaty for the par- tition of Poland is signed (first divis- ion). Austria secures East Galicia and Lodomeria. 1773 Dec. 29. Galicia. The estates, clergy, nobles, and citizens take the oath of allegiance to the Austrian dy- nasty, and the government is set up with German officials. 1775 May 7. Galicia. Bukowina is acquired by a treaty with the Turks. * * Bohemia. The peasantry revolt. 1779 May * Silesia. Peace of Teschen. 1. It abrogates the treaty of Vienna with Charles Theodore ; Austria sur- renders much of its claim, and retains only the district of the Inn in Bavaria. 2. Austria agrees to a union to be formed between the margravates of Ansbach and Baireuth with Prussia. 3. Saxony obtains certain rights and 9,000,000 rix dollars. * * A dispute between Frederick II. and Emperor Joseph respecting Bavaria is settled without war. * * Hung. The lands between the Maros and the Tisza, the Danube, and the Car- pathians are absorbed into the kingdom. 1780 Nov. 29. Hung. Maria Theresa dies. * * Hung. Joseph LE. becomes King of Hungary on the death of his mother, Maria Theresa. 1782 * * Ger. The emperor controls the Pope, Pius VI. * * * Joseph II. attempts to improve the legal system of the Empire. 1783* * Hung. Frederick II. proposes a union of the German princes against the encroachments of Joseph II. 1784 Aug. 27. Aust. A protective tariff customs is established. 1785 * * Hung. Joseph H. favors apian for the exchange of territory. Charles Theodore is to exchange the whole of Bavaria for the Austrian Neth- erlands (Belgium) except Luxemburg and Namur, as the Kingdom of Bur- gundy. [It provokes the formation of the League of the German Princes.] July * Prussia, the electorate of Saxony, and Hanover inaugurate the League of the German Princes, to resist the encroachments of the emperor. [Bruns- wick, Mainz, Hesse-Cassel, Baden, Meck- lenburg, Anhalt, and the Thuringian lands, later join the League.] * * Hung. Great opposition is made to the emperor's removal of the crown to Vienna; so he permits its return. 1788 * * Bohemia. Joseph II. announces that the Diet will deliberate only on such subjects as are presented by the sovereign, and it will only be convoked when he deems it best to do so. 1789 Dec. 8. Hung. Joseph II. is con- strained to restore to the Hungarians their confiscated privileges. * * Belgium. The people rise in revolt against the Emperor's progressive meas- ures in the Netherlands. 1790 Jan. 20. Hung. Joseph II. is constrained to withdraw all his re- forms, and restore things to the condi- tion of 1730. * *-91* * Ger. Leopold H., the heir of the Austrian monarchy, succeeds his brother. * * Ger. Leopold H., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, guarantees inde- pendence of Hungary with its rights. * * Belgium. Leopold II. suppresses the insurrection. MISCELLANEOUS. 1763 * * Maria Theresa fosters industry and commerce, after the seven years 518 1791, July *-1810, Feb. 20. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1792* * "War with France by the first coalition ; Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain are allies. (See France.) Apr. 28. Flanders. The French en- ter Flanders [and are routed], * * Fr. Austria ns with allies enter France, and march toward Paris till their advance is checked. XTov. 6. Belgium. Austrians under the Duke of Saxe-Teschen are decisively defeated by the French Republican army, under Gen. Charles Francis Du- mouriez, at Jemappes. 1793 Mar. 18. Belgium. The French under Gen. Dumouriez are defeated in a great battle at Weerwinden by the Austrians under the Prince of Coburg. Sept. 11. Fr. Quesnoy is taken by the Austrians. 1794 Jan.* Netherlands. The Aus- trians, Dutch, English, and Hanove- rians unite under the Austrian Prince of Coburg as allies against the French. May 22. Belgium. The French attack the allies at Tournay; an indecisive action. June 26. Belgium.. Austrian troops under Prince Coburg are defeated by the French general, Jean Baptiste Jour- dan, at Fleurus. 1795 Jan.* Belgium. The allies withdraw, and Austria and England are left alone to fight the French. Sept. 6. Prussia. The Austrians are driven back from Diisseldorf by the French under Gen. Jourdan. Oct. 11. Prussia. The Austrians under Compte de Clerf ayt defeat the French under Marshal Jourdan at Hockst, and drive them back across the Rhine. 1796 * * The French send out three armies, one under Jourdan to attack the allies on the lower Rhine, another under Gen. Jean Victor Moreau on the upper Rhine, and another in Italy. May * Ger. The French cross the lower Rhine, and press the Austrians back. May 10. It. Bonaparte pursues the Austrians in northern Italy, May 15. It. Bonaparte enters Mi- lan ; the Austrians retire. June 16. Ger. The French are forced to return by Archduke Charles of Austria, brother of the Emperor Francis. * * Ger. The Austrians are defeated in unimportant conflicts on the upper Rhine. July. * It. Bonaparte commences the siege of Mantua [continuing till Feb- ruary, 1797]. Aug. 3. It. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Count Wurmser at Lonato and [Aug. 5] Castiglione in Lom- bardy. Aug. 5. It. Wurmser is again defeated at Medola; the Austrians seek shelter in the mountains of Tyrol. Aug. 24. Bavaria. The Austrians un- der the Archduke Charles defeat the French under Marshal Jourdan at Amberg. Sept. 3. Bavaria. The Austrians again defeat the French under Jourdan at Wurzburg. Oct. 20. Ger. Gen. Moreau is driven back, and the French army recrosses the Rhine. Nov. 12. It. The Austrians under Baron von Alvinczy repulse the French under Bonaparte at Caldiero. Nov. 15-17. //. The Austrians (40,000-) under Alvinczy are attacked and defeated at Areola by the French (18.000±) under Bonaparte, Due de Mas- sena, and Marshal Augereau. 1797 Jan. 14. It. The Austrians un- der Alvinczy are severely defeated by the French under Bonaparte at Rivoli. Feb. 2. It. Mantua capitulates to Bonaparte after a siege of eight months. Mar. * -Apr. * It. Bonaparte crosses the Alps into northern Italy to meet Archduke Charles advancing from Ger- many with the Austrian army. Oct. 17. It. The war with France ends by a treaty of peace concluded at Campo Forinio. 1799 Mar. 13. France again declares war against Austria. Mar. 26. Baden. Austrians under Arch- duke Charles defeat the French under Marshal Jourdan at Stockach. Apr. 27. It. The French under Gen. Moreau are defeated near Cassano by the Austrians and Russians under Suvaroff. June 17-19. It. The Austrians and Russians under Suvaroff defeat the French under Marshal Macdonald in a protracted fight on the banks of the Trebbia. (Battle of Parma.) Aug. 15. It. The Russians and Aus- trians under Suvaroff defeat the French under Gen. Joubert at Novi ; Joubert is killed. French loss, 11,000 ±. 1800 May 4. Baden. The Austrians under Gen. Kray are defeated at Stockach by the French under Gen. Moreau. June 14. It. Great battle of Ma- rengo ; the French under Bonaparte defeat the Austrians, who capitulate. (See France.) July 15. An armistice is concluded at Parsdorf [but hostilities are soon re- newed]. Dec. 3. Bavaria. The Austrians under Archduke John are crush in gly de- feated by the French and Bavarians under Moreau at Hohenlinden. (See France.) Dec. 25, 26. It. The Austrians under Bellegarde are severely defeated in the passage of the Mincio by the French under Gen. Guillaume M. A. Brune. 1801 Feb. 9. Fr. A treaty of peace is concluded at Luneville. 1805 Sept. 9. The Austriaus, after join- ing the English and Russian alliance against France, cross the Inn aud in- vade Bavaria. Oct. 17. WUrtemberg. The Austrian general, Karl Mack, with 30,000± men, surrenders ULm to Bonaparte. Oct. 29-31. It. The Austrians under the Archduke Charles defeat the French under Marsha] Masse'na at Caldiero. Nov. 14. Vienna. The French under Marshal Murat capture the city. Dec. 2. Moravia. Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats t lie united forces ol Austria and Russia. (See France.) Dec. 26. Hung. The Peace of Pres- burg is concluded with France. 1806 Jan. 12. Vienna. The French evacuate the city. * * Bohemia. The French army occupies Prague. 180S June 9. A decree is issued for raising an army of conscripts [300,000 men, in addition to the regular army of 350,000 men]. 1S09 Apr. * "War is renewed with France. Apr. * Alsace. An indecisive battle is fought between the Austrians and French at Thann. Apr. 20. Bavaria. The Austrians under the Archduke Charles are defeated by the French under Napoleon at Abens- berg. Bavaria. The Austrians attack and take Katisbon, and secure the bridge. Apr. 22. Bavaria. The French 75,000 strong, under Marshal Davout, defeat the Austrians 40.000 strong, under Arch- duke Charles, at Eckmuhl; Charles withdraws to Bohemia. May 11. Aust. Napoleon crosses the island of Lobau to the left bank of the Danube. May 13. Vienna. The French under Napoleon take the city a second time. May 21, 22. Aust. Battle of Aspern and Essling; Napoleon for the first time is defeated by the Archduke Charles ; Marshal Lannes is mortally wounded, and the French (1S0,000±) are forced to recross the Danube. (See Fra June 14. Hung. The Austrians under the Archduke John are defeated at Raab by the French under Prince Eugene. July 5, 6. Aust. Battle of "Wagram, near Vienna; Napoleon, with an army of 150,000 men, totally defeats the Aus- trians (120,000) under the Archduke Charles, and pursues him towards Mo- ravia. Loss on each side, 25,000-. July 11. Aust. At the battle of Znaim, between the Austrians aud the French under Marshal Massena, the fighting is stopped by news of an armistice. Oct. 14. Vienna. Peace is concluded with France. Aust. Andreas Hofer, a patriotic Tyrolese, having headed an insurrection and driven out the Bavarians from Tyrol, lays down his arms at the treaty of Vienna. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1791, July *- 1810, Feb. 20. 519 1S10 Feb. 20. It. Hofer, being ac- cused of treason, is shot at Mantua by the French. [His family is ennobled in 1S19 under the title of Von Passeyr.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1795 * * Vienna, Beethoven publishes his three trios known as Opus 1 ; also Adelaide. 1796* * Vienna. Dr. Franz Joseph Gall, a German physician, the original ad- vocate of phrenology, gives his first lecture. * * Vienna. Beethoven publishes three piano sonatas. 1798* * Vienna. Lithography is in- vented by Alois Senefelder. 1799 Mar. 19. Vienna. Haydn's Cre- ation appears. 1800 * * Vienna. Beethoven becomes deaf. He publishes Prometheus and Mount of Olives; also his 1st Symphony. [1802, 2d Symphony ; 1803, Kreutzer So- nata ; 1804, Ero'ica Symphony ; 1805-06, Fidelio. (The latter is rewritten in 1S14) ; 1806, 4th Symphony; 180S, Symphonies 5 and 6 ; 1812, 7th Symphony ; 1S13, Battle Symphony ; 1S14, 8th Symphony ; 1S15, Meeresstille; 1S24, 9th Symphony ; also other works.] 1808 * * Vienna. A Musical Festival for Haydn is held. 1809 * * Etching on stone is used by Alois Senefelder. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1791 * * Czerny, Kail, composer, born. Hanka. YeiR'eslav, philologist, born. Born, Ignaz von, Hungarian mineralogist, philologist, A.49. Dec. 12. Maria Louisa, daughter of Fran- cis I-, Empress of France, born. Szechenyi, Istian, Count, Hungarian states- man, born. 1792 * * Aulich, Louis, general, born. Mar. 1. Leopold U., Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, A45. Klein, Johann Adam, painter, born. Hell, Maximilian, Hung, astronomer, A72. 1794* * Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, states- man, A83. 1796* " : .fos;ka, Mifclos, Baron, novelist, b. 1797* * Buol-S.-hauensiein, Karl Ferdinand von, statesman, born. Pfeiffer, Ida Laura, traveler, born. Leopold 11., Grand IHike of Tuscany, born. Wurmser, Dagobert Sigmund von, gen- eral, A 7 3. 1798 * * Chmel, Joseph, historian, born. Palacky, Francis, historian, born. Clerfavt, de, Francois, S. C. J. de Croix, Compte, general, A65. 1799 * * iiuylay. Franz, Count, born. Negrelli-Moldelbe, Aloys von, engineer, b. Celakowsky, Frantisi-k Ladisktv, poet, born. Frivaldskv, Knricli, Hungarian naturalist, b. 1800 * * linger, Franz, Austrian paleontol- ogist, born. Vorosmarty, MUialy, poet, born. Czuczor, Gergely, writer, born. 1801 * ' I'uislu-r, Siniriia, scholar, horn. Jellachieh von Buzlm, Joseph, Baron, Ban of Croatia, general, born. Fogarasv, Janos, Hungarian lexicographer and jurist, born. Ebert, Karl Ivgmi, Bnlicmian poet, born. 1802 Apr. 27. Kossuth, Louis, Hunga- rian orator, statesman, born. 1803 Oct. 17. Deak. Francis. Hungarian statesman, orator, born. Araerling, Frederick, painter, born. 1804 Mar. 14. Strauss, Johann, com- poser, b. Endliclu-r. St.'phan kadislaus, botanist, born. Benedek, Ludwig von, general, born. Kempelcn, Wolfgang von, Baron, Hungarian mechanician, A70. Damianics, Janus, llmmanau general, born. Kokitansky, Kail, pathologist, born. 1805 Nov. 24. Omer Pasha, gen., born in Croatia. i 'sokonai,Vitez Milialy, Hungarian poet, A 32. 1807* "Batthyanyi. Kasnuir, count, born. 1809* * Gai, Ljudevit, Croatian journalist, born. Ilorvath, Milialy, Hungarian historian, b. Auenbrugger, Auenbrug Leopold von, phy- sician at Vienna, inventor of percussion, A87. 1S00* * It. Pius VII. is pope. [1829. Pius VIII.] LETTERS. 1805 * * Galicia. The University of Lembergis united with that of Cracow. STATE. 1791 July * Ger. Leopold II. by cir- cular letter calls on all the sovereigns of Europe to come to the aid of the King of France against his revolting subjects. Aug. 4. Austria is required to surren- der her late conquests from Turkey by the treaty of Sistova. Aug. 27. Saxony. Leopold II. meets William U. at Pillnitz, to devise means for upholding the throne of France against its people. 1792 Feb. 7. Aust. Leopold II. en- ters a definitive treaty of alliance with "William II. Nov. 6. Belgium. After the battle of Jemappes, the Austrian Netherlands fall into the hands of the French; Luxemburg is excepted. * * Bulgaria. The Emperor Francis I. (Francis II. of Germany) succeeds his father, Leopold II., as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire [till 1806]. 1795 * * Galicia. Cracow, Poland, is awarded to Austria. [Annexed again in 1S46.] 1796 Apr. * Austria loses Lombardy by the conquests of the French, and it is incorporated in the Cisalpine Repub- lic. 1797 Apr. 18. Aust. Preliminaries of the Peace of Leoben are concluded between Bonaparte and Archduke Charles. Oct. 17. It. France and Austria con- clude a treaty of peace at Campo Formio. I. Open articles : Austria cedes the Netherlands to France, and in return re- ceives the greater part of the Venetian territories, iin-luding the city of Venice, Istria, and Dalniatia on the east shore of the Adriatic ; it also recognizes the Cisalpine Republic, ami indemnifies the Duke of Modena with Brisgau. France retains the Ionian Islands, and the ques- tion of peace with the Empire is to be settled by a Congress to meet at Ras- tadtt. II. Secret articles : Austria agrees to cede to France the territory on the left bank of the Rhine between Basle and Andernach, including Mainz : the Rhine to be free to the vessels of France and Germany ; Germany is to indemnify the princes who have lost by the cession of their territory. France is to use influ- ence to secure to Austria Salzburg and part of Bavaria. Each guarantees that Prussia shall not be recompensed for the Rhenish cession by acquisitions else- where. The ceded territories have a population numbering 3,500,000. 1800 * * Aust. Bonaparte makes pro- posals of peace, which are rejected. 1801 Feb. 9. Fr. Treaty of the Peace of Luneville, between the Re- public of France and the German Em- peror, with more losses of Austrian territory. Terms : 1. Cessions made by the treaty of Campo Formio are confirmed. 2. Tuscany is ceded to Parma, and Ger- many is to indemnify the loss. 3. The left bank of the Rhine is coded to France by Germany as far as the I Hitch territo- ries ; Germany to indemnify the princes for the loss of their territory. 4. The Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine, and Li- gurian Republics are recognized. The German and Belgic territory ceded is 25,180 square miles, having a population numbering nearly 3,500,000. It marks the beginning of the end of the Holy Roman Empire. 1804 Aug. 11. Aust. Francis II. pro- claims himself hereditary Emperor of Austria, and unites his dominions un- der the title of the Austrian Empire. 1805 Dec. 26. Hung. Francis II. is forced to sign the humiliating Peace of Presburg. Napoleon requires him to cede the an- cient states of Venice to Italy ; a large part of Austrian territory is ceded to Bavaria; it includes the principality of Eichstadt, part of Passau, Augsburg, the Tyrol, and all his dominions in Swa- bia, in Brisgau, and Ortenau ; 28,000 square miles, having a population num- bering 2,700,000, is transferred by Aus- tria; an indemnity of £1,600,000 is to be paid to France. * * The Third Coalition is formed against France by England, Russia, Austria, and Sweden. 1806 July 12. Fr. The Confedera- tion of the Rhine is signed at Paris ; it destroys the integrity of the German Empire. Dissolution of the old German or Holy Roman Empire. Aug. 6. Ger. Francis II. lays down the crown. 180S * * Fr. Bonaparte remonstrates with Austria for increasing her army. 1809* *The people of the German States are summoned to take up arms against French supremacy. Tyrol alone responds with a force, which is led by the patriotic Andreas Hofer. Oct. 14. Vienna. The Peace of Schon- brunn or Vienna, between Napoleon and Francis I. of Austria. (See Ger- many.) Austria cedes to France 32,000 square miles of territory, containing three and a half millions of people, and compris- ing the maritime provinces ; to Bavaria, Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, the Inn- viertel, and part of Ilansruckviertel. Russia receives East Galicia, and the duchy of Warsaw takes AVest Galicia. Napoleon receives the lands beyond the Suave, together with Villach, Istria, Hungarian Dalmatia, and Ragusa, from which, with the Ionian Islands, he forms the Illyrian Provinces. Austria joins the Continental system, breaks off her al- liance with England, and pays an indem- nity. The Tyrolese are abandoned by their allies, to resist Napoleon alone. 1810 * * It. Southern Tyrol is annexed to Italy. 520 1810, Feb. * -1848, May 15. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY— NAVY. 1812 * * Austria and France are at war with Russia. Austria furnishes an army of 30,000 men, which shares Napoleon's adversi- ties in Russia. 1813 Aug. 12. Aust. "War is declared against Prance. Austria unites with the allies to place three armies in the Held ; the Bohemian army is under Marshal Karl Philip Von Schwarzenberg, and with it are three monarchs, Alexander, Francis, and Frederick William. Aug. 28. Saxon//. Napoleon drives away the allies under Prince Schwarz- enberg from the siege of Dresden. Aug. 29. Saxony. Napoleon with 130,- 000 French defeats the allies (200,000+) under Marshal Schwarzenberg at Dres- den ; Gen. Moreau is killed. Aug. 29, 30. Bohemia. The French under Gen. Vandamme are defeated near Kulm by the allies under'Count Ostermann and Marshal Kleist. Oct. 16. Saxony. The allies defeat Na- poleon at Leipsic, — also called the bat- tle of the " nations." (See France.) Napoleon proposes peace, but no reply is returned. Oct. 19. Saxony. Napoleon's defeated army retreats. 1814 Mar. 31. Fr. The allies enter Paris. 1815 May 2, 3. It. Marshal Murat having declared for Napoleon, the Nea- politans are defeated by the Austrians under Gen. Bianci at Tolentino. May 22. It. Naples is captured, and Marshal Murat flees to France. 1821 * * It. Austrian forces subdue the popular uprising of Liberals in Naples and Sardinia, restoring the se- verest absolutism in government. 1828 Aug. 5. Bulgaria. Czar Nich- olas arrives before Varna, which is besieged by a Russian army. [Oct. 11. The town is taken.] 1831 * * .ft. Austria assists in suppress- ing insurrections in Modena, Parma, and Romagna. 1832 Jan. * It. The Pope invokes the aid of Austria against the Italians, and its troops enter Bologna. 1847 Mar. 23. It. Charles Albert of Sardinia enters Milan at the head of his army. 1848 * * "War between Austria and Sardinia. Mar. 22. It. Milan revolts against the rule of Austria. Apr. 26. Gaticia. An insurrection breaks out in Cracow [It is soon sup- pressed]. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1811 Apr. * Hung. An inundation at Pesth, caused by the overflow of the Danube, destroys 24 villages ; many people are swept away. 1813 Summer. An appalling in- undation occurs in Hungary, Austria, and Poland. 1814* * Vienna. A Be wing-mac bine is made by Madersberger. 1817* * Aust. Papyrography (paper plates for lithography) is invented by Alois Senefelder. 1820 * * Vienna. The spinning-ma- chine for flax is invented by Philippe H. Girard, a Frenchman. 1826 Feb. 28. Bohemia. Biela's Comet is discovered by M. Biela, an Austrian officer, at Josephstadt. 1828* * Silesia. Hydropathy (treating diseases by water) is suggested by Vin- cenz Priessnitz of Grafenberg. 1830 Feb.* Vienna. The dwellings of 50,000 Viennese are under water. * * -34 * * Bohemia. The "polka" dance is introduced. [It is said to have ob- tained its name in Prague.] 1834 * * Tyrol. The Emperor erects a statue in Innsbruck to the memory of the patriot, Andreas Hofer. 1846 * * Vienna. The Imperial Acad- emy of Sciences is founded. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1810 Feb. 20. Hofer. Andreas. Tyrolese patriot, executed, A43. Nov. 20. AlvtiiL'zy, Joseph von, Austrian general, A75. Hunfalvy, Pal, Hungarian philologist, born. 1811 Oct. 22. Liszt. Francis. Hungarian pianist, composer, born. Hyrtl, .Joseph, aiintcmiist, born. Kittrow, Karl Ludwig, astronomer, born. Teleki, Ladislans, patriot, born. Katoua, Istian or Stephen, Hungarian his- torian, A79. 1812 * *Garay,Janos, Hungarian poet, born. Kmety, George, Hungarian-Turkish general, 1813 * * Sumor, Janos, Cardinal, born. EbtvoSj J6sef, Baron, born. Miklosieh, Fran/, Ktyrian philologist, born. 1814* * Pulszky, Frauds Aurelius, Hunga- rian patriot, author, born. Heller, Stephen, romposer, born. Ligne, de, Karl Joseph, 1'rinee, general, A 79. 1815 * * Dudik, Beda Franz, historian, born. 1816 * * Ambros, August Wilhelm, historian, born. 1817 * * Albrecht, Frederick Rudolph, Arch- duke, general, born. 1818* * Gasser, Valhorn Joseph, sculptor, Gorgey, Arthur, Hungarian gen., born. Baraeh, Mont/,, novelist and poet, born. Abel, Joseph, painter, A50. 1819 * * Arany, .lonios, Hungarian poet, b. 1820* * Klapka, Gybrgy, Hungarian gen., b, Schwarzenberg, Karl P. von, marshal, A 49. Bartsch, Johann A. B. von, engraver, A63. 1821 * * Scherzer, Karl von, traveler and publicist, born. 1822 * * Peton, Sandor, poet, born. 1823 Mar. 8. Andrassy. Gyula (Julius). Hungarian statesman, born. 1825 * * Jokai, Maui us. Hung, novelist, born. Chasteler, du, Jean G. J . A., Marquis, general, A62. Bubna Littiz. [-Ynlmand, Count, gen., A52. 1827* * Teeethotr, Wilhelm von, Baron, b. 1828 Oct. 22. Mack, Leiberich Karl von. Baron, general, A76. 1829 * * Czennak, Johann Nepomuk, Bohe- mian physiologist, born. Gindelv, Anton, historian, born. Kisialudv, Karolv, Hungarian dramatist, A40. Pobrowski, Josef, Bohemian author, ATT.. 1830 July 20. Janauschek. Francesca. M. R. (Fanny). Bohemian actor, born. Francis Joseph. Emperor, born Aug. 18. 1831 * * Beer, Adolf, Austrian historian, b. 1832 * * Goltmark, Karl, Hungarian com- poser, born. Zach, Franz Xaver von, astronomer, A78. Laub, Ferdinand, violinist, born. 1834* • Senefehi-r. Alovn, Austrian inventor of Lithography, dies at Munich, A63. 1835 Mar. 2. Francis I., Emperor, ACT. 1836 • • Saeher-Masoch, Leopold B. von, 1838" * Kol se;,, lerencz, Hungarian poet, Jagie, Vatroslay, Croatian philologist, born. 1839 • * Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius. Hungarian author, Abb. Peschka-Leutner, Minna, Austrian singer, b. 1840' • Leitn.-r, Gottlieb Wilhelm, Hunga- rian linguist, horn. 1842 * ■ (soma de Ktinis S. II.. svholar, A52. L'ifaivy, de, Charles Eugene, Hungarian Lin* gUlf 1844 " ■ Gansbacher, Johann, Austrian com- poser, A 34. Kisfaludy. Sandor, Hungarian poet, A72. Denirlg, Friedricn H. S., Tyrolese philoso- pher, Ifuiiimnan, born. 1845 * * Hbt'zi, Lajos, Hungarian poet, born. 1847 Dec* Maria Louisa, Empress of France, Duchess of Parma, A60. Holub, Emil, Bohemian traveler, born. Charles, or Karl, Archduke of Austria, com- mander, A 76. Jungmann, Joseph Jakob, Bohemian philol- ogist, A74. CHURCH. 1816 Dec. 23. Hung. Bible societies are prohibited. 1819* * Aust. The Marburg Bible so- ciety is organized. 1846 * * It. Pius IX. is pope. 1848* * Aust. The Jesuits are ex- pelled. LETTERS. 1810* * Aust. The University of Salz- burg is suppressed. * * -12 * * Vienna. Anatomy and Physi- ology of the Nervous System, and of the Brain in particular, is published by Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, phrenologists. 1811* * Prussia. The University of Breslau is enlarged by the incorpora- tion of that of Frank fort-on-t he-Oder in Silesia. 1816 * * Silesia. The University of Cracow is opened on an independent basis. 1817* * Bohemia. VenceslavHanka dis- covers the JiuK'opis Xralotfworsky in a church steeple at Kndsinhof; it com- prises 14 lyric poems written between 1200 and 1310. * *-41* * Tudomdnpos gi/iljctemeny is issued. 1825* * Hung. The Hungarian Acad- emy is established by the Diet. 1827 * * Casopis Ceshebo Museum is is- sued. 1835 * * Griseldis, by Eligius F. J. Miinch-Bellinghausen, appears. 1841 * * The King and the Peasant, by Munch-Bellingbausen, appears. SOCTETY. 1810 Mar. 11. Aust. Emperor Na- poleon Bonaparte marries the Arch- duchess Maria Louisa, daughter of the Emperor of Austria, by proxy, at Vienna. Apr. 2. Paris. Napoleon marries Maria Louisa of Austria. 1S15 Feb. 8. Vienna. The Congress determines to abolish slavery. * * Austria unites in "the Pentarchy of Great Powers, and she becomes an ef- AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1810, Feb.* -1848, May 15. 521 fective enemy of popular liberty in various parts of Europe. 1819 * * Aust. The Emperor ennobles the family of Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese patriot-martyr. STATE. 1810 Apr. 2. Paris, Napoleon mar- ries Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis 1. of Austria and Maria Theresa of Naples. 1812 * * Austria is obliged to enter an alliance with France against Russia. 1813 Feb. * Prussia and Russia invite Austria to enter the Alliance of Kalish against France. * * Austria enters the Coalition, agree- ing to furnish an army of 200,000 men. Aug. 12. Austria, having failed as a peacemaker, declares war against France. Sept. 9. Bohemia. An Alliance is formed at Teplitz against France, between Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 1. The union to be maintained and the territories of each to be guaranteed. 2. Each to assist the others to the extent of 60,000 men or more. 3. No separate peace or armistice to be made. Secret articles provide for the restoration of Austrian and Prussian boundaries as they were in 1805. ■Oct. 8. Aust. The Treaty of Bied is entered between Austria and Bavaria, which abandons Napoleon, and joins the alliance against him, and is to have her territories maintained. Oct. 17. By the defeat of Napoleon at Leipsic, Germany regains her inde- pendence and the Confederation of the Rhine is dissolved. 1814 Sept.* -1815 June 9. The Congress of Vienna settles the con- flicting boundary claims of several States. The emperors of Austria and Russia, the kings of Prussia, Denmark, Bavaria, and WUrtemberg, and very many princes, are present in person. (See Prance.) Nov. 1. Aust. A general conference is held at Vienna. 1815 Mar. 13. Austria joins seven other powers in proclaiming the ban against Napoleon. Mar. 23. Vienna. The Treaty of Vienna is signed ; Italian provinces are restored to Austria with additions in- cluding : — Lombardy, Venice, Illyrian Provinces, Dalmatia, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salz- burg, the Innviertel and Hansruck- viertel. Mar. 25. Vienna. Austria, Great Brit- ain, Prussia, and Russia conclude a new alliance, and each agrees to furnish an army of 180,000 men, and all Europe is invited to join them. May 15. Vienna. By the Treaty of Vienna, the allies agree to the enlarge- ment of the Dutch territories in the Netherlands and vesting their sover- eignty in the House of Orange. June 14. Vienna. By the Treaty of Vienna, Denmark exchanges Swe- dish Pomerania and Rugen for Lau- renburg, Prussia. Sept. 26. The Holy Alliance is formed between the emperors of Austria, Rus- sia, and the Kingdom of Prussia, on a theoretical basis favoring morality and religion. [It soon becomes an al- liance for the protection of absolute monarchy.] Nov. 20. Paris. The Second Peace of Paris is signed. (See France.) Nov. 27. Galicia. A new constitution is granted for Poland, and Cracow is declared to be a free republic. * * Aust. "West Galicia is recovered by Austria. 1819 Aug. 1. Bohemia. A Congress of ministers assembles at Karlsbad ; Prince Clemens W. Metternich of Austria is the leader. It resolves on the supervision of uni- versities, and unites in the censorship of the press. 1820 May* Aust. The final Act of Vienna is signed. Oct. 20. Aust. The Emperors Fran- cis I. and Alexander of Russia meet at Troppau. Nov. 10. Aust. The Emperors meet. [Dec. 17. They adjourn to Laibach.] 1821 Jan. * Aust. The Congress of Laibach. The Emperors of Russia and Austria, the King of the two Sicilies, the Duke or Modena, with representatives of France, Great Britain, Prussia, Sardinia, and other states, resolve to intervene in Piedmont and Naples for the repression of revolutions. (See Army.) 1822 Oct. * -Dec. * It. Congressof Verona. The sovereigns of Prussia, Austria, Russia, and the Two Sicilies, and Sar- dinia, with the Duke of "Wellington, the Duke of Montmorency, Prince Metter- nich, and others ; Metternich presides. It considers the Grecian and Spanish disturbances. 1825 * * Hung. The Diet meets. 1828 * * Austria joins with England in interference to prevent the fall of Constantinople, and in bringing about peace. 1830 July* It. In Lombardy 30,000 troops are required to maintain Im- perial authority. 1833 * * Bohemia. The sovereigns of Austria, Prussia, and Russia meet at Munchengratz. * * Bohemia. A Ministerial confer- ence assembles at Teplitz. * * The Zollverein, or German Cus- toms TJnion of the North German States, is founded. 1834 * * Aust. Ministerial conference at Vienna. 1835 Mar. 2. Aust. Emperor Ferdi- nand I. succeeds his father (Ferdinand V. of Hungary). Metternich, the Prime Minister, is the leader of the reaction throughout Eu- rope in favor of absolute monarchy ; censorship of the press and the require- ment of passports are strictly enforced. 1838 July 3. Aust. A new commer- cial treaty is entered with England. 1840 * * Austria joins an alliance against Mehemed Ali. (See Germany.) * * The armed intervention of England and Austria forces the viceroy of Egypt to surrender his high claims in Syria, and content himself with the hereditary rule over Egypt, under the over-lordship of Turkey. 1846 Feb. 22-27. Silesia. An at- tempted revolution in Austrian Po- land fails. * * Aust. The Court is alarmed by an in- surrection in Galicia against repres- Nov. 16. The Courts of Austria, Russia, and Prussia revoke the treaty of Vi- enna; Austria occupies Cracow. It constitutes Cracow a free republic, and it is declared Austrian territory. [England, France, Sweden, and Turkey protest against this annexation.] 1847 Mar. 23. Aust. Charles Al- bert, King of Sardinia, enters Milan. Oct. 3. Hung. Ban JeUachich is ap- pointed governor. 1848 * * -4Q * * Uprising of the Hun- garians for independence. Mar. 4. Hung. A new constitution is promulgated. Mar. * The rebellion spreads into Tyrol and Lombardy and into Germany. Mar. 13-15. Vienna. Popular agitation for reforms and a liberal constitution becomes violent ; the Viennese follow the example of the Hungarians, and the monarchy is in great peril ; Prince Met- ternich, the Minister, resigns, and flees the city, which falls into the control of the burgher-guard and the students. * * Hung. Louis Kossuth and Count Batthyanyi are at the head of the pro- visional government in Hungary. Mar. 18. It. The Emperor, from his refuge in Milan, abolishes the censor- ship of the press, and calls a conven- tion of the states. Mar. 23. It. Austrians evacuate Milan, and Sardinians, led by King Charles Albert, enter. Apr. * The Hungarians' demand for a separate Ministry is granted by the Emperor. May 15. Vienna. A second outbreak forces the convening of a Constituent Diet. MISCELLANEOUS. 1814 * * Aust. The state factories begin the manufacture of cigars, which are not yet commonly seen in Europe. 1828 * * Aust. Two Englishmen form a steamboat company for the navigation of the Danube. 1830* * Hung. Steamboats run between Vienna and Budapest in Hungary. 1832 * * A ust. A railroad is built con- necting Budweis and Lintz. 1834* * Hung. Steamboats descend the Danube as far as Orsova. 522 1848, May 17-1850,* * AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1848 May 29. It. The army of Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, defeats the Austrians under Marshal Joseph Wen- zel ltadetzky at Goito ; the latter re- treat. Bohemia. An insurrection breaks out at Prague- June 15. It. Padua surrenders to the Austrians. July 20. Bohemia. The insurgents at Prague submit, and the state of siege is raised. July 25. It. The Sardinian army (25,000) is defeated by Austrians (33,000) under Marshal Radetzky at Custozza. Aug. 4. It. Milan is retaken by the Austrian army. Aug. 9-49. Mar. 20. It. A truce is declared. Sept. 11. Hang. The Hungarians, after much agitation for civil rights, which are refused by Austrians, rise in re- bellion. Sept. 29. Hung. The Hungarians at Velencze defeat Baron von Jellachich, the Ban of Croatia, who fights in the interests of the Imperial Government. Oct. 11. Vienna. The Hungarians approach within six miles of Vienna; the emperor flees from the city. Oct. 16. Hung. Alfred Zu, Prince Windisehgratz, is appointed com- mander-in-chief of the Austrians. Oct. 23. Vienna. Windisehgratz and Jellachich with 100,000 men besiege the Hungarians at Vienna. Oct. 27. Aust. Kossuth withdraws his army from near Vienna. Oct. 28. Aust, Vienna is bombarded by "Windisehgratz and the Ban Jel- lachich ; the city is set on fire in many places. Oct. 30. Hung. Jellachich defeats and routs the army of Hungarians sent to relieve Vienna, at Schwechat. Oct. 31. Aust. Vienna is taken by storm by Windisehgratz after severe fighting. Dec. 21. Hung. The Hungarians are defeated by the Austrians at Szaikszo. Dec. 29. Hung. The Hungarians under Gen. Perczel are again defeated at . Moor by the Ban Jellachich. 1849 Jan. * Hungary is entered by an Austrian army. Jan. 5. Hung. Budapest is taken by Prince Windisehgratz. Jan. 21. Transylvania. The Austrians are defeated at Hermannstadt by the Polish Gen. Joseph Bern. Feb. 4. Transylvania. Gen. Bern is defeated by Austrians under Gen. Pulch- ner at Hermannstadt. Feb. 9. At Piski the Austrians defeat the Hungarians under Gen. Bern. Feb. 14. Hung. The Austrians take the fortress of Essek from Hungarians. Peb. 26, 27. Hung, The Hungarians under Gen. Henryk Dembinsky are dis- astrously defeated at Kapolna. Mar. 5. Hang. Tbe Hungarians under Gen. Janos Darajanies defeat the Austrians under Gen. Grammont at Szolnok. Mar. 11, 20. Transylvania. Hungari- ans under Gen. Bern defeat and rout the Russian allies at Hermannstadt and Brasso. Mar. 21. //. Austrians under the Arch- duke Albert defeat the Sardinians under the Duke of Genoa at Mortara. Mar. 23. It. Austrians under Marshal Joseph W. Radetzky defeat the Sardini- ans under Charles Albert at Wovara, and compel the conclusion of a peace. Mar. 25. The armistice of seven months expires, and the war with Den- mark is resumed. (See Germany.) Mar. 30. It. Gen. von Haynau with the Imperialists takes and sacks Bres- cia, after a great and bloody battle ; he treats his prisoners with great cruelty. Apr. 2. Hung. The Austrians are de- feated at Hatvan by the Hungarians. Apr. 4. Hung. The Austrians are de- feated at Lapio-Bicske. [Apr. 6. Again at Isaszeg.] Apr. 6. Hung. The Austrians under Prince Windisehgratz are defeated at Gb'dbllo by the Hungarians under Gen. Gorgey. Apr. 10. Hung. Austrians are defeated at Waitzen by the Hungarians. Apr. 18. Hung. The Imperialists are defeated at Gran. May 1. Russia decides to join Austria against Hungary. May 16. It. Bologna is taken by the Austrians, after a siege of eight days. May 21. Hang. The Hungarians under Gen. Gorgey storm and capture Buda. [July * Recaptured.] June* Hang. Julius Jakob, Baron von Haynau, takes command of the Aus- trian army. June * Hung. A Hussian army of 130- 000 men crosses the frontier to aid the Austrians. June 18. It. Anconais taken by Aus- trians after a bombardment. June 19. Transylvania. Hungarians under Gen. Bern, outnumbered three to one, are defeated by the Russians at Hermannstadt. June 2S. Hung. Raab is stormed and taken by the Austrians. July 14 Hung. Baron von Jellachich is defeated at Hegyes. July 15-17. Hung. An indecisive ac- tion occurs at "Waitzen between the Russians and the Hungarians under Gen. Gorgey. July 31. Hung. The Hungarians under Gen. Bern are defeated at Schassburg by the Russians under Gen. Luders. July* Hung. The Hungarians are de- feated at Acs. Budapest is recovered by the Austrians. Aug. 5. Hung. Hungarians under Count Dembinsky are defeated by Baron von Haynau at Szorek. Aug. 9. Hung. Hungarians are again defeated at Temesvar by Baron won Haynau; the Hungarian army is almost destroyed. Aug. 11. Hung. The Hungarians are defeated at Arad. Aug. 13. Hung. Gen. Arthur Gi . after being made dictator (Aug. 11) by the resignation of Kossuth and others, surrenders at Vilagos to the Russian Gen. Rudiger; the Hungarian army numbers 24,000 nu-n with 140 guns. [He is regarded as a traitor by the Hunga- Aug. 23. It. Venice is taken by the Austrians under Marshal Radetzky, after a long siege. Sept. 27. Hung. Komorn yields, and the Hungarian war ends in the sup- pression of the revolution. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1848* * Blum, Robert, political ajntator, writer, shot at Vienna, A41. Lembery, Count, killed at Pestta. Lenz, Osk.ir, treolopist, born. Hormayr. Joseph von, liaron, Tyrolese his- torian, AG". Dec. 2. Francis Joseph, emperor, born. 1849* * Enillk-her, Stej.han La.hslaus, Hun- garian botanist, dies .Mar. i'-. Air,. Petorl, Sandor, Hungarian poet. A 27. Aulich, Louis, Hungarian general. A 57. Batthyanvi, Louis, Count. Hungarian pa- triot, A40. Sept. 35. Strauss. Johann. Austrian musical composer, dies, A45. 1850 Dec. 10. Bern. Joseph. Polish gen- eral in Hungarian service, dies, A55. Janisch, Antonie. nnisn-ian, born. Gyrowetz, Adalbert, Bohemian composer, A87. SOCIETY. 1S49 * * Austria has 530 public hospi- tals, 40 lunatic asylums, 40 lying-in establishments, 33 foundling hospitals. 1,351 institutions for aged indigent per- sons, and 7,173 poor-houses. STATE. 1S4S May 17. Aust. Ferdinand and the empress flee to Innsbruck, and find personal safety among their faith- ful Tyrolese. May 18-49. * * Prussia. The German National Assembly meets at Frank- fort, and creates a provisional Parlia- ment. [It is disturbed by the strife of factions.] The Assembly meets in the church of St. Paul, and proceeds in the effort to prepare a constitution for the German Empire, which shall be harmonious with thuiiu of all the states. May 20. Hung. The Ban of Croatia summons the Diet of the Croatian- Slavonie nation. REVOLUTION. May 25. Aust. An attempt to dis- solve the Academic Legion creates a riot, and streets of Vienna are barri- caded. A committee of guards, citizens, and students is formed to preserve order and is finally legalized by the Prime Minis- ter, audit assumes the authority of gov- ernment. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1848, May 17-1850,* * 523 May 29. Ger. The Archduke John of Austria is elected Administrator of the Empire at Frankfort. June 2. Bohemia. An anti-German gathering, meeting at Prague, is called the Slavonic Congress. It aims to unite the Slavonic people June * Prussia. The President of the National Assembly at Frankfort is Baron Heinrich von Gagern of Bai- reuth ; he favors the union of the Ger- man States on the basis of the exclusion of Austria. Four parties appear in the Assembly. June 1 1 . Prussia. The Archduke John enters Frankfort. Anton Von Schmerling of Austria is Minister of Foreign Affairs and the in- terior. [The Ministry soon discovers that it lacks authority.] June 12. Bohemia. An uprising of the Czechs in Prague is suppressed by Gen. Alfred Zu Windischgratz. June * Aust. The emperor returns from Innsbruck, June * Hung. The Hungarians change the seat of government to Sezegedin. July 22. Vienna. The first Reichstag meets. [The Diet declares its sittings per- manent, and elects a Committee of Safety ; it is later forced to remove from Vienna, and is established at Kremsier, Moravia.J Sept. 11. Hung. A counter revolu- tion, chiefly by Slavonians, is led by Jellachich, Ban of Croatia. It is instigated and supported by the Austrian government and. in opposition to Hungary. (See Army.) Sept, 2S. Hung. Count Lamberg, the military governor, is murdered by a mob at Budapest. The Hungarian Diet appoints a pro- visional government under the patri- ots Louis Kossuth and Louis Batthy- anyi. Oct. 6. Aust. The emperor openly de- clares against the Hungarians. He annuls the decrees of the Diet, suspends the civil authorities, and makes Jellachich, the anti-Hungarian revolter, the commander of the Austrian army. * * Hung. The Diet denies the authority of the emperor, organizes a Commit- tee of Safety, with Louis Kossuth, president. Vienna. A second insurrection breaks out. The garrison departs to suppress the Hungarians, and a revolt follows. A deputation asks their return, and being refused, the people take the arsenal by Oct. * Aust. The National Diet peti- tions the emperor for a new Ministry, the revocation of the edict against the Hungarians, and the dismissal of Jella- chich, with amnesty for rioters. Oct. 7. Aust. The emperor returns an evasive address, and [flees to Olmtitz, M<. Oct. 11. Aust. The Hungarian army approaches within sis miles of the city. Nov. 2. Vienna. The Imperialists are in possession. Dec. 1. Francis Joseph, son of Arch- duke Francis Charles by the Princess Sophia, daughter of Maximilian I. of Bavaria, is declared of age. Dec. 2. Aust. Ferdinand abdicates the throne of the Empire in favor of his nephew Francis Joseph, his brother Francis Charles having declined it. Heign of Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. [The emperor at the present time.] Dee. 5. Prus. The National Assem- bly is dissolved, and substituted by a constitution providing for two cham- bers, the second elected by universal and equal suffrage. Dec. 8. Hung. The Diet refuses to rec- ognize the abdication of Ferdinand I. It denounces as traitors all who ac- knowledge the Emperor of Austria as the King of Hungary, * * Hungary is treated as a conquered country, and subjected to great cruel- ties. 1849 Mar. 4. Aust. The emperor dis- solves the Austrian Reichstag at Krem- sier, arrests its liberal members, gives a new constitution of his own for Aus- tria, and abolishes the ancient Hunga- rian constitution, annihilating the in- dependence of Hungary, and making it a Crown land of Austria. Apr. 14. Hungary declares herself free. On motion of Kossuth the Diet deposes the House of Hapsburg-Lor- raine. Kossuth is made governor of Hungary. Apr. 26. Hung. Russian interven- tion in aid of Austria against Hungary is agreed upon. May * Prussia. A party in the German National Assembly at Frankfort at- tempts to form Germany into an inte- gral empire, from "which Austria is excluded. * * Bosnia. A rebellion breaks out. May* Prussia. Many representatives to the Parliament of Frankfort are re- called. [It adjourns to Stuttgart.] June 18. Wiirtemberg, The rump Par- liament at Stuttgart, having dwindled in number and influence, is dispersed by the Wiirtemberg government. June * Prussia. It is decided that the administrator of the German states shall be superseded by a central power to be executed by Austria and Prussia al- ternately, "for the German Con- federacy." Aug. 11. Hung. Kossuth accuses Gor- gey of treachery in surrendering the army, resigns bis office, and retires into exile. Aug.* Aust. The whole Lombard- Venetian kingdom is again subject to Austria. Aug. 21. Hung. The patriots Kossuth, Bern, and others flee to Turkey, and are protected at New Orsova. Oct. 6. Hung. Count Batthyanyi, a conservative Hungarian, is executed at Budapest, and 13 patriots at Arad, who had voluntarily surrendered ; Gb'rgey is spared. Oct. 19. Hung. Amnesty is granted to patriots who return from their refuges. * *Aust. Prince Felix Schwarzenberg resumes the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1850 * * Prussia advocates a German Federal State with Austria excluded. Feb. 27. Bavaria. A treaty is signed at Munich by Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and Wiirtemberg, for the maintenance of the German Union. Mar. 20. Saxony. The Parliament of Erfurt (Central Germany) is opened, and proceeds to consider a new German Union. [Apr. 27. It concludes its dis- cussions.] May 9-16. Prussia. A congress of German princes assembles in Berlin. The opposition of the Elector of Hesse- Cassel, Frederick William I., to the pro- posed union is made known. Sept. 2. Prussia. Austria attempts to frustrate the plans of Prussia by means of the Frankfort Parliament, which reopens, with representatives from Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Han- over, Wiirtemberg, and other states. Sept. 7- Prussia. Hesse-Cassel is pro- nounced in a state of war by the elector ; resistance is given to the un- popular Minister, Hassenpflug, and other officials, and the courts. Oct. 2. Prussia. The Diet appoints General Haynau military dictator in the electorate of Hesse. Oct. 14. Prussia. The Elector of Hesse-Cassel formally applies to the Frankfort Diet of Princes for assistance to reestablish his authority in Hesse. M"ov. 6. Prussia. An Austro-Bava- rian force of 10,000 men enters Hesse, and war is imminent. Austria delivers her ultimatum at Berlin, demanding that Prussia evacu- ate Hesse in eight days, dissolve the Erfurt League, and recognize the Diet ; Frederick William responds by calling out the entire military force of the kingdom. Nov. 7. Prussia. A Prussian force en- ters Cassel in the north. Nov. 28, 29. Moravia. A conference is held at Olmtitz, under the mediation of Czar Nicholas, respecting Hesse-Cas- sel. Efforts for union are made, and Prus- sia, represented by Von Manteuffel, yields to all the demands of Austria rep- resented by Schwarzenberg; the Danes are to have SL-hleswig-IIolstein, and the Elector of Hesse is to be restored to his authority. MISCELLANEOUS. 1850 July 18. Galicia. Cracow is nearly destroyed by fire. 524 1851, Feb. 17-1861, Nov.*. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1851 July 19. It. Marshal Radetzky from Mouga declares the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom to be in a state of aiege. 1853 Feb. 6±. It. Marshal Radetzky suppresses an outbreak in Milan. 1854 Aug. * lioumania. The Austrians enter the Danubian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. ; Sept. 6. lioumania. The Austrian army enters Bucharest, the capital of Wal- lachia. 1855 June 24. Aust. The army is reduced to a peace footing. 1857 Mar. * Austria recalls her troops from the Danubian provinces. 1859 Feb. * -Mar. * Austria prepares for war by increasing her armies in Italy, and fortifying the banks of the River Ticino, which forms the boundary between her Italian provinces and Sar- dinia. * * Aust. "War with France and Sar- dinia. (See State.) . Apr. 26. It. An Austrian force under the Hungarian Gen. Franz, Count Gyu- lai, crosses the Ticino into Sardinia. Apr. 27. It. French soldiers enter Piedmont, Sardinia. May 3. Fr. Emperor Napoleon HI. declares war against Austria because of her invasion of Italy. May 20. It. Battle of Montebeilo, in Piedmont. The Austrians under Gen. Stadion are repulsed by the French un- der Gen. Forey, with a loss of 1,000 killed and wounded. May 30-June 1. It. The Austrians are again defeated at Palestro in Lora- hardy. - June 4. It. Battle of Magenta : The Emperor Francis Joseph with 75,000+ Austrians is defeated by 55,000± French and Sardinians led by Napoleon III. (nominally) and Marshal McMahon ; the allies' loss, 4,000 killed and wounded; the Austrians' loss, 10,000, besides 7,000 prisoners. . June 8. It. The Austrians are again defeated at Melegnano near Milan. June 24. It. Battle of Solferino in Lombardy : The French and Sardini- ans, commanded by Napoleon III. and King Victor Emmanuel, defeat the Aus- trians under Francis Joseph and Gen. Hess, after fighting 15 hours ; Austrian loss, 630 officers, 19,311 soldiers ; loss of the allies, eight generals, 936 officers, and 17,305 soldiers killed or wounded. This battle closes the war. July 6. It. An armistice is agreed to between the French and Austrians. July 12. Fr. The preliminaries of peace are signed at Villafranca. (See State.) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1851 * * Dobrentei, Gabor, Hungarian au- thor, A 35. Fejer, Gyorgy, Hungarian antiquary, A85. 1863 * * Celakowaky, Krantisck Ladislav, Bohemian poet, A53. Kollar, .Jan, Hungarian poet, scholar, AW. 1853 Mar. 14. Haynau. Julius Jacob von. Baron, Austrian general, dies, A67. Garay, Janus, Hungarian poet, A41. 1854* * Batthyanyi, Kasunir, count, states- man, A47. 1855 * * Sophia, princess, born. JUailatli, JainoB Nepomuk, count, Hungarian historian, A69. 1856* * Vordsinarty, Mindly, Hungarian poet, A56. Gisela, princess, born. 1857 June 16. Gerster, Etelka. Hunga- rian vocalist, born. Czerny, Karl, composer, A66. Sophia, princess, dies at Buua. 1858 Jan. 5. Radetzky, Joseph Wenzel, marshal, A92. Aug-. 21. Rudolph, arWidnke, bom. ITeilTfr, Ida Laura, Austrian lady traveler, A61. Chmel, Joseph, Austrian historian, A60. NYgrelli-iMohlelbe, Aloys von, engineer, A59. 1859 Mar. 19. Jellachich, von. Joseph, de Buzin, ban of Croatia, general, A58. June 11. Metternich, Clemene "Wenzel Lothar von. prince, diplomatist, chief minister, A86. I860* * Szechenyi, Istvan, count, Hunga- rian statesman, A69. Kraitsir, Charles, philologist, A54. CHURCH. 1852 Jan. 1. It is announced that the emperor has restored the Eoman Catholic clergy to influence, and re- established the Jesuits. 1856 Aug. * The emperor signs a concordat with the Pope, giving the Church of Rome greater power than it ever had before ; the clergy are to have unlimited control of all ecclesias- tical and educational matters. 1858 * * Bohemia. T. Mertel is conse- crated cardinal deacon and vice- chancellor of Bohemia. 1860 Jan. 6-10 and Feb. 18. Aust Decrees are issued removing Jewish disabilities. 1861 Apr. 8. Civil and political rights of Protestants are assured throughout the entire Empire, except in Hungary and Venice. LETTERS. 1851 * * Aust. There are 262 colleges (Gymnasia) and 38 schools for the study of the technical sciences, 12 agricultural schools, three mining-schools, and 11 academies of midwifery, 10 universi- ties, eight academies for technical sci- ences, five mining and agricultural acad- emies, and nine academies of surgery. 1853 * * Ziva is issued. 1855 Aug. 18. A decree is promul- gated requiring parents to send their children to school. Aug. * The emperor signs a concordat giving the clergy unlimited control of all educational matters. * * Hung. Budapesti Szemle is issued. 1S57 * * The Gladiator of Ravenna, by Munch-Bellinghausen, appears. 1861 Feb. 26. The statutes of the new constitution are published. SOCIETY. 1851 Sept. 22. Hung. Louis Kos- suth, the patriot, and 35 other Hunga- rians, are sentenced to death in contuma- ciam at Budapest. 1853 Feb. 18. Vienna. Libenyi, a young Hungarian, attempts to assassi- nate the emperor. 1854 Apr. 24. Francis Joseph mar- ries Elizabeth of Bavaria. 1857 May. * Aust. The emperor vis- its Hungary. 1860 Jan. 6-10. Aust. The oppres- sive laws against the Jews are annulled. STATE. 1851* * Saxony. A conference of Ministers is held at Dresden to promote the union of the German States ; Otto Theodore, Baron Manteuffel, of Prussia, is president, and Felix Ludwig Sehwarz- enberg represents Austria. Feb. 17. Hung. The Austrian and Turkish governments come to a settle- ment respecting Hungarian refugees; all except Kossuth, Batthyanyi, and six others receive full and entire amnesty on condition of their not entering Hun- gary. Aust. Charles Loring Brace, an American traveler and philanthropist, is arrested and imprisoned. He is charged with " being a member of the democratic committee, an agent of Ujhazy and Cretz, and of traveling with revolutionary writings, to spread revolutionary movements." May 15. Saxony. The old confedera- tion of the German States is reestab- lished by the Conference at Dresden. July * Aust. A new tariff is adopted. Aug. 20. Aust. The emperor issues cabinet letters declaring his ministers "are responsible to no other political authority than the throne," tl the Reichs- tag is to be considered the council of the throne," and the Minister-President is to take " into ripe and serious consid- eration the possibility of carrying out the constitution of March 4, 1849." Oct. * Aust. Jews are permitted to study law. Dec. 31. Aust. The Emperor Francis Joseph revokes the liberal constitu- tion of March 4, 1849. * * Bosnia. Omer Pasha quells the re- bellion. 1852 Jan. 15. Aust. Trial by jury is abolished. * * * Aust. Absolutism is gradually reestablished in the Empire. Apr. 5. Prince Schwarzenberg, the Prime Minister, dies. Apr. * Count Euol Schauenstein is ap- pointed Prime Minister, and a change of commercial policy follows. May 9-16. Saxony. A Diet is con- vened at Erfurt for the reorganization of Germany under the presidency of Prussia. [Later a rival Diet is convened at Frankfort under the leadership of Aus- tria ; the lesser States are invited to send representatives to both.] Dec. * Aust. The bill establishing bien- nial parliaments becomes a law. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1851, Feb. 17-1861, Nov.*. 525 1853 Feb. 1. Austria offers herself as a mediator between the Turks and Montenegrins. Feb. 19. Vienna. Treaty of Vienna ; a commercial treaty for twelve years 13 signed by Austria and the Zollverein. Feb. * Austria sides with Montene- gro against Turkey, and demands the redress of their grievances, which is granted. June 21. Turkey. Martin Koszta is seized at Smyrna. This Hungarian refugee, who had de- clared at New York his intention of becoming an American citizen, and hav- ing a U. S. passport in his pocket, is seized by Austrian authority, and placed in confinement. July 2. Capt. Ingraham, of the U. S. sloop-of-war St. Louis, at 8 A.M., de- mands the surrender of Koszta by 4 p.m., and threatens to take him by force if necessary. [It is finally agreed to leave Koszta in the hands of the French consul, where he remains until released. Congress votes a medal for Capt. Ingraham.] Aug. 1. Vienna. The Austrian Govern- ment issues a circular letter addressed to the Courts of Europe, protesting against the conduct of Capt. Ingraham. Aug. 29. Vienna. Austria protests against the proceedings of Capt. Ingra- ham to the Government of the United States. 1854 Apr. 9. Vienna. The Treaty of Vienna; the representatives of Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia sign a treaty to maintain the Turkish Empire. Apr. 20. Austria and Prussia unite in an alliance offensive and defensive, while otherwise neutral in the war. June 14. Austria agrees with Turkey to occupy the Danubian provinces. Aug. * The Russians retire from the Turkish territory in the Danubian prin- cipalities, and the Austrians enter and oppose their union. Dec. 2. Austria joins the allies against Russia. 1855 Aug. 18. Aust. A concordat with the See of Rome confers extraor- dinary rights upon Roman Catholic bishops and the Jesuits, whereby they acquire great power in the Empire. 1856 Feb. 1. Vienna. The prelimi- naries of peace are signed at Vienna. April 16. Paris. BuolandHubner,the representatives of Austria, sign the Treaty of Paris, terminating the war, abolishing privateering, and defining the rights of neutrals in time of war. May 20. Switz. The Austrian minis- ter at Berne is recalled. July 16. Aust. A general amnesty is granted for all political offenders of 1848-1849. Nov.* Austria proclaims her neutrality in the Eastern war. -55 * * Vienna. Conferences respect- ing the Russo-Turkish war are held. * * -55 * * Hungary continues in a dis- turbed state. 1857 Jan. 25. It. Amnesty is granted to political offenders in northern Italy. Feb. 10. It. The Sardinian press as- sails Austria with great freedom ; Aus- tria remonstrates. Mar. 23-30. Austria and Sardinia sever their diplomatic relations. Mar. * Austria withdraws its army from Moldavia and Wallachia [Roumania]. -58 * * Aust. The fortifications of Vienna are demolished, and the city enlarged and beautified. Apr. 19. Austria sends an ultimatum to Sardinia. May * Sung. The emperor and empress visit Hungary to conciliate the people, but they are coldly receired. Oct. * Aust. Alexander H. of Russia visits the emperor. 1858 * * Hung. By an imperial decree, agricultural colonists, if of one nation- ality and creed, are allowed to settle in various parts of Hungary, with special exemptions from taxation. 1859 Jan. 1. Fr. Emperor Napo- leon nj addresses Baron von Hubner, the Ausf in Ambassador, in words omi- nous of r, because of Austrian diplo- macy in ardinia. [Great excitement follows in European cities.] Jan. 4. Aust. Emperor Francis Jo- seph replies to Napoleon's address, using the identical words. Feb. * Austria prepares for war, and fortifies the banks of the Ticino on her frontier. Apr. 19. Austria announces an ulti- matum, which requires the disarma- ment of Sardinia, and the dismissal of volunteers from other states within three days. Apr. 26. Sardinia refuses the demand of Austria. Apr. 29. Austria declares war against Sardinia. Mar. * -Apr. * Russia intervenes in the interest of peace, while the preparations for war go on. May 13-18. Count Buol Schauen- stein, the Foreign Minister, resigns, and Count Rechberg is appointed to suc- ceed him. June 6. It. An armistice arrests hos- tilities. July 11. The Emperors of Austria and of France meet at Villafranca. July 12. It. The preliminaries of peace are arranged between Austria and France at Villafranca. Lombardy, as far as the Mincio, is to belong to Sar- dinia, and the four great fortresses of Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Leg- nano remain with Austria. Aug. 8-Sept. * Switz. A fruitless con- ference of envoys is held at Zurich to finally settle the new treaty. Sept. * Aust. An imperial patent is is- sued, granting increased privileges to Protestants. Nov. 10. Switz. The Treaty of Zurich is signed. Austria gives up Lombardy, excepting the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera,. to Napoleon for transfer to Sardinia. Italy is to be formed into a confederation of states under the honorary presidency of the Pope, and Austria is to be a mem- ber on account of Venezia ; Tuscany and Modena are to be restored to their princes. Certain revolted legations are to be returned to the Pope, out *' with- out foreign intervention." 1860 Mar. 5. Vienna. The Reichs- rath, the representative council, is re- constituted by a decree of the emperor, its numbers increased, and its powers Mar. 24. Austria advertises for a new loan, and issues a protest against the occupation of Tuscany by Sardinians. May 31. Vienna. The Reichsrath meets. Oct. * Hung. Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, is crowned King of Hungary at Budapest. 1861 Jan. 7. Hung. Amnesty is pub- lished in Hungary and Croatia for po- litical offenses. Feb. 26. Aust. A Liberal constitu- tion for a united monarchy is published, though opposed by the nobility and the clergy. A fundamental law is passed providing for aclose Diet for theGerm;trn>-Slavonic lands, and provides for a Reichsrath composed of two bodies representing a united monarchy (Hungarians, etc.), with the exception of Venice. Feb. 27. Hung. The former constitu- tion is restored by decree to Hungary,. Croatia, Slavonia, and Transylvania. Feb. * Hung. The Hungarians and other non-German nationalities resist the new constitution, and demand separate constitutions with special min- istries. Apr. 8. Civil and political rights are granted to Protestants throughout the entire Empire except in Hungary and Venice. May 1. Vienna. The new Reichsrath opens. The upper House consists of 17 spirit- ual, 55 hereditary, and 39 peers. The lower House consists of 136 elected deputies. No representatives are pres- ent from Hungary, Transylvania, Vene- zia, the Banat, Slavonia, Croatia, and Istria. [A liberal constitution is adopted by the Reichsrath.] * * Hung. The Diet is opened by the- emperor. Nov. * Hung. The Diet of Croatia is abolished. MISCELLANEOUS. 1853 Sept. 8. Hung. The crown of St. Stephen, King of Hungary, and the royal insignia are discovered, and sent to Vienna. * * Aust. The rocks obstructing the navigation of the Danube below Grein are removed. 1857 * * Hung. The railway is opened from Szegd to Temisvar, also from Szolnok to Debreczen. * * -58 * * Vienna. The fortifications are demolished, and the city enlarged and beautified. 526 1861, Dec. *-1867, Nov. * AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1861 Dec* Herzegovina. An anti- Turk insurrection breaks out. 1862 Sept. 22. Herzegovina. Vucato- vitch, the leader of the insurrection against the Turks, surrenders to Kur- chid Pasha, and the insurrection ends. 1864 * * "War with Denmark. Jan. * Austria joins Prussia to prevent the incorporation of Schleswig-Hol- stein with Denmark. Feb. 1. Prussia. Advance of the Austro -Prussian army into Schleswig. Feb.* Pntssia. The Austrians advance upon Danewerk, fighting their way. Feb. 6. Prussia. The Austrians advance at Oversee, and drive out the Danes. Apr. 18. Prussia. The Duppel forts are stormed by the Prussians, and the entrenchments captured. May 12-June 26. Truce and peace conference is held at London. (,See Germany.) Oct. * The war with Denmark ends. (See State.) 1866 May* Ger. The emperor orders the whole army to be on a war footing. June 7. Ger. The Prussians enter Holstein, and drive out the Austrians without bloodshed. June 16-July 22. The Austro-Prus- sian "War of seven weeks. (See Ger- many.) It is provoked by the quarrel respect- ing the government of Holstein, but really caused by the fact that each power is too great to submit to the supremacy of the other. Saxony. The Prussians march upon Dresden, and the Saxon army retires into Bohemia to join the Austrians. The army of the Confederation against Prussia, at the western seat of war, is under Prince Charles of Bavaria. June 18. Prussia. The Austrians en- ter Silesia while the Prussians enter Dresden, Saxony. June 20. Saxony. The Prussians oc- cupy all Saxony except Konigsteiu. June 22 -July 14. The Prussians and the Italians are successful. [June 22-25. They enter Bohemia. June 24. Italians defeat Austrians at Custozza, It. June 27. Austrians de- feat Prussians at Trautenau ; are de- feated at Nachod. June 28. Hanoverians surrender at Trautenau ; Austrians de- feated at Soor and at Skalitz. June 29. Are defeated at Gitschin. July 3. De- cisively defeated at Sadowa. July 4. At Dermbach. July 4-14. Defeated at Hammelburg, Kissingen, Fredericks- hall, Hausen, and "Waldashaeh.] (See Germany.) July 10-22. The Prussian success continues. [July 10. Prussians enter Prague. July 12. Enter Briinn, and reach Vi- enna. July 14. Austrians are defeated at Aschaffenburg. July 15. " At Tobits- cb.au. July 16. Prussians enter Frank- fort, Hesse-Nassau. July 17. Occupy Darmstadt. July 27. Bombard Wurz- burg. July* Send a corps into Hun- gary; commence the siege of Vienna. July 22. Begin the engagement at Blu- menau, which is arrested by tidings of an armistice.] (See Germany.) July 26. Moravia. Preliminaries of peace are signed at Nikolsburg. Aug. 2. Ger. The truce is proclaimed n Bavari The Pr enter Wurzburg. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 Feb. 4. An inundation of the Danube causes much destruction and great distress. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1861 * * Teleki, Ladislaus, Hungarian pa- triot, A50. TIanka, Venceslav, Bohemian philologist, 1864* * Fay, Andreas, Hungarian novelist, A78. .Magyar, haszlo, Hungarian traveler, in Af- rica, A 47. Pinsker, Simclia, Austrian- Jewish scholar, A63. 1865 ♦ * Ivinety, George, Hungarian-Turkish general, A55i. Oct. 28. BuohSchauenstein, Karl Ferdi- nand von, Austrian prime minister, A68. .losika, Miklos, Hungarian novelist, A69. 1866* * C/.uezor, Clergely, Hungarian poet, scholar, A66. 1867 June 6. Matilda, archduchess, dies. CHURCH. 1864 * * Bohemia. Prague becomes a mission-station of the Free Church of Scotland. 1867 Nov. * Hung. The "Naza- renes," resembling Quakers, multiply. LETTERS. 1863 Mar. 29. Hung. Newspapers charged with publishing seditious speeches are confiscated by the Gov- ernment. SOCIETY. 1S66 Jan. 29. Hung. The emperor and empress arrive at Pesth. 1867 June 10. Hung. The corona- tion gift to the Emperor Francis Jo- seph, of 50,000 ducats, is bestowed on orphans and invalids. June * Great excitement prevails over the military execution of Maximilian in Mexico. July 27. Vienna is visited by the Sultan. STATE. 1862 Nov. 18. Hung. Amnesty is offered for political offenses, and a cessation of prosecutions. Dec* Bosnia. Herzegoviniaus, prompted by the Prince of Montenegro, revolt against the Turks. 1863 Mar. 30. Prussia. The incor- poration of Schleswig with Denmark leads to the armed interference of Aus- tria and Prussia to execute the decree of the German Confederation. May * Aust. The Imperial crown of Mexico i.s offered to the Archduke Maximilian by an assembly of Mexican notables, by the Instigation of Napoleon. * * Prussia. The Emperor Francis Jo- seph invites the various potentates of Germany to attend a congTess at Frankfort to consider schemes for the reorganization of Germany. Aug. 16. Prussia. Francis Joseph opens the Congress at Frankfort ; the King of Prussia refuses to attend, and the meeting is fruitle.-s. Oct. 20. Aust. Transylvanian depu- ties first take their seats in the Aus- trian Reichsrath. 1864 Apr. 10. Aust. Archduke Max- imilian definitively accepts the crown from a Mexican deputation, and becomes the nominal Emperor of Mexico. May 12.-June 26. Prussia. A truce is accepted in the war and peace conference at London. Austria and Prussia secede from the London pro- tocol, and the war breaks out anew. May 29. Mtx. Maximilian and Char- lotte land at Vera Cruz. Oct. 30. Vienna. Treaty of Vienna; Austria, Denmark, and Prussia sign a treaty by which Denmark cedes the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lau- enburg to the allies. 1865 June 6-9. Hung. The emperor is welcomed at Budapest, aud a new policy, restoring the rights of Hun- gary, is inaugurated. Aug. 14. Aust. The Treaty of Gas- tein, between Prussia and Austria, is signed. 1. Both Holstein and Schleswig under the common sovereignty of both powers. But Austria to have the provisional ad- ministration of Holstein, and Prussia that of Schleswig. 2. Kendshurg t<> be a fortress of the Confederation, and Kiel one of its harbors ; this harbor to be used in common, hut Prussia to have the chief command there: a military road, a telegraph and postal line, through Hol- stein, are guaranteed to Prussia. 3. The Emperor of Austria surrenders all his rights to the Duchy of Lauenburg to the King of Prussia for two and a half mil- lions of rix dollars. * * Prussia. Vcn Gablenz is governor of the Duchy of Holstein. * * Austria, being much opposed to the increase of Prussian power, disputes the agreement, and enters into an agree- ment with the middle states of Ger- many. Sept. 12. Aust. An Imperial decree re- convokes a Transylvanian Diet. Sept. 21. Aust. An Imperial rescript suppresses the representative con- stitution of the Empire, preparatory to giving autonomy to Hungary and other provinces. Nov. 11. Hung. The moderate party, led by Francis Deak, rejects autonomy, and demands the restoration of the Hungarian monarchy, with a respon- sible government. Dec. 14. Hung. The emperor visits Budapest, and opens the Reichstag. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1861, Dec* -1867, Nov.*. 527 Passive resistance by non-payment of taxes leads the emperor to consider the demands of Hungary tor self-govern- ment. Dec. 20. Hung. Carl Szentivanyi is elected president of the Eeichstag. 1866 Jan.* While professing to desire peace, Austria and Prussia both pre- pare for war [which will determine the supremacy of one or the other]. Mar. 27. Italy enters an alliance with Prussia against Austria. May 19. Prussia. The Diet at Frank- fort calls on Austria and Prussia to disarm. * * Prussia calls upon Saxony, Hanover, aud Hesse to replace their troops on a peace footing, in disregard of the de- cree of the Diet, and to join a new con- federation under her lead. June 13. Hanover. Prussia, being re- fused iu her demands, invades Hano- ver, whose king retreats ; also Elec- toral Hesse, whose elector is made a prisoner, and takeu to Stettin. June 14. Prussia. Austria alleges the treaty is broken by the invasion of Holstein by Prussian troops, and is sus- tained by the vote of the Diet. Representatives of Prussia invite the members of the Diet to enter a new confederation in which Austria will be excluded, as the Germanic Confed- eration is dissolved. The Diet at Frankfort decrees the mobilization of the whole army of the Confederation, with the exception of the three Prussian corps. June 16. Aust. The war with Prussia. It is caused chiefly by the general de- sire for a unity of German States by re- organization, and the constant obstacle to such unity arising from divers inter- ests of two great powers, only one of which was peopled by Germans, aud Ger- manic in its interests. A special provocation exists in the quarrel respecting the government of the North Albingian duchies. Italy participates in the war for the purpose of acquiring Venezia. Each power pro- fesses to be forced into the war by the military preparations of the other. The Germanic Confederation falls to pieces ; the powerful State of Prussia secedes from the Confederation, which is thereby dissolved. June 18. Saxony. Prussia invades Saxony, whose king and army retire to Bohemia. Prussia declares war against Austria. June 20. Italy declares war against Austria. July 3. Bohemia. The victory of the Prussians at Sadowa secures Prussian supremacy in Germany, and estab- lishes North German unity. Venezia is given to Italy, and it also leads to the legislative independence of Hungary. July * Aust. Francis Joseph appeals to the mediation of France. Aug. 23. Bohemia. The Peace of Prague, between Prussia and Austria, is signed. Terms: 1. Austria recognizes the dis- solution of the German Confederation, and consents to the reorganization or the German States with herself ex- cluded, and farther consents to the an- nexations proposed by Prussia. Saxony is secured against an alteration of her boundary. 2. Austria's rights in Schles- wig-Holstein are transferred to Prussia, provided that the northern districts of Sehleswig are united with Denmark if its inhabitants shall so vote. 3. Aus- tria is to pay twenty million rix dollars (§15,000,000) as the costs of the war. 4. Venetia is ceded to Italy. (Arranged from Ploetz.) * * Prussia. The Prussian Monarchy is enlarged. Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Elec- toral Hesse, Nassau, and the free city of Frankfort are incorporated with Prus- sia, adding :>1MHJ0 square miles of terri- tory and three and a half millions of people, thus securing her supremacy over the German States. (Arranged from Ploetz.) Oct. 3. Vienna. The Peace of Vienna, between Austria and Italy, is signed. Austria recognizes the kingdom of Italy, to which Venice is united, and consents to the union. Oct. * Hung. The Moderate and Na- tional party in Hungary demand au- tonomy, and are exasperated by the delay to grant it. Oct. 11. It. The iron crown of Italy, which was removed from Monza to Man- tua by the Austrians, is surrendered with this city. Oct. * Hung. The Hungarian legions which joined the Prussian army against Austria are allowed to return to their allegiance. Oct. 30. Aust. Friederich Ferdinand, Baron Von Beust, a Protestant and a Saxon, becomes Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, and proceeds to reorganize the state on a liberal basis. Oct. * Galicia. Count Goluchowiski, a Pole, is made governor. Nov. 19. Hung. The Reichstag is opened at Budapest by an Imperial decree [which promises to do justice to the constitutional demands of the Hun- garians]. Dec. 15. Hung. Francis Deak replies to the Imperial decree, and is sustained by the Eeichstag in demanding the retoration of the Hungarian con- stitution. Dec. 25. Hung. The union of Tran- sylvania with Hungary is ratified by its Diet. 1867 Jan. 3. Vienna. A special ses- sion of the Reiehsrath is called for Feb. 23. Jan. * Hung. Hungarians oppose the convocation of the Reiehsrath. Feb. 4. Aust, The autonomy of Hun- gary is announced ; Premier Richard Von Belcredi resigns. Feb. 7. Vienna. Baron Von Beust, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, is ap- pointed Premier. Feb. 17. Hungary becomes reconciled by the adoption of a dual system of government. Its self-government is secured by the restoration of the constitution of 1S48, and the appointment of Julius Andrassy as Premier of a separate Hungarian Min- istry, Spring. Vienna. The emperor sum- mons the Beichsrath to assemble for reorganization of the State in a liberal sense ; it is one result of the unsuccess- ful war. May 22. Vienna. The Germano-Sla- vonic Reiehsrath is opened by the em- peror in person. May± * Separate government is de- manded by the Czechs, Slavonians, and others, who strongly oppose absorption into the dual government. May 25. Hung. A protest is made by Croatia, a Crown land, against incor- poration with Hungary. May 27. Hung. The Croatian Diet at Agram, embracing Slavonia, is dis- solved. June 8. Hung. The Emperor Francis Joseph and the Empress Elizabeth are crowned at Budapest, as sovereigns of Hungary. June 9. Hung. The emperor grants the Hungarians amnesty for political offenses. June 19. Mex. The Archduke Maxi- milian is executed as a usurper. (See Mexico.) June 23. Vienna. Baron Von Beust is made President of the Federal Coun- cil, — Chancellor of the Empire. July * Hung. Louis Kossuth is elected a deputy of the Reichstag. Aug. 18. Aust. Napoleon HE. visits Francis Joseph at Salzburg. Sept. 13. Vienna. The plan for the di- vision of the public debt and other finances of Austria and Hungary is signed. Sept. 23. Vienna. Deputations of Hun- garians sign a financial convention with Austria. Sept. 28. Aust. The Church is aroused , and 28 bishops demand that the con- cordat respecting education and marriage be observed, and oppose the proposed change. Oct. * Hung. Kossuth writes a letter censuring the course of the moderate party. * * Bohemia. The Czechs insist that the emperor shall be crowned King of Bo- hemia at Prague. Oct. * Aust. The emperor, in a letter to Cardinal von Bauscher, proposes the complete liberty of conscience, in opposition to the agreement with the Papal power. Oct. 22. Ger. King "William I. of Prussia meets the Emperor Francis Jo- seph at Oos, near Baden-Baden. Nov. * Vienna. The Beichsrath ap- proves the Austro-Hungarian dualistic government. MISCELLANEOUS. 1866 * * Aust. An Imperial commission undertakes to construct a new channel for the Danube near Vienna. 528 1867,Nov.*-1878,Sept.26. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1868 Oct. 11. Aust. -Hung. Frederick von BeuBt, the Premier, calls for a standing army of 800,000 men. 1869 Feb. 9. Hang. The Royal Hungarian Guard ie organized. Feb. 20. Aust.-Hung. The frigate Radetzky is blown up ; 300 lives are lost. 1870 Dec* Aust.-Hung. The army consists of 864,869 regulars and 187,- 527 landwehr (militia). 1875* * The Herzegovinians revolt against the Turks because of exces- sive taxation and the abuse of power ; they are supported by Montenegro and Servia. July 12. Herzegovina. The Turks are defeated in an uprising at Nevesinje. Aug. * Herzegovina. Seryer Pasba de- feats the insurgents. * * The leaders of the revolt are Peko, Palovich, Socica Ljubibratich, and others. 1S76 Jan. 18-20. Herzegovina. The insurgents are defeated at Trebinje, and their leader is killed. Apr. 29. Herzegovina. Mukhtar Pasha defeats the insurgents, and revictuals the besieged force at Nicksich. May * -June * Herzegovina. Unimpor- tant engagements occur. June * Herzegovina. The new Sultan, Murad V., grants an armistice. (See State, 1878, June, Treaty of Berlin.) July * The principalities join in the struggle against the Turks [and the Russo-Turkish "War follows]. 1877 Apr. 12. Bosnia. The Czar of Russia declares war against Turkey, because of its refusal to grant justice to Bosnia. 1878 July 31- Aug. 1. Bosnia — Her- zegovina. An Austrian force enters Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is resisted by a part of its inhabitants. Aug. 4-6. Bosnia. The Bosnians aided by the Turks vigorously resist the Aus- trian advance. Aug. 4. Herzegovina. Herzegovinians resist the Austrians at Mostar, the capital. Aug. 7, 8. Bosnia. The Austrians de- feat the Bosnians at Zepce and Maglai. Aug.* Bosnia. Travnik is occupied by the Austrians. Aug. 16. Bosnia. The Bosnians are de- feated at Han Belalovich by Gen. Filippovic. Aug. 18. Bosnia. The Austrians un- der Gen. Tegetthoff defeat the Bosnians. Aug. 19. Bosnia. The Austrians bom- bard Serajevo, the capital, and take it by storm. Sept. 7. Bosnia. The fortress of Tre- binje is surrendered without a battle. Sept. 10. Bosnia. The Austrian ad- vance is checked at Behacs. [Sept. 19. It takes Behacs.] Sept. 21. Bosnia. The Austrians take the fortress of Senkorics, and capture military stores. Sept. 25. Bosnia. Zwornik is surren- dered to the Austrian* with its strung fortress. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1868 Sept. 18i. Vienna. The new- Palace of Fine Arts is founded by the emperor. 1873* * Vienna. The 3d International Medical Congress is held. 1874 Sept. 25. Vienna. Part of the Austro-H ungarian polar expedition arrives. * * Vienna. The minor planets, Aus- trea, Melibcea, and Siwa, are discovered by J. Palisa. [1875. He discovers Po- lana, Adria, Abundantia, Hilda, Scylla, and Xanthippe.] 1875 June 26. Hung. Storms kill people at Budapest. 1876 July 17. Aust. An earthquake is felt throughout the Empire. 1877 * * Vienna. The minor planets, Eurykleia and Belisana, are discov- ered by J. Palisa. [1878. Also Elsa, Istria, and Deiopeia. 1879. Also. Nausikaa, Arete, Penelope, Callisto, Martha, Hedda, Lacriosa, Isa- bella, and Isolda. 1880. Medea, As- chera, Eudora, Thursnelda, Bianca. 1881. Stephania.] 1878 Aug. 30. Hung. The town of Mis- kolcz is destroyed by a waterspout ; many lives are lost. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1868* * Gasser, Hans, Aust. sculptor, A51. 1870* * linger, Franz, Austrian paleontolo- gist, A70. Leopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, Arch- duke of Austria, A73. 1871 Feb. 3. Eotvos. J6zef, Hungarian author, patriot, ami minister, A58. Apr. 7. Tegethoff, Willielin von, Austrian admiral, A44. Omer PaBha. Austrian-Turkish general, A69. 1872* * Gai, Ljudevit, Croatian author, jour- nalist, A63. May 28. Sophia, Archduchess of Austria, mother of the emperor, A67. 1873* * C/.'nnak, .lohann Nepomuk, Bohe- mian physiologist, A45. 1875 June 29. Ferdinand HI.. Empe- ror, A82. Nov. 24. Rauseher, Cardinal, prince bishop of Vienna, dies. Klein, Johann Adam, Hungarian painter, A83. Laub, Ferdinand, violinist, A43. 1876 Jan. 29. Deak. Francis. Hungarian statesman, orator, A73. Ambros, August Willielm, Austrian histo- rian of music, A60. 1878 Mar. 8. Francis Charles, Archduke of Austria, the emperor's father, A76. Horvath, Mihily, Hungarian historian, A69. Fogarasy, Janos, Hungarian lexicographer and jurist, A77. Rokitansky, Karl, Austrian pathologist, A74. CHURCH. 1869 Jan. 1. Aust. Great opposi- tion to the Government is made by the clergy. * * Bohemia. The Moravian Brethren un- dertake to plant a mission. * * Aust. The Bishop of Lintz is sen- tenced to three months' imprisonment for using seditious language; pardoned by the emperor. 1870 July 30. The Government sus- pends the concordat with Rome in consequence of the promulgation of the doctrine of papal infallibility. 1871 July 26. Vienna. The "Old Catholics" hold their lirj*t meeting. 1872 * * The American Board com- mences its missions. Prague in Bohemia, Briiu in Moravia, and Innsbruck in Tyrol, are speedily occupied. 1873 * * Hung. John Simor is conse- crated cardinal priest. 1874 Mar. 7. //. The Pope issues an encyclical letter condemning the new ecclesiastical laws. Apr.* Aust. The bishops protest against the new ecclesiastical laws; both of the political parties adopt the motto, "A free church in a free state.** LETTERS. 1869 * * Croatia. The University of Z&gr&b, Agram, is founded. 1872* * Hung. The University of Kolozsvar, Klausenberg. is founded. 1874* * Croatia. The University of Agram is opened. 1875 * * Aust. The University of Czernowitz is founded. SOCIETY. 1868 Dec. 14. Hung. A Jewish Congress at Budapest is opened by the minister of public worship, Eotvos. 1869 Mar. 9-10. Croatia. The sover- eigns visit Agram. 1870 June 9. Hung. The remains of Louis Batthyanyi, the Hungarian patriot, are reinterred with much cere- mony in the public cemetery, Pesth. 1873 Apr. 28-. Vienna. The Prince of "Wales visits Vienna. [June 1-7, The Czar ; July 30±, The Shah of Per- sia ; Sept. 17-22, King Victor Emman- uel; Oct. 17-23, Emperor "William of Germany.] Dec. 2. Vienna. Great rejoicings oc- cur in celebration of the 25th anniver- sary of the accession of the emperor. 1874 Feb. 27. Ofenheim, the rail- way financier charged with fraud, is ac- quitted. July* Aug.* Eng. The empress visits the Isle of Wight. Aug. 1. Vienna. An international Sanitary Congress closes. * * Vienna. A Cremation Society is founded. 1S75 Apr. 5. It. The emperor is warmly received at Venice by the King of Italy. June 28. Bohemia. The czar and emperor meet at Eger. STATE. 1867 Nov. * Hung. George Klapka and other Liberals in the Reichstag join Francis Deak. Dec. 29. Hung. The emperor approves the Hungarian bills for Jewish eman- cipation, and for a financial arrange- ment with Austria. Dec. 30. Vienna. Prince Auersperg, as Premier, organizes a new Ministry. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1867, Nov. *-1878, Sept. 26. 529 1868 Mar. 21-23. Vienna. The up- per House of the Reichsrath passes the Civil Marriages Bill, aimulling cleri- * * Aust. The Roman Catholic clergy become amenable to civil law. * * Aust. Secular education is placed under the control of the state. Apr. 14. Hung. Kossuth resigns as an elected member of the Reichstag. May 25. Vienna. The emperor assents to the Civil Marriages Bill. May 27. Hung. Croatia accepts union with Hungary. * * Aust. The disabilities of the Jews in municipal and communal affairs are abolished by the Galician Diet. Oct. 10. Bohemia. The habeas corpus act is suspended because of riots at Prague. Nov. 24. Hung. Croatian deputies first take their place in the Reichstag. Dec. 10. Hung. The Reichstag of 18G5 closes. Dec. 14. Hung. Jews, under Jdzsef Eotvos, Minister of Worship and Educa- tion, and patriot, open a congress. 1869 Jan.* Aust. The clergy strongly oppose the Government. Mar. 9, 10. Aust. The sovereigns of Austria-Hungary visit Agram in Croatia. Apr. 22. Hung. The Chamber of Deputies assembles at Budapest. Oct. * Aust. A successful insurrection arises in Dalmatia. Dec. 13. Vienna. The emperor opens the Reic hsrath . 1870 Jan. * A Ministerial crisis oc- curs. Apr. 4. Vienna. The Ministry resigns, and a new one is formed with Count Potocki as Premier. July 18. Vienna. Austria-Hungary an- nounces its neutrality in the Franco- Prussian war. July 30. Vienna. Austria-Hungary de- clares the concordat of the Pope is suspended in consequence of the pro- mulgation of the decree establishing the infallibility of the Pope. The Austro- Hungarian Monarchy becomes the official title of the Empire. Sept. 14 -Oct. 5. Bohemia. An agita- tion for self-government pervades the kingdom, and addresses are seut to the emperor. Sept. 17. Vienna. The emperor opens the Reichsrath at Vienna ; Bohemian deputies are absent. Sept. 29. Vienna. The Federal and National parties in the Reichsrath con- tend for supremacy. Nov. 22. Vienna. The Reichsrath ad- journs. 1871 Jan. * The emperor recognizes the new German Empire. Feb. 8. The Government grants com- plete amnesty for political offenses. Feb. * Potocki, the Premier, is dis- missed, and succeeded by Count Hohen- wart. Feb. 20. Vienna. The Reichsrath opens. Sept. 6-8. The Emperors of Austria- Hungary and Germany meet at Salz- burg. Oct. 25. Aust. The dissension between German and Slavonian parties causes a Ministerial crisis; the Hohenwart Ministry at Vienna resigns. Nov. 4. Vienna. Baron Kellersberg, Premier, forms a new Ministry. Nov. 8. Von Beust is dismissed from the control of the Government, Nov. 13, 14. Vienna. Count An- drassy becomes Minister of Foreign Af- fairs, and Count Lonyay Premier of the Hungarian Ministry. Nov. 25. Vienna. A new Ministry is formed by Prince Auersperg. Dec. 28. The Reichsrath opens. 1872 Mar. 13. A new constitutional law is promulgated, which authorizes the emperor to order new elections of the Chambers. Apr. 16. Hung. The Reichstag of 1869 is dissolved. July* Hung. The Constitutional party is sustained by the electors. Sept. 4. Hung. The Reichstag opens at Budapest. Sept. 6-8. Ger. The Emperors of Aus- tria and Germany and other sovereigns meet at Berlin. Dec. 2. Hung. The Lonyay Ministry resigns. Dec. * Hung. Szlavy succeeds in organ- izing a new Ministry. 1873 Mar. 10. The Reichsrath be- comes a national representative as- sembly by a change in the law, which puts the elections in the hands of the body of electors instead of the pro- vincial Diets. Oct. 30. National elections for the Reichsrath are held ; 228 Constitution- alists and 125 Federals are chosen. Nov. 5. The Reichsrath opens. Nov. * Hung. Budapest is formally de- clared the capital. Dec. 2. Amnesty is granted to polit- ical offenders on the 25th anniversary of the emperor's accession. * * The Government requires 55 per cent of the taxes of Croatia to be paid to Hungary. 1874 Feb. 11. Hung. The Szlavy Ministry resigns. Feb. 26 -Mar. 1. Hung. Baron von "Wenckhein forms a coalition Ministry. Mar. 20. Hung. The coalition Ministry resigns, and is succeeded by a Bitto Ministry. Spring. A bill for abolishing the con- cordat is introduced, and measures for restricting the power of the clergy pass both Houses. Apr. * The bishops oppose the new ecclesiastical laws. "A free church in a free state " is the popular aphorism of both political parties. July * Bohemia. The " Young Czech " party is rejected by the electors. Aug. 14. Hung. The Reichstag closes. 1875 July * Hung. The Government is sustained in the elections. Aug. 22. Herzegovina. The Great Powers agree to send a commission to redress grievances. Sept.i * Herzegovina. The Bosnians join the insurgents against the Turks. Oct. 20. Hung. Koloman Tisza be- comes Premier. 1876 July 8. Bohemia. The czar and emperor meet at Reichstadt, and unite in a policy of neutrality respecting the war between the Servians and the Turks. Nov. * The expenditures of the Govern- ment are found to exceed the revenue. 1877 June 26. The Austrian and Hungarian Ministers announce their policy of neutrality in the Turco- Russian war. Aug. * Bosnia. The revolt against the Turks is subdued. 1878 July 13. Ger. The Treaty of Berlin is signed. It provides that Austria shall have the administration of the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to occupy them with Austrian troops, together with Sandshak of Novi Bazar. Count Andrassy is the representative of Austria in the Congress. (See Germany, State.) July * Bosnia revolts against annexa- tion to Austria. July 29. Austrian troops enter Bosnia and Herzegovina, in accordance with the Treaty of Berlin. (War follows.) Sept. 26. Hung. A Ministerial crisis occurs ; the Minister of Finance resigns. MISCELLANEOUS. 1868 July 26. Vienna. A German sharpshooting match opens. 1869 Oct. * Aust. A Corespondenz Karte (postal card) first appears in Europe. 1873 May 1. Vienna. The emperor opens an International Exhibition. May 7±. Hung. Twenty-one persons are killed in a railroad accident near Budapest. May 9. Aust. Europe suffers from financial distress, and many failures occur at Vienna. June 24. Hung. The Fiume railroad is partly opened. Aug. 18. Vienna. The Archduke Albert presents the prizes awarded to exhibitors at Vienna. Oct. 24. Vienna. The emperor opens the water-works. 1876 May 30. Vienna. The new channel of the Danube is opened. 1878 Mar. 8. The Sphinx is burnt at sea near Cape St. Elie ; 500 persons perish. 530 1878, Sept. 28-1889, Feb. 5. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1878 Sept. 28. Bosnia. Livno, after bombardment, is captured by the Aus- trians. Nov. 9. Bosnia. The war ends. [No further resistance is offered to the Aus- trians ; an amnesty follows.] Austrian losses, about 5,000 killed, wounded, and missing. 1870 Sept. 8. Bosnia. Austrians oc- cupy Novi-Bazar without opposition. * * Herzegovina. Austrian forces oc- cupy the Lim country. 1882 Jan.* Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Bosnia. Austrian troops arrive to sup- press disturbances. Jan. 16-31. Herzegovina. The insur- gents are defeated in several small engagements. Feb. 16+. Herzegovina. Insurgents are suppressed at Glavalicevo. Feb. 25. Herzegovina. The insurgents are defeated at Cettinje. Mar. 14. Herzegovina. The capture of Dragali by the Austrians is announced. May 12±. Herzegovina. The insurrec- tion is almost suppressed, and the fighting is chiefly by guerrilla bands. Nov. 7, 8. Vienna. The army is used to suppress a riot of shoemakers and others. 1883 Sept. 8-10. Croatia. The mili- tary authorities are resisted, and re- volters are suppressed. ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 1879 Mar. 12,13. Hung. Heavy rains cause the dams on the River Theiss to give way, and a flood-wave destroys 6,235 houses out of a total of 6,566 houses in Szegedin. Nov. 10-16, Dec. 8. An earthquake in South Austria does much damage ; lives are lost in Agram. 1882 Apr. 1. Aust. An Interna- tional Art Exhibition is opened at Vienna. Apr. 2. Aust. The Austrian Polar Ex- pedition starts in the Polar. * * Vienna. J. Palisa discovers many minor planets. Minor planets : Eos, Lucia, Rosa, Oceana, Henrietta, Weringia, Agathe, Adalinda.and Vindabona. 1883. Russia and Carolina. 18S4. Vera, Honoria, Ad- rastea, Ida, Kriemhild, and Sita. 1885. Walpurga, Silesia, Lameia, Bettina, Sophia, Dresda, and Mathilde. 1886. Augusta, Oppavia, and Valda. 1S87. Anna, Aline, and Justitia. 1S8S. Sapi- entia, Atropos, Philagoria, Adelheld, Paulina, Ccelestina, Thule, Philia, and Lucretia. 1889. Oct. 3. Huberta. 1883 Jan. 10. Hung. Raab is partly submerged by floods. June 21 ±. An overflow of the River Neisse does much damage in Silesia. Aug. 22. Aust. The Austrian Polar Expedition returns to Drontheim. Sept. 15. Aust. An International Exhibition of graphic art is opened at Vienna. 1884 Dec. 10. Aust. A destructive storm visits Vienna. Dec. 26-31. Earthquake shocks are felt. Dec. 28. Slight shocks of an earth- quake are felt in Carinthia and Styria. 1885 Jan. 27-28. Aust. Slight earth- quake shocks are felt in Styria. 1887 June 3±. Another inundation visits Szegedin. Sept. 29. Hung. A bronze statue of Francis Deak, the orator and states- man, is unveiled by the emperor. 1888 Mar. * An inundation afflicts Hun- gary. May 13. Vienna. The Maria Theresa monument is inaugurated in the pres- ence of the emperor and empress. Sept. 15. Aust. A Meteorological Congress opens at Vienna. 1889 Jan. 15. The Danube River is firmly frozen for 18 miles below Vienna. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1880 Oct. 10. Giskra, Karl, Austrian statesman, dies. Havmerle, Heinrieh von, Baron, statesman, dies, A53. 1881 Apr. 27. Benedek. Ludwig von. Austrian general, .ht-s, A77. 1884 Oct. 3. JIakart, Hans, historical painter, A40. 1885 Jan. 5. Auersperg, Adolph, Prince, Austrian statesman, dies. 1886 Oct. 24. Beust. Frederich Ferdi- nand von. Liberal statesman, chancellor, A84. July 31 . Liszt. Franz. Hungarian pianist, composer, dies, A75. 1887* *Ainerling, Frederick, Austrian painter, A84. 1888 * * Heller, Stephen, Hungarian com- poser, A74. 1889 Jan. 5. Iieichbauer, Herr, ex-Presi- dent of tlie Austrian Iteichsrath, dies. Jan. 17. Murska, ill, lima, operatic singer, A46+. Jan. 30. Rudolph, Archduke, crown prince, A31. CHURCH. 1878 * * It. Leo XIII. is pope. 1879 * * Aust. F. Von Fiirstenberg, the Archbishop of Olmlitz, is consecrated cardinal priest. [1884. Nov. 10. Celes- tine Ganglbauer, Archbishop of Vienna. 1885. J. Mihalovitz, Archbishop of Za- gabria.' 1889 Feb. 4. The emperor addresses the Holy Father on the death of Prince Rudolph, the crown prince; [the Pope replies]. LETTERS. 1881 Feb. 11. Bohemia. Lectures in the Czechic language are established in the University of Prague. Sept. 20-29. Vienna. An Interna- tional Literary Association meets. [1888. Sept. 19. Meets again.] SOCIETY. 1879 Apr. 24. Aust. The emperor and empress celebrate their silver wedding. 1881 May 10. Aust. The Archduke Rudolph is married to Stephanie Clo- tilde of Belgium. July * Bohemia. Czech and German stu- dents engage in riots at Prague. Oct. 28.-31. Vienna. The King and Queen of Italy are welcomed. 1882 Jan. 19. Vienna. Johann Zich throws a stone at the Russian AiiiIin-- sador. * * Aust. An attempt is made by Over- dank, a soldier, to assassinate the Emperor Francis Joseph. Feb.* Mohammedans sympathize with Christian insurgents. Sept. 29. Hung. An anti-Jew riot breaks out at Presburg, and martial law is proclaimed. Nov. 7-8. Aust. A riot of Shoe- makers occurs. Dec. 20. Aust. Overdank, a soldier, who attempted to assassinate the em- peror, is executed. Dee. 27. The 600th anniversary of the House of Habsburg is celebrated throughout the Empire. Dec. * Bohemia. Forty-five socialists are sentenced to imprisonment at Prague. 1883 Mar. 29. Hung. The chief jus- tice, George von Mailath von Szekhely, is murdered. June * Hung. Ten Jews are tried at Nyireghyhaza charged with the murder of Esther Solymosi, a Christian maid, on Apr. 1, 1892; Joseph Scharf is one of them. July * -Aug. * Hungary is disturbed by anti-Jewish riots, especially at Pesth, Zala, and Egersseg. Aug. 3. Hung. The ten Jews tried at Nyireghyhaza are acquitted of the mur- der of Esther Solymosi. Aug.* Croatia. Riots prevail in Agram and other places against the Jews ; the Slavs also make anti-Hungarian dis- turbances. Sept. 20. Croatia. Ten rioters are killed. Sept. 30. Croatia. The Government sentences 38 rioters to imprisonment. Oct. 6. Hung. Three men are convicted of the murder of Chief Justice Szekhely. 1884 Jan.* Aust. Two police detec- tives are assassinated ; a great conspir- acy is suspected. Feb. 9. Vienna. Much Socialistic dis- affection ; another policeman is mur- dered, and the excitement increases. Mar. 15±. Vienna. The Government expels 700 Socialists. Apr. 17±. Turk. The Crown Prince Rudolph and the princess visit Con- stantinople. Apr. 22. Aust. Hugo Schenk and Schlossarck are executed for the mur- der of several servant girls. Aug. 8. Vienna. Corporal Hermann Stellmacher, the assassin of Detec- tive Bloch. is executed. Dee. * Aust. Startling bank frauds are discovered ; some of the culprits com- mit suicide. 1886 Sep. 26. Aust. A great Inter- national Hygienic Congress is opened by the crown prince at Vienna. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1878, Sept. 28-1889, Feb. 5. 531 Sept. 27. Aust. Incendiary fires occur in the suburbs of Vienna. Oct. 10. Aust. The discovery of a con- spiracy to burn Vienna is announced, and 17 men are arrested. 188S May 14. Aust. The National Industrial Exhibition, celebrating the fortieth year of the emperor's reign, is opened at Vienna. June 22. Aust. A grand funeral of Beethoven is celebrated at Vienna on the transfer of his remains from Wall- ring Cemetery to that of Simmerung. June 27- Bung. Agrarian riots at Foeldvar are suppressed with force. Oct. 3±. Vienna. The German Em- peror "William II. visits Vienna. 1889 Jan. 2. Aust. A Socialist Con- gress is held at Hainfield. Jan. 15. The Government sentences 19 Nazarenes, seven of whom are women, to imprisonment for various terms for inciting people to refuse to do mili- tary duty. Moravia. Eleven hundred textile workers strike for an increase of wages. Jan. 30. Aust. The Archduke Ru- dolph, the crown prince, commits suicide. Hung. Hussars disperse a mob at Pesth. Feb. 5. Aust. Several persons are arrested in Capes for repeating rumors that the crown prince met his death at the hands of the husband of the woman he had betrayed. (See Feb. 25.) STATE. 1878 Oct. 4. Hung. The Tisza Min- istry resigns. Oct. 22. Aust. The Auersperg Liberal Ministry resigns. • Oct. * Bosnia, with the exception of Novi Bazar, is occupied by Austria-Hungary. Dec. 5. Hung. The Tisza Ministry is reorganized, and resumes office. 1879 Feb. 15. Vienna. Dr.Stremayr, Premier, forms a new Ministry. July 11±. The elections return a Lib- eral majority to the Reichsrath. Oct. 7. Aust. A secret treaty of de- fense against Russia is signed by Austria and Germany. Oct. 8. The Reichsrath opens at Vi- enna ; the Czech deputies are pres- ent. Premier Andrassy, Minister of Foreign Affairs, resigns, and retires from political life ; he is succeeded by Baron von Haymerle. 1880* * Bosnia becomes quiet, and the reformation of the Government ad- June 8. All the diets of the Empire open. 1881 July * Bohemia. Marshal Krause is appointed governor of Prague. Nov. 18+ . Gustave, Count Kalnoky, becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs. 1882 Jan. 16. Herzegovina. An in- surrection breaks out. Jan. * Troops are required to suppress an insurrection in southern Dalma- tia, Herzegovina, and Bosnia. May 29±. The "New German Peo- ple's Party" issues a manifesto. Oct. 26. The Herzegovinian insurrec- tion is suppressed. 1883 Sept. 6±. Hung. Gen. Bam- berg, a special commissioner, super- sedes the Ban of Croatia. Sept. 22, Hung. The Croatians are aroused against Hungary, and demand separation. Sept. * The Imperial Government at- tempts to conciliate the Slavs in their jealous opposition to Germans and Ma- gyars ; they desire autonomy. Dec. * Vienna. The Reichsrath first meets in the new house. Dee. 4. Hung. Count Khun-Heder- vary becomes Ban of Croatia. Dec. 17. Hung. The Croatian Diet opens at Agram in an important session. 1884 Jan. 22. Hung. The Croatian Diet is dissolved. Jan. 30. Vienna. In apprehension of a great conspiracy at Vienna, Premier Taaffe restricts public meetings, the press, trials by jury, and other rights. Feb. 15. Vienna. The Reichsrath ap- proves the repressive police measures of the Government. Mar. 13±. Hung. The Government ar- rests many Socialists at Budapest. Mar. 15+ . Vienna. Seven hundred persons suspected of conspiracy are expelled. June 13±. Hung. A majority of the Reichstag are elected by the Liberals. Aug. 27- Hung. The Croatian Diet is again dissolved, and political disagree- ments continue, 1885 Apr. 22. Aust. The Reichsrath is dissolved. Apr. 30. Vienna. The reform Act adopted by the upper House of the Reichsrath is approved by the emperor. Aug. 25, 26. Moravia. The emperor and Alexander III., Czar of Russia, meet at Kremsier. Sept. 22. Vienna. The new Reichsrath assembles. 1887 Feb. 26. Vienna. The Reichs- rath votes increased army estimates. Mar. 5. Hung. The Reichstag votes increased army estimates. Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance is signed with Germany and Italy. Oct. * Vienna. Premier Taaffe makes a change in the Ministry. Nov. * Hung. The Croatians finally abandon the movement for autonomy. Dec. 19. Vienna. The Reichsrath votes money for war preparations. 1889 Jan. 10. Vienna. Herr von Tisza, the Prime Minister, threatens to resign unless the army bill is passed by the Reichsrath. Jan. 29. Hung. The military bill is passed by a majority of 126 votes. Jan. 31. Vienna. The Archduke Charles Louis, the emperor's brother, is offici- ally announced as heir to the throne. MISCELLANEOUS. 1879 Aug. S, 9. Bosnia. A great fire renders 20,000 persons homeless in Sera- jevo. 1880 June 10-30. Hung. IvanZmer- tych, a Hungarian, rides his velocipede from Ostend, Belgium, to Budapest. 1881 Dec. 8. Vienna. The Ring theater is burned, and 447 lives lost. 1882 Sept. 23. Hung. A railway bridge over the Drave falls, and about 27 soldiers in a train are drowned. 1883 Aug. 16. Vienna. The electric exhibition is opened. Sept. 2. A princess is horn to the Arch- duke Rudolph and the Princess Stepha- nie of Belgium ; they were married May 10, 1841. Sept. 12. Vienna. Bicentenary of the siege of Vienna raised by John Sobieski, King of Poland, is celebrated. 1884 June 1. — Oct. * Aust. There are 882 cases and 544 deaths from cholera in Triest. Sept. 20. Tyrol. The emperor opens the Arlberg railroad tunnel on the line connecting Innsbruck with Bregenz. Oct. * -Dec. * Hung. Cholera prevails, principally in Budapest and Szegedin ; 966 cases and 499 deaths are reported. 1885 May 2. Hung. The emperor opens a National Exhibition at Buda- pest. Nov. 4. Hung. The National Exhibi- tion at Budapest closes. 1886 Aug. 17, 18. Vienna. Joseph Pircher, a gilder, secretly climbs up the steeple of St. Stephen's, and places a banner on its cross, 432 (German) feet high. Sept. 2. Hung. Budapest celebrates the bicentenary of its recapture from the Turks by Imperialists under the Duke of Lorraine. 1887 July 5. Hung. Twenty-seven persons are killed by the accidental ex- plosion of dynamite at Jasz Bereny, near Budapest. Dec. 16. Vienna. The Invalide Russe causes a panic at the Bourse. 1889 Jan. 3. Hung. The maize ring syndicate collapses. Jan. 5. Vienna. The Greek Govern- ment borrows 20,000,000 francs from a bank. Jan. 9. Hung. Diphtheria is prevalent in Nago, the schools are closed, and 20 children die in one day. Jan. 30. Aust. The Archduke Ru- dolph, the crown prince, is found dead in his bed by his valet; apoplexy is announced as the cause; suicide by a pistol-shot is the rumored cause of his death. 532 1889, Feb. 6-1890, May 20. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Feb.* Hung. The Army Bill of M. Tisza awakens much opposition in Budapest. June 16. Bosnia. Insurgents at Novi- Bazar attack the Turks. June 22. Aust. The Government pro- poses the addition of 14 heavy bat- teries to the armament. July 24. Aust. The infantry is in- creased by an addition of 9,000 men, thus raising the service to a war-footing. Aug. 23. Aust. The War Office decides to supply the army with smokeless powder. Sept. * Grand military maneuvers take place. 1890 Feb. 4. Hung. The landwehr on a peace footing is to consist of 28 in- fantry regiments and 60 squadrons of cavalry. Apr. 28. Galicia. Troops are detailed to keep the peace. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Apr. 6. Hung. A terrible storm demolishes many houses, and in some cases whole villages have been set on fire by lightning and destroyed. May 17. Moravia. At Boskowitz eight persons are killed by lightning. Thirty persons are killed by a storm at Zino. June 3, 4. A great storm prevails, causing great loss of life and property. May 21. Bohemia. Forty-five persons lose their lives through floods. July 29. Hundreds of lives are lost, crops destroyed, and many buildings damaged in Transylvania and Buko- wina by a cyclone. Aug. 4. Vienna. A new asteroid of the 13th magnitude is discovered by Dr. Palisa. Aug. 21. Aust. Several parts of Aus- tria are visited by hail-storms, and many persons are killed. Nov. 12. Hung. The Government has purchased 10,000 hotels throughout the country for schoolhouses. Dec. 2. Aust. Traffic is blocked by snow for 36 hours. * * The invention of another smokeless gunpowder, having greater carrying power than ordinary gunpowder, is re- ported. It creates a very thin, transparent smoke, which is so slight that imme- diately after firing one shot aim can be taken again. 1890 Jan. 14. Vienna. Astronomers announce that the Star of Bethlehem has made its seventh appearance since the birth of Christ. Jan. 15. Aust. Earthquake shocks are felt. Jan. 18. Aust. Several earthquake shocks occur at Carinthia. Jan. 21±. Vienna. Dr. "Weichselbaum, of the University of Vienna, discovers the bacillus of influenza. (An- nounced.) He finds in it some similarity to the pneumonia bacillus, but is sure that it is a distinctly different microbe. * * Vienna. J. Palisa discovers the minor planets Bruna, Alice, Ludovica, There- sia, Baptistina, Thora, and Bavaria. [1891. Olga, Fraternitas, Chaldea, Con- stantia, Katharina. 1892. Tamara.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889 Feb. 11. Pitra, John Baptiste, Car- dinal, dies. Mar. 21. Pettenkofen, August von, Aus- trian painter, dies. Aug. 5. Philillovich, Joseph, Baron de Ffulippsberg, general, A71. 1890 Feb. 18. Andraaey. Gyula (Ju- lius), Count, Hung, min., statesman, A67. CHURCH. 1889 Feb. 6. At Laibach a crowd smashes the bishop's windows, and forces the sexton to toll the bell for the crown prince. At Meran the priests refusing to offi- ciate at requiem mass for the deceased crown prince, the people enter church, and conduct the service. Mar. * Aust. The hostility to evangeli- cal work by Protestants increases. Apr. 29. Vienna. A Catholic Congress of nobles and clergy meets. May 2. Vienna. The Catholic Congress closes. * * Hung. F. de Paul Schonborn, Arch- bishop of Prague, is consecrated a car- dinal priest. * * Croatia. The British and Foreign Bible Society reports 4,000 copies of Scripture sold. * * Bohemia. F. M. Charles, Archbishop of Prague, is consecrated cardinal priest. 1890 Feb. 7. The Minister of "Worship and Public Instruction favors the adop- tion of the bill regulating Jewish re- ligious societies ; that is, that they may be independent in the control of reli- gious concerns among themselves. Mar. 5. The Government excludes the Old Catholics from the Roman decree, and they are thereby compelled to be- come a separate religious society. * * Aust. A. Dunajewsky, Bishop of Cra- cow, is consecrated cardinal priest. LETTERS. 1889 June 21. The government sup- presses Socialist paper, Gleichheit. SOCIETY. 1889 Feb. 6. Aust. The Emperor Francis Joseph in a proclamation thanks his peoples for their sympathy in his affliction. Feb. 12. Hung. Students make another riotous protest against the army bill at Pesth. Feb. 15. Hung. The Hungarian stu- dents' riot at Pesth is quelled; several arrests are made. Feb. 22. Aust. Galician miners em- ployed in Silesian coal-pits are ordered to quit the country. Feb. 25. Aust. The Countess of La- rish, daughter of tbe Duke of Bavaria, is sentenced to perpetual exile for the part she played in the death of Rudolph. Feb. 27. Aust. Baron Hirsch donates 120,000 francs yearly to relieve trades- men threatened with financial ruin. Mar. 2. Hung. Six Hungarian stu- dents are arrested at Budapest for making demonstrations. Mar. 12. Vienna. Signor Romano, a painter, commits suicide. Apr. 1. Aust. The Countess Jose- phine Radetkzy shoots herself. Apr. 7. Hung. Szil, a wine-storekeeper, is crushed to death in a wine-press by robbers. Apr. 10. The Meyerling estate, owned by the late Crown Prince Ru- dolph, is to be used for religion and benevolence — the main building for a Carmelite nunnery, and other parts as an asylum for aged and infirm residents. Apr. 12. Vienna. Count Festitich sues for separation from his wife on the ground of adultery. Apr. 18. Aust. Labor riots continue. Apr. 20-24. Vienna. Astrike of tram- car men takes place with anti-Semitic rioting at Vienna ; the military are called out to restore order. May 10. Bohemia. The street-car companies of Prague yield to the de- mands of their striking drivers. May 24. Moravia. At Saar 10,000 miners strike. May 30. Vienna. Prince Alexis Schwarzenberg is fatally wounded in a duel with a lieutenant of Hussars. June 1. Bohemia. The strikes are spreading ; over 1,500 men are out. June 14. Aust. Eleven thousand tex- tile workers at Briinn strike for higher wages. June 19. Bohemia. The police of Prague forbid the Russian author, Filipoff, to lecture in the city. June 22. Bohemia. Two riotous mi- ners are killed and 12 wounded by gen- darmes during a labor demonstration at Kladno ; striking miners wreck and fire many buildings. July 11. Aust. At Briinn 6,000 striking spinners resume work. Aug. 23K Vienna. The Shah of Per- sia visits Vienna. [Aug. 27. At Buda- pest.] Nov. 4. Aust. The Archduke John will take the name of Johann Orth, and enter a London ship-building yard. Nov. 29. Hung. A plot to assassi- nate Premier Tisza is discovered and frustrated. Dec. 8. Hung. Count Karolyi and Count Lazaro light in a duel at Buda- pest. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1889, Feb. 6-1890, May 20. 533 1890 Jan. 3. Just. A letter con- taining $90,000 is stolen in transit between Vienna and Budapest. Jan. 5. Hung, The editor of Zustavo kills the editor of Branik in a duel at Neusatz. Jan. 17. Bohemia. The Czechs and Germans are reconciled. Feb. * Bohemia. Five hundred strikers destroy the machinery of a glass-fac- tory at Gablonz ; the police kill two of the strikers. Feb. * Bohemia. The manufacturers concede the demands of the striking •weavers. Mar. 10. Bohemia. Prague students are dispersed by the police, and a num- ber placed under arrest. Mar.* Bohemia. The trade societies of Prague have resolved that the eight- hour movement shall begin on May 1. Apr. 1. Vienna. Ten thousand build- ers' employees and 800 bakers' appren- tices strike. Apr. 8. Vienna. Many persons are in- jured by rioting strikers; 37 men are arrested. Apr. 11. Just. The Emperor ■Wil- liam visits the Empress of Austria. Apr. 14. Vienna. Six thousand car- penters of Gratz strike for more wages and shorter hours. . - Apr. 17. Just. Labor riots break out ; troops and striking miners fight. Apr. 22. Just. Socialists join train- strikers in Vienna in lighting the police and soldiers with stones and revolvers. Apr. 23. Galicia. Anti-Semitic riots break out in Biala ; 20 persons are killed and others wounded. Apr. 25. Vienna. Schools are to be closed and martial law proclaimed on May Day, owing to expected trouble from strikers. Apr. * Just. The miners in the large collieries of Count Wilczek are on strike. Troops have been called out to preserve peace. May 10. Vienna. Col. Frederick Grant, the new American Minister, arrives. May 11 + . Vienna. The Rothschilds inform the emperor that, unless oppres- sion of the Jews ceases, they will move their banking-house to Budapest. May 20. Bohemia. In a collision with troops at Pilsen five miners are killed and seven wounded. STATE. 1889 Feb. 7. Vienna. The emperor receives the presidents of the two Houses of the Reichsrath, and thanks them for the condolence tendered by those bodies on the death of Crown- Prince Rudolph. Feb. 28. Hung. The action of the Opposition becomes so violent that its debate has to be postponed in the lower House of the Reichstag, on the resumption of the debate on the army bill. Mar. 16. Hung. Count Szapary is selected as Premier and Minister of the Interior. Mar. 19. Hung. Herr Tisza, the ex- Premier, is vindicated. Mar. 20. Hung. Prime Minister Tisza is hooted at and pelted with stones while leaving the Chamber of Deputies. Mar. 22. Hung. Herr Orlean in the Diet denounces the police for inter- fering with the students' demonstra- tions. Mar. 23. Hung. Herr Fabinyi, Min- ister of Justice, and Baron von Orczy, of the Interior, resign ; the latter is to be succeeded by Herr Baross, Minister of Public Works. Apr. 8. Hung. The new army bill as amended by the Diet is adopted by the upper House. Apr. 30. Vienna. The Government serves notice upon tramway com- panies that their property will be se- questered unless reforms promised to their employees are completed by May 15. May 11. Vienna. The lower House of the Reichsrath adopts the budget, which shows a surplus of 2,770,059 florins. June 13. Vienna, Austria, Russia, and Germany send an identical note to the Swiss Government, advising it to deal more severely with anarchists and so- cialists. June 24. Hang. A second strategic railroad from Hatvan to Miskolcz is commenced. June 25. Hung. The Government for- bids any demonstration at the K-a- vanitza Monastery on the anniversary of the battle of Kossova. Oct. 21. Vienna. A decree is issued that state officials shall continuaUy wear uniform on and off duty. Dec. 5. Vienna, The Diet passes a bill to incorporate the suburbs of Vienna with the city itself. Dec. 10. Vienna. The Archduke Charles Louis is appointed putative regent. Dec. 13. Vienna. A Bulgarian loan recently effected is a cause of complaint by Russia against Austria as a violation of the Berlin Treaty. Dec. 30. Hung. In the Reichstag all the German candidates are elected on the second ballot. Dec. * Vienna. The Government has warned Servia that there must be a sus- pension of friendly relations between the two countries unless the attacks of the Servian press upon Austria are stopped. 1890 Jan. 1. Hung. Prime Minister Tisza declares that he believes in the triple alliance as the basis of peace. Jan. 10. Bohemia. The Emperor Francis Joseph personally attends to the settle- ment of disputes between the Czechs and Germans. Jan. 13 ±. Hung. The Reichstag pro- vides for the construction of war vessels to protect its interests on the Danube. Vienna. The Minister of "War states that the peace of Europe is not secure, and therefore a considerable increase in the army is necessary. Jan. 24. Hung. The Finance Minister and the Rothschild syndicate enter into an agreement for the conversion of 302,000,000 florins of 5 per cent rentes into 4 per cent gold rentes. Jan. * Bohemia, The Diet has accepted the result of the German-Czech Confer- Mar. 11. Hung. Herr Yon Tisza, Prime Minister, resigns. Count Von Szapary is appointed to succeed him, and to form a new Ministry. Mar. * Aust. The Government proposes modifying her stringent laws against the Socialists. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 Feb. 14. Vienna. An electrical joint-stock company, with a capital of 2,000,000 florins, is organized. May 9. Vienna. The grain-market is boycotted by Hungarian merchants, on account of the growth of anti-Sem- itism. May 22. Just. The train bearing the empress and her suite from "Wiesbaden to Vienna is derailed while being switched. Aug. 10. Vienna. A water famine is threatened. * * The crops are much below the aver- age. Aug. 19. Hung. An explosion of a dynamite cartridge at Doman kills five persons. Aug. 26. Vienna. The great shortage in the wheat crops reported seriously affects the Chicago market, U. S. A. Sept. 5. Just. A portion of the quay falls into the river at Szegedin. Nov. 20. Vienna. Four thousand em- ployees are out of work in the mother- of-pearl button factories. Dee. 5. Hung. A sugar factory at Swolerlowes coUapses, and eight per- sons are killed and many injured. Dec. 24. Vienna. Influenza is spread- ing, and has developed into lung inflam- mation. Dec. 27. Aust. Aloys de Nagy, Count Karolyi, formerly ambassador to Great Britain and Germany, is killed while hunting. 1890 Feb. * Vienna. A life-insurance company announces that it will issue its policies without medical examinations. Mar. * Vienna. The importation of cer- tain American proprietary medicine is prohibited by the Government. Apr. 19. Hung. Hundreds are dying of famine in Biezwaag and Bistritz. 584 1890, May *- 1892, Aug. * AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1S90 Sept. 17. Aust. The Archduke Frederick is appointed to the command of the fifth army corps. 1891 Apr. 8. Russia masses troops on the frontier. June 21. Istria. The naval work- shops at Pola are destroyed by fire. Oct. 19. Aust. The Government orders the strengthening of the frontier guards by a large number of troops. ART - SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 July 16. Aust. Heat is intense in central Austria and on the Alps from Graubuenden to Lower Austria. Aug. 2. Aust. The city of Lintz is in- undated by an overflow of the Danube. Aug. 9. Bohemia. "Waterspouts and storms inundate the western and cen- tral portion of Bohemia. Aug. 30. Aust. Several earthquake shocks are felt in the Danube Valley, Vienna, from Amstettin to Grein. Sept. 3. Bohemia. A part of the city of Prague, also many villages in the Dan- ube Valley, are submerged by an over- flow of the Moldau River, causing loss of life and property. Sept. 4. Aust. The Drave River over- flows its banks, and vast tracts of land in Carinthia are laid waste. Nov. 13. Aust. The Government re- quests the medical faculty to send pro- posals to Prof. Koch for the establish- ment of hospitals. Nov. 15. Vienna. Drs. Nothnagel, Bill- roth, and Kowalski, of Vienna, praise Prof. Koch's remedy for tuberculosis, and say that it is the greatest discov- ery since that of Dr. Jenner. Nov. 26. Bohemia. Property valued at 500,000 florins at Carlsbad is damaged by floods ; also damage is done at Rostock, Jena, Badkoesen, and other places. 1891 Jan. 10. Aust. An avalanche buries a train near Klagenfurth, Carin- thia. At Triest, Carniola, an engine freezes fast to the rails ; traffic is sus- pended. Jan. 12. Galicia. A destructive hurri- cane prevails. Jan. 13. Bosnia. An avalanche buries many houses in snow, and causes the loss of many lives. July 24. In the Tyrolean Alps large tracts of land are devastated by ava- lanches. Aug. 18. Aust. Forty persons are drowned by a cloudburst at Kollman. Aug. 27. During a thunder-storm light- ning strikes a church at Tualis, and kills several members of its congrega- tion. At Piau a hunting-party is also struck by lightning, killing one and seriously injuring four others. Oct. 19. Vienna. The Museum of Fine Arts is opened by Emperor Fran- cis Joseph. 1892 Apr. 20. Tyrol. Much property is destroyed and several lives are lost by a storm. Apr. 24. Vienna. A colossal eques- trian statue of Marshal Kadetzky is unveiled. May 13. Hung. Many miners are drowned by a sudden flood resulting from a waterspout. June 8. Disastrous floods sweep the Danube Valley. July 25. Moravia. The famous "Robber Tower" at Znaim, one of the oldest relics of the Middle Ages, falls, killing five persons. Aug. 3. Aust. A waterspout at Triest, Carniola, does much damage to property. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890 Oct. 9. Leidesdorf, Professor, lunacy specialist, dies in Vienna. Dec. 28. Karolyi. Gustav Siegraund, count, statesman, minister, dies. 1891 Jan. 5. Saxe-Weimar, Prince Gus- tav of , Austrian lielrt -marshal, A64. Jan. 18. Salvator Charles, Archduke of Austria, A52. Jan. S3. Simor, Janos, cardinal archbishop and primate of lluimary, A74. Aug. 38. Taglioni, Mane, dancer, A58. Nov. 33. Henry, archduke of Austria, Austrian nVld-marshal, A63. Dec. 14. Sigisniimd, archduke of Austria, A65. 1893 Jan. 8. Brucke, Ernest W., physiol- ogist, A73. Feb. 4. Ponsa, Magdalen of Vienna, A 117. May 17. Klapka, Gvorgy, Hungarian gen- eral, A72. Aug-. 19. Fiirstenberg, cardinal Land- grave F.j prince archbishop of Olmtitz, A78. CHURCH. 1890 Nov. 8. Hung. TheRoman Cath- olic Primate orders tbe clergy to give no attention to instructions emanating from the Minister of Public Worship. 1891 Jan. 3. The emperor purposes to erect a memorial monastery on an island in the Adriatic in honor of his brother Maximilian, shot in Mexico, and of his son, the late Crown Prince Ru- dolph. Dec. 17. The Methodist Church in Vienna is closed by decree. Its pastor is prohibited from preach- ing within the capital, because one of its articles of belief denounces the sac- rifice of the mass as " a blasphemous fa- ble and a dangerous deceit." An appeal against the decree is proposed. 1892 Jan. 26. Austria seeks to recon- cile the Vatican and the Quirinal. Mar. 10. Hung. The primate, arch- bishops, and bishops of the Roman Catholic Church memorialize Francis Joseph against civil marriage meas- ures as being hostile to that Church. Apr. 10. Vienna. An attempt is made to assassinate the Primate of Hun- gary. May 28. Aust. The Vatican and Quiri- nal come to an agreement concerning the appointment of the Patriarch of Venice, they jointly agreeing upon Santo, Bishop of Treviso. June 8. Galicia. Archbishop Sembra- towics is assaulted by 40 Polish stu- dents in Lemberg because he visited Pope Leo, his doing so being considered ae an act of treason to the Greek Catho- lic Church. LETTERS. 1891 Jan. 13. OaUcia. By agreement with the Austrian Government, Baron Hirsch plans to subsidize schools for Jewesses, and will invest £500,000 in the enterprise. SOCIETY. 1890 May 24. Bohemia. Tramway drivers are out on a strike at Prague : the lines are at a standstill. May 27. Bohemia. The tram-car em- ployees at Prague are fined by munici- pal authorities $5,000 for the cessation of traffic caused by the strike. July 31. Aust. The Archduchess Maria Valeria is married to the Arch- duke Francis Salvador at Ischl. Sept. 4. Vienna. The International Agricultural Congress is opened. Oct. 1. Vienna. The Emperor of Germany arrives. Oct. 19. Vienna. The tramway em- ployees strike. Nov. 17. Transylvania. Six persons are killed and 16 injured in a church fight. Nov. 21. Aust. Two cashiers of a "War- saw bank are murdered on the Vienna mail-train, and robbed of 55,000 roubles. Dec. 1. Vienna. The Sanitary Coun- cil decides to prohibit unauthorized inoculations. 1891 Jan. 18. Vienna. Sadullah Pa- sha, Turkish Ambassador to Austria, dies from self-inflicted injuries. Feb. 3. Vienna. Ten thousand shoe- makers go out on strike. Mar. 6±. Bohemia. The leaders of the Old Czechs declare their purpose to retire from public life. Mar. 7. Galicia. In an anti-Semitic riot one Jew is killed and a number of Jewish shops are destroyed. Mar. 10. Hung. The Chamber of Mag- nates passes the Sunday-Rest Bill, which defines'Siuiday as extending from the close of Saturday to 6 a.m. Monday. Mar. 27. Tyrol. At Keuf stein a promi- nent merchant is by mistake murdered by a Mafia assassin. May 20. Hung. Ex-Queen Natalie is warmly received on her way to Bucha- rest. June 22. Hung. A fierce riot breaks out at Balonya, in which four men are killed and seven wounded. July 27. Galicia. "Wholesale customs frauds are discovered in the Duchy of Bukowina. Aug. 12. Aust. Several Servians are decorated by Emperor Francis Joseph. Sept. 6. Aust. The emperor decorates a number of the German emperor's attendants. Sept. 27- Bohemia. The Emperor Fran- cis Joseph is splendidly received at Prague. Oct. 1. Bohemia. Thirteen bombs are exploded under a bridge near Prague, a few hours before the arrival of a train bearing the emperor. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1890, May *-1892, Aug. : 535 Oct. 5. Carniola. An attempt is made to blow up the episcopal palace at Triest. Nov. 5. Oalicia. Poles in Galicia form a secret organization to keep alive the remembrances of the Polish struggle of former years. 1892 Feb. 7. Vienna. Extensive re- lief is given to sufferers from the pre- vailing famine. Mar. 1. Vienna. The starving poor fight at a distribution of bread. Mar. 12. Vienna is shocked by a num- ber of mysterious murders committed in " Jack-the-Ripper " fashion. Mar. 13. Vienna. A collision occurs between the police and working men. Mar. 28. Bohemia. The Czechs of Prague attempt to celebrate the birth- day of Comenius, notwithstanding the Government's prohibition. The police several times disperse the crowds, after hard fighting, in which many are wounded with clubs and swords. Apr. 11. Vienna. Incendiary fires are still of frequent and alarming occur- rence. May 8. Hung. A notary's house in Ye- reez is wrecked by a dynamite ex- plosion. May 12. Hung. Anarchists make an ' attempt to blow up a crowded street- car in Budapest. June 5. Bohemia. Twenty-seven volun- teer rescuers lose their lives at the burning Birkenberg silver-mine. June 6. Hung. Hungarians welcome Francis Joseph on the anniversary of his coronation as King of Hungary in Budapest. June 13. Bohemia. A miner confesses that he purposely fired the Birkenberg silver-mine. July 19. Hung. Riotous reapers at Bebar are fired upon by gendarmes ; twelve are killed and many wounded. STATE. 1890 May 30. Hung. The lower House of the Reichstag rejects the bill restor- ing citizenship to Louis Kossuth. July 24. Vienna. Austria and Bulgaria agree to silence concerning negotiations between them for a commercial treaty. Aug. ± * Vienna. The Government consents to the independence of Bul- garia on Aug. 15. Aug. 7. Vienna. The Government grants 500,000 florins ($1,000,000) for repairing the damage done by floods and assisting the sufferers. Aug. 28. Hung. Herr Abranyi resigns his seat in the Reichstag, as a result of his publishing an interview with Bismarck. Oct. 2. Aust. Anti-Semitic members are elected to the lower House. Oct. 30. Hung. The Anti-Semitic Party in the Reichstag is dissolved, after existing for ten years. Dec. 2. Vienna. Count Kalnoky opens the conference between Austro-Hun- garian and German delegates, called for the purpose of negotiating a treaty. Dec. 4. Vienna. The Reichsrath as- sembles ; the Budget for 1891 places the expenditure at 564,473,940 florins. Dec. 13. Vienna. The Democratic Association, having for one of its ob- jects an agitation in favor of universal suffrage, is broken up by the police. 1891 Jan. 25. Vienna. The Reichs- rath is dissolved by an unexpected decree. Jan. 27. Vienna. Austria resumes dip- lomatic relations with Brazil, the em- pire having given way to a republic under Deodora da Fonseca, president, Feb. 4. Vienna. The finance minis- ter resigns. Mar. 5. Vienna. The returns of the elections show that in the urban dis- tricts of Bohemia twelve German Liber- als, eleven Young Czechs, and three German Nationalists are elected to the lower House of the Reichsrath. Mar. 10. Hung. The Chamber of Mag- nates at Budapest passes a Sunday- Rest Bill. (See Society.) Apr. 11. Vienna. The Reichsrath is opened by the Emperor Francis Joseph with a speech strongly favoring peace. June 12. Vienna. The estimates of the Budget Committee of the Reichsrath show a surplus of 3,915,987 florins. June 17. Vienna. The Emperor Fran- cis Joseph gives special audience to Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria. June 20. A great Central European Customs League has been formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Switzerland. June 30. The triple alliance of Ger- many, Austria, and Italy is renewed for six years. Aug. 29. Vienna. The Government is watching the massing of Russian troops along her frontier, and in conse- quence adds 13,000,000 florins to her war budget. Sept. 7. Austria, as a reply to the Turco- Russian Convention, -will annex Bosnia to her dominions. Dec. 1. Vienna. Austria decides to participate in the "World's Fair at Chicago. Dec. 4. Vienna. The removal of the prohibition on American pork is formally announced. Dec. 10. Hung. The Reichstag is pre- paring to celebrate the one thousandth anniversary of the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary by a National Ex- hibition in 1S95. Dec. 16. Vienna. Herr Gregr, the leader of the Young Czechs in the Reichsrath, demands the complete na- tional emancipation of Bohemia. 1892 Jan. 4. Hung. The Emperor Francis Joseph dissolves the Diet. Jan. 30. Hung. Returns from the elec- tions show gains by the Opposition or Liberals. Feb. 23. Vienna. It is announced that reciprocity negotiations are to be opened with the United States. Apr. 28. Vienna. A motion is made in the lower House of the Reichsrath to impeach the Minister of Justice. July 10. Tyrol. The Provincial Diet of Southern Tyrol unanimously resolves to request the government to make Triest a free port. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 May* Vienna. The emperor opens an International Agricultural Exhibition. June 24. Hung. A second strategic railroad is commenced from Haven to Miskoleg. July 17. Hung. A fire at Rosenau de- stroys the parish church, the synagogue, and twenty houses. Aug. 1. Galicia. A mine explosion suffocates 80 miners. Aug. 4. Hung . One hundred and eighty houses and large stores of corn are burned in Puespolk Hatval. Aug. 8. Hung. Fire almost destroys the town of Moor ; 10 lives are lost. Aug. 25. Hung. Tokay, the center of Tokay-wine trade, is destroyed by fire. Oct. * Vienna. The press bitterly at- tacks the McKinley BUI of the U. S. Congress, calling it " a measure of vio- lence worthy of a nation accustomed to the use of the revolver." Nov. 17. Aust. A ship capsizes off the Dalmatian coast, and 38 persons and a number of animals are lost. 1891 May 20. Vienna. The Interna- tional Postal Congress opens. July 1. Aust. Triest by law ceases to be a free port. Sept. 3. Hung. The town hall at Som- erein is blown up by gasoline, injur- ing three persons. Nov. 14. Vienna. A panic occurs on the Bourse, caused by a reported utter- ance of the emperor, to the effect that the European situation was critical. Dec. 21. Vienna. The extension of Vienna's boundaries is celebrated by the people. 1892 Jan. 2. Hung. Many persons are reported to have died of starvation. May 11. Galicia. A raft upsets near Brody, and 60 persons are drowned. May 27. Vienna. The Chamber of Com- merce votes 10,000 florins towards defray- ing the expenses of the exhibit at the "World's Fair to be opened at Chicago, U. S. A. June 1. Bohemia. A fatal fire is ra- ging in a silver-mine at Birkenburg ; 400 miners are missing. [June 2. Over 100 bodies are taken out, no person escaping alive.] Aug. 25. Aust. Two dynamite ex- plosions occur at Triest causing only slight damage. 536 1892, Sept. 14-1894, May 8. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ARMY — NAVY. 1893 Mar. 31. Aust. The Sylander cuirass is adopted ; it is made of bullet- proof cloth one-third of an inch thick. Apr. 2 J:. Aust. The "War Office is plan- ning to increase the peace effective of the army. Sept. 18. Just. The Emperor Wil- liam of Germany leads a charge at the maneuvers. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Sept. 26. Vienna. The two hun- dredth anniversary of the founding of the Academy of Art is celebrated. 1893 Jan. 4. Aust. A disastrous gale at Triest, Carniola, wrecks vessels and destroys life. May 8. Aust. The long drought is broken. May 21. Hung. The Honved monu- ment at Budapest is unveiled ; the Em- peror Joseph is present. Aug. 9. Aust. Earthquakes and a cloudburst in Styria and North Styria cause loss of life and destruction of property. Sept. 28. Tyrol. The Emperor Francis Joseph unveils at Innsbruck the statue of Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese pa- triot, shot by the French, Feb. 20, 1810. Dec. 29. Galicia. Snow is six feet deep. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892 Nov. 2. Iranyi, D., Hungarian leader, CHURCH. 1893 Nov. 6. The Catholic clergy bit- terly oppose the bill making the civil service compulsory in all cases of marriage. (See State, Oct. 5.) * * Hung, L. Schlauch, Bishop of Gross- Wardein, is consecrated cardinal priest. * * Hung. Claudius Yeszary, Primate of Hungary, is consecrated cardinal priest. LETTERS. 1893 Sept. 14. Bohemia. The author- ities issue an Imperial decree establish- ing a press censorship over the Czech papers published in Prague. SOCIETY. 1892 Sept. 14. Camiola. Miss Jane Armstrong of New York kills herself in Triest after losing her fortune at Monte Carlo. Sept. 18. Hung. Kossuth's ninetieth birthday is celebrated at Budapest. Sept. 21. Louis Kossuth forbids his sons visiting Hungary so long as that country recognizes the Emperor of Aus- tria as king; the sons are invited to represent their father at the unveiling of a memorial in the church at Tallva. Oct. 31. Hung. Count Julius Szapary, the Minister-President, is shot at as he sits in the dining-car of a train near Budapest. Nov. 6. Hung. The emperor refuses the permission asked by the Hungarian Premier, to introduce the compulsory Civil Marriage Bill. Nov. 10. Aust. Victor Raindle, the legal adviser to the Imperial family, confesses to embezzling trust funds ; deficit, 370,000± florins. Dee. 26±. Hung. During the Trefort Ministry at Budapest an embezzle- ment of 4,000,000 florins occurred in the Department of Education and Pub- lic Instruction. (Announced.) 1893 Jan. 24. Vienna. DukeAlbrecht of Wiirtemberg and Archduchess Margaret Sophie are married. Mar. 2. Hung. Three rioters are killed in Szobozlo, the riot growing out of the imposition of new market tolls. Apr. 10. Vienna. An attempt is made to assassinate the Primate of Hun- gary. May 11. Aust. Hebrew officers at Trop- pau, Silesia, defend themselves against anti-Semites, 12 of the latter being wounded. May 17. Bohemia. A fight between Czechs and Germans occurs in the Diet. June 2. Bohemia. Disorder is preva- lent. Hung. A dynamite bomb is ex- ploded in a railway car at Mohacs, killing one person and badly injuring two others ; strikers suspected. June 17. Aust. Working men are agi- tating for universal suffrage. June 18. Vienna. "Working men and police are in collision; a commissary of police is killed, five policemen are seri- ously injured, and 26 working men wounded. July 8. Aust. Over 50 students are arrested in Gratz for raising a disturb- ance in the streets. July 9. Tlenna. Socialists make a demonstration in favor of universal suffrage. [Aug. 20. Another demon- stration.] Aug. IS. Croatia. Several men are ar- rested in Biskupitz for making a trade of crippling children for begging pur- poses; five mutilated children found, and instruments used seized. Sept. 12. Bohemia. The Young Czechs in Prague continue the anti-German agitation ; a number of arrests are made. Sept. 24. Aust. At Bruenn 88 alleged Anarchists are arrested. Sept. 25. Aust. A formidable Anar- chist plot is discovered by the police, and many arrests are made. Nov. 3. Vienna. Socialists storm a meeting of German Liberals, and, after a sharp fight, are repulsed by the police. Dec. 9. Ger. The absconding Vienna banker, Le June, is arrested in Berlin. Dec. 15. Bavaria. The emperor visits Munich in order to be present at the wedding of a member of the reigning family of Bavaria. 1894 Feb. 25. Aust. Cashier Ferles, who embezzled 102,000 florins from the Department of Public Debt at Vi- enna, commits suicide. Mar. 4. Hung. More than 300,000 per- sons join in a demonstration in Buda- pest in favor of the Civil Marriage Bill. Mar. 21. Hungary is in mourning fur Louis Kossuth. Mar. 22. Hung. Students in Budapest compel several places of amusement to close, as a mark of respect for Kossuth. ± Working men in Lower Austria, Moravia, and Bohemia are holding meetings in favor of universal suffrage. Mar. 23. Hung. Mobs of students and citizens are dispersed by troops in Budapest ; many students are wounded. Mar. 24. Hung. In the riots at Bu- dapest over 40 soldiers suffer from injuries received from stones, clubs, and other weapons. Mar. 28. Vienna. The Socialist As- sembly passes a resolution insisting upon universal suffrage, and advocates a general strike as a means of obtain- ing it, if necessary. Mar. 30. Aust. The Government for- bids the officers of the reserve and Hun- garian officials to act in any capacity at Kossuth* s funeral. The remains of Kossuth *arrive on Hungarian soil earlv in the morning; and at Budapest, late'r in the day. 300,000 persons line the streets through which the funeral procession moves from the railroad station to the Museum. Apr. 8±. Vienna. Twenty-five mass- meetings are held by the working men in favor of obtaining a Universal Suf- frage Bill from the Government. Apr. 28. Bohemia. Prince Charles of Bourbon (pretender to the Spanish throne) is married to Princess Maria Bertha De Rohan in the cathedral at Prague, Cardinal von Schonborn, Arch- bishop of Prague, officiating. Apr. 30. Hernia. A three hours' fight between strikers and police takes place. STATE. 1592 Oct. 11. Vienna. The German and Austrian emperors hold a frater- nal conference. Oct. 26. Hung. A Cabinet crisis is averted. Nov. 5. Vienna. The Reichsrath con- siders a plan to join the Oder and Dan- ube Rivers by a canal to make water connections with the Baltic and Black Seas. Nov. 6. Hung. The Emperor Francis Joseph refuses the request of the Pre- mier for permission to introduce the Compulsory Civil Marriage Bill. [Nov. 9. Count Szapary resigns in conse- quence. Nov. 16. A new ministry is formed by Dr. TVekerle.] 1593 Mar. 20. Vienna. The Czech or native Bohemian party introduces a bill AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1892, Sept. 14-1894, May 8. 537 in the lower House of the Heichsrath for the virtual establishment of uni- versal suffrage. Apr. 6. Hung. Count Apponyi, in the Diet, criticises the emperor for not visiting Budapest in five months. Apr. 12. Vienna. A sensation is caused in European capitals by the reception of M. Stambuloff by the emperor. Apr. 21. Vienna, Count Kalnoky, the Premier, gives notice to Col. F. Grant, Minister of the United States, that an exequatur would not be granted to Max Judd as American Consul General at Vienna. May 17. Bohemia. The Czechs and Germans have a collision in the Land- tag. May 25. Hung. The Young Czechs are to be excluded from all Imperial Delegations' committees at Prague. May 27. Vienna. The emperor gives audience to Hungarian and Austrian delegations, and says that the Govern- ment is bound, in the interest of the defense of the Empire, to develop the military organization by a progressive and uniform process. Sept. 12. Bohemia.. The Anti-Ger- man agitation of the Young Czechs continues in Prague ; thirty-eight Young Czechs are arrested. Sept. 13. Bohemia. The "Government suspends some of the rights of the citi- zens of Prague in order to put a stop to the Young Czech agitation. Sept. 14. Hung. The session of the Austro-Hungarian Delegations opens at Budapest, and the budget is presented. Sept. 17. Hung. In the Austro-Hunga- rian Delegations the Young Czechs protest against the foreign policy of Count Kalnoky, which imposes a griev- ous burden upon the people through the triple alliance. Sept. 26. The Emperor "William and the Emperor Francis Joseph meet at Hetzendorf. Oct. 3.. Hung. A bill granting liberty of worship to aU sects is debated in the upper House ; the Catholic prelates are in opposition. Oct. 5. Hung. The upper House of the Reichstag passes the bill granting lib- erty of worship to all religious be- liefs. Oct. 10. Hung. The Government is sustained by the rejection of " no confi- dence" in the lower House of the Vienna. The Reichsrath is opened, and the Prime Minister introduces a bill extending the right of suffrage. Oct. 18. Vienna. Herr H. Von Henger- var is named as the Ambassador to "Washington, U. S. A. Oct. 19. Vienna. A Cabinet crisis is averted by Count Taaff e's offer to aban- don the Franchise Bill. Oct. 23. The Austrian and Hungarian Governments concur respecting the terms of an Austro- Russian Trade Treaty. Vienna. The Suffrage Bill is dis- cussed in the lower House of the Reichs- rath. Oct. 29. Vienna. The emperor has de- cided to dissolve the Reichsrath. Oct. 30. Vienna. The Cabinet re- signs ; the leaders of the Opposition submit a coalition program to the emperor. Nov. 3. Vienna. The Emperor Francis Joseph requests Prince "Windisch- graetz to form a Ministry. Nov. 5. Vienna. Prince Windisch- graetz forms a new Ministry. Nov. 6. Vienna. The emperor gives his assent to the introduction of a bill mak- ing the civil service compulsory in all cases of marriage ; the Catholic clergy are bitterly opposed to the bill. Nov. 14. Vienna. The Prime Minister announces a new Franchise Bill to be presented at the opening of the Reichs- rath, Nov. 23, though not based upon universal suffrage. Nov. 23. Vienna. A Young Czech test motion for urgency is defeated in the Reichsrath by a vote of 171 to 87, after the Premier had stated the new Cabinet's policy. Dec. 2. Vienna. The Government sub- mits the Civil Marriage Bill to the Diet. Dec. 9. Vienna. The upper House of the Reichsrath adopts the Convention with Great Britain for the protection of literary copyright. Dec. 10. Vienna. The Hungarian laws dealing with disputes between Church and State have received the royal sanc- tion. Dec. 11. Vienna. Francis Joseph has received ten thousand telegrams from different parts of Hungary, conveying to him homage and congratulations for his action in sanctioning the ecclesiastical bills. 1894 Jan. 15. Bohemia. The trial of 77 members of the Omladina Society, on the charge of high treason, is begun at Prague. Feb. 6. Hung. A bill making civil marriage compulsory is passed by the House of Representatives. Vote, 281-106. Mar. 28. Hung. The Emperor Francis Joseph commends the concessions made by the Ministry to the Hungarian popular sentiment respecting the fu- neral of Louis Kossuth. Apr. 10. Hung. Francis Kossuth, who has become a subject of the King of Hungary, proposes to carry on his father's work by taking an active part in politics. [Nov. 26. He takes the oath of allegiance to the king.] Apr. 11. Vienna. The Premier speaks in the lower House of the Reichsrath in defense of the Cabinet's Electoral Re- form Bill. Apr. 26. Austria and Hungary are to share the benefits of the Russo-German commercial treaty. May 8. Hung. The trial of 23 mem- bers of the Executive Committee of the Roumanian National Party be- gins at. Klausenburg ; it issued a docu- ment denouncing the union of Austria and Hungary ; it also declared that the union of Transylvania with Hungary unjustly deprives the former of its autonomy. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Sept. 19. Galicia. Cholera is spreading. Sept. 21. Hung. Fire does great dam- age in the town of Paks ; hundreds of people are homeless, and 400 buildings are destroyed. Oct. 1. Berlin. The Austro-German military ride from Berlin to Vienna and return is commenced. [Oct. 4. Com- pleted, 10 per cent of the horses having been killed by overwork in the ride. The best records are made by 12 Aus- trian officers.] Oct. 4. Hung. Cholera is spreading in Budapest. Oct. 8. Hung. Fifty-three cases and 19 deaths are reported from cholera in Budapest. [Oct. 21. Eighteen new cases and eight deaths are reported. Nov. 18. Eleven new cases.] 1893 Jan. 24. Bohemia. Eighty miners are killed and many injured by an explosion of fire-damp at Dux. Jan. 27. Hung. An explosion fol- lowed by fire occurs in a coal-mine ; 19 bodies are recovered, and 130 men still in the burning mine. Feb. 11. The empress contributes $40,000 to a new reading-room in the Vatican. Mar. 29. Atist. Many deaths from cholera are reported. June 3. Galicia. Eighteen people are drowned by floods. Aug. 14. Great destruction of life and property is caused by floods. 1894 Jan. 14. Hung. Thousands of peasants are on the verge of starva- tion. Mar. 22. Hung. Kossuth's remains are to be buried at Budapest, where the students compel several places of amuse- ment to close until the interment. Mar. 25. Hung. Kossuth's library is to be placed in the National Library at Budapest. Mar. 31. Hung. The bodies of Kos- suth's wife and daughter, taken from the English cemetery at Genoa, are in- terred together after simple but impres- sive services at Budapest; his remains are lying in state, and viewed by a con- tinuous stream of people in the National Museum. Apr. 20. Vienna. An International Exhibition is opened by Emperor Fran- cis Joseph. Apr. 27. Aust, Seven cave- explorers are imprisoned by floods at Luglock, Gratz. [May 7. They are rescued ; all are alive, but one woman is insane.] 538 1894, May 9-Dec. 21. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 1894 June 7. Vienna. A fierce hail- storm occurs. Oct. 12+. Vienna. Jubilee of the mu- sician, Johann Strauss, is celebrated. CHURCH. 1894 May 11. Hung, Pope Leo thanks Cardinal Veszary for his efforts in defeating the Civil Marriage Bill at Budapest, and gives his blessing to all who aided him. Aug. 1. Hung. Pope Leo sanctions a form of prayer appealing to the Virgin and the patron Saint Stephen to save Hungary from the enemies of the Church. The prayer is to be repeated daily in the Hungarian churches by everybody attending them, and the Pope therewith grants 300 days' indulgence. Sept. 28. Hung. Pope Leo in a letter to the Hungarian bishops instructs them to work for a modification of the laws relative to children of mixed mar- riages. (See State, Oct. 29.) SOCIETY. 1894 May 9. Aust. Wine striking miners are killed and 20 wounded in a battle with the police. May 30. Vienna. Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and the Arch- duchess Caroline Immaculata of the Tuscan branch of the Hapsburg- Lorraine are married. July 9. Bohemia. One person is killed and several are severely injured by a bomb explosion in Pilsen ; other bombs are found and fuses extinguished in time to prevent explosions. July 29. Aust. The Archduke Wil- liam is thrown from his horse, receiving injuries from which he dies in a few hours. Sept. 2. Hung. The International Hy- gienic Congress opens in Budapest. Sept. 26. Vienna. Seventy Socialists, including many party leaders, are ar- rested. Sept. 30. Vienna. A demonstration in behalf of universal suffrage is held ; 15,000 persons march in the parade. Oct. 12. Vienna. The Johann Strauss Jubilee begins. Oct. 13. Tyrol. A " Jack-the-Rip- per " is arrested on the charge of killing and mutilating two women near Amras. Oct. 14. Vienna. The Strauss Jubi- lee is celebrated ; he is in receipt of numerous gifts and messages. Dec. 7±. Hung. Francis Kossuth at- tends a banquet given in Budapest by independent members of the Hungarian Diet, and promises to advance all his father's ideas except those regarding the dynasty. Dec. 8. Vienna. It is announced that the bodies of Stanislas Helicius, a leader of the Young Czechs, and his wife were found on their doorstep near Prague. Dec. 13. Hung. Ten thousand persons march in procession through the streets of Budapest, in order to celebrate the passage and royal sanction of the Re- ligious Freedom Bills. Of this number 5,000 carry torches. STATE. 1894 May 9. Hung. Great excitement prevails in Budapest over the debate on the Civil Marriage Bill in the House of Magnates ; the members of the body favoring the measure are threatened by postal card that if the bill is adopted the Chamber will be blown up. The bill is rejected. Vote, 139-118. May 10. Vienna. The government's policy in the recent strike is sustained in the lower House. Vote, 182-83. May 21. Hung. The House of Repre- sentatives again passes the Civil Mar- riage Bill. Vote, 271-105. May 25. Hung. The lower House at Budapest passes by a large majority a bill transferring the registration of marriages, births, and deaths from the clergy to state officials, supple- mentary to the Civil Marriage Bill. May 28. Hung. The Council of Minis- ters demands that the emperor create enough new members to insure the pas- sage of the Civil Marriage BiH in the House of Magnates. May 31. Hung. The Ministry under Dr. Wekerle resigns, because the king refuses to insure the passage of the Civil Marriage Bill by creating Liberal Magnates. June 1. Hung. The emperor instructs Count Khuen Hedervary, the Ban of Croatia, to form a new Hungarian Min- istry. June 3. Hung. All the men asked to join the new Hungarian Cabinet refuse to serve. The Liberals unanimously ask Dr. Wekerle to retain the Liberal leadership. June 4. Hung. The emperor has sum- moned Dr. "Wekerle to an audience at Budapest. June 5. Hung. The emperor has an- other conference with Dr. "Wekerle. June 6. Hung. Dr. Wekerle forms a new Hungarian Cabinet. June 10. Hung. The emperor yields to the demand that D-. von Szilagyi be ap- pointed a member of the Wekerle Cabi- net as Minister of Justice. June 12. Hung. The emperor recog- nizes the Hungarian Civil Marriage law as a political necessity. June 21. Hung. The House of Mag- nates at last passes the Civil Marriage Bill. Vote, 128-124. [June 30. Parlia- ment adjourns.] The object of the bill is to establish a uniform marriage contract and guar- antee its equal binding force. It pro- vides that the civil contract must pre- cede any religious ceremony. July 6. A commercial treaty between Russia and Austria-Hungary is ratified. Oct. 29. Hung. Three bills granting freedom of religious worship and recognizing the Jewish religion are passed by Parliament. [Dec. 10. Ap- proved by the king.] Dec. 21. Hung. Dr. "Wekerle resigns. [1895. Jan. 16. A new ministry is formed by Baron Banffy.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 June 15. Aust. Two hundred miners are killed by explosions in coal-mines at Karwin. July 9. Bohemia. Several dynamite bombs are found in Pilsen; one explodes and injures several persons. Aug. 2S. Bohemia. The town of Plass, including the castle of the Metternich princes, is devastated by fire. Sept. 2. Hung. The International Hy- gienic Congress is opened in Budapest. Sept. 15. Gaticia. Cholera is spreading. BALUCHISTAN. Baluchistan is a territory of southwestern Asia, having Khelat for its capital. Area estimated at 130,000 square miles: population, 500,000±. The Khan is under the influence of the British, who maintain a garrison at Quetta, and pay a subsidy. The southeastern part of Afghanistan is called British Baluchistan. ARMY — NAVY. 1778 * * Nusseer Khan, the usurper, routs the Afghan army sent by Ahmed Shah to subdue him. * * The Afghans defeat Wusseer Khan in a pitched battle. * * Nusseer Khan is besieged in Khelat, but finally obtains a treaty of»peace from the Afghans. 1839 * * A detachment from the British army in Afghanistan storms and cap- tures Khelat, the capital, to punish the treachery of Muhammad Khan. About 400 Baluches are killed, includ- ing Merhab Khan, and 2,000 prisoners are taken. 1S40 July * The British garrison at Khelat is overpowered by the natives. JSosr. * The British retake Khelat and hold it [for a short time]. 1875 * * The military power of the Khan is less than 40.000 men , if all should respond to his summons. 1880 July * The Khan proffers military aid to Gen. Roberts, after the latter's defeat by the Afghans. STATE. 1739 * * Nusseer Khan becomes Beg- ler-bey after assassinating his tyranni- cal brother, Hajee Muhammad Khan, BALUCHISTAN. 1739,** -1893, Aug.* 539 1778* *Nusseer Khan declares his do- minions independent of Afghanistan, and war with the Afghans follows. 1795 * * Nusseer Khan dies in extreme old age. June * Muhammad Khan, the oldest of three sons, succeeds his father. His weak and tyrannical reign reduces his dominions by the revolt of many provinces. * * A rebellion by Beheram Khan is quelled. 1839* *Mehrab Khan annoys the British. * * The British establish a governor at Khelat, the capital. 1840 * * The British governor and gar- rison are overpowered by the natives. 1841 * * Nusseer Khan, son of Mehrab Khan, is enthroned by the British, who evacuate the country after securing a satisfactory treaty. 1854 * * Meer Nusseer Khan rules the Khelat State. May 14. Meer Nusseer Khan concludes a treaty with Great Britain, by which his government is to be subsidized ; the terms of the treaty are arranged by Gen. John Jacob. 1856 * * Meer Nusseer Khan dies. * * Meer Khodadad, 12 years of age, succeeds his brother as khan. 1857 * * The British send a political agent, Maj. Henry Green, to aid the Khan in controlling his people during the revolt in India. [Maj. Malcolm Green follows him.] 1863 * * Khodadad Khan is attacked and severely wounded by his cousin, Shere dil Khan, while riding; he then flees to British territory. * * Shere dil Kb an is elected and pro- claimed ruler. 1864 * * Shere dil Khan is murdered in the Gundava Pass. * * Khodadad Khan is restored by his revolting subjects. A condition of irrepressible anarchy prevails ; the rulers of several provinces revolt. 1873* *The British withhold the stipulated subsidy, as the conditions have not been observed. 1874 * * The British suspend diplo- matic relations with the Khelat State. 1875 * * Maj. Robert Sandeman ne- gotiates a new treaty. * * The annual revenue of the Khelat State is about 300,000 rupees, equal to $150,000. 1877* *A British force occupies Quetta, which soon becomes a peaceful and prosperous station. 1887 * * The announcement is made that Quetta, with the districts of Pishin Thai Chotiali, and Sibi, are to become Brit- ish territory. 1893 Aug.* Mir Muhammad suc- ceeds to the office of khan. MISCELLANEOUS. * * * The Church Missionary Society establishes a mission station at Quetta. 1889 * * The mission station at Quetta reports one missionary and his wife, 18 persons baptized, and 11 communicants. * * * Three of the four Gospels have been translated into Baluchi. * * * A railroad connects Quetta with the Punjab in India. * * * The population is estimated at 500,000. * * * The religion of the Baluchi is Mo- hammedanism. BELGIUM. Belgium is a state of Western Europe, having Brussels for its capital. Its area is 18,600 square miles ; population in 1895, 6,410,783. It is divided into the provinces of Antwerp, Brabant, East Flanders, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxemburg, Namur, and West Flanders. The government is a constitutional monarchy administered by an hereditary monarch. The people are chiefly Roman Catholics, and speak the French and Flemish languages. Note. — The following abbreviations are here used to locate the events described: Ant., Antwerp; Bra., Brabant; E. F., East Flanders; H., Hainaut; Lim., Limburg; Lux., Luxemburg; L., Liege; N., Namur; W. F., "West Flanders; Brussels, the capital, is also used as a locality word. ARMY — NAVY. 51 * * B.C. Flanders is conquered by Julius Caesar. 1382 Nov. 27. A. d. At Rosebecque Charles VI. of France defeats the Flemings, who had revolted against their count. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 930 * * Hucbald of Flanders invents a system of scales wherein the semitone is always between the second and third of a tetrachord. 1014 Sept. 28. Nearly the whole of Flanders is submerged in a storm. 1108 * * W. F. Ostend is inundated and entirely covered by the sea. 1320 * * Very delicate lace is made in Flanders. 1340 * * The iron manufacture is well established ; coal is alleged to have been used at Marche-les-dames. 1350 * * Ant. The Gothic cathedral of Notre Dame at Antwerp is founded. 1402 * * Oil is first used in painting by Jan Van Eyck. 1415 * * W.F. Jan and Hubert Van Eyck of Bruges, two brothers, become foun- ders of the Flemish school of painting. 1432 * * E.F. Jan Van Eyck is exempt- ed from taxes at Ghent on account of his great merit as a painter. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1058 * * Bouillon. Godfrey, de, hero of the First Crusade, born. [1100. Dies. A42.J 1818 * * Goetbals, Hendrik, Flem. theolo- gian, born. [1293. Dies. A75.] 1335 * * Maerlant, .Jakob van, Flem. poet, born. [1309. DieB. A65.] 1340 * * Artevelde, Chilipvan, revolutionary leader, born. [1382. Dies. A 42:] 1366 * * Eyck, Hubert van. Flem. painter, born. [1426. Dies. A60.] 1390 * * Bruges, John of, Flem. painter, born. [1440. Dies. A50.] Eyck, Jan van. Flem. painter, born. [1440, July 9. Dies. A50.1 1403* * Chastelain, Georges, Flem. chron- icler, born. [1475. Dies. A72.] 1430* * Goes, iliigo van der, Flem. painter, born. [1480+. Dies. A60+.J CHURCH. 1010 * * Brussels. The Cathedral of St. Gudule is begun. 1099 * * Lux. Godfrey of Bouillon, of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, founds the order of Knights of the Holy- Sepulchre. 1206 * * -20 * * L. St. Francis estab- lishes the Beguine order of Nuns at Liege. 1273 * * Brussels. The Cathedral of St. Gudule is completed. SOCIETY. 1338 * * Ant. A magnificent tourna- ment celebrates the birth in this city of the Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III. of England. STATE. 51 * * b. c. Belgium becomes a part of the Roman Empire by conquest under Julius Caesar. 1st Century. The inhabitants are chiefly Celtic tribes. 5th Century. The inhabitants are chiefly Germans. 837 * * Antwerp falls into the hands of the Northmen. 870 * * After the treaty of Mersen the Netherlands provinces chiefly belong to Germany, and form a dependence of the duchy of Lotharingia. 1008 * * Antwerp is a marquisate of the Holy Roman Empire. 1406 * * Ant. The marquisate of Ant- werp returns to Brabant, after being held by the Count of Flanders and the House of Burgundy. LETTERS. MISCELLANEOUS. 1426* * Bra. The University of Lou- 1448 ** 1570 ** Antwerp is very pros- vain is established ; it is controlled by perous; 2,500 ships are seen in the the authorities of the Catholic Church. ' river at one time. 540 1450, * *-1678, Sept. 17. BELGIUM. ARMY — NAVY. 1451* *#. F. Ghent rebels Philip of Burgundy. 1539 * * E. F. Ghent rebels against the Emperor Charles V. 1564 * * 1648 * * "War of Liberation in the Netherlands. 1566 * * A great insurrection is pro- voked in the Netherlands by an attempt of Philip to establish the Inquisition. 1567 * * The Duke of Alva with 20,000 Spaniards arrives to suppress the re- volt. 1568 * * Bra. "William of Orange en- ters Brabant with an army, but the Duke of Alva declines a battle. 1572 * * William of Orange is elected commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. * * Brille on the mouth of the Meuse is captured by the "Water Beggars. Rapid spread of the insurrection. 1574 Apr. 14. Spaniards win a vic- tory at Mookerheide, where two brothers of the Prince of Orange fall. Oct. * William of Orange relieves Ley- den. 1576 * * Antwerp is taken by the Span- iards, and given up to three days of pil- lage. 1583 * * Antwerp is besieged by the Due d'Alencon, who is successfully re- sisted. 1584 July 10. William of Orange is murdered by Balthazar Gerard. 1585 Aug. 17. The Duke of Parma makes a triumphal entry into Antwerp after a successful siege. 1601 July * W. F. The Spaniards be- siege Ostend. 1604 Sept. * W. F. Ostend capitu- lates to the Spaniards. 1622 Aug. 30. H. The indecisive bat- tle of Fleurus is fought between the Catholic League under Gonzales de Cor- dova and the Protestant Union. 1667 * * -68 * * War of Conquest on account of the Spanish Netherlands. Brabant, Flanders, etc., are claimed by Louis XIV. on the death of his father- in-law, Philip IV. of Spain. * * Part of Flanders and Hainaut are conquered by the French under Tu- 1672 * * -78 * * Second War of Con- quest by France against Holland. 1678 Mar. 9. Ghent is taken by Louis XIV. of France. * * -79 * * Peace of Nimeguen, Hol- land. France and the United Provinces sign a treaty of peace. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1450 * * An t. The Church of St. James is erected at Antwerp. 1468 * * A severe winter occurs in Flan- ders ; the wine distributed is cut by hatchets. 1471* *Hand guns are used by 300 Flemings who accompanied Edward IV. of England when he landed at Kaven-. spur. 1475 * * Diamond polishing is invented by Ludwig von Berkem. 1518* * Ant, The cathedral of Notre Dame in Antwerp is completed. 1531 * * Ant. The Exchange, one of the finest buildings of its kind in Europe, is built at Antwerp. 1537 * * The dissection of the human body is performed by Vesalius. 1544 * * A severe winter occurs in Flan- ders ; the wine is frozen solid. 1556 * * Mercator's Charts are pub- lished, in which the world is treated as a plane ; Gerard Mercator, or Kauif- mann, is the alleged constructor. 1603 * * Democritus and Heractitus is painted by Rubens. 1608* * Ant. Rubens is called to Antwerp by the death of his mother. 1609 * * Van Dyck is apprenticed to Hendrik Van Balen. * * Ant. Rubens is made court painter by the Archduke Albert of Antwerp. 1611* * Ant. Rubens agrees to paint, for the Guild of Harquebusiers, the great altar piece [which since 1614 has decorated their altar in the Antwerp cathedral], containing the famous De- scent from the Cross, the Visitation, the Presentation, the St. Christopher, and a Hermit. Rubens builds and decorates for himself a beautiful house in Antwerp. 1615 * * Ant. Anthony Van Dyck enters the studio of Rubens. 1619 * * Battle of the Amazons is painted by Rubens. 1620 * * Rubens procures Van Dyck a commission to paint an altar piece. 1622 * * Fr. Rubens is called to Paris by Maria de Medici, to decorate the Luxembourg palace with twenty-one great pictures representing the events in her life up to the period of her recon- ciliation with her son, Louis XIII. 1624 * * Van Helmont introduces the term gas. 1629 * * Portrait of Charles I. of Eng- land is painted by Rubens. 1638 * * Crucifixion of St. Peter is painted by Rubens. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1450* * Despres, Josquin, Flem. musician, born. [1530+. Dies. A80.] 1455 * * Lefevre, Peter B., bishop, born. [1537. Dies. A82.] 1460* * Matsys, Quentin, Flem. painter. born. [1529. Dies. A69.] 1462* * Badius, Jodorus or Josse, Flem. poet, born. [1535. Dies. A73-] 1485 1. * * Cleef or Cleve, .loost van, Flem. painter, born. [15^0 + . Dies. A45.] 1495* * Mending, Huns, Flem. painter, dies. 1497* * Coxoie, Michael, Flem. painter, born. [1552. Dies. A55.] 1499+ * * Mabuse, -Ian or Gossaert, Flem. painter, born. [1562. Dies. A63+.] + Lombard, Lambert, Flem. architect, born. [1568. Dies. A59 + .] 1510* * A' pies, Charles de, painter, born. [1563. Dies. A53.] + Cleef, Henry van, painter, born. 1512 * * Mercator, Gerard, Flem. geog., b. 1513* * Baius, Michael, Flem. cl., born. [1589. Dies. A76.] 1520+ * * Floris, Frans, Flem. painter, born. Lasso. Orlando, eoniposer, born. 1522 * * Busbecq, Augier Gluslen, Flem, scholar, traveler, born. Horn, Philip de Mont, Flem. statesman, born. [1568. Dies. A46.) Egmont, LamoraL Flem. count, born. [1568. Dies. .Ufi.j 1624 * * Bologna, Giovanni di, Flem. sculp- tor, born. 1526 ■ • Colin, Alexander, sculptor, born. 1531" * Brederode, Hendrik, Flem. count, born. [1568. Dies. A37.J 1533* * Vermeulen, Jan, Flem. theologian, born. [1585. Dies. A52.] 1548 * * Ayala, Balthasar de, Flem. jurist, b. Aldegonde, Philippe van MarnL-c, Seigneur de Mont-saint, diplomatist, litterateur, born. [ 1598. Dies. A50.] Mander, f'arel van, Flem. painter, born. 1550* • Steenwyk, Hendrik, Flem. painter, born. 1555* ' Calvart, Dionist, Flem. painter, b. 1550 * * Bril, Paul us, Flem. painter, bora. 1557* * Oort, Adam van, Flem. painter, b. 1560* * Balen, Hendrik van, Flem. painter, Gruter or Gruvtere, Jan, Flem. antiquary, b. 1569 * * Breughel, Jan, Flem. painter, born. 1570* * Fiona, Frans, Flem. painter, A50. 1577 June27. Rubens, Peter Paul, Flem. painter, born. * * Helmont. Jean Baptistevan, Flem. pbys.,b. 1578* * A lard, Francis, Flem. Protestant theologian, dies. 1579 * * Snyders, Franz, Flem. painter, b. 1584* "Ayala, Balthasar de, Flem. jurist, A36+. 1589 Cleef, Henry van, painter, A79+. 1592* * Honthors't, Gerard, Flem. painter, b. Busbeeq, Augier Ghislen, Flemish scholar. A70. 1594* * Duquesnoy, Francois, Flem. sculp- tor, born. Ulercator, Gerard, Flemish geographer, A82. Jordaens, Jakob, Flem. painter, born. 1597 * * Hock. Jan van, Flem. painter, born. 1599 * * Utrecht, Adriaan van, Flem. painter, Eykens, or Evckens, Pieter, historical paint- er, born. [1649. Dies. A50-.] Miel, or Meel, Jan, Flem. painter, bora. Van Dyck.. Sir Anthony. Flem. painter, b. 1600 * * Oost, Jacob van, Flem. painter, b. 1602* * Champagne, PhUippe de, Flem. painter, born. 1604* * Steemvvk, Hendrik, Flem. painter, A54. 1606 * * Peters, Francis Lucas, painter, born. Wander, Carel van, Flem. painter, A58. Clouet, Peter, Flem. engraver, born. 1607 * * yui j llyn, Erasmus, Flem. painter, b. 1608* * Bologna, Giovanni di, Flem. sculp- tor, A 84. 1609 * * Arminius or Hannensen, Jakobus, dies, A49. 16 10 * * Ostade, Adrian van, Flem. painter, born. Teniers. David, the younger, Flem. painter, b. 1611* * Hobbema, Mynderhout, Flem. paint- er, born. 1612 * * Colin, Alexander, sculptor, A86. 1614* * Wouters, Francois, Flem. painter, b. Peters, Bonaventure. Flem. painter, born. Coqnes, Gonzales, Flem. painter, born. 1616* * Bourignon, Antoinette, Flem. fa- natic, born. 1619 * * Calvart, Dionisi, Flem. painter, A64. 1625 * * Lingelbach, Jan, Flem. painter, b. Berchem, Nicholas. Flem. engraver, A65. Fyt, or Feyt, Jan, Flem. painter, bora. 1626 * * Bril, Paulas, painter, A70. 1627* * Gruter, Jan, Flem. antiquary, A67. 1630* * Quellyn, Hans Erasmus, Flem. painter, sctdptor, born. 1632 * * Balen, Hendrik van, Flem. painter, A72. 1634* * Menlen, Antoon Frans van der, Flem. painter, born. 1635 * * Peters, John, painter, bora. 1640 May30. Rubens, Peter Paul, Flem. painter, A63. Hennepin, Louis, Flem. monk missionarv, b. 1641 * * Van Dyck. Sir Antnony, Flem. painter, A42. Oort, Adam van, Flem. painter, A84. 1642 * * Breughel, Jan, Flem. painter, A73. 1644 * * Helmont, Jean Baptiste van, Flem. physician, A67. 1646 * * Cleef, Jan van, Flem. painter, born. Duquesnoy, Francois, Flem. sculptor, A52. 1649 * * Teniers, David, the elder, Flem. painter, A67. 1650* * Hock, Jan van, Flem. painter, A47. 1651 * * Utrecht, Adriaan van, Flem. painter, paint- BELGIUM. 1450, * *-1678, Sept. 17. 541 born. 1656* * Bloemen, John Francis van, Flem. painter, born. 1657 * * Snyders, Franz, Flem. painter, A78. Lapide, Cornelius, Flem. commentator, dies. 1659 * * Wouters, Francois, Flem. painter, A45. 1660* * Honthorst, Gerard, Flem. painter, A68. 1663* * Audenaerde, Kobert van, Flem. painter, born. [1743. Dies. A80.] 1664* * Miel, Jan, Firm. painler, A65. 1669* * Grayer Gaspard ik j , Flem. painter, A 87. 1671 * * Oost, Jacob van, Flem. painter, A71. Fyt, Jan, Flem. painter, A46. 1672 * * Breughel, Abraham, Flem. paint- er, born. 1674 * * Champagne, Philippe de, Flem. painter, A72. 1677 * * Peters, John, marine painter, A42. 1678* * Quellyn, Erasmus, Flem. painter, A71. Jordaens, Jakob, Flem. painter, A84. CHURCH. 1516* *-56* *The Protestant reli- gion begins to spread through Belgium amid much persecution. 1556 * * -98 * * Reign of Philip II. ; he cruelly opposes Protestants and intro- duces the Inquisition. * * Switz. George David, a Flemish fa- natic, professing to he the Messiah, and founder of the Davidists, dies at Basel. 1567 * * The Duke of Alva arrives with 20,000 Spaniards to subdue the Protestants; by cruelty and' oppression he drives them to rebellion. * * William of Orange is converted to Protestantism. 1568 Feb. * A sentence of the Inquisi- tion condemns to death, as heretics, nearly all the inhabitants of the Nether- lands. 1597* * Brussels. Lady Mary Percy founds a convent. [In 1794 the nuns are forced to leave for England.] LETTERS. 1529 Oct. 14. Brussels. Placards an- nounce death by burning to persons concealing prohibited books. 1605* * Ant.- Nieuve Zijdinghen is is- sued at Antwerp. 1637 * * -44 * * Gazette Extraordinaris Posttijdinghen is issued. 1649 * * Brussels. Courrier veritable des Pays-Bas is issued. 1667 * * E.F. Gazette van Ghent is is- sued at Ghent. SOCIETY. 1385 * * The counts of Flanders being without male heirs, their possessions go to the House of Burgundy [which soon gains possession of all the Nether- lands]. 1567 * * The Duke of Alva persecutes the Protestants, devastating the coun- try, and erecting scaffolds in every city. 1584 July 10. William the Silent, Prince of Orange, is assassinated at Delft by Balthazar Gerard. 1609 Oct. 13. Rubens marries Isa- bella Brandt. STATE. 1477 * * Mary of Burgundy, heiress of Charles the Bold, marries the Archduke Maximilian, son of Emperor Frederick IV., and thus transfers the Nether- lands to the House of Austria. ' 1493 * * Maximilian . I. becomes Em- peror of Germany. 1494 * * Maximilian resigns the gov- ernment of the Netherlands to his son, Philip the Handsome, 17 years of age, who becomes regent. 1496* * Philip marries Johanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile, having one son [later Charles V.] . 1507 * * Brussels becomes the capital of the - low countries under Philip the 1516* *-56* * Reign of Charles I. (Emperor Charles V.), King of Spain. 1544 * * William of Orange, "The Silent," inherits the estates of Brabant, Flanders, Holland, and the small prin- cipality of Orange in France, from a childless cousin. 1556* *-98* * Philip II. reigns; he is son of Charles I., King of Spain, and inherits the Netherlands on the abdica- tion of his father. 1567 Apr. 22. William of Orange resigns his offices, and, with many thou- sand Netherlanders, leaves his country on the arrival of the Duke of Alva. 1568 * * The long war of liberation It is caused by the fact that ancient and important privileges are jealously prized, while the Spanish garrison, the penal edicts against heretics, the deed of the introduction of the Spanish In- quisition, lead to a league of the nobles, headed by Philip Marnix of St. Alde- gonde. * * Offense is given Spain by the pres- entation of the petition of 300 nobles ("Beggars"), the insurrection of the lower classes, and the destruction of images, and sacking of churches. Feb. * By a sentence of the Inquisition all the inhabitants of the Netherlands, with a few exceptions, are condemned to death. June 5. Brussels. Lamoral, Count Eg- mont, Horn, and many Protestants are executed. * * The estates of Protestants who fail to appear before the Spanish tribunal are confiscated; that of William of Orange is among those confiscated. 1572 * * Many cities of Holland raise the standard of William of Orange, who is appointed leader of the rebellious provinces. 1573 * * The Duke of Alva is recalled at his own request ; Luis de Requesens y Zuniga is his successor. 1576 * * Requesens dies of fever. * * E.F. Pacification of Ghent. All the provinces of the Netherlands unite to drive out the Spaniards, after the sacking of Antwerp, Maestricht, Ghent, and other cities by royal troops ; national and religious differences are ignored. 1577 * * Don John of Austria succeeds Requesens, but is not recognized by the majority of the provinces ; he fails to quiet them. 1578* * Don John dies. * * Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, is governor; he subdues the southern provinces (Belgium), which adhere to the Catholic faith ; he promises the res- toration of their old political freedom. 1579 Jan. 23. The Union of Utrecht founds a famous republic. Seven provinces declare their indepen- dence of Spain : Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gelderland, (imningen, Fries- land, Overyssel ; William of Orange is made stadtholder ; the southern portion (Belgium) continues under Spanish rule. 1584 * * Maurice of Nassau succeeds his murdered father as head of the Seven Provinces. 1598 * * -1621 * * Philip m. of Spain reigns. He cedes Belgium to his daughter Isa- bella and the Archduke Albert, her hus- band. 1609 * * -21 * * A truce is maintained by the Netherlands and Spain, on the basis of possession at the time. 1621 * * King Albert dies without is- sue, and the country reverts to Spain. * * -25 * * Philip rV. of Spain reigns. 1646 * * Peter Stuyvesant is appointed governor of New Netherlands, America. 1648 * * The independence of the Re- public of the United Provinces is recog- nized by Spain and the Empire, at the Peace of Westphalia. 1659* * By the Treaty of the Pyrenees the county of Artois, Thionville, and other districts are ceded to Prance by Spain. 1664 * * The New Netherlands (Amer- ica) is granted to the Duke of York. 1668 * * By the Peace of Aix-la-Cha- pelle, Lille, Charleroi, Oudenarde, Courtray, and other towns are ceded to France. 1678 * * -79 * * The Peace of Nime- guen restores to Spaiu some of the ter- ritory previously ceded, but cedes to France Valenciennes, Nieuport, Cam- bray, St. Omer, Ypres, and Charlemont. [These are in part returned at the Peace of Ryswick.] 1678 Sept. 17. France cedes to Spain Limburg, Ghent, Waes, etc. MISCELLANEOUS. 1450+ * * Trade flourishes in Flanders ; all the nations of Europe have ware- houses at Bruges and Ghent. 1516 * * A post-office is established be- tween Vienna and Brussels. 1531 * * The Exchange is built in Ant- werp. * * The rising Commercial Company is sacrificed to the jealousy of the Dutch. 1585± * * The glory of Antwerp rap- idly declines. 1648 * * The Scheldt is closed to the commerce of Antwerp by the treaty of "Westphalia. 542 1680, * *-1831, Aug. 2. BELGIUM. ARMY — NAVY. 1690 July 1. The Prince of Wal- deek is defeated by Marshal Luxem- burg at Fleurus. 1692 July 1. Namur is taken by the French. 1695 Aug. * Brussels is bombarded by the French under Marshal Villeroi ; 14 churches and 10,000 houses are con- sumed, Sept. * Namur is retaken from the French by Bang William III. of England. 1706 May 23. Bra. Battle of Ramil- lies. The allieB under the Duke of Marl- borough defeat the French and Bava- rians under Marshal de Villeroi ; the French are seized with panic, and the defeat becomes a rout. French loss, 13,- 000; allies' loss, 3,500. [The French soon lose all the fortresses in the Low Coun- try.] * * E. F. Ghent is taken by the British under the Duke of Marlborough. 1708 July 11. The allies under Marl- borough and Prince Eugene defeat the French besiegers under Louis Jo- seph Due de Vendome and the Duke of Burgundy at Oudenarde. 1745 May * The French commence the subjugation of the Austrian Nether- lands by an army under Marshal Mau- rice of Saxony. May 11. H. Battle of Fontenoy, near Tournay. The French under Marshal Maurice of Saxony defeat the army of the Pragmatic Sanction (English, Han- overians, Dutch, and Austrians) under the Duke of Cumberland, with the loss of 12,000 men ; the French lose nearly the same number. 1746 Feb. 16. Brussels. Marshal Saxe takes the city. 1748 * * The French retire by treaty from their conquests in the Austrian Netherlands. 1756 * * IF. F. The French garrison Ostend for Maria Theresa. 1789 Dec. 11. Brussels. TJprising against the Austrians ; the garrison is compelled to capitulate. 1790 Nov. * An Austrian army en- ters Belgium, and easily subdues the people. 1792 Nov.* Brussels. The French under Gen. Dumouriez take the city. * * Antwerp is occupied by the French. 1793 * * E.F. Ghent is taken by the French. Nov. 6. H. At Jemappes the French Republican army, 40,000 strong, under Gen. Dumouriez, defeat 19,000 Aus- trians, and drive them from their de- fenses ; the Austrians lose 10,000 men and the French 12,000. [The victory gives to France the country to the south of Liege.] 1794 June 26. H. The army of France under Marshal Jourdan defeats the allies under the Prince of Coburg at Fleurus; it overthrows the rule of Austria. * * -1814 * * French troops occupy Antwerp. 1815 June 16. Bra. The allies, under the Duke of Brunswick, the Prince of Orange, and Sir Thomas Picton, repulse the French, under Marshal Ney, at Quatre-Bras. //. Napoleon defeats the Prussians under Blucher at the battle of Ligny, near Fleurus. June 18. Bra. Battle of "Waterloo. Napoleon, with an army of 71,947 men, having 24G guns, is defeated by the al- lies under Wellington, who have 67,661 men and 156 guns ; the battle rages from 10 A. m. till five P. M., when reenforce- ments arrive for the allies, — 16,000 Prussians, and by seven o'clock 50,000 men and 104 guns under Blucher ; Wel- lington moves the whole army forward and crushes the French. Loss, allies, 4,206 killed, 14,539 wounded. 1830* *-31* * Civil "War; the Bel- gians rise against the House of Orange. 1830 Sept. 23. The state troops enter the city [and, after fighting the revolutionists three following days, re- tire without results]. Oct. 27. Ant. The state troops, being attacked by revolutionists, bombard Antwerp with red-hot balls. Dec. 23. Ant. Revolutionists take Antwerp; the citadel is not captured. 1831 Aug. 2. The Dutch army in- vades Belgium with 45,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1680* * Bourignon, Antoinette, Fleni. fa- natic, A 64. 1683* * Helmont, Segres Jacob van, Flem. painter, born. 1684* * Coques, (iun/,:ik's, Flem. painter, A70. 1685* * Ostade, Adrian van, Flem. painter, A75. 1687 * * Clouet, Peter, Flem. engraver, A81. Lingelbaeh, Jan, Flem. painter, A62. 1690 * * Dens, Peter, Flem. theologian, born. Teniers, David, the voimger, Flem. painter, A80. Kega, Henri J., Flem. physician, born. Meulen, Antoon Frans van der, Flem. painter, A5fi. 1699* * Hennepin, Louis, Flem. monk mis- sionary, A59. Hobbema, Miinlerhout. Flem. painter, ATI. 1705 * * Koos, Philip Peters, Flem. painter, A50. 1715* * Quellyn, Hans Erasmus, Flem. painter, A86. 1716 * * Cleef, Jan van, Flem. painter, A70. 1726* * Helmont, Segres Jacob van, Flem. painter, A43. 1735* * Feller. Francois X. de, author, born. [1802. Dies. A67.] 1740 * * Bloemen, John Francis van, Flem. painter, A84. 1754* * Rega, Henri J., Flem. physician, A 64. 1764 * * Dael, Jan Frans van, painter, horn. 1768* * Mons, Jean Baptists van, pomolo- gist, born. 1773* * Brie, MatthaeusZ. van, Flem. paint- 1775'* * Dens, Peter, Flem. theologian, A85. 1784* * Fetis, Francois Joseph, composer, b. 1785* * Gerlaehe, Etienne C, Baron, histo- rian, statesman, born. 1786* * Potter, Louis Jos. de, revolutionist, born. Brie, Philip Jacob van, Flem. painter, born. 1787* * Navez, Francois Joseph, Flem. painter, born. 1790* * Leopold I., king, born. 1793* * Willems, Jan Frans, Flem. histo- 1796 *'* Quetelet, Lambert Adolph Jacques, astronomer, statistician, writer, born. IK (iachard, Louis Prosj^r, archivist, bora. 1801 * • De Srnet, Peter John, Jesuit mission- ary, born. Plateau. Joseph Antolne F., physicist, born. 1802 * • BeziOt, Charles Auguste de, violin- ist, born. 1804 * * Altmeyer, Jean Jacques, historian, born. 1805 * • Duvse, Prndenfl van, poet. born. 1806* * WVriz, Aiitomt- Jusepb, painter, b. Geefs, Willem, sculptor, born. Schendel, Petrus van, painter, born. 1808 * * Geerts, Charles Henri, sculptor, b. 1810 * • Gallait, Louis, painter, born. 1812* "Conscience, Hendrik, Flem. novel- 1815 * * Chavee. Honore Jos., philologist, b. Leys, Jean Auguste Henri, painter, born. [1869. Dies. A54.] 1816 * * Clesse, Antoine, song-writer, born. 1818 * * Potvin, Charles, poet, born. Juste, Theodore, historian, born. 1820 * * Vieuxteinps, Henri, violinist, born. Portaels, Jean Francois, painter, born. 1821 * * Brialmont, Alexis Henri, engineer, 1822 • * Laveleye. Emile Louis Victor, political economist, writer, b. 1830 * * Pauwels, Ferdinand, painter, born. CHURCH. 1741 * * Maria Theresa opposes undue power of the clergy. 1765 * * Joseph II. excites the religious antagonism of the people by curbing- the power of the priests. 1815 * * The differences in religion make the union of Holland and Belgium difficult ; Catholics and Protestants op- pose each other. 1818 * * The Jesuits are expelled. 1827 * * The Government enters into a concordat with the Pope respecting bishoprics. LETTERS. 1750+ * * The Belgian Academy of Sciences is founded by Maria Theresa. 1756* * -93 * * Journal Eneyclop&dique is issued by P. Rousseau at Liege. 1772* *-1818* *i' Esprit dts Jour- nalise is issued at Liege. 1773 * * Brussels. The Academy of Belles Lettres is founded. 1788 * * Lux. Journal kistorigue et lit- t&raire is issued at Luxemburg [then at Maestricht]. 1816 * * A new university is founded at Liege. * * E. F. The University of Ghent is founded. 1820 * * E. F. Den Vaderlander is is- sued at Ghent. 1826 * * The Government is strongly op- posed in its attempt to regulate the education of the Belgians and to im- prove the education of the priests. 1S27 * * The Government enters into a concordat with the Pope respecting education. 1830± * * Brussels. The Moniteur Btlyc is issued. * * Brussels. Le National \s issued. SOCIETY. 1S30 Aug. 25. The revolutionary mob attack the National, a Government BELGIUM. 1680, * *-1831, Aug. 2. 543 newspaper, also the residence of its editor at Brussels. Aug. * Riots against the Dutch break out in nearly all the cities of Belgium. STATE. 1697 Sept. 30. Peace of Kyswick, near The Hague. The conquests of France and Holland are restored, and the chief fortresses of the Spanish Netherlands to be garrisoned by Dutch troops as a barrier between France and Holland. (See France.) 1701 * * -14 * * "War of the Spanish Succession. 1701 Sept. 7. A grand alliance of the naval powers is formed with the Em- peror Leopold I., against France, aim- ing to secure to the Austrian House the Spanish possessions in the Netherlands, and other objects. (See France.) * * Brussels is taken by the French. 1703 * * Marlborough invades the Span- ish Netherlands. 1706 June 6. Antwerp surrenders to the allies. * * Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, and other places are taken from the French by the allies after the vic- tory of Marlborough at Ramillies over Villeroi. 1713 Apr. 11. By the Peace of Utrecht, Belgium is assigned to Aus- tria, and called Austrian Wether- lands. 1714* * Austria takes possession of the Spanish Netherlands. 1715 Nov. 16. The Barrier treaty is signed, by which the Dutch reserve the right to garrison Namur, Menin, Ypres, Tournai, and other towns. * * By treaty Belgium delivers over to Holland, her commercial rival, several of her fortresses as a barrier against France. * * Holland closes the Scheldt, to di- vert the trade of Antwerp to itself. 1748 * * The whole country, which had fallen into the hands of the French, is restored to Austria by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. * * Prosperity attends the mild rule of Maria Theresa and her husband, Fran- cis of Lorraine. 1781 * * Joseph II. of Austria and Em- peror of Germany compels Holland to evacuate the Belgian fortresses. * * Reaction follows hasty advancement. * * Joseph II. offends the States by attempting to overturn civil govern- ment in order to reform abuses. 1785 * * Joseph II. proposes exchange of territory. Bavaria to be ceded to Austria in ex- change for the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium), excepting Luxemburg and Namur, as the kingdom of Burgundy: the League of the German Princes is formed against the proposal and it fails. 1789 * * -90 * * Unsuccessful revolt from Austria. 1789 Dec. 27. Bra. The States make a declaration of independence. 1790 Jan. 11. Other provinces having asserted independence, they all unite to form an independent state, called United Belgium, and establish a con- gress. Feb. * Emperor Joseph II. dies. Mar. 3. Leopold II., Emperor of Ger- many, promises to restore the Consti- tution if the States return to their allegiance ; the people refuse, and war follows. 1791* *The former Constitution (Maria Theresa's) is restored, and peace follows. 1792 * * Austria is at war with France, and Belgium suffers. * * Belgium is conquered by the French. 1794 June 26. The defeat of the Aus- trians at the battle of Fleurus ends Austrian rule in Belgium. * * The French make Antwerp the cap- ital of Deux Nethes. 1795* * Antwerp is annexed to the Republic of France. * * -1806 * * The Batavian Republic is founded, which surrenders Dutch Flanders to France. 1797 Oct. 17. By the Peace of Campo-Formio, Austria cedes Bel- gium to France, and the dre'am of inde- pendence is dissipated. 1805 Dec. 26. Peace of Presburg between France and Austria. The Netherlands is transformed into the kingdom of Holland. 1810 Apr. * The Netherlands is an- nexed to France by Napoleon, who claims the country as " the alluvial de- posit of the French rivers." 1813 Nov. 15. An uprising takes place in Holland against the French. 1814 May 30. Belgium is ruled by an Austrian governor [for some months after the fall of Napoleon], by decree of the first Peace of Paris. 18'15 Mar. 23. Belgium is united with Holland. Belgium is given to Holland as a re- ward for great service to the allies, ren- dered by Prince William Frederic of Orange-Nassau ; the Dutch accept it as the spoils of victory. May 31. Aust. The Congress of Vi- enna determines the relations and boundaries of the new kingdom of the Netherlands. Aug. 24. The new Constitution is pro- mulgated, and is detested by the Bel- gians. 1829 * * The Dutch Government decides on energetic proceedings with the Belgians. * * -1830 * * Only one of the seven Gov- ernment Ministers is a Belgian ; the State is ruled in the interests of Hol- land. May* The Dutch disregard 640 peti- tions against a new law of the press. Aug. 28. Prominent citizens at Brussels prepare a petition to the king, asking for reforms in government to secure the rights of the people. [They receive an unsatisfactory reply.] * * The representatives of the citizens demand a separation from Holland, and also pledge therewith loyalty to the House of Orange. * * The kingdom of the Netherlands is verging to dissolution of the enforced union of the Protestant commercial State of Holland with the Catholic man- ufacturing State of Belgium, which is pervaded with French culture. Aug. 25. There is an outbreak of a mob in Brussels, after a performance of the Muette de Portici ; the mediation of Prince William of Orange fails of suc- cess. 1830* * Revolution and indepen- dence. Sept. 13. Special meeting of the States- General at The Hague, It provokes renewed hostility by its dilatory action ; the riot is converted into a revolution. Sept. 20. Brussels. The council of the king orders the troops to take posses- Oct. 4. The Dutch Government is de- posed. Oct. * When too late the council consents to separate a dminis tration of govern- ment. Nov. 10. Brussels. A national Bel- gian Congress meets ; 200 deputies present. Nov. 18. A declaration of indepen- dence is made by the Congress. * * A provisional government is organ- ized. Dec. 20. Eng. The C onf erence of London, called by Holland, proclaims the dissolution of the kingdom of the Netherlands, and procures cessation of hostilities. 1831 Jan. * The allied powers acknowl- edge the independence of Belgium. Feb. * Belgium adopts a liberal mon- archy as its form of government. Feb. 3. Due de Nemours is elected king, but declines, as his father, the French king, refuses his consent. Feb. 24. Baron Surlet de Chokier is elected regent. June 4. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Co- burg is elected king by the National Congress. Yote, 152-40; 4 absent. July 12. Leopold accepts the crown. July 19. Brussels. Leopold publicly enters the city. MISCELLANEOUS. 1723 * * The Ostend East India Com- pany is established. 173 1 * * The Ostend East India Company is dissolved. 1798 * * The English destroy the works of the Bruges Canal at Ostend. 1803 * * Napoleon visits Antwerp, aiid expends £2,000,000 sterling in the con- struction of docks. 544 1831, Aug. 9-1880, June 28. BELGIUM. ARMY — NAVY. 1831 Aug. 9. Brussels. TheDutchat- tack the city, and the king narrowly es- capes capture in the retreat of his forces. Aug. * France sends 50,000 troops to assist Belgium against the Butch, who enter an armistice. 1832 Nov. 30. Ant. The French un- der Marshal Gerard besiege Antwerp. Dec. 4. Ant. The French bombard the citadel at Antwerp. Dec. 23. Ant. Marshal Gerard takes the citadel from Gen. Chasse. 1833 * * The war with Holland ends. 1853 May 10. It is voted to increase the army to 100,000 men. 1860 Aug. * The military volunteer movement proves successful. * * .4712. The new fortifications are erected at Antwerp. 1870 Sept. 1-2. Many French sol- diers cross the line into Belgium after suffering defeat at Sedan ; they are dis- armed and interned. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1836 * * Quetelet discovers the perio- dicity of meteoric showers, occurring ahout the 10th of August. 1853 * * Brussels. The first Interna- tional Statistical Congress is held, largely due to the work of M. Quetelet. * * A Maritime Conference is held, to ohtain uniform meteorological observa- tions. 1860 * * N. A Government Agricul- tural Institute is founded at Gembloux. 1861 Apr. 25. A partially articulate electric telephone is exhibited at Frankfort by Philip Reiss. Aug. 17-20. Ant. A Fine Arts Fete is held in Antwerp. 1865 Sept. 22-25. Bntssels. An In- ternational Society Science Associa- tion is in session. 1867* * Montefiore-Levi and Kunzel in- vent an alloy of copper, tin, and phos- phorus known as phosphor-bronze. 1865 July 26. L. A monument to Charlemagne is unveiled at Liege. Aug. 2. Ant. A statue of Leopold is unveiled at Antwerp. 1870 * * The Royal Botanical Garden is laid out at Brussels. 1871 * * Ant. The first International Congress of Geographers is held at Antwerp. 1872 * * Ant. The Exchange in Ant- werp, rebuilt in the same Gothic style as before, is reopened. 1877 Aug. 20±. The Plantin Mau- retus Museum at Antwerp is opened. 1878 * * King Leopold II. convenes a Congress of African travelers and explorers for the study of the Upper Kongo. 1879 Oct. 1. Bra. A statue of Van de Weyer is inaugurated at Louvain. * * Brussels. Physicians use vaccine direct from the animals. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1834 * * Iliel, Emanuel, port, born. 1835 ' * Leopold II., Louie Philippe Marie Victor, King of ti,.- Belgians, born. 1836" * Alma-Tadema, Laurence, painter, b. renoe, painter, t i mini of, Kin 1839 * * Brie, MatthaeusZ. van. Flem. paint- er, A 66. 1840 * * Dael, Jan Frans van, painter, A76. Brie, Philip Jacob van, Flem. painter, A54. 1842* * Mons, Jean Baptiste van, pomolo- gist, A 74. 1846* * Willeins, Jan Frans, Flem. philolo- gist, A 53. 1850* * Louise, Queen, dies. 1858 * * Louise, Princess, born. 1859 * * Leopold Ferdinand. I'rinre, born. Potter, Louis Jos. de, revolutionist, A73. Duyse, Prudens van, Flem. poet, A54. 1865* * Wiertz, Antoine Joseph, painter, A60. Leopold L, Ceor^es Chretien Frederick, King of the Belgians, A75. 1869* * Leopold Ferdinand, crown prince, duke of Brabant, dies. Baldwin, heir of Philip, Count of Flanders, born. Nave/., Fraiu;ois Joseph, painter, A82. 1870* * Beriot, Charles Auguste de, violin- ist, A 68. Srhendel, I'etrus van, painter, A64. 1871 * * Fetis, Francois Joseph, composer, A87. CHURCH. 1834 * * The Antwerp and the Belgian Foreign and the Ghent Bible Society- is organized. 1839 * * The Belgian Bible Association is organized. 1842 * * The Clerical Education Bill passes. 1844 * * The Netherlands Society for Promoting Christianity among the Jews is founded. 1857 June * The Religious Chari- ties BiU meets with great opposition. * * The population is chiefly Roman Catholic; all ministers are paid by the State. 1S62 Jan. * Bitter dissensions arise between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants. 1866 * * Religious houses for males number 178 ; for females 8,144, with 15,205 persons in the latter. 1874 * * The Government has a sharp conflict with the Papacy respecting ec- clesiastical orders and educational laws. 1875 May * -June * Riots expressive of popular opposition to religious pro- cessions occur. Sept. * A Roman Catholic pastoral of the heirarchy against the Government plan of mixed education is published ; the sacraments of the Church are re- fused to parents and teachers who con- form to the education law. 1879 Jan. 16. The Roman Catholics are successful in the elections ; riots follow at Brussels and Antwerp. 1880 June 28. Ecclesiastical d i s- putes lead to a suspension of diplomatic relations with Rome. LETTERS. 1831 * * Brussels. The Independent is established. 1833 * * The magazine Messager des Sci- ences historiques appears at Ghent. 1834 Brussels. The Free University of Brussels is founded. * * Nederduitsche Letteroefenigen is is- sued. 1835 * * Brussels. The Observateur is founded. * * Ant. The Pricurseur is issued. * * -43 * * Revue Beige is issued. * * -44 * * Biograpkie L'nirerselledes Mu- siciens appears. 1836* *-±G* * Bet giesch Museum is is- sued. 1837 * * -48 * * Revue de Bruxelles is issued. 1840 * * -43 * * Kunst- en Letttrblad is issued. 1842 * * Bulletin de V Industrie is issued. * * -43 * * Tresor National is issued. 1843 * * Annates des Travaux Publics is issued. 1844 * * The Glaneur Missionaire ap- pears. * * Vlaemoche Rederyker is issued. * * -47 * * Revue de LUge is issued. 1846± * * Broderland is issued. * * -51 * * Revue de Belgique is issued. 1850* * Chr&Uen Beige et I* Union is founded. 1852 * * The Pricis Historiques, LitU- raires et Scienttjiques appears. 1854 * * The TtMgraphe is issued at Brussels. * * The Revue Catholique appears. * * Brussels. Revue Trimestrielle is is- sued. 1858 * * Journal des Beaux-Arts is issued. 1868 * * Revue de Belgique is reissued. * * Athenseum Btlge is issued. SOCIETY. 1832 Aug. 9. "King Leopold marries the daughter of Louis Philippe, King of France. 1834 Apr. 5. Brussels. Riots occur. The mob destroys the furniture of 16 houses in resentment for a display of an attachment to the House of Orange. 1852 Aug. 10. The Queen of Eng- land is warmly received on her visit. Oct. 18. King Leopold and his son visit England. [I860. June* He repeats his visit.] 1853 Aug. 22. Leopold marries Arch- duchess Maria Henrietta of Austria. 1S56 Sept. * Brussels. An Interna- tional Philanthropic Congress is he Id. 1861 Aug. 17-20. Ant. AFineArts Fete is given. 1S62 Sept. 22-25. Brussels. An in- ternational association for the ad- vancement of social science meets. 1863 Aug. 3. Ant. A fete is given to celebrate the abolition of the Scheldt dues and the opening of the port. BELGIUM. 1831, Aug. 9-1880, June 28. 545 1866 July 5. Leopold II. and his queen visit England. [July * They go to Ghent.] Oct. 12-16. A national rifle-meeting is held. Oct. 20. Brussels. Benjamin S. Phil- lips, Lord Mayor of London, with 1,100 volunteers, visits Belgium ; the king gives a magnificent banquet in their honor. 1867 Jan. 18. The Chambers vote against the bill to abolish capital punishment. Feb. 1-2. The miners of Marchienne- au-Pont become riotous on account of a reduction of wages, and are suppressed by the military. Apr. 25. Philip, Count of Flanders, marries Mary, Princess of Hohenzol- lern-Sigmaringen. July* About 2,400 soldiers of the guard civique and volunteers cross over to England. July 12. London. Thomas Gabriel, the Lord Mayor, receives the Belgian visitors. July 13. Eng. The Prince of 'Wales receives the Belgian soldiers at Wimble- don. [July 16. They arrive at "Wind- sor.] 1868 Mar. 25-29. Riots break out in the mining-districts, and 10. lives are lost in suppressing them by the military. "Nov. 6-13. Brussels. An Interna- tional Congress of "Working men is held. 1869 Sept. 19. L. An international rifle-meeting is held. 1873 May 22. Brussels. Alexander II., Czar of Russia, visits the city. 1875 Feb. 4. Princess Louise mar- ries Philip, Duke of Saxony. Aug. 22-25. The king's silver wed- ding is celebrated. Sept. 27-Oct. 2. Brussels. The fourth International Health Congress is held. Sept. * E. F. Socialists hold a great congress at Ghent. Dec. 3. Eugene T'Kindt de Roodenbeck, a clerk of the Bank of Belgium, is convicted of 149 thefts amounting to 20,000,000 francs ; Fortamps, the gov- ernor, is also convicted of fraudulent transactions. 1877 Aug. 13. Ant. The centenary of Rubens's birth is celebrated. 1879 May 29. King Leopold II. visits England. * * The "La Ligue Patriotique contre l'alcoolisme " is started under the title "L' Association Beige contre l'abus des boissons alcooliques." Its work is (1) to collect and dissemi- nate information regarding the drinking habits of the people, and the evils re- sulting therefrom ; (2) to endeavor to get temperance legislation enacted. 1880 Mar. * Princess Stephanie is betrothed to Archduke Rudolph of Austria. STATE. 1531 Nov. 15. London. The five great powers convene, and sign 24 articles of pacification. 1532 Aug. 9. King Leopold I. mar- ries Louise, eldest daughter of Louis Philippe, King of France. Oct. 4. Charles L. Rogier is appointed Minister of the Interior. Oct. 22. France and England sign a convention against Holland. 1833 May 21. A preliminary conven- tion with Holland is signed. 1S39 Apr. 19. London. A final settle- ment and peace with Holland are made by a treaty signed. 1S57 Nov. 9. A new Ministry is formed under Charles L. Rogier. Dec. 10. The Chambers reassemble. 1859 May * The king proclaims the neutrality of Belgium in the Italian 1S60 June 13. Loyalty to the king . is warmly expressed on the circulation of vague rumors of annexation to France. July 21. The octrois, taxes levied at the gates of towns on articles of food, are abolished. [The popularity of the Government is increased thereby.] 1861 May 1. A commercial treaty with France is signed. 1S62 Aug. 22. The Chambers adopt a commercial treaty with Great Britain. Feb. 4. The Ministry having resigned, it again resumes office. July 17. The Chambers are dis- solved. 1864 Aug. * The Liberals have a ma- jority in the election. 1865 Dec. 17. Leopold II. succeeds his father. 1866 Nov. 13. The Chambers are opened by the king. 1838 Jan. 3. A new Liberal Anti- clerical Ministry under Herbert J. W. Frere-Orban is formed. 1870 June* The Catholics unite with the Radicals or Progressionists and some offended Liberals. June 19. The Frere-Orban Ministry resigns. July 3. Baron D'Anethan's Catholic Ministry is formed. Aug. 9. Belgium signs a treaty of its neutrality as between Great Britain and Prussia. Aug. 11. The treaty for the neutrality of Belgium is signed by France. Nov. 22-25. Brussels. The Ministry is opposed by M. Bara and others ; riots occur. 1871 Dec. 7. Baron D'Anethan re- signs, and Julius Malou, a moderate Catholic, forms a Ministry. 1S72 Feb. 17- Ant. The Due de Bordeaux (Comte de Chambord), the Bourbon heir to the French throne, ar- rives. [Feb. 27. Popular demonstrations cause him to retire from Belgium.] Mar. 29. The commercial treaty with France is denounced by the Govern- ment. 1873 Feb. 5. A new treaty of com- merce is signed with France. July 27- Aug. 28. Brussels. An in- ternational conference respecting the rights of neutrals is held, but no results are obtained. 1874 * * The Government has a sharp conflict with the Papacy respecting ecclesiastical orders and educational laws. 1875 Feb. * The German Government complains of Belgian publications up- holding the censured German ecclesi- astics. Apr. 15. Germany protests against the Duchesne proposal to the archbishop to assassinate Bismarck. June 13, 14. A Catholic minority is returned by the elections. June 20. The Catholic Malou Ministry resigns, and Herbert J. "W. Frere- Orban forms a new one. 1879 July 1. The new law of public instruction is sanctioned by the king, Leopold II. 1880 June* Elections for Parlia- ment are held. The Liberals and the Clerical party oppose each other regarding education, and the former are sustained by the elections. June 18. Diplomatic relations with Rome are suspended by the recall of the representative to the Vatican on account of ecclesiastical disputes. MISCELLANEOUS. 1853 * * Brussels. A maritime con- ference is held to obtain uniform mete- orological observations. 1858 Aug. 2. Ant. The Exchange at Antwerp is burned. June * H. A railroad accident occurs near Mons, and 21 are killed. 1860 * * Ant. The ancient fortifica- tions are destroyed. 1861 Dec. 2. Ant. The great Napo- leon wharf is burned ; loss, £400,000 and 25 lives. 1862 Aug. * Great distress prevails, caused by the decline of trade. Dec. 31. Population, 4,S36,56G. 1865 Dec. 1. Population, 4,984,451. 1866 Dec. 31. Population, 4,S29,320. 1870 Dec. 31. Population, 5,0S7,105. 1874 Sept. 5. Brussels. The Belgian Industrial Exhibition is opened. 1876 June 26. Brussels. The king opens an international exhibition of articles relating to health and safety. Sept. 27-Oct. 2. Brussels. A health congress is in session. 1878 July 28. L. A gigantic dam for supplying water is inaugurated at La Gillepe, near Verviers. 1879 Dec. 31. Population, 5,530,146. 1880 June 16. Brussels. The king and queen open the National Exhi- bition. 540 1880, July 18-1892, Mar. 17. BELGIUM. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1880 July 21. A statue of Leopold I. is unveiled at Laekeii. 1884 Aug. * Henry M. Stanley re- turns from the Kongo, and reports to King Leopold II. Sept. 29. Brussels. An International Artistic Convention is held. 1890 June 15. lira. A monument to the Duke of Brunswick is unveiled on the spot where he fell at Quatre Bras, "Waterloo. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1881 * * Vieuxtenips, Henri, violinist, A61. Verboeekhoven, lutein.' .Joseph, A83. 1882 * * Monckhoven, Desire von, savant, A51. 1883 * * Geefs, \V litem, wulplor, A77. Conscience, Hemlrik, Hem. poet, A73. Deschamps, Cardinal, ai-rlibishop of Mech- lin, the primate, dies. Plateau, Joseph Antolne P., physicist, A82. 1885* * Rogier, Charles Latour, statesman, A 85. 1887 * * Keyser, Niraist* Brooke dies in England. 1881 Nov. 8. The Worth British Borneo Company is chartered. 1889 Oct. 4. Six Chinese despera- does are executed for conspiracy at Sarawak. BRAZIL. Brazil is a republic of South America, having an estimated area of 3,209,878 square miles, and an estimated population (1SSS) of 14,002,335. The government is administered by a President ; the Senate has 63 and the Chamber of Deputies 205 members, rep- resenting 20 States. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic, and Portuguese is the language of the people, who are Brazilians. Indians, negroes, and mixed races, with numerous colonists, chiefly Germans, Italians, and SwioS. ARMY — NAVY. 1560* *The Portuguese destroy the French settlement at Rio de Janeiro. 1567 Jan. 21. Mem de Sa utterly de- feats the French and their Indian allies at Rio de Janeiro. 1586* *An English force led by Witherington plunders Bahia. 1591* *The Spanish colony of Sao Vicente is burned by the English under Thomas Cavendish. 1593 * * James Lancaster captures Pernambuco from the Spaniards. 1595 * * English under Lancaster take Olinda. 1624 * * A Dutch fleet takes Bahia. 1625 May* The Dutch are compelled to capitulate to the Portuguese and natives at Bahia. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1549± * * Gold is discovered at Bahia. 1553± * * Manuel de Nobrega, chief of the Jesuits and joint provincial, es- tablishes a college, named Sao Paulo. [It greatly benefits the rising state.] 1629 * * Gold-mines are discovered in Minus, Goyaz, and Cuyaba by slave- hunting expeditions. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1526 * * Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, explorer, n. 1596 * * Mascarenhas, Garcia de, poet, born. CHURCH. 1500 Apr. 26. Easter is celebrated by religious services at Porto Seguro, by the Portuguese commander, Pedro BRAZIL. 1499, June *-1630, * *. 553 Alvarez Cabral, who commemorates the event by the erection of a stone cross. [He names the country, The Land of the Holy Cross.] 1549 Apr. * Six Jesuits arrive at Bahia with the first governor-general ; they undertake the spiritual culture of the savages, and the Portuguese, who are scarcely less savage. * * Abandoned priests foster the licen- tiousness of the colonists, and oppose the efforts of the Jesuits. 1552 * * The first bishop arrives, and checks the disorders of the priests. 1553 * * Luis de Gran, at the head of a company of Jesuits, arrives. * * Nobrega, the chief of the first mis- sion, is appointed joint provincial. * * Governor-General Duarte opposes the good work of the Jesuits. * * jr r , Coligni sends a Protestant col- ony under Nicolas de Villegaignon, in two ships, to the Bay of Kio de Janeiro. 1555 * * Rio de Janeiro. The first Prot- estant mission in the world is opened. The Church of Geneva sends 14 mis- sionaries to Brazil, who land on an island in the harbor. 1556± * * Chevalier de Villegaignon, the leader of the Protestant colony, joins the Catholics, and dissension follows. 155S * * The Jesuits have more success under the rule of the new- captain-gen- eral, Mem de S3. 1559+ * * The French Huguenots are persecuted at Rio de Janeiro by their false leader, Villegaignon, and are obliged to return to France. [Coligni's Protestant colony at Rio is entirely broken up by the Portuguese.] SOCIETY. 1629 * * Raids into the interior to pro- cure Indians as slaves commence ; the converted Indians of Jesuit missions in Paraguay are not spared. DISCOVERY— STATE. 1499 June * Brazil is discovered by Vincente Yafiez Pinzon, a companion of Columbus ; he coasts with four ships from near Cape St. Vincent to the mouth of the Amazon. 1500 Apr. 22. Pedro Alvarez Ca- bral, a Portuguese commander, driven by adverse winds out of his designed course for India, arrives at Porto Seguro ; he takes possession of the country for the crown of Portugal, and calls it Tierra de Santa Cruz. May 2. Cabral, continuing his voyage, sails for India, after despatching a small vessel to Lisbon, to announce his dis- covery. 1501 May 10. Port. The King sends Amerigo Vespucci with three vessels to explore the country discovered by Commander Cabral. Aug. 16. Vespucci arrives at Cape St. Roque, in " the Land of Parrots." 1502 Jan. 1. Vespucci discovers and names the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. 1503 * * Christovao Jaques, a Portu- guese, coasts southward to about 52° south on the coast of Patagonia. * * Vespucci arrives again with six ships, visits Bahia, and builds a fort at Cape Frio, which be leaves in charge of 12 men with guns and provisions. [The Portuguese Government nearly forgets its possessions in South America for 30 years, while private citizens de- velop a small trade with the country.] 1504* * A Portuguese colony is planted on the coast at All Saints [in Bahia], and others follow. * * Brazil begins to be named for South America. 1510* * Diego Alvarez, a Portuguese, is shipwrecked on the coast near Bahia. He gains the friendship of the Indians. 1511 * * The Portuguese appear in Kio de Janeiro Bay. 1515* * Brazil is colonized by the Portuguese ; it is their first agricul- tural colony. 1521 * * Port. John III. becomes King of the Portuguese. 1527 * * Christovao Jaques, the Portu- guese governor, founds the first settle- ment at Pernambuco. 1528 * * Governor Jaques is recalled. 1530 * * Brazil is divided into captain- cies by the Portuguese, and is first per- manently occupied. 1531 Jan. 1. Martin Affonso de Sousa, possessing a grant from John III., arrives with an expedition, and gives its name to Rio de Janeiro. * * Sousa establishes a settlement at Sao Vincente Piratininga, in the [present province of Sao Paulo]. * * Pero Lopes de Sousa, receiving a captaincy, founds a settlement at Sao Amaro, near his brother. * * Vasco Fernandes Coutrnho brings over a company of colonists, including 60 fidalgos, and sinks a fortune in at- tempting the settlement of ( * Our Lady of the Victory." * * Pedro de Campo Tourhxho takes up the captaincy of Porto Seguro. [Sugar-works are established.] * * Jorge de Figueiredo, receiving the captaincy of Hheos, sends out Fran- cisco Romeiro to take possession. * * Francisco Pereira Coutinho re- ceives the captaincy of the coast from the Rio Sao Francisco to Bahia. [Later all the bays and creeks are added to the grant.] * * The captaincy of Pernambuco is granted to Don Duarte Coelho Pereira. * * Pedro de Goes obtains the captaincy of Peraiba [but is driven off by the natives after a struggle of seven years]. * * Joao de Barros, the historian, re- ceives the captaincy of Maranhao, but his grand expedition is wrecked and the effort fails. 1548 * * Jews banished from Portugal come to Brazil. * * The colony attains sufficient impor- tance to attract the attention of the mother country. The power of captaincies is revoked ; their grants are continued ; a governor- general is appointed with civil and crimi- nal powers; the judicial and financial functions of each province are vested in the Ouvidor. 1549 Apr. * Thome" de Sousa arrives at San Salvador [Bahia] to establish a city, and as the first governor-gen- eral of Brazil. 1553 * * Duarte de Costa succeeds to the office of governor-general. 1555 * * Nicolas Durand Villegaig- non establishes a colony on an island near Rio de Janeiro, bearing his name. 1557* * Port. Sebastian becomes King of the Portuguese. 1558 * * Port. Mem de Sa is sent out as governor-general. * * Huguenots and colonists from Genoa found a settlement at Rio de Janeiro. 1560 * * The Portuguese capture the French settlement at Rio de Janeiro. 1567 * * The Portuguese found a colony on the ruins of the French settlement at Rio de Janeiro. * * Sebastian is founded. 1572 * * Mem de Sa ceases to be gov- ernor-general ; an attempt is made to divide the colony. 1574 * * The colony is divided into two governments. 1578 * * The territory is reunited into one province as an appanage of Spain, with Diego Laurenco da Veiga as governor. * * Portugal is annexed to Spain. * * Port. Philip II. of Spain usurps the crown of Portugal, and the colonies are neglected. * * Port. Henry, the Cardinal, brother of John III., becomes King of Portugal as Henry I. 1586 * * English anti-Spanish adven- turers transiently destroy prosperous settlements. 1612 * * The French plant a colony on the Island Marajo. 1615 Dec* Belem, or Para, is founded by Caldeira. 1618 * * The French settlement at Marajo is surrendered to Spain. 1624 * * Invasion of the Dutch. 1630 * * The Dutch seize the coast, and establish a colony at Olinda in Per- nambuco ; Count Maurice comes as Dutch governor [and prosperity follows]. MISCELLANEOUS. 1515 * * Brazil is the first American col- ony founded on an agricultural basis ; all others were mining speculations. 1549 * * The languishing Portuguese col- onies become prosperous by the dis- covery of gold. 554 1630,* *-1863, June 18. BRAZIL. ARMY — NAVY. 1630* ''The Dutch take Olinda after a feeble resistance. 1649 * * War with the Dutch colo- nists begins. * * The Brazil Company of Portugal send out their first fleet to aid the colonists against the Dutch. 1654 * * The Dutch yield Olinda, and Brazil is fully restored to the Portu- guese. 1710* *A French squadron lands 1,01)0 men under Duclerc at Rio; half are killed in battle, the remainder cap- tured and barbarously treated. 1711 Sept. 12. A French squadron with G.000 troops, under Adm. Duguay- Trouin, attacks Rio de Janeiro, and takes the town after a battle of four days. Oct. 10. To prevent the burning of Rio de Janeiro by the French, the governor capitulates. (See State.) 1809 * * An expedition captures French Guiana for annexation to Brazil. 1817 * * A force of 5,000 troops totally defeats the Artigas, and occupies Montevideo in Uruguay. 1823 * * Port. The Cortes sends a large force to Bahia to suppress the revolu- tion. July 2. Bahia, the headquarters of the Portuguese troops, is so vigorously be- sieged by the patriots that the Portu- guese army is forced to reembark. * * The Brazilian squadron under Sir Alex. Inglis Cochrane attacks the Por- tuguese vessels, and captures several. 1825* * The war against Buenos Ayres is sustained in a feeble way. 1828 * * The army is defeated by the Argentines, through the incapacity of its leader. 1834 * * Para and Rio Grande, the re- bellious provinces, are subdued. 1849 * * The Ministry send reenforce- ments to Paraguay and Montevideo against the army of Buenos Ayres. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1710± * * Diamonds are discovered in Minas. 1722i * *The Arabian coffee-plant is introduced from Cayenne. [1810. It be- comes an article of commerce.] 1729 * * Diamonds are discovered in Sezzo Frio. 1807* * The National Library is founded at Rio de Janeiro. 1808 * * The first printing-press is set up. 1809 * * Rio de Janeiro. The king in- troduces the cultivation of the tea- plant in the botanical gardens. 1810 * * Swedes erect two small refining furnaces at Ipanema. 1817 * * Rio de Janeiro. A National Museum of natural history is founded. * *The first daily newspaper is estab- lished at the capital city, the Diario do Rio. 1823 * * Rio de Janeiro. Journal de Com- mercio is issued. 1838* *The Historical, Geographical, and Ethnographical Institute of Brazil is founded. 1841 * * Beds of bituminous coal are discovered along the banks of the Tu- barao. 1844 * * Diamonds are discovered north of the river Paraguass. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1656 * * Mascarenhas.Garciade,poet,A60. 1684* * Andrada, Gomes Freire de, Portu- guese governor of Rio, Count of Bobadilla, born. [1763. Jan. 1. Dies. A79.] 1765 June 13. Andrada e Silva, Jose" Bonifacio de, statesman, mineralogist, born. [1388. Apr. 6. Dies. A73.] 1773 Nov. 1. Amlruda Maohado e Silva, Antonio Carlos Riln-irodr, statesman, horn. [1845. Dec. 5. Dies. A72.] 1774* * Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio, poet, born. [1807. Dies. A33.] 1798 * * Pedro I., emperor, born. 1806 * * Porto-Alegre, Jlanoel de Araujo, poet, born. 1807 Jan. 22. Andrade Neves, Jose Joa- quim de, general, born. [1869. Jan. 6. Dies.] 1811* * Magalhaens, de Domingos, Jos6 Goncalves, poet, born. 1816* * Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de, historian, born. 1822 Mar. 14. Theresa, princess, Em- press, born. * * Gonealvez Diaz, Antonio, poet, born. [1864. Dies. A40O 1825 * * Pedro II., emperor, born. 1826 Apr. 30. Peixoto Floriano, gen., President, born. 1827 Aug-. 5. Fonseca. Manuel Deodoro- da, gen., 1st President, born. 1834 Pedro I., emperor, A36. 1840 * * Tavares-liastos, Aureliano Candido, patriot, born. 1842 Apr. 29. Eu. Louis P. M. F. G. d" Or- leans, Comte d' , prince, general, born. 1844 Moraes, Prudente de. President, b. 1846 Isabella, princess, born. CHURCH. 1566 * * In order to terrify his country- men, John Boles, a Huguenot mission- ary, is put to death by the Portuguese after an imprisonment of eight years. 1577 * * Many of the Protestant colo- nists return to France. 1594 * * French Catholics establish a colony on the Island of Maranhao. 1620 * * Jesuitsettlements are formed ; communism prevails. 1760 * * Great opposition is made to the Jesuits under a false pretext ; they are expelled from the country. 1761 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Imperial chapel is erected. 1836 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States sends Rev. Mr. Spaulding as a mission- ary to Rio de Janeiro. 1838* * Rio de Janeiro. Rev. D. B. Kidder (TJ. S. A.) joins the Methodist mission. [1841. The Methodist mis- sion is closed through financial embar- rassments.] 1851± * *-53 * * Rio de Janeiro. Rev. J. C. Fletcher labors as missionary. 1854+ * * Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Dr. Kalley, a Scotch physician, begins evangelistic labor at his own ex- pense. [He continues his work for several years.] 1859 Aug. * Rio de Janeiro. Mission- aries of the Presbyterian Church (North, U. S. A.) arrive. 1860 * * Rio de Janeiro becomes a mis- sion-station of the Southern Baptists (U. S. A.J. * * The Protestant Episcopal Church (U.S.A.) starts its first mission in Brazil 1861 May* Rio de Janeiro. The Pres- byterian mission is opened for public preaching. [18G2. It is organized as a church, with two members.] SOCIETY. 1630 * * The Dutch send an expedition to Africa, and capture a Portuguese settlement in order to obtain slaves for the colony at Olinda. 1637 * * Maurice, the Dutch governor, promotes the amalgamation of the various native races with the colonists. 1640 * * Numerous southern tribes are- reduced to slavery by the Portuguese. * * A hardy race of men appear at Sao Paulo from the intermarriage of colo- nists with the natives. 1830 * * Rio de Janeiro. Political dis- orders are caused by the enemies of the emperor. 1831 Apr. * Dom Pedro embarks for Portugual. 1841 * * Rio de Janeiro. The hospital of Dom Pedro li. (La Misericordia) is erected. A lunatic asylum is also erected with funds obtained by selling titles of nobility at a fixed tariff. 1843 Sept. 4. It. Dom Pedro II. marries Princess Theresa of Naples. 1852 * * The slave-trade is suppressed. 1861 June 7±. Natives plunder the wreck of the British ship Prince of Wales at Albardas, and kill some of the crew. STATE. 1636 Jan. * -44 May * Maurice of Nassau is governor-general of the Dutch conquests in Brazil ; the colony prospers under his administration. * * Brazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov- ernor, promotes the amalgamation of the natives and colonists by marriage. 1640* * Numerous Southern tribes are reduced to slavery by the Portuguese. * * Brazil is restored to the possession of the Portuguese by the Spaniards. * * Port. John of Braganza becomes king of the Portuguese. 1641+ * * A feeble attempt is made for independence. 1644 * * The Dutch recall Count Mau- rice. 1645 * * The tyranny of the Dutch drives the colonists of the North to re- volt, Joao Fernandes Tieyra is leader. 1654 * * After overthrowing the Dutch, the colonies again unite under the royal authority of Portugal. 1661* *The Dutch surrender the country. BRAZIL. 1630, * *-1863, June 18. 555 1667* * The French colonists are driven out of Villegaignon by the Portu- guese, who found the city of S2,o Sebas- tiao, or Rio de Janeiro. 1682 * * An insurrection of the Dutch breaks out at Maranham. 1710* * The French invade Rio de Ja- 1711 Oct. 10. The governor-general signs a capitulation as required by Duguay-Trouin, the French admiral, and pays 610,000 crusados, 500 cases of sugar, and provisions for the fleet. 1720 * * The district of Minas, having five settlements with royal charters, sep- arates from Sao Paulo. 1721 * * Port. King John V. abolishes the Brazilian Company, which had done much for the country. 1730 * * The discovery of diamonds is first announced to the Government. 1755 * * Marquis de Pombal, the gov- ernor-general, reestablishes a Brazilian Company to trade exclusively with Maranhao and Para. 1759 * * Pombal charters another Bra- zilian Company for Paraiba and Per- nambuco. 1763 * * The capital is transferred from Bahia to Rio Janeiro. 1774 * * Maranhao (Northern Brazil) is attached to Brazil. 1777 * * Court intrigues force Pombal from his prosperous governorship. * * Port. Donna Maria Francesco and her husband, Peter HI., succeed to the throne. 17S9 * * A conspiracy for independence is formed in Minas, under the lead of Silva Xavier ; it is unsuccessful. 1808 Jan. 21. The Queen Donna Ma- ria I., the royal family, all the great of- ficers of state, and numerous nobility, driven out of Portugal by Napoleon, arrive at Bahia. Mar. 7. The royal fugitives arrive at Rio de Janeiro ; they set up their court there, with Don John as regent. 1809 * * The Portuguese retaliate upon the French by sending an expedition to capture French Guiana and annex it to Brazil. [1815. It is restored to France by the Treaty of Vienna.] 1815 Jan. 16. Brazil becomes a kingdom by decree of the regent ; the Portuguese sovereignty is entitled the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil s and Algarves. 1816 Mar. * Donna Maria dying, the regent, Don John, becomes King of the Portuguese, as John VI. 1817 * * A conspiracy against the Gov- ernment is formed in Pernambuco, and a republic is established for 90 days. * * A conspiracy to establish a republi- can government is smothered at Bahia. 1821 Feb. 26. A revolt breaks out among the Portuguese troops at Rio de Janeiro. [They compel the king to ap- point a new Ministry, and grant a repre- sentative system of government.] * * Port. The Cortes recall King John VI. from Brazil. * * Port. John VI. returns, and Dom Pedro, his sou, becomes regent of Brazil. Brazil becomes an independent state. 1822 Sept. 7. The independence of Brazil is proclaimed. Oct. 12. Dom Pedro is proclaimed at Rio de Janeiro the constitutional Em- peror of Brazil. Dec. 1. Dom Pedro I. is crowned Em- peror of Brazil. 1823 May* The constitutional As- sembly opens at Rio de Janeiro, the capital of the Empire. [There is much angry, contention over a proposed new Constitution.] July * The emperor resolves to dismiss from the Ministry the two brothers An- dradas, and is much opposed. Nov, * The emperor dissolves the con- tentious Assembly, and exiles to France two Ministers, the Andradas brothers ; he calls a new Assembly to deliberate on a more liberal Constitution. * * A republic is proclaimed in the provinces of Pernambuco andCeara; a rebellion breaks out in Cisplatina. 1824 Mar. 25. The emperor ratifies the new Constitution. 1825 * * Brazil declares war against Buenos Ayres for the possession of Uru- guay. Aug. 29. By treaty Brazil assumes the Portuguese debt of £2,000,000, and Portugal recognizes its independence. 1826 * * A treaty is made for the aboli- tion of the slave-trade. 1827 * * The public debt is consoli- dated. 1828* * Great disaffection exists toward the Government because of the foreign policy of the emperor and finan- cial embarrassments. 1829 * * At the elections many ultra- Liberals are elected to oppose the Gov- ernment in tbe Assembly. 1830 * * The Chambers abolish the death penalty for political offenders. 1831 Mar. * The emperor selects a Ministry favorable to absolutism and opposes the Liberals ; much excitement follows ; public meetings of protest are held in which the troops take part. Apr. 7. A revolution occurs at Rio de Janeiro ; Dom Pedro I. abdicates in favor of the heir apparent, who is only five years of age. * * Dom Pedro IX, a minor, becomes emperor. * * A provisional Ministry is formed. Fierce political struggles take place between the Republican partv and the Government, and an Imperial party fa- voring the restoration of Dom Pedro. 1834 Aug. 12. The regency is re- formed by reducing its three members to one, who is to be chosen by the whole body of electors. Sept. 18. Ex-minister and priest, Diego Antonio Feijoo, is elected regent. * * A rebellion breaks out in the prov- inces of Para and Rio Grande. * * Araujo Lima is elected regent. * * The Republican Government is dis- credited by many disorders. 1840 May 12. The Constitution is again reformed. July 23. The Legislature passes a bill dispensing with the age qualification of the emperor, and declaring Dom Pedro II. emperor. 1848 * * Great Britain is hostile because of Brazil's neglect to suppress the slave- trade according to the treaty of 1826. 1849 * * The Ministry conclude an al- liance with the governors of Monte- video and Paraguay, pledging the integrity of the republics of Uruguay and Paraguay against annexation by Buenos Ayres. 1855* * The emperor sends a squad- ron, 11 men-of-war and 11 transports, up the Parana to settle the question of a right of way and other disputes ; but the expedition fails. 1862 June 17. British officers are arrested at Rio de Janeiro for disor- derly conduct. [Diplomatic correspon- dence follows.] Dec. 31. Brazil refusing to make repara- tion to England for the plunder by Bra- zilians of the wrecked ship Prince of Wales, the British make reprisals, seiz- ing five Brazilian merchant-ships. (See Society.) 1863 Feb. 26. London. Brazil by its Minister pays, under protest, to Great Britain an indemnity of £3,200. May * London. Brazil, through its Min- ister, requests the British to express regret for taking reprisals. [Refused, and diplomatic intercourse is sus- pended.] June 18. A dispute occurs with Great Britain respecting the arrest of British officers at Rio de Janeiro, and the con- troversy being referred to the King of the Belgians for arbitration, he decides in favor of Brazil. MISCELLANEOUS. 1640 * * A m inin g craze injures the set- tlements. 1649 * * Port. The Brazil Company sends out its first fleet. 1686 * * The terrible malady called bixa [supposed to be a modified form of chol- era] makes its first appearance at Per- nambuco. 1849 * * The yellow fever first ap- pears ; it is introduced by the slave- trade. 1850 * * A steamship line to Europe commences its trips. 1852 * * Railways are commenced. 1854 * * Rio de Janeiro is lighted with gas. Apr. 30. The first railroad is opened in the presence of the emperor. 556 1863, Oct. *-1890, Mar. * BRAZIL. ARMY — NAVY. 1864 * * Paraguay, under the dictator, Lopez, commences war on Brazil with- out previous declaration. [It continues for six years.] Oct. 7. The U.S. war-steamer Wachusett seizes the Confederate privateer Florida in the port of Bania, while claim- ing the protection of Brazil. 1865 Jan. 2. Uru. "War with Uru- guay. A force of Brazilians bombards and take Paysandu, and set out for Montevideo. [The war ends.] * * _7o * * "War of the Triple Alli- ance or Paraguayan War. (See Para- guay.) Aug. * Uru. The emperor joins the army. Sept. 18. Uru. At Santayuna on the Uruguay the three allies under Gen. Flores defeat the Paraguayans. The allies receive the surrender of Uruguay ana. 1866 Feb. 25. Uru. An indecisive battle is fought at Paso de la Patria. Apr. 16-17. Arg. Rep. The allies are victorious on the Parana. May 2. Arg. Rep. The Paraguayans are again defeated at Estero Velhaco. May 24. Arg. Rep. Another battle is fought at Estero Velhaco without de- cisive results. June 14. Arg. Rep. The Paraguayans bombard the camp of the allies on the Parana River. July 16-18. Para. The allies are de- feated in a battle at Tuyuty. Sept. 17, 19, 22. Para. The allies are defeated in an attack on Curupaiti, and lose many men, Oct. 18. Para. The Paraguayans bom- bard the camp of the allies. Oct. 30. Para. The allies repulse the Paraguayans at Tuyuty. 1867 June 13. Para. The Brazilians defeat the Paraguayans at Corumba, and take the city. Sept. 24. Para. The Paraguayans have the advantage in an indecisive action. Oct. 3. Para. The Paraguayans are defeated. [Oct. 31. Defeated again.] Oct. * The allies decline a peace pro- posed by Gen. Lopez. Nov. 3. Para. The Paraguayans are severely defeated at Tuyuty. Nov. 6. Para. Gen. Lopez decrees freedom to slaves who shall enlist as soldiers. 1868 Feb. 17. Arg. Rep. The allies send three monitors up the Paraguay River. Feb. 21. Para. The allies force the passage of Humaita with six iron- clads, and the Paraguayans abandon Asuncion. June * Para. The Paraguayans con- tinue the struggle. Dee. 11. Para. The allies totally de- feat Gen. Lopez at Villeta. 1869 Mar. 24. Para. The allieB ap- point Comte d'Eu commander of the united army. May 8. Para. The Paraguayan gar- rison of Rosario is surprised and captured. Aug. 12, 16, 18, 21. Several severe conflicts take place, iu which Gen. Lopez is defeated. 1870 Apr. 1. Para. Gen. Lopez is defeated and killed by the allies, near the Aquidaban, and the war ends. 1890 Jan. 2. Two regiments refuse to recognize the Republic ; a fierce fight follows ; 100 soldiers are killed. Jan. 14. Mutineers are shot and the ringleaders arrested. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1864 * * The publication of the Imprensa Evangelica is begun by missionaries. 1865 July * A scientific expedition under Louis Agassiz is favored by the Government. 1870 * * The Presbyterians (North) of the U. S. A. open an American School at Sao Paulo. 1871 June * -Aug. * The emperor and empress visit public and scientific insti- tutions and the manufactories of Europe, for the promotion of the arts and sciences in Brazil. 1874 * * Rio de Janeiro. Fifty news- papers and reviews are issued in this city. 1885 * * Miss Bruce founds a girls* school in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, which is directed by the Methodist Epis- copal Church (U. S. A.). BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1875 Pedro, prince, heir to the throne, b. 1878 Varnliiiuni. Frannsn. A. de, historian, A52. CHURCH. 1863 Oct.* Sao Paulo is occupied as a mission-station by Rev. A. L. Blackford of the Presbyterian Church (TJ. S. A.). 1865* * Presbyter ians organize a church at Sao Paulo. [A training- school follows.] They organize another in Brotas. 1869 * * The Southern Presbyterian Church (U. S. A.) starts a mission in Campinas, province of Sao Paulo [from which many churches are established]. 1871 * * The Presbyterians open a mis- sion at Bahia. 1873 Sept. * -Dec. * The Government prosecutes the Archbishop of Pernam- bueo and other Catholic prelates for infraction of the Constitution. * *Pernambuco becomes a mission- station of the Southern Presbyteri- ans (U. S. A.). Dr. Kalley organizes a church. * *Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.) open a day and hoarding school at Campinas. 1874± * * Presbyterians tend a mission- ary to Sorocaba. [The work extends rapidly. Four churches are organized in a few years.] 1875 * * Presbyterians start a mission and organize a church at Cachoeira. * * Sao Paulo becomes a miselon-etation of the Southern Methodists (l\ S. A.). * * Rio de Janeiro becomes a mission station of the Southern Methodists (XT. S. A.). 1876 * * Dr. Kalley retires from mission- work in Brazil, leaving two churches with pastors. 1877 * * Rev, E. Vanorden starts an independent mission in the city of Rio Grande do Sul. [It becomes a Presby- terian church.] 1881* *The Southern Baptists (U. S. A.) start a mission. * * The Methodist Episcopal Church South (U. S. A.) opens a boarding- school for girls at Piracicaba. 1882 ± * * Presbyterian mission-stations are opened in the provinces of Ceara, Maranhao, and Alagoas. 1884 * * A Presbyterian church is or- ganized in Larangeiras, and another in Campanha, province of Minas Geraes. * * Presbyterians start a mission-station in Bagagem, province of Goyaz. * * Two Presbyterian churches are organized in the province of Parana. [A phenomenal growth follows.] 1885 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Presby- terian Church reports more than 3'_*0 members received ; the church becomes self-supporting. * * Maranhao becomes a mission-station of the Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.). 1886 * * The Southern Methodists (U. S. A.) send Rev. J. Ransome to in- augurate mission-work in Brazil. [1SS7. A church is organized.] 1887 * * Bagagem becomes a mission- station of the Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.). 1888 * * Para has a Methodist Episcopal church with 29 members. Aug.* The Presbyterians (North and South) unite their missions in Brazil, by forming them into one Presbyterian synod. 1S89 Nov. 24. The United States of Brazil is officially blessed by the Roman Catholic archbishop. 1890 Jan. 8. The Government decrees the separation of church and state, guarantees religious liberty and equal- ity, and to continue the life stipends granted under the monarchy. SOCIETY. 1S64 Oct. 15. The Princess Isabella marries Louis Comte d ? Eu, son of the Due de Nemours. 1865 Feb. 7- £ng. The Comte d'Eu and Princess Isabella, visiting Eng- land on their marriage tour, land at Southampton. BRAZIL. 1863, Oct. *-1890, Mar. * 557 1866 July 15-22. Rio de Janeiro. The Duke of Edinburgh visits the city. 1871 Sept. * A law is enacted that every child born of slave parents from this date shall be free, and all slaves belonging to the state or Imperial house- hold are to be free at once. Nov. * Slaves owned by the state become henceforth free on joining the army as soldiers. 1872 Mar. 31. The emperor and empress return from Europe to Brazil. 1874 July 20-26. The military and citizens attack and kill a band of Ger- man fanatics, popularly styled Muckers (hypocrites) at Porto Alegre. Their leader is Jacobina Maurer, "who claims to be a prophetess and a female Christ. ; Hans Georg Maurer is her priest, and they destroy the property of their neighbors who refuse to be converted. 1876 May 10. U. S. A. The em- peror and empress attend the open- ing of the Centennial Exhibition aft Philadelphia. 1877 Sept. * Rio de Janeiro. The em- peror and empress return from Europe. 1884 * * The slave population is reported at 1,200,000. 1889 Mar. * Rio de Janeiro. Agitation for the overthrow of the Brazilian mon- archy becomes threatening ; the Govern- ment prohibits public discussion and suppresses Republican newspapers ; riots are frequent, and a number of people are killed at Rio de Janeiro. July 17. Rio de Janeiro. Dom Pedro is fired at by a Portuguese in a theater, but escapes unhurt. Nov. 30. Dom Pedro arrives at St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands ; he is courteously received by the Brazilian and resident foreign Ministers. Dec. 26. Rio de Janeiro. Martial law is proclaimed. Dec. * Port. The deposed emperor arrives at Lisbon. 1890 Jan. 16. Fr. The ex-Emperor Dom Pedro arrives at Cannes. Jan. * Civil marriage is established by law. STATE. 1864 Aug. 30. A new Ministry is formed, with F. J. Furtado, president. May 1. Brazil signs a treaty of alliance with the Argentine Republic and Uru- guay against Gen. Lopez of Paraguay. 1865 Aug. * Diplomatic relations with Great Britain are restored. 1870 June 20. A treaty of peace is made with Paraguay. Sept. 29. A new Ministry is formed under Viscount St. Vincent. 1872 Sept. 27, 28. A bill for the gradual extinction of slavery is passed by the Senate. Oct. 21. The emperor, as umpire, re- ports the just boundary line between United States and the English posses- sions in Canada. (The San Juan Question.) 1873 Jan. * A treaty is made with the Argentine Republic. 1S76 June 25. The Duke de Caixias is appointed president of the Ministry. 1884 Aug. * -Sept. * The law abol- ishing slavery is nullified by the plant- ers ; the agitation against slavery in- creases ; the Emancipation Bill of Sefior Dantas is rejected by the Assembly, and a Ministerial crisis follows ; it is esti- mated that there are 1,200,000 slaves in Brazil. * * The antislavery policy of Dantas, the Liberal Minister, is supported by the emperor. 1S85 May 5. Dantas resigns because of a hostile majority in the Assembly. * * A law is passed declaring all sexage- narian slaves free. 1885 May 10, 14. A law is passed for the immediate total abolition of slavery. 1889 May 4. The Assembly is opened by the emperor. June 10. A Liberal Ministry is formed. July 29. The Government appoints a commission to represent Brazil in the International Congress to be held in Washington. Aug. 29. The Government negotiates a loan of $10,000,000 at 4 per cent, the issuing price being 90. Sept. 13. The general elections result in the return of 95 Liberals and 30 of opposition parties. REVOLUTION : A REPUBLIC. Nov. 15. A revolution takes place; the emperor, Dom Pedro, is dethroned, and Brazil proclaimed a republic, with Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca as Presi- dent. "Nov. * Dom Pedro refuses the offer of a pension from the new Government. Nov. 16. The emperor and his fam- ily are placed on hoard the Alagoas in the harbor of the Rio de Janeiro. [They sail for Portugal accompanied by an iron-clad.] Nov. 18. The new republic is consti- tuted as the t( United States of Bra- zil." Wov. 21. The provisional Government decrees suffrage to all males who are able to read and write. Nov. 22. The provisional Government confirms all pensions hitherto granted. Uruguay and Argentine Republic recognize the United States of Brazil. Nov. 26. French officials in Brazil are instructed to hold friendly relations with the new Government. Nov. 27- The provisional Government directs that Brazilian Ministers are to give Dom Pedro a genial reception on landing. Nov. 29±. France, Switzerland, and the United States informally recognize the Republic of Brazil. Nov.* The provisional Government adopts the old flag. Dec. 6. The Portuguese Minister recognizes the provisional Government. Dec. 9. Dom Pedro declines to abdi- cate. Dec. 21. A decree is issued banish- ing the ex-Emperor Dom Pedro and the other members of the royal family. Dec. 26. The provisional Government decrees that traitors to the Republic shall be tried by a military tribunal. 1890 Jan. 6. The new Government in- creases the duty on coffee from 31 to 15 per cent. Jan. 17. Arg. Rep. The Argentine Republic formally recognizes the Re- public of Brazil. Jan. 19. The Government divides the country into three banking districts, and establishes three issue banks, with $250,000,000 capital. Jan. 26. Civil marriage is established by Government decree. Jan. 29. The United States formally recognizes the Republic of Brazil. Jan. * A decree is issued that foreigners residing in Brazil shall be considered citizens unless they register declaration to the contrary ; another decree orders the discontinuance of the use of the saints' names in the calendar, and the substitution therefor of Comte's Posi- tivest Calendar. Feb. 1. Sefior Ribero, Brazilian Min- ister of Agriculture, resigns his port- folio. Feb. 2. The banking-law is revised ; the Republic is divided into four bank- ing-districts, with a total paper cur- rency of 200,000,000 milreis. Feb. * Sefior Aristides Lobo, Minis- ter of the Interior, resigns because of a disagreement with President Fonseca. MISCELLANEOUS. 1867 * * Six short lines of railroad are in operation. 1873 * * There are 15 lines of railroads. 1874 June * The submarine telegraph cable connecting Brazil with Europe is completed. 1889 Jan. 3. The Pernambuco steamer Stephen D. Hooper, from Calcutta for New York, is burned at sea. June 15 ±. Small-pox and yellow fe- ver are raging in virulent form ; the death-rate of victims in some places reaches 70 per cent. 1890 Jan. 7. Port. The body of the late Empress of Brazil is placed in the Pantheon of the Braganzas in Lisbon. Jan. 24. Rio de Janeiro. The National Bank of the United States of Brazil is incorporated, the capital, $300,000,000, being quickly subscribed. Mar. * Yellow fever again prevails. 558 1890, Mar. 21-1893, Dec. 26. BRAZIL. ARMY - NAVY. 1890 Mar. 21. An ironclad is launched at Rio de Janeiro. May 15. An uprising in Rio Grande do Sul is put down by force. 1891 Jan. 20. Near Rio de Janeiro 160 prisoners overpower their guards, seize two forts, and demand the res- toration of Da Fonseca. [The forts are recaptured.] Dec. 10. In a revolt against the Peixoto government at Campos 10 persons are killed. Dec. 23. The fighting against the au- thorities is renewed. 1892 Feb. 19. After serious fighting in the province of Ceara, the Governor is deposed, and the insurgents assume control. .Apr. 11. A seditious movement in Rio de Janeiro is promptly suppressed, and a three days' state of siege is pro- claimed. [Apr. 14. Raised.] May± * A Brazilian turret-ship and 120 lives are lost at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. June 7. Rebels in Matto-Grosso are put to rout, and two rebel gunboats surrender to the Brazilian Minister in 1893 Mar. 27. The troops of the State of Rio Grande do Sul have a desperate battle with the revolutionists ; there are heavy losses on both sides. May 19. In Rio Grande do Sul the Government troops are drawn into an ambuscade and routed by the in- surgents. July 16. The Jupiter, with the rebel Adm. Waudenkolk on board, is cap- tured by two Brazilian gunboats. July * An important battle occurs in Rio Grande do Sul, in which the Govern- ment troops are routed and their com- manding officer killed. .Sept. 7. The squadron revolts, and the Government is unable to prevent the bombardment of Bio de Janeiro by its own vessels. The Italian cruiser Dogali is or- dered to protect Italian residents at Rio de Janeiro. .Sept. 8. The foreign admirals .agree to prevent the bombardment of Rio de Janeiro by the insurgent squadron. Sept. 13. Adm. Mello, commander of the rebel Brazilian fleet, cannonades Rio de Janeiro for six hours without doing much damage. Sept. 18. The rebel fleet again bom- bards Rio de Janeiro for three hours, after which it sails southward. -Sept. 20. Adm. Mello demands the surrender of Rio de Janeiro, threat- ening another bombardment if his de- mand is not immediately complied with. Sept. 23. A part of the rebel fleet blockades the port of Santos in Sao Paulo ; the insurgents in the province of Tucuman are driven back. Sept. 264-. Rio de Janeiro. Some of the forts hold out against the bombard- ment by the rebel fleet, which attempts to capture the city. [Sept. 30. Adm. Mello refrains from bombarding the city on the request of the commanders of the foreign war- ships. Oct. 1. He bombards the city, causing a panic. Oct. 6. He again bom- bards the city. Oct. 10, 12, 16. He bom- bards the forts. Several men are killed on the 12th. Oct. 17. Rebel shells greatly damage the city. Nov. 8. Two of the rebel war-ships are badly damaged by the fire of the forts. Nov. 12. The offi- cers of the insurgent fleet decide to raise the Imperial flag. Nov. 13. The fleet and forts have a severe engagement ; many killed and wounded. Nov. * A number of houses are burned, and the gas-house is destroyed. Nov. 22. The rebel war- ship Javary is sunk by the fire of the Nictheroy battery; all on board are lost. Dec. 2±. Fort Villegaignon, held by the rebels, is destroyed. l>ec. 12. Adm. da Gama notifies the foreign vessels that he assumes command of the rebel fleet. Dec. 13. He gains possession of Copas Island and Enchado, in the bay. Dec. 14. The port is entirely closed. Dec. 14+. The Nictheroy battery arrives off the coast in support of the Government. Dec. 16. President Peixoto recovers the island of Gobernador in the harbor. Dec. 20. Adm. Mello sails to meet the Nictheroy battery off the coast. 1S94. Jan. 8. The commanders of foreign ves- sels refuse to protect the Island of En- chado, used for hospitals, from the rebel fire. Jan. 13. A mutiny on the Nicthe- roy is suppressed. Jan. 14. The rebels on Cobras Island bombard the shore bat- teries of the Government. Jan. 15. The rebels are ambuscaded and killed on an island in the harbor. Jan. 21. The rebels are reenforced by Gen. Saraiva and 8,000 troops from Paranagua. Jan. 29. The rebels capture Bom Jesus Island in the harbor; 25 killed and many wounded. Jan. 30. The rebel fleet tires on Ameri- can merchant vessels ; Adm. Benham, of the Detroit, returns their tire, and Adm. da Gama ceases his attack. Feb. 14. A rebel transport is sunk by an explosion. Mar. 3. The Government establishes a cordon of troops along the bay shore. Mar. 10. The Government fleet arrives. Mar. 13. The Government refuses terms of surrender, and reopens tire on the rebels, who abandon Forts Villegaignon and Cobras ; their war-ships are hidden among the merchantmen. Mar. 14±. The rebels surrender unconditionally to President Peixoto. Mar 16±. Adm. da Gama and bis staff take refuge on a Portuguese war-ship. President Peixoto demands their siu-render of the Lisbon Government. Mar. 19. Adm. da Gama and 70 of his officers sail on two Portu- guese war-ships for Buenos Ayres.] Sept. 29. The city of Desterro surren- ders to a part of Adm. Mello's fleet, also the island of Santa Catharina with its military stores. Oct. 12. The rebels surprise and defeat the Government troops at Rio Grande do Sul. Nov. 28. An indecisive battle is fought at Rio Grande do Sul ; the Government commander is captured, and the rebels claim the victory; losses heavy. Dec. 28+. The Government announces a victory at Rio Grande do Sul ; and an- other at Nictheroy. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — LETTERS. 1890 Apr. 17. Religious instruction in the State schools is suppressed by the Government. Nov. 11±. President Fonseca compels the newspapers of Rio Janeiro which do not support him to suspend pub- lication. ErRTHS — DEATHS. 1891 Jan. 22. Constant, lien jamin, minis- ter of war, dips at Rio de .Jan.-in>. Dec. 5. Pedro II., ex-enijjeror, dies in France, A66. 1892 Aug-. 23. Fonseca Manuel Deodo- roda. ex-president, gen., AK>. CHURCH. 1890 Apr. * Religious instruction in the state schools is suppressed. SOCIETY. 1890 Mar. * Leagues are formed in Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Para, Santos, and Pernambuco, Brazil, to boycott Brit- ish, in favor of using American goods. Mar. 2. Fr. The ex-Emperor Dom Pedro refuses to receive the proceeds of a forced sale of his property. Apr. 5. Fr. The ex-Emperor Horn Pedro is seriously ill. Apr. * Liberty of the press and of pub- lie meetings is proclaimed. Nov. 15. Rio de Janeiro. The first an- niversary of the proclamation of the republic is celebrated. Dec. * Rio de Janeiro. It is announced that all the jewels of the ex-empress have been stolen. In the collection were the finest Brazilian diamonds in the world. 1891 Apr. 2S. A scheme is advocated for transporting Hebrews from Po- land and southeastern Europe to unoc- cupied land in Brazil. Oct. 9. Rio de Janeiro. Rioting occurs. 1S92 Jan. * Election riots occur in Pernambuco. June 21. Fifteen lives are lost in the seditious disturbances in Rio Grande do Sul. July * Italian riots occur. 1893 Oct. 9. Rio de Janeiro. The panic is subsiding, and business is re- sumed. 1894 Nov. 16. Rio de Janeiro. Riot- ing occurs in the streets. Dec. 7- Rio de Janeiro. A plot to kill both President Moraes and ex-President Peixoto is exposed ; two men having bombs have been arrested. STATE. 1S90 Apr. 20. Gen. Peixoto assumes the "War portfolio in place of Gen. Con- stant, who becomes Minister of Educa- tion, Posts, and Telegraphs. Apr. 24. A Cabinet crisis in the repub- lic occurs, and some of the Ministers resign. Apr. 27. President Fonseca receives the resolutions of congratulation by the Congress of the United States of America. May 15. An uprising in Rio Grande do Sul is suppressed by the military. May 19. The Government decrees that after July 1 all customs duties must be paid in gold. BRAZIL. 1890, Mar. 21-1893, Dec. 26. 559 May 29. Conspiracies unsettle confi- dence in the Government. May * The Government decides to ac- cept the arbitration clause adopted by the Pan-American Congress in Wash- ington. June 22. The Constitution is signed by President Fonseca. June 23. A new Constitution is pro- mulgated. It is based on that of the United States ; it provides for a Senate and House of Representatives, for President and Vice-President having official terms of six years, and for a Supreme Court. Aug. 3. A decree is promulgated at Rio de Janeiro establishing the National Mortgage Bank with a capital of 100,000 contos of reis, gold. Sept. 3. At Rio de Janeiro a decree is issued granting a Government guaran- ty of State loans amounting to 50,- 000,000 milreis. Sept. 15. The elections for members of the Constituent Assembly begin in Rio de Janeiro. [The Government can- didates receive 300,000 votes, and the op- position, 100,000.] Sept. 25. Viscount Pacoarcos is ap- pointed Portuguese Minister to Brazil. Sept. 28. The Minister of Education resigns his portfolio. Nov. 17. The Government rescinds the decrees of banishment against ex-Premier Preto and the ex-presidents of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. 'Nov. 21. The Constituent Assembly at Rio Janeiro recognizes the legality of the Provisional Government. Vote, 175- 47. It asks it to continue its functions until a vote is taken upon the question of a federal Constitution. Dec. 5. The Bepublie is recognized by Germany. [Dec. 9. By Spain. 1891. Jan. 6. By Denmark.] Dec. 9. Two Brazilian banks consoli- date by decree of the Government under the title of Banco de Republica. 1891 Jan. 21. In the Assembly the Constitution is read for the first time. Jan. 22 ±. The Ministry resigns. Jan. 22. A new Ministry is formed. Feb. 24. The Assembly finally adopts the proposed Constitution; the United States of Brazil is now a repub- lic de jure. Feb. 25. Gen. Deodoro da Fonseca is formally elected President. Feb. 26. Gen. Fonseca takes the oath of office as President. May 19. The Government decides that all custom duties must be paid in gold. Nov. 5. President Fonseca proclaims himself dictator, dismisses the Con- gress, and asks the nation to elect new representatives. Fonseca is supported in his dictator- ship by both the army and the navy. Nov. 10. The province of Rio Grande do Sul declares its independence of the Republic, also the province of Grao Para, Nov. 13. The governor of Bio Grande do Sul is deposed, and a provisional government is formed. Nov. 17. Gen. Barrelto Lieta is chosen governor of Porto Alegre by the Na- tionalist party of Rio Grande do Sul. Nov. 18. The Junta is in full control of the province of Bio Grande do Sul, and preparing for war. Nov. 19. The Junta of Bio Grande do Sul adopts a new flag. Nov. 22. Dictator Fonseca appoints Feb. 26 as the date for holding the elec- tion, and summons Congress to meet May 3. Nov. 23. Rio de Janeiro. President and Dictator Fonseca is deposed by an up- rising of the people ; he resigns his office. Nov. 24. The insurrection in Bio Grande do Sul ends with the resigna- tion of Fonseca. Nov. 25. Gen. Floriana Peixoto be- comes President ; he issues a manifesto summoning Congress to reassemble Dec. 18 ; the manifesto is received with general satisfaction. Nov. 30. Bio Grande do Sul refuses to comply with orders of the Govern- ment to reinstate the former State officers. Dec. 5. The Government and the Church coming in collision, it is de- cided to separate their interests. Dec. 10. A revolt breaks out in Campos against the Peixoto Govern- ment ; 10 persons are killed. Dec. 15. The governor of the State of Sao Paulo, yielding to popular demand, Dec. 23. Another revolt occurs in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Dec. 27. A revolt breaks out in Des- terro, capital of the province of Santa Catharina. 1892 Jan. 19±. Near Rio de Janeiro 1G0 prisoners overpower the guards, seine two forts, and demand the res- toration of Fonseca ; the forts are re- captured. Jan. 22. The Chambers are prorogued until May. Jan. 23. Rio de Janeiro. The Chambers confer unlimited powers on President Peixoto. Feb. 19. The governor of the province of Ceara is deposed by armed insur- gents, who assume control. Apr. lib. Rio de Janeiro. A seditious movement is suppressed. Apr. 12. The Legislature of Matto Grosso declares its independence of Brazil. A majority of Congressmen decide to approve the acts of the Govern- ment without proceeding to the election of a President. Apr. 17. The blockade of the State of Matto Grosso is raised. June 20. The governor of Bio Grande do Sul is deposed by adherents of Fonseca. July 3. Diplomatic relations between Italy and Brazil are strained on ac- count of recent Italian riots in Brazil. July 4. Congress extends the term of President Peixoto to the end of 1894. July 23. The Chamber of Deputies passes the bill granting amnesty to all political exiles. Dec. 16. A revolt to make ex-Gov. Portella President is suppressed. 1S93 July 11. The Government for- bids the use of cipher codes in tele- graphic communications. July 23. A revolution to depose the Governor breaks out in the State of Santa Catharina. Sept. 6. The officers of the naval fleet at Bio de Janeiro demand the resig- nation of President Peixoto for veto- ing a bill making it impossible for the Vice-President to become President. Sept. 9±. Rio de Janeiro. Martial law is proclaimed. Sept. 20. Adm. Mello of the insurgent fleet demands the surrender of Bio de Janeiro under penalty of bombard- ment if refused. Oct. 7. President Peixoto is invited by foreign powers to withdraw his troops from Rio de Janeiro under penalty of having the insurgents recognized as belligerents. Oct. 23. Senor Frederico Lorefia is pro- claimed provisional President by Adm. Mello. Nov. 17. Adm. Mello proclaims Count d'Eu's eldest son, the grandson of Dom Pedro, as Emperor of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro. The naval repre- sentatives of eight nations agree not to allow munitions of war to be landed. Dec. 17- Rio de Janeiro. Adm. Mello of the rebel fleet is aided by a royalist manifesto issued by Adm. da Gama. Dec. 26. Rio de Janeiro. The foreign Ministers decide not to recommend that belligerent rights be granted to the insurgents. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Aug. 2. Rio de Janeiro. A cof- fee syndicate, with a large capital, is organized. 1891 Max. 7. Yellow fever is again prevalent. Sept. 1. The new submarine cable line, providing direct communication between Brazil and the United States, is formally opened. Sept. 14. Rio de Janeiro. Yellow fe- ver is raging. 1893 Sept. 7. The Government stops all general communication by wire with Europe. Sept. 30. Brazil orders quarantine against all European ports. Nov. 11. Brazil buys five fast sea- going steamers in West Prussia, to be converted into warships to operate against the rebel Brazilian fleet. 560 1894, Jan. 2-Dec. 1. BRAZIL. ARMY — NAVY. 1894 Jan. 2. Adm. da Gama issues an- other manifesto. Jan. 11. The rebels are repulsed at Uic- theroy, and lose many prisoners. Jan. 14. The rebel war-ship Aquidaban opens lire on Ponta da Arora. Jan. 16. The rebel force besieging Bage is routed with heavy loss ; the forts at Nictheroy repulse an attack from the rebel fleet. Feb. 9-12. The rebels are repulsed at Nictheroy; they claim to have cap- tured live towns in the State of Kio Grande do Sul. Feb. 12. The rebels are defeated at Rio Grande do Sul, losing 250 killed and wounded. Feb. 13. The rebels are repulsed at Nietheroy ; Adm. da Gama is wounded, and four officers and 200 men are killed- and wounded. Mar. 2. The rebels are defeated at Larondi. Mar. 19. The U. S. fleet at Rio de Ja- neiro disbands. Mar. 23. Adm. Mello, as head of the provisional government, declares the war will be continued. Mar. 26. Adm. da Gama and officers arrive at Buenos Ayres. Apr. 9. Adm. da Gama and his staff es- cape from the Portuguese war-ship. Apr. 13. Adm. Mello is forced to leave Rio Grande. ± After the sinking of the insurgent war-ship Aquidaban by a Brazilian Gov- ernment torpedo boat, Adm. Mello con- cludes to seek asylum in the Argentine Republic and surrender his fleet. Apr. 14. Uru. Adm. Mello and his 1,500 troops surrender to the Uru- guayan authorities, and the rebel- lion is practically over. Apr. 15±. About 350 insurgents and 100 Government troops are killed and wounded in a battle at Rio Grande do Sul. May 6. The insurgents are defeated in Santa Catharina and Bio Grande do Sul. May 16. The Government forces are defeated by insurgents in Rio Grande do Sul with the loss of 140 men. June 27. The rebels are defeated at Bio Grande do Sul, losing over 1,000 men. Dec. 1. An armed revolt breaks out in Kio Grande do Sul. CHURCH. 1894 Aug. 6. Pope Leo, in an ency- clical letter to the Roman Catholic bish- ops of Brazil, urges them to educate and enlighten the people with all the at their command. STATE. 1894 Jan. 2. Adm. da Gama issues a second manifesto. Jan. 8. A plot to assassinate President Peixoto at Rio is discovered; several persons involved are shot. Feb. 28. Rio de Janeiro. The state of siege is abolished preparatory to the presidential election. Feb. * President Peixoto offers to par- don privates in the insurgent force if application is made within two months. Mar. 1. Senors Prudente Moraes and Pereira are elected respectively President and Vice-President of Brazil. [Nov. 15. Inaugurated.] Mar. 10. Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, Santo Catharina, Sao Paulo, and Parana are now the only States under martial law. Mar. 12. Adm. da Gama offers to sur- render on condition that amnesty be guaranteed the insorgentB. Mar. 13. The revolution ends by the BUrrender <,000 prisoners, and destroys the eyes of all but 150, who are per- mitted to have one eye that they may guide the blind Bulgarians home. 1018 * * After a long struggle Basil sub- dues the Bulgarians. 1396 * * The kingdom is conquered by the Turks under Bajazet. 1444 Nov. 10. Battle near Verna. Hungarians under King Ladislaus and John Hunniades are utterly defeated by the Turks under Amurath II. ; the Hungarian king is killed and the brave general is captured. 1876 May 1, 2. The Bulgarians, spurred by foreign agitators, revolt against Turkish rule. May 7. Turkish officials and troops sub- due the revolt with great cruelty. Seventy-nine villages and towns are wholly or partially burned, including 9,000 houses ; 72,000 persons are made shelterless, $50,000,000 of property is destroyed or taken away, 15,000 persons killed, two-thirds being women and chil- dren,— and all to revenge the seizure of 15 villages and the slaying of 115 Turkish officials in self-defense. 1877 Apr. 24. Russia declares war against Turkey for the suppression of cruelty in Bulgaria and elsewhere. Apr. *-7S Mar.* Turko-Russian "War. Bulgaria is the chief battlefield; the Grand Duke Nicholas is commander of the Russians, and Abdul-Kerim com- mands the Turks. (See p. 1158.) June 22. Passage of the Danube on 208 pontoons by a Russian corps under Gen. Zimmerman. The Grand Duke oc- cupies Drobudsha after a loss of 289 men. June 27. The main army crosses the Danube at Shistova. July 5±. Biela is taken by the Russians. July 6. Plevna is occupied by the Russian army. July 6, 7. The Russian cavalry general, Joseph V. Gourko, captures Tirnova. July 12. The Turks reoccupy Bayazid. July 13. Mulch tar Pasha drives the Russians out of Ears. Gen. Gourko crosses through the Shipka Pass into Rumelia. July 15. A division of the Russian army captures Nicopoli, with two pashas, 6,000 men, two monitors, and 40 guns. July 17-19. Russians drive the Turks from the important Shipka Pass, con- necting Bulgaria and Rumelia. July 18~. Plevna is retaken by the Turks. July 19, 20. Plevna is held by Osman Pasha after a severe struggle with Schildner-Schuldner. July 21±. Suleiman Pasha arrives at the Shipka Pass. July * Mehemet Ali assumes su- preme command of the Turkish troops. The Russians retreat. July 26 or 28. Aziz Pasha is killed at Esinje, near Rasgrad. July 29, 30. Severe fighting occurs at Plevna; Gen. Krudener defeats the Russians, who lose 2,000 killed and 4,000 wounded. Aug. 11±. Russians are driven out of Rumelia ; Gen. Gourko returns to the Shipka Pass. Aug. 20-27. Suleiman Pasha makes a desperate effort, with great losses, to regain the Shipka Pass, which is held by the Russians. Aug. 21. Gen. Radetzky reenforces the Russians in Shipka Pass. Aug. 30±. Osman Pasha makes an unsuccessful sortie at Plevna. Sept. 3. Gen. Skobeleff captures Lovatz from the Turks. Sept. 7±. The siege of Plevna by the Russians under Gen. Eduard Ivano- vitch Todleben begins with a cannon- ade which lasts three days. Sept. 11, 12. A general assault is made at Plevna by Russians and Ru- manians under Todleben ; the strong entrenchments at Gravitza are taken and held with a loss of about 20,000 men. Sept. 17. Suleiman Pasha takes Fort St. Nicholas in Shipka Pass, but is un- able to hold it. Sept. 22 1. Chefket Pasha reenforces Osman Pasha at Plevna. Sept. 28. Gen. Todleben is promoted to the command of the Russian staff. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1847 Jan. 4. Nicholas of Mingrelia, prince, born. 1857 Apr. 5. Alexander I., Prince of Bulgaria, born. 1861 Feb. 36. Ferdinand of Base-Co- burg. Prince of Bulgaria, born. CHURCH. 862 * * Christianity is introduced by Boris or Bogoris [864 ?]. 1118* * Basil, a physician, is burned alive for heresy. He rejected the Penta- teuch, the eucharist, and baptism, and taught communism. 1833 * * The Bulgarians ask for a Bul- garian bishop, instead of two Greek bishops, and are denied. 1840* *A Bulgarian is appointed bishop of Widdin. 1857 * * A mission is founded north of the Balkans by the Methodist Episcopal Church, TJ. S. A. 1858 * * Rev. Mr. Morse enters the Bul- garian mission-work of the American Board at Adrianople. 1859 * * Sofia, Star a-Z agora, and Philippopolis have mission- stations established by the American Board. 1862 * * The American Board start mis- sion-work in Samokov. 1870 Feb. 28. The Bulgarian Church receives an independent exarchate. 1872 Feb. * Reestablishment of the Bulgarian Church under a Bulgarian exarch, bishops, and clergy. 1873 * * The American Board start mis- sion-work in Monastir, STATE. 120* * b. c. Bulgarians are first known, as a band under the leadership of Chieftain Vound, which takes refuge in Armenia. 499* *-676* *a.d. A Slavonic tribe, called Bulgarians, harasses the East- ern Empire and Italy. 660 * * A kingdom is established in modern Bulgaria. Bulgarians are divided into Beveral di- visions ; the leading one under, Aspa- rueh, settles in Moesia [now Bosnia, Servia, and Bulgaria], and subjugates the Slavonic population. 803 * * -927 * * Reign of Simeon; the most prosperous period of the ancient kingdom. 1018 * * The Byzantine Emperor Basil II. subdues the Bulgarians. 1186 * * Insurrection under the broth- ers Peter and Asan or Yusan ; the Bulgarians unite with the Wallachs in revolt against Byzantine rule; the Bul- garian kingdom is reestablished. 1396* * After subduing the kingdom, Bajazet annexes it to the Turkish Empire. 1827 * *Uprising of Bulgarians against their masters. 1829 * * Varna is restored by the Rus- sians, and the fortifications dismantled. 1848 * * The Bulgarians again revolt against the Turks. 1858 * * A national assembly is called to consider reform. 1862 * * Another uprising breaks out. 1870 * * Another uprising occurs. 1875* *-76* * The Bulgarians support the revolt in Herzegovina, and ask the Porte for the redress of grievances. 1876 May * Young Bulgarians urge a general uprising. MISCELLANEOUS. 1875* *Fourteen newspapers are started this year. 1876 * * Fifty-one newspapers are published in Bulgaria. 566 1876, Oct. 2-1887, Jan. * BULGARIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1876 Oct. 2, 3. Suleiman Pasha suc- ceeds Mehemet AH to the supreme com- mand of the Turks, and sends Raouf Pasha to Shipka Pass. Oct. 8. A T'urkish monitor in the Danube is blown up by torpedoes. Oct. 9t. The Turks succeed in getting relief and supplies into Plevna. Oct. 19, 20. Rumanians seize and soon lose the Gravitza entrenchments at Plevna. Oct. 24. An indecisive battle is fought at Gornij Dubnik, near Plevna ; losses about 2,503 on each side. Oct. 23. Indecisive battle of Sofia Road, near Plevna ; Russians drive the Turks out of position at Telche. Nov. 1±. Mehemet Ali collects an army for the relief of Plevna, where the Turks need supplies. Azli Pasha succeeds Suleiman Pasha to the supreme com- mand, and the latter is given command of the army of Rumelia. Nov. 8±. A Russian army 120,000 strong invests Plevna for 30 miles around. Nov. 12. The Russians are repulsed in an attack at Plevna. Nov. 15. The .Turks make three at- tacks on the Russians, and are repulsed. Nov. 16±. Osman Pasha declines an invitation to surrender Plevna. Nov. 21. Rumanians take Rahova on the Danube, above Nicopili. Dec. 9, 10. Osman Pasha attempts to break through the Russian lines at night and is totally defeated ; he un- conditionally surrenders Plevna and his army of 30,000 men. Losses are very heavy. Dec. 19. Gen. Todleben assumes com- mand at Rustchuk. Dec. 31±. Gen. Gourko, having re- crossed the Balkans, defeats the Turks at Sofia. 1879 Jan. 3. Sofia is taken by Gourko. Jan. 8-10. Gens. Radetzky and Sko- beleff defeat the Turks at Senova, near Shipka Pass, and the war ends. * * The army law compels every Bulga- rian to serve 12 years in the army, four of which shall be in the active army. Jan. 9i. Russians under Gen. Radetzky, having crossed the Balkans, take the Trojan Pass. July 17±. Russians vacate Bulgaria. Aug. 3. The evacuation by Russians is complete. 1885+ * * "War with Servia respecting rebel refugees and boundaries. Nov. 14. Bulgaria, being invaded by Servia at four points, Prince Alexander solicits help from the Turks. Nov. 15. The Bulgarians defend the Dragoman Pass against 40,000 Servi- ans, but soon retire. Severe fighting near Raptcha ; the Servians enter the city, and the Bul- garians retire to Slivnitza. Nov. 16. Battle of Trn; the Servians are repulsed. Nov. 17. The Bulgarians are de- feated in northwestern Bulgaria, be- tween Kula and Widdin. The Servians renew the battle at Trn and take many prisoners. Nov. 17-19. Alexander defeats the Servians under King Milan at Slivnitza. Nov. 19. Alexander orders the evacu- ation of Eastern Rumelia on the demand of Turkey. Nov. 21. Complete victory of the Bulgarians in engagements near the Dragoman Pass. Nov. 23. The Servians are again de- feated near Zaribrod, and the city is occupied by the Bulgarians. Nov. 24. Servians have left Bulgaria and retreat to Pirot, Servia. Nov. 26,27. Prince Alexander, fighting his way, finally occupies Pirot. Nov. 27. Servians besiege "Widdin ; a Bulgarian rally is repulsed. Nov. 28. Austria procures an armistice. 1S86 Mar. 3. Peace is signed by the two Governments. Aug. * The soldiers revolt in favor of the provisional Government. Sep. 8. Sofia, the capital, is in a state of siege on the retirement of Prince Alexander. Oct. 28. Sofia is again in a state of siege. Nov. 1, 2. Russian sailors land from the war-ships at Varna. CHURCH. 1878 * * The Bulgarian missions of the American Board report recent rapid progress. 1881 * * Loftcha becomes a mission of the American Methodists. 1883 A Methodist Episcopal Girls' High School is founded in Loftcha. * * Methodist Episcopal Literary and Theological Institute is founded in Sistof. 1884 * * Varna becomes a mission-sta- tion of the Methodist Episcopal Church of America. SOCIETY. 1S79 June 5. Eng. Prince Alexan- der is received by Queen Victoria. 1881 June 21. Zancoff and other Liberals are arrested for insulting Alexander in their election addresses. July 23. Zancoff and other Liberals are again arrested. STATE. 1S76 Oct. 9. London. Zancoff and Ba- labanow, Bulgarian delegates, are re- ceived with enthusiasm. Dec. * A conference of great powers at Constantinople vainly seeks pledges to prevent Turkish atrocities in Bul- garia. 1877. Mar. 31. London. Bepi tives of six great powers sign a pro- tocol making ineffective demands on Turkey to recede from its cruel course. 1878 Mar. 3. The peace of San Ste- fano, on the Marmora, near Constanti- nople, is concluded between Russia and Turkey. It provides that Bulgaria shall re- main a principality tributary to Turkey, but to have a Christian prince with a separate administration and militia, and accept a Kussian occupation by 50.000 men for two vears. fit is much modified by the Treaty of Berlin.] June 13 -July 13. Congress of Berlin. The powers limit the principality of Bulgaria to the country between the Danube river and the Balkan moun- tains, yet including Sofia and its terri- tory. The southern portion of Bulga- ria, with its boundaries reduced, is left under the immediate rule of Turkey, with the title Province of East Ru- melia. and is to have a separate militia, and administration by a Christian gov- ernor-general ; only in specified cases are regular Turkish troops to enter it. The Russian troops to evacuate East Rumelia and Bulgaria inside of nine months and Rumania inside of a year. (Ploetz.) Oct. 29. A petition having 50,000 Bul- garian signatures protests against the division of Bulgaria. Nov. 11. A meeting of Bulgarians is held at Philippopolis to oppose the work of the commission for organizing East- ern Rumelia. 1879 Feb. 22+. The first National Assembly, or Assembly of Notables, meets at Tirnova by adjournment : the new Constitution is presented. It in- vests a single chamber, called the So- branje, with the legislative power. Apr. 28. The Assembly closes. Apr. 29. The Assembly for the election of a prince convenes. Prince Alexan- der of Battenberg is elected Prince of Bulgaria as Alexander I. by the Notables. July 5. AlexandervisitsConstantinople. and receives the berat of investure, and then sails for Varna. July 6. Alexander arrives at Varna. July 8. Alexander arrives at Tirnova. July 9. Alexander I. takes the oath to maintain the Constitution, at Tirnova. Aug. 15±. The Ministry issues a manifesto, in which it proposes to prevent disorders and organize internal government. Sept. 5±. A monster meeting at Tirnova votes a want of confidence in the Ministers because of their unconstitu- tional acts. Nov. 2. The Prince opens the As- sembly of Notables. Nov. 3. The large majority of Liberals in the Assembly occasions the resig- nation of the Ministers. Dec. 18. The National Assembly is dissolved. Alexander appoints a Min- istry with M. Bourmof, president. 1SS0 Apr. 4. Alexander opens the Assembly of Notables. Nov. 1. The second Assembly of the Notables opens. BULGARIA. 1876, Oct. 2-1887, Jan. * 567 1881 May 9. Alexander dissolves the Assembly of Notables, and declares the Constitution is superseded. It is an arbitrary and irregular procedure. June 27. Elections are held for the Na- tional Assembly. July 13. The National Assembly meets, and accepts the proposals of Alex- ander, and votes to give him arbitrary power for seven years. Sept. 28 i. An amnesty for political offenses is offered. 1883 Mar. 15. Gen. Skobeleff and M. Kypriak organize a new Ministry. * * Russian influence causes a lib- eral reaction against Alexander ; it is proposed to restrain the power of the Prince by a new Constitution. Sept. 16+. The National Assembly is in session. Sept. 20. Alexander issues a manifesto restoring the original Constitution. Oct. 26. Alexander dismisses Col. Redigher , Minis ter of "War, and other Russiau officers. Nov. 15±. The strained relations with Russia are relaxed. Dec. 14. The amendment to the Constitution is adopted. 1884 May* -June* Servia complains against the reception of rebel refugees by Bulgaria, and disputes the national boundary. July 13. The Zancoff Ministry re- signs ; Karaveleff , as bis successor, or- ganizes a new Ministry. Sept. 11. Alexander announces a com- mission to elaborate a Constitution. Sept. * -Oct. * Bulgaria protests against the Servian raids. Sept. 18±. The reunion of Bulgaria with Eastern Rumelia is announced, Bulgarians forming the chief part of the population ; they rise up, and over- throw the Turkish government. Oct. 27- The regular session of the Sobranje, or popular Assembly, opens. 1885 Sept. 17. The governor-general of Eastern Rumelia is deposed, and the union of that province with Bulga- ria is proclaimed. Oct. 15 + . Bulgaria and Rumelia make preparations for war, but cease their activity by advice of the Great Powers. Nov. 13. Servia issues a declaration of war against Bulgaria, alleging cer- tain aggressions. (See Army.) Nov. 14. Alexander denies the allega- tions of Servia, in a circular note to the powers. Nov. 19. Alexander yields to the au- thority of the Sultan, and orders the evacuation of Eastern Rumelia by Bulgarian troops. Nov. 28. Austria procures the suspen- sion of hostilities. Dec. 2±. Servia makes unacceptable proposals of peace. Dec. 21. An international commis- sion signs a protocol. 1S86 Jan. 12. The Powers present a collective note requiring Greece, Bul- garia, and Servia to disarm. Jan. 16±. A collective note to secure peace in the Balkans is disregarded ; Greece and Servia refuse to disarm. Jan. * The Powers sanction a nominal union of Eastern Rumelia with Turkey, while it is virtually united with Bul- garia ; Prince Alexander is to govern for five years as the representative of the Sultan. Feb. 2. The decree of the union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is pro- mulgated. Feb. 4. Great Britain, France, and Italy approve the Tureo-Bulgarian agree- ment. Mar. 3. A treaty of peace is signed at Bucharest by Bulgaria and Servia, yet the latter refuses to enter a treaty of friendship, or to resume diplomatic intercourse. The Porte ratifies the peace be- tween Bulgaria and Servia. Mar. 15±. Alexander demands the governorshi p of Eastern Rumelia for life. Mar. 17. The National Assembly ratifies the peace. Apr. * The "Western Powers unite in a conference at Constantinople for a settlement of the Turco-Bulgarian question. Apr. 5. The Powers sign a protocol of the modified agreement concerning the union of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The Powers agree to nominate Prince Alexander as governor of Eastern Ru- melia for a term of five years. Apr. 8. Prince Alexander accepts the proposed governorship conditionally. June 14i. The National Assembly convenes, with deputies present from Eastern Rumelia. Aug. 7. Alexander renounces the throne, as Russian influence is against him. Aug. 20. The Revolution. Soldiers and officers occupy the palace and seize the Prince and his Ministers. It is a movement of the pro-Russian party. The chief conspirators are ex- Minister Zancoif, Maj. Grueff, Clement the Metropolitan, and Col. Stojanoff. Aug. 21. The abdication of Alexander is announced. Evening. A provisional govern- ment is announced under the presi- dency of Clement. Aug. 24. Alexander is taken out of the country. Aug. 28. Alexander starts to return, a counter-revolution having opened the way. Aug. 25. The officers of the rebel gov- ernment are either prisoners or fugitives. Aug. 29. Alexander is cordially wel- comed on his return to Rustchuk ; be issues a proclamation. Aug. 30. Alexander makes his last attempt to conciliate the Czar. Sept. 1. Alexander arrives at Philip- popolis. Sept. 3. Alexander arrives at Sofia. Sept. 4. Ex-Miuister Zancoff and other conspirators are released from prison. Alexander is forced to submit to Russia, and announces his intention to abdicate. Sept. 6. A regency is nominated, consisting of Stambuloff, Mutkuroff, and Karaveloff. Sept. 7. Alexander formally re- nounces the throne, as Russian influ- ence is against him, after confiding to a regency the executive power. Sept. 8. Alexander leaves Sofia. Sept. 25. Gen. Kaulbars, the agent of Russia, arrives, and introduces a policy of intimidation. Oct. 4. The Radoslavoff Ministry op- pose Gen. Kaulbars. Oct. * Gen. Kaulbars fails to dominate the Bulgarians. Oct. 10. An election of members for the National Assembly gives a majority for the Regency ; Vote, 400-20 ; only 78 members favor the Zancoff rebellion. Oct. 18. The unpopular Russian policy is abandoned. Oct. 20. The Regency resist the effort of Gadban Effendi, the Turkish envoy, to secure delay by impugning the elec- tions. Nov. 1. The National Assembly opens, and the rebel officers are set free. Gen. Kaulbars makes threats ; a small force of Russians lands at Varna. Nov. 4. A pro-Russian insurrection is attempted at Bourgas, but fails. Nov. 10. The National Assembly elects Prince Waldemar of Denmark as Prince of Bulgaria. Regent Karaveloff resigns, and Zifkoff succeeds him. Nov. 13. Waldemar declines. Nov. 20±. Gen. Kaulbars, having re- ceived no answer to his ultimatum, leaves Bulgaria, and the Russian con- suls also depart. Dec. 23. Stambuloff and others form a loyal provisional government at Tirnova, and issue a manifesto in the name of the Prince, Alexander I, Dec. * Three delegates are sent to visit the Courts of great Powers. [They are favorably received at London and Paris, unofficially received at Vienna and Ber- lin, but not received at St. Petersburg.] Dec. * Russia recommends the Prince Nicholas of Mingrelia to Bulgaria. Aug. * The proclamation of the provis- ional government, under Zancoff, is dis- avowed by the army and people in various towns. Dec. * The rebel soldiers protect the rebel government from the enraged people. 1887 Jan. 18. It. The insurgents' delegates are received at Rome. 568 1887, Peb. 22-1894, Jan. 30. BULGARIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1887 Mar. 1, 2. The military revolt at Silistria in northeast Bulgaria. Mar. 3. The military revolt at Rust- chuk on the Danube. Many persons are killed in the uprising. Mar. 4. The people assist the militia in suppressing the revolt at Rustchuk. Sofia is again, in a state of siege. Mar. 6. Several leading insurrection- ists are executed at Rustchuk. Mar. 8, 9. Many insurrectionists are imprisoned at Rustchuk. Sep. * The state of siege at Sofia is closed. Nov. 16±. E.Jium. Seventeen soldiers are killed in the suppression of an in- surrection at Stara-Zagora. 1889 July 20. At Dennrisch, near Adrianople, the Russian agents are collecting deserters from the Bulga- rian army. Aug. 23. Bulgaria purchases 10,000,- 000 cartridges and 50,000 rifles. 1890 Feb. 1. Army officers are ar- rested. Nov. 7. Prince Alexander, formerly of Bulgaria, is elevated to the rank of a full colonel in the Austrian service. 1893 Dec. 1. A Bulgarian ex-army officer is arrested at Sofia, confessing that he had been engaged by Panslavists, Grujeff and Bendereff, to bill Prince .Ferdinand. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889 July 9. Prince Nicholas, once can- didate for the throne, A42. 1893 Nov. 17. Prince Alexander, of Battenberg, ex-Prince of Bulgaria, A36. CHURCH. 1889 Jan. * The Government quar- rels with the Church. Jan. * The Holy Synod meets at Sofia, and its members refuse to call on Prince Ferdinand or the Premier, Stam- buloff. Jan. * The Government is offended at the attitude of the prelates, and declares the Synod illegal because of irregular- ity in the election of some of its mem- bers, and orders it to disperse. Jan. 11. The prelates are conducted to their homes by a military guard. 1890. May 21. Bishop Theodosius is expelled from Uskuto for trying to effect a revolt in Macedonia. Aug. 30. The Exarch, with Premier Stambuloff's approval, appeals to the Czar of Russia to adopt a conciliatory policy toward Bulgaria. SOCIETY. 1887 Mar. 31. An assassin shoots M. Mantoff, prefect of Rustchuk. Aug. * The Bulgaria publishes a libel concerning the German Consul, Herr Loper. Sept. * The Government causes a retrac- tion to be published, and suppresses the paper. Oct. 7. Political riots occur at Plevna, with 10 deaths. 1888 July 8. Macedonian brigands carry off two railroad officials to secure ransom money. July 15. The Government takes pos- session of the Bellova-Vakarel rail- road, for the alleged purpose of pro- tecting it from brigands. 1889 May 16. Five brigands are hanged at Sofia. July± * Mohammedans raise disturb- ances in Rasgrad. Oct. 21. Eng. Prince Ferdinand visits London. Nov. 22 + . The marriage of Prince Ferdinand to Princess d'Alencon is abandoned. 1890 Jan. 3. All of the persons ac- quitted of complicity in a recent Pa- nitza conspiracy, with one exception, are expelled from Bulgaria. Feb. 5. A plot is discovered among Bulgarian officers, inspired by Russians adverse to Prince Ferdinand. Feb. 8. Five conspirators implicated in a plot to kill Prince Ferdinand are shot. Feb. 9. A Russian is under arrest at Rustchuk for complicity in the con- spiracy. Feb. 20. A Russian plotter is arrested, with documents in his possession com- promising Gen. Ignatieff and several Russian consuls. Feb. 26. The birthday of Prince Ferdinand is celebrated at Sofia. Mar. 20. Major Panitza confesses to conspiracy against Prince Ferdinand in order to reconcile Bulgaria and Russia. May 15. Trial of Major Panitza begins at Sofia. May 21. Major Panitza denies that Russia was implicated in the plot against Prince Ferdinand. May 30. Major Panitza is sentenced to death, nine others to varying terms of imprisonment. June 20. The Court of Cassation con- firms the sentences passed upon Major Panitza and the other conspirators. June 28. Major Panitza, the conspira- tor, is shot at Sofia. 1891 Feb. 11. Three men are arrested at Sofia on suspicion of plotting treason. Mar. 27. M. Baltcheff, Minister of Finance, is shot at Sofia by an unknown assassin, while walking with Premier Stambuloff. Mar. 28. Thirty persons are arrested in Sofia on suspicion of complicity in the assassination of the Minister of Finance. Mar. 29. The funeral of the assas- sinated Minister of Finance, Balt- chetf, is conducted with great pomp at Sofia. Mar. 30. Several arrests are made of suspected complicity in the killing of the Minister of Finance. Apr. 4. Prince Ferdinand and his mother, Princess Clementine, receive letters threatening their death unless they leave the country ; the Minister of Foreign Affairs is threatened with assassination. Apr. 7. M. Socbovukopf, the Kavass of the Russian Agency at Sofia, is expelled from Bulgaria for sending threaten- ing letters to Prince Ferdinand and others. Apr. 11. It is reported that a reward of 20,000 florins has been paid to a Hungarian, whose name is not revealed, for detecting the murderers of the Min- ister of Finance. July 15. Two students are arrested in Sofia who confess that they are the murderers of M. Baltcheff, Minister of Finance. They accuse Dr. Tzatcheff , Dr. Moloff, and Col. Kissoff of hiring them to com- mit the deed ; these three are also placed under arrest. 1892 Jan. 14. Plots against the life of Prince Ferdinand are discovered. Feb. 25. An attempt is made to assas- sinate the Bulgarian agent at Con- stantinople. Apr. 24. Fifteen conspirators against the Government are arrested. Apr. 29. Another plot is discovered against the lives of Prince Ferdinand and Premier Stambuloff. July 8±. The trial of the conspirators against the life of Prince Ferdinand and several officials of high rank takes place ; one witness confesses the details of the plot. [July 27. Four are hanged.] 1893 Feb. 14. Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria and Princess Marie Louise, daughter of the Duke of Parma, are officially betrothed. Apr. 20. Prince Ferdinand of Bul- garia and Princess Marie Louise of Parma are married. June 10. Prince Ferdinand and his bride enter Sofia in state. STATE. 1887 Feb. 22. The Porte accuses Zancoff of bad faith, and refuses to treat with him any longer. Feb. 26. The insurrection breaks out prematurely in Silistria. Feb. 29. Capt. Krivandoff refuses to join the revolting officers, and seizes the fortress in Silistria for the Govern- ment. Mar. 4. The Government places Sofia in a state of siege, and makes many ar- rests, including the ex-Regent Karavel- off, and the present Regent, Nikoforoff. Mar. * At Rustchuk 14 rebels are exe- cuted. Apr. 6. The regent and ex-regent are released. BULGARIA. 1887, Feb. 22-1894, Jan. 30. 569 June 12. Prince Alexander positively declines reelection. -July 4. The Sobranje opens at Tir- nova. July 7. The Sobranje unanimously elects Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as Prince of Bulgaria. July 9. Ferdinand conditionally ac- cepts tlie office. The Ministry resign. July 12. The Stoiloff Ministry is formed. July 14±. The Regency withdraws its resignation. Aug. 11. Ferdinand assumes office as Prince of Bulgaria. Aug. 14. Ferdinand arrives at Tir- nova, the capital, and signs the Consti- tution, and issues a proclamation. Aug. 15. Russia protests against the assumption of authority by Ferdinand. Aug. 21. Ferdinand is welcomed at Fhilippopolis. Aug. 22. Ferdinand is welcomed at Sofia. Turkey asserts the authority of Fer- dinand is illegal, being contrary to the provisions of the Treaty of Berlin. Aug. 31. The Stambuloff Cabinet is formed, representing both the Liberal and Conservative parties. Sept. * The Government publishes a con- tradiction to the libelous statement of the Bulgaria respecting the German consul, and suppresses the paper. The state of siege at Sofia ends. Oct. 9. The elections return to the Sobranje a majority favorable to the Ministry (260-32). 1888 Feb.+* Russia issues a circular note to the powers concerning the ille- gality of Ferdinand's position. France and Germany approve ; Austria, England, and Italy are non-committal. Mar. 6. The Porte informs the Stam- buloff Ministry that Ferdinand's posi- tion is illegal. Apr.±* Major Popoff, the patriot who distinguished himself in opposing the conspiracy, is arrested with four other officers, on the charge of malversation of public money. [He is condemned to four years im- prisonment by a court martial for the crime of his subordinates.] June 12. The Liberals in the Ministry with Stambuloff resign because of the injustice done to Popoff. June 24. Ferdinand remits the pun- ishment of Popoff, and the Ministry July* The boundary of the Servian frontier is settled. Dec. 22. The Stambuloff Ministry is reconstructed. 1889 Jan. 4. The treaty with Ser- via, respecting the boundary lines, is ratified. Jan.* The Government quarrels with the Church. (See Church.) Feb. 5, 6. The Premier arrests 60 prominent citizens for petitioning the Exarch at Constantinople, as construc- tively favoring the rebellion of Zancoff. Mar. 12. Prince Alexander of Batten- berg writes to the Bulgarian Govern- ment, claiming a million francs as the purchase price of his estates. Apr. 13. Bulgarian exiles are plotting an invasion of Bulgaria from Rumania and Russia. Sept. 8. The Government orders 33,- 000 Berdan rifles and 2,000,000 car- tridges. Oct. 16. The Government effects a loan of 25,000,000 francs. Nov. 3. Bus. At St. Petersburg the Czar, in an interview with, the Bulga- rian ambassador, presses his right to select the head of Bulgarian Gov- ernment. Prince Ferdinand delivers a speech at the opening of the National Assembly. Nov. 12. The Sobranje, in reply to the speech, from the throne, expresses the hope that the Suzerain power will take the initiative in recognizing Prince Ferdinand as ruler. 1890 Jan.* Maj. Panitza, one of Alexander's favorites, conspires to kill Prince Ferdinand, Stambuloff, Mut- kuroff, and Col. Pelroff, chief of staff. Feb. 1. Major Panitza is arrested. Feb. 8. Ferdinand offers to abdi- cate, but his Ministers oppose. Feb. 10. Many arrests made of plotters against Prince Ferdinand. Feb. 20. Russia is to be officially rep- resented at the trial of Major Panitza for conspiracy in Sofia. Feb.* Russia demands 3,000,000 roubles from Bulgaria to pay for the Russian occupation during 1878 and 1879. Apr. 2. A new quarrel between Bul- garia and Servia breaks out. Apr. 5. Bulgaria yields to Servia's de- mands, and appoints a new diplomatic agent at Belgrade. June 5. The charges implicating the Russian Government in connection with the Panitza conspiracy are with- drawn for lack of proof. July 11. The Premier emphatically denies the rumor that Prince Ferdinand intends to abdicate. July 19. Russia is stirring up strife in Bulgaria. Aug. 9. Great preparations are mak- ing for proclaiming the independence of Bulgaria and electing Prince Ferdi- nand as king on Aug. 15. Aug. 10. Russia is still opposed to Prince Ferdinand as the ruler of Bul- Aug. 12. Bulgaria refuses to pay the total amount of the Russian claims for arms and ammunition supplied during the war with Turkey, on the ground that the amount due is 100,000 rubles less than the sum demanded. Sept. 7. The elections result in a great triumph for the Government. Oct. 9. Russia refuses to recognize the right of Prince Ferdinand to rule Bulgaria. Oct. 27. Ferdinand opens the So- branje in person. He says that the Government plans to perfect the army, construct railways between Sofia and Tirnova and Kasit- chan, conclude treaties of commerce and friendship with the Sultan, grant berats to Bulgarian bishops, etc. 1891 Mar. 27. M. Baltcheff, the Minister of Finance, is assassinated at Sofia. Mar. 31. The Government offers $5,000 for the securement of the assas- sins of the Minister of Finance. Nov. 21. Russia demands that Bul- garia arrest 13 alleged Nihilists now in that country. Dec. 14. The Sobranje passes measures for pensioning of Prince Alexander. France breakes off diplomatic rela- tions with Bulgaria. (See France.) 1892 Jan. 5. The Government re- fuses the demand of France that it should withdraw the decree expelling M. Chadourne. Jan. 17- The Government has agreed to a note from the Porte to France, closing the Chadourne affair with France. Apr. 17. The Government requests the Porte to demand of Russia the extradi- tion of the alleged assassins of Dr. Valkovitch. Apr. 24. Fifteen arrests of alleged conspirators against the Government are made. 1893 Dec. 1. The Ministry is to be reorganized. 1894 Jan. 30. The brothers Ivanoff, charged with conspiracy to murder Prince Ferdinand and M. Stambuloff, are sentenced, one to 15 years, the other to three years' imprisonment. MISCELLANEOUS. 1888 May 18. The Salonica railroad is officially opened. July 5. The Bulgarian railroad is opened for internal traffic. Aug. 12. The Bulgarian railroad is opened to Constantinople, with festiv- ities. Aug. 14. The first anniversary of Prince Ferdinand is celebrated. 1890 June 1. The northern part of Sofia is "wrecked by a hurricane; many lives are lost. Aug. 14. The third anniversary of Prince Ferdinand's accession to the throne is celebrated. 1892 Apr. 21. Russian papers are excluded from Bulgaria. Oct. 14. Violent shocks of earthquake occur in the Balkans. 570 1894, Mar. 9 -Dec. 21. BULGARIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1894 June 1. Civil war breaks out; the troops demand the reinstatement of Stambuloff as premier. SOCIETY. 1894 May 30. A riot occurs in Sofia, in consequence of the resigna- tion of the Stambuloff Ministry. May 31. The rioting in Sofia continues ; the mob is fired on by the militia. June 1. A bloody conflict occurs in Sofia between the police and part of the military who declared for Stambuloff, and the troops that stand by Prince Ferdinand. Sept. 6. Ex-Premier Stambuloff is jostled and stoned by a mob in Sofia. STATE. 1894 Mar. 9. M. Stambuloff, Prime Minister, resigns. May 29. The Stambuloff Ministry resigns, and M. Grecoff is trying to re- construct the Cabinet. May 30. One person is killed and over HO are wounded in a riot in Sofia, pre- cipitated by the resignation of the Stam- buloff ministry. June 2. A conspiracy is said to exist, having for its object the deposition of Prince Ferdinand, and to place upon the throne the four-year-old son of the late Prince Alexander, the former Prince of Bulgaria. June 3. Soldiers are patrolling the streets in Sofia, and the general excite- ment is somewhat quieted. The doom of the public offices are sealed. The capital is peaceful; all public meetings are prohibited. July 6. Ex-Premier Stambuloff is to be indicted on the charge of abuse of power at Sofia. Aug. 27. Ex-Premier Stambuloff in an interview says that he had an offer of half a million rubles from St. Petersburg, if he would depose Prince Ferdinand. Dec. 21. The Cabinet is reconstructed. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 July 27. Earthquakes are felt in Bulgaria. CANADA. The Dominion of Canada consists of a confederation of the British Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick. Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. Area, 3,406,542 square miles ; population, in 1891. 4,829,411. Ottawa is the capital, and the Government is administered by a Governor-General appointed by the British Crown, assisted by a Privy Council ; the Parliament consists of two houses ; a Senate having life-members appointed by the Governor-General, and a House of Commons having members elected by the people. Each Province has its own Ministry and Legislature. ARMY — NAVY. 1501 * * Gasparo Cortereal captures 57 Indians, and takes them to Portugal to be sold as slaves. 1598 * * Fr. The Marquis de la Roche obtains from the king a commission to conquer New France. 1607* *-10 Spring. A r . 8. Port ftoyal is deserted. 1614 * * N. S. The English from the colony of Virginia descend in force and expel the French, claiming the territory by right of discovery. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1497 * * John Cabot of England dis- covers Labrador and Newfoundland. He is the first to land on the mainland [of America]. 1498 * * Sebastian Cabot of England sails up Davis Strait, seeking a North- west Passage to China. 1500 * * Gasparo Cortereal, a Portu- guese navigator, visits Newfoundland and Labrador. * * Miguel Cortereal sails in search of his brother, who was lost, and is himself lost. 1524 * * Estevan Gomez, a Spaniard, sails for a Northwest Passage to the Maluccas. * * Giovanni de Verrazano sails along the coast of North America, from Caro- lina to the St. Lawrence ; and visiting Newfoundland, lays the basis of French claims to the island. 1527 * * Robert Thome of Bristol sails in search of the Northwest Passsge and is lost. 1534 * * -35 * * Jacques Cartier ex- plores the St. Lawrence in an attempt to reach the Pacific. 1576 June 8. Eng, Frobisher's ex- pedition of discovery sails for the Arc- tic regions in the Northwest. 1577 * * Sir M. Frobisher, seeking the Northwest Passage, visits Meta Inco- gnita, at the entrance of Hudson Bay. * * Sir Francis Drake of England visits the west coast, seeking the Northwest Passage from the Pacific. 1578 * * Eng. A fleet of 15 vessels sails from Harwich for Frobisher Strait to find gold. 1585 * * Eng. John Davis sails from Dartmouth with two harks to discover a Northwest Passage. 15S6 * * John Davis again explores the Arctic seas. 1587 * * John Davis sails again, and reaches N. Lat. 72° 41' in Davis Strait. 1602 * * George Weymouth, who is sent out by the Muscovy Company, en- ters Hudson Strait, but is stopped by a mutinous crew. 1606 * * John Knight is sent out by the Muscovy Company to find the Northwest 1610 * * -11 * * Henry Hudson passes the winter in the north, and is set adrift by his mutinous crew. Aug. 2. Hudson enters the strait which bears his name, and thinks he discovers the Pacific [Hudson Bay]. 1611* *Sir Thomas Button passes Hudson Strait, and winters at Port Nelson. 1612 * * Hull and ■William Baffin en- ter Cockin's Sound. 1615* * Ont. Samuel Champlain vis- its Lake Huron. * * Robert Bylot and Baffin are sent out to examine Hudson Bay in search of the Northwest Passage. 1616 * * Bylot and Baffin are sent up Davis Strait ; "Wolstenholme's Sound, Lancaster Sound, and Baffin Bay are discovered. 1618* * Baffin reaches the 78° of lati- tude in the bay which bears his name. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1567* * Champlain, Samuel de. explorer, founder, governor, born in France. [1635. Dec. 25. Dies. A68.J CHURCH. 1534 * * Jacques Cartier consecrates New France to Christianity by the erection of a great wooden cross on an eminence near the Baie des Chaleur, as if to signify a religious mission in his discovery. 1578* * Batfntand. Master "Wolfall, an Englishman, celebrates a communion on the shores of Frobisher Strait, the first communion recorded in America. 1605 * * It. Leo XI. is elected pope [later Paul V.]. 1608 * * Recollect and Jesuit mission- aries arrive [and later explore the wil- derness in all directions with terrible hardships, sufferings, and heroism]. * * A T . B. De Monts plants his first Jes- uit mission at the mouth of the St. Croix, on Bonn Island. 1610 * * The Order of the Jesuits is confirmed in certain privileges by De Biencourt. 1611 June 12. A r . 5. Two Jesuit missionaries arrive at Port Royal, but their work among the Micinacs is frus- trated by the Government. 1612 * * P. Q. Franciscan monks come from France, and preach to the Indians. * * P. Q. De Biencourt ascends the Kennebec with Father Biart, and con- verts the Indians. CANADA. 1007, **-1627,**. 571 1615 * * Ont. Le Caron, a Franciscan, carries the Roman Catholic religion to the Indians of eastern Maine, and west- ward to the Hurons. 1619 * * JV. S. Reformed Franciscans begin mission-work in Acadia. 1621 * * It. Gregory XV. is elected pope. [1623, Urban VIII.] 1626 * * Ont. Fathers Brebeuf and Daniel, Recollects, begin work among the Hurons. LETTERS. 1603 * * Des sauvages, a work on the In- dian tribes of America, by Samuel de Champlain, appears. 1613 * * -32 * * Voyages, by Samuel de Champlain, appears. 1625 * * P. Q. The foundation of a semi- nary is laid in Quebec by the Jesuits. * * Les muses de la Noavelle France, by Marc Lescarbot, appears. SOCIETY. 1502 * * Fr. Cortereal sails again to capture Indians and obtain a cargo of slaves. 1536 May 10. Jacques C artier de- coys nine Indian chiefs on board his vessel, and sails away for France. SETTLEMENT — STATE. 1007 * * JV. £. Colonies are planted in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia by the Norwegians, but are soon abandoned. 1497 June 24. K. S. Prima Vista (Newfoundland or Cape Breton) and the coast of Canada are discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot in the English ser- vice. It marks the first discovery of the American continent. 1498 * * Fr. Louis XII. is enthroned. 1500 * * Labrador is visited by Gas- paro Cortereal, a Portuguese ; he ex- plores the shores of Canada for 600 or 700 miles, and discovers and names Con- ception Bay. 1504 * * JV. F. The fisheries are much visited by French and Spanish fisher- * * JV. S. Cape Breton fisheries are visited by Breton, Norman, and Basque sailors. 1506 * * The Gulf of St. Lawrence is examined and sketched by Jean Denys of Honfleur, and Camart of Rouen. 1508* * P. Q. Thomas Aubert touches at Newfoundland, and thence carries the French flag up the St. Lawrence River. He takes captured Indians with him on his return to France. 1515 * * Fr. Francis I. is enthroned. 1518* * A r . S. Baron de Leri attempts to plant a colony on Sable Island, but only succeeds in introducing cattle. 1524 * * New France has its first (tem- porary) settlement, made by the expedi- tion under the French flag by Giovanni da Verrazano. 1525 * * JV. S. A [short-lived] Portu- guese colony is planted at Cape Breton Island. 1534 June * -Aug. * Jacques Car- tier, a French navigator, with two vessels and 61 men, surveys the coast of Newfoundland, and enters the mouth of the St. Lawrence, on the banks of which he plants across surmounted with the lilies of France. 1535 * * P. Q. Cartier brings a colony, and founds Montreal. [It is soon abandoned.] Oct. 2. P. Q. Cartier arrives at Hochelaga (Montreal), having ex- plored the great river to this point ; in- formation is received of the Great Lakes. 1536 * * Ont. Cartier again explores the upper St. Lawrence country, arid takes "possession of it for France. 1540 Jan. * P. Q. The French, hav- ing failed with two colonies, abandon the colonization of the southern coast, and turn northward. The Mar- quis de la Uoque obtains a commission to establish a colony on the St. Lawrence. [A colony of criminals is sent out and fails.] 1541 * * -1627 * * New France is a vice-royalty. May 22. Fr. Cartier sails from St. Malo with five ships belonging to an expedition of De la Roque. [He visits the St. Lawrence, and founds the fortress at Charlesbourg.] The colonists are chiefly noblemen and amateurs, and many of them are robbers, swindlers, and murderers. 1542 June* Fr. Cartier returns with his ships. 1547 * * Fr. Henry II. is enthroned. 1549 * * P. Q. Francis de la Roque (Roberval) again attempts to colonize Canada. [Unsuccessful.] 1559 * * Fr. Francis II. is enthroned. 1560 * * Fr. Charles IX. is enthroned. 1574 * * Fr. Henry III. is enthroned. 1578 May * -Sept. * Frobisher makes his third voyage, having afleet of 16 sail and 100 colonists, [Failure.] June * Eng. Sir Humphrey Gilbert receives his charter to any territory be may discover. 1583 Aug. 5. Sir Humphrey Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland for Great Britain. 1586 * * Labrador. John Davis, on his second voyage, visits Labrador. 1587 * * Can. Davis, on his third voy- age, discovers the Cumberland Is- lands, London coast, Lumley's Inlet (Frobisher Strait). 1589 * * Fr. Henry IV. is enthroned. 1592 * * Spaniards under Juna de Fnca visit the northwest coast of the American Continent. (?) 1598 * * Fr. Henry IV. grants the Edict of Nantes, by which toleration is given to Protestants. * * JV. S. The Marquis de la Roche se- cures a patent for a colony in New France (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV. [La Roche establishes a colony, chiefly taken from the prisons of France, on Sable Island.] 1600 * * Fr. Chauvin of Rouen, and Pontgrave of St. Malo, undertake to establish a colony of 500 persons in New France. [They are driven back by the severity of the winter.] 1603 * * Fr. Samuel Champlain is commissioned by a company of French merchants of Rouen to explore the country of the St. Lawrence, and estab- lish a trading-post. 1605 Nov. 14. JV. S. De Mbnts es- tablishes the first permanent French settlement in the country at PortRoyal (Annapolis) in Acadia. It is the only active settlement except those in Central and South America, after 100 years of exploration. 1608 July 3. P. Q. The first per- manent settlement in Canada is made at Quebec, a semi-military and semi- religious enterprise, led by Samuel Champlain. + * * JV. S. The De Monts and their successors develop the island and the shore of tbe mainland. 1610 * * Fr. Louis XTTT. is enthroned. 1612* * Fr. The Protestant Prince Conde" becomes viceroy of the French Empire in North America. * * P. Q. Champlain visits the St. Law- rence as an explorer and trader. 1613* * P. Q. Champlain explores the country north of the St. Lawrence. 1614* *JV. S. Virginia colonists break up the French settlements. (See Amer- ica.) 1615 * * Me. The French under De Saussaye plant a mission-station on Mount Desert Isle. * * Champlain visits Lake Huron. 1616 July* P.Q. Champlain returns to Quebec from his explorations north of the St. Lawrence. 1621 * * Sir 'William Alexander ob- tains from the crown of Scotland a pa- tent for all Acadia, under the title of Nova Scotia. [An unsuccessful attempt is made at colonizing.] Only 48 French settlers remain in Canada. 1622 * * Samuel Champlain is gov- ernor of Canada. 1623 * * JV. S. Scotch colonists sent out by Sir William. Alexander arrive in Nova Scotia, but return when they find French adventurers already established there. * * JV. S. The French frustrate tbe at- tempt to plant an extensive English colony. 1627 * *-63 * * New France is under the rule of the Hundred Associates. MISCELLANEOUS. 1611 June 21. Henry Hudson, his sons, and five others are sent adrift by his mutinous crew [and perish in Hud- son Bay]. 1615 * * JV. S. Capt. Argall of Va. burns the deserted hamlet of Port Royal in Acadia ; he destroys every building of a French colony at the mouth of the St. Croix River. 572 1627, * * -1692, Feb. * CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1628 * * Sir David Kirk, with au Eng- lish squadron, captures the first ships sent with stores for the subsistence of Chaniplain and the French settlers. * * Samuel de Champlain repulses David Kirk in his attempt to capture , Quebec ; Port Royal falls into the hands • of the English. 1629* *The English take Quebec from the French. All Canada is surren- dered to the English. 1632 * * Quebec and all Canada are re- duced by the English. * * Canada, Acadia, and Cape Breton are restored to France. 1636 * * Ont. The less warlike Hurons are driven from the peninsula of Upper Canada by the Iroquois Indians. .1649 * * The Huron Indians are mas- sacred at St. Ignatius by the Iroquois. 1654* * N. S. Oliver Cromwell sends a strong force against the French. 1659 July 26. P. Q. Indians mas- sacre more than 1,000 people at Mon- treal. 1666 Jan. * P. Q. The French ex- pedition of Courcelles and Tracy goes against the Mohawk Indians. 1668 * * P. Q. Peace is made between the French and the Five Nations. 1671 * * Ont. The region of Lakes Huron and Superior is taken for France. 1673 July * Ont. Fort Frontenac is built. 1681 * * ///. La Salle erects Fort St. Louis, on the Illinois River. 1682 * * Ont. The French attack and capture all the Hudson Bay Com- pany's trading-posts. 1684 * * A long war begins between the Five Nations and the French, chietly on the upper lakes. The French Jesuits repeatedly fail to persuade the Five Nations to break their peace with the Dutch and English. The French erect a fort at the Falls of Niagara. Under De la Barre they in- vade the country of the Iroquois, but the mighty Mohawks and the brave Oneidas drive them back with much slaughter. 1687 June 13. P. Q. Denonville leaves Montreal to attack the Senecas in New York. [Driven back.] ■ * The French attempt to form an alli- ance with all Indians as far as the Mississippi. 16S9* *-97* *King "William's war with the French ; a part of the general war against Louis XIV. 1689 * * P. Q. Comte Louis de Buade Frontenac assumes the offensive, and makes three descents upon the English settlements. One party of 110 under De Mantel, Sainte H61ene, and D'Iberville, burns Schenectady, N. Y. ; the second party of 52 arc under Ilertel de ltouville at Salmon Falls, N. H„ while the third devastate Casco Bay, Me. (See Amer- ica.) Aug. 4, 5. /'. Q. The Iroquois attack Lachine. Aug. 25. /'. Q. The Isle of Montreal at Lachine is surprised by 1,500 Iro- quois; 200 inhabitants are massacred, and 200 more are taken captive. * * N. Y. Gov. Donegan is ordered by the English Ministry to protect the Five Nations from the French. 1690 Apr. * \. S. The English under Adm. Phips seize Port Royal [Annapo- lis]. Oct. 16. /'. Q. A Massachusetts fleet of 34 vessels, under the incompetent Phips, arrives before Quebec. Oct. 21. P. Q. The invaders reembark for Boston without making an attack. Oct. * Part of the returning New England fleet is wrecked. Nov. * U. S. The exhausted and debt- burdened colonies of England content themselves with the defense of their frontiers against the French. 1691 * * P. Q. Maj. Schuyler makes a raid on the French settlements on the Sorel. (See America.) 1692 Feb.* P. Q. The French go against the Mohawks. Frontenac sends 300 French with In- dians against the hunting parti Senecas in Upper tkes to subdue t ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1631 * * Capts. James and Fox are sent to find the Northwest Passage ; Luke Fox discovers Fox Channel ; touches Cape Peregrine. James discovers James's Bay and " New South Wales." 1663 Feb. 5. A remarkable earth- quake occurs. It continues at intervals for more than six months. Mountains and rivers dis- appear, and new lakes are formed. 1669* * P. Q. Robert de la Salle leaves Montreal, and begins his explo- rations. * * Louis Joliet explores the Great Lakes. 1680* * Louis Hennepin visits the farthest sources of the St. Lawrence. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1661* * Iberville . Pierre le Moyne d\ commander, born. [1706. Dies. A45-] 1688* * Vincennes, de. Jean Baptiste Bissot. Sieur, born. CHURCH. 1632* * The conversion of the heathen is committed solely to the Jesuits. 1633 P. Q. Jesuit missionaries resume work in the St. Lawrence Valley. 1634* * Ont. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and Daniel, join the barefoot Hurons on their returning from Quebec to their own. country. * * _47 * * The wilderness is visited by 42 Jesuit missionaries and IS assis- tants. 1636 * * Fifteen Jesuit missionaries are among the Indians. 163S * * Eminent French Catholics en- dow a public hospital for Indians, and three nuns are sent to serve it. 1639 * * An Ursurline convent for the education of girls is established at ^u*-'- bec. 1640 * * /'/-. Kev. Jean Jacques Olier, priest of St. Sulpice, Paris, forms a com- pany, with Sieur de Maisonneuve gov- ernor. It purchases the island of Montreal from Associate Lauson for a mission- site. [1041 Forty men arid live nuns are sent as far as Quebec. 1&12. May 17. Montreal is consecrated by Father Vi- mont and Madame de la Peltrie and Mile. Mance begin their work.] Ont. Charles Raymbault and Claude Picart labor in the Huron Mis- sions, and carry the gospel to the In- dians of Michigan. 1641 Oct. 4. Ont Two French Jesu- its. Father Charles Raymbault with Father Isaac Jogrues, are sent to con- vert the Chippeways on the Great Lakes. Starting from Sault Ste. Marie, for sev- enteen days they sail westward; and on landing they are met by two thousand Chippeways, who welcome them. 1642 * * Father Jognes, the French Jes- uit, is captured by the Mohawk Indians, and made their slave; yet he opens a mission, in which he has 70 converts when rescued. 1644 Out. Father Francis Joseph Bressani, a French Jesuit, is captured and tortured by the Iroquois, when en route to the Hurons. * * It. Innocent X. is elected pope. 1648 * * Ont. The Iroquois burn the Hu- ron mission at St. Joseph's, on Lake Simcoe, and kill Father Daniel, the missionary. 1649 * * Ont. The Iroquois sack the mission at St. Ignace, on Georgian Bay, and torture the pious Father Bre- beuf with distressing ingenuity ; his companion, Gabriel Lallemand, lingers for 17 hours in terrible sufferings. 1655 * * It. Alexander VH. is elected pope. 1656* * Ont. Two French mission- aries begin work among the Ottawas by request of the chiefs. One is mor- tally wounded in an attack by the Iro- quois, and both are captured. 1658 * * P. Q. The vicarate apostolic of Quebec is founded. Francois de Laval-Montmorency is consecrated bishop of Petra and vicar- apostolic. [1674. Translated to Quebec] 1660 Aug.* Ont. Father Rene" Me- nard, an aged man, responds to the re- quest of the Indians, and opens a mission near Keweenaw, where he is neglected, persecuted, and finally dies. 1664* * P. Q. The Island of Mon- treal is given to the religious Order of St. Sulpice by a royal grant. 1665 Sept.* Ont. Claude Allouez goes to Montreal, intending to return to the mission left vacant by the death of Mesnard. [He opens a mission among the Chippeways on the shores of Lake Superior.] 1667 ± Aug.* Father Lewis Nich- ols goes to the Indians of the northwest. * * It. Clement IX. is elected pope. CANADA. 1627, **-1692, Feb. 573: 1668* * Ont. The [celebrated] Father Marquette leaves Quebec, in company with Father Le Bcesme, to join the Ottawa mission. * * Ont. Sault Ste. Marie is founded by Father Marquette at the entrance of Lake Superior. 1669 * * P. Q. A mission for the Iro- quois is begun opposite Montreal by French Jesuits. 1670* * Ont. Father Andre* is in charge of the Ottawa tribes on the islands and shores of Lake Huron, and Father Druillettes enters the work at Sault Ste. Marie. * * It. Clement X. is elected pope. 1671 * * Ont. Father Henry Nouvel enters the mission-work at the Falls of Ste. Marie. 1672 * * Ont. Many of the Ottawas settle at Marquette mission. 1674 * * P. Q. The diocese of Que- bec is founded. Francois de Laval-Montmorency be- comes the first Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, his see extending from Maine to Louisiana. 1675 * * Ont. The Recollects are ac- tive, and Louis Hennepin is among them. 1676 * * Rivalry appears between the Jesuits and other orders. * * It. Innocent XI. is elected pope. 1680* * Ont. Father Hennepin is captured by the Sioux, and attempts mission-work among them, but without 1683 * * P. Q. Mission of St. Francis de Sales is established at the Falls of the Chaudiere; the work spreads into Maine. 1688 * * P. Q. Bishop Laval resigns ; John Baptist de la Croix Chevrieres de St. Vallier is consecrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of Quebec. 1689**/;. Alexander VLTI. is elected pope. [1G91, Innocent VII; 1700, Clement XI.] LETTERS. 1632* *-72* *'Les Relations Je"suites are issued. 1641 * * P. Q. The Ursuline Convent is founded at Quebec. 1663 * * P. Q. Bishop Laval founds a seminary at Quebec for training young priests. SOCIETY. 1639* * P. Q. The Hotel Dieu is founded in Montreal for the cure of the sick, by the Duchess of Aiguillon. STATE. 1627 * * Fr. The charters for planting colonies in New France are revoked, and the French Empire in America is committed to the One Hundred Associ- ates, with Samuel Charaplain governor. It obtains a perpetual monopoly of the fur-trade, besides the commercial con- trol for 16 years. Cardinal Richelieu is the ruling spirit. * * P. Q. The colony of Quebec is transferred to the* One Hundred Asso- ciates under Cardinal Richelieu. 1628 * * Fr. The Edict of Nantes is again confirmed, to the great joy of Protestants. 1629 * * P. Q. Quebec falls into the hands of the English in the reign of Charles I. * * N. S. James Stewart settles a small English colony at Cape Breton. 1632 Mar. 29. Canada, Acadia, and Cape Breton are restored to the French by the Treaty of St. Ger- main- en-Lay e . 1635 * * P. Q. The Island of Montreal is given to M. de Lauson, an Associate. 1637 * * M. de Montmagny succeeds Champlain as governor of Canada. 1643 * * Fr. Louis XTV. is enthroned. 1647 * * M. de Ailleboust is appointed governor of Canada. 1648 * * P.Q. The entire Island of Mon- treal becomes the property of the Sul- pioians of Paris by royal grant. 1649 * * Fng. The Commonwealth is set up. 1651 * * M. de Lauson is appointed governor of Canada. [Later, M. de Argenson and M. de Avaugour succeed him, and are the last governors for the Hundred Associates.] 1654 * * A r . S. Cromwell sends over a a strong force to protect the colonists. 1656 * * Fng. Cromwell grants Aca- dia and Nova Scotia to St. Fjtienne and others. * * Fr. The seigniority of Montreal is ceded to the Seminary of St. Sulpice in Paris. [1657. It takes possession ; a con- flict of proprietors ensues.] 1658 * * Fng. Kichard Cromwell is Protector. 1660 * * Eng. Charles LE. is enthroned. 1663 Feb. 14. Fr. The Hundred As- sociates surrender their charter, and New France becomes a royal prov- ince, with De Mesy governor. * * -1763 * * Canada is under the rule of the French Crown. 1664 * * Can. Courcelles becomes gov- ernor of New France ; much emigration and rapid growth ensiie. 1665 * * Father Claude Allouez car- ries the gospel among the Chippeways of the far West, and claims the country for France. * * P. Q. The Marquis de Tracy ar- rives at Montreal with a regiment of French soldiers, to protect the settlers. The government of New France is in the hands of three officers, a governor, a bishop, and an intendant. 1667 July 25. Holland. By the Treaty of Breda Nova Scotia is ceded to France. * * Zacharia Gillam passes through Hud- son Strait, and builds a fort on Prince Rupert River. 1669 * * Ont. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, leaves Montreal and begins his explorations. * * Louis Joliec explores the Great Lakes. 1670 May 2 . The Hudson Bay Com- pany is chartered ; its territory is as large as all Europe. 1671 June * The French hold a great congress at the Falls of St. Mary, with Indian envoys from distant tribes, and inform them that they are under the protection of the French flag. 1672 * * P. Q. Comte de Frontenac, the new governor, arrives at Quebec. 1673 * * P. Q. Jacques Marquette, ac- companied by a few Frenchmen and Al- gonquins, sets out for the discovery of the Mississippi River, of which he has received some rumors. 1675 May 13. Fr. Louis IV. grants La Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac (Kingston). 1676 * * Ont. La Salle returns as pro- prietor of a large tract near Fort Fron- tenac. 1678 * * Fr. Comte de Frontenac, is appointed governor of Canada. 16S1 * * La Salle descends the Missis- sippi River. His companions are Tonti, an Italian veteran, and Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan. Apr. 9. La Salle reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River, and sets up a cross and the arms ot France, having descended from the confluence of the Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico ; he calls the great valley Louisiana. [One of the most remarkable exploits in the history of America.] 1682 **Frontenac is recalled to France; Barre is his successor. 1683 Nov. * La Salle returns from his explorations. 1684* * Fr.. The Mississippi Company is established in favor of La Salle. 1685 * * Denonville becomes governor. * * Eng. James II. is enthroned. * * Fr. The Edict of Nantes is revoked, and quickens the emigration of Protes- tants, yet ruins the colonial policy of France. 1687 * * French diplomacy aims to per- vade the "West, and concerts an alli- ance with all Indians to the Mississippi. 1688 * * The French census shows a pop- ulation of 11,249 colonists ; the Eng- lish colonies have 20 times as many. 1689 * * Fng. "William ILL and Mary are enthroned. * * Frontenac again becomes governor, and decides to make a triple descent upon the English colonies. 1690 * * The English colonists meet in Congress in Rhode Island to devise retaliation and protection against the French ; they resolve to attempt the conquest of Canada. 1692 Jan. 26. iV. S. Acadia (Nova Scotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts. MISCELLANEOUS. 1679 May* Ont. The Grijfin is. launched on Lake Erie, the first vessel to sail the Great Lakes. 574 1692, July 2-1766, Feb. CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1692 Nov. 26. N. S. Port Royal [Annapolis] surrenders to a French ship. * * Maj. Schuyler leads a successful war-party of Iroquois against the French settlements beyond Lake Champlain. 1693* * P. Q. Frontenac leads a French expedition against the Mohawks. 1694 * * P. Q. Frontenac conducts his last campaign against the Iroquois. 1696 July 28. P. Q. The French under Frontenac for the last time invade northern New York. [They are defeated by the colonists and their Iro- quois allies.] 1700 Sept. 8. P. Q. A treaty of peace is made with the Iroquois at Montreal. 1701 Aug. 4. P. Q. The French make a treaty with the Iroquois. 1702 * *-13 * * Queen Anne's "War, between French and English ; it is known in Europe as the War of the Spanish Succession. * * III. The French vacate their post on the Illinois. 1707 * * iV. S. Massachusetts attempts the conquest of Acadia by a costly expedition. May * U. S. Two regiments leave Nan- tucket, Mass., to attack the French at Port Royal [Annapolis, N. S. The at- tempt to bombard the fort fails]. 1708 * * P. Q. A war-council at Mon- treal resolves to invade New Eng- land. Aug. 30. N. H. The French and Indi- ans surprise Haverhill on the Merri- mac, killing 40 and carrying away 100 prisoners. 1709 * * U. S. The English colonies pre- pare to aid a British fleet in the con- quest of Canada; the fleet fails to arrive. 1710 Sept. * -Oct. * N. S. The Con- quest of Acadia [Nova Scotia] by the English. (See America.) Aug. * A truce is effected between England and France. 1713 Mar. 31. Belgium. The Peace of Utrecht ends the hostilities with Canada. 1719* *War between France and Spain. 1720 * * A 7 . S. The French begin the defenses of Louisburg. 1726 * * Ont. The French retake Fort Denonville, near Niagara river. * * N. Y. The French build Fort Niag- ara [at Lewis ton]. 1731 * * JST. Y. The French establish a fortress at Crown Point. (See Amer- ica.) 1735 Apr.± * A/a. The French send one expedition from the South and another from the North against the brave Chickasaws. [Both expeditions are defeated.] (See America.) 1744* *-48* *King George's "War between Great Britain and France. Mar. 15. France declares war against Great Britain. May * Me. A French force from Cape Breton surprises the'garrison at Canso, and destroys the fort. 1745 June 17. N. S. Louisburg, the chief stronghold of the French in Amer- ica, is taken by 4,000 colonists from New England, led by William Pepperell, a wealthy merchant of Maine. Nov. 16. &. T. The French and In- dians surprise the village of Saratoga. 1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and Indians take Fort Massachusetts; a part of the prisoners are massacred. * * X. S. A French fleet having arrived, the English colonists abandon their projected conquest of Canada. 1747 Jan. 31. X. S. The French re- pel the English in the battle of Minas. Feb. 4. K. S. Col. Noble is surprised at Grand Pre\ June * P. Q. The English make a raid into Montreal. 1748 17. The Indians are defeated by the English at Marlborough. 1749 * * Out. Fort Rouille [Toronto] is built. 1750 Apr.* N.S. A question of boun- daries excites hostilities between the French and English in Acadia. 1752 * * 0. The French destroy the English trading-post at Pickawillany. 1754 Apr. 18. Pa. The French cap- ture the Virginians and their stockade [at Pittsburg], and proceed to erect Fort Du Quesne on the same site. May 28. Pa. Col. George Washing- ton with a force of Virginians surprises a French force under M. Jumonville at Great Meadows ; the leader and 10 of his men are killed, and 22 survivors are captured. July 4. Pa. A French force defeats Col. "Washington at Fort Necessity ; the Virginians capitulate. Aug. 27. N. Y. The French and In- dians break up all the English settle- ments at Hoosick and Schaghticoke. 1755 * * -63 * * The French and In- dian W a r, between England and France — a part of the seven years' con- flict in Europe. It is a struggle to ac- quire supremacy in the New World. (See America, p. 6S.) Sept. 5. X. S. The exile of the Aca- dians is announced. (See p. GS, 70.) 1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the French for two years, Great Britain makes an open declaration of war. June 9. France formally declares war against Great Britain. (See America.) * * 77/. The French construct a system of forts in the interior, westward, near the Illinois River. 1757 The French seem triumphant everywhere. The campaigns of the last two yeai-s have been disgraceful to the British flag; imbecility of the management and cowardice is the cause. France now pos- sesses 20 times as much American terri- tory as England. 1758 July 26. .\ . S. England takes Nova Scotia. After a siege of a few weeks Louisburg capitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst; Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and nearly G,(XMJ prisoners (all to the ISrilish. Aug. 27- Out. The liritish under Col. John Bradstreet take Fort Frontenac (Kingston;, also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of war, and a large military store. /'. V- Montreal is surrounded by walls. 1759 June 21. P. Q. The English fleet approaches Quebec. June 27. P. Q. Gen. Wolfe lands an army of about 8,000 a few miles below Quebec. A French force of 13,000 is in the city. June 30. P. Q. Gen. Wolfe takes pos- session of Point Levi, where he pro- ceeds to erect batteries. July 18. P. Q. Some of Wolfe's vessels pass above Quebec. July 25. P. Q. Fort Niagara capitu- lates to the British under Sir William Johnson after a bloody battle. French communication between Can- ada and Louisiana is forever broken off. Gen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting of a gun during the siege. July 31. P. Q. Gen. Wolf e is checked in an impetuous assault on the French at Quebec, in which he loses 400 men. A'. Y. The French abandon the important fortress at Crown Point, and surrender the valley of the Champlain without a battle. Sept. 13. P. Q. The first battle on the Plains of Abraham. After a siege of 69 days Quebec is as- saulted and the French defeated ; Gen. Wolfe falls with his third wound, and the equallv brave French general, Mont- calm, is mortally wounded. Great Brit- ain wins a vast empire by a single battle, " one of the most momentous victories in the annals of mankind." (Bancroft.) Sept. 18. P. Q. Quebec capitulates to the English. 1760 Apr. 28. P. Q. The French (temporarily* defeat the English in a second battle on the Plains of Abra- ham. May 16. P. Q. English reenforcements arrive, and the French retire from Quebec. Sept. 8. P. Q. Montreal falls into the hands of Gen. Amherst, at the head of three powerful armies. Amherst approached the city from up the river, while Murray ascended from below, and Havilami marched from the Lake Champlain region. 1763 Feb. 10. The treaty of Paris closes the French and Indian War. by which France loses the greater part of the American continent. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1694 * * P. Q. A company of amateur actors give a theatrical performance at Quebec. 1719 * * The Hudson Bay Company sends out an exploring expedition under James Knight and Barlow, to dis- CANADA. 1692, July 2-1766, Feb. *. 575 cover copper-mint's ; it is lost on Marble Island. 1731 May 19. Man. Verendre sets out to explore the far "West, and, visits Manitoba. 1741 * * Capt. Christopher Middleton visits "Wagner Inlet and Repulse Bay, in the Arctic region. 1742 * * -43 * * Verendre and bis sons discover the Rocky Mountains. 1746 * * Wagner Bay is visited by Capts. Moore and Smith. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1708* * Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xa- vier de, the first II. C. bp. of Quebec, A86. 1724 * * Carleton, Sir Guy, governor, born. 1736* * Vincennes. de, Jean Eaptiste Bissot, Sieur, founder of Vincennes, Indif A48. 1759 Sept. 13. Wolfe, James, general, victor at Quebec, A32. Montcalm. Gozon de Saint-Veran, de, Louis Joseph, ^lavqius, general, the van- quished at the battle of Quebec, A47. CHURCH. 1701 June* Mich. De la Motte Car- dillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100 Frencb, is sent from Canada to occupy Detroit. * * Jesuits try to live with the Iroquois [remaining eight years]. 1710 * * The Jesuits have become the protectors of the natives against the colonists. 1714* * Religious liberty is granted to Komau Catholics by the British. 1717 * * French priests have flanked the English colonies with more than 60 missions lying between Montreal and New Orleans on the great lakes and rivers. 1720 * * Pierre Francois Xavier Charle- voix, the Jesuit missionary, arrives. 1721 * * Mich. The Mackinaw mission is reopened by the Jesuits. * * It. Innocent XHE. is elected pope. [1724. Benedict XHI. 1730. Clem- ent XH. 1740. Benedict XTV. 1758. Clement XHI.] 1728 * * P. Q. Louis Francis Duplessis de Mornay is consecrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of Quebec. 1734 * * p. Q, Pierre Herman Dosquet is consecrated bishop of the R. C. dio- cese of Quebec. [1740, Francis Louis de Pounoy de l'Auberiviere. 1741. Henry Mary Dubreuil de Pontbriand.] 1737 * *P.Q. The Order of Grey Nuns is founded at Montreal. 1752* * Labrador. The Moravian mis- sionaries arrive. 1755* *N. S. About 7,000 Catholic Acadians are banished and scattered among the English colonies, for refus- ing to take the oath of supremacy to the King of England, as their spiritual head. 1763* * N. B. The first Baptist church in British America is formed at Nei LETTERS. I744 * * History of New France, by Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, appears. 1751 * * N. S. The Halifax Gazette is issued at Halifax. 1764 * * P. Q. The Gazette is issued at Quebec. SOCIETY. 1693 * * P. Q. The general hospital is established at Quebec. 1776 * * Loyalists from the American Colonies begin to arrive, and are aided by the Government. STATE. 1692 Nov. 26. Nova Scotia is again under the French flag. 1694* *Eng. "William HI. is sole sovereign. 1696 July 2S. JST. V. The French under Frontenae for the last time in- vade northern New York. [They are de- feated by the colonists and their Iro- quois allies.] 1697 * * Netherlands. Treaty of Rys- wick; France is to retain all of Hud- son Bay and the places held at the beginning of the "war. 1699 * * Callieres becomes governor. 1700 Sept. 8. A treaty is made with the Iroquois. 1701 * * Iberville makes his third voy- age from France to the Gulf of Mexico. Aug. 4. The French make a treaty with the Iroquois. 1702 * * Eng. Anne is enthroned. 1703 * * Vaudreuil becomes governor. 1708 * * A war-council at Montreal re- solves to invade New England with an expedition of Indians and 100 picked Canadians led by French officers. * * The French press forward their great design of uniting the region of the Great Lakes with the valley of the Mississippi by means of trading-posts and mis- sions. 1712 * * Anthony Crozart secures a monopoly of the Mississippi Company's business for five years. 1713 Apr. 11. Netherlands. ThePeaee of Utrecht ends hostilities with Canada. Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia are surrendered to the English, the French retaining only the valleys of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. The disputes between the French and English colonies continue. 1714 * * Eng. George I. is enthroned. * * N. S. Gen. Nicholson is governor. [1717, Gen. Philips ; 1724, Col. Lau- rence Armstrong : 1740, Capt. Paul Mas- carene ; 1749, Lord Cornwallis ; 1752, Peregrine Thomas Hopson; 1753, Maj. Lawrence.] 1715* * Fr. Louis XV. is enthroned. 1721 * * Pierre Charlevoix descends the Mississippi. 1726 * * Beauharnois is appointed gov- 1727 * * Eng. George II. is enthroned. 1742 * * Christopher Middleton and Moore make their discoveries in Hud- son Bay. 1746 * * Marquis de la Gallissonniere becomes governor. 1748 * * Ger. By the treaty of Aix-la- ChapeUe, Cape Breton is restored to the French in exchange for Madras. 1749 * * _52 * * Marquis de la Jon- quiere is governor. [1752, Quesne ; 1755, Vaudreuil again.] * * N S. Great Britain seriously at- tempts to colonize this Province in or- der to checkmate the French ; more than 4,000 emigrants with their families arrive. Halifax is founded by Gov. Corn- wallis. 1753 * * N. S. Lunenberg, near Hali- fax, is settled by 2,000 Germans. 1756 May * P. Q. Marquis de Mont- calm arrives in Quebec, and assumes command of the French forces. [He be- comes the greatest of the governors.] 1758 * * N. S. Great Britain grants a Constitution. 1759 Sept. IS. P.Q. Ramezayisgov- ernor at Quebec. 1760* * Eng. George IH. is enthroned. Sept. 8. -74* * The British hold all Can- ada under military rule. * * N. S. Jonathan Belcher, governor. 1762 * * N. B. The French gain [tempo- rary] possession of St. John. 1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris closes the French and Indian War [one of the most important and far-reaching in its results]. France cedes to Great Britain all of Canada, Cape Breton, St. John's Island, and all the islands fringing the coast except Miquelon and St. Pierre, which the French are to hold as fishing-stations. The 65,000 French Canadians become British subjects. Oct. 7. N. S. Cape Breton is annexed to Nova Scotia. * * Gen. Murray is appointed governor- general. * * N. S. Col. Wilmot becomes governor. [1766, Lord William Campbell ; 1773, Francis Legge ; 1782, John Parr; 1792, John Wentworth.] 1764 * * N. B. A body of Scotch labor- ers and farmers arrive, and settle in the Miramichi and other districts. 1765 * * Labrador. The coasts are at- tached to Newfoundland. Feb. 27, Mar. 8. Eng. Passage of the Stamp Act by Parliament, by which Americans are alienated. [Mar. 22. It becomes a law.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1734* * P. Q. The population of Quebec and its suburbs amounts to 4,603. 1749 * * Eng. Emigrants are sent to Nova Scotia at the expense of the British government, and Halifax is founded. 1763* *The French population is about 65,000. 1765 May 18. P.Q. Afire in Montreal consumes 108 houses ; loss, 8464,000. 576 1766,**-1818,** CANADA. ARMY — STATE. 176S * * X. ,S. Louisburg, Cape Bre- ton, is evacuated by the British troops. 1775 Apr. 19-83 Nov. 30. "War of the American Revolution. Apr. 19. Mass. The Battle of Lexing- ton begins the war ; 13 colonies rebel against Great Britain, but Canada re- mains loyal. Sept. 24. P. Q, Col. Ethan Allen, with S3 men, attempts to take Mon- treal ; all are made prisoners. Nov. 9. P. Q. Gen. Benedict Ar- nold, with 1,000 men, arrives before Quebec ; they are deterred from taking the city by the want of boats. Nov. 12. P. Q. The Americans under Gen. James Montgomery, having in- vaded Canada, attempt to surprise the British and take Montreal. Dec. 1. P. Q. Gens. Arnold and Montgomery unite their forces on the St. Lawrence. Dec. 8. P. Q. The siege of Quebec begins. Dec. 30. P. Q. Gen. Montgomery is defeated and killed before Quebec ; Gen. Arnold continues the fruitless siege. 1776 Mar. * P. Q. The Americans are expelled from Canada by Sir Guy Carleton. May 19. P. Q. Gen. Arnold, with 900 Americans, captures the British post at the Cedars, releasing 500 American prisoners. May * P. Q. The Americans are de- feated at Three Rivers. Gen. Thomas retreats from Quebec in command of the northern army. • June 2. P. Q. Gen. Thomas dies of smallpox. June 15. P. Q. The British retake Montreal from the Americans. ±* * XT, S. Gen. "William Howe leaves Halifax, and sails with his army for New York Bay. June 18. Canada is entirely evacu- ated by the Americans, " defeated, dis- contented, dispirited, diseased." Oct. 11-13. U. S. A. Sir Guy Carleton defeats Gen. Benedict Arnold in a naval battle on Lake Champlain. (See America.) * * X. S. Col. Graham defends Fort Cumberland. 1777 Mar. * P. Q. Lieut.-Gen. John Burgoyne, the successor of Sir Guy Carleton , arrives at Quebec to take com- mand of the British forces in Canada. He proposes to cut the colonies into two sections, by an expedition moving through Lake Champlain and down the Hudson River, June 1. X. Y. Gen. Burgoyne, with a British force, enters New York via Lake Champlain. [June* He advances to Crown ^*oint. Oct. 17. He surren- ders his army to the Americans.] (See America.) 1812 June 18 -15 Feb. 15. The "War of 1812, between Great Britain and the United States. (See America, p. 118+.) 1814 Dec. 14. Belgium. The war ends — on paper, by the signing of the treaty of Peace at Ghent. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1769* *-72* *_V. W. T. Samuel Hearne visits the Arctic Region; he catches a view of the Polar Sea, from the mouth of the Coppermine River. 1771 * * X. W. T. Hearne follows the Coppermine River down to the Polar Sea. 1776* * Lieut. Pickersgill visits the Polar Sea, to cooperate with Capt. Cook's Pacific Expedition. * *_80* *Capts. Cook and Clark ex- plore the coast of Bering Strait. 1778* *-79* * Capt. James Cook seeks the Northwest Passage by way of Bering Strait. 1783 Oct. 16. A strange darkness occurs about two o'clock p.m., continu- ing about 40 minutes, and afterward is repeated, but of less duration. 1789 June 3. N.W.T. Sir Alexander Mackenzie leaves Fort Chippewyan in a birch bark canoe, going northward to the Polar Sea. • June 29. N. W. T. Mackenzie discov- ers Mackenzie Biver. Sept. 12. A 7 . W. T. Mackenzie returns from exploring Mackenzie River to Fort Chippewyan. 1790* * Capt. George Vancouver makes explorations along the Pacific coast. 1792 Oct. 10. Mackenzie leaves Fort Chippewyan on an expedition [during which he ascends the Peace River, crosses the Rockies, and reaches the Pacific]. * * Ore. A Boston ship enters the mouth of the Oregon River, and the captain names it the Columbia. 1793 July 22. Mackenzie arrives at the Pacific. Aug. 24. Mackenzie arrives at Fort Chippewyan,. 1818 * * Capt. John Ross, in the Isa- bella, visits Lancaster Sound. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1780* * Feller. Henrietta, philanthropist, b. 1787 * * Baptist, John, R. 0. bishop of Que- bec, dies. Papineau, Louis .Joseph, politician and pa- triot, born. 1791 * * Kobinson. Sir John B., jurist, born. 1792 * * Nelson, Wolfred. physu-ian, born. Durham, J. G. Lambton. lord, gov.-gen., b. 1793 * * Head, Sir Francis Bond, traveler, lieut.-gov. Upper Canada, born. 1795 * * Ma.'kenxie. William 1.., insurgent, b. 1796* * Haliburton. Thomas Chandler. 1798* * MacNab, Sir Allan Napier, states- Logan, Sir Win. Edniond, geologist, born. 1799* * Faillon, Michel Etienne, Sulpician monk, publisher, born. 1800* * Caron, Rene' Edouard, statesman, born. 1803* * Ryerson, Adolphus Egerton, edu- cator, born. 1 804 * * Medley, John P., bp. of N. B., b. 1805 * ■ Read, Sir Edmund Walker, gov- ernor-general, born. Eerland, Jean Baptist* Anloine, historian. 1807 * • Hlncks, Sir Francis, statesman, b. 1608* • Carleton. Sir Guy. Lord Dorches- ter, governor of Quebec, AJM. 1809 * " (iarneau, Franqou Xavier, histo- rian, born. 1811 ■ * Elgin. Earl of, James Bruce, gov- ernor-general, born. 1812 Oct. 13. Brock, Sir Isaac, major-gen- eral, A43. 1814 * • Cartier, Sir George Etienne, stales- man, born. 1816 * * Heavvsege, Charles, poet, born. 1817* • Gait. Sir Alexander Tilloch. statesman, born. CHURCH. 1766 * * P. Q. John Olivier Briand is consecrated bishop. 1769 * * .V. S. The Burgher Presby- tery of Truro is formed. * * It. Clement XIV. is elected pope. 1771* * Labrador. Nain becomes a -station of the Moravian Bretb- 1774 * * Religious liberty is confirmed by the English to Roman Catholics. 1775 * * It. Pius "VT. is elected pope. 1778 Oct. 29. X. S. The first Bap- tist church is formed at Horton. 17S0 * * Methodism is introduced by a local preacher. 1781 * * Ont. On the death of the two missionaries at Mackinaw the Jesuit missions in the Northwest come to a close. 1782* * Labrador. Hopedale becomes a Moravian mission-station. 1784* * P. Q. Louis Philip Marian- cheau d'Esglis is consecrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of Quebec. 1787 * * Nova Scotia is erected into a bishopric of the Church of England. * * P. Q. The first congregation of Pres- byterians is formed in Quebec. 1788 * * P. Q. John Francis Hubert is consecrated bishop for the R. C. dio- cese of Quebec. 1790 * * P. Q. A Presbyterian congre- gation is formed in Montreal. 1791* * Eng. The "Clergy Re- serves" are established by Parliament. (See State.) 1792* * P. Q. St. Gabriel Street Presbyterian church is erected in Montreal, [probably the oldest Presby- terian church in America]. 1793 * * P. Q. .The first presbytery is formed in Montreal. * * The Protestant Episcopal bishop- ric of Canada is established. * * P. 0. A Protestant bishop of Que- bec is appointed by the home Govern- ment. 1794* * P. Q. The first Baptist church in the province is formed at CadwelFs Manor, near Vermont. 1797 * * P. Q. Pierre Denaut is conse- crated bishop for the R. C. diocese of Quebec. 1793* *_ 1841 * * Ont. Robert Mc- Dowell, a Presbyterian minister, or- ganizes a congregation in this Province. CANADA. 1766, **-1818,** 577 1800 * * It. Pius VH. is elected pope. * * X. S. Organization of the first Bap- tist Association in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, at Granville. 1803 * * P. Q. The first Baptist Asso- ciation is formed in this province. 1S04 * * P. Q. A Protestant cathedral is erected at Quebec. 1806 * * P. Q. Joseph Octave Plessis is consecrated bishop of the R. C. diocese of Quebec. 1817* * X. S. The Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia is formed by the union of the Burgher and Anti- Burgher presbyteries. 1818 * * An attempt to unite all the Presbyterian churches into one body fails of success. * * JV. S. The Roman Catholic dio- cese of Halifax is established. LETTERS. 1778 * * P. Q. The Weekly Gazette is issued at Montreal. 1783 * * X. S. The Royal Gazette is issued at Halifax. 1788 * * X. S. King's College is founded at Windsor. 1797* * Out. A grant of 500,000 acres of unoccupied land is set apart for the purpose of establishing and endowing a. university and four royal foundation grammar schools. 1805 * * P. Q. The Mercury is issued at Quebec. 1307 * * X.F. The Royal Gazette is is- sued at St. Johns. 1808 * * P, Q. Le Canadien is issued at Montreal. * * The Weekly Herald is issued at Mon- treal. 1810* * Ont. The Weekly News is is- sued at Kingston. 1813 * * X. S. The Acadian Recorder is issued at Halifax. * * P. Q. James M'Gillof Montreal dies, and bequeaths his property to the found- ing of a college. STATE. 1766 Mar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act is repealed. * * Sir Guy Carleton becomes governor- general. 1770 * * The government of Prince Ed- ward Island is separated from that of Nova Scotia. Capt. Walter Patterson becomes the first governor. [1775-80, Calbeck de Brisay, adminis- trator ; 1780, Capt. Patterson"; 1786, Geo. E. Fanning; 1805+ , Col. J. F. W. De Brisay; 1813, C. D. Smith; 1824, Col. Ready.] 1773 * * X. S. A legislative assembly is constituted. * * JV. S. Celtic settlers arrive. 1774* *-91* * Canada is governed under the Quebec Act. * * Eng. The Quebec Bill passes Parli- ament ; it grants unusual concessions to the Catholics of Canada, to secure their fidelity during the revolt of the English colonists. The old French laws are declared bind- ing in respect to civil rights and prop- erty, while the English criminal laws are to be enforced, and the Catholics are secured in their religion. 1776 July * Col. Guy Johnson holds a conference with the Indians at Mon- treal ; many chiefs agree to support the king's cause against the colonists [but accomplish very little]. 1778 * * Br. Col. Nootka Sound (Van- couver Island) is discovered by Capt. James Cook. * * Gen. Frederick Haldimand be- comes governor-general. 1781 * * Br. Col. Vancouver Island, near the Pacific coast, is first settled. 1783 May 18. X. B. A large body of Loyalist settlers from the United States arrive. [Total, nearly 50,000.] Sept. 3. Eng. Great Britain acknowl- edges the independence of the United States. 1784 * * Nova Scotia is divided into two Provinces by the erection of the Province of New Brunswick, with Col. Thomas Carleton governor. Cape Bre- ton is also separated, and Sydney be- comes its capital. * * P. Q. Gov. Haldimand sends sur- veyors to lay out in great lots the coun- try along the St. Lawrence and bay of Quinte and near Niagara and Amherst- burg, for the occupation of Loyalist refugees from the United States. 1786 * * Br. Col. A British settlement is made on Vancouver Island. * * Lord Dorchester becomes governor- general ; later, Gen. Prescott. 1788 * * X. B. Fredericton is made the capital of New Brunswick. 1789 * * Br. Col. The settlement at Van- couver is seized by Spaniards. 1791 * * -1840 * * Canada is governed under the Constitution. * * Canada is divided into two govern- ments, Upper and Lower Canada, and a Constitution granted providing for an elective legislature. Total population, 150,000 ; only 20,000 in Upper Canada. * * P. Q. The wild lands called " Clergy Reserves" are set apart by Parliament as an endowment for the support of the Protestant clergy. The Roman Cath- olic clergy are already endowed. The lands constitute one-seventh of all. [Great irritation follows.] 1792 Br. Col. George Vancouver goes to British Columbia to receive the Spanish possessions at Nootka Sound. Dec. 17. P. Q. The Parliament of Lower Canada firsts meets, in Quebec. * * Ont. York [Toronto] is founded. * * John Graves Simcoe becomes the first governor of Upper Canada. [1796, Peter Russdl (administrator); 1799, Gen. Peter Hunter; 1S06, Francis Gore : 1812, Gen Brock ; later Gen. Sheaffe, Gen. Murray, and Gen. Robin- son, administrators. J 1793 May * Ont. The second session of the Parliament of Upper Canada is held at Newark. Aug. * Ont. The seat of government is transferred from Newark to York. 1799 * * Lower Can. Sir R. S. Miles be- comes governor. [1808, Absentee gov- ernor ; 1824, Sir F. N. Burton.] 1S00 * * A great company of Highland- ers arrives at Cape Breton. 1807 * * Sir James H. Craig becomes governor-general. 1808 * * X. S. Sir George Provost be- comes governor. [1811, Sir John Coape Sherbrooke (ad- ministrator) ; 1816, Earl of Dalhousie ; 1820, Gen. Sir James Kempt; 1828, Sir Peregrine Maitland.] 1809 X. B. Gen. W. Huntley, adminis- trator. [1817, Gen. G. S. Smyth ; 1324, Gen. Sir Howard Douglas ; 1832, Gen. Sir Archi- bald Campbell.] 1811 * * Scot. Highlanders under the patronage of the Earl of Selkirk set out for the Northwest [Manitoba]. * * Gen. Sir George Provost becomes 1S12 June 18. The United States declares war against Great Britain. * * Man. The Highlanders found the Selkirk settlement. * * Red River Settlement. Capt. Miles Macdonell becomes governor. [1815, Alex. Macdonell; 1822, Capt. A. Bulger; 1823, Robert Pelley ; 1825, Don- ald McKenzie ; 1833, Alex. Christie; 1839, Duncan Finlayson ; 1844, Alex. Christie; 1846, Col. Crofton ; 1847, Maj. Griffiths; 1848, Maj. Caldwell; 1855, Judge Johnson ; 1858, Win. McTavish.j 1814 Dec. 24. Belghun. A treaty of peace is signed at Ghent. 1815 * * Sir Gordon Drummond is ad- ministrator. * * Upper Can. Francis Gore becomes governor. [1818, Sir Peregrine Maitland ; 1828, Sir John Colbome ; 1S36, Sir Francis Bond Head ; 1838, Sir George Arthur.] 1816 * * Man. Lord Selkirk arrives with more Highlanders. * * Sir John Coape Sherbrooke be- comes governor-general. 1817 * * P. Q. Public agitation against the " Clergy Reserves " increases. (See 1791.) * * X. S. Halifax is declared a free port. MISCELLANEOUS. 1791* *The population of Lower Canada is about 130,000 ; that of Upper Canada about 50,000. 1803 June 6. P. Q. The church, Jes- uit college, prison, and many other buildings at Montreal are burned. 1811* * Ont. The first reliable census is taken; population, 77,000. 1815 Sept. P. Q. A fire in Quebec destroys public and private property to the value of $1,300,000. 1817 * * P. Q. The Bank of Montreal and the Bank of Quebec are estab- lished, the first in Canada. 578 1819, * *-1846, Mar. * CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1837 Nov. 6. P. Q. The Papineau anti-English rebellion breaks out at Montreal; Louis J. Papineau is leader in Lower Canada, and William L. Mac- kenzie in Upper Canada ; the revolters call themselves Fits de la Liberty. Dec. * Ont. A party of 400 rebels at- tempt to surprise Toronto to gain possession of arms, but are thwarted. Dec. 14. Ont. The insurgents are defeated at St. Eustace by the loyal militia under Sir Allan McNab. 1838 June 5. Ont. Sir F. B. Head defeats the insurgents near Toronto. Nov. 3. P. Q. The rebellion again breaks out at Beauharnois. Nov. 6. Ont. The insurgent Dr. Wol- fred Nelson and his followers at Na- pierville are routed, and many killed. Nov. 17. Ont. The insurgents are again defeated at Prescott, and the insur- rection is suppressed. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1819 * * Lieut. Wm. E. Parry enters Lancaster Sound. 1820 * * Capts. John Franklin, Hood, Richardson, and Sir George Back de- scend the Coppermine River to Corona- tion Gulf, and explore eastward. 1821 * * -23 * * Parry coasts along the eastern shores of Melville Peninsula. 1824 * * -25 * * Parry explores Prince Regent's Inlet. 1825 * * -27 * * Sir John Franklin and Sir John Richardson make a sec- ond journey northward from Canada to the Polar seas. 1833* *-34* *Back descends the Great Fish or Black River, from Fort Reliance to its mouth. 1837* *-39* *Dease and Thomas Simpson, officers of the Hudson Bay Company, explore the northern coast westward from Return Reef to Cape Barrow, and eastward from Point Turn- again, north of Bathurst Inlet, to the Castor and Pollux River. 1845 May 19. Eng. Sir JohnFrank- lin sails with the Erebus and Terror in search of the Northwest Passage [he is known to have entered Lancaster Sound, but never returned]. [Thirty vessels have searched for the discovery of Franklin, or traces of his presence.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1819* * Binney, Herbert, lord bishop of Nova Scotia, born. 1820 * * Dawson, John William, geologist and naturalist, horn. Canveau, Pierre J. O., statesman, born. Taschereau, Elzear- Alexandre, cardinal, archbishop of Quebec, born. 1824* * Kirk, John Foster, historian, editor, born. 1825 * * Lewis, John T., bishop of Ontario, born in Ire. Plessis, Joseph Octave, R. C. archbishop of Quebec, dies. 1823 * * Langevin, Sir Hector Louis, states- man, born. Dufferin, Earl of. F. T. H. B.. governor- general, born. Douglas, Geo., Meth. <-l., font, pres., born. 1833 * * lioss, Alex. Hilton, naturalist, b. 1833* *Panet, Bernard Claude, JC. C. an-h- bishop of Quebec, flies. 1834* * Cornish, Geo. H., Methodist ch, h. Coughlan, Lawrence, Meth. pioneer clergy- man in Nova Scotia, A74. 1836* • UrigHS, Win., M. K. ebrjo'inan, b. 1837* * De Mille, James, novelist, horn. 1839* * Frechette, Louis Honored poet, born. 1840* * Durham, E;nl of, John G. Lambton, governor-general, A48. Vernor, Henry G., meteorologist, born. 1841 * * Lent, Charles, journalist, historian, born. 1844* * Rankin, Arthur MeKee, actor, Sand- wich, born. Kiel, Louis, insurgent, born. 1845 * * Lome, Marquis of, John George Edward Henry Doug-las Sutherland Campbell, governor-general, born. CHURCH. 1810 * * P. 0. Joseph Octave Plessis is elevated to the archbishopric. * * Ont. The upper Canada Baptist As- sociation holds its first meeting. 1821 * * The Baptist Association di- vides into the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick Associations. 1823 * * It. Leo XTT. is elected pope. 1824 * * Ont. The Methodist Confer- ence of Upper Canada is formed. * * The Missionary Society of the Meth- odist Church in Canada is organized. 1825 * * P. 0. Bernard Claude Panet is consecrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of Quebec. 1826* * Man. The mission of the Church (of England) Missionary So- ciety is started on the Red River. Jan. 27. Ont. The Roman Catholic diocese of Kingston is established. 1827 * * The Canada Education and Home Mission Society is organized. 1828* *The Methodist Episcopal Church of Canada is organized. 1829 * * It. Pius VIH. is elected pope. * * P. E. I. The Roman Catholic diocese of Charlottetown is established. 1830 * * Labrador. Hebron becomes a Moravian mission-station. * * P. Q. The first Baptist Church of Montreal is organized. * * The Synod of the Presbyterian Church of Canada is formed, in con- nection with the Church of Scotland. 1831 * * Two missionaries are sent from England by the Bible Christian For- eign Missionary Society. 1833 * * P. Q. Joseph Signay is con- secrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of Quebec. Oct. 2. The Methodist Episcopal Church resolves to unite with the Wesley- ans. * * The Ojibway Methodist missions are placed under the care of the "Wes- leyan Missionary Society. 1834 * * The Missionary Presbytery of the Canadas is formed. * *-35* * Revivals prevail in Baptist churches in eastern Canada. 1836 May 13. P.O. The Roman Cath- olic diocese of Montreal is estab- lished. * * Mr. "Wilkes, missionary of the Colo- nial Missionary Society of England, com- ' - Ont. The first meeting of the Ottawa Association of Baptist churches. 1837 * * Canada becomes a mission-field of the New Connection Methodists. * * Joyful Te iJeums are sung in the churches on the accession of Queen Victoria. But in Lower Canada the French Canadians walk out of church during the singing. 1838* * X. S. A Baptist society for the maintenance of foreign missions is organized at Chester. 1839 * * Rev. John Addyman of Eng- land begins organizing church-exten- sion work. It results in the establishment of 177 churches, having more than 4,000 mem- bers. [They become connected with the Methodist Church.] * * N. F. The Roman Catholic diocese of Newfoundland is established. 1840* * Ont. The United Synod of Upper Canada unites with the Synod in connection with the Church of Scotland. * * The union of Methodist bodies with the "Wesley ans of England is severed, forming the Wesleyan Methodists and British Wesleyans [for 7 years]. 1841 Dec. 17. Ont. The Roman Catho- lic diocese of Toronto is established. 1842* *iV r . B. The Roman Catholic dio- cese of St. John is established. 1843 * * The Canada Baptist Union is formed. 1844 * * P. Q. The Roman Catholic archdiocese of Quebec is created ; Joseph Signay, acting archbishop. Sept. 21. X. S. The Roman Catholic diocese of Arichat is established. * * Scotch Presbyterians are divided, following the action of the parent church. * * Ont. The Young Men's Christian Association is organized in London by George Williams, a junior clerk in a dry- goods house. LETTERS. 1S20 * * X. S. The Xova Scotian is is- sued at Halifax. 1821 * * P. 0. M'Gill College (Prot.) is founded at Montreal. * * X. S. The corner-stone of Dalhousie College (Prot.) is laid in Halifax. * * P. Q. The Protestant University of Montreal is founded. 1825* *P.Q. The M'Gill College (Prot.) is made a university. 1S26 * * Ont. The Journal is issued at St. Catharines. * * P. Q. La Minerve is issued weekly at Montreal. 1827 * * Ont. The University of To- ronto (King's College) is founded. * * A movement is started which results in the issue of the Baptist Missionary Magazine. 1828* * X. B. King's College is founded at Fredericton. * * Ont. The Sentinel Star is issued at Cobourg. CANADA. 1819,* —1846, Mar.*. 579 1829 * * Ont. The Christian Guardian (Meth.) is issued at Toronto. * * Ont. The Upper Canada College is founded at Toronto. 1831 * * Ont. The Guide is issued at Port Hope. 1832 * * N.F. The Times and General Commercial Advertiser is issued at St. Johns. 1833 * * P. Q. The Gazette and Eastern Townships Advertiser is issued at Quebec. * * Ont. The Intelligencer and The Onta- rio are issued at Belleville. 1834 * * Ont. The Weekly British Whig is issued at Kingston. * * Ont. The Courier is issued at Perth. 1836* * Ont. The Victoria University- is founded atCobourg, and supported by Methodists. * * Ont. The Upper Canada Academy (Meth.), Toronto, is opened. 1837 * * N. B. The Carleton Sentinel is issued at "Woodstock. * * The Christian Messenger is issued. * * Clockmaker, or the Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Siickville, first series, by Thomas Chandler Haliburton, ap- pears. [1838. Second series. 1840. Third series. 1839. The Bubbles of Canada. 1843. Sam Slick in England; also The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony.} 1838± * * P. Q. The Canada Baptist College is founded at Montreal. * * Ont. The Albert College (Meth.) is founded at Belleville. 1839 * * P. Q. The Congregational Theological College of Canada is founded at Montreal. 1841 * * Ont. The Queen's Univer- sity of Kingston is founded and sup- ported by Presbyterians. 1842 * * N. B. The Royal Gazette is is- sued at Fredericton. 1843 * * N. S. The Eastern Chronicle is issued at New Glasgow. * * P. Q. Bishop's College (Prot.) is founded at Lennoxville. 1844 * * N. B. The Reporter and Freder- icton Advertiser is issued at Fredericton. * * Ont. The Globe is issued at Toronto. 1845 * * P. Q. The Weekly Witness is is- sued at Montreal. * * -46 * * Histoire du Canada, by Fran- cois Xavier Garneau, appears. SOCIETY. 1822 * * P. Q. A general hospital is founded at Montreal. 1837 Nov. 6. P. Q. Kiots occur in opposition to the Government, at Mon- treal. 1841 Oct. 12. M'Leod, charged with the destruction of the Caroline, is ac- quitted at Utica, N. Y. (See p. 148.) STATE. 1818 * * A convention with the United States is made. It provides that Americans may fish on certain coasts of Newfoundland, of Labrador, and of some expressly defined islands, but are prohibited the liberty to take, cure, or dry fish within three marine miles of coasts not thus specified. * * The Duke of Richmond becomes governor-general. 1819* * Ont. Sir Peregrine Maitland is lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada. 1820 * * N. S. Cape Breton is rean- nexed. * * Eng. George IV. is enthroned. * * The Earl of Dalhousie becomes gov- ernor-general. 1822 * * A legislative union is pro- posed for Upper and Lower Canada. 1828 * * N". S. Highlanders arrive at Cape Breton. * * Sir James Kempt becomes adminis- trator. 1829* *Sir John Colborne (Baron Seaton) is governor of Canada. 1830* * Eng. "William IV. is en- throned. * * Lord Aylmer becomes governor-gen- eral. 1831 * * P. E. I. Col. A. "W. Young be- comes governor. [1836, Col. Sir J. Harvey ; 1837, Sir C. A. Fitzroy; 1841. Sir H. V. Huntley; 1847, Sir Donald Campbell : 1851, Sir A. Bannerman ; 1854, Doniinick Daly ; 1859, George Dundas ; 1870, W. C. F. Robin- son.] 1834 * * iV. S. Sir Colin Campbell be- comes governor. [1840, Viscount Falkland; 1846, Sir John Harvey (administrator) ; 1852, Sir J. G. Le Marohant; 1858, The Earl of Mulgrave (administrator); 1864, Sir R. G. Macdonnell ; 1865, Sir Fen wick Wil- liams.] 1835 * * The Earl of Gosford becomes governor-general. 1837 June 20. Eng. Victoria suc- ceeds to the throne. * * N. B. Gen. Sir John Harvey becomes governor. [1841, Sir "William Colebrook ; 1848, Sir E. W. Head; 1854, J. H. Sutton; 1862, A. Gordon ; 1866, Gen. Doyle.] Nov. 6. An anti-English rebellion breaks out under Louis J. Papineau in Lower Canada and Dr. William L. Mac- kenzie in Upper Canada. (See Army.) 1838 Jan. 16. Lord Durham is ap- pointed governor-general. * * Lord Durham makes his important report on the state of Canada. He recommends, (1) a federal union of the Provinces, (2) the construction of an intercolonial railroad, (3) the organi- zation of an Executive Council which shall be responsible to the Assembly. Apr. 12. The insurrectionists Lount and Matthews are hanged. * * Ont. Insurgent Mackenzie issues a proclamation declaring Canada a, republic, and raises a flag having two stars, one for each Canada. Oct. 9. Lord Durham resigns the office of governor-general. Dec. * Sir John Colborne becomes gov- ernor-general. Dec. 5. P. Q. Lord Gosford, governor of Lower Canada, offers a reward of £1,000 for the apprehension of Papi- neau, * * Gov. Sir John Colborne leaves Can- ada in haste, resembling a flight. * * The Hudson Bay Fur Company monopolizes the government of a vast territory. 1839 Sept. * Chas. Powlett Thomp- son (Lord Sydenham) becomes governor- general. He is commissioned to carry out the union scheme of Lord Durham. Nov. 4. P. Q. Martial law is pro- claimed at Montreal to suppress rebel- lion, etc. 1840 * * -67 * * Canada is governed under the Union Bill. Feb. 10. Upper and Lower Canada are reunited in legislative union, after a separation of 49 years. The country is called the Province of Canada. 1841 June 13. Ottawa. The first Parliament of Canada opens with great ceremony. Oct. * Sir Charles Bagot becomes gov- ernor-general. 1842 Aug. 9. U. S. A. The Ash- burton Treaty is signed at Washing- ton by Lord Ashburton and Daniel Web- ster. It settles a vexing boundary question respecting 12,000 square miles of terri- tory between Maine and New Brunswick, and allots 7,000 to the United States and 5,000 to Great Britain. 1843 Feb. * Sir Charles T. Metcalfe (Lord Metcalfe) becomes governor-gen- eral. 1846 * * Br. Col. The Hudson Bay Company select Victoria, on Vancou- ver Island, as their port and capital. Mar. * The Earl of Cathcart becomes governor-general. MISCELLANEOUS. 1821 * * P. Q. The Lachine Canal is commenced, for passing the rapids of the St. Lawrence. * * Ont. The Welland Canal is com- menced. 1825 Oct. 7+. N. B. The Miramichi fire is a great calamity. Many lives and dwellings are lost. [Aid is sent to the sufferers from the United States.] * * The population of Canada is 581,920. [1831. Population is 1,069,000.] 1832 June 8. P. Q. The first case of cholera in America occurs at Quebec. [It sweeps through all the large towns and villages.] 1834 * * Ont. Name of the city of York is changed to Toronto. 1836 July* The first railroad is 1837 * * The commercial crisis in the United States causes a crisis in Canada, especially in Lower Canada. 1844 * * There are only 14 miles of railroad in the country. 1845 May 28. P.Q. A fire in Quebec destroys 1,650 houses, the homes of 12,000 persons. June 29. P. Q. A second fire in Quebec destroys 1,365 houses; two- thirds of the town having been consumed by the two fires. 1846 Jan. 12. P. Q. Fifty lives are lost in the burning of a theater at Quebec. 580 1846, * *-1864, Oct. 19. CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1858 * * A regiment is raised for the British Army, and called the 100th of the line. 1859 Jan. 10. Eng. The Prince of "Wales presents the colors to the 100th of the line at Shornclirle Camp. 1861 Dec. * Eng. The British govern- ment sends 3,000 soldiers to Canada, and makes other warlike preparations, because of the seizing of Mason and Slidell on the Trent. (See U. S. p. 200.) 1864 Oct. 19. P. Q. A force of Con- federate raiders leave Canada and at- tack St. Albans, Vermont. They rob the bank, steal horses, kill one man, and wound others. [Oct. 21. Arrested.] ART - SCIENCE — NATURE. 1846* *-47* * Dr. 'John Eae, by sledge journeys of more than 1,200 miles, explores Boothia. 1848 * * N. W. T. Dr. John Kae makes a journey in search of Franklin from the Mackenzie to the Coppermine River. 1850 * * Br. Col. Gold is discovered near Fraser River, and coal on Vancou- ver Island. 185 1 * * Rae explores the southern shores of "Wollaston and Victoria Lands, tra- cing 700 miles of coast. * * Sir Robert McClure enters Bering Strait, and crosses to Lancaster Sound, thus accomplishing the Northwest Pas- sage, but he is compelled to abandon his ship. 1853 * * Rae explores the Quoich River for 200 miles. 1854 * * Rae proves by exploration that King "William's Land is an island. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1848 * * Allen, Grant, author, born. 1861 * -Mackenzie, "William Lyon, leader of insurgents, A66. 1865 * * MaeNab, Sir Allan Napier, states- man, A 64. 1863 * * Elgin, Earl of, James Bruce, statesman, novt-'rimr-peneral, A52. Robinson, Sir John B., jurist, A72. CHURCH. 1846 * * Ore. A Roman Catholic see is erected in Oregon, dependent on Can- ada. * * It, Pius IX. is elected pope. 1847 July 25. Ont. The Roman Cath- olic diocese of Ottawa is established. * * N.S. The Congregational Conf er- * * The "United Presbyterian Synod in Canada" is organized. * * N. B. The Baptist Association di- vides into Eastern and "Western Associ- ations. * * Man. The Roman Catholic diocese of St. Boniface is established. J. N. Provencher is its first bishop. * * The Methodist Union with the Brit- ish Wesleyan Conference is restored. * * Br. Col. The diocese of Vancou- ver Island is established. 1849 * * P. Q. The Episcopal bishopric of Montreal is established. 1850 * * P. Q. Peter Flavian Turgeon is consecrated bishop of the R. C. dio- cese of Quebec. * * N. B. The Southern Baptist Asso- ciation is formed. 1851 Nov. 23. Alex. A. Tache is con- secrated Roman Catholic bishop. Dec. 9. P. Q. Organization of the Mon- treal Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation. 1852 * * P. Q. St. Peter's Cathedral at Montreal is projected by Bishop Bourget. * * P. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese of Three Rivers is established. May 4. N. S. The archdiocese of Halifax is created, comprising all but three counties of Nova Scotia proper, and Bermuda Islands. June 8. P. Q. The Roman Catholic di- ocese of St. Hyacinthe is established. 1853 June 7. Man. Alexandre Anto- nin Tache becomes R. C. bishop of St. Boniface. * * The Congregational Missionary So- ciety is organized. * * The Congregational Conference of Canada is organized. 1854 * * The Wesleyans of eastern Can- ada and of the Hudson Bay missionary work are incorporated into the Metho- dist Church of Canada. 1855 * * Several Methodist circuits in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and New- foundland are formed into a confer- ence. 1856 * * Ont. The Roman Catholic dio- cese of Hamilton is established. Feb. 21. Ont. The Roman Catholic di- ocese of London is established. 1859 Nov. 30. Man. V i t a 1 i s J. Grandin [Bishop of St. Albert] is con- secrated bishop of Satala and coadjutor bishop of St. Boniface. 1860 Apr. 15. N. B. John Sweeny is consecrated R. C. bishop of St. John. May 8. N. B. The Roman Catholic di- ocese of Chatham is established. Aug. 15. N. B. James Rogers is con- secrated R. C. bishop of Chatham. P.E.I. Peter Mclntyre is conse- crated R. C. bishop of Charlottetown. * * N.S. The Presbyterian Church of Nova Scotia and the Free Church unite. 1861 * * The Presbyterian Church and the United Presbyterian Church unite in forming "The Canadian Presby- terian Church." * * The Free Church and the United Presbyterian Church unite. 1862 * * The R. C. vicariate apostolic of Athabasca-Mackenzie is established. * * Br. Cot. The Christian settlement of Metlakahtla, on the const, is founded by the agent of the Church (of England) Mission Society. LETTERS. 1846 * * Ont. The Citizen is issued at Ottawa. 1847 * * Ont. The Weekly Free Press Is issued at London. * * Ont. The Examiner is issued at Peter- borough. * * P. Q. The Chronicle is issued at Que- bec. * * P. E. I. The Examiner and Island Argus is issued at Charlottetown. 1848 * * N. S. The Presbyterian Wit- ness and Evangelical Advocate is issued at Halifax. * * Ont. The Freeholder is issued at Corn- wall. * * Ont. The Weekly Spectator is issued at Hamilton. * * Ont. The school system of Upper Canada is remodeled. * * Baptists start the Christian Visitor. * * Oliver Cromtvell and the Protectorate, by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears. 1849 * * Ont. The title of King's Col- lege, Toronto, is changed to the Uni- versity of Toronto. 1850 * * -V. S. The Wesleyan is issued at Halifax. 1851** Ont. The University of Trinity College, Toronto, is founded on the suppression of the faculty of King's College. * * Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears. 1852 * * N. S. The Casket is issued at Antigonish. * * Ont. The Weekly Expositor is issued at Brantford. * * P. Q. The Laval University (Rom. Cath.) is founded at Quebec. 1853 * * Ont. The Christian Messenger [1854. The name is changed to the Cana- dian Baptist] is started at Toronto. * * N. B. The Religious Intelligencer is issued at Fredericton. * * Ont. The Review is issued at Peter- borough. 1854 * * Ont. The Weekly Beacon is is- sued at Stratford. 1855 * * P. Q. The Advertiser is issued at Waterloo. * * Nature and Human Nature, by Thomas Chandler Haliburton, ap- pears. * * Ode on Shakespeare, by Charles Heavy- sege, appears ; also Jephtha's Daughter. * * Acadian Geology, by John William Dawson, appears. 1S56* * Ont. The Canadian Baptist College is founded. 1857 * * Ont. The "Wesleyan Female College of Hamilton is founded by Methodists. ± * * N. B. The Mount Allison "Wes- leyan College (Meth.) is founded at Sackville. * * Ont. The Tribune is issued at Wel- land. CANADA. 1846, * *-1864, Oct 19. 581 * * P. Q. he Courrier du Canada is is- sued at Quebec. * * Saul : A Drama in three Parts, by Charles Heavysege, appears. 1858 * * B. C. The Colonist is issued at Victoria. * * N. S. The Colonial Standard is is- sued at Pictou. * * Ont. The Times is issued at Hamilton. * * Archala, by John "William Dawson, appears. * * Helena*s Household, by James De Mille, appears. 1859 * * N, B. The Globe is issued at St. John. * * Ont. The Free Press is issued at Lon- don. * * Ont. The Southern Counties Journal is issued at St. Thomas. * * XT. F. The Standard is issued at Har- bour Grace. 1860 * * P. Q. The Witness is issued at Montreal. 1861 * * -65 * * Cours d'histoire du Ca- nada, by JeanBaptiste Antoine Ferland and Laverdiere, appears. 1862 * * iV. B. The Telegraph is issued at St. John. * * Prehistoric Man, by Sir Daniel Wil- son, appears. 1863 * * Ont. The Advertiser is issued at London. * *-68* * History of Charles the Bold, by John Foster Kirk, appears. SOCIETY. 1849 Apr. 25. P. Q. The Loyalists of Montreal enter the Parliament House, djive out the members, and set fire to the building ; they also burn the Library of the Provinces ; the disorder is occasioned by dissatisfaction concerning the payment for losses suffered during the rebellion. 1853 June 6. P. Q. Alessandro Ga- vazzi, the Italian priest and agitator,, lectures in Quebec against " popery," and raises a riot. June 9. P. Q. A mob attacks Father Gavazzi while lecturing at Montreal ; military fire ; 10 killed and 16 wounded. * * The Sunday closing of liquor-shops is enforced. 1860 * * The Prince of "Wales visits Canada to take a part in laying the cor- ner-stone of the Government buildings at Ottawa, and to honor the opening of the "Victoria Bridge across the St. Law- rence at Montreal. [July 30. N. S. He arrives at Hali- fax. Aug. 18. He arrives at Quebec. Aug. 25. He arrives at Montreal. Sept. 1. He arrives at Ottawa. Sept. 20. He leaves Canada for the United States.] 1864 June 8. Many Fenians flee be- cause of the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. STATE. 1847* * Eng. The Imperial Govern- ment abandons all control over the customs of Canada, Jan. 30. The Earl of Elgin takes oath as governor-general. 1849* * Br. Col. The Hudson Bay Company declines to refer a question respecting their trade and territory to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The British Government grants Vancouver Island to the com- pany ; R. Blanshard, governor. * * The Government dismisses 17 ma- gistrates implicated in an address in favor of the annexation of Canada to the United States. 1850 Feb. * A movement for annex- ation to the United States is made ; Earl Grey, Colonial Secretary, sends a despatch warning against the movement as an act of high treason. 1851 Jan. 27. Earl Grey, Secretary of State for the Colonies, relinquishes to the Legislature of Canada the right to dispose of the Clerical Reserves. * * The Canadian Post-office Depart- ment is received from the British Gov- ernment, and a uniform postage rate of threepence for a half-ounce is estab- lished. * * Vancouver Is. James Douglas be- comes governor. [1864, Capt. Kennedy.] 1853 May 9. Eng. Parliament abol- ishes the " Clergy Reserves." 1854 * * Sir Edmund Head becomes governor-general. June 5. The Reciprocity Treaty with the United States is signed. [It lasts 10 years. 1 1855 * * An Act is passed which leads to the organization of the first volunteer force. 1856 * * It is provided that the mem- bers of the Upper House or Legislative Council, formerly nominated by the Crown, shall be chosen hereafter by the votes of Canadian electors. Apr. 17- P. Q. Quebec is made the seat of the Government. 1857 * * The Hudson Bay Company is restricted by the Crown in estab- lishing monopolies of government and trade. 1858 * * A constitutional crisis occurs. The Queen is asked to decide upon a seat of government iu Canada ; and five cities claim the honor, including Quebec, Toronto, Montreal, and Bytown (Ot- tawa). Aug. * Ont. The Queen selects Ot- tawa as the site for the capital. [The decision is unpopular.] 1859 * * Br. Cot. James Douglas be- comes governor. 1861 Nov. 28. Lord Monck assumes the office of governor-general. 1862 May 20-23. Ottawa. The Min- istry of Sir George E. Cartier is de- feated on a Militia Bill. John A. Macdonald becomes the premier of a new Ministry. July* Ottawa. The Assembly passes a Militia Bill providing 5,000 militia and 5,000 reserves. [English complaint is expressed at the small provision made for the public defense.] 1863 May 20. Ottawa. Sir John A. Macdonald is again appointed premier. Sept. * Ottawa. A new Militia Bill passes the Assembly. Sept. * Peace with the United States is threatened by the belligerent action of two Confederates. Confederates seize two American steamboats, the Philo Parsons and the Island Queen, for the purpose of releas- ing Confederate prisoners on Johnson's Island, in Lake Erie. * * The rights of the Hudson Bay Com- pany are sold to a new proprietary, hav- ing Sir Edmund Head for chairman. 1864 June 5. The United States closes the Treaty of Reciprocity. The alleged reason is to hasten annex- ation by the commercial depression of Canada. Canadians claim to fall back on the Convention of 1818 respecting the fisheries. Sept. 1. The governments of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Ed- ward Island are represented in a meet- ing at Charlottetown by delegates, which arranges for the union of the three Provinces. Oct. 10. P. Q. The Quebec Scheme of Confederation is devised. MISCELLANEOUS. 1847 * * The Grand Trunk Railroad is commenced. 1850 * * P. Q. Montreal suffers from a great fire. Nov. 11. Xf. B. A fire at Fredericton destroys 300 dwellings. 1851 * * The population is 2,482,000. 1852 July 8. P. Q. Montreal is par- tially destroyed by fire; the loss is estimated at a million sterling. 1854 Feb. 1. P. Q. The splendid Parliament House at Quebec is burned with valuable philosophical apparatus. May 24. P. Q. The Victoria Rail- road Bridge at Montreal is com- menced. * * The Great "Western Railroad is commenced. 1855 Jan. 5. P. Q. Much damage ia done to the Victoria Tubular Bridge at Montreal by floating ice. 1856 Nov. 12. Ont. The Grand Trunk Railroad, 850 miles long, is opened from Quebec to Toronto. , Dec. 10. P. Q. The cathedral at Mon- treal is destroyed by fire. 1858 * * N. F. The Atlantic Cable is laid. (See U. S. A.) * * -QG * * There is a great influx of gold-diggers into British America. 1860 Aug. 25. P. Q. The Prince of "Wales formally opens the Victoria Railroad. 1861 * * -B5 * * Canada is commercially benefited by the Civil War in the United States, which increases the demand for farm stock and provisions at abnormally high prices. * * N. S. Gold is discovered. * * The population numbers 3,090,561. 1864 June 29. P. Q. A train runs off the bridge at St. Hilaire, and kills about 83 persons, and wounds 200. 582 1864, Oct. 20-1875, Oct. 24. CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1864 Oct. 20. P. Q. About 20,000 vol- unteers meet at Quebec to consider the advisability of forming a Canadian Confederation. The basis of a Con- federation is agreed upon. Dec. * Great excitement follows Gen. Dix*s proclamation threatening repri- sals if Confederate invasions continue. 1866 Mar. 9. Fenians threaten an invasion from the United States. Mar. 15. The Government calls out 10,000 volunteers to repel the Fe- nians. June 1. Ont. A force of 1,500 Fenians under Gov. O'Neil cross the Niagara near Black Rock into Canada. June 2. Ont. The Fenian raiders are repulsed by the volunteers, (p. 252.) The American troops capture many returning Fenians. June 7. P. Q. Fenians under Spear enter Canada from "Vermont. June 8. Canada has about 3 5,000 men under arms. June 9. P. Q. Many Fenians return to the United States. 1868 May 24. P.Q. The Fenians make another raid from the United States, and are repelled. 1869 July 23. Man. An expedition of 1,200 men, led by Col. Garnet Wolse- ley, lands at Fort Garry, and quiets the settlers by a proclamation. The settlers object to being a colony of a colony, and complain that they were not consulted in the transfer to the Do- minion. 1870 Jan. * Man. The Kiel rebellion occurs. 1871 Oct. 12 + . The Fenians pro- pose an attack on Manitoba, but are frustrated by the United States troops. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1866 Nov. * Ont. Gold is discovered in Hastings County. 1870 Oct. 20. P.Q. An earthquake does much damage at Quebec. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1865* * Haliburton, Thomas Chandler (Sam Sttr/i-), Nova Seotiun humorist, A (1!). Nelson, Wolfml, physician, A73. 1866* * (iariu-au, Fraiin.Ls Xavier, historian, A57. 1867 * * Turgeon, Peter Flavian, R. C. arch- bishop of Quebec, dies. 1868 * * Head. Sir Edmund Walter, gov- ernor-general, A63. Feller, Henrietta, Swiss nhilan., A88. 1870* * Faillon, Michel Etienne, Monk of St. Sulpiee, publisher, A71. Baillargeon, Francis, R. C. archbishop of Quebec, dies. 1871 * * Papineau, Louis Joseph, politi- cian, revolutionist, AM. , 1873* * ('artier. Sir George Etienne, states- A59. CHURCH. 1864 Nov. 29. Henri- Joseph Faraud is consecrated vicar apostolic of Atha- basca-Mackenzie. 1865 * * Labrador. Zoar becomes a Mo- ravian mission- station. 1866 Oct. 18. Ont. The Auxiliary to the American Baptist Missionary- Union in Beamsville is organized. * * N. S. — N. B. The churches of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick unite to form the Presbyterian Church of the Lower Provinces. 1867 Jan. 15. P.Q. TheRomanCath- olic diocese of Rimouski is established. Feb. 25. P. Q. Louis F. Lafieche is consecrated R. C. bishop of Three Rivers. May 1. P. Q. Jean Langevin is conse- crated R. C. bishop of Rimouski. Aug;. 15. J. Clut is consecrated coad- jutor vicar apostolic of Athabasca-Mac- kenzie. Oct. 17. Rev. A. V. Trinpany and his wife, with Miss June Bates, are desig- nated the first missionaries to the heathen of the Ontario and Quebec Baptists. Nov. 10. Ont. John "Walsh is conse- crated R. C. bishop of Sandwich [arch- bishop of Toronto]. * * P. Q. Charles Francis Baillargeon is consecrated R. C. bishop of Quebec. 1868 * *N.S. — N. B. The Presbyte- rian Synods of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Church of Scotland unite in forming one synod. * * P. E. I. The Baptist Association is formed. 1870 Mar. 18. Ont. The Roman Cath- olic archdiocese of Toronto is created. May 22. N. S. John Cameron is con- secrated bishop at Rome. [Afterward translated to Antigonisk.] * * The first General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church is held. 1871* * Labrador. Raman becomes a Moravian mission-station. Mar. 19. P. Q. El zear- Alexandre [Car- dinal] Taschereau is consecrated R. C. archbishop of Quebec. Sept. 22. Alberta. The Roman Catholic diocese of St. Albert is established, with Vitalis J. Grandin as bishop. — — Man. The Roman Catholic diocese of St. Boniface is made an archbish- opric and Alexandre Antonin Tache is nominated archbishop. * * The "Woman's Board of Foreign Missions is organized. 1873 May 1. P. Q. Edward C. Fabre is consecrated R. C. bishop of Montreal. * * The Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec surrender their organization to an independent Board of Foreign Missions under their Convention. They send out seven missionaries. 1874 Oct. 25. Ont. Joseph T. Duha- mel is consecrated Roman Catholic bishop of Ottawa. * * P. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese of Sherbrooke is established. Oct. 18. P. Q. Antoine Racine is con- secrated R. C. bishop of Sherbrooke. * * The "Wesleyan and New Connec- tion Methodists unite, and form the Methodist Church of Canada. * • Albert Carman is elected bishop of the Canada Methodist Episcopal Church. 1875 June* The four Presbyterian branches meet in Montreal, and com- bine to form the Presbyterian Church of Canada. Oct. 24. Br. Col. Paul Durien is con- secrated R. C. bishop of New Westmin- ster. LETTERS. 1866* * The Dodge Club, by James De Mille, appears. 1867 * * Ont. The Gazette is issued at Almonte. * * P.Q. UEvknement is issued at Quebec. * * N. S. The Hants Journal is issued at "Windsor. * * La voix d'un exile, by Louis Honore - Frechette, appears. 1869 * * Chatterton, by Sir Daniel Wil- son, appears. 1870* * Ont. The Packet is issued at Orilla. * * The American Baron, by James De Mille, appears. 1871 * * Man. Le Manitoba is issued at St. Boniface. * * N. B. The School Act is passed, re- quiring trustees to provide accommoda- tions for all persons between the ages of five and twenty, free of charge. * * The Comedy of Terrors, by James De Mille, appears; also The Cryptogram. 1872 * * Man. The Manitoba Free Press is issued at Winnipeg. * * K. S. The Advocate is issued at Syd- ney. * * Ont. The Mail is issued at Toronto. * * Story of the Earth and Man, by John William Dawson, appears. 1873 * * Caliban, the Missing Link, by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears. 1874* * Ont. The Echo is issued at Amherstburg. * * Ont. The Ontario Ladies' College (Meth.) is founded. SOCIETY. 1868 Apr. 7- Ont. Thomas D'Arey McGee, M. P., is assassinated when returning from Parliament. Fenians are suspected. Sept.± * Prince Albert is in Canada, and visits the Provinces. 1869 Feb. * Ont. A man named "Whelan, convicted of the murder of Thomas D'Arey McGee, is executed. 1870 Mar.± * Man. An insurrection breaks out in the Northwest. (See Army.) 1873 ** Aug. 13. Ont. The Ministry is charged with corruption in connec- tion with the Pacific Railroad. 1S75 Sept.* P. Q. The attempt to bury Joseph Guibord in consecrated ground, while under the censure of the Roman Catholic Church, for possessing forbidden books, causes a riot in Montreal. [His right to burial against the decision of the clerical authorities is maintained by the judicial committee CANADA. 1864, Oct. 20-1875, Oct. 24. 583 of the Privy Council after niucli liti- gation.] * * A convention of temperance men is lield in Montreal. [Out of this Convention has grown " The Dominion Alliance for the Total Suppression of the Liquor Traffic."] Sept. 26. P. Q. A riot, in which one man is killed, attends a Roman Catholic memorial procession in Montreal. STATE. 1864 Dec. 14. P. Q. The Confed- erate raiders into St. Albans, Vt., are discharged by Judge Coursol. 1865 Feb. * P. Q. The Legislatures of Upper and Lower Canada meet in Que- bec, and adopt the Union Scheme by a large majority. Mar. 7. New Brunswick rejects the plan of Confederation. Mar. 23. Eng. Parliament grants £50,000 for the defense of Canada. Mar. 30. P. Q. The St. Albans Con- federate raiders are finally discharged by the court. Apr. 10. Secretary Seward of the United States abandons the effort to extradite the Confederate raiders. Nov. 22. Ottawa. The Executive first meets here. * * The Dominion allows the United States the temporary use of the fisheries as under the Reciprocity Treaty, by the payment of a nominal license fee of 50 cents a ton. 1866 June 8. Ottawa. The Parlia- ment is opened for the first time by Lord Monck, Governor-General. * * The Treaty of Reciprocity with the United States is abrogated. * * Br. Col. The Province of British Columbia is formed by uniting the immense British territory in the north under one government. * * Canada calls on the United States to pay its expenses in repelling Fe- nians; the President issues a procla- mation calling upon the Fenians to dis- perse. 1867 Mar. 29. Eng. Parliament passes the British North America Act. It provides for the voluntary Imperial union of the four provinces, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns- wick; the Confederation, is to be called the Dominion of Canada, and have a Parliament of two houses,— a Senate and a House of Commons. Apr. 12. Quebec. Parliament passes the Railway Loan Act. July 1. The Act of Confederation takes effect, uniting the four Prov- inces. July 2. Ottawa. Lord Monck, the Governor-General, is sworn into office as Viceroy of the Dominion. Nov. 6. Ottawa. The new Dominion Parliament meets. * * N. B. Gen. Doyle is appointed admin- istrator. [1868, L. A. "Wilmot, governor ; 1873, S. L. Tilley; 1878, E. B. Chandler; 1S80, B. D. Wilmot ; 1885, Sir S. L. Tilley.] * * Ont. Gen. Stisted becomes adminis- trator. [1868, W. P. Rowland; 1873, John Crawford ; 1875, D. A. Macdonald ; 1S80, J. B. Robinson.] * * N. S. Sir Charles H. Doyle is lieu- tenant-governor. Gen. Williams, admin- istrator. * * Que. Sir N. F. Belleau becomes gov- ernor. [1873, R. E. Caron ; 1876, Lettelier de St. Just ; 1879, T. Robitaille.] 1868 * * iV. B. Lemuel A. "Wilmot is lieutenant-governor. * * N. S. Gen. Doyle becomes governor. [1873, Joseph Howe ; later, A. G. Ar- chibald ; 1883, M. H. Richey.] Dec. 29. Ottawa. Lord Monck having resigned, Sir John Young (Lord Lis- gar) is appointed governor-general. 1869 Mar.* Newfoundland declines to enter the union with Canada. Dec. 1. The Hudson Bay Company parts with its monopoly of government in the Northwest ; it is transferred to the Dominion of Canada. 1870 Jan. * A revolt against the an- nexation of the Northwest is led by Louis Kiel, who proclaims the inde- pendence of the people, and seizes the funds of the Hudson Bay Company. May 12. Man. The Province of Manitoba is formed of Rupert Land, with Adams G. Archibald governor ; he is also appointed governor of the Red River Settlement. Aug. 9. The Loan Act for Canadian defenses is passed. * * Br. Col. The new Province of British Columbia is added to the Do- minion of Canada. * * The Hudson Bay Company finally closes its ports with its government in the Northwest. The Northwest Territory is transferred to the Dominion for £300,000 compensa- tion and possession of its ports and trade, with a right to the twentieth part of lands surveyed for future settlers and for protection against exceptional taxa- tion. * * The Manitoba Act passes ; it defines the boundaries of the Prairie Province. * * Manitoba is created a province, and Lepine and Louis Kiel, two half- breeds, rebel against the authorities of the Dominion. Louis forms a provis- ional government, confiscates prop- erty, and banishes persons. * * The Fisheries Dispute with the United States is limited to the question of the three-mile limit. Canada claims that it extends directly across from headland to headland, re- gardless of bays and other indents. The United States claims a line following the sinuosity of the coast. 1871 May 8. The Treaty of Wash- ington is signed. It provides for the settlement of four disputes: 1, the San Juan ownership; 2, the Alaska boundary line; 3, the sub- ject of fisheries, providing an arrange- ment to continue for 12 years ; 4, Ex- penses incurred by repelling Fenians. June 29. Eng. Parliament passes the British North American Act author- izing the Parliament of Canada to estab- lish new Provinces. June * Canadians oppose the Treaty of "Washington in disapproval of the fish- eries clause. Dec. 23. Ottawa. A Liberal Ministry is organized, with Edward Blake pre- mier. * * British Columbia, including Van- couver Island, is admitted into federal relations with the Dominion. * * _72 * * Man. A great immigration of Russian Mennonites enters the North- west. * * -72 * * Br. Col. The San Juan Isl- and is settled by British herders and an American squatter. [The shooting of a pig raises the question of territorial rights, and invokes the San Juan dispute. See p. 279.] * * Br. Col. J. W. Trutch becomes gov- ernor ; also governor of Vancouver Island. [1876, A. N. Richards ; 1881 , C. F. Cornwall.] 1872 * * P.E. I. The Province of Prince Edward Island is admitted into the Confederation. May 22. Eng. Lord Dufferin is ap- pointed governor-general. June 25. Ottawa. Lord Dufferin (Earl) is inaugurated governor-general. * * Bed River Settlement. Alex. Morris becomes governor. [1877, Joseph E. Cau- chon ; 1882, J. C. Aikins.] 1873 June 1. N. S. Joseph Howe is appointed lieutenant-governor. [He soon dies.] * * N. S. Adams George Archibald becomes lieutenant-governor. Aug. 13. Ottawa. Parliament is sud- denly prorogued ; charges of corrup- tion in connection with the Canadian Pacific Railroad are made against the Ministry of Sir John A. Macdonald. Sept. * Premier Macdonald admits to the Commission of Inquiry that money was received from Sir Hugh Allan. Oct. 23. Ottawa. Parliament meets. Nov. 5. Ottawa. The Macdonald Minis try resigns. Nov. 7. Ottawa. A new Ministry is formed, with Alexander Mackenzie premier. 1874 * * Prince Edward Island unites with the Dominion of Canada under cer* tain conditions. * * P. E. I. Sir P. Hodgson becomes governor. [1879, T. H. Haviland j 18S4, A. A. Macdonald.] 1875 Feb. 4. U. S. A. The Senate re- jects the new Reciprocity Treaty with Canada. MISCELLANEOUS. 1866 Oct. 14. P. Q. A fire in the French quarter of Quebec destroys 2,500 houses and 17 churches, leaving nearly 20,000 persons homeless. * * 2f. E. The Great Eastern steamship successfully lays another cable. 1870 May 24. P. Q. A fire destroys 500 houses at Quebec. 1871* *The population numbers 3,833,000. >84 1875, * *-1887, May. * CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1885 * * Man. Kiel's second rebellion breaks out. Troops are hastened for- ward from various parts of the Domin- ion. Mar. 25-27. Saskatchewan. Capt. Cro- zier attacks the rebels, and kills many, yet they force him to fall back. Col. Irvine evacuates and burns Fort Carl- ton, and falls back. Apr. 1. Saskatchewan. Indians be- siege Battleford. Col. Irvine remains at Prince Al- bert, unable to move against the rebels. Apr. 24. Saskatchewan. Col. Otter defeats the Indians and relieves Bat- tleford. Col. Middleton defeats the rebels in a fight at Fish Creek. May 3. Saskatchewan. The rebels make a determined resistance near Battle- ford, but are finally defeated by Col. Otter. May 9. Saskatchewan. Gen. Middleton carries the rebel defenses at Batoehe, aided by Capt. Howard of the United States. May 14. Saskatchewan. The Indians, led by Poundmaker, capture a supply train of 31 waggons, which they succeed in retaining. May 15. Saskatchewan. Louis Riel surrenders, and many of his men. Big Bear and Poundmaker, with 1,500 Indians, refuse to surrender. May 26. Saskatchewan. Chief Pound- maker and other Indians surrender. May 28-29. Saskatchewan. Gen. Strange attacks the intrenched camp of Big Bear, near Port Pitt, and drives him out. June 7. Saskatchewan. Big Bear's army is divided and pursued by Gens. Middleton and Strange, who report his July 3. Saskatchewan. Big Bear is captured. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1883 July 11, 12±. Ont. A flood in the Thames Valley does much damage, and causes about 30 deaths. 1886 Apr. 17,18. P.Q. Anice-gorge at Montreal causes an inundation ; dam- age, $1,500,000. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1875 * * Head, Sir Francis Bond, traveler, lieutenant-governor of I'pper Canada, AH2. * * Logan, Sir William Edmund, geologist-, A77. 1876 * * Caroii, Rene - Edouard, statesman, A76. Heavvsege, Charles, poet, A60. 1880 * * be Mille, James, novelist, A43. 1882 * * Ryerson, Adolnlms Egerton, educa- tionist, A79. 1885* * Hiiii-ks, Sir Francis, statesman, A7S. Sept. 30. Glover, Sir John H,, governor of Nova Scotia, dies. Nov. 16. Riel, Louis, insurgent, A40. CHURCH. 1876 Jan. 16. P. Q. Louis Z. Mo- reau is consecrated R. C. bishop of St. Hyacinthe. * * The Woman's Boards of the Bap- tist Church is organized. * * The Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church is organized. 1877 * * Br. Col. Greenville becomes a mission-station of the Methodist Church of Canada. 1878 * * It. Leo XTTT. is elected pope. May 28. P. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese of Chicoutimi is established. 1880 Nov. 21. Ont. James Vincent Cleary is consecrated R. C. bishop of Kingston, at Rome. 1881 Nov. * Ont. Organization of the "Woman's Missionary Society of the Methodist Church, at Hamilton. * * The Canadian Foreign Missionary Society is organized ; it works through the channels of the American Board. * * Br. Col. W. Duncan ceases to be a missionary of the Church Missionary Society. [He works with Americans in Alaska.] 1882 * * P.Q. The R. C. prefecture apostolic of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is established. May 29. P. Q. F. X. Bosse is nomi- nated R. C. prefect apostolic of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. July 11. Ont. Vicariate apostolic of Pontiac is established. July 14. Ont. The Roman Catholic di- ocese of Peterborough is established. Sept. 21. Ont. Narcisse-Zephirih Lor- rain is consecrated vicar-apostolic of Pontiac. * * The Montreal "Woman's Mission- ary Society is organized. 1883 Jan. 31. JS T . S. Cornelius O'Brien is consecrated R. C. archbishop of Halifax. * * The Domestic and Foreign Mission- ary Society of the Church of England in Canada is organized. [Its contrihu-" tions are sent to other societies.] * * Br. Col. Aiyonsh becomes a mission- station of the English Church Mission- ary Society. 1885 July 10. P. Q. The Koman Catholic diocese of Nicolet is estab- lished. Aug. 2. P. Q. Elphege Gravel is con- secrated at Rome R. C. bishop of Nicolet. * * Br. Col. Albany, in Moosonee, be- comes a station of the Church Society (Eng.), having one missionary and wife. 1886 June 7. P. Q. Archbishop El- zear- Alexandre Taschereau is cre- ated cardinal. June S. P. Q. Bishop Fabre is made archbishop of Montreal. Ont. The Roman Catholic archdio- cese of Ottawa is created. June 10. Ont. The Canada Congrega- tional "Woman's Board of Missions is organized in a parsonage at Ottawa, by four ladies. * *The "Woman's Auxiliary to the Board of Diocesan Domestic and For- eign Missions of the Church of England, in Canada is organized. * * Ont. The International Missionary Union meets at Thousand Island Park. * * Ont. Bishop Duhamel is made Roman Catholic archbishop of Ottawa. * * .V. S. The diocese of Arichat is changed to Antigonish. 1887 May 1. Ont. Thomas J. Dowling is consecrated R. C. bishop of Hamilton. LETTERS. 1875** Man. The Manitoba Wes- leyan Institute is erected in Winnipeg. * * K. S. The Weekly Herald is issued at Halifax. * * Ont. The separate Roman Catho- lic schools in this Province number 170. with 22,073 names on the rolls. * * The Dawn of Life, by John William Dawson, appears. [1877. The Origin of the World.] 1876 * * Ont. The Evening Telegram is issued at Toronto. 1877 * * N. B. The Times is issued at Moncton. * * The Chien d'or, The Golden Dog, by William Kirby, appears. 1878 * * Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh, by Sir Daniel "Wilson, appears. 1879 * * A r . W. T. The Bulletin is issued at Edmonton. * * Ont. Le Canada is issued at Ottawa. 1880* * Ont. Tlie Evening Kews is is- sued at Toronto. * * Papineau, and Felix Poutre, by Louis Honore" Frechette, appear. * * Louis Honore Frechette is crowned the poet of the year by the French Academy for his Les fieurs bortales, etc. * * The Change of Life in Geological Time, by John William Dawson, appears. 1881 * * N. B. The World is issued at Chatham. * * Canada since the Union of 1841, by John Charles Dent, appears. 1882 May 25. The Marquis of Lome founds the Society for the Advance- ment of Literature and Science. * * Man. Tlie Sun is issued at Brandon. * * Mail. The N'or^west Farmer is issued at Winnipeg. * * N. F. The Evening Herald is issued at St. Johns. * * N. B. The Transcript is issued at Moncton. * 1883 * * Man. The Register is issued at Neepawa. * * Man. The Manitoba Liberal is issued at Portage la Prairie. * * X. W. T. The Herald is issued at Cal- gary. * * X S. The Tribune is issued at Wind- sor. 18S4 * * Man. The Review is issued at Portage la Prairie. * * Ont. The War Cry is issued at To- ronto. * * P. Q. La Presse is issued at Montreal. * * Professor Conant, by Lucius Seth Huntington, appears. CANADA. 1875,** -1887, May*. 585 1S85 * * Out. The Canadian Freeman is issued at Kingston. * * -86 * * The Story of the Upper Can- ada Rebellion, by John Charles Dent, appears. 1886 Oct. 22. Baptists lay the corner- stone for a college building at Wood- stock. * * N. W. T. The Tribune is issued daily at Calgary. SOCIETY. 1876 Nov. 16. P. Q. Joseph Gui- bord, who died in September, is finally buried under the protection of the mili- tary and police at Montreal, (p. 582). Dec. 17. P. Q. Bread riots break out in Montreal. 1877 July 12t. P. Q. Riots are raised by Orangemen, with fatal re- sults, at Montreal. 1878 Nov. 25. A. S. The Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise arrive at Halifax. 1881 July * -Oct. * The Marquis of Lome, as Governor-General, is enthusi- astically received in his progress through the Provinces. Nov. 14. Eng. The Marquis of Lome arrives at Birkenhead. 1882 Jan. * The Marquis of Lome returns to the Dominion. 1883 * * The number of Indians is re- ported at 110,505, and their condition is progressive. Apr. * Ont. The Marquis of Lome re- turns from the Northwestern Provinces to Ottawa. 1884 Apr. 30. Ont. The discovery of dynamite cartridges under the Parlia- ment House at Toronto causes great excitement. Oct. 22. P. Q. The Marquis of Lans- downe arrives at Quebec as the Viceroy of Canada. 1885 July 20. Assiniboia. Louis Kiel's trial begins at Pegina. [Aug. 1. Con- victed. Nov. 16. Executed.] Aug. 5. At Regina, 28 prisoners plead guilty of treason felony. Sept. 29. Compulsory vaccination, causes riots. Nov. 17. P. Q. The French at Mon- treal and Quebec make demonstra- tions against the Government. Nov. 27. Saskatchewan. Eight Indi- ans are hanged for murder at Battle- ford. 1887 May 11. P. Q. "William O'Brien of Dublin, editor of United Ireland, and a conspicuous agitator for Home Rule, arrives at Montreal. May * Wm. O'Brien makes a tour of the principal cities, and is received with enthusiasm by Home Rule sympathizers, but stoned by the Orangemen. STATE. 1877 June 15. ST. S. The Canadian and United States Fishery Commis- sion convenes at Halifax. The members are Sir Alex. Gait for Canada, E. T. Kellogg for the United States, and M. Detloss for Belgium. Sept. 19±. The general election is held, and returns an anti-administration majority. Oct. 5. Eng. The Marquis of Lome is appointed governor-general. Oct. 19±. Ottawa. The Mackenzie Ministry resigns, and a Conservative Ministry is formed under Sir John A. Macdonald as premier. Nov. 23-24. N. S. The Fisheries Commission awards $5,500,000 to Can- ada, with Mr. Kellogg dissenting. 1880 * * N, B. Robert Duncan Wil- mot is lieutenant-governor. 1881 Feb.* Ottawa. The Assembly ratines the Canadian Pacific Kail- road contract. 1882 Apr. 20. Ottawa. The Canadian Pacific Railroad Bill is passed. June * General elections are held ; the majority favor a protective tariff. July * Ottawa. An Order in Council di- vides the vast territory beyond Mani- toba into four territories, called As- siniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca. 1883 Feb. 8. Ottawa. The new Par- liament meets. * * The Marquis of Lansdowne be- comes viceroy. 1885 Feb.* Canada offers to assist the Imperial government in the Soudan campaign. Mar. * Saskatchewan. The Kiel insur- rection breaks out in the new territo- ries beyond Manitoba, because the in- habitants were not consulted in dividing the territory. It is alleged that the Government has failed to give the political and social rights it had promised. 1886 May 8. N.S. The U.S. fishing- schooner David J. Adams is seized at Digby for violating the fishing-laws. May± * Canadians send out an armed fleet to enforce the fisheries regulations on the Americans. May 30. The Americans retaliate by seizing the Canadian vessel Sisters in American waters. * * -87 * * A total of 35 vessels are seized by the two Governments. July 9. Saskatchewan. A general am- nesty to the insurrectionists is pro- claimed, and only murderers are ex- cepted. 1887 Jan. 17. Ottawa. The Parlia- ment is dissolved. Feb. * Eng. Sir Alex. Campbell is ap- pointed high commissioner for Canada. Feb. 23. Elections favor the govern- ment. Mar. 3. U. S. Congress passes the Fish- eries Bill. Apr. 2. Americans seize British seal- ing- vessels in the North Pacific. [Apr. 9, 12, 17 others are seized.] Apr. 13. Ottawa. The House opens. MISCELLANEOUS. 1876 June 18. A. B. The commer- cial district of St. John is destroyed by fire. [Subscriptions are started in. Great Britain.] 1879 Sept. 27. Ont. The Marquis of Lome opens the Dominion industrial exhibition at Ottawa. Dec. 1. The ^ Bonis sia, a Dominion steamer, from Liverpool, springs a leak in the Atlantic after leaving Coruna, and sinks. Dec. 2. Ten of the Borussia's crew of over 300 are saved by boats. 1880 * * Ont. The Canada Pacific Railroad is commenced. 1881* * The population numbers 4,500,000. May 24. P. Q. The steamer Victoria upsets on the Thames, and several hundred are drowned. June * P. Q. Quebec loses 600 small wooden houses by fire. 1882 Sept. 14. Ont. The steamer Asia founders between Ontario and Sault Ste. Marie; about 98 are lost. Nov. * N. S. About 31 persons per- ish in the burning of an almshouse at Halifax. 1883 Jan. 23. P. Q. The ice palace is erected at Montreal, and a carnival held. Feb. 8. Ont. The opera house at To- ronto is burned. Apr. 19. P. Q. An incendiary burns the Parliament buildings at Quebec, Sept. 8. The Northern Pacific Railroad of 2,500 miles is opened. Sept. 12. Ont. An industrial exhibi- tion is opened by the Marquis of Lome at Toronto. 1884 Jan. 2. Ont. A collision occurs on the Grand Trunk Line, near Toronto, and 31 are killed. Sept. * Famine causes much distress in Labrador. 1885 Oct. 1. P. Q. The new Parli- ament buildings at Quebec are de- stroyed by dynamite explosions. Oct. * Montreal has 1,622 deaths from smallpox in this month. Nov. 6. Eng. The Queen sends a mes- sage of congratulation to the people of Canada. Hov. 7. The Canadian steamer Algoma founders in Lake Superior; 45 per- sons perish. Nov. 8. Sir Donald Smith drives the last spike in finishing the Canadian Pacific Railroad, 2,909 miles west from Mon- treal. The entire length of the Domin- ion road is 2,569 miles. 1886* *-87* * Statistics: Revenue, £7,364,916; expenditure, £7,326,920; im- ports, £23,197,035; exports, £18,393,660. 1887 * * -88 * * P.Q. Montreal suffers from great fires. May 4. Br. Col. A mine explodes at Nanaimo, Vancouver Island ; over 170 persons perish. 586 1887, July 6-1889, June 4. CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1389 May 29. N. 8. The Canadian cruiser Vigilant seizes the Gloucester schooner Mattie Winship off Cape North. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1888 Aug. 16. A terrific storm dam- ages Ontario and Quebec to the amount of §1,500,000 ; many persons are killed by lightning. 1889 Jan. 18. Br. Col. The steamer Cariboo Fly returns from an exploring - trip on the Skeena River. Jan. 23. Out. Natural gas in paying quantities is struck at Kingsville. Feb. 5. P. Q. A shock of earthquake is felt at Grand Metis. Apr. 6. Out. Petroleum is discovered at Kingsville. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1888 Apr.* White, Thomas, minister of the interior, A58. 1889 Jan. 22. Hughes, Joshua, bishop of St. Asaph, dies. Feb. 20. Stewart, James, senior Presbyte- rian clergyman in Toronto, dies. Feb. 26. Young, Ccorge Fax ton, professor of mental and moral science at the Uni- versity College, Toronto, dies. Mar. 28. Howard, R. P., dean of medical faculty of MoGill College, Montreal, dies. Apr. 11. Dunsmnir. Robert, president of the council at Victoria, B.C., dies. June 4. Brompton, F., general manager of Great Western Railway, dies. CHURCH. 1887 Aug. 12. N. S. Charles Inglia is consecrated, at Lambeth, England , bishop of Nova Scotia. 1888 Oct. 28. P. Q. L. W. Begin is consecrated Roman Catholic bishop of Chicoutimi. 1889 Jan. 17. Ont. Rev. Canon Knox- Little commences a series of mission- services at Toronto. Jan. 20. Chicago. Great excitement is caused by Father Dowd's denunciation in Montreal of the Illinois Catholic Or- der of Foresters. Feb. 2. Ont. A deputation from the Church of England Defense Associ- ation waits upon Bishop of Niagara at Hamilton to protest against ritualistic practises. Feb. 9. P. Q. The incorporation and endowment of the Jesuits cause great excitement. Feb. 10±. P. Q. The ostensory — in which the host is placed — recently given by Pope Leo to Cardinal Tasehereau, arrives in Quebec. It is richly ornamented with precious stones. Feb. 17. In Protestant churches in Quebec and Ontario Provinces resolu- tions protesting against the $400,000 grant made to the Jesuits at the last session of the Quebec Legislature are read, and petitions largely signed to give effect to the resolutions. Feb. 24. Ont. A meeting of Catho- lics is held at Ottawa to express sym- pathy for the Pope, and demand the res- toration of the temporal power. Mar. * P. Q. A resolution is intro- duced in the Quebec Legislature by the Ultramontanes, asking the Queen to UBe her influence in restoring to the Pope his temporal power. May 1. Ont. Richard A. O'Connor is consecrated Roman Catholic bishop of Peterborough. May 7. Out. The Toronto Presby- tery nominates Principal Grant for the moderatorship. May 24. N. S. Archdeacon Gilpin is promoted to be dean, and Rev. J. A. Kaulback of Truro is made archdeacon. LETTERS. 1887 * * Man. Den Skandinavislce Cana- diensaren is issued at "Winnipeg. * * Ont, The Weekly Empire is issued at Toronto; also The Saturday Night. * * La Ugende d'un peup/e, by Louis Ho- nor^ Frechette, appears. 1888 * * Ont. The Empire (daily) is is- sued at Toronto. * * Man. The Loegberg (Icelandic) is is- sued at Winnipeg. 1889 Feb. 23. The Holy See re- fuses permission to the Jesuits in Can- ada to confer university degrees. Mar. 6. Ont. The customs authorities at Toronto seize and destroy 100 copies of Zola's novels, as they are said to be of immoral character. May 2. Ont. An injunction is served to restrain the federation of Victoria College with Toronto University. May 14. Ont. The senate of the Vic- toria University meets at Cobourg, and considers the federation with Toronto University. SOCIETY. 1888 May 23. The Marquis of Lans- downe leaves Canada. June 30. The average consumption per capita of all intoxicating liquors is 4.61 gallons ; of malt liquors, 3.76 gallons. 1889 Jan. 11. Sir John Macdonald receives numerous congratulations on his 74th birthday. Feb. 4. P. Q. The Montreal ice carni- val begins. Ont. The Women's Enfranchise- ment Association is formed at Toronto. Feb. 12. Ont. The order of the Sons of England holds a convention at Ottawa. Feb. 14. Ont. Two hundred weavers go out on strike at Cornwall. Feb. 15. Man. The half-breeds of Da- kota resist the collection of taxes, and the militia is called out. Feb. 20. Ont. Peterborough votes to adopt high license. A congress of jailers is held at Toronto. Mar. 5. Ont. The Jesuit Fathers bring a libel suit for §50,000 damages against The Toronto Mail. Mar. 7. Man. Gov. Schultz offers a site for a hospital at Selkirk, Ont. "White Caps flog an alleged \Ut-Ur.vU- r'-'et'i Mar. 14. Ont. Black Caps organize at Kingston, and warn idlers and wife- beaters to beware. Mar. 19. Ont. The striking weavers decide to return to work at Cornwall. Mar. 26. Out. W. H. Harvey is ar- rested at Toronto for shooting his wife and two children. Mar. 30. Ont. The new Surgical Hospital for "Women is opened at Toronto by the Bishop of Toronto. It is under the control of the Anglican sisterhood. Apr. 9. Ont, The police of Berlin are ordered to ring the town bell at 9 p. m. daily, and arrest all children under 15 years of age who may be found on the streets after that hour. A convention of dairymen meets in Ottawa. Apr. 16. N. S. The Supreme Court de- clares the wholesale license clause of the Provincial law to be ultra vires of the local legislature. Gabriel Dumont, Kiel's lieutenant in the late rebellion in the Northwest Territory, and but lately pardoned, is stirring up the half-breeds. May 18. Ont. Plasterers of Toronto demand an additional two and a half cents an hour, and being refused, go out on strike. May 21. Ont. Thomas Johnson, col- ored, is arrested, charged with beating his child to death. The Grand Legion of the Ancient Order of United "Workmen hold the seventh annual conclave in Toronto. June 2. Man. Martin Burke, con- nected with the murder of Dr. Cronin, is identified by a Chicago officer at "Win- nipeg, and arrested. STATE. 1887 Aug. 30±. Eng. A Joint Com- mission is appointed by Great Britain and the United States to settle the fish- eries dispute. 1SS8 Feb. 15. I). C. The Joint Com- mission signs the Fisheries Treaty at Washington. Apr. 7. Ottawa. The Assembly defeats a bill for trade reciprocity with the United States. May 1. Eng. Lord Stanley of Preston is appointed governor-general. May 2. Ottawa. Parliament approves the Fisheries Treaty. June 11. Ottawa. Lord Stanley, the successor of the Marquis of Lansdowne, takes the oath as governor-general. Aug. 21. D. C. The U. S. Senate re- fuses to ratify the Fisheries Treaty. Sept. * Commissioners report to the Government the attractions of the basin of the Mackenzie River for settlers. 18S9 Jan. 18. Br. Col. John Grant is elected mayor of Victoria. Jan. 24. Ont. The Ontario Legisla- ture opens. CANADA. 1887, July 6-1889, June 4. 587 Jan. 31. Ottawa. Parliament opens. Feb. 17. Ottawa. Sir Richard Cart- wright's resolution in favor of the Do- minion assuming treaty-making powers is rejected by the House. Feb. 19. Ottawa. Notice is given in the Dominion Parliament of the introduc- tion of a resolution in favor of Home Rule. The Dominion Government pardons Gabriel Dumont, Louis Kiel's first lieutenant in the Northwest rebellion. Feb. 26. Ottawa. The Senate passes bills for repealing bills of lading, to per- mit the suspension of sentence in the case of first offenses, and for amending the Weights and Measures Act. Mar. 2. Ottawa. The Dominion Parlia- ment rejects a continuation of the modus vivendi in force, and a resolu- tion providing for closer trade relations with the United States. Vote, 65-108. Mar. 15. Ottawa. Sir John A. Macdon- ald threatens to resign the premier- ship, and go before the country on the Jesuit question, if the anti- Jesuit reso- lution promoted by the Orangemen is persevered in. Mar. 23. Ottawa. The Government is- sues modus vivendi licenses to sealing- vessels, which are good until Dec. 31, 18S9. Mar. 25. Ottawa. Statistical" returns strongly reenforce the Reciprocity Party in House of Commons. Mar. 26. Ottawa. In the House of Com- mons a resolution is moved concerning the action of the Quebec Legislature in the Jesuits* Estates matter. That it is beyond the power of that House to enact such legislation : 1. Be- cause it endows from public funds a re- ligious organization, thereby violating the unwritten but undoubted constitu- tional principle of the complete separa- tion of Church and State. 2. Because it recognizes the usurpation of the right by a foreign authority — the Pope of Rome — to claim that his consent was necessary to empower the Provincial Legislature to dispose of a portion of the public domain, and also because the Act is made to depend upon the will, and the appropriation of the grant thereby made is subject to the control, of the same authority. 3. Because the endow- ing of the Society of Jesuits, an alien, secret, and politico-religious body, is fraught with danger to the civil and re- ligious liberties of the people of Canada. Mar. 28. Ottaioa. The debate on the Jesuits' Estates question continues in the House of Commons. Mar. 29. Ottawa. The O'Brien Jesuits' Disallowance Amendment is defeated in the Dominion Parliament. Apr. 1. Queen Victoria is asked to in- terfere concerning the Jesuits' Estates matter. Apr. 5. Br. Col. The Provincial Par- liament ends its business of session. Apr. 7. P. Q. M. Mercier, the pre- mier of Quebec, says that the treasury of Quebec is empty, and it will be neces- sary to pass a special act to procure the $400,000 to be handed over to the Roman Catholic authorities un- der the Jesuits' Estates Act, Apr. 9. Out. The House of Commons passes the bill to amend the Fisheries Act, which prohibits net-fishing in tidal waters. Apr. 26. Ottazoa. The Weldon Extra- dition Bill is passed by the Senate. Speeches strongly maintaining the Canadian claims in Bering Sea are made in the Dominion Parliament. Apr. * Ottawa. The Senate expresses its views on unrestricted reciprocity. "It would not be in the interest of Canada to establish an entire reciprocity of trade w r ith any foreign nation upon any condition that would restrict, with regard to others, entire freedom of ac- tion by this country in protecting its own industries, in dealing with its own sources of revenue, and in regulating its own foreign trade, or that would make necessary the adoption of duties discrim- inating against imports from other na- tions, and more especially the mother country." May 2. Ottawa. The Parliament is prorogued. May28±. Ottawa. The Alaskan boun- dary line is in dispute. The Govern- ment seeks a settlement. MISCELLANEOUS. 1887 July 6, 7. P. Q. A fire breaks out in the citadel at Quebec ; the pow- der magazine is saved. The damage amounts to about $150,000. July 16. Out. Petroleum ignites and explodes at St. Thomas, killing and wounding many. July 30. P. Q. The great railroad bridge over the St. Lawrence at Lachine is completed. Sept. 6. Out. An industrial exhibition is opened by Lord Lansdowne at Toronto. Sept. * Ottawa. Government sub- sidies are pledged for the support of a fortnightly mail service from London, Eng., to tht. East by the Pacific Rail- road. 1888 Sept. 11. Out. Lord Stanley opens an exhibition at Toronto. 1889 Jan. 3. £7-. Col. The Welling- ton coal-mines of British Columbia are shut down. Jan. 16. P. Q. Typhoid fever is epi- demic at Bale St. Paul. Jan. 24. Out. A natural gas-well is torpedoed at St. Catharines. Jan. 28. Man. The Supreme Court de-' cides that the Manitoba government may extend the Red River Railroad across the Canada Pacific line. Jan. 28±. Ottawa. Parliament re- fuses to sanction the erection of the extension of the Red River Railroad across the Pacific Railroad, as an in- fringement of rights. Jan. 30±. Ottawa. Canada decides not to take part in the Paris Exposition. Feb. 7. Ont. The opera-house at Napanee collapses. Feb. 12. Saskatchewan. An epidemic of a virulent character rages among the Chippeway Indians at Fort Pitt. Feb. 27. Ont. A passenger-train is wrecked at St. George, on the Great "Western Railroad ; 10 persons are killed and many seriously injured. Feb. * P. Q. Harbor improvements to cost $4,000,000 are commenced in Mon- treal. They include four miles of wharfage, a still-water basin of six square miles, and the dredging of the river. Mar. 4. P. Q. Several lives are lost by the fall of a mill-roof in Montreal. Mar. 5. P. Q. The Montreal Board of Trade's Council approves the Extradi- tion Bill introduced into Parliament, and framed so as to include American defaulters. Mar. 7±. Ont. Many cases of smallpox and eight deaths occur in Fingal and Southwold. Mar. 14. N. S. A gold-mine in Duf- ferin, Halifax Comity, sells at auction for $145,000. Mar. 20. N~. S. The British war-ship Lily arrives at Halifax with a case of yellow fever on board. Mar. 21. Customs authorities seize the American fishing-schooner W. H. Foye. Apr. 11. The annual report of the De- partment of Fisheries shows a de- crease of $967,593 in the value of the fisheries. Apr. 16. Ont. The Welland Canal is opened for navigation. Thousands of seals are killed in the Lower St. Lawrence. Apr. 25 + . Ont. The Grand Trunk Rail- way decides to cease running freight- trains on Sunday. Apr. 28. Ont. The limited express on the Grand Trunk Railroad from Chicago to Hamilton runs off the track and takes fire ; IS persons are burned to death and about 20 injured. The train passengers were on their way to New York City to participate in the Centen- nial celebration. May 1. N. F. Fourteen lives are lost in the wrecking of the schooner Shiloh at Grand Banks. May 10. Eng. The House of Commons approves the cable contract for Hali- fax and Bermuda. May 14. Ont. Forest fires do much damage at Belleville. The steamer Cynthia comes in col- lision with the steamer Polynesian, and sinks in the St. Lawrence River opposite Longue Point ; eight sailors lose their lives. May 16. P. Q. About 700 houses are de- stroyed by fire in a suburb of Quebec ; property worth $600,000 is burned, one man killed, and one fatally hurt. May 29. A Canadian schooner is wrecked on Gallos Island, in Lake On- tario, and eight sailors are missing. June 2. A train of the Canadian Pacific railroad crosses Maine on the short line to the Maritime Provinces. June 3. y. S. The steamer Bessie Mor- ris from Montreal for Sydney goes ashore in Aspy Bay. 588 1889, June 5 -Nov. 13. CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1S89 June 11. Man. The 91st Bat- talion is organized with companies at St. James, Kildonan, Selkirk, Spring- field, Stonewall, and "Woodlands. June 14. Ont. The formation of six companies for a battalion at London is ordered. July 3. P. Q. The 5th district mili- tary camp at St. Johns is inspected by Sir Frederick Middleton. Aug. 4. The British squadron of the Pacific goes to protect British ships. Sept. 10. P. Q. Artillery competition opens at Isle of Orleans, Quebec. Sept. 18. P. Q. The Charlottetown bat- tery of Prince Edward Island takes the first prize in artillery by competition at Grosse Island. Sept. 19. Ont. Maj. Todd declines the colonelcy of the Governor-General's foot- guards at Ottawa. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 July 17. Br. Col. Petroleum is discovered at Vancouver in the center of the city. July 29. N. S. Two seams of good hard coal are discovered near Truro. Aug. 17. Ont. The Canadian College of Music is established at Ottawa. Sept. 3. Ont. The American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science closes its session at Toronto. Sept. 6. N~. S. Gold is discovered at Princess Ledge, near Halifax. Sept. 19. P. Q. Several thousand tons of rock slide from Cape Diamond to Champlain Street, in Quebec, 300 feet below, demolishing in their course seven dwellings, and killing or injuring a number of persons. Oct. 2. P. Q. A large piece of roek falls at Quebec, near the scene of the former disaster, and crushes in and wrecks a building, but without loss of life. Nov. 4. N. S. Coal deposits are dis- covered, containing millions of tons of coal. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889. June 5. Gray, John Hamilton, justice of Supreme Court, at Victoria, B. C, dies. June 6. Jones, W. C, editor of the Star Transcript* dies. June 12. Cecil, Lord A. P., is drowned at Adolphustown, Ont. July 1. Theresa, Mother, head of the Order of Our Lady of Loretto, at Toronto, dies. July 18. Harel, Ablxi Telesphore, chan- cellor of an'hdio'-t'SL' of Montreal, dies. Aug. 3. McConnell, P., Baptist pioneer missionary, dies. Aug. 13. Miller, Father, vicar-general of Montreal, dies. Nov. 4. St. Louis, Mother, superioress of Good Shepherd Convent, Quebec, dies. * * Richards, Sir William Buel, jurist, A74. CHURCH. 1889 June 6. P. Q. The Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada opens its sixth annual session at Sher- brooke. Ont. The Bay of Quinte Methodist Conference meeting is held at Belle- ville. The Congregational Union, Brant- ford, opens. June 11. Ont. The Anglican Synod of Toronto convenes. June 12. Ont. Lord A. P. Cecil, a noted evangelist, is drowned at Adolph- ustown. June 13. P. Q. The Baptist Church Eastern Association convenes at Sher- brooke. Ont. The Presbyterian General Assembly is held at Toronto. June 18. P. Q. The Synod of Mon- treal convenes. Ont. The Ontario Diocesan Synod meets at Kingston. June 19. A'. S. The Methodist Con- ference meets at Liverpool. June 21. Ont. The Toronto District Baptist Association convenes. July 3. Ont. The Presbytery of Kings- ton elects M. TV. Maclean moderator. July 10. Man. The Baptist Conven- tion elects J. "W. Whitman of Emerson president. July 31. Ont. The Canada District of the Lutheran Synod closes at Ottawa. Aug. 17. Ont. The Reformed Epis- copal Synod elects its officers at Ot- tawa. Aug. 21. A T . S. The Presbytery of Hali- fax meets. Aug. 26. P. Q. The petition of Louis Aronson and others for an order to es- tablish a Jewish congregation is granted at Montreal. Sept. 7. P. Q. Cure Sentenne denounces Labor Day from the pulpit in Montreal. Sept. 11. P. Q. The Synod of the Church of England in Canada opens in Montreal. Sept. 12. Ont. The Privy Council re- fuses to refer the Jesuits' Estates case to the Supreme Court. Sept. 15. Ont. Bishop John Walsh is appointed archbishop of Toronto. Sept. 18. Father Paradis of Quebec is summoned to return from Home. Oct. 3. P. Q. Cardinal Taschereau confirms 300 children at Quebec. Oct. 13. P. Q. The ceremony of bless- ing the amalgamation of Laval and Victoria Universities is celebrated in Notre Dame Cathedral at Montreal. Oct. 14. Ont. The census of attendance at Protestant churches is taken at Ot- tawa ; attending number, 7,328. Oct. 16. Ont. The Baptist Conven- tion is held at Ottawa. Oct. 24. Ont. The cloistered nuns are exempted from appearing in Court by Justice Mathieu, in "La Banque Ville Marie vs. Hotel Dieu" case at Montreal. Oct. 30. Man. The Anglican Synod closes at "Winnipeg. Nov. 2. Ont. Premier Mercier re- ceives papal benediction from Rome. Nov. 12. Ont. The eighth annual meeting of the Baptist Congress of America is held at Toronto. Md. At the Baltimore Catholic Congress, Premier Mercier makes an address on the impartiality of French Canadians in the treatment of Protes- tants and Catholics. LETTERS. 1889 Sept. 26. The Catholic Board of Public Instruction decides to re- duce the grant to classical colleges by 10 per cent. Oct. 9. P.O. The Laval and Victoria faculties are amalgamated at Montreal. Oct. 14. P. Q. The will of the late Mr. "Workman bequeathed $120,000 to the McGill University at Montreal. Oct. 21. Ont. The Minister of Educa- tion issues an order that English shall be the language of instruction. Oct.* Ont. The foundation stone of the new public library is laid at Hamilton. * * Ont. The Herald is issued at Hamil- ton. Nov. 12. Man. The half-breeds of St. Laurent hold a meeting, and condemn the proposed abolition of separate schools and a dual language. S0CLETY. 1889 June 11. Out. The second an- nual Convention of the Dominion Womans' Christian Temperance Union is held at Toronto. X. B. Lucian Freeman Villa his mother and John Morgan at Meriden. Ont. The tenth annual meeting of the High Court of the Canadian Or- der of Foresters is held at London. June 12. Alberta. The Dominion Gov- ernment is warned that the Mormon colonists are practising polygamy, and will soon control the electorate. X. B. A convention of locomotive engineers is held at Moncton. June 18. A'. S. The carpenters of Hali- fax strike. June 25. Ont. The annual session of the Canada Grand Lodge of Good Templars is opened at Toronto. July 10±. Man. Martin Burke is com- mitted at "Winnipeg for extradition, as the murderer of Dr. Cronin. July 18. Ont. The Canadian Press Association holds its annual meeting at Toronto. July 22. A". B. The carnival opens. July 25. Ont. The Brotherhood of Brakemen is in session at Ottawa. Aug. 4. P. Q. The corner-stone of a hospital is laid at Rimouski. Aug. 5. A". S. The carnival opens at Halifax. Aug. 7. Ont. The tenth convention of the American Electric Light Associ- ation meets at Niagara Falls. Aug. 21. Ont. The sixth annual Con- vention of Photographers is held at Toronto. Aug. 23. Ont. The Brooklyn 13th Regiment is received at Hamilton, CANADA. 1889, June 5 -Nov. 13. 589 Sept. 3. P. Q. A Labor Congress, con- sisting of the Knights of Labor and the Dominion Trades and Labor Congress, opens in Montreal. Sept. 5. P. Q. The Dominion Labor Congress at Montreal adopts resolu- tions. It calls on the Dominion and Provin- cial Governments to abolish the system of subsidizing railways by land and money grunts, ;is detrimental to the in- terests of the country ; recommending that all wage-earners be paid weekly, and that power to call out the militia in case of riots be vested only in the Adju- tant-General of the Province and may- ors of cities. Sept. 11. Ont. Dancing exhibitions cause an agitation at Toronto. Sept. 21. P. Q. The City Council of Quebec votes $5,000 toward relieving the sufferers by the falling-rock dis- aster. Oct. 2. P. Q. Tlie sixth annual Con- vention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union opens at Montreal. Oct. 3. Ont. The principal members of the Cranbourne Club at London are found guilty of gambling, and fined. P. Q. The First Regiment of the Connecticut National Guard, accom- panied by Gov. Bulkeley and Senator Hawley, arrives in Montreal. Oct. 6. Ont. Father Boyle, a priest, is sentenced to death for an assault on a young woman. Oct. 30. A judgment for $500 is given against Le Monde for styling Mr. Noyes an Orangeman. Nov. 4. A Canadian smuggler returns $2,500 to the Government by Dwight L. Moody, the evangelist. Nov. 5. Ont. A great Orange demon- stration is held at Ottawa. STATE. 1889 July 17. 2V. S. The Govern- ment loan of $300,000 at 4 per cent, to run 30 years, is taken at from 1£ to li per cent, premium. July 28. The law officers of the Crown decide the Jesuits' Estates Act was al- ready within the powers of the Provin- cial Legislature, and that there is no case to send to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. July 30. Man. A full Court at "Winni- peg agrees in an order committing Mar- tin Burke for extradition. — r- Canadians are indignant at the seiz- ure of the Black Diamond in Bering Sea, calling it an American outrage. July 31. Ottaiua. The Dominion Minis- ter of Justice signs the extradition warrant for Martin Burke. Aug. 2. Ottawa. The Governor-Gen- eral, in reply to a delegation of the Equal Rights Association, states that in his opinion and that of bis advisers there are no grounds either for disallow- ance of the act of the Quebec Legislature as to the Jesuits' Estates Act or for the dissolution of Parliament. Aug. 3. Br. Col. John Robson is sworn in as premier at Victoria. Aug. 6. Ottawa. The Minister of Cus- toms receives official report of the seiz- ure of the Black Diamond in Bering Sea, but no demand as yet for compen- sation by her owners. Aug. 29. Br. Col. Several sealers are seized in the Bering Sea. Aug. * British Columbia is endeavoring to establish reciprocity with the United States. The rich iron deposits, the abundance of timber, the large supply of fish, make reciprocity desirable. Sept. 3. Br. Col. A sealer with prize crew on board continues sealing despite his protests, and after securing 509 sea-otters sailed for and arrives safely at Victoria. Sept. 17. Lord Stanley, the Governor- General, starts on a tour to the North- west. Oct. 14. P. Q. It is announced that payments to the Jesuits are soon to be made in Quebec. Oct. 25. Eng. The Weldon Extra- dition Act is disallowed by the Imperial authority. Oct. 28. N.S. The American fishing- schooner D. Adams is confiscated at Halifax for violating the treaty of ISIS. Oct. 29. Ont. The People's Political Party is organized at Kingston. Nov. 4+. Ottawa. Sir John A. Mac- donald resigns the Presidency of the Council, and takes the portfolio of Rail- ways and Canals. C. C. Colby, Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons, is chosen to succeed him. Nov. 5. P. 0. Premier Mercier pays over $400,000 to the Jesuits' Estates at Montreal. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 June * The Canadian Pacific New Soo line is opened. June 7- Ont. A great jam of logs breaks up at Belleville. June 9. P. Q. The Grosse Isle Cable is laid, and goes into operation. June 21. N. S. Halifax celebratesthe 140th anniversary of its settlement. June 30. Ont. The largest ferry steamer on the Upper St. Lawrence goes down while ferrying railroad cars from Morristown to Brockville. July 6. The St. Lawrence Yacht Club race for the vice-commodore's cup is won by the Lulu. July 9. Ont. A natural gas- well is set on fire at Ruthven. July 10. Br. Col. The Board of Trade favors reciprocity with the United States. July * Ont. Col. Hamilton obtains a grant from the Government to set up an electric generating machine under Niagara Palls. Aug. 1. Ont. The palace steamer St. Lawrence, of Thousand Islands Steam- boat Company, is wrecked at Hog Island in the St. Lawrence. Aug. 3. Br. Col. The schooner Black Diamond, seized by United States cut- ter Bushy sails into the harbor of "Vic- toria. Aug. 4. P. Q. The Dominion line steamship Montreal, from Montreal to Liverpool, owing to icebergs and fog, is totaUy wrecked at Belle Isle. Aug. 7. Ont. The American Electric Light Association opens its 10th con- vention at Niagara Falls. Aug. 23. Ont. An English syndi- cate purchases a Toronto distillery for $6,000,000. Aug. 28. JST. S. During the last six months 13,626 ounces of gold have been mined. Aug. 30. Br. Cot. Two of the sealers captured in Bering Sea arrive at Vic- toria, one with a prize crew of one man on board. Sept. 2. The Bering-Sea schooner Minnie arrives at Victoria after being seized and sent to Sitka by the United States cutter Rush. Sept. 5. The cable telegraph system conuects the Canadian Pacific with the Mack ay-Bennett line. Sept. 10. Ont. The Annual Exhibition in Toronto is opened by Sir John A. Macdonald. Sept. 13. N. B. Forest fires do great Ont. Toronto's millionaire philan- thropist, Wm. Gooderham, drops dead as he finishes a prayer in the House for Fallen Women, which was es- tablished by him. Sept. 17. Ottawa. Lord Stanley starts on a tour to the Northwest. Sept. 20. P. Q. The Hochelaga Ex- hibition at Montreal is opened. Sept. * P. Q. A mass of rock falls, and many are killed at Quebec. Sept. 22. P. E. I. The business portion of Kensington is burned. Oct. 17. The Northern Pacific Rail- road authorizes the issue of $160,000,- 000 new 5 per cent bonds. Labrador. Fishermen are suffer- ing, owing to failure of fisheries at Es- quimaux Point. Oct. 24. Ont. Four lives are lost and several persons are injured by the burn- ing of the steamer Quinte, near Des- eronto. Oct. 26. The people of Current Island, Belle Isle Strait, are starving, owing to the failure of the fisheries. Nov. 2. A wrapping-paper trust is formed. Nov. 4. N. S. Many families in Ter- ence Bay are starving through failure of the fisheries. P. Q. The Montreal pig-iron boom collapses. Nov. 13. Ont. A breaking dam at Alton causes much disaster to mills, dwellings, bridges, etc. ; several lives are lost. 590 1889, Nov. 20-1890, Nov. 26. CANADA. ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Dec. 4. Lieut. Eric Streatfield is appointed A.D.C., vice Capt. Wise, A.D.C. Ont. Lieut. J. A. Moore is placed on the list as instructor at the Royal Military College at Kingston. 1890 July 12. Out. The Official Ga- zette of Ottawa contains Gen. Middle- ton's farewell to the Canadian mili- tia. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Nov. 23. Out. A rich find of coal is made near Sharbot Lake. Dec. 5. N. S. A valuable seam of red hematite is discovered near Maitland. 1890 Apr. * P. Q. Millet's VAngelus is on exhibition in Montreal. May 7. The Government purposes ex- ploring Mackenzie Basin. June 5. Disastrous floods occur. June 9. Orders are issued for a complete survey of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and elaborate observations of tidal movements. July 31. Ont. Natural gas is struck at Kingston. Aug. 3. Man. Much damage is done by storm. Sept. 14. Atha. Extensive petroleum fields are discovered along the Atha- basca River. Sept. 28. P. Q. A shock of earth- quake is felt in Quebec. Oct. 7. P. Q. A fatal landslide occurs at St. Pierre du Sud, Quebec. Nov. 24. N m S. Lives and property are lost on the coast ; cause, violent gales. BERTHS— DEATHS. 1890 Jan. 23. Lemoine, G., Abbe\ chap- lain of Urauline Convent, at Quebec, dies. Feb. S3. Oxenden, Ashton, bp. of Mon- treal, and i[ietro|iniLtan of Canada, A84. June 3. D'Herbomez, Joseph Louis, vicar apostolic of R. C. diocese of B. C, A68. CHURCH. 1889 Nov. 21. Ont. The Diocesan jubilee is celebrated at Toronto. Nov. 24. P. Q. Rev. E. Owen of St. Bartholomew's of Montreal resigns on account of dispute on the surplice question. Dec. 9. It. Pope Leo thanks Cana- dian Roman Catholics for their pro- test against the usurpation of the tem- poral power of the papacy. Dec. 28. Ont. The diocese of Kingston becomes a metropolitan see. James "Vincent Cleary is made arch- bishop of Kingston. 1890 Jan. 21. Ont. The Roman Cath- olic diocese of Alexandria is estab- lished. Apr. 10. Ont. Archbishop Cleary of Kingston orders that all those who re- fuse to support Roman Catholic parochial schools shall be denied absolution from their sins. June * Ont. Alexander MacDonnellis consecrated R. C. bishop of Alexandria. Sept. 7. Br. Col. The Roman Catholic diocese of New "Westminister is established. Sept. 10. P. Q, The third General Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada meets in Montreal. Oct. 10. P. Q. Bishop Lafleche of Three Rivers issues an order for farm- ers to pay a tithe of $7.50 per 1,000 bundles of hay to their cure", or be refused the sacrament if they neglect to do so. Oct. 19. Ont. Dennis O'Connor is consecrated R. C. bishop of London. LETTERS. 18S9 Nov. 20. Man. The Indian Industrial School is handed over to the Church of England authorities at St. Paul. Nov. 27- P. Q. A movement is made to endow Faculty of Applied Science in McGill University, Montreal ; cost, §100,000. Night schools are opened in Montreal. Dec. 27. Man. The English-speak- ing Roman Catholics denounce the proposed legislation abolishing the teac hin g of French in public schools. 1890 Mar.* Man. Roman Catholics are denied the right to have sepa- rate schools, and all classes are re- quired to patronize the national schools. Apr. 7. P. Q. Gifts amounting in value to $1,000,000 are made to McGill University, Montreal. Apr. 26. Ont. The Toronto Univer- sity is to be rebuilt at a cost of §22,000, exclusive of library building, which is to be fireproof, and to cost §50,000. Oct. 3. Ont. A memorial signed by 10,000 Roman Catholics, including Archbishop Tache, of "Winnipeg, Mani- toba, is presented to the Governor-Gen- eral of Canada, asking him to disallow the acts passed by the Manitoba Legis- lature abolis hin g Roman Catholic schools and the dual language. Nov. 24. Man. Judge Killam decides adversely to the appeal of the Roman Catholics against the Act of the last Legislature abolishing separate schools. SOCIETY. 1890 Jan. 6. P. Q. Gov. Augers in- forms the Legislature on its opening that a bill will be presented, offering 100 acres of land to the parents of every family of 12 children. Jan. 14. P. Q. A meeting of the Pro- vincial Dominion Alliance at Quebec condemns Mercier's speech on the pro- hibition question. Jan. 17. Ont. Lady Stanley refuses to receive a divorced lady, the wife of an American Minister, at a state dinner at Ottawa. Mar. * Br. Col. "Wild Indians in the eastern part have been burning and rob- bing houses, and threatening the settlers. Mar. * Ont. A Government bill is intro- duced in Parliament making polygamy a crime. Mar. * P. Q. A Canadian Indepen- dence League is formed in Montreal to make a determined and systematic movement -for emancipation from Brit- ish rule by the year 1892. Mar. * Ont. A bill is introduced in the Parliament at Ottawa which makes marriage a misdemeanor if con- tracted by persons related by consan- guinity nearer than the fourth degree. May 12. Ont. Gen. Middleton is con- victed by Parliament of looting valu- able furs while commanding the militia in the Riel rebellion. May 13. Canals are to be closed on Sundays. (Announced. ) May 14. A new secret Irish Associa- tion is formed, with head centers in Montreal and Quebec. May 21. B.C. The Duke and Duch- ess of Connaught arrive at Victoria. [May 22. They are welcomed at Van- couver. May 27. Man. They leave Win- nipeg for the East. June 12. They leave for England.] June 12, 13. Ont. The Women'sEn- franchisement Association convenes in Toronto. July 24. X. S. " Jack the Ripper" is said to be in jail at Halifax ; he is a medical student ; information given by his sister was the cause of his arrest. Aug. 5. P. Q. The American For- estry Association closes its sessions in Quebec. It recommends the proper manage- ment of public timber lands, and that young men be sent to Europe to study forestry. Sept. 6. Ont. The Labor Congress at Ottawa passes a resolution demanding the right of the people of Canada to elect their own Governor-General, in- stead of having this official appointed by the British Government. Sept. 1 1 . Subscription lists are opened in several Canadian cities to secure funds for the relief of the famine- threat- ened districts in Ireland. Sept. 22. Ont. The trial of Reginald Birchall for the murder of F. C. Ben- well begins at "Woodstock. Sept. 29. Ont. Birchall is convicted of the murder of Benwell, and sentenced to be hanged. [Nov. 14. Hanged.] Oct. 27+. The Comte de Paris visits Canada. ISTov. 6. Thanksgiving Day is observed. STATE. 1889 ISTov. 22. Ont. Miss F. Mer- cale, an Indian, is appointed to a place in the department of Indian Affairs ; it is the first appointment of the kind. Dec. 4. Ottawa. A new extradition treaty between Canada and the United States is submitted by the British Gov- ernment to the Canadian Government. Dec. * The sentiment in favor of annex- ation with the United States is re- CANADA. 1889, Nov. 20-1890, Nov. 26. 591 ported to be growing among prominent men. 1890 Jan. 8. P. E. I, The Legisla- ture is dissolved. Jan. 15. Ottawa. The Parliament opens with a speech by Gov.-Gen. Lord Stanley. Jan. 20. jV. B. An election is held by which the. Government gains 22 ; Opposi- tion, 17 ; Independents, 2. Jan. 21+. Ottawa. An effort is made to bring up the question of annexation in the House of Commons. P. Q. Mayor Grenier of Montreal is reelected by acclamation. Jan. 24. Eng. Canada's right to le- gislate on questions involving the royal prerogative is allowed by the Crown. Jan. 25. Ottawa. Official notice is given of the expiration of the modus vivendi on Feb. 15 between the United States and Canada. Jan. 30. Ont. The Ontario Legisla- ture is opened at Toronto. Man. The Legislature opens. Jan. * Ottawa. A bill is introduced in Parliament to repeal the act authoriz- ing the use of the French language in the Northwest Territories. Feb. 13. Man. The Legislature passes a resolution abolishing the use of French as the official language of the Province. Feb. 15. Ottaiva. The House of Com- mons debates the Dual Language bill. Feb. 17. Br. Col. A judge decides that the United States has no jurisdiction outside the marine league limit in Be- ring Sea. Feb. 22. Ottawa. The Dominion Parli- ament refers the question of the official use of French to the Northwest Assem- bly. Feb. 24. C. H. Tupper, Minister of Marine and Fisheries, starts for Wash- ington as the Canadian representative at the pending fisheries negotiations. Feb. * P. Q. The Club National, the leading French Canadian political club of Canada, repudiates Parliament's loyal address to the Queen, and declares for Canadian independence. Feb. * Br. Col. The various American, English, and Canadian trading-vessels seized by the Columbian authorities are released. Mar. 7- P. Q. A resolution opposing Imperial federation is unanimously carried in the Quebec House of Assem- bly. Mar. 24. Ottawa. Minister Tupper returns from the "Washington confer- ence regarding Bering Sea. Mar. * Man. The Legislature unani- mously adopts a resolution praying that steps be taken by the Dominion Parlia- ment to negotiate with the U. S. Govern- ment for unrestricted reciprocity of trade between the two countries. Mar. * Canada seeks representation in the British Parliament. Apr. 9. The Government decides to re- new the modus vivendi with the United States for another year. Ottawa. The Dominion House of Commons defeats an amendment to the budget favoring reciprocity. Apr. 29. Ottawa. The Dominion Sen- ate passes a bill extending the modus vivendi with the United States. Apr. * Ottawa. The Government de- cides to guarantee the interest on $5,000,000 of the bonds to be issued by the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Rail- way and Navigation Company for the construction of that road. May 10. P. Q. The Quebec Legisla- ture is dissolved. May 16. Ottawa. The Dominion Par- liament is prorogued. May 25. Ottaiva. The Dominion Gov- ernment informs Canadian sealers that in case of arrest by U. S. ships they cannot be protected. May 28. Ottawa. The Government de- cides to enforce the treaty of 1818 in reference to the Atlantic fisheries, ex- cept to holders of modus vivendi licenses. May 29. Ottawa. The Government or- ders the whole international boundary line from the Kocky Mountains to Mani- toba to be patrolled by mounted po- lice in order to prevent smuggling. June 18. P. Q. The French Nation- alists win in the Quebec elections. July 14. N. S. M. B. Daly is. sworn into office as lieutenant-governor in the Legislative Council Chamber at Halifax. Sept. 24. Ottawa. The Governor-Gen- eral is petitioned to veto the Anti- French Bill passed by the Manitoba Legislature. Oct. 10. Ottawa. Canadahaa issued 119 licenses to U. S. vessels under the mo- dus vivendi, as against 78 last year. Nov. 3. Ottawa. It is officially an- nounced that the Dominion Government has decided to reduce the rate of post- age to a two-cent rate throughout Can- ada and to the United States. Nov. 7. Ottawa. The Dominion Govern- ment refuses to interfere with the sentence of Birchall. (See Society, Sept. 22.) Nov. 26. N. F. Newfoundland prom- ises not to enforce the Bait Act against the Dominion. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 Dec. 9. P. Q. The court-house at Inverness is destroyed by fire. Dec. 22. Ont. Fire destroys property in Petrolia to the amount of about $100,000. Dec. 23. Man. The Ogilvie Milling Company have secured a corner in all the wheat in this Province. Dec. 27. Br. Col. Many buildings in New Westminster are destroyed by fire. 1890 Jan. 17. Br. Col. The total pack of salmon during 1889 is reported to be 414,294 cases. Jan. 21. Manitoba Indians are dying from the grip. Jan. 25. Ont. The grip causes the high schools of Colborne to be closed. Jan. 26. P. Q. An ice-bridge ia formed in the river at Montreal. Feb. 10. The new bridge over the St. Lawrence at Coteau Landing is opened ; it is a mile and three-fourths long. Feb. 14. Ont. Toronto loses by the University fire $1,000,000, which in- cludes the library, valued at $100,000, and all its equipment, besides records and valuable historical and other docu- ments. Mar. * Ottawa. Sir John A. Macdonald has promised leading men from all parts of the Dominion that the entire system of St. Lawrence canals shall be deep- ened to 14 feet. Mar. * Ont. The Government has de- cided to spend $30,000 for seed wheat for Northwest farmers ; many of the farmers, owing to their heavy indebted- ness, are mortgaging their farms, and leaving for the United States. May 6. P. Q. The Insane Asylum of St. Jean de Dieu at Longue Point, near Montreal, is burned. Over 100 of the women patients and several nuns perish in the names ; many insane men and women escape to the woods ; financial loss, about $700,000. June 6. Br. Col. Sealing poachers in Bering Sea utilize a swift steamer to take their cargoes from the Aleutian Islands to "Victoria. June 29 ±. N. S. Boston capitalists are developing a new seaport at the east end of the Strait of Canso. June 30. The reports of the Con- solidated Fund of the Dominion for the fiscal year show the total revenue to have been $38,843,173.14, and the ex- penditures $30,939,772.26, leaving a sur- plus of $7,903,400.88, the largest since the Confederation. July 8. Br. Col. Sailing-vessels have gone into Bering Sea in large numbers from Victoria in expectation that there will be no seizures this year. The cable connecting Bermuda with Canada and the rest of the world is completed, and there is much con- gratulation over the fact. July 11. JV. S. A drowning disaster at Dartmouth, involving a great loss of life, is caused by the collapsing of a ferry landing-stage. July 17. P. Q. Five persons are burned to death at Quebec. July 18. An American syndicate buys a controlling interest in all the twine factories in Canada, save one in Ontario. Aug.+ * An English syndicate is buy- ing brewery plants in Canada. Nov. 7. Man. Coal-pits are on fire at Fort William. 592 1890, Nov. *-1891, Dec. 29. CANADA. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 Dec. 6. X. S. A heavy snow- storm prevails at Halifax. 1891 Apr. 18. P. Q. Much damage is caused by inundation in the Chaudiere Valley, Quebec. July 12. Br. Col. One white woman and 40 Indians are killed by a landslide on the banks of the Skeena River. Aug. 26. N. B. Two pilots and three others report seeing a sea-serpent, 200 feet long, off the Riehibucto shore. It has a flat-shaped head, with eyes on top like a frog, and in body about as thick as a man. Sept. 8. X. 8. A destructive gale at Halifax works disaster among the ship- ping. Sept. 9. Ont. Rich gold-bearing quartz is discovered at Port Arthur. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891 May 31. Dorion, Sir A. A., chief justice of (.jtH'cii's Ik'iirh Court in Que., d. June 6. Macdonald. Sir John A., pre- mier, dies :tl KanisrliiTe, near Ottawa, A76. Nov. 30. Murdoch. Sir Thomas Wro. Clinton, chief secretary in Canada, dies. Dec. 29. Futvoye, Geo., lieut.-col., deputy minister for militia, A83. CHURCH. 1891 Feb. 25. P. Q. Roman Catholic priests in Quebec are instructed to support Sir John Macdonald in the coming elections. June 17. Ont. The Methodist Con- ference at Toronto suspends the Rev. James Thompson for one year for preaching the heresy that " there is no material hell." LETTERS. 1890 * * X. B. The Globe is issued at Fredericton. * * Man. The Tribune is issued at Win- nipeg. * * P. Q. Le Samedi is issued at Mon- treal. SOCIETY. 1890 Dec. 20. Ont. The Toronto City Council decides that the street-cars shall not run on Sundays in that city. ± The churches in Canada take action in the line of petitioning the House of Commons and the Senate for a law prohibiting the manufacture, importa- tion, and sale of all alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes in Canada. 1891 Feb. 2. Man. The action of the Manitoba Legislature abolishing sep- arate schools is sustained by a full Court on appeal, one judge dissenting. Mar. 7+. X. S. Funds are collected to aid sufferers by the Spring Hill m inin g disaster. Mar. 14. The proposed arbitration con- cerning Newfoundland is limited to the lobster fisheries and canning factories. Mar. 23. Ont. Farmers are organiz- ing under the name of Ontario Farmers' Union. Br. Col. The Chinese administer punishment according to their own civil and criminal code in British Columbia, and this unknown to the authorities. Mar. 31. Sir Charles Tupper leaves Ottawa for Washington. May 8. X. 8. "Woman suffrage is de- feated. June 2. Out. Sir John Macdonald, the premier, is very ill. [June G. Dies.] June 9. Ont. Sir John Macdonald's body lies in state in the Senate Cham- ber, Ottawa ; eulogies upon the dead premier :ire pronounced in the Domin- ion Parliament. June 10. Ont. The funeral of Sir John Macdonald takes place at Ottawa, the largest ever seen in Canada. June 13 1. The Prince of "Wales is much criticised for being identified with the baccarat scandal. June 30. Eng. It is officially announced in London that Lady Macdonald, widow of the late premier of Canada, has been raised to the peerage. July 9. N. B. The National Division of the Sons of Temperance of North America hold their 47tli annual session at St. John. July 10. Ont. The National Educa- tional Association is in session at Toronto. The Chief Engineer of the Public "Works Department at Ottawa is sus- pended for accepting a present. July 14. Ont. The annual convention of the National Educational Associ- ation of America is formally opened in Toronto in the presence of about 6,000 persons. July 19. P. Q. The 201st anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne is cele- brated by the Orangemen of Montreal ; at a mass-meeting the Rev. Dr. Justin Fulton makes an address bitterly de- nouncing Catholicism. July 21. Baroness Macdonald re- ceives an autograph letter from Queen Victoria, in which her Majesty expresses her sympathy with Lady Mac- donald in her bereavement. Aug. 14. Ont. Investigations of the scandals concerning public officials con- tinue at Ottawa. Aug. 19. Ont. In the investigation of corruption Premier Mercier is further implicated. Aug. 23. Ont. A new scandal in rela- tion to alleged jobbery in the construc- tion of the harbor works is announced at Toronto. Sept. 1. Ont. Secretary of State Chap- leau, at the corruption investigation, spirits away witnesses and documents, and is alleged to be in a worse position than Sir Hector Langevin. Sept. 9. P. Q. More than 100 Hebrew exiles, in destitute condition, and ut- terly unable to speak in French or Eng- lish, arrive in Montreal. Dec. 27. P. Q. A riotous political meeting is held in Montreal. STATE. 1891 Feb. 3. Ottawa. The Govern- ment dissolves Parliament, and will go to the country for a mandate to nego- tiate reciprocity with the U. S. Govern- ment ; the election will take jdace on March 5. Feb. 4. Ottawa. Canada's proposals for reciprocity are made public. Feb. 9. Sir John A. Macdonald issues an address to the electors, in which he defines the policy of his party, and de- nounces unrestricted reciprocity with the United States. Out. A great Liberal demonstration is held in Toronto ; the speakers favor reciprocity with the United States. Feb. 14. Ont. The Commercial Union Club of Toronto issues an address to the people favoring reciprocity ; the ad- dress is signed by Prof. Goldwin Smith and G. Mercer Adam. Feb. 17. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov- ernment sends a protest to the Impe- rial Government against the conven- tion between Newfoundland and the United States. Feb. 28. Br. Col. The Legislature re- solves to make the Chinese poll-tax $100, abolishes return certificates, and restricts the number carried inland by steamships. Mar. 5. The general elections for Par- liament give a majority of 22 to the Conservatives. Apr. 13. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov- ernment proposes to allow American fishermen the same privileges in the Maritime Provinces as last season. P. Q. The premier and treasurer of Quebec are negotiating a new loan of $10,000,000. Apr. 19. Ottawa. Petitions are filed to unseat Sir Adolphe Caron, Minister of Militia, and Sir Hector Langevin, of Public Works, for corrupt practises. Apr. 22. P. E. I. The Ministry re- signs. Apr. 29. Ottawa. The Dominion Parliament opens. May 11. Ottawa. Fraud is charged against the Dominion Minister of Public Works, involving a contract of $5,000,000. May 19. X. S. The Legislature is prorogued. May 23. P. Q. The negotiations for the Quebec loan are not successful. May 27. Ottawa. The Senate passes the bill renewing the modus Vivendi with the United States for the fishing season of 1S91. June 13. Ottaica. Senator J. C. Ab- bott, leader of the late Government in the Senate, is summoned to form a new Ministry, succeeding Sir John A. Mac- donald as the premier. June 16. Ottawa. Premier Abbott forms a Cabinet ; all the members of the late Ministry retain their port- folios. CANADA. 1890, Nov. -1891, Dec. 29. 593 Ministers: Premier, Jolin J. C. Ab- bot; Finance, George E. Foster; Cus- toms, Mackenzie Bowell ; Militia, Sir Adolphe P. Caron ; Postmaster-General ', John Haggart ; Agriculture, John Car- ling; Inland Revenue, John Castigan; Secretary of State, Joseph A. Chapleau ; Interior, Edgar Dewdney ; Justice, Sir John S. D. Thompson ; Marine and Fish- eries, Charles Tapper ; Privy Council, John J. C. Abbott ; without port/olios, Frank Smith, J. A. Ouimet, and George A. Kilpatrick. June 18. Ottawa. It is announced that the policy of Sir John A. Macdonald trill be continued by the government un- der Premier Abbott. June 25. Ottawa. The House of Com- mons passes an amendment in favor of a commission to obtain data respect- ing the working of the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicants in other countries. Vote, 107-88. June 30. The Dominion debt is $2S9,- 899,230. July 7. Ottawa. In the House of Com- mons the motion to place binding- twine on the free list is defeated. Vote, 80-100. July 10. Ottawa, Sir George Baden- Powell and Dr. Dawson, the British Commissioners, leave for Bering Sea. July 18. P.Q. Premier Mercier of Que- bec arrives from Europe ; he expresses himself as opposed to a protective policy in Canada against American products, and in favor of reciprocity. July 27. Ottaiva. Sir R. Cartwright's unrestricted reciprocity resolution is voted down in the Dominion House. Vote, 88-114. Aug. 5. Ottawa. The Dominion trade policy is sustained in the House of Commons by a majority of 22. Aug. 11. Ottawa. After a denial of alleged charges of corruption made against him, Sir Hector Langevin re- signs his position as Minister of Public "Works. Aug. 19. P. Q. In the Corruption Investigation, Premier Mercier is further implicated ; Thomas McGreevy, member for Quebec, tenders his resig- nation in the House, and the Speaker issues a writ for a new election. Sept. 3. P. Q. The scandals are still under investigation. Sept. 10. Ottawa. The Railway Com- mittee of the Senate, in its report on the " Act Respecting the Baie Chaleurs Railway Company," finds that among those who profited by the misapplication of funds was Premier Mercier of the Province of Quebec. Sept. 25. Ottawa. The House adopts the majority report, exculpating Sir Hector Langevin from the charge of complicity in dishonest practises. Vote, 101-86. Premier Abbott in a speech asks Great Britain to take steps to place Canada in a position to negotiate a reciprocity treaty with the United States. Sept. 30. Ottawa. The seventh Par- liament is prorogued by Gov.-Gen. Stanley. Oct. 9. Ottawa. The demands of Mr. Chapleau, Secretary of State, are creat- ing much trouble in the Dominion Cabinet ; a Ministerial crisis seems probable. Oct. 21. Ottawa* The British Bering Sea agents arrive. Oct. 27. Ottawa. Mr. Chapleau has tendered his resignation to Premier Abbott. Nov. 5±. Ottawa. The Dominion Cab- inet is being reconstructed. Dec. 2. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island discuss a project for union as one province. Dec. 8. Ottawa. Canada imposes a duty on all fish imported from New- foundland. Dec. 16. P. Q. The Quebec Cabinet is dismissed from office by Lieut.-Gov. Angers. Dec. 22. P. Q. The new Quebec Ministry, with M. de Boucherville as premier, is sworn in. Dec. 24. P.Q. The deficit of Premier Mercier's Government is now found to be $2,223,000. Another royal com- mission is appointed to investigate further irregularities. Dec. 25. Ottawa. The authorities de- cide to enlarge canal facilities in the Dominion. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Nov. * P. Q. The Dominion Gov- ernment has decided to expend §2,000,000 in constructing a new canal on the north side of the St. Lawrence, at Coteau, in order to pass the Cedar Rapids. Dec. 8. Quebec. An ice-bridge is formed across the St. Lawrence. 1891 Jan. 1. Canada's total exports for 1890 were $97,74S,149, and the imports $128,S5S,241 ; exports to United States, §40,000,000 ; imports from United States, §52,000,000. Feb. 12. Quebec. A worsted factory boiler explosion kills 20 persons and injures a number of others. Feb. 16. Br. Col. New "Westminster loses §500,000 and one fireman at a fire. Feb. 21. JV. S. An explosion in the Spring Hill colliery destroys 120 lives. Mar. 2. Prof. Goldwin Smith de- nounces the Canadian Pacific R. R. in a letter for its activity in behalf of the Conservatives. Mar. 4. Silver mines in Canada are bought by a syndicate of Englishmen and Americans ; the cost is about ten million dollars. Mar. 20. Quebec. Great activity is shown at the Government cartridge factory. Apr. 8. The Government is taking steps to abolish the use of the purse-seine in fishing. Apr. 23. P. Q. A company is organized at Three Rivers to ship frozen meat to England; capital, $2,000,000. May 11. Out. A train is ditched by a burning bridge ; one man killed. June 1. Can. The opening of the" bac- carat trial" in England arrestspublic at- tention; it involves the Prince of Wales. June 18. Br. Col. The North Star is seized for smuggling Chinamen into the United States. June 19. Eight cordage works in Canada are bought by the National Cordage Company of New York for $3,000,000. June 20. Bush fires are raging. June 28. Br. Col. Two sealers sail from Victoria for Bering Sea. June 29. P. Q. A Quebec loan of $10,000,000 is floated by a Belgian and French Syndicate. July 1. Dominion Day is celebrated throughout Canada. The new Banking Act goes into operation. July 6. Ottawa. The Ontario and New York Bridge Company is incorporated, -with a capital of $1,000,000, to bridge the Niagara River. July 8. Br. Col. The steamer Danube arrives at Victoria with 18,000 seal- skins on board, secured outside of Be- ring Sea. July 12. N. S. The schooner Georgb- ana, while being towed to Halifax, cap- sizes, and the captain and crew, 16 in number, are drowned. July 13. Br. Col. The sloop Flora, with 400 Chinamen on board, is seized at Victoria, charged with intending to smuggle them into the United States. July 14. N. B. Eugene Underhill and Murray Boocock arrive at St. John, hav- ing traveled in a canoe from Moose- head Lake to the mouth of St. John River, a distance of 500 miles. July 17. Br. Col. Sealers at Victoria relate to the British Bering Sea Com- missioners their grievances. Aug. 15. Br. Col. The City Council of Victoria decides to submit to the vote of the people the question of appropri- ating nearly $3,000,000 for railroad subsidies. Aug. 20. The wheat crop amounts to 63,000,000 bushels. Aug. 26. The census gives the popu- lation as 4,823,344, an increase of 11.52 per cent in ten years. Sept. 8. Ont. The Toronto Industrial Exhibition opens. Sept. 18. Labrador. Thirteen persons are drowned by the wrecking of fish- ing-vessels during a terrific storm off the coast. Oct. 13. ± P. Q. A branch ofiice of the Louisiana State Lottery Company has been established by its agents in Montreal. Nov. 10. The debt of Canada to date amounts to $235,000,000. Dec. 24. P. Q. Last year's deficit in the Province, placed by the Mercier Government at $600,000, is found to be more than $2,200,000. 594 1892, Jan. 1-1893, Nov. 20. CANADA. ARMY — WAVY. 1892 Jan 1. The Dominion militia numbers 36,618 men. It includes 1,963 cavalry, 1,440 field artillery, 179 engineers, and 31,123 in- fantry. Aug. 17. The French war-ship Are- tkusa enters the St. Lawrence on her ■way to Montreal. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Jan. 17. Out. A silver cave is discovered near Peterborough. June 18. P. Q. A storm at Quebec causes the loss of three lives, injuries to eight persons, and destruction of prop- erty. July 17. i\T. B. A disastrous storm. July 22. N. S. Forest fires in Cape Breton threaten farmhouses and vil- lages. July 29. Man. A cold wave arrives, and harvesting is not yet finished. Dec. 25. Ont. An earthquake shock, lasting nearly a minute, is felt at Corn- wall. 1893 Jan. 12. Ont. The thermometer registers 40 degrees below zero near Ottawa. May 8. P. Q. Floods prevail. July 15. The Falcon, carrying the expe- dition of Lieut. Robert Edwin Peary, is compelled by heavy storm to put back to St. Johns, N.F. July 31. Labrador. Lieut. Peary en- counters heavy seas and bad storms that greatly delay his progress. Aug. 14. Labrador. A volcanic erup- tion occurs on the summit of Cape Har- BIRTHS — DEATHS. 189S Jan. 26. Langevin. Jean P. F., bishop of Rimouski, archbp. of I.ennfopolis, A70. Apr. 17. Mackenzie, Alexander, pre- mier of the Dominion, A 70. May 34. Campbell, Sir Alexander, states- man, Toronto, A70. Aug. 7. Wilson, Sir Daniel, President of Toronto I'nivei-sity, A76. Aug-. 30. Gisborne, F. N., electrician, Ottawa, A68. Church, Levi Ruggles, jurist, A56. Sept. 9. Medley, John, bp. of Fredericton (N.B.) and metropolitan of ( 'anatia, A87. 1893 Mar. 32. Buck, John, bead chief of the Six Nations, dies. Sept. 14. Belleau, Sir Narcisse Fortunat, the first lieut. -governor of Quebec, A85. Sept. 19. Gait, Sir Alexander T., states- man, A76. CHURCH. 1892 Aug. 23. P. Q. The fiftieth anniversary of Cardinal Tasche- reau's consecration as a priest is cele- brated at Quebec. Nov. 14. P. Q. Archbishop Fabre of Montreal forbida Roman Catholics read- ing the Canada Revue and L'Echo di Deux Montagues on pain of withholding the sacrament ; cause, vigorous agitation against clerical abuses. Nov. 15. P. Q. A. Filletrault, the edi- tor of the Canada Revue, who was publicly excommunicated by Arch- bishop Fabre on Sunday, is arrested, charged by Father Baillarge with crimi- nal libel. 1893 June 8. P. Q. The Convent Ville Marie near Montreal is burned ; loss, over §1,000,000; two firemen are killed. July 5. P. Q. Ten thousand delegates to the Christian Endeavor Conven- tion arrive in Montreal. July 6. P. Q. The Christian En- deavor delegates convene in Montreal. July 11. The Rev. John Campbell, Professor of Church History and Apol- ogetics in the Presbyterian College of Canada, is put on trial for denying the inerrancy of the Scriptures. LETTERS. 1892 Jan. 5. Ont. Toronto votes in favor of free text-books for public- school children. Jan. 7. Ont. In Toronto three women are elected members of the School Board; the first instance of women holding such office in Canada. Jan. 14. Man. The majority have voted against separate schools in the recent election. (Announced.) July 28. The French Canadians are indignant at the opposition in Manitoba to separate schools. Nov. 7. Man. The Roman Catholic mi- nority makes appeal to the Privy Council as to parochial school rights in that Province. Nov. 30. Ont. Sir John Thompson, the new premier, will not interfere with the Privy Council's decision abolis hin g State aid to Roman Catholic public schools in Manitoba. (Announced.) Dec. 31. Ont. The first issue of the Sun, an evening paper advocating the annexation of Canada to the United States, appears in Toronto. * * The Lost Atlantis, by Sir Daniel Wil- son, appears. 1893 Sept. 10. P. Q. The college of Mount St. Louis at Montreal is burned; loss, §500,000. SOCIETY. 1892 Jan. 11. Ont. Judge Mathieu, of the Supreme Court, Donald MacMas- ter, Q. C, and Dumane Mason, mer- chant, form the Royal Commission to investigate the charges of malfea- sance in office laid against the Mercier Government. Feb. 6. Ont. The Toronto Globe pub- lishes serious charges of ** boodling" against Sir Adolph Caron, Minister of Militia, and M. Tarte. Feb. 27. Ont. Latest revelations go to prove that $100,000 had been re- ceived by Mercier, Langelier, and Pacaud. (See Nov. 4.) Mar. 6. Ont. Several opium smug- glers are arrested at Windsor. Mar. 20. Br. Col. The strike on the Canadian Pacific Railroad extends to the Pacific Coast. Mar. 23. Br. Col. The Canadian Pacific Railroad strike ends, all the men be- ing reinstated. May 4. P. Q. The Montreal authorities are prosecuting venders of lottery tickets. Sept. 21. Man. Lord Pagin, an Irish peer, is arrested for vagrancy at Win- nipeg ; cause, drink. Oct. 10. P. Q. Ex-Premier Mercier is to stand trial for malfeasance in office. (Announced.) Oct. 26. P. Q. The trial of ex-Premier Mercier and Pacaud begins at Quebec. Nov. 4. P. Q. Mercier is acquitted. Dec. 28. Ont. The Law Society of To- ronto decides to allow women to prac- tise in the courts. 1893 Mar. 25. Ont. Magistrate Bax- ter of Toronto fines a cab-driver S2 or ten days in jail for driving a lady along the public streets on Sunday, the 19 inst. Apr. 9. Man. W. A. McDonald, Oppo- sition leader in the Legislature, is un- seated for election bribery. June 24. P. Q. A public works scan- dal is unearthed at Montreal in connec- tion with the construction of two iron bridges across the Lachine CanaL July 8. P. Q. The Christian En- deavor delegates assembled in inter- national convention are attacked by a Catholic mob in Montreal. July 9. P. Q. More than 50 men are arrested in Montreal for trying to de- stroy the tent of the Christian En- deavor Convention. July 25. Ont. The 79th anniversary of the battle of Lundy'sLane is cele- brated on the old battle-ground. Sept. 7- Ont. Car-running on Sun- days in Toronto is defeated for the sec- ond time by 1.003 majority out of a total vote of 27,311. Sept. 9. P. Q. A partially successful attempt is made to blow up the Met- ropolitan Turf Commission rooms at Montreal ; the cause is said to be re- venge for gambling losses. Sept. 15. Eng. Queen Victoria confers the order of knighthood on the Hon. C. H. Tupper, Canadian Minister of Ma- rine, for services rendered in connection with the Bering Sea question. Nov. 20. P. Q. Several prominent young French Canadians are arrested while preparing to blow up with dynamite the Nelson monument in Montreal. STATE. 1892 Jan. 1. Total militia, 3S,618 Jan. 15. Ottaica. The Dominion Par- liament is summoned to meet Feb. 18. Jan. 25. Ottaica. Three places in the new Cabinet are filled ; M. Chapleau accepts the Ministry of Customs. Feb. 10. Br. Col. The Victoria Min- istry resigns, and W. Shiels is forming a new cabinet. CANADA. 1892, Jan. 1-1893, Nov. 20. 595 Feb. 16. The Reciprocity Commis- sioners return from Washington. Feb. 25. Ottawa. The Dominion Par- liament is opened with a speech by the Governor-General, Lord Stanley of Preston. Mar. 7. Br. Col. A motion that the de- fenses of Esquimalt be at once com- pleted is debated and defeated in the House of Commons. Mar. 8. P. Q. The Quebec election returns indicate a Conservative victory. Mar. 10. P. Q. Mr. Mercier resigns his seat in the Legislature. Apr. 26. Newfoundland declines Canada's suggestion of a conference. May 2. y. B.—N. S. Both the New- Brunswick and Nova Scotia Legislatures affirm by resolutions the desirability of a union of the Maritime Provinces. May 3. y. F. The Legislature passes a resolution renewing the tariff discrim- inating against Canada. May 21. P. Q. Ex-Premier Mercier's financiering largely increases the in- debtedness of Quebec Province ; a floating indebtedness of SS,500,000 is dis- covered. May 23. y. F. It is reported that New- foundland and Canada have reached an agreement upon the tariff, and the tariff war will end. May 28. Ottawa. Canada by proclama- tion revokes the duties imposed on Newfoundland fish and fish products. June 30. The Dominion debt is $295,- 333,274. July 5. Out. An annexation party is in process of formation, to unite the Do- minion with the United States. Aug. 12. P. Q. An Order in Council has been passed abolishing, at the end of the present season, the rebate in canal tolls favoring Montreal, and now awaits the signature of the Governor-General. Aug. 25. Man. The Provincial Govern- ment is defeated in a " want of confi- dence" vote in the Northwest Legisla- ture. Sept. 7. P. Q. An Order in Council prohibits all immigration by water or land to Quebec. Sept. 13. Ottawa. The Government orders a 20 days' quarantine on vessels carrying immigrants from cholera-in- fected ports to Canada. Sept. 30. Br. Col. Arrangements are completed for planting a colony of Scottish crofters on Vancouver Island. Oct. 24. N. B. At the Provincial elec- tions the Liberal Adrninistration is sustained. Oct. 26. P. Q. The trial of Mercier and Pacaud is begun in Quebec. Nov. 10. Man. Orders for the dissolu- tion of the Legislature and the issu- ance of a writ for a general election are sent to Lieut.-Gov. Royal of the North- west Territory. Nov. 25. Ottawa. Sir John C. Abbott resigns as premier, and Sir John Thompson is sworn in as his successor. Dec. 5. Ottawa. Sir John Thompson, the new premier, completes the forma- tion of his Cabinet. Dec. 7. Ottawa. The new Ministry is sworn into office. Ministers : Prime Minister and Jus- tice., Sir John S. D. Thompson; Public Works, J. A. Ouimet ; Trade and Com- merce, Mackenzie Do well ; Railways and Canals, John Haggart ; Militia, J. C. Patterson ; Agriculture, A. K. Angers ; Secretary of State, John Costigan ; Fi- nance, George Foster ; Marine and Fish- eries, C. H. Tupper ; Postmaster-General, Sir Adolphe P. Caron ; Interior, Thomas M. Daly ; President of Privy Council 9 W. B. Ives ; Comptroller Inland Revenue, John I. Wood ; Comptroller Customs, N. Clarke Wallace; Solicitor-General, J. J. Curran; without portfolios, Frank Smith and John Carling. Dec. 13. P. Q. The Quebec Ministry Ottawa. Justice Strong is appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Dominion. Dec. 15. P. Q. L. O. Taillon accepts the position of premier in Quebec, with the portfolio of President of the Execu- tive Council. 1893 Jan. 16±. Ottawa. The Domin- ion Government plans the establishment of a swift line of ocean steamers be- tween Canada and Great Britain, and to deepen navigation on a 14-foot basis from Lake Superior to the ocean. Jan. 26. Ottawa. Lord Stanley opens the third session of the Dominion Parliament with a speech. Mar. 2. y. S. Cape Breton coal-mines are leased by legislative action to the Whitney syndicate, the bill being signed by the Lieutenant-Governor. Mar. 4. Br. Col. The steamer Haytien Republic is seized by the Admiralty offi- cials at Vancouver. Mar. 27. Ottawa. The Dominion Par- liament passes the bill incorporating the Worth American Canal Company. It is to construct a canal from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, deepen the St. Lawrence Canal, cut a canal from Lake St. Francis to Lake Champlain, and thence to the Hudson River. Apr. 1. Ottawa. Parliament closes. Apr. 22. P.E.I. The Legislature passes a bill abolishing both the Legislative Council and the House of Assembly, and providing for one house only, half of its members to be elected by real- estate qualification and half by man- hood suffrage. May 11. Eng. The Earl of Aberdeen is appointed governor-general. May 27. Ont. The Ontario Parliament is prorogued. Among the bills passed is one to estab- lish a national park of twelve thousand square miles in the northern part of the Province, and another providing that a plebiscite be taken in January next on the question of prohibiting the importa- tion, manufacture, or sale of intoxicat- ing liquor as a beverage. June 13. Ottawa. The Government as- sents to the seal-fishery agreement entered into between Great Britain and Russia. June 20. Ottawa. The Liberal Con- vention opens. June 27. P. Q. The International French Congress, in session at Mon- treal, favors political union between Canada and the United States. July 15. Ottawa. Lieut.-Gen. Moore is sworn in as administrator of the Gov ernment until the arrival of the new governor. Sept. 18. Ottawa. The Earl of Aber- deen is sworn in as governor-general. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Feb. 13„ Cotton-mills are in process of consolidation by a syndicate. Feb. 21. N. S. The Loodiana is burned at sea, and all on board perish. Mar. 18. Sealing is successfully pur- sued in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. July 18. P. Q. A fire in Montreal causes a loss of half a million dollars. July 23. Canada secures 10,000 square feet for her exhibits at the "World's Fair at Chicago. Aug. 31. Br. Col. The American bark Majestic arrives at Victoria. It brings the captains and crews of four schooners flying the British flag and one American schooner, which were seized by the Russian warship Zabraka late in July, and sent to Petropaulovski to be sold, the captains and crews being held as prisoners. Sept. 8. P. Q. A fire at Hedleyville, a suburb of Quebec, burns 400 houses. Sept. 17. Ont. Seven men are killed by a boiler explosion at Staples, near Comber. Oct. 7. The Hamburg-American Packet Company decides to withdraw its steamers running to Montreal on ac- count of stringent quarantine regula- tions at that port. 1893 Jan. 5. Indians on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg are attacked by starving "wolves. Feb. 10. Ont. The United States Treasury Agent at Smith's Falls is withdrawn. Feb. 11. N. S. News is received that five cabin passengers and six of the crew of the Allan Line steamer Pomerania were washed overboard and drowned by a heavy sea that swept away the deck- saloon, chart-house, bridge, and boats ; the captain was fatally crushed ; the disabled vessel returns to Greenock un- der command of the third mate. Mar. 31. P. Q. The third big fire in 30 days occurs in Montreal; loss, $100,000. June 19. P. Q. The Columbian cara- vels arrive at Montreal, and are escorted up to the harbor by a marine procession. June 22. N. B. Gibson loses $2,000,000 by fire. June 27. Ont. The Columbian cara- vels arrive at Toronto. Aug. 23. y. S. Eighteen persons are drowned by the sinking of a steamer and her tow near Halifax ; many small vessels are wrecked on the Cape Breton coast. 596 1894, Jan. 1- Dec. 21. CANADA. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Apr. 30. P. Q. Four lives are lost and half a million dollars' damage is done to property by a landslide which fills up part of the St. Anne River, near Quebec. May 28. Br. Col. Great destruction of property and loss of life by floods along the Fraser River and its tributaries. June 4. P. 0. Another landslide in Charlevoix County precipitates ten houses into the Red River, causing great loss of life. June 5. Br. Col. Great devastation along the Fraser River ; steamers are rescuing people from housetops and trees. Aug. 13. P. Q. Archibald Stuart and an Indian guide have made a trip from Lake Saint John to Mistassini, the in- land sea in the far north. They have discovered large areas of merchantable timber and large tracts of agricultural land where it had been supposed was only a worthless wilder- Aug. 31. Ont. The bronze memorial statue of Sir John A. Macdonald is completed at Toronto ; it is nine feet, eight inches high, and weighs 1,980 pounds. Sept. 1. Labrador. Messrs. Low and Eaton, of the Dominion Geological Sur- vey, discover in the great Labrador Peninsula 60,000 square miles of iron- bearing formation, a lake 100 miles long by 30 to 40 miles wide, and that the big falls at Hamilton River are the largest in America. Dec. 12. P. Q. Earthquake and vol- canic outbreaks occur at Yamaska. BIRTHS — DEATHS. R. C. 1894 June 22. Tache, Antoii archbishop of Winnipeg, A71. Oct. 30. Mercier. Honore. premier of Quebec, A54. Abbott, Sir John, premier, dies. Nov. 9. Taschereau, H. E., judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec, A57. Dec. 12. Thompson, Sir John, pre- mier of the Dominion of Canada, A50. Dec. 21. Bain, Francis, historian and bota- nist, at Charlottetown, P. E. I., A52. 1894 Aug. 7. P. Q. Protestant mis- sion-houses and Salvation Army barracks in Quebec are wrecked by a mob of rioters in three different parts of the city ; several persons are injured ; property loss is heavy. LETTERS. 1894 Apr. 10. P. Q. The Canada Be- vtie, of Montreal, begins a suit in court against Archbishop Fabre for unlaw- fully acting as censor of that publica- tion. SOCIETY. 1894 Feb. 17. Ont. About 500 un- employed men march in procession to the City Hall, Toronto, and request the mayor to provide work. Apr. 25. Ont. Drunken militiamen pull down the American flag at the United States consulate in St. Thomas ; an investigation is ordered by the Do- minion Government. June 29. P. Q. A bomb explosion is the cause of some damage in The Wit- ness printing-office at Montreal ; no clew to perpetrators. STATE. 1894 Jan. 1. Ont. The Province votes prohibition by a majority of two to one. Mar. 15. Ottawa. The Parliament is opened with a speech from the throne by Gov. -Gen. Lord Aberdeen. Mar. 27. Ottawa. Finance Minister Foster outlines in the Dominion Parlia- ment the proposed changes in the tariff. Apr. 21. Ottawa. A decree is officially published prohibiting seal-catching within a 10-mile zone on all the Russian coasts of Bering Sea and the North Pa- cific Ocean, and within a zone of 30 miles around the Kormanborsky Islands and Robson Island. June 28. Ottawa. The Intercolonial Conference opens. July 4. About 700 islands, of the Thousand Islands, in the Saint Lawrence River are sold for §40,000. July 20. Ottawa. Confidence is voted the Government in the Dominion House of Commons. July 23. Ottawa, The Parliament is prorogued. Aug. 11. Man. The Dominion Govern- ment proposes to set apart as perma- nent timber reserves the heavy tim- bered lands in Manitoba' west of the Red River. Sept. 8. Ottawa. The deficit in the Dominion revenue for the year ending June 30 is nearly §2,000,000. Nov. 27. Ft, The French Chamber votes in favor of a commercial treaty with Canada. Dec. 11. Ottawa. The official figures show an increase of $10,800,000 in the national debt during the month, or $■21,000,000 during the year, making the debt $321, 000,000. The national debt of Canada has in- creased 83 per cen* since the present Government came in power in 1878. Dec. 13. Ottawa. Mackenzie Bowell has accepted the premiership. Dec. 19. Ottawa. The new Ministry is completed. Dec. 21. Ottawa. The new Cabinet is sworn in. Ministers : Premier and President of Privy Council, Sir Mackenzie Bowell"; Public Works, J. A. Ouimet ; Trade and Commerce, W. B. Ives; Raihcays and Canals, John G. Haggart ; Militia and Defence, A. R. Dickie : Agriculture, Va- cant; Secretary of State, W. H. Mon- tague; Finance, George E. Foster; Ma- rine and Fisheries. John Costigan ; Post- master- General , Sir Adolphe P. Caron ; Interior and Indian Affairs, Thomas M. Daly ; Justice, Sir Charles H. Tupper ; Comptroller of Inland Revenue, John F. "Wood ; Comptroller of Customs, N. Clarke Wallace ; Solicitor' General, Vacant: without portfolios, Sir Frank Smith and Donald Ferguson. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 June 7. Br. Col. Floods cause damage and great suffering in the Fraser River Valley. Large loss of life is feared, both of man and beast ; steamers are still engaged in rescuing whole families from floating houses and rafts, and many are nearly starved. June 10. A Canadian Pacific express- train plunges through a burning bridge near Fort William into the river Mattawa; several persons are injured and missing, one being drowned. Aug. 6. Labrador. Great suffering is prevalent among Indians in Labra- dor ; many are dying of starvation. CAPE COLONY. 1487, * *-1829, Oct. 597 Cape Colony is a British possession in South Africa, and includes an extended protectorate over a vast region of country. The area of Cape Colony proper, including Kaffraria, Tembuland. and East Griqualand, is estimated at 221,311 square miles, and its population, in 1891, at 956,485. Cape Town is the capital. The inhabitants consist of British settlers, descendants of the Dutch Boers or farmers, and the native colored people, called Kafirs, Hottentots, and many Malays. The government is administered by a Governor and Council appointed by the British Crown, and a Parliament of two houses, — a Legislative Council, and a House of Assembly ; the members of both houses are elected by the people. Note. — Tlie parts of South Africa designated by the following names are here included as parts of Cape Colony, they being British posses- sions or protectorates; liasutolaml, lieehuanaland, Kaffraria, Griqualand, Khamas Country, Mambimbidand, Matabeleland, Natal, Namaqua- land, and Zululand. ARMY — WAVY. 1795 Sept. 16. Cape Colony. The col- ony at Cape Town is captured from the Dutch by the English, under Sir George Keith Elphinstone and Gen. Clarke. 1796 Aug. 17. Adm. Elphinstone cap- tures, without resistance, a Dutch squadron under Adm. Lucas in Sal- dauka Bay. * * Godongwana, the Zulu chief, forms a celibate army. 1806 Jan. 9. Cape Colony. Cape Town is again taken by the British under Sir David Baird and Sir Home Popham. 1811* *-12* * Cape Colony. "War with the Kafir tribes. 1819 * * Another war is waged with the Kafirs, led by the prophet Mo- kanna ; they attack Graham's Town, and are repulsed with great loss. ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 1820 * * The Royal Observatory is es- tablished near Cape Town. 1824 * * The first newspaper is pub- lished in Dutch and English. 1827 * * The Government suppresses the colonial newspaper. 1828 * * The Colonists secure from the king the boon of a free press. CHURCH. 1736* * Kaffraria. The Moravians commence their missions among the Hottentots. 1737 * * Cape Colony. Moravians land at Cape Town. They begin work among the Hottentots. * * Cape Colony. Gnadendal becomes a Moravian mission-station. 1792* * Cape Colony. The Moravian mission at Gnadendal is resumed after a suspension of 50 years. 1798* * Kaffraria. The London Society begins mission-work among the Kafirs. 1808 * * Cape Colony. Mamre becomes a Moravian mission-station. 1814 * * Cape Colony becomes a mis- sion-field of the "Wesleyans, notwith- standing the prohibition of the governor. * * Cape Colony. The London Society begins work among the Bushmen. 1816 Oct. 31. Bng, Robert Moffat, the missionary, sails for South Africa. 1817 * * Natal. Robert Moffat arrives at Cape Town ; the governor of Natal refuses him permission to proceed in- land. 1818 Jan. 26. Robert Moffat, mis- sionary of the London Society, arrives among the Africaner men beyond the Orange River. * * Cape Colony. Enon becomes a mis- sion-station of the Moravians. * * Cape Colony. Kurman becomes a mission-station of the London Mis- sionary Society. 1819 * * Cape Colony. Robert Moffat returns to Cape Town from his inland work on a visit, bringing Africaner with him, formerly a scourge, now a Christian. 1820 * * Cape Colony. "Wesleyans open a mission with the consent of the gov- ernor. * * Cape Colony. Robert Moffat and his bride leave Cape Town for Griqua Town, * * Cape Colony. A chaplain is sent out by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 1821 * * Kaffraria becomes a mission- field of the Free Church of Scotland. * * Cape Colony. The bishopric of Cape Town is founded, and Robert Gray is consecrated its first bishop. 1822 Jan. * The Rev. Mr. Leitner and his English wife enter upon their self- denying, repulsive, and then supposed perilous, duties, at Hemel en Aarde, among the lepers of South Africa. * * Bechuanaland is entered by Wes- leyan missionaries with partial success. 1823 June* Kaffraria. The Scotch missionaries baptize five Kafirs, their first converts. * * Kaffraria. "Wesleyans send "William Shaw to Kaffraria, and Wesleyville becomes a mission-station. 1824* * Cape Colony. The Moravians start a mission at Elim, 80 miles south- east of Gnadendal, among the Hotten- tots. 1825 * * Kaffraria. "Wesleyans open a second station at Mount Coke. 1826 * * Cape Colony. King "William's Town becomes a mission-station of the London Society. 1827 * * Kaffraria. "Wesleyans open a third station at Butterworth. 1829 Easter. Rev. Mr. Leitner, Moravian missionary to the lepers, dies while baptizing a convert. Oct. * Cape Colony. The first Rhenish missionaries arrive for South Africa. S0CD3TY. 1652± * * As the Dutch extend their settlements inland, they reduce the natives to serfdom, taking their coun- try partly by so-called contracts and partly by force, i* * The Dutch introduce Malays or negroes as slaves. 1819 * * Cape Town. Robert Moffat, missionary, marries Mary Smith. STATE. 1487 * * The Cape of Good Hope is dis- covered by Bartholomeu Diaz, and called Tormentoso. 1497 Nov. 19. Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese navigator, doubles the Cape, and discovers the passage to India. Dec. 25. Natal. Gama discovers the bluff headland near Durban. 1652 * * Cape Town is founded by the Dutch under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. 1721 * * Natal. The Dutch attempt a settlement. 1740 * * The Dutch begin to pass their boundary in the Gamtoos River, and come into collision with the Kafirs. 1795 * * The colonists attempt to throw off the yoke of the Dutch, but are sup- pressed by the English as the allies of the Dutch. English governors fol- low. Sept. 11. The English take forcible 1802 Mar. 25. Fr. Cape Colony is re- stored to the Dutch at the Peace of Amiens. 1806 Jan. 9. Cape Colony is again taken by the English [and hereafter continues in British possession]. 1812+ * * Zululand. Chaka becomes king and grows powerful ; he destroys the males of Natal, and takes the women and cattle as booty. ±* * Natal. The Zulu power is estab- lished. 1814 Aug. 13. Cape Colony is finally ceded to the English by the King of the Netherlands. 1820 * * About 5,000 British immi- grants arrive. 1823 * * Natal. Lieut. Farewell, with a party of immigrants, founds a settle- ment. [It is broken up four years later.] 1827 * * The Board of Landrost and Heemraaden, long ago established by the Dutch, is abolished. MISCELLANEOUS. 1795* * Scot. Robert Moffat, the mis- sionary traveler, is born in Ormiston. 1827* * William Immanuel Bleek, writer, is born, 598 1829, **-1867, **. CAPE COLONY. ARMY — NAVY. 1834 Oct. * The Kafirs raid the English settlements, and ravish Graham's Town. 1835 * * A third war with the Kafirs is fought. Sir Benjamin D' Urban advances the boundary line to the River Kei. 1837 * * The Boers, under Maritz and Potgieter, in revenging the massacre of some immigrants, attack and utterly de- feat the Zulus under Moselehatze. 1838 Feb. * The Boers under Pieter Retief are defeated and routed by the Zulus. Feb. 2. Chief Dingaan massacres 70 Boers and their servants who had recov- ered his stolen cattle. Dec. * Dingaan massacres about 800 Boers, who are saved from extermina- tion by Andries Pretorius. 1840 Jan. * Dingaan is crushingly de- feated. 1846 * * The fourth Kafir war occurs. 1848 * * Sir Harry Smith terminates the war. 1850 * * -53 * * The fifth Kafir war is carried on by Gov. Sir Harry Smith and later Gov. Sir George Cathcart. 1852 Feb. 26. The steamer Birken- head, laden with troops, is wrecked off Simon's Bay, and 454 out of 658 soldiers and crew perish. Dec. 20. Gov. Cathcart attacks and de- feats the Kafirs. 1853 Mar. 9. The Kafirs accept condi- tions of peace, and the war ends. * * Armed and mounted police are formed for the frontier, numbering 750 men. 1857 * * Andries Pretorius, the Boer, invades the Orange Free State. June 1. Peace is made by negotiation in Orange Free State. ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 1829 * * The South African College is founded in Cape Town. 1831 July 16. Great damage is done by a terrible storm at Cape Town. 1860 * * A public library with 40,000 volumes is inaugurated at Cape Town. 1861 * * Two collegiate institutions are endowed in Natal, one for Pieter- maritzburg, and the other for Durban. * * A mission- college is founded at Gra- ham's Town. 1865 * * The Education Act, providing for three orders of schools, is passed. 1867 * * Diamonds are discovered in Transvaal, and gold-fields in the inte- rior are announced. Mar. * Cape Colony. Diamonds are dis- covered. CHURCH. 1829 * * Robert Moffat's first church is formed at Kruman. * * Kaffraria. Wesleyans open a fourth station at Morley. * * Robert Moffat visits the Matabele tribes south of the Zambesi, and starts 1830 * * Cape Colony. Wupperthal he- comes a mission-station of the Rhenish Society. * * Cape Colony. Robert Moffat finishes the translation of St. Luke ; it is printed at Cape Town. 1833 * * Cape Colony. Morija becomes a mission of the Paris Evangelical So- ciety. 1834* * Zutuland. Six missionaries and their wives establish the Zulu mission of the American Board at Umlazi, near Port Natal. It is broken up by the war which follows with the Boers. * * West G-riqualand. Beaconsfield be- comes a mission-station of the Berlin Missionary Society. 1835 * * Natal. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions opens its mission. 1837 * * Kaffraria. Kaffraria becomes a mission-station of the Glasgow Mis- sionary Society. 1838 * * Zululand. The mission of the American Board to the Zulus is re- sumed. 1839 * * Robert Moffat goes to England to get his complete translation of the New Testament printed. 1840 Dec. 8. Bng. David Living- stone sails as a missionary for -Cape Town. * * Cape Colony. The United Presby- terian Church of Scotland establishes a mission at Glenthorn. 1841 * * Natal becomes a mission-field of the British "Wesleyans. 1842 * * Great Namaqualand and Damaraland, in Southwest Africa, are visited by missionaries, chiefly of the Finnish Lutheran, the Rhenish So- ciety, and the English "Wesleyans; great results have followed. 1843 * * Zululand. The treachery of the Zulu king, Dingaan, occasions the sus- pension of the mission of the American Board. 1844* * Zululand. The Nor we gi an Society start a Zulu mission at Schreu- der. * * Zululand. British supremacy permits the resumption of the Zulu mission, and the first convert, an old woman, is 1845 * * Natal becomes a mission-field of the Norwegian Society. 1846* * Cape Colony. Graaf Reinet becomes a mission-station of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 1847 * * A bishop of Cape Town is ap- pointed. * * Natal becomes a mission-field of the Berlin Society. * * Natal. Emmaus becomes a mission- statiou of the Evangelical Lutheran Society. 1849 Aug. 1. David Livingstone first beholds Lake Nganii, South Central Africa. * * Zululand. The American Board reports nine churches with 123 members. 1850* * Cape Colony. The Moravians open a mission at . Mingti constructs a-dyke 30 miles long for the relief of Hoang- Ho from inundations. 89+ * * The Emperor Hoti introduces the culture of the grape. 95+ * * Linen paper is invented. 107 * * The first credible historian ap- pears among the Chinese. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 565+ * * b. c. Lao-tse, or Lao Tseu, the phi- losopher, born. 55X * * b. c. Confucius b. [479. Dies. A72.] 370- * 289 * • 250 * • 246* • dies. 210 ' • b. c. Chtng Wang, emperor, dies Mencius, the philosopher, b. Mencius. philosopher, A81+. Chow Siang Wang, emperor, d. Chwang Slang Wang, emperor. 565± * * b. c. Laotze the sage is born in the province of Honan. His followers (Taose) are called " The Disciples of Reason." [His religious teaohines affirm the ex- istence of a Supreme Being (Tao , com- mend universal benevolence, and predict the final absorption of all pure and en- lightened souls into the Mipreintr. eternal Spirit.] 350+ * * b. c. The use of the tablet begins, for the souls of ancestors. 202 * * b. c. Katosou (Lew Pang) comes to the throne, and exchanges the wor- ship of the gods of the soil of Thsin for that of Hun, Lis native state. 68+* *A. D. Ho-Shung, a Buddhist priest from India, introduces Bud- dhism, and [the Armenians allege that] the Apostle Thomas introduces Chris- tianity. 70± ** Buddhism is officially intro- duced by envoys who had been sent to India to study it. S0CLETY. 2650+ * * b. c. Fohi introduces mar- riage. 2285+ * * B. c. The Emperors are radi- cally opposed to intemperance, and banish an inventor of an alcoholic beverage, which he obtained from rice. 2200+ * * b. c. Yao the Great is an ab- stainer from wine. [Mencius says], " Yu hated the pleasant wine." During the reigns of Yao and Chun virtue pervades the land, and crime is unknown, while prosperity aboumds. 1770+ * * B. c. Kia, the tyrant, is also a voluptuary. To gratify his favorite concubine, he provided "her with a splendid palace, and in the park that surrounded it a lake of wine was formed at which * three thousand men drank at the sound of a drum,' while the trees hung with dried meats, and 'hills of flesh 1 were piled up." (Cyc. of Temperance.) 479 * * b. c. After devoting his life to virtue and good government, Confucius dies a retired, neglected, and disap- pointed man, 246-1- * * b. c. Ching "Wang is a re- former, and unpopular with the upper 202 * * B. c. Near the beginning of the Han dynasty [and afterwards], a fine of four ounces of silver is put on all guilty CHINA. 2700 B.C. -126 a. d. 611 of meeting together and drinking in companies of more than three per- 179± * * b. c. The Emperor Wenti orders that all old men shall be provided with corn, meat, and wine, besides silk and cotton for wearing-apparel. * * * B. c. "Wenti abolishes punishment by mutilation. 98 * * b. c. Liquors can be made and sold only by the Government. (Cyc. of Temperance and Prohibition.) STATE. * * * b. c. The mythical Fohi, a pred- ecessor of Hwangti, according to native writers, founds the Empire, introduces cattle-raising, teaches writing, intro- duces divisions of the year, and insti- tutes marriage. 2637 * * B. eror, A88. 1813 * " lluiig-tsiiien, rebel leader, born. 1820 Sept. 2. Kiaking, emperor, dies. 1835 * • Kung. Prince, born. 1700 * * The Emperor Kangi informs the missionaries that the worship of Tien (heaven) is the worship of the true God, and the other rites are merely civil., 1715* * The Roman Catholic missions have great success, and claim 1,100 churches in Kiangnan and Kiangsi alone, and 100,000 converts. 1718± * * Pope Clement XI. decrees that Tien does not mean the true God, and the rites are idolatrous; this decis- ion turns the Emperor from the Chris- tians to Confucius. 1722± * * Emperor Yung Ching expels the missionaries from the schools in consequence of their quarrels among themselves. 1735* *-96* *The Emperor perse- cutes the Christians during a part of his reign. 1736 * * The Jesuits are expelled by an edict of the Emperor. 1742 * * The Jesuits are commanded by the Pope to make no accommodations with paganism. 1792± * * A great famine is charged against the missionaries. 1805 * * Cruel persecution of Catholic Christians prevails. 1807 Sept. 7. Eobert Morrison of England, the first Protestant mission- ary, arrives. * * The London Society begins work in China. * * *An edict against Christianity is published. 1813 * * "William Milne from England arrives in Canton to aid Morrison. 1816 Sept. 3. The Emperor Kaiking is dethroned because of religious differ- ences. * * The Catholic Christians are perse- cuted. 1820 * * Catholic Christians are perse- cuted, and many killed, including the vicar apostolic and bishop in partibus. 1830 Feb. 25. Elijah C. Bridgman and David Abul, missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, arrive in Canton. 1831 * * Missionary Bridgman issues the first number of the Chinese Repository. 1833 * * Baptist missions for the Chi- nese begin by establishing a station at Bangkok, Siam, for its Chinese popula- tion. 1836* * An American Baptist mis- sion-post is established on the Island of Macao. [1S42. Moved to Hong-Kong.] CHINA. 1695, * *-1843, Oct. 9. 617 1840 * * Amoy becomes a mission-sta- tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church. -t* * The opium-war suspends mission- ary labor, 1842 * * David Abul establishes a mis- sion of the American Board at Amoy. * * Amoy becomes a mission-station of the Reformed Church (U. S. A.). 1843 Oct. 8. A supplementary treaty is signed giving all foreigners at treaty ports the same rights as British subjects. * * The British and Foreign Bible Society begin work at Shanghai. SOCIETY. 1730+ * * In order to check the growth of the population beyond the means of subsistence, rewards are offered by the Government to certain classes of persons who remain single. 1754 * * Keen-Lung orders that every Mussulman above 15 years of age in Kansuh be put to death, in order to prevent another war. 1767 * * The importation of opium amounts to about 1,000 chests annually, and the traffic is wholly in the hands of the Portuguese. 1781 * * The East India Company (Brit- ish) takes charge of the opium-trade [and the importation is about 1 ,000 chests a year]. 1785 Feb. 14. The Emperor Keen- Lung makes a feast to the ancients of his kingdom. Ancients of 100 years receive 50 bushels of rice and two pieces of silk ; those of 90 years, 30 bushels of rice and two pieces of inferior silk ; and others in same pro- portion down to 50 years. 1800* * The Government becomes greatly alarmed, and an edict is issued forbidding the importation of opium by any person for any purpose whatever. The severest penalties are prescribed for those violating the law, — nothing less than the confiscation of the vessel, the destruction of the opium, and the capital execution of the smugglers. 1832 * * Strangling is the penalty for selling opium; and an offender is thus executed at Macao, in the presence of a crowd of foreigners. 1839 * * The Imperial Commissioner Lin writes to Queen Victoria imploring her to put an end to the traffic. 1841+ * * The Emperor Taoukwang, in reply to Sir Henry Pottinger's demand for the legalization of the opium -trade, said : " True, I cannot prevent the intro- duction of the poison; but nothing will induce me to raise a revenue from the vice and misery of my people." The Emperor, himself a reformed opium- smoker, has lost three sons by the vice. ± * * The secret society called The Green "Water lily becomes formidable and turbulent in Hoonan. STATE. 1719 * * Peter the Great of Russia sends a splendid embassy to Peking, which is opposed by ministers but re- ceived by the Emperor. Russia is ad- mitted to commercial intercourse, while other European nations remain ex- cluded. 1722 * * Yung Ching is enthroned. 1735 * * Keen-Lung is enthroned. [He extends the empire over the great- er portion of Central Asia.] 1793 Sept. 14. Lord Macartney, the British ambassador, arrives at Peking. Oct. 7. The Emperor orders him to de- part. 1795 * * The Dutch send an embassy to Peking, which is treated with contumely. 1796 Feb. 6. Keen-Lung abdicates the throne. * * Kaiking (a son) is enthroned. [He is voluptuous and cruel. Many rebellions and audacious pirates and dis- sensions disturb the empire. 1805 * * Russia sends an imposing em- bassy to Peking. 1816 * * Lord Amherst, the British am- bassador, is dismissed from Peking be- cause he refuses to kotow before the Emperor. 1821 * * Taoukwang is enthroned. [He distinguishes his reign by his en- deavor to keep out the opium-trade of England; many insurrections occur, which cannot be quelled by the army.] 1826+ * * Insurrections arise against Chinese authority in Kashgar. 1828 * * Severe prohibitory laws against the use of opium destroy the perni- cious trade and exasperate the British merchants. 1832 * * The oppressed Miaotze rise in a formidable rebellion. 1833 Dec. * Eng. Lord Napier is ap- pointed chief superintendent of trade with China, with John Davis as one of his two assistants. July 15. Lord Napier arrives as super- intendent of British commerce. 1834 July * Lord Napier reaches Canton. [The Chinese refuse to have dealings with him, and interdict all trade with those associated with him.] Oct. 11. Lord Napier dies at Macao, and is succeeded by [Sir] John Davis. Nov. * The British dispute with the Chi- nese respecting the opium-trade, which the Emperor prohibits. 1836 Dec. 14. Capt. George Elliot is appointed superintendent of trade by the British Government. 1837 Mar. * The opposition is relaxed, and Elliot establishes himself at Canton. 1839 Jan.* The Emperor appoints Lin Tishseu special commissioner to visit Canton, and break up the opium-trade. Mar. *- June* Capt. Elliot agrees that all the opium in the hands ot the Eng- lish shall be given up, on condition that the native trade in it shall stop. Mar. 18. Governor Lin concentrates a military force near Canton, and orders the seizure of British opium to prevent its being smuggled into the Empire. Mar. 19. The British residents and other foreigners of Canton are forbidden to leave. [May 24. The British leave.] Apr. 3. The Chinese seize 20,283 chests of British opium, valued at more than $20,000,000, and destroy it. [This is regarded by the British Government as casus belli.] Aug. 19-21. The English at Macao seek refuge on the shipping off Hong- Kong. * * The Chinese demand the entire aban- donment of the opium-trade, which the British refuse to promise. Dec. 6. British trade is interdicted. 1840 Jan. 5. The Emperor issues an edict prohibiting all trade and inter- course with England forever. Sept. 16. Imperial Commissioner Lin is finally degraded, and Keshen appointed in his place. Nov. 20. The British Plenipotentiaries arrive. 1841 Jan. 20. Commissioner Keshen cedes Hong-Kong to the British, and promises an indemnity of $6,000,000 within 10 days. Jan. 29. Hong-Kong is declared a Brit- ish possession. Feb. 11. The Emperor refuses to ap- prove the preliminaries of peace. Mar. 12. Commissioner Keshen is de- graded, and Eleang takes his place. Apr. 14. New commissioners meet the British at Canton. July 16. British trade is reopened at Canton. July * The Canton Convention is signed by the Imperial commissioners. Aug. 10. Sir Henry Pottinger arrives at Macao, as British Minister Plenipo- tentiary, and issues a proclamation stat- ing his aims. 1842 Aug. 12. The Chinese Peace Commissioners arrive at Nanking. Aug. 29. The Treaty of Nanking is signed. Terms : (1) Canton, Amoy, Shanghai, Ning-po, and Fuchau are to be opened to British trade; (2) Hon^-Kong is ceded to England ; (3) the Chinese to pay an indemnity of $21,000,000; (4) a regular tariff to be fixed ; (5) official intercourse is to be on the basis of equality. 1843 July 22. The ratifications of the Treaty of Nanking are formally ex- changed. July 27. The port of Canton is opened to the British. Oct. 9. By a supplementary treaty the British are permitted to own real es- tate in the treaty-ports, and to travel a certain distance into the interior; also all foreigners are to have the same rights as British subjects. MISCELLANEOUS. 1771 * * The Kalmucks return to Mon- golia from the Volga region, and thou- sands perish on the journey. 1822 * * Canton loses 15,000 houses by fire. 1834 Apr. 22. The East India Com- pany's monopoly ends, and trade be- comes free. 1835 Jan. 31. The Argyle is seized by the Chinese, and her crew held in cap- tivity. Feb. 23. The Chinese fire the con- demned opium at Canton. . 618 1843,* *-1858,**. CHINA. ARMY — NAVY. 1847 Apr. 3. The British capture the Bogue forts, near Canton. 1849* * Pirates, led by Shapuntsai, control a large fleet and well-equipped force, which levies blackmail from Foo- chow to the Gulf of Tongking. 1850 Mar. 4. The British steamship Medea destroys 13 pirate junks. Aug. * The Tai-ping Rebellion breaks out in Kuang-si, Southern China. The leader, Hung-tsiuen, calls himself Tien-teh, " Celestial Virtue," claiming to have a heavenly commission as a polit- ical and religious reformer. (See State.) 1852 Apr. * Tien "Wang, Hung-tsiuen, with the Triad chiefs as allies, begins his northern march. June 19. The rebels defeat the Im- perialists under Commissioner Leu, and destroy a large part of his army, Dec. 23. The rebels sack the city of Han-Yang and the commercial em- porium of Han-Keu. 1853 Jan. 12. The rebels take the fortress of Hu-Kuang by storm. Mar. * -Apr. * The European powers refuse to aid the Emperor against the rebels. Mar. 19, 20. The Tai-pings take Wan- king, and massacre nearly 20,000 Man- chus ; they proclaim the inauguration of the Tai-ping dynasty. May 19. The rebels take Nanking. May * The Tai-ping army is increased to 80,000 men. Sept. 7. The rebels take Shanghai. Oct. * The Tai-pings are besieged in their fortified camp at Tsinghai. Nov. * The rebel army is checked by two Imperial army corps. 1854 July 19. The rebels are com- pelled to retreat toward Nanking. Nanking is taken by the Imperialists. July * Another rebellion, chiefly for plunder, breaks out in Canton. Aug. * -Nov. * The rebels besiege Can- ton without success. 1855 Jan. * The European powers undertake to suppress rebellion in the seaports, and the French Admiral La- guerre makes two attacks on Shanghai, which the rebels repulse. Feb. 15. The British and Americans unite, and drive the rebels from Shang- hai. Mar. * The rebels retire from the siege of Canton. * * The Imperialists retake many impor- tant places. * * The rebels fail in an attack on Pe- king. 1856 * * The rebels suffer from dissen- sions. The "King of the North" massacres the "King of the East" with all his men ; afterward the former and his ad- herents are destroyed. May 19. The Panthay rising occurs in the southwest. The Mohammedans of Yunnan rise against the Chinese, who have planned their destruction en masse. Oct. 8i. The Chinese capture the Chinese crew of the Chinese loreha Ar- row, When flying the British flag, and engaged in smuggling British goods. The British consul demands satisfac- tion for the " outrage." Oct. 23. The British take the forts near Canton. Nov. 3, 4. Sir Michael Seymour bom- bards Canton. Nov. 6. The defeated Imperialists re- tire from Shanghai. Nov. 12, 13. Sir Michael Seymour cap- tures the Bogue forts on both sides of the river, at Canton. Nov. 15. The Chinese, of the Barrier Fort, fire on an American boat " by mistake." Nov. 21, 22. Com. Armstrong of the TJ. S. frigate Portsmouth avenges the attack on an American boat by destroy- ing four forts, mounting 165 guns. Nov. 25. The rebels capture Kuriking. Dec. * The British capture more forts. Dec. 14. The anti-foreigner mob burns the property of Europeans, Dec. 30. The crew of the British vessel Thistle is murdered by Chinese. * * The rebels are hemmed in and ac- complish little, yet repelling the Impe- rial army in the direction of Su-chao. May 20. The expedition arrives at the city of Tien-Tsin, DO miles from J-. king ; the Emperor sues for peace. June * The rebels make an unsuccessful attack on Soochoo, and then march on the city of You-Kiang. June * "War is renewed because <»f in- fraction of the treaty by the Chinese. Aug. "-Sept.* The British destroy about 130 armed junks maimed by pirates. * * The Mohammedan rebels under Ma Sien are repulsed in an attack on the city of Yunnan. * * Ma Sien is again repulsed at Linan. ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 1853* * The Porcelain Tower at Nan- king is destroyed by the Tai-pings. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1847 Aug. 19. Lcw-rie, Walter M., mis- sionary, murdered. 1848* * Capillas, Francis de, Dominican, be- headed. 1849 Jan. 5. Pohlman, John TVilliam, martyr, A3". 1850 Feb. 24. Taonkwang-. emperor. A69. 1851 Aug. 9. cut/hiii. Karl, missionary, A48. 1856 Apr. 27. Ki-tsiang, emperor, born. 1857 * * -60 * * "War with Great Brit- ian allied with France. Mar. * British reenforcements arrive from England and Madras. May 26, 27. Destruction of the Chinese fleet of 40 armed junks by the British under Com. Elliot. June 1. Sir M. Seymour and Com. Keppel complete the destruction of the Chinese fleet of 72 junks, near Hyacinth Island. July 16. The British are diverted from China by the Sepoy Rebellion ; Lord Elgin departs for India. July * Canton is declared to be in a state of siege by the British. Aug. * The British blockade Canton. Sept. 12. The Chinese declare war against England. Sept. 20. Lord Elgin returns from India to Hong-Kong. Oct. 19. Gen. Straubenzee assumes command of the British forces. Dec. 15. The allies occupy the Island of Do-dar, opposite Canton. Dec. 2S, 29. The allies bombard Can- ton, and take the city. 1858 Jan. 5. The allies enter the city of Canton in three detachments. Jan. * Teh, the governor-general of Canton, is taken prisoner, and sent to India. Feb. 10. The blockade of Canton is raised. May 20. The English and French forces move up the Pei-Ho River towards Peking, and take the Taku forts, mount- CHURCH. 1843 * * The American Baptists com- mence a mission at Uing-po and three substations, — Sbaohing, Kinhwa, and Huehau. 1844 * * The treaty rights of mission- aries are first secured. (Also see State, 1845, Aug. 25.) * * Ning-po becomes a mission-station of the American Presbyterians (North). 1845 * * The Church of England opens a mission at Shanghai. * * The American Baptists (South) begin ■work in Canton. * * Canton becomes a mission-station of the Presbyterian Board. * * Ning-po becomes a mission-station of the Presbyterian Board. 1846 * * The first converts in the mis- sion of the American Board at Amoy are baptized. * * The first Protestant Episcopal con- vert is baptized on Easter Day. [He becomes a clergyman.] * * The Rhenish Society sends a mission- ary to Canton. * * The Basle Missionary Society begins work in Hakkas, province of Canton. 1S47 Aug. 19. "Walter M. Lowrie, American Presbyterian missionary, is murdered at sea, aged 2S. Sept. 4. The first Methodist missiona- ries, Collins and White, enter Fuchau. * * The mission of the American Board is opened in Fuchau. * * The American Presbyterians open a mission at Canton. * * The Rhenish Mission at Canton is organized. * * The Basle Missionary Society sends two missionaries to Hong-Kong, who proceed to the mainland. CHINA. 1843, **-1858,**. 619 * * The English Presbyterians start a mis- sion in Hong-Kong and vicinity. * *Tke American Seventh-day Baptists start a mission at Shanghai. * * Kucheng becomes a mission-station of the English Church Society. 1848 Sept.* Shanghai becomes a mis- sion-station of the Methodist Episcopal Church (South), U. S. A. * * The American Baptists (South) begin work in Shanghai. * * The (Eng.) church mission at Shang- hai is enlarged to include Ning-po. 1S49 Jan. 5. John "William Pohl- man, missionary and martyr, dies, aged 37. 1850 * * The American Presbyterians (North) open a mission in Shanghai. * * The (Eng.) church mission is opened in Fuchau. * * The (Eng.) church mission is opened in Fuhkien. * *The Berlin Foundling Asylum is started by Berlin ladies at Canton. * * Presbyterians open the first successful day mission-school in China at Can- ton. / * * The Tai-ping rebellion assumes a semi-religious character, and evinces some knowledge of Christianity. 1851 * * The mission of the English Pres- byterians is removed from Hong-Kong to Amoy. 1852 * * The (Eng.) Wesleyan Methodists begin a mission at Canton. * * The Basle Missionary Society form a station at Li Long. * * Mr. Piercy, who had labored for some time at his own expense, becomes an agent of the "Wesleyans, and establishes their first China mission at Canton. 1853* * Boys' and girls' boarding- schools are established by the Ameri- can Board at Fuchau. * * Hung-tsiuen claims to be the second born Son of God, and the legitimate ruler of the world ; that his new reli- gion is modified Christianity. 1854 * * Civil war interrupts the mission- work in Canton. * * The property of the Southern Baptists (U. S. A.) at Canton is destroyed during the rebellion. * * Missionaries Blodget and Aitchison join Mr. Bridgman at Shanghai, and or- ganize a mission of the American Board. 1855 * * The first Methodist Episcopal Church edifice is erected at Fuchau. 1856 May 19. The Chinese fix upon this day for a general massacre of Mo- hammedans in Yunnan, but are only partially successful. * * War with England interrupts mission- work. * * The American Reformed (Dutch) mis- sionaries assume the work of the Amer- ican Board in Amoy. * * Kyelang, Little Tibet, becomes a Mo- ravian mission-station. 1857 July 14. Ting Ang, the first Methodist convert, is baptized. * * The Basle Missionary Society begins a mission at Hong-Kong. * * Ning-po becomes a station of the In- land Mission. * * The first mission church of the Amer- ican Board is organized in Fuchau, con- sisting of four members. SOCIETY. 1845 * * The treaty concessions to for- eigners are partly neutralized by the intense hostility of the people. 1848* *-49* * Numerous bands of robbers infest the provinces of Kuang-si and Kuang-tung ; the execution of 1,500 robbers at Canton alone does not check their increase. 1853+ * * Over 100,000 persons, most of whom are innocent, are executed in blood at the capture of Canton from the rebels. 1856 Dec. 14. An anti-foreigners mob burns all the dwellings and store- houses of Europeans at Canton, and takes the lives of some. 1856 * * A Chinese smuggler, bearing the British flag and manned by a Chinese crew, is fired on by the Chinese ; and this insult to the British flag is made the pretext for bombarding Canton, while England and France advance to- gether up the Pei-Ho toward Peking. [The Emperor is compelled to legalize the opium trade by British opium.] 1858 * * The murder and assassina- tion of Europeans is common in Canton because of the rage of the inhabitants. STATE. 1844 Feb. 16. Sir John Davis be- comes British Minister. July 3. Caleb Cushing, the U. S. Com- missioner, negotiates a treaty with China which is more liberal than the British treaty. Oct. 23. A treaty is made with France. 1845 Jan. 16. U. S. A. The Govern- ment at Washington ratifies the treaty with China. Aug. 25. France negotiates a treaty by which Christianity is to be tolerated in the five ports. [All the treaty concessions are wrested from the Government in opposition to the strong feeling of the Chinese people, who hate the foreigners.] 1846 * * Simmerings of disaffection among the Mohammedans are noted in Yunnan. 1*847 Apr. 2. "Warlike demonstra- tions are used to compel the Govern- ment to respect the stipulations of the treaties made with foreign governments. Dec. * "Warlike demonstrations are re- peated by the foreign powers. 1849± * * The Government is held in popular contempt because of its inabil- ity to exclude the foreigners. 1850 Feb. 25. Hienfung (Prince Yih- choo) is enthroned ; he styles himself Tien-te. Aug.* In Kwangsi, Hung-tsiuen (Tien Wang) leads the great Tai-ping re- bellion. He aims at the overthrow of the exist- ing dynasty, and professes to be commis- sioned of God, by whom he is instructed in visions; "general peace" is written on his banners. * *A special commissioner is sent to Kwangsi and then two generals. 1851 * * The Government becomes anx- ious, and sends the Prime Minister to Kwangsi. * * The Mohammedans in the province of Yunnan take advantage of the rebel- lion, and successfully strike for inde- pendence. 1852 * * Dr. John Eowring becomes British Minister. 1853 * * Hung-tsiuen is proclaimed emperor ; he takes the name Tien "Wang, (Heavenly King). Apr. * The Emperor appeals to the rep- resentatives of European powers for help against the rebels, and is flatly re- fused. May* Sir G. Bonham goes to Nanking to obtain friendly assurances from the rebels. Sept. * A successful insurrection breaks out at Shanghai. 1854 * * The successes of the Emperor lead the representatives of England and the United States to proffer him aid, which he declines. 1856 May 19. The persecuted Mo- hammedans in the province of Yunnan rebel [and achieve a temporary inde- pendence]. 1857 Mar. * Lord Elgin is appointed British envoy. [June 3. Arrives at Sin- gapore. July* Arrives at Hong-Kong.] Nov. 7. Minister Reed of the United States arrives, and with Russia unites- in a pacific policy against that of force adopted by England and France. 1858 * * -59 * * Diplomatic complica- tions arise between France and China ; the former attempts the conquest of Cochin China, and the latter claims a suzerainty over it. May 28. The Russians secure a treaty ceding all the country on the left bank of the Araoor to Russia. June 13. Russia secures a commercial treaty. June 18. William B. Reed also secures a commercial treaty for the United States. June 26, 28, 29. A treaty is concluded with Great Britain. It provides for freedom of trade, in- cluding the importation of opium, and residence of ambassadors at both courts, toleration of Christianity, and China to pay the war expenses, SlO.snn.OOO to Eng- land and $0,000,000 to France; the tariff revised, and Europeans no longer to he called " barbarians." It also opens four more ports, provides for free navigation of rivers, and permits foreigners to travel in China. MISCELLANEOUS. 1850 * * Chinese emigration to the United States begins. 620 1859, May *-1870, Sept. 15. CHINA. ARMY — NAVY. 1859 June* The British envoy, James Bruce, is fired on by the Taku forts when on his way to Peking. June 25. Admiral Hope is repulsed in attempting to force a passage past the Taku forts ; he loses SI killed and 390 wounded. * * Yunnan Fu capitulates to the Mo- hammedans on terms which secure a temporary peace to the province. Oct. * A joint expedition against China is arranged by the English and French. 1860 Mar. * Sir Hope Grant arrives at Hong-Kong, and takes command. Mar. 19. Rebels under Chung "Wang capture Hangchow. May 3. The Tai-pings attack the Im- perialists at Nanking, and compel them to raise the siege. Julyi * Frederick "Ward, an Ameri- can, enters the service of the Empire. Aug. 1. The allies land above Taku, on the Pei-Ho. Aug. 12. The British under Sir Hope Grant and the French under Gen. Mon- tauban defeat the Chinese in a skir- mish. Aug. 18-20. The Tai-ping rebels at- tack Shanghai, and are repulsed by the allies and volunteers. Aug. 21. The allies take the Taku forts at the mouth of the Pei-Ho ; the Tartar general, San-ko-lin-sin, retreats. Sept. 8. The allies send an advance force forward from Tien-Tsin. Sept. 18-21. Advancing on Peking, the allies defeat the Chinese at Chan-chia- wan and Pa-li-kao. Sept. 21. San-ko-lin-sin, by treachery, captures Capts. Anderson and Bra- bazon and 16 others, while arranging for a meeting of the ministers. Oct. 6. The French ravage the Empe- ror's summer palace near Peking. Oct. 8. The Chinese restore those of the captives who have not died of ill usage. Oct. 12. Peking is surrendered to the allies. Oct. 18. The British burn the summer palace. Oct. 24. Peace is restored. (See State.) Nov. 6. The allies evacuate Peking, leaving it in a desolate state and its in- habitants scattered and indigent. 1861 * * A British and French force oc- cupy Tien-Tsin. Dec. * The rebels lay waste Ning-po and Hangchow. 1862 Jan.* The rebels advance on Shanghai ; it is fortified by the English and French as allies of the Emperor. Jan. * The rebellion begins to wane. Apr. * The rebels are twice defeated by the allies. May 10. Ning-po is retaken by aid of the allies. May 17. The rebels are attacked, and the French admiral, Protet, is killed. * * Gen. "Ward gives great aid by reor- ganizing the army. July * The Europeans assist the Impe- rialists against the rebels. Oct. * Capt. Sherard Osborn organizes a small fleet of gunboats to aid the Im- perialists. Oct. * The Imperialists take Kah-sing and other towns. 1863 Mar. 24. Maj. Charles Gordon Of the British Royal Engineers enlists with the Imperialists [and transforms the army in a short time]. May 1, 2. Maj. Gordon captures Tait- san from the Tai-ping rebels. May 31. Gordon takes Qninsan. July 27 + . Gordon takes Kahpoo. July 28. Gordon receives the surrender of Wokong. Oct. * The Tai-pings under Burgevine are defeated by the Imperialists under Maj. Gordon. Nov. 27. Gordon fails in a night attack on Soochoo. 1864 Mar. 21. Gordon is repulsed in an attack on Kintang. He is dis- gusted with the conduct of the Chinese in treacherously murdering the rebel chiefs. Apr. 23. Gordon takes the stockades near the west gate of Changchow. May 11. Gordon takes Changchow by storm. July 19. Gordon recaptures Nanking from the rebels, after exploding 40,000 pounds of powder under the walls ; the rebel generals, Chang-wang and Kan- wang, are executed. This practically ends the rebellion. 1865 Jan. * -Mar. * The Tai-ping rebels hold Mingchow. May 23. The rebels evacuate Ming- chow. July* The Nien-fei rebels in the north threaten Peking. July * The distinguished Tartar general, San-ko-lin-sin, is defeated and killed. 1866 Mar.i * The Kien-fei rebels in the northwest are defeated. * * The Tungani of Kashgaria revolt, and Mohammed Yakoob Beg assumes supreme office and independence of China. 1868 Oct. * Ning-po is occupied by the rebels. Nov. 8. The British send a squadron to Nanking to enforce a demand for redress of injuries to missionaries at Tang-Chow. 1870 May± * The Mohammedans un- der Suleiman rebel in Yunnan and in Kan sua. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1861 Aug. 22. Hienfung. emperor, d. * * Bridgman, Elijah C, missionary, AGO. 1862* * Culbertson, MatthewS.. 1863 July 2. Rankin, Henry, missionary, July 17. Boone, William Jones, American Episcopal missionary bisliop, A59. Bonnev, Samuel \\\, missionary, A 4ft. Aug. 7. Chung Wang, Tai-ping leader, be- CHURCH. 1859 * * To-Cheng becomes a in 1fb ion- station of the American Methodists. [Also Formosa of the Roman Catho- lics. Shanghai of the New Connection Methodists of England. Hangchow of the Presbyterian Board.] * * Methodist Episcopal Women's and Girls' High School is founded in Fu- chau. * * Rev. S. L. Baldwin and others reen- force the Methodist missions. I860* * Tien-Tsin becomes a mission- station of the American Board. * * The Methodist New Connection (Eng.) begins work in Tien-Tsin. * * The American Baptist Union opens a mission at Double Island, at the en- trance of the bay leading to Swatow. * * The American Protestant Episcopa- lians start a mission in the interior at Wuchang. * * Poklo becomes a mission-station of the London Society. Also Chefu of the Protestant Episcopal Church. * * The English Baptists open a mission in Chefu. * * Tung-Chow becomes a mission-sta- tion of the (Am.) Southern Baptists. * * Shantung becomes a mission-field of the Southern Baptists. * * American Presbyterians in Shanghai baptize their first convert. * * The American Board changes the loca- tion of their mission from Shanghai to Tien-Tsin [and its name is changed to North China Mission two years later]. 1861 * * The American Baptists com- mence a mission at Swatow. Mar.* Two converts are baptized in the Fuchau mission. * * The American Methodists (North) start a printing-press at Fuchau. [It pub- lishes each year 1,000,000 pages of Scrip- ture.] * * The (Eng.) "STesleyan Methodists start a mission in "Wuchang. * * Ching-king becomes a mission-sta- tion of the London Society. * * The American Presbyterians (North! start missions at Hangchow and Tung- Chow. * * American Baptists (South) begin work in Tung-Chow. * * Hankow becomes a mission-station of the London Society. 1S62 Jan. * The First Presbyterian church in Canton is organized with seven members. * * The Basle Missionary Society begins work in Chung Tsun. * * The Church of England opens a mis- sion at Hong-Kong and Peking. * * Hankow becomes a mission-station of the "Wesleyans. Also Chiang Chin of the London Society. Chefu, in the northeast, of the American Presbyte- rian church. * * The Tungani, Mohammedans , revolt, and massacre the Buddhists in Central Asia. CHINA. 1859, May * -1870, Sept. 15. 621 1863 * * The American Methodists suc- ceed in opening a station within the walls of Fuchau. * * The American Presbyterians start a successful mission in Peking. * * The American Baptist Union opens a mission at Kak Chieh, on the mainland. * * Formosa becomes a mission-station of the Presbyterian Church of England. 1864 * * N"ing-po becomes a mission-sta- tion of the (Eng.) Methodist Free Churches. * * The Rhenish mission at Fa Men is begun. * * The Bridgman School is established in the North China Mission of the Amer- ican Board. * * Severe persecution by the natives is firmly endured by the converts at Fu- chau. * * A mob destroys property of Metho- dists in Fuchau, and Rev. Carlos R. Martin, wife, and children have a mar- velous escape. 1885 Jan.* -Mar.* The Mohamme- dans in Huran rebel. * * The Church of England opens a mis- sion at Hangchow. * * The English Presbyterians begin work in Formosa. [Great success follows.] * * Kargan becomes a mission of the American Board. Also "Wuchang of the London Missionary Society. * * The Basle Missionary Society begins work at Nyen Hang Li. * * The United Presbyterian church of Scotland begins medicinal work at Ning-po. 1866 * * Shaohing becomes a mission- station. * * The China Inland Mission at Ning-po is organized. * * The American and Methodist Episco- pal Boards publish the first edition of the New Testament in the Fuchau di- alect. * * The English New Connection Metho- dists begin work at Lao Ling, in the province of Shantung. 1867 * * "Wuchang becomes a mission- station of the London Society. * * This is a revival year in the American Methodist mission ; 451 members are re- ported. * * Hangchow becomes a mission-station of the Presbyterian Church (South), U. S. A. * * The English New Connection Metho- dists begin work at Chu Chia Tsai. * * Tai-chair becomes a station of the Inland Mission. Also Tung-Chow of the American Board. Kiukiang of the American Methodists. "Wuchang of the Protestant Episcopal church. 1868 Aug. 22. The Protestant mission- houses at Yang-Chau are destroyed by persons who are incited by the" literati." * * The Central China Mission is estab- lished by American Methodists (North). It includes the districts of Kiukiang, Nanking, Chinkiang, and "Wuhu, with a and 339 church- members. * * Yang-Chau becomes a mission-sta- tion of the Methodist Inland Mission. Also Kiukiang of the American Metho- dists. Uewchwang of the Irish Pres- byterians. * * The National Bible Society of Scot- land begins work in China. * * The United Methodist Free Churches (Eng.) begin work in Ning-po. * * The Presbyterian Church (South) be- gins work in Hangchow. 1869 * * The Methodist EpiscopalChureh, U. S. A., organizes the North China Mission, including the districts of Pe- king, Tien-Tsin, Shantung, Tsunhua, and Lanchou, with 15 missionaries and a church-membership of 782. * * The China Inland Mission opens its first station in the Gan-hwuy prov- ince. * * The American Methodists begin their mission in Peking. * * The American Board set up the only press controlled by Protestant missions in Northern China. * * The Presbyterians of Ireland begin work at Yingtse. 1870 June 21. A mob massacres the French consul at Tien-Tsin, Roman Catholic priests, 21 Sisters of Mercy, and many children from the orphanage. Their Chinese enemies allege that the missionaries have kidnapped the chil- dren. SOCIETY. 1868 * * An anti-foreigners' riot breaks out in Yangchow, in which missionaries are maltreated and their houses burned down. 1870 June 21. Rioters at Tien-Tsin brutally murder 21 foreigners and an unknown number of Christian converts. The French and Russian missionaries are among the dead. July * The hatred of foreigners in- creases, and the Government proceeds against the murderers of Europeans with remarkable deliberation. Aug. 22±. Ma, the viceroy at Nanking, is assassinated because of his regard for foreigners. STATE. 1859 May * Lord Elgin returns to England. July 29. The Chinese violate the treaty, in refusing to permit the U. S. Minister Reed to meet the Emperor with- out submitting to degrading ceremonies. Nov. 24. The United States secures a commercial treaty. 1860 Oct. 24. Lord Elgin and Prince Kung sign a Convention in Peking. The Chinese ratify the treaty of Tien- Tsin, and agree to pay a large indemnity immediately ; also to give a cash com- pensation to the families of the British captives who were murdered by the Chinese. ISTov. 14. China makes a treaty grant- ing territories and free trade to Russia. 1861 Mar. * England and France es- tablish embassies at Peking. Sir Fred- eric Bruce represents England. Oct. 21. Canton is restored to the Chi- nese by the British. Nov. * Several Chinese Ministers are put to death in a Ministerial crisis. * * Tungche is enthroned. Dec. 13. Prince Kung is appointed regent. 1862 * * The great uprising in the northwest begins in a quarrel between the Chinese and Mohammedan militia in the province of Shensi. It spreads into the province of Kansuh. 1863 Jan. 14. A commercial treaty, with Prussia is ratified by China. 1864 June 30. Hung-tsiuen, the rebel emperor, commits suicide. 1865 Apr. 2. Prince Kung is de- graded by the two Regent-Empresses, charged with arrogance. May 8. Prince Kung is reinstated in all his offices except that of President of the Council. Nov. 26. Sir Rutherford Alcock is ap- pointed British Minister to Peking. * * A successful rebellion in Kashgar is led by Yakoob Beg. 1866 July * Li Hung Chang and Tseu- kw»-fan, the rival leaders, struggle for political power. 1868+ * * Anson Burlingame, U. S. A., is appointed the representative of the Chinese Government to eleven of the principal countries of the world ; Chin Kang and Sun Chia Su, two mandarins, and a certain number of Chinese stu- dents, are to accompany him as members of the embassy. July. 4. V. S. A. The Chinese Embassy enter a treaty "with the United States at Washington. Oct. 28. A treaty with the United States is negotiated. [1869. Ratified.] Nov. 14. The British demands for re- dress are acceded to, and the viceroy is superseded. * * Mohammed Yakoob Beg is recog- nized as ruler of Kashgar by the govern- ments of Europe. * * The Government declines to redress the outrage committed against the Prot- estant missions at Yang-Chau. 1869 Oct. 24. A commercial supple- ment to the Treaty of Tien-Tsin is signed. 1870 May * The Mohammedans re- bel in Yunnan and Kansuh. June+ * A. wave of anti-foreign preju- dice sweeps over the country. (See So- ciety.) Sept. 26. The Government refuses to accept the ultimatum of the French, respecting the murderers of the nuns. Sept. 15+. In punishment for outrages 15 coolies are beheaded and more are exiled. [The Government offers a cash indemnity ; France is appeased.] 622 1870, **-1884, Dec. * CHINA. ARMY — NAVY. 1870 * * Most of the towns in the south and north of Yunnan are recovered from the Mohammedan rebels. 1872 * * The Government is aroused to a vigorous prosecution of the war by Suleiman's effort to secure the recogni- tion of England. 1873 Feb.* The Mohammedan capital, Talif oo, is recaptured by the Imperial- ists, and thousands of rebels are mas- sacred. •f * * "War is prosecuted against the Mo- hammedans in Kashgar. * * The Mohammedan rebellion is suppressed. 1875 Feb. 21. The Chinese attack a British exploring expedition under Col. Horace Browne at Manwyne, and kill one Englishman and five Chinese Feb. 22. Col. Browne is compelled to retire to Rangoon. 1876 * * "War is waged against the Tungani. Jtfov. 6. Manas is surrendered by Haiyen, the Mohammedan leader, and many rebels are killed. 1877 Mar.i * The Kasgarians are driven out of Pidjarn. May * Yakoob Beg of Kashgar is assas- sinated, after being totally defeated by the Chinese under Tso-tsung-tang. Dec. * The taking of Kashgar and other rebellious towns ends the war. 1879 Jan. * Li-Yang-tsai, the leader of the rebels in Hainan Island, invades Annam. July * Maj. Gordon meets Li Hung Chang, governor of the metropolitan provinces. July 15. It is announced that the pro- posed war with Russia respecting ter- ritory is abandoned. 1884 * * "War with France in the de- fense of Tongking. (See p. 482.) June 23. The Chinese, in violation of the Treaty of Tien-Tsin, attack the French while marching to occupy Langson in Tongking. (See Annam.) Aug. 5,6. Adm. Lespes bombards Ke- lung, Formosa, because of alleged treachery, and destroys the forts. Aug. 10. The French Adm. Courbet arrives at Fuchau. Aug. 23. Adm. Courbet sails up the Min River, and destroys the Chinese fleet. Aug. 26-28. Adm. Courbet bombards the defenses at Fuchau, and destroys those at Mingan and Kimpai. Sept. 16±. The French defeat the Chi- nese at Kimpai Pass. Oct. 1. The French take Kelung. Oct. 2. Adm. Lespes bombards Tam- sin. Oct. 23. The French blockade For- mosa on the north and west. Nov. 2. The French defeat 1,000 Chinese near Tamsin. "Nov. 12: r. The French are repulsed in an attack on Kelung. ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 1874 Sept. 22. A typhoon at Macao and Hong-Kong does great damage. 1881 Oct. 8. About 300,000 people per- ish by a typhoon at Haifong. 1882 * * A translation of the United States Constitution into Chinese is completed. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1871 A.us- 14. Kwangsu (Tsaitien), em- 1872 * * Tsenge Kwofan, statesman, dies. 1873 Jan. 15. Tu "Wensin (Sultan Suli- man) dies by self-poisoning. 1875 Jan. 13. Tungche, emperor, A18. 1878 May 21. Hall, William N., mission- ary, A49. May 29. Hunt, Phineas R., missionary, dies at Peking. 1881 * * Tsze-Au, the elder of the two em- presses, dies. CHURCH. 1870 * * Ning-po becomes a mission-sta- tion of the United Scotch Presbyterians. * * The English Baptists open a mission in Chiug Cho Fu. * * The Church of England opens a mis- sion at Shaou-hing. 1871 * * Soochoo becomes a mission-sta- tion of the Presbyterian Board. * * Eng. "William Murray, the remark- able colporteur, sails for China as agent of the National Bible Society of Scot- land [where he learns '2,000 Chinese characters in four months and enters his work]. 1872 * * Wewchwang, Haichung, and Iiiaoyang become mission-stations of the United Scotch Presbyterians. * * The second (Am.) Presbyterian church is organized. * * Che-nan-foo becomes a mission-sta- tion of the (Am.) Presbyterian Board. * * Soochoo becomes a mission of the Presbyterian Church (South). * * Kinchau becomes a mission-station of the Inland Mission. * * The American Methodists open a mis- sion at Tien-Tsin, and found a Biblical Institute in Fuchau. * * Formosa becomes a mission-field of the Canadian Presbyterians. 1873 * * Ta-ku-tang becomes a station of the Inland Mission. * * The Inland Mission (Eng.) opens its first station in the Kiang-si province. * * The work of the Scotch Presbyterians is transferred to Manchuria. 1S74 * * "Wuchang becomes a mission- station of the Inland Mission. * * The North China Mission is estab- lished by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Chefu, Northeast China, becomes a mission-station. 1875 * * Kihhwa becomes a mission-sta- tion of the Inland Mission. * * Tieling, Kaiyereu, and Saiping- Kow become mission-stations of the United Scotch Presbyterians. * * Chi-nan-fuli' me-sami-sion-station of the American Presbyterians. * * The American Bible Society enters China. * * C. W. Mitchil, an English Wesleyan layman, engages in mission-work at hiw own cost. 1876 * * The Inland Mission opens its first station in the Ho-nan province. * * Moukden becomes a mission-station of the United Presbyterian Church. * * Nanking becomes a mission-station of the American Presbyterian Board. 1877 Feb. 1. The decree of equal rights to native Christians is i.-su._-d. * * The English Baptists finally succeed in establishing a mission in China. * * The Inland Mission opens its first sta- tion in the Shan-si province. * * Tai-yuen and Yuh-shau become sta- tions of the Inland Mission. * * The Fuchau Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, U. S. A., is formed. It comprises the mission districts of Fuchau, Hokchiang. Hinghwa, Ing- chung, Kucheng, Yongping. and Hai- tang, under the care of six missionaries, and with a church-membership of 2.441. * * The American Baptists open a mission at Bhamo, Southwestern China. * * The Inland Mission opens its first sta- tion in the Kwei-chau province. * * The Inland Mission opens its first sta- tion in the Sz-chuen province. * * The society for spreading Christian Literature throughout China is organ- ized at Shanghai. * * A new college building nearly com- pleted is destroyed by a mob at Fu- chau, and the missionaries are driven out of the city. 1S7S Aug. 30. A mob destroys the mission property at Wu-slish-shan ; the mandarins are indifferent. * * A mission is begun at Ichang by the Established Church of Scotland. * * Fau-Cheng becomes a station of the Inland Mission. * * The Inland Mission opens its first sta- tion in the Kan-sun province. * * Wen-Chau becomes a mission-sta- tion of the United Free Methodists. 1879 * * The Inland Mission opens in the Shen-si province. * * Manchuria becomes a mission-field of the Irish Presbyterians. * * The Woman's Association of the Eng- lish Presbyterian Church begins work in Amoy. * * Ping-yang becomes a station of the Inland Mission. * * Taishan-fu is opened as a mission- station by the Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel. * * The American Presbyterians open a mission at Chi-nan-fu, 300 miles inland from Cheefu. * * Chefu, Northeast China, becomes a mission-station of the Inland Mission. 1880 * * Fang-chuang becomes a mis- sion-station of the American Board. CHINA. 1870, **-1884, Dec. * 623 1881 * * A Methodist Episcopal Anglo- Chinese College is founded in Fuchau. * * The Female College of the Fuchau mission is dedicated by the American Board. * * Chentu-fu becomes a mission-station of the Inland Mission. * * The American Methodists, of the "West China Mission, with a station at Chun- king, where still two missionaries are holding the outpost, is established. * * The Church of England opens a mis- sion in Canton. '■* * The Chinese Inland Mission opens its first station in the Yunnan province. * * The American Methodists start a suc- cessful hospital, under lady physicians, at Tien-Tsin. * * The third American Presbyterian church is organized. * * The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel receives the work of the (Eng.) Church Missionary Society in Peking. -* * Mr. Jeremiassen, an independent self-supporting missionary, begins Protestant mission-work on the island of Hainan. 1882 * * Yunnan becomes a mission-sta- tion of the Inland Mission. AlsoTsun- hua of the Methodist Episcopal Church, U. S. A. * * "Wei-Hien becomes a mission-station of the American Presbyterians.. * * A mission is opened at Canton by the Berlin Missionary Society. ■* * The American Board opens the Shansi mission. * * The American Baptists begin an inter- esting work among the Hakka people. 1883 * * Tai-ku becomes a mission-sta- tion of the American Board. * * Kinhwa becomes a mission-station of the American Baptists. * * The American Board opens the Hong- Kong mission. * * The London Missionary Society opens a station at Hong-Kong. * * Kaying-chau becomes a station of the Basle Missionary Society. * * Chinkiang becomes a mission-station of the Presbyterian Church (South). * * The American Baptists (South) begin work in Chinkiang. * * Methodist Episcopal Training- School for Bible Women is founded in Tien- Tsin. ** Methodist Episcopal University is founded in Peking. SOCIETY. 1872 Oct. 16. Ki-tsiang marries Ah- luta, a Manchu lady. 1873 June± * The Government pro- hibits female infanticide. 1875 Feb. 21. Mr. Margary, a British officer with Col. Browne's expedition into Western China, is massacred, with others, at Manwyne. (See Army.) 1877 Aug.* The Government an- nounces that opium-smoking will be pro- hibited after three years. 1883 Oct. * Great excitement against foreigners prevails in Canton. 1871* * Russia annexes Kulja [until China establishes her power in that 1872 * * Suleiman sends Prince Hassan to London to secure the recognition of England for his rebellion ; this arouses the Emperor to a vigorous prosecution of the war. 1873 Feb. 23. The Emperor Tungche reaches his majority, and assumes the government. Feb. * The Empresses as regents resign the government of the country, which they have controlled since the death of Hien-fung. June 29. The Ministers of the principal powers urge the right of audience, and are received by the Emperor Tungche. 1874 July-h * China enters a dispute with Japan because of the massacre of Japanese sailors on the Island of For- Oct. 31. A treaty is made with Japan. Dec. 18. An edict orders the Empress Dowager to assume the administration of government. 1875 Jan. 12. The Emperor Fung- che dies, leaving no offspring. Jan. 13. Kwangsu (Tsai Tien), a cousin, is chosen by the Empress ; he is three years of age. * * Kwangsu is enthroned. Feb. 4. The succession of Kwangsu is proclaimed. Oct. 4. An edict announces liberty of intercourse between Ministers of foreign governments and the chiefs of depart- ments. 1877 Apr. 1. Four additional ports are open to trade. Aug. * The Government announces that opium-smoking will be interdicted after three years. 1879 Sept. * Chung-How signs a boun- dary and indemnity treaty with Russia, at Lavadia. It cedes to Russia Western Kulja for a payment of 5,000,000 rubles. [It produces great excitement and indig- nation in China.] Dec. 2+. The rebel chief, Li-yang-tsai, is taken prisoner. 1880 Jan. 27. Chung-How, the Am- bassador to St. Petersburg, is cashiered for exceeding his powers in ceding the Kulja territory to Russia. [It is not rati- fied by China.] July 15. It is reported that Chung-How is released and threatened war averted. 1881 Aug. 19. A treaty with Russia, negotiated by Marquis Tseng, is signed. * * A treaty with the United States is negotiated by James B. Angell. 1882 * * A threatened war with Japan is avoided by Chinese diplomacy. 1883* * -84 * * France conquers Tongking in disregard of China's claims. Sept. * A dispute occurs with the French concerning Tongking. Nov. * Annam is claimed as a depen- dency of China in a circular note. 1884 Apr. 11. Prince Chun, the fa- ther-in-law of the Emperor, becomes dictator by a coup d'etat at Peking, and Prince Kung is dismissed from all his posts and consigned to obscurity. May 11. AtreatyissignedwithFrance at Tien-Tsin by Capt. Fournier and Li Hung Chang. China recognizes the French protecto- rate in Annam and Tongking, and opens to commerce three southern provinces. June 23. The Chinese disregard the treaty with France, and attack the troops en route for Langson, in Tong- king. The ratification of the treaty of May 11 is denied by the Chinese. July 30. It is reported that the Chinese consent to surrender the frontier towns, but refuse to pay the indemnity. July * The Regent Empress and the Vice- roy, Li Hung Chang, are unpopular with the war party. July * France demands the evacuation of the Tongking forts by the Chinese and an indemnity of $50,000,000. Aug. 17. France declines the media- tion of the powers in the Tongking mat- ter, and issues a circular note. Aug. 19. France reduces its claim for indemnity to $16,000,000 ; China declines to pay it. Aug. 21. The French Minister, Se- malle\ leaves Peking. [War follows.] Aug. 28±. The viceroy, Li Hung Chang, is degraded from his highest offices. Sept. 6±. China officially declares war against France. Sept. 24±. Li Hung Chang is restored to the office of viceroy. Dec. * The English Minister, the Earl of Granville, fails in an effort to mediate with Marquis Tseng. MISCELLANEOUS. 1876 Mar. 16. A train of cars first runs from Shanghai to Woosung, a dis- tance of 11 miles. June 13. The first railroad in China is opened for public service (one-half of the hue). * *-78* * A terrible famine afflicts the provinces of Honan, Shansi, and most of Northern China. * * The Chinese emigrate to America in great numbers, chiefly males, and commonly under the control of the " Six Companies," viz., Sam Yup, Yung Wo, Kong Chow, Wing Yeung, Yan Wo, and Hop Wo. Oct. 31. The opposition to the railroad from Shanghai causes the suspension of operations. Dec. * The running of railroad trains is resumed. 1878* *The long-continued famine in North China is reported to have caused 9,500,000 deaths. * * The railroad plant is removed from Shanghai to Formosa. 624 1884, * *-1891, Nov. 30. CHINA. ARMY — NAVY. 1885 Jan. 25. The French assault and carry the Chinese works near Kelung. Mar. 2. The French bombard Chirihai. Mar. 2, 3. The French besiege Tuyen Quan. Mar. 4-12. The French capture several forts at Kelung. Mar. 30,31. The French capture the Pescadores Islands near Formosa. June 23i. The French evacuate For- mosa. 1887 * * The Chinese fleet is strength- ened, by the purchase of rive ironclads in Europe, which are placed under the command of A dm. Lang. 1890 Jan. 3. Fighting occurs between Chinese and Formosans ; 100 of the for- mer and 400 of the latter are killed. Feb. 6. Chinese troops subdue For- mosa, and destroy its strongholds, with heavy loss. June 16±. Adm. Lang, of the Chinese fleet, resigns. 1891 July 27. In the Fukien province the rebels are several thousand strong, and have captured one city. Oct. 20. China sends 40,000 troops to Pamir. Nov. 4. Three thousand insurgents cap- ture Tebhau; Imperial troops are on the way to quell the disturbance. Nov. 14. The insurgents sack Tehwei. Nov. 27. The rebels are moving south- ward and towards Peking. Nov. 29. The defeat of 4,000 Impe- rial troops by the rebels is announced. Nov. 30. Several thousand Imperial troops march to meet the rebels who are approaching Peking ; the mission- aries are alarmed. ART— LETTERS — NATURE. 1884* *The Peking Gazette, originally an official organ, becomes political and popular. 1887 Sept. * -Oct. * The Hoang-Ho River overflows, and destroys about 1,500 villages, and the city Chuhsien narrowly escapes ; millions of persons are reported drowned, and famine is imminent. 1888 May8±. The Canton River over- flows, and 3,000 people are drowned. 1889. June 2. A waterspout over- whelms the Chang Ping and Ping Quen districts, and several villages are de- stroyed with a loss of 6,000 lives. June 4. A hurricane at Hong-Kong causes the loss of 10,000 lives, and does great damage to property. July 26. The Hoang-Ho again over- flows its banks, inundating 10 large gov- ernmental districts, causing immense loss of life and property. Sept. 27. Gold is discovered near Can- ton. 1890 Feb. * One hundred people are reported drowned by a cloud-burst in Tsin Li Chow. Aug. 4. Peking, Tung-Chow, and Tien- Tsin, are submerged, and business is paralyzed. * * Shanghai is the literary center of the foreigners in China. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1885 Jan. 22. Parker, Sir Henry, am- Sept. * Tso Tsung-Tang-, statesman, dies. 1888 Apr. i. Mackenzie, J. Kenneth, missionary of the London Society, d. 1890 Jan. 1. Chun, Prince, statesman, d. Apr. 12. Chitchze Tzeng, statesman and minister to London, Paris, and St. Peters- burg, A56. Aug. 28. Williamson, Alexander, ary, A6L 1891 Oct. 5. Boone, Wm. J., missionary bishop, A42. CHURCH. 1884 * * The Christian Society begins mission-work. * * The English New Connection Method- ists begin work in Kai Ping and Yung Piug. * * Wuhu becomes a mission-station of the American Methodists. * * Chau-Kia-Keo, Northeast China, be- comes an Inland Mission station. * * Chin-h.ua becomes a station of the Inland Mission. * * The Book and Tract Society of China is organized. 1885 July 14. The Pope appoints M. Agliardi internuncio. July * The French constrain the Em- peror to receive an agent from the Pope for the protection of the Roman Catholic missionaries. Sept.± * The Pope's scheme is op- posed by the French, and deferred. Nov. * The French yield to the Empe- ror's request for the removal of the Pehtang cathedral from a site near his palace. Nov. * The French protectorate over all Christians is annulled by the Chinese. * * The Central . China Wesleyan Lay Mission is started, seeking unoccupied territory. * * Lan-chau becomes a mission-station of the American Methodists. AlsoNing- hia of the Inland Mission. * * The American Presbyterians open a mission-station in Formosa. * *The English Bible Christian Society sends two missionaries to Yunnan, un- der the auspices of the China Inland Mission. * * Lett, Lesser Tibet, becomes a Mora- vian mission-station. 1886 * * A Methodist Episcopal Lay Training-School is founded in Fucb.au. * * The Southern Methodists in China organize their work into a conference. * *The American Presbyterian Board sends two missionaries to the island of Hainan. * * Kwei-hwa-cheng becomes a station of the Inland Mission. Also Hunchung of the English Friends. ■ * Lin-ching becomes a mission-station of the American Board. * Chung-king Mission if. assaulted, and all the resident* are driven »ui <, by Mikkel, priest of St. Alban's Church in Odeuse, appear. * * Fr. Gesta Danorum, by Saxo Gram- maticus, is published at Paris by Chris- tian Pedersen. DENMARK. 1241, **-1699, * 637 1529 * * The Book of Psalms and tlie New Testament are published. 1533± * * The Royal library is founded at Copenhagen by Christian III. 1550 * * The Bible is published in Danish 1555 * * EeinecM Fuchs, in Danish, ap- pears. 1559 * * The first authorized Psalter ap- pears. 1575 * * A translation of Saxo-Germma- ticus appears. 1591 * * Kja'mpeviser, to the number of 100, are collected and published by A. G. Vedel. 1595* *-1604* * Chronicle of the King- dom of Denmark, by Arild Hirlfeld, ap- pears. 1633+ * * A translation of Snorri-Stur- luson's Heimskringla, by Peder Claussen, appears. 1641 * * Hexaemeron, by Anders Arreboe, appears. 1663 * * Earopaische Zeitung is issued. 1666 * * Danske Meravims is issued. 1668 * * Gramatica Danica, by Bishop Erik Pontoppidan, appears. 1689 * * Winter Psalter, by Thomas Kingo, appears. 1699 * * Kingo's Psalter, by Thomas Kingo, appears. SOCIETY. 15th Century. The sovereigns endeavor, ■with only partial success, to prevent the plundering of merchantmen wrecked on the coast. 1513 * * Christian II., the Nero of the North, causes the nobility and senators of Stockholm to be killed, though inno- cent of crime. [1522 He is dethroned for his tyranny, and for 27 years confined in a dungeon.] 1521+ * * Even the bishops unite with the people in plundering wrecked vessels. ± * * A law enacted to prevent the plun- dering of wrecked vessels is publicly burned. 1660 * * The unpopularity of the no- bility enables the king to make radical changes in the government and the suc- cession. STATE. 1241 * * "Waldemar H. dies, and few of all his conquests remain to Denmark. [He divides his kingdom among his sons at his death ; disputes follow.] * * -50 * * Eric IV". reigns. 1250 * * -52 * * Abel reigns. * * Abel gains the throne by assassinat- ing his elder brother Eric. * * The towns begin to send representa- tives to the Council. 1252 * * Abel is killed in an expedition against the Friesians. * * -59 * * Christopher I. reigns. 1259 * * Christopher is poisoned. 13th Century. The struggle between the sovereigns and the barons con- tinues. * * -68 * * Eric V. reigns. * * The towns obtain charters by which they are exempt from the control of the barons. 1286* *-1319* * Eric "VI. reigns. 1319* *Kegency of the queen mother. Denmark is in a deplorable condition. Danish and German nobles are granted the larger part of the kingdom. 1320 * * -33 * * Christopher II. is en- throned. The crown is weakened by the capitu- lations which the nobles aiid clergy ex- tort from the king. [These concessions continue for 340 years.] * * * Confirmation of the privileges of the clergy. (See Church.) The nobles are not obliged to follow the king beyond the limits of the king- dom ; if captured, are to be ransomed by the king within a year, and if he fails to do so, will lose the right of demanding their military service. The king can de- clare war only with the consent of the nobles and the clergy. 14th Century. Many struggles with the Hanse Towns because of the toll de- manded at the entrance of the Baltic. 1332 * * Christopher II. is driven from his kingdom by the invaders from Hoi- stein and the discontented nobles. * * -40 * * Anarchy prevails. * * * Skaania, Halland, and Eleking annex themselves to Sweden. 1340 * * -75 * * "Waldemar HI., Atta- dag, the youngest son of Christopher, reigns. He devotes himself to the recovery of the Crown lands by purchase or by force. 1341 * * The Danes first demand tolls of vessels passing the Sound. 1359 * * The kingdom regains Skaania, Halland, and Bleking from the king of the Swedes. 1370 * * The war ends ; Denmark is forced to sign a treaty securing to her rivals most extensive commercial privi- leges. 1372 * * Waldemar III. accepts the peace of Stralsund. 1376 * * -87 * * Olaus V., five years of age, the son of the late king's youngest daughter, reigns. 1380 * * Olaus V. succeeds his father Hakon as king of Norway, and his mother Margaret, as regent, governs both lands well. 1387 * * Olaus dies, and Margaret is elected queen of both countries. 1388 * * Sweden rebels against King Albert, and offers the crown toMargaret ; " the Semiramis of the North," is en- throned queen of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. 1397 * * Denmark, Norway, and Swe- den united. The three kingdoms are united by the Union of Calmar, each having its own parliament and laws, and the monarchy is made elective. [The Union lasts till 1522.] 1412 * * -40 * * Eric vH., a nephew of Margaret, reigns. 1440 * * -AS * * Christopher HI., king of Sweden, reigns as king of Norway and Denmark. 1443 * * Copenhagen becomes the capi- tal. 1448 * * -1863 * * The House of Ol- denburg reigns. * * Christian I., count of Oldenburg, is elected king of Denmark. 1457 * * Christian I. is elected king of Sweden. 1481 * * John succeeds Christian I., his father. 1490 * * The English agree to pay sound dues on all vessels entering or leaving the Baltic. 1513* *-23* * Christian II., the Cruel, succeeds John, his father. 1522 * * The Union of Calmar is dis- solved by the insurrection of the- Swedes ; Denmark and Norway remain united. 1523 * * Christian II. is deposed be- cause of his tyranny, and is confined in a dungeon 27 years. DENMARK AND NORWAY. * *-33* * Frederick I., Duke of Hol- stein, son of Christian I., nephew of Christian II., reigns ; he rules wisely. 1533+ * * The feuds of the counts arise. * * Christian IH. is enthroned. [By his good rule he becomes known as the Father of his People.] 1559* * Frederick II. is enthroned. 1588* * Christian IV. is enthroned. 1612 * * The Danish East Indian Com- pany is established. 1629 * * The Protestant league chooses Christian IV. as their leader against the German emperor. * * Ger. The Danes, having sent an un- successful army to aid the Protestant cause, sue for peace, which is signed at liUbeek, binding them to non-interfer- ence with the affairs of Germany, and recognizing Wallenstein as Duke of Mecklenburg. 1643* * Negotiations for peace with Sweden are opened in Osnabriick. 1645 * * Prus. Peace of Bromsebro. Peace is made with Sweden after a war of eight years, occasioned by jealousy of the growing power of Denmark ; Chris- tian is obliged to surrender the islands of Gottland and Oesel.- 1648 * * Frederick HI. is enthroned. 1652 * * Denmark aids England in the war with Holland. 1660 * * Peace is made with Sweden by the treaty of Copenhagen, ceding to it certain islands and free passage through the Sound. * *Lex Regia. Frederick III., being popular with the middle classes, unites with the clergy in extending the royal prerogative, and changes the Consti- tution from that of an elective to a hereditary monarchy. 1670 * * Christian V. is enthroned. 1679 * * A treaty of peace with Sweden is signed, which nearly restores the ante-bellum conditions. 1699 * * Frederick TV. is enthroned. * * Frederick TV. invades the territory of the Duke of Holstein ; he is com- pelled to make peace by the siege of Copenhagen, by Charles XII, of Sweden,, who comes to the aid of his ally. C38 1700/ -1839,* DENMARK. ARMY — NAVY. 1700* * Copenhagen is bombarded by the combined fleets <>l Kngiand, Holland, and Sweden. [Peace is obtained by a money payment to the Swedes.] 1712+ * * Holstein, Schleswig, and the fortresses of Ton n in gen and Stralsund, are taken by Frederick TV. ; Weisman is conquered, and the Swedes are driven out of Norway. 1801 Apr. 2. Because of Denmark's alliance with the Armed Neutrality, the British under Lord Nelson and Adm. Parker bombard Copenhagen and take 18 Danish ships of the line. [The colo- nies in the East and "West Indies are temporarily lost.] 1807 * * England opens another war to get possession of the Danish navy. July 26. The British, under Admiral Gam bier and Lord Cathcart, take 18 ships of the line, 15 frigates, and 31 brigs and gunboats. (See State.) Sept. 7. The Danish fleet surrenders to Adm. Gambier and Lord Cathcart, after three days' bombardment of Co- penhagen. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1717 * * A part of Zealand overflows, and 1,300 inhabitants are drowned. 1819 * * Electro-magnetic action is dis- covered by Hans Christian Oersted of Copenhagen. 1820 * * Oersted discovers the deflection of the magnetic needle by the voltaic current. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1 700 * * Cibber, Cains Gabriel, sculptor, A70. 1710* * Kbuier, ulaf, astronomer, A66. 1712* * Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst von, count, statesman, born. 1720 * * Tordenskjold, Peter, admiral, A29. 1723 * * Frederick V., king, born. Kingo, Thomas, bishop of Fiineji. poet, ash. 1728 * * Siilmi, Peder Fredenk, historian, b. 1730* * Midler, Otto Fredenk, naturalist, b. Frederick IV., king, A59. 1734* * Most, Georg*. traveler, statesman, b. 1735 * * Baden, Jakob, philologist, born. 1737 * * Struensee, Johann Friedrich, von count, physician, statesman, born. 1740* * Bugtie, Thomas, astronomer, geog- rapher, born. Callisen, Hendrik, surgeon, born. Abikigaard, Peter Christian, physician, b. 1741 * * Behring, Vitus, navigator, A61. 1743 * * Evald, Johannes, poet, born. 1744 * * Altildgaard, Nikolai A., painter, li. Abrabamson, Werner Hans Friedrich, au- thor, born. 1746 ' * Christian VI., king, A47. 1748 * * Gram, Joban or Hans, philologist, 1749 * * Thaarup, Thomas, poet, born. Christian VII., king, born. 1750* * Christian, David, missionary to painter, born. Holberg, Ludwig, baron, scholar, poet, dramatist, A70. 1755* * Zoega, Georg, archeologist, born. Adler, -Jacob Georg, orientalist, born. 1756 * * Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet, journalist, mis. writer, born. 1758 * * Heiberg, Peder Andreas, poet, dram- atist, born. Egede, Hans, founder of Danish missions in Greenland, A72. 1759 * * Nyerup, Nasmns, historian, anti- quary, born. 1760 * * Rabbek, Knud Lyne, an., critic, b. 1764 * * Baggesen, Jens Inimannel, poet, b. Pontoppidan, Knk, bishop, historian, A 66. 1770 * * Thurvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, b. 1772* * Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst vou, count, statesman. A 60. Struensee, Johann Iriedrieh von, states- man, A35. Berger, .Johann Eric, scientific writer, born. Host, Jens Kragh, historian, born. Brandt. Count, beheaded. 1773* * Gylleiiibourg-Ehrensvard, Thomas- ine Christine Bunt/.en, novelist, born. 1775 * * Malte-Brun, Conrad, geographer, writer, born. Matilda, queen, A24. 1777 * * Oersted, Hans Christian, electro- magnetist, born. 1778 * * Oersted, Anders Sandbe, jurist, 1835 • • Bergsoe, W'ilhebn, naturalist, jmet, 1780* * Schumacher, Hendrick Christ! astronomer, born. 1781* * Brbndsted, Peter Olaf, archaeolo- gist, born. Evald, Johannes, poet, A38. 1782* * Blicher, Steen Steensen, poet, novel- ist, born. 1783 * * Mulbech. Christian, historian, born. Eckersberg, Christoph Wilhehn. painter, b. 1784* * M uller. Otto Fredenk, naturalist, A54. 1786* * Callisen, Adolf Karl Peder, physi- cian, born. Christian VIII., king, born. 1787 * * Kask, Kasiuus Christian, orientalist, philologist, born. 1789* * Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, poet, novelist, born. Scbouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist, born. 1790 * * llaucb, Johannes Carsten von, poet, born. 1791 * * Abildgaard, Sbren. naturalist, A60±. Petersen, Niels Matthias, historian, born. Heiberg, Johann Lndvig, poet, dramatist, b. 1793 * * Clausen, Hendrik Nicolai, theolo- gian, statesman, born. 1794* * Forchhammer, Johann, mineralo- gist, chemist, geologist, born. 1795* * Kafn, Karl Christian, arch., born. 1797 * * TJssing, Tage Algreen, jurist, born. BiUe, Steen Andersen, rear-admiral, born. Bang, Peder Ceorg, jurist, statesman, born. 1798* * Carstens, Asmus Jakob, historical painter, A34. Hertz, Hendrik. poet, novelist, born. Suhm, Peder Fredenk, historian, A70. Bernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai St.-Aubain), novelist, born. 1800* *Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet,b. 1801 * * Abildgaard, Peter Christian, physi- cian, A61. 1802* * Irminger, Carl Lndwig Christian, admiral, born. 1804 * * Madvig, Johann Xikolai, statesman, phQologist, born. Koppen, Adolph bonis, srholar, author, b. Baden, Jakob, philologist, A69. 1805 * * Andersen. Hans Christian, poet, novelist, wr. of fairy tales and travels, b. Engelstoft, Christian T., theologian, reli- gions historian, born. Adler, Jacob Georg, orientalist, A50. 1808* * Christian VII., king, A59. Jan. 20. Frederick VTI., king, born. Martensen, Hans Lassen, bishop, tbeol., b. 1809* * Hammericb, Frederik Peder Adolf, clergyman, poet, mis. writer, born. Abildgaard, Nicholas A., painter, A65. Paludan-M idler, Frederic, poet, born. Zoega, Georg, archeologist, A54. 1811 * * Bart'od, Paul Frederik, historian, b. Hoist, Hans Peter, poet. born. 1812* * Abrabamson, Werner Hans Freder- ieh, author, A6S. 1813 * * Petersen, Carl, explorer, born. 1815* * Bugge, Thomas, astronomer, geog- rapher, A75. "Westergaanl, Niels I.udwig, orientalist, b. 1817 * * (Jade, Niels Wilhehn, composer, h. 1818* * Christian IX.. king, born. 1819* * Goldschmidt, Meyer Aaron, novel- ist, born. 1821 * * Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen, an- tiquary, born. Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet, journalist, mis. writer, A65. Thaarup, Thomas, poet, A72. 1824 * * Callisen, Hendrik, surgeon, A84. 1826 * * Baggesen, Jens Immanuel, poet, A 62. Malte-Brun, Conrad, geographer, wr., A51. 1829* * Nverup, Nasmus, historian, anti- quary, A70. CHURCH. 1710 * * Hans Egede publishes his mission pamphlet, A Proposition for Greenland's Conversion and Enlighten- ment; great opposition follows. 1714* * The Royal College of Mis- sions, for training missionaries, is opened in Copenhagen. 1721 May 3. Hans Egede, with a few colonists, leaves Denmark to open the first mission in Greenland. 1814 * * The Danish Bible Society is organized. 1821 June 17. The "Danish Mis- sionary Society" is formed by Bone Falck Bonne, priest, with the motto, " Be not fearful, only believe." 1823* * Priest Eonne has mission- boxes hung up in the parsonages, for which Bishop Plumb indicts him in the court of chancery ; Konne is rebuked, and the boxes taken down. LETTERS. 1719 * * Peder Paars, by Ludvig Hol- berg, appears. 1720 * * Nye Tidender is issued. 1722 * * Den Voegelsindede (The VTa- verer). Jen n de Fro nee . Jeppe paa Bjerget. and Gert the Westphalian,hy Ludvig Holberg, appear. 1723* * Barselstuen (The Lving-in Room), The Eleventh of July. Jakob von Thyboe, Den Bund, /oV.TIk- Figet), Eras- mus Mont anus, Don Ranudo, Ulysses of Ithaca. Without Head or fail. Witch- craft, and Melampe, by Ludvig Holberg, appear. 1724 * * Henrik and Pernille, by Ludvig Holberg, appears. 1729 * * Description of Denmark and JS r oricay, by Ludvig Holberg, appears. 1731* * The acted comedies, with five others, of Ludvig Holberg, appear. 1737 * * Description of Bergen, by Hol- berg, appears. 1740* *A great Psalm Bool; by Hans Adol Brorson, appears. 1741* *Xicolai Klhtii Iter Subterra- neum, by Ludvig Holberg, appears. 1742 * * The University of Copenhagen is reopened after the conflagration. 1744 * * The society for improving the Danish Language is founded by Lange- hek. 1749 * * Berlingske Tidende is issued in German. 1764* * LyWcens Tempel (The Temple of Fortune), by Johannes Ewald, ap- pears. 1766 * * Three Elegies, by Johannes Ewald, appear. 1767* * Adam og Eva, by Johannes Ewald, appears. 1770 * * BolfKrage, by Ewald, appears; also Philet. DENMARK. 1700, **-1839, ** 639 1771 * * Ve Dm tale Klappers, by Ewald, appears. 1772 * * Phi/emon and Baucis translated, and Harlequin Patriot, by Ewald, ap- pear. 1773 * * Pebersvendene (Old Bachelors), by Ewald, appears. 1774 * * Balder's Dod (The Balder'a Death), by Ewald, appears. 1779 ** Fiskeme (The Fishers), by Ewald, appears. 1785 * * -1819 * * The Minerva is is- sued. 1786+ * * Comical Tales, by Jens Im- manuel Baggesen, appears. 1789+ * * Alpenlied, in German, by Bag- gesen, appears. 1790* * Labyrinth, by Baggesen, ap- pears. 1802 * * Guldhornene, by Adam Goti- lob Oehlenschlager, appears. 1S03 * * Sanct Hansafteii-Spil, by Adam Gottlob Oehlenschlager, appears. * * -05 * * Thors Jieise til Jolunheim, Lang el and srei sen and Alladin's Lampe, by Oehlenschlager, appear. 1805 * * Hakon Jarl, by Oehlenschla- ger, appears. * * Litteratiir-Se/skabs Skriffer is issued. 1807 * * Baldur hin Gode and Paluatoke, by Oehlenschlager, appear. 1808 * * Nordens Mytholog-ie (Mythology of the North), by Nicola'i F. S. Grund- tvig, appears. * * Uxel og Valborg, by Oehlenschlager, appears. 1809 * * Correggio, in German, by Oeh- lenschlager, appears. 1811* * -36 * * Idtteratur-Tidende is is- sued (the continuation of Lasrde Efter- retninger). * * Digte, by Bernhard Severin Ingemann, appears. * * All og Gulhyndi, by Oehlenschlager, 1812 * * St&rkodder, by Oehlenschla- ger, appears. 1813 * * -17 * * The Athene is issued. 1814* * De Sorte Piddere (The Black Knights), by Bernhard S. Ingemann, ap- pears. * * Helge, by Oehlenschlager, appears. 1815 * * Masaniello, by B. S. In; 1822 * * Geography of Plants, by Joa- chim Frederic Sehouw, appears. 1826 * * Waldemar the Victor, by Inge- mann, appears. 1827 * * Love and Policy, by Henrik Hertz, appears. 1828 * * Flyttedagtm, by Henrik Hertz, appears. * * Two volumes of dramas, including Tiberius, Bajazet, and Hamadryaden, by Johannes Carsten von Hauch, appear. 1829 * * -38 * * Maanedsskrift for Lit- terature is issued. * * Hrolf Krake, by Oehlenschlager, ap- pears. 1830* * Amor's Strokes of Genius, by Henrik Hertz, appears. * * Gjengangerbrevene, by Henrik Hertz, appears. 1832 * * -42 * *, 1843 * * TidssJcrifffor Litterature og Kritick is issued. * * Nature and Art and Four Poetical Epistles, by Henrik Hertz, appear. * * Cupid at Court, by Frederik Paludan- Miiller, appears. 1833 * * Dandserinden (The Danseuse), by Frederik Paludan-Miiller, appears. 1834 * * Gamle og Nye Noveller of For- fatteren til en Hrerdags Historic (Novels Old and New, etc.), by Thomasine Chris- tine Buntzen Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard, appears. * * -38 * * History of Denmark in the Heathen Times, by Niels Matthias Pe- tersen, appears. 1835** The Improvisator, by Hans Christian Andersen, appears. * * The Only Fault, by Henrik Hertz, appears. * * The first collection of Fairy Tales, by Hans Christian Andersen, appears. * * Prince Otho of Denmark, by Ingemann, appears. 1836* * The Savings Bank, by Henrik Hertz, appears. 1837 * * -43 * * Figyelmezo is issued. * * Svend Dyring's House, by Henrik Hertz, appears. SOCIETY. 1746 * * Frederick V. marries Prin- cess Louisa, daughter of George II. of England. 1766 * Christian VII. abolishes slavery. 1772 Jan. 18. Matilda, the queen dowager, to save the life of her supposed lover, Struensee, confesses a plot against the Ministers, and is condemned to imprisonment for life in the castle of Zell. 1784 * * Prince Frederick becomes re- gent, and becomes the leader of Europe in opposing the African slave-trade, and begins the gradual emancipation of peasants living on crown lands. 1837 Sept. * Frederick VI. separates from his first wife. STATE. 1720 * * A treaty is made between Denmark and Sweden, in which the latter is spoiled. Denmark restores all her conquests, and Sweden in return pays 600,000 rix dollars, gives up its freedom from cus- toms duties in the Sound, and abandons the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, whom Denmark deprived of his share of Schleswig. (Ploetz.) 1730 * * -46 * * Christian VI. succeeds his father to the throne of Denmark and Norway, and reigns in peace. 1746 * * -66 * * Frederick V. reigns. 1760 * * Denmark finally joins Russia and Sweden in declaring the Baltic neutral for commerce. 1766 * * Christian VII. is enthroned. 1772* * Counts Struensee and Brandt, after introducing reforms, are beheaded through a conspiracy. * * Andreas Peter Von Bernstorff, "the Oracle of Denmark," first becomes Minister. 1780* * Denmark has a contention with England regarding the northern trade in hemp by neutral vessels. 1784* * The increasing imbecility of the king requires the appointment of his son as regent. * * Prince Frederick is declared regent. 1801 * * War with England results from a defensive alliance with Russia, Prussia, and Sweden. 1807 * * An alliance with France is entered. * * England demands the surrender of the Danish navy upon the condition of its being restored at the close of the war with Napoleon, fearing its capture and use against herself by him; the crown prince refuses, and England sends a fleet and army to take it. Sept. 6. The Danes secure peace by sur- rendering the fleet to England. Sept. * The Danes are exasperated by the seizure of their fleet, and declare war against England, and become an ally of France. 1808 * * Frederick VI. is enthroned. 1814 Jan. 14. A treaty of peace is signed with England and the allied sovereigns. Denmark is to surrender Norway to Sweden, and to receive Pomerania, or as a substitute a sum of money and a dis- trict in Lauenburg, and also the return of its colonies in the East and West Indies. DENMARK ALONE. Nov. 3. By the Congress of Vienna, the King of Denmark is declared a mem- ber of the Germanic body on account of Holstein and Lauenburg, and invested with three votes in the Diet ; he is to have the tenth place in rank. Sweden retains Norway, and Denmark is indem- nified with the transfer of Lauenburg. (See p. 521.) * * Pomerania and Eiigen are annexed to Denmark and Norway. 1815 * * Denmark cedes Pomerania and Riigen to Prussia for a small dis- trict of Lauenburg adjoining Holstein. 1824 * * A treaty of commerce is en- tered with England. 1831 * * A new Constitution is granted by Frederick VI. 1839 * * Christian VHI. is enthroned. MISCELLANEOUS. 1728* * GreatfireinCopenhagen ; more than 70 streets and 3,785 houses are burned. 1736 * * The Bank of Copenhagen is formed. 1785 May 14. The canal is opened between the Baltic and North Seas. 1794 Feb.* The palace at Copenhagen is burned ; loss, £4,000,000 and 100 lives. 1795 June* Fire in Copenhagen; the arsenal, admiralty, and 50 streets are destroyed. June 9. One-fourth of Copenhagen is burned. 640 1840, **-1864,**. DENMARK. ARMY — NAVY. 1848 * * -51 * * Three wars of Schles- wig-Holstein against Denmark. Mar.* The first war with the duchies of Schleswigand Holstein occurs ; they rise in rebellion against Frederick VII. Mar. 24. Ger. The fort of Rendsburg in Holstein is seized by the rebels. Apr. 9. Ger. The rebels are defeated near Flensburg in Schleswig. Apr.+ * Ger. The Prussians and Ger- man confederacy send an army to the aid of Schleswig. Apr. 23. Ger. The Prussians under Gen. Wrangel defeat the Danes near Danewerk. [They advance into Jut- land.] Aug. 1. Denmark blockades the North Sea. Aug. 26. Swe. A truce is signed at Mai mo by the influence of the European Powers. 1849 Mar. 25. — July* The second war with the duchies begins on the ex- piration of the truce of Malmo. Apr. 5. Ger. The ship of the line Chris- tian VIII. is fired by cannonade at Eck- ernforde in Schleswig, and the frigate Gefion is captured. Apr. 10. The Danes defeat the Hol- steiners and Prussians. Apr. 13. Ger. Bavarian and Saxon troops storm the redoubts of Diippel in Schleswig. Apr. 20. The Danes are defeated at Kolding, Jutland, by the Schleswig- Holstein army led. by Gen. Bonin, a Prussian. * * Indifferent conduct of German and Prussian troops is caused by the threat- ening attitude of England, France, and Russia. * * At the siege of Fredericia, Jutland, the Danes inflict much damage by a sortie. July 10. Ger. The truce of Berlin be- tween Prussia and Denmark is signed. 1850 Jan. — 51 July* The third war ■with the duchies. [It ia conducted by Schleswig-Holstein alone, with Gen. Willisen, formerly of the Prussian army, commander.] July 24, 25. Ger. Battle of Idstedt, Schleswig-Holstein ; the Danes, with an army of .38,000, defeat the Schleswig- Holsteiners under Gen. Willisen with 27,000 men ; 7,000 are killed and wounded on both sides. July * Ger. Schleswig is occupied by the Danes. Sept. 12. Ger. The Danes again defeat the Schleswig-Holstein troops at Mis- sunde, in Schleswig. Sept. 29-Oct. 4. Ger. TheHolsteiners bombard Friedriehstadt, Schleswig, and almost destroy the town. Kepulsed with heavy loss. Dec±. * The German Confederacy en- forces the cessation of hostilities. 1851 * * Ger. Holstein is occupied by Austrian troops with the consent of Prussia, and delivered to the Danes. 1852 Mar. 2. Ger. Holstein is evac- uated by the Austrians. 1863 Dec. * Ger. The succession to the Danish throne being in dispute on the death of Frederick VII., Austrian and Prussian troops occupy the duchies of Holstein-Schleswig. Dec. * Ger. The Danes, to avoid en- countering the Federal troops, with- draw from Holstein. Dec. 31. Ger. Kendsburg, Holstein, is evacuated by the Danes. 1864 Jan. 21. Ger. Federal troops under Marshall Von Wrangel invade Holstein. Feb. * -Oct. * "War occurs with Aus- tria and Prussia. Expecting the aid of England and France, Denmark declares war against Germany. Feb. * The Danes send Gen. de Meza with 40,000 men to defend the Danne- werk, the trans-peninsular defenses in Schleswig. Feb. 1. Ger. The Prussians under Mar- shal Von Wrangel and Prince Frederick Charles take Eckernfoide, in Schleswig. Feb. 2, 3. Ger. Missunde, Schleswig, is bombarded and burned by the Prus- sians. Feb. 5. Ger. The Danes, being out- flanked, abandon the Dannewerk to save their army. Feb. 6. ' The Austrian advance under Gen. Von Wrangel defeats the Danes at Over-see. Schleswig ; Srhleswig is taken after an obstinate resistance. Feb. 7. Ger. Flemsburg, Schleswig, is occupied by the Federal allies. Feb. 13. Ger. The allies begin their attack on Diippel, Schleswig. Feb. 18. The Prussians enter Jutland, and take Kolding. [The Danes fortify the island of Alsen.] Mar. 1. Gen. Gertach succeeds Gen. de Meza as commander of the Danes, whose conduct of operations causes much dissatisfaction. Mar. 8. The Danes are defeated by the Prussians at Sonderbygaard and Veill. Mar. 15. Thesiegeof the entrenchments of Diippel by the Prussians commences. Mar. 17- The Prussian squadron obtains a naval victory. Ger. Diippel, Schleswig, is bom- barded and taken by the Prussians. Mar. 20. Ger. The Prussians bombard Fredericia, Schleswig. Mar. 28. Ger. The Prussians are re- pulsed in an attack on the fortress of Fredericia. Apr. 18. Ger. The Prussians capture the fortress of Diippel. Apr. 29. Ger. The Danes withdraw from Fredericia and other fortresses, and retreat to Alsen, Prussia. May 6+. Jutland, refusing to pay a war tribute to the Prussians, is pillaged. May 9. An armistice is agreed to for one month, commencing on May 12 [while a peace conference assembles at London]. Ger. The Danes defeat the allies in a sea-fight off Heliogoland. June 9. The armistice is prolonged for two weeks. June 26. Ger. The conference in Lon- don having failed to secure peace, hos- tilities are resumed. [The Prussians bombard Alsen.] June 29. Ger. The Alsen batteries are captured, and 2.400 Danes made prig July * Alsen is taken, and Jutland occu- pied by the allies. July 18. Another armistice is accepted. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 Oct. 21. The planet Frtia is dis- covered by Heinrich Ludurg d'Arrest. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1841 • • Heiberg, Peder Andreas, dramatist, poet, A83. 1842* * lirandes, Georg Morris Cohen, lec- turer, critic, mis. writer, born. Prbiidsted, Peter Olaf, areha-<'l"y:ist. AHl. 1843 June 3. Frederick, son of the Lmke of Schleswig-Holstein, born. 1844 • * Host, .lens Kragh, historian, A72. Thorvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, A74. 1848 * * Blither, .stneti Meenseii. poet, A66. Christian VIII.. king, A62. 1850 * * Oljlriisrliht.-t-r. Aiian i < >utllob,poet, A 71. Schumacher. Hendrick Chris., astron., A70. 1851 • * Oersted, Hans Christian, electro- magnetist, A74. 1852 * * Schouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist, A63. 1853 * * Eckersberg, Christoph "William, painter, A70. 1856* * Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet, A56. Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard. Thomasine Chris- tine Iiunt/.cn, novelist, A83. 1857 * * Gjellerup, Karl Adolf, novelist, b. Alolbech, Christian, historian, A74. I860* * Heiberg, Johann Ladwig, poet, dramatist, A69. Oersted, Anders Sandoe, jurist, statesman. A82. 1861 * * Bang, Peter Georg, jurist, states- man, A64. 1862 * * Ingeinann, Bernhard Severin, poet, novelist, A73. Petersen, Niels Matthias, historian, A71. 1863 June 29. F re de ri ck - Ferdinand, prince, uncle of Frederick VII., d. CHURCH. 1857 * * Methodist Episcopal preach- ers from U. S. A. begin mission-work in Denmark. 1860 June * It is decided at a meeting held in Nyburg, that hereafter the Da- nish Society shall take the lead in all mission-work, and that local unions be formed. 1862 June* A Danish mission-school is founded near Copenhagen for mission- workers. 1863 * * A Greek Danish Missionary Society is formed by Victor Block. LETTERS. 1840 * * Xinon, by Henrik Hertz, ap- pears. * * Historisk Tidsskrift is issued. 1841 * * -48 * * Adam Homo, by Fred- erik Paludan-Muller, appears. 1842 * * Lyriske Digte (Lyric Poems), by Johannes Carsten von Hauch, appears. * * FHna, by Oehlenschlager, appears. 1845 * * Fern oq tyre Fabler (Five-an.l- twenty Fables), by Christian Winther. appears. * * King Kent's Daughter, by Henrik Hertz, appears. 1848* *-49* * Xnrd og Syd is issued [still published as I'de 6g Hjemme], 1853* * Robert Fulton, by Johannes Car- sten von Hauch, appears. * * A Sacrifice, by Henrik Hertz, appears. 1854* *-64* *Nordisk Universitets Tidsskrift is issued. The Youngest, by Henrik Hertz, ap- pea 1S58 i : Dansk Manndesskri/f is issued. DENMARK. 1840, * *-1864, * * 641 SOCIETY. 1842 May 26. Duke of Scbleswig-Hol- stein-Sonderburg-Gliieksburg [afterward Christian IX.] marries Princess Louisa of Hesse-Cassel ; both are descended from George II. of England. 1846 Sept. * Frederick II. separates from his second wife. 1850 * * Frederick H. marries mor- ganatically Louisa, Countess of Danner. 1863 Mar. 10. Eng. The Prince of "Wales marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark, at Windsor. 1864 Feb. 24. A subscription is started in London for the relief of wounded Danes. STATE. 1846 July 8. An "open letter" of King Christian VIII. arbitrarily de- crees the union of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein with Den- mark, in spite of the different laws of inheritance in the two states. [This leads to war.] 1848 Jan. 20. Frederick VLT. is en- throned. Jan. 28. A revolutionary movement by the Casino party at Copenhagen compels the king to proclaim a new Constitution. Mar. 23. Insurrections arise in the duchies, especially in Holstein; a pro- visional government is established at Kiel, with Prince Frederick of Augus- tenburg at the head. (See Germany.) 1849 June 5. A new liberal Consti- tution is sanctioned by the king. July 10. Prussia signs an armistice, which is converted into a peace. By its terms Schleswig is to be occu- pied by Swedish troops in the north, in the south by those of Prussia, and to receive a new administration. (Ploetz.) 1850 July 2. A separate peace is concluded with Prussia. July 4. The great powers, England, France, Prussia, unite with Sweden to guarantee the integrity of Denmark. Aug. 23. Eng. To solve the question concerning the succession to the throne, a protocol is signed in London by all the Ministers of the great powers. Nov. 28, 29. Moravia. Conference at Olmiitz. (See p. 523.) 1851 Jan. 10. Ger. The rights of the country are placed under the protec- tion of the Germanic Confederation by a proclamation of the Stadtholders of Schleswig-Holstein. 1852 May 8. Ger. Hanover, Saxony, and Wurtemberg recognize the treaty of London granting the throne to Christian of Sonderburg-Gliicksburg, Frederick VII. having been childless, and the female line next in succession withdrawing their claim. Christian, Duke of Augustenburg-Holstein, con- sents to surrender his rights in the duchies for a sum of money. 1854 July 29. Frederick VII. promul- gates a new Constitution. 1855 Oct. 1. The new Constitution set forth by the king is adopted. 1857 * * The Sound dues are abol- ished, Great Britain paying £1,125,206 as her share. Oct. * -62 * * Dissensions arise be- tween the Government and the duchies ; the family pretensions of the Duke of Augustenburg to the rule of the duchies is agitated at home and abroad. 1S58 Mar. 27. The Government de- crees the erection of fortifications about Copenhagen. 1860 Feb. 11. Ger. The Assembly of Schleswig alleges that the promise of equality of national rights, pledged by the Treaty of London in 1S52, has not been recognized. [Mar. 1. It formally protests against being united to Den- mark.] 1861 Jan.* The Government announces that a declaration of war will be made if Prussian soldiers enter the duchies. Feb. * Active preparations for war are made. I T une * The Rigsdag adopts a decimal coinage. 1863 Mar. 30. Frederick VII. grants independent rights to Holstein, but annexes Schleswig to Denmark. Apr. 17. Austria and Prussia protest against the annexation of Schleswig. June 6. Frederick VII. accepts the crown of Greece for Prince William George. July 9. Ger. The Diet threateningly demands the annulment of the action of Frederick VII., on March 30, granting independent rights to Holstein and an- nexing Schleswig. (See p. 526.) Aug. 1. Preparations are made to in- crease the army. Aug. 27. Frederick VII. replies that an armed occupation of the duchies by Germany will be accepted as a declara- tion of war. Aug. * Sweden declines to enter an alliance with Denmark. Oct. 1. Ger. The Diet of the German Confederation demands the immediate execution of its decree to support Prince Frederick as Duke of Schleswig-Hol- stein. Nov. 13. The new Constitution is af- firmed by the Kigsdag. Nov. 15. The House of Giiicksburg begins to reign. Christian IX. is enthroned accord- ing to the Treaty of London. Nov. 16. Ger. Prince Frederick of Augustenburg claims the government of Schleswig and Holstein, although his father had renounced them for a com- pensation. (See 1852, May 8.) Nov. IS. Christian IX. signs the Con- stitution. [Dec. 1. It is published.] Nov. 21. Ger. The announcement of Prince Frederick's claim causes great excitement in Holstein ; public officials refuse to take oath to the new king, Christian IX. Nov. 26. Ger. Prince Frederick is supported by several German States ; they proceed to send troops into the duchies. Dec. * The Austrian and Prussian Ministers prepare for their departure from Copenhagen if the Constitution is not annulled. Dec. 19. Denmark protests against the proposed occupation of the duchies by the German States. Dec. 21. Ger. The representatives of German States, to the number of 000, assemble at Frankfort, and agree to sup- port the claims of Prince Frederick against those of Denmark. Dec. 24. Ger. The Saxons, as repre- sentatives of the Federal authority, en- ter Altona in Schleswig-Holstein. Dec. 25. Ger. The Federal Commis- sioners attend the army of occupation, and assume administrative powers in Schleswig-Holstein. Dec. 30. Ger. Prince Frederick at Kiel, in Holstein, claims authority as Duke of Schleswig and Holstein. 1864 Jan. 16. Austria and Prussia unite to demand the abrogation of the Constitution of Nov. 18, uniting Schles- wig with Denmark, within two days. Jan. 18. Denmark asks for six weeks to act on the peremptory demand of Austria and Germany. Jan. 21. Ger. Holstein is invaded by German troops. Feb. * "War with Germany. Cause : Austria and Prussia demand the repeal of the November Constitution, which conflicts with the agreement of Denmark " to respect the rights of the duchies," which implied that Schleswig should not be incorporated as a part of Denmark. The latter refuses the joint demand. Feb. 6. Ger. Prince Frederick Charles is proclaimed Duke of Schleswig-Hol- stein. Feb. 13. Ger. The Commissioners of the German States protest against the occupation of Altona by Prussia. Feb. 23. England, having proposed a conference on Danish ;i flairs, the allies accede to it. [Apr. 25, meets. June 22, ends.] Mar. 22. The Rigsdag adjourns, after resolving to support the king. * * It seems as if Denmark must cease to exist as a nation in consequence of its reverses. * * Prussia and Austria secede from the London Protocol ; the war is renewed. July 9. The administration of Jutland is assumed by Prussian officers. The Government sends Prince John to Berlin to make negotiations for peace. July 26. Aust. A conference for peace opens at Vienna, Oct. 30. Aust. Peace of Vienna. Terms : the King of Denmark re- nounces all his rights to the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg in favor of the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia ; he agrees to recognize whatever disposition these monarchs shall make of these states. (Ploetz.) Nov. 16. King Christian IX. by proc- lamation releases the inhabitants of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg from their allegiance to Denmark. MISCELLANEOUS. 1847 Sept. 26. A great fire at Copen- hagen ; valuable Icelandic literature is destroyed, including over 2,000 unpub- lished MSS. 642 1865, * *-1894, Oct. 27. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1872 Oct. 18. The new theater at Co- penhagen is founded by the king. 1873 Oct. 6. A statue of Frederick VII., erected at Copenhagen, is un- veiled. 1884 Aug. 10. The 8th International Medical Congress is held iu Copenhagen. 1889 May 21. Dr. Hansen and his companions arrive at Copenhagen on their return from an exploring expedi- tion to Greenland. DENMARK. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1865 * * Forchhanimer, Joliann Georg, min- eralogist, chemist, geologist, A51. Bernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai St. Aubain), novelist. A65±. 1866* * Callisen, Adolf Karl I'eder, physi- cian, A80. 1870 Sept. 37. Christian, crown prince, b. Hertz, Hendrik, poet, novelist, A72. 1872 * * Ussing, Tage Algrcen. jurist, A75. Grundtvig, Nicolai Frederik Severin, clergy- raan, poet, mis. writer, A89. Haueh, Johannes Carstu'ii von, poet, A71. 1875 * * Andersen. Hans Christian, poet, novelist, wr. of fairy tales, travels, A70. 1876* * Paludan-Muller. Frederik, poet, A61. 1877* * Hammerich, Frederik Peder Adolf, clergyman, poet, mis. writer, A68. Clausen, Ilenrik X., theolo., statesman, A48. 1878* * Westergaard, Niels Lad wig, orien- talist, A63. 1880 * * Petersen, Carl, explorer, A67. 1883* * Bide, steen Anderson, rear-admiral, A86. 1884 July 27. Lndvigsen, Anna Kristiane, author of patriotic songs, AM. 3Iartensen, Hans Lassen. Insluip, theol., A72. 1885 * * Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen, antiquary, AtiL 1886 * * Madvig, Joliann Nikolai, philologist, 1888* * Irminger, Carl Ludwig Christian, admiral, A86. 1889 July 16. Augusta, Princess, sister of Queen of Denmark, dies. July 23. Sparre, Count, dies. 1890 Dec. 22. cade, Niels Wilbelm, com- poser, conductor. A73. 1894 Oct. 27. Plong, Carl, poet, politician, journalist, A81. CHURCH. 1866 Jan. 6. The first Methodist Episcopal church in Denmark is dedi- cated. 1872* *Lorenthal's Mission is founded. Motto, " Be born again." 1874 * * The Danish Mission Society founds two seminaries for the training of missionaries. [1875. United.] 1876 * * The mission to the Danes is he- gun by the Christian Society, U.S.A. 1884 Aug. 30. The Evangelical Al- liance holds its Sth meeting in Copen- hagen. 1887 * * The American Baptists set off the Denmark mission from the Ge 1888 * * A Methodist Episcopal theo- logical school is founded in Copen- hagen. SOCIETY. 1866 Nov. 9. Prince Alexander of Russia marries Princess Dagmar. 1869 July 2S. The Crown Prince Frederick marries Princess Louisa of Sweden. 1874 July* -Aug.* Christian IX. vis- its Iceland. 1878 Dec. 11. The Duke of Cumber- land marries Princess Thyra. 1888 Nov. 15. The 25th anniversary of the accession of the king to the throne is celebrated. 1889 June 24. Christian IX. confers the knighthood of the Order of Danne- brog upon Capt. Hamilton Murrell. The people present him with an oil painting of the scene of the transfer of the passengers and crew of the sinking steamer Danmark. (See Miscellaneous.) 1890 Mar. 25. The Minister of "War announces that no Socialist workmen will be employed in State workshops. May 26. The crown princess gives birth to a daughter. Nov. 8. A son is born to Prince Wal- demar. 1892 May 23. The celebration of the golden wedding of King Christian begins at Copenhagen. May 29. A procession of 100,000 people marches from Copenhagen to the castle to do honor to the king and queen. STATE. 1866 July 19, 27. A new Constitu- tion is approved by both Chambers of the Kigsdag. July 28. The king sanctions the new Constitution. 1867 Oct. 25. Proclamations are is- sued, proposing to sell the Danish islands in the "West Indies, St. Thomas and St. John, to the United States for $7,500,000. [Approved by the colonies, but not carried out by the United States.] 1868 Jan. 30. The Assembly approves of the proposed sale of two islands in the West Indies. 1870 Aug. * Denmark decides to re- main neutral in the Franco-Prussian 1874 Mar. 29. The Folkething de- feats the Government on the question of fortifications ; the Assembly is dis- solved. Oct. * Continued contests occur between the king and the Landsthing and Folke- thing. Dec. * A crisis is reached respecting the supplies. 1877 Apr. 4. The Rigsdag closes without settling the budget. Apr. 12. The king makes provision for the budget in harmony with the pro- vision of the Constitution. 1881 May 10±. The king dismisses the Folkething, alleging its ineffi- ciency. * * -84 * * Legislation is obstructed by the Opposition members of the Folke- thing. 1884 June * The elections return to the Folkething 82 Liberals and Opposi- tion, besides 20 Conservatives. 1885 Mar. 21. The king refuses to dismiss the Ministry. May 5. The Government prohibits the importation and possession of arms, and forbids drilling. Oct. 16. The budget is rejected by the Folkething. Dec. 21. The laws restraining the lib- erty of the press are condemned by the Kigsdag. 1886 Jan. * M. Berg, president of the Folkething, obstructs the police at a meeting; he is condemned, and sentenced to six months' imprisonment. Jan. 26. The budget is rejected by the Folkething. Feb. 8. The Rigsdag is discordant, and the session closes. * Oct. 26. The two parties in the Rigsdag unite in opposing the Government. 1887 Jan. 8. The Folkething is dis- solved. Apr. 1. The budget is rejected. 1888 Apr. 1. The budget is rejected. Apr. 8. The political prisoners are granted amnesty on the king's 70th birthday. 1889 Feb. 11. The regulations relat- ing to Greenland coast fisheries forbid trading with the inhabitants, and fish- ing is prohibited within one Danish mile from the coast. Mar. 6. The Rigsdag announces that the British Minister at Athens has been selected as an arbitrator in the Butter- field claim between the United States and Denmark. Apr. 1. The budget is rejected; the Government collects the revenue by a royal decree. 1890 Jan. * The elections result in 91,159 votes for the Ministerial party, 139,354 for the Opposition, and 17,232 for the Socialists. Feb. 4. The arbitrators decide in favor of Denmark in the dispute with the United States respecting damages for vessels lost near St. Thomas, W. 1. 1891 Jan. 6. The Government oflieial- ly recognizes the Republic of Brazil. July 10. The Minister of State, Baron Akerheilm, resigns, and is succeeded by Baron Bostrom. Sept. 8. Denmark removes the prohibi- tion of the importation of American pork. 1894 Apr. 2. Premier Estrup tenders his resignation to the king. Aug. 7. The Cabinet is reconstructed, with Baron Eeedtz-Mott as Premier. MISCELLANEOUS. 1S6S Aug. 31. The Anglo-Danish tele- graph from Xewbiggin to Copenhagen is completed. 1SSS May IS. The King of Denmark opens the Scandinavian Exhibition in Copenhagen. 1SS9 Apr. 6. The steamer Danmark sinks about S00 miles from Newfound- land ; Capt. Murrell of the Missouri rescues all on board, about 735 persons. Apr. 12. The steamer Danmark. of the Thingvalla line, is seen floating in a wrecked condition, without a person on board, GOO miles off the coast of Ireland. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 1844, Feb. 27-1887, * *. 648 Tins Republic occupies the eastern and greater part of the island of Santo Domingo, or Haiti, West Indies. Its area is esti- mated at 1S,045 square miles, and its population at 010,000. The capital is Santo Domingo. The government is under a Constitu- tion, its President is elected every four years by universal suffrage, and its Congress of 22 members by restricted suffrage. The people are chiefly of mixed blood, — Spaniards, Indian, and negro, with only a few whites. Spanish is the language of the people ; and Roman Catholicism is the state religion, but all religions are tolerated. For the early history of the island, and the struggles between the two republics, see Haiti. MISCELLANEOUS. 1844 Feb. 27. Following the revolu- tion in the west against President Boyer, the inhabitants in the eastern part of the island assert their independence of the Haitian Republic, and form a State called the Dominican Republic. * * A Constitution is adopted. Apr. 9. An army of 20,000 Haitians is defeated near Santiago, and forced to abandon its effort to subdue the Do- minicans, led by Pedro Santana, the " liberator." 1S48 Oct. 22. France recognizes the independence of the Republic, and en- ters a treaty of commerce. 1849 Apr. 22. At Las Carreras 400 Dominicans, under Santana, defeat the invading Haitian army, 20,000 strong, under Soulouque. * * Jimenes, of Caucasian blood, is elected President. [He secretly con- spires with President Soulouque of Haiti, who invades the country.] Apr. * Jimenes abandons his office, and flees to Haiti. * * Buenaventura Baez is elected con- stitutional President. 1850 May* Great Britain recognizes the independence of the Republic, and enters a treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation. * * Soulouque again leads an invasion, and is defeated. 1853 * * Baez, having favored the Cler- ical party, is rejected by the people, and Gen. Santana is chosen his successor. 1854 Oct. 5. President Baez signs a treaty with President Pierce, IT. S. A., secretly stipulating for the cession of the Bay of- Samana to the United States. [It fails of ratification at 'Wash- ington.] 1857 Feb.* By the influence of French and British agents, Baez is reelected president. Sept. * Gen. Santana successfully leads a revolutionary movement against President Baez. 1858 * * President Baez is overthrown by the Revolutionists, and Liberal rule is established. 1S62 * * -65 * * The Dominion is held by Spain. 1865 * * The Constitution is modified. 1S69 Nov. 29. President Baez and President Grant sign a treaty for the annexation of the Dominican Repub- lic to the United States. 1870 June 30. U. S. A. The Senate at Washington rejects the annexation treaty. 1886 Sept. 1. Gen. Ulises Heureaux is elected President. 1887 * * A new Constitution is adopted. ECUADOR. Ecuador is a republic of South America, bordering the Pacific, and lying nearly under the equator. Area claimed, 275,964 square miles, of which about 155,000 are in jurisdiction ; population, estimated at 1,260,000. Capital, Quito. The government is republican in form ; the executive is a President elected for a term of four years ; the Congress consists of an upper and a lower house. The inhabitants are whites of Spanish descent, Indians, and people of mixed blood ; the language chiefly spoken is Span- ish ; and the only religion tolerated is the Roman Catholic, the religion of the state. ARMY — WAVY. 1460 ± * * During the reign of Hualcopo Duchisela the conquest of Quito is undertaken by Tupac Yupanqui, the Inca of Peru. * * *Huaina-Capac, his son, completes the conquest of Quito by a great victory in the battle of Haluntaqui. 1531* * Atahualpa, King of Quito, de- feats and imprisons his brother Huascar, King of Peru, in his capital, and rules the two kingdoms. 1809 * * A revolution is attempted by the colonists, who are defeated in five or six battles. 1821* *-24* * War with Spain. Gen. Bolivar aids the colonists to indepen- dence. Under Antonio Jose" de Sucre they defeat the Spaniards. 1822 May 22. The Spaniards are de- feated in a battle fought on Mount Pichincha, 10,200 feet above the sea. May 24. The Spaniards capitulate. 1824 Dec. * A decisive battle is fought at Ayacucho ; the Spaniards are de- feated by the Colombian troops. 1828 * * -29 * * War with Peru ; the Colombians defeat 8,000 Peruvian in- vaders. 1860 Aug. * Gen. Flores defeats Gen. Franco in a battle. 1861 ± * * The army under Gen. Flores is completely routed by that of New Granada. 1875 Sept. * Quito is declared in a state of siege after the assassination of the President. 1876 Dec. 14. The revolutionary army under Gens. Vientemilla and Urbino, at Galte, defeats the constitutional army under Gen. Aparicio. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1755 Apr. * Quito is destroyed by an earthquake. 1796 Feb. 4. An earthquake destroys the entire country between Santa F<5 and Panama ; 40,000 persons in the cities of Cuzco and Quito are killed in one second. 1859 Mar. 22. An earthquake at Quito kills about 5,000 persons, and does great damage to property. 1863 Aug. * An earthquake kills 30,- 000 people, ruins the public buildings of Quito, and completely destroys many towns. 1877 June 26. The most notable erup- tion of Cotopaxi occurs. Quito is in complete darkness from the showers of ashes. 1883 Dee. 13. Cotopaxi is in eruption. 1884 Dec. 13. An earthquake at Guayaquil does much damage. 1885 July 23. Cotopaxi is in a state of eruption, and a portion of Chimborazo at foot of Chimborazo is overflowed with lava ; Quito is in darkness for eight hours. * * A placer gold-mine is discovered between Chordeley and Gualaceo ; this gives a great impulse to gold-mining. 1886 Jan. 11-16. The volcano Tun- gurahua is active; ashes cover the neighboring country a decimeter in depth. 1889 Mar. 4. Several earthquake shocks are felt at Guayaquil. LETTERS. 1874 May 4. The Academy of Ecua- dor is inaugurated. (Colleges are in the larger towns.) 1876 * * Public instruction is still en- tirely under the control of the clergy and the Christian Brothers. 1890 * * Primary education is gratui- tous and compulsory. SOCIETY. 1845± * * A convention is entered into with England for the suppression of the slave-trade. 1854 * * Slavery is abolished. 1875 Feb. * The Government orders $12,000 to be paid to the bishop of Guay- aquil in compensation for his trouble and expense in erecting an orphan asy- lum and free schools. Aug. 6. President Moreno is assassi- nated in the corridor of the Public G44 280, * *-1892, Aug. 30. ECUADOR. Treasury in Quito by three men, one of whom is shot on the spot. 1886 Feb. 6. An unsuccessful attempt is made to assassinate the President; a riot ensues at Guayaquil. CHURCH. 1850 * * President Diego Noboa recalls the Jesuits. 1867 * * By great concession, Protes- tants are permitted to have a burial- ground at Quito 1870 * * President Moreno subordinates the authority of the Government to that of the church. 1872 Dec. * A day is set apart for thanksgiving and prayer for the Roman Catholic Church. 1874 * * Ten per cent of the revenue of the church belonging to the State is made an offering to the Pope, in spite of the depressed condition of the finances. * * * The oath of a Protestant has no force in a court of justice. STATE. 280 * * A foreign tribe is said to have forced its way inland along the valley of the Esmeraldas, and established a king- dom at Quito [which lasts for about 1,200 years]. 1460+ * * Quito is conquered by Peru- 1475 * * Huaina Capac the Great rules the two kingdoms 38 years. 1525 * * The kingdom of Huaina Capac is divided between his two sons; Ata- hualpa takes the kingdom of Quito, and Huascar all that remains beside it. 1530 * * "War breaks out between the two brothers. 1532 * * Huascar is defeated and cap- tured by Atahualpa, who rules both kingdoms. Nov. 16. Atahualpa meets Pizarro. (See p. 20.) 1533 Aug. 29. Pizarro executes Atahualpa. (See p. 20.) * *_34* * pizarro gains possession of the country. 1534 * * Pedro de Alvarado, governor of Guatemala, heads an expedition of 400 men against Quito. [Near Riobamba he is met by forces under Pizarro's lieu- tenants, Almagro and Benalcazar, and is induced to retire.] 1539 * * Gonzalo Pizarro is appointed to command the province of Quito. (See p. 21.) Dec. 25. Gonzalo Pizarro explores the interior. (See p. 21.) 1710* * The colony is attached to the Spanish vice-royalty at Santa Fe\ 1718* * The province of Quito is de- tached from Peru, and annexed to New Granada. 1722 * * The colony is restored to Peru. [For many years the colony Ian- ] * * An insurrection of Indians breaks out; the insurgents kill the proprietors, and destroy all traces of the mines. 1809 * * The colonists make an unsuc- cessful effort for freedom from Span- ish rule. 1821 July * The Republic of Colom- bia is formed by the union of Ecuador, New Granada, and Venezuela. 1831 * * Ecuador withdraws from Co- lombia, following the example of Ven- ezuela ; Gen. Juan Jose" Flores is the first President. * * — 1852* * History becomes a series of pronunciamentos and attempted rev- olutions. 1835 * * Vicente Rocafuerte becomes President. 1839 * * Gen. Flores regains the presi- dency. 1843 * * The Constitution is adopted. * * Gen. Flores is elected President for the third time. He soon accepts the title generalis- simo and a sum of 20,000 pesos, and leaves the country to his rivals. 1845 * * Gen. Roca is elected President. A period of great confusion follows. 1850 * * Diego Noboa is elected Presi- dent. A ^rupture occurs with New Granada respecting the harboring of refugees. * * Urbina, a Democrat, becomes a prac- tical dictator. 1852 * * The Constitution is modified. 1856* * Gen. Francisco Robles is elected President. [He secures the adoption of the French system of coinage, weights, and meas- ures.] 1859 Aug. 21. President Robles abdi- cates after refusing to sign the treaty with Peru. * * Gen. Franco becomes President. 1861 Jan. * Dr. Gabriel Garcia Mo- reno is elected President by the Conser- vative party. 1864 * * President Moreno resigns, but his resignation is unaccepted. 1865 May * The Democrats under Ur- bino, Franco, and Robles lead an in- surrection, and seize a government war-steamer at Guayaquil. June * President Moreno seizes a mail- steamer sailing under the British flag, and captures three small steamers of the insurgents, and quells the rebellion ; 20 of the captured rebels are shot, among whom are the leaders. Aug. 4. Geronimo Carrion is elected President. 1866 Jan. * Ecuador unites with Chile and Peru in an alliance for the banish- ment of all Spanish subjects. 1867 Nov. * President Carrion re- signs because of a vote of censure hav- ing been passed upon him by Congress. * * Pedro Jose de Arteta, Vice-Presi- dent, assumes control of the Govern- ment, and the old Cabinet is recon- structed. * * Congress revokes the extraordinary powers of the President, by which he u;i- allowed to Imprison any person con- sidered dangerous to public order. 1868 Jan. * XavierEspinosa is elected President. 1869* * Ex-president Moreno heads a revolution, and seizes the government. 1873 * * Copper money becomes legal tender. * * -Dec. 8. Dr. Borreo is elected Pres- ident. 1876 Sept.+ * Vientemilla, military com- mandant at Guayaquil, leads a success- ful revolt against the Government. [He becomes President.] 1877 * * The Conservatives are over- thrown by the "Terrorists of the North," led by Gen. Yepez. * * Political matters are in a state of an- archy. 1878 * * Two Vice-Presidents are ap- pointed to replace the President should circumstances require it. 1882 Aug. * Vientemilla provokes a revolution to enable him to again be appointed Supreme Chief , an office which he had filled for six years. 1883 Jan. * The revolutionary move- ment having become general, Gen. Sa- lazai leads a successful attack. Jan. * Gen. Alfaro becomes dictator. 1S84 Feb. 12. Jose* Maria Placido Caamans is elected President. Nov. 6. Gen. Alfaro leaves the Bay of Panama at the head of a rebel force. 1SS5 July* Congress passes anew tar- iff bill, raising the import and export dues. * * Lighthouse dues are levied. 1885 Dec. * The Government sends a colonising expedition to the Galapa- gos Archipelago. 1889 Sept. 22. The Government issues an order prohibiting Chinese immi- gration. Oct. 30. A new m inis try is formed. and consists of Carlos K. Tabor, of Inte- rior and Foreign Affairs ; Francisco Cam - po, of Finance ; Elias Lazo, of Public Instruction and Justice ; and Gen. Julio Saenz, of War. 1890 Oct. 13. The Government de- crees that in future all profits realized from the sale of gunpowder (a Gov- ernment monopoly) shall be devoted to the furtherance of missionary work in the eastern and almost unknown regions of the Republic. 1892 Aug. 30. President Cordera's Cabinet is announced, with Seflor Vi- cente Lucio Salazar as Minister of Inte- rior and Foreign Affairs. MISCELLANEOUS. 1495± * * Atahualpa, Inca., is born. 1525 Nov.* Huyana Capac, the Great, dies. 1859 * * The first carriage is intro- duced into Quito. EGYPT. 5004 b.c-3633 B.C. 645 Eg vpt is a country in Northeastern Africa, tributary to Turkey, but under the control of England. Egypt proper consists of the fertile valley of the Nile, a territory averaging eight miles wide in its fertile part, with the desert beyond, and extending 850 miles to Wady Haifa, at the Second Cataract. There are 14 provinces, with Cairo as the capital ; area, 10,698 square miles ; popu- lation, 6,S17,265. The ruler is a hereditary despot, called the Khedive; the inhabitants are a mixture, — Egyptians, Nubians, Abyssinians, Levantines, Turks, Negroes, Armenians, Jews, and European races ; the common language is Arabic, though many use the Coptic or native Egyptian tongue, and the Mohammedan religion chiefly prevails. The prosperity of the country has ever depended on the inundation of the Nile, which begins about the middle of June at Cairo, and subsides about the middle of November. The chronology favored by Mariette is followed until the time of the conquest by Alexander the Great ; many important events, however, have additional dates, approved by other authorities. " The chronological riddle [of ancient Egypt] is unsolv- able. The list of early kings furnished by Mantheo, who wrote 2,000 years after their time, has no certain value." (Kawlinson.) Many of the kings have two names, a throne and a personal name. Nearly all dates have an uncertain value until the Fourth Dynasty, B. c. 4235, when the monuments afford dates for Egyptian events. ARMY — NAVY. 3733± * * B. C. Khufu is exceptionally a warrior king. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 4300± * * B. c. The first recorded fam- ine occurs, during the reign of the fourth king. 4133 * * b. c. An earthquake destroys many lives. 3766 * * b. c. The history of Egyptian monument-bunding begins with Sene- feru, who appears to be the same as Soris. 3733* *b.c. Khufu (Cheops) builds the Great Pyramid for his tomb. It is the most prodigious construction ever erected by the hands of man : He- rodotus says it required the labor of 100,- 000 men for 20 years in its construction ; 10 years were previously employed in making the road from the quarry to the selected site, a distance of 3,051 feet, and constructed of highly polished stone with figures engraved' upon it. 3666 * * b. c. Two statues of this pe- riod [remain], representing King Khaf- Ra; they are in green basalt. * * b. c. Khaf-ra builds the second pyra- mid. " It is probable that Khaf-Ka built the small temple behind the Sphinx, which he adorned with his statues. The stones are polished, and fit to a hair's breadth." (Kawlinson.) The pyramids are placed with astro- nomical exactness. 3633* *b.c. Men-kau-Ra builds a modest tomb. [Succeeding monarchs follow his example.] Art in Egyptian statuary never sur- passed this period, yet it is exceedingly inferior to that of archaic Greek. Men-kau-Ra builds the third pyra- mid at Gizeh. Monuments cease to reveal the history of Egypt [for more than 400 years]. CHURCH. Note. — The religion of Eg-ypt may natu- rally divide its history into three periods, — the heathen. Christian, and Mohamme- The following descriptions of the reli- gion of the early Egyptians are chiefly taken from Kawlinson. 4100 * * b. c. Ka-Kau (Kaiechos) intro- duces the worship of the bulls of Apis at Memphis; the worship of Minerva is observed at Memphis near the Delta. The real practical religion of the primitive period is the worship of ancestors. period ; here hymns are sung, offerings made, and services conducted, from which both the dead and the living are expected to derive advantage. The early Egyptians "viewed their ancestors as still living, and as inter- ested in the condition and prospects of their descendants ; they regarded them as invested with a quasi-divinity." There appears " at the root of the Egyptian religion the belief in a future life, and of happiness or misery beyond the grave." Embalming is practised long before the construction of the pyramids. The composition of the Book of the Dead " was ascribed to the gods." 3666 * * b. c. The queen of Khaf-Ka is high-priestess of Thoth. 3633± * * b. c. In the reign of Men- kau-Ka religion no longer regards the souls of the just " as retaining their individuality in the other world, but as identified, each and all, with Osiris him- self, and were thought to be at any rate temporarily absorbed into his divine being." * * b. c. King Men-kau-Ra pays special attention to religion, and dedicates himself to Ra, the sun-god, and cares for the temples. LETTERS. * * * b. c. The records of the first dy- nasties of Egypt exhibit a literature already existing and elaborated. The walls of the interior of sepulchral chambers are covered with long inscrip- tions which gave the titles and employ- ments, honors, and possessions of tlie deceased. " The different kinds of hier- oglyphs, symbolic, determinative, pho- netic, are all in use." (Kawlinson.) 4366 * * B. c. King Athothis, a physi- cian, writes anatomical books. 3766± * * b. c. Seneferu, the first of the pyramid kings, "is the first Egyptian monarch who has left behind him an in- scription "— the tablet at Wady Ma- gharah. (Kawlinson.) SOCIETY. 4066 * * b. c. In the reign of Ba-en- neter (Binothris) a law is passed per- mitting women to hold the sovereign power. 3733± * * b. r. Egyptian society is di- vided into classes. Intolerable bond- age is caused by the labor of building the pyramids. 3633± * * b. c. Men-kau-Ra selects a youth named Petah-ases from among the common people, and rears him in the palace with his own children. STATE. 5004±* * -3064i:* *b.c. The An- cient Empire: it lasts 1,940 years. The foundation of the Egyptian mon- archy begins. (Mariette.) I. Dynasty : It is established at Thinis in Upper Egypt. 4400 * * b. c. Mena is the first authen- tic king. Mena, or Misraim, the half mythical founder of the nation, is said to have conquered lower Egypt, and built his capital at Memphis. (Bbckb, b. c. 5702 ; linger, 5(1 1. "i ; Lenonnant, 5004 ; Brugsch- Bey, 4455; Lauth, 4157. Lepsius, 3892; Bunseu, 3628; Poole, 2717; Wilkinson, 2691 ; Rawlinson, 2700.) 4366 * * b. c. Teta reigns. He founds the palace at Memphis. [4333, Atet ; 4300, Ata; 420(1, Hesep-ti ; 4233, Mer-ba- pen; 4200, Senien-Ptah ; 4166, Qebh.] H. Dynasty: Established at Thinis in Upper Egypt. 4133 * * B.C. Neter-bain (Boethosor Bu- tan) reigns. [4100, Ka-Kau (Kaiechos).] 4066 * * b. c. Ba-en-neter (Binothris) reigns. A law is passed decreeing that women may hold the sovereign power. [4033, Uat, -nes ; 4000, Senta.] HI. Dynasty: Established at Memphis in Middle Egypt, south of Cairo, on the Nile. 3966 * * b. c. T'at'ai reigns. 3933* *b. c. Neb-Ka (Necherophes) reigns. The Libyans revolt, and then return to their allegiance. [3900, Ser ; 3S66, Teta ; 3833, Set'es ; 3S00, Nefer-ka- Ra and Huni reign.] 3766 * * B. c. Seneferu (Senoferu, or Soris) reigns. Prosperity attends this good and beneficent king. XV. Dynasty: Established at Memphis in Middle Egypt ; it has been called the pyramid dynasty, and is the culminat- ing period of the Ancient Empire. * * b. c. Egyptian history now emerges from the mists of obscurity, and discloses a genuine and progressive civilization. 3733** B.C. Khufu (Suphisl, or Cheops) reigns. He is the greatest king; of this period, and distinguishes his reign by building the Great Pyramid ; he holds his people in a condition of intolerable bondage while building bis monuments. 3700 * * b. c. Tat-f-Ra (Ratatf) reigns. 3666 * * Khaf-Ra (Shafra) reigns. [He is the first of the kings who has given to modern times his statue; two of the statues are known.] 646 3633 b.c. -1700 e.c. EGYPT. ARMY — NAVY. 3533= * * B. c. King Sahu-Ra leads a military expedition into the Sinaitic region of Arabia. * * The kings of this period are disin- clined to war. 3433+ * * b. c. User-en-Ra leads a mil- itary expedition into the Sinaitic pe- ninsula. 3233 = * * b. c. A martial spirit is first seen in the VT. Dynasty; Una, the com- manding general for King Pepi I., con- ducts five niilitary expeditions against the Herusha, who dwell in the desert east of lower Egypt. 3166=* *b. c. Pepi II. is the first Egyptian king given to "war. He leads an expedition into the Sina- itic peninsula against Mentuon and an- other against the Amu and the Herusha ; he also subdues the negroes, and gathers an immense army for his expeditions ; the war spirit inspires his people. 2466 * * -2266 * * b. c. The Egyptian kings carry on military operations against the troublesome Ethiopians ; the fortresses of Kumneh and Semneh are built on either side of the Nile to protect the realm from invaders. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 3566 * * b. c. TJser-ka-f builds a small pyramid, and calls it TJab-asu, "the most holy of all places." = Dancing of a solemn and formal movement, with the sexes apart from each other, is practised ; the harp, flute, and pipe are employed at ban- quets. 3533 * * b. c. King Sahu-Ra erects a pyramid, and calls it Sha-ba, or "the rising of the soul." 3500 * * b. c. Kakaa begins the tomb of Ti, " the marvel of Succarah." 3433 * * b. c. User-en-Ra builds the Pyramid of Abousir, the smallest of the three great pyramids, the base be- ing only 274 feet square, and the eleva- tion 171 feet and four inches. Many magnificent tombs are erected in his reign. 3400=* * b. c. Representations of King Men-kau-Hor are cut in relief on the walls of the great Serapeum near Mem- phis. 3166 * * b. c. King Pepi builds a pyra- mid tomb which he calls Mennefer, " the good abode ; " he repairs the Tem- ple of Athor at Denderah and Ham- manat. 3066 * * -2630 * * b. c. Eor a period of 436 years the monuments are almost silent respecting the history of Egypt. 2433 * * b. o. Usertsen erects the obe- lisk of pink granite [which still stands], 66 feet high, upon the site of Heliopolis ; " the earliest monument of the kind pos- sessing any considerable grandeur." (Rawlinson.) * * * b. c. Usertsen constructs temples at Tanis, at Abydos, and Eileithyia, "which were adorned with sculptures, inscriptions, and colossal statues." 2400 * * b. c. Indigo-dyeing is known. 2300* *-2266* *b.c. Amen-era-hat III. is famous for his engineering works ; he builds a dam 27 miles long, averaging 30 feet high, by which the artificial lake called Moeris is formed; it is 14 miles long, 6 to 11 wide, and covers 40 square miles ; it is constructed for storing water. He also builds the famous Laby- rintb, a large palace for ceremonial acts and sacrifices. ± * * b. c. The Temple of Amnion is commenced by Amen-em-hat, at Karnak, opposite Thebes. He also builds a palace adorned with gold, having a roof of blue, and walls of stones fastened together with iron clamps ; he said it was made for eternity [but it has disappeared]. 2240 * * b. c. Glass is known and used. 2000 * * b. c. XT. and XVI. Dynasties : The Hyksos arrest tbe production of art ; no monument exposes this miser- able period of Egyptian history. (Mari- ette.) Glass and pottery increase in ele- gance ; the Egyptians brew beer from barley ; tanning is known. 1700* * -1400* * b.c. Egyptian arch- itecture reaches its highest perfection under the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties. The arts of life are much developed; costumes are more elaborate ; houses more artistic and increased provision for comfort appear. Horses are intro- duced from Asia ; the chariot takes the place of the palanquin. "The young dandy prided himself on the strength and lightness of his vehicle, the perfect shape and condition of his carriage horses, the beauty of their trappings, and his own skill in driving them." (Raw- linson.) * * * b. c. Aahmes is a liberal patron of art ; his colossi are immense. XVTII. Dynasty: Monuments are erected along the Nile in both Upper and Lower Egypt. * * * b. c. The hypogea of Beni-Hasan and of Siut are erected during the time of the Middle Empire ; also the Colossi of San and of Abydos and the obe- lisks of Materiyeh and Beyig. XVXTX Dynasty: Queen Hatshepsu commences the two great obelisks at Karnak, one of which is completed and crowned with pyramidions of pure gold taken from conquered foes ; she also builds the Temple of Der-el-Bahari. CHURCH. 3533 * * B. c. Sahu-Ra announces him- self on his sculpture as "the great god who strikes down all nations." Sahu-Ra names the pyramid he erects Sha-ba, " the rising of the soul," to mark his belief in the resurrection of the dead. 3466 * * b. c. Nefer-f-Ra builds a pyra- mid tomb called Menaukh, " the abode of life." * * * b. c. The Egyptians divide their gods into two classes, the universal and the local. 3433* *B. c. User-en-Ra takes the titles of divinity, the great god, lord of the two lands, king of Egypt, king of the upper and lower countries conquering Horus, and son of tbe sun. * * * b. c. During the V. Dynasty the ancient gods are worshiped, including Ra, Set, Thoth, Hor, Osiris, Isis-Atbor. Phthah, and Anabis ; there are traces of the worship of Nut, Seb.Khen. Kneph, Neitb, Ma, Saf, and Heka. * * * b. c. The "prophets" include persons of both sexes. The passage of souls through the lower world is plainly taught. Osiris is worshiped as tbe great ruler of the dead. Animal wor- ship is practised; a white bull and a sacred heifer are regarded as possessing a divine character. * * * b. c. The Sothiac festival is first discovered during tbe XI. Dynasty ; feasts are held at stated periods in honor of tbe gods Khem, Phthah-Sokari, and Thoth. * * * b. c. Ammon, the great god, is worshiped ; his chief temple and oracle is at Thebes. * * *b. c. XII. Dynasty : Religion is modified by the elevation of Ammon to the headship of the Pantheon. * * *b. c. Sabak is advanced "from a local or subordinate position to one of high rank among tbe universal divini- ties of the country." (Rawlinson.) * * * b. c. The kings are more absolutely ■worshiped than in previous dynasties. 2876= * * b. c. Abraham visits Egypt. (Wilkinson.) * * * b. c Joseph, the Hebrew slave, is elevated to the office of prime minister under one of the Shepherd kings, prob- ably Apepi ; and being of a kindred race, it more easily explains his remarkable promotion. Apepi introduces the worship of Set, or Sutekh, into tbe Delta, and sends a message to Sakenen-Ra, a native prince, to give up the worship of Amen-Ra, and honor the new divinity alone ; his refusal brings on general war and the expulsion of the Hyksos. 2754 * * b. c. The Israelites migrate from Canaan to Egypt. ("Wilkinson.) * * * b. C. The Hyksos are monotheists, and hate polytheism, therefore they destroy the temples indiscriminately and with them the records they contain ; they also forbid the worship of the native gods. 1700= * * b. c. Aahmes restores the temples which had been thrown down by the Hyksos. LETTERS. 3366= * * b. c. A papyrus is written dur- ing the reign of Tat-Ka-ra by Ptah- hotep, " probably the most ancient manuscript in the world." " Its subject is the proper conduct of life, and the advantages to be derived from right behavior ; it is called the book of the Prim-e Ptali-hotep. The writer says he is 110 years old when writing." (Rawlinson.) * * * B. c. " Literature grows in repute as a profession." (Rawlinson.) * * * b. c. The birth of history occurs in the form of a lengthy biographical memoir of an official, " which is in- scribed on his tomb. EGYPT. 3633 b.c-1700 b.c. 647 SOCIETY. 3566 * * b. c. During the VI. Dynasty simplicity of dress yields to ornamenta- tion ; wine becomes an important prod- uct of the land ; both wine and beer are drunk by the Egyptians. 3066 1 * * b. c. Queen Nitoeris avenges the assassination of her brother by in- veigling his murderers into a subterra- nean gallery, where they are drowned by flooding the passage. * * * b. c. During the XI. Dynasty Egypt is the only country in the world that is both cultivated and civilized ; bar- barism abounds elsewhere. 2466± * * B. C. During the XII. Dynasty civilization advances in all of its branches, especially during the reign of Usertsen III. * * * b. c. The second civilization oC Egypt occurs. Unlike the first, which " was egoistic, self-seeking, stately, cold, cruel," it " was utilitarian, beneficent, appealing less to the eye than to the mind, but ju- dicious, far-sighted in its aims, and most successful in the results." (Rawlinson.) * * * b. c. Productive pursuits sup- plant monument building; the welfare of subjects, instead of the glorification of rulers, becomes the aim of civilization. * * * b. c. Luxury increases; "Pal- aces are painted, and adorned with gold." Bracelets are worn by both men and women and anklets by the latter exclu- sively; men sometimes wear artificial beards attached U* their wigs ; grandees are carried in highly ornamented lit- ters. (Rawlinson.) 2240+ * * b. c. XA r . and XVI. Dynasties: The invading Hyksos massacre the peo- ple, and pillage and destroy the temples with their records ; after a time they adopt the ways and dress of the Egyp- tians. * * * b. c. The civilization of Egygt is a nnihil ated by the Hyksos, but an im- proved civilization follows. (Rawlinson.) * * * b. c. In the XVIII. and XIX. Dy- nasties indecency of dress is common. * * * b. c. Punishment is inflicted by the bastinado on both men and women stripped naked. * * * b. c. Captives are subject to sla- very or death. * * * B. C. To keep the fealty of the slaves, their bodies are systematically mutilated. * * * b. c. Polygamy is introduced, and honored by royal prestige. STATE. 3633 * * b. c. Men-kau-Ra (Mencheres), the founder of the third pyramid, reigns; he is a just ruler and a kind man. 3600 * * b. c. Shepses-ka-f reigns. "V. Dynasty : Established at Elephan- tine, near the First Cataract. 3566 * * b. c. User-ka-f reigns. [3533, Sahu-Ra ; 3500, Kakaa.] 3466* *b.c. Nefer-f-Ra(Shepses-ka-Ra) reigns. He has a double name, both a throne and personal name, like many following kings. 3433 * * User-en-Ra and An reign. 3400 * * n. <\ Men-kau-hor reigns. He is enthroned while yet a youth. 3366 * * b. c. Tat-Ka-Ra (Assa) reigns. [3333, Unas.] VI. Dynasty: Established at Memphis. A new family succeeds to the throne, having its origin at Memphis. History begins to assume greater importance, and Egypt begins to appear as a united monarchy. 3300 * * B. c. Teta reigns. [3266, User- ka-Ra (Ati) ; 3233, Meri-Ra (Fepi I.); he has a long and successful reign.] 3200* * b. c. Mer-en-Ra (Hor-em-sa-f ) reigus, succeeding his father in a short reign. Una is made governor of Upper Egypt. 3166 * *b. c. Nefer-Ka-Ra (Pepi H., or Apappus) succeeds his older brother; he reigns 20 years, and is described as a giant. [Many believe that his mother was associated with her son.] 3133* *b. c. Mer-en-se(?)-em-sa-f reigns. 3100* * b. c. Neter-ka-Ra reigns. 3066 * * b. c. Men-ka-Ra (Nit-aqert, or Queen Nitocris) reigns. [She is the only queen having a sole reign ; she is cele- brated for her beauty and nobility of mind.] [3066-2600 B. c. The monuments give scarcely any information.] VH.-XI. Dynasties: Egypt is disin- tegrated. The kingdoms of Memphis, Heracle- opas, and Thebes are mentioned ; and the latter becomes a free city of much importance, and the seat of sovereign power. Civilization appears arrested, and Egypt seems to disappear from the na- tions for 436 years. 3033* * b. c. Nefer-ka-Ra reigns. [3000, Nefer-ka-Ra-nebi; 2966, Tat-ka- Ra-Maat ; 2933, Nefer-ka-Ra-khentu ; 2900, Mer-en-Hor; 2866, Se-nefer-ka-Ra; 2S33, Ka-en-Ka ; I'xno, Xefer-ka-Ra-terer ; 2766, Nefer-ka-Hor ; 2733, Nefer-ka-Ra- Pepi-senb ; 27O0,Nefer-ka-Ra-annu ; 2666, Nef er-k a u-R a.] * * The Middle Kingdom : Extending from the XI. Dynasty to the XVLU. It lasts 1,361 years. 2600 * * b. c. Nefer-kau-Hor reigns. 2566* * b. c. Nefer-ari-ka-Ra reigns. 2533 * * b. c. Neb-kher-Ra (Mentu-ho- tep V.) reigns. He sinks wells in the desert for the use of caravans, and ex- tends commerce. * * * Many immigrants arrive in fertile Egypt. 2500 * * b. c. Se-ankh-ka-Ra reigns at Thebes. XII. Dynasty : Established in Upper Egypt. Thebes is chosen for the first time the seat of sovereign power ; the nation awakes from its long [slumbers ; great changes take place, so that old family names, the titles of officials, the writ- ing, and even the religion seem new. * * * B. C. A brilliant epoch follows the long night of 436 years. The Usertsens and Amen-em-hats become forever fa- 2466 * * b. c. Se-hotep-ab-Ra (Amen- em-hat I.), the founder, rules with great energy and success, and probably extends the power of Egypt up the Nile and over a part of Nubia. 2433 * * b. c. Kheper-ka-Ra (Usertsen I.) succeeds his father, after being asso- ciated with him for a few years. One of afamous line of energetic kings, he reigns for 35 years after his father's death ; the Km pin- is in the highest pros- perity since the IV. Dynasty ; he con- tinues the conquests of Amen-em-hat I., and erects obelisks. 2400 * * b. c. Nub-kau-Ra (Amen-em- hat II.) succeeds his father, after being associated with him for six years, and reigns alone for 13 years : the Empire flourishes. 2366 * * Kha-kheper-Ra (Usertsen H.) reigns, and prosperity continues. 2333 * * b. c. Kha-kau-Ra (Usertsen ill ,) reigns. [He is one of the most famous kings of this dynasty.] He introduces a settled government in Nubia, and annexes Northern Nubia ; Egyptian civilization is probably at its highest point. 2300* *Maat-en-Ra (Amen-em-hat in ,) reigns for 43 years, and builds the famous Labyrinth, and constructs Lake Meoris. (See Art.) 2266 * * b. c. Maat-Khern-Ra (Amen- em-hat TV.) reigns. His sister Sabak- nefrn-Ra reigns conjointly with him for the last four years. XIH . Dynasty: Established at Thebes. [Time, 453 years.] The Ne-fer-hoteps and Sebek-hoteps are preeminent ; the prosperity of Egypt continues. 2240 * * b. c. (Wilkinson's date.) Prob- able invasion of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, or Shepherd kings, about the close of the XIII. Dynasty. They are wandering tribes of Semitic descent. (Mariette.) * * B. c. (Wilkinson's date.) Salatis, the first of the Shepherd kings, reigns ; he is followed by Beon, then Apachn» Apo- phis, Janias, and Assis, the founders of the line. XT V. Dynasty: Established at Xoite in the Delta. [Time, 1S4 years.] "We know absolutely nothing of the XTY". Dynasty." (Mariette.) XV. Dynasty: Established at Thebes; a sudden decline of the glory of Egypt ensues. Civilization is brought to a standstill by the invading Hyksos, who subdue northern Egypt for four centuries, while the kings arc banished into the Thebaid, with the invaders for neighbors and probably for masters. XVI. Dynasty: Established at Thebes ; rival sovereigns in Upper and Lower Egypt continue. XVH. Dynasty: Sekenen-Ra reigns ; rival sovereigns continue ; Upper Egypt is a thoroughly civilized state, and Lower Egypt is recovering ; a fresh dynasty of the Hyksos (Khetas) begins in Lower Egypt, at Tanis ; the barbarous Hyksos , become in a measure civilized through the reaction of Egyptian civilization upon them. 2240± * * b. c. The Hyksos invaders take Memphis, and establish a garrison in Egypt of 240,000 men. 648 1700 b.c. -1100 b.c. EGYPT. ARMY — NAVY. * * * b. c. Thothnies III. invades Asia, subdues Syria, and enters Mesopotamia. (See State.) * * * Thothmes III. defeats the Hittites in a great battle at Megiddo [in Pales- tine] ; he takes 5,900 prisoners, 924 char- iots, and great booty. 1566± * * b. c. Amenophisll. captures Nineveh. 1366i * * b. c. Seti I. invades and con- quers Northern Syria, defeats the Hittites, and leads military expeditions into Arabia and Ethiopia. 1333+ * * B. c. Ramses II. engages in war on land and sea, and has many brilliant victories ; he subdues the re- volting negroes and the Ethiopians in the south, tights the Khetas (Hittites) in Asia for 18 years, and then makes a treaty of peace with them. 1300+ * * Libyans having fair hair and blue eyes invade the desert west of the Delta. + * * b. c. The army of Egypt is over- whelmed in the Red Sea while pur- suing the fugitive Hebrews. 1200+ * * b. c. Kamses III. engages in many wars on sea and land. He defeats the Shashu, of the Pales- tine desert, called the Bedawin plunder- ers of the monuments, the Libyans of Africa, and the confederate nations of Asia Minor ; he also repels the invasion of the Mashuasha of North Africa. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1500 + * * B. c. Amenophis III. raises monuments unsurpassed in grandeur and perfection of finish. He erects the Temple of Gebel-Barkal in Sudan and that at Soleb near the third cataract, also a part of the temple at Luxor. He erects one of the most important edifices on the Nile. [Now destroyed, and only two colossi remaining.] Amenophis III. as a builder " may claim a place among the most distin- guished Egyptian uionarchs." (Rawlin- son.) He erects magnificent palaces and temples at Thebes ; two gigantic statues representing the king in sitting posture which were nearly 70 feet high [yet remain]. 1461+ * * b. c. Thothmes III. becomes " one of the greatest of Egyptian build- ers and patrons of art." (Rawlinson.) He erects immense obelisks, two of which are 1G2 feet high, two others of 105 feet. [One of these now stands in Rome before the Church of St. John Lateran ; one of his monoliths, which originally adorned the entrance to the Temple of the Sun at Heliopolis, has been removed to London, and another to Central Park, New York.] 1400+ * * b. c. The arch is used in ar- chitecture. 1366± * * b. c. Seti I. erects the great hypostyle hall at Karnak, called the HaU of Columns, a masterpiece of ar- chitecture, also the grand Temple of Abydos; and during his reign the sub- terranean tomb of the king is excavated at Bab-el-Moluk. (Mariette.) Seti is the first to join the Red Sea and the Nile by a canal ; he sinks an artesian well on the caravan road to Gebel-A toki . (Mariette.) 1333 + * * b. C. Ramses II. is the great- est of all the builders. Among his works are the two temples of Abu-Si mbel, the Ramesseum at Thebes, the small temple at Abydos, and many large buildings elsewhere. (Ma- riette.) [He builds obelisks, statues, and co- lossi ; one of his monoliths now stands on the Place de la Concorde in Paris ; it is a pink syenite granite shaft exqui- sitely carved, and is 82 feet high.] Ramses II., by slave-labor, builds the ** Great "Wall," 90 miles long, extend- ing from Pelusium to Heliopolis ; he cov- ers Egypt with magnificent buildings, and constructs "theHouse of Ramses," south of Karnak, and the Temple of Am- nion; also the "Great Canal" from the Nile to the Red Sea. 1200+ * * b. c. Ramses III. constructs the magnificent temple at Medinet- Habu. BIRTHS — DEATHS. CHURCH. * * *b. c. Thothmes II., of the XVIII. Dynasty, is a devotee ( >f the god Amnion, whose temple he improves. 1600+ * *b. c. The Israelites live peaceably in Egypt under the reign of Thothmes III. of the XVIII. Dynasty. 1466* * b. c. Amenophis IV. introduces the Semitic religion. * * b. c. A religious revolution occurs; Amenophis IV. becomes a heretic. He advocates the substitution of monotheism in sun worship for the ancient worships, and is bitterly opposed by the priests of the old religion ; he proscribes the worship of Amen, the supreme deity ; Amenoph is substituted, and the temples are despoiled which are dedicated to Amen. 1433+ * * B. c. King Horus restores the old Egyptian polytheistic worship. (1364, Rawlinson.) * * * b. c. In the XX. Dynasty, it ap- pears, from the calendar of feasts, that during the first five months of the year one day in five is observed as sacred. 1400+ * * B. c. "Ramses I. names his eldest son Seti, a name commonly writ- ten with the figure of the god Set, and implying a dedication of his first-born to that divinity." (Rawlinson.) * * * b. c. About 40 deities are wor- shiped by the Egyptians. 1366+ * * b. c. Seti favors the old poly- theistic religion, as policy requires him to do. 1333+ * * B. c. Ramses II. surpasses other kings in fostering king-worship by associating himself with Phthah dur- ing his lifetime, and also with Amnion and Horus, claiming equally religious regards from his subjects. 1300+ * * b. c. Moses appears at the court of Meneptah H., the son of Ramses the Great, and intercedes for the Hebrews. * * * b. c. Sacrilege becomes fashion- able ; the bodies of the dead are treated with ill-usage and contempt. 1100= * * b. c. The priest-order in- creases in power, and finally dominates the throne, and claims royal honors and authority. LETTERS. 1670± * * b. c. A galaxy of writers ap- pears in the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties. Among them is Pentaour the " epic- poet," who celebrates the victories of Ramses II. "History, divinitv, practi- cal philosophy, poetry, epistolary cor- respondence, novels, or tales, occupied the attention of numerous writers." "A public library is established at Thebes, under a director named Amen- em-au" (Rawlinson). Copies of earlier writings are made, such as The Instruc- tors of Amenem-hat, The Tate of the Tiro Brothers, The J'mist of Lt-n ruing, and the larger part of The Book of the JJead. 1600+ * * b. c. A chronology of the kings of Egypt is arranged by Thothmes III. SOCIETY. 1633+ * * b. c. Thothmes I. is " married to a wife, Aahmes, who is thought to have been his sister." 1566+ * * b. c. Queen Hatshepsu as- sumes male apparel, and the style and title of a king. * * * b. c. Slave-labor enables Thoth- mes III. to accomplish his numerous great creations in architecture, as shown by the figures and writings of monu- ments. (Rawlinson, 1461.) 1500+ * * b. o. Female influence is conspicuous in the reign of Amenophis m. * * * b. c. Bricks are made by slave- labor for erecting temples and other buildings, while overseers with stick in hand look on. 1333 * * b. c. Ramses II. marries a Hit- tite princess. He takes many captives in his African war, who become slaves ; slave-hunting expeditions are organized. * * * b. c. Ramses II. becomes the fa- ther of 59 sons and 60 daughters. [He was probably a polygamist.] * * * B. c. Ramses II. becomes the en- emy of his royal father's fame, and erases his name from many monu- ments, and substitutes his own. 1230± * * b. c. A thieves' society is organized for robbing royal tombs ; some of its members belong* to the priest- class. * * * b. c. The grossest social inde- cency is manifested. * * * b. c. Monkeys are kept as pets. 1200 * * b. c, Ramses III. plants trees and shrubs over the whole land of Egypt to give the inhabitants shade. * * * b. c. Public safety is accomplished by good government; "The weakest woman could travel unmolested whither- soever she wished." (Rawlinson.) * * *B. c. Abelief in thepowerof magic prevails. EGYPT. 1700 b.c. -1100 b. c. 649 It is thought possible to compass the death of another, to bewitch his mind, or to paralyze his limbs, by the use of wax figures and a traditional formula. * * * b. c. Female conspirators against Ramses III. are " condemned to the penal servitude of keeping a beer- house, which is thought sufficient pun- ishment for ladies of delicacy and refine- ment." (Rawlinson.) * * b. c. Society is classified as priests, warriors, herdsmen, artificers, husband- men, interpreters, huntsmen, and boat- men. STATE. 1700± * * b. c. The Hyksos King Apepi picks a quarrel with the native Prince Ra-Sekenen, ruler of Upper Egypt, which results in a general Egyptian uprising against the Hyksos, and finally in their expulsion. * *± b. c. Aahmes carries on war for five years against the Hyksos, both by land and water. He leads a military expedition against the negroes of the south, and eventually subdues them; he also leads an army into Palestine, and later forces his way into Nubia. XVHI. Dynasty: The ISTew Em- pire (1670-525, Lepsius; 1525, Rawlinson) ; established at Thebes ; it lasts 1,371 years. The Empire, reunited, ^ revives and prospers ; the losses of five centuries are soon regained ; viceroys are sent into the Sudan. Egyptian garrisons are stationed on the Euphrates and Tigris, and also in Mesopotamia. * * b. c. Neb-peh-tet-Ra (Aahmes I., Aniosis, or Amasis I.) reigns. He advances Egypt to the zenith of her fame, after driving out the Hyksos. [His coffin and mummy are now in the museum of Gizeh.J Aahmes marries the black Ethiopian princess, who takes the name of Nefert- ari-Aahrnes, or "the beautiful compan- ion of Aahmes." (1499, Rawlinson.) 1666 * * b. c. Ser-ka-Ra (Amen-hotep I., or Amenophis I.) succeeds his father ; he enlarges the northern and southern frontiers of Egypt. Taxation is heavy during the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties. 1633 * * b. c. (1478, Rawlinson.) Aa- kheper-ka-Ra (Tehuti-mes I.) reigns ; Amenset regent ; he reigns 21 years ; Egypt becomes a conquering nation. ± * * b. c. Thothmes I. invades Asia, and ravages Syria and Mesopotamia, and makes conquests in Nubia and Assyria. 1600* * b. c. Aa-kheper-en-Ra (Tehuti- mes II. or Thothmes II.) and his sister Makara reign; he succeeds his father, and subdues the country above the Cata- racts, and annexes it. * * *b. c. Maat-ka-Ra (Hat-shepset- khnem-Ainen, or Queen Hatshepsu) reigns. She is the guardian of her brother, the young king, and rules as nominal regent, but actually an usurper for 17 years, in which she has a brilliant reign. Hat- shepsu is the daughter of Thothmes I., and the wife of Thothmes II. ; she enters into notable commercial relations with Punt, a country bordering the Gulf [of Aden]. * * * b. c. The New Empire rapidly 1 to power, and extends its territory. * * * b. c. (1461, Rawlinson; 1438-1388, Lepsius.) Men-kheper-Ra (Tehuti-mes II. or Thothmes III.) reigns. He succeeds his brother when prob- ably a mere child, and reigns 47 years; on his accession his sister Ihilshepsu con- tinues to take a part in public affairs; after her death he becomes the greatest of Egyptian monarchs ; order and prog- ress prevail ; Egypt is expanded ; " she placed her frontier where she would;" tribute is exacted of Babylon. Egypt includes Abyssinia, the Sudan, Nubia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Irak-Arabia, Kur- distan, and Armenia. Thothmes 111. gathers enormous trib- ute or booty from subject countries ; "above 11,000 captives, 1,670 chariots, 3,639 horses, 4,491 larger cattle, more than 35,000 goats, silver to the amount of 3,940 pounds, and gold 9,054 pounds." 1566 * * B. c. Aa-kheperu-Ra (Amen- hotep-neter-haq-Annu II., or Ameno- phis II.) succeeds his father, and reigns ten years. 1533 * * b. c. Men-kheperu-Ra (Tehuti- mes IV., or Thothmes IV.) reigns 31 years, and preserves the vast empire se- cured by Thothmes the Great. 1500 * * b. c. (1400, Rawlinson.) Maat- neb-Ra (Amen-hotep-haq-Uast, or Ame- nophis III.) reigns. He consolidates the vast Empire, and makes successful expeditions against the Syrians and against the Ethiopians. 1466 * * b. c. Nefer-kheperu-Ra-ua-en- Ra (Amen-hotep-haq-Uast, or Khun- Aten, also Amen-hotep IV., or Ameno- phis TV.) reigns. He has three names, the third by his change of religion ; being opposed be- cause of his religious innovations, he builds the new city of Khu-aten, and there establishes his court. 1433 * * b. c. Ser-kheperu-Ra-sotep-en- Ra (Amen-meri-en-Hor-em-heb, or Ho- rus) reigns. He is a wise and able ruler, and main- tains the unity of the great Empire ; one generation of heretic kings. XIX. Dynasty: Established at Thebes in Upper Egypt. 1400 * * b. c. (1424, Rawlinson.) Men- pehtet-Ra (Ra-messu, or Ramses I.) reigns. 1366** B.C. (1438-138S, Lepsius; 1322, Rawlinson.) Men-Maat-Ra (Amen-meri- en-Seti, or Seti I., also called Meri-en- Ptah, or Meneptah I.) reigns. * * * Repeated revolts break out against Egypt in "Western Asia, 1333* *b. c. (1388-22, Lepsius; 1311, Rawlinson.) User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra (Ra-messu-meri-Amen, or Ramses H. the Great) succeeds Seti, his father ; he is the greatest of all the Egyptian builders, and the probable oppressor of the Hebrews. * * * Revolts occur in the Sudan and in Syria ; expeditions are necessary to sup- press them, and they are not successful in Asia ; he concludes an alliance offen- sive and defensive with the Hittites (Khetas), after a great battle ; he reigns 67 years, and has 170 children. [Tradi- tion transforms him into a military hero, known to the Greeks as Sesost'ris, or Sesoosis, making fabulous expeditions to Thrace and India.] 1300 * * B. c. (1322-02, Lepsius ; 1245 Rawlinson.) Ba-en-Ra-meri-e u-Amen (Ptah-meri-en-hotep-her-Maat, or Me- neptah II.), the 13th son, succeeds his father, and has a troubled reign. Moses, the appointed leader of Israel, appears at court to intercede for the Hebrews. * * * b. c. The IsraeHtes escape from Egypt, and the king perishes in the Red sea. 1280* *-1100* *b. c. During this period Egyptian history is almost wholly a blank. (Rawlinson.) 1266* * B. c. Khu-en-Ra-sotep-en-Ra (Ptah-meri-en-se-Ptah, or Meneptah III.) reigns. 1233 * * B. c. User-khau-Ra-meri-Ameu (Ra-meri-Amen-merer-Set-nekht, or Set- nekht) reigns. XX. Dynasty: Established at Thebes. 1200 * * B. c. (1269, Lepsius ; 1219, Raw- linson.) User-Maat-Ra-meri-Amen (Ra- meses-haq-Annu, or Ramses ITT.) reigns 31 years, and divides the officials in five classes. * * * B. c. Revolts in Asia and the Sudan ; the unity of the Empire weak- ens. Egyptian authority in Syria is only nominal. 1166* * b. c. User-Ra-sotep-en- Amen (Ra-meses-meri-Amen-Ra-haq-Maat or Ramses IV.) reigns. * * * b. c. The collapse of Egypt com- mences after a glorious period of more than three centuries. * * *E. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en- kheper-Ra (Ra-meses-meri-Amen-Amen- suten-f, or Ramses V., the usurper) reigns. [* * * Ra-Amen-Maat-meri-neb (Ra-Amen-meses-neter-Annu, or Ramses VI.) (Rawlinson, 1280); * * * Ra-user- Amen -meri - sotep - en - Ra (Ra - Amen - meses-ta-neter-haq- Annu, or Ramses VII.) ; * * * Ra-user-Maat-khu-en-Amen (Ra-Ameu-meses-meri-Amen, or Ramses VIII.) ; * * * Se-kha-en-Ra-Meri-Amen (Ra-meses-se-Ptah, or Ramses IX.) ; * * * Nef er-kau-Ra-sotep-en-Ra (Ra - meses - merer- Am en-kha-Uast (?), or Ramses X.) ; * * * Ra-kheper-Maat-sotep-en-Ra (Ra- mes-suten-Amen, or Ramses XL); * * * TJser-Maat-Ra-sotep-nu-Ra (Amen-mer- Ra-meses, or Ramses XII.) reigns for 33 years.] 1133 * * b. c. Men-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra (Ra - meses-merer-Amen-kha-Uast-neter- haq-Annu, or Ramses XIII.) reigns 26 years. * * * b. c. The high priests forcibly appropriate the crown of the Pharaohs. * * * b. c. The Empire is reduced to the smallest limits, the conquered ter- ritories having fallen off one by one. * * * b. c. Egypt is surrounded by ene- mies more powerful than herself. XXI. Dynasty: Established at Tanis in the Delta. The Empire is divided ; the self-made sacerdotal kings reign at Thebes and the legitimate dynasty at Tanis ; the former choose Semitic names for their sons ; Asiatic influence locates the capital in the Delta. 650 1100 u.c-300 H.c. EGYPT. ARMY— WAVY. 966+ * * ij. c. Sheshonk I. invades Sy- ria, captures Jerusalem, plunders the temple of the Jews during the reign of Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, and re- quires him to pay tribute to Egypt. (949, Lepsius.) 939+ * * b. c. Zerah the Ethiopian, king of Upper Egypt, invades Palestine with a million men to subdue the revolting Israelites, and is defeated by King Asa at Mareshah. 730± * * b. c. The Ethiopians under Shabak (Sabaco) conquer Egypt, and [hold it for 58 years]. 725 + * * B. c. Piankhi,Kingof Ethiopia, in a single brilliant campaign, defeats all rivals, and captures both Middle and Lower Egypt. 720+ * * b. c. Sennacherib, the Assyrian, defeats an Egyptian army nearEkron, in Palestine. 668+ * * B. c. Tirhakah is vanquished by Assyrians, and flees to Napata, Ethio- pia ; Memphis and Thebes fall. Tirhakah returns and defeats the As- syrians, capturing Memphis. The Assyrians again invade Egypt, and defeat. LJrdainen, sack Thebes, and carry the entire population into captivity. 666+ * * b. c. Psammetichus attempts the conquest of Asia ; he invades Pales- tine, and besieges Ashdod [for 29 years]. 652+ * * b. c. Psammetichus, aided by Carian, Phoenician, and Ionian allies, and the King of Lydia, succeeds in a war for independence of the Assyrians. (Lep- sius.) * * * b. c. A gTeat mutiny, because of jealousy concerning Greek mercenaries, breaks out in the army of Psammeti- chus ; 240,000 men march into Ethiopia, and receive lands from its king. 650+ * * b. c. Urdamen, son-in-law of Tirhakah, captures Pharaoh Necho, the vassal king, and puts him to death. * * -527 * * b. c. Thebes, for many ages the most magnificent city in the world, falls into decay; cause — war and po- litical confusion. 612+ * * b. c. Under Necho I., the vas- sal king, fortresses are garrisoned with Assyrian troops. 609 * * b. c. Necho attempts to recon- quer Eastern Asia, and kills Josiah, King of Judah, in a battle at Megiddo, the key to the route to the Euphrates. 605 * * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, defeats the Egyptians under Necho at the battle of Carchemish ; Egypt losses all her possessions in Asia and much of her prestige. 595+ * * b. o. Psammetichus U. con- ducts an expedition against Ethiopia [but without success]. (Lepsius.) 591+ * * b. c. Apries energetically at- tacks Syria by sea and land ; his "fleet defeats the King of Tyre, and a land force attacks Sidon. 589* *-570* *b. c. War with Baby- lon; Apries fights Nebuchadnezzar and the tribes of Libya without important results. (Lepsius.) 572* *b. c. The revolting native Egyp- tian troops defeat the mercenary force of Apries and dethrone him. (5C9, Raw- linson.) 570 * * b. c. The army of Apries re- volts, and he is captured and slain by Carian and Ionian mercenaries. 568* * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar invades Egypt. 532+ * * b. c. Cambyses HI. meets with military disasters ; one expedition is defeated by Carthaginians. 527 * * b. c. Egypt carries on a war with Cyprus, and compels the pay- ment of tribute. 527 * * b. c. Battle near Pelusium in the Delta; Psammetichus HI. is de- feated by the Persians under Cambyses ILT., losing 50,000 men ; Egypt is made a province of Persia. Persian loss, 7000. [Memphis is also taken.] Cambyses loses an army corps de- spatched, against the Temple of Jupiter Ammon in the Great Oasis, not one man returning from the desert. 378 * * b. c. An immense Persian army under Pharnabazus the satrap invades Egypt ; it is defeated in a battle near Mendes and retreats. 322 * * b. c. Ptolemy H. conquers the Cyrenaica, in Northern Africa. 321 * * b. c. Egypt is invaded by Per- diccas, the regent of the Greek Empire for a brief time. 306 * * b. c. Ptolemy is defeated in a sea-fight off Salamis by Demetrius. 305 * * -304 * * b. c. Ptolemy aids the Rhodians when besieged by Demetrius, King of Macedonia. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 666+ * * b. c. The Saite kings erect at Sais wonderful porticoes. 653 * * B. c. Sais, the new capital, is built in the Delta, where Psammetichus I. erects a magnificent palace. * * * b. c. Necho builds fleets on both seas. 605+ * * b. c. Necho attempts, by a ship canal, to connect the Nile with the Red Sea by the Arabic Gulf. [The enterprise fails, after the loss of 120,000 lives.] Necho sends Phoenician mariners on a voyage of discovery. They leave the Red Sea, round the Cape of Good Hope, and return through the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediter- ranean to Egypt. 600+ * *b. c. "Writing by demotic character is invented. 550 * * b. c. Amasis II. erects numerous Grecian temples in Naucratis ; also magnificent buildings, especially at Sais. 4th Century, b. c. Helena depicts the Battle of Issus in mosaic. 300 * * b. c. The first observatory re- corded in authentic history is erected at Alexandria. 300+ * * b. c. Euclid, the geometri- cian, is a citizen of Alexandria. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 525 it. o. Amasie, king, born. 367 B. c. Ptolemy I.. Sunt, king. born. 316 B. C. Arsinue, daughter of Ptolemy 1., CHURCH. 10th Century. B. c. Jeroboam, King of the ten tribes of Israel, has Sheshonk, King of Egypt, for his ally. Tirhakah responds to the appeal of Hezekiah, the king of Judah, for aid against Assyria, whose army is destroyed by the interposition of God. 535 * * b. c. Pythagoras, the Greek philosopher, comes from Samos, and is instructed in the mysteries of Egyptian theology. 350 * * b. c. The temples of Egypt are pillaged by the Persian conquerors. LETTERS. 666* *b. c. XVI. Dynasty: Liberal ideas prevail ; letters and scholars from Greece are welcomed. 323+* * b. c. Ptolemy I., Soter, founds [the famous] Hbrary and museum at Alexandria; he cultivates letters him- self. * * XX. Dynasty : literature declines greatly. * * b. c. XXII. Dynasty : No enduring literature is created. * * XXVI. Dynasty : The enchorial or demotic writing is invented ; this easier written form soon supersedes the more complex hieratic. 314 * * b. c. Ptolemy Soter is said to have founded an academy at Alexan- dria. SOCIETY. 1100+ * * B. c. The Prince of San sends an Egyptian princess to the harem of Solomon. 653+ * * b. c. Egypt is open to foreign- ers, who are favored in the army, and settle at various points. 525 * * b. c. Cambyses puts the chil- dren of prominent people to death, both male and female, and makes the country a waste. Cambyses sends 50,000 men across the desert to destroy the Temple of Jupi- ter Ammon ; they all perish in the burn- ing sands. STATE. 1100 * * b. c. (1091, Lepsius ; 1085, Raw- linson.) Neter - hen - hotep - en - Amen (Her-Hor-se-Amen or Smendes) reigns. He is a high priest of a foreign family from the eastern frontier of the Delta ; Egypt loses supremacy over Ethiopia, where the kingdom of Napata, or Meroe, is founded. * * * b. c. Pai-net'em I. reigns. * * * B. c. Kheper-kha-Ra-sotep-en- Amen, also called Amen-meri-Pai-net'em II., reigns. * * * b. c. A great, influx of foreigners appears during this dynasty. * * * b. c. An alliance is made between Solomon and Pharaoh. EGYPT. 1100 b. c-300 b.c. 651 980 * * B. c. XXII. Dynasty : Estab- lished at Bubastis. 966 * * B. C. Kheper-sekhet-Ra-sotep-en- Ba (Amen-meri-Shashanq I.}, or She- shonk I., reigns. [Tbe Shishak of the Bible.] Having welcomed Jeroboam, the con- spirator and fugitive, he invades and plunders Palestine to establish Jero- boam as king of Israel, bringing the treasures of the temple at Jerusalem into Egypt ; he reigns 21 years. * * * b. c. Kherp-kheper-Ra-Sotep-en- Ba, also called Amen-meri-Uasarken (Osorkon I.), reigns 15 years. * * * b. c. Het'-kheper-Ra-sotep-en-Ra, also called Amen-meri-Auset-meri-tha- keleth (Takeleth I.), has a short reign. * * * b. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Aruen, also called Amen-meri-Uasarken (Osor- kon II.), reigns 22 years. * * * b. c. Kheper-sekhem-Ra-Sotep-en- Amen, also called Aiuen-meri-Shash [anq] II. (Sheshonk II.), has a short reign. * * * b. c. Takeleth II. reigns. * * *B. C. User-Maat-Ra-Sotep-en-Amen, also called Amen-nieri-se-Bast-Shashanq III., reigns. * * * B. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Amen, also called Anien-ineri-Pa-rnai, reigns. * * * b. c. Aa-kheper-Ra, also called Shash [anq] IV., reigns. Under She- shonk IV. Egypt is disintegrated by in- ternal dissensions, with rival dynasties. XXIH. Dynasty: Established at Tanis. Northern Egypt is divided into several petty states ; the Sudan becomes inde- pendent in the South. 766 * * b. c. Amen - meri - Peta - se - Bast reigns. * * * B. c. Aa-kheper-Ra- so tep-en-Amen, also called Ra-Amen-nieri-Uasarkena, (Osorkon III.), reigns. XXIV. Dynasty : Established at Sais in the Delta. [Time, six years.] 733 * * b. c. Bakenranf (Bocchoris) reigns six years ; he is captured by Sa- baco, the invader, who burns him alive, and occupies the country as far as the Mediterranean. XXV". Dynasty: It is Ethiopian. [Time, 50 years.] * * * b. c. Pa-ankhi (Piankhi) and his queen, Ameniritis, reigning at Thebes, become tributary to the Sudan. * * * B. c. Pa-ankhi, having defeated all rival claimants to the throne, permits the small princes to rule as vassals. 700 * * b. c. Nefer-ka-Ra, also called Shabaka, or Sabaco, reigns; he is an Ethiopian who first conquers, and then rules Egypt as a conquered province. (704, Rawlinson.) Sabaco is called So in the Bible ; Hosea, King of Israel, sends him pres- ents by an embassy, and a treaty is made ; Hosea is promised assistance against Assyria (but the promise is not kept). He loses a great part of Egypt when defeated by the Assyrians. * * * b. c. Tat-kau-Ra, also called Sha- bataka (Sebicus, or Shabatok), reigns. He succeeds his father in Upper Egypt, and loses Ethiopia ; and is slain by Tirha- kah, the Ethiopian king, after a reign of 14 years. * * * b. c. Ra-nefer-tem-khu, also called Taharaqa (Tirhakah, Farcus). After reigning 2G years, 12 Egyptian chiefs unite their forces to expel the Ethiopians from the Northern provinces, and then asume royal authority over the 12 kingdoms into which they divide the country j they rule for 15 years. (Some authorities discredit this account.) (690, Rawlinson.) 672* *b. c. The Assyrians, under Esarhaddon and his son Sardanapalus, capture Memphis and Thebes, and en- tirely destroy Ethiopian rule, and ap- point 20 governors, who are chiefly natives, to administer the government ; they rule for three years. (Lepsius.) XXVI. Dynasty: Established at Sais in the Delta ; time, 38 years. The Empire is prosperous, but its mili- . tary fame is almost extinguished. 666* * b. c. Uah-ab-Ra, also called Psamthek (Psamm etichns I.), reigns. (653, Lepsius ; 664, Rawlinson.) He dethrones two kings [according to some authorities], overthrows the Ethi- opians, and reconquers Egyptian terri- tory as far south as the First Cataract. * * * b. c. By the aid of allies, Uah-ab-Ra overthrows the Assyrian rule, and be- comes independent sovereign. The Greeks settle in Egypt, and the country revives. Jerusalem pays tribute ; em- igrants settle along the Nile as far as Ethiopia. (Lepsius.) 612* *b. c. Nem-ab-Ra, also called Nekau(!Necho,orNekul), reigns. (610- 595, Lepsius ; 610, Rawlinson.) He pays tribute to Assyria, fails in his attempt to reopen the canal of Seti I. between the Red Sea and the Nile ; he sends a fleet manned by Phoenician sea- men by way of the western coast and the Cape of Good Hope around the con- tinent of Africa. 596 * * b. c. Nefer-ab-Ra, also called Psammetichus II., [reigns five and a half years]. (594, Rawlinson.) 591 * * b. c. Haa-ab-Ra, also called Uah-ab-Ra (Apries, or Hophra), reigns. (588, Rawlinson.) He is the Pharaoh Hophra of the Bible; has war with Babylon. Zede- kiah, King of Judah, enters an alliance with Hophra, then revolts against Baby- lon, and the Jewish captivity follows. 572+ * * b. c. Khnem-ab-Ra, also called Ahmes-se-Nit (Amasis H.), reigns 44 years. (569, Rawlinson.) He is an Egyptian of low origin, whom the army elects after overthrowing Apries ; he legitimates his claim by marrying the granddaughter of Psam- metichus I. ; Egypt flourishes, yet con- tinues the tribute to Babylon ; immigra- tion is encouraged, especially that of the Greeks. 538 * * b. c. The fall of Babylon brings independence to Egypt. 528 * * b. c. Ankh-ka-en-Ra, also called Psamthek (Psammetichus HI.), reigns six months, as successor to his father. (525, Rawlinson.) He is conquered by Cambyses, King of PERSIAN RULE. XXVII. Dynasty : Persian. 527* * b. c. Cambyses defeats the Egyptians at the battle of Pelusium, and Egypt becomes a Persian province. (525, Rawlinson.) Kambathet the Persian reigns. [He murders the last of the Pharaohs, and rules with severity ; five years of prosperity are followed by military re- verses ; disaster enrages the King, and he pillages the temples and the tombs of the kings.] 486* * b. c. Khashaiarsha (Xerxes the Great) reigns ; the Egyptians revolt, but are soon subdued. 465 * * b. c. Artakhshashas (Artaxer- xes) reigns ; the Egyptians, led by Am- yrtieus and Inarus, maintain a revolt against the Persians for six yearB. 421 * * B. c. Ra-meri-Amen, also called Antherirutsha (Darius Xerxes, Darius Hystaspes), reigns. XXVIII. Dynasty: Established at Sais in the Delta. * * * b. c. Independence of Persia is obtained by Amyrtoeus, aided by the Greeks. Native rulers hold authority. * * *B.C. Amen-rut (Amyrtasus) reigns. (460, Rawlinson.) XXIX. Dynasty: Established at Mendes in the Delta. 399 * * b. c. Wiafaaurut reigns. 393* * B. c. Khnem-Maat-Ra, also- called Haker (Hakor, Achoris), reigns. (399, Rawlinson.) 380 * * B. c. User-Ra-sotep-en-Ptah, also called Psamut (Psammnthis), reigns. XXX. Dynasty: Established at Se- bennytus, in the Delta. 378* * B. c. S-net'em-ab-Ra-sotep-en- Amen, also called Nekht-Hor-hebt-meri- Amen (Nectanebo I.), reigns. (Rawlin- son, 384.) * * * b. c. Kheper-ka-Ra, also called Nekht-neb-f (Nectanebo II.), reigns. 351 * * b. c. Artaxerxes HI. (Ochus) comes to the throne after defeating and deposing Nectanebo II. 340 (?) * * b. c. The ancient Empire falls easily before the Persians under King Artaxerxes III. (Ochus). * * * B. c. The Egyptians welcome Alexander the Great as a deliverer from the Persian yoke, [and Egypt be- comes Greek]. XXXI. Dynasty : Persian. Egypt is again for a short time a province of Persia. GRECIAN RULE. 332 * * b. c. XXXII. Dynasty: Mace- donian. Alexander the Great overthrows the Persian rule, and subjects Egypt to his authority. Alexandria is founded as his capital ; its walls are six miles in circuit. 323 * * b. c. XXXIH. Dynasty: Ptol- emaic. Ptolemy I., son of Lagus, also called Soter, one of Alexander's generals, re- ceives Egypt in the division of the Macedonian empire [and rules for 38 years with ability and wisdom]. 306 * * b. c. Ptolemy assumes the title of king. 301± * * b. c. Ptolemy loses Cyprus by his defeat in the battle of Ipsus. MISCELLANEOUS. 322 * * b. c. Alexander the Great is buried at Alexandria. 652 298 b. c.-A.D. 273. EGYPT. ARMY — NAVY. 250 * * b. c. Antiochus H. concludes a peace with Egypt. 245* * b. c. Ptolemy HI., Euergetes, makes war on Syria to avenge the inju- ries of his sister Berenice. He returns from the invasion of Syria laden with spoils, including 250 statues and vessels of gold and silver that Cam- byses had obtained by despoiling the Egyptian temples. 243* * b. c. Ptolemy III. captures Babylon; a revolt in Egypt occasions his recall. 217* *B. c. PtolemyIV.,Philopator,by the aid of Arsinoe 1 , his sister, defeats Antiochus III. the Great, King of Syria, at Raphia, in Palestine, 171* *-168* *b. c. Antioclius IV., Epiphanes, makes war on Egypt. He invades Egypt, reduces several cities, and captures the young King Ptol- emy Philometor, and takes the disputed provinces in Asia Minor. 168 * * b. c. Antiochus returns from Egypt by the peremptory demand of Propillius the Roman. 154 * * b. c. Philometor defeats his brother Euergetes, and leaves him only the kingdom of Cyrene. 151* * b. c. "War occurs with Deme- trius Soter, Kingof Syria; Ptolemy sub- dues the country, and is hailed as the deliverer of Syria. 150* * b. c. Philometor favors the usurper, Alexander I. (Balas), and gives his daughter Cleopatra to him in marriage. 128 * * b. C. Ptolemy VII., Euergetes, defeats the Egyptians, and recovers his throne. 122* * b. c. "War with Demetrius H., in support of Alexander II., the usurper, against whom Ptolemy turns, and defeats Mm, and puts him to death. 82 * * B. c. A revolt occurs in Upper Egypt. [Thebes is ruined by the siege which follows for three years.] -* * Cleopatra advances from Syria to re- gain the throne. 48 * * b. c. Civil war occurs between [the famous] Cleopatra VI. and Ptolemy XII. Csesar intervenes, and besieges Alex- andria with a small army. Cresar defeats the king, who is drowned while attempt- ing to escape. 32 * * b. c. Octavius [Csesar Augustus] declares war against Cleopatra. 31 Sept. 2.* *b. c. Greece. Octavius defeats Mark Antony in a naval battle ; Cleopatra flees. [Antony follows her to Egypt, and both commit suicide.] 24 * * A. D. Candace, the queen of Me- roe, in Upper Nubia, invades Egypt, but is repulsed by iElius Gallus, the Roman prefect. 194 * * Niger, the usurper, is defeated by Severus, and slain. 270* *Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, conquers Egypt. 273 * * The Emperor Aurelian defeats Zenobia at Edessa, and carries her cap- tive to Rome. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 298± * * b. c. Ptolemy I. Soter adorns Alexandria by erecting the Museum, Serareum, Pharos, and other tine edi- fices ; he also begins the library. 284+ * * b. c. Heron of Alexandria con- structs (?) the eeolipile (a toy sugges- tive of the steam-engine). 283* *-222* * b. c. Ptolemy Philadel- phus and Ptolemy Euergetes complete many of the works begun by Ptolemy Soter. The Pharos is a tower built of white marble, and [it was regarded as one of the seven wonders of the world]. A per- petual fire on its top serves as a beacon for sailors. 247 * * B. c. Ptolemy III. rebuilds many of the old temples, and founds new ones. 222 * * -205 * * B. c. Galaton of Alex- andria paints a picture to cast ridicule on the epic poets of that city. 100* *-170* *A.D. Ptolemy -dis- courses on geography. He founds the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, and discovers the places and distances of the planets. 120± * * Ptolemy writes a treatise on optics. 139 * * The Sothiac cycle begins. 150 * * Claudius Ptolemy teaches that the major tone shall be below the minor ; [the principle that now directs the intonation of the scale]. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 3rd Century b. c. Ammonius, Lithotomus, Al- exandrian physician, born and dies. Manetho, historian, born and dies. 383+ B. C. Ptolemy I., king, A84. 34 7 b. c. Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, king, A62. 2d Century, b. c. Aristobulus, Jewish phi- losopher, born. 181 b. c. Ptolemy V., king, dies. 174 b. C. Cleopatra I., recent, dies. 146 b. c. Ptolemv VI., i'hilumetor, king, d. 117 b. c. Ptolemy VII., Kuerijetes II., d. 81 b. c. Ptolemy VIII., Lothyrus, dies. 69 b. c. Cleopatra, queen, born. 39+ B. c. Didyinus, inannnarian, author, d. 30 B. C. Cleopatra, queen, A39. 1st Century, a. d. Apion, grammarian, b. Ptolemy, Claudius, astrun., ^i-o^rapher, b. 161 * * Antoninus Titus, Pius, emperor, dies. 175 * * Avidius Cassias, .neneral, dies. 180* * Marcus Aurelins Anluiiinus, em., d. 185 * * Orig-en, Adamantius, Christian Fa- ther, theological writer, born. 2d or 3d Century. Clement of Alexandria, Christian Father, author, born. 304* * Plotinus. Creek-Egyptian philos., b. 341 * * Anmionius. Saccas, philosopher, dies. 351 * * Anthony. St., fdr. of asceticism, h. 354* * Orig-en. Adamantius, Christian Fa- ther, theological writer, A69. 356 * * Ariue. presbyter of Alexandria, fdr. of Arianism, born. CHURCH. 283 * * b. c. Jews are very numerous at Alexandria. 222 * * B. c. Ptolemy IV. proves a cruel persecutor of the Jews ; he founds the temple of Edfoo. 37 * * A. d. The Jews suffer bitter per- secution. 60* * Christianity is introduced by St. Mark. 231 * * -633 * * Alexandria becomes the seat of 17 church councils. 204 * * An edict is issued against JewB and Christians. 230 * * The Neo-Platonists arise at Alexandria, and attempt to combine the good of all philosophical systems with hristianity. 254* * Origen, a distinguished presby- ter of Alexandria and a Greek Father, suffers martyrdom at Tyre. 263* * Persecution : Diocletian's edict against Christians is rigorously executed in Egypt. LETTERS. 284**b.c. Ptolemy Philadelphus founds a public library at Alexandria. 283* *-274* *b. c. In the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus the Septuagint version of the Hebrew Scriptures is written. Manetho's history of ancient Egyp- tian kings is written. Demetrius Phalerius is librarian at Alexandria. Euclid is at the head of the mathe- matical school at Alexandria. The poets Theocritus, Callimachus, and Philaetus flourish in Egypt ; Alex- andria is made the heart of the learning of Greece. 246 * * b. c. Artists and authors are patronized by Ptolemy III. 230 * * b. c. Ptolemy III. revises the Egyptian calendar. 47 * * b. c. Julius Caesar besieges and burns Alexandria ; the remarkable library of 400,000 manuscript books is consumed. 36 * * b. c. Antony replaces the burnt library of Alexandria with another brought from Pergamus, Asia Jlinor. 80* *a. vented. 180* *254 ; < The Coptic alphabet is in- SOCTETY. 285* * b. c. Ptolemy Philadelphus marries his full sister, Arsinoe II. 247 * * b. c. Berenice II. is the first Egyptian queen to have the same regal style as her husband. 222 * * B. c. Ptolemy Philopator puts lus mother Berenice and others of his nearest Viri to death, and abandons himself to luxury. 216 * * B. c. Ptolemy IV. puts his wife Arsinoe to death, after winning the victory at Raphia largely by her courage. 146 'Nov. * B.C. Ptolemy VII., Euer- getes. marries his brother Philometor's queen on the day of her husband's death; on the day of his nuptials he murders the infant son of Philometor while in its mother's arms. * * * Incest is not uncommon among Egyptian sovereigns. 51 * * b. c. Ptolemy Auletes at his death leaves his kingdom to his son Ptolemy XII. and bis daughter [the famous] Cleo- patra ; he directs that they marry each other. EGYPT. 298 b.c. -a. d. 273. 653 43 * * b. c. Queen Cleopatra poisons her brother, 14 years of age. 41 * * b. c. Cleopatra appears before Mark Antony to answer for the crime of murdering her brother [he is so fasci- nated by her beauty that he follows her into Egypt]. 70 * * a. d. The Emperor Vespasian visits Egypt. 215 * * The Emperor Caracalla massa- cres the youth of Alexandria to revenge an insult. STATE. 295 * * b. c. Ptolemy seizes and holds the island of Cyprus. [It becomes a valuable possession.] 285 * * b. c. Ptolemy abdicates, and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, who reigns 38 years. * * * b. c. Greek genius and energy contribute much to the prosperity and glory of Egypt ; the period of its high- est prosperity culminates. 269 * * b. c. Ambassadors are first sent to Rome. 266 * * b. c. Egypt recovers Phoenicia and Coele-Syria. 247* *b.c. Ptolemy m.,Euergetes, reigns [for 25 years]. [He reunites Cyrena'ica to his realm, makes extensive but transient con- quests in Asia Minor, and retains his conquests in Abyssinia.] 243 * * b. c. Ptolemy m. is recalled by a revolt in Egypt from his campaign in Babylon. 222 * * b. c. Ptolemy rV., Philopator, reigns with incompetence and cruelty. The decline of the Empire begins. 217 * * b. c. Antiochus the Great, King of Syria, makes an attempt to seize all tbe eastern provinces, and is defeated by Ptolemy near Baphia, in Palestine. 205 Nov. * b. c. Ptolemy "V. comes to the throne at the age of 13 or 14 years ; M. iEmilius is regent. 200 * * B. C. The regent is sent on an embassy to Rome to seek aid against Philip V. of Macedon and Antiochus of Syria. 199* * b. c. Aristomenes is Roman 185* * b. c. A revoltln Lower Egypt is suppressed with great cruelty. 181 Oct. * Ptolemy "VX, Philometor, succeeds his father ; Cleopatra is regent. 169* * b. c. Philometor reigns con- jointly with his brother Physcon. 170 *. * B. c. Ptolemy is captured by Antiochus Epiphanes, and his brother Physcon proclaims himself king. 164 * * b. o. Ptolemy Euergetes drives Philometor from Alexandria ; he seeks aid at Rome ; the Senate decides to re- instate him. 146** B.C. Ptolemy "VTE. (Physcon, or Euergetes II.) usurps the throne. [He is a depraved and cruel king, the worst of all the Ptolemies ; he marries Cleopatra, his brother's widow, and puts her young son, the heir apparent, to death. The prosperity of Egypt declines.] 130 * * b. c. Ptolemy VII. is expelled from Alexandria, his capital, by the en- raged populace. Cleopatra II. becomes queen. 127 * * b. c. Ptolemy VII. recovers his throne, and has a more peaceful reign. 117* *b. c. Ptolemy VIH. (Soter, Lathyrus) reigns conjointly with Cleo- patra, his mother. 107 * * b. c. Cleopatra expels Ptolemy VIII. , and elevates her favorite son Ptol- emy IX., Alexander. 89 * * b. c. Ptolemy Lathyrus governs Cyprus as a separate kingdom. * * B. c. Alexander gains supremacy and causes his mother's death ; dissensions follow. * * *b. c. Ptolemy VHI., King of Cy- prus, is restored to the throne of Egypt. 82* *b. c. Upper Egypt revolts. [Thebes is besieged for three years, and destroyed.] 81 * * b. c. Berenice HI., daughter of Lathyrus, succeeds him; she soon mar- ries her step-son, Alexander II., who or- ders her death. 80* * b. c. Ptolemy XI., surnamed Auletes and Neus Dionysius, the illegiti- mate son of Ptolemy VIII., succeeds to the throne on the extinction of the line of Ptolemies. * * *B. c. A popular tumult avenges the murder of Berenice III., in the death of Alexander. 58 * * b. c. Ptolemy XI. is expelled by his subjects because of oppressive taxation. Cleopatra V., his wife, and Berenice IV., his daughter, reign together. * * * b. c. Cyprus becomes a Roman province by conquest. * * * B. C On the death of Cleopatra, Berenice reigns alone. 55 * * B. c. Supported by Gabinius, pro- consul of Syria, Ptolemy XI., Auletes, regains the throne ; he punishes his daughter Berenice with death. 51 * * B. c. Ptolemy XI. leaves his king- dom to Ptolemy XII., surnamed Dio- nysius H., and to Cleopatra his [fa- mous] daughter. 48 * * B. c. Dionysius II. expels Cleo- patra, and she flees into Syria. * * * b. c. Cleopatra gains the interest of Caesar. 47 * * b. c. Ptolemy XII. is drowned while crossing the Nile after his defeat. 46* * b. c. Cleopatra marries her younger brother, Ptolemy Necteros, and reigns conjointly with him ; he is only a phantom king. 45 * * b. c. Cleopatra goes to Rome with her brother and young Ptolemy Csesar, her son, wishing to be acknowl- edged Ciesar's wife, and their son to be his heir. [He is rejected.] 43* * b. c. Cleopatra poisons her brother in his 14th year, and reigns alone. 41 * * b. c. Cleopatra visits Antony, the ruler of the Eastern world, at Tar- sus, in Syria, and immediately capti- vates him. 36 * * b. c. Antony deserts his wife Oc- tavia, and hastens to Cleopatra. * * * B. c. Cleopatra secures from the infatuated Antony the grant of Phoeni- cia, Cyrene, and Cyprus. 34 * * B. c. Antony gives to Cleopatra all Asia, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Didus River. 31 Sept. 2. b.c. Octavius [Augustus] appears with a Roman army against Antony and Cleopatra, who, being de- feated at the battle of Actium, kill themselves ; and Egypt becomes a polit- ical province and the great granary of the Roman empire. 27 * * b. c. Cornelius Gallus, the Ro- man prefect, governs Egypt. 14 , d. Tiberius is emperor at [37, Caligula ; 41, Claudius ; 54, Nero ; 08, Gallia ; OH, Otto, Vitellius, Vespasian ; 79, Titus; 81, Domitian ; 96, Nerva ; 98, Trajan.] 70 * * Vespasian visits Egypt. 98 * * A great Jewish revolt is followed by the withdrawal of many privileges formerly enjoyed by the Jews. 117 * * Hadrian is emperor of Rome. 130 * * The Emperor visits Egypt, and renews the old privileges, besides grant- ing new ones. 134 * * Hadrian again visits Egypt. 138 * * Antoninus Pius is emperor of Rome. [161, M. Aurelius.J 175 * * Avidius Cassius is prefect of Egypt ; having suppressed a revolt, he usurps the purple, and is acknowledged by the armies of Syria and Egypt. [Slain by his adherents.] 180 * * Commodus is emperor of Rome. [193, Pertinax, D. Julianus, Septimus Severus. 211. M. Aurelius Antoninus (Caracalla).] 193 * * Prescennius Niger, the Roman general in Egypt, is proclaimed emperor. 194 * * Niger is defeated and slain by Severus. 200* *The Emperor Severus visits Egypt. 217 * * Macrinus is emperor of Rome. [218, Elagahalus ; 222, Alexander Sev- erus : 235, ilaximin ; 238. Gordian III. ; 244, Philip : 249, Decius ; 251, Gallus ; 253, iEmilian, by the action of the troops at Alexandria, Valerian ; 260, Gallicuus ; 268, Claudius IX ; 270, Aurelian.] 270 * * Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, af- ter failing in a former invasion, again . invades and conquers Egypt [but holds it for only a short time]. 273 * * Aurelian takes Egypt by defeat- ing Zenobia ; a revolt in Egypt is also suppressed. MISCELLANEOUS. 31 * * A. d. Industrious Egypt becomes the granary of indolent Rome. 41 * * Egypt is on the Roman highway to India. 122 ** Alexandria is restored by Hadrian. 128 * * The pestilence prevails. 252 * * A devastating plague prevails. 654 275, **-1517, EGYPT. ARMY — NAVY. 297 * * Alexandria is taken by Diocle- tian after a long siege, and Achilleus, the usurper, is put to death. 450 * * Upper Egypt is overrun by the Nubians, led by Silco. 491 * * The Persians invade Egypt. 500 * * Arabs overrun Egypt. * * * The monasteries are used as for- tresses. 616 * * Chosroes III., King of Persia, in- vades and captures Alexandria ; he holds the country for ten years. 638 June * The invasion of the Sara- cens begins. 641 Dec. 10. The Saracens, led by Califf Omar's successful general, Amru, capture Alexandria, and conquer Egypt. 908 * * The Fatimite Arabs invade [and conquer] Egypt. 1062 * * Civil war breaks out in Lower Egypt between the Blacks and the Turks. 1099 July 15. The Crusaders cap- ture Jerusalem from the Saracens. Aug. 12. The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon defeat the Egyptian army at Ascalon, in Palestine. 1160* * Egypt is at war with Woored Deen of Aleppo, North Syria, and also with Amalric, King of Jerusalem. 1166 * * The citadel of Cairo is founded by the Saracens. 1186* * War begins between Saladin and the Crusaders. 1187 * * Battle at Nazareth, Palestine ; 130 Knights Hospitallers and Templars and a few hundred foot-soldiers are over- whelmed by superior numbers, and only the Grand Master and two knights es- cape. * * Saladin, with 80,000 men, totally de- feats the Crusaders near Lake Tibe- rias; it is a heavy blow to the invaders. 1189 * * Acre is besieged by the Cru- saders. 1191 * * Saladin is defeated by heavy re- enforcements to the Crusaders, at the siege of Acre ; 2,700 Mussulmans are massacred in cold blood, after surren- dering. 1204* *E1 Adiel defeats the Crusa- ders, and drives the newly arrived King of Jerusalem back to Europe. 1219* * The Saracens defeat the Crusa- ders at Mansurah, in the Delta. 1249 June 5. The Crusaders, invad- ing Egypt, capture Damietta, with stores, by the treachery of the com- mander : 54 principal officers are put to death by the Sultan. 1250 * * The Crusaders under Louis IX. of France are overwhelmed and defeated, and the King is captured at Mansurah by the Moslems. [St. Louis soon sur- renders his army.] * * St. Louis ransoms himself and army by promising the payment of 400,000 livres and the evacuation of Egypt. 1259 * * Mozuffer conquers Syria. 1260 * * Mozuffer commences a series of campaigns against the Christians. Ez Zaher Beybars conquers Armenia. 1279* * El MansonrKalaoon takes Trip- oli from the Christians, slaughtering tin- people. 1291 * * Ashrof Khaleel takes Acre, the last stronghold of the Crusaders in Syria; many thousands of the inhabi- tants are massacred. 1294* * The Ketbogba insurrection is defeated by El Mansoor Lageen. 1399 * * The calif is at war with the Tartars under Tamerlane, and is de- feated at Aleppo. 1424* *The calif takes Cyprus and Jeddah. the port of Mecca, from John III. 1468 * * Successful expeditions are sent against the Turks under Bajazet. 1508* * An luisnccessful expedition is sent against the Portuguese. 1516* * The Saracens are defeated at Aleppo, Palestine, and annexed by the Turks under Selim I. 1517 * * Cairo is taken by the Turks from the Egyptian sultans ; Egypt is subdued by Selim I. ART — SCIENCE -* NATURE. 642 ± * * The Mosque of Amro at Cairo is erected. 710 * * The nilometer is erected on the Island of Rhoda ; it notes the rise and fall of the Nile. 813 * * The Great Pyramid is opened. 879+ * * The Mosque of Tooloon at Cairo is erected. 1058+ * * The inundation of the Nile fails for seven successive seasons. 1300+ * * An earthquake half destroys Cairo ; Alexandria and other towns also suffer. 1351* *The Mosque of Hassan is erected. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 292 * * Paehomius, Saint, one of the found- ers of monasticism, born. 296 * * Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Al- exander, Christ ian Father, controversialist, author, born. 307 * * Catherine, Saint, of Alexandria, mar- tyr, dies. 309 * * Didymus, the " Blind " scholar, theo- logian, born. 336 * * Arius. presbyter of Alexandria, fdr. of Arianism, A80. 348 * * Piicliouiius, saint, one of the founders of monasticism, A57. 356 * * Anthony, Saint, founder of asceti- cism, A 105. (?) 370 * * Hypatia, of Alexandria, mathemati- cian, philosopher, born. 376 * * Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, born. 395 * * Didymus, the " Blind " scholar, theo- logian, A86. Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, Christian Father, controversialist, an., ATT. 415 * * Hypatia. of Alexandria, mathemati- cian, philosopher, A45. 5th Century. Achilles, latins, rhetorician of Alexandria, horn. 444 * * Cyril, Saint, of Alexandria, A68. 884 * * Ahmed Ibn y Tooloon. founder of the Tooloon ide dynasty, A48+. 892 * * Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Gaon, Jewish philosopher, horn. 933 * * Tekeen Fl Cezeree, txyiqueror, dies. 941 + * * Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Caon, Jewish philosopher, A49±. 1021 * * Hakim, founder and messiahof the CHURCH. 284* * The Coptic writers date the era of the martyrs from the accession of Diocletian. 303 * * A savage persecution of Chris- tians occurs. 305 * * Monachism begins in Egypt ; St. Anthony of Thebes is its founder. 311 * * An edict of toleration is issued by the emperor. 324 * * The Emperor Constantine ad- vises all subjects to become Christians, as he had become one. * * The Christian Church is divided into two Greek churches, the first schism in Egypt. 326* * Athanasius, the opponent of Arius, is made archbishop of Alexan- dria. [335. Athanasius is exiled by the Arians. 342. Athanasius returns.] 354 * * George of Cappadocia is made (Arian) archbishop of Alexandria. 355 * * Athanasius is again exiled. 362 * * George of Cappadocia is killed by a mob while awaiting trial. 363 * * Athanasius is finally restored. 389 * * The temple and worship of Serapis are destroyed by Theodosius I. Christians triumph over the pagans; the old Egyptian religion is proscribed, yet most of the learned and scientific classes remained pagans. 412 * * Cyril becomes bishop of Alex- andria ; he is one of the most intemper- ate of the church Fathers. He persecutes the Jews, plunders their possessions, and one dav expels every one of them from the city. 415± * * Hypatia, the pagan philoso- pher, is murdered by monks through the alleged instigation of St. Cyril. * * Jews are massacred in Alexandria. Dr s, die 1137* * Saladin. sultan of Egypt and Syr born. 1193* * Saladin. sultan, A56. 1238 * * El Kamil, sultan, dies. 1257* * Aibek-Az:id-rd-l »in, sultan, dies. 431 * * Cyril presides over the Council of Epbesus. 451* *The 4th General Council of Chalcedon denounces the doctrines of the Coptic or Egyptian Church as heretical; this causes its separation from the orthodox church. 754 * * El Mansoor becomes a cruel per- secutor of Christians in Syria and Egypt. 1048 * * The Calif of Egypt permits the Knights of Malta to build a pilgrims' house at Jerusalem. 1299 * * Jews and Christians are severely persecuted. 1303* * Christians are compelled to wear blue turbans, and Jews to wear yellow, and both are forbidden to ride on horses or mules, or to receive any gov- ernment employment ; many churches are destroyed and all closed. 1322± * * Christians are again perse- cuted; the principal churches are de- stroyed by the Moslems; Christians retaliate by burning the mosques. The threats of the mob induce the sultan to consent to the murder and plunder of any Christians met in the streets. EGYPT. 275, **-1517, 655 LETTERS. 312 * * The Coptic Bible is written. 389 * * The pagan temple of Serapis pos- sesses 700,000 volumes; a mob de- stroys tliem with the temple. (?) €40 * * Calif Omar takes Alexandria, and destroys its library of 700,000 vol- umes; these supply the baths with fuel for six months ; learning is banished for a time. 754 * * El Mansoor is a patron of liter- ature. 800± * * The Augustinian Age of Sara- cenic literature appears. 813 * * El Mainoon patronizes litera- ture. 975* * El Azeez patronizes literature; he founds the University of Cairo. SOCIETY. 321 * * Religious feuds between the or- thodox Athanasians and the heterodox Arians disturb Alexandria. 884 * * Ahmed dies, leaving a costly es- tablishment. It consists of 7,000 mounted Mame- lukes, 300 picked horses for his own use, a body-guard of 24,000 slaves, besides 0,000 asses and mules, 10,000 camels, and 100 wherries. * * The prisons contain 18,000 prisoners. 1257 * * Sultan Eybek is put to death by his wife; she in turn is beaten to death by the wooden clogs of the female slaves belonging to another wife of Eybek. STATE. 275 * * Tacitus is emperor of Rome. [276, Probns, after serving as governor of Egypt ; 2S2, Carus, Numerian is co- regent ; later. Carinas ; 2S4, Diocletian ; 286, Maximian.] 292 * * A formidable revolt breaks out ; Achillens assumes the title of Emperor Donritus Domitanus. 296* * Diocletian enters Egypt, and takes Alexandria. 297 * * Domitanus, sustained by the Egyptians, again revolts, and captures Alexandria; the emperor returns, and takes the city, and puts his rival to death. 305* * Constantius and Galerius are emperors. [306, Maxentius ; 307, Severus, Lici- nius,and Constantine ; 323, Constantine ; 337, Constantine II., Constantius and Constans coregents ; 353, Constantius; 361, Julian ; 363, Jovian ; 364, Valentin- ian; Valensenre.gent ; 367, Gratian; 375, Valentinian II. ; 379, Theodosius ; 3S3, Maximus; 392, Eugenius ; 394, Theodo- sius.] 395 * * Egypt becomes a part of the Byzantine Empire on the final division of the Roman Empire. 639 * * Egypt is invaded by the Mos- lems ; 'Amr-Ibu-Ei-As with 4,000 men enters Syria. 641 * * Grand Cairo is founded. * *-86S* * Moslem rule. (Seep. 485+.) Egypt is governed by a succession of viceroys appointed by the califs of Bag- dad and Damascus. 644 * * Othman-ibin-Affan, a descendant of the Prophet, reigns. [He is killed by conspirators.] 646 * * Cyprus is regained. 648 * * Cyprus is retaken by the Greek emperor. 656 * * Ali-Ib-Abu-Taleb is calif. [661, Moawiyeh I., the founder of the Ommiade dynasty; 680, Yezeid I.; 083, MoawiyehlL ; 6S4,Merwanl. ; later, Abd- el-Melek, who discontinues tribute to Constantinople ; 705, El Weleed ; 744, Merwan.] 714 ± * * Seven califs have brief and unimportant reigns. 750 * * -1258 * * The dynasty of the Abbassids; Bagdad is the capital. * * Abul Abbas is calif, and founds the dynasty. 754 * * Al Munsur reigns ; he is a cruel persecutor, yet a patron of learning and science. [775, Mahdi ; later, Hadee; 786, Harun- al-Raschid, brave, benevolent, and a pa- tron of science ; 809, El Ameen ; 813, El "Mainoon, a patron of learning; 840, El Mantussin ; 847, El Motawukkel ; 861, ElMuntusser; 863, Kl Mostain; later,El Mantuz ; later, Ahmed Ibn y Tooloon as viceroy of the calif, and founder of the Tooloonide dynasty.] 868 * * Ahmed throws off allegiance to the calif, and establishes indepen- dence for Egypt [lasting 37 years]. 884* * Khamaraweeyeh reigns. [S96, Asaker, Haroon, Maghazee.] * * * Long period of anarchy. 906 * * Muktuffee is calif, and indepen- dence is lost, and the Abbassid dynasty is restored. 908 * * Muktuddir reigns. * * The Mahdee, or Arabian Fatimites, invade Egypt. * *-1171* *The Fatimite dynasty reigns over Egypt, part of Northern Africa, and Syria. 932 * * El Kaher is calif. [936, El Radee, Mohammad el Alkh- sheed, founder of the Alksheed dynasty ; 948, Abool ; 967, Abool Kasem ; later, Kafoor ; 969, Abool Fowaris, later, El Moez, founder of the Fatimite dynasty of califs ; the Fatimites come from North- ern Africa.] 973 * * Cairo is founded by the Fati- mites. [It causes the decay of Alex- andria.] 975 * * El Azeez is calif. 996 * * El Hakim is calif ; the founder of the sect of the Druses. 1021 * * Ez Zahir is calif. [1036,ElMustansir : 1094, El Mustalee ; 1101, El Amer ; 1132, El Hafuz ; 1152, El Dhafer ; 1157, El Fiygez.] 1171 * * Salah ed Deen [the famous Sa- ladin] is proclaimed sultan; he founds the Ayoobite dynasty. 1192 * * Saladin is forced by the Cru- saders to accept a truce for three years. 1193 * * Saladin dies, and his dominions are divided. 1229* * El Kamil cedes Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, and other parts of Palestine, to Frederick U., Emperor and Crusader. 1249 * * Sheger-ed-Durr, widow of the sultan, assumes the regency. [El Moez- 1250 * * 1517 * * The Mamelukes, having usurped the supreme power, rule Egypt [for 267 years]. * * El Moez is sultan, and founder of the Baharite Mameluke dynasty. The Mamelukes were originally Moslem slaves. 1256 * * El Mansoor is sultan ; soon put to death, and succeeded by Eybek. [1257, Eybek is assassinated by order of his wife : 1259, El Mozuffer ; 1260, Ez Zaher Bey bars ; 1279, El Mansoor Kala- oon ; 1290, El Ashrof Khaleel ; 1293, El Nasr Mohammed, who is soon exiled.] 1294 * * An insurrection breaks out under Ketbogha, the regent. 1299 * * El Nasr Mohammed is restored to the throne. 1308 * * The sultan abdicates. El Mo- zuffer Bayleers is his successor. 1310 * * El Nasr is again restored. 1341 * * The seven sons of Nasr follow in succession ; [reigns are chiefly short and troubled ; the sultans are exiled or put to death]. 1348 * * Hassan is deposed from author- ity by Es Saleh, his brother. 1351 * * Hassan is restored. 1361 * * El Mausoor Mohammed reigns a few months. 1363 * * ElAshraf Shaban, son of Hassan, is sultan. [He is finally strangled.] 1377 * * Es Salah is sultan ; later his brother, El Mansoor Ali. 1382 * * Ez Zahir Berkook, the usurper, is sultan. He founds the Circassian Mameluke, or Eorgite, dynasty, and rules with ability and justice; he also favors learning. These sultans were originally Circassian slaves. 1399 * * En Nasr Fareg of Berkook is sultan. * * * A. revolt in Syria is overcome. 1412 * * El Moaiyud begins a prosperous reign. 1422 * * El Ashraf Bursabey, a sultan of virtue, reigns with ability. 1438 * * Gekmeh reigns ; later Abdel Azeez, who is deposed. 1453 * * Eenal reigns ; later Othman [who is overthrown by intrigue]. 1461 * * Khoshkadem Moaiyud Ahmed, a Greek by birth, is sultan. 1467 * * Tumr Bogha reigns. 1468 * * El Ashrof Kaitbey reigns ; he is successful in military enterprises. 1496 * * Mohammed reigns ; he is weak and barbarous ; later, Kansooh Nasr reigns five months, and abdicates. 1500 * * G-ambalat reigns six months ; Toman Bey reigns a few months, and is killed. 1501 * * El Ghoree Kansooh reigns. 1517 * * El Ashrof Toman Bey reigns. * * The Mamelukes are overthrown. Cairo is taken by Turks under Selim I., and Egypt is reduced to a Turkish pashalic. MISCELLANEOUS. 491 * * The invasion of the Persians is followed by a famine. 684 * * The first Arab coin is issued. 1062± * * A famine lasts for seven years. 1424 * * The Indian trade is monopo- lized by the Egyptians. 656 1543, * *-1868 ; Mar. 18. EGYPT. ARMY — NAVY. 1767* *AU Bey, the Mameluke, con- quers Arabia and Syria by an army under Mohammed. Bey. 1786 * * Cairo is captured by Turks under Hassan Pasha. 1798 * * -1801 * * The French send an expedition against Egypt, having for its ultimate object tbe overthrow of the British empire in the East. July 5. Napoleon, with an army of 30,000 men, takes Alexandria by as- sault. July 21. Battle of the Pyramids; Na- poleon defeats and nearly annihilates the Mamelukes, 60,000 strong; 15,000 men fall. July 22. Napoleon captures Cairo. 1799 Apr. 16. Napoleon defeats the Turks at Mt. Tabor, Palestine. [Pesti- lence breaks out in the French army, and it returns to Egypt. Gen. Kleber succeeds Napoleon as commander of the French.] July 25. Gen. Murat with 5,000 French defeats 15,000 Turks at Aboukir, near a mouth of the Nile. Aug. 1,2. Battle of the Nile; the French fleet is destroyed by the British fleet under Adm. Nelson in Aboukir Bay ; the French lose 13 out of 17 ves- sels, and 9,000 men. 1800 * * Gen. Kleber defeats a force of 70,000 Turks under the grand vizier at Heliopolis, in the Delta. June 14. Gen. Kleber is assassinated at Cairo ; Gen. Menou assumes command of the French. 1801 Mar. 2. A British army, under Gens. Abercromby and Hutchinson, ar- rives in Aboukir Bay. Mar. 8. Sir Ralph Abercromby defeats the French, and captures Aboukir. [Mar. 21. He defeats the French under Gen. Menou at Alexandria.] Mar. 25. The British army is reen- forced by the Turks. Mar. 28. Gen. Abercromby dies of his wounds at Alexandria. Apr. 19. The French are defeated at Rosetta, a town in the Delta. June 27. Cairo is taken by the British and Turks ; 60,000 French capitulate. Sept. 2. Gen. Menou and 10,000 French surrender to Gen. Hutchinson at Alex- andria. Sept. * The French rule ends in the evacuation of Egypt. 1802± * * A Turkish force of 14,000 men is defeated by a small force of Mame- lukes in Demenhoor, who also secure guns and ammunition. 1803 Mar.* The British evacuate Egypt. May* The Egyptian troops revolt against Khusruf Pasha, v/ho is com- pelled to flee. * * Mehemet Ah, with a force of Alba- nians and Mamelukes, takes Damietta, in the Delta, after an obstinate resist- ance ; Khusruf Pasha is captured. sheed Pasha, the rivals for supreme power. May 19. AH besieges Kursheed, the Mameluke chief, in the citadel of Cairo. Aug. 17. Tbe first massacre of the Ma- melukes in Cairo by the Turks occurs. 1806 July 1. The Porte sends 3,000 troops to subdue the beys. 1807 Mar. 17. A force of 5,000 British troops arrives to aid the beys against the Sultan. Sept. 14. The British under Gen. Fra- zer evacuate Alexandria after failing in their unfortunate enterprise. 1811 Mar. 1. Mehemet Ali invites the Mamelukes to the citadel, and massa- cres about 470 of them, and destroys their power. * * Mehemet Ali sends 8,000 men, includ- ing 2,000 horse, under Toosoon Pasha, against the Wahabis, who repulse them. 1812 * * -15 * * Toosoon is reenforced, and renews the campaign ; he takes Medina after a siege, also Jiddah and Mecca. 1816 * * A successful expedition is sent to Arabia by Mehemet Ali. (See p. 4S3.) 1820 * * Mehemet Ali sends several thou- sand men into Southern Egpyt to ob- tain captives to form the nucleus of a new army. 1821 * *-22 * * Ali sends 7,000 or 8,000 men to aid the Turks in subduing the tbe Greek insurrection. 1822 * * Mehemet All's youngest son, Ismail, and his retinue, are put to death by Nimr, an Arab chief. * * An army composed chiefly of slaves is organized by French officers into dis- ciplined troops. 1824* * The regular army is raised to 24,000 men. * * Insurgents numbering 20,000 or 30.000, led by the false prophet, are subdued. 1831 * * -33 * * "War with Turkey ; Mehemet Ali revolts, invades [and soon subdues] Syria. * * In a battle near Gaza, Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha defeat the Chris- tians ; 30,000 Christians and Moslems fall; the former retreat. [1S32. Jeru- salem is captured by the Egyptians under Es Salih ; they also take Damas- cus.] 1832 July 8. "With 16,000 disciplined Egyptian troops, Ibrahim Pasha, son of Ali, defeats 30,000 Turks at the battle of Hims. May 27. Ibrahim takes Acre from the Turks after a long siege. Dec. 2,1. Ibrahim defeats 60,000 Turks at Konich, and captures the grand vizier. 1833 Apr. 3. Ibrahim advances on Constantinople, which is entered by Russian auxiliaries. May 4. The war with the Turks ends with the convention of Rutayah. 1839 * * Mehemet Ali again revolts against the Sultan, claiming hereditary powers. June 24. Ibrahim Pasha defeats the Turks at Nezib on the Euphrates. * * Through the treachery of officers the Turkish fleet falls into the hanchi of the viceroy of Egypt. 1840 Oct. 10. Adm. Napier bombards Beyrout. Nov. 3. The British and Austrian fleets, under Adm. Sir Robert Stopford, take Acre. Nov. 21±. Ibrahim is expelled from Syria by the action of the powers, Eng land, Austria, Russia, and Prussia hav- ing agreed to hold Syria fur th« Sultan. 1864 May * The pasha sends a force to repress insurgents in Arabia. May 10. [Sir] Samuel W. Baker is ap- pointed commander of a military expe- dition to ascend the Xile, and suppress the slave-trade. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1754 Sept. * An earthquake engulfs half of the houses in Grand Cairo ; 40,000 persons perish. 1815* * Giovanni Battisa Belzoni, the antiquarian, arrives. 1S16 * * Belzoni removes the colossal statue of Memnon from near Thebes to Alexandria. 1817 * * Belzoni explores temples, and opens the pyramid of Cephren. 1820 * * The Mahmoud canal is opened, connecting Alexandria with the Nile. 1829 Nov. 26. The water of the Nile rises to 26 instead of 22 feet. 1834 * * Burnt bricks are found in the Nile that are believed to be 20.000 vears old. 1852 * * Ferdinand de Lesseps pro- jects a canal for connecting the Bay of Pelusium with the Red Sea. He proposes to cut a canal 90 miles long, create ports, and deepen shallow waters. 1858 * * The Suez canal is begun by French engineers. 1861 * * The Bulak Museum is estab- lished. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1728 ' 1735i 1769 = 1773' 1789' 1806' 1807 1813' 1816' * Ibrahim Pasha, vicerov, born. * El Bardeesee Paslia d:es. Jan. 30. El-elfee Bey dies. * Abbas Pasha, viceroy, born. * Ibrahim Bey. Hameluke chief, 1±. Dec. 3 1 . Ismail Pasha born. Nov. 10. Ibrahim Pasha dies. Aug-. 3. Mehemet Ali Paslia dies. July 14. Abbas Paslia, A41. Jan. 18. Said Paslia. viceroy, dies. CHURCH. 1S0S * * The Bible is translated into Amharic language by an Abyssinian monk called AbuRumi, assisted by the French consul, Asseline. 1S54 Nov. 15. The United Presbyte- rian Church of U. S. A. starts a mission in Cairo. 1S62 * * Miss "Whately, daughter of Arch- bishop Whately of Dublin, starts a school at Cairo for the children of Copts and Mohammedans. 1863* *The first native Protestant church is organized at Cairo by the United Presbyterians. EGYPT. 1543, * *-1868, Mar. 18. 657 1865 * * Assiout and Koos become mis- sion-stations of the United Presbyterians ofU. S. A. [1S6G, Modeenet, El Fayoom, and Mansura, in the Delta ; 1SGS, Sinoris El Fayoom ; 1869, Mooteea and Na- khaileh, near Assiout; 1873, Bagore, Fahta, Rhoda, Suft Meedoom, and Luxor; 1S74, El-Jawily, in the prov- ince of Assiout, North Egypt, Goorneh, near Luxor; 1875, Ahnoob, near Assi- out, and Sinhore, on the Fayoom ; 1S76, Esneh and Erment, south of Luxor, Kosair, on the Red Sea, and Zerabi, near Assiout; 1S77, Dweir, Moosera, Beezadeeza, Marees, and Bulak ; 1S7S, Beni-Adi and Manfaloot; 1S79, Sana- lio, Akhmeem, on the east bank of the Nile, province of Girgeh, and El Baya- deeyya, province of Assiout, Upper Egypt; 1SS0, Deir Aboo-Hinnis, and Tanta; 1881, Azaimeh, near Esneh, Kinneh, Tameeyah, and El Kome El Akhdar; 1882, "Wast a, Moir, Tanda, and Benisouef; 1S83, Tima, Abooteeg, and Furkus ; 18S4, Edfos, Aboo-Kerkas, and Daminhoor; 18S5, Deir El-jenadily, Kome-es-paht, Busra, Menharg, M ah a 11a, Kafr- Bilmisht, Zagazig, and Mist Ehamr ; 1SS6, Deir-Birsha, Nezlet-Rooman, Fesh, Gerobeea ; 1887, Assouan at the First Cataract, Hammam, Serokina, rTezlet-Nahkly, Dakoof, Tanbody, Safaneezah, and Atf -Haider.] SOCIETY. 1801 * * On the departure of French troops from Egypt, many of the Moslem women whom they had married, or bought as concubine slaves, are forth- with tied up in sacks and drowned. STATE. 1543 * * -1798 * * Turkish rule in Egypt. The title calif is assumed by the sov- ereigns of Turkey. * * Egypt is divided by the Turks into 24 districts. Each is under a Mameluke bey, the chief of whom is sheikh el-beled ; over the 2-i beys is a council of seven Turkish chiefs, aud superior* to all a supreme pasha. 1763 * * All Bey, the Mameluke, is pro- moted to the office of sheikh el-beled. 1767* *Ali Bey usurps authority, and becomes supreme pasha ; he declares Egyptian independence, [lie is poisoned after four years.] 1772 * * Mohammed Aboo Dahab re- bels, and contends for the office of su- preme pasha [is recognized by the Sultan of Turkey]. 1773 * * Supreme authority divided by Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey. [Con- fusion and civil war follow for many years.] 1786 * * M u r a d and Ibrahim are de- throned ; Ismail is made supreme pasha. 1791* * Murad and Ibrahim are re- stored to their former office on the death of Ismail. 1798 Aug. * -1801 Sept. * French rule. 1799 * *Napoleon Bonaparte leaves Gen. Kleber in authority. 1801 * * The French invaders are dis- possessed by the British invaders un- der Gens. Abercromby and Hutchinson. Sept. * The French evacuate and aban- don Egypt. * * Turkish rule is restored. * * The Turkish government gives orders to the Turkish high-admiral to ensnare and put to death the principal beys ; this begins the struggle between the Mamelukes and the Turks ; civil war ensues. * * Gen. Menou concludes a treaty with the English at Cairo. Egypt is to be restored to Turkey, and the French army transported to France by the English fleet. * * Mohammed Khusruf is pasha. 1803 Mar. * The British evacuate Egypt. May* Khusruf Pasha is driven out of Cairo by a revolt of unpaid soldiers. * * Tahir Pasha is pasha. He is killed in 23 days for refusing to pay the Turk- ish troops. * * Confusion and anarchy ensue. 1805 May * Mehemet All is chosen pasha. June * (?) Ali receives a firman as pasha from the Sultan, and the struggle in Cairo ceases. Aug. 17. Mehemet Ali's first massacre. (See Army.) 1806* * Mehemet Ali is appointed gov- ernor of Upper Egypt; he claims su- preme power. July 1. A successor of Ali arrives, accom- panied with 3,000 regular troops, yet he only succeeds in retaining his position by paying 4,000 purses to the Porte. [He greatly develops the country.] 1811 Mar. 1. Mehemet Ali's seeond massacre. (See Army.) 1822 * * The territory of ancient Nubia is added by conquest. 1831* * Mehemet Ali declares Egypt independent, invades Syria, and threat- ens Constantinople. 1833 May 14. By the intervention of European powers a treaty is concluded between Mehemet Ali and the Porte ; Syria and Adneh are ceded to Ali on condition of his paying tribute to Turkey. 1839 * * Mehemet Ali, encouraged by France, demands of the young Sultan, Abdul-Medjid, the hereditary investi- ture of all lands under Ali's government. 1840 * * In opposition to the demands of Ali, England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, to the exclusion of France, con- clude an alliance favorable to thePorte, which threatens the peace of Europe. Nov.+ * Ali withdraws from Syria. 1841 July 15. By the Convention of Alexandria peace is restored. By the demand of Great Britain, Me- hemet Ali relinquishes Syria, but is con- firmed by the Sultan in hereditary rule of Egypt. 1848 * * Ibrahim Fasha is viceroy; he is the adopted son of Ali. * * Abbas Pasha, son of Toosoon, suc- ceeds his uncle Ibrahim ; retrogression begins. 1851 May 27. The Porte confirms the hereditary succession to the pashalic of Egypt, and concedes the right of coining money, but increases the tribute from £400,000 to £750,000. 1854 * * Said Fasha is viceroy ; he is the fourth son of Mehemet Ali. [Fa- vorable to reforms.] 1863 * * Ismail Fasha, the commandant of the army, becomes viceroy. Apr. 7. The Sultan of Turkey arrives in Egypt. 1867 May 14. Ismail Pasha secures a firman from the Porte at great cost, which grants the title Khedive, and removes the chief restrictions imposed by the treaty ; the office is also confirmed to the line of direct succession. June 9. The sultan designates the Khe- dive as sovereign. MISCELLANEOUS. 1791 * * The plague appears. 1792 * * The plague prevails ; about 800,000 people perish. 1820 * * "Khartum, at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile, is built by Mehemet Ali. 1831 * * Cholera prevails. 1851 * * A railway from Cairo to Alex- andria is opened. 1858 * * The dredging of the Suez Canal is commenced by Daniel Lange of Eng- land ; estimated cost, £8,000,000. 1859 May* A telegraph line is opened between Aden and Suez. 1862 * * Mediterranean waters are ad- mitted into a channel communicating with Lake Timsah. 1863 Mar. 4. The name of the new town is changed from Timsah to Is- mailia. Aug. * The Egyptian Government com- pels the Canal Company to abandon compulsory labor. * * -67 * * The war in America stimu- lates the cultivation of cotton. 1865 Feb. * M. de Lesseps reports the passage of a vessel containing 30 per- sons through the entire canal. June * Cholera rages in Alexandria. Aug. 15. A part of the Suez Canal is opened. The waters of the Nile are admitted into the smaller canal, and a vessel passes from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. 1867 Feb. 17. The first ship, named the Prima, passes through the canal from sea to sea. Nov. * A loan is raised in France for the Suez Canal. 1868 * * The canal is used by both French and English vessels. Mar. 18. The Mediterranean waters are admitted to the salt lakes. 658 1868, * *-1884 ; Feb. 11. EGYPT. ARMY — NAVY. 1870 Feb. 8. '(lie Baker expedition leaves Khartum. [1871. Apr. 25. It arrives at Gondokoro, later called Ismailia. July *-Sept. * It has engagements with the Baris of Belinian. 1872. Mar. 6, It arrives at Fa- liko. Apr. 25. It arrives at Masindi in Un- yoro. June 8. The treachery of Kaba Kega toward the Baker expedition is pun- ished by burning Masindi. July 18. It arrives at Foweera, and is well received. Aug. 2. It suppresses an insurrection of slave-dealers.] 1875 * * -76 * * "War with Abyssinia. Ismail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt to conquer territory. (See p. 2.) 1877 June* Negotiations for peace are entered. 1879 May 5. A rebellion of slave- dealers in the Sudan is suppressed by Lieut. Gessi of Col. Gordon's command. 1881 July* Sheik Mohammed Ahmed proclaims himself a Mahdi, and raises an insurrection. Nov. * The Mahdi defeats the Egyptian troops. Dec±. * Ahmed the Mahdi is defeated in the Sudan, retires up the Blue Nile, and gathers a large army beyond the "White Nile. 1882 June 11. Arabi Pasha begins a rebellion of the national party against the Anglo-French control of Egypt. Alexandria suffers from a riot, the town is ravaged, and about 60 Europeans are killed ; the Egyptian troops suppress the rioters. June 14. The Mahdi overwhelms and massacres about 6,000 Egyptian troops in the Sudan. (Reported.) July 4. The English and French admi- rals formally protest against the erec- tion of fortifications at Alexandria by Arabi Pasha. [July 9. Adm. Seymour threatens to bombard the city.] July 6. The subjects of Great Britain are warned to leave Egypt. July 11. Adm. Seymour bombards Alexandria for the preservation of his fleet from Arabi's batteries ; British loss, six killed, and 28 wounded. July 12. The Sultan protests against the bombardment. ± The British send 1,000 marines from Malta to Alexandria. [July 17. About 5,000 soldiers land.] Arabi Pasha and part of the Egyptian army abandon Alexandria, and retreat into the interior ; a mob fires the city ; it plunders and massacres Europeans and Christians. July 20±. Arabi Pasha cuts off the water supply from Alexandria, and calls upon the people to rise. July 24. Sir A. Alison has a skirmish with the rebels ; he captures Ramleh. ± Arabi proclaims a holy war. July 25±. The British bring troops from England and India. Aug. 19, 20. The British occupy Port Said, Ismailia, and Kantara, positions which control the canal. Aug. 21. Gen. Macpherson arrives at Suez with the Indian troops. Aug. 25. The advance from Ismailia has a slight cavalry and artillery engage- ment ; Egyptians are routed. Aug. 26. Gen. Graham occupies Kassas- sin with 2,000 troops. Sept. 13. After several skirmishes the British capture Tel-el-Kebir, losing 52 killed, 3S0 wounded ; Egyptian loss, 3,000. Sept. 14. The British enter Cairo; Arabi Pashi with about 10,000 men sur- renders to the British. Sept. 17. The Khedive dissolves the Egyptian army. Oct. 24. The Mahdi defeats the Egyp- tians in the Sudan. Bee. 16. Col. Stewart arrives at Khar- tum. Dec. 22. Sir Henry Evelyn "Wood, commander of the new Egyptian army, arrives at Cairo. 1883 Jan. * The Mahdi repulses the British in the Sudan three times. [Jan. 5. The Mahdi captures Bara and Obeid. Feb. 23±. The Mahdi is re- pulsed. Apr. * Gen. Hicks defeats the Mahdi at Sennaar.] Mar. * Col. Hicks Pasha starts for Kor- dofan with an army. [Apr. 29. He totally defeats the Mahdi near Berber. May 14±. Again near Khartum. Sept. 20. He advances up the Nile to Duem.] Nov. 3, 5. Battle of K ash gal, near El-Obeid; Col. Hicks is overwhelmed in a defile by 11,000 Mahdists, and the en- tire Egyptian force is exterminated. Nov. 6. The Mahdi surprises and de- feats an Egyptian detachment at Tokar near Suakim ; it loses 150 men. Nov. * Col. Coetologon gathers an Egyp- tian army at Khartum. Nov. * A general uprising against the British takes place. Nov. 26.-Dec. 2. The Mahdists, com- manded by Osman Digna, an impover- ished slave-dealer, attack the forts at Suakim ; a force of 720 Egyptians is al- most totally destroyed. 1884 Jan. 18. London. Gen. (Chi- nese) Gordon is ordered to the Sudan to assist the Khedive in withdrawing his troops, they being overpowered by the Mahdists. Feb. 4. The Mahdists defeat Baker Pasha near Tokar. Feb. 7±. Adm. Hewitt assumes com- mand at Suakim ; the town is besieged. Feb. S. Tewfik Bey makes a desperate sortie from Sinkat ; the entire force is killed, and the town taken. Feb. 11. Gen. Gordon arrives at Ber- ber, and proclaims the Mahdi sultan of Kordofan. [Feb. IS. At Khartum.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 1876 Jan. 1. The Gregorian style of the calendar is adopted. CHURCH. 1868* * The Apostelstrasse (" the A ve- nue of the Apostles '^missions are with- drawn from the interior, and devoted to the successful school at Alexandria. 1881 Nov. *+: Mohammed Ahmed, call- ing himself El Mahdi, the prophet, ap- pears in Sudan with 1,500 followers, declares a holy war, and defeats the Egyptian forces. 1882 July 24*. A Mohammedan reli- gious war against unbelievers is pro- claimed by Arabi Pasha. * * The strength of the various religions is shown by the census returns : Mohammedans 6,051,625 Christians (Copts, Roman Catho- lics, Greeks, Protestants, and Arminiansj 514.521 Jews 15,796 SOCIETY. 1S80 July * The Khedive decrees the abolition of slavery. [Slaves are to be emancipated by July 31, 1881.] 1882 Apr.* The trial of 43 persons con- victed of uniting in a conspiracy to kill Arabi Pasha, and dethrone the Khedive, ends with the sentence of exile ; sentence confirmed by the Khedive. May 29. Anarchy prevails; Europeans are leaving Egypt. 1882 June 11. Savage riots and massacre of Europeans occur at Alex- andria. June 15±. A state of panic prevails because of the rebellion ; great emigra- tion of Europeans from Alexandria en- sues. [20,000 leave Egypt.] June 28±. Arabi Pasha is decorated by the sultan. Nov. * The trial of Arabi Pasha begins with the secret examination of wit- nesses. Dec. 3. Arabi Pasha pleads guilty of rebellion ; he is first sentenced to death, then the sentence is commuted to ban- ishment for life. Dec. 9. Arabi Pasha and others are to be sent to Ceylon for exile. 1883 June 9. Suleiman Sami is con- victed of the firing and plundering at Alexandria and inciting the massacre [and hanged on June 11]. STATE. 1S69 Apr. 1. Sir Samuel Baker is commissioned to assume authority for four years from this date in the country south of Gondokoro ; he is to extend the boundaries of Egypt. 1871 May 26. Baker arrives at Gon- dokoro, names it Ismailia, and formally annexes the country to Egypt. 1872 Apr. 1. Baker returns to Gon- dokoro. 1873* *" Chinese" Gordon is ap- pointed the successor of Sir Samuel Baker in the Sudan. June 8. The Sultan issues a firman, making Egypt practically indepen- dent; the Khedive is prohibited, how- ever, from making treaties with foreign EGYPT. 1868, * *-1884, Feb. 11. 659 *y, building 1875 June 28. The Khedive opens an international court of justice. Nov. * It is announced that the Khe- dive's shares in the Suez Canal have been purchased by Great Britain. Dec. * Great Britain sends Stephen Cave to Egypt on a special mission re- specting the finances. [He reports a bad condition, owing to extravagance and ■waste.] 1876 Jan. 1. The mixed courts are first opened. Jan. 4. Nubar Pasha, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, resigns. May 14, 25. The Khedive signs the de- crees consolidating the debt of £91,- 000,000 at 7 per cent, and providing for a sinking-fund. July * The international law court is closed by M. Haakman, in consequence of the Government's refusal to accept its decisions. Oct. 14. George J. Goschen of Eng- land and M. Joubert of France arrive at Cairo to devise a scheme to protect the creditors of the Khedive. [Egyp- tian bankruptcy is imminent.] [They propose a plan for reducing the debt of £91.Ii0ii,(H)(i t<> £r.!).ni)(i,ooo, and rate of interest from 7 per cent to 6 per cent.] "Nov. * Ismail Sadyk, the Finance Min- ister, is banished. 1877 Feb. * Col. Gordon returns to England. [He is made governor of the Sudan and the equatorial provinces of Egypt. Oct. * He resigns.] June * Col. Gordon negotiates peace with Abyssinia. 1878 Aug. 15. Uubar Pasha is again appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Sept. * England and Prance partici- pate in the Government under an agree- ment of joint control; Bivers "Wilson is appointed Minister of Finance and [M. de Blignieres Minister of Works]. 1879 Feb. 18. The dissatisfied officers make a riotous attack on the European members of the council and Nubar Pasha. Feb. 19. Nubar Pasha resigns. Feb. * A definitive peace is announced with Abyssinia. Mar. 5±. Prince Tewfik Pasha is ap- pointed President of the Council, and Nubar Pasha Foreign Minister. Apr. 7. The Khedive issues a new financial scheme, and dismisses Tewfik Pasha and the European members of his council because of the jealousy of the natives ; Cherif Pasha forms a new Ministry. May 5±. England andFrancein a joint- note demand the appointment of Euro- pean Ministers in the council. June 20+ . The powers recommend the Khedive to resign. June 26. The Sultan deposes the Khe- dive, and appoints Prince Tewfik, his son, to the califate. [Aug. 8. He as- sumes office.] June 30. The Khedive sails for Na- ples. Sept. 4. The Khedive appoints Sir Eve- lyn Baring and M. de Blignieres comptrollers-general. Sept. 9. The Biaz Pasha Ministry is announced. 1880 June 30. Peace is signed with Abyssinia. Aug. 18. A new ministry is appointed, with the Khedive as President of the Council. 1881 * * The revolt in the Sudan by Ahmed, called El Mahdi, begins. He claims to be the predicted prophet of Islam, whose coming was foretold 1,300 years ago. Sept. 9. Cherif Pasha is again ap- pointed Minister. Oct. 7. The Khedive receives the en- voys of the Sultan. [This awakens the jealousy of England and France, and the envoys soon depart.] 1882 * * It is alleged that the Khedive is controlled by the army, which num- bers 15,000 men. Arabi Bey, the favo- rite of the army, is appointed under- secretary of war. Jan. 27 ±. The deputies demand the en- tire control of the Ministry. Feb. 2. Cherif Pasha retires from the Feb. 3. Mahmoud Pasha forms a new Ministry. Mar. * M. Blignieres resigns the joint comptrollership. Apr. 10+ . An alleged conspiracy of Circassian officers is formed to assassi- nate Arabi Pasha. [It fails.] May 23. Arabi Pasha refuses to com- ply with the demand of Great Britain and France, that he resign from the May 25. Great Britain and France send war- vessels to Egypt; they arrive at Alexandria. Arabi yields to the ultimatum of the consuls and resigns. They demand the resignation of the Ministry and the ban- ishment of Arabi ; the Khedive's author- ity is restored so as to protect European interests. May 27, 28. Arabi Pashi is restored to his office, and anarchy follows. June 11. Jealousy of Europeans causes a general uprising against them in Alexandria. June 24. A Conference of the powers opens at Constantinople. July * Great Britain alone undertakes to suppress the rebellion of Arabi Pasha, after failing to secure the coop- eration of France. July 23. The Khedive proclaims Arabi Pasha a rebel. July 18. The powers issue an identical note, inviting the Porte to support the Khedive. Aug. 14±. The powers agree to the in- ternational protection of the Suez Canal. Aug. * The Khedive surrenders au- thority to the British commanders tem- porarily to preserve order. Dec. 1±. A proclamation of general amnesty is issued ; the release of po- litical prisoners is promised. * * Arabi Pasha's sentence of death is commuted to banishment for life. 1883 Jan. 11. The joint control of Egyptian affairs by Great Britain and France is abolished. Jan. 24. Sir Auckland Colvin is ap- pointed British financial adviser to the Khedive. Jan. 27±. All the powers except France and Turkey accept the proposals of the British circular note respecting inter- ference in Egyptian affairs. Great Britain proposes to make the canal free with certain restrictions in time of war, and defines its relation to the Egyptian army. Apr. 30. The Egyptian Constitution is signed by the Khedive. May 4. The Constitution is promul- gated. Oct. 10±. The Khedive grants general amnesty to political offenders. 1884 Jan. 6. The British Government requires a change in the line of defense respecting the Sudan. Jan. 24. " Chinese" Gordon arrives at Cairo on a peaceful mission to the Sudan ; he goes alone. MISCELLANEOUS. 1869 Nov. 23. The canal is for- mally opened to the commerce of the world in the presence of the Emperor of Austria, the Empress of France, and the Khedive of Egypt. 1871 May 15. "Work is begun on the new port of Alexandria. 1872 Aug. * A French company com- pletes a bridge over the Nile at Cairo ; length, more than 1,300 feet. 1873 Apr.* The Canal Company raises its toll charges one-half. 1875 Nov. 26. It is announced that the British Government has pur- chased the Elhedive's shares in the Suez Canal ; £4,080,000 are paid for 176,- 602 shares out of the entire issue of 400,000. 1877 May*-June* Great Britain claims the neutrality of the canal. 1878 Aug. * On the report of a British Commission respecting the bad condi- tion of the finances, the Khedive and his family give up real estate to the State. 1880 Apr. 4. An international com- mittee on the State debt is appointed. * * Postal privileges are increased. 1882 June 29. It is reported that 30,000 Arabs are starving in Alex- andria. * *Only 20,000 to 30,000 Turks are re- ported to be in Egypt. 1883 June 23±. Cholera breaks out in Bamietta [and at various towns soon after]. 660 1884, Feb. 21-1894, Sept. 10. EGYPT. ARMY — WAVY. 1884 Feb. 21. Tokar surrenders to theMahdists after a siege. [Mar. 1. Re- taken by the British.] Feb. * Osman Digna besieges Kassala. Feb. 29. Battle of El-Teb in Eastern Sudan ; Gen. Gerald Graham defeats Osman Digna; British loss, 24 killed and 142 wounded. Mar. 13. Battle of Tamanieb; Gen. Graham defeats the Mahdists near Sua- kim ; British loss, 86 killed, 111 wounded, and 10 missing. Mar. 15 ±. Gen. Gordon defeats the Mahdists, and relieves the garrison at Haifa. Mar. 16. Gen. Gordon's 1,500 troops are defeated by the Mahdists through treachery. [Mar. 23. The Turko-Egyp- tian generals, Hassan and Said Pasha, are tried and shot.] Apr. * The Mahdists invest "Khartum ; Gen. Gordon and Col. Stewart are the only British officers in the city. May 27-June 10. The Mahdists make many unsuccessful attacks at Suakim. May 28. Gen. Gordon makes a success- ful sally from Khartum. June 10 fc. Berber falls to theMahdists. July 12. Assouan is occupied by the British. July 24±. Gen. Gordon defeats the Mahdists at Khartum. Aug. 12. Gen. Gordon repulses an at- tack of the Mahdists in strong force at Khartum. Aug. 23. British troops, advancing to relieve Gen. Gordon, begin to arrive at Wady Haifa, Gen. Earle in command. Aug. 30. Gen. Gordon again defeats the Mahdists. Sept.±* Preparations are made to as- cend the Nile in S00 flatboats navi- gated by Canadian Indians. Sept. * Gen. Gordon by telegraph urges the Government to send him assistance. Sept. 17±. Suakim is relieved by the aid of friendly native tribes. Sept. 24. Lord John Hay and the Brit- ish fleet arrive at Alexandria. Oct. 5. [Lord] Wolseley arrives at "Wady Haifa. [Dec. 15. At Korti.] Oct. 6. The British take Shendy. Col. Stewart and 40 men iu a steamer are wrecked near the Fifth Cataract, and are massacred through the treachery of Arabs. Nov. 1±. Gen. Gordon defeats the reb- els near Khartum, and returns to that city ; total British force in Egypt and the Sudan, 16,000 men. Nov. 3. [Lord] "Wolseley, commander of the relief expedition, arrives at Don- gola. Nov. 3, 4. The British repel attacks at Suakim. [Again on Dec. 3 and S,] Nov. 1S±. The rebels have disabled two steamers. Dec. 28. The advance on Khartum begins. Dec. 29. Gen. Gordon writes a mes- sage stating that he can hold out for a year. Dec. 30. Gen. Stewart starts from Korti with 1,000 men to make rapid marches across the desert to Metemneh. [Gen. Earle advances also, by ascending the Nile.] 1885 Jan. 17. Gen. Stewart, with 1,500 men, defeats 6,000 Arabs near Abu-Klea "Wells, 120 miles from Khartum ; Brit- ish loss, 65 killed and 85 wounded. Jan. 19. The British square repels an assault with very heavy loss. Jan. 24. Communications are opened with Khartum ; Gen. Earle marches for Beber. Jan. 26. Col. "Wilson attempts to com- municate with Khartum by means of three steamers found at Metemneh. Khartum is stormed and taken by the Mahdists through the treachery of the garrison, and Gen. Gordon is killed with his faithful followers. Jan. 28±. Col. "Wilson sails up the Nile, and reaches the outskirts of Khartum. [In his retreat his steamers are wrecked by Arab pilots. Feb. 9. Col. "Wilson returns to Korti.] Feb. 10. The British force under Gen. Earle repels an attack of Arabs at Kir- bekan. Feb. 17. The Arabs are defeated at Abu-Klea by Maj. "Wardrop. Sir Eve- lyn "Wood arrives at Gakdul,and takes Feb. 22. The Kassala garrison repel a severe attack of Arabs. Mar. 12. Lord Wolseley's army is chiefly concentrated at Korti. Mar. 22. Gen. McNeil's brigade is sur- prised, yet defeats the Arabs near Sua- kim; British loss, 100 killed. Mar. * The British evacuate Korti, and descend the Nile. [June 15. They evacuate Dongola.j Apr. 1. Gen. Grenfell succeeds Sir Evelyn Wood as commander-in-chief. [July 6. Sir E. Stephenson.] May 2. Lord "Wolseley arrives at Sua- kim. June 15, 16. The garrison at Kassala repels an attack of the Arabs, in which many rebels are killed. Aug. 10. The rebels are defeated at Suakim. Aug;. 16. The rebels surprise and take Sennaar. Dec. 12. The attack of 3.000 Arabs is repulsed at Mograkeh, near Kosheh. Dec. 30. The attack of 6,000 Arabs is repulsed at Giniss, near Kosheh. 1886 Feb. 11. The rebels attack Sua- kim, and are repulsed. [May 1G±. The British evacuate the town.] Apr. * The Sudan country south of "Wady Haifa is abandoned to the Mah- dists by the Egyptian Government. Oct. 7. A combination of Arabs over- throws Osman Digna; Tamai, his stronghold, having large military stores, is captured. 1887 Jan. 21. Henry M. Stanley leaves London with a small force to re- lieve IJnin Pasha in the Sudan. Apr. 29. The Egyptians under Col. Chermside defeat the dervishes at Sarras, near Wady Haifa. [Many skir- mishes follow.] Oct. 25. An Arab attack at "Wady Haifa is repulsed. Dec. 29. Osman Digma is defeated by Arabs who are friendly to the Egyptians. 18S8 Jan. * The rebels attack Suakim, and are repulsed. Apr. * Osman Digma'a forces are dispers- ing. July 20. The dervishes are defeated near Wady Haifa. Aug. 27. The dervishes are severely repulsed in an attack on Fort Khor- moussa. Sept. * -Oct. * Suakim is invested by Arabs, and fighting frequently occurs. Oct. 30. An attack of Arabs in strong force is repulsed at Suakim. [Nov. 5. The town is reenforced by Gen. Gren- fell. Dec. 20. He puts the Arabs to flight.] 1889 Jan. 4. Gen. Grenfell and part of his army leave Suakim. Jan. 19. The Mahdi's forces are de- feated on the White Nile by Emin Pasha's troops. [Feb. 27. They defeat dervishes in Bahr-el-Gazel province.] Feb. 11. Handoub is taken and burned by the Mahdi's forces. Feb. 26. Dr. Carl Peters, with an ex- pedition including 100 soldiers, starts to relieve Emin Pasha. Mar. 1±. On the White Nile Emin Pashadefeats an expedition sent against him by Kbalepa Abdullah. Mar. 23±. Emin Pasha routs 6,000 der- vishes at Bor, capturing their steamers and ammunition. [Apr. 19, June 2, 19, and July 4. The dervishes are repulsed by the British.] July 10. Gen. Grenfell arrives at As- souan to prosecute the campaign against the Sudanese dervishes. The invading force, under British offi- cers, consists of 6,000 men and S00 cam- els : more troops are ordered from Malta to Egypt. July 16. Gen. Grenfell assumes com- mand in the field. July 26. The British forces shell the dervish camp. Aug. 3. Gen. Grenfell defeats the der- vishes near Toski, killing and wound- ing 1,500 and capturing 1,000 men. The dervish army is completely broken up, every emir, save one, being killed in the battle. Aug. 5. Egyptian troops occupy Sar- ras; 2,000 of Nad-el-Imin's followers submit. Aug. 6. Gen. Grenfell returns to Cairo. 1S90 Jan. 17. The Mahdi releases his European prisoners. 1891 Feb. 19. The Egyptians defeat Osman Digna at Tokar. [Feb. 20. Tokar is occupied by Egyptian troops. Feb. 22. Osman Digma flees toward Kassala.] 1S92 Feb. 15. Civil war is raging in and around Khartum. EGYPT. 1884, Feb. 21-1894, Sept. 10. 661 1893 Jan. 2. The dervishes are re- pulsed by Egyptians, after a fierce fight near Wady Haifa, with considerable loss. Jan, 5. The dervishes repulse an Egyptian attack near Ambigol ; the Egyptian loss is heavy. 1894 Apr. 2±. An invading army has a battle with Bornu troops in the Su- dan ; thousands are killed or wounded. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1886 Feb.* Gen. Grenf ell discovers the ancient necropolis at Assouan. Mar. *-Apr. 24. Petroleum is discov- ered at Jebel Zeit, on the Red Sea. 1890 Jan. 10. The tomb of Cleo- patra is discovered. 1894 June 16. The tomb of a prin- cess is discovered, which yields many treasures of ancient jewelry hidden away in two boxes. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1885 June* Ahined, El Mahdi, dies. 1887 Nov. 17. Baker, Valentine, pasha, general, A62. 1888 Mar. 22. Hassan, prince, dies. 1892 Jan. 7. Tewfik Mohammed Pasha, khedive, A39. 1894 Sept. 10±. Bru&Bcb. Pasha. Egyp- tologist, dies. CHURCH. 1886 * * The Church (of England) Mis- sionary Society opens a medical mission at Aden, Arabia [which is later removed to Egypt]. LETTERS. 1892 Dec. 6. A Greek manuscript of the Gospel of Peter, etc., is found in a tomb in Upper Egypt. 1884 May * Great Britain proposes a conference of the powers respecting the disorder in the finances of Egypt ; Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Russia, and Turkey accept. June 28. The conference of the Pow- ers meets in London. [Aug. 2. It ad- journs — no results.] Sept. 9. Lord iNorthbrook as high commissioner, and Lord Wolseley as commander-in-chief, arrive at Cairo. 1885 Feb. 15. Prince Hassan, the Khedive's brother, is appointed commis- sioner in the Sudan. Oct. 24. A Turkish convention is signed with Sir H. Drummond Wolff ; it is agreed that the departure of the British from Egypt shall be deferred till their occupation is no longer needed. 1886 May 28. An Anglo-Turkish convention respecting Egyptian affairs is signed at Constantinople. By its terms the British are to evacu- ate Egypt after three years ; if necessity arises the Turkish troops will preserve peace in Egypt or British troops will re- July 15. The British commissioner leaves Constantinople without the Sultan's assent to the convention. 1888* *-89* * The retirement of Emin Pasha from the equatorial prov- inces causes their loss to Egypt. 1889 Feb. 20. Suakim is declared open to commei'ce. Aug. 6. Documents found in the der- vish camp prove the existence of wide- spread treason among native leaders of Egyptian society. Dec. 12. The corve' is abolished, and the land-tax is substituted. 1891 Feb. 13. The Khedive accepts the resignation of the Ministry. Feb. 18. The revenue of the last year is announced as $53,750,000, an advance on previous years. Mar. 8. The Khedive's proclamation of amnesty is read to the assembled sheiks in the Sudan. 1892 Jan. 7. Tewfik Pasha dies ; Ab- bas Pasha, the hereditary prince, suc- ceeds him. Apr. 14. The investiture of the Khe- dive takes place at Cairo. 1893 Jan. 17. The Khedive expresses regret for having dismissed his Premier and Ministers without consulting the British Government, on receiving a de- spatch from Lord Rosebery ; he substi- tutes Riaz Pasha for Fakri Pasha, the recent appointee. 1894 Apr. 14. The Cabinet resigns. Apr. 15. Nubar Pasha constructs a new Cabinet. MISCELLANEOUS. 1885 Feb. 5. Plans for widening the canal are adopted. 1889 May 23. The British steamer Curfew sinks in the Suez Canal by col- lision with the British steamer Nyanza. Aug. 25. A famine prevails at Khar- tum and other Nile towns. Dec. 7. The Egyptian cotton-crop i3 reported at 318,500,000 pounds. 1890 May * An appalling famine pre- vails in the Sudan. People are eating dogs, cats, rats, and snakes to keep from starving ; hundreds are dying daily. The British Govern- ment affords some relief. July 31. The cotton-worm is ravaging in the Nile districts. Aug. 17. The cholera continues in Cairo, Mecca, and Jeddah. 1891 May 21. Fire destroys a cotton warehouse in Alexandria, loss, $2,500,000. July 24. The tower of the Munaier Mosque, in Alexandria, collapses dur- ing a religious service, killing several hundred people. FRANCE. Frajjce is a country of Western Europe, having Paris as its capital. It is one of the Great Powers of Europe. Its coast- line borders the English Channel on the north and the Mediterranean Sea on the south. This state is a republic ; and it is politically divided into 87 departments, including Corsica. The executive is a President, having a term of seven years ; the legislature consists of two houses, a Senate having 300 members and a Chamber of Deputies having 584 members. About 78 per cent of the people adhere to the Roman Catholic faith. The principal colonial possessions and protectorates are 14 in number. In Africa : Algeria, Senegal, and its dependencies, French Sudan and Ivory Coast, French Kongo or Gabun Reunion, Mayotte, Noissi-Be, Sante-Marie, Obock, French Sahara, and Madagascar. Tunis, and the Comoro Islands, are protectorates only. In Asia : Pondicherry, Tongking, Cochin-China, Annam, and Cambodia, the last two being protectorates. In Oceanica : New Caledonia, Tahiti, Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Wallis, Raiatea. In America : French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe and depen- dencies, St. Pierre, and Miquelon. Area: 204,092 square miles: population in 1896, 38,342,948. Area of colonial possessions, 2,600,747 square miles ; their population, 41,949,800. STATE. 1100 * * b. c. The Phenicians found a colony at Nimes, on the shore of the Mediterranean. 600+ * *B. c. Greeks from Phocsea found a colony at Marseilles. [360, Cyrrus (Corsica) ; 5th Century, Nice.] 400+ * * b. c. [France] is known to the Romans as Gallia Transalpina. It has 1,200 cities and a dense population. 218* * b. c. Marseilles becomes an ally of Rome. 191 * * b. c. Gallia Cisalpina, south of the Alps, becomes a province of Rome. 2d Century. Cyrrus [Corsica]. Two Ro- man colonies are founded ; Aleria by Sulla, and Mariana by Marius. 123 * * b. c. The Romans, under the proconsul Caius Sextius Calvinus, col- onize Aix ; they gradually extend their territory, forming Provencia. 118* * b. c. The Romans found a col- ony at Warbonne (or 116). [It becomes the capital of Narbonensis.] 662 550, b.c. -a. d. 496. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 550± * * b. c. [Cisalpine] Gaul is set- tled by the Bituriges, who enter as in- vading armies. 390 Julyl6.± B.C. It. The Senonian Gauls, under their Brennus, or chief, defeat the Romans at the river Allia, near Koine [and sack the city ; they are expelled by Marcus Furius CamillusJ. 295 * * b. c. It. The Gauls and Sain- nites are decisively defeated at Senti- num [Sentino] by the Romans under Fabius Maximus and Decius Mus. 284± * * b. c. It. The Senonian Gauls and Italian Confederacy defeat the Ro- mans at Arretium [Etruria], where Metullus is killed. 283 * * b. c. It. At the Vadimonian Lake, the Gauls and Etruscans are totally defeated by the Romans under Dolabella. 282 * * b. c. It. The Gauls are again defeated by the Romans at Fopulonia. 280 * * b. c. Gr. The Gauls invade Greece, and are defeated under their Brennus at Delphi [Kastri] in Phocis. 231* *B. c. Corsica. The Romans ex- pel the Carthaginians. 225 * * b. c. It. Battle of Telamon : the invading Gauls, 70,000 strong, are al- most annihilated by the Romans under the Consul Regulus. 222* * b. c. The insubrian Gauls, uuder Viridomar, are totally defeated at Clas- tidum by the Romans under Marcellus. 218 * * B. c. Many of the Gauls' follow Hannibal into Italy. 202 * * b. c. JV. Afr. Scipio Africanus defeats the army of Hannibal at Zama. (See Italy.) 121 * * -158 * * B. c. The Romans gain many victories over the Gauls in Gal- lia Cisalpina and Gallia Transalpina. [102. Marius totally defeats the Cim- brian Gauls of Central Europe at Aqua^ Sextia? (Aix). 101. He annihilates the Cimbrians at Vercella? (Vercelli), Italy.] * * b. c. Nimes is conquered by the Ro- mans. 113 * * b. c. The Cimbrians and Teu- tons invade Gaul, and attack the Ro- mans. 60 * * B. c. Gaul is invaded by the Ger- mans under Ariovistus. 59 * * b. c. Julius Caesar is given com- mand of the Romans in Gaul and Illyr- ium for five years. 58* *-50* * b. c. In eight campaigns Caesar subdues the whole of Gaul. * * b. c. Ger. Caesar defeats Ariovistus in a great battle in Alsace ; 50,000 Ger- mans are slain. 57 * * b. c. Belg. Csesar subdues the Belgian Gauls, defeating the Nervii in a great battle on the Sambre. [56. He subdues Brittany and most of Aqui- tania. 53. He suppresses an insurrec- tion led by Ambiorix, and subdues the tribe of the Eburones.] 52 * * b. c. The Gauls revolt under Vercingetorix, the chief of the Arvenni ; Caesar lays waste their country, and be- sieges and captures Avaricum [Bourges] and Alesia [Alise] ; Vercingetorix sur- renders [and is put to death in Rome]. 49 * * b. c. Caesar besieges and takes Marseilles. 40* *A. D. The Roman Emperor Calig- ula leads an expedition into Gaul. 69 * * -71 * * The Batavians and Gauls led by Claudius Civilis unsuccessfully revolt against Rome. [70. He is de- feated by Cerealis.] 197 * * The Emperor Severus defeats his rival, Clodius Albinus, near Lyons. 253± * * The Franks [freemen], a Ger- man tribe, invade Gaul. [271i. They are defeated by the Emperor Aurelian in Umbria, Italy. 276. By the Emperor Probus. 281. By the Emperor Maxi- mian. 287 * * Maximian suppresses a general insurrection of the peasants of Gaul. 306 * * The Emperor Constantius de- feats invading Franks. 355* *-59* *The Emperor Julian, "the Apostate," wins great victories over the invading Franks and Alemanni [Germans]. [357. He defeats them at Argentoratum (Strasburg).] 368 * * The Gauls are surprised, defeated, and dispersed by Romans under Jovin- ius. 383 * * Maximus leads revolting sol- diers from Britain into Gaul, and de- feats the Emperor Gratian at Lyons. Gratian is killed in flight. 406* *Vandals and Burgundians penetrate Germany : they invade and desolate Gaul. [RheimsJ is sacked and ravaged. [407. Nimes is plundered.] 419 * * Tolosa [Toulouse] is taken by "Wallia, King of the "West Goths. 428 * * Belg. Belgic Gaul is conquered by Clodion, chief of the Salian Franks. [447. He is defeated by Aetius the Ro- man governor at Lutchia (Paris).] 451 * * The Huns under King Attila, the " Scourge of God," invade and ravage the country. Attila is defeated by Aetius at Aurelani [Orleans] and near Catalaunum [Chalons]. 456 * * Corsica. The Vandals gain pos- 458 * * Childerie conquers the country as far as the Loire, and takes Lutchia [Paris]. 470± * * Massilia [Marseilles] and Aries are taken by Euric. 486 * * Clovis defeats the Roman gover- nor Syagrius at Soissons, and destroys the Roman power in Gaul. 496 * * Prus. Clovis defeats the Ale- manni with great slaughter at Tolbia- cum [Ziilpich] near Cologne. [500. He attacks and defeats the Burgundians at Dijon.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * * The early Gauls live in round wat- tled huts, which are clay-plastered within, and thatched with straw over- head ; they are ignorant of the art of raising walls and cementing masonry. * * * The arts of the Gauls are chiefly those that minister to their vanity. They make brilliant dyes, and weave gaily plaided cloths. They plate metals, veneer woods, make embroidered car- pets, and garments decorated with orna- mentB wrought in silver and gold. 539 * * b. c. The rudiments of civiliza- tion are introduced by Greek and Phe- nician colonists. The arts of writing, mining, and work- ing of metals, the planting <_>f the olive and the vine, are traceable to them. 280* * The Emperor Probus reintroduces the culture of the vine, which had been torn up and destroyed by order of Domitian. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 197 * * Albinus, Decimus Clodius, governor of Gaul, dies. 202 * * IrenieuB, Saint. Greek bishop of Lyons, A78. 205 • * Denis. Saint, patron saint of France, born. [272. Dies. A67.] 3O0 * * Hilary, Saint, bishop of Poitiers, writer, born. [367. Dies. A67-] 316 * * Martin. Saint, bishop of Tours, born. [400. Dies. A84.] 358 * * Germain, Saint, bishop of Auxerre, preacher, born. [448. Dies. A90O 390* * Drepuriius. I.utiiiius Pacatus, poet, d. 406* * Hilarv, or Hilarius, Saint, bishop of Aries, born. [449. Dies. A43-] 411 * * Meroveeus. founder of Merovingian dynasty, born. [449. Dies. A46.] 422 * * Genevieve. Saint, patron saint of ' Paris, born. [512. Dies. A90-] 439± * * Iieiny, or Remi, St., bp. of Reims, apostle of the Franks, b. [533. Dies. A94.J 460 * * Avitus, Saint, poet, born. 466* * Clovis I., kinw. h. [511. B. A45.] 475 * * Clotilde, Sainte. wife of Clovis I., born. [545. Dies. A70.J 481 * * Childeiric I., king, dies. 497* * Clotairel., king, b. [560. D. A63-] CHURCH. 40 * * The Emperor Claudius proscribes the religion of the Druids. 100 * * -150 * * Christianity is intro- duced. 160+ * * Pothinus is bishop of Lyons. [177. Irenasus.] 177 * * Christians suffer persecution in Lyons and Vienne. Many Christians are barbarously tor- tured in the amphitheater. Pothinus and Blandina suffer. [197. Martyrdom is renewed in Lyons. 202. Again re- newed. Irenseus, one of the Fathers of the Church, suffers.] 3d Century. Massilia [Marseilles] is Christianized. 287 * * Crispin and Crispinianus, two brothers, are [legendary] saints. They travel to propagate religion, and support themselves by making shoes. [Crispin is the patron saint of shoe- makers. Oct. 25. Crispin is put to death by being thrown into a caldron of melted lead.] 300 * * Rouen becomes a bishopric. 314 * * An important church council is held at Aries. 345 * * _500 * * The churches are dis- turbed by the Arian controversy. 353 * * [St.] Hilary, an anti-Arian leader, becomes bishop of Poitiers. 257 * * Christians suffer persecution. [2S6, 2SS. Persecution is renewed.] 360± * * [St.] Martin founds a convent near Poitiers, and labors to complete the conversion of the Western Gauls. FRANCE. 550, b.c-a. d. 496. 663 371 * * [St.] Martin is consecrated bishop of Tours. 402 * * Home. St. Innocent I. is pope. 406 * * The church at Reims lias been erected before this date. 407± * * Many thousand Christians are massacred in the church at Mentz by the invading Vandals and Burguudians. 417 * * Rome. St. Zosemus is pope. * * Gondicar, King of the Buxgundians, is converted to Christianity. 483 * * Rome. St. Felix III. is pope. [492, St. Gelasius I. ; 496, St. Anastasius II.] 496 * * The fleur-de-lis becomes the emblem of France. It is alleged to have been brought to Clovis from heaven by an angel, as a sig- nal of divine favor, after he had vowed to embrace Christianity if favored in battle with the Alemanni. Dec. 25. Clovis is baptized in the ca- thedral at Reims, chiefly through the influence of Clotilde his wife. [He be- comes a patron of the church.] More than 3,000 Franks are baptized the same day. LETTERS. 40± * *b. c. Massilia [Marseilles], " the Athens of Gaul," is celebrated for its excellent schools. 320± * * A. D. Lactantius writes Divine Institutions, Anger of God, Death of Per- secutors, and many other works. 340 * * -380 * * Decimus Magnus Auso- nius writes Ordo Nobilium Urbium, an historical work, Actio ad Gratianwn, Pe- riochae in Iliadem et Odysseam, Idyllia, Epistolse, Play of the Seven Sages, etc. 358± * * The Emperor Julian writes an account of his campaigns in Gaul, after the style of Csesar's Commentaries. 359 * * -360 * * St. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, writes 12 books on the Trinity, against Arianism. 393ir * * St. Paulinus of Nola writes Epis- tolse Carmina, Passio S. Genesii, etc. 403 ± * * "Vigilant ius writes a work against relic worship, s„aint worship, and the celibacy of the clergy. 425± * *Joannes Eremita Cassianus writes Institutions of Monasteries, Dia- logues, The Incarnation, etc. 430± * * Prosper of Aquitaine writes a poem, Adversus Ingratos, against the Pelagians. 455+ * * Porsper of Aquitaine writes a Chronicle, a poem on Grace, Epigrams, and other works. 465± * * Apollinaris Sidonius writes Let- ters, Poems, Panegyrics on different em- perors, and other works. 486* *-1495* * Period of the Middle Ages. So-called "Bark Ages," "INight of a Thousand Tears." Scholastic learning chiefly prevails. SOCIETY. * * * In the earliest times the Gauls dress in skins, tattoo their flesh, drink out of the skulls of their foes, and treat all strangers as their natural enemies. 1100+ * * b. c. The Phenicians elevate the rude society of Gaul, and the advent of Greek colonists marks the begin- nings of civilization. * * * The Gauls are of large stature, fair complexion, usually haviug yellow hair and tierce mustaches. They have descended from a Celtic race, as a branch of the Indo-European family of nations. 277± * * The Emperor Probus puts to death 400,000 barbarian invaders of Gaul. 287 * * Their insurrection having failed, the peasants of Gaul are for the most part reduced to a condition of servitude. They suffer from the complicated tyr- anny of the barbarians, the Roman sol- diers, and the collectors of the revenue. 406+ * * The Confederated Suevi, Van- dals, Alani, and Burgundians cross the Khine, and ravage peaceful and pros- perous Gaul. " The barriers which had so long sepa- rated the savage from the civilized na- tions of the earth were from that fatal moment leveled with the ground. " (Gib- bon.) 493 * * Clovis espouses Clotilda, a Bur- gundian princess. STATE. 113 * * E. c. The Gallic natives form a league against the Romans. [112. Dis- solved after defeat.] * * b. c. The Cimbri and Teutons aid the Gauls against the Romans. 60 * * B. c. Invading Germans under Ariovistus overrun Eastern Gaul. 59* *b. c. Lugdunum [Lyons] is founded by a colony of Greeks. 58* *b. c. Julius Csesar is proconsul of Gallia Narbonensis and Gallia Cisal- pina. He proceeds to subdue the Gauls. (See Army.) 49 * * B. c. Lugdunum [Lyons] is devel- oped by Romans under Munatius Plan- cus. [59 A. D. Burned in one night.] 27 * * a. d. Augustus divides Transal- pine Gaul into four provinces, — Nar- bonensis [Narbonne], Aquitania [South- west Prance], Lugdunensis [valley of the Loire and lower valley of the Seine], and Belgica [Belgium]. 68 * * C. Julius Vindex, who represents the Romans in Gaul, rebels, and pro- claims Galba emperor ; Galba ascends the throne. 120 * * The Emperor Hadrian visits Gaul on a tour of inspection, and con- fers many benefits on the people. [He is called the restorer of the Gauls.] 193 * * The Roman armies in Gaul and Britain proclaim Clodius Albinus em- peror. 238 * * The name Franks [Freemen] is first mentioned. They are a confederation of Germanic tribes, and are among the most danger- ous enemies of Rome. [" The powers of learning and ingenuity have been ex- hausted in the discovery of their unlet- tered ancestors." (Gibbon.)] 242 * * Vandals settle [in Burgundy. 254-481. Gaul is overrun by barbari- ans]. 292 Mar. 1. Diocletian and Maximian divide the Roman Empire into four governments, and give Gaul to Con- stantine, who bears the title of Casar. 306 * * Constantine is proclaimed em- peror of Gaul by his soldiers. 357 * * Julian arrives to relieve Gaul, which has been desolated by barba- rians j he assigns lands in Northern Gaul to the Salian Franks. 361 * * Paris. Julian is proclaimed em- peror. 392 May 15. The Emperor "Valentin- ian II. is put to death at Vienne by Ar- bogast, the Frankish general. 406 * * The invading Vandals, Burgundi- ans, and Franks ravage the opulent provinces of Gaul. * * The Kingdom of Burgundionum [Burgundy] is established under King Gondicar. 412+ * * King Atawulf leads the West Goths from Italy into Gaul ; they settle in Aquitania [Southwest France], 418 * * The Emperor Honorius first as- sembles [annually] the representatives of the seven provinces of Gaul at Aries. * * -500 * * The Franks, under Phara- mond, from the lower Rhine, settle in Gaul. 419 * * Tolosa [Toulouse] is the capital of the West Goths. 423 * * Aetius the Roman drives the Franks beyond the Rhine. 424 * * The Salic Law, by which females are excluded from inheriting the crown of France, is instituted by Pharamond. 428 * * -448 * * Clodion the Hairy is king of the Salic Franks. 432 * * Vienne is the capital of Bur- gundy. [436. Gunderic is its king.] 448 * * Merovceus, or Merovee, son-in-law of Clodion, becomes king of the Franks. [He reigns 10 years.] 458 * * Childe'ric I., son of Merov^e, be- comes king of the Franks. [He is driven from his throne for his infamous conduct, and JEgidius, the Roman commander, is voluntarily chosen by the Franks to be their sove- reign. 464. .ZEgidius is murdered, and Child^ric recalled.] 466 * * Euric is king of the West Goths in Aquitania. [475. All Gaul west of the Rhone is ceded to the West Goths.] 476 * * The Roman Empire of the West comes to an end, and the kingdom of the Franks is established. 481 * * -751 * * The Merovingian Dy- nasty. The scepter is a golden rod. 481 * * Clovis the Great, aged 15, the founder of the dynasty, becomes king of the Merovingian Franks. He is chosen by the Franks living in and around the city of Tournay [Bel- gium]. 486 * * The Franks become supreme by the victory at Soissons. 496 * * Clovis is converted to Christi- anity. All the bishops of Gaul aid in extend- ing his authority and consolidating his kingdom. He is crowned by Remi- gius, Archbishop of Reims. [Reims is thenceforth the crowning-place of the. French kings till 1830.] 664 498, * *-796, FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 507 * * Clovis defeats tke Visigoths un- der Alaric H. at VougW near Poitiers ; Alaric is killed, and Clovis gains nearly all Aquitania [Southwest France], He captures Toulouse. 510* * Clovis is defeated at Aries by Theodoric the Great, King of the East Goths and of Italy, who acquires Pro- vence. 562 * * -584 * * The Avars and Lom- bards make frequent incursions. 567 * * -613 * * Bloody civil wars oc- cur ; they are caused by the division of the kingdom. 687 * * Battle of Testri. PfSpin, palace mayor of the Austrasian Franks, defeats Berthar, palace mayor to Thierry III., King of the Neustnan Franks. The struggle between the two kingdoms is ended, and Pepin becomes "duke and prince of all the Franks." 689 * * Ger. The Franks are supreme. 720 * * The Saracens under Zama in- vade Gaul from Spain. 728 * * The first French navy is formed. 8th Century. Lyons is plundered by the Saracens. 732 * * Charles Martel defeats the Sara- cens under Abd-er-Rahman in a great battle between Poitiers and Tours. The victory averts from Christian Eu- rope the danger of Mohammedan con- quest ; it is one of the decisive battles of the world. 755* * It. Pe"pin the Short enters Italy. He brings an army to aid Pope Stephen against Aistulf, King of the Lombards, who had taken Ravenna. Aistulf is de- feated, and P4pin makes a gift to the Pope of Ravenna, Bologne, Ferrara, and other Italian territory ; it is known as the "donation of P^pin," and is the origin of the temporal dominion of the papacy 759 * * P£pin, after fighting for several years, compels the Saracens to surren- der Narbonne, their capital, and last stronghold in Gaul. 772* *-803* * Ger. Charlemagne subdues the Saxons after many bat- tles. 774 * * Charlemagne conquers Desi- derius, the last king of Lombardy, who had invaded the dominions of the Pope. 778 * * Sp. Battle of Roncesvalles. On Charlemagne's return from an ex- pedition in aid of the Spanish Arabs, his rear-guard is attacked and annihilated by the Basques or the Moors; Koland, Charlemagne's nephew, is among the killed. 788* *-796* * Pannonia. Charle- magne conquers the kingdom of the Avars, and captures their camps or rings, gaining great treasure from these storehouses of plunder. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 6th Century. Worms are brought from India to introduce the manufacture of silk. 600± * * St. Eloi of Limoges is famous as a worker in the precious metals. 628 * * King Dagobert builds the church of St. Denis [near Paris, the burial- place of the French Kings. [He is first of all buried here]. * * Paris. The Louvre is the residence of the king. 757 * * The Emperor Constantine sends an organ to France. 760 * * The only clock in the world [so far as now known] is sent to Pepin by Pope Paul I. (Haydn. ) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 525 * * Avitus, Saint, Alcimus-Ecdieius, arch- bishop of Vienne, Latin poet, A65. 539* * Chilperic I., king, b. [584. D. A45.] 540 * * Gregory, bishop of Tours, hiBtorian, born. [594. Dies. A55±.J 545* * FnMeVoiHli-, win- of < 'hilperic I., born. [597. Dies. A51-] 554* * Tlieodebald, king, dies. 558 * * Childebert I., king, A70. 570* * Childebert II.. king, born. [596. Dies. A26.] 584* * Clotairell.. king, b. [628. D. A44.] 588 * * Eloy. or Eligius, liisliup of Tournay and Noyon, bom. [650. Dies. A62.] 592* * Fredeguire. author, b. [660. D. A68.] 593 * * Gontnm, Kinn of ISnru'iindy, dies. 633* * Clovis II., king, b. [655. D. A22.] 649 * * Childeric U.. king,b. [673. D. A24.] 670* * Chilperic II., king, b. [720. D. A50.J 682* * Clovis III., king, b. [695. D. A13.J 683* * Childebert III., king, born. [755. Dies. A72.] 714* * Pepin the Short, king, born. [768. Dies. A54.] 720 * * Clotaire IV., king, dies. 742* * Charlemagne. Charles the Great, Emperor of the West, King of France, born. [814, Jan. 28. Dies. A72.] 771 * * Carloinan, joint, ruler, dies. Eginhard, or Einhard, secretary of Charle- magne, born. [1844. Dies. A73.] 778 * * Louis I., king. Emperor of the West of France, born. [840. Dies. A62.J 779 * * Ago ban I, an'hlushop of Lyons, born. [840. Dies. A6L] CHURCH. 498* * Rome. St. Symmachus is pope. [514, St. Hormisdas; 523, St. John I.; 526, St. Felix IV.; 530, Boniface II.; 532, John II.; 535, St. Asapetus I.; 536, St. Sylverius; 538. Vigilius; 555, Pelagius I.J 543 * *St. Maur, of the Benedictine Order of monks, introduces the monastic life into "Western Europe. [This order reforms the monkish clergy, and becomes famous for extent, wealth, members of note, and transmission of ancient literature through the Dark Ages.] 550 * * Bells are introduced. 560 * * Pome. John III. is pope. [574. Benedict I.; 578, Pelagius II.; 590, St. Gregory I. the Great; 604, Sabinianus; 607, Boniface III. ; 60S, St. Boniface IV.; 615, St. Adeodatus I.; 619, Boniface V.; 625, Honorius l.J 572 * * Gregory is elected bishop of Tours. 588* *659* * St. Eloi lives, the patron of smiths and artists. 613±* * Paris. The church of St. Denis is founded by Dagobert I. 628 * * 638 * * Dagobert I. fills France with churches and convents, and makes enormous gifts to the clergy. 640 * * Rome. Severinus is pope ; later John TV. [642, Theodorus I. ; 649, St. Martin T. ; 655, St. Eugenius I.; 657, St. VitaUanus; 672, Adeodatus 11.; 676, Donus I.; 678, St. Aga- thon; 682, St. Leo II.; 684, St. Benedict II.; 685, John V.; 686, Oonon; 687. St. Sergius I.; 701, John VI.; 708, Sisinnius, later Con- stantine; 715. St. Cn.-uorv II.; 731, St. Greg- ory MI.; 741. St. Zarharv; 752, St. Stephen II., later Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768, Stephen IV.] 720 * * Charles Martel confiscates the enormous accumulation of clerical property for the benefit of his success- ful soldiers ; he appoints his officers to the high dignities of the Church. * * Priests for the most part are grossly illiterate, and live in open concubinage. 732 Oct. 10. Charles Martel rescues Christianity from overthrow by the Mohammedan power. (See Army.) 743 * * Adelbert, a Gaulish pretender, deludes the people. He claims to possess a letter from the Redeemer, which was received from heaven at Jerusalem ; numerous fol- lowers dwell in the woods with him in imitation of John the Baptist. [745. He is condemned at Rome.] 744 * * A Church Council is held at Soissons. 752* * Pepin favors religion, and de- rives great aid from the Pope ; he places himself at the head of the national church. 755* * "The Donation of P^pin" lays the foundation of the temporal power of the popes. (See Army.) 771 * * Pome. Adrian I. is pope. [795, St. Leo m.; 816, Stephen V.J 774 * * -806 * * Ger. Charlemagne fights the Saxons till they accept Chris- tianity ; he becomes the eminent pro- tector of the Holy See. [779. He com- pels them to submit by thousands to the army of priests who attend him, and receive baptism. They choose baptism rather than annihilation.] 779 * * Charlemagne imposes tithes for the support of the clergy, churches, schools, and the poor. 782 * * The revolting Saxons repudiate their Christian faith, and drive priests and missionaries out of the country. 785 * * Witikind, King of the Saxons, finally submits to receive baptism. 787* * Asia Minor. The Sth Council of the Church is held at Nice to establish the worship of images. [794. Charle- magne convenes a counter synod at Frankfort, Germany.] * * * Agobard is archbishop of Lyons. 500± * * The Lex Gundibaldia, or Loi Gombette, a codification of the Burgun- gian law, is published by Gundibald. 570 * * -591 * * St. Gregory of Tours writes History of the Franks, on Mira- cles, and many other treatises. 600± * * Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers, writes Poems. 7th Century. The Lingua Romana is men- tioned as distinguished from the Teutonic dialects. A short song celebrating the martyrdom of St. Eulalia, probably the first in merit of the very early French writings, appears. 760± * * Fredegaire writes a biography of Bishop Gregory of Tours. FRANCE. 498, 796, 665 782 £ * * Charlemagne establishes a school of the palace. A course of study for royal students embraces the seven liberal arts ; Alcuin is its head. 7S9± * * Charlemagne requires bishops to establish elementary schools. They are for gratuitous instruction of the children of freedmen and the labor- ing classes in cathedral cities. 796 * * Alcuin is appointed head of the Abbey of St. Martin's at Tours by Char- lemagne. * * * Transcribing manuscripts be- comes a fashionable occupation. SOCIETY. 545± * * Chilperic marries Fre"de~gonde, who was formerly a mistress and a slave ; she leads him into infamy. 545-1- * * Outside of Romanized cities, horrible barbarism, license, drunken- ness, and cruelty abound; among the kings and nobles many wives are taken by one man. 560 * * Clotaire condemns one of his own sons, with his wife and daughters, to be burned alive, because the son stirred up rebellion. 566 * * Sigebert of Austrasia marries Brunehaut, a Visigoth princess. 575 * * King Sigebert is murdered by emissaries of Fredegonde. * * Chilperic publicly acknowledges Fre- degonde his mistress, and takes her to his palace. His wife is soon strangled, and his mistress becomes queen. 584* * Chilperic, King of Neustria, is assassinated. 597* *Fre~d6gonde dies a natural death, after her brother-in-law, her step- son, and her own husband have succes- sively fallen by the daggers of her emis- 613 * * Brunehaut, the Gothic queen of Sigebert of Austrasia, of refined educa- tion and queenly dignity, is lashed to the tail of a ■wild horse, and kicked to death. Clotaire II. ordered her death. 628± * * King Dagobert I. has three queens-consort, besides numerous mis- tresses. 673 * * Childeric II., his wife, and child, are all assassinated. A younger son escapes by the aid of a vassal, 760 * * Society begins to recover from the ignorance and misery of the age of confusion which preceded Charle- magne. 768 * * Charlemagne, horn in Bavaria, is a German in blood, speech, and man- ners. He is described as a giant seven feet high ; an athlete, and gifted with a noble presence. After death his body is sepul- chred sitting on a marble throne, under the dome of the church at Aix-la-Cha- pelle, in royal robes, with the crown on his head, and his horn, sword, and book of the Gospels on his knee [where it remains for more than 350 years]. 778 * * Rise of chivalry ; Roland the Frank, one of the paladins of Charle- magne, is its romantic hero. * * * "Nine-tenths of the population of Gaul are slaves." (Fisher.) '* * * Feudalism prevails in the social state. STATE. 500 * * The kingdom of Burgundy be- comes tributary to Clovis. 505 * * The Eastern Emperor Anastasius creates Clovis a patrician. 507 * * Clovis unites his conquests from the Loire to the Pyrenees. 908 * * Clovis fixes his court at Paris. He makes a treaty of peace with Theo- doric in Italy. 511 Nov. 27. Paris. Clovis dies. * * The kingdom is divided among the four sons of Clovis. Childebert has Paris, Clotaire I. has Soissons [Neustria], Clodomir, Aureli- ani [Orleans], and Frederic Thierry has Mentz. 523 * * -534 * * The sons of Clovis con- quer the Burgundians. 558 * * His brothers dying, Clotaire I., fourth son of Clovis, becomes sole king of the Franks ; he reunites the several parts of the kingdom. 561 * * Clotaire I. dying, the kingdom is again divided among his four sons. Charibert becomes king of Paris ; Gun- tram, king of Orleans and Burgundy; Chilperic 1., king of Neustria, Soissons ; and Sigebert, king of Mentz. 567 * * Charibert dies. The kingdom is redivided into three parts, Austrasia [West Germany?], capi- tal, Reims ; Neustria [North France and Flanders], capital, Soissons; Bur- gundy [valleys of the Saone and lower Khone.eto.], capital, Orleans. Guntram acquires Aquitaine [Southwest France.] 584 * * Chilperic I., King of Neustria, is assassinated ; Clotaire II., infant son of Chilperic, becomes king. [He rules till 628, reunites the kingdom, and se- cures tranquillity.] 588 * * Paris is destroyed by fire. 593 * * Guntram, King of Burgundy, dies. 596 * * Thierry H. is king of Austrasia and Burgundy, these divisions being united, and leaving the kingdom divided into Austrasia and Neustria. 613 * * Fe"pin the Elder becomes mayor of the palace, or major-domus. [632. He exercises the power of the govern- ment.] Thierry II. dies. 615 * * Paris. A great council is held. It is enacted that all benefices of fiefs shall be hereditary and irrevocable, that clergy and people have the right of electing to ecclesiastical offices, and that bishops and nobles may appoint judges and tribunals in their jurisdic- tions without reference to the Crown. 616 * * Clotaire II. holds a kind of mov- able parliament called placita [whence comes the word pleas]. 622 * * Clotaire II. cedes Austrasia to his son Dagobert. [628. He becomes King of the Franks. 638. Dies.] 631* *-761* * The Dukes of Aquitaine reign at Toulouse. 633 * * Sigebert I. becomes king of Aus- trasia. * * The kingdom of the Franks is again divided between Clovis II. (five years of age), and Sigebert II. (18 years of age), two sons of Dagobert. Clovis takes Neustria, and Sigebert Austrasia. [Clovis and his two succes- sors are the "lazy" or "do-nothing" kings; in their reigns the whole ruling power is in the hands of the palace- mayors]. 656 * * Elbroin, a despot, is palace- mayor of Neustria. 676 * * Pe"pin of H^ristal becomes ma- jor-domus of Austrasia. 687 * * 714 * * P6pin, as sole major- domus of all the Franks, rules kings and subjects of both divisions. 691 * * Clovis III. is nominal king under Pepin. [695. Childeric III. 714. Dago- bert III. Pepin dies. 715. Chilperic II.] 714 * * -741 * * Charles Martel, Duke of Austrasia, son of P^pin, becomes palace-mayor. [719. He exercises kingly power.] 719* *-732* * Charles Martel distrib- utes lands on condition of personal military service by the vassal when re- quired by his superior (feudalism). 720 * * Thierry TV. is nominal king ; Charles Martel, the real ruler. 741* *Pope Gregory IH., being in fear of the Lombard kings, places him- self under the protection of Charles Martel. 741 Oct. 22. Charles Martel dies, after assigning his kingdom to his three sons. [Grifton is seized by his brothers, and placed in a convent ; Carloman resigns after reigning five years, and -enters a monastery, leaving all France to Pe"pin the Short.] 752-987 The Carlovingian Dynasty. Paris is ruled by counts. * * Pope Zacharias authorizes P6pin to assume the crown. [Pe^pin reestablishes his authority in .Aquitania, and extends it by the con- quest of Septimania, a province lying between the Rhone and the Pyrenees, which had been held by the Saracens.] 759 * * Septimania is taken from the Saracens, and annexed to the French Crown. 768 Sept, 24. P6pin dies, leaving the kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles. The former obtains Austrasia, Swabia [South Germany], and Thuringia [Cen- tral Germany] ; the latter has the re- maining part. Charles usurps the power, and becomes king of all France on the death of his brother Carloman. 768-814 Charlemagne, or Charles I., reigns. 774* *Having annexed Lombardy, Charlemagne assumes the iron crown of Italy, as King of the Franks and Lom- bards. [796. Prvs. He makes Aix-la- ChapeUe the capital.] 778 * * Toulouse county is created out of Aquitaine. 666 800, **-1016, * FRANCE. ARMY — WAVY. 839 * * The Saracens sack Marseilles. 841 June 25. Battle of Fontenailles [Fontenay]. Lo thai re, claiming nearly the entire realm, is defeated by his brothers, Louis the German and Charles the Bald. * * Northmen, Vikings, enter the Seine ■with 120 galleys, and capture and pillage Rouen. [Finally it becomes the capital of Normandy. 845. They take possession of Paris, which is abandoned to them. 856. They invaded Neustria (Northwest France), and lay waste the country.] 843 * * -876 * * Louis the German is at war with the Slavs, with his brother Charles the Bald, and with invading Scandinavian Vikings. 852 * * Corsica is conquered by Pisaus. 857 * * Paris. The Northmen again enter Paris, and butcher many thou- sands of the inhabitants. 859 * * Saracens pillage Nice. [Again in S80.] 862 * * Robert the Strong vigorously op- poses the Northmen. 875 * * Charles II. invades Italy, to pos- sess the dominions of his deceased brother, whose army he defeats. 885* *-886* * Paris is besieged by Northmen under Kollo. It is bravely defended by the citizens, led by Bishop Gnzlin and' Count Eudes (or Odo, Count of Paris), riving Charles the Fat, consenting to buy off the North- men, is deposed.] 890 * * Alan, Count of Vannes, defeats the Northmen. 891 * * Louis III. defeats the Northmen at Saucourt. 911 Aug.* The Northmen are routed with great loss before Chartres by Rich- ard of Burgundy, and Robert, Duke of France. 923 June * Battle of Soissons : Robert I. is killed by his brother ; King Charles seeks safety in flight. 940 * * Civil war. The barons conspire, and fight the king. 978 * * Otho H. , King of the Bohemians, invades France with G0,000 men ; after remaining for three days before Paris he retires without a battle. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 800 * * Charlemagne encourages agri- culture and horticulture. Heraldry as an art is first ascribed to him. 801 * * An earthquake occurs, which is also felt in Germany and Italy. 802 * * Harun-al-Raschid, the Calif of Bagdad, seeking an alliance with Charle- magne, presents him with an artistic striking clock, having automatic fig- ures which mark the hour by playing on musical instruments. 873 * * Swarms of locusts die, putrefy, and occasion great mortality. 950 * * Belg. Flanders has great manu- factories of linens and woolens. 996 * * "Wheel-clocks are invented by Abbe - Gerbert. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 806* * Hinrmur, urdibishop of Reims, born. [882. Dies. A76.: 814* * Anjrilbert, writer, friend of Charle- magne, dies. 823* * Charles II.. the Bald, king, born. [877. Dies. A54.J 839* 'Charles III., the Fat, born. [888. Dies. A49.] Uth r, ntury. Abbo Cernuus, monk, an., b. 860 * * Kollo, lJuke of Normandy, born. OI30. Dies. A70O 877 * * Baldwin, lirst. count of Flanders, d. 894 * * Flovard, canon of Reims, author, born. [966. Dies. A72±.] 923 * * Bernard de Menthon, Saint, fdr. the hospices, Great and Little Bernard, born. [1008. Dies. A85.] 940* * Capet. Hug-h, king, b. [996. D. A 56.] 945* * Abbo Flon;n'.-iisis, abbot of Fleurv, born. [1004. Dies. A59.] 956 * * Hugh the Great. Comte de Paris, d. 987 * * Louis V. , king, dies. 998 * * Bercimer 40,000 Eng- lish under Edward* III. Philip is twice wounded ; French loss, 30,000; his allies, the kings of Bohemia and Majorca, the Due d'Alencon, commander-in-chief, 11 princes, 80 nobles, and 12,000 knights are among the killed. 1347 * * Calais capitulates to the Eng- lish. After a distressing siege of 11 months, Eustache de St. Pierre and oth- ers present themselves with ropes round their necks and the keys of the city in their hands, as a ransom for their f ellow- townsmen ; Edward spares their lives at the intercession of his queen, Philippa. A truce for six years is soon concluded. 1355 * * Carcassonne is sacked by the Black Prince. 1356 Sept. 19. Battle of Poitiers. The Black Prince, with 8,000 men, de- feats 60,000 French under John II., who is taken prisoner [and conveyed to Eng- land]. * * P£rigueux is taken by the English. 1357 Easter. A truce of two years is made with England. 1359 Oct. * Edward again invades France with an English army. [1360. He unsuccessfully besieges Reims.] 1364 May 16. Battle of Cocherel. Bertrand Duguesclin defeats the Eng- lish and the rebels in Navarre, under Charles the Bald. Sept. 29. Battle of Auray. Charles de Blois, claimant to the duke- dom of Brittany, and Duguesclin, who supports his claim, are defeated by Jean V., Duke of Brittany, and John de'Mont- fort. Duguesclin is made prisoner. [Montfort takes possession of the duchy.] 1365 Nov. * Duguesclin leads the law- less bands of Grand or Free Companies into Spain to fight against Don Pedro the Cruel, on behalf of the latter's brother, Henry of Trastamare. 1367 Apr. 13. Sp. Battle of Nojara ; Edward the Black Prince and Pedro the Cruel defeat and capture Duguesclin. 1370 Apr. 22. Paris. Charles V. be- gins the erection of the Bastile to de- fend the city against the English. [1383, completed.] * * Limoges, on the Vienne, is captured and pillaged by the Black Prince ; more than 3,000 citizens are massacred. * * "War is declared against England. * * Duguesclin is made constable of France. 1372 * * Duguesclin, by brilliant move- ments, recovers for France the territory between Loire and Gironde. B-ochelle surrenders to Duguesclin, and is restored to France. 1373 * * Duguesclin and Olivier de Clisson, the Butcher, are successful in Brittany ; most of the Breton fortresses are taken, and De Montfort driven across the Channel. 1375 June * A truce for two years is made with England by the interposition of the Pope. 1377 * * The war with England is re- newed ; the fleets of Castile and France ravage the English coasts. 1378 * * Charles V. possesses the strong- holds of Charles the Bad in Normandy, with the exception of Cherbourg. 1382 Nov. 27. Belg. Battle of Roose- beke. The Flemings, who revolt against their count, are defeated by the French under Charles VI. ; Philippe Van Artevelle, their leader, is killed. [The towns in Flanders are pillaged and the inhabi- tants massacred.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1346 Aug. 26. Cannon and fire-arms are first used at the battle of Crecy. 1364 * * Paris. The Louvre palace is occupied. 1370+ * * Paris. A perfect clock is made by Viek ; three clocks are placed on public buildings. ±: * * Theatrical performances are in- troduced. Spectacles are invented. 1380 * * The Mysteries are played. Chiefly The Passion, the Resurrection, the Incarnation, and St. Catherine. The Moralities are also played, being ab- stract alleogri«-:il characters, as Youth, Despair, Great-heart, etc. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1330* * Flamel, Nicolas, alchemist, bene- factor, born. [1418. Dies. A88.] 1333* * FroiBsart. John, poet, chronicler, born. [1410. Dies. A73.] 1337* * Charles V., the Wise, king, born. [1380. Dies. A43.] 1350* * Aillv, Pierre d\ cardinal, theologi- cal writer. [1425. Dies. A75.] Basselin, Olivie, poet, h. [1419. D. A69.] 1352* * Armasnac, Comte d\ Bernard, constable, born. tl418. Dies. A66,] 1359 * * Caillt't, <; ml l:iini ir, insurgent, dies. 1360* * ('laments, 3Iat.heiu N. de, theolo- gian, horn. [1440. Dies. A80-] 1363 * * Gerson, John (lliarlier de, ecclesi- astic, author, horn. [1429. Dies. A66.] Christine de Pisan. noet, horn. [1415. Dies. A52.] 1364 * * John II.. king, dies. 1372 * * Dabentone, Jean, prophetess, mar- tyr CHURCH. 1321 * * Persecution continues. Lepers are tortured and many of them burned. At Chinon, in Touraine, 160 Jews of both sexes are hurled into a burning pit, while the richer class are imprisoned till their property is discov- ered, and a sum of 150,000 livres trans- ferred to the king. 1324 * * The Cathedral of Perpignan is founded by Sancho II., King of Majorca. 1334 * * Rome. Benedict XII. is pope. [1342, Clement VI. ; 1352, Innocent VI. : 1362, Urban V.; I.'iTi), Greunrv XI.; 1378, Urban VI. ; 1389, Boniface IX. ; 1404, Inno- cent VII. ; 1406, Gregory XII.] 1350+ * *The Flagellants wander about the streets half naked, macerating themselves with whips, to appease the anger of God because of their sins. 1360+ * * The Jews unite with any one annoying the Christians, to avenge the injuries they have received from them. 1378 * * -1447 * * The Great Schism of the "West. A contest occurs between French and Italian cardinals, in the election of popes. A rival line of popes reside at Avignon [until 1824. Anti-popes : Clem- ent VII. ; Benedict XIII.]. 1380 * * The Passion, Resurrection, In- carnation, and St. Catherine are intro- duced as theatrical plays on the Sab- hath, as means of religious instruction. LETTERS. 1325 * * Boi Modus appears. 1332 June* The University of Cahors receives full powers from the Pope as a " studium generale." [1367. It receives civil privileges.] 1339 * * The University of Grenoble receives its charter. 1349 * * The first University of Perpi- gnan is founded. (Or 1379.) 1350 * * Paris. The Royal Library is founded by King John. 14th Century. Attnagier de Paris appears. 1363 * * -64 * * Livre du Voir-Dit, by Guillaume de Machaut, appears. 1364 * * Paris. A coHege of medicine and astrology is founded by Charles V. 1365 * * The University of Orange is founded by Charles V. 1369 * * Prised* A lexandrie, by Guillaume de Machaut, the author of 80,000 verses, appears. 1370 * * A translation of Aristotle's Ethics, by Nicole Oresme, appears. [1371, of Aristotle's Economics.] 1376 * * -78 * * Le Songe du Vergier ap- pears. 1377 * * A translation of St. Augustin's De civitate Dei, by Raoul de Presles, appears. SOCIETY. 1348 * * The people are smitten with the Plague of Florence, or the Black Vomit. It destroys one-fourth of the people of France : the ignorant people accuse the Jews of poisoning the waters, and de- stroy thousands of them. 1350+ * * Much courtesy is shown to men of gentle blood, and scarcely any to those without it. 1358+ * * Guillaume Caillet assumes the name Jacques Bonhomme. He leads bands of peasants, who revolt against their oppressors, and ravage the country during the imprisonment of King John ; they are suppressed with much bloodshed. Few peasants venture to sleep in their cabins for fear of rob- bers, but such as can do so sleep in boats anchored in the water. FRANCE. 1321, * *-1382, Nov. 27. 675 1361 * * -62 * * Paris. An appalling mortality is caused by the Black Pes- tilence. [1367-69. A frightful mortal- ity prevails.] 1364* * Wretchedness abounds. The country is laid waste by fire and sword of contending barons, wandering outlaws, and insurgents. Fields are un- titled, houses in ruins, and Paris itself is forlorn and desolate. * * Paris Only a few of the main streets are paved, and the by-streets are filled with ordure and filth. 1380+ * * Manners are rude. Gentlewomen scamper in the streets, turn and stare at passers-by, peep into windows of private houses, and giggle at mass. Ladies are told to wipe their lips, not their noses, on the table-cloths, and never to steal or tell wilful falsehoods. 1381' : Paris. Riots break out. The soldiers demand their pay, and the citizens rise against illegal taxes and for restored liberties. STATE. 1322 Jan. 3. Philip Y. dies. 1322-1328 Charles IV., the Fair, brother of Philip V., reigns. * * Many towns are independent. 1328 Jan. 31. Charles IY. dies. 1328-1498 (1589) The House of Valois is enthroned. 1328-1350 Philip VI., son of Philip IY.'s brother, Charles of Valois, reigns. 1329 * * Edward of England does feu- dal homage to Philip for his duchy of Guienne in Southwest France. 1330 * * Robert of Artois, ill-treated by Philip VI., takes refuge in England. Philip becomes Edward's enemy, de stroying English merchant-ships, foster- ing pirates, and encouraging the Scots to war with England. 1337* * Eng. Edward claims the French crown in right of his mother, Isabella, sister of Charles IV.; the Flem- ings acknowledge and proclaim him King of France. 1339* *-1453* * The Hundred Years' "War. (See Army.) 1341 * * John deMontfort and Charles of Blois, nephew of Philip, contend for the dukedom of Brittany. [Montfort has the aid of Edward of England, whom he recognizes as King of France.] 1343 Nov. 29. Paris. Fifteen bar- ons of Brittany, invited to a tourna- ment, are seized by order of Philip, and put'to death without trial, on suspicion ■of favoring the English. [War with England follows.] 1347 * * Calais becomes an English pos- session. [1349. Montpellier is acquired from Spain.] 1349 * * The province of Dauphine' is sold to Philip on condition that the eld- est son of the King of France he called the dauphin. 1350 * * Philip enforces the gabelletax, under which the sale of salt is made a government monopoly. Aug. 22. Philip VI. dies. 1350-1364 John II., the Good, son of Philip IV., reigns. He is unworthy of his surname ; for four years he debases the coinage, con- fiscates the goods and securities of for- eign merchants, and stops payment of his debts. * * Comte D'Eu, Constable of France, is beheaded by order of John, on sus- picion of designing to surrender his cas- tle to the English. 1354 Jan. 19. La Cerda, the Consta- ble of France, is assassinated by Charles the Bad, King of Navarre, King John's son-in-law. [A feud between the king and Charles follows.] 1355 * * Edward of England becomes the ally of Charles the Bad against John n. 1356 Apr. * King John seizes Charles of Navarre, while a guest at a banquet given at Rouen by the dauphin, and sends him to prison ; he seizes four other guests, and orders them to be beheaded. Sept. 19. King John is taken prisoner by the English at the battle of Poitiers. [He is conveyed to England, and Charles the Dauphin becomes regent.] 1357 Feb. * Pa?-is. The States-Gen- eral meet, and demand reforms in the government. They include the appointment of a council or commission of 36 delegates from the three estates — prelates, knights, and burgesses— to direct pub- lic affairs. [The reforms are reluctantly conceded by the request of Charles, but the concession is niter wards annulled by the king.] Aug. * The dauphin, Charles, dismisses the 36 commissioners, and takes the reins of government in his own hands. Nov. * Paris. The populace revolt un- der the leadership of Stephen Marcel and Charles the Bad, who is released from prison. 1358 Feb. 22. Paris. A number of the revolters headed by Marcel march to the palace. In the presence of the dauphin they kill two marshals who have been pro- scribed by the States, but retained by the regent ; they compel Charles to pub- licly declare his approval of the act. * * Anarchy prevails ; the throne is en- dangered by the mercenary troops and adventurers, who ravage the provinces and oppress the peasantry. May * The peasants begin a war of ex- termination against the nobles. They organize into an army of 20,000, and go through the country, pillaging and demolishing castles, and massa- cring the inmates ; their leader is Guil- laume Caillet, who gets the name of Jacques Bonhomme [hence the term Jacquerie]. (See Society.) July 31. Paris. Jean Maillart, a par- tizan of the dauphin, surprises and kills Marcel. 1359 May 25. Paris. The States-Gen- eral reject a treaty agreed to by their king in England. He ceded to the English the western half of France, from Calais to Bayonne, and proposing 4,000,000 crowns as John's ransom. 1360 May 8. The Peace of Bretigny is concluded with the English. The treaty gives Edward Poitou, Gui- enne, and Gascony in full sovereignty ; he renounces his claim to the crown of France ; John's ransom is fixed at 3,000,- 000 crowns, to be paid in six years ; 40 hostages are given to England to be held pending payment. July 8. Eng. King John, liberated from imprisonment, returns to France. 1363 * * Burgundy is occupied by John, and given to his son, Philip the Bold [who becomes founder of the Burgun- dian line of the House of Valois]. 1364 * * Eng. The king's sons, Louis and John, hostages for their father, break their parole, and flee to Paris ; King John, to save his honor, surren- ders himself to the English king, who treats him with great courtesy. * * Charles V. reforms the current coin. Apr. 8. John II. dies in England. 1364-1380 Charles V., the Wise, son of John II., reigns. He is a ruler of ability, patronizes learning and literature, and by his wise and vigorous administration quells the disorders arising fron the war of the jacquerie. * * Bertrand Duguesclin, Constable of France, retakes nearly all the territory ceded to England by the captive King John. 1365 Dee. * Sp. Don Pedro (Peter the Cruel) is driven out of Castile by Duguesclin. 1367 Apr. 3. Sp. Pedro is restored by the victory at Najara. 1368 .June 30. The lords of Gascony and Guienne make complaint to Charles against the money exactions of the Prince of Wales, and they appeal to him to redress their grievances. 1369 Jan. 25. Charles summons Ed- ward of England to appear to answer the complaint of his vassals of Gascony and Guienne. [The Prince of Wales re- plies that he will appear "with 60,000 men."] * * Charles V. gives Lille to Louis de Male. [It passes to Burgundy and finally to Austria and Spain.] * * Sp. Peter the Cruel is killed by his brother Henry. 1379 * * Belg. The Flemish towns re- volt, and expel Louis their count. 1380 * * The maladministration of the Duke of Anjou causes a revolt in Lan- guedoc, Southern France. * * Paris suffers from civil strife. Sept. 16. Charles V. dies. 1380-1422 Charles "VX, 11 years of age, son of Charles V., reigns ; his uncle, the Duke of Anjou, is regent during his minority. 1381 * * Duke of Anjou becomes re- gent. [He seizes the public treasure to help to secure for himself the kingdom, of Naples.] 676 1382, **-1440, FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1386 * * Charles threatens to invade England, but abandons the expedition. 1388 * * Dunkirk is burned by the Eng- lish. 1408 Sept. 23. Battle of Hasbain ; John, Duke of Burgundy, is victorious. 1410 * * Civil war occurs between the factions of the Dukes of Orleans and Burgundy. 1415 Aug. 14. "War with England. Henry V. of England, making claim to the French crown, lands with an army of 30,000 men at Havre. [Sept. 22. Har- fleur, after a brief siege, surrenders to Henry.] Oct. 25. Battle of Agincourt. About 50,000 French under Constable d'Albret are defeated by about 15,000 English under Henry V. of England. The chivalry of France is decimated ; the Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon are captured, and 10,000 French, including the Constable id France and six dukes or princes, are killed. English loss, 1,600. Nov. * Henry reembarks for England. 1417 Aug. 1. Henry returns, and lands at Touques, near Honfieur. [He cap- tures Caen, Bayeux, Falaise, Evreux, Coutances, Laigle, Saint-L6, and Cher- bourg.] 1419 Jan. 13. Rouen capitulates to Henry after a siege of five months. The city is spared on the payment of 300,000 golden crowns. 1420 * * Paris. The English occupy the city. 1421 * * Many soldiers from Scotland enter the French military service. 1423 June 11. Battle of Cravant. The allied English and Burgundians under the Duke of Bedford defeat the allied French and Scotch who fight for Charles VII. [1424. Aug. 17. He defeats them again at the battle of Verneuil.] 1428 Oct. 12. The English under the Earl of Salisbury commence the siege of Orleans. 1429 Feb.* "Battle of the Her- rings." The besieged at Orleans make a sortie and attack a contingent conveying a supply of herrings to the English ; they are driven back with great slaughter. Mar. 9. Joan of Arc [the Maid of Or- leans] announces her mission to King Charles at Chimon. Apr. * Charles puts Joan of Arc in com- mand of French troops. [Apr. 29. Joan crosses the Loire, and enters Orleans without opposition from the English, who are besieging the town. May 7. Joan captures from the English the bastile of Tournelles before Or- leans; she is wounded in the attack. May 8. The English retire ; the siege of Orleans is raised. Joan is called the Maid of Orleans.] June 12. The French, encouraged by Joan of Arc, storm and capture Jargeau. June 18. Battle of Patay. The French under Jean, Comte de Du- nois, making the attack on the advice of Joan of Arc, defeat the English led by Lord Talbot. July 10. Troyes capitulates to the French under Joan of Arc. Sept. 8. Paris. The French make an assault against the English [and are repulsed]. 1430 May 24. Joan of Arc is cap- tured in a sortie from Compiegne, while the town is besieged by the Duke of Burgundy. 1436 Apr. 13. Paris. The English are forced to evacuate ; the city is occu- pied by Constable de Richemont. 1439 * * Charles VII., with the approval of the States-General, establishes a standing army of 22,000 foot and 900 horse ; it is the first standing army on record. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1391* * Paris. The Academy of Painting is established. 1392 * * Cards are invented to amuse Charles VI. 1404 * * Paris. Hats are first made by a Swiss. 1414 * * Muskets are used by Burgun- dians at Arras. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1385+ * * Ch artier, Alain, poet, b. [1449. Dies. A64+.] 1390* * Aleman, Louis, cardinal, archbp. of Aries, statesman, b. [1450. Dies. A60.] Monstrelet, Engiien'aiul (It:, chronicler, born. [1453. Dies. A63.] 1391 * * Charles Inn- d'Orleaus, soldier, poet, born. [1466. Dies. A75.] 1400* * Cceur. Jacques, gold and Silver smith, born. [1461. Dies. A6I.] 1403* * Basin, Thomas, historian, born. [1491. Dies. A89.J Dunois, Jean,<'omte . A62.J born. [1524. Dies. A 49.] 1483 * * Juda, Leo, Protestant clergyman, b. [1542. Dies. A60.] 1487* * Lambert, Francois, reformer, born. 1489 * * Farel, < luillaume, reformer, born. 1490* * Bourbon, Charles, Due de, general, born. [1527. Dies. A37.] Longueil, Christophe, de, Latin scholar, writer, born. [1522. Dies. A32.] Gilles, Pierre, naturalist, traveler, writer, born. [1555. Dies. A65.] 1491 * * Balue, -lean ile la, cardinal, A69. 1492* * Margaret, Queen of Navarre, author, born. [1549. Dies. A57.] Montmorency, Due de. Anne, first consta- ble, born. 1493 * * L'Ermite, Tristan, courtier, A78. 1494* * Cartier, Jacques, navigator, ex- plorer, born. [1555. Dies. A6L] Fine, Oronce, math., ineeFi.,b. [15,55. D. A61.] Francis I., king, born Sept. 12. I'annentier, Jean, nav., b. [1530. D. A36.] 1495* * Marot, Clement, poet, born. Rabelais. Francois, physician, philosopher* II., born. 1500* * Cousin, Jean, painter, born. Dumoiilin, Charles, jurist, born. Dorat, Jean, poet, born. 1503 * * FJtienne, Robert, printer, schol.,b. Nostradamus, Michel de, astrologer, physi- 1504* * L'Hdpital, Michel de, chancellor, b. 1505 * * Cosse, Charles de, Comte de Brissac, marshal, born. • Ilry, Thierry de, surgeon, born. 1507* * Chevalier, Antoine de Kodolphe> Hebraist, writer, born. Bondelet, William, savant, born. 1492 * * Rome. Alexander YI. is pope. [1503. Pius III.; later, Julius II.: 1513. Leo X.] 1445 * * Salade, by Antoine de la Salle, appears. [1448. Les Quinze joies de ma- nage; 1459, Le Petit Jean de Samtri ; 1461, Cent XouvelU'S JS'ouvelles, Romances in prose.] 1450 * * The Passion, by Arnoul Greban r appears ; also Actes ties Jpotres, and Les Blasphhnateurs. 1452 * * The University of Valence is founded. ± * * The Siege of Orleans and The De- struction of Troy, by Jacques Millet, ap- pear. 1456 * * Le Petit Testament, by Francois Villon, appears. 1457± * * Georges Chastellain writes Chronique de Messire Jacques de La- laing. 1458± * Le Vieux Testament appears. ±* * Paris. The University has a Greek professor. 1460 * * -63 * * A translation of Jo- sephus, by Guillaunie Coquillart, ap- pears. [1477. Plait/over (Ventre la, simple et la ruse and Les Droits nouveaux, etc.] * * The Grand Testament, by Villon, ap- pears. 1463 * * The University of Nantes is founded. [1465. The University of Bourges.] 15th Century. Chronique Scandaleuse,\>y Jean de Troyes, appears. 1470± * * The comedy, L'Avocat Paielin r appears. 1486 * * The Passion, by Jean Michel, appears. 1500± * * Memoires et Lettres et Negotia- tions, by Philippe de Comines, appears. FRANCE. 1440, **-1507, 679 ± * * Martial de Paris, or d'Auvergne, writes Daiise Macahre isoles; Imperial loss, 12,000. July * The English land 30,000 men at Calais ; [they take Boulogne. 1550. It is restored.] Sept. 18. Peace is made at Crespy. (See State.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1515+ * * Period of the Renaissance. 1520 * * Silk is manufactured in Lyons. 1527 * * Knitting becomes known. 1529 * * -41 * * Francis begins to con- struct palaces. He secures the most learned men and celebrated artists of the world, and be- comes a munificent patron of art. 1533 * * Paris. The Hotel de Ville [a historic building of great size] is begun by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona. 1536 * * Paris. The boulevards are commenced. 1541 * * Paris. The Louvre, begun in the 13th century, is improved by new buildings, and [the existing palace is begun]. 1543 * * Paris. The Academy of Mu- sic is founded. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1509 * * Calvin, John, theol., reformer, b. Dolet, Etienne, scholar, born. Comines, Philippe de, statesman, hist., A64. 1510* * Lescot, Pierre, architect, born. Palissy. Bernard, enameler, potter, born. Birague, liene de, cardinal, statesman, bom. Postel, Gnillaiime, orientalist, visionary, b. 1513 * * Turnebus, Adrianus, scholar, born. Brusquet, " buffon de court," born. 1513 * * Amyot, Jacques, bishop, author, b. Dalechatnps, .Jacques, phys., botanist, born. Adrets, Francois de Beaumont, baron, Hu- guenot leader, b. 1515 * * Castalio, Sebastien, theologian, b. Gonjon, Jean, sculptor, born. Ramus, Peter, or Pierre de la Ramee, phi- losopher, scholar, born. 1517 * * Re Ion, Pierre, naturalist, trav., b. Colig-ni, Gaspard de, adni., leader of Hu- guenots, born. Granvelle, Antotne de Perreuotde, cardinal, statesman, born. Pare, Ambrois<\ snrt,'., father of Fr. surg.,b. .1518* * Delorme, Philibert. architect, b. Henry II. , king, born. Languet, Hubert, political writer, born. Beze, Theodore de, reformer, Calvinistic theologian, born. Catherine deM6dicis, wife of Henry IT., b. 1519* * Guise, Due de. Francis of Lor- raine, general, statesman, born. 1520 * * Bullant, Jean, architect, born. Castelnau de la Mauvissiere, Michel, diplo- matist, born. Guillemeau, Jacques, surgeon, born. Ribault, or Ribaut, Jean, navigator, born. .Seyssel, Claude de, bishop of Marseilles, au- thor, A70. 1521 * * Benoit, Ren6, theologian, born. Tyard, Pontus de, bishop, poet, born. 1523 * * Aumont, Jean d', gen., marshal, b. Cujas, Jacques, jurist, born. 1524 * * Bellay. Joachim du, poet, born. Hotman, Francois, jurist, publicist, born. Ronsard, Pierre de. poet, born. 1525 * * Aumale, Due d', Claude II., gen., b. Lorraine, Charles de, cardinal, statesman, b. 1528 * * Lab£, Louise, poet, born. L6cluse, Carolus, botanist, born. 1527 * * Doneau, Hughes, writer, born. 1528* * Belleau. Remi, poet, born. Boissard, Jean Jacques, antiquary, poet, b. Etienne, Henry, printer, born. Foix, Paul de, junsl, an-hbp. Toulouse, b. Jeanne d' Albret, Queen Navarre, born. 1539 * * Pasguier, Etienne, hist., lawyer, b. 1530 * * Rodin, Jean, lawyer, polit. wr., b. Boetie, Etienne de la, writer, born. Cond6, Louis de Bourbon de, general, b. Lambert, Francois, reformer^ A43. Nicot, Jean, diplomatist, litterateur, born. 1531 * * Bnsson, P.aruabe, lawyer, philol.,b. La Noue, Francois de. general, born. 1533 * * Baif, Jean Antoine de, poet, born. Jodelle, FJtienne, poet, born. 1533 * * Montaigne, Michael Eyquem de, essayist, born. Garnier, Robert, dramatist, born. 1536 * * Ayvault, Pierre, jurist, born. Harlay, Achille de, jurist, born. 1538 * * Badk.it, Guillanine de, med. wr., b. 1539 * * Pithou, Pierre, jurist, satirist, born. 1540* * Brantome, Pierre de Rourdeilles, historian, born. Cbastelard, Pierre de Boscosel de, poet, born. Jeannin, Pierre, statesman, born. Scaliger, Joseph J., philologist, born. "Vieta, Frauciscus, mathematician, born. 1541 * * Charron, Pierre, philosopher, born. Bauhin, Jean, botanist, physician, born. Chrestien, Florent, poet, satirist, born. Crillon, Louis des Ralbes de Berton de, Due, de Quiers, general, born. 1543* * Chabot, Philippe de, "Adm. de Brion," general, A63+. Lesdiguieres, Due de, Francois de Bonne, constable, general, born. 1544* * Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste du. poet, born. Marot. Clement, poet, A49. 1545 * * Despovtes, Philippe, abbot, poet, b. Junius, Franciscus, Prot. theologian, born. 1546 * * Dolet, Etienne, scholar, A35. CHURCH. 1510 * *The Pope excommunicates Louis XII. 1512 * * The Reformation spreads into France. 1516 Aug. 18. Francis signs the con- cordat with the Pope, by which he sur- renders many important liberties of the Gallic Church. (See State.) 1517 * * The attention of the Church is arrested by the preaching of Martin Luther, a monk iu Germany. 1521 Apr. 15. Paris. The heresy of Luther is condemned by the Faculty of Theology. * * The first Protestant congregation is formed at Meaux near Paris, the bishop of the city being a convert. 1522 * * Pome. Adrian VI. is pope. [1523, Clement Yll.] 1529 * * The Reformation spreads rap- idly, chiefly among the higher classes. 1530 * * The persecution of Protestants begins. 1532** Paris. John Calvin, the Re- former, preaches. [1533. Calvin flees for his life, and finds shelter at length in Angouleme, with Louis du Tallet. * * * He is recognized FRANCE. 1508, **-1547, 681 as the champion of the Reformation in France.] * * John Stephens prints a Latin Bible. 1534 Aug. 15. Paris. Ignatius Loy- ola lays the foundation of the Society of Jesus [Jesuits]. Having returned from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and prosecuted a course of study, he organizes a society to wage a relentless warfare against the powers . of darkness ; his six followers take the vows of chastity and poverty. * * Paris. The walls are covered with placards against the mass and tran- substantiation ; one is posted in the king's bedchamber. * * Rome. Paul III. is pope. 1535 Jan. * Paris. The king presides at a ceremonial of expiation. Protestants are lowered into the fire by a machine, and then withdrawn to prolong their sufferings. [Cruelties con- tinue several months.] * * Persecution drives Calvin out of France ; he joins the German reformers at Basel, Switzerland. [1536. His Institutes of the Christian Religion are published in Latin at Basel. He goes to Geneva; (See Switzerland.)] 1543 Feb. 14. Paris. The parliament orders Calvin's Institutes to be publicly burned. 1545 * * Aust. The Council of Trent, in the Tyrol, is called to secure the peace of the Church ; only Italian and Spanish prelates are present. Jan. * Barbarous persecution. Francis attempts to extirpate heresy among the Albigenses with cruelty un- paralleled. Three towns and 22 hamlets are totally destroyed, 3,000 unresisting men, women, and children are butchered. [1546. Persecution arises in Meaux.j LETTERS. 1508 * * Histoirc Singuliereof Louis XII., by Claude de Seyssel, the "Father of Modern French Literature," appears. [1519, Great Monarchy of France.] 1512 * * Prince des Sots. L y Homme just et Phomme mondain, by Pierre Gringore, appear. [1514, The Mystere de Saint- Louis; 1527, Notables Fnseignements.] 1525+ * *Guillaume Cretin writes a chronicle in rhyme. 1529 * * Francis I. founds the College of France. 1530 * * U Adolescence CUmentine, by Clement Marot, appears. 1531 * * A royal printing-press is estab- lished. 1532 * * -64 * * Pantagruel, by Rabe- lais, appears. [1535, Gargantua.] 1536* * Institution of the Christian Reli- gion, by John Calvin, appears. 1537* * The Cymhalum Mundi, by Jean Bonaventure, appears. 1539+ * * The use of the French lan- guage in legal procedure is enjoined. 1542 * * The University of Grenoble is reorganized by Francis of Bourbon. 1545 * * The Pleiade is organized. It is a society for the reformation of the French language and literature by study and imitation of the ancients ; is formed by Pierre du Ronsard, Du Bellay, Belleau, Baif , Daurat, Jodelle, and Pon- tus de Tyard. 1546* *-48* * Contre un, or Discours de la servitude -rolontaire, by Etienne de la Bo^tie, appears. 1547 * * The University of Reims is founded by Cardinal Lorraine. * * Marguerites de la Marguerite, by Mar- garet of Navarre, appears. * * Propos Rustiques et Facetieux, by Noel du Fail, appears. [1548, Bali or Contts nouveaux d'EutrapeL] SOCIETY. 1528 * * Francis I. challenges the Em- peror Charles V. to fight a duel. 1535+ * * "Wheel-breaking is a punish- ment ordered for robbers by Francis I. 1546 Aug. 3. Etienne Dolet, a learned man, is burned at Lyons on the false charge of atheism. STATE. 1508 Dec. 10. The League of Cam- brai is formed against Venice. Maximilian, Louis XII., Pope Julius II., and Ferdinand '-the Catholic," of Spain, enter the coalition. [Maximilian takes a part of the territory of Venice the next year ; the Pope withdraws in 1511.] 1510* * A council of clergy is held at Tours to support the king. 1511 Oct. 9. Pope Julius II. forms the Holy League with Spain, Switzerland, and Venice, againstLouis XII., to depose him in Italy. [1512. England joins the Holy League.] 1513 Mar. 14. France signs at Blois an alliance offensive and defensive with Venice. [1514. Aug. 7. A like alliance with Henry VIII.] 1515 Jan. 1. Louis XII. dies. 1515-1547 Francis I., Count of An- gouleme, reigns. Francis, the husband of Claude, the daughter of Louis XII. and Anne, be- comes king ; he is great-great-great grandson of Charles V. [an able, pop- ular, and brave king, and styled patron of literature]. July * The king makes his mother re- gent while he is absent in the Italian campaign. Nov. 7. A treaty of peace is made with Switzerland. 1516 Aug. 13. France and Spain unite in a treaty of peace and alliance at Noyon. [Nov. 29. Another.] Aug. 18. A concordat is signed with Leo X. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1438 is re- scinded, the kingis to choose the bishops and abbots of France, and the Pope to receive the annates, or the revenue of every ecclesiastical benefice. Francis also abandons the claim that the Pope is subordinate to an ecumenical council. * * Henry d'Albret rules Lower Na- 1517 July 24. Paris. The Parliament refuses to ratify the concordat. [151S. Mar. 22. It accepts under protest.] 1519 June 18. The ambition of Fran- cis is thwarted by the election of Charles of Spain as King of the Romans and Em- peror of Germany, with the title Charles V. 1520 June 7-25. Magnificent inter- views take place near Calais, on the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," be- tween Francis I. and Henry VIII. of England. The nobility of both kingdoms are present, and each one seeks to rival the magnificence of the other. 1522 May* Henry VIII. becomes an ally of the emperor, and declares war against France. 1523 Aug.* Louise of Savoy, the king's mother, ruins the Constable Charles, Duke of Bourbon, and he joins the emperor. 1525 Aug. 30. Henry Vm., alarmed at the increased power of the emperor, concludes a treaty of alliance "with France. * * Sp. Francis undergoes a tedious cap- tivity at Madrid. 1526 Jan. 14. Sp. Francis signs a hu- miliating treaty at Madrid. He resigns all claim to Milan and Na- ples, and cedes to Charles Burgundy, Flanders [and Artois, and gives his two sons as hostages. 1527. Repudiated]. Mar. 18. King Francis returns to France. [Together with Leo X. he inau- gurates the Great Renaissance.] 1529 Aug. 5. The Ladies* Peace of Cambray. It is made by Louise of Savoy, mother of Francis and Marguerite of Austria, the emperor's aunt ; it surrenders Italy to Charles V. ; the latter surrenders Bur- gundy, and agrees to release the sons of Francis for a ransom of two million crowns. 1530 * * The House of Chalons and the House of Nassau rule the principality of Orange. 1533 Oct. 28. Francis's second son, Henry, marries Catherine de Me"dicis, daughter of the Duke of Urbino, a niece of Pope Clement VII. 1541 * Francis declares war against Charles V. 1543 * * Francis concludes an alliance with the Sultan Soliman II. against the emperor, and thereby gives great offense to his subjects. Feb. 11. Henry VUI. of England con- cludes an alliance with the emperor against Francis and the Turks. 1544 Sept. 18. Peace is signed with the emperor at Crespy. Francis renounces his claims to Naples and the sovereignty of Flanders ; the emperor renounces his claims to Bur- gundy. 1546 June 6. Peace is signed with England ; England is to restore Boulogne within eight years, and to receive two million crowns indemnity. 1547 Mar. 31. Francis I. dies. 1547-1559 Henry U. reigns. Henry, son of Francis I., becomes king. He is much under the influence of his mistress, Diane of Poitiers, and the Constable de Montmorency. [1548. He secures the hand of Mary Stuart as queen-dauphin.] 1529* *-35* * town of Havre MISCELLANEOUS. 35 * * Francis I. builds the 32 1547, * *-1572, July 9. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1552 * * "War Is begun against Charles Y. Henry II. invades Germany; Toul, Metz, and Verdun are taken. Oct.* Ger. The Imperialists, 60,000strong, under the Duke of Alva and the Mar- quis of Marignano, besiege Metz. [Dec. 26. Raised.] 1553 June 20. Terouanne, after a siege, surrenders to the Imperialists. 1554 Aug. 3. It. The French are defeated by the Florentines at Marci- ano. 1557 May 15. It. The Duke of Guise is forced to raise the siege of Civitella. Aug. 10. The Spaniards under Philibert Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, defeat the French under the Constable de Mont- morency, at St. Quentin. 1558 Jan. 8. Calais, after a week's siege, capitulates to the French under the Duke of Guise. [Jan. * Guines and Ham surrender to him.] June 23. Thionville is taken by the Duke of Guise. July 13. The French under Marshal Seigneur de Thermes are defeated by Lamoral, Count of Egmont, at Grave- lines. 1562 * * -98 * * Wars against the Hu- guenots. Religion divides the French into two parties ; both strive for the control of the government. Cruel persecutions compel the Huguenots to take up arms ; their army is conspicuous for severe discipline/every man is ready for martyr- dom, no games of chance, or oath, or licentious habits are allowed ; troops are moved with the singing of psalms, and public worship led by a Calvinistie minister precedes a battle. Mar. 1. The First "War begins. An attack is made by the attendants of the Duke of Guise on Protestants ■while at worship in the town of Vassy ; 60 slain, 200 wounded. [Spain sends 6,000 troops to reenforce the Catholics, and England sends the same number in aid of the Protestants.] Oct. * Eouen is besieged by 18,000 men under the King of Navarre and the Duke of Guise. [Oct. 26. It is taken by storm, sacked, and pillaged for eight days with great fury.] Dec. 19. The Catholics defeat the Protestants at Dreux. St. Andre is killed and Montmorency taken prisoner by the Protestants, whose commander, tie Cotide, is captured by the Catholics. [1563. He is liberated.] 1563 Feb. * The Duke of Guise be- sieges Orleans. Mar. 19. Peace of Amboise. (See State.) 1567 Sept. 29. Protestants massacre Catholics at Nimes. [Being on St. Mich- ael's Day, it is called the Michaelade.] Sept. * The Second War, It is renewed by the Huguenots, the religious liberty of Protestants having been violated by the king's party. Nov. 10. The Huguenots are de- feated at St. Denis, but the Constable Montmorency is killed. 1568 Mar. 23. The Peace of Longju- meau. (See State.) 1569 Mar. 13. The Third "War begins. The Huguenots under Prince de Conde and Gen. Gaspard de Coligny are defeated at Jarnac by the Duke of An- jou, and de Conde is murdered after the battle. Oct. 2, 3. The Huguenots under Co- ligny are defeated by Catholics under Duke of Anjou, at Moncontour. 1570 Aug. 8. The Peace of St. Ger- main-en-Laye. (See State.) 1572* *-73* * The Massacre of St. Bar- tholomew leads to the Fourth Civil "War. (See Church.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1551* * Paris. The Fountain of the Innocents is erected. 1553 * * Oronce Fine, a mathematician, begins his planetary clock. * * Bernard Palissy begins his experi- ments in enamels. 1558 * * Musical notes are printed with movable type by J. Sanlique. 1566 July 12. Paris. Thefirststoneof the walls of the Palace of the Tuile- ries is laid. 1570+ * * Paris. Bernard Palissy makes Faience ware. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1547* * Francis I., king, A53. 1549 * * Desjurilins, .lean, physician, dies. Godefroi, Denis, jurist, born. Mornay, Philippe de, Seigneur du Flessis, statesman. Protestant theul., historian, h. 1550* * Certon, Salomon, poet, born. Charles IX., king, born. Guise, Henri tie Lorraine tie, gen., stman.,b. Robin, .lean, hotaiiist, born. Aubigne, Theodore Agrippad', historian, satiric poet, born. 1551* * Henry III., king, born. 1553 * * Conde, Prince de, Henry I. de Bourbon, born. Duehatel, Pierre, bp. of Orleans, traveler, d. 1553 * * Marguerite de Valois, queen, b. Chicot, court jester, born. Thou. Jacques Auguste de. statesman, historian, born. Henry IV.. king, born. Rabelais, Francois, phvs., satirist, A58. 1554 * * Aumale, Due d', Charles de L.,gen., born. Mayenne, Due tie, Charles tie L., gen., b. 1555 * * Malherbe. Francois de. poet, b. Bouillon, Henri de la Tour d' A. de, marshal, 1556* * Duvair, Gudlaume, moralist, wr., Duperron, Jacques, D., cardinal, archbishop of Sens, diplomatist, litterateur, born. 1557 * * Freniinet, Martin de, painter, "Fr. Michael Angelo." born. 1558 * * Morel, Frederic, litterateur, printer, born. 1559* *Casaubon, Isaac, commentator, Greek scholar, critic, born. Etienne, Robert, printer, scholar, A53. Henry II., king, A41. 1560 * * Arnaukl, Antnine, orator, born. Bauhin, Gaspanl, naturalist, born. Bellay, Joachim du. poet, A36. Sully. Due de. Maximitien de P.cthune, Baron de Kosnv, general, born. Moots, Pierre tlu coast, tie, colonizer of Aca- dia, born. 1562 * * Emmanuel I.. Charles the Great, Due de Savoy, born. Brusquet, "buffon de court," A50. 1563 * * Boetie, Ktienne de la, writer, A33. Castalio, SeOastieii, theoloLiiaii, A 48. (iiastelar.l, Pierre tie Bnscosel tie, poet, A 23. Cosse, Charles tie, Cotnte de Bnssace, mar- shal, A58. Guise, Due de, Francois de Lorraine, gen- eral, statesman, A44. 1564 * * Calvin. John, theol., reformer, ASS. Cotton, Pierre, Jesuit, confessor of Henry IV., born. Hiliault, or Kihaut, .lean, navigator, A45. 1566 * * Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henry II., A67. Dumoulin, Charles, jurist, A66. Gournay, Maria le Jars de, writer, born. Lahe, Louise, poet, A40. Nostradamus, Michel tie, astrol., phys., A63. 1! lelet, Cuillauine, savant, A59. 1567 * * Champlain. Samuel de. navigator, explorer, foamier of Canada, born. Francis de Sales. Saint, bishop of Geneva, orator, writer, born. Gombauld, Jean 0., poet, born. Montmorency, Anne de, constable, mar- shal, A74. Crfe, Honore d', writer, born. 1569 * * Audiguier, Vital, Seigneur de la Menor d', poet, born. Conde, Prince de, Louis I. de Bourbon, general, A 39. 1570* * Bertant, Jean. lip. of Seez, poet, b. Chamier, Daniel, Protestant theologian, b. 1571 * * Estrees, Gabrielle d', mistress of Henry IV., born. Lescot, Pierre, architect, A61. 1572* * Chantal, Jean, F. F. de, baroness, devotee, born. Chevalier, Antoine Kodolphe de, Hebraist, A65. Coligni, Gaspard de, admiral, leader of Huguenots, A55. Jeanne, d' Albert, Queen of Navarre, A44. Ramus, Peter, or Pierre de la Kamee, phi- losopher, scholar, A57±. Goujon, John, sculptor, A57. CHURCH. 1550 * * Rome. Julius III. is pope. [1555, MarcellusII.; later, Paid IV.; 1559, Pius IV.] 1552 * * Aust. The Council of Trent breaks up in alarm because of the ad- vance of Luther's doctrines. 1554 * * Paris. The Sorbonne condemns the Jesuits. 1555* * Paris. The first Protestant church in the city is established. 1558+* *The Kef ormationmakes rapid progress. About 2,000 places are dedicated to Protestant worship, having 400,000 at- tendants. 1559 * * The Protestants hold a synod. * * A royal edict is issued, making heresy punishable with death; judges are for- bidden to remit or to mitigate the pen- alty. 1560 Feb. 1. The Huguenots aim at revolution. "With Louis Conde as leader, they decide to address a petition to the king, and in case of its rejection to put down the Guises by force of arms, take the king prisoner, and make Conde ruler of the realm. [The conspiracy is discovered.] May * Paris. The king issues an edict giving to parliament the right of decid- ing questions of faith, but reserves to the bishops the discovery of heretics. 1561 Sept. 9. The Poissy Conference is called by Catherine de Medicis. It is composed of the leading clergy of the two Churches, and is designed to effect a reconciliation ; great, dignitaries and a brilliant audience listen to discus- sions of doctrines, which fail to unite the Churches. * * The Reformers take up arms against their persecutors. 1562 Jan. 1. A measure of religious liberty is extended to the Huguenots. An edict of pacification permits the exercises of the Reformed religion near, but outside, all the cities and towns in France, FRANCE. 1547, * *-1572, July 9. 683 Jan. 17. An edict is issued guarantee- ing to the Protestants liberty of wor- ship. Mar. 1. The Duke of Guise massacres Protestants at Vassy in disregard of the edict of toleration ; 60 are killed and 200 wounded. * * -98 * * Religious wars with some intermission devastate France till the Edict of Nantes. 1563 Mar. 19. Reformed worship is permitted in the houses of the nobility. (See State.) 1566 * * Rome, [St.] Pius V. is pope. 1567 Sept. 29. The Huguenots, alarmed at the preparations for exter- minating heresy, again resolve to secure the person of the hoy-king, and defeat Catherine. 156S * * The edicts of pacification are revoked, and the Reformed ministers are given 15 days to leave France. 1570 Aug. 8. Peace of St. Germain. (See State.) The Government guaran- tees the protection of Protestant liber- ties. 1571 * * The General Synod of the Reformed Church is held by permission of the king. LETTERS. ■ 1548 * * Art Poitique, by Thomas Sibilet, appears. 1549* * Difense et illustration de la langue frahcaise, the manifesto' of the Pleiade, by Joachim DuBellay, appears ; also Olive. 1550* * Odes, by Ronsard, appears. [1552, Les Amours de Cassandra^ 1553, Hymnes, le Bocage Royal, Les Amours de Marie.] * * * Mignardises amoureuses de I'Ad- mire'e, by Jacques Tahureau, appears. 1551 * * Abraham Sacrifiant, by Theo- dore de Beze, appears. *[He also writes a Life of Calvin and a Histoire ecclesias- tique des ecjfises reforme'es.] 1552 * * CUopatre and Eugene, by Eti- enne Jodelle, appear. [1558, Argonautes ; later, JMdon.] 1555 * * A treatise on Logic, by Pierre de la Rame'e, appears ; it is the first philosophical work in the vernacular. [He writes also Dia/ectiqtie, and works against Aristotle, 59 in all.] * * Prophetical Centuries, by Michel de Nbstredame, or Notredame (Nostrada- mus), appears. 1556 * * mbat de la folie et de I'amour, by Louise Labe^ appears. 1557 * * A translation of AnacrSon and Petites Inventions, by Remi Belleau, appear. [1565-72, The Bergeries ; 1566, Pierres prScieuses.} 1558 * * Xourel/t'S Rtcj'eafions et Joyeux Devis, by Bonaventure des Periers, ap- pears. * * The Heptam&ron, by Margaret of Na- varre, appears. * * AntiquitH de Rome and Jeux Rustiques, by Dii Bellay, appear. [1559, Les Re- grets; later, Vanueur, Polite Courtisan.] * * Trfaoriere, by Jacques Grevin, ap- pears. [1560, Mort de Cdsar and Les Fs- bahis.] 1559 * * Sonnets and Odes, by Oliver de Magny, appear. 1560 * * Recherches de la France, by Eti- enne Pasquier, appears. s 1562 * * Saul Far'wiix and Corrivaux, by Jean de la Taille, appear. [1573, Ga- baonites ; later, Courtisan retire" , Mar- guerite, and Le -Xegromante.] * * A Roman Catholic university is founded at Douai by Philip II. 1563 * * Ricette Writable, by Bernard Palissy, appears. 1565 1 La TraitS de la conformity dufran- cais avec le grec, by Henry Estienn'e, ap- pears. [1566, Apologie pour Herodote, 1572, Thesaurus Grsecse Lingux.\ * *The University of Grenoble is united with that of Valence. 1568 * * Poi-cie, by Robert Gamier, ap- pears. [1573, Ilippoh/tt ■■ ; 1574, Cornel-it ■; 1578, Marc Antoine and the Troade.] 1570 * * Le but de la guerre et de lapaix, by Michael de L'Hospital, appears. * * Commentaires, by Blaise Montluc, ap- pears. * * Histoire de France, by Bernard de Ge- rard du Haillan, appears. * * The Vaux de Vire, by Jean Le Houx, appears. 1572 * * The Franciade, by Ronsard, ap- pears. * *The Pope confirms a university founded at Pont-a-Mousson by Cardinal Lorraine and Due Charles III. SOCIETY. 1559 June 29±. Tournaments are abolished after Henry II. has his eye knocked out in a tilt, causing his death. 1562 * * A massacre of Huguenots. (See Church for massacres of Protes- tants.) 1563 Feb. * The Duke of Guise is as- sassinated. STATE. 1548 * * Bordeaux revolts against the the salt-tax, and receives severe punish- ment. 1550 Mar. 24. Peace is concluded be- tween England, Scotland, and France. England agrees to accept the reduced sum of 400,000 crowns for the restoration of Boulogne. 1551 * * Henry H. joins the Confed- eracy against the Emperor Charles V. 1552 Apr. 13. Toul is taken, and re- united with France. * * Metz, Verdun, and all of Lorraine are annexed. 1555 * * Jeanne d'Albret and her hus- band, Antoine de Bourbon, are sover- eigns of Lower Navarre. 1556 Feb. 5. A truce for five years is concluded at Vaucelles between France and Spain [but is broken soon after], 1558 Jan. 8. Calais is lost to England after holding it 210 years. (See Army.) Apr. 24. The dauphin, King Henry's son, Francis, marries Mary Stuart, the Queen of Scots. 1559 Apr. 2, 3. The Peace of Cha- teau-Canibre'sis is concluded between France and England, and between France and Spain. The French restore most of their con- quests except Calais, Metz, Toul, and Verdun. July 10. Henry XL. dies 11 days after being accidentally injured at a tourna- ment. 1559-1560 Francis II. reigns. Francis, son of Henry II., 16 years of age, and husband of Mary Queen of Scots, becomes king. The Duke of Guise and the queen-mother, Catherine de M6- dicis, are the power behind the throne. Protestants are persecuted, The two Guises, at first rivals of Catherine and later allies, conduct all affairs of state, and seek the overthrow of the Protes- tant princes, Antoine, King of Navarre, and Louis Cond£. * * Corsica comes under the rule of Genoa. 1560 * * The Amboise Plot is formed. The Huguenots form a conspiracy to seize the king at Amboise, and compel the dismissal of the Duke of Guise and his brother, who are the persecutors of the Protestants. Mar. 18. In the riot at Amboise the Protestant leader Bariis killed ; the re- volt against the Guises is suppressed by the merciless execution of 1,200 Prot- estants. 1560 Dec. 5. Francis n. dies. 1560-1574 Charles IX. reigns. Charles, brother of Francis II., ten years of age, becomes king. Catherine de Medicis is regent. 1562 Jan. * The edict of January. Delegates from the several parliaments of France meet, and grant the Huguenots liberty of conscience except in certain districts. The two religious factions he- come two political parties ; the leaders of the Catholic party, the "Triumvi- rate," are the Duke of Guise, the Mar- shal St. Andre, and the Constable of France, Count de Montmorency ; the Protestant leaders are Louis, Prince of Cond£, and Adm. Coligny. * * -98 * * "Wars of the Huguenots. (See Army.) * * The Huguenots transfer Havre to the English [but it is besieged and captured during the following year by Charles IX.] . 1563 Feb. 18. Francis, Duke of Guise, is waylaid and shot near Orleans by John Poltrot, a Huguenot. [Feb. 24. The duke dies.] Mar. 19. The peace of Amboise is con- cluded between the Catholics and Prot- estants. The Reformed worship is authorized in the houses of the nobility, in the do- mains of the justiciary nobles, and in one city of each bailiwick. 1568 Mar. 23. The peace of Long- jumeau. It is signed by Catholics and Protes- tants ; it partly restores religious free- dom to the Protestants. [It lasts only a few months.] 1570 Aug. 8. The conditional Peace of St. Germain- en-Lay e is concluded, giving the Huguenots concessions of re- ligious liberty, and four fortified cities for security. 1572 July 9. Paris. Jeanne of Na- varre suddenly dies, soon after being invited to court. [Huguenots are sus- picious of treachery, and many escape by leaving Paris.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1547± * * Stockings of silk are first worn by Henry II. 1559* * Paris. Coaches are intro- duced ; also forks for eating. 1570* * Turkeys and guinea-fowls are introduced. -684 1572, Aug. 24-1597, FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1573 Feb. 26-Junel3. La Rochelle is unsuccessfully besieged by the Duke of Anjou. 1574 * * Fifth Civil "War. .1577 * * Sixth Civil "War. The Hugue- nots are defeated. * * Seventh Civil "War. 1580 * * Henry of Navarre seizes the city of Cahors, it being a part of his wife's portion ; war follows for a short time. Nov. 26. Treaty of Fleix. 1582 * * Belg. The Duke d'Alencon at- tempts to seize Antwerp, hut is de- feated. 1585 * * -89 * * Eighth Civil "War. The war of the three Henrys, — King Henry III., Henry of Navarre, and Henry, Duke of Guise. 1587 Oct. 20. The Huguenots un- der Henry of Navarre defeat the Holy League under the Due de Joyeuse, at Coutras. 1589 July* Paris is besieged by Henry III. and the King of Navarre. [July 31. Henry III. is assassinated.] Sept. 21. Henry XV. defeats the Duke of Mayenne at Arques. Oct. 31. Paris. Henry carries part of the suburbs, but retires at the approach of the Duke of Mayenne. 1590 Mar. 14. Henry defeats the Catholic Leaguers under Mayenne, at Ivry-la-Bataille. May 7. Paris. Henry besieges the city [and occupies the suburbs]. Aug. 23. Paris. Henry raises the siege on the arrival of the Duke of Parma with a large Spanish army to aid Mayenne. 1591 Nov. 11. Henry besieges Rouen. [1592. Apr. 21. He retires on the approach of the Duke of Parma.] 1595 Jan. 17. "War with Spain is de- clared. Oct. 5. Battle of Fontaine-Francaise. 1596 Apr. 24. Calais is taken by the Spaniards. [1598. Evacuated. 1597. Mar. 11. They take Amiens. Sept. 25. Retaken by Henry.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1578 * * Paris. The Pont Weuf over the Seine is begun. 1595 * * Paris. The Hdtel des Inva- lided is erected. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1673* * Aumale, Due d', Claude IT., sol- dier, A48i. Jodelle, iStienne. dramatist, A41. Marie de Me"dicis, wife of Henry IV., horn. L'Hopital, Michel tie, chancellor, A68. Regnier, Mathurin, poet, born. 1574* * Charles IX.. king, A24. Guise, Charles de, cardinal de Lorraine, statesman, A49. J.575 * * Berulle. Pierre, cardinal, founder Carmelite order in France, born. Chatel, Jean, fanatic, born. Sctaombei'g, ('unite de, Henri, marshal, born. 1576* * Caus, or Caux, Salomon de, engi- Vincent de Paul. Saint, R. C. reformer, founder Sisters of Charity, horn. J.577 * * Belleau. Remi, poet, A49. Delorme. Philibert. architect, A59. 1578 * * Albert, Charles d\ Due de Luynes, Constable of France, horn. Bullant, Jean, architect, A58+. 1579 * * Bassompierre, Francois, marshal, author, born. Ravaillac, Francois, regicide, born. Rohan, Due de. Henri. Huguenot, gen., b. 1581 * * Duvergierde Hauranne, Abbe de Saint-Cyran, Jans-'iust, theologian, born. Languet, Hubert, political writer, A63. Postel, (iinllaiiiiie, orientalist, visionary, A71. 1582 * * Barclay, Jean, writer, born. 1583 * * Birague, de Rene, cardinal, states- man, A73. Caussin, Nicholas, Jesuit, author, born. Petau. Denis, chronologist, born. Soubise, Benjamin de It., Seigneur de, Hu- guenot, soldier, born. 1584 * * Duchesne, Andre - , geog., hist., born. Foix, Paul de, jurist, archbishop ot Toulouse, A56. 1585 * * Cappel, Louis, theologian, born. Richelieu, Due de, A. J. Duplessis, cardi- nal, statesman, born. Ronsard, Pierre de, poet, A61. Vaugelas, Claude Kavre de, grammarian, b. 1586* * Grauvelle, Antoine de I'errenot de, cardinal, statesman, A69. 1587* * Aiirets, Francois de Beaumont, baron, Huguenot leader, A74. (larnssoh-s, Antome, 1'rot. cl., poet, born. 1588 * * Arnauld d'Andilly, Robert, wr., b. Dalechatiips, Jacques, phvs., botanist, A75. Obifflet, Jean Jacques, physi.-ian, born. Conde, Prince de, Henry I. de Bourbon, A36. Guise, Due de, Henry I. de Lorraine, gen- eral, statesman, A38. Mersenne, Marin, philosopher, born. Rambouillet, Marq. de, Catherine de Vivonne, leader of society, born. Salmasius, Claudius, scholar, born. 1589 * * Bait, Jean Antoine de, poet, A57. Catherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II., A70. Cousin, Jean, painter, A89. Fenelon, Marquis de la Mothe, Bertrand de Salignac, diplomatist, litterateur, dies. Henry III., king, A38. Palissy, Bernard, enameler, potter, A79. 1590 * * Pare, Ambroise, father of French surgery, A63±. Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste du, poet, A46. Cujas, Jacques, jurist, A70. Gamier. Robert, dramatist, A56. Hotman, Francois, jurist, publicist, A66. Vouet, Simon, painter, born. 1591* * Brissoii, Baniabe, lawyer, phil., A60. Caseneuve, Pierre de, philologist, born. Chicot, court jester, A38. Doneau, Hughes, l»*gal writer, A64. Kspagne, Jean d', Protestant, theologian, b. La Noue, Francois -U-, general, AGO. Jlorin, Jean, Biblical critic, born. 1593* * Boisrobert, Francois le Metal de, writer, wit, born. Castelnau de la Mauvissiere, Michel de, diplomatist, A72+. Gassendi, Pierre, philosopher, born. Montaigne, Michael Eyquem de, essay- ist, A 58. 1593 * * Amyot, Jacques, bishop, au,, A80. Callot, Jacques, engraver, etcher, born. Lalemant, Jerome, Jesuit missionary in Can- ada, born. 1594 * * Chatel, Jean, fanatic, A19±. Belon, Pierre, naturalist, traveler, A77. Daille, Jean, Protestant clergyman, born. Marca, Pierre de, archbishop of Paris, born. Poussin, Nicolas, painter, born. Turnebus, Adrianus, scholar, A82. 1595 * * Aubertin, Kdmond, cle.r., author, b. Aumont, Jean d', marshal, A73. Avaux, Comte d', Claude de Mesmea, diplo- matist, born. Chapelatn, Jean, poet, critic, born. Drelinconrt, Charles, Protestant eler., born. Erlach, Jean Louis d', marshal, born. Montmorency. Due de, Henri II., marshal, born. 1596 * * Amyraut, Moise, Protestant cl., b. Bodin, Jean, lawyer, political writer, A66. Chrestien, Florent, poet, writer, A55. Descartes. Rene, philosopher, born. Pitbou, Pierre, jurist, satirist, A57. 1597 * * Balzac. Jean Louis Guez de. au- thor, born. CHURCH. 1572 Aug. 24+. The massacre of Protestants begins on St. Bartholo- mew's Day, to exterminate Protestant- for the massacre of St. Bartholomew; medals are struck in its honor, and can- non fired. * * Sp. Philip II. of Spain extols the massacre of the Protestants as a mem- orable triumph of Christianity. * * The Court of England receives the French ambassador with all Us members clothed in mourning. * * Pome. Gregory XIII. is pope. 1573 July 8. The Edict of Boulogne closes the war favorably to the Protes- tants. 1576 May 6. The Peace of Mon- sieur. (See State.) * * "The Holy Catholic League" is established for the protection of the Roman Catholic cause. Apr. * Paris. Henry III. issues an edict of pacification. [Dec. * It is revoked. 1577. Oct. * It is renewed for six years.] 1577 Sept. 17. Peace of Poitiers. (See State.) 1578 * * The Hew Testament is pub- lished at Reims. 1585 July 7. The Edict of Nemours is issued. All modes of worship except that of the Roman Catholic Church are forbid- den in France ; Huguenot ministers are given one month, anil laymen six months, to leave France. (See State.) * * Pome. Sixtus V. is pope. [1590, Urban VII.; later, Gregory XIV.; 1591, Innocent IX. ; 1592, Clement VIII.] 1593 July 25. Paris. Henry abjures Protestantism. (See State.) 1594 * * The Jesuits are expelled from France. 1595 * * Pome. The Pope grants absolu- tion to Henry IV. for his former heresy. 1573 * * Judith, an epic poem, by Guil- laume de Salluste Du Bartas, appears. [1579, La Semaine.~\ * * _74 * * Franco- Gallia, by Francois Hotman, appears. 1574 * * Amadis Jamyn writes a Poeme de la chasse. * *-1611* * R&gistres-joumaux, by Pierre de l'Estoile, appears. 1575 * * The Ars Poetique, by Jean Vau- quelin de la Fresnaye, appears. [Later, Eoresteries, Satires.] * * Discours sur la vie et la mort, by Du- plessis-Mornay, appears. [15S1, Traite" de la veriti de. la religion chi-etienneJ] 1577* *94* * Les Tragiques, by Agrippa d'Aubigne^ appears. 1578 * * De la Ptpublique, by Jean Bodin, appears. * * Les deux dialogues du nouveau lan- gage franqais italianisi, by Henry Es- tienne, appears. [1579, The Projet ; De la Pre'ccellence de la languefrancaise.] 1579 * * Esprits, by Pierre Larivey, ap- pears. * * Antigone, by Gamier, appears. [1580, Brand'amante ; 15S3, Sedecie.] * * -1601 * * Les Antiquitfis gauloises francoises, by Claude Fauchet, appears. 1580 * * Discours Admirables, by Bernard Palissy, appears. * * Apologieet Voyages, by Ambroise Pan5, appears. * * Discours politiques et militaires, by Francois de la Noue, appears. * * -88 * * Essays, by Michael du Mon- taigne, appears. FRANCE. 1572, Aug. 24-1597, 685 1581 * * Histoire de France, by Lancelot de la Popeliniere, appears. * * Mimes, by Jean-Antoine de Baif , ap- pears. * * The Jtecueil de l f Origins de la Langue et Po&sie J'rangoise, by Claude Faucbet, appears. 1583 * * De emendatione temporum, by J. J. Scaliger, appears. 1584+ * * Pierre de Bourdeilles, abbot of Brantome, writes Vies d?s hommes illus- tires, Vies des dames illustres, Vies des dames galantes, and other works. 1585* * Contes et discours d'Eutrapel, by Noel du Fail, appears. * * Esther and Aman, by Pierre Mathieu, appear. [I5S9, Clytemnestre, and the Guisade.] 1587 * * Larmes de Saint Pierre, by Fran- cois de Malherbe, appears. 1593 * * GuUlaume Du Vair's oration in defense of the S:ilic law appears. [Later, Sainte Philosophie and the Philosophic Morale des Sto'iques.] 1594 * * The Satyre Menippe'e, a power- ful satire on the League, the work of sev- eral eminent lawyers and churchmen, — Leroy , Gillot, Passerat, Rapin, Chrestien, Pithou, and Durant, — appears. 1595 * * The University of Paris is re- habilitated by Henry IV. 1596 * * Sophonisbe, by Antoine de Mon- chrestien, appears. [1599, Lace.nes, or Constance, and L'Ecossaise, or Mary Stuart; lflOO, David, or Adultere; 1601, Aman, or VaniU ; 1603, Hector; 1615, Traiti d'economie]. 1597 * * Etendard de la croix, by St. Francis de Sales, appears. SOCIETY. 1572 Aug. 24. Paris. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. (See State.) 1577+ * *The king abandons himself to a life of debauchery almost unparal- leled ; the Court is given over to frivol- ity, prostitution, duels, and assassina- tions. 1580* *-95* * Alleged "witches are burned ; 900 in Lorraine alone. 1588 Dee. 23. Henry, Duke of Guise, is assassinated by order of Henry III. [Dec. 24, Also Louis of Guise, Cardinal of Lorraine.] 1589 Aug. 1. Henry HI. is assas- sinated. (See State.) 1593 July 25. Henry IV. changes his faith to escape assassination. 1594 Dec. 27. Jean Chatel fails in an attempt to assassinate Henry IV. STATE. 1572 Aug. 24. Paris. Massacre of St. Bartholomew. By orders of the king, instigated by his mother and brnther, Protestant men, women, and children are murdered in Paris on the feast of St. Bartholomew, at the signal of the bell of St. Germain, at two o'clock in the morning; Coligny is among the killed ; neither age nor sex is spared ; in other cities Protestants are massacred ; about 30.1)00 Huguenots are killed in the whole kingdom. * * Henry TV. [king in 1589] is sovereign of Lower Navarre. Aug. 26. Paris. King Charles holds a ft bed of justice" in the parliament. He avows and justifies the massacre of St. Bartholomew, which he declared was necessary to preserve the royal family and the State from a conspiracy of the Huguenots. 1573 June 24. The Peace of La Rc- chelle is signed. It grants to the Protestants liberty of conscience in La liochelle, Nimes, and Montauban, and the recovery of seques- tered estates, offices, and honors. 1574 May 30. Charles IX. dies. 1574-1589 Henry HI. reigns. Henry, King of Poland, brother of Charles IX., a debauched weakling, is king. 1575 Feb. * The Compact of Mil- haud. It is a league signed by the Huguenots with the young Prince de Conde as their head, and the Politiques or liberal Cath- olics led by Marshal de Damville and others, thus forming a new party. * *Paris. TheDued'Alencon, the king's youuger brother, abandons the court, and joins the Huguenots as the head of their party. 1576 * * Henry of Navarre escapes from court, and rejoins the Calvinists. May 6. The Peace of Monsieur. It is signed at Chastenay by the king's brother, through the combined influence of three parties. Protestant worship is authorized in all France except Paris. * * The Holy League of violent Catho- lics is formed. It aims at the elevation of the Guises to the throne and the annihilation of the Huguenot party ; its head is Henry, Duke of Guise. Dec. * The States- General meets at Blois ; under the influence of the Holy League, they revoke the "Peace of Monsieur," and the Huguenots fly to arms. 1577 Sept. 17. The Peace of Eer- gerac, or Poitiers. It is favorable to the Huguenots, yet prohibiting all political confederations; it is concluded by the king. [Entirely ig- nored by the king, who revokes all con- cessions, and pledges the Holy League to expel the Protestants; the Protes- tants renew the war.] 1580 Nov. 26. The Treaty of Fleix is concluded, confirming the favorable conditions of former treaties. 15S2 * * The calendar is changed to new style. 1584 June 10. Francis, Duke of An- jou, formerly Due d'Alencon, the king's brother, dies. ■ The Council of Sixteen is formed by the Holy League. It aims to promote the claim of Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, uncle of Henry of Navarre, to the throne as successor to the reigning monarch. Dec. 31. A secret convention is con- cluded at Joinville between Philip of Spain and the Guises. It is agreed that heresy shall be exter- minated, and that, on the death of Henry , the crown shall pass to the Cardinal cf Bourbon. 1585 July 7. Henry signs the Treaty of Nemours with the leaders of the Holy League, who favor the Duke of Guise, of whom Henry is jealous because of his great popularity. (See Church.) 1588 May 9. Paris. The Duke of Guise enters Paris in spite of the king's prohibition, and is enthusiastically wel- comed by the people. May 12. Paris. Popular insurrection. The people rise against the king and in favor of the Duke of Guise ; barri- cades are erected in the streets. [May 13. Henry III. flees to Chartres.] July 19. Henry III. issues at Rouen the Edict of Union. It makes the Duke of Guise lieutenant- general and supreme in the war with the Huguenots, and prohibits the succession of a Protestant to the throne. Oct. 16. The States- General meet at Blois ; the members are exclusively Catholics. Henry III. is compelled to observe and enforce the Edict of Union, and renew the sentence of exclusion from the throne against the Bourbons. Dec. 23. Paris. The Duke of Guise is murdered by assassins employed by the king, who has failed to obtain aid from the States-General. [His brother also.] (See Society.) 1589 Jan. * Paris. Explosion of popu- lar fury against the king. The people of Paris and other towns declare against the royal murderer ; even the Catholic party detest him. and the Sorbonne, being consulted, decides that Frenchmen are released from their oath of allegiance to Henry. FA provisional government is formed with the Duke of Aumale at its head.] Jan. 5. Catherine de M€dicis dies. Feb. 15. Paris. The Duke of May- enne, brother of the Duke of Guise, ar- rives, is received with enthusiasm by the people, and takes control of the govern- ment. Apr. 3. The king makes an alliance with Henry of Navarre against the Holy League. July 31. Henry m. is assassinated at St. Cloud by Jacques Clement, a monk. 1589-1792 (1S30) House of Bourbon enthroned. 1589-1610 Henry TV. reigns. He becomes the pride and glory of France. Aug. 2. Henry of Navarre is acknowl- edged king by the Protestants and some Catholic leaders. Aug. 4. Henry IV. issues a manifesto promising to maintain equal freedom for Catholics and Protestants. Aug. 7. The Duke of Mayenne, of the Holy League, proclaims Cardinal de Bourbon king, as Charles X. 1590 Mar. 5. Paris. The parliament issues a decree recognizing Charles X. as lawful king. 1593 July 25. Paris. Henry abjures Protestantism. His Protestant faith is the chief ob- stacle to his acceptance, and he is re- ceived into the Catholic Church by the Archbishop of Bourges at the Church of St. Denis. 1594 Feb. 27. Henry is anointed king at Chartres. [Due de Sully is min- ister. Mar. 22. Henry enters Paris.] 1595 Jan. 15. Henry declares war against Spain. 1596* *-98* * The Spaniards hold pos- session of Calais. 686 1598, * *~1629, Apr. 24. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1598 May 2. The Peace. (See State.) 1600 * * Henry IV. declares war against the Duke of Savoy, who claims disputed territory. 1621 Aug. 18. Montauban, a Hugue- not stronghold, is besieged by the Duke of Mayenne. [Oct. 26. Raised.] 1622 Sept.* Montpellier is surren- dered by the Huguenots. Nov. * The peace of Montpellier. (See State.) 1624 Nov. * ft. The French seize the Valtelline. 1627* *-28* * "War with the Hugue- nots, who are supported by England. 1627 July 22. The English under the Duke of Buckingham attack the Isle of Ke\ 1628 Oct. 28. LaRochelle,"thelast bulwark of religious liberties," surren- ders to Due de Richelieu after a siege of 15 months, during which English fleets had made three unsuccessful attempts to relieve the town. 1629 Jan. * It. Louis goes to aid the Duke of Nevers against Spain. [Mar. 18. He is compelled to raise the siege of Mantua.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1606 * * Paris. The Hotel Dieu is founded. * * Tapestry is made by Flemings. 1610± * * Paris. The Palais Koyal is built. 1611* *-20* * Paris. The Palace of the Luxembourg is begun by Jacques Debrosse for Marie de Medicis. [1616. The magnificent porch is erected.] 1612+* * A steam-apparatus is in- vented by Solomon de Caus, [1615. He publishes, at Heidelberg, a work on mo- tive power which advances a theorem on the expansion and condensation of steam.] 1617 * * Muskets with flint-locks and battery are invented. 1621* * Paris. Pastel-painting is in- vented by Bouet. 1622 * * Paris. Rubens decorates the Luxembourg Palace with 21 great paintings representing events in the life of Marie de Medicis. 1629± * * Paris. The French Acad- emy is founded by the informal meet- ing of eight men of letters. [1635. Jan. 2. It is formally established by Cardinal Richelieu ; it consists of 40 members.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1598 * * Colletet, Guillaume, poet, born. Ktienne, Henry, printer, A70. Mansard, or Mansart, Francois, archi- tect, born. Mellan, Claude, designer, engraver, born. Voiture, "Vincent, poet, born. 1599* * Baron, Pierre, polemical writer in England, dies. Boehart, Samuel, scholar, Prot. theol. born. Estrees, Gabrielle d\ mistress of Ilenrv IV., A28±. Hery, Thierry de, suru't'on, A94. 1600* * Harms, Martin de, clergyman, born. Chevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de It. M., beauty, intriguer, born. Nicot, Jean, diplomatist, litterateur, A70. Claude Lorrain, painter, born. Sanson, Nicolas, geographer, born. 1601 * * P.eaune, Klonmond de, math., born. Ferrnat, Pierre de, geometrician, poet, born. Louis XIII., king, born. Tristan l'Merinite, Francois, poet, born. 1602* * Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII., born. (Or 1601, Sep. 22.) Boissard, Jean Jacques, antiq., poet, A74. Junius, Kraneiseus, Protestant theol., A57. Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, statesman, born. Roberval, Giles Personne de, math., born. 1603 * * Charron, Pierre, philosopher, A62. Viete, Francois, mathematician, A63. 1604* * Ayrault, Pierre, jurist, A68. Baron, Vincent, Dominican theol., writer, h. Mairet, Jean, dramatist, born. Pagan, Comte de, Blaise Francois, military engineer, born. 1605 * * Beza, Theodore, Calvinistic theolo- gian, poet, historian, diplomatist, A8(i. T'eXclixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, hist., b. Tavernier, Jean P.aptiste, traveler, A83. Tyard, Pontus de, bishop, poet, A84. 1606* * Ablaneonrt, Nicolas-l'errold', wri.,b. P.arrelier, Jacques, botanist, born. Corneille. Pierre, poet, dramatist, born. Desportes, Philippe, abbot, poet, A61. Errant, Charles, painter, architect, born. 1607* * Estrades, Comte d', Godefroi, gen- eral, statesman, born. Flacour, Etienne de, com. at Madagascar, b. Jogues, Isaac, Jesuit missionary in Am., b. Labb6, Pliilijipe, Jesuit polygrapher, born. Scudery, Madeleine de, author, born. 1608 * * Benoit, Rene, theologian, A87- Olier de Vernenil, Jean Jacques, clergyman, fdr. of the Order of Saint Sulpice, born. Orleans, Due d', Jean Baptists Gaston, son of Henry IV., born. Lemaistre, Antoine, jurist, born. 1609* * Gassion, Comte de, Jean, marshal,!). Lgcluse, Garolus, botanist, A83. Rotrou, Jean de. dramatic poet, born. Scaliger, Joseph Justus, philologist, A69. 1610* * La Calprenede, Gantier de Costes de, Seigneur, novelist, born. Certon, Salomon, poet, A60±. Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, hist., philol., b. Duquesne, Abraham, admiral, born. Henry IV., king, assassinated May 14, A57. Labadie, Jean de, mystic, born. Maimbourg, Louis, historian, born. Me^eray, Francois Kndes de, historian, born. Mignard. Pierre, painter, born. Ravaillac, Francois, regicide, A31i. Scarron, Paul, poet, satirist, born. 1611 * * Bertaut, Jean, l'Abbe, bishop of Seez, poet, A59. Chaumonot, Pierre M. J., Jesuit missionary in Canada, born. Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, paint., poet, b. Mayenne, Due de, Charles de Lorraine, gen- eral, A57. Monts, Sieur de, Pierre du Guast, colonizer of Acadia, A51±. Turenne, Vicomte de, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, marshal, born. 1612* * Arnauld, Antoine, philosopher, b. Benserade, Isaac de, court poet, born. 1613 * * Bauhin, Jean, botanist, phy., A72. Chevreau, Crbain, author, born. Dughet, Gaspard, painter, born. Guillemeau, Jacques, surgeon, A93 + . Lenotre Andre, artist, garden designer, b. Menage. Gilles. critic, born. Perrault. Claudius, architect, born. Kegnier, Mathurin, jioet, A40. Rochefoucauld. Due de la, Francois, moralist, born. Sacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, tr. of Bible, b. Saint EVremond, Charles de M. de St. Denis de, wit, born. 1614 Brantoine, Pierre de Bourdeilles, histo- rian, A74. Casaulion, Isaac, critic, commentator, Greek scholar, A55. Retz, Jean Francois Paul de Gondi de, cardinal, statesman, born. 1615 * * Crillon, Louis des Balhes de Berton de, general, A74. Fouquet, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle, financier, born. Lancelot, Dom Claude, grammarian, born. Lefevre Tanncgui, critic, scholar, born. Marguerite de Valois, queen, A63. L'Enclos, Anne de Ninon de, courtesan, b. Pasquier, Ktienne, historian, lawyer, A86. 1616 * * Auberv, Antoine, historical writer, b. Baillou, Guillaume, de, medical writer, A78. Beaufort, Due de, Francois de Vendome, soldier, born. Bourdon, Sebastien, painter, born. 1617* * Ancre, Concini Concinio (Italian), marshal, dies. Blondel, Francois, architect, military eng.,b. Lesueur, Eustache. painter, born. Thou, Jacques A. de, statesman, hist., A 64. 1618* * Bussy-Rabutin, Comte de, Roger, satirist, born. Charas, Moise, chemist, pharmacist, born. Duperron, Jacques Daw. cardinal, archbp. of Sens, diplomatist, litterateur, A62. 1619 * * Arnauld, Antoine, orator, A59. Claude, Jean, Protestant leader, born. Colbert. JeanEaptiste, Marquis de Seigne- lay, financier, statesman, born. Felibien, Andre, architect, writer, born. Harlay, Achille de, jurist, A83. Lebrun. Charles, painter, born. Longueville, Duchesse de, Anne, Genevieve de Bourbon Conde. political agitator, b. 1620 * * Allouez, Claude Jean, explorer, b. Bergerac, .Savinien Cyrano de, dramatist, novelist, duelist, born. Charpentier, Francois, author, born. Cinq-Mars, Marquis de, Henri de Ruz6 de, conspirator, born. Furetiers, Antoine, philosopher, born. Mariotte, Edme, physicist, born. Picard, Jean, astronomer, born. Thevenot, Melcbisedech, compiler, author, b. 1621 * * Albert, Charles d', Due de Luynes, constable of France, A43. Barclay, Jean, writer, A 39. Chainier, Daniel, Protestant theol., A51+. Cond6, Prince de, Louis II. de Bourbon, Due d'Knghien, general, born. Duvair, Cuillaiinie, moralist, writer, A65. Frontenac, Comte de, Louis de Buade, gov- ernor of Canada, born. Courtois, Jacques, painter, born. Godefroi, Dennis, jurist, A72. Gramont, Comte de, Pbilibert, courtier, author, born. La Fontaine, Jean de. poet, fabulist, born. Rapin, Ren6, Jesuit Latin poet, born. 1622 * * Francis de. Sales, saint, bishop of Geneva, orator, writer, A55. Jeannin, Pierre, statesman, A82. Moliere. Jean Baptiste Poquelin.dram., b. ± Pecquet, Jean, anatomist, discoverer, b. Puget, Pierre, sculptor, painter, arch., b. Savary, Jacques, (inancicr, born. 1623 * * Bouillon, Due de, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, marshal, A68. Mornay, Philippe de, Seigneur du Plessis- Marly, statesman, Prot. theol., hist., A71. Pascal. Blaise, philosopher, author, born. 1624 * * Arnauld, A ngelique, mm, writer, b. Bauhin, Gaspard, naturalist, A64. Crequi, Francois de Bonne de, Due de Les- diguieres, marshal, born. La Chaise, Francois d'Atx, Pere, Jesuit con- fessor of Louis XV., born. 1 625 * * Cassini, Jean Dominique, astr., b. Corneille, Thomas, dramatist, born. Domat, Jean, jurist, born. Fremont d'Ablancourt, Nicolas, litterateur, diplomatist, born. Herbelot, Partheleniy d*, orientalist, born. Nicole, Pierre, novelist, horn. L T rfe\ Honore d', writer, A58. 1626* * Cans, or faux, Saloman de, engineer, A51. Cotton, Pierre, confessor of Henry IV., A62. Chapelle, Claude E. L., poet, born. Lesdignieres, Due de, Francois de Bonne, constable, general, A 83. Quintinie, Jean de la, pomologist, horn, lianee, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, re- former of monastery of La Trappe, born. Sevigne, Marie de Kabul 1 n -Chant aide, wr.,b. 1627* * Cousin, Louis, historian, born. Cotelier, Jean Bapliste, Greek scholar, born. Bossuet, Jacques B.. bishop of Meaux, pulpit orator, born. Montpensier, Duchesse de, Anne M. L. d'O., author, born. 1628* * Boubours, Dominique, Jesuit crit., b. Camhert, Kobert, composer, born. Courtois, < in ilia nine, painter, born. Girardon, Francois, sculptor, born. Malherbe. Frangois de. poet, A73. l'arrault, Charles, author, born. Luxembourg. TJuc de. Francois Henri de Montmorency Hon lev i lie, marshal, born. 1629 * * Itarbevrac, Charles, physician, born. BeruUe. Pierre, cardinal, founder Carmelite order in France, A54. Kobin, Jean, botanist, A79. CHURCH. 1598 Apr. 15. Henry IV. grants to tbe Protestants tbe Edict of Nantes [whicb brings brigbter days]. (See State.) * * Henry IV. devises a fantastic plan to establish a universal Christian re- public. FRANCE. 1598, * *-1629, Apr. 24. 687 It proposes six hereditary monarchies, — France, England, Spain, Denmark, Sweden, and Loinbardy ; live elective monarchies, — the Empire, Papacy, Hun- gary, Poland, and Bohemia ; four repub- lics, — Switzerland, Italy, Venice, and Belgium. 1603 * * Henry IV. recalls the Jesuits by the advice of the Pope. [1604. Jan. 2. They are reinstated. ] 1605 * * Home. Leo XL is pope ; later Paul V. 1605 * * Paris. Angelica Arnanld re- vises and reforms the Cistercian Con- vent [Port-Koyal des Champs]. 1610 * * The English (Roman Catholic) version of the Bible is printed at Douai, where priests are educated for service in England. 1619 Feb. 19. Lucilio Vanini, an Italian philosopher and skeptic, is burned at Toulouse as an atheist. 1621* * Rome. Gregory XV. is pope. [1623, Urban VIII.] 1622 Sept. 5. Marie de Medicis com- pels the king to grant Eichelieu a car- dinal's hat. 1625 * * St. Vincent de Paul, a reformer, founds the congregation of the Laza- rists, the Priests of the Mission, who de- vote themselves to education. * * Richelieu attempts the reduction of Protestants, and the Huguenots revolt. * * Paris. The Cistercian convent is removed from the suburb into the city. 1626 Feb. * Richelieu receives the in- vectives of the Catholic world because of his leniency toward defeated Hugue- nots. 1628 Nov. * The Huguenot cause is ruined in the surrender of La Rochelle. Huguenots are no longer an armed political party, but a tolerated sect. [Protestantism is utterly prostrate. It numbers only about one-half its num- ber preceding the massacre of St. Bar- tholomew.] July 14. The Pacification of Nimes is issued ; it gives toleration to the Huguenots. LETTERS. 1600 * * TraiU de la Sagesse, by Pierre Charron, appears. ■*" * The Letters of Cardinal d'Ossat ap- pear. * * -30 * * Alexandre Hardy produces 700 plays. 1601 * * -05 * * Stances a Du Pen-ier sur la mort de safttle, by Malherbe, appears. 1606 * * Thesaurus temporum, by J. J. Scaliger, appears. [1610, Opuscula va- riaJ] * * Jean Passerat writes Catin, J'ai perdu, ma tourterelle. 1608 * * Introduction a la vie de'vote, by St. Francis de Sales, appears. [1614, TraitS de I'amour de Dieu.] ± * * Histori.a met temporis, by Jacques- Auguste De Thou, appears. * * -13 * * Satires, by Mathurin Regnier, 1617 * * Amours tragiques de Pyramt et Thisbe", by Theophile de Viau, appears. 1619 * * The Bergeries, by Honorat de Bueil, Marquis of Racan, appears. 1620± * * The Negotiations of the Presi- dent Jeannin appear. 1622* * La CaHfie, by Marin Le Roy de Goinberville, appears. [lGo2-li7, Polex- andre; 1639, Cyth&re'e.] 1624 * * A collection of letters by Jean- Louis Guez de Balzac appears. [1631, The Prince.] * * Endynvion, by Jean Ogier de Gom~ bauld, appears. [1631, Amaranthe.] * * Pierre Corneille takes the oaths as advocate four years before the regular time. 1628 * * Tyr et Sidon, by Jean de Sche- landre, appears. * * Les Me'moires de Marguerite de Valois 1610* *-27* * AstrSe, by Honore D'Ur- fe\ appears. 1611 * * Fidelle, by Larivey, appears. 1612 * * Le Moyen de Parrenir, by Bero- alde de Verville, appears. 1616* *-20* * Histoire Universe lie, 1550-1601, by Theodore A. D'AubigmS, appears. 1629* * Paris. The French Academy is founded. * * Melite, bv Corneille, is acted. [1632, Clitendre; 1633, La Veuve; 1634, Galerie du Palais and La Suivante ; 1635, La Place lioyale and Me'de'e.] SOCIETY. 1605± * * Henry TV. is extremely licen- tious even in his old age ; he is infatu- ated to possess the wife of Henry, Prince of Conde. 1610 May 14. Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV. [He is terribly punished by burning, by hot pincers, pouring hut lead into gaping wounds, and finally pulled by horses to tear him asunder.] 1616 * * Paris. The people rise against Concini ; his palace is plundered and de- stroyed. Apr. * Paris. The populace is brutal. It is delighted with the overthrow of Concini ; men disinter his body, drag it through the streets, tear it to pieces, and burn it. 1617 * * The queen-mother is exiled to Blois, and Be Luynes, the king's favo- rite, is in full control of public affairs. * * The wife of Concini, Leonora de Gali- gai, is executed for exercising sorcery on the queen-mother, and her vast es- tates are confiscated. 1621 Apr. * Louis XII. takes the field, and disgusts the nation by making his ■weak favorite the constable of France ; his incapacity defeats the army. STATE. 1598 Apr. 13. Henry IV. signs the Edict of Nantes. It gives partial religious liberty to cer- tain Protestant nobles anil the citizens of a certain number of cities and towns, but prohibits Protestant worship in episco- pal cities and within 20 miles of Paris ; itstipulates f<>r the State payment of the Protestant clergy and makes Protestants eligible for public office, they having equal political rights. Their buildings are restored. May 2. The Treaty of Vervins with Spain. Conquests are mutually restored. 1599 Dec. 17. Henry is divorced from his wife, Marguerite de Valois. [1600. Oct. 5. He marries Marie de Mtidicis of Tuscany.] 1600 * * The Duke of Savoy refuses to surrender the marquisate of Saluzzo, and Henry declares war. [1601. Jan. 17. By treaty the duke surrenders La Bresse and other territory.] 1602 * * Charles de Gontault, Duke of Biron, admiral of France, enters into a conspiracy with Spain and the Duke of Savoy, to dethrone Henry. [June* -July * Biron is tried, and convicted of treason. July 31. He is executed.] 1606 * * Bouillon is compelled to admit a royal garrison into his tower of Sedan. 1608 * * Can. Quebec is colonized. 1610 May 13. The Queen Marie de Me'dicis is crowned. May 14. Henry XV. is killed by an as- sassin, Francois Ravaillac. 1610-1643 Louis XIII. the Just, son of Henry IV., reigns. His mother, Marie de Medicis is regent ; she is controlled by Concini and his wife, two Italian adventurers. 1610 May 22. The Edict of Nantes, favoring Protestants, is confirmed by Louis XIII. 1611 Jan. * Due de Sully resigns his office of " Superintendent of the Fi- nances," because of the cabals of Con- cino Concini, the chief Minister, and others. 1614 Sept. 28. The "King assumes the government, having attained his ma- jority (14 years). Oct. 20. Paris. The session of the States- General is opened by the king. [Armand. John Duplessis de Richelieu is a member.] 1615 Mar. 24. Paris. "The Great Revolution ; " the Assembly is dis- solved. [It is not convoked again for 174 years.] Oct. 18. Louis XIIL, 15 years of age, marries Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III. of Spain. 1616 Aug. 31. Prince Henry of Conde" is imprisoned in the Bastile by advice of Richelieu. 1617 Apr. 14. Concino Concini, Marshal d'Ancre, resisting arrest, is as- sassinated. 1620 * * Navarre is annexed to France. 1622 Nov. 17. The Peace of Mont- pellier. The Huguenots are deprived of all their fortified towns except La Rochelle and Montauban. 1624* *-42* * Administration of Cardinal (and Due de) Bichelieu. He controls the king, rules the people harshly, but displays ability. 1625 * * The Huguenots revolt under the Dukes of Rohan and Soubise, because of Richelieu's attempts against the Prot- estant party. 1626 Mar. 5. The Treaty of Monpon is concluded between France and Spain. July 31. Louis issues an edict for the demolition of castles. 1629 Apr. 24. England concludes a peace ■with France without any stipula- tion in favor of the Protestants. 1629, June 28-1650, * * FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1630 Mar. 20. It. Richelieu besieges the fortress of Pignerol. [It surren- ders after three days ; the passes into Italy are soon taken.] 1632 June* Gaston d'Orleans, the king's brother, and the Duke of Mont- morency raise a revolt in Languedoe. Sept. 1. Gaston d'Orleans and Mont- morency are defeated by the king's troops, under Comte de Schomberg, at Castelnaudary. -1634 Dec. 23. Ger. The French com- pel the Germans to raise the siege of Heidelberg. 1635 * * -£8 * * "War with Austria. Richelieu raises four large armies, and sends them to Flanders, Milan, Valtel- line, and to the Rhine; little glory and no advantage is gained for France. 1636 * * Gascony is invaded by Spain, and Picaxdy by Imperialists. Aug. 15. Corbie surrenders to the Spaniards. [1637. Nov. 14. Corbie sur- renders to Richelieu.] 1640 Sept. 24. It. Turin surrenders to the French under Gen. D'Harcourt. 1641 July 6. Louis de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, joins Spain in a plot against Richelieu ; he utterly defeats the royal army at Sedan. July 16. Comte de Soissons is de- feated and killed at La Marfee, near Sedan. 1642 Sept. 9. Perpignan surrenders to the French after a siege of two years. * * France takes possession of Kous- sillon. 1643 May 19. The Spaniards are de- feated by the French under the Due d'Enghien, son of the Prince of Conde, at Rocroi. Aug. 10. Ger. Thionville [Dieden- hofen] is taken by the French after a siege of four months. Nov. * Sp. The French are driven from Aragon by Philip IV. Aug. 3-5. Ger. The Due d'Enghien, Prince of Conde, and Marshal Turenne defeat the Bavarians under Baron Mercy at Freiburg. 1645 May 5. The French under Marshal Turenne are defeated at Ma- riendal. Aug. 7. Ger. The French under Tu- renne and d'Enghien [the Great Conde] defeat the Spaniards at Ndrdlingen, in Bavaria. Nov. 9r. Prus. Turenne takes Treves. 1646 June 29. Belg. Courtrai sur- renders to the French. Oct. 12. The French under the Due d'Enghien [Conde], aided by the Dutch Adm. "Van Trorap, take Dunkirk from Spain after a siege. 1648 Aug. 20. Conde utterly defeats the Germans and Spaniards under the Archduke Leopold William, at Lens. 1649 Jan.* Paris is blockaded by Conde. Feb. 8. The Royalists under Conde at- tack and defeat the Frondeurs at Charenton, and put 3,000 of them to the sword. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1631 Nov. 7. Pierre Gassendi observes the transit of Mercury. 1640* *The bayonet is invented at Bayonne. ± * * Umbrellas are in use. 1646 * * Blaise Pascal proves that the at- mosphere has weight. * * The first French opera, Akebar, Roi de Mogul, is composed by Abbe Mailly. 1648 * * Paris. [The Academy of Fine Arts], which originated in an association of painters in the 14th century, is recog- nized as the Academy of Painting and Sculpture. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1630* * Aubigne. Theodore Agrippa d\ historian, satiric poet, A SO. Auzout, Adrien, mathematician, born. Audiguier, Vital d', Seigneur de la Menor, poet, A6I. Baluze, Etienne, historian, born. I'.ernier, Francuis, traveler, phvsician, b. Charles Emmanuel I. the Great, Due de Savoy, A 68. Cosnac, Daniel de, archbishop of ALx, born. Huet, Pierre D.,bp. of Avranehes, schol., b. Morel, Frederic, printer, litterateur, A72. Nanteuil, Robert, painter, engraver, born. Rousseau, Jacques, painter, born. Santeul, Jean de, poet, born. 1631* * Auinale, Due d', Charles de Lor- raine, a chief of the League, A77. Coulanges, Marquis de, Philippe Emmanuel, song-writer, born. Millet, Pierre, missionary in Canada, born. 1632* * Bourdaloue. Louis, Jesuit, pulpit orator, born. Flechier, Esprit, pulpit orator, born. Lauzun, Antoine Nompar de Caumont de, general, courtier, born. Mabillon, Jean, Benedictine, author, born. Montmorency, Due de, Henri 11., marshal, A 37. Schomberg, Comte de, Henri, marshal, A57. Gallois, Jean, critic, journalist, born. 1633 * * Lulli, or Lully, Jean Baptiste, Ital- ian-French composer, horn. Thevenot, Jean de, traveler, composer, b. Vauban. Sebastien L. de. military engi- neeiymarshal, born. 1634* * Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham Jules, prearher, author, born. Lafayette, Comtesse de, Mane M. P. de la V., author, born. 1635 * * Arvieux, Laurent C. d', oriental., b. Champlain, Samuel de . navigator, ex- plorer, founder of Canada, AGS. Callot, Jacques, engraver, etcher, A42. Mamtenon, Frances d'Aubigne, queen, born. Piles, Roger de, dip., painter, author, born. Monnoyer, Jean Baptiste, painter, born. Qtiinault. Philip, dramatic poet, born. 1636 * * Baume, Nicholas A. de la marshal, born. Boileau-Despreaux. Nicolas, poet, sati- rist, critic, born. Chamilly, Marquis de, Noel Ronton, gen., b. Le Pays, Kene de, Sieur Plessis-Villeneuve, poet, born. Masson, Antoine, engraver, born, 1637 * * Catinat, Nicolas de. general, born. Jurieu, Pierre, Protestant theologian, author, born. Marquette. Jacques, explorer of Missis- sippi, born. Tillemont. Sebastien Lenain de, hist., cl.,b. 1638 * * Begon, Michel, antiquary, born. Malebranche, Nicolas, philosopher, born. Louis XIV., king, born. Rohan, Due de, Henri, Huguenot gen., A59. Simon, Richard, philns., Biblical critic, born. 1639* * Chaulieu, Guillaume, Anifrye de, poet, born. Ferriere, Claude de, jurist, born. Louvois, Marquis de, Francois L. M., states- Hacine, Jean, dramatic poet, born. 1640 * * Audran, Gerard, hist, engrav., born. Boullougne, Bon, painter, born. Chauvin, Etienne, Protestant el., born. Coysevox, Antoine, Span, sculptor in Fr., b. Pesjardins, Marie Catherine, author, born. Duchesne, Andre, geographer, hist., A65. Fleury, Claude, L'Abbe, author, born. Fourier, Pierre, religious reformer, A75. Hubert, Matthieu, preaeher, born. Jardins, Marie Catherine des, author, born. Lahire, Philippe de, geometer, born. Lafosse, Charles de, historical painter, born. Philip, Due d'i trleans, son of Louis XIII., b. 1641 * * Allix, Pierre, Protestam theob, b. Arnaud, Henri, past., leader of Waldenses,b. Cbantal, Baronne de, Jeanne Franchise Ere- miot, devotee, A69. Motitespan, Marquise de, Francois Athenais de Roeheehniiart, mistress Louis XIV. b. Sully, Due de, Maximilien de B6thune. Baron de Rosny, statesman, A81. Vaudreuil, Marquis de, Philippe de Rigaud, governor-general of Canada, born. Vieusscns, Kaimond, anatomist, born. 1643 * * Cinq-Mars, Henri de Kuze de, con- spirator, A22. Mane de Medieis, wife of Henry IV., A75. Richelieu, Due de, Annand Jean Duplessis, cardinal, statesman, A57. Soubise, Seigneur de, Benjamin de Rohan, Huguenot soldier, A 59. Tourville, Anne H. de C. de, marshal, born. 1643* * Collet, Philibert, writer, born. La Salle. Robert de, cavalier, explorer, b. Louis XIII., king, A42. Moreri, Louis, clergyman, bis'orian, born. Pontehartrain. Louis V. de, statesman, born. 1644* * Boufflers, Marquis de, Louis Fran- cois, marshal, born. Champiiiesle. Mane Desmares, actor, born. Cbardin, Jean, merchant, traveler, born. Choisy, Francois 1 linolton de, author, born. D'Orleans, Pierre J., historian, born. Lamoignon, Chretien Francois, statesman, b. Valliere, Duchesse de la, hranc.oise L. de la B. La Blanc, favorite of Louis XIV., born. Villeroi, Due de, Francois de Neufvlile. marshal, born. 1645* * Callieres, Francois de, statesman, author, born. Gournay, Maria le Jars de, writer, A79. Joliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of the Mississippi, born. Lemery, Nicholas, chemist, born. Mansard, Jules Hardouin, architect, born. 1646* * Bassompierre, Francois, marshal, author, A67. Bruyere, Jean de la, author, moralist, b. Galland, Antoine, antiq., orientalist, born. Hamilton, Count Anthony, courtier, writer, born in Ireland. Hardouin, Jean, writer, born. Jogues, Isaac, Jesuit missionary in Am., A39. Plumier, Charles, botanist, born. 1647 * * Alacoque, Marguerite, nun, prophet- ess, horn. Bayle, Pierre, philosopher, critic, born. Papin, Denis, natural philosopher, born. Cassion, Comte de, Jean, marshal, A38. Hautefeuille, Jean de, mechanician, au., b. Jouvenet, Jean, historical painter, born. 1648 * * Cheron, Elizabeth S., artist, poet, b. Dufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, born. Guyon, Jeanne, M. B. de la Motte, mystic, author, born. Mersenne, le Pere Marin, philosopher, A60. Voiture, Vincent, poet, A50. 1649 * * Vouet, Simon, painter, A59. Baillet, Adnen, scholar, author, born. Daniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, author, born. Edelinck, Gerard, Flemish engraver in Fr.,b. 1650* *Aunoy, or Aulnoy, Comtesse de, Marie Catherine J. de B-, author, born. Avaux, Comte d', Claude de Mesmes, diplo- matist, A55±. Descartes, Rene, philosopher, math., A54. Dumont, Jean, historian, born. CHURCH. 1634 * * The Order of Sisters of Charity is organized at Chatillon by Vincent de Paul, for service to the sick poor. 1644 * * Home. Innocent X. is pope. [1655'. Alexander VII. 1667. Clement IX.] LETTERS. 1631 * * Conjuration de Fit-ague, by Jean .Francois Paul de Gondi, appears. FRANCE. 1629, June 28-1650, * *. 6S9 * * Gazette de France is issued by Theo- pliraste Renundot. [1635-42, Bureau d'- Adresse.] 1634 * * Corneille is selected as the com- poser of a Latin elegy to Richelieu. * *-62* * Me moires, by Maximilien de Bethune, Duke of Sully, appears. 1635 * * Mart de Mithridate, by Gautier de Costes, Knight of La Calprenede, ap- pears. [103U, i'omte d" Essex; 1642-45, Cassandre; 1647, C/Sopdtre.] * * Marianne, by Tristan PHermite, ap- pears. * * The ComSdie des Tuileries, by Claude de L'Estoile, Boisrobert, Colletet, Cor- neille, and Rotrou, appears. 1636 * * Sosies, by Jean Rotrou, appears. [1637, Laure Persecute?.; 1646, Saint Ge- nest; 1647, Venceslas and Don Bernard de Cabrere.] * * Le Cid and U illusion comique, by Cor- neille, appear. [1639^0, Horace and Cinna; 1640, Polyeucte; 1642, La Mort de Pompie and Le Menteur ; 1644, Rodo- gune; 1647, Heraclius.] 1637 * * Discourse on the method of rea- soning well and investigating scientific truths by Rene Descartes, appears. [1641, Meditaiiones de prima philosophia.\ 1638 * * Uranie, by Vincent Voiture, ap- pears. 1639 * * Alcyonie, by Pierre Du Ryer, ap- pears. [1647, Scevo'le.] * * Philandre, by Francois de Maynard, appears. * * Job, by Isaac de Benserade, appears. 1641 * * Ibrakam, by Madeleine Scudery, appears. [1640-53, Artamene,orthe.Grand Cyrus; 1660, Almahide.] * * The Guirlande de Julie, by 19 poets, appears. * * Corneille appears as a contributor to the Guirlande de Julie. 1643+ * * Les Comedies Acad&miciennes and the Comedie des operas, and the es- says, Sur la morale d Epicure, Reflections sur les divers genies du jieuple romain,hj Charles de Saint-Denis, appear. * * Moliere plays with, and helps in the management of, the Theatre Ulustre. * *-51 * * Histoire de France, by Fran- cois Eudes de Mezerai, appears. 1644 * * Typhon, by Paul Scarron, ap- pears. [1645, Jodel'et, on le m ait re valet; 164S, Virgile Travesti ; 1649, Mazarinade ; 1651, Roman Comique.] * * Discours, by J. L. G. de Balzac, ap- pears. 1645 * * -54 * * P&dant Joui and Mort d'Agrippine, by Cyrano de Bergerac, ap- pear. 1646 * * Memoires of Francois de la Rochefoucauld appear. * * Moli&re leaves Paris with the Theatre Ulustre. 1647 Jan. 22. Corneille, after having twice been rejected on frivolous pleas, is admitted to the Academy. * * De Vita, Moribus, et Doctrina Epicuri, - libri octo, by Gassendi, appears. [1649, Syntagma Philosophic Ejucuri.] * * *The Court grants Descartes a pen- sion of 3,000 livres. 1649 * * Cosroes, by Rotrou, appears. * * The Traits des Passions de I'&me, by Descartes, appears. * * Racine is sent to the College de Beau- vais at Beauvais. appears. [I653±, Histoire comique des Hats et empires du soleil.] 1650+ * * Mois-Sauv£, and other poems, by Marc-Antoine de Gerard (Saint- Amant), appear. * * -65 * * Muse Historique, by Jean Lo- ret, appears. SOCIETY. 1650* * Originesde laLanguefr by Gilles Menage, appears. * * Andromede and Don Sanche d'Aragon, bv Corneille, appear. [1651, Nicom&de; 1653, Pertharite.} * * Histoire comique, ou Voyage dans la lune, by Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac, 1644 Jan. 1. Paris. MichobAder,the "Wandering Jew, appears, and creates a great sensation ; he claims to speak all languages, and to be 1,600 years old. 1648 * * St. Vincent de Paul establishes a foundling hospital. STATE. 1629 June 28. The "Edict of Grace" terminates the religious wars. The Protestant leader, the Duke of Rohan, having submitted to the king, a treaty is signed at Alais granting reli- gious liberty, amnesty for all acts of rebellion, and reestablishing Catholic worship in " reformed towns." 1630 Oct. 30. Bavaria. The Treaty of Ratisbon is concluded between France and the German Emperor. [Richelieu soon after declares it null and void.] Nov. 12. Richelieu's dismissal, on which the king had apparently resolved at the instigation of Marie de Medicis, Gaston d'Orleans, and others, is an- nulled [and the influence of the Cardi- nal becomes greater than ever; hence it is called the Day of Dupes]. 1631 Jan. 25. The Treaty of Eern- wald is concluded between France and Sweden against Germany. Apr. 6. The first Treaty of Cherasco, between Richelieu and the Emperor Fer- dinand II., ends the Italian expedition. France gives up conquests in Italy. [By a second treaty made by Richelieu with Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, France secures Pignerol.] 1632 Jan. 6. By the Treaty of "Vie Lorraine is made subject to France. 1633 * * The French take Nancy from Burgundy. [1G61. They restore it.] 1634 * * Lorraine is annexed to France. Nov. * A treaty is concluded between the French and Swedes against Ger- many. 1635 Feb. * * An alliance is formed be- tween France and Holland against Spain for the partition of Flanders. May 10. France declares war against Spain. * * Martinique is settled by the French. 1638* * Marie de Medicis takes refuge in England, having been dismissed from court through the influence of Riche- lieu. 1642 Sept. 12. The Marquis de Cinq- Mars is beheaded, after trial and con- demnation, for treasonable compact with Spain aiming at the overthrow of Riche- lieu. Dee. 3. Cardinal Mazarin, an Italian, is made prime Minister. Dec. 4. Paris. Richelieu dies; bonfires express the people's joy. During Ms :uh nil list ration ho destroyed the power of the nobles, restored French influence in Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany, establishing it in Sweden, and raised France to the highest eminence. * * Perpignan is annexed to France. 1643 May 14. Louis XIII. dies. 1643-1715 Louis XIV. reigns. Louis, son of Louis XIII., five years old, becomes king ; his mother, Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III., King of Spain, is regent. 1645* * Paris. The parliament of Paris refuses to register taxes proposed by the queen ; they are enforced by royal edict. 1647* *The Treaty of Dim. (See Austria, p. 512.) 1648 * * Paris. The four courts, the parliament, the grand council, the cham- ber of exchequer, and the court of aids, unite for resistance to the despotic measures of the regent and Mazarin, and for the reform of abuses in the government. Aug. 26. Paris. Broussel and other members of the parliament are arrested by order of the queen. Aug. 27. Paris. The Civil "War of the Fronde begins. The people take up arms, barricade the streets, and attack the royal guards, de- manding the release of Broussel ; they are called f rondeurs (slingers) as if they were school-boys fighting with slings ; their cause is espoused by De Godi, coad- jutor bishop of Paris [Cardinal de Retz], the prince of Conti (brother of Cond£), Marshal Turenne, the Duke de Longue- ville, and several other nobles. Oct. 24. Prus. The Peace of West- phalia is concluded between France, Germany, and Sweden. It ends the Thirty Years' War ; France receives the feudal overlordship of the empire, and gets Lower Alsace ; Sweden gets the greater part of Pomerania ; the religious and political rights of the Ger- man States are established ; and the in- dependence of the Swiss Confederation is recognized by Germany. (See p. 513.) * * Belfort is annexed to France ; Besan- con is ceded to Spain. 1649 Jan. 7. Paris. Anne secretly de- parts with the young king, and retires to St. Germain. Jan. 8. Paris. Parliament proclaims Mazarin an enemy to the king and the State, and orders him to leave the king- dom. Mar. 4. A deputation from the parlia- ment of Paris, headed by the president, Mathieu Mole, confers with the queen at Ruel, and a temporary peace is ef- fected. 1650 Jan. 18. Prince Conde", having insulted the queen-regent, is arrested with his brother Conti and his brother- in-law Longueville. MISCELLANEOUS. 1632 * * Louis XIII. provides a hunting- seat at Versailles, which is a small vil- lage in a great forest. * *Uncommon mortality prevails throughout France; 60,000 people per- ish in Lyons. * * * Paris is occasionally lighted by means of burning pitch and other com- bustibles in pans. 1640 * * Paris. The first louis d'or pieces are struck. 1649 * * The plague ravages Marseilles. 690 1650, **-1669, ** FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1650 Dec. 15. Marshal Tureime is defeated by the royal troops at Khetel. 1652 Apr.* Spaniards under Conde" defeat the Royalists under Turenne at Bleneau. July 2. Paris. Conde" is defeated at the Porte St. Antoine by Turenne, who has gone over to the Royalists ; at the last moment the gates are opened to Cond£, and closed against Turenne. 1653 * * The Spaniards, led by Conde, continue the war in Pieardy; Turenne checks his progress. 1654 Aug. 25. Turenne defeats the Spaniards under Conde at Arras. 1656 * * Conde 1 routs a division of Tu- renne's army at the siege of Valen- ciennes. 1658 June 14. Turenne defeats the Spaniards under Cond£ on the Dunes, near Dunkirk. (N. S. June 4.) June 23. Dunkirk surrenders to the French [who give it up to the English], 1662 * * "War is declared against the Pope, and the city of Avignon is seized by French troops. 1667* *-6S* * Betg. First war of Conquest. (See State.) May * The French under Louis and Tu- renne cross the Flemish frontier, and take Armentieres, Charleroi, Douai, and Tournay. Aug. 27. Louis enters and takes posses- sion of Lille after a brief siege. * * The Grenadier corps, armed with hand-grenades, is established. * * Louis sends a fleet against the Bar- bary pirates. 1665 Feb. * Louis and Conde" conquer Franehe-Comte", capturing the towns of Besaneon, Salins, Dole, and Gray within 22 days. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1650 * * First attempts at stenography are made. ± * * Passage of the Granicus is painted by Charles Lebrun. 1651 * * It. Blind Men of Jericho is painted by Nicolas Poussin at Rome. 1655 * * Cassini de Thury, director of the observatory, draws his meridian line of Paris, after Dante. 1662+ * * Paris. Louis XTV. purchases the house of Jean Gobelin, a tapestry- maker, for a factory in which adorn- ments of palaces should be made. ± * * Abbe" Jean Claude R. de Saint-Nou invents aquatinta, by which a soft ef- fect is given to engravings. 1663 * * Paris. The Academy of In- scriptions and Belles-Lettres is estab- lished by Jean Baptiste Colbert. 1666 * * Paris. The Academy of Sci- ences is established by Colbert. [1669. It is approved by Louis XIV.] 1667* * Paris. The Royal Observatory is established. 1669 * * Robert Cambert, the composer, and his librettist, Abbe Perrin, obtain a patent for the Acadtmie Itoyale de 31ic- sique, which they had instituted. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1650 * * Erlach, Jean Louis d', marshal, A55. Rotrou. Jean de, dramatic poet, A41. Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, gram., A65. 1651 * * Hart, .lean, seaman, born. Caussin, Nicolas, .Jesuit, author, A68. Chamillard, Micbel, minister, born. Dacier, Andre, scholar, critic, born. Fenelon, Francois dc Salignac de laMothe de, archbishop of Cambrai, author, born. Carissoles, Antoine, Prot. cl., poet, A64. La Salle, Jean Baptiste de. cl., edu., b. Pourchot, Edme, philosopher, born. 1652* * Anselme, Antoine, pulpit orator, poet, born. Aubertin, F.dmonde, clergy man, writer, A57. Eeaune, Florimond, mathematician, A51. Caseneuve, Pierre de, philologist, A61. Petau. Denis, chronologist, A69. 1653 * * Alegre, d'Vves, Marq., marshal, b. Aviler, Augiistin Charles d', architect, born. Basnage de Beauval, .Jacques, historian, b. Fleury, Andre Hercule de, cardinal, states- man, born. Duvergier de Hauranne, I/Abbe de Saint- Cyran, Jansenist, theologian, A72. Salmasius, Claudius, scholar, A65. Villars, Due de, Claude I,. H., general, born. 1654* * BaPzac. Jean Louis Guez de, au- thor, A60. Dorigny, Louis, painter, engraver, born. Fontenay, .lean Haptiste Plain de, painter, b. Hareourt, Due d', Henri, general, dip., born. Abbadie, Jacques, Prot, clergyman, born. Imbert, Joseph (labriel, painter, born. Varignon, Pierre, maihematician, born. Vendome, Due de, Louis Joseph, gen., b. 1655 * * Baden-Baden, Margrave of, Lud- wig W., general, born. Bergerac, Savmien Cyrano de, dramatist, novelist, duelist, A35. • Qaseendi. Pierre, philosopher, A63. Lesueur, Eustache, painter, A38. Montfaucon, Bernard de, critic, antiquary, philologist, born. Regnard, Jean Francois, comic poet, b. Tristan rjlernute, Francois, poet, A54. Vertot, Rene Auhert de, historian, born. 1656 * * Basnage de Beauval, Henri, clergy- autbor, born. Cainpistron, .lean (ialbert de, dramatist, b. Dubois, (iuillauiue, cardinal, statesman, b. Forbin, Claude, admii'al, born. Tournefort. Joseph Pittonde. botanist, b. 1657 * * Chazelles, Jean de, physicist, born. Olier de Vernetnl, .Jean Jacques, cleiiiviiian, founder of Order of St. Sulpice, A49. 1658* * Boulainvdliers, Comte llenri de, his- torian, critic, born. Oappel, boms, theologian, A73. Saint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel de, cler- gyman, author, born. Coustou, JNicolas, sculptor, born. LemaistiT, Antoine, advocate, jurist, A50. Kale, Sebastien, Jesuit, missionary to Aben- aki Indians, born. 1659* * Beausobre, Isaac de, Protestant clergyman, theologian, born. Colletet, (iuillauiue, poet, A61. Kspasme, .Jean d', Prot. theologian, A68. Morin, Jean, Biblical critic, A68. Rigand, Hyacinthe, jiainter, born. 1660 * * Campra, Andre, composer, born. Chifflet, Jean Jacques, physician, A72. Estrees, Due d', Victor Marie, admiral, statesman, born. Flacour, Btienne de, commander at Mada- gascar, A53. FeuiUet, Louis, naturalist, geog., astron., b. Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de la, explorer, founder Detroit (U. S.), born. Orleans, Due d', Jean Baptiste Gaston, son of Henry IV., A52. Scarron, Paul, poet, satirist, A50. Vincent de Paul, Saint, R. C. reformer, founder " Sisters of Charity," A84. 1661 * * Jintber, Claude, philosopher; born. Coypel, Antoine, painter, born. Dancourt, Florent Carton, comedian, born. Hecquet, Philippe, physician, author, born. Lentant, Jacques, Protestant cl., hist., born. I/llopital, (iuillaume F. A., Marquis de Saint- Mesme, geometrician, born. Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, slatesinan, A59. Polignac, Melchior de, cardinal, states- Rollin, Charles, historian, born. Unpin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, hist., b. 1662 * * Ayinar, Jaipies, impostor, born. Marea, Pierre de, archbishop of Paris, A68. Boisrobert, Francois le Metel de, writer, wit, A70. Pascal, Blaise, philosopher, author, A39. 1663 * * Amontons, Guillaume, physicist, b. Calprenede, Seigneur de la, Gautier de Costes, novelist, A53. Eugene, Prince, Francois Eugene de Savoy, general, born in Paris. Laba, Jean Baptiste, monk, missionary, au- thor, born. Massillon, Jean Baptiste, pulpit orator, 1664* *Ablancourt, JS'icolas-Perrot d', writer, A58. Amyraut, Moses, Protestant clergyman, A68. Boyer, Abel, lexicographer, born. Conti, Prince de, Francis Louis de Bour- bon, general, born. Vaniere, Jacques, Latin poet, born. 1665* * Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, paint- er, poet, A54. Fermat, Pierre de, geometrician, poet, A64. Lelong, Jacques, cl., bibliographer, born. Pagan, Comte de, Blaise Francois, military engineer, A61. Poussin, Nicolas, painter, A71. Rainbouillet, Marquise de, Catherine de Vi- vonne, leader of society, A77. Regis, Jean Baptiste de, geographer, born. 1666* * Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII., A64. Desmaiseaux, Pierre, scholar, author., born. Gombauld, Jean Ogier de, poet, A99. Mansart, or Mansard, Francois, arch., A68. Victor Amadeus II., Due de Savoie, King of Sardinia, born. 1667 * * Audran, Jean, engraver, born. Bocbart, Samuel, scholar, Prot. theol., A68. Demoivre, Abraham, mathematician, born. Gacon, Francois, poet, satirist, born. Sanson, Nicolas, geographer, A67. Thevenot, Jean de, traveler, composer, A26. 1668 * * Aguesseau, Henri Francois d', chan- cellor, orator, author, born. Le Sag-e, Alain Rene, romancer, dram., b. 1669 * * Beaufort, Due de, Francois de Ven- d6me, soldier, A53. Drelincourt, Charles, Prot. clergyman, A74. Folard, Jean C. de, soldier, tactician, born. Vaillant, Sebastien, botanist, author, born. CHURCH. 1652 * * Louis XIV. confirms the Edict of Nantes. 1658 * * Antoinette Bourignou founds the Bourignonist sect. Its members claim to restore the true church, wear the Augustine habit, and travel ; it teaches that religion is chiefly a matter of inward feeling. 1667 * * Borne. Clement IX. is pope. LETTERS. 1651 * * Alcidiane, by Gomberville, ap- pears. * * Racan writes amorous lyrics, and par- aphrases of the Psalms. 1652 * * Socrate ChHtien, by J. L. G. de Balzac, appears. [1657, Les Entretiens; 1658, Aristippe.) 1653 * * Bivales, by Philippe Quinault, appears. [1656, Mort de Cyrus.] * * Histoire de V Acadimie Franqaise, by Paul Pellison, appears. * * Dom Japhet d'Armenie, by Scarron, ap- pears. 1654 * * AlariCj by Georges de Scudery, appears. * * Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Beligion, by Jacques Abbadie, appears. * * Lives of Tycho Brahe, Copernicus, and other astronomers, are published by Pierre Gassendi. * * Eunuchus of Terence is translated by Jean de La Fontaine. [1658, Adonis ; 1659, Clymhie; 1661, El egie aux nymp he s de Faux.] 1655 May 30. Paris. The Journal des Savons is published by Denis de Sallo, ecclesiastical councillor in the parlia- ment of France. [It is the earliest peri- odical critical work in French.] * * A translation of Lucan's Pharsalia, by Guillaume de Brebeuf, appears. FRANCE. 1650,**-1669,**, 691 * * L'JStourdi, Moliere'sfirst finished play, is given at Lyons. [1656, Le Dbpit Amou- 1656 * * Timocrate, by Thomas Corneille, has the longest run on the stage of any play of the century. [He writes 16 other tragedies.] * * Pucelle, by Jean Chapelain, appears. * * Paris. The Fort-Royal des Champs becomes the retreat of the Arnaulds, Tillemont, Pascal, Lancelot, and other eminent Jansenists, "who devote them- selves to education, and produce the Port-Royal grammars, logic, and other works. ± * * Corneille writes a verse translation of the Imitation of Christ, Discourses on Dramatic Poetry, and the Examens. [1658, (Edipe; 1660, La Toisson d'Or; 1662, Sertorius; 1663, Sophonisbe; 1664, Othon; 1666, Age's Has ; 1667 , Atilla.] * *-57 * * Provincial Letters, by Pascal, appears. 1657 * * Clovis, by Jean Desmarets, ap- pears. [He writes also Visionnaires.] 1658 * * Nouvelle AUegorique, by An- toine Furetifere, appears. [1666, Roman Bourgeois.] Oct. 24. Moliere's troupe appear for the first time before Louis XIV. 1659 Nov. 1 8. Les PrScieuses Ridi- cules, by Moliere, appears. 1660 * * Grammaire Ghibrale, by An- toine Arnauld, appears. [He writes also Art de penser.] * * Mademoiselle de Montpensier and Com- tesse de Tende, or La Princesse de Cleves, by Marie Madeleine, Comtesse de Lafa- yette, appear. * * Adieu of a Poet to the City of Paris, by Boileau, appears. * * Sganarelle, ou le cceur imaginaire, by Moliere, appears. 1661 Feb. 4. Don Garcie de Navarre, a tragi-comedy, by Moliere, appears and fails. June 24. L'Ecole des Maris, by Moliere, appears. Aug. 15-20. Les Fdcheux, by Moliere, is played before the king at Vaux-le- Vicomte. * * JMstoire du Roi Henri le Grand, by Hardouin de Beaumont de Perefixe, ap- pears. * * -63 * * Faramond, by La Calprenede, appears. 1662 Dec. 26. L'Ecole des Femmes, by, Moliere, appears. * * -79 * * Memoir es, by Jean Francois Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, ap- pears. 1663 * * The Society of Four is estab- lished by Boileau, La Fontaine, Moliere, and Racine. * * Portrait du Peintre, by Edme Bour- sault, appears. [1670, Critique des Sa- tires.] 1684 Feb. 15. Le Mariage Ford, by Moliere, appears. June 20. Le Theba'ide, by Racine, is pro- duced by Moliere's company at the Pa- lais Boyale Theatre. Aug. 22. Racine receives a pension from Louis XIV. * * Princesse d'Elide, and the first three acts of Tartufe, by Moliere, appear. Tartufe offends many persons among the clergy and nobility, and it is sup- pressed. * * Astrate, by Quinault, appears. [1665, La Mere Coquette.] 1665 Sept. 22. L'Amour Midecin, by Moliere, appears. * * Histoire amoureuse des Gautes, by Roger de Rabutin, appears. * * Festin de Pierre, or Don Juan, by Mo- liere, appears. * * Maxims, by La Rochefoucauld, ap- pears, [1665-78, Refections sur les seiv- tences et -max hues morales.'] * * -66 * * Contes et Nouvelles, by La Fontaine, appeal's. 1666 June 4. Le Misanthrope, by Mo- liere, appears. * * Paris. The Academy of Sciences is founded. 1667 Aug. 5. Tartufe is played [but stopped after the first night]. * * Les neuf Epitres, by Boileau, appears. * * MatMlde, by Scudery, appears. 1668 Jan. 13. Amphitryon, by Moli- ere, appears. [Sept. 9, L'Avare; later, George DandinT] Dec. 5. Les Plaideurs, by Racine, is printed. * * The first six books of Fables, by La Fontaine, appear. * * Abrege Chronologique, by Mezerai, ap- pears. 1669 Feb. 5. Tartufe is at last played with extraordinary success. Sept. 17. M. de Pourceaugnac, by Moli- ere, appears. Dec. 13. Britannicus, by Racine, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1654 * * Twenty women are put to death as witches. 1655 * * The forms of etiquette are ex- tremely majestic, but cumbrous. The license of manners among the no- bility is very great, and the greater part of the court is affected. 1660+ * * The nobles have lost political influence, and all their privileges consist in waiting on the king at court, being exempt from taxation, and absorbing all military STATE. 1651 Feb.* The queen is obliged to liberate Conde and the other princes. Mar. * Mazarin flees from France, the parliament having issued orders for his arrest. * * Marshal Turenne and de Retz join the court party, and the Parisians are forced to submit ; Conde^ accused by the queen of treasonable intrigues with Spain, flees to Gnienne, where he raises an army. 1652 Jan.* Mazarin returns to power. [The parliament becomes merely the recorder of royal decrees.] Aug. 19. Mazarin is removed from power by Louis at the demand of the people [and a general amnesty is pro- claimed]. Oct. 15. Paris. Cond^ departs in dis- gust [and enters the service of Spain un- der the Duke of Lorraine, for which he is proclaimed a traitor]. 1653 Feb. * Mazarin again returns to power. 1655 Oct. 24. A treaty of alliance is formed between France and England. 1657 Mar. 23. A treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, is concluded at Paris between France and England. 1658 * * Dunkirk is ceded to England. 1659 Nov. 7. The Peace of the Pyr- enees is signed between France and Spain. France gains a great part of Artois, most of Eoussillon, and several places in Flanders, Hainault, and Luxemburg; Spain gains territory held by France in Catalonia and Franche-Comte" ; Louis XIV. is to marry Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV., she renouncing all claim to the Spanish throne ; Conde" is par- doned, and restored to his honors and dignities. 1660 June 2. Louis XIV. marries Maria Theresa, eldest daughter of the King of Spain. * * Marseilles loses its ancient privileges. 1661 Mar. 9. Cardinal Mazarin dies. Mar. * Louis takes the reins of power into his own hands. 1662* * Jean Baptiste Colbert is made controller of finance. [He makes exten- sive and beneficial reforms in the finan- cial and commercial affairs of the king- dom]. Nov. * Dunkirk is sold to France by Charles II. of England for five millions of livres. * * The Treaty of Montmartre is signed ; it gives to the king the right of succes- sion to the dukes of Lorraine. 1664 Feb. 22. The Treaty of Pisa is concluded between the Pope and France. 1666 Jan. 16. Louis declares "war against England in aid of Holland. 1667 May * Belg. Louis invades the Spanish Netherlands. The Spanish King Philip VI. being dead, Louis claims Flanders and Franche-Comte' in right of his wife, Philip's daughter by his first marriage ; he bases his claim on the Hainault law of devolution, which entitles children by a first marriage to inherit certain terri- tory to the exclusion of children by a subsequent marriage. July 21. The Peace of Breda is con- cluded between England, France, Hol- land, and Denmark. Acadia [Nova Scotia] is restored by England and con- firmed to France. 1668 Jan. 23. Neth. The Triple Al- liance of England, Holland, and Swe- den, against France, is signed at The Hague. Jan. * A secret treaty is concluded be- tween Louis and the German Emperor Leopold, regulating the future partition of the Spanish monarchy. Feb. * Conde" occupies the free county of Burgundy with astonishing success. May 2. Prus. The Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle is concluded. Louis restores Franche-Comte" to Spain after dismantling the fortresses, and re- tains 12 fortified towns on the border of the Spanish Netherlands ; they include Lille, Tournay, and Oudenarde. * * The first embassies are received from Russia. MISCELLANEOUS. 1662± * * The invention of the omni- bus [is ascribed to Pascal]. 1664 * * -81 * * The Languedoc canal is constructed ; it joins the Mediterra- nean and the Atlantic. * * The French East India Company is formed. 692 1669,* *-1685, FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1672* *-78* *The second war of conquest. It is directed against Holland as a member of the triple alliance and a refuge for political and abusive writers against Louis. Apr. 23. Paris. War with Holland begins ; Louis leaves with, an army of 100,000 men. May 28. Eng. Battle of Southwold. The French and English fleets under Count D'Estrees and the Duke of York [James II.] tight the Dutch under Adm. liuyter off Norfolk ; result indecisive. June * Neth. Auheim and Deventer surrender to Turenne. The Prince of Orange abandons Utrecht, which is occu- pied by the French. June 12. The French under Louis and Conde" cross the Rhine between the Wahal and the Yssel ; the Dutch, takeu by surprise, make but slight resistance; the Duke of Longueville is killed. 1673 June 30. Neth. Louis takes Maestricht after a siege of 20 days. Sept. 8. Prus. Treves is taken for France by Marshal Yauban. Nov. 12. Prus. Bonn is taken by Wil- liam of Orange. 1674 May* -June* Louis invades Franche-Comt6, which he overruns, and subdues in a six weeks' campaign. June 16. Ger. Marshal Turenne de- feats the Imperialists at Sinslieim [and devastates the Palatinate]. Aug. 11. Belg. Prince Conde - and "Wil- liam of Orange engage in an indecisive but sanguinary battle at Seneffe. Oct. 4. Ger. Marshal Turenne defeats the Imperialists at Entzheim. [Dec. 31. And again at Mulhausen, in Alsace.] 1675 Jan. 5. Ger. The Elector of Brandenburg and the Imperialists are defeated by the French under Mar- shal Turenne at Turkheim, in Alsace. July 27- Baden. Marshal Turenne is killed in a skirmish at Sasbach ; the French retreat across the Rhine. 1676 Jan. 7. Adm. Duquesne de- feats the Dutch under Adm. De Ruyter in a naval battle in the Mediterranean, off Stromboli. Apr. 22. Sicily. Adm. Duquesne de- feats the Dutch and Spanish fleets under Adm. De Ruyter off Syracuse ; De liuy- ter is mortally wounded. 1677 * * Louis captures Valenciennes, Cambrai, and St. Omar. Apr. 11. Prus. The Prince of Orange is defeated by the Duke of Orleans at Cassel. Nov. 18. Switz. Freiburg is captured by the French. 1678 Mar. 9. Ghent is taken by the French. Aug. 10. A treaty of peace. (See State.) 1681 Sept. 30. Ger. Strasburg is seized by Louis. 1682 Aug. *-Sept. * Alg. Algiers is bombarded by the French under Adm. Duquesne. (See Algiers.) 1683 Nov. * Belg. The French enter Flanders, and capture Courtrai and Dix- mude. 1684 June 4. Belg. Luxemburg is taken by Marshal Crequi. Aug. 15. Ger. A truce for 24 years is signed at liatisbon by France, Spain, and the Empire, the two latter acquies- cing in Louis's new conquests. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. the size * * Paris. The Academy of Architec- ture is established. * * Paris. Robert Camber t composes the opera Pomone ; he is the first French musician to compose one. * *_72 * * Paris. Giovanni Domenico Cassini, at the Observatory, discovers four of the satellites of Saturn. 1672 * * Paris. The arch of St. Denis is erected. 1674 * * Jean de Hautefeuille displays talent in regulating watches. (The in- vention of the spiral-spring watch is more justly claimed by Huggens.) [1678. He suggests a heat-engine, using an explosion of gunpowder to move the piston.] 1680 Aug. 18. Paris. The National Theater is founded by a royal decree. [Aug. 25. The first performance is given by 27 actors, 12 of whom are women.] * * The Venus de Medicis, found near Tivoli, is removed to France. 1681* * Denis Papin invents " Papin's digester," applicable to the steam- engine. [1687. He presents his first hydraulic wheel to the Iloyal Society of London.] 1684 * * Paris. Giovanni Domenico Cas- sini discovers two other satellites of Saturn. BERTHS — DEATHS. 1670 * * Beauplan, Guillaume Levasseur de, geographer, dies. Berwick, Iiuke of, .James Fitz-James, mar- shal, born. Cerqeau, Jean-Antoine du, Jesuit, poet, his- torian, born. Coigny, Due de, Francois de Franquetot, marshal, born. Daille\ .lean, Protestant clergyman, A76. Dubos, Jean Baptiste, publicist, critic, horn. Gagnier, .lean, orientalist, born. Rousseau, .lean Baptiste, poet, born. 1671 * * Bourdon, Sebaslien, painter, A55. Capperonnier, Claude, Immiist, critic, born. Pereflxe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, histo- rian, A66±. Valois, Charles de, antiquary, born. 1672* * Gal met, A u gust in, Benedictine monk, Biblical scholar, born. Lefevre, Tanncmi, critic, scholar, A57. 1673 * * Barrelier, Jacques, botanist, A67. Cavlus, Marquise de, Martha Marguerite de Villette de Murcay. woman of fashion, t>. Courtois, Jacques, painter, A52. Duguay- Trunin, Rene, admiral, born. Lalleinant, Jerome, Jesuit missionary in Canada, A 80. Moliere, Jean Eaptiste Poquelin, drama- tist, A51. Philip II., Due d' Orleans, son of Philip, b. Picart, Bernard, designer, engraver, born. 1674* * Arnauld, Robert d'A udilly, am, A86. Baron, Vincent, Dominican theol., an., A70. Barbeyrac, Jean, jurist, historian, born. Caron, Francois, director-general in India, d. Chapelain, Jean, poet, critic, A79. Crebillon. Prosper Jolyot de. dram., b. Duhahle, Jean Baptiste, Jesuit geog., born. Lahadie, Jean de, mystic, At>4. Pecquet, Jean, anatomist, discoverer, A51. Petit, Jean Louis, surgeon, born. Bonneval, Comte de, Claude Alexandre, ad- Dughet, Caspard, painter, A62. Delisle, Guillaume geographer, born. Marquette, Jacques, explorer of Mississippi, A38. Roberval, de. Giles P.. mathematician, A73. Turenne. Marshal de. Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne, A 64. 1676 * * BrinviLLiers, Marquise de, Marie Marguerite d'Aubray, poisoner, A25±. Courtois. Jacques, painter, A55. La Grange, Joseph de chancel de, poet, b. 1677 * * Cambert, Robert, composer, A49. Cassini, Jacques, astronomer, born. Girard, Gabriel, grammarian, born. Saurin, Jacques, Protestant pulpit orator, b. 1678 * * Barcos, Martin de, clergyman, A78. Bourguet, Louis, antiquary, naturalist, b. BondeSaint-Hilaire, Francois Xavier, writer, scholar, born. Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, born. Nanteuil, Robert, painter, engraver, A48. Noailles, Due de, Adrien Maurice, marshal, statesman, born. 1679 * * Abanzit, Firmin, mathematician, b. Cavalier, Jean, leader of Camisards, born. Chevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de Rohan, A79. Courtois, Guillaume, painter, A51. L'Angeb, last of titled court fools, A59. Longueville, Duchesse de. Anne Cenevievede Bourbon Conde. political agitator, A60. Retz. Cardinal de, J. F. P. de Gondi. statesman, A55. Psalmana/,er, Ceorge. literary impostor, b. 1680* * Destoucites, Philippe Nericault, dramatist, born. Fouquet, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle, financier, A 65. Perrin, Pierre, first writer of Fr. operas, (?) d. Moreri, Louis, clergyman, historian, A37. Rochefoucauld, Due de la, Pranqois, mor- alist, A67. 1681 * * Courayer, Pierre Francois le, E. C, clergyman, author, born. 1683 * * Claude Lorrain, painter, A82. Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., Jesuit, historian, b. Premier, Amedee Francois, eng., traveler, b. Olivet, L'Abbe d', Joseph Thoulier, author, critic, born. Picard, Jean, astronomer, A62. 1683 * * Colbert. Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seiguelay, financier, statesman, A64. Furetiere, Antoine, philosopher, A63. Fourmont. Etienne, orientalist, author, born. Desjardins, Mane Catherine, author, A43. Rameau, Jean Philippe, composer, author, b. Mezeray, Francois Eudes de, historian, A73. Reaumur, Rene de. natural phil., entomol.,b. 1684* * Arnauld, Angelique, nun, wr., A60. Astruc, Jean, medical writer, teacher, born. Corneille. Pierre, poet, dramatist, A78. Mariotte, Edma, physicist, A64. Watteau, Antoine, painter, born. Sacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, tr. of Bible, A71. Vanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter, born. 1685 * * Chauvelin, Germain Louis de,states- 1 'esfontaines, Pierre, Fran. Guyot, critic, b. Renault, Charles Jean Francois, historian, poet, born. CHURCH. 1670* * Rome. Clement X. is pope. [1676, Innocent XI.] 1675 ** Paris, Pere Lachaise be- comes the king's confessor, and obtains great influence with him ; he is partly responsible for the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 1678 Sept. 17- Religious liberty is con- firmed to the Lutherans by the Peace of Nimeguen ; they are numerous in Alsace. 1682 * * Louis convokes an assembly of the clergy, which provokes a quarrel with the Pope. It strongly asserts that the Pope has no right to meddle with the State in matters temporal; that his power must be limited by the ecclesiastical canons ; that bis decrees are not authoritative or infallible without the assent of a gen- eral council ; that be cannot ordain any- thing contrary to the constitutions and liberties of the French church. FRANCE. 1669,** -1685, 693 1685 Oct. 22. Paris. The Edict of Nantes is revoked by the sole authority of Louis. The Reformed religion is entirely pro- scribed (except in Alsace), the churches to be leveled, and the ministers to quit France in 15 days, and private worship prohibited; laymen are forbidden to leave under pain of confiscation of goods and condemnation to the galleys for life ; and the children of Protestants to he baptized henceforth by the parish priests, and to be educated in the Roman Catholic religion. [ Te Deums are sung in Rome, and the Pope sends congratula- tions to Louis. Terrible suffering and prolonged miseries are caused by en- forcing the king's requirements ; 50,000 families are driven out of France.] LETTERS. 1669 * * IS Exposition de la doctrine ca- tholique, by Bossuet, appears. [1669-79, L'Bistoire abregee de la France, La Politique tirie de VEcriture sainte, and Traits de la connaissance de Dieu et de soim&me.] * * -74 * * Art PoStique, by Boileau, ap- pears. * * -93 * * Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Marquise de Sevigne, writes over 1,500 Letters. 1670 Feb. 10. Les Amants Magni- fiques, by Moliere, appears. [Oct. 23. Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme.] * * Zaide, by Madame de Lafayette, ap- pears. * * Pensies de Pascal appears. * * Berenice, by Racine, appears. ± * * Letters t by Gui Patin, appear. ± * * Historiettes, by Ged^on Tallemant des Reaux, appears. ± * * Conspiration de Wal stein, by J. Sar- rasin, appears. 1671 May 7- Psyche appears. Moliere and Pierre Corneille collab- orate in the dialogue, while Quinault composes the words for the music by Lulli. * * Exposition de la Doctrine de VEglise catholique sur lesmaiieres de controverse, by Bossuet, appears. * * Several Fables, by La Fontaine, ap- pear. * * Les Fourberies de Scapin, by Moliere, appears. * * Conversations of Aristes and Eugenius and Remarks and Doubts on the French language, by Dominique Bouhours, ap- pear. * * -86 * * Qurnault writes 14 librettos for Lulli. * * -95 * * Essais de morale, by Pierre Nicole, appears. 1672 Jan. 4. Bajazet, by Racine, ap- pears. Feb. 2. La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, by Moliere, appears. [Feb. 11, Les Eemmes Savantes.] * * Conjuration des Espagnols, by L'Abbe' " de St. Real, appears. * * Paris. Mercure Galant is issued. * * Journal du Palais is issued. * *-83* * Lutrin, by Boileau, appears. 1673 Jan. 13. Mithridate, by Racine, appears. [1674, IphigSnie.~\ Feb. 10. Le malade Imaginaire, by Mo- liere, appears. * * Louis Moreri's Dictionnaire historique appears. * * Observations, by Manage, appears. 1674 * * De la recherche de la verity, by Nicolas de Malebranche, appears. * *An academy is established at Sois- sons. * *-96* * The Delphin Classics, pre- pared by order of Louis XIV., under the direction of Bossuet and Huet, appear. 1677 Jan. 1. Phedre, by Racine, " the greatest tragedy of the classical French school, is all but driven from the stage on its presentation." Oct. * Racine and Boileau are made his- toriographers-royal 3 with a salary of 2,000 crowns. * * Phedre et Hippolyte, by Nicolas Pra- don, appears. 1679 * * ComSdie sans Titre, by Bour- sault, appears. * * Noxtvelles Decouvertes dans toutes les Parties de la Medecine is issued. 16S0 * * Paris. Courses in French civil law are given for the first time in the University of Paris. * * TraitS de V education des filles and TraitS de la nature et de la grace, by Francois de La Mothe Fenelon, appear. * * Proserpine, by Quinault, appears. [1685, Poland ; 1686, Annide.] * * Genseric, by Antoinette Deshoulieres, appears. * * Journal Ecclesiastique is issued. ± * * Memoires, by Mme. de Motteville, appears. 1681 * * Discours sur VHistoire univer- selle, by Bossuet, appears. * * Mosursd'-s Israelites, by Claude Fleury, appears. [1686, Du choix et de lamSthode d'Studes.] 1683 * * Dialogues des marts, by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, appears. [16S6, Entretien sur la PluralitS des Mondes.] 1684* * TraitS de morale, by Nicolas de Malebranche, appears. * *-1718* * Nouvelles de la RSpublique des Letters is issued by Bayle. SOCIETY. 1676 July 16. Paris. Marie Mar- guerite de Brinvilliers is executed for her intrigues and crimes. 1679 * * The prisoner called the man with the iron mask is closely confined at Pignerol. [1703. Nov. 19. He dies in the Bastile ; five different persons are alleged to have been the mysterious prisoner.] 1681 May 22. Paris. Female dancers are first introduced on the Paris stage, in the opera Le Triomphe de I' Amour. 1685 Oct. 18. The Edict of Nantes is revoked. More than 50,000 families, including military leaders, men of letters, and most of the artificers of France, are com- pelled to emigrate to foreign countries by this act. (See Church.) * * Louismarries Madame de Maintenon, STATE. 1670 May * A secret treaty between the kings of France and England, signed at Dover, is negotiated by Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans. Charles engages to openly join the Catholic Church, Louis to aid Charles by 2,000,000 livres ; the two kings agree to declare war against Holland, Louis to pay Charles 3,000,000 livres every year, to carry on the war. Nov. 1. A convention is secretly signed between Louis and the German emperor, binding each not to help the other's enemies. 1672 Feb. 12. A public treaty is concluded between France and England. Mar. * -Apr. * France and England de- clare war against Holland. Apr. 14. Swe. The Treaty of Stock- holm is concluded between France and Sweden. Sweden engages, for an annual subsidy from Frame of 000,000 livres, to take arms against any of the German princes who should support Holland. 1673 Mar.* France declares war against Holland. June 6. Ger. The Peace of Vossem is concluded between Frederick "William, Elector of Brandenburg, and Louis, who agrees not to aid the Dutch against the elector. Aug. 15. Xeth. The League of The Hague is formed against France by the Dutch, the Spaniards, and the German emperor. 1674 Feb. 9. Charles II. of England, compelled by Parliament, makes peace with HoUand. * * Germany, Spain, Denmark, and Hol- land unite in a quadruple alliance against France. June * The Emperor Leopold I. declares war against France. * * Alsace is united to France by con- quest. 1676 Feb. 17. A secret treaty for annual pension is signed between Louis and Charles II. of England. 1678 May 12. Kobert Cavelier de La Salle receives a grant for the construc- tion of forts, taking lands, and holding a monopoly of trade, in the "West [Canada — Michigan]. May 17. Another secret treaty be- tween Louis and Charles II. of England is signed. Aug. 10. At the Congress of Nimeguen a treaty of peace is signed between France and Holland. [Sept. 17. Be- tween France and Spain ; 1679. Feb. 6. Between France and Germany. It paci- fies Europe.] French conquests in Holland are re- stored to the Dutch; France gains Franche-Comte" and Valen ci ennes , Conde\ Bouchain, Maubeuge, Cambrai, St. Omer, Aire, Ypres, and Cassel. 1679 June 29. A treaty is concluded at St. Germain-en-Laye between France, Sweden, and the Elector of Branden- burg, who is obliged to cede most of hi3 conquests in Pomerania to Sweden. Sept. 2. The Treaty of Fontainebleau is concluded between France and Den- mark. * * Louis XIV., the Great Monarch, is at the height of his power and glory. * * Louis establishes ' e Chambers of Re- union" for the purpose of asserting claims, through old feudal titles, to ter- ritories on the German frontier. 1684 Aug. 15. The Truce of Ratis- bon. (See Army.) Aug. 25. Strasburg and its district are formally ceded to France, also the prov- ince of Luxemburg. 1685 * * Louis persecutes the Protes- tants. (See Church.) 694 1685, * *-1702, Aug. 19. FRANCE. ARMY — WAVY. 1688 * * -97 * * Ger. The third war to obtain the Palatinate. (See State,) Oct. 29. Ger. Philippsburg surren- ders to Louis. [Mannheim, Speyer, Worms, and other towns are rapidly taken.] 1689 * * Ger. Ruthless devastation of the Palatinate. (See Society.) JVCar. * Louis sends a French squadron of 13 vessels with troops to Ireland, to aid James II., who seeks to recover the throne of England. 1690 June 30. South Eng. In a naval battle off Beachy Head the French un- der the Comte de Tourville defeat the Dutch and English fleets under Adm. Torrington. July 1. Belg. The Due de Luxem- bourg defeats the allies under the Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus. 1691 Apr. 8. Belg. The French under Louis take Mons. Apr. 13. Nice surrenders to the French under Marshal Catinat. * * Louis sends Gen. St. Ruth with a force to Ireland to aid James II. (See Great Britain.) 1692 May 19. Vice-Adm. Tourville is decisively defeated by the English and Dutch fleets under Adm. Russell off La Hogue. June 5. Belg. Namur capitulates to the French. Aug. 3. Belg. Marshal Luxembourg defeats the allies under "William III. at Steenkerke. 1693 June 29. Port. Vice-Adm. Tour- ville defeats the English fleet under Adm. Rooke off Cape St. Vincent. July 29. Belg. The allies under Wil- liam III. are defeated by Marshal Lux- embourg at Neerwinden, or Landen. Oct. 4. Marshal Catinat defeats the Duke of Savoy at Marsaglia. !Wov. 29. St. Malo is unsuccessfully bombarded by the English. 1694 July * Dieppe and Havre are un- successfully bombarded by the English and Dutch. Sept. * Dunkirk and Havre are unsuc- cessfully bombarded by the English. 1695 Aug. 26. Belg. ISTamur is taken by William III. 1696 June * It. Peace of Turin. 1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Byswick. 1701 * * -14 * * "War of the Spanish Succession. June * It. Prince Eugene of Savoy commences the war by invading Italy with an Austrian army ; he resents the rejection of his proffered services. July 9. It. The allies under Eugene defeat the French under Marshal Cati- nat at Carpi, Lombardy. Sept. 1. It. The Austrians under Eu- gene defeat the French under Marshal Villeroi at Chiari, Lombardy. 1702 July 26. It. The French win at the battle of Santa Vittoria. Aug. 14. Ger. The French under Gen. Villars defeat the Germans at Fried- lingen. Aug. 19. Sp. The French under Capt. Du Casse are defeated in a naval battle off Cartagena by the British under Adm. Benbow. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1688 * * Cast mirrors are invented. * * * Enameled pottery is made at St. Cloud. * * Denis Papin invents a heat-engine. [1698. He attempts to construct an en- gine.] He devises a steam-engine while residing in Germany. * * Guillaume Amontons invents a system of telegraphy by means of signals from station to station. 1692* * Paris. Giovanni DomenicoCas- sini executes a chart of the full moon. 1694* * Paris. Joseph Pitton de Tourne- fort publishes a botanical system. 1700+ * * Jean Louis Petit explains the structure of the eye. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1686 * * Chapelle, Claude E. L., poet., A60. Blondel, Francois, arch., military eng., A69. Conde, Louis II. de Bourbon de, Due d'Engh it'll, general, A65. - ('atelier, .lean Baptiste, Greek scholar, A59. Fstrades, ( 'ointe d', < iodefroi, gt-ni-rul, states man, A79. Leroy, Julien, horologist, author, born. Mairet, Jean, dramatist, A82. Maimbourg, Louis, historian, A76. 1687* * Aubery, Louis, Sieur du Maurier, historical writer, dies. Claude, Jean, Protestant leader, A68. La Salle, Sieur de, Robert cavalier, explorer, A44. Crequi, Francois de Bonne de, Due de Les- diguieres, marshal, A63±. Rapin, Rene, Jesuit Latin poet. A66. Lulli, Jean Baptiste, It.-Fr. corhp., A54. 1688* *Bernier, Francois, trav.,phys., A58±. Castel, Louis l'.ertrand, mathematician, born. Bronioy, Pierre, classical scholar, A58±. Ceillier, Doni Itemi, theologian, born. Delisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, born. l)u Cange, Charles du Fresne, historian, phi- lologist, A78. Duquesne, Abraham, admiral, A78. Freret, Nicolas, antiquary, historical critic, b. Lemoine, Francois, historical painter, b. Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de, dramatist, born. Mellan, Claude, designer, engraver, d. Perrault, Claude, architect, A75. Quinault, Philippe, dramatic poet, A53. Quintinie, Jean de la, pomologist, A62. Tavernier, Jean B., Baron d'Aubonne, trav- eler, A83. 1689 * * Errard, Charles, painter, arch., A83. Montesquieu, Baron, Charles de Seeon- dat, jurist, philosopher, born. Piron, Alexis, dramatist, poet, wit, born. 1090 * * Alucoijiie, .Marguerite, nun, prophet- ess, A43. Allouez, Claude Jean, explorer, A70. Le Brun, Charles, painter, A78. Lecouvreur, Adrienne, actor, born. Le Pays, Rene de, Sieur Plessis-Villeneuve, poet, A54. Savary, Jacques, financier, A68. 1691 * * lienserade, Isaac, court poet, A69. Louvois, Marquis de, Francois L. M., states- man, A50. 1692 * * Aiguebere, John Dumas, dram., b. Auzout, Adrien, mathematician, A62±. Burigny, Jean Levesque de, author, born. Caylus, Comte de, Anne C. P. de Tubieres, antiquary, author, born. Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivellede la, dram- atist, born. Menage, Gilles, critic, A79. Racine, Louis, poet, born. Thevenot, Melchisedcch, compiler, au., A72. 1693* * Bussy-Rabutin, Comte de, Roger, satirist, A75. Belidor, Bernard Forest de, engineer, mili- tary writer, born. Cartouche, Louis 1>., bandit, born. Chaumonot, Pierre M. J., Jesuit, missionary in Canada, A82. Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis, historian, b. Lafayette, Comtesse de, Marie M. P. de la V., author, A59. Fremont d'Ablancourt, Nicolas, litterateur, diplomatist, A68±. Montpensier, Duchesse de, Anne M. L. D'O.. A66. Rousseau, James, painter, A63. 1694* * Arnauld, Antoine, philosopher, A82. Boissy, Louis de, litterateur, born. Deshoulieres, Antoinette, poet, A60±. Quesnay, Francois, economist, born. Voltaire. Francois M. A. de. poet, dram- atist, historian, mis. writer, born. 1695 * * Aubery, Antoine, hist, writer, A79. Duval, Valentin daim'iav, antiquary, born. Domat, Jean, jurist, A70. Felibien, Andre, architect, writer, A76. Herbelot, Barthelemy d', orientalist, A70, La Fontaine, Jean de. poet, fabulist, A74. Lancelot, Dom Claude, grammarian, A80. Luxembourg, Due de. Francois Henri de Montmorericy-Bouteville, marshal, A67. Meissonier, Justus A., painter, sculptor, architect, born. Mignard, Pierre, painter, A85. Nicole, Pierre, novelist, A70. Puget, Pierre, sculptor, painter, arch., A73. Rouhiliac, Louis Francois, sculptor, born. 1696 * * Bruyere, Jean de la. author, mor- alist, A 50. Daviel, Jacques, oculist, horn. Richelieu, Due de, Louis Francois Armand Emmanuel Duplessis, courtier, born, Sase, Hermann Maurice, general, born. Sevign6, Marie de Eabutin Chantal de, writer, A70+. 1697 * * Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', geographer, born. Carpentier, Pierre, antiquary, author, born. Deffand, Marquise du, Marie de Vichy- Chamrond, author, born. Drevet, Pierre, engraver, born. Dupleix, Marquis, Joseph, general, born. Morand, Sauveur Francois, surgeon, born. Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, au., b. Santeul, Jean de, clergyman, poet, A67. 1698 * * Pouchardon, Kdme, sculptor, born, Bouguer, Pierre, mathematician, born. Bourne, Vincent, scholar, writer, born. Champinesle, Marie Desmares, actor, A44. Charas, Moise, chemist, pharmacist, A80. Duf ay, Charles Fraiu;ois de Cisternay, phy- sician, born. D'Orleans, Pierre J., historian, A54. Frontenac, Comte de, Louis de Buade, gov- ernor of Canada, A77. Maupertuis. Pierre Louis Moreau de, mathematician, born. Tillemont, Sebastien le Nain de, clergyman, historian, A71. 1699 * * Barbeyrac, Charles, physician, A7G. Camus, Charles Etienne Louis, math., born. Galien, Joseph, physician, philosopher, born, Jussieu, Bernard de, botanist, born. Labourdonnais, Bertraml Francois Mane de,. naval commander, born. Monnoyer. .U-au Baptiste, painter, A64. Pothier, Robert Joseph, jurist, born. Racine, Jean, dramatic poet, A60. 1700 * * Adam, Lambert Sigisbert, sculptor,, born. Allainval, Leonor J. C. S. d', dram, poet, b. Aviler, Augustin Charles d', architect, A47. Bourcet, Pierre Joseph, tactician, mil.,wr.,b. Lenotre, Andre, artist, garden design., A87. Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, econo- mist, botanist, born. Joliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of Mis- sissippi, A55. Masson, Antoine, engraver, A64. Nollet, Jean Antoine, L'Abbe, natural phi- losopher, born. Ranee, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, monk, reformer of monastery of La Trappe, A74. 1701* * Bridame, .iaci|iit's, pulpit ora., born.. Condamine, Charles Marie de la, traveler, geographer, scientist, writer, born. Chevreau, Urbain, author, A88. Daran, Jacques, surgeon, born, A88. Philip, Due d'orleans, son of Louis XIII., A61. Maurepas, Comte de, Jean Frederic Phelip- peaux, politician, born. Scudery, Madeleine de, author, A94. Sourville, AnneH.de C. de, adm., mar., A59.. CHURCH. 1685 * * Louis persecutes the Huguenots. They are excluded from all public functions, from the liberal professions,, the universities, and from engaging in various branches of commerce and in- dustry; also forbidden to marry Cath- olics, and children seven years of age- are to be permitted to choose the Catho- lic religion. FRANCE. 1685, * *-1702, Aug. 19. 695 * * The king'a soldiers in Languedoc are quartered among Huguenots, and create a reign of terror. Brutal violence and excesses abound. * * Sixty thousand " converts" to Cathol- icism in Guienne are reported in a single month. * * * Monasticism reaches the climax of literary culture in some congregations of Benedictines and Oratorians. 1689* * Rome. Alexander VIII. is pope. [1691. Innocent XII.] 1691 July 12. It. The Pope condemns F6nelon. * * Louis XIV. sends an embassy to Siam for the purpose of converting its king. 1693 * * The Jansenist dispute is re- vived. 1694 June 3. The Duke of Savoy, at the instance of England and Holland, decrees freedom in religion to the Vaudois. 1695 * * Paris. Madam Guyon is sent to the Bastile in punishment for writing devotional books. . [1705. She is re- leased.] 1699 Mar. * Fenelon's book, Maximes des Saints, is condemned by the Pope. 1700 * * Rome. Clement XI. is pope. LETTERS. 1685 Oct.* The Protestant University at Sedan is abolished after the revoca- tion of the Edict of Nantes. * * Andronic and Alcibiade, by Jean Gal- bert de Campistron, appear. [1691, Ti- Hdate.] 1686* *-93* * Bib/iotht-que. Universelle et Historique is issued. 1687 * * Steele de Louis le Grand, by Charles Perrault, appears. [1688-93, Pa- rallele des Anciens et des Modernes.] * * Chevalier a la mode, by Florent Carton Dancourt, appears. * * Caracteres, by Jean de La Bruyere, appears. * * -1704 * * Histoire des Ouvrages des Savants is issued. 1688 * * Divorce, by Jean Francois R<3- gnard, appears. * * L f Histoire des Variations des Eg Uses Protest-antes, by Bossuet, appears. [He writes also Notes and Annotations of the Books of Scripture, Defense de la doc- trine du clergi de Fraiice, and Funeral Orations.'} 1689 * * Esther, by Racine, appears. * * Histoire des revolutions de Portugal, by L'Abbe Renne Aubert de Vertot d'Aubert, appears. [1696, Histoire des revolutions de Suede.] 1690 * * Mtmoires sur la cour d'Espagne and Aventures d'lfippofyte, Comte de Douglas, by Marie Catherine D'Aulnoy, appear. [1698, Contes des F6es.] * * Dictionary of the French Language, by -Antoine Furetiere, appears. ± * * Le Mercure galant, Esope a la ville, and Esope & la cour, by Edme Boursault, * *-1712* * Me" moires pour servir a V his- toire eccUsiastique des six premiers sie- cles, by S^bastien le Nain de Tillemont, appears. [1690-1738, Histoire des empe- reitrs et des autres princes quiont r£gn£ pendant les six premiers siecles'de I'egtise.] 1691* * Grondeur, by David Augustinde Brueys and Jean Palaprat, appears. * * Athalie, Racine's last drama, appears. [1695, History of Port-Royal.] * * -1720 * * Histoire Ecclesiastique, by Claude Fleury, appears. 1692* *-1724* *Joueuse, Esprit de Contradiction, Double Veuvage, Desin, and 14 other plays, by Charles Riviere Dufresny, appear. 1693* * -1703 * *Boileau writes his three last Satires. [1695, his three last tpUres.] 1694 * * Thomas Corneille's Dictionnaire des Arts appears. * * Joueur, by Regnard, appears. [1697, Distrait; 1700, Democrite Amoureux.] 1696* *-1710* * Homme s Tllustres,bj Perrault, appears. [1697, Histoires ou Contes du temps passe.] 1697* * Explication des maximes des saints, by Fenelon, appears. * * Histor/ced and Critical Dictionary , by Pierre Bayle, appears. 1699* * Les Ave nt ares de Te'le'maque,by Fenelon, appears. [1710, Examen de la conscience (Tun roi.] 1700 * * Bourgeoises de quality, by Dan- court, appears. [1710, Com4diedes Come- diens.] * * Epitrcs, and other poems, by Guil- laume Amfrye, appear. * * Panthde, and several poems, by Charles Auguste, Marquis of La Fare, appear. 1701 * * -67 * * Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire des Sciences et des Arts is is- sued. SOCIETY. 1689 * * The Palatinate is devastated. Louis orders it to be burned, as he can- not hold his conquests ; cities, towns, farm-buildings, crops, trees, etc., are burned. Europe is exasperated by the brutality. 1693 * * The Order of St. Louis is in- stituted. 1700+ * * Paris. The court of Louis XIV. is conspicuous. It is the most formal and brilliant of any in the history of France ; it abounds in magniticence, luxury, and mistresses. * * * Courtiers show contempt for mar- riage, abound in licentiousness, have a rage for gambling, and flimsily veil reli- gious hypocrisy with courtly polish and address. * * * "Women have remarkable influence in high society. As favorites of the Crown, they rule the state, also the realm of letters and fine arts. Ministers and generals rise and fall to their wishes ; members enter the Academy or fail, and books are read or unread at their words. Society was never more decorous or more corrupt. * * * Paris. During the national re- verses, vigils, fasts, and penances take the place of revels in court society. STATE. 1686 July 9. The League of Augs- burg is formed. It is a confederation of the German States with Holland, Sweden, Spain, and Savoy, to compel France to observe the Treaties of Westphalia and Nimeguen. 1688 * * Lower Rhine. The French in- vade and devastate the Palatinate. Louis claims most of the country for the Duchess of Orleans, sister of the late elector palatine ; he also resents the election of a Bavarian prince to the electorate of Cologne, in opposition to his choice. 1689 May 2. The Grand AUiance. (See Austria.) [The campaign is principally waged in the Netherlands.] 1695± * * France is in a deplorable state because of continuous wars. 1696 June * It. A separate treaty of peace is concluded at Turin between France and Savoy. Victor Amades, Duke of Savoy, recov- ers Savoy, Susa, Nice, and Pignerol; he guarantees to France the neutrality of Italy, and Ins daughter, Mary Adelaide, is to marry the eldest son of the dauphin, Louis's grandson. Savoy promises to re- main neutral. 1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of Ryswick is signed by France, Eng- land, Spain, and Holland. [Oct. 30. Also by the Empire and the emperor.] It confirms the peace made with Savoy; Louis restores all places won by him since the Peace of Nimeguen from Kngland and Holland, also those taken from Spain with the exception of s2 places ; lie recognizes William III. as King of Kngland and Anne as his successor, and agrees not to aid William's enemies. The chief fortresses in the Span- ish Netherlands are to be a barrier between France and Holland by receiving Dutch gar- risons; Lorraine is restored to its German duke, and the claims of the princess pala- tine to the lower Palatinate are commuted for money. 1698 Oct. 11. The First Partition Treaty is signed by England, France, and Holland. It divides the Spanish realm among three claimants, in view of the expected death without issue of Charles II., the Spanish king, the Electoral Prince of Bavaria, Joseph Ferdinand, grandson of the Empress of Germany, sister of the Spanish King Charles, to receive the American dependen- cies and the Spanish Netherlands; the dau- phin (nephew of Charles of Spain) to have Naples, Sicily, certain seaports in Tuscany, and the province of Guipugcoa; the Arch- duke Charles of Austria, nephew by mar- riage of Charles of Spain, to have the duchy of Milan. 1700 Mar. 13. The Second Partition Treaty is signed by Louis XIV. and William III. The Archduke Charles to have Spain and the Indies ; the dauphin to have Naples, Sicily, and the duchy of Lor- raine ; The Duke of Lorraine to have Milan in exchange for the duchy. Oct. 2. Charles II. of Spain signs a will making Philip of Anjou, son of the Dauphin of France, his heir. Nov. 16. The Duke of Anjou, grand- son of Louis, is proclaimed at Fontaine- bleau King of Spain as Philip V., the Spanish King Charles having died with- out issue. [This causes the war of the Spanish Succession, the proclamation of Philip as King of Spain being a violation of the Partition Treaty of March 13, and the great naval powers, England and Hol- land, are jealuus "ft he increase of French power by the union of the two crowns.] 1701 Feb. 6. Neth. The barrier towns of the Spanish Netherlands open their gates to the French on an order from the King of Spain ; thus the Peace of Ryswick is violated. Sept. 7. The Second Grand Alliance is formed between William III., the Em- peror Leopold L, and the Dutch Re- public. The object is to secure the possessions of Philip V. in the Netherlands and It- aly for the Austrian House, to restore the barrier towns to Holland, to secure an indemnity to Austria because of the exclusion of the Archduke Charles from the Spanish throne, and to secure the definite severance of the crowns of France and Spain. Sept. * Eng. On the death of James II., his son, " the Pretender," is recognized as King of England by Louis. 696 1702, Aug. * -1718, * * FRANCE. ARMY — WAVY. 1702 Aug. * Sp. Cadiz is attacked by the English and Butch under Sir George Rooke. Oct. 12. The French fleet is nearly destroyed in the Bay of Vigo by the Eng- lish and Dutch fleets under Sir George Rooke. Oct. 23. Belg. Liege is taken by the English under Gen. Marlborough. 1703 Sept. 20. Ger. The French and Bavarians under Marshal Villars de- feat the Imperialists at Hochstadt. 1704 July 2. Ger. The Duke of Marl- borough defeats the French at Donau- worth. July 24. Sp. A dm. Rooke, without warning, takes Gibraltar from the Span- iards. Aug. 13. Ger. Battle of Blenheim in Bavaria. The English, German, Dutch, and Dane allies under Marlborough and Prince Eugene, numbering 52,000 men, defeat and nnit56,0Ui) French and Bavari- ans under Marshals Tallard and Marsin ; the French and Bavarians lose 40,000± men ; the allies lose 11,000 to 12,000. Marshal Villars suppresses the revolt of the Protestant Camisards among the CeVennes Mountains. 1705 July 18. Belg. Marlborough de- feats the French at Tirlemont. Aug. 16. It. The Imperialists under Prince Eugene are defeated by Gen. Vendome at Cassano. Oct. 4. Sp. Barcelona surrenders to the English Adm. Peterborough. 1706 Apr. * Gen. Vendome routs the Imperialists at Calcinato. May 23. Belg. The French and Ba- varians under Marshal Villeroi are de- feated by Marlborough at Ramillies in Flanders ; the French lose 13,000 men, and the allies over 3,500. Sept. 7. It. The French are defeated by Imperialists under Prince Eugene at Turin. 1707 Mar. * The French by a conven- tion agree to abandon North Italy. Apr. 25. Sp. The French and Spanish under the Duke of Berwick defeat the British, Dutch, and Portuguese allies under Lord Galaway at Almanza. June 30. France is invaded by the allies under Prince Eugene and the Duke of Savoy [who boiuba-rd Toulon, but are forced to raise the siege]. IWov. 11. Sp. The French capture Le- rida. 1708 July 11. Belg. Battle of Oude- narde. The allies under Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeat 100,000 French un- der Gen. Vendome and the Duke of Bur- gundy at Oudenarde; the French lose 3,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners. Oct. 25. Belg. Lille is taken by Prince Eugene and Marlborough. [Ghent and Burges surrender.] 1709 Sept. 11. The English, Dutch, and Austrians (120,000), under Prince Eugene and Marlborough, defeat the French (90,000) under Marshal Villars at Malplaquet ; allies' loss, 20,000± , French 11,000 to 14,000. Villars is wounded. Oct. 25. Belg. Mons surrenders to the allies. 1710 July 17. Sp. The allies under Count Starhemberg and Earl Stanhope defeat the Spaniards at Almenara. Aug. 20. Sp. The Austrians defeat Philip V. at Saragossa. 1711 Aug. 5. Marlborough forces the French lines at Arleux. * * * Marlborough crosses the fortifica- tions extending from Arras to Bouchain on the Schelde. Sept. 13. Marlborough captures Bou- chain. [He is now recalled to England through the influence of the Tories.] 1712 July 27. The French under Mar- shal Villars defeat the allies under Prince Eugene, at Denain ; [they recap- ture Douai, Le Quesnoy, and Bouchain.] 1713 Apr. 11. Peace of Utrecht. Ifov. 7. Switz. The French under Vil- lars take Freiburg. 1714 Mar. 6. Peace. (See State.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * * Paris. Beign of Louis XIV. Many works of art are produced, among which is the arch of St. Martin and St. Denis. Great additions are made to the Tuileries and Louvre. The gardens of the Tuileries, like those of Versailles, are laid out by Andre" Le- ndtre. Among the palaces completed are the Place du Carrousel, the Place des Vic- toires, and the superb Place Vendome. The quays are also built. The Champs 3i!lys6es are converted into a public promenade. [1828. Ceded to the city.] 1715 * * The French Opira Comique ap- pears. 1716 * * Paris. Marius submits plans for an instrument with hammer action to the Acad^mie Boyale des Sciences. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1702 * * Arvieux, Laurent Chevalier d', ori- entalist, A 67. Bart, Jean, naval hero, commander, A51. Bouhours^ Dominique, Jesuit, critic, A74. Charpentier, Francois, author, A82. 1703 * * Cosine, .Jean Baseilhae, surgeon, lith- otomist, born. Deparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, born. The man with the iron mask dies at the Bastile, Nov. 19. Louis, Due d'Orleans, son of Philip II., born. Mascaron, Jules, pulpit orator, author, A67. Parrault, Charles, author, A75. Saint Evremond, Charles de, M. de St. Denis de, wit, author, A90. 1704* * Argens, Marquis d', Jean Baptiste d', soldier, writer, born. Bourdaloue. Louis, Jesuit, pulpit ora., A72. Bossuet. Jacques B., bishop of Meaux, pulpit orator, author, A74. Duclos, Charles I'ineau, author, born. Jaucourt, Louis < 'hevalier ile. author, born. L'HQpital, or [/Hospital, Guillaume F. A., de. Marquis de Samt-Mesnie, geometrician, A43. Plumier, Charles, botanist, A58. 1705 * * Amontons, Guillaume, physicist, A42. Aunoy, or Aulnoy, Comtesse de, Marie Cathe- rine Jumelle de P.erneville, author, A55±. Chedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, born. Fontaine, Alexis, geometer, born. L'Enclos, Anne, Ninon de, courtesan, A90. Vanloo, Charles Andre, painter, horn. 1706* * Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham Nicolas, author, A72. Baillet, Adrien, scholar, author, A57. Bayle, Pierre, critic, philosopher, A59. Chastelet, Marquise du, Gabrielle, scientific author, born. 1707 * * Baden-Baden, Margrave of, Ludwig Wilhelm, general, A52. Buffon, Comte de, Georges Louis Le- clerc, naturalist, philosopher, born. CouBin, Louis, historian, A80. Edelinck, Gerard, Flemish engraver in France, A58. Gallois, Jean, critic, journalist, A75. Grammont, Comte de, Philibert, courtier, author, A 86. Jouvenet, Jean, painter, A60. Mabillon, Jean, Benedictine monk, au., A75. Montespan, Marquise de, Franchise Athenais de Rochechouart, mistress of Louis XIV A 66. Vauban, Sebastien L. de, military engi- neer, marshal, A74. 1708* * Cosnac, Daniel de, archbishop of Aix, A78±. Gravier, Jacques, missionary in America, d. Mansart, or Mansard, Jules Hardouin, archi- tect, A63. Perronet, Jean Rodolphe, engineer, born. Tournefort. Joseph Pitton de, bota., A52. 1709 * * Barbeu-Dubourg Jacques, scien., b. Brosses, Charles de, antiquary, born. Colle, Charles, poet, song-wnter, born. Comi, Prince de, Francois Louis, general, Corneille, Thomas, dramatist, A 84. Dupuy, Louis, journalist, writer, born. Cresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, poet, drama- tist, born. Mably, L'Abbe" de, Gabriel Bonnot, publi- cist, born. Lachaise, Pere, Francois d'Aix, Jesuit con- fessor of Louis XIV., A85. La Mettrie, J alien off ray de, philosopher, b. Lamoignon, Chretien Francois de, states- man, A65. Lepaute, Jean Andre", horologist, born. Piles, Roger de, diplomatist, paint., \vr.,A74. Regnard, Jean Francois, comic poet, A54. Silhouette, Ltienne de, financier, born. Vaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, born. 1710 Feb. 15. Louis XV., king, born. Begon, Michel, antiquary, A72. Boccage, Marie Anne Le Page du, poet, b. Chazelles, Jean Mathien de. physicist, A53. Favart, Charles Simon, dramatist, born. Flechier, Esprit, pulpit orator, A 78. Gabriel, Jacques Ange, engineer, arch., born. Vallierre, Duchesse de la, Framboise L. de la B. L. B., favorite of Louis XIV., A66. 1711 * * Boileau-Despreaux. Nicolas, poet, satirist, critic, A75. Boufners, Due de, Louis Francois, marshal, A67. Cheron, Elizabeth S., artist, poet, A63. Millet, Pierre, missionary in Canada, A80. 1712* * Cassini, Jean Dominique, astrono- mer A87. Catinat, Nicolas de, general, A75. r^pee, Charles Michel de 1', philan., born. Fournier, Pierre Simon, engraver, type- founder, born. Montcalm, Marquis de, Louis Joseph, general, born. Papin, Denis, natural philosopher, A65. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, philosopher, writer, born in Geneva. Simon, Richard, philosopher, Bib. critic, A74. Vendome, Due de, Louis Joseph, gen- eral, A58. 1713* * Batteux, Charles, rhetorician, mis. writer-, born. Benezet, Anthony, philanthropist, born. Caille, Nicolas Louis de la, astronomer, b. Chardin, Jean, merchant, traveler, A70. Clairaut, Alexis Claude, geometrician, born. Diderot, Denis, philosopher, journalist, mis. writer, born. Ducarel, Andre Coltee, antiquary, born. Jurieu, Pierre, I'roteslant clergyman, A7fc>. R a y n a 1, L'Abbe Guillaume Thomas Francois, historian, philosopher, born. 1714 * * Cassini, Thury, Cesar F. de, astron- omer, typographer, born. Clement, Francois, historian, born. Damiens, Robert P., regicide, born. Ferriere, Claude de, jurist, A75. Montalembert, Marquis de, Marc R., mili- tary engineer, born. Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, born. Soufflot, Jacques Germain, architect, horn. Vernet, Claude Joseph, painter, born. FRANCE. 1702, **-1718, * *. 697 1715 * * Aymur. .lacrjues, impostor, A53-t. BaUSchou, Jean Joseph Nicolas, engr., b. Ciiamilly, Mart], de, Noel Bouton, gen., A79. Cochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, writer, b. Condillac. IStienne B. de, philosopher, metaphysician, born. Fenelon, Francois de la Mothe. arch- bishop of Oainbray, author, A64. Fontenay, Jean Uaptiste Blain tie, painter, A61. Foulon, Joseph Francois, financier, politi- cian, born. Gallami, Antoine, antiq., orientalist, A69. (Jirardon, Francois, sculptor, A87. ■Guettard, Jean Etienne, botanist, mineralo- gist, born. Helvetius, Claude Adrien, philos., born. Lemonnier, Pierre Charles, astronomer, b. Lemery, Nicolas, chemist, A70. Louis XIV.. king, A77. Malebranche. Nicolas, philosopher, A77. Vieussens. Raymond, anatomist, A74. 1716 * * Barthelemy. Jean J., archeologist, author, born. Baume, Nicolas A. de la, marshal, A80. CoiUanges, filarquis de, Philippe Emmanuel, song-writer, AH5. Coustou, Guillaiune. sculptor, born. Daubenton, Louis J. M., naturalist, born. Lafosse, Charles de, historical painter, A76. Loriot, Antoine Joseph, mechanician, born. Vien, Joseph -Marie, historical painter, born. 1717 * * Alembert. Jean le Kond d' , geom- etrician, philosopher, author, born. Allix, Pierre, Protestant theologian, A76. Beauzee, Nicolas, grammarian, born. Boullongne, Bon, painter, A77±. Callieres, Francois de, statesman, au., A72. Carmontelle, Louis t'arrogis. dram, wr., b. Chamousset, Chevalier de. Claude Humbert Piarron, philanthropist, born. Guyon, Jeanne .Marie p.ouvier de la Motte, Madame, mystic, author, A69. Hubert, jMathieu, pulpit orator, A77. Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de la, explorer, fdr. of Detroit, U. S. A., A57. 1703 * * -10 * * The Protestant Cami- sards, among the Cevennes Mountains, revolt. 1704 * * The surviving remnant of the Camisards are sent into exile. * * * The two millions of Reformed gather no congregations, except as they as- semble in the wilderness. 1709 * * Paris. Louis authorizes the suppression and demolition of the con- vent of Port Royal des Champs. 1713 Sept. 8. Rome. Pope Clement XI. issues the bull " TJnigenitus," con- demning propositions from Reflexiones Morales of the Jansenists; the church and realm are convulsed thereby. * * The Jesuits are agitated because of the influence of Madame Guyon and other mystics, called Quietists. 1715 * * Cardinal de Noailles is placed at the head of ecclesiastical affairs. LETTERS. 1701 * * Menechmes, by Regnard, ap- pears. [1708. L&gataire Universel. Later Epitres, La Provencale, and Voyages.] 1703 * * -14 * * Bibliotheque Chois&e is issued. 1704 * * -06 * * La Clef du Cabinet des Princes de I ' Europe is issued. * * -08 * * The Thousand and One Nights, or Arabian Nights' Entertainments , translated from Arabian and Turkish MSS., by Antoine Galland, appears. 1706 * * The Avocat Pathelm, by Brueys and Palaprat, appears. 1707 * * Atrie et Thyeste, by Prosper Jolyot de Cr^billou, appears. * * Crispan rival de son maitre, and Le diable boiteux, by Le Sage, appear. [1709, Turcaret.] * * -16 * * Commentary on the Bible, by Dom Augustine Calmet, appears. 1708 * * -17 * * L'Bistoire de VAcad&mie des sciences and the E/oges des acadimi- ciens, by Fontenelle, appear. [Later, Pastorales and a Vie de Corneille.] 1711 * * Rhadamiste et Zenobie, by Pros- per Jolyot de Crebillon, appears. 1713 ** L'Irre'solu, by Philippe N£ri- cault Destouches, appears. * * Memoires du Comte de Grammont, by Anthony, Count of Hamilton, appears. * * -22 * * 1729 * * -36 * * Journal Lit- teraire is issued. * * Histoire de France, by Gabriel Daniel, appears. 1714 * * Lettre a M. Dacier sur les occu- pations de I'Acadcmit' franraise, by Fe> nelon, appears. [Later, three Dialogues de ^eloquence, Fables, Dialogues des morts, and Lettres spirituelles.] * * _27 * * Bibliotheque Ancienne et Mo- derne is issued. 1715* *-31* * Gil Bias de Santillane, by Le Sage, appears. ± * * Memoires, by Mme. de Maintenon, appears. 1716* *-28* * Bibliotheque Anglais is issued. 1718 Nov. 18. Paris. upin, Louis EUies, theol., historian, A62. Freron, Elie Catherine, critic, born. Leroy, Pierre, watchmaker, born. La Salle, Jean Baptiste de, el., edu., A63. Maintenon, Franeoise d'Aubigne\ queen, A84. 1720 * * Aigullion, Due d', Arniand Vignerot Duplessis Richelieu, born. Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe F., bota- nist, born. Cardonne, Denis Dominique, orientalist, b. Chaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye de,poet,A81. Coysevox, Antoine, Sp. seulp. in Fr., ABO. Favier, Jean Louis, author, born. Montbeillard, Gueneau de, naturalist, au.,h. Hamilton, Count Anthony, courtier, writer, A74±. Levis, Due de, Francois, marshal, horn. 1721* * Arnaud, Henri, clergyman, leader of Waldenses, A80. Cartouche, Louis Dominique, bandit, A28. Chamillard, -Michel, statesman, A70. Guignes, Joseph de, orientalist, born. Huet, Pierre Daniel, bishop of Avraaches, scholar, A91. Lelong, Jacques, cl., bibliographer, A56. Malesherbes, Chretien de, G. de Lamoi- gnon, judge, philanthropist, horn. Pompadour, Madame J. de. mistress of Louis XV., born. TVatteau, Antoine. painter, A37. 1722 * * Borden, Theophile de, med. wr., b. Boulainvilliers, Comte Henri de, historian, critic, A64. Coypel, Antoine, painter, A61. Dacier, Andre, scholar, critic, A71. Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, financier, b. Varignon, Pierre, lnatheniatieian, A68. Vaillant, Sebastn-n, botanist, A53. 1723* * Basan, Pierre Francois, author, en- graver, born. Basnage de Beauval, Jacques, theol., A70. Brotief, Gabriel, classical scholar, born. Briason, Mathurin Jacques, naturalist, born. Caftieri, Jean Jacques, sculptor, born. Campistron, Jean ( .albert de, dramatist, A67. Chabert, Joseph B. de, navigator, astrono- mer, geographer, born. Ch^nier, Loins de, historian, horn. Clairon, Claire Joseph L. de L., actor, born. Dubois, G ml la nine, cardinal, statesman, A67. Fleury, Claude, L' Abbe, author, A83. Grasse, Francois Joseph Paul de, Marquis de Grasse-Tilly, admiral, born. Holbach, Paul Thiry d\ philosopher, horn. Lauzun, Antoine Kompar de Caumont de, general, courtier, A91. Marmontel, Jean Francois, critic, miscel- laneous writer, born. Philip II., Due d'Orleans, A50. 1724* * Choisv, Francois Tinioleon de, au- thor, A80. Dufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, A76. Hautefeuille, Jean de, mechanician, writer, A77. Bale, Rale, or Kasles, Sebastien, Jesuit mis- sionary to the Abenaki Indians, A66. 1726 * * Chauvni, Etienne, Prot. cler., A85. Court de Gobelin, Antoine, author, born. Dancourt, Florent Carton, comedian, A64. Epinay, Louise d', mistress of Eousseau, au- thor, born. Gacon, Francois, poet, satirist, A58. Louis Philippe, Due d Orleans, son of Louis, born. Latude, Henri Masers de, prisoner of statue, b. Montucla, Jean Etienne, mathematician, b. Rochambeau, Marquis J. B. Donatien de Vimeur, marshal, born. Kapin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, hist., A64. Vaudreuil, Marquis de, Philippe de Rigaud, governor of Canada, A83±. 1726* * Abbatucci, Giaeomo Pietro, Corsi- can general, born. Beautnelle, Laurent. Angliviel de la, au., b. Clerc, Nicolas G., physician, historian, born. Danican, Francois Andre, "Phdidor," com- poser, chess-player, born. Dumont, Jean, historian, A76±. Gaillard, Gabriel Henri, hist., mis, wr., b. Greuze, Jean Baptiste, painter, born. Lisle, Guillaume de, geographer, A51. Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, historian, b. Paoli. Fasquale de, Corsican general, b. 1727 * * Abbadie, Jacques, Prot. cler., A69. Adanson, Michel, botanist, horn. Commerson, Philibert, botanist, born. Darcet, Jean, physician, chemist, born. Fabre, Jean, "the honest criminal," born. Favart, Marie Justine Benoite, actor, born. Lhomond, Charles Francois, educator, born. Pontehartrain, Comte de, Louis P., states- man, A85. Turgot. Anne Robt. J., Baron de l'Aulne, financier, born. 1728 * * Baunie, Antoine, chemist, horn. Charost, Armand J. de B. de, philanthro- pist, born. Daniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, author, A79. Eon de Beaumont, Charles L. A. A. T. d', di- plomatist, born. Lekain, Henri Louis Cain, actor, born. Lenfant, Jacques, Protestant cl., hist., A67. Leroy, Julien David, architect, born. 1729 * * Boyer, Abel, lexicographer, A62. Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, navigator,. discoverer, born. Brunck, Richard Francois Philippe, scholar, critic, born. Caylus, Marquise de, Marthe Marguerite de Villette de M urcay, woman of fashion, A56- Coster, Joseph Francois, economist, rinan- Estaing, Comte d\ Chas. Hector, adm., b. Hardouin, Jean, Jesuit, writer, A83. Lebrun, Ponce D. 13., poet, born. Vestris, Gaetano A. Baldassare, dancer, h. Wailly, Charles de, architect, horn. 1730* * Aboville. Francois M., general, b. Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, antiquary, horn. Bezout, Etienne, mathematician, born. Bossnt, Charles, inatheniatician, born. Ceroeau, Jean Antoine du, poet, A60. Chabanon, Michel Paul Guy de, writer, born. Cossigny de Palma. Joseph Francois Char- pentier, naturalist, born. D'Agincourt, Jean B., archeologist, born. Didot, Francois A., printer, type-founder, b. Lecouvreur, Adrienne, actor, A40±. Messier, Charles, astronomer, born, Pajou, Augustin, sculptor, born. Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, satirist, b. Saurin, Jacques, Prot. pulpit orator, A53. Villeroi. Due de, Francois de Neuiville, marshal, A86. 1731 * * Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hya- cinthe, orientalist, born. Aubert, L'Abbe, Jean Louis, poet, critic, fabulist, born. Cadet de Gassieourt, Louis Claude, chem.,b. Dejoux, Claude, sculptor, born. Julien, Pierre, sculptor, born. 1732* * Eeaumarchais, Pierre A. C. de, dramatist, born. Feuillet, Louis, naturalist, geog., astro., A72. Lalande, Joseph J6rome LeFrancaisde. astronomer, born. Lespinasse, Julie Jeannie Eleonor de, letter- writer, leader of society, bom. Neclcer. Jacques, financier, statesman, Victor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia, A66. 1733* * Alegre, Marquis d', Yves, marshal, A80i. Antoine, Jacques Denis, artist, born. Arcon, Jean Claude Eleonore leMichaudd', engineer, born. Borda, Jean C, mathematician. astron.,b. Const on, Nicolas, sculptor, A75. Ducis. Jean F., poet, dramatist, born. Forbin. Claude, admiral, A77. Montyon, J. B. Robert Augier de, philan., b. Picart, Bernard, designer, engraver, AtjQ. Robert, Hubert, painter, born, Tott, Baron de, Francois, diplomatist, born. 1734* * Auger, L'Abbe, Alhanase, classical scholar, translator, born. Barthez, Paul Joseph, physician, born. Berwick, Duke of, James FiU-James, mar- shal, A64. Chastellux, Marquis de, Francois Jean, gen- eral, author, born. Dion is uilhml d\ poet, born. Carrou, Guy Toussaint J ulien, cL, writer, b. author, born. Lameth, Comte de, Alexander Theodor Vic- tor, revolutionist, born. Landon, Charles Paul, painter, writer on art, born. Le Sueur, Jean Francois, musical comp., b. Louvet de Couvray, Jean Baptiste, revolu- tionist, born. Rouget de l'Isle, Claude Joseph, poet, born. Oct. 17. Saint-Simon, Comte de, Claude Henri, socialist, philosopher, born. 1761 * * Andreossi, Antoine Francois, mili- tary engineer, born. Barnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., revolutionist, born. Belidor, Bernard Forest de, engineer, mili- tary writer, A68. Bon de Saint-Hilaire, Francois Xavier, wr., scholar, A83. Broussonnet, Pierre Auguste, naturalist, b. Cellier, Dom Itemi, theologian, A73. Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., Jesuit, hist., A79. Daunou, Pierre C. F., statesman, author, b. Joly, Maria Elizabeth, actor, born. Moreau, Jean Victor, general, born. Pelletier, Bertrand, chemist, born. Plchegru. Charles, general, born. Pons, Jean Louis, astronomer, born. Raynouard. Francois, J. M., misc. wr., b. 1762 * * Allemand, Zacharie J. T., adm., b. Bessicres, Jean Baptiste, Due d' Istria, mar- shal, born. Bouchardon, Edme, sculptor, A64. Caignie/,, Louis Charles, dramatist, born. Caille, L'Abbe. Nicolas L.de la.asiron., A49. Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste. revolutionist, b. Championnet, Jean E., general, born. Chauvelin, Germain Louis de, statesman, A77. Chedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, A57. Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, poet, dram- atist, A88. Daviel, -Jacques, oculist, A66. Desmoulins, Camille, revolutionist, au., b. Fontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, arch., b. Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, marshal, born. Latreille, Pierre Andre, naturalist, born. Poniatowski, Josef Anton, Polish general, marshal, born, Kouhilliae, Louis Francois, sculptor, A67. Vdlenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, au- thor, born. FRANCE. 1754, May *-1768,**. 703 Oct. 30. Chenier, Andr6 Marie de. poet, born. 1763 * * Adet, Pierre Auguste, envoy, chem- ist, born. Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, marshal, b. Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, Jacobin dema- gogue, born. Chaudet, Antoine Denis, sculptor, born. Chappe, Claude, inventor of a telegraph, b. Drouais, Jean Germain, painter, born. Dupleix, Marquis Joseph., general, A66. Fesch, Joseph, cardinal arehbp. of Lyons, b. Fouche\ Joseph, Due d'Otrante, minister of police, born. Maret, Hugues B., Due de Bassano, states- man, born. Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de, dramatist, A75. JVtehul, Etienne Henri, composer, born. Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, au., A66. Racine, Louis, poet, A71. Koyer- Collar d, Pierre Paul, statesman, born. Talma, Francois Joseph, actor, horn. Vauquelin, Louis N., chemist, born. Villeneuve, Pierre C. J. B. S. de, adm., born. June 23. Josephine, Marie Josephe Rose Tascher dela Pagerie, wife of Napoleon I., born. 1764* * Baheuf , Francois Noel, revolution- ist, born. Beauregard, Charles Victor, general, born. Chenier, Maria Joseph de, poet, dram., b. Damas, Francois Etienne, general, born. Didot, Firinin, publisher, typographer, born. Jouy, Victor Joseph E. de, author, born. Legouve\ Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, dra- matic poet, born. Maistre, Comte de, Xavier, novelist, born. Percler, Charles, architect, born. Prevost, Pierre, painter of panoramas, born. Rameau, Jean Philippe, composer, au., A81. Victor, or Victor-Perrin, Claude, Due de Belluno, marshal, born. Apr. 15. Pompadour, Marquise de, Jeanne Antoinette, mistress of Louis XV-, A43. 1765 * * Balechou, J. J. Nicolas, engr., A50. Barbier, Antoine A., bibliographer, horn. Berchoux, Joseph, poet, born. Clairaut, Alexis Claude, geometrician, A42. Crevier, Jean Baptiste, historian, A72. Curaudau, Francois R., chemist, inventor, b. Dutens, Joseph Michel, polit. economist, h. Dufrenoy, Adelaide ( iillette Billet, poet, b. Freron, Louis Stanislas, revolutionist, born. Genet, Edmond Charles, diplomatist, born. Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois, math., born. Macdonald, Etienne Jacques J. A., Due de Tarente, marshal, horn. Niepce, Joseph Nieephore, chemist, one of the inventors of photography, born. Thihaudeau, Comte, Antoine Claire, revolu- tionist, historical writer, horn. Vanloo, Charles Andre, painter, A60. Villers, Charles F. D. de, philosopher, born. 1766 * * Albert, Jean Louis, physician, born. Allier, Louis, numismatist, born. Arnault, Vincent Antoine, author, born. Astruc, Jean, medical writer, teacher, A82. Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe, philosopher, born. Bertin, Louis Francois, journalist, born. Chaussard, Pierre .lean Baptiste, author, b. Chauvelin, Francois Bernard de, pol., born. Fonfrede, Jean B. B., politician, born. Grouchy, Marquis, Kininimuel, marshal, b. Lacretelle, Jean Charles de, historian, born. Larrey, Baron, Dominique Jean, surgeon, b. Las Cases, Marquis de, Emmanuel A. D. M. J., companion of Napoleon, born. Lescure, Marquis de, Louis Marie de, Ven- dean chief, born. Maine de Biran, Marie F. P. G., metaphysi- cian, born. Noailles, Due de, Adrien Maurice, marshal, A88. Apr. 22, Stael-Holstein, Madame de, Baronue, Anne Louise Germaine, author, b. 1767 * * Abauzit, Firmin, math., A88. Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie, revolution- ist, born. Barraband, Pierre Paul, artist, born. Beauchamp, Alphonse de, author, born. Bouvart, Alexis, astronomer, born. Bridaine, Jacques, pulpit orator, A66. Carpentier, Pierre, antiquary, author, A70. Constant de Rebecque, H. B., orator, states- man, writer, born. Daru, Comte, Pierre Antoine, statesman, writer, born. Duval, Alexandre Vincent Pineu, drama- tist, born. Fievee, Joseph, litterateur, born. Girodet-Trioson, Anne L., painter, born. Isabey, Jean Baptiste, miniature painter, b. Michaud, Joseph, historian, born. Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Due de Reggio, marshal, born. Fasquier, Due Etienne 1>., statesman, horn. Saint-Just, Antoine Louis L., revolutionist, 1768 * * Almeras, Louis, general, born. Bonaparte, Joseph, brother of Napoleon I., King of Naples and Spain, born. Camus, Charles Etienne Louis, math., A69. Cheverus, Jean Louis A. M. L., cardinal, b., Corday, d' Annans Marie Anne C. de, heroine, horn, Delisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, A80. CHURCH. 1758 * * Rome. Clement XIII. is pope. 1760 £ * *The principles of toleration begin to prevail ; the school of Voltaire encourages their diffusion. 1762 Aug. 6. Paris. The parliament decrees the abolition of the Society of Jesus, secularizes its members, and con- fiscates its enormous property. 1764 Nov. 26. Paris. A royal edict confirms the suppression of the Jesu- its. * *The corrupt state of the church multiplies infidels. LETTERS. 1754 * * Traitt des Sensations, by Condil- lac, appears. * * -56 * * Researches on Various Impor- tant Point so/ the System of the Universe, by D'Alembert, appears. * * -62* * Le Journal Etranger is issued. * * -74 * * M&moires politiques de V Eu- rope, by L'Abbe" Raynal, appears. * * -80 * * Bibliotheque des Sciences et des Beaux Arts is issued. * * -90 * * The Literary Year is issued. * * Orphelin de la Chine, by "Voltaire, ap- pears. [1759, Candide.] 1756 * * Philosophical and Literary Re- flections on the Poem o/ Natural Religion, by Antoine L. Thomas, appears. * * Fables and Stories of the French Poets from the 11th to the 16th Centuries, by 'Etienne Barbazan, appears. 1757 * * Fits naturel, by Diderot, ap- pears. [175S, Pere defamille.] 1758 * * Economic Picture, by Francois Quesnay, appears. * * On the Mind, by Helvetius, appears. * * Lettre a d 'Alembert contre les Specta- cles, by Kousseau, appears. [1760, La Xouneile Heloise; 1762, < 'out rat Social, and Emile ; 1763, Lettrts de la Montague; 1767, Dictionary of Music] * * -61 * * L' Observateur Litteraire is is- sued. 1759 * * Compendium of the History of Spain and Portugal, by Charles C. J. H^nault, appears. * * Milanges de Li tte' rat lire et de la Philo- sophies and Elements of Philosophy, by D'Alembert, appears. * * Journal de Commerce is issued. * * -78 * * Journal des Dames is issued. * * -89 * * Mercurial.es, instructions, and other works, by Henri Francois D'Agues- seau, appears. * * Courrier de la Mode is issued. * * Philosophes, by Charles Palissot de Montenoy, appears. * * Claude Joseph Dorat writes Idie de la poe"sie allemande. 1761 * * Contes moraux, by Marmontel, appears. [1763, Poetujue Fran raise; 1767, Belisaire.) 1762* * -87 * * Memoires de Bachaumont is issued. 1763 * * Warwick, by Jean F. de la Harpe, appears. * * Entretiens de Plwcion, by Mably, ap- pears. 1764 * * Considerations sur le gourerne- ment de la France, by Marquis K. L. V. D'Argenson, appears. * * -66 * * Gazette LitUraire is issued. * * Philosophe sans le savoir, by Sedaine, appears. * * Siege de Calais, by Pierre Lau. de Belloy, appears. * * Observations sur Vhistoire de France, by Mably, appears. * * Eugenie, by Beaumarchais, appears. SOCIETY. 1757 Jan. 5. Paris. Robert Francois Damiens, a servant, attempts to assas- sinate the king, and wounds him with a dagger. [Damiens is tortured ; his right hand is burned with a slow fire; he is torn with hot pincers, and burned with hot lead in open wounds, and his body torn apart by four horses.] 1762 Mar. 9. Jean Calas is broken on the wheel at Toulouse on the charge of having put his son to death to prevent him from becoming a Catholic. STATE. 1754 Sept. 4. Paris. Parliament re- enters, having triumphed over the court, and is welcomed by the people. 1756 * * An alliance of Russia and Aus- tria to recover Silesia for the latter is joined by France; the Seven Years' "War follows. * * Paris. The parliament opposes the clergy and the court. Dec. * Paris. Louis enforces the regis- tration of edicts, and forbids parlia- ment to interfere with ecclesiastical disputes ; he orders that members must serve 10 years before they have the right to vote; 180 members resign, and the court yields. 1757 Jan. 5. Robert Damiens attempts to assassinate the king with a penknife. 1760 Sept. 8. Can. The French gov- ernor, the Marquis of Vaudreuil, signs a convention at Montreal surrendering Canada to the British Crown. 1761 Aug. 15. The "Family Com- pact" is formed by Louis XV. and the king of Spain. It is a mutual guaran- ty of support against all enemies. 1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris is concluded between France, Great Brit- ain, Spain, and Portugal. It ends the Seven Years' War. France sur- renders to England Cape Breton, all Canada, all Louisiana lying east of the Mississippi, Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincent, Dominique, Senegal i W-.'st Africa), and Minorca; France receives Martinique, St. Lucia, Belle Isle, her factories in the East Indies, the right of fishing on the coast, of Newfoundland, with the islandsof St. Pierre and Miquelon. Spain cedes Florida to England, and receives the western part of Louisiana, Havana, and other British conquests in Cuba. 1766 * * Nancy is acquired. 1767 May 15. Corsica. The Genoese, despairing of their ability to maintain authority, sell the entire island to France. 704 1768, **-1783, FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1769* * Corsica. A French force of 20,000 under Count Vaux lands, and at- tacks and completely defeats Gen: Paoli [who barely succeeds in cutting his way through the. enemy and escaping to Eng- land on board an English frigate.] 1777 Apr. * Marquis de Lafayette joins the Americans in the War of Inde- pendence. (See America.) 1778 June 16. Two frigates, the Licorne and Beth' P»uk\ are raptured in the Eng- lish Channel by the British under Adm. Keppel. July 10. France declares war against England. July 27. A French fleet of 32 vessels, having left Brest to aid Americans, is driven back by a British fleet. 1779 * * -82 * * Gibraltar is unsuccess- fully besieged by the French and Spanish. 1781 Sept. 10. U.S.A. Comte de Grasse with a French fleet arrives in Chesapeake Bay. [Assisted by an Amer- ican naval force he blockades Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Oct. 19. Corn- wallis surrenders to Gen. Washington.] 1782 Feb. 4. The French and Spanish fleets under Due de Crillon capture Minorca from the English after a siege of five months. Feb. * E. I. The British under Sir Ed- ward Hughes defeat the French in a series of naval battles. Apr. 12. W. I. Adm. Rodney defeats the French fleet under Adm. de Grasse off Dominique. 1782 Sept. 21. The English defeat the Spanish and French fleets in the Bay of Gibraltar. 1783 Sept. 3. Peace. (See State.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1775 * * Laplace investigates and ex- plains the tides. 1776* * Paris. Lagrange proves the sta- bility of the planetary orbits. 1778 * * Antoine Laurent Lavoisier over- throws the theory of " phlogiston" by proving the action of oxygen. 1779 July 27- Paris. A description of the celerifere, invented by Francois Blanchard, appears in the Journal de Paris. 1780. A steamboat is sailed on the Saone, at Lyons, by the Marquis of Jouf- froy. [1783. Marquis de Jouffroy pro- pels a boat (pyroscaphe) on the Saone by means of a steam-engine.] * * Celestial inequalities are found by Lagrange. 1782 Nov. * Joseph Michel Montgol- fier makes the first balloon; it is a silken bag, which ascends at Annonay by heated air. 1783 June 5. Joseph and Stephen Montgolne.r ascend and descend safely by means of a fire-balloon 35 feet in di- ameter at Annonay, near Lyons. Aug. 27. Paris. A balloon filled with hydrogen makes an ascent. * * Francois Blanchard, the aeronaut, constructs and uses the parachute. * * Paris. Lavoisier decomposes water into oxygen and hydrogen gases. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1788 Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles An- toine, general, born. Deparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, A65. Fourier, Baron, Jean Baptiste Joseph, sa- vant, born. Hoehe. Lazare. general, horn. Lafttte, Jacques, banker, statesman, born. Lauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre Bernard Law, marshal, born. Mortier, Edouard A. C. J., Due de Tervise, marshal, born. Olivet, L'Abbe, Joseph Thoulier d', author, critic, A86. Tissot, Pierre F., author, born. Sept. 14. Chateaubriand. Vicomte de, Francois Auguste, author, born. 1769* * Belliard, Comte, Augustin D., gen- eral, diplomatist, horn. Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., chemist, philosopher, born. Cadoudal, Ceorges, Breton royalist, born. Chenedolle, Charles ., mathematician, born. Soufflot, Jacques (.ierinain, architect, A67. Mar, SO. Turg-ot, Anne Robert Jacques, financier, statesman, A"54. 1782 * * Adelon, Nicolas Philibert, phys,, b. Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', geog- rapher, A85, Argout, Antoine M. A. d', financier, born. Barante, Baron de, A unable Guillaume Pros- per Bru^iere, statesman, historian, born. Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, econo- mist, botanist, A82. Gabriel, Jacques Ange, eng., archeol., A72±. Galien, Joseph, physician, philosopher, A83. Lamennais, Ungues de, author, born. Loriot, Antoine Joseph, mechanician, A66. Marie Anielie, wile of Louis Philippe, born. Millevoye, Charles Hubert, poet, born. Paixhans, Henri Joseph, general, inventor, b. Quatremere, Etienne Marc, orientalist, born. Swetchine, Anne Sophie, au., b. in Russia. Vaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, A73. ViUerme, Louis Kene, author, born. 1783 Oct. 39. Alembert, Jean le Rond d\ geometrician, philosopher, writer, Alifi. Beauharnais, Hortense Eugenie de, wife of Louis Bonaparte, born. Beyle, Marie Henri, writer, born. Berard, Augusle Simon Louis, statesman, director-general of mines, born. Bezout, Etienne, mathematician, A53. Cardonne, Denis l)oniinique, orientalist, A63. Chambray, Marquis de, Georges, general, historian, born. - Coll6, Charles, puet, song writer, A74. Dupin, Andre", M. J. J., lawyer, politician, b. Epinay, Louise Florence Pr^tronille de la Live d', mistress of Ihmssean, an., A58±. Gasparin, Cointe Adrien E. P., statesman, b. Gourgaud, liaron Caspard, general, au., b. Magendie, Francois, physiologist, born. Montholon. Marquis de, Chas. T., gen., born. Nodier, Charles, poet, litterateur, born. CHURCH. 1769 * * Rome. Clement XIV. is pope. [1775. Pius VL] 1773* * Borne. Pope Clement XIV. abol- ishes the order of Jesuits. LETTERS. 1768 * * Journal d 'Education is issued. * * Gageure Imprivue, by Sedaine, ap- pears. [Later, Richard, Cceur de Lion.] * * _78 * * Le Journal des Sciences et des Beaux Arts is issued. 1769* * The Georgics of Vergil are trans- lated into French, by Jacques Delille. * * Shakespeare's Hamlet, hy Jean F. Ducis, appears. * * Les Saisons, by Jean Francois de Saint Lambert, appears. * * E-loge de Moliere, by S. R. M. Cham- fort, appears. [1770, Le Marc hand de Smyrne ; 177G, Mustapha et Zdanger.] 1770 * * System of Nature, by P. H. T. Holbach, appears. * * Le Journal des Theatres is issued. * * Le Journal de Musique is issued. * * Deux Amis, by Beaumarchais, appears. 1771* * Voyage Around the World, by Louis Antoine de Bougainville, appears. 1772 * * Man, his Faculties and his Edu- cation, by Helv^tius, appears. * * Diable Amoureux, by Jacques Cazotte, appears. * * Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, by Ducis, appears. * * Women in All Ages, by A. L. Thomas, appears. [1773. Essay on Eulogies.] * *-1818* * L" Esprit des Journaux ia issued. 1773* * Voyage a I'Isle de France, by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, appears. ± * * Memoir on Differential Equations and the Secular Inequalities of the Plan- ets, by Pierre Simon Laplace, appears. 1774* *_93* * Correspondence LittS- raire Secrete is issued. 1775 * * Barbier de Seville, by Beaumar- chais, appears. * * Le Radoteur is issued. * * ZHx-kuitieme siecle, by Nicolas Joseph Laurent Gilbert, appears. * * On Errors and on Truth, by Marquis L. C. de Saint-Martin, appears. [17S2. Natural View of the Relations which ex- ist between God, Man, and the Universe."] * * -89 * * Bibliotheque universelle des romansj by La Yergue de Tressan, ap- pears. * * -84 * * Voyage en Hollande, Projet d'une university pour let Bitssie, Le rtve d' Alembert, The Nun, James the Fatal- ist, and Essay on the Reigns of Claudius and Nero, by Diderot, appear. 1776 * * Perpendicular Fortification, or the Defensive Art superior to Offensive, by Marquis M. R. de Montalembert, ap- pears. * * A version of Homer's Iliad, by Le Brun, appears. * *-83* * Journal de Monsieur is issued. 1777 Jan. 1. Journal de Paris is issued. * * Incas, by Marmontel, appears. * * Analysis of Chess, by Francois Andre Danican (Fhilidor), appears. * * -92 * * Annates Politiques, Civiles, et Litteraires is issued. 1778 * * Journal de Marine is issued. * * -79 * * Le Babillard is issued. * *-1821* * Forest of Navarre and The Orchard, by Comte Louis de Fontanes, appear. 1779 * * Mois, by Jean Antoine Roucher, appears. * * La Nouvelle Bevue is issued. * *-82* * Le Journal de Litt erature, des Scieiices, et des Arts is issued. * * Paris, duck's opera Iphig&nie en Tauride appears. 1780 * * Les Jardins, by Delille, appears. * * Researches on the Nature of Animal Substances, by Comte C. L. B'erthollet, appears. 1782 * * Adele et Theodore, ou lettres sur V Education, by Comtesse de Genlis, ap- pears. * * Confessions, by Rousseau, appears. SOCIETY. 1769 * * -74 * * Unparalleled immoral- ity and extravagance of the court. The king comes under the dominating influence of the shameless prostitute, Jeanne Vaubernier, who, having been married by the king's command to a superannuated courtier, is introduced as the Comtesse Du Barry. 1770 * * The dauphin marries Marie Antoinette, daughter of Francis I. and Maria Theresa of Austria. ± * * Among the great, all pretense to morality, religion, and decency is abandoned. A dissolute frivolity and supercilious- ness are commonly affected. Ladies married and single indulge in the most indecent jokes, and swear profane oaths in nearly every sentence. Women of position amuse themselves by breaking plates and glasses ; men by embroidery or card-painting, or playing with dan- cing paper figures. 1771* * Comte de Provence [Louis XV1JJL.] marries Marie Josephine Lou- ise de Savoie. 1772 * * The " Pacte de Famine " hold a monopoly of the corn. They artificially produce an immense rise in its price ; the king is a share- holder ; no one dares to speak against it. 1778 Mar. 13. The Due de Bourbon wounds the Comte d'Artois in a duel. 1770 May 16. The dauphin, Louis, is married to Marie Antoinette, daugh- ter of Maria Theresa of Austria. * * Paris. Louis has a contest with the parliament; the administration of jus- tice c Dec. 29. Paris. The contest results in the dismissal of the Minister de Choi- seul at the solicitation of Madame du Barry and the Jesuits. 1771 Jan. 19. Paris. Louis exiles the parliament. Jan. 23. The parliament is abolished by the Chancellor Maupeou, and super- seded by a grand council. 1774 May 10. Louis XV. dies. 1774^1792 Louis XVI. reigns-. Louis, grandson of Louis XV., becomes king. [Aug. * Cointe de Maurepas be- comes prime minister, with Anne Ro- bert Jacques Turgot as comptroller-gen- eral of finance.] 1776 Dec. 12. Paris. Benjamin Franklin, Silas Dean, and Arthur Lee, ambassadors for the American Colonies at the court of France, are publicly re- ceived. 1780 June 17. The States-General of France form themselves into the Na- tional Assembly. * * Marshal Rochambeau sends a force of 6,000 men to aid the struggling Amer- icans to attain independence. 1781 * * Jacques Necker, director-gen- eral of the finances, publishes bis ** Compte Rendu," the first public exposition of the revenue and expenses of the State. May * Maurepas, fearful of the dissen- sions caused by Necker's reforms, forces him to resign. [17SS. Recalled.] * * Comte de Vergennes becomes the king's favorite. 1783 Jan. 20. The preliminaries of peace are signed at Versailles. Sept. 3. A treaty of peace is concluded between Great Britain, France, and Spain. * * France recovers her former posses- sions, Tobago, Senegal, and Gor^e. 706 1783,* *-1790, ** FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 17S5 * * Napoleon Bonaparte is a lieu- tenant in the artillery. 1789 July 14. Paris. The Bastile fortress and prison are pulled down by the mob, who thus inaugurate the Revo- lution. July * Paris. The National Guard is organized by Lafayette, its commander. 1790 * * An unsuccessful military sedi- tion occurs at Nancy. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1784 * * Oath of the Horatii is painted by Louis David. * * The exploring expedition of Jean Francois de La Perouse sails in two vessels. [1788, It is shipwrecked off the island of Vanikoro ; all perish.] 1786 * * Paris. Berthollet invents mu- riatic powder. 1787 May 18. The first attempt to en- grave on glass is made at Toulouse. * * Machinery is first used in France to spin cotton. 1788 * * Paris. Fulminating silver is discovered by Berthollet. 1789 * * Paris. Antoine Laurent de Jus- sieu founds the national system of plants. * * * Gabriel Honore" Biquetti Mirabeau is the leading orator in France. 1790 May 8. The French system of measures is established by decree. * *An optical telegraph is made by Claude Chappe. * * Paris. Claude Chappe establishes the first telegraph-line from Paris to Lille. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1784 * * Auber, Daniel F. E., composer, b. Baudin des Ardennes, Charles, viee-adm., b. Benezef, Anthony, philanthropist, A71. Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, b. Bugeand de la Piconnerie, Thomas, Due de Toly, marshal, horn. Carerhe, Marie Antoine A., chef de cuisine, b. Cassini, Cesar Francois de Thury, astrono- mer, topographer, A70. Court de (iebelin, Antoine, author, A59. Daran, Jaeijues, surgeon, A83. Dupin, Baron, Franrois Pierre Charles, geom- etrician, statistician, politieian, born. Favier, Jean Louis, author, A(J4. Junot, Madame, Laure Pennon, Duchesse d'Abranles, author, born. July 31. Diderot, Denis, philosopher, journalist, miscellaneous writer, A71. 1785 * * Iierenger, Alphonse M. M. F., jurist, magistrate, born. Boucbet, Claude Antoine, surgeon, horn. Broglie, Due de, Achille C. h. Victor, states Burigny, Jean Levesque de, historian, A93. Choiseul, Etienne Francois de, statesman, A66. Clerc, Laurent, teacher of deaf mutes, born. Ducarel, Andre Coltee, antiquary, A72. Flahaut de la Billarderie, Comte de, Auguste C. J., general, born. Koechlin, Daniel, eheinist, manufacturer, b. Lebrun, Pierre Antoine, poet, dramatist, b. Leroy, Pierre, watchmaker, A66. Louis Philippe, Hue d'Orleans, A60. Louis XVII., dauphin, born. Mably, L'Abbe, Catmel Ponnot de, publicist, A76. MiUot, Claude Fr;meis Xavier, historian, A59. Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, A7I. Pujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, painter, b. 1786* * Arago. Dominique Francois, as- tronomer, natural phdosopher, born. Binet, Jacques, mathematician, astro., b. Biheron, Marie t '., anatomist, A(i7. Ohevreul, Michel F.ugene, chemist, horn. Galin, Pierre, musician, born. Cnettard, Jean Etienne, botanist, A71. Duperrey, Louis Isidor, navigator, horn. Labedoyere, Comte de, Charles Angelique Huchet, general, born. Naudet, Joseph, scholar, historian, born. Nicollet, Jean N., astronomer, geologist, b. Serres, Etienne R, A., physiologist, born. Vicat, Louis .inscpii., engineer, born. 1787 * * Auditlret, Marquis d , C. L. Gaston, financier, senator, born. Beudant, Francois Sulpice. physicist, born. Cailliaud, Frederic, traveler, born. Chapsal, Charles Pierre, grammarian, horn. Clinchamp, Francois E. V., painter, au., b. Cloquet, Hyppulite, anatomist, born. Cortot, Jean Pierre, sculptor, born. Delalande, Pierre A., naturalist, traveler, b. Letronne, Jean Antoine, antiquary, critic, b. Levis, Due de, Francois, marshal, A67. Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, phys., b. Orfila, Mateo Jose" B., chemist, born. Prevost, Louis Constant, geologist, born. Oct. 4. Guizot, Francois Pierre Guil- laume, historian, statesman, born. 1788 * * Aiguillon, Due d', Armand de Vigne- rot Duplessis Kiehelieu, statesman, A68. Bec.querel, Antoine Cesar, physicist, born. Boucher de Perthes, Jacques, archeologist,b. Buffon, Georges Louie Leclerc. natural- ist, philosopher, A81. Cabet, Etienne, socialist, born. Chastellux, Marquis de, Francois Jean, gen- eral, author, A54. Chomel, Auguste Francois, physician, born. Cormenin, Vicomte de, Louis M. de la Haye, jurist, writer, born. Drouais, Jean Germain, painter, A25. Engelmann, Codeirov, manufacturer, an in ventor of lithography, born. Fresnel, Augustin Jean, optician, horn. Gatteaux, Jacques Edouard, artist, born. Grasse, Francois Joseph, Paul de, Marquis de Grasse-Tilly, admiral, Ati5. Guiraud, Baron, Pierre Mane T he rese Alex- andre, dramatist, born. La P6rouse, Comte de, Jean Franyois de Galaup, navigator, A47+. Pelletier, Pierre Joseph, chemist, born. Poneelet, Jean Victor, geometrician, born. Kiehelieu, Due de, Louis F. A. F. Huplessis, courtier, A92. Pemusat, Jean Pierre Abel, orientalist, b. Savary, Nicolas, traveler, author, A38. 1789 * * Arlincourt, Vicomte d', Victor, poet, novelist, born. Beauzee, Nicolas, grammarian, A72. Brotier, Gabriel, classical scholar, A66. Cauchy, Augustin L., mathematician, poet,b. Dag-uerre, Louis Jacques Mande, painter, inventor daguerreotype process, born. David, Pierre Jean, sculptor, born. Epee, Charles Michel de P, philan., A77. Fee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire, bota., b. Foulon, Joseph Francois, iiuan.ier, pol., A74. Hautpoul, Marq. d', Alphonse Henri, gen., b. Holbach, Paul Thierry d', phil., A66. Lepaute, Jean Andre, horologist, A80. Vernet, Claude Joseph, painter, A75. Vernet, Fmile Jean Horace, painter, born. 1790* * Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor, writer, traveler, born. Berger, Jean Jacques, senator, born. Berryer, Antoine Pierre, pol. ora., leader, b. Cloquet, Baron Jules Germain, phys., b. Cochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, wt., A75. Couder, Louis Charles Auguste, pain., b. Didot, Ambroise Firmin, print., publisher, b. Dnbufe, Claude Marie, portrait painter, b. Dumont d'Urville, Jules S. C, navigator, b. Fieschi, Joseph Marie, conspirator, born. Gericault, Jean Louis Theo. Andre, horn. Guibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., author, soldier, A47. Lallemand, Claude Francois, pliys., surg., b. Roehette, Desire Kaonl, archeologist, born. Vaillant, Jean l'.aptiste Phil inert, marshal, b. Villeinain. Abel F., hist., educationist, born. Oct. 21. Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de, poet, ora., hist., statesman, b. CHURCH. 1788 Nov. * Paris. Louis XVI. pub- lishes an edict of toleration. 1789 * * Paris. The National Assembly gives to all religious denominations equal rights and privileges. May 20. The clergy renounce their privileges. Nov. 2. The property of the clergy is ordered to he confiscated. 1790 * * Paris. The Port Royal and other monasteries are suppressed, also the abbeys. Nov. 27. Paris. The National Assem- bly decrees that all ecclesiastical officers shall take an oath subscribing to the civil constitution of the clergy, or lose their offices as a penalty. LETTERS. 1783 * * Galatie, by Jean Pierre Claris de Florian, appears. * * Philoctete, by J. F. de La Harpe, ap- pears. * * -94 * * Bucoliques, Hermes, Invention, Amerique, EUgies, Epitres, Odes, lambes, etc., by Andr£ Marie de Chenier, appear. 1784* * Shakespeare's Macbeth and King Lear, by Ducis, appear. * * Essay on the Universality of the French language and a translation of Dante's Inferno, by Antoine Rivarol, appear. [1788. Little Almanac of Great Men.] * * Mariage de Figaro, by Beaumarchais, appears. * * Etudes de la Nature, by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, appears. * * Paris. The first public school for the blind is established by Valentin Haiiy. * * Paris. The Abb£ de r£pe"e estab- lishes an institution for the deaf and dumb. 1786 * * Inconstant, by J. F.Collin d'Har- leville, appears. * * Numa PompUius, by Florian, appears. 1787 * * Etourdis, by Francois G. An- drieux, appears. * * Elements tic /literature, by Marmontel, appears. [Later, Sur la langue fran- caise.] 1788 * * Analytical Mechanics, by Joseph L. Lagrange, appears. * * Lettres sur le caractere et les e'erits de J. J. liousseau, by Madame De Stae'l, ap- pears. * * Voyage dujeune Anarcharsis, by Jean Jacques Barthelemy, appears. 1789 May 2. Paris. Lettres a ses Com- met tants is issued. [It shortly afterwards becomes Courrier de Provence.'] May 5. Le Moniteur is issued [and 11 years later becomes the official organ of the Government]. May* Paris. Journal des Etats-Gineraux is issued ; also the Bulletin des Seances de l' AssembUe Nationale. June* Parts. Patriote Francais is issued. July * Paris. Pevolutions de Paris is is- sued; also the Courrier de Versailles. Aug. * Paris. Journal des Debats is is- sued ; also Ami du Peuple, by Marat; it is first called Le Publicist Parisien. Nov. 24. Paris. Le Moniteur Univer- selle is issued. Nov. * Revolutions de France et de Bra- bant is issued. * * Paris. The Society of the Sorbonne is broken up. * * Chateaux en Espagne, by Jean Fran- cois Collin-d'Harleville, appears. [1792, Old Bachelor and Vieux cMibataire.] * * Paul et Virqinie, by Saint-Pierre, ap- pears. [1790, La Chaumicre Indienne.] * * Charles IX., by Marie Joseph de Che- nier, appears. [1791, Henry VIII; 1792, Caius Gracchus; 1794, Timoleon.] 1790 June * Ami du Poi is issued. * * The University of Reims is sup- pressed. * * Elements de Vartdelapeinture, by Ber- thollet, appears. FRANCE. 1783, **-1790, 707 SOCIETY. 17S5 Feb. 24. Corsica. Charles Bonaparte, father of Napoleon, dies, leaving his family poor. 1789 July 14. Paris. A great riot oc- curs; the mob storms the Bastile ; it is finally surrendered to the assailants. Aug. 4. Paris. The privileged classes are abolished by law. Oct. 5, 6. Paris. Terrifying mobs visit the palace at Versailles, and attend the king on the way to Paris. Oct. 19. Paris. Francois, a Parisian "ba- ker, is murdered by a mob because the return of the king had not reduced the price of bread. Oct. * Paris. About 40 gentlemen and men of letters meet in the hall of the Jacobin friars to discuss political and other questions, and thus originate the [Jacobin] " Club Breton." [Jacobin clubs spring up in all important towns.] * * The Republican leaders are derisively called Sansculottes, because of their negligence in dress. [Later they assume the title with pride.] 1790 June 20. Paris. Titles of no- bility and feudal right are abolished. July 14. Paris. The Fete of the Fed- eration is celebrated on the anniversary of the taking of the Bastile. * * Paris has several prominent clubs ; the Regency club [the oldest in Paris] is established. The Jacobins, who rapidly increase and dominate the State, led by Robes- pierre ; Cordeliers, led by Danton, Ma- rat, Camille Desmoulins; Feuillants, moderate monarchists, who had with- drawn from, the Jacobins, led by Lafa- yette and Bailly. STATE. 1784 Oct. 30. Charles Alexandre de Calonne becomes comptroller of finance. [He is extravagant, and con- tracts enormous debts.] 1785 * * Public indignation is [unjustly] excited against Queen JIarie Antoinette by the diamond necklace transac- tion; the court is discredited. The Comtesse De La Motte persuades Car- dinal de Rohan to negotiate the purchase in the«iueen's name of a necklace for #2%,000, which the Comtesse receives and applies to her benefit; a trial follows the jewelers' demand on Marie Antoinette for payment, and results in the condemnation and pun- ishment of De La Motte, the banishment of the cardinal, and much scandal in con- nection with the queen. 1787 Jan. 29. An Assembly of No- tables, called by the king, meets at Ver- sailles. [It rejects Calonne's proposal to tax ecclesiastical property.] * * Calonne is dismissed, and Arch- bishop de Brienne is appointed min- ister of finance. * * Paris. The Assembly of Notables sanctions a land and stamp tax, but the parliament of Paris refuses to regis- ter the edict embodying them. * * The Parliament of Paris is sum- moned to Versailles, and the king in a bed of justice registers the tax edict on his own authority ; the parliament protests, and is banished to Troyes. IMay 25. The Assembly of Notables is dismissed. * * Brienne makes a compromise -with the parliament, the tax edict being with- drawn, and a progressive loan substi- tuted. Sept. 20. Paris. The parliament is recalled and assembles ; several mem- bers, including the Duke of Orleans, ob- jecting to the loan, it is registered by royal authority. * * The Duke of Orleans is banished, and two other members of the parliament are imprisoned for resistance to the kin g's edict. 1788 Jan. 4. Paris. The parliament passes a decree annulling arbitrary ar- rests, and recalling its exiled members. * * The Ministry and parliament com- promise ; the parliament returns to Paris. Jan. * Parliament presents to the king a statement of grievances ; its obnoxious leaders are arrested. * * The king abolishes the parliament. 1789 May 5-1791 Sept. 30. The Constituent National Assembly. May 5. Paris. The States-General meet at Versailles ; 1,145 members are present, — 291 clergy, 270 nobility, 584 of the Tiers-Etat (third estate, or corn- June 17. Paris. The Tiers-Etat assume the title of National Assembly, and invite the other orders to join them. June 20. Paris. The meetings of the National Assembly are suspended for three days by proclamation under the pretext of preparing the hall. The members take oath in a tennis- court not to separate until they have given a constitution to France. June 22. Paris. In spite of the Court's efforts to prevent it, the meeting of the National Assembly takes place in a church, 149 deputies of the clergy also attending it. June 23. Paris. The royal sitting of all the orders is held without results, the king commanding the three orders to sit separately. June 27. Paris. The three orders unite at the special entreaty of Louis, ■who -weakens under opposition. Comte de Mirabeau is the chief orator of the Tiers-Etat. July 11. Paris. Necker is dismissed. July 14. Paris. Humors of the king using the army against the people pre- vail ; a mob, wearing the tricolor, after a struggle of five hours captures the Bastile, murdering De Launay, the gov- ernor, and three of his officers. July 15. Paris. The king promises to yield to the popular demands to dismiss foreign troops and recall Necker. A provisional government is formed at the Hotel de Ville. Marquis de Lafayette is made comman- der of the newly established National Guard. The nobles begin to emigrate. July 22. +- Paris. The mob becomes uncontrollable, and Lafayette is unable to rescue Minister Foulon from death. Paris is subject to mob law. * * Revolts occur in the provinces against the feudal lords. Aug. 4. Paris. The Assembly votes a general immolation of the Constitution. The nobles voluntarily surrender all feudal rights and privileges for their order. Tithes are abolished. Aug. 27. Paris. The Assembly makes a declaration of the Rights of Man; the veto power is discussed. Sept. 7. Paris. A deputation of the "wives of artists makes a present of jewels for the State, and patriotic gifts for the national debt and the poor. Oct. 5. Paris. A furious mob, being pressed by hunger, and shouting "Bread, bread," marches to Ver- sailles, led by frantic women. Oct. 6. Paris. Lafayette, with the Na- tional Guard, delivers the royal family from the mob, but is compelled to return, and conduct royalty back to Paris. Oct. 16. Paris. The Assembly decrees that the title of Louis XVL, "King of France," should be changed to "King of the French." [Nov. 1. It decrees the abolition of lettres de cachet. Nov. 3. It suspends the parliament of Paris ; about 200 members resign from the Assembly.] Dec. * Paris. A national bank is estab- lished. 1790 * * A monarchical democratic Con- stitution is adopted. It provides one chamber having legis- lative power, sole right of initiation of laws, declaring war and making peace, and signing treaties. Feb. 4. Paris. Louis XVI. takes the oath to maintain the new Constitution. Feb. 13. Paris. The Convention abol- ishes monastic establishments, and confiscates their lands. Mar. * Ecclesiastical property is con- fiscated to the State. Assignats, notes of the Government secured by the confiscated public lands, are issued ; the clergy are to be sup- ported by the State. July 14. Paris. National Federation. The king takes an oath to support the new Constitution before an immense assembly of 350, 000 persons at Champ de Mars. The old divisions of France are abolished, and the country Is divided into 83 depart- ments, named after rivers and mountains ; these are divided into 374 districts and can- tons, with communes remaining as before. Each department is to have a local assem- bly ; nobility titles and ecclesiastical orders are abolished, except such orders as are edu- cational or humanitarian; pastors are to be chosen by the voters of the districts, and the bishops by those of the departments. [Two-thirds of the ecclesiastics decline to accept the Constitution by taking the re- quired oath.] * * The rights of primogeniture are abol- ished. Sept. * Necker, having lost his influence, retires to Switzerland. MISCELLANEOUS. 1786 July 31. AboothatMontpellier falls during a play ; 500 persons are killed. 1789 * * A famine produces wide dis- tress. 1790+ * * Trees of Liberty are planted in Paris and many parts during the Rev- olutionary Era. 708 1791, Mar. 3.-1793, Aug. 28. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1792 * * -97 * * War of the first coali- tion against France. (See p. 518.) Apr. 28. The French are repulsed at Quievrain. June 20. Paris. The mob, following the red cap of liberty, march to the Tuileries to make demands on the king. Aug. 10. Paris. The Swiss Guards retained to defend the king are mas- sacred by the mob in the Tuileries ; 5,000 are killed. Aug. 20. The invading Prussians in- vest Longwy [which soon capitulates]. Aug. * The "War of the Vendue breaks out against the Republic. [It is chiefly confined to Vendee and Brittany.] * *Iiafayette withdraws from the French army, and takes refuge with the Austrians [by whom he is held in prison five years]. Sept. * Verdun is taken by the Prus- sians. [Soon surrendered.] Sept. 20. The French under Marshal Kellerman and Gen. Dumouriez defeat the troops of the coalition under the Duke of Brunswick at Valmy. Sept.+ * Ger. The French Gen. Custine takes Speyer (Sept. 30), Mentz (Oct. 23), and Frankfort-on-t he-Rhine. Kov. 6. Belg. Battle of Jemappes. (See p. 518.) 'Nov. 14. Belg. Gen. Dumouriez takes Brussels. * * The Austrians unsuccessfully besiege Lille. * * Nice is conquered. [1814. Restored.] 1793 Feb. 1. "War is declared against England and Holland. [Feb. * Eng- land declares war against France.] Mar. 18. Belg. French defeat at Neer- winden. (See p. 518.) May 8. The English defeat the French at St. Amand. May 23, July 26. The Austrians and English under the Count of Ferraris and the Duke of York defeat the French at Valenciennes, and capture the city. June 9. The Vendeans defeat the Re- publicans, and capture Samur. July* Valenciennes is captured by the Austrians and English under Ferraris and the Duke of York. Aug. 18. Net h. The English under Gen. Lake defeat the French at Lincelles. Aug. 23. Marseilles, having rebelled against the Convention, is reduced. E. 2nd. Pondicherry is again taken from the British by the French. Aug. 27. Toulon surrenders to the British and allies under Adm. Lord Hood. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1792 Sept. 21. At midnight a new calendar, established on philosophical principles, fixes the first year of the Era of the Republic. [1793. Nov. 24. Estab- lished by decree.] * *The hydraulic ram is greatly im- proved by Joseph Michel Montgolfier. * * Paris. Philippe Pinel treats luna- tics at the Bicetre in an enlightened and humane 1793 July 1 2. The first official trial is made of the Claude Chappe's optical telegraph ; despatches are successfully transmitted 48 leagues in 13 minutes and 40 seconds. and with great priests [drives 40,000 of them out of France]. Sept. 2-5. Paris. In the massacre of 1/200 persons taken from prison, 100 priests are killed. Oct. 16. Paris. The Convention de- clares death an eternal sleep. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1791 * * Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre Charles, diplomatist, born. Barrot,Caniille HyaHnthe < Millon, states., b. Berquin, Amand, writer, A42. Champollion, Jean Francois, EgyptoL, b. Herold, Louis Jos. Ferdinand, romp. born. Lamotte, Jeanne de Valois, advent., A35+. Luzerne, AnneOesar ilela, diplomatist, A50. Magnan, Bernard P., marshal, born. .Matter, Jai-qiu's, philosopher, historian, b. Pouillet, Claude Servais M., physicist, b. Scribe, Augustin Kimene. dramatist, born. Apr. 13. Mirabeau, Comte de. Honore Gabriel de Kiquelti, orator, statesman, A42. Dec. 12. Marie Louise, second wife of Napoleon I., born in Vienna. 1793 * * Ahancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph Franqueville, minister, A34. Ancelot, Marguerite V. C., author, born. Auger, L'Ahhe, Atlianase, rlas. scholar, A58. Caffieri, Jean Jacques, sculptor, A68. Chahanon, Michel Paul Guy de, writer, A62. Charlet, Nicolas Toussamt, painter, engr.,b. Clermont-Tonnerre, Comte de, Stanislas, statesman, A45. Civiale, Jean, physician, born. Cousin, Victor, metaphysician, phil., born. Despretz, Cesar Mansuele, savant, born. Dulrenoy, Pierre Armand, geologist, born. DuvauceJ, Alfred, naturalist, born. Favart, Charles Simon, drama) ist, A82. Genoude, Antoine E., journalist, historian, h. Isambert, Francois A., politician, jurist, b. Lamballe, I'rincesse , Abiifar. or the Arab Fam- Up.] SOCIETY. 1791 Apr.± * Paris. The royal fam- ily is imprisoned in its o"\vn palace, and subject to daily insults. May 31. Paris. Punishment by the wheel is abolished. Aug. 26. Paris. A decree of the Na- tional Assembly occasions the exile of 40,000 priests, who are forbidden to exercise the offices of worship. 1792 Sept. 2-5. Paris. Prisons crowded with adherents of aristocracy are burst open, and 12,487 massacred by Jacobins. Sept. 3. Paris. Princess de Lam- baHe, the superintendent of the royal household, having refused to take the oath against the monarchy, is literally torn into pieces by the mob. 1793 Mar. * -94 July* The Reign of Terror. It is preceded by great confusion and disorder, and begins with the Revolu- tionary TrilmnalVind ends with the over- throw of Maximilien Robespierre and his associates. July 13. Paris. Charlotte Corday, the heroine, mortally stabs Jean Paul Marat, the bloody leader of the Jaco- bins. [July 17. She is guillotined.] STATE. 1791 Apr. 2. Mirabeau, the presi- dent of the Assembly, dies. May 21. Paris. The Commune, a municipal council, is definitely consti- tuted. June 20. Paris. The royal family flees at midnight, the king being in dis- guise. June 21. The king is captured at Va- rennes, ami brought back to Paris amid the hooting of the mob ; guards are placed in the rooms of the royal family day and night. * * Paris. The Girondists become con- spicuous. FRANCE. 1791, Mar. 3-1793, Aug. 28. 709 July 17. Paris. The Assembly makes an. unprovoked and murderous assault on a meeting in. the Champs de Mars ; Lafayette, Mayor Bailly, and tlie As- sembly are brought into discredit. Aug. * Ger. Declaration of Pillnitz. The Emperor Leopold and Frederick "William, King of Prussia, unite in a dec- laration that all the sovereigns of Eu- rope have a common interest in the con- dition of the King of France. Sept.* Avignon is annexed. Sept. * Paris. The king is reinstated as sovereign by the moderate party. Sept. 15. Paris. The king accepts the revised and completed Constitution. Sept. 30. Paris. The president dis- solves the National Assembly, its work being completed. Oct. 1. — 92 Sept. 21. Paris. The Legislative Assembly. Oct. 1. Paris. A meeting takes place of 745 representatives, mostly from the middle class. They form three parties : the Conserva- tives, who prefer to stop where they are ; the Girondists, virtuous, upright men, who favor afemlal republic ; and the Jacobins, like Robespierre, Danton, aud Marat, who are Radicals, and advocates of a united and indivisible republic. * * Paris. Acts are passed depriving the emigrants who leave France of their property, and placing the clergy under surveillance ; the king vetoes these acts, and thereby enrages the people. 1792 Feb. * An alliance is formed be- tween Austria and Prussia against France. Mar. * Paris. A change of Ministry oc- curs ; the conservative Girondists are in power. Apr. 20. Paris. France declares "war against Austria. Three armies are on the frontier, — Ro- chambeau (43,000}, Lafayette (52,000), Luckner (42,000). (See Army.) June 18. Paris. The Jacobin Club de- clares its sittings permanent. June 20. Paris. A mob invades the Tuileries, and compels the king to put on his head a red cap, the emblem of the revolution ; it is dispersed by the mayor. July 25. The Duke of Brunswick, the commander-in-chief of the allied armies, issue's athreatening and impolitic mani- festo. Aug. * Paris. The Assembly becomes the instrument of the Commune. Aug. 3. Paris. The sections of the city, with Mayor Potion as leader, demand that the Assembly depose the king. [Aug. S. The Assembly by a large ma- jority vote against it.] Aug. 9-10. Paris. Municipal author- ity is usurped. The Commune of Paris is expelled from office, and its place filled by com- missioners named by the 4S sections of the city, thus forming a new commune of 288 members. Aug. 10. Paris. " The Tenth of Au- gust." Downfall of the monarchy. The mob storms the Tuileries, and is driven back by the fire of the Swiss troops; the king and his friends escape to the Legislative Assembly, and he or- ders the S*wiss to cease firing, thus leav- ing these brave followers of his at the mercy of the enraged mob by whom they are massacred ; the Assembly is forced to suspend the king provisionally. Aug. 13. Paris. A great number of suspected persons are arrested. * * The Jacobins have everything their own way. Aug. 16. The royal family is impris- oned in the gloomy fortress of the Tem- ple, and is subject to rigorous treatment. Aug. 19. Paris. The new Municipality is sworn in ; it becomes the Revolution- ary Tribunal. It is established to take cognizance of all attacks directed against the Republic, the Revolution, or the public good. Aug. 20. Paris. Being impeached and proscribed by the Assembly, Lafayette flees to the camp of the allies, and is de- tained as a prisoner of war at Olmiitz. Aug. 30. Paris. The barriers are closed, and 3 9 000 persons are arrested and imprisoned, being suspected of hostility, to the Revolution. Sept. 2-4. The Prussian army enters France in the interest of the royal fam- ily, to the consternation of the nation. Sept. 2-7. Paris. A jail delivery and massacre of Royalists takes place un- der the Jacobins. The imprisoned Royalists and Consti- tutionalists are delivered by Georges Jacques Danton, the minister of justice, to Millard and his paid cutthroats, and cruelly murdered. Similar atrocities take place at Versailles, Lyons, Reims, M(5aux, Orleans, and other places. Sept. 21.— 1795 Oct.* Paris. The National Convention is in session. It is composed of 749 members, all Re- publicans, and is divided into two par- ties : the Right, led by Robespierre, the Duke of Orleans, Danton, and Collot d'Herbois ; and the Left, led by Ver- gniaud, Brissot, and others. Sept. 21. Paris. The Convention votes to abolish the monarchy, and France is declared a Republic. Sept. 22. Paris. The Convention makes this day the first of the Year One of the French Republic. [Nov. 24. Estab- lished as the Revolutionary Era.] The Convention decrees that the fugi- tive emigrants be perpetually banished ; that the usual titles of courtesy (Mon- sieur and Madame) be suppressed, and the title Citizen be used. Nov. 19. Paris. A declaration of fraternity is made with all nations that desire to be free, and they are offered help. Nov. * Nice and Savoy are annexed to France. Dec. 11. Paris. Trial of Louis XVI. The Committee of Safety arraigns the king for tyranny, and for attempting to destroy the liberty of the French people by inviting foreign powers to invade France. Dec. 20. Paris. A decree of perpetual banishment against the Bourbon fam- ily is promulgated. Dec. 26. Paris. Louis XVI. appears before the Convention for the last time ; Barrere is prosecutor ; Chretien de Malesherbes and two others are ad- vocates for the king. The Assembly debates and adjourns day after day without arriving at a de- cision. The Girondists propose an ap- peal to the people, which shall decide the king's fate, but it is rejected. 1793 Jan. 15. Paris. The Conven- tion decides that the king is guilty of treason against the sovereignty of the people, and for conspiracy against the State. Vote, 683 out of 721. The majority includes the Duke of Or- leans (Phil i j ■[ .. Kualih'i, his nearest kins- man and the first prince of the blood ; the minority vote is divided for impris- onment, banishment, or death with a respite. [Jan. 16. He is condemned to unconditional death by a majority of one vote (361) ; a formal rupture with European powers follows.] Jan. 21. Paris. Louis XVI. is be- headed. * * Louis XVTI. is proclaimed by the emigrant army. Feb. 1. Paris. "War is declared against Great Britain, Holland [and later against Spain] , they having entered an alliance against France. * * Belgium is annexed. Mar. * A Royalist insurrection breaks out against the Republicans in Vendue and Brittany in Northwest France. Mar. 9-10. Paris. The Revolution- ary Tribunal is established. A life-and-death struggle occurs in the Convention between the Girondists and the Mountain party, or extremists. The Orleanists of the Mountain party en- deavor to make the Duke of Orleans (Philippe Egalite) protector, but they are not successful. Apr. 6. Paris. In consequence of the coalition against France the Commit- tee of Public Safety is appointed; it consists of nine members, with Barrere and Danton as leaders. [Later three more are added.] June 2. Paris. Fall of the Girondists. An armed mob (80,000), organized by the Commune, having artillery, demand an immediate decree for the arrest of the Girondist members; the Convention votes at the point of the bayonet, and 32 are arrested. The Commune, ruled by a commission of 12, are the real power of the State. June 2-94 June* Paris. Reign of Terror. [So called because obnoxious persons are executed, regardless of age, condition, or sex.] July 13. Paris. Jean Paul Marat, the President of the Commune, is assassi- nated by a young provincial girl named Charlotte Corday. " One man have I slain to save a hundred thousand." [July 17. She is executed.] July * Paris. Robespierre, Antoine St. Just, and Georges Couthon are added to the Committee of Public Safety, which dictates the government ; Robes- pierre becomes the head of the State. Terrible atrocities are committed in the large cities by the agents of the Committee of Public Safety. Aug. 10. Paris. The new Constitu- tion is inaugurated by a national cele- bration. Aug. 23. A levy en masse of all citi- zens capable of bearing arms is decreed, and soon 14 armies are organized. Aug. 28. Paris. Gen. Adam Philippe de Custine is guillotined. 710 1793, Sept. 7-1795, * FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1793 Sept. 7, 8. The French under Gen. Hoche defeat the Duke of York at his siege of Dunkirk. The English re- treat, abandoning their heavy artillery and ammunition. Sept. 11. Austrians take Qnesnoy. Sept. 14. Bavaria. The Prussians under the Duke of Brunswick defeat the French under Gen. Moreau at Pirnia- sens. Oct. 9. Lyons, having revolted against the Convention, is taken by the Repub- licans after 70 days siege under Marshal Kellermann; pillage and bloodshed fol- low. Oct. 15, 16. The French under Marshal Jourdan defeat the Austrians under the Prince of Coburg and Gen. Clerfayt at Wattignies. Oct. 25. The Vendean insurrectionists under Laroche defeat the Republicans under Westerinann near Laval. Nov. 15. Toulon is taken by the Eng- lish. Dec. 12. The Vendeans under Comte Henri de La Roehejaequeiein are de- cisively defeated at Le Mans by Re- publicans under Gens. "Westermann and Marceau. Dec. 19. Toulon is taken. It having received an Anglo-Spanish fleet, is besieged and taken by the French chiefly through the' skilful action of Colonel of Artillery Napoleon Bona- parte ; it his first distinguished service. [He is made a brigadier-general.] 1794 Jan. * Union of allies against France. (See p. 518.) Mar. 16. W. I. Martinique is taken from the French by the British. Apr. 18. Neth. Gen. Pichegrn defeats the allies at Turcoing. [May 18. Again defeated by Gen. Moreau,] Apr. 24. The French are defeated at Cambrai. Apr. 26. Belg. Gen. Pichegru leads an invasion. Apr. 30. Belg. The allies capture Trois- ville. [May 22. They take Vespierre. The French are repulsed at Tournay.] (See p. 518.) June 1. Lord Howe defeats the French fleet off the Isle of Ushant. June 26. Belg. Austrians defeated at Fleurus. (See p. 518.) July 28. The Vendeans are defeated at Misdon. Aug. 17. Valenciennes is retaken by the French under Gen. Scherer. Sept. 14. The French defeat the Duke of York at Bois-le-Duc. [Sept. 17. At Bortel.] Oct. 28. Neth. The French defeat the British under the Duke of York at Nimeguen. [Nov. 3. The French are de- feated. Nov. 8. They regain the town.] 1795 Jan. * Allies of Austria with- draw. (See p. 518.) Jan. 1 8. Neth. The French enter Am- sterdam without a battle. Mar. 8. Sir Edward Pellew with a Brit- ish fleet takes 15 French ships and bui\ua seven out of a fleet of 35. Mar. 14. Lord Hotham defeats the French fleet in the Mediterranean, and captures two ships. Apr. 5. Peace. (See State.) June 27. English and emigrants land at Quiberon under Count de Puisaye to assist the Royalists of Chouans off Brit- tany. [July 5. Quiberon is taken, July 20. Retaken by Gen. Hoche ; many emi- grants are executed.] Sept. 6. Prus. Allies repulsed at Dus- seldorf. (See p. 51S.) Sept. 20. Ger. The French under Gen. Pichegru bombard and take Mann- heim. [Oct. 23, 29. Retaken by Mar- shal Wurmser.] Oct. 5. Paris. Napole*on Bonaparte suppresses the insurrection of the Sec- tions. Oct. 11. Prus. Jourdan is defeated at Hochst. (See p. 518.) Nov. 23, 24. It. The French under Marshal Massena defeat the Austrians at Loano. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1795 Apr. 7. Paris. The meter is made the legal unit of length and the base of the metric system. It is one ten- millionth part of the distance between the poles, and equal to 3.2808 Englishf eet. Oct. 25. Paris. All the five Royal Academies are combined in one body, called " Institut National" [later, Royal, Imperial, and National]. * * Paris. The " Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers " is established. * * Paris. The Academy of Natural Philosophy is established. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1794 * * Amiot, Joseph, Jesuit miss., A76. Ancelot, Jacques A. P. F., poet, novelist, dramatist, born. Artaud, Nicolas Louis, wr., Greek scholar, b. Bab met, Jacques, natural philosopher, b. liarbaroux, Chas. Jean Marie, revolu., A27. Carrier, Jean Baptiste, demagogue, A38. Chamfort ( Champiort), Sebastien Roch-Ni- colas, poet, litterateur, A53. Chaumette, Pierre tiaspard. Jacobin, A31. Chenier, Andre Marie de, poet, A32. Condorcet. Marquis de, Marie Jean An- toine Nicolas (aritat, metaphysician, A51. Damiron, Jean P., eclectic philosopher, b. Danton, Georges Jacques, revolu., A35. Desmoulins, Camilla, revolutionist, A32. Dionis du Sejour, Achille I'., geometri., A 60. Estaing, Comte d', Charles Hector, adm., A65. Fabre d'Eglantine, Philippe Francois N. Jacobin, A39. Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de, author, A39. Flourens, Mane Jean Pierre, physiol., born. Freteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel Marie Michel Philippe, politician, A49. Ciiiigniaut, Joseph l>aniel, scholar, antiq., b. Hebert, Jacques Kene, demagogue, A39. Kock, Charles Paul de, novelist, dram., b. Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, chemist, A 51. Linguet, Simon N. H., polemical writer, AW. Lbomond, Charles Francois, educator, A67. Malesherbes, Chretien de, G. de Lamoi- gnon, judge, philanthropist, A73. Pelissier, Aimable J. J., Due de Malakoff, marshal, born. Perronet, .lean Itodolphe, engineer, A86. Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, physcian, born. Itaspail, Francois Vincent, revolutionist, b. La Rochejacquelein. Comte de, Henri du Verger, Vendeim general, A22. Saint-Just. Antoine Louis Leon de, revolu- tionist, A27. Say, Horace l^mile, political economist, b. Vicq d'Azyr, Felix, anatomist, A46. July 28. Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore, revolutionist, A36. 1795* * Baraguey d'Hilliers, Achille, mar- shal, born. Barthelemy, Jean Jacques, archeol., A80. Barye, Antoine Louis, sculptor, born. Beaufort, Loins de, historical writer, dies. Caussin de Perceval, Armand P., orient., b. Caventou, Joseph B., chemist, born. Chopart, Francois, surgeon, A45±. Clot-Bey, Antoine, Lgvptologist. phys., born. Coquerel, Anthanase Laurent Charles, Prot- estant clergyman, born. Danican, Francois Andre, composer, chess- player, A68±. Desault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, A51. Dupuy, Louis, journalist, writer, A86. Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin, rev- olutionist, prosecutor, A48. Payen, Anselme, chemist, born. Ravignan, Gustave F. X. D. de, Jesuit, pul- pit orator, born. Salvandy, Comte de, Narcisse Achille, au- thor, born. Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, his- torian, born. Troplong, Kaymond Theodore, jurist, born. Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., surgeon, born. Mar. 27. Louis XVII., dauphin, A10. CHURCH. 1793 Nov. 10. Paris. The Conven- tion declares Christi anit y abolished. The worship of the Goddess of Reason- is established as a substitute. 1794 Mar. 31. Paris. The National Convention decrees the announcement that there is no God. May 7. Paris. Robespierre in Conven- tion becomes the champion of the Su- preme Being, and favors the restora- tion of the acknowledgment of God, who had been abolished by a decree. The National representatives vote that " the French people acknowledge the existence of the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul." June 8. Paris. The "Fete de l'rLtre Supreme,'' Robespierre as high priest. The festival dedicated to the Supreme Being. LETTERS. 1793 Sept. 16. The Convention issues an order suppressing throughout the Republic the faculty of theology, medi- cine, law, and arts. 1794 * * Adele de Senanges, by Marquise A. M. E. F. Souzu-Botelho, appears. * * Historical Sketch of the Human Mind, by Condorcet, appears. SOCIETY. 1793 Oct. 16. Paris. Queen Marie Antoinette, condemned at 4 a. m., is be- headed by the Jacobins, amid scoffs and insults. Nov. 6. Paris. King Louis XVI. is guillotined. Nov. 8. Paris. Madame Roland is guillotined. Last words, "O Liberty! what crimes are committed in thy name." Nov. 10. Paris. The Festival of Rea- son is celebrated in Notre Dame. Nov. 15. Paris. The National Conven- tion decrees the suppression of all lot- teries. * * -94 * * Divorces are frequent ; 7,000 are legalized in Paris alone. 1794 Apr. 5. Paris. Georges Jacques Danton, who led the attack on the Tui- leries, a member of the Committee of Public Safety overthrown by Robes- pierre, is guillotined; others also suffer with him. May 10. Paris. Madame Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI., is guillotined. FRANCE. 1793, Sept. 7-1795, * *. 711 July 9. Paris. Seventy-one persona are guillotined. July 28. Paris. Robespierre, after having put to death 2,774 persons, whose ages ranged from 14 to 97, is himself guillotined. Nov. 9. Paris. The mob attacks the Jacobin Society. Nov. 11. Moravia. Lafayette escapes from the prison at Olmiitz. [Recaptui'ed. 1796. Aug. 25. Released.] * * Paris. The Convention decrees the abolition of the slave-trade. 1795 May 20. Paris. Bread riots occur. The populace unsuccessfully rise against the Convention, and are subdued by the use of artillery. June 8. Paris. Louis XVII. dies in prison, in consequence of a series of bar- barities practised by his jailers ; only the emigrants acknowledged him as king. STATE. 1793 Sept. 17. Paris. A maximum price for a great number of Commo- dite^s, and the rate of wages, are estab- lished. * * All persons suspected of being un- friendly to the Republic are impris- oned. Oct. 12. Paris. The Convention decrees the demolition of Lyons, because of its opposition to the Government, and three commissioners are sent to carry out the decree. Oct. 16. Paris. Queen Marie Antoi- nette is beheaded. Oct. 30, 31. Paris. The Revolutionary Tribunal execute 21 Girondists in the night. Dominance of the Revolutionary Tri- bunal and the guillotine ; Fouquier- Tinville is public prosecutor ; legal forms are set aside, and 60 persons are executed in one month. Nov. 6. Paris. Louis Philippe Joseph (FJgalite), Duke of Orleans, is executed by the Jacobins. Nov. 8. Paris. Madame Roland is be- headed because her husband is obnox- ious to the Jacobins. Nov. i* Paris. Christianity is pro- scribed. The worship of God is abolished ; the Goddess of Reason (from the Opera House) is enthroned in Notre Dame ; " Death is an eternal sleep " is written on the entrance of the cemeteries. Nov. 24. Paris. The Revolutionary Era (see 1792, Sept. 22) is established in place of the Gregorian Calendar. Sept. 22, 1792, beginning the Year One. 1794 Feb. 3. Paris. The Convention receives three deputies from St. Do- mingo : two are blacks and one white. Mar. 24. Paris. Nineteen Ultra-Revo- lutionists, including Herbert, their leader, are executed by the Jacobins for attempting to organize an insurrection of the Sections. Mar. 29. Paris. The Dantonists are condemned. Apr. 6. Paris. Danton, Benoit Camille Desmoulins, a pamphleteer, with several associates, are executed. Apr. 19. The Treaty of The Hague is signed by England and Prussia ; it pro- vides subsidies for 60,000 men to carry on the war against France. Apr. + * Paris. The Committee of Safety has unchecked domination. Robespierre abolishes the worship of reason, and causes the Convention to pass a resolution acknowledging the ex- istence of a Supreme Being. * * Corsica. Pasquale Paoli organizes a successful revolt; he is elected gene- ralissimo, and president of the council of Carte. June 10. Paris. Additional and fright- ful powers are granted by the Conven- tion to the Revolutionary Tribunal. "Witnesses are not required ; juries convict without evidence or argument, and death is the sole penalty for all offenses ; executions increase to 354 a month. June 17. Corsica. Paoli, despairing of the success of the revolution in main- taining independence, agrees to a union with Great Britain; George III. is ac- knowledged king. June * Paris. The Mountain party (Rad- icals) and the Moderates organize a con- spiracy against Robespierre. July 27. Paris. Robespierre falls. The two Robespierres, Couthon, St. Just, Lebas, and Henriot, members of the Commune, are arrested by order of the Convention ; they are released by the Commune, but they are surprised and rearrested in the night at the Hotel de Ville. July 28. Paris. Robespierre and 71 others are beheaded ; the Commune is nearly extinct. The Reign of Terror ends. * *-95* * Paris. The Moderates con- trol the National Convention. The Committees of Public Safety and General Security are remodeled, and political suspects are released from prison. Nov. 9. Paris. An association of young men attacks the hall of the Jacobin Club, and drives out its members. Nov. 12. Paris. The Jacobin Club is closed, and tbe Society is dissolved by the Convention. Dec. 8. Paris. The surviving Giron- dists are readmitted to their seats in the Convention. Dec. 16. Jean Baptiste Carrier is con- demned and executed for cruelty to in- surrectionists at Nantes, 32,000 of whom he had massacred in a few weeks, 500 of whom were orphaned children of mur- dered parents. Dec. 24. The maximum, fixing the prices of commoditis, is repealed. 1795 Jan. * The depreciation attending the increased issues of the Assignats causes much public misery. Feb. 5. The Vendean insurgents sign a treaty of peace with the Convention. Apr. * Paris. An insurrection breaks out against the Government. The Convention Hall is invaded by a mob which demands bread; it is dis- persed by the troops. The Terrorists, Collot, Billaud, Barrere, and Vaudier, are sentenced to transportation. Apr. 5. Switz. Peace is signed at Basel with Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, and Hesse-Cassel. France is to hold tbe left bank of the Rhine until peace shall be concluded with the empire ; a line of demarcation fixes the neutrality of Northern Ger- many. A secret article is signed by which Prussia absolutely cedes the left bank of the Rhine to France on the assurance of a recompense through secularization. May 7. Paris. Antoine Quentin Fou- quier-Tinville, the public prosecutor under Robespierre, is guillotined. Neth. The Batavian Republic is es- tablished by France. (1795-180G. See Netherlands.) It makes an alliance with France, to whom it surrenders Dutch Holland. May 20. Paris. Unsuccessful Prairial insurrection by the populace. A mob of 30,000 attacks the Conven- tion, demanding the enforcement of the Constitution of 1793, the release of im- prisoned "patriots," and the restoration of the Jacobins; it is dispersed after much bloodshed, and the ringleaders are executed. June * The Vendean insurgents again assemble under Charette and Stofllet. They are suppressed [and their leaders executed. 1796, Feb.* StofSet is exe- cuted. Mar. 29, Also Charette-1 June 8. The dauphin, son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, styled by the Roy- alists Louis XVII., dies, aged ten years. July * Switz. The Peace of Basle is concluded with Spain. Spanish St. Domingo is ceded to France, which restores all other Span- ish conquests. Aug. 22. The Convention accepts the new (third) Constitution establishing a Directory. The legislative power is to be vested in two councils, the Council of Elders (250), and the Council of Five Hundred ; the executive is to consist of a board of five directors called a Directory. Two- thirds of the number are to be taken from the present Convention. 1795-1799 Government of the Di- rectory. Aug. 23. Paris. The Convention orders the suppression of all clubs. Sept. 23. Paris. The Convention an- nounces the acceptance of the new Constitution in the provinces ; much hostility is manifested in Paris to the limitation of membership. Oct. * Paris. Royalists stimulate insur- rection in the Sections. The Conven- tion appoints Barras chief-in-command, Lieut. -Gen. Bonaparte second. Oct. 5. Paris. "Day of the Sections," 13th Vendemiaire. Bonaparte crushes the revolt of the Sections with artillery in the Rue St. Honore, before the Church of St. Roche ; 300 are killed ; and again at Pont Neuf ; time one hour and a half. Oct. 26. The Convention ends after three years duration. Nov. * Mandats, representing a specific amount of land, substitute the assi- gnats, which have become almost value- less, 45,000,000,000 francs having been issued. * * Corsica. The British viceroy, Sir Gil- bert Eliott, opens parliament. 712 1796, Mar. 9-1799, FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1796 * * Three French armies raised. (See p. 518.) Apr. 12. It. Bonaparte, beginning his first Italian campaign, defeats trie Aus- trians under Gen. D'Agenteau at Mon- tenotte. Apr. 14. It. Bonaparte is victorious at Millesimo. Apr. 22. It. Bonaparte defeats the Piedmontese under Gen. Colli at Mon- dovi. May* The French cross the lower R hin e. May 10. It. Bonaparte, the " Little Corporal," with. 6,000 men, charges and defeats 16,000(?) Austrians at the Bridge ofLodi. Austrian loss, 2,500; French loss, estimated at 2,000. [May 15. Milan falls.] June 3. It. The French under Mar- shal Rfassena take Verona. June 4. Prus. The French defeat the Austrians at Altenkirchen. [June 16. The French are forced back.] July 5. Aust. Gen. Moreau defeats the Austrians at Badstadt. [July * Bona- parte besieges Mantua.] Aug. 3. It. Victories of Lonato [and Castiglione and Medola]. (See p. 51S.) Aug. 10. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats the Austrians under the Archduke Charles at Neresheim. [Aug. 24. Jour- dan defeated at Amberg. Sept. 3. At Wurzburg. ] (See p. 518.) Sept. 4. Aust. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Marshal "Wurmser at Roveredo. [Sept. 8. Again at Bas- sano, It.] Sept. 16. Prus. The Austrians defeat the French at Altenkirchen. Oct. 2. Ger. The French defeat the Austrians at Biberach. [Oct. 20. Mo- reau driven across the Rhine.] (See p. 518.] Nov. 12. It. Bonaparte repulsed at Caldiero. (See p. 518.) Nov, 15-17. It- Austrians defeated at Areola. (See p. 518.) Nov. 21. Aust. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at Castelnuovo. 1797 Jan. 14, 15. It. Austrians de- feated at Rivoli. (See p. 518.) Feb. 2. It. Marshal Wurmser and 20,000 Austrians capitulate to Bona- parte at Mantua. Feb. 9. It. Ancona capitulates. Feb. * W. The French invade "Wales ; they soon surrender. Feb. 14. The Spanish fleet of 27 vessels is defeated by a British fleet of 14 vessels under Adm. Jervis off Cape St. Vin- cent; the Spaniards lose four ships. Mar. 16. It. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at Tagliamento. Mar. * -Apr. * It. Bonaparte crosses the Alps. (See p. 518.) [Sept. 17. War ends.] May 12. "War is declared against Ven- ice ; the Republic is occupied by French troops, the Senate abdicates, and a democratic government is proclaimed. Aug. 23. Prus. The Archduke Charles defeats Gen. Bernadotte at Neumark. [Sept. 3. He defeats Marshal Jourdan at Wurzburg.] 1798 Feb. 19. Rome. Marshal Mas- selna is made commander of the army of occupation. Apr. * Switz. Conquest of Switzer- land. (See State.) May 19. Bonaparte sails from Toulon for Egypt with 36,000 men and 20 war- ships. [June 12. He takes the Island of Malta. July 2. He takes Alexan- dria, Egypt.] July 21. Egy. At the battle of the Pyramids Bonaparte defeats the Mame- lukes under Murad Bey. [July 22. He captures Cairo.] Aug. 1, 2. Battle of the Nile. The British Adm. Nelson defeats the French Adm. Brueys, who is killed ; the French lose 13 out of 17 vessels and 9,000 men. (See Great Britain.) Aug. 27. Ire. The French auxiliaries under Gen. Jos. A. Humbert (15,000) with Irish insurgents compel the British un- der Gen. Lake to retreat at Castlebar ; the French and Irish occupy the town. [Sept. 8; Defeated at Ballinamuck by the British under the viceroy, Lord Corn- wallis.] Oct. 12. Ire. The British take five French ships sent to help the Irish. (See Great Britain.) Oct. 22. Egy. A revolt breaks out in Cairo against the French ; 5,000 natives are massacred. 1799 * * -1801 * * "War of the second coalition. Russia, Austria, England, Portugal, Naples, and Turkey are united against France. Feb. 9. The British capture the La Pru- dente. (See Great Britain.) Feb. 18. Asia Minor. Bonaparte takes El Arisen, the frontier fortress of Syria. [It is soon retaken.] Mar. 13. France again declares war against Austria. Asia Minor. Bonaparte takes Jaffa by assault ; he [is accused] of the mas- sacre of 1,200 Turkish prisoners. [Mar. 18. He besieges Acre.] Mar. 25. It. The French defeated at Stockach. (See p. 518.) Mar. 28-30. It. The Austrians defeat the French at Verona. Apr. 5. It. The Austrians under Baron von Eray defeat the French Gen. Scherer at Magnano. Apr. 16. Asia Minor. Bonaparte de- feats the Turks at Mount Tabor. Apr. 27. It. French defeat at Cassano. (See p. 518.) May * Gr. A Russi an-Turki sh fleet takes the Ionian Islands from France. May 20. Asia Minor. After a desper- ate assault, Bonaparte; repulsed by Sir Sydney Smith, abandons the siege of Acre, and departs for Egypt. June 5. Switz. The French under Marshal Masstfna are defeated at Zu- rich by the Austrians under the Arch- duke Charles. June 17-19. It. Battle of Parma. (See p. 518.) July 21. It. The French are driven from Alessandria, the capital of a de- partment, by the Russians under Suva- roff. July 25. Egy. The French under Mar- shal Murat defeat the Turks at Abou- kir. Aug. 15. It. Battle of Novi. (See p. 518.) Aug. 22. Egy. Bonaparte transfers the command to Gen. Kle"ber. Sept. 9. Neth. The French are de- feated at Zuyper Slays. Sept. 19. Neth. The French underMar- shal Brune defeat the allies at Bergen. Sept. 25, 26. Switz. Marshal Massena defeats the Russians under Marshal Suvaroff at Zurich. Oct. 6. Neth. The Ihike of York, commanding the Anglo-Russian army, capitulates to the French at Alkmaar. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1798 * * Chromium and beryl are dis- covered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin. 1799* *A -weaving-machine is made by Joseph Marie Jacquard, near Lyons. * * Paris. Laplace's Micanique Celeste appears. * * * Paris. Georges Cuvier introduces an approved system of anatomical clas- sification. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1796 * * Bautain, L'Abbe", LouiB E. M., phi- losopher, born. Barthelemy, Auguste Marseille, poet, born. Bourdon, Isidore, physician, author, born. Buchez, Philippe J. B., philosophical wr., b. Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, revolution- ist, A46±. Cremieux, Isaac An, economist, statesman, born. Fauveau, Felicie de, sculptor, born. Foucher, Victor A., jurist, born. Gamier-Page's, Louis Antoine, polit., b. Gerard, Jean Ignace Isidore, artist, carica. turist, born. Ilippean, Celeslin, educationist, author, b. Joliannot, Tony, painter, wood engraver, b. Jollivet. Pierre Jules, painter, born. Laclos, Pierre A. F. C. de, revolu., an., A62. FRANCE. 1799, * *-1805, Oct. 14. 715 La Ilarpe, Jean Fnuieois, dram., critic, A(i4. Leroy, Julien David, architect, A77±. Libri-Carucci, Count, G. B. I. T., Italian- French mathematician, born. Lucas, Charles ,!ean .Marie, reformer, born. Merimee. Prosper, novelist, born. Qui net, Eii^ir. phdosopher, author, bora. Louis, general, born. Baume, Antoine, chemist, A76. Cadoudal, Ceorges. Breton royalist, A35. Camus, Armand (iastun, legislator, \vr., A64. Cornu, Sekislien Melehior, painter, born. Daudin, Fraurois Marie, naturalist, A30±. Didot, Francis A., printer, type-founder, A74. Buret, Franeisque, sculptor, born. Forey, lilie Frederic, marshal, born. Girardin, Delpliine de, author, born. Isabey, Eugene Louis Cabnel, painter, born. Janin, Jules Gabriel, critic, born. Julien, Pierre, sculptor, A73. Lavalle"e, Theophile Sciiasiieu, historian, b. Moigno, Francois X. M., scientist, born. Moquin-Tandon, Horace B. A., botanist, b. Necker, Jacques, financier, statesman, A72. Fichegru, Charles, general, A43. Regnier, Jacques A. A., philologist, born. Sand, Georg-e, Armantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, Baroness iMidevant, novelist, b. Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene, novelist, born. CHURCH. 1800 * * Rome. Pius "VH. is pope. 1801 July 15. Paris. A concordat is signed by Bonaparte and Pius VII. for the reestablishment of religion. 1802 Apr. * Agreeable to the terms of the concordat, the Christian religion is reestablished- by Bonaparte as the religion of a majority of Frenchmen. LETTERS. 1799 * * Principles of General Grammar, by Baron A. J. S. de Sacy, appears. * * Reveries r on the Primitive Nature of Man, by Etienne P. de Senancour, ap- pears. [180-4, Oberman.] * *-1805* * Course de Litte'rature an- cienne et moderne, by Jean F. de La Harpe, appears. [1801-07, Correspondance litteraire.] 1800 * * Homme des Champs, by Delille, appears. • * *Ontke Spirit of Things, by Saint-Mar- tin, appears. * * Researches on the Laics of Affinity, by Berthollet, appears. [1803, Essay on Chemical Statics.} * * Treatise on Mineralogy, by Rene - Just Haiiy, appears. [1803, Elementary Trea- tise on Physics.] * *The "Universities" are reorgan- ized. Higher education is made dependent upon the Government. The Institut National and its division are reorgan- ized into the four [afterwards five] acad- emies. * * Atala, by Chateaubriand, appears. [1802, Gin ie da Christianisme ; [1809, Les Martyrs.] * * Entomological Bibliography, by Charles Nodier, appears. [1808+ , Painter of Saltzburg, The Exiles, and La Napolkone; 1808, Dictionary of French Onomatopmia.] * *-15* * Elements . Mnlibran, Maria Felicite, singer, actor, born. MacMahon, Comic de, Marie Edtne Patrice Maurice, l>uede Magenta, President, born, in Sully, June 13. Apr. 20. Napol6on III., Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor, born. l'i-rsigny, .lean Gilbert Victor de Fialin de, statesman, born. Planche, Jean P>aptiste G., litterateur, born. Robert, Hubert, painter, A75. CHURCH. 1806 May 30. Napoleon decrees an as- sembly of Jewisli deputies for the pur- pose of forming a Sanhedrin. [July 23. They meet.] 1807 * * A Methodist society of 70 per- sons has been established at Arras. 1808 Feb. 2. It. The French subvert the papal government at Rome. Dec. 4. Napoleon abolishes the inquisi- tion. LETTERS. 1805 * * Achilles at Scyros, by Luce de Lancival, appears. * * Tibkre, by M. J. de Cheuier, appears. * * The Templars, by Francois J. M. Ray- nouard, appears. * * Ode a la grande armee, by Pierre An- toine Lebrun, appears. * * Elementary Treatise on Physical As- tronomy, by Jean B. Birot, appears. 1806* * Henry IV. of France, by Le- gouv£, appears. * * Ckrestomathie arabe, by Baron A. J. S. de Sacy, appears. [1S10, Arabic Gram- * * Elizabeth, ou les Exiles de Sibe'rie, by Madame S. R. Cottin, appears. 1807 * * The Genius of Man, by C. J. P. de Chenedolle, appears. * * Introduction to the Scientific Labors of the 19th Century, by Claud H. Saint- Simon, appears. J1S14, The Reorganiza- tion' of European .Society:] 1808 * * Theory of Four Movements and General Destinies, by F. M. C. Fourier, appears. * * Picture of French Literature in the 18th Century, by A. G.P. B. de Barante, appears. * * Eugene de Rotkelin, by Marquis A. M. E. F.'Souza-Botelho, appears. * * Napoleon gives attention to public in- struction, and revives education. He establishes the General University to superintend national education. SOCIETY. 1806 Nov. * Napol6on exhibits coarse behavior toward Louisa, the high-spir- ited queen of Prussia. * * The Conseils de Prud'hommes are organized as trade tribunals, composed of employers and workmen, to arbitrate trade disputes. 1807 Aug. 12. Je'rome Bonaparte marries Catherine of Wiirtemberg. 1808 Mar. 1. Paris. The new nobil- ity of France is created. [Many of the old families decline the titles.] STATE. 1805 Dec. 26. Hung. The Peace of Presburg. {See p. 519.) Dec. * It. Napoleon by proclamation dethrones the Bourbons in Naples for violating the treaty of neutrality with France. 1806 Jan. 1. Napoleon repeals the Republican Calendar, and restores the Gregorian Calendar and the Christian Era. Feb. * It. A French army in Naples compels the court to withdraw to Sicily ; Napoldon appoints his elder brother, Joseph, King of Naples. * * Napoleon's brother Louis Napo- leon is made King of Holland, now called the Batavian Republic ; Joachim Murat, his brother-in-law, is created Grand-duke of Berg, and Marshal Ber- thier, Prince of Neuchatel. July 12. The Confederation of the Rhine is established. Napoleon dissolves the ancient Ger- manic body, and unites 14 princes of the South and West into the Confederation of the Rhine, with himself as protector. The Confederation is finally joined by all the German princes except Austria, Prussia, Brunswick, and the electorate of Hesse. Aug. 6. The Confederation of the Rhine terminates the Holy Roman Empire. (See Germany.) Sept. * Frederick of Prussia is deeply in- censed at the slanderous language of Napoleon respecting his queen. Oct. 1. Paris. The Prussian minister peremptorily demands that all French troops shall immediately evacuate Ger- many [and war follows; France is ready, and Prussia ill-prepared], (See Army.) * * Napoleon improves all branches of the public service. Nov. 21. Napoleon issues the Berlin decree. It announces a (paper) blockade of the British Isles, the interdiction of all trade with England under heavy penalties, and prohibits vessels which had touched at Brit- ish ports, at or from its colonies, entering France. All trade in English goods unlaw- ful, and its merchandise a lawful prize. Its trade to be shut out from the Continent. (This "Continental System" is soon found to be impracticable.) Dec. 11. Ger. The Elector of Saxony signs a separate peace with Napoleon, and enters the Confederacy as king of Saxony. 1807 June 25. E. Prus. Napoleon holds an interview with the czar at Til- sit, on a raft moored in the middle of the River Niemen. July 7. Prus. Peace of Tilsit between France and Russia. July 9. Prus. Peace of Tilsit between France and Prussia. 1. Russia recognizes the newly formed duchy of Warsaw, formed out of parts of Prussia, under the king of Saxony. 2. Dan- zig to be a free city again. 3. Part of New East Prussia is ceiled to h'ussia, and a small portion to Saxony. 4, To recognize Joseph BonaparteasK inu'"f Naples. Louis Bonaparte as King of Holland, and .Jerome Bonaparte as King of Westphalia, -when the kingdom is cre- ated; also, to recognize the Confederation of the Rhine, which is to include the region west of the Elbe ; to accept the mediation of Napo- leon with the Turks, ami Alexander to medi- ate with England in behalf of France. A secret article liinds the two emperors in an alliance against England if peace is refused. 1. Prussia cedes to Napolgon for his dis- posal the territory between the Khine and Elbe; to Saxony the circle of Cottbus, and forthe creation of the grand duchy of War- saw; to cede the lands taken from Poland since 1772, also to cede the city and territory of Danzig. 2. Also, to recognize the sov- reignty of Napoleon's brothers. 3. To close all Prussian harbors and lands to British commerce and trade until she makes peace with France. 4. The Prussian army is lim- ited to 42,000 men. Large indemnities are also to be paid. Prussia becomes a second- class power, with its territory reduced from 89,120 to 46,032 square nuies. July 12. Prus. Treaty of Konigsberg with Prussia. The Prussian provinces and fortresses to be restored and evacuated when war indem- nities are paid, which by Prussian calcula- tions amount to B), mm, nun francs, but are lixed by the French at i'Ji),rtil(U)UO. [Itaised in 1808 to 140,000,000-3 Aug. * Ger. The kingdom of "West- phalia is founded by the decree of Na- poleon, — one-half the domai n is reserved for himself. Sept. * Den. The British take possession by force of the Danish fleet, to prevent its use by France. (See p. 639.) * * Denmark enters an alliance with France. Oct. 27. The secret Treaty of Fontaine- bleau for the partition of Portugal is signed. Nov. * Portugal refuses to join the Con- tinental System, and is invaded by France. Dec. 13. France and Spain unite to pro- claim the deposition of the House of Braganza. Dec. 17. It. Napoleon's Milan decree is issued against British commerce. 1808 Feb. 1. Port. Gen. Junot pro- claims that Portugal is to be governed henceforth by France as a conquered kingdom. A French army (100,000) enters Spain on the pretext of guarding the coasts against the attacks of the British. May 1. Sp. Charles IV. of Spain ab- dicates in favor of "his friend and ally," Napoleon. !N"apole5on is at the height of his tlory, nearly all of Western Europe ominated by him. May 27. Sp. In consequence of the royal abdication in favor of Napoleon, an insurrection arises. June 12. Sp. Joseph Bonaparte en- ters Madrid as King of Spain. [Gen. Murat takes the vacated throne of Naples.] * *The indignant Spaniards uprise against the French intruders. July 29. Sp. Joseph Bonaparte re- tires from Madrid after the French de- feat at Bayleu. Aug. 30. Port. The Convention of Cintra is entered by the French and English ; Gen. Junot agrees to evacuate Portugal immediately. Sept. 27. Prus. Napoleon meets the assembly of princes at Erfurt. Four kings and 34 princes and other German rulers do him reverence. He strengthens his alliance with the czar, who undertakes to subdue Sweden, and promises to support Napoleon against every hostile power. Dec. 4. Sp. Napoleon enters Madrid. 718 1809, Apr. 6-1813, Apr. 13. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1809 Apr.* Aust, Napole"on is at war with Austria for French supremacy; England is an ally of Austria. Austria puts nearly 400,000 men in the field. Archduke Charles commands in Bavaria, and the Archduke John in Italy. The German people are sum- moned to aid in breaking the yoke of France ; Tyrol alone responds, under Andreas Hofer. Apr. 20. Bavaria. Napoleon defeats the Austrians under Charles at Abens- berg. [Apr. 21. And again at Land- shut.] Apr. 22. Bavaria. Battle at Eckmiihl. Marshal Davout defeats the Austrians under Charles, taking '20,000 prisoners, all the artillery, and 15 standards. Apr. 23. Bavaria. The French drive the Austrians from Ratisbon ; Napo- leon receives his slight and only -wound in the heel. Apr. * Sp. The French under Marshal Soult occupy Oporto. May 4. Aust. The French defeat the Austrians at Ebelsberg. May 11. Aust. Napoleon takes Vi- enna for the second time. [May 13. He enters the city.] May 12. Sp. Battle of Douro. Wellesley with a British and Portu- guese army (35,000) takes Oporto from the French under Marshal Soult, Duke of Dalmatia. May 21, 22. Aust. Battles of Aspern and Essling. (See p. 518.) July 5, 6. Aust. Battle of Wagram. (See p. 518.) July 27, 28. Sp. Battle of Talavera de la Reina. Sir Arthur "Wellesley and Gen. Cuesta with 64,000 English and Spanish troops defeat the French under Marshal Victor and King Joseph. July 28. Viscount "Wellington (Sir Ar- thur Wellesley) is made British com- mander-in-chief in Spain. Oct. 14. Peace. (See State.) Nov. 14. Paris. Napoleon is con- gratulated for his victories. 'Nov. 19. Sp. Marshal Mortier defeats the Spaniards at Ocafia. * * -10 * * Aust. The brave Tyrolese continue the war alone with France. [Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese patriot, is shot.] (See p. 519.) 1810* * Sp. Napoleon increases his army in Spain to 280,000 men. * *-ll* * Port. "Wellington and Masse'na struggle for victory. July 10. Port. Marshal Massena cap- tures the fortress of Ciudad Bodrigo. Sept. 27. Sp. Battle of Busaco. "Wellington, with 40,000 British and Portuguese troops, repulses 65,000± French under Marshal Massena. Oct. 9. Port. "Wellington retreats to the fortified lines of Torres Vedras, which he successfully defends against the French under Marshal Masse'na. 1811 Mar. 5. Sp. The British under Gen. Graham defeat Marshal Victor at Barosa. Mar.+ * Port. Massena makes a mas- terly retreat before Wellington into Spain. Mar. 11. Port. Badajoz is taken by the French under Marshal Soult. * * Port. "Wellington besieges Almeida, and recaptures it from the French. May 3-5. Port. "Wellington, at Fuentes-de-Onoro, checks Massena, who soon retreats into Spain. May 16. Sp. Battle of Albuera. Gen. Beresford, commanding 30,000 al- lies, defeats Marshal Soult, commanding 20,000 French. Sept. 10. Sp. The Spaniards defeat French at Ximena. Oct. 28. Sp. Gen. Rowland Hill de- feats French at Merida. 1812 Jan. 4. Sp. Marshal Suchet de- feats the Spaniards at Albufera. Jan. 9. Sp. Valencia is taken by the French under Marshal Suchet, with its garrison of 16,000 men and immense stores. Jan. 19. Sp. "Wellington surprises Ciudad Bodrigo, and takes it by storm. (Jan. 8. Invested.) Jan. 27. Prus. Marshal Davout with 20,000 French invades Swedish Pom- erania without any previous declaration of war. Sweden had offended by disre- garding the Continental System. Apr. 6. Sp. "Wellington takes Bada- joz after a siege. Apr. 11. Sp. Gen. Cotton defeats Mar- shal Soult at Lilerena. * * "War with Bussia. Napoleon provides for an army of 420,- 000 men [later increased to 553,000]. June 6. Napole"on crosses the Vistula, and enters "West Bussia. [June 22. He arrives on the Niemen.] June* W. Bus. Vilna is occupied. Russians under Marshal Barclay de Tolly retreat. July 16. W. Pus. The advance of the French army begins. July 22. Sp. "Wellington completely defeats the French under Marshal Mar- mont at Salamanca. July 23. Bus. The French defeat the Bussians under Prince Peter Bagration at Mohilow. July 30, 31. Bus. A battle occurs be- tween the French and Russians at Po- lotzk. Aug. 17-18. Bus. Battle of Smo- lensk. The whole army assaults Smolensk ; during the night the Bussians under Marshal Barclay de Tolly and Prince Peter Bagration lire the city and retreat. Aug. * Sp. King Joseph Bonaparte, commander of the French, evacuates Madrid. [Aug. 12. The British enter.] Sept. 7. Bus. Battle of Borodino. The Bussians under Marshal Mikhail Kutusoff are forced to retire at Borodino and Mozhaisk, on the Moskva; each side has 140,000 men and suffers terrible losses. The French lose 30,000 h , the Rus- sians, 50,000± ; the latter retreat in good order. Sept. 14. Bus. The Russian army re- tires from Moscow, followed by most of the inhabitants ; the French army, 95,000 strong, enters. Sept. 15. Bus. Napole"on establishes headquarters in the Kremlin. Sept. 16-19. Bus. Burning of Mos- cow. The Russian patriots sack and burn 7,000 houses to deprive the French army of shelter. Sept. * Bus. Napoleon proffers a truce, which is held back and finally refused. Oct. 19. Bus. Betreat from Moscow. After a halt of five weeks Napoleon commences his disastrous retreat with 120,000 men ; swarms of Cossacks and the Russian -main army under Kutusoff follow in pursuit. Oct. 19, 20, Bus. The Russians retake Polotzk. Oct. 24. Bits. A desperate and success- ful contest of one corps of the French army occurs at Yaroslavez. Nov. 3. Bus. One corps of the French army has a hard tight with the Russians. Nov. 6. Bus. Cold weather com- mences ; much snow falls, and terrible sufferings follow. Nov. 12. W. Bus. The French army arrives at Smolensk. Nov. 14. W. Bus. , The Russians defeat the French at Vitebsk. Nov. 17. W. Bus. Napoleon delivers the remnant of his army from 60,000 Russians at Krasnoi. Nov. 26-28. W. Bus. The French make a disastrous passage of the Be- resina, near Studianka. Two bridges are constructed ; one gives way under the artillery. Marshals Ney and Oudinot with 8,500 men force a pas- sage against 25,000 Russians. The re- treat becomes a rout and wild flight ; the Russians take 16,000 prisoners. Dec. 5. Bus. Napoleon transfers the command to Marshal Murat, and de- parts for Paris. Dec. 13. W. Bus. The French army, 100,000 strong, crosses the Niemen, having lost 100,000 as prisoners. [Total loss of the French and their allies, 300,000±.] 1813 * * -14 * * "War of Liberation. The powers of Europe unite in an alli- ance against Napoleon. The allies are commanded by Prince Karl Philip von Schwarzenberg, an Austrian general. Jan.± * Napoleon raises another army of 300,000 men. Feb. 13. IV. Bus. The Saxons are de- feated by the Russians at Kalisz. Mar. 11. Ger. The Russian troops en- ter Berlin, and are welcomed. Mar. 27. Ger. Prussians under Mar- shals "Wittgenstein and Blucher occupy Dresden. The French army is concentrated, and its contingents occupy Franconia, Thu- ringia, and the bank of the Elbe. Apr. 5. Prus. Prince Eugene defeats the Russians at Mockern. Apr. 13. Sp. Sir J. Murray defeats Mar- shal Suchet at Castalla. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1809 * * Jean Baptiste P. A. de M. Lamarck propounds a theory that all FRANCE. 1809, Apr. 6-1813, Apr. 719 animals have been developed from " mo- nads," living minute particles. * * CEdipus and the Sphinx is painted by Jean Auguste Dominique. 1812 * * Paris. Iodine is discovered by M. De Courtois, a manufacturer of salt- peter. * * Paris. Former periods of life on the globe are proved by Cuvier in bis Discourse on the Revolution of the Sur- face of the Globe; he also restores the fossil animals of Paris. BIRTHS — DEATHS. Oanrobert, Francois Certain, Olapisson, Louis, composer, born. Cossimiv ile Palma, Joseph Francois, natur- alist, A79. Dalayrae, Nicolas, musical composer, A56. Douay, Cluu-lcs Abel, general, philosopher, b. Dupu'is, Charles Kraneois, savant, A67. Favre, Jules Li. C, orator, statesman, born. Flandin, Eugene Napoleon, painter, areheol- ogist, born. Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, hist, painter, b. Franck, Adolplie, philosopher, born. Fourcroy, Antoine Francois de, chemist, A54. Oigoux, Jean Francois, painter, born. Haussmann, Baron (ieorijes Eugene, pol., b. Jeanron, Philippe Au^nsle, painter, born. Lacroix, Jules, bibliographer, antiquary, b. Lannes, Jean, Due 3. Daunicsnil, Pierre, general, A55. Dclpech, Jacques M., phys.,surg., wr., A57. Dore, Paul Gustavo, artist, born. Droz, Antoine Gustave, novelist, born. Galois, Evariste, mathematician, A20. Jacquemont, Victor, naturalist, A31. Lamarque, Comte Maximilien, general, poli- tician, A62. Maitmna.-. \'icomte de, Jean B. S- G., states- man, A56. Mcilhac, Henri, dramatist, born. Perier, Casimir, statesman, A55. Portal, Laron, Antoine, physician, A90. liemusat, Jean Pierre Ahel, orientalist, A44. Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri), ('omte, de Kochefort-Ludcay, journalist, politician, b. Say, Jean Papliste, polil n-;i 1 economist, AG5. Apr. 5. Ferry, Jules, statesman, born. 1833 * * Auvray, Felix, painter, A33. Boyer, Baron Alexis, surgeon, A76. P.racquemond, Joseph Felix, artist, born. Careme, Marie Antoine, cook, A49. Chassepot, Antoine A., inv. of gun, b. Chenedolle, Charles J. Pioult de, poet, A64. Favart, Marie, actor, born. Garat, Dominique Joseph, revolutionist, A84. Ilerold, Louis J. F., musical composer, A4L Jourdan, Jean Baptiste. marshal, A71. Latreille, Piwrre Andre, naturalist, A71. Legendre, Adrien Marie, math., A81. Nicpee, Joseph Nicephore, chemist, one of inventors of photography, A(i8. Schneider, llortense Catherine, actor, born. 1834* * Arnault, Vincent Antoine, au., A68. Bartholdi. Frederic Auguste. sculptor, b. Iloieldieu, Francois Adrien, composer, A59. Bourriennc, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, di- plomatist, author, A65. Choron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, A63. Dugas-M out liel, Jean I'.aptiste, Hellenist, AM. Duranil, Jean Nicolas Louis, architect, A74, Gaboriau, Emile, author, born. Gencst (Genet), Edmund Charles, diploma- tist, A69. Halevy, I.udovie, dramatist, librettist, born. Jacquard, Joseph M., inventor of Jacquard loom, A 82. Naquet, Alfred Joseph, physician, author, b. Pailleron, Edouard, poet, dramatist, born. Richer, Edouard, author, A42. May 30. Lafayette, Marquis. Marie Jean Paul Koch Yves t ■ ill km t Mofier, slati-sman, A 77. 1835 * * Chimay, Prineesse de, Jeanne Marie, society leader, A62. Cladel, Leon, novelist, born. Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine, pol., A60. Du Chaillu, Paul B., traveler in Africa, b. Dulaure, Jacques Antoine, historian, A81. Dupuytren, Baron Guillaume, surgeon, anatomist, A 57. Gros, Baron, Antoine Jean, painter, A64. Lenormant, Francois, archeologist, born. Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, Due de Trevise, marshal, A67. Pigault-Lehrun, Charles A. G., novelist, A 82. 1836* * Ampere, Andre Marie, mathemati- cian, natural philosopher, A61. Carrel. Nicolas Anna rid, political writer, A 36. Cheverus, .Jean Louis A. M. L. de, cardinal, A68. Didot, Firmin, publisher, lyjiograplier, A72. Fieschi, Joseph -Marie, Corsiean conspirator, regicide, A 46. Ganilh, Charles, economist, A78. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, botanist, A88. Malibran, Marie Feiicite (Garcia), singer, actor, A28. Kaynouard, Francois Juste Marie, mis- cellaneous writer, A75. Rouge t e Musset, appear. [1831, Poesies direrses; 1832, Le spectacle dans un fautenil ; 1833, Andre" del Sarto and Les Caprices de Marianne; 1S34, On lie badine pas avec f amour. 1 * * On Religion considered in its Source* its Fonns,'and its I'ecelopments, by Ben- jamin Constant de Kebecque, appears. * * La Gre.ce Moderne, by Quinet, appears. [1833, Ahasverus, Napoleon, and Pro- mpt ne'e.] * * -36 * * Lettres d'un voyageur, by George Sand, appears. [1832, Indiana and Valentine ; 1833, Lttia'; 1834, Le Se- cretaire intime and Jacques."] 1831 Feb. * Notre Dame de Paris, by Victor Hugo, appears. [Later, Les PenHles cCAutomne; 1832, Nov. 22, Le Roi s' amuse ; 1833, Feb. 2, Lucrece Bor- gia; Nov. 6, Marie Tudor; 1834, Litera- ture et philosophic melees and Claude Gueux; 1S35, Apr. 28, later, Les Chants dn Crtpuscule; 1836, Esmeralda; 1S37,. Les Voix Interieures; 1838, Nov. 8, Ruy Bias."] * * Le Rouge et le Noir. by Beyle, appears.. [1S38, Memoirs of a Tourist.] * * Barnave, by Jules G. Janin, appears. * * Rose et Blanche is written by Jules Sandeau in conjunction with George Sand. * * La Revue des Deux Mondes appears. FRANCE. 1830, 1838, 727 * * Iambes, by Auguste Barbier, appears. 1332 * * Marie, by J. A. P. Brizeux, ap- pears. * * The Quiz, by Madame D. G. de Girar- din, appears. [Later, La Canne de M. de Balzac. .] * * Louis XL, by Delavigne, appears. [1S33, Les En/ants d'Edouard; 1835, Don Juan d'Autriche.] * *-39* * History of the French from the Time of the Gauls to 1S30, by Theophile S. Lavallee, appears. 1833* * Melanges philosophiques, by Theodore S. Jouffroy, appears. * * Eugene Grandet, Le m&decin de cam- pagne, and L'Histoire des Treize, by Honore de Balzac, appear. [1835, Se"ra- phita,La recherche de Vabsolu, and Pere Goriot; 1836, Le lys dans la valUe; 1837, Illusions perdues.] * * A Double Mistake, by Prosper Me>i- mt*e, appears. [1S35, Notes of a Journey in the South of Fran a- ; 1S3(J, Notes of a Journey in the West of France.} * *-36* * L'Histoire de France, by Henri Martin, appears. 1834 * * Vicomte de Biziers, by Melchior F. Soulie, appears. [183(5, La May net i- seur and Diane et Louise; 1S3S, The Man of Letters.] * * Le Bulletin Monumental is issued. * * Considerations on the Philosophic Sys- tem of Lamennais, by Jean Baptiste Henri Lacordaire, appears. [1835-50, Sermons at Notre Dame : 1838, Letter on the Holy See.] 1835 * * Mile, de Maupin, by Gautier, appears. * * La Nuit de Mai and La Confession d'un Enfant du Steele, by De Musset, appear. [1838, Le Poete dechu; 1839, Caprice and Nouvelles; 1840, Comedies et proverbes.] * * Le voyage en Orient, by Lamartine, appears. [1836,Joceh/n; 1838, Chute d'un Ange; 1S39, lieeueillemcnts poetiques.] * * Cours de droit natural, by Jouffroy, appears. * * Stello, or the Blue Devils and Chat- terton, by De Vigny, appear. * * Commentaries on the Tacua, by Eu- gene Burnouf, appears. * * Destruction of Paganism in the West, by Arthur A. de Beugnot, appears. * * Papillotes, by Jacques Jasmin, ap- pears. [1836, The Blind Girl of Castel- Cuiltt; 1840, Fianconnetto.] * * -40 * * On Democracy in America, by A. C. H. C. de Toequeville, appears. * *-45* * Monuments of Egypt and Nu- bia, Egyptian Grammar, and a Hiero- glyphic Dictionary, by Jean F. Cham- pollion, appear. 1836 * * Picciola, by Xavier Boniface, or Saintine, appears. July 1. La Presse is issued. * * Le Siecle is issued. * * Mauprat, by George Sand, appears. [1839, Spiridion.] * * Life of St. Elisabeth of Hungary, by Comte C. F. de Montalembert, appears. * * (Euvres inidites, by Madame de Stael, appears. * *-50* * Tresor de numismatique et de glyptique, by Charles Lenormant and others, appears. 1837 * * Modem Slavery, The Book of the People, Polities for the People, and other works, by Lamennais, appear. * * La Society des Gens de Lettres is founded by Balzac, Lamennais, Dumas, and George Sand. * * Latriaumont, by Eugene Sue, appears. [1838, Arthur; 1S39, La marquise de L&- toriere and Deity tar ; 1840, Jean Cava- lier and Deux histoires ; 1841, Mat hilde and Le commandeur de Malte.] * * History of Political Economy, by Je- rome A. Blanqui, appears. * * Sacred Biography , by A. L. C, Coque- rel, appears. [1842, Modern Orthodoxy.] * * -67 * * History of France, by Jules Michelet, appears. 1838 * * /decs Napoleon ieunes, by Prince Louis Napoleon, appears. * * On the Material Intei'ests of France, by Michel Chevalier, appears. * * Sports for the Winds, by Joseph Au- tran, appears. * * Treatise on the Metaphysics of Aris- totley by Cousin, appears. [183S-40, A new series of Philosophic Fraoments ; 1840, Course of Moral Philosophy ; 1842, Lectures on Kant.] * * Gerfaut, by Charles de Bernard, ap- pears. [1839, Paravent ; 1841, Peau du Lion.] * * Le capitaine Paul, by Dumas, pere, appears. [1839, Acte; 1S40, Aventures de John Davy, Le capitaine Pamphile, Maitre Adam le Calabrais, and Othon V 'archer ; 1841, Praxe.de; 1842, Aven- tures de Lyderic] * * -44 * * Dictionary of the Language of the Troubadours, by Raynouard, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1831 Dec. 31. Paris. Election riots occur, in which barricades are made, and several persons killed. 1832 June * Paris. A collision occurs between the military and the people be- cause of the Republican demonstration at the funeral of Gen. Lamarque. Sept. 18. Scot. Charles X. leaves Holy- rood Palace for the Continent. "Nov. 21. Lyons is at the mercy of a mob ; a strike for higher wages throws out of employment 30,000 persons. 1833 May * The Duchess of Berry gives birth to a daughter, and the scan- dal ruins her cause. [It is alleged that the scandal was invented by jealous en- 1834 Apr. * Paris. The Government indicts the « Society of the Rights of Man" and the "Society of Prog- ress." Apr. 12-14. Paris. The insurrection- ists are brutally suppressed ; persons of all ages and both sexes are massacred, even in their own homes. 1835 July 28. Paris. Joseph Marie Fieschi attempts to assassinate the king while reviewing 40,000 troops on the Boulevards. An infernal machine is discharged; the king and his sons escape, but Slar- shal Mortier, Duke of Treviso, and three others are killed, and more than 40 in- jured. [1836. Jan. 31. Fieschi, with four others, is brought to trial. Feb. 12. Fieschi, Morey, and Pepin are convicted and sentenced to be executed ; one is sen- tenced to imprisonment, and the other is acquitted. Feb. 19. Fieschi, Morey, and Pepin are executed.] 1836 . une 26. Louis Alibund attempts to assassinate the king with a walking- stick gun, but misses his aim. [1840. Oct. 15. Another by Darmes with an overloaded rifle, which kills himself.] Nov. 23. Prince Polignac and others are set at liberty from Ham, and they are sent out of France. Dec. 27. Paris. Meuniers fires at the king when on his way to open the Cham- 1S37 * *The Due d'Orl^ans (heir ap- parent) marries the Princess Helena of Mecklenburg. * * Paris. Gaming-houses are no longer licensed. STATE. 1831 Feb. 17. The Crown of Bel- gium is offered to the king's son, the Due de Nemours, and declined by his father. Mar. 13-32 May* Paris. Ministry (Conservative) of Casimir P€rier. Dec. 27. Paris. The abolition of the hereditary peerage is decreed by both Chambers ; the peers concur. Vote, 103-70. 1832 Jan. * The Duchess of Berry and the Legitimists attempt a rebellion in favor of her son, the Comte deChambord. An insurrection breaks out in Lyons. [Nov. 30. The duchess is imprisoned.l Mar. 22. Paris. The peers pass a bill banishing the. families of Napoleon and Charles X. Vote, 80-30. June 5, 6. Paris. TheA.B.C.(abaiss^s) insurrection is suppressed. Oct. 11.-36. Feb. * Paris. The Min- istry of Marshal Soult, Thiers, Guizot, and Broglie. 1833 June 9. The Duchess of Berry is sent to Palermo, after giving birth to a female child and asserting her secret marriage to Prince Lucchesi-Palli, an Italian. Sept. 11. Kepublican insurrection in Lyons. [Oct. 14. Another in Paris.] 1834 Apr. 24. France joins with Eng- land, Spain, and Portugal, in a quadruple alliance, to put down the Carlists in Spain. July 15. Paris. Marshal Ge"rard be- comes minister of war. 1835 Feb. * The Due de Broglie be- comes foreign minister. May* Paris. Republicans renew the dis- turbances. Sept. * The freedom of the press is lim- ited by " the laws of September." 1836 Jan. * Paris. The Ministry is defeated in the Chamber of Deputies on the question of the budget. Feb. 22. Paris. Guizot and Broglie retire from the Ministry ; the Ministry of Thiers, a Progressionist, follows. Sept. 6. Paris. The Ministry of Count Mole" ; Guizot is minister of public in- struction. Oct. 30. Louis Napole"on, nephew of Napoleon I., makes a venturesome at- tempt to get himself proclaimed emperor by the soldiers at Strasburg; the con- spiracy fails. Nov. 15. Napoleon is taken on board a frigate to be sent to America by the French Government ; he is to receive 15,000 francs annuity from the king's pri- vate purse. 1837 Apr. 15. Paris. The Ministry of Mole - without Guizot begins. May 8. Paris. Amnesty is granted for political offenses. MISCELLANEOUS. 1832 * * Paris. Cholera has 18,000 vic- tims during one summer month. 1838, **-1347, Dec. * FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1840 * * Paris. Fortifications are con- structed for the defense of the city. 1841 * * Gen. Bugeaudis sent to Algeria, and terrifies the Arabs into submission. 1842 May 1. So. Pacific. Adm. Du- petit-Thouars occupies the Marquesas Islands. 1843 * * So. Pacific. A French force oc- cupies Tahiti, of the Society Islands. 1844 May* "War with Morocco. [Sept. 10. Peace follows, and Abd-el- Kader is banished.] June * Morocco. Prince de Joinville, with a naval squadron, bombards and takes the fortified town of Mogador. Aug. 14. Algeria. Marshal Bugeaud defeats the Moors on the hanks of the Isly River. 1845 June 18. Algeria. Gen. Pelissier suffocates nearly 1,000 Arabs in the Caves of Dahra. (See Algeria.) 1847 Sept. 26. Marshal Soult suc- ceeds Marshal Oudinot, deceased, as general of France. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1839 * * Paris. Louis Jacques Mandt5 Daguerre publishes his method of mak- ing daguerreotypes. [A lif e pension of 6,000 francs is awarded him by the Government.] * * Stratonice is painted by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. 1840 Aug. 15. A bronze statue of Napole'on is placed on the column of the Grande Arm^e, Boulogne. Oct. 31-Nov. 4. A great inundation occurs. The Saone pours its waters into the Rhone, breaks through its banks, and covers 60,000 acres ; Lyons is inundated ; in Avignon 100 houses are swept away ; 218 houses are carried away at La Guil- lotiere ; and upwards of 300 at Vaise, Marseilles, and Nimes ; the Saone had not attained such a height for 238 years. * * Napoleon at Foittaiuebleau is painted by Paul Delaroche. 1843 * * Paris. Illusions Lost is exhib- ited by Gabriel Gleyre, at the -Salon. * * Arabia. Paolo Emilio Botta com- mences his explorations at Khorsabad. 1845* *-46* *Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier works out the position of Neptune, and finally discovers it on Sept. 23, 1S4G ; Johann G. Galle of Berlin finds the planet on the same night. 1846 Oct. 22. An inundation occurs. In the center, west, and southwest of France numerous bridges, with the Or- leans and Vierzun viaduct, swept away ; the latter had cost -SI, 200,000. The dam- ages exceeded $20,000,000. The Loire rises 20 feet in one night. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1838* * Broussais, Francois J. V.,physi.,A66. Butin, Clysse, painter, born. Caille, or < 'aillie, Kene, traveler, A39. Castellan, Antoine Louis, painter, arch., A66. Chery, Philippe, painter, A79. Cuvier, Frederic, naturalist, A65. Junot, Madame, Laure Pennon, Duchesse d'Abrantes, author, A54. Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul Einile Francois, chemist, born. Lobau, Comte do, Georges M., marshal, A68. Horeau, Hegesippe, poet, A28. Paris, Comte de, Louis Philippe, Orleans prince, born. Pereier, Charles, architect, A74. Pieot, Georges Marie Kene, historian, publi- cist, born. Proudhon, ..lean Baptiste Victor, jurist, A80. Sai'V, Baron de, Antoine Isaac Silvestre, ori- entalist, A80. May 17. TalleyTand-Perigord, Prince de, Charles Maurice, statesman, A84. Oct. 30. Gambetta, L6on Michel, states- man, born. 1839 * * Berehoux, Joseph, poet, A74. Bonaparte, Letizia, mother of Napoleon, A89. , dramatist, poet, AGS. Emeric-David, Toussaint Bernard, archeolo- gist, A 84. Engeimann, Godefroy, manufacturer, one of inventors of lithography, A51. Fievee, Joseph, litterateur, A72. Fesch, Joseph, card., archbp. of Lyons, A76. Gamier, Mane Joseph Francois, explorer, b. Lallemand, Baron, Charles Francois Antoine, general, A65. Maret, Hugnes Bernard, Due de Bassano, statesman, A76. Michaud, Joseph Francois, historian, A72. Prony, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Kiche, engineer, mathematician, A84. Salverte, Anne J. E. B., mis. writer, A68. Wiirtemberg, I uichess of, daughter of Louis Philippe, sculptor, dies. 1840 * * Bonaparte, Lucien, brother of Napo- leon I., Prince de Canino, A65. Chartres, Due de, Itobert Philippe L. E. F., prince, born. Claretie, Jules A. A., author, critic, born. Daudet, Alphonse, humorist, novelist, b. Daunou, Pierre C. F., statesman, au., A79. Duveyrier, Henri Danny, explorer, born. Esquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique, physi- cian, alienist, A68. Jaeotot, Jean J., educafional writer, A70. Lemercier, Louis Jean N., dramatist, A69. Macdonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph l, Simeon Denis, geometrician, A59. Zola, Emile, novelist, born. 1841 * * Audouin, Jean Victor, entomologist, comparative anatomist, A44. Baceiocehi, Felice Pasqnale, eonsort of Napo- leon's sister, Marie Elisa, A79. Barere de Vieuzac, Bertrand, revolution- ist, A 86. Berlin, Jean Louis, painter, A66. Berlin, Louis Francois, journalist, A75. Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, historian, statesman, A70. Boivin, Marie Anne Victoire Gillain, physi- cian, author, A68. Clemenceau, Eugene, politician, born. Coquelin, Benoit Constant, actor, born. Hulin (Hullin), Comte 1'ierre Augustin, gen- eral, A83. Noel, Francois Joseph Michel, grammarian, A8t>±. Victor (Victor-Perrin), Claude, Due de Bel- luno, marshal, A77. 1842 * * Baillot, P. M. Francois de Sales, vio- linist, A71. Beyle, Marie Henri, writer, A59. Caigniez, Louis Charles, dramatist, A80. Cambronne, Pierre J. Etienne de, gen., A72. Coppee, Francois Edouard J., poet, born. Degerando, Joseph Marie, metaphysical phi- losopher, A70. Dumont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste, archeologist, born. Dumont d'l'rville, Jules S. C, navigator, A52. Du Sommerard, Alexandre, :uitii]uary, A63. Duval, Alexandre Vincent l'ineu, dram., A75. Edwards, Guillamne Frederic, ethnologist, physiologist, Alio. Ferdinand Philippe, son of King Louis Phi- lippe, A32. Flammarion, Camille, astronomer, born. Freycinet Louis Claude I >esaulses de, navi- gator, A63. Gerando, Joseph Marie, ] philosopher, A70. Joufl'roy, Theodore .S., philosophical writer, A46. Lalionie, Comte Alexandre de, antiquary, litterateur, A68. Larrey, Baron, Dominique Jean, surg., A76. Las Cases, Marquis de, Emmanuel A. D. M. J., soldier, A76. Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de Conegliano, marshal, A88. Pelletier, Pierre Joseph, chemist, A54. 1843 * * Bouvart, Alexis, astronomer, A76. Campenon, Vincent, poet, A71. Chabrol de Volvie, Comte Gilbert Joseph Gaspard, civil oflieer, politician, wr., A70. Cortot, Jean Pierre, sculptor, d. Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, poet, dramatist, A50. Granier de Cassagnac, Paul A. M. P. de, journalist, born. Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois, math., A78. Nicollet, Jean Nicolas, asiron., geol., A57. 1844* * Agar, Jean Antoine Michel, finan- cier, A73. Bernhardt, Sarah, actor, born in Paris. Bertrand, Comte de, Henri G ration, gen., A71. Bonaparte, Joseph, brother of Napoleon I., King of Naples and Spain, A76. De Belleville, Frederick, actor, born. Fauriel, Claude Charles, philol., hist., A72. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, natu- ralist, A72. Grousset, Paschal, journalist, communist, b. Lafitte, Jacques, banker, statesman, A76. Nodier, Charles, poet, litterateur, A61±. Peynaud, Antoine Andre Louis, math., A73. "Wyse, L. N. llonaparte, hvdrog., poet, born. 1845 * * A/.ais, Pierre Hyaeinthe, plid., A79. Becker, Georges, painter, born. Cavaignae, Eleonore Louis Godefroy, jour- nalist, A44. Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint, paint., engr., A53. Etienne, Charles Guillaume, dram, poet, A67. Uoyer-Collard, Pierre Paul, statesman, A82. 1846* * Berard, Auguste, surgeon, A44. Bonaparte, Louis, hrolher of Napoleon I., King of Holland, A68. Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste George Marie, naturalist, geographer, A6fj. Bourmont, Comte Louis A. V., marshal, A73. Jouy, Victor Joseph E. de, author, A82. Koze, Marie, actor, born. Senancour, Ftienne Pivart de, author, A76. Villenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, au- thor, A84. Virey, Julien Joseph, physician, medical writer, A71. CHURCH. 1840 * * The English Baptist missionary society sends a missionary to Breton. 1845 * * The Jesuits are expelled. 1846 * * Miracles are alleged to be wrought at La Salette. [Apr. * Impos- tors are prosecuted.] * * Rome. Pius IX. is pope. LETTERS. 1839 * * New Literary Tales and Jour- ney in Italy, by Janin, appear. * * The Carthusian Nun of Parma, by Beyle, appears. * * The Literary History of France before the 12th Century, by Jean J. Ampere, appears. * * Life of Washington, by Guizot, ap- pears. * * San Mariana, by Sandeau, appears. * * Bibliotheque de Vitcole des Chartes is issued. * * History of Landed Property in Europe, by Edouard R. L. de Laboulaye, appeai'6. 1840 * * Lt&cits des temps m&rovingiens, by Thierry, app'ears. * * Studies on the Theodicea of Plato and Aristotle, by Jules Simon, appears. [1844-45, History of the School of Alex- andria. ,] * * Life of St. Dominic, by Lacordaire, appears. * * Poesies completes, by Entile Des- champs, appears. * * What is property ? by Pierre J. Proud- hon, appears. [1S4C, St/slime des contra- dictions economiques.] * * Les rayons et les ombres, by Victor Hugo, appears. [1842, /thin ; 1843, Les Burgraves."] * * Vautrin, by Balzac, appears. * * -43 * * Studies on Modern Reformers or Socialists, by Marie R. L. Reybaud, appears. * * -62 * * History of Port Royal, by Sainte-Beuve, appears. I FRANCE. 1838,* *-1847, Dec. 729 1841 Mar. 30. A law is made fixing the duration of copyright to 30 years after the author's death. * * The Rhin Allemand, by De Musset, appears. ■* * Colombo., by Merimee, appears. [1844, Studies in Roman History and the Con- spiracy of Catiline.] ■'* * Theory of Universal Unity, by F. CM. Fourier, appears. * * History of the Crusades, by J. F. Michaud, appears. * * Docteur Herbeau, by Sandeau, appears. * * The Crown Diamonds, by Augustin E. Scribe, appears. [1S42, The Glass of Water and Bertraud et Raton.] * *_46* * Sketch of a Philosophy ,by La- mennais, appears." * * -46 * * History of the Ten Years, 1830-1840, by Louis Blanc, appears. ■* * -48 * * La Revue. Ind&pendante is is- sued. 1842 * * Ginie des Religions, by Quinet, appears. * * The Mysteries of Paris, Therese Dn- noyer, and Lemorne au (liable, by Eugene Sue, appear. * * Memoirs of the Devil, by Soule\ ap- pears. * * The Two Angels, by Pierre Dupont, * * Les Cariatides, by Theodore de Ban- ville, appears. * * Travels in Icaria, by Etienne Cabet, appears. * * Practical Exercises of Chinese Syntax and Lexicography , by Stanislaus Julien, appears. * * Consuelo, by George Sand, appears. [1846, La mare an (liable and Francois le Champi ; 1846--48, La petite Fadette ; 1851, Claudie.] * * PensSes, maximes, et correspond ance de Joseph Joubert, by Paul Raynal, ap- pears. * *_48* * La revue de I'Empire is issued. 1843 * * Tras los Monies, by Gautier, ap- pears. * * Le Correspondant is issued. * * Jirdme Paturot, by Reyland, appears. * * La Religion de VUnivers is issued. * * Georges, Ascanio, and Le chevalier d'Hanhental, by Dumas, pere, appear. [1844, The Three Musketeers, Cecile, Fer- nande, Amaury, Gabriel Lambert, and Le chdtean d'Eppstein; 1845, Twenty Years After, Les freres corses, Une fille du regent, and La reine Margot ; 1845- 46, r .La guerre des femmes: 1846, Le che- valier de Maison-Rouge, La Dame de Monsoreau, and Le bdiard de Mauleon; 1846-48, Memoire d'un medecin.] ■* * Lucrece, by Francois Ponsard, ap- pears. * * Recherches sur la condition civile et politique des femm.es, by E. It. L. de La- boulaye, appears. * * -63 * * Cours de littirature drama- tique, by Francois A. Saint-Marc Girar- din, appears. 1844 * * History of the Tiro Restorations to the Fall of Charles X., by Achille Tenaille de Yaulabelle, appears. * * History of the Romans, by Victor Du- ruy, appears. * * Discours sur VEsprit positive and Philosophic Treatise on Popular Astron- omy, by Comte, appear. * * Les mysteres de Londres, by Paul H. G. FeVa'l, appears. [1847. Le fils du diable.] * * Marthe la fille, by Jasmin, appears. [1845, Les deux freres jumeaux ; 1849, La semaine d'un Jils.] * * -45 * * The Count of Monte Cristo, by Dumas, pere, appears. * * -47 * * Funeral Orations, by Lacor- daire, appear. [1845, Sermons at Lyons and Grenoble.] * * -50 * * Gallery of Portraits of the 18th Century, by Houssaye, appears. [1846. History of Flemish and Dutch Painting.] * * -57 * * Elite des monuments ckramo- graphiques, by Charles Lenormant and others, appears. 1845 * * Ilfaut qu'une porte soit ouverte oufermee, by I>e Musset, appears. [1848- 51, Bettine and Carmosine ; 1850, Po&sies Nouveiles.] * * History of Civilization, by Guizot, ap- pears. * * Biography of Jacqueline Pascal, by- Cousin, appears. * * Introduction to the History of Bood- hism, by Eugene Burnouf, appears. * * Voyage autour de monjardin, by J. B. A. Karr, appears. * * -63 * * History of the Consulate and the Empire, by Thiers, appears. 1846 * * Studies of Ancient and Foreign Literature, by Villemain, appears. * * The Wandering Jew, by Sue, appears. * * Essay on the History of Philosophy, by Jean P. Damiron, appears. * * History of Provencal Literature, by Claude Charles Fauriel, appears. * * Histoire des Ch&teaux de France, by M. Bailly, appears. * * Les Stalactites, by De Banville, ap- pears. * *-50* * Critical History of the Alex- andrian School, by Etienne Yacherot, appears. 1847 May 15. Lacordaire pro- nounces, in the Cathedral of Nancy, [the famous] funeral oration on Gen. Drouot. [Lacordaire's masterpiece.] SOCIETY. 1839* *The Reformatory School at Mettray, near Tours, is founded by M. de Metz, for the reformation of juvenile delinquents. 1840 Oct. 15. St. Helena. The re- mainsof Napole'onl. are removed from the tomb for transference to France. [Oct. 16. They are placed aboard the French frigate Belle Poule, commanded by Prince de Joinville. Nov. 30. The Belle Poule arrives at Cherbourg.] Dec. 15. Paris. The remains of !KTa- pole"on I. are solemnly reinterred under the dome of the chapel of the Hotel des Invalides. The obsequies are witnessed by 1,000,000 people, including 150,000 soldiers and the royal family, and all the high person- ages of the realm. The family of Na- poleon are absent, being in exile or in prison. 1841 Sept. 13. An attempt is made to assassinate the king's son, the Due d'Aumale, on his return from Africa. 1844= * * Paris. Creches are estab- lished for the temporary care of the young children of -working mothers. 1846 Apr. 16. Lecompte attempts to assassinate the king at Fontainebleau. July 29. Joseph Henri makes the seventh attempt to assassinate the king. Oct. 10. Don Francis d'Assisi marries his cousin, Isabella II., Queen of Spain. 1847 Aug. 18. Paris. The Due de Praslin murders his wife, the daughter of Marshal Sebastian!. [He commits suicide on the eve of his trial.] Oct. 10. Je'rdme Bonaparte returns from exile, having been absent 32 years. STATE. 1S39 May 12. Paris. A Republican insurrection is led by Armand Barbes, Bernard, and others. May 12.-40 Mar. 1. Paris. The Min- istry of Marshal Soult ; Guizot, Thiers, and Odillon-Barrot are excluded. * * Peace is made with Mexico. 1840 Mar. 1-Oct. 29. Paris. The Ministry of Thiers (second time pre- mier). May 12. Paris. The removal of Napo- leon's remains from St. Helena to France is decreed by the Chambers. July 15. England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia make a quadruple treaty of al- liance with Turkey to the exclusion of France, the assumed ally of Mehemet Ali, the viceroy of Egypt. Aug. 6. Louis Napoleon and Gen. Montholon with 50 followers ineffec- tively attempt an insurrection at Vime- reux near Boulogne. [Oct. 6. Napoleon is sentenced to imprisonment for life.] Oct. * Paris. The Government deserts the cause of the viceroy of Egypt. Oct. 29-48 Feb. 24. Paris. Fall of Thiers ; the Ministry of Soult and Guizot. * * Trouble with England arises respecting the arrest of Mr. Pritchard,its consul at Tahiti, by Capt. D'Aubigny; redress is demanded and granted. 1842 July 13. The Due d'Orle~ans, the king's eldest son, dies. * * The chief political parties are the Legitimists, led by Comte de Chambord, Orleanists, Bonapartists, and Republi- cans. 1843 * * -46 * * Trouble occurs respect- ing the Spanish marriages. (See So- ciety.) * * An extradition treaty with England is signed. 1844 * * The Due de Nemours is ap- pointed regent in the event of a va- cancy by death. 1846 May 25. Louis nSTapole'on es- capes from imprisonment at Ham in the disguise of a mason. 1847+ * *The Socialists agitate the country. * * Popular clamor cries for reform, electoral, parliamentary, and adminis- trative. The prime minister refuses to grant the reforms asked for. Dec. 28. Paris. The Legislative Cham- bers meet, but promise no reforms, and refuse all concessions. Dec.i: * Paris. The Government prohib- its a proposed reform banquet. MISCELLANEOUS. 1842 July 13. The Due d'Orlgans, heir to the throne, is killed by a fall from his carriage. 1847 July 8. The canal from Durana to Marseilles is completed. 730 1847, * *-1852, Jan. 10. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1848 Feb. *+ Paris. Insurrections arise. (See State.) 1849 Jan. 29. Paris. Gen. Changar- nier makes a military demonstration to forestall an anticipated insurrection of the Republicans. Apr. 25. It. The French expedition to Rome, comprising three divisions of infantry and a brigade of cavalry, lands at Civita Vecchia. Apr. 30. Garibaldi repulses the advance at Rome. [May 1-July 3. Siege of Rome. May 17. An armistice. June 3. Hostilities are resumed. July 4. The garrison surrenders unconditionally to the French.] 1850 Jan. 1. The President creates his uncle Jerome a marshal of France. 1851 Jan. 9. Kapoleon deprives Gen. Changarnier of the command of the National Guard. Dec. 3-4. Paris. The troops are at- tacked, and defeat the rioters. 1852 Jan. 10. Paris. The National Guard is disbanded, reorganized, and placed under the control of the Presi- dent. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1847* * Paris. Saccharometer, an instrument for determining the amount of sugar in solutions, is invented by Jean Baptiste Francois Soleil. [It is after- wards improved by Jules Duboscq.] 1848 * * The Golden Age is painted by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. 1849 Apr. 12. The planet Hygeia is discovered by A. de Gasparis. * * The Telocity of light is measured by a method invented by Hippolyte Louis Fizeau. 1850 May 11. The planet Parthenope is discovered by A. de Gasparis. !Nbv. 2. The planet Egeria is discovered by A. de Gasparis. * * Bonaparte at Saint Bernard is painted by Paul Delaroche. ± * * Leon Foucault and Hippolyte Louis Fizeau make important improvements in photography, and develop the the- ory of light. 1851 July 29. The planet Eunomia is discovered by A. de Gasparis. [1852, Sept. 19, Massilia; Apr. 5, Themis; 1861, Feb. 10, Ausonia; 1865, Apr. 26, Beatrix.] Sept. 13. A statue of Joan of Arc by Marie d'Orleans (M. C. C. A. F. L. de Va- loisj is inaugurated at Orleans. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1847* * Adelaide, Eugenie Louise, sister of Louis Philippe, A70. Aime-Martin, Louis, author, A66. Ballanche, Pierre Simon, philosopher, A7I. Brongniart, Alexander, rheinist, naturalist., A77. Delessert, Benjamin, financier, natural., A74. Dutrochet, Rent; Joachim Henri, physiolo- gist, natural philosopher, A71. Gerard, Jean I. I. Grandeville, artist, cari- (jluirauil, Iiaron, Pierre Marie Therese Alex- andre, dramatist, A59. Guillon, Ahb6, Marie Nicolas Silvestre, au- thor, A87. Maria Louisa, second wife of Napoleon L, A56. Mars, Mademoiselle Anne F. H. Boutet Monvel, actor, A69. Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Due de Eeggio, marshal, A80. Polignac. Prince de, Auguste Jules Ar- mand Marie, statesman, A67. Roll, Albert Philippe, painter, born. Soulie, Melrlnoi- l-ivilrrie, novelist, A47. 1848 * * Afire, Denis Auguste, archbishop of Paris, A55. Bastien-Lepage, Jules, painter, born. Chateaubriand. Vicomte de Francois, Augusts, author, A80. Dutens, .Joseph Michel, jiol. economist, A83. 1849* * Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert, marshal, A65. Francceur, Louis Benjamin, geomet., A76. Genoude, Antoine Eugene, journahst, histo- rian, A57. Habeneck, Antoine Francois, musician, A68. Mirbel, Lizinska A. Z. R. de, miniaturist, A5.3. Quatremere de Quincy, Antoine Chrysos- tome, art critic, archeologist, A94. R6camier, Madame Jeanne F. J. A. B., accomplished lady, A71. Key, Jean, manufacturer, writer, A76. 1850* * Aneelot, Jacques A. F. P., drama- tist, poet, novelist, A56. Balzac, Honore de. novelist, A51. Bastiat, Frederic, political economist, A49. Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, zoolo- gist, physician, A73. Chanibray, Marquis de, Georges, hist., A67±. Droz, Joseph, historian, A77. Gautier, Judith, author, born. Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, chemist, natural philosopher, A72. Aug. 26. Louis Philippe, Due d'Orleans, king, at Claremont, Eng., A77. Planquette, Robert, composer, born. Vidocq, Kutieiie Francois, chief of detective police, A75. 1851 * * Aii:_"'ulrine, Puehesse d', Marie The- rese Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI. and Mane Antoinette, A73. Bailly, Antoine, historian, dies. Daguerre, bonis J. M., artist, A62. Golembeski, Jean, centenarian, A126. Leuret, Francois, physician, author, A54. Sebastiani, Horace Francois, marshal, states- man, A76. Silvestre, Baron de, Augustin Francois, rural economist, A89. Soult, Nicolas J. de D., Due de Dalmatie, marshal, statesman, A82. CHURCH. 1848 June 26. Paris. The arch- bishop of Paris is killed by the Red Re- publicans -while attending the dying. Nov. 24. Rome. The Pope leaves in disguise, and takes refuge from the pop- ulace in Gaeta, in the Neapolitan terri- tory. 1850 Apr. * Pome. The Pope returns, having his authority restored by the army of France. LETTERS. 1847 * * Aventures de guatre femmes et d'unperroquet, by I)um;is,,/i/,i, appears. [1848, CSsarine and La Dame aux Camel- lias; 1849, Le docteur Servan, Anto- nine, and Tristan le Roux; 1850, Trois Hommes, and Henri de Navarre.'] * * Carmen, by Merimee, appears. [1848, History of Von Pedro /., King of Cas- tile.] * * La Belle Pose, by Louis A. E. Achard, appears. * * Histoire des Girondins, by Lamartine, appears. [1849, Histoire de la revolution defevrier; 1852, Graziella.] * * Chien-Callon, by Champfleury, ap- pears. [1852, Les dies de Noel.] * * Monuments of Nineveh, by Paolo E. Botta and others, appears. * * - 53 * * History of the French Revolu- tion, by Michelet, appears. * * -62 * * History of the French Revolu- tion^ by Louis Blanc, appears. 1848 Aug. 24-28. La Gazette de France is suspended. Aug. 30. La Gazette de France resumes as Le Peuplv Franrais; Journal de I'Ap- pel a la Nation is issued. * * Mile, de la Seigliere, by Sandeau, ap- pears. [1851, Sacs et Parchemins.] * * Vie de Boh&me, by Murger, appears. [1851, Claude et Marianne; 1852, Pays latin; 1853, Adeline Protat ; 1854, Bu- veurs.] * * The Daughter of jEsckylus, by Joseph Autran, appears. * * L'Evinement is founded by Victor Hugo. * * Histoire de I'esclavaqe dans I'anti- quite", by Henri Alexandre Wallon, ap- pears. * * Les Revolutions d' Italic, by Quinet, appears. [1853, Les Esclaves; 1854, Marnix de Ste. Aldegonde.] * *-50* * Dix arts plus tard, ou le Vi- comte de Bragelonne, by Dumas, pere, appears. [1S49, Les mille et unfantomes ; 1851, La femme au collier de velours; 1852, Olympe de Cloves, Un Gil Bias en Californie, and Isaac Laquedem; 1853, Le pasteur d'Ashbourn, El Salvador, and Conscience Vinnocent.] 1849 * * Gabrielle and L'Aventuriere, by Fjmile Augier, appear. * * Harmonies Economiques, by Frederic Bastiat, appears. * * Adrienne Lecouvreur, by Scribe, ap- pears. * * Histoire de la jeune Allemagne, by Ren6 G. E. Taillandier, appears. * * -50 * * La Chasse Royale, by L. A. E. Achard, appears. ■ 1850 Sept. 26. The Government adopts measures restricting the liberty of the press. * * La Critique et la Foi, by Edmond H. A. Scherer, appears. [1853, Alexandre Vinet.] * * The Nun of Toulouse, by Janin, ap- Sears. [1851-57, History of Dramatic ■iterature.] * * Charlotte Corday, by Francois Pon- sard, appears. [1853, Honor and Money.] 1851 * * History of Mary Stuart, by Mignet, appears. * * Les deux Frondes, and Diane de Lys y by Dumas, yr/.s', appears. [1852, Le regent Mustel; 1S53, ('.'antes et n owe lies; 1854, Un cas de rupture and La Dame aux perles.] * * Mercadet, by Balzac, appears. * * -54 * * Systeme de Politique positive, ou TraitA de Sociolmjie instituant la Re- ligion de VHumaniU, by Comte, appears. * *-57* * Causeriesde Lundi, by Sainte- Beuve, appears. * *-63* * Histoire de la restauration, by Lamartine, appears. SOCIETY. 1848 Feb. * Paris. The mob sack the Tuileries. About 16,000 citizens are killed or wounded during the riots. (See Army and State.) Mar. 3. Eng. The ex-king and his wife arrive at Newhaven. Mar. 4. Paris. A grand funeral pro- Slavery is abolished in all the French colonies, chiefly through the agency of Victor Schoelcher, after the labor of 20 years. 1849 Aug. 22. Paris. A peace con- gress is opened ; representatives are present from all parts of the world. 1850 Aug. 15. A Grand banquet is given to Louis Napoleon at Lyons. 1851* *-52* *The Monts de Fie"te" are regulated by law. FRANCE. 1847, * *-1852, Jan. 10. 731 1S52 Jan. 1. The Prince-President is installed at Notre Dame, and the day is observed as a national holiday. STATE. 1848 Jan. * Paris. It is resolved to hold a reform banquet notwithstanding the prohibition. Banquets are held in Strasburg, Char- tres, and elsewhere. It is proposed to hold one on the 22d of February ; but it is again prohibited, and abandoned, * * The Socialists are called Commu- nists, and become a powerful political body. Feb. 4. Paris. A great debate takes place on the Reform Bill. Feb. 22-24. Paris. The Revolution of February. Cause : the spirit of dis- content, and contempt for the existing government. Feb. 22. Paris. Mobs, chiefly directed by Socialists, come into conflict with municipal guards, which are defeated. Feb. 23. Paris. The National Guard is called out, barricades thrown up, the Tuileries ransacked, the prisons opened, and frightful disorders com- mitted ; a partial defection of the guards occurs ; Guizot resigns [and Count Mole succeeds him as premier, but later gives way to Thiers]. Feb. 24. Paris. The king abdicates the crown in favor of his grandson, the Comte de Paris. The Duchess of Orleans and her two sons in the Chamber of the Deputies. An armed mob rush in and proclaim a Republic : " No more Bourbons ! " " No regency ! " " The Republic forever ! " A Provisional Government is ap- pointed having 11 members ; Lamartine is president. Feb. 26. Paris. A Republic ia pro- claimed from the steps of the Hotel de Ville. 1848 * * -51 * * The Second Republic. Feb. * National workshops (Ateliers Nationaux) are established by the Pro- visional Government. [Private trade is thereby deranged ; 100,000 workmen demand the govern- ment work and pay. June * The shops are abolished.] Feb. * Paris. Louis Blanc, the journal- ist and Socialist, is placed at the head of a commission of laborers, with a view to the "organization of labor" by the Provisional Government. Mar. 4. Paris. A grand funeral pro- cession marches in honor of the victims of the Revolution. The National Assembly meets. [It is no longer called the Chamber of Dep- uties.] May 7. Paris. The Provisional Govern- ment yields to an Executive Com- mission elected by the National As- sembly. Members : Dupont de l'Eure, Arago, Garnier-Pages, Marie, Lamartine, Le- dru-Rollin, and Cremieux. May 15. Paris. The people's attack on the Assembly is suppressed. May 26. Paris. A decree of perpetual banishment is issued against Louis Philippe and his family. June 13. Louis Napoleon is elected to the Assembly for the department of the Seine and three other departments. June 22. The Assembly decrees that a certain number of workmen shall join the army, or be excluded from the na- tional workshops if they refuse. June 23-26. " The Days of June." A popular insurrection breaks out, with much bloodshed in Paris, because of the closing of the government work- shops. (June 23.) Rise of the Red Repub- licans. Fighting with the National Guard continues all night in Paris ; more than 300 barricades are erected in the streets. Gen. Cavaignac is nominated as dic- tator. The executive committee resigns. (June 25.) Paris is declared to be in a state of siege. (June 27.) Affre, the archbishop of Paris, is killed by a random shot while attempting a pacification. (June 28.) The last barricade is stormed by the troops, and the insur- rection ends, and order is restored. June 28.. Paris. Gen. Cavaignac sur- renders the dictatorship, and is ap- pointed president of the council. July 4. Paris. Cavaignac orders the national workshops closed. Sept. 26. Paris. Louis Napoleon takes his seat in the National Assembly. Oct. 20. Paris is relieved from a state of siege, after being shut up for four months. Nov. 4. Paris. A new Constitution is adopted. It provides for a single legis- lative chamber of 750 members. [Nov. 12. Promulgated.] Dec. 1. Louis Napoleon publishes an ad- dress announcing himself as a candidate for the presidency. Dec. 11. Paris. Louis Napole'on, the nephew of Napoleon I., is elected Pres- ident of the French republic. [Dee. 20. Proclaimed for four years.] 1848-1871 Louis rJapole"on in power. Dec. 20. He is proclaimed President of the Republic. Vote : Napoleon, 5, 327 ,345 ; Cavaignac, 1,474,(187; Ledru-Rollin, 381,- 02G; Raspail, 37,121 ; Lamartine, 21,032; and Changarnier, 4,975. 1849 Apr. * Louis Napoleon sends an expedition to Rome to restore the authority of the Pope. June 11. Paris. Great excitement pre- vails, and an impeac hm ent of the Presi- dent is proposed, because of his aiding the.cause of the Pope. June 15. An insurrection in Lyons is suppressed by the military. Oct. 31. Paris. The President changes his Ministry, and nominates ministers favorable to his aims. 1850 May 31. Paris. The Assembly, alarmed by the Socialists, restricts the suffrage to citizens domiciled for three years in the same commune. June 24. Paris. A donation bill is passed, giving the President 2,160,000 francs per annum. Sept. 26. Liberty of the press is re- stricted. 1851 Jan. 3. Paris. The Ministry resign. Jan. * Paris. The President by a decree deprives Gen. Changarnier of the com- mand of the garrison. [July 14-19. The Assembly warmly debates this removal.] July 19. Paris. The majority in the Assembly who vote for the revision of the Constitution is 97 less than the three- fourths required. Nov.* Paris. The Assembly makes fac- tious opposition to the Government; alleged plots are announced. Dec. 2. Paris. Coup d'etat of Louis Napole'on. The President becomes dic- tator. In complicity with Saint-Arnaud,Persigny T Mauras, De Morny, and utliers, lie causes the arrest before daylight ut leading Republicans and Orleanists ; Cavaignac, Changarnier, Charras, Lainorictere, P.edeaus, Thiers, Vic- tor Hugo, and several others are imprisoned. He dissolves the National Assembly, annuls the Constitution, and restores universal suf- frage. He appeals to the people to elect him President for ten years. Paris is occupied by troops. A new Ministry is announced. Members : Count Morny, minister of the interior; Gen. Saint-Ariiaud, minis- ter of war; M. Fould, minister of finance ; and M. Rouher, minister of justice. Dec. 18. Paris. The Napoleon succes- sion, in default of issue from the em- peror, is determined in favor of Prince Jerome-Napoleon and his heirs male. Napoleon arrests 180 members of the National Assembly who attempt to meet. Dec. 3,4. Paris. Partial insurrections are suppressed. Dec. 12. Paris. A Consultative Com- mission is founded. Dec. 20, 21. Paris. Louis Napoleon is elected President for 10 years by a na- tional vote (7,473,431-641,351). He is clothed with monarchical power, and permitted to issue a Constitution for France. 1852 Jan. 1. Paris. Louis Napoleon is installed President in the Cathedral of Notre Dame, and the day is made a holiday. The Prince-President resides in the Tuilieries. Jan. 9. The President arbitrarily ban- ishes his most powerful opponents, in- cluding Changarnier, Lamoriciere ; they are conducted to the Belgian frontier. Jan. 10. The President banishes 83 members of the Legislative Assembly ; 575 persons are also arrested for making resistance to the coup d'etat, and taken to Havre for transportation to Cayenne. MISCELLANEOUS. 1848 * * Paris. Trees of liberty are planted. 1850* *The vine disease reaches the trellieed vines, and many vineyards lose the entire crop, at Versailles. 1851 Nov. 13. An electric telegraph is opened between France and England. * * Louis Napoleon makes the Tuileries his residence, and [greatly renovates itj. 732 1852, Jan. 14-1857, * * FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1852 Mar. 28. The Departments are released from a state of siege. 1853 Mar. 20. The fleet is sent into Turkish, waters, and joins that of Eng- land. Sept. * A military camp is established at Satory, near Paris. Oct. 4. Turk. The Anglo-French fleet enters the Dardanelles. [Nov. 15. It enters the Bosporus.] 1854* *-56* *The Crimean War. (For events, see Great Britain.) Sept. 20. Bus. Battle of Alma. (See Great Britain.) 1856 Mar. 30. Peace is made with Russia. July 5. Rus. The French leave the Crimea. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1852 Nov. 15. The planet Lutetia Is discovered by Hermann Goldschmidt. [1854, Oct. 26, Pomona ; 1856, May 22, Daphne ; 1857, Sept. 9, Melete ; Sept. 19, Doris, also Pales; Sept. 10, Alexandra; 1860, Sept. 9, Danae; 1861, May 5, Pano- psea.] * * * Paris. The Horse Fair, painted by Rosa Bonheur, is exhibited at the Salon. 1853 Apr. 6. The planet Pfiocsea is dis- covered by Jean Chacornac. [1S55, Apr. 6, Circe; 1856, Apr. 8, Lsetitia; 1860, Sept. 12, Olympiad Dec. 7. Paris. A bronze statue of Marshal Ney, by M. Rude, is erected on the spot where he fell 38 years before. 1854 Oct. 28. The planet Polyphymnia is discovered by M. Chacornac. [1856, Jan. 12, Leda.] * * Joan of Arc is painted by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. 1855 * * Paris. Ernest Wilfred Gabriel Baptiste Legouve is elected a member of the Academy. [1862, Jacques Victor Albert, Due deBn.ulie; 1X65, Charles Ca- mille Doucet ; 1870, Emile OHivier and Xavier Marmier: 1871, Henry Eugene Orleans, Due d'Aumale ; 1874, Jan. 30, Alexandre Dumas, Jils.] * * The Girondists in Prison is painted by Paul Delaroche. 1856 * * Paris. Jules Duboscq's electric lamp is exhibited. May * -June * Disastrous inundations occur near Lyons and elsewhere in the south ; whole villages are swept away. 1857 * * Small photographic portraits, called carte-de-visite, are first taken by M. Ferrier at Nice. [The Duke of Parma has his portrait placed on his visiting-cards ; the custom soon becomes fashionable.] Aug. 14. Paris. The magnificent build- ings of the new Louvre, begun by Napo- leon I., are opened with splendid cere- i by Napoleon III. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1852* * Beudant, Francois Sulpice, physi- cist, A65. Burnouf, Eupene, orientalist, A51. Ebelmen, J;icc,ues -Joseph, chemist, A38. Fayolle, Francois Joseph -Mane, musician, critic, litterateur, A78. Gerard, Count, Etienne Maurice, marshal, A79. Gay, Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, novelist, A76. Gourgaud, i;asp:mi, general, author, A6S). Graux, Charles, philologist, born. Johannot, Tony, painter, wood engr., A49. Lafargt.', Marie C, poisoner, A36. Maistre, Comte Xavier «le, novelist. A88. Marrast, Arinaml, journalist, politician, A51. Marmont, Auguste F. L. V., Due de Raguse, marshal, A78. Orsay, Comte be binding must be effective. [1861. The United States ac- cedes to these provisions.] ±* * The empire is at the zenith of its glory. 1857 June 21-22. General elections; are held ; 3,000,000 voters elect 257 depu- ties. Gen. Cavaignac is elected a deputy,, but declines to take the oath. MISCELLANEOUS. 1852 Nov. 18. Paris. The Credit Mobilier, a joint-stock company, is es- tablished by Isaac and Fjnile Pereire,. and others. It undertakes trading enterprises of all kinds, applying to them the principle of limited liabilities ; and is authorized to use its own scrip to replace the shares or bonds of any, and also to carry on the ordinary business of banking. 1853 Aug. * The site of a Roman cir- cus of great size is discovered at Tours. ±* * A disease breaks out among the silk- worms which reduces the value of the silk crop to about one-third. [1858. A commission of inquiry is appointed.] 1854 June 9. Paris. The emperor and empress attend the first agricul- tural exhibition held. Nov. * A telegraph-line is opened be- tween Paris and Bastia. 1857 Mar. 12. Many persons are killed in a railroad accident at the bridge of Les Jardins canal. 734 1857, * *-1862, Nov. * FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1857* *-60* *A French and Eng- lish expedition visits China. The war is caused by the Chinese, who disregard the treaty of 1842, and hostili- ties are assumed by the English in Octo- ber, 1856, at Canton. The French sup- port the English to secure alterations in their commercial treaty with China. (See p. 618.) * * Paris. Napoleon lays out the camp of Chalons. [It is later used for ma- 135S Feb. * The Government divides France into five military depart- ments. June 26. Treaty of Tien-Tsin with China. (See p. 619.) * * France, cooperating with Spain, be- gins a war with Siam. 1S59 Apr. * -July * It. France is at war with Austria. May * It. The Austrian invasion of Sar- dinian territories causes France to de- clare war, and the French enter as allies of Sardinia ; the empress is appointed regent. May 12. It. The emperor arrives at Genoa, and assumes the chief command. [May 20. The Austrians are driven back at Montebello. June 4. Battle of Magenta. June 24. Battle of Solferino. July 12. Peace (p. 524).] June* China. The Chinese violate the Treaty of Tien-Tsin, and turn back the ambassadors of England, France, and America. Oct. * -60 Oct. 24. China. The French and English are at war with China. [They capture Peking.] (See p. 620.) ISTov. 10. Peace of Zurich. * * The French navy consists of 51 ships of the line and 398 other vessels, includ- ing those recently ordered to be built. 1860 May * China. The French under Gen. Montauban and the English under Gen. Grant land and storm the camp of the Chinese near Shanghai, while the united fleet sails up the Pei-Ho river. Aug. 5. Asia Minor. French troops are sent to Syria to punish the murderers of Christians. Sept. 18. It. The Italians under Gen. Caldini defeat the Papal army under Marshal Lamoriciere at Castelfidardo. * * The ironclad La Gloire is completed. 1861 Mar. * The army numbers 687,000 men. June * The ironclads Solferino and Ma- genta are launched. Aug. 18. Sivitz. A conflict occurs be- tween French and Swiss soldiers at Yille-la-Grande. Oct. 27. Switz. French troops enter the valley of Dappes to prevent an ar- rest. Oct. 31-67 Mar. * Mex. A French force aids the revolution in Mexico. The allies [fail in an attempt to secure the throne to Maximilian of Austria]. (See Mexico.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1857 * * Jules A. A. L. Breton paints the Blessing the Harvest. * * Paris. The Gleaners is exhibited at the Salon by Jean Francois Millet. [1859, Angelus.] * * Marc Antoine Gaudin makes artificial sapphires out of equal parts of alum and sulphate of potash heated in a crucible. 1858 Jan. 22. The planet Nemausa is discovered by Laurent. 1859 Mar. 19. Paris. Charles Fran- cois Gounod's Faust is produced. Mar. 26. The planet Vulcan, having its orbit between Mercury and the sun, is said to be discovered by M. Lescarbault, a physician. [Not seen since.] 1860 * * Paris. The great aquarium at the Jardin d'Acclimatation is built. 1861 Mar. 4. The planet Angelina is discovered by M. Tempel. [Mar. 8, Max- imilia, later called Qybkle ; Aug. 29, Galatea; 1S64, Sept. 30, Tcrjisirhore ; 1868, Feb. 17, Clotho ; Sept. 13, Clymene.] 1862 Sept. 8. Paris. An electric safety lamp for miners, made by MM. Dumas and Benoit, is exhibited. Nov. * Paris. A daily international meteorological bulletin of the Impe- rial Observatory is first published. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1858 * * Argout, Comte d', Antoine M. A., financier, A76. Berard, Pierre Honorc, surgeon, A61. P.onpland, Ainu-, botanist, traveler, A85. Cliajisal, Charles Pierre, grammarian, A71. Chomel, Augusu* Francois, physieian, A70±. portal is, ('unite Joseph .Mane, jurist, states- man, A80. Rachel, Elisabeth Rachel Felix, actor, A38. Kavignan, Gustave Francois Xavier Dela- croix de, Jesuit, pulpit orator, A63. Soyer, Alexis, cook, author, A58. Stanhope, Adelaide, actor, born. 1859 * * llerger, Jean Jaeipies, senator, A69. Bernard, Angnste Simon Louis, statesman, director -general of mines, A76. Keratry, Auguste Ililariun de, author, A90. Lenormant, ( 'harles, areheologist, AS7. Tocqueville, Alexis 0. H. Clerel de, states- man, political philosopher, writer, A54, 1860 * * Bonaparte, J6r6me, King of West- phalia, A76. Decamps, Alexandre Gabriel, painter, A57. Decazes, Elie, Due, statesman, A80. Dumeril, Andre ilarie Constant, natu., A86. Jullien, Louis, musician, A48. Leroy d'Etiolles, Jean Jacques Joseph, sur- geon, A62. , Say, Horace Emile, political economist, A66. 1861 * * Artaud, Nicolas Louis, writer, Greek scholar, A67. Bourdon, Isidore, phvsieian, author, A65. Cheri, Rose ^larie t'izas, actor, A37. Cordier, Pierre Louis Antoine, ge " mineralogist, A84. Lacordaire, Jean B. H., clergyman, theolo gian, orator, author, A55). Pujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, paint., ATfi. Scribe, Augustin Eugene, dramatist, A70. Vicat, Louis Joseph, engineer, A75. 1863* * Adelon, Nicolas Philibert, physician. writer, A80. Biot, Jean B., mathematician, phil., A88, Bosquet, Pierre Francois Jos., marshal, A52, Clement, Ambroise, economist, A57. Damiron, Jean I'hilihert, eclectic phil., Af>H. Gasparin, Comte de, Adrien E. P., states man, A79. Hale"vy, Jacques Francois Fromental Elie composer, A63. Pasquier, Due, Etienne Denis, states., A95. 1860 Mar. 9. Pome. The Pope vir- tuaUy excommunicates the emperor, together with the King of Sardinia, be- cause of the annexation of Romagna by Sardinia. Nov. * The public levying of Peter's pence on behalf of the Pope is forbid- den, and the free issue of pastoral letters is checked. Dec. 31. The emperor advises the Pope to surrender his revolted Italian prov- inces [and is severely condemned by the clergy of the Roman Catholic church]. 1861 Feb. 15. La France, Home, et Vltalxe, relating to the Pope's temporal power, is published. [Feb. 27. The bishop of Poitiers sharply replies, and. compares the emperor to Pilate.] Mar. 1. Prince Napoleon makes a speech against the Pope's temporal power. Apr. 11. A circular is issued forbidding the priests to meddle with politics. Oct. * Paris. The St. Vincent dePaul (charitable) Society excites the jealousy of the Government, which suppresses its central committee. CHURCH. 1857 * *-75* * Pilgrimages are made to Boulogne to adore an image of the "Virgin and Child, said to have been miraculously brought in a boat in 633. 1858 Feb. 14. The Virgin is said to have appeared to two girls at Lourdes, in the Pyrenees. LETTERS. 1857 * * La tentation de Sainte Antoine and Madame de Bovary, by Flaubert, appear. * * -60 * * Le Seraphim de Memphis, by Auguste fidouard Mariette, appears. * * -61 * * Histoire des usages funebres, byFeydeau, appears. [\$5&, Fawny ; 1861, Silvie; 1S63, Un debut a Vop&ra; 1864, Ze Secret du Bonheur.] 1858 Mar. 11. Napoleon III. et VAn- gleterre is published. Oct. * The pamphlet Un Dibat sur I'Inde, eulogizing English institutions, by Comte de Montalembert, appears. * * La maison de Penarvan, by Sandeau, appears. * * La Revue germanique is issued. * * I? oman d'un jenne homme pauvre, by Feuillet, appears. [1862, The Story of Sybille; 1S63, Montjoye.] * * Le Bossu, by Feval, appears. * * Histoire de mes Idies, by Quinet, ap- pears. * * Le Poi Voltaire, by Houssaye, appears. [I860, Histoire de Varl francais.] * *-78* * Memoirs to illustrate the His- tory of My Time, by Guizot, appears. 1859 Feb. * Napotton III. et Vltalie is published. Dec. * Le Pape et le Conqres is published. [50,000 are sold in a few' days.] * ■* lllustre docteur Matheus, by Erck- mann-Chatrian, appears. [1862, Le Fou Yogof; 1863, Madame ThSre.se; 1864, L'Ami Fritz and Histoire d'un conscrit de IS 1 3.] * * The first part of La Ldgende des Siecles, by Victor Hugo, appears. * * La Revue EuropSenne is issued. * * Gazette des Beaux Arts is issued. * * The Democracy, by "Vacherot, appears. * * Le testament de Cisar Giro dot, by Belot and Villetard, appears. * * MirHo, by Frederic Mistral, appears. 1860 Jan. 29. Paris. L'Univers, an Ultramontane journal, is suppressed for publishing the Pope's letter to the emperor. Apr. 7. The press is censured for its attacks on England. * * La Revue National e is issued. * * Le Tour du Monde is issued. FRANCE. 1857, -1862, Mov. T35 * * La Revue archiologique is issued. * * Le Roman d'une Nuit, by Catulle Mendes, appears. * * Jeanne D'Arc, by Wallon, appears. * * Jean de la Roche, Constance Verrier, and Flavii, by George Sand, appear. [1861, Tamaris and Antonia ; 1864, Mile, de la Quintinie and Laura.] * * Melanges de critique religieu'se, by E. H. A. Scherer, appears. [1863-78, Etudes critiques sur la lUterature contempo- raine; 1864, Melanges d'histoire reli- gieuse.] * * The Half Open Pomegranate, by Jo- sepb M. J. B. Aubanel, appears. * * Un cheval de Phidias, by Cherbuliez, appears. [1863, Le Comte Kostia; 1S64, Paul Mere, Le roman d'un honnete femme, and Le prince Vitale.] * * Les Cotillions c&lebres, by Gaboriau, appears. [1S61, Le 13me Hussards ; 1862, Les Gens de Bureau.'] * * Paris. The Royal Library is said to contain 815,000 volumes, 84,000 MSS. * * -61 * * M. Ge"rat and Les prhs Saint- Gei'vais, by Victorien Sardou, appear. Also Nos Inlimes and Les paties de mouche. [1862, Les Gamackes ; 1865, La Famille Benoiton; 1866, Les bons villa- geois, and Maison neuve.] * * -68 * * The Monies of the West, by Montalembert, appears. 1861 Jan. 6. Rome et les Ev&ques is published. * * Les Mistrables, by Victor Hugo, is is- sued simultaneously in Paris, Brussels, London, New York, Milan, Leipsic, Ant- werp, Madrid, Warsaw, Pesth, and Rio Janeiro. * * History of the French Language, by Littr6, appears. [1863-73, Dictionary of the French Language; 1&67 , La Philoso- phic Positive.] * * Merlin I ' 'Enchanteur , by Quinet, ap- pears. * * Poemes barbares, by C. M. Leconte de Lisle, appears. * * Sal&mmbo, by Flaubert, appears. SOCIETY. 1858 Jan. 14. Felix Orsini, an Italian, with, other conspirators, attempts to as- sassinate the emperor ; three shells are exploded, two persona killed, and many wounded. 1859 Jan. 30. It. Prince Napoleon marries Clotilde of Savoy at Turin. Jan. * The conveying of free negroes from Africa to the French colonies ceases. 1861 Jan 25-Feb. 15. Jerome Bo- naparte, son of Jerome Bonaparte and Elizabeth Patterson, an American lady, fails in his suit claiming his legitimate rights. 1862 Oct. * Paris. Due de Grammont, angered by a newspaper attack , kills Mr. Dillon in a duel. STATE. 1858 Feb. 19. Paris. A. public safety bill is passed by the Assembly, allowing the Government to arrest and banish persons in certain cases without trial ; Emile Ollivier makes a bold protest against it. Mar. 9. A Republican outbreak at Chalons is suppressed. Aug. 19. Paris. A conference respect- ing the Danubian principalities closes. Oct. 23. A dispute with Portugal re- specting the condemned slaves, Charles et Georges, is settled. 1859 Jan. 1. The emperor's address to the Austrian ambassador causes a war sensation. (See p. 525.) " 1 regret that our relations with your government are not as good as formerly, hut I beg of you to tell the emperor that my personal sentiments for him have not changed." May 12. Austria having invaded the territory of Sardinia, France declares war in behalf of her ally. It. The emperor arrives at Genoa. May * Paris. The empress is appointed regent during the absence of the em- peror in the Austrian war. [July 17. He returns.] May 21. A war loan of 20,000,000 francs is raised. (Only 500,000 were proposed.) Number of subscribers, 525,000. June* China. The ambassador to Peking is turned back. (See Army and Navy.) July 11. The preliminaries of peace' are signed. (See p. 525.) Aug. 8-!N"ov. * Switz. A conference of Austrian and French envoys is held at Zurich. (See p. 525). Aug. 17. Paris. Napoleon grants am- nesty to political offenders after his vic- torious campaign in Italy. Sept. 22. Jap. A treaty with Japan is ratified at Jeddo [Tokio]. Nov. 21. The ratifications of the Treaty of Zurich are exchanged. Dec. 31. The emperor advises the Pope to cede Romagna to Sardinia. 1860 Jan.* Paris. Count Walew- ski, the foreign minister, resigns. [Jan. 24. Fjdouard Antoine Thouvenel succeeds him.] Jan. 5. Paris. The emperor announces a free-trade policy. Jan. 11= A treaty with Nicaragua is ratified. Jan. 23. A commercial treaty with England is signed by Richard Cobden and the French ministers. Mar. 24. It. A treaty is entered with Victor Emmanuel for the annexation of Savoy and Nice to France; it is signed at Turin. [Switzerland protests.] [June 12. Vote of Savoy on annexa- tion, 131.744 for, and l 1 :;:; against ; vote of Nice, 24,44S for, and 160 against.] Oct. 1. The new tariff becomes effec- tive. INTov. 24. Paris. A decree is issued al- lowing greater liberty of speech to the Chambers by permitting address to the throne. Dec. 11. The severity of the restric- tions on the press are relaxed by Min- ister Persigny [but soon restored]. Dec. 16. Paris. It is announced that passports for Englishmen are to cease after Jan. 1, 1861. * * Cochin-China. The French establish a colony at Saigon, after defeating the Chinese. * * Les Alpes Maritimes are ceded to Italy. 1861 Feb. 2. One-third of the terri- tory of the principality of Monaco is purchased by France for 4,000,000 francs. Feb. 4. A commercial treaty with Great Britain is ratified. It provides for the admission of a large portion of the manufactures of each country into the other free of duty, and nearly all the remainder at a greatly reduced tariff. Feb. * -Mar. * The struggle in Italy, between the Pope for temporal sover- eignty and Victor Emmanuel, Gari- baldi, and others for a " kingdom of Italy," causes great excitement. The emperor decides to remain neu- tral ; and his action is approved of by the majority of parties, but is fiercely denounced by the clergy. Mar. 1. A liberal commercial treaty is entered with Belgium. Apr. 11. The criticism of the Govern- ment by the clergy having become abu- sive, the minister of justice orders the strict enforcement of the law punishing censure of the Government by ministers of religion. Apr. 13. Paris. The Due d'Aumale's severe letter to Prince Napoleon, who favors Italian unity, is published. [May * The printer and publisher are fined and imprisoned.] June 11. Paris. A declaration of neu- trality in the conflict between the United States of America and the Con- federate States is issued. June 24. Paris. The kingdom of It- aly is officially recognized. June* France withdraws her troops from Syria, which she had occupied to suppress the insurrection and bloody massacres of 1860. Oct. * The Society of St. Vincent de Paul is suppressed for aiding the clergy against the Government. * * The Orders of the Redemptorist Fa- thers of Douay and the Capuchins of Hasbrouck are dissolved by the Gov- ernment, and their members are expelled from the country, having been charged, with gross immorality. 1862 June 5. E.I. A treaty of peace with Annam is signed. (See p. 481.) Aug. 2. A new commercial treaty with Prussia is signed. Sept. * Paris. The emperor disclaims any intention of imposing a government on Mexico. Sept. 12. A commercial treaty is en- tered with Madagascar. Oct. 15. Paris. Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys succeeds J^douard Antoine Thou- venel as foreign minister. MISCELLANEOUS. 1857 * * Longwood, the residence of Napoleon I. at St. Helena, is bought for 1SO,000 francs. 1861 Mar. 31. Paris. The body of Na- poleon I. is finally placed in its crypt at Les Invalides. * * The canal of Languedoc (Canal du Midi), connecting the Atlantic with the Mediterranean, 148 miles long, is com- pleted. 736 1862, Dec. 7-1867, Nov. FRANCE. ARMY— NAVY. 1862 * * CocJiin-China. War with the natives. France is eager for Eastern possessions. [Jan. 20. The province of Bienhoa submits.] (P. 4S1.) 1866 * * France intervenes, and causes the cessation of war between Prussia, Italy, and Austria. Dee. 2-12. It. The French troops quit Home. * *The Chassepot rifle, a modified needle-gun and breech-loader, is adopted by the Government. 1867 Feb. 5. Mex. The French army finally evacuates the country. Oct. 30. It. The French troops again enter Rome to aid the Pope against the insurgents. "Nov. 5. It. The Italian insurgents un- der Garibaldi are defeated at Mentana by the French under Gen. Failly ; French loss, 1,000±. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 * * Paris. Leon Forcault exhibits a reflecting telescope, the mirror of which is 31i inches in diameter ; the focal length, 17J feet. 1863 Mar. * A human jaw is said to have been found in the drift at Moulin Quignon, near Abbeville. * * Paris. Naclar's balloon, the largest ever made, raises 35 soldiers. * * M. Villerne's employment of photo- graphs in the formation of sculpture is announced. * * Paris. The sphygmograph, an in- strument for investigating disease by showing the state of the pulse, is in- vented by M. E. J. Marey. * * _74 * * Paris. The Grand Opera House is erected under the supervision of Jean Louis Charles Gamier. 1865 * * Paris. Joan of Arc is exhibited at the Royal Academy by Jules Bastien- Lepage. 1866 Mar. 16. Paris. At the Koyal Institution, M. Baudre plays on a stone pianoforte, formed of a series of flints and other stones of various sizes, col- lected in France, and arranged by him- self. Aug. 6. The planet Julia is discovered by M. Stephan. Sept. 14. A slight earthquake occurs near Tours and Blois. Nov. 4. The planet ^Et/ina is discovered by Alphonse Borellv'. [1868, May 28, I)ilce; 1870, Apr. 19, Lydia; 1S71, Sept. 12, Lomia ; 1872, Apr. 10, Lachesis.] * * Paris. The use of nitrous oxide gas (laughing-gas) is introduced. * * Paris. A steel bridge is constructed by M. Joret. * * Inundations cause 1,702 communes to be flooded ; loss, §10,000,000. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1863 * * Billault, Auguste Adolphe Marie, statesman, A58. Bravais, Auguste, scientist, A52. Carlowitz, Baronne de, Aloise Christine, au- thor, A66, Christofle, Charles, manufacturer, A58. Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugene, paint- er, A64. Despretz, Cesar Mansuele, savant, A71. Moquin-Tandon, Horace B. A., botanist, A59. Saisset, Eniile Ldmond, philosopher, A49. Vernet, Eniile -lean Horace, painter, A74. Vignv, Comte de, Alfred Victor, poet, novel- ist, A 66. ViUernie, Louis Ilene, author, A81. 1864* * Ampere, Jean Jacques, author, A64. Dubufe, Claude Mane, portrait painter, A74. Dupetit-Thouars, Abel Aubert, rear-admiral, A71. dies, A55. Gerard, Jules, "the Lion-Killer," officer, A47. Gamier, Adolphe, philosopher, A63. Jasmin, Jacques, " the barber-poet of Agen," A66. Hachette, Louis Christophe Francois, libra- rian, editor, A64. flatter, Jacques, philosopher, historian, A73. Pelissier, Aimable J. J., Due de IVIalakoff, marshal, governor of Algeria, A72. 1865* * Boniface, Joseph Xavicr (Saintine), author, A67. Buchez, Philippe J. B., philosoph. \vr., A69. Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe, military- writer, A55. Duperrey, Louis Tsidor, navigator, A79. Dupin, Andre" Marie Jean Jacques, jurist, statesman, A82. Duret, Franc-isque, sculptor, A61. Geruzey, Eugene, litterateur, A66. Hautpoul, Marquis d', Alphonse Henri, gen- eral, A76. Lamoriciere, Christophe Louis Leon Ju- chault de, A59. Magnan, Bernard Pierre, marshal, A74. Marie Amelie, daughter of Louis Philippe, b. Morny, Comte de, Charles Auguste L. J., politician, A54. Prondhon, Pierre Joseph, socialist, A56. Querard, Joseph Mane, bibliographer, A68. Troyon, Constant, painter, A52. 1866* * Barante, Baron de, Aimable Gui- llaume Prosper Brugiere, states., hist., A84. Beaumont de le Buiuiiere, Custave A. de, publicist, A 64. Berenger, Alphonse M. M. F., jurist, A81. Chevalier, Sulpice Guillaume Paul, carica- turist, A65. Clapisson, Louis, composer, A57. Foucher, Victor A., jurist, A63. Gozlan, Leon, dramatist, A60. Lavallee,TheopIiilc sebastien, historian, A62. Marie Amelie de Bourbon, wife of Louis Philippe, A84. Mery, Joseph, poet, novelist, A68. Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine, pol., dip., A4£t. 1867 * * Barthelemy, Auguste Marseille, poet, satirist, A71. Bautain, Louis, philosopher, clergyman, A71. Baudelaire, Charles, poet, A46. / Brunet, Jacques Charles, bibliographer, A87. Cbampollion-Kigeac, Jacques Joseph, arche- ologist, A89. Civiale, Jean, physician, A75. Cousin, Victor, philos., metaphysician, A75. Duchatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, states- man, author, A64. Didron, Adolphe Napoleon, archeol., A61. Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre, physioL, A73. Fould, Aclulle, financier, siatesinan, A67. Fourneyron, I'.enoit, inventor, A65. Gabourd, Ainedee, bislorian, A62. Hittorf, Jacques Ignace, arch., antiq., A74. Ingres, Jean Domini* pie Auguste, paint., AS-li. Luvnes, Due de, llonore Theodoric Paul J. d'Albert, A65. Pelouze, Ttieophile Jules, chemist, A60. Poneelet, Jean Victor, geomeirician, A79. Ponsard, Francois, dramatist, A53. Trousseau, Artnand, physician, A66. Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., surg., anato., A72. Veron, Louise Desire, journalist, A69. CHURCH. 1863 * * Charles M. A. Lavigerie ia consecrated bishop of Nancy. [1867. Archbishop of Algiers and Carthage.] 1864 * * The Bible Society of France ia organized. 1865 Jan. 5. The archbishop of Besan- con and other prelates read the pro- hibited papal encyclical of Dec. 8 in the churches ; great excitement prevails. 1866 * * The Jesuits in France number 2,422. Dec. 3-11. Pome. The French troops depart. LETTERS. * * Contes a Ninon, by Zola, appears. * * Madame de Chamblay, by Dumas, pere y appears. [1864-65, La San FUice ; 1867- 68, Les Blancs et les Bleus.] * * Life of Jesus, by Ernest Kenan, ap- pears. * * Victor Hugo, raconte par un temoin de sa vie, appears. * * Les dieux et Irs demi-dieux de lapein- ture, by St. Victor, Gautier, and Hous- saye, appears. * * Five Weeks in a Balloon, by JuleB Verne, appears. [1864, Journey to the Centre of the Earth ; 1865, A Trip to the Moon.] * * -65 * * A Sanskrit-French Diction- ary, by E. L. Burnouf, Lenpol, and others, appears. 1864 * * L'Amidesfemmes, by Alexandre Dumas^^s, appears. [1866, The Clhnen- ceau Case ;1SH" ', Les id&esde Mine. Aubray.] * * William Shakespeare, by Victor Hugo, appears. * * Life of Jesus, by "Wallon, appears. * * Le Catholicisme et le Protestantisme, by A. J. Coquerel, appears. [1867, Libres ttudes.] * * History of English Literature, by Taine, appears. [LSC5, Philosophy of Art; 1866, Philosophy of Art in Italy and Tour through Italy , 1867, Notes on Paris ; 1868, Philosophy of Art in the Netherlands.] * * Le mat&rialisme contemporain en Al- lemagne, by Paul Janet, appears. 1865 * * Paris. The publication is begun d'une Histoire generate de, Paris, a col- lection of original documents. * * Chansons des Rues et des Bois, by Victor Hugo, appears. [1866, The Toilers of the Sea.] * * Histoire de la caricature, by Champ- fleury, appears. * * Waterloo and Histoire d'un homme du peupie, by Erckmann-Chatrian, appear. [18C6, La' qu u.^li the cot- 1863* * The grape-vine disease is much abated. 1864 May 16. A convention is made between France, Brazil, Italy, Portugal, and Haiti, for laying a telegraphic ca- ble between Europe and America. 1865 July * -Oct. * Cholera is preva- lent at Marseilles, Paris, Madrid, and Naples. [Sept. 30. It continues its rav- ages in Marseilles and ToulOn.] * * A new grape-vine malady caused by the phylloxera vastatrix is observed in South France. 1866 July 9. Paris. An establish- ment for the sale of horse-flesh as human food is opened with success ; its use as food is strongly advocated. 1867 Apr. 1. Paris. The Interna- tional Exhibition is opened. June 17-July 9. Paris. An Interna- tional Conference respecting coinage and monetary currency is held. Oct. * Emile and Isaac Pereire, origina- tors of the Credit Mobilier, withdraw from the management ; the company fails, and the capital is alleged to have disappeared. 738 1867, Dec. 5-1870, Aug. 11. FRANCE. ARMY— NAVY. 136S Jan. 1. Paris. The Legislature passes a new army bill. Vote, 206-60. It provides for an annual addition of 100,000 men to the army, the reorgani- zation of a National Guard, and raising the total military force to 1,200,000 men. Mar. 20+. Enlistments for the new na- tional Guard provoke riots in Bordeaux and other towns. 1370 July 19-71 Mar. 3. The Franco-Prussian war. (See State.) July 23. Baden. The bridge across the Rhine at Kehl is blown up by the Prussians. July 26. Alsace. A Bavarian officer is killed in a skirmish at Nierderbronn. July 29. Lorraine. The emperor as- sumes the chief command of the French at Metz ; Marshal Edmund Lebceuf, chief of the general staff. The French arrange for an advance of four corps : one under Marshal Mac- Mahon from Strasburg; another under Gen. De Faillyfrom Bitsch in Lorraine ; another under Marshal Bazaine from Metz; another under Gen. Ladniirault at Thionville (Diedenhofen) in Lorraine. The reserve of 320,000 men consists of the corps of Marshal Canrobert at Chalons, of Gen. Felix Charles Douay at Belfort, and the National Guard under Gen. Charles Bourbaki at Nancy. Aug. 2. Prus. The first action of the war occurs at Saarbriick; a battalion of Prussians is driven out with small loss by three divisions of the French. Aug. 4. Alsace. Battle of "Weissen- berg. The Germans, with a numerically stronger force under the the Crown Prince of Prussia, defeat the French un- der Gen. Douay, who falls in battle. It is the first battle of the war ; the French fight with obstinate courage. Aug. 6. Alsace. Battle of Worth. The Crown Prince of Prussia defeats the French under Marshal MaeMahon; German loss, 10,000± ; French loss, 8,000±, besides 9,000± prisoners. [Mae- Mahon retires to Saverne [Zaberne] to cover Nancy.] Lorraine. Battle of Forbach [Spi- cheren]. The Germans under Gens. Von Goeben and Von Steinmetz defeat the French under Gen. Charles Auguste Frossard ; the French retire, abandoning Saar- briick. Loss on both sides, 4,000. Aug. 7. The Germans advance, and oc- cupy Forbach and Saargemiind in Lor- raine, and Hagenau in Lower Alsace. [The first army advances on Metz ; the second army upon Pont a Mousson, to cut off the French from Paris.] Aug. 8. Marshal Bazaine is appointed to command the army at Metz, 130,000+: strong. [Aug. 9. He assumes command.] Marshal MaeMahon commands 50,000:b near Saverne, and Marshal Canrobert 50,000± at Nancy. Aug. 9. The Germans occupy St. Avoid ; they also invest Pfalsburg. Aug. 10. Alsace. The Germans under Gen. Von TVerder invest Strasburg. [Aug. 11. Communication with the besieged is cut off. Aug. 16. They re- pulse a sally. Aug. 24+. They bombard the city.] Prws. Lichtenburg [Sankt-Wendel] capitulates to the Germans. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1867* * Paris. The first International Medical Congress is held. ± * * A machine for converting spher- ical into rectilinear and other motions, and for producing perfectly parallel motion, is discovered by M. Peaucellier, an engineer officer. 1868 Feb. * The siderostat, an appa- ratus for observing the light of stars in precisely the same way in which the light of the sun may be studied in the camera obscura, is constructed by Le'on Foucault. Feb. 17. The planet ^Egle is discovered by M. Coggia. July 27. Paris. The nephoscope, an apparatus for measuring the velocity of clouds, invented by Karl Braun, is re- ported to the Academy of Sciences. 1869 June 17. The European end of the French Atlantic cable is laid at Brest (p. 267). BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1868 * * Berryer, Antoine Pierre, political orator, leader, A78. Boucher de Pert-lies, .Jacijues, arclieol., A80. Carmouilu', Pierre Frederic Adolphe, dram- atist, A71. lot, Antoine Barthelemy tologist, physician, A73. Coquerel, Athanase L. ('., Protestant cl., A73. Cormenin, Vicomte de, Louis Marie de la Haye, jurist, writer, A80. Foucault, Lean, natural philosopher, A49. Meryon, Charles, etcher, A47. Pouillet, Claude Servais 7>l., physicist, A77. Serres, fitienne R. A., physiologist, A82. Vechte, Antoine, goldsmith, A48. Viennet, Jean Pons G., politician, au., A91. Walewski, Cnmte Alexandre Florian Joseph Colonna, statesman, writer, A58. 1869 * * Herlioz, Hector, musical comp., A66. Cailliaml, Frederic, traveler, A82. Clerc, Laurent, teacher of deaf mutes, A84. Dantan, Jean Pierre, sculptor, A69. Fauche, Ilippnlyte, Sanscrit seholar, A72. Fournet, Victor, geologist, A68. Jomini, Baron Henri, military author, A90. Laruartine. Alphonee Marie Louis de. poet, oratur, historian, salesman, A79. Laborde, Comte de, Leon Emmanuel Simon Joseph, writer, traveler, A62. Lefebure-Wely, Louis J. A., composer, A52. Libri-Carrucci, Comte, Guillaume Brutus Icile Timoleon, Italian-French math., Atiii. Niel, Adolphe, marshal, minister of war, A(i7. Troplong, Raymond Theodore, jurist, states- man, A74. 1870* * Botta, Paolo Emilm, arclieol., A70. Broglie, Due de, Achille C. L. V., states., A85. Cornu, Sebastien Melehior, painter, A66. Douay, Charles Abel, general, A61. Dumas, Alexandre, pere, novelist, dram- atist, A 68. Humeril, Auguste Henri Andre, natu., A58. Flahaut de la Billarderie, Comte de, Au- gust C. J., general, A85. MCrimee, Prosper, novelist, historian, A67. Montalemhert, Charles Forbes, statesman, orator, author, A 60. Kiepce de Saint- Victor, Claude Felix Abel, inventor photography on glass, A65. Prevost-Paradol, Lncien Anatole, orator, journalist, diplomatist, A41. Villemain, Abel Francois, historian, educa- tionist, A80. CHURCH. 1867* *C. P. Place, archbishop of Kennes, is consecrated cardinal priest. * * It. France intervenes in behalf of the Pope's sovereignty over the States of Italy, and defeats the invaders at Monte Botundo, near Eome. * * Paris. The "Bible Stand" at the exhibition gives away 2,338,968 portions of Scripture in 17 languages. The ex- penses ($60,000) are met by the dona- tions of 6,000 Christian people. 1869 Sept. 20. Paris. Charles Loy- son, known as Pere Hyacinthe, a Car- melite preacher, protests against papal infallibility and encroachments, and resigns by letter from his order. LETTERS. 1868 Mar. 20. Les Titres de la By- nastie Imperiale, appears. Aug. * Rochefort's weekly satirical pam- phlet, La Lanterne, is suppressed, and he and his printer are condemned to fine and imprisonment. [They escape to Belgium.] * * La petite chose, by Alphonse Daudet, appears. [1871, Lettres a un absent; 1S72, The Strange Adventures of Tartarin of Tarascon and Les Petits Robinson cave.'] * * Manuel d'liistoire avcienne de V Orient, by Francois Lenormant, appears. * * La Religion, by Vacherot, appears. [1870, Science and Conscience.] * * The Countess of Chalis, by Feydeau, appears. * * Le Cakier bleu de Mademoiselle Cabot, by Droz, appears. * * Prosper fiandoce, by Cherb/uliez, ap- pears. [1869, L'Aventure de Ladislas Bolski ; 1S72, La revanche de Joseph JSmrel.] 1869 * * Kain, by Leconte de Lisle, ap- pears. * * The Man who laughs, by Victor Hugo, appears. * * Hesperus and Le Soleil de Minuit, by Catulle Mendes, appear. * * Lions et Penards, by fimile Augier, appears. * * L' Education sentiment ale, by Flau- bert, appears. * * Abydos, by Mariette, appears. 1870 July * The publication of the Marseillaise of Rochefort ceases. [Sept. 8. It reappears ; Rochefort resigns the editorship, disclaiming connection on account of a violent article ; it ceases to appear soon after.] SOCIETY. 1868 June 9. Paris. Election riots June 11. Paris. The emperor and em- press publicly appear, and bravely ride through the Boulevards. Aug. 1. The Pereires and other direc- tors of the Credit Mobilier are held liable for claims by the High Court of Appeal ; it decides that damages should be given to the shareholders. Sept. 4. Paul Granier de Cassagnac, a Bonapartist, and M. Lissagaray, jour- nalists, tight a duel; the latter is run through. 1869 Aug. 15. The centenary of the birth of Napoleon I. is celebrated ; am- nesty is granted to political prisoners, and pensions increased to war veterans. Sept. 19±. Paris. Great excitement follows the discovery of the murder of the Kinck family at Pantin by Trop- mann. [1870. June 19. The murderer is executed.] 1870 Jan. *-Mar. * Iron and steel workers at Creuzot strike. Cause, a quarrel about a benefit fund and the dismissal of an obnoxious work- man by the employers. The military suppress the workmen. Jan. 10. Pierre Bonaparte kills Victor Koir, a journalist, at Auteuil, when inter- viewed respecting a challenge sent by FRANCE. 1867, Dec. 5-1870, Aug. 11. 739 M. Rochefort. [Mar. 27. Acquitted, but sentenced to pay §5,000 to Noir's family.] Jan. 22. Paris. Henry Rochefort, editor of the Marseillaise, is sentenced to a fine and imprisonment for publishing a libel. The populace is greatly excited during the trial. Mar. 12. Sp. Due deMontpensier kills Prince Henry (Don Enrique) in a duel, near Madrid, under great provocation. Mar. 21. Paris. The insurgents levy- requisitions on the shopkeepers. Mar. 22. Paris. The Friends of Or- der make an unarmed demonstration, and are fired upon by insurgents ; 10 are killed and 20 wounded. Apr. 20±. A young man named Baurie is arrested at Blois as a conspirator against the life of the emperor. [Aug. S. Several conspirators are sentenced to long imprisonment.] STATE. 1S67 Dec. 5. Paris. Minister Rouher announces to the Legislative Assembly the policy of the State, " We declare that Italy shall never seize upon Rome." [The Government is sustained ; vote 23S-17.] 1868 Jan. * Ten newspapers are fined for printing comments on legislative de- bates . Jan. 29. Paris. Pierre Magne an- nounces a deficiency in the budget ; he also announces a loan for £17,600,000. Jan. 30. Paris. An army bill passes the Senate. Vote, 125-1. [Jan. 30. The bill becomes law.] June * Paris. A new law giving greater freedom of the press is introduced in the Legislature. [Feb.* The "Arcadi- ans," a new ultra-conservative party, strongly oppose it. Mar. * It is passed. Vote, 242-1. June* It becomes opera- tive.] Mar. 17. Paris. The Claims of the Na- poleonic Dynasty,, a pamphlet, is pub- lished at the imperial pr in ting-press. Its principal object is to show that the empire was established with almost the unanimous sanction of the people. Dec. * Marquis de la Valette succeeds De Moustier as foreign minister ; For- cade la Roquette becomes minister of the interior. * * A law on the right of meeting is passed. 1869 Jan. 1. Paris. The Moniteur is replaced by the Journal officiel. May 23-27. A general election takes place. Although the Opposition carries Paris, Lyons, Marseilles, and other large cities, the Government obtains a complete vic- tory. Vote, 4,455,237-3,643,271. June 28. Paris. The new Legislative Chamber meets, having an increase of Republican members, making the Op- position to the Government threefold stronger than in the last Assembly. [Riotous demonstrations follow.] July 13. Paris. A message from the emperor announces political changes introducing ministerial responsibility, and making concessions toward con- stitutional government. The ministers resign. July 17. A new Ministry is formed. It consists of J. B. M. Duvergier (justice and of worship), Prince de la Tour d'Au- vergne-Laurannn:iis (foreign affairs), M. De Foreade la Koquette (interior), M. Magne (finance), Adni. Kiyault 00,000±.] The French garrison at Montm^dy captures Stenay. Oct. 12. Gen. Bourhaki takes command of the French at Tours ; Gen. D'Aurelle de Paladines takes command of the Army of the Loire. Garibaldi is appointed commander of French irregular troops. Germans capture Epinal. They also take Breteuil after a sharp resistance. Oct. 13. Weu Breisach is wholly in- vested by the Germans. The French surprise the Prussians, and make a successful attack at Ba- gneux, near Paris. Oct. 13, 14. Paris. St. Cloud is fired on and burned by the French. Oct. 14±. Lorraine. Frequent sorties are made from Metz. Oct. 14. A sharp fight takes place at Ecouis; the French elude an attempt to surround them. Gen. Boyer, aid-de-camp to Marshal Bazaine, commander at Metz, meets Bismarck at Versailles. Oct. 16. Soissons surrenders to the Germans under the Grand Duke of Meck- lenburg, having been invested three weeks and bombarded four days. The French lose 99 officers, 4,633 men, and 128 guns. Oct. 17. Gen. Bourbaki is appointed to command the Army of the North ; Gen. Maziere to that of the Loire. The Germans attack Montdidier, and capture 150 Mobile Guards. Oct. 18. The Germans defeat 4,000 French near Chateaudun, in a 10 hours' fight ; the barricaded town is stormed and burned. Gen. Von Werder takes Nuit, near Dijon. Oct. 21. Paris. The French make a vigorous sortie against Versailles and at Malmaison; they are forced to retire after fighting three hours and losing 400± killed and 100 prisoners. Chartres, 48 miles southwest of Paris, is taken by the Germans. Vesoul is also captured. — — Germans attack and take St.-Quen- tin after cannonading for half am hour. [Oct. 23. They evacuate.] Oct. 22. Alsace. Schlettstadt is bom- barded by the Germans., [Oct. 24. Taken, with 120 guns and 2,400 prison- ers.] The French "Army of the East" is defeated in the Vosges. Gen. Cambriels repulses an attack by the Germans on Chatillon le Due ; M. de Keratry assumes command of the French army in Brittany. Oct. 26. Paris. The Imperial Guard is suppressed. Oct. 27. Marshal Bazaine surrenders Metz and his army. Gen. Von Werder defeats the French near Gray, Haute Saone, northeast of Dijon. Oct. 28. The French recapture Le Bourget near Paris. [Oct. 30. Retaken with 1,200 prisoners, by the Germans.] The French defeat Badenese troops near Bascon ; they repulse an attack by the Prussians on Formerie on the Oise. Oct. 29. The crown prince and Prince Frederick Charles are created field- marshals. Oct. 31. The Germans capture Dijon after bombardment. The Wiirtemberg- ers defeat the francs-tireurs between Montereau and Nangis. It is estimated that 856,000 Ger- mans are in France and 223,000 French in German prisons. Oct. 31-Dec. 27. The Germans occupy and hold Dijon. Nov, 1. The Germans invest Thion- ville. [Nov. 7. Bombarded.] Nov. 3±. Garibaldi issues a proclama- tion appealing to other nations to help France. The Germans besiege Belfort. Nov. 4. Paris. The Government orders the mobilization of all able-bodied men between 20 and 40 years of age. Nov. 6. The French recapture Cha- teaudun. [Nov. 18. Indecisive action.] Nov. 7. The French repulse an attack on the Army of the Loire at Marehenoir. Nov. 8. Verdun capitulates to the Germans with 4,000 men. Ger. The French fleet appears off Heligoland. Nov. 9. The Germans enter Montbe"- liard, Doubs, near the Swiss frontier. [Nov. 10. The French are repulsed.] The French defeat Gen. Von der Tann between Coulmiers and Baccon, near Orleans ; they retire to Thoury. Nov. 10. The French under Gen. D'Au- relle de Paladines retake Orleans. French loss, 2,000; German loss, 700± and 2,000 prisoners. The Germans take Neu Breisach, with 5,000 prisoners and 100 guns. jtoov. 13. The Germans occupy Cole, near Dijon. Nov. 14. Prince Frederick Charles and the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg are put in command of the armies in Central France. Nov. 15. The Germans completely in- vest Montme"dy. The Germans repulse French sorties from M€zieres. Nov. 17. The Grand Duke of Mecklen- burg repulses the French Army of the Loire near Dreux; the army is cap- tured by Gen. Von Treskow. The French make a successful sortie from Me"zieres; German loss, 500 men. Nov. 18. The National Guard repulses the Germans at Evreux. Nov. 20±. Paris. The Germans engir- dle the city with a second line of in- vestment. The Germans repulse the French at La Fere, 14 miles from Laon; the French suffer heavy loss. [Nov. 27. Surrendered by the French with 70 guns and 2,000 men, after two days' bombard- ment.] Nov. 21. The Germans defeat the Mo- bile Guard at Bretoncelles. Nov. 22. The Germans begin the bom- bardment of Thionville. [Nov. 24. The French capitulate ; 2,000 prisoners taken.] The Prussians occupy Ham. The Germans are repulsed near Ami- ens and also near Stagil. Nov. 27. The Germans under Gen. Von Werder defeat the Garibaldians near Pasque, Cote d'Or. The Prussians under Gen. Manteuffel defeat the Army of the North near Amiens. [Nov. 28. The city surren- ders. Nov. 30. The citadel is taken.] Nov. 28. Battle near Beaune-la-Bx>- lande, Loiret. The French Army of the Loire under Gen. d'Aurelle de Paladines lias a severe engagement with the Prussians under Gen. Voigts Ehetz. Prince Frederick Charles arrives during the battle, and turns the day ; the French retire with the loss of 6,700± ; the Germans suffer a heavy loss. Nov. 29-Dec. 4. The army in Paris and the Army of the Loire make unsuccess- ful efforts to unite. Nov. 29. Gen. Charles Denis Sauter Bourbaki is appointed to command the 6th Army Corps. Paris. The Prussians repulse sor- ties from various parts of the city. Nov. 30. Paris. A grand sortie is made. The French (120,000) take Champigny and Brie. [Dec. 2. They are driven back by the Germans. Losses on both sides are heavy.] Dec. 2. The Army of the Loire under Gen. Chanzy is defeated at Bazoche des Hautes by the Grand Duke of Mecklen- burg. Dec. 3. The Germans begin the bom- bardment of Belfort. [The siege con- tinues.] Dec. 4. Orleans again surrenders to the Germans ; Gen. D'Aurelle de Paladines retreats with 100,000± men, losing 10,000 prisoners, 77 guns, and 4 gunboats. Dec. 5-71 July 22. Marshal Manteuf- fel, commanding the Prussian Army of the North, occupies Rouen. Dec. 7. The Grand Duke of Mecklen- burg attacks the French Army of the Loire at Beaugency, without decisive result. [Dec. 8. The Germans take the town and 1,100± prisoners.] FRANCE. 1870, Oct. 8-1871, Jan. 9. 743 Dec. 8. Marshal Manteuffel advances on Havre with a part of his army, and with the remainder occupies Cherbourg. Dec. 9, 10. The Army of the Loire is defeated by the Germans in severe engagements, and retreats. Dec. 12. The Germans occupy Dieppe. They bombard Montme"dy. [Dec. 14. It surrenders.] The siege of Pfalzburg in Lorraine ends by its surrender be- cause of famine. Dec. 13. The Germans occupy lilvreus: and Blois. Dec. 14. The Germans take and later abandon Fre"teval. Dec. 18. The Germans under Gen. Yon Werder defeat the French under Gen. Cremer at Nuits, 14 miles from Dijon. Dec. 21. Tours is partly shelled by the Germans, and submits ; the Germans fail to occupy the city. Dec. 23. Indecisive battle at Pont- NoyeUes. The Germans are under Marshal Man- teuffel, and the French under Gen. Faid- herbe ; the latter retreats. Dec. 27. The Germans besiege Pe"- ronne. [1871. Jan. 10. It capitulates.] Gen. Bourbaki forces the Germans un- der Gen. Von Werder to evacuate Dijon. Dec. 29. Paris. The French at Mont Avron are bombarded and driven out. * * Nancy and Chalons are taken by the Germans. 1871 Jan. 1, 2. Me"zieres with 2,000 men and 106 guns is surrendered by the French. Jan. 2, 3. The Germans under Marshal Manteuffel defeat the French under Gen. Von Goeben, near Bapaume; the French retreat. Jan. 4. Paris. The Germans bombard the eastern front of the city and the southern forts. Jan. 5. The Germans take the fortress of Roeroi, near the Belgian frontier. Jan. 6. The French under Gen. Chanzy have an indecisive engagement with Prince Frederick Charles, near Dijon le Mans. The Germans storm Daujoutin. Paris. The Germans silence Forts Issy and Vanves. Jan. 7. The Germans defeat Gen. Roy near Jumie'ges, on the Seine. Jan. 9, 10. Paris. The Germans bom- bard the city, injuring many buildings and killing many citizens. [Jan. 10-13. Sorties.] Gen. Von "Werder defeats the French at Villersexel. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1870 * * Gulliver and the Lilliputians is painted by Georges Jean Vibert. CHURCH. 1870 Oct. 8. The suppression of the schools of the " Brethren of the Chris- tian Doctrine" by the Republicans causes much dissatisfaction. LETTERS. 1870 Nov. 4. London. Campagne de 1870, par un officier attache" a Vetat major-general e [a pamphlet ascribed to the Emperor Napoleon III.] appears in the Daily Telegraph. Dec. * A pamphlet [attributed to the Emperor Napoleon] is published under the name of the Marquis de Grincourt, throwing the blame of the war upon the French nation. * * La Creation, by Quinet, appears. [1871, Le Sie-ge de Paris et hi Defense Nation- ale;. 1872, La B&publique.] * * Mademoiselle Giraud ma femme, by Adolf Belot, appears. [1871, Article 47.] * * Twenty Leagues under the Sea and The Mysterious Island, by Jules Verne, -75 * * History of France, by Guizot, : * -.76 * * Apercu de I'histoire d'Egypte and Dendirah, by Mariette, appears. 1870 Oct. 12. The people at Honfleur oppose the embarkation of cattle for England ; a riot breaks out. [Oct. 15. Like riots at St. Malo.] Dec. 20. The mob murder Gen. Ar- naud, the commander of the National Guard at Lyons, after an alleged trial, for resisting them. * * Statistics show the consumption of wine to be, per capita, 37.90 gallons ; of distilled spirits, 0.58 gallons. STATE. 1870 Oct. 10, 11. Paris. The Red Republicans, led by Louis Auguste Blanqui, Gustave Flourens, Alexandre Auguste, Ledru-Rollin, Felix Pyat, are defeated in their attempts to overthrow the present government and establish the Commune. [Oct. 14+. Henri Rochefort effects a reconciliation.] Oct. 10. Direct mediation is declined by Russia, Spain, and Great Britain. Leon Gambetta issues a proclama- tion from Tours. He says Paris has 560,000 troops, that cannon are cast daily, women help the cause by making cartridges, and urges cooperation and devotion everywhere in maintaining the struggle. Oct. 12. Aries Du Four, from Lyons, ap- peals to the British public for active sympathy in endeavoring to obtain peace. Paris. Auguste de Kerartry, as for- eign envoy, leaves in a balloon. [Oct. 19, 20. He fails to obtain assistance from Gen. Prim, premier at Madrid.] Oct. 18. Jules Favre issues a circular from Tours against Prussia. " She coldly and systematically pursues her task of annihilating us. France has now no illusions left. For her it is now a ques- tion of existence. "We prefer our present sufferings, our perils, and our sacrifices to the consequences of the inflexible and cruel ambition of our enemy. France needed per- haps to pass through a supreme trial; she will issue from it transfigured." Oct. 19. Marseilles is disturbed by Red Republicans. Oct. 21. The British Government, sup- ported by the neutral powers, inter- venes for an armistice that France may elect a National Assembly. [Oct. 28. Bismarck replies that overtures must come from France, and will be accepted.] Oct. 24. M. Thiers undertakes to nego- tiate with Bismarck for an armistice. [Oct. 28. He is given a safe conduct. Oct. 30. He enters Paris, bringing news of the surrender of Metz.] A girl who claims to be successor of Joan of Arc appears at Tours. Oct. 25. Paris. The Government issues a decree for a loan of 250,000,000 francs. Oct. 28. Leon Gambetta issues a circu- lar condemning the surrender of Metz as a crime. [Nov. 1. He calls on the army to avenge the dishonor.] Oct. 30-Nov. 1. Paris. Louis Thiers receives authority from the Provisional Government to treat with the Prussians for an armistice, and has interviews with Bismarck. Oct. 31. Paris. The Commune rise against the Government, and temporar- ily overthrow it. The Defense Government is impris- oned in the Hotel de Ville, and Ledru- Rollin, Victor Hugo, and Gustave Flou- rens are made a Committee of Safety under Louis Picard. The National Guard succeeds in restoring order. Prus, The ex-empress joins the ex-emperor at "SVilhtlinshohe. [Nov. 3. She returns to Chiselhurst, England.] Nov. 1. Paris. A popular vote is or- dered to be taken on Nov. 3, to learn if the people support the National Defense Government. [Nov. 3. Vote, 557,976 for it; 62,638 against it.] Nov. 2. Marshal Bazaine publishes a letter repelling the charge of treason in the surrender of Metz. Nov. 3. Count Bismarck offers an ar- mistice of 25 days for the election of a National Assembly. [Nov. 7. The French decline the offer] Paris. Revolutionists attempt to overthrow the Government, but are de- The Government orders the mobiliza- tion of all able-bodied men between the ages of 20 and 40. Nov. 6. Paris. The negotiations for an armistice fail. Count Bismarck refuses to permit food to enter Paris during the armistice with- out any military equivalent therefore ; Louis Thiers is ordered to cease negotia- tions. Nov. 7. Jules Favre issues a circular defending the course of the French in the armistice negotiations. [Nov. 8. Count Bismarck gives the German side in like manner.] Nov. 10. Paris. The Government de- crees the melting of some of the church-beUs into cannon. Dec. 10. The Delegate Government is transferred from Tours to Bordeaux ; it also becomes the seat of the National Assembly. Dec. 19. Due d'Aumale and the Prince de Joinville are permitted to take their seats as members of the National As- sembly at Bordeaux. 1871 Jan. 9, 10. The Government ap- peals to foreign powers because of the bombardment of Paris. MISCELLANEOUS. 1870 Oct. 12. Balloons bring favora- ble intelligence from Paris. 744 1871, Jan. 11 -June 26. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1871 Jan. 11, 12. The Germans under Prince Frederick Charles defeat the Army of the Loire under Gen. Chanzy in attempting to raise the siege at Le Mans; the French lose 20,000± prisoners. [The French retreat.] Jan. 13. Paris. The French make vig- orous sorties, and are repulsed. Jan. 15, 16. The Germans defeat Gen. Chanzy near the Vosges. [Jan. 18. He retreats southward.] Jan. 15-17. Battle of Belfort. Gen. Bourbaki forces the besieging Prussians under Gen. "Von "Werder to change their position without raising the siege ; the French are finally forced to retreat. [Feb. 13. Belfort capitu- lates with military honors.] Jan. 17. The Germans begin the bom- bardment of Longwy, in Northeastern France. [Jan. 25. It capitulates, sur- rendering 4,000 prisoners and 200 guns.] Jan. 19. Gen. Von Goeben defeats the French under Gen. Faidherbe at St.- Quentin, on the Somme. German loss, 3,100; French loss, 15,000±, including 4,000 prisoners. Paris. Gen. Trochu with 100,000 men makes [the last] grand sortie; he is re- pulsed with the loss of 1,000 killed and 5,000 wounded. Communication with the outside is maintained during the siege by the use of pigeons and balloons. Jan. 20-Feb. 1. Gen. Manteuffel drives 80,000 French under Gen. Bour- baki into Switzerland near Pontarlier, after losing G,000 prisoners. Jan. 22. Paris. The Germans refuse an. armistice for two days. — — The Germans bombard St. Denis and Cambrai. Jan. 23. Paris. Gen. Trochu resigns as governor. [Jan. 24. Gen. Vinoy suc- ceeds him as governor and commander.] Jan. 28. Paris. Capitulation of the French; an armistice for 21 days is signed by Jules Favre and Count Bis- marck. Jan. 29. The Germans occupy the forts round Paris. Jan. 30. The advance of German troops into France is suspended. Feb. 1. The Germans occupy Dijon after a siege in which Garibaldi makes an ineffective defense. The army of Gen. Bourbaki takes refuge in Switzerland, after failing to break through the German lines. Feb. 16. The Belfort garrison marches out, and the war terminates. Mar. 1. German loss during the war, killed or dying soon after the war, 17,570 ; died of wounds eventually, 10,707 ; total killed and wounded, 127,867. Paris. The Emperor William reviews 100,000 troops at Longchamps, a race- course near Paris. Paris is entered. Mar. 1-3. Paris. About 30,000 Ger- mans enter the city, and remain 48 hours. Mar. 10. Paris. A meeting of the National Guard is suppressed. Mar. 12. Paris. The German army leaves Versailles. Mar. 18. Paris. Uprising of the Commune. It rises against Gen. Vinoy, the com- mander of the city, when he attempts to take possession of defenses and can- non held by the workingmen, at Mont- martre and Belleville, in the northeast- ern part of the city. [The Germans remain in the forts, and observe a strict neutrality.] Paris. Several regiments of the National Guard join the Communists. They shoot Gens. Lecomte and Thomas. Barricades are erected in the streets, and Gen. Vinoy, commanding the gendarmerie, retires from the insur- gents across the Seine. Apr. 2. Paris. The troops of the Na- tional Assembly engage the insurgents at Courbevoie, one and a half mile north- west of the fortifications of Paris. Gustave Flourens leads the armed mob called the National Guard to Ver- sailles. [It ends in a disorderly retreat.] Apr. 3. Paris. The insurgents occupy Forts Issy, Vanves, and the castle at Meudon, five miles southwest of Paris. [Apr. 4. They shoot Gen. Duval, a pris- oner.] Marshal MacMahon is appointed commander-in-chief of the National forces. Apr. 6. — May 22. Paris. The second siege of the city by the National troops, under Marshal MacMahon ; the insur- gents make a vigorous defense. Apr. 9. Paris. The insurgents attempt to take Chatillon, and are repulsed ; they bombard the southern forts aud Paris itself from the parallels con- structed by the Germans. Apr. 11. Paris. Marshal MacMahon invests Fort Issy, southwest of the city. Apr, 14. Paris. The insurgents capture the redoubt of Gennevilliers. Apr. 17. Paris. The insurgents capture the Chateau de Be"con, a post of im- portance. Apr. 20. Paris. The insurgents occupy Bagneux. Apr. 26. Paris. The insurgents keep up a severe fire from their batteries against the Federal forts. Apr. 27. Paris. The National troops capture Les Moulineaux, an outpost of the insurgents. Apr. 29. Paris. The insurgents take the cemetery and park of Issy in the night. [Apr. 30. They demand the surrender of the fort, and are refused.] May 1. Paris. The insurgents take the station of Clamart and the Chateau of Issy. May 8. Paris. The battery of Mon- tretout, mounting 70 guns, opens fire. The insurgents evacuate the Fort Issy. May 12. Paris. The troops occupy the Convent des Oiseaux at Issy, and the Lyceum at Vanves. [May 13. Fort Vanves is taken.] May 14. Paris. The batteries of Cour- bevoie, B^con, Asnieres, open a vigorous fireon the villages, Levallois and Cli- chy. May 21. Paris. The National troops, under Marshal MacMahon, enter the city, and, fighting their way, take 10,000+ prisoners. May. 23. Paris. The troops under Gen. Charles Felix Douay take Montmartre from the insurgents. May 25. Paris. The insurgents evacu- ate Forts Montrouge, Hautes-Bruyeres, Bicetre. May 28. Paris. The troops under Gen. MacMahon take the Buttes Chaumont, invest and capture Belleville, and the insurrection is suppressed. Total losses in seven days' fighting: regular troops, 877 killed, 545 wounded, and 183 missing; insurgents, 50,000± killed, 25,000 prisoners. All the leaders are killed or captured, and about one- fourth of Paris is destroyed. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1871 Feb. 2. Dupuy de Lome, at Vin- cennes, ascends with 13 persons in his navigable balloon. CHURCH. 1871 Apr. 5. Paris. Archbishop Georges Darboy is arrested by the Commune while ministering to the dy- ing. [May 24. He is executed in the prison of La Roquette with 64 others.] May 17. Silver ornaments in the churches are seized by the Commune. June 7. Paris. The funeral of Arch- bishop Darboy is celebrated. LETTERS. 1871 Mar. 11. Paris. Le Vengeur and four other violent journals are sup- pressed by Gen. Vinoy. SOCIETY. 1871 Jan. * A short strike of 10,000 miners occurs at Le Creuzot, Burgundy. Mar. 18. Paris. Gen. Claude Martin Lecomte is shot ; Gen. Thomas is assas- sinated at the same time. Feb. * Four -workmen, members of the Workingmen's International Congress, are elected members of the National As- sembly. Apr.+ * Paris. The reign of terror suspends the liberty of the press, of public meeting, of conscience, and of person. Apr. 6. Paris. The Guillotine is burned on the Place Voltaire. Apr. 29. Paris, The Freemasons make an ineffective attempt at recon- ciliation with the Commune. May 6. Paris. The newspapers are suppressed. [May 16. The Colonne Vendome is overthrown by the Com- mune.] May * Paris. Henri Kochefort is ar- rested. (See Sept. 21.) May 30. Belg. Victor Hugo, an exile, is expelled. Paris is put under martial law; 50,000 insurgents commit disorders. Many prisoners are executed. STATE. 1871 Jan. 19. Paris. The Prussians refuse to permit foreigners to leave the city. FRANCE. 1371, Jan. 11 -June 26. 745 Jan. 23. Paris. Disturbances arise, but they are suppressed by the army. Jan. 24. Paris. Jules Favre opens ne- gotiations with. Bismarck. Jan. 28. Paris. The Capitulation of Paris is signed by Jules Favre in the Convention of Versailles. Conditions: The forts and munitions of war to be surrendered, and the city wall to be disarmed. All the suldu-rs m Paris become prisoners of war, except 12,000 left to aid the National Guard in preserving order. The city to be provisioned by French officials, and to pay 5 milliards of francs. A truce will include all France except the departments of Doubs, Jura, and Cote d'Or, and con- tinue for three weeks, during which time a free election of members to the National Assembly is to be held, by which the ques- tion of peace or war will be decided. Jan. 31. Leon Gambetta disavows the armistice, at Bordeaux. [Feb. 6. He resigns as minister of the interior and member of the Government of Defense.] Feb. 1. The Due d* Aumale, the son of Louis Philippe, issues a manifesto in favor of a constitutional monarchy. Feb. 3. Paris. Food given by the con- tribution of the English people arrives. Feb. 4. Paris. The Defense Govern- ment justifies the capitulation by an- nouncing that provisions for only ten days were left for 2,000,000 of people. It annuls a decree issued by Gam- betta for the continuance of the struggle. Feb. 8. Prus. The ex-emperor issues a proclamation. He condemns the overthrow of the Napoleon dynasty, and affirms that his government was four times confirmed in 20 years. Feb. 12. The National Assembly- meets at Bordeaux, and [Feb. 15] elects Francois Gre*vy its president. "Vote, 519 out of 538. Feb. 15. Paris. The supplemental ar- mistice is signed. Feb. 16. A provisional government is formed at Bordeaux. [Feb. 17. Louis Thiers is elected chief. Feb. 18. Kec- ognized by the great powers.] Members : Jules Dufaure (justice), Jules Favre (foreign), Joseph Picard (interior), Jules Simon (public instruction), M. Lam- brecht (commerce), Gen. Adolphe Le Flo, (war), Adm. Pothuan (marine), M. De Larcy (public works). Feb. 22-24. Louis Thiers and Count Bismarck negotiate for peace. Feb. 25. Thiers, Favre, and 15 delegates of the National Assembly m^et at Ver- sailles, and accept the preliminaries of peace. It includes the ceding of parts of Lorraine, including Metz and Thionville and Alsace less Belfort; also the pay- ment of five milliards of francs ($1,000,- 000,000). Feb. 26. The treaty is signed at Ver- sailles. (See Germany.) Mar. 1. The treaty is accepted by the National Assembly at Bordeaux. Vote, 546-107. The third Republic. The National Assembly unanimously confirms the setting aside of the Napo- leonic empire for the Republic. Mar. 6. Paris. The party of the Left, led by Victor Hugo, Louis Blanc, and Edgar Quinet, demand the impeachment of the Defense Government. Pries. The ex-emperor protests against the overthrow of his govern- ment. Mar. 10. The National Assembly vote to remove the seat of government from Bordeaux to Versailles. Mar. 12. Jerome Adolphe Blanqui, Marie Flourens, and others are con- demned for participating in the insur- rection of Oct. 31, 1870. Mar. 15. The Central Committee of the republican confederation of the National Guards (termed " The Govern- ment of the Buttes ") meet, depose Gen. Vinoy, general-in-chief, and appoint Garibaldi as his successor. Mar. 18, Paris. The Commune re- volts against the Government. It nominates a Central Committee of the armed mob called the National Guard, with workman Assy as chief. It takes possession of the public offices. Two governments hold authority ; one, the Commune in Paris, and the regular authority at Versailles. (See Society.) Mar. 19. Paris. The Central Commit- tee orders a communal election. [Mar. 20. It liberates about 11,000 political prisoners.] Mar. 20. The National Assembly meets at Versailles. [Propose conciliatory measures to the Commune, and appoint a committee to support the Government.] ± The Communists exact " advances," amounting to several million of francs, from the Bank of France, for the pay- ment of the National Guard. The Journal des D&bats and other newspapers denounce the Commune's Central Committee. Mar. 21. The National Assembly ap- peals to the nation and the army. Mar. 22. Paris. The Communists fire on a parade of the unarmed Friends of Order ; 10 are killed and 20 wounded. Mar. 23. Paris. Adm. Saisset is ap- pointed commander of the National Guard for the Assembly. Mar. 26. Paris. In a m uni cipal elec- tion a majority of two-thirds of the vo- ters favor the Communists. Only 200,000 out of 500,000 votes are polled. Mar. 28-May 22. Paris. The Social- istic Commune rules the city. Mar. 28. Paris. The Government of the Commune is proclaimed at the Hotel de Ville. Mar. 29. Paris. The Communistic leaders, Gustave Flourens, Jerome Adolph Blanqui, and Felix Pyat, pro- pose a republic after the pattern of the Italian republics of the Middle Ages. The Commune orders the remission of a part of the rents due from tenants. Apr. 4. The Communists at Marseilles are suppressed. ■ Apr. 5. Paris. The Communists arrest the archbishop of Paris. Apr. 5-16. Thiers, Picard, Favre, and others are impeached and their property confiscated ; 34 anti-communis- tic newspapers are suppressed. Apr. 6-May 22. Second siege of Paris by the National troops. Apr. 14. The National Assembly pass the new municipal bill. Vote, 419-18. Apr. 16. Paris. A court-martial is or- ganized under Col. Rossel. Apr. 19. Paris. The Communists ap- peal to the nation against the National Assembly. Apr. 29. Paris. The Commune exacts a sum of 2,000,000 francs from the railway companies. May 8. Paris. The Commune organ- izes a Committee of Public Safety. May 10. Ger. A definite treaty of peace with Germanyis signed at Frank- fort. [May 12. Laid before the Assem- bly and ratified. Vote, 440-98. May IS. Ratified by the National Assembly.] Paris. Louis Charles Delescluze is appointed delegate of war by the Corn- May 11. Louis Thiers is opposed in the Assembly, and offers to resign ; a vote of confidence is given him. Vote, 495-10. May 17. Paris. The Communists are divided by a secession ; a central club is formed, and a battalion of women is formed. The Communists enforce a stringent conscription in Paris. May 21. Paris. Henri Rochefort is brought a prisoner to Versailles. The Commune holds its last sitting. May 24. The Commune executes in prison the archbishop of Paris ; also L'Abbe' Deguerry and President Bon- jeau with 64 others, all held as hostages. May 29. Premier Thiers issues a decree for disarming Paris, and abolishing the National Guard of the Seine. June 8. The laws of proscription are abrogated by the National Assembly. Vote, 484-103 ; the elections of the Due d'Aumale and the Prince de Joinville are declared valid. [Dec. 19. Seated.] June 26. Paris. The loan of two mil- liards of francs ($400,000,000) is decreed. [June 27. Subscriptions are opened. June 28. About four milliards are sub- scribed for in France alone.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1871 Feb. 3. Paris. The distress is relieved by the arrival of food from London. Mar. 20. Eng. Napoleon HI. arrives at Dover. May 17. Paris. Silver ornaments are seized in churches. A cartridge factory explodes near the Champ de Mars ; 100 persons are killed. May 24. Paris. The Palais Royal buildings are much injured by the Com- munists, who partly burn them. [Estimated loss of property through the insurrection is §160,000,000+.] May 25-27. Paris. Petroleum be- comes a destructive weapon in the hands of the insurgents. June 20±. Paris. Theaters and public places are reopened. 746 1871, July 14-1873, Aug. 5. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1873 June 3. Paris. Gen. Ladmi- rault succeeds Gen. MacMahon at Ver- sailles as the military governor. July 10. Paris. A grand review of the renovated army is given. Aug. 2. The Germans complete the evacuation of France, with the excep- tion of Verdun. [Sept. 16. Total evac- uation accomplished.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1872 Apr. 22. Paris. The French As- sociation for the advancement of the sciences is established by the General Assembly. Mar. 26. The skeleton of a man, sup- posed to have been a contemporary of the mammoth and cave-bear, is found, also polished flint implements, by M. NVlatnn, Aiiu'nsle, surgeon, A66. Pauthier, .lean P. de, Philippe Paul, hist., A93. Ysahean, Victor Frederic Alexandre, rural economist, A80. Yvan, Melchior, traveler, A70. !Nov. 5. The planet Velleda is discov- ered by Paul Henry. * * Paris. Idyl, painted by Jean Jacques Henner, is exhibited in the Salon. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1871 * * Auber, Daniel F., musician, com- poser, A87. Bertin, Kdotianl Francois, journ., au., A74. Bourgeois, Auguste, dramatic author, A65. Darboy. Georges, archbishop of Paris, A58. JDaumas, Melchior Joseph Eugene, general, writer, A68. Delsarte, Francois A. N. C, singer, A60. DumenI, Edelestand I'onlas, scholar, A70. Farochon, -Jean I'.aptiste Eugene, artist, A64. Gasparin, Comte de, Agenor Etienne, Prot- estant reformer, author, A61. Houdin, Uobert, prestidigitateur, mech., A66. Jollivet, Pierre Jules, painter, A68. Kock, Charles Paul de. novel., dram., A77. Koschlin, Daniel, chem., cotton manuf., A86. Lecoq, Henri, naturalist, A69. Leroux, Pierre, -socialist, writer, A73. Longet, Francois Aehille, physician, A60. Payen, Anseime, chemist, A76. Ponson du Terrail, Vicomte de, Pierre Alexis, novelist, A42. Texier, Charles Ffilix Marie, archeol., A69. 1872 * * Babinet, Jacques, natural phil., A78. Capeflgue, Jean Baptiste Honore" Raymond, historian, A70. Carre, Michel, author, A53. Caussin de Perceval, Arniand Pierre, orien- talist, A77. Forey, Elie Frederic, marshal, A68. Gautier, Thtiophile, author, poet, A61. Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, theolo- gian, writer, A67. Janet, Ange Louis, painter, A54. Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, phys., A85. Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor de Fialin de, statesman, A64. Pouchet, Felix Archimcde, phwsiologist, A72. Vaillant, Jean Eaptiste Plulii.ert, marshal, A82. 1873 * * P.arrot, Camille Ilyaeinthe Odillon, statesman, AS2. Couder. Louis Charles Auguste, historical painter, A83. Caumont, Areisse de, antiquary, A71. Coste, Jean J. C. V., naturalist, A66. Chasles, Victor E. Philarele, critic, an., A74. Demetz, Frederic Auguste, pliilan., A77. Dupin, Francois P. C, geometrician, statis- tician, politician, A89. Freydeau, Ernest Ain»3, author, A52. Gaboriau, Emile, novelist, A39. Gamier, Marie Jos. Francois, explorer, A34. Gay, Claude, botanist, historian, A73. Saint-Marc Cirardin, Francois Auguste, jour- nalist, A72. Henry, Etienne Ossian, chemist, A75. Jullen, Stanislaus, orientalist, A74. Lebrun, Pierre Antoine, poet, novelist, A88. Napoleon III., Charles Louis liapol^on Bonaparte, emperor, A 65. 1871 * * Paris. Miss De Broen the Belleville Mission in behalf of the widows and orphans of executed Com- munists. 1872 Jan. 17. Paris. The McAll Mission is opened at Belleville by Dr. Robert W. McAll ; it aims to dissemi- nate a religion of freedom and earnest- ness. Feb.* Paris. The AbbtS Michaud begins the Old Catholic movement in this city. June 7-K Paris. The Reformed Church of France meets in General Synod to propose a return to early doctrine and discipline. (Ju:ne 20) The Synod approves a con- fession of faith, acknowledging the au- thority of the Bible, the divinity and the resurrection of Christ, amid strong opposition from the " Liberal party." Vote, 61-45. Aug. * The apparition of our Lady of Salette is alleged to have been wit- nessed. Oct. 6. The grotto of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes is visited by 20,000+ pilgrims, who are drawn thither by reports of al- leged miracles. LETTERS. 1871 * * Une visite de noces and Laprin- cesse Geon/es, by Alexandre Dumas, Jils, appear. [1373, La ft mine de Claude and Monsieur Alphonse; 1876, L'Etr anger e.] * * -72 * * Lettres assyriologiques et 6pi- graphiqiKs, by Francois Lenormant, ap- pears. [1874-75, Les Scie7ices occultes en Asie.] 1872 * * Julie de Trtcamr, by Feuillet, appears. [1878, Diary of a Lady.] * * Problems of the Nineteenth Century, by Paul Janet, appears. [1S75, Philoso- phic de la revolution f ran raise; 1876, Les causes finales; 1878, Saint Simon, etc.; 1879, La philosophic francaise con- temporaine.~\ * * L' 'Annie terrible, by Victor Hugo, ap- pears. [1872-76, Actes et paroles'; 1878, Le Pape ; 1S78, La pitie supreme ; 1880, L'Ane, and Les religions et les irrUi- yions.] * * Pound the World in Eighty Days, by Jules Verne, appears. [1S76, Michel Strogoff.] * * Notes on England, by Taine, appears. * * Rabagas, by Sardou, appears. [1875, Ferrkol; 1877, Dora; 1878, Une Page d'Amour.] SOCIETY. 1871 Sept. * The Socie*te* de Pre*voy- anee, established to counteract the In- ternationale, becomes permanent. Sept. 2. Paris. Theophile Charles Ferre and Lullier, leaders of the Com- mune, are sentenced to death. [Nov. 28. Executed.] Others are sentenced to transportation or imprisonment. Sept. 5. Paris. Three women are sen- tenced to execution for setting houses on fire with petroleum. Sept. 21- Paris. Henri Rochefort, editor of Za. Lanterne, is sentenced to life imprisonment. [1872. He is ban- ished to New Caledonia. 1874. He es- capes to England. 1880. He returns to Paris.] Nov. 18. Eight of the murderers of Dee. 23. Joseph Lemettre is con- demned to death for many brutal mur- ders. [1872. Mar. 5. Executed.] 1872 Jan. 23. Paris. The assassins of Archbishop Darin >y are convicted, and one is sentenced to death. Feb. 1. Paris. The Radicals are much excited over Sardou's new play, Iiabayu» y which satirizes them. Feb. * The League for Commercial Lib- erty is formed. Feb. 17. Paris. Five Communist mur- derers of Dominicans on May 25, 1S70, are sentenced to death. ± Louis Auguste Blanqui, a Social- istic agitator, is sentenced to transpor- tation and confinement in a fortified prison. Mar. 14. Paris. The Assembly pro- scribes the proposal of Spain, that the Workingmen's International Asso- ciation be crushed by combined govern- ment action. Apr. 2. Paris. The publishers of Figaro are convicted of libeling Gen. Trochu, and receive a light sentence. May 25. Paris. Three condemned Communists are shot. [July 25. Three murderers of hostages are executed at Satory. Sept. 15. Three more Communists are shot at Satory. 1S73. Jan. 22. Also three more.] Dec. 23. Poitevin, a traitor, is exe- cuted. * * Paris. Sir Richard Wallace, an Eng- lishman, presents to the city 50 drink- ing fountains for the especial use of the poor. 1873 July 5. Paris. The Shah of Persia arrives. July 7- Paul de Cassagnac and M. Rane fight a duel; de Cassagnac is wounded. STATE. 1871 July 14 i. France pays 500,000,000 francs of the indemnity due Germany. July 15. Prince Jerome Napoleon is expelled from France. July 23±. Jules Favre, minister of foreign affairs, resigns. [Aug. 3±. Suc- ceeded by Charles de Re"musat.] Aug. 8. Paris. The trial of Commu- nist prisoners begins. Aug. 24. Great dissensions occur in the National Assembly between the Monarchist and Republican parties. The Assembly dissolves the National Guard. Aug. 31. Premier Thiers's powers are prolonged, and he is nominated Presi- dent of the French Republic by the vote of the Assembly ; he is to continue in office till the Assembly shall termi- nate its sessions. Sept. 6. A bill is adopted by the Na- tional Assembly for making the whole nation bear the war losses of the in- vaded provinces. A loan of 350,000,000 francs for Paris is ratified. FRANCE. 1871, July 14-1873, Aug. 5. 747 Sept. 8. Gen. Kcssel, a Communist, is sentenced to death. [Sept.* Others are also tried by court-martial. Many leaders are shot, and many transported, to New Caledonia.] Sept. 12. The Assembly authorizes the President to conclude a treaty ■with Germany, to hasten the evacuation of several departments by the German troops in exchange for reduced import duties. Sept. 25. A "permanent commit- tee " of 25 different parties is appointed by the National Assembly to watch over the course of the Government during the recess. Oct. 8. General elections are held for the Council General. Lambrecht, minister of the interior, dies. [Oct. 10. Succeeded by Casimir- P6rier.] Oct. 12, 13. A convention is signed with Germany for the evacuation of six departments. Oct. 25±. Tunis. The dispute with Tunis is settled. Mov. * Algeria. The Anti-French insur- rection ends. Nov. 28. Rossel, Ferre, and Bourgeois, condemned Communist leaders, are shot at Satory in presence of 3,000 soldiers. 'Nov. 30. Gaston Cr6mieux is executed at Marseilles. Dec. 4. The territory held by Germans is put into a state of siege. Dec. 28. An income tax is proposed, and negatived by the National Assem- bly. * * Belfort is retroceded to France. 1872 Jan. 9. Berlin — Paris. The French and the German ambassadors each meet with a friendly reception. Jan. 19. President Thiers urges upon the National Assembly the necessity of a new tariff. After much discussion, a resolution is passed providing only for the taxation of raw materials. Vote, 376-307. [Jan. 20. The President and ministers resign, but resume their posts at the earnest and unanimous request of the Assem- bly. Mar. * The proposal to tax raw materials is abandoned, other means of raising revenue having been found.] Feb. 2. The National Assembly passes a bill abrogating the commercial treaties with Great Britain and Belgium ; it also opposes a proposed return of the body to Paris. Vote, 377-318. Feb. 5. Paris. M. Casimir-Pe"rier, minister of the interior, resigns. [Feb. 6. He is succeeded by Victor Lefranc. M. Goulard is made minister of com- merce.] Feb. 21i. Paris. About 280 members of the " Right" sign a manifesto in favor of a constitutional monarchy. Feb. * Universal subscriptions begin to be taken for the early payment of the indemnity due to Germany. Mar. 7. Two milliards of the "war in- demnity, with interest to date on the remaining three milliards, are paid at Strasburg. Mar. 14. A bill providing for the pun- ishment of any one joining the Inter- national Society or any similar organ- ization is passed by the Assembly. Vote, 501-104. [Apr. 22. The law is placarded.] May 12. Eng. The ex-emperor in a letter assumes for himself all the re- sponsibility for the surrender at Sedan. June 22. Paris. The Assembly passes a bill for the reorganization of the army. June 26±. Paris, President Thiers ad- vocates a duty on raw material, and opposes an income tax. June 29. A new convention is signed between Germany and France, respect- ing the speedy payment of the indem- nity and the evacuation of territory. July 26. Paris. A loan of 3,000,000,000 francs at 6\ per cent is announced for the speedy payment of the indemnity and the evacuation of the provinces held by the Germans. [Nearly 12 times the amount of the loan is subscribed, chiefly in France.] July * The majority in the National As- sembly support Marshal MacMahon as President and to displace Thiers. Sept. * Paris. President Thiers and the Ministry are established in the city. Oct. 9. Paris. The supreme council of war is appointed, and meets. Mem- bers : Marshal MacMahon, Marshal Can- robert, Due d'Aumale, and several other distinguished generals. Oct. 13. Prince Napole"on and his wife, visiting France, are ordered to quit French territory ; they depart un- der protest. Oct. * Nov. * The Germans evacuate Haute-Marne and some other depart- ments. Nov. 5. London. A new commercial treaty with Great Britain is signed. Nov. 11. The Assembly reopens at Versailles. [Nov. 12. M. Grevy is chosen President.] Nov. 13. President Thiers in his inau- gural address declares that the whole available capital of the commercial world has been offered to France. Nov. 18. A motion censuring the violent Grenoble speech of Gambetta (Sept. 26), and proposing a vote of confidence in the Government, is passed by the As- sembly. Vote, 267-117. Nov. 21. The Assembly passes a trial- by-jury bill. Vote, 416-178. It intrusts the task of drawing up the jury-lists to a committee of justices of the peace and mayors. Nov. 26-29. The General Assembly adopts the proposal making changes in the Constitution providing for a re- sponsible Ministry, and excluding the President from participation in the dis- cussions. Vote, 370-334. Nov. 30. A vote of censure on Lefranc, the home minister, prevails. Vote, 305- 299. He resigns. Dec. 5. The appointment of a commit- tee of thirty, proposed by M, Dufaure, to prepare a project for a Constitution, causes much agitation : it consists of 19 for the Right, 11 for the Government. [1873. Feb. 20. Reports.] Dec. 9. Paris. M. Goulard is ap- pointed minister of the interior, Leon Say minister of finance, and M. Four- tou minister of public works. * * The territory of Belfort on Haut- Khin is formed. 1873 Jan. 9. Eng. The ex-emperor, Napoleon III., dies at Chiselhurst. Feb. 28-Mar. 13. Paris. The new Constitution proposed by the commit- tee of thirty is discussed by the Assem- bly. Thiers speaks in favor of it, Gam- betta against it ; it is finally adopted. Vote, 411-234. Mar. 15. Ger. A convention for the total evacuation of the departments by the Germans in September on the pay- ment of the indemnity is signed at Ber- lin. Mar.* Germany is notified that the fourth milliard of the war indemnity would be paid on May 5, 1873, instead of Mar. 1, 1874, and that the last would be paid before the end of 1873. Apr. 1. Francois M. GreVy resigns the presidency of the National Assembly on account of the disrespectful conduct of the party of the Right. [Apr. 4. Succeeded by M. Buffet.] May 18. Paris. M. Casimir-Perier suc- ceeds M. De Goulard as minister of the interior, W. H. Waddington of Cam- bridge (Eng.) succeeds Jules Simon as minister of public instruction, and M. Fortoul is made minister of public wor- ship. May 19. The National Assembly meets. [May 21. The Government introduces its constitutional bills.] May 24. The Governmentis defeated, in a discussion in the Assembly relating to its administration, by the coalition of the Legitimists, Orleanists, and Bona- partists. Vote, 362-348. President Thiers and his Ministry resign; the resignations are accepted. Vote, 368-339. Marshal MacMahon, Due de Ma- genta, is elected President of the Re- public by 390 votes of the National As- sembly ; the Left refrains from voting. May 26. Paris. The new ministry is completed. Members: Due de Broglie (foreign affairs and vice-president council of ministers), M. Ernoul (justice), M. Boule" (interior), M. Magne (finances), Gen. de Cissey (war), Vice-Adm. de Dampierre d'Harnoy (navy), M. Batbie (public instruction), M. Desseil- legny (public works), and M. De la Bouil- lerie (agriculture and commerce). [May 29. Gen. de Cissey resigns, and is succeeded by Gen. du Barail.] Aug. 5. The Legitimist and Orlean- ist parties unite ; Comte de Chambord is recognized by the Comte de Paris as the head of the Bourbon family, and the only legitimate claimant of the throne ; homage is offered to him as Henry V. MISCELLANEOUS. 1872 Jan. 24. A train is thrown into the river Brague, on the Antibes rail- way, between Nice and Cannes ; 12 per- sons are killed. Feb.* A universal subscription begun to pay the indemnity to the Germans. 748 1873, Aug. 15-1875, Dec. 9. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1S73 Oct. 6 + . Marshal Bazaine is tried for surrendering Metz in 1870 with 170,000 men. [Dec. 10. He is condemned to death. Due d'Aumale, president. Dec. 12. The sentence is commuted to imprisonment for 20 vears. 1874. Aug. 9. He escapes to Madrid.] Oct. 8+. Annam, A naval expedition subdues Tongking (p. 480). 1874 June 28. Pans. A grand re- view of 00,000 troops takes place at Longcharnps. 1875 Aug. 31. The iron-clad frigate Magenta is destroyed by fire. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1874 Apr. 18. Coggia's comet is dis- covered at Marseilles by M. Coggia. [Aug. 1. It gradually increases in bright- ness, and passes out of sight in Europe in a few weeks. Aug. 1. It appears brilliant at Melbourne.] May 19. The planet Tolosa is discovered by M. Perrotin. [1875, Sept. 21, Medusa; 1876, Apr. 26, Erignne ; 1877. Jan. 10, Ma- ria, or Mi/ rr/ta ; 1878. Jan. 29, Garumna; 1885, Oct. 27, Clementina.] Aug. 31. Paris. The Vendome col- umn is restored. Sept. 7. Paris. An exhibition of in- sects, illustrating their structure, food, and habits, is opened in the garden of the Tuileries. * * Cornu's improved tooth-wheel appara- tus for measuring the velocity of light gives 300,400 kilometers in a second of mean time. * * Pans. Homer and his Guide is exhib- ited by William Adolphe Bouguereau at the Salon. * * Alfred Jean Francois M^zieres is elected a member of the Academy. [1875, John Emile Lemoinne ; 1876, Jules Francois Simon and Maria Louis Antoine Boissier ; 1877, Victorien Sardou ; 1878, Joseph Ernest Renan, Hippolyte Adolphe Taine,and Edinond Armand, Due d'Audiffret-Pasquier.] 1875 Jan. 5. Paris. The Grand Opera House is opened with elaborate Jan. 13. The planet Lumen is discovered by Paul Henry. [Nov. 2, Mala; 1876, Jan. 26, Emilia ; Apr. 21, Laurentia ; July 12, Eva; 1877, Nov. 5, Irma.] Mar. 2. Paris. A diplomatic confer- ence on the metric system is held ; 20 ambassadors are present. A.pr.± * M. De la Bastie invents the pro- cess for tempering or toughening glass by plunging it when heated into a hot bath of oleaginous or alkaline com- pounds. June 8. The planet Lucina is discovered by A. Borelly. [Dec. 1, Dejanira; 1877, Jan. 13, Ophelia; Feb. 5, Baucis; Aug. 2, Ino; 1879, June 13, Ampella; 1883, May 11, Asterope; 1884, Aug. 24, Vana- dis; 1887, June 9, Adorea.] June 23. A large part of Toulouse is destroyed by an inundation of the Ga- ronne; St. Cyprien is like a sepulcher ; about 1,000 lives are lost. Aug. 1. Paris. An International Con- gress of Geographers is held. -Aug. 7. The planet Gallia is discovered by Prosper Henry. [Nov. 6, Bertha; 1878, Apr. 6, Celuta.] * * Urbain J. J. Leverrier analyzes the orbits of the planets. * * Gyn&ceum is painted by Gustave Bou- 1 anger. * * Paris. Cigale et Fourmi is exhibited at the Salon by Jehan Georges Vibert. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1874 * * Baltard, Victor, architect, A69. Beule, Charles Ernest, politician, A48. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etienne, clergyman, ethnologist, author, A60. Fee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire,bota., A85. Fori^ide-Laroiiuette, Jean L. L. A. de, states man, A53. Grand-Pierre, Jean Henri, Protestant cl., A75. Guizot. Francois Pierre Guillaume. his- torian, statesman, A87. Hainon, Jean Louis, painter, A53. Janin, Jules G., critic, A7D. Ledru-lloUin, Alexandre Auguste, socialist, A 66. Lucas, Charles Jean Marie, reformer, A71. Michelet. Jules, historian, A76. fllorin, Frt5d6ric, writer, A51. Tiiseliereau, Jules Antoine, biographer, A73. Vuillaume, Jean Baptiste, violin -maker, A76. CHURCH. 1873 Aug. 21. The 13th biennial meet- ing of the synod of the Union of Evan- gelical Churches in France is held at St. Jean-du-Gard ; Theodore Monod, preacher, and M. Bersier of Paris, presi- dent. Members reported, 2,551. Nov. 20. Paris. The synod of the Ke- formed Church of France meets in the Church du Saint-Esprit. The reor- ganization of the church on an ortho- dox basis is completed. ± * * Pilgrimages become popular. 1874 * * Paris. A medical mission for the poor is opened by Miss De Broen. 1875 May * Petitions both for and against the opening of museums on Sunday are sent to the Government. Sept. * Belgium and German pilgrims visit Lourdes. LETTERS. 1873 * * Jean de Thommeray , by Sandeau, appears. * * Lettres a une inconnue, by Me>imee, appears. * * Antichrist, by Renan, appears. * * La Terreure, by Wallon, appears. * * History of Gregory VII., by Villemaiu, appears. * * Meta Holdenis, by CherbuHez, appears. [1376, Le fiance' de Mile. Saint-Maur; 1S77, Sam net lirokl et Cie. ; 1S78, U Idee de Jean TUeroL] * * Lesgr&dins and Le chevalier Casse Con, by Fortune Abraham Boisgobey, appear. * * Contes du Lundi and Contes et recits, by Baudet, appear. [1874, Robert Hel- mont, Les fern mes (fartisfes, and Fremont jeuneet Risler aini; 1876, Jack; 1877, Le nabob.] 1874 Nov.* St. Genest's pamphlet, L'AssembUe et la France, appears. * * Le Chevalier de Keramour, by Feral, appears. [1879, Les merveilles du Mont St. Michel.] * * Quatre-vingt-treize, by Victor Hugo, appears. [1877, Z' Art d'&tre grand-pere and the second series of La L&gende des siecles.] * * Le Mot de I'Enigme, by Craven, ap- pears. [1877, Le Travail d'une Ame.] * * Spectres lumineux. Spectres prisma- tigues, by Paul E. F. Lecoq de Boisbau- dron, appears. 1875 July 11. Paris. The Figaro is suspended for 15 days for attacking the Assembly. Aug. * Les Responsabilites, a pamphlet recommending the Conite de Chambord to resign his rights to the crown, ap- pears. * * The National Assembly passes an Act enabling Roman Catholics to establish free universities of their own. * * L'Art is issued. * * Le Livre de V Exile, by Quinet, ap- pears. * * Les Etangs, by Droz, appears. * * Karnah, by Mariette, appears. * *-90* * Origins of Contemporary France, consisting of Ancient Regime, French Revolution, and Modern Regime, by Taine, appears. SOCIETY. 1873 Nov. 7. Conspirators are con- victed of planning at Autun to seize the Marchioness MacMahon. Nov. 27. Prince Soutza kills N. Ghilka at Fontainebleau in a duel. 1874 Mar. 16. Eng. Louis Napo- leon IV. comes of age (18 years), and 6,000 Frenchmen unite in a demonstra- tion at Chiselhurst in his honor. Mar. 25. Gabriel Hugelmann, a po- litical spy and swindler, is sentenced to imprisonment for five years. ± Contractor Ferrand, who ac- cumulated $400,000 during the war, is fined and imprisoned. 1875 Apr. 14. Cle~ment Duvernois, ex-minister and politician^ is arrested for alleged fraud. [Nov. 25. Sentenced to imprisonment for two years.] June 6. The Communist Bonnard, condemned for murder, is shot. Sept. 6. Paris. An International Peace Congress meets. Sept. 17. Col. Villette and others are sentenced to imprisonment for aiding Marshal Bazaine to escape. Sept. 29. The murderer Poirier is exe- cuted at Chartres for five murders. Dec. 3. Eng. Queen Victoria re- ceives four ornamental volumes, convey- ing thanks for British relief furnished during the war-famine, and having 12,000,000 signatures. STATE. 1S73 Aug. 15. At the celebration of the fete Napoleon, the Imperial Prince Napoleon declares the policy of his family to be " Everything by the people, for the people." Sept. 5. The last instalment of 250,000 francs of the indemnity of five milliards of francs is paid to Germany. Sept. 26. Prince Jerome Napoleon joins the Republican party. Sept. 30. The Republic is divided into 18 new military regions, and 18 gen- erals are appointed to command. Oct. 18. Paris. The Monarchists is- sue a manifesto. It proposes the restoration of the mon- archy under Comte de Chambord as Henry V., a grandson of Charles X., FRANCE. 1873, Aug. 15-1875, Dec. 9. 749 and pledging the preservation of all ne- cessary tributes. [The movement fails.] Nov. 5. The National Assembly- meets. Marshal MacMahon asks for increased power, to be continued 10 years ; this is referred to a committee of fifteen, and voted urgent. Vote, 360-350. M. Buffet is reelected president of the National Assembly. RTov. 13. Eight of the committee of fifteen vote for prolongation of Mar- shal MacMahon's presidency for five years, beginning with the date of the meeting of the next Legislative Assem- bly ; the others vote for 10 years' ex- tension. Nov. 19. The National Assembly pro- longs the presidency of Marshal Mac- Mahon for seven years, -with the title, * ( President of the Republic." Vote, 3S3-317. [Nov. 20. Decreed.] Nov. 20. Paris. The ministers resign [but remain in office until the reconstruc- tion of the Cabinet]. Nov. 25. Paris. The Ministry is re- constructed. Most of the members of the old Cabinet retain their positions. The Due de De- cazes becomes minister of foreign af- fairs; M. Depeyre, justice; and M. de Larcy, public works. 1874 Jan. 9. Paris. The Ministry resigns because the Assembly postpones the discussion of the Nomination of Mayor's Bill. Vote, 268-223. [Jan. 12. Vote of confidence, 379-329. Jan. 13. The Ministry resumes office.] Jan. 17-20. The Assembly passes the Nomination of Mayor's Bill. Vote, 361-324. It gives the Government absolute power to name the mayors in all the 36,000 communes of the country. Mar. 11. In the Assembly a new elec- toral law is introduced ; it will disfran- chise about three millions of citizens. Mar. 27. The Assembly negatives a Le- gitimist's proposal that on June 1 the Assembly should vote for either a monarchy or republic. Vote, 330-256. May 16. The Assembly defeats the Min- istry on the electoral law. Vote, 3S1- 317. The Ministry resigns. May 23. Paris. A new Ministry is formed. Members : Gen. Cissey (war and vice- president of council), II. Denizes (foreign), M. Fourtou (interior), M. Mayne (finance), M. Caillaux (public works), Itt. Grivart (commerce), M. Camons (public instruc- tion), M. Tailnaud (justice), and M. Mon- tagnac (navy). Prince Hohenlohe, the new German ambassador, is received by President MacMahon. June 1. The National Assembly passes the Electoral Bill to a second reading. Vote, 393-318. [June 10. It fixes the ages of electors at 21 years instead of 25, in opposition to the Ministry.] June 14, 15. M. Casimir-Perier, the leader of Left Center in the National As- sembly, moves for the recognition of the Republic, with Marshal MacMahon President till Nov. 20, 1880, and for a revision of the Constitution ; urgency is voted. Vote, 345-341. June 15. In the National Assembly the Due de Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia's mo- tion for the restoration of the legiti- mate monarchy is negatived. [June 29. Negatived by the committee of thirty.] June * Paris. The legislative fusion be- tween Legitimists and Orleanists ends ; the Republicans and Bonapartists strug- gle for supremacy. July 4. Paris. The Ministry suspends V Union, a Legitimist paper, for pub- lishing a Legitimist manifesto by Comte de Chambord. July 8. The Ministry is defeated on a motion referring to the suspension of £' Union. Vote, 368-331. [Their resig- nations are declined by the President.] July 13. The National Assembly rejects M. Casimir-Pe>ier's motion to proclaim the Republic as the definite form of government. Vote, 375-333. July 15. Paris. The constitutional committee of thirty lays before the As- sembly a draft of new laws. Nov. 30. The National Assembly con- sists of six parties. Extreme Right, the Legitimists who adhere to Henry V. ; Moderate Right, Monarchists ; Right Center, Septen- nates, Imperialists, or Bonapartists ; Left Centre, Moderate Republicans, hav- ing Louis Thiers as leader; Left, more pronounced Republicans ; Extreme Left, Radicals, having L£on Gambetta as leader. Dec. 5. A bill for freeing superior education from State control passes its second reading in the Assembly. Vote, 553-133. 1875 Jan. 6. The National Assembly passes a motion against constituting a Senate, which the President's mes- sage had recommended. Vote, 420-250. The Ministry resigns. [Jan. 7. The President refuses to accept the resigna- tion of the ministers.] Jan. 21, 22. Paris. The Assembly passes to a second reading the Trans- mission of Powers Bill. Vote, 53S-145. It provides that the public power be vested in a National Assembly, a Sen- ate, and the Marshal President, and the executive power be transferred to the successor of Marshal MacMahon by a Congress consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Feb. 2. An amendment to the constitu- tional laws, providing for the election of « the President of the Republic " by the Senate and Chamber of Depu- ties is adopted. Vote, 449-249. Feb. 11. The Assembly passes an amendment to the constitutional laws providing for the election of a Senate by the same electors as those who are to choose the Chamber of Deputies. Feb. 12. A motion to dissolve the National Assembly is negatived, after rejecting the third reading of the Con- stitutional Bill by a vote of 357-345. Vote, 407-266. Feb. 24. The National Assembly passes the bill to provide for a Senate, by the union of Republicans and the mod- erate Monarchists, and in opposition to the Legitimists and Bonapartists. Vote, 448-241. It will consist of 300 members, 75 to be life senators, elected by tlie National As- sembly ami afterward by the Senate itself; 225 senators will be elected for a term of nine years by electoral colleges. The Presi- dent will possess the executive power; and be is to be elected by the Senate and Cham- ber of Deputies, in joint session, for seven years, and then to be eligible for reelection. The President will govern through a respon- sible Ministry, and be liable to impeachment by the Chamber of Deputies before the Sen- ate for high treason. Feb. 25. The National Assembly passes the new Constitution, thereby estab- lishing the Republic. Vote, 436-2G2. [Feb. 28. The new law is promulgated.] Mar. 10. Paris. A new Ministry is organized. Members: M. Buffett (interior), Jules Pn- faure (justice), Leon Say (finance), Henri Wallon (instruction), M. de Meaux (agri- culture and commerce), Ernest Cissey (war), Louis Deca/.es (foreign), M. Mon- tagnac (marine), M. Cadlaux (public works). Mar. 11. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas- quier is elected President of the Na- tional Assembly. May 18. Part of the committee of thirty resign because of the rejection of a bill regulating the relations between the public powers. [May 26. New mem- bers are elected for this committee ; they are mostly Republicans.] June 21. The Assembly unanimously votes $120,000 to procure a worthy rep- resentation at the United States Cen- tennial Exhibition. The Public Powers Bill is reintroduced and dis- cussed. [July 7. Passed.] Aug. 2. The bill constituting- the Sen- ate passes the Assembly. Vote, 559-73. Nov. 10. Paris. The National Assembly passes a new election law. Vote, 357- 326. It adopts the scrutin tVarrondissement, restricting the right to ballot for a can- didate residing in the district for which he wishes to stand, instead of scrutin de liste, permitting votes to be cast for any Frenchman. Dec. 9. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas- quier is elected by the National Assem- bly senator for life ; the first one so elected. [Dec. 21. The entire 75 senators have been elected, of whom 52 are Re- publicans.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1873 Sept. * Paris. Cholera rages se- verely. ~Nov. 22. The Ville de Havre sinks in mid-ocean. Thismail steamer, of 5, 100 tons, running from New York for Havre, is run into near midnight by a Glasgow clipper, Lochearn, and sinks in 12 minutes; 226 out of 313 persons perish. [1870, Jan. * On judicial examination, the Lochearn is exonerated in England, but censured in France.] 1875 June * A large part of Toulouse is destroyed by the overflow of the Garonne; 1,000 lives are lost and much property destroyed. July * Paris. An International Mari- time Exhibition is held. 750 1875 ; Dec. 27-1879, Mar. * FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1875 Dec. 29. The state of siege is raised except in Paris, Versailles, Lyons, and Marseilles. The Assembly votes against raising it in Paris. Vote, 369-279. 1876 Sept. * Paris. The new fortifi- cations are nearly completed. 1878 Jan. 10, 11. Gen. Ducrot is dismissed from command of the 8th Corps for suspected connection with pro- jected coup d'etat. Sept. 15. A review of 50,000 soldiers takes place at Vincennes. 1879 Mar. 19. The iron-clad battery Arrogante sinks off Hyeres Islands ; 47 men'are drowned. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1875 Dec. 27. Paris. The statue of Napoleon I. is replaced on the top of the Vendome column. 1876 Aug. 22. The Observatory at Puy de Dome, near Clermont, is inaugu- rated. Oct. * Paris. Paul Jablochkoff' s inven- tion of an electric candle is reported to the Academy of Science by M. Dena- vrouse. It is an electric current passed through two carbons side by side with a slip of kaolin between them, producing a soft, steady, noiseless light ; the earbons burn like wax. 1877 Dec* A steam-hammer is made at Schneider's works, Creuzot; weight between 75 and 80 tons. 1878 Apr. 11. The planet Lamberta is discovered by Coggia. [1S79, Feb. 28. Ambrosia; 1880, Apr. 10, Cleopatra.] * * Paris. Hay Harvest is exhibited at the Salon by Jules Bastien-Lepage. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1875* * Aiguebelle, Paul A. N. d\ French- Chinese admiral, A44. Ancelot, Marguerite, author, A83. Barye, Antohie Louis, sculptor, A80. Beaumont- Vassy, Vicomte de, Edouard F. de la Bonniir-re, historian, A59. Bonnechose, Francois Paul Eniile Boisnor- maml de, historian, mis. writer, A74. Breton, Francois P. H. Ernest, artist, au., A63. Cochet, L'Abbe", Jean Baptiste, Desire", anti- quary, A63. Coquerel, Athanase .Tosue, rational, cl., A65. Dejazet, Marie Virginie, actor, A78. Jacqueiuart, Albert, historian, A67. La Gueronniere, Vicomte Arthur, Bonapart- ist, A59. Larousse, Pierre, editor, author, A58. Marbeau, -lean Baptiste Firmm, philan., A77. Migne, L'Abbe, Jacques Paul, publisher, A75. Pereire, Eniile, financier, a founder of Credit Mobilier, A75. Quinet, Edgar, philosopher, author, A72. Remusat, Comte de, Charles l-'rancois Marie, philosopher, statesman, A78. Schneider, Eugene, manuf., politician, A70. Waldeck, Count .lean t'red, Bohemian paint- er, dies at Paris, A 109. 1876 * * Agoult, Marie C. S. de Flavigny d', author, A76. Andral, Gabriel, physician, A79. Balard, Antoine Jerome, chemist, A74. Bertini, Henri, Eng.-Fr. comp. pianist, A78. Broglie, Due de, J. V. Albert, author, A55. Brongniart, Adolphe Tbeophile, botanist, A75. Chaix d'Est-Ange, Gustave Louis Adolph Victor Charles, advocate, A76. Colet, Louise (Kevoilt, novelist, A66. David, Felieien Cesar, niusieal comp., A66. Didot, Ambroise Firuiin, publisher, A86. Esquiros, Henri Alphonse, novelist, A62. Flandin, Eugene Napoleon, painter, archeol- ogist, A67. Fromentin, Eugene, painter, A56. Guigniaut, Joseph Daniel, schol., antiq., A82. Leniaitre, Fr6d£ric, actor, A76. Mallet, Charles Auguste, philosopher, A69. P6rier. Casimir. financier, statesman, A 65. Sand, George (A. L. A. Dupin, Madame Dudevant), novelist, A72. Sain te-Claire-Dev die, Charles, geologist, A62. Wolowskt, L. F. M. Raymond, econ., A66. 1877* * Aurelle de l'aladines, Claude Mi- chel Louis, general, A73. Autran, Joseph, poet, At>5. Bertin, Louise Angclique, singer, comp., A72. Caventou, Joseph Bienanne, chemist, A82. Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Theodule, gen- eral, A84. Conneau, Henri, physician, A74. Courbet, Gustave, painter, A58. Cournot, Antoine Augustin, math., A76. Jeanron, Philippe Augusie, painter, A68. Lanfrey, 1'ierie, historian, A49. Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, astron- omer, A76. Picard, Ernest, statesman, A56. Sept. 4. Thiers, Louis Adolphe, histo- rian, President, A80. 1878 * * AiuhrTret, Marquis d', Charles Louis Gaston, financier, senator, A91. Baraguey d'llilhers, Aehille, marshal, A83. lieequeret, Anionic Cesar, physician, A9Q. Bernard, Claude, physiologist, A65. Charton, Edouard, litterateur, A71. Daubignv, Charles Francois, painter, A61. Dupanloup, Feilix A. P., bishop of Orleans, writer, A76. Fremy, Edinond, chemist, A64. Gamier- Pages, Louis Antoine, financier, A75. Jaeqnand, Claudius, painter, A73. Lomenie, Louis Leonard de, author, A60. Naudet, Joseph, sciiolar. historian, A92. Pape-Carpentier, Marie, educator, A63. Kaspail, Francois Vincent, chemist, revolu- tionist, A84. Regnault, Henri Victor, chemist, born. Rochet, Louis, sculptor, A61. CHURCH. 1876 June 1. Paris. The Midmay Mission to the Jews is founded by Rev. John Wilkinson. 1877 * * A society of Catholic young peo- ple called the Militia of Jesus is organ- ized to support the papal cause by moral agencies. 1878 * * Rome. Leo XTTT. is pope. 1879 Mar. * Paris. M. Ferry intro- duces education bills to check clerical influences, abolishing Jesuit colleges, etc. * * J. F. Desprez, archbishop of Tou- louse, is consecrated cardinal priest. * * Rome. The miracles claimed for the shrine of La Salette are discredited by the Pope. * * Paris. Pere Hyacinthe founds a Galilean congregation. LETTERS. 1876 Jan. 10. Paris. The new Catho- lio university is inaugurated. * * Paris. The National Library is said to contain 1,700,000 volumes and MSS. * * Flamarande, by George Sand, appears. * * La Pasquet, by Champfleury, appears. * * La Revtte Philosophique is issued,. * * La Revue Historique is issued. * * Le Divorce, by £inile Augier, appears. * * Monuments divers, by Mariette, ap- pears. [1877, Deir-el-Bahari; later, Itineraire de la Haute- tgypte and Mas- tabas.] 1877 * * Le luthier de Crtmone, by F. E. J. Copp^e, appears. Apr. * Rochefort's Lanteme is repub- lished. * * Trois Contes, by Flaubert, appears. * * L'Assommoir, by Zola, appears. [1880, Nana; 1882, Pot-Bouitle.) * * Le dhni-monde sous la Terreur, by Boisgobey, appears. [1880, La main couple..] * * -78 * * History of a Crime, by Victor Hugo, appears. 1878 June 17. Paris. An Interna- tional Literary Congress meets, with Victor Hugo presiding. [June 28. The members form themselves into an In- ternational Literary Association.] * * Justice and Bonheur, by Sully-Pru- dhomme, appear. 1879 July 9. Paris. M. Ferry's law of superior public instruction is passed by the House of Deputies. * * Les rois en exil, and Contes choisis, la fantaisie et I'kzstoire, by Daudet, appear. [18S1, Numa Roumestan ; 1883, Les cigo- gnes, and L'ltvange'liste.] *; * The Christian Church, by Renan, ap- pears. [1880, Marc-Aurele et la fin du monde antique.] * * Jm philosophie francaise contempo- raine, by Paul Janet, appears. SOCIETY. 1875 Dec. 27. Total Communists convicted to date, 9,596; sentenced to death, 110. 1876 Jan. 1. France adopts the pos- tal system approved by the Interna- tional Postal Convention. June 28-Dec. 2. Paris. Many Com- munists are pardoned ; others have their sentences commuted. 1877 Apr. 6. Paul de Cassagnac is fined and imprisoned for publishing a libel against the Chamber of Deputies in the Pays. Aug. 25 + . Leon Gambetta and editor Murat are prosecuted. The Republique Francaise having pub- lished Gambetta's remark, that the Marshal " must submit or resign " [Sept. 11. Gambetta is sentenced to three months' imprisonment and a fine of 0. Sept. 22. Sentence reaffirmed on Oct. 12. Paris. L6on Gambetta is convicted for placarding his address, and sentenced to pay $750, and imprisonment for three months. 1878 Apr. 7. Paris. The International Postal Congress meets. July * -Aug. * Brief strikes of working- men take place. Sept. 3. Paris. The death of Thiers is solemnly commemorated at Notre Dame. Sept. 4. Paris. The International Con- gress on Weights and Measures meets. "Nov. 16. Leon Gambetta and De For- tou fight a harmless duel. 1879 Jan 26.' Paris. The drawing of the Great Lottery begins : total value of prizes, $1,150,000 ; tickets sold, 12,000,000. The Lottery was organized to raise a fund to pay prizes to International Fair exhibitors, and the expenses of work- ing-men as visitors. STATE. 1875 Dee. 29. The National Assembly passes a new press-law, introduced Nov. 12. By its provisions the state of siege is to be raised except in Algiers and the de- partments of the Seine, Rhone, Bouches- du-Rhone, and Seine-et-Oise. It also provides that numerous press offenses, such as insults to the authorities, false intelligence, and instigation to crime, shall be tried by the correctional tri- bunals, instead of by a jury. FRANCE. 1875, Dec. 27-1879, Mar. *. 751 1876 Jan. 17. The election of senators in the Departments commences. [Jan. 30. Louis Thiers and Victor Hugo are elected.] 3Teb. 20-Mar. 5. General election of deputies ; Republicans have a large majority. [Also in the Senate.] Feb. 21. Paris. M. Buffet, having been defeated in four districts, resigns his office. Mar. 8. The Senate and the Assembly meet. One half of the Senators are Republi- cans, and the other half belong to the three Monarchical parties. The Repub- licans have a decisive majority of the Deputies. Mar. 9. Paris. Jules Dufaure is ap- pointed premier. Cabinet. : Louis Decazes (foreign), Jean Baptiste Say (finance), Ernest de Cissey (war), and others. Mar. 13. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas- quier is elected president of the Senate, and Paul Jules Gre~vy, president of the Assembly. Mar. 21. Both Chambers unanimously vote urgency on Victor Hugo's motion proposing a general amnesty for all acts committed during the reign of the Com- mune. [May 18. Rejected by Deputies. Vote, 394^52.] May 18. Paris. Gen.de Cissey, minister of war, is dismissed at his own request, and is succeeded by Gen. Berthaut. Aug. 17. Paris. Pardon is granted to 68 Communists. [Dec. 2. Pardon and commutations are granted to many more.] Dec. 2. Paris. The Ministry resigns, having been defeated in the Chamber of Deputies on the question of giving mili- tary honors to civil legionaries, and in the Senate on a bill for the cessation of prosecutions of the Communists. Dec. 12. Paris. A new Ministry is organized under Jules Simon (interior), Louis Joseph Martel (justice), other members same as before. 1877 Feb. 5. The severe Press Decree of Jan. 17, 1852, is repealed. Feb. 22. Paris. The Ministry removes 53 sub-prefects who are hostile to the Eepublic. [May 22. Sixty-two more.] Apr. 4r-7. Paris. A Catholic Con- gress meets. May 16. Paris. The Jules Simon Min- istry is displaced by Marshal MacMa- hon, because it allows the repeal of a se- vere press law passed two years before. May 17. Paris. The Due de Broglie forms a Ministry of combined Royal- ists and Imperialists, representing the minority in the Chambers. Members: M. De Fourtou (interior), M. Oailloux (finance), M. Paris (public works), M. De Meaux (acrimlture), M. Brunet (in- struction), Louis iH-razes (t'ort-iutn), M. Ber- thaut (war). The Deputies pass a resolution offered by Leon Gambetta favoring parlia- mentary government. Vote, 355-154. [May 18. A protest against the arbitrary act of the President is signed by 363 Lib- eral deputies.] May 20 k. Louis Thiers becomes the leader of the Republicans. June 1. Paris. Bonnet Duverdier, the chief of the municipality, is arrested for offensive remarks concerning President MacMahon. [June 8. Fined and im- prisoned.] June 19. The Deputies vote against the Government. Vote, 363-158. June 22. The Senate votes for the dis- solution of the Chambers. Vote, 150-130. [June 25. Decreed.] Oot. 14. The Republicans defeat the Bonapartist and clerical parties in a general election. Deputies elected : 325 Republicans, 112 Bonapartists, 96 Monarchists. Nov. 10. F. Paul Jules Gre"vy is re- elected president of the Chamber of Deputies. Nov. 19. The Senate votes for a resolu- tion indirectly reflecting on the minis- ters. [Nov. 20±. They resign.] Nov. 23. Paris. Gen. Rochebouet forms a Royalist Cabinet. Its members not connected with either Chamber, and in disregard of the senti- ments of the majority in the Chambers, it is termed a "Ministry of Affairs." [Nov. 2-4. The Deputies vote no confi- dence in the Ministry. Vote, 323-208. Dec. 7. The Ministry resigns.] Dec. 13. Paris. After repeated failures in forming Ministries opposed to the Chambers, Marshal MacMahon submits to the majority. Dec. 14. Paris. Jules Dufaure is made premier, and forms a Republican Min- istry- Members: Dufaure (justice), M. De Mar- cere (interior), William H. Waddington, a Protestant (fort'isn allairs), Alienor Bardoux (instruction), Gen. Jean Louis Borel (war), Vice-Adm. Pothnau (marine), Leon Say (fi- nance), Teisserenc de Bort (commerce), Charles Louis de Freycinet (public works). Dec. 15. The Ministry remove restric- tions on the press. * * W. I. The Island of St. Bartholomew, ceded to Sweden in 17S4, is restored to France. 1878 Jan. 24.. The Assembly adopts a bill granting amnesty for press offenses from May 16 to Dec. 14, 1877. Feb. 8. The Chamber passes a bill de- claring that a state of siege cannot be proclaimed without its consent. June 13-July 13. William H. Wad- dington represents France in the Berlin Conference. Aug. 16. Paris. The first International Monetary Congress meets. [1881. Apr. 19. Meets again.] * * The Court of Cassation decides that the marriage of a priest is illegal, and that the children of priests have no legal rights. 1879 Jan. 13. Paris. Gen. Borel, war minister, is forced to resign, and is succeeded by Gen. Gresley. Jan. 15. Louis Joseph Martel is elected president of the Senate. Jan. 17. Paris. The President issues a decree for the pardon of 2,245 Com- munists. Jan. 26. Paris. The drawing of the Na- tional Lottery begins. (See Society.) Jan. 28. Paris. President MacMahon refuses to change officers of the four army corps in the ministerial attempt to displace officials who are opposed to the Republic. President MacMahon escapes from his conflict with the Chambers by resigning the presidency. Jan. 30. Jules Gr6vy is elected Presi- dent of the Republic of France, by the Senators and Deputies assembled in joint meeting as «« The National As- sembly." Vote, 563 for Grevy, Repub- lican ; 99 for Gen. Antoine Eugene Alfred Chanzy, Monarchist. Jan. 31. L§on Gambetta, a Republi- can, is elected president of the Chamber of Deputies. [Feb. 1. Jules Dufaure, the premier, resigns.] Feb. 4. Paris. "William Henry Wad- dington is made premier, and forms a new Ministry. Members: 31. le Rover (justice), Jules Ferry (instruction), M. Lei^-re (agriculture), Adm. Juurt'giuberry (inarini'i, Leon Say (finance), M. de Marcere (in(.erinr), M. de Freycinet (public works), Gen. Gresley (war). Feb. 21. The Chamber of Deputies passes an amnesty bill in behalf of Communists. [Feb. 28. Passed by the Senate.] Mar. 3. Paris. Owing to a police scan- dal, M. de Marcere, minister of the interior, resigns. [Mar. 4. Succeeded by M. Lepere.] Mar. 15. Jules Ferry introduces in the Chamber of Deputies two educational bills. One relates to higher education and the other to the Supreme Council of Public Instruction. [1880. Jan. 30. The latter is passed by the Senate. Feb. 21. By the Deputies.] Their object is to secularize education, and limit the in- fluence of religious orders in institutions of learning. Mar. 19. The Chamber of Deputies passes a bill providing that within four years normal schools for the instruc- tion of primary schoolmasters and schoolmistresses should be established in every department of France. MISCELLANEOUS. 1876 Jan. * General prosperity pre- vails ; the Government's revenue for the past year has not been surpassed. June 9. The bodies of King Louis Phi- lippe and others of his family, having been removed from England, are buried in the mausoleum at Dreux. July * A great destruction of vines occurs by disease; $60,000 reward is offered for a remedy. 1877 Nov. 8. The census announces the population as 36,905,788, being an in- crease of 802,867 over 1872. 1878 May 1. Paris. President Mac- Mahon opens the International Exhi- bition. * * Many embarrassed subsidiary railway lines are purchased by the Government for $55,000,000. 752 1879, Apr. 8-1883, Jan. 28. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1880 Aug. 19. The great ironclad De- vastation is launched. 1881 Mar. * -Apr. * Algeria. An ex- pedition is sent to chastise the Kru- mirs ; it invades Tunis (p. 10). May 12. A treaty with the Bey of Tunis is signed at Bardo (p. 10). 1882 * * France sends a force to occupy Tongking (p. 481). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1880 Oct. * Ozone is liquefied by Haute- feuille. * * Paris. Maximo du Camp and Aime" Joseph Edmond Rousse are elected mem- bers of the National Academy. [1881. Rene" Francois Armand Sully-Prud- homme, Louis Pasteur, Charles Victor Cherbuliez, Adolphe Louis Albert Per- raud, Edouard Jules Henri Pailleron, and Louis Charles de Mazade-Percin ; 1884, Francois Edouard Joachim Cop- pee, Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps, Jean Victor Duruy, Joseph Louis Francois Bertrand, and Ludovic Halevy ; 1S86, Charles Marie Leconte de Lisle, Aime Marie fidouard Herve, Vallery Clement Octave Greard, and Jean Baptiste L6on Say.] * * Paris. Diamonds are artificially made. * * Paris. A prehistoric and Gaul mu- seum is established. 1881 May * Paris. The electric ac- cumulator, or secondary battery, a modification by M. Faure of Gaston Plante's powerful lead battery of 1860, is exhibited. Aug. * Paris. An electric tramway is set up. Sept. 22. Paris. An Electrical Con- gress is held. Oct. 1. Paris. Louis Pasteur has suc- cessfully vaccinated 68,900 sheep up to this date. * * Paris. Herculanhtm is exhibited in the Salon by Hector Leroux. 1882 Aug. 12. The planet Philoso- phia is discovered by Paul Henry. Sept. 4. Fourth International Congress of Geographers is held at Bordeaux. * * Paris. El Jaleo is exhibited at the Salon by John S. Sargent. : * Ensilage, a system of preserving corn and green fodder for cattle in pits made air and water tight, comes into practise. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1879 * * Bastide, Jules, journalist, A79. Chenu, Jean Charles, naturalist, A71. Chevalier, Mii-litl, economist, A73. Chevalier, J. B. Alphonse, chemist, A86. Clairville, Louis Francois Nicolaie, drama- tist, A68. Couture, Thomas, painter, A64. Douay, Feaix Charles, general, A61. Glaire, Jean Uapiisti-, theol., orientalist, A81. Gervaise, Paul, naturalist, A63. Le Moyne, Julius, advocate of cremation, d. Minis, Claude E., inv. Minie rifle-bullet, A69. Napoleon, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, son of Napoleon III., A23. Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, physi'-ian, A85. Reybaud, Marie Iloi-b Louis, author, A80- Taillandier, Rene 1 Gaspard Ernest, philoso- pher, critic, A62. Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugene E., architect, A65. Vaulahelle, Achille Tenaille de, journalist, statesman, A80. 1880 * * Au/.oux. Theodore Louis, phys.,A83. Chasles, Michel, gcumelrician, A87. Olincliamp, Francois E. V., paint., au., A93. Cremieux, Isaac Adolphe, advocate, A84. Favre. Jules G. C. orator, statesman, A71. Flaubert, Gustave, novelist, A59. Fournier, Edouard, litterateur, A61. Galimard, ISieulas Auguste, painter, A67. Granier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard, journalist, politician, historian, A72. Gudin, Jean A. T., marine painter, A78. Gramont, Due de, Antoine Agenor Alfred, statesman, A61. Jacquemart, Jules F., author, A43. Mirecourt, Eugene de, novelist, writer, A68. Offenbach, Jacques, composer of comic operas, A61. Poujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, au., A80. Pereir, Isaac, financier, a founder of Credit Mobilier, A74. Saulcy, Louis F. J. de Caignart de, archeol- ogist, A73. Seguin, Edouard, physician, alienist, A68. 1881 * * Auger, Hippblyte Nicolas Just, nov- elist, A 84. Blanqui, Louis Auguste, socialist, A76. Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard, statesman, A76. Deville, Henri Etienne Sainte-t Taire, chem- ist, A63. Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper, states- man, A83. Fisch, George, Swiss-Fr. Protestant cl., A67. Gatteaux, Jacques Edouard, artist, A93. Girardin, Emile de, journalist, A75. Giraud, Charles ,1. B., jurist, A79. Graux, Charles, pinlologist, A39. Littre, Masimilien Paul Emile, philolo- gist, A80. , Mariette, Auguste Edouard, Egyptolo- gist, A60. Uhrich, Jean J. A., general, A 79. 1882 * * Barbier, Henri Auguste, poet, A77. Biard, Francois Auguste, painter, A82. Blanc, Auguste Alexandre Charles, art-critic, A67. Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis, pol., author, A 69. Cissey, Ernest L. O. C. de, general, pol., A70. Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre, general, A65. Dupre, Giovanni, Franco- Italian sculp., A65. Gambetta, Leon Michel, statesman, A44. Gignoux, Francois Kegis, painter, A66. CHURCH. 1880 Mar. 29. Benedictine monks with other orders are expelled. A de- cree is issued dissolving the Order of Jesuits; it also abolishes many con- vents. [Apr. * Many bishops protest against the expulsion bills.] June 30. The expulsion of the Jesuit Order is effected. [Oct. 16+. The Car- melites and other orders are expelled.] * * -82 * * The American Baptist theo- logical school is reopened. 1881 Oct. 1. Pome. The Pope releases the Capuchins from their monastic 1882 * * Charles Martial Allemand La- vigerie, archbishop of Carthage, is con- secrated cardinal priest. LETTERS. 1880 * * Le Livre is issued. * * Le roman d'un brave Jiomme, by About, * * Daniel Eockat and Divorcons, by Sar- dou, appear. [1885, Georgette.] * * Moliere, bv Houssave, appears. [1885- 91, Confessions.] * * Amours fragiles, by Cherbuliez, ap- pears. [1881, Xoirs et rouges; 1883, La ferme du Choquart; 1885, Olivier Mau- gant.] k * _82 * * L'JTtstoire du tribunal rivolu- timmaire de Paris, by Wallon, appears. * * -82 Lesoripinesdef'fiistoired'apresla Bible, by Francois Lenormant, appears. 1881 Feb. 27. Paris. Victor Hugo is fHed by a number of his admirers ; a procession of children assemble at his residence in the Avenue d'Eylau. * * La prince sse de Bagdad,hy Alexandre Dumas, Jils, appears. [1885, Denise; 1887, Frangillon.} * * Petit Traitk. de Versification Fran- caise, by de Banville, appears. * * Les quatre vents de Cesprit, by Victor Hugo, appears. * * Madame de Maintenon, by F. E. J, Coppee, appears. * * Serge Panine, by Georges Ohnet, ap- pears. [1X82, Le maitre de forges; 1883, La comtesse Sarah ; 1884, Lise Fleuron ; 1885, La grande mariniere ; 1886, Les dames de Crolx-Mort.'] * * La maison Tellier, by Henri R. A. Guy de Maupassant, appears. [1882, Mademoiselle Fiji; 1883, Contes de la be'easse, and Une vie ; 1S84, Miss Harriet, J^es sceurs Rondoli, Au soleil, Clair de lime, and Yvette.] 1882 Oct. 2. The Compulsory Edu- cation Act goes into operation. * * La Bibliographie artistique, historique, et litUraire de Paris avant 1789, by L'Abbe^ V. Dufour, appears. * * La revanche de Fernande, by Boisgo- bey, appears. SOCIETY. 1879 Apr. 20. Blanqui, a convict, is elected to the Assembly, for Bordeaux. [June 11. Pardoned.] June 1. So. Afr. Napoleon IV. is killed by natives in Zululand -while serving under the British flag. [July 12. His remains are buried beside his father at Chiselhurst.] 1880 July 14. Paris. The first Grand Republican national f6te is celebrated. The fall of the Bastille is celebrated with elaborate ceremonies. Oct. 19. Paris. Felix Pyat. editor of the Commune, convicted of justifying regicide, is fined and imprisoned. Oct. 21+. Paris. The 200th anniversary of the establishment of the Com£die Franeaise is celebrated. 1881 Jan. 15. London. The French National Society is organized for social, commercial, and artistic purposes. May 13+. Much excitement prevails at Marseilles following the signing of a treaty with the Bey of Tunis. [June 22. Dissensions and conflicts occur between the French and Italians ; several deaths occur and 200 arrests.] Aug. 15-lSTov. 15. Paris. The Inter- national Electrical Congress meets, and holds an exhibition. [1882. Oct. 11. Another opens. Oct. 16. An Interna- tional Submarine Conference meets.] 1882 Aug. * An organization of an- archists is discovered. It is alleged to have been originated in Geneva by Prince Krapotkin ; tracts are used to disseminate their doctrines. Oct. 27. A mob creates a panic at Lyons; business and amusement places are closed. [Oct. 28+ . The troops restore order.] Nov. 23. Paris. Crown jewels valued at $500,000 are stolen from the Cathedral of St. Denis. Nov. 27. Le*on Gambetta is acciden- tally shot by a. revolver which he was FRANCE. 1879, Apr. 8-1883, Jan. 28. 753 handling; the wound is fatal. [1SS3. Jan. G. A state funeral is given.] .Dec. 20. Two directors of the Union Ge"n6rale are imprisoned for gross frauds, which caused great distress. This financial company was patronized by Legitimists, the clergy, and the mid- dle classes. Dec. 21±. Prince Peter Krapotkin, a Russian Socialist and Anarchist, is ar- rested under the law directed against the Internationalists. [18S3. Jan. 8+. He is tried at Lyons with 50 others. Jan. 19. He is sentenced to imprisonment for five years and to pay a fine. 18S6. Released.] STATE. 1879 Apr. 8. Paris. The pardon of 252 Communists is decreed. [May 24. Also 400 more. June 5. Also 288 more.] June 4. The Chamber of Deputies an- nuls the election of' Louis Auguste Blanqui, a Socialist and convict, elected for Bordeaux. [June 11. He is par- doned.] June 29. The Congress of Senate and Deputies vote for the return of the Legislature to Paris. Vote, 526-249. [Nov. 27. It meets in Paris.] July 9. Paris. The Deputies pass the Ferry Bill for superior public instruc- tion. (See Mar. 15 and 19.) July 20. Prince Napole'on Je*rome is coldly accepted by the Bonapartists as their leader. Dec. 21. Paris. The Waddington Min- istry resigns. Dec. 28, 29. Paris. M. de Freycinet forms a new Ministry ; it includes Jules Ferry (instruction) and Leper© (interior) [Gen. Farre (War)]. * * The Government sends out an expe- dition to Central Africa; a fort is built at Bafoulahe. thus bringing the French frontier nearer the Niger. 1880 Jan. 30. Paris. A proclamation is issued disbanding the Jesuits. Feb. 12. Paris. The Chambers reject plenary amnesty for Communists. Mar. 9. Paris. The clause of the Lib- erty of Education Bill abolishing Jesuit schools is rejected by the Senate. Vote, 149-129. [Mar. 15. Passed. Mar. 16. Passed by the Deputies.] Mar. 29. Paris. Under the Ferry Edu- cational Bill a decree is issued dissolv- ing the Order of Jesuits and other religious orders. [Apr. * Many bishops and other per- sons protest against it. May 1. M, Le- pere, minister for the interior, resigns. May 18. M. Constan succeeds him.] May 25. Paris. Gen. Martel, president of Senate, resigns, and is succeeded by Leon. Say. June 21. Paris. The Chambers pass the bill granting amnesty for political offenses committed since 1870, incen- diaries and assassins excepted. Vote, 333-140. [July 3. Passes the Senate. Vote, 143-138.] June 29. Tahiti, the largest island of the Society group, lying in the South Pacific Ocean, is annexed to France. June 30. The Jesuit Order is expelled amid much opposition. July 10. President Grevy grants a gen- eral amnesty to Communists. July 12. Paris. Henri Kochefort is warmly received on his return from exile. Aug. 1. The Republicans obtain a great majority at the elections held by the councils general on anti-clerical and anti-Bonapartist issues. Sept. 20. Paris. Premier de Freyci- net resigns because of his disapproval of the Jesuit exclusion decree. A new Ministry is formed. Members : Jules Ferry (premier and instruction), Adm. Cloute (marine), Ma- rie Sadi Carnot (public works), Barthe- lemy Saint-Hilaire (foreign) ; other of- fices unchanged. Oct. 9. Paris. The International Postal Congress meets. Nov. * Paris. The Senate approves of a bill establishing a high school for girls, which had been previously passed by the Deputies. 1881 Feb. 15. Paris. A bill extend- ing the liberty of the press is passed by the Deputies. Mar. * An expedition is sent to Tunis ostensibly to enforce the claims of the Soci^te" Marseillaise to certain lands in Tunis ; it ends in an attempt to estab- lish a protectorate. May 12. A treaty is signed with the Bey of Tunis establishing a French protectorate. [May 23. The Chamber ratifies a treaty. Vote, 453-1. Nov. 9. Confirmed by Deputies.] May 18. Paris. A bill for the scrutin de liste urged by Gambetta is adopted by the Chamber of Deputies. Vote, 243- 235. [June 9. Rejected by the Senate. Vote, 148-114.] Aug. 2li. The Republicans make great gains in the general elections. Nov. 3. Paris. M. Brisson is elected president of the Chamber of Deputies. Nov. 10. Paris. The Ministry resign. Nov. 13. Paris. A new Ministry is formed. Members : Leon Gambetta (premier, and foreign affairs), Main* Sadi Harriot (justice), W aide ck- Rousseau (interior), Francois Rene" Allain-Targa (finance), Gen. Campenon (war), M. Gougeard (marine), Paul Bert (education and worship), M. Raynal (public works), Maurice Rouvier (commerce and colonies), M. Coebery (posts and telegraphs), M. Deves (agriculture), and M. Proust (arts). 1882 Jan. 9. Paris. Republicans pre- dominate in the Senate ; it now stands 207 Republicans and 93 opposition. Jan. 26. Paris. The Government is de- feated by the Deputies, who reject the scrutin de liste. Vote, 305-119. Premier Gambetta resigns. Jan. 30. Paris. A new Ministry is formed. Members : Charles Louis de Freycinet (president of the council and foreign affairs), Leon Say (finance), Jules Ferry (instruction), M. Goblet (interior and worship), M. Hum- bert (justice), Gen. Billot (war), Adm. Jau- r^guiberry (marine ) , M. Varroy (public works), Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (com- merce), M. Mahy (agriculture), M. Cochery (posts and telegraphs). Mar. 31. Paris. A new education bill is passed, notwithstanding the interfer- ence of the Government. May* Paris. The Deputies pass a hill establishing a law of divorce. June 1. Paris. The Government re- ceives a vote of confidence. Vote, 298- 70. [July 20. Again respecting Egypt. Vote, 28&-105.] July 29. Paris. The Deputies negative the vote of credit for the protection of the Suez Canal on motion of M. Cle- menceau. Vote, 416-75. The Ministry resigns. Aug. 7. Paris. A new Ministry is or- ganized. Members: M. Duclere (president of the council and foreign alTairs), P. Paul Emman- uel Tirard (finance), 11. lteves (justice), M. de Fallieres (interior i, Pierre Lecrand (com- merce and public works), Gen. Billot (war), Adm. Jaurn^'uiberry (navy), M. Cochery (posts and telegraphs), M. de Mahy (agricul- ture), M. Duvaux (instruction). Aug. 31+. The Bonapartists select Prince Victor as leader of their party. Aug. * An attempted insurrection by Anarchists at Montceau-les-Mines is suppressed. [Many are arrested and some convicted.] July * Paris. The Ministry defends the claims of France to a protectorate over the northwest part of Madagascar, in diplomatic correspondence with Great Britain; the claim is founded on a treaty made in 1841 with rebel chiefs. Nov. 21. The treaty negotiated with the King of [French] Kongo by Count Pierre Braganza is ratified. ** Nickel is ordered to be substituted for bronze coinage. 1883 Jan. 16. Prince Napoleon, hav- ing published a manifesto against the Government, is arrested. [Feb. 9. In- dictment quashed, and the. prince re- leased.] Paris. M. Floquet introduces a bill for the expulsion of the Bourbons and the Bonapartes. A Government bill is introduced to effect the same end. Jan. 28. Paris. The expulsion bill having been adopted by the committee, the Duclerc Ministry resigns. [Jan. 29. It is reconstituted under M. Fallieres. Feb. 13. It resigns.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1879 June * The new French trans- atlantic cable to he laid from Brest to St. Pierre leaves by the Faraday. [Oct. * It connects with Halifax ; 1SS0. June 1. The line from Paris to New York is opened.] * * Seven vessels sail with emigrants for Port Breton, an isle near New Cale- donia, South Pacific ; they meet with misery, disease, and to a large extent with death. 1880 Mar. 3. Paris. The Panama Canal Company is organized. Nov. 24. L'Oncle Joseph, a French steamer, is sunk by collision with the Ortigia, an Italian steamer, off Spezzia ; about 250 lives are lost. 1881 Sept. 5. A collision occurs on the Lyons railway at Charenton ; 20 per- sons are killed. 1882 Jan. 1. Paris. Over speculation causes a panic on the Bourse. [Jan. 30. The Union Generate Company fails, and the panic is renewed.] Dec. * Paris. The Ex-Empress Eugenie presents the Pharo Chateau and Park to the city. [1883. July * Accepted.] 754 1883, Feb. 1-1887, Mar. 14. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1883 * * Madagascar. The French fleet, under Adm. Pierre, bombards Tama- tave. (See Madagascar.) 1884 * * Gen. Georges Ernest J. M. Bou- langer commands the army of occupa- tion in Tunis. * * Open war occurs with China respect- ing Tongking (p. 482). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1883 July 14. Paris. A colossal statue of the Republic is unveiled. 1884 Feb. * Messrs. Goupil's process of photogravure, rivaling mezzotint, is reported highly successful. Apr.±*-May* Paris. An International Conference on electrical units is held. Apr. 14. A statue of Gambetta, by Falquieres, erected at Cahors, is un- veiled by Jules Ferry. July 4. Paris. A colossal statue of Liberty, made by Fr*ide>ic August© Bartholde, to be given to the United States, is unveiled by Jules Ferry. Aug. * Louis Pasteur discovers a method for mitigating the effect of hydro- phobia, analogous to vaccination. He experiments successfully upon dogs. Dec. 14. Louis Pasteur inoculates 40 persons against hydiuphobia. * * Massacre of Marchicoul is painted by Francois Fla'meng Flaurenc. 1886 Feb. *± Paris. Volaptik, an at- tempt at a universal commercial lan- guage, is invented by L'Abbe' Schlever. May * Paris. An international hospi- tal [afterwards termed the Pasteur In- stitute] is opened by President Carnot. Aug. 10. A violent storm occurs in the northeast ; much damage is done at Keims, Nancy, and other places. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1883 * * P.arrande, Joachim, geologist, A84. Bescherelle, Louis Nicolas, grammarian, lex- icographer, A8I. Chambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D., head of the chief elder branch of Bourbon dynasty, A63. Chanzy, Antoine Eugene A., general, A60. Clesinger, J. B. Augusts, sculptor, A69. Cloquet, Baron Jules Germain, physician, surgeon, A93. Dor6, Paul Gustave, artist, A51. Dubufe, Edouard, portrait-painter, A63. Gigault, Emile de la liedolliere, author, A71. Halevy, Leon, poet, A81. Hippeau, Celestin, educator, A80. Laboulaye, Edouard Ren6 Lefebre, jurist, historical writer, A72. Lagrange, Comte, Frederic, horseman, A67. Lenormant. Francois, arrlit-olugist, A46. Martin, Bon Louis Henri, historian, A73. Sandeau, Jules Leonard Sylvain, novel- ist, A72. Veuillot, Louis, journalist, author, A70. 1884* * Allaruciie, Mane Michel, humorist, A73. Bastien-Lepage, Jules, painter, A36. Damont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste, archeologist, A42. Dumas, Jean I'.aptiste, chemist, A84. Dumont, Augustin Alexandre, sculptor, A83. Fleury, Emile E., general, statesman, A69. Lacroix, Paul, novelist, mis. writer, A77. Masse, Victor, composer, A62. Mignet, Francois Auguste Marie, histo- rian, A 87. Moigno, L'Abb(5, Francois Napoleon Marie, scientist, A80. Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene, litterateur, Regnier, Jacques Auguste Adolpbe, philolo- gist, A 80. Thenard, Arnould Paul Edmond, chemist, A64. I'bicini, Jean H. A., author, A66. Wimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de, general, A73. Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, chemist, A67. 1885 May 22. About, Edmond, novelist, dramatist, journalist, A56. Clement, Felix, composer, A65. Hugo, Victor Marie, novelist, poet, A83. Milne-Edwards, Henri, naturalist, A85. Monnier, Marc, litterateur, A56. Robin, Charles I'hilippe, anatomist, A64. 1886 * * Baudrv, Paul Jacques Aimee, paint- er, A 58. Castille, Charles Hippolyte, novelist, politi- cal writer, A66. Falloux, Vicomte de, Fre!d£ric Alfred Pierre, statesman, writer, A75. Frere, Pierre Edouard, painter, A67. Guibert, Joseph Hippolyte, cardinal, arch- bishop of Paris, A84. Isabey, Eugene Louis G., painter, A82. ployed artisans to violence. [Many ar- rests are made. Mar. 30. Michel is arrested. June 23. Imprisoned for - a term of six years.] Sept. 29. Paris. The President receives Alfonso XII., King of Spain; the mob hoot him in the streets. Oct. 29. Paris. An International Con- ference of Workmen meets. CHURCH. 1883 June 23. President Grevy re- ceives a letter from the Pope censuring the hostility of the Government toward religious orders. [Aug. 8. Pome. A firm reply is returned.] 1884 Feb. 11. A papal encyclical urges the bishops to increased vigilance against heresy and infidelity. 1886 Apr. 1. Paris. Archbishop Gui- bert protests by letter against President Grevy prohibiting monks and nuns from teaching in the schools. * * Pome. V. F. Bernardow, archbishop of Sens, and B. M. Langenieux, arch- bishop of Reims, are consecrated car- dinal priests. LETTERS. 1883 * * M. Pasteur's Lliistoire d'un Sa- vant appears. * * Third series of La legende des siecles, by Victor Hugo, appears. * * Les maitres de la pensie moderne and Pes origines du socia/isme confe/nporain, by Paul Janet, appear. [18S5, Victor Cousin.] * * My Reminiscences, by Renan, appears. 1884 Mar. * An Anti-Clerical Educa- tional BiU passes. (See State.) * * Trist esses et sourires and L' Enfant, by Droz, appear. * * Sappho, by Daudet, appears. * * Pohnes tragiques, by Leconte de Lisle, 1885 * * Tartarin in the Alps, by Daudet, appears. * * Bel- Ami, Conies du jour et de lanuit, and Conies et noure/U's, by Maupassant, appear. [1S86, M. Parent, La petite Rogue, and Toine ; 1SS7, Contes choisis, Mont Oriol, and Le Bforla.] 1886 Apr. 6. Avant la Bastille, by M. Bartheleiny, advocating the reconquest of Alsace and Lorraine, appears. Oct. 26. Paris. The Education BiU permitting lay teachers only is passed by the Chamber. * * La Jin de Satan, and Xe th&dtre en liberie, by Victor Hugo, appear. [1887, Glioses; 1888-93, Tout la lyre; 1889, Les jumeaux ; 1890, En J'onage: Alps et Py- rknkes; 1891, Ltieu.] * * Ija bande rouge, by Boisgobey, appears. * * La belle Nivernaise, by Daudet, ap- pears. [1887, Twite ans de, Paris; 1888, JS Immortelle ; 1890, Port Ta ra scon ; 1892, Pose et Ninette ; 1894, La petite Paroisse.] SOCIETY. 1883 Mar. 9. Paris. Louise Michel, the anarchist, and others incite unem- 1884 Oct. 10. Capt.Fournierand Henri Rochefort because of an attack in the Intransige'ant fight a duel; both are slightly wounded. 1885 June 1. "Victor Hugo is buried in the Pantheon; the funeral proces- sion is three miles long, all Paris being spectators. July 21. Paris. The Fourth Interna- tional Monetary Conference meets. Oct. 29. Paris. Minister de Freyeinet is shot at in the Place de la Concorde. 1886 Jan. 13. M.Barreme, the prefect of Eure, is assassinated in a railway carriage. Jan. 26. a reduction of wages causes a strike at the Decazeville iron mines and works in Aveyron. Watrin, the engineer in charge, is trampled to death by the strikers, who number 3,000. [June 10. It ends by a compromise. June 20. Four of the mur- derers of Watrin are sentenced to eight or more years imprisonment.] * * The reports show the average con- sumption of wine per capita to be 26.74 gallons; distilled spirits, 1.24 gallons. Aug. * -Oct. * Labor disturbances oc- curring in Paris and in Vierzon are sup- pressed by the military. STATE. 1883 Feb. 1. Paris. M. Fabre's bill permitting the Bourbon and Bonaparte princes to remain in France, but with the loss of civil rights, passes the Chamber. Vote, 343-163. Feb. 12. Paris. The Senate rejects the expulsion bill, but adopts an amendment of MM. Say and Wadding- ton providing for expulsion after trial and conviction. Vote, 165-127. Feb. 15. Paris. The Deputies adopt the Barbey Bill, giving the President power to expel the princes when they become dangerous to the State. [Feb. 17. Rejected by the Senate.] Feb. 21. Paris. Jules Ferry, Oppor- tunist, or Moderate Republican, forms a new Ministry. Members: Jules Ferry (premier and in- struction), Pierre Marie Paul A maud Chal- leniel-Lacour (foreign affairs), M. Wakieck- Kousseau (interior), Felix Martin Feuilhl (justice), Gen. Tliibaudin (war), Charles Marie Brim (marine), Paul Emmanuel Ti- rard (finance l, Iiavid Kaynal (public works), Felix Jules Meline (agriculture), Louis Co- clierv (posts and telegraphs), Anne Charles Ilerisson (commerce). [Nov. 17±. Challe- mal-Lacour retires; other changes follow.] Feb. 24. Paris. The Deputies approve the decree for the retirement of the Orleanist princes from the army. Vote, 295-103. It aims at the Due d'Au- male, the Due de Chartres, and the Due D'Alencon. Sept. 20. Paris. A great Royalist meet- ing is held. FRANCE. 1883, Feb. 1-1887, Mar. 14. 755 Oct. 5. Paris. Gen. Tkibaudin resigns as minister of war. [Oct. 9. Succeeded by Gen. Campenon.] Oct. 27-31. Paris. The Deputies give the ministers a vote of confidence re- specting Tongking, the French protec- torate being threatened by the presence of Taiping refugees and Black Flags. [Dec. 10, 18. Also again.] Dec. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties votes to postpone the Algerian col- onization scheme, appropriating tribal lands for French colonists. * * The Chambers pass a bill for the re- form of the judicature. It proposes to reduce the excessive number of judges, increase the salaries, and recruit the bench entirely from the legal profession. 1884 Feb. 4. Pans. A committee of investigation to inquire into the condi- tion of the working class, "who are suf- fering from the commercial crisis, is ap- pointed by the Deputies. "Vote, 254-249. Mar. 27. Paris. The Chambers vote to support French honor in Madagascar. Vote, 450-32. Mar. * Paris. The Chambers pass a bill establishing boards of arbitration to settle future disputes between mine- owners and workmen. Mar. * The Deputies pass a bill debarring the clergy and members of religious or- ders from the direction of primary schools as teachers, inspectors, mem- bers of the educational councils, or of the officially appointed school boards. June * Prince Victor is acknowledged the leader of the Bonapartist party. His father publishes a painful correspon- dence. July 31. Paris. The Deputies accept a modified Senate bill for the revision of the Constitution. Aug. 4-K Paris. The Senate and Depu- ties meet as a Congress. [Aug. 13. The Congress accepts the revision of the Constitution. Vote, 509-172.] The Congress provides for the gradual abolition of Senator for life as vacancies occur. New Senators are to be elected for nine years by the departments. Aug. * The Senate passes a bill to pro- vide for the transportation to Cayenne of recidivists, or persons convicted of repeated offenses of a certain class. Oct. 4. Paris. A decree is issued creat- ing a staff of French civilians for Tunis, thus establishing the protectorate over that country. 23ov. 4. Paris. A hill is introduced in the Senate for revising the organiza- tion of the Senate. [Dec. 15. Passed by both Chambers.] It merges the 75 life-senatorships as they fall vacant with the 225 department- al senatorships. The scale of senatorial electors is to be : one elector to com- munes with 10 municipal councillors, 2 for 12 councillors, 3 for 15, 6 for 21, 9 for 23, 12 for 27, 15 for 30, 18 for 32, 21 for 34, 24 for 36, and 30 for Paris. Nov. 28. Paris. The Deputies vote a credit for the war in Tongking. Vote, 282-187. [Dec. 11. Passed by the Sen- ate.] 1885 Jan. 4. Paris. Gen. Campenon resigns as war minister, and is suc- ceeded by Gen. Lewal. Mar. 24. Paris. The Deputies pass a bill for the election of all the deputies of each department on a single ticket (the " scrutin de liste"). Vote, 402-91. [It is amended and passed by the Sen- ate. June 8. Passed again by the Dep- uties.] Mar. 28. Paris. The Senate votes a duty on foreign grain and meal. Mar. 30. Paris. The Ferry Ministry, defeated in the Chamber of Deputies on a vote of credit for the Chinese war, re- signs. Vote, 308-161. [Mar. 31. A credit of 50,000,000 francs is voted. Apr. 7. Also 150,000,000 more.] Apr. 5. Paris. A new Ministry is formed by Henri Brisson. Members: Henri Brisson (president and justice,, M. de Freycinet (foreign), Allain- Targe" (interior), M. Goblet (instruction and worship), Gen. Campenon (war), Adm. Gab- ber (marine), M. Clamagrraii i finance), Sadi- Carnot (public works), Pierre Legrand (com- merce), Herve-Mangon (agriculture), M. Sar- rien (posts and telegraphs). Apr. * Paris. The Government is in- censed by the suppression by the British on Feb. 29, 1884 of the Cairo newspaper Bosphore Egyptien. [A dispute with Great Britain follows, but ends ami- cably.] May 12. Paris. Bills for the depor- tation of relapsed criminals and mis- demeanants and for abolishing public executions are passed by the Senate. May 24. Paris. Anarchists make a demonstration at P&re La Chaise, which is suppressed by the police. June 9. Peace between France and China is declared. July 17. Paris. The Deputies pass a bill imposing a duty of 50 per cent, on imports from Eoumania. Oct. 4. The parliamentary elections are held, returning 200 Conservatives, 230 Moderates or Opportunists, 150 Radi- cals. [Oct. 6, The ministers, Herve- Mangon and Legrand, not being elected, resign. M. Gomot becomes minister of corn- Dec. 2S. F. P. Jules Gr<§vy is elected President of the Republic of France for seven years. Vote, Grevy, 457 ; M. Bris- son, 68. Dec. 29. Paris. The Brisson Ministry resigns. Dec. * Peace between France and Mada- gascar is declared. 1886 Jan. 7. A new Ministry is formed. Members: Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (president and foreign affairs), Charles Etienne Demole (justice), Jean L. F. Sarrien (interior), Itene" Goblet (instruc- tion), Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot (finance), Gen. Boulanger (war), Adm. Aube (marine and colonies), M. Baihaut (public works), M. Develle (agriculture), Edouard E. A. S. Lockroy (commerce), Etienne A. F. Granet (posts and telegraphs). Jan. 14. Paris. Amnesty is granted to political prisoners. Feb. 8. Paris. The Senate passes a new school law forbidding the employ- ment of members of religious orders as teachers in the State schools. It will deprive 10,000 monks and nuns of em- ployment. [Oct. 28. Passed by the Dep- uties.] Feb. 16±. Paris. The Eepublican majority is increased by new elections. Republican Deputies, 400 ; the Right,184. June 11. Paris. The Deputies pass a bill providing for the immediate expul- sion from France of the heads of fami- lies and the heirs of former dynasties. [June 22. Passed by the Senate. "Vote, 137-122.] June 23. The Bonapartists leave France. [June 24. The Comte de Paris and family leave. July 23. The Due d'Aumale is exiled.] Dec. 3. Paris. The Deputies having passed an amendment to the budget, abolishing sub-prefects, the ministers resign. Dec. 12. Paris. A new Ministry is formed. Members : Rene" Goblet (president of coun- cil and interior), Leopold Emile Flourens(for- eign), H. Albert Dauphin i finance), M. Ber- thelot(instruction), M. Sarrien (justice), Gen. Boulanger (war), Adm. Aube (marine), M. Granet (posts and telegraphs) , Edouard Lockroy (commerce), Edouard B. P. Millaud (public works), Jean Paul Denelle (agri- culture). 1887 Mar. 14. Paris. The Deputies adopt a bill for increasing the duty on imported corn. Vote, 31S-248. [Mar. 25. It is adopted by the Senate. Later, the duty on imported meat is raised.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1883 June 20. A museum of Revolu- tionary relics is established at Mar- seilles. * * _84 * * The phylloxera is checked in "West France, and vintages prosper. 1884 June 14. The cholera appears at Toulon. [June 28. Deaths to date, 45. June 27. It appears at Marseilles. Sept. 15. Total deaths at Marseilles, 1,671. July 6. A cholera panic occurs at Toulon. Sept. 15. Total deaths by cholera are 5,000. Oct. 26. Registered deaths at Toulon, 880 since June 18.] * * Pa?-is. A crematory is established. 1885 Aprr^^May* Paris. The Inter- national Commission sits ; English and French schemes regarding the Suez Canal are discussed. [May* A treaty is prepared. 1S86. June 13. The Com- mission adjourns.] Aug. 1. Cholera rages at Marseilles ; 1,250 deaths are reported. [Aug. 20. A slight outbreak appears at Toulon ; six deaths occur; it soon diminishes.] Dec. * Great commercial depression occurs ; it is attributed to Government prodigality. 1886* * Paris. An International Trade-Union Congress is held. Inter- national legislation for the protection of laborers is discussed. Feb. * Paris. Telephonic communica- tion is established with Brussels by means of Dr. Cornelius Herz's micro- telephone. 756 1887, Apr, 16-1889, Mar. 15. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1887 Aug. 31. The 17th Army Corps is mobilized near Toulouse. 1888 Mar. 15. Gen. Boulanger is deprived of his command for insubor- dination in visiting Paris against orders. [Mar. * He is tried by a court of five generals. Mar. '26. He is sentenced to retirement. Mar. 27. The sentence is confirmed.] * * The navy numbers 256 vessels. 1889 Jan. 14±. The construction of two iron-clad cruisers and 15 torpedo- boats is authorized. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1887 Apr. 16-26. Paris. An Astro- nomical Congress is held ; it makes ar- rangements for photographing charts of the heavens at different observatories. May 27. The planet Tirsa is discovered by Charlois. [1888, Feb. 4, Antonio. ; May 3, Elvira; 1889, Jan. 4, Ctarinda; Jan. 29, Emma; Feb. 8, Amalia; May 29, Regina.'] June 27. Paris. A British commission for inquiry, consisting of Sir James Paget, Dr. Bunion Sanderson, and oth- ers, arrives to investigate Louis Pas- teur's method of treating hydro- phobia. [Its report is highly favorable.] Aug. 13. Parts. MM. Jovis and Mallet report that thev reached the altitude of 7,000 meters 'in a balloon ascent. Oct. 12. Paris. The Astronomical Society of France is inaugurated. * * Nice is severely damaged by an earth- quake. 1888 July 13. Paris. A monument to Gambetta is unveiled by President Carnot. A central laboratory of electricity is inaugurated at Grenelle by the Inter- national Society of Electricians. Oct. 14. Paris. A statue of Shake- speare is unveiled in the Boulevard Haussinann. * *OtheninPauldeCleron (Comted'Haus- sonville), Jeanne Pierre Jurien de la Graviere, Jules Arnaud Arsene Claretie Henri Meihac, and Eugene Marie Mel- chior (Vicomte de Vogue), are elected members of the Academy. [1890, Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet ; 1891, Louis Marie Jurien Viand (Pierre Loti): 1892, Ernest Lavisse ; 1893, Mar. 23, Paul Challemel Lacour ; later, Vicomte Henri de Barnier, Paul Louis Thureau-Dangin, and Marie Ferdinand Brunetiere; 1894, Feb. 22, M. de Heredia ; May 31, Paul Bourget and Albert Sorel. 1889 Jan. 3. Floods in the southern departments of France cause enormous Feval, Paul Henri Corentin, novelist, A70. Michel, Fnmrisque Xavier, archeol., A78. Oudine, Eugene Andre, sculptor, A77. 1688 Sept. 23. Bazaine, Francois Achille, marshal, A77. Baron, Felix l'latel, writer, A55. Carnot, Lazare Uqumlvte, politic., wr., A87. Colani, Tiniothee, Protestant cl., critic, A64. Etex, Antoine, sculptor, A80. Frere, Charles Theodore, painter, A73. Labiche, Eugene Marin, dramatic au., A73. Lebceuf, Edmund, general, marshal, A79. Maquet, Auguste, novelist, A75. Monselet, Charles, nov.-list, A63. Nisard, Jean Marie Napoleon Desire, critic, litterateur, A82. 1889 Jan. 29. Mariani, M., diplo., dies. Jan. 23. Cabanel, Alex., painter, A6ti. Mar. 14. Jaures, admiral, minister of ma- rine, A66. CHURCH. 18S7 * * Paris. A mission to the Jews is founded by two English ladies. 1888 Feb. 14. The French Society for the Evangelization of Israel is founded. LETTERS. 1887 * * Studies respecting Napoleon I., by Taine, appears. * * La Tosca, by Sardou, appears. [1889, La Marquise, and Jielle-Maman; 1890, Cliop&tre; 1891, Thermidor.] * * History of Philosophy, by Paul Janet and G. Seailles, appears. * * La Terre, by Zola, appears. [1888, The Dream; 1890, La Bete Humaine; 1891, L' Argent; 1892, La Debacle; 1S93, %e JJocteur Pascal; 189-1, Lourdes.'] * * Noir et Rose, by Ohnet, appears. [1888, Volonte and Docteur Rameau; 1S90, Le dernier amour and IS time de Pierre ; 1391, Dette de hainv ; 18*J2, Nemrod et Cie. ; 1893, Le Lend ema in des amours.] * * LaBUe, by Cherbuliez, appears. [1888, La vocation du Comte Chislain ; 1890, Une gageure.'] * *-94* * History of the People of Israel, by Kenan, appears. 1888 May 8. Boulanger's (alleged) German Invasion No. 1 appears ; it has a great circulation at lirst [ hut soon falls off]. * * Pierre et Jean, Sur Peau, and Le rosier de Mine. Hanson, by Maupassant, appear. [1889, Fort coinn'tc la mart and La main gauche ; 1890, Histoire d'une file de ferine, La vie errante, L' Inutile beaute", and Notre catur.] 1889 Feb. * Paris. An enterprising newspaper, on the day of the Boulanger election, engages 250 special re- porters, each of whom it provides with a cab, and 30 bicyclists, to bring in the results in each section with the greatest Jan. 7. A violent storm does much dam- age in Pyrenees Ori en tales. Feb. 5. Paris. Two professors of the Pasteur Institute succeed in identifying the generative microbe of diphtheria. [Mayl. The Institute hasinoculated 1,673 patients for hydrophobia in one year.] Feb. 24. The villages of Nivollet and St. Michel in Savoy are destroyed, and four persons are killed by avalanches. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1887 * * Boussingault, Jean B. J. D., chem- ist, A83. Faugere, Armand Prosper, author, A77. SOCIETY. 1887 July 3 1 ± . Pranzini, a profligate, is convicted of the murder of Marie Regnault and two other women. [Aug. 31. Executed.] Nov. 14. Gen. Count D'Andlau and Mine. Rattazzi are lined and imprisoned for selling decorations. [M. Wilson, the son-in-law of President Grevy, is im- plicated.] 1888 Mar. 1. M. "Wilson is fined 3,000 francs, sentenced to imprisonment for two years, and the loss of civil rights for five years, for trafficking in decorations. [Mar. 26. The Court of Appeal quashes the sentence.] Apr. 29. Paris. M. Habert kills M. Felix Dupuis, an artist, in resentment for satirical verses. May 27. Paris. Anarchists and Com- munists fight at an annual celebration of the Communist insurrection of Pere La Chaise. [They are stopped by the police.] July 13. Gen. Boulanger and M.Floquet fight in a duel ; the former is seriously and the latter slightly wounded. July 25-Aug. 20. Paris. Laborers in the building-trade, numbering 10,000, un- successfully strike. Aug. * Unsuccessful strikes occur at Amiens, Besseges, and Calais. 1889 Jan. 14. Paris. Henri Roche- fort, editor of L' Intransigent, and M. Lissagaray, editor of La Bataille, fight in a duel. Jan. 15. Paris. M. Euhrussi gains the $120,000 Panama Canal lottery prize. Jan. 19. The Freemasons issue a pro- nunciamento against Gen. Boulanger. Jan. 23. Paris. The National exposes- Gen. Boulanger's private life. Jan. 24. Paris. Deputy Comudett fights in a duel with editor Chabrouillaud. Jan. 25. Paris. The "Woman's Con- gress opens with an oration by M. d© Raismes. Feb. 14. Strikes increase in northern France. Feb. 24±. The Socialists in many parts of France are dispersed by the police. They are not allowed to hold meetings. Feb. 28. Paul de Roulede, president of the Patriotic League, and others are arrested for signing the Atchinoff mani- festo, disapproving of the Government. Mar. 4. Paris. The police seize 5,000 letters in the offices of the Patriotic League. [Mar. 17. They earch the residences of members.] STATE. 1887 May 17. Paris. The Ministry is defeated on the Budget Bill. Vote, 275- 257. It resigns. May 30. 'Paris. Maurice Rouvier forms a Moderate Ministry. Members: JVI. Rouvier (finance, posts, and telegraphs), Leopold E. Flourens (foreign affairs), M. Bousquet (justiee), J\I. Fallieres (interior and worship), M. Spuller (instruc- tion), M. Burbey (marine ami ei»h>nies), Gen. Ferron (war), M. de Heredia (public works), M. Barbe (agriculture). Oct. 13. Paris. A scandal is brought to light in the war-office. Gen. Caffarel is convicted by a mili- tary court of dishonorable conduct in selling decorations. [Nov. 7. His trial ends in acquittal.] Oct. 14. Gen. Boulanger is under ar- rest [for 30 days] because of offensive remarks relating to the traffic in dec- orations. Oct. 24. Paris. Conventions respect- ing the Suez Canal and the New Hebrides are signed. Dec. 1. Paris. President Grevy refus- ing to resign when opposed by a com- bination of parties,*:;! used by the action of Daniel Wilson, son-in-law of Presi- dent Grevy, the Chamber of Deputies immediately adjourn. Vote, 531-3. President Gre"vy resigns the presi- dency. Dec. 3. Paris. The Deputies and Sena- tors meet as a Congress at Versailles, and FRANCE. 1887, Apr. 16-1889, Mar. 15. 757 elect Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot, President of the Republic of France. Yote, Carnot, a Moderate Independent, 616; Gen. Saussier, 188. Dec. 10. Paris. An unsuccessful at- tempt is made to kill Jules Ferry. Dec. 12. Paris. Pierre Emmanuel Ti- rard, as premier, forms a new Ministry. Members: M. Tirard (finance), M. Flou- rens (foreign affairs), M. Fallieres (justice), M. Sarrien (interior), Etienne Leopold Faye (education and worship), Francois C. de Mahy [later, Adm. Krautzj (marine and col- onies), Emile Loubet (public works), Lucien Dautresme (commerce), M. Viette (agricul- ture), Gen. Logerot (war). Dec. 18. Paris. The parliamentary session of the Chambers closes. [18S8. Jan. 10. It opens.] 1888 Mar. 15. Gen. Boulanger is ar- rested. (See Army.) Mar. 30. Pa?-is. The Tirard Minis- try resigns, being defeated by the Depu- ties when opposing urgency for a revision of the Constitution. Vote, 268-234. Apr. 3. Paris. Charles Floquet, as premier, forms a new Ministry. Members: Charles Floquet (president and interior), M. de Freycinet (war), M. Goblet (foreign affairs), Adm. Krantz (marine and colonies), M. Peytral (finance, posts, and telegraphs), Rf. Edouard Lockroy (instruc- tion, fine arts, and worship), M. Deluns Montaud (public works), M. Ferrouillat (justice), M. Pierre Legrand (commerce and industry), M. "Viette (agriculture). Apr. 8. Gen. Boulanger, an advocate of the revision of the Constitution, is elected a deputy for the Dordogne. Vote, 59,500-35,750. [Apr. 15. For the Nord. Vote, 172,528-75,901.] Apr. 19. Paris. The Deputies give the Ministry a vote of confidence. Vote, 379-177. The Ministry is defeated on the ques- tion of revising the Constitution. Vote, 340-215. Apr. 28. Paris. The Chambers agree to the Panama Canal Loan Bill. May 8. The circular attributed to Gen. Boulanger, entitled German Invasion Ho. 1, is in immense demand. July 12. Paris. Gen. Boulanger creates an excitement in the Chamber of Deputies. He demands dissolution ; and during the debate which follows he accuses Premier Floquet of falsehood, resigns his seat, and leaves the Chamber. [A duel follows.] (See Society.) July 17. Paris. The Chambers vote 67,000,000 francs for the military de- fense of Toulon, Cherbourg, and Brest, and pass the army bill reducing the term of military service, but making the obligation to serve universal. Aug. 19. Gen. Boulanger is returned to the Chamber of Deputies by three departments, the Nord, Somme, and Charente. Aug.* France has a diplomatic dispute with Italy respecting Massowah, Abys- Sept. * France takes possession of the Marquesas Islands, previously a French protectorate. * * The League of the Rose is formed, to promote the reestablishment of the monarchy. Oct. 15. Paris. Premier Floquet intro- duces a bill for the revision of the Constitution, for which urgency is voted. Oct. * The public demonstrations in favor of Gen. Boulanger multiply. [Oct. 30. The police seize Boulangist pictures.] Dec. * The Government receives 1,218,000 francs by the termination of a tontine begun in 1791 to diminish the national debt. 1SS9 Jan. 14. Paris. The Senate passes the bankruptcy bill as desired by the Panama Canal Company, to enable it to judicially liquidate its obli- gations. Jan. 18. Paris. The Senate approves the scheme for the utilization of the sewage of the city. [Mar. 25. It is passed by the Deputies.] Jan. 27. Paris. Gen. Boulanger is elected deputy in the department of the Seine over M. Jacques, an advanced Republican. Vote, 245,236-162,000. Feb. 2. Paris. Premier Floquet discov- ers that the Patriotic League has ar- senals well supplied, and is ready to equip with arms 100,000 men. Feb. 4. Pai^is. M. Ferrouillat, minis- ter of justice, resigns. [Feb. 5. He is succeeded by M. Gulot-Dessagen.] Peb. 11. Paris. The Deputies adopt a bill for replacing the scrutin de liste by the scrutin d'arrondissement. Vote, 26S-222. [Feb. 13. The Senate approves. Vote, 228-54.] Feb. 14. Paris. The Deputies reject the scheme of the ministers for a revis- ion of the Constitution. Vote, 307-218. The Ministry resigns Feb. 15. Paris. The Senate passes a bill providing that press offenses bo punished by correctional police tribu- nals. [Rejected by the Chamber.] Feb. 19. The Government expresses its determination to take possession of the Leeward Islands of the Society group, although stoutly opposed by the natives. Feb. 21. Paris. M. Tirard forms a new Ministry of mixed parties. Members: M. Tirard, Premier (commerce and agriculture), M. Constans (interior), M. Spuller (i'orcijm affairs), M. de Freycinet (war),'M. M. Rouvier (finance), M. Th6venot (justice), Adm. James [later Adm. Krantz] (marine), M. Failures (education), Yves Guyot (public works), M. Faye (agriculture), M. De Courcel (foreign affairs). Feb. 25. Paris. A bill providing for the freedom and secrecy of the ballot is passed in the Chamber. Feb. 27. Paris. The Assembly Room of the League of Patriots is searched, and proceedings are begun against MM. Dermlede and Richard, signers of the call for subscriptions. Feb. 28. Paris. The League of Pa- triots, numbering 240,000 members, is suppressed because of its devotion to Gen. Boulanger and its seditious spirit. [Mar. 2. Deputies approve.] Mar. 7. Paris. The decree for the ex- pulsion of the Due d'Aumale is re- voked by the Ministry. Mar. 8. Paris. The Court of Appeals declares that the Panama Canal Com- pany is a civil association, and not a commercial society as decided by the Tribunal of Commerce. MISCELLANEOUS. 1887 May 12-23. Paris. The crown jewels aresold for nearly 7,000,000 francs. May 25, 26. Paris. The Ope"ra Co- mique is destroyed by fire ; 131 persons perish. ' Oct. 24. Paris. A convention is signed for England and France, neutralizing the Suez Canal, and placing it under a joint commission. 1888 Jan. 9. Eng. The remains of Napole'on HI. and son are removed , from Chiselhurst to the mausoleum at Earn borough. Mar. 1. The Panama Canal share- holders resolve to issue bonds for 340,- 000,000 francs to complete the canal. June * Much indignation is caused by the German Government's adoption of vexatious passport regulations for the purpose of making the entrance into Alsace-Lorraine very difficult to French- men. Aug. 6. Paris. Communication by tele- phone "with Marseilles is opened. Sept. 13. The La France and the Sud America (Italian) collide off the Canary Islands ; 87 lives are lost. "Nov. 3. A mine explosion occurs at Averyron; 40 lives lost. Nov. 10. Turk. The first through ex- press-train from Paris arrives at Con- stantinople. 1889 Jan. 7. A meeting of the bond- holders of the Panama Canal offers M. de Lesseps the chairmanship of the new canal company. Jan. 14. Paris. An agreement is signed with the Banque Parisienne for a fresh issue of GO, 000, ono shares for sustaining work on Panama Canal. Jan. 17. Paris. A Bussian loan of 1100,000,000 is announced. The Banque Parisienne assumes the entire cost of the issue of the bonds and •construction of the new Panama Canal Company. Jan. 22. Paris. M. de Lesseps issues circulars inviting subscriptions for sixty thousand 500-franc Panama Canal Feb. 4+. The dissolution of the old Panama Canal Company is decreed, and M. Brunet is appointed the official liquidator. Feb. 6. Paris. F.de Lesseps announces that the Panama Canal enterprise must be abandoned if the sixty thousand 500- franc bonds issued through the Banque Parisienne are not taken. Panama Canal shares close at 60. Feb. 11. Paris. Leading financial houses are trying to form a combina- tion to complete the Panama Canal. Feb. 18. Paris. The Tribunal of Com- merce decides the Panama Canal Com- pany to be a commercial company. [Re- versed.] Feb. * Paris. A fall occurs in the shares of the Comptoir d'Eseompte through speculations in copper. Mar. 8. Paris. Afinancialpanicoccurs. The Bank of France advances 100,000,000 francs to the Comptoir d'Escompte to meet the withdrawal of deposits. Mar. 15. Six men are injured and 14 killed by a fire-damp explosion in a 758 1889, Mar. 15-1890, Feb. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Mar. 23. A torpedo-boat foun- ders off Cherbourg ; the captain and 14 of the crew are drowned. Aug. 20. Fifty-nine army officers are adjudged guilty of participation in po- litical offenses, and suffer punishment. Oct. 19. Paris. The Cabinet expels Laisant, a Boulangist, from the army. Dec. * The Government orders three new ironclads, to cost §2,400,000 each ; two will be cruisers, each carrying eight guns. 1890 Feb. *-Oct. 5. W. Afr. War with the King of Dahomey. (See North Guinea.) It is caused in large measure by the arrogance of the new king, a young man who takes slaves from adjoining French territory. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Mar. 15. Paris. Belle Maman, by Sardon and Des Landes, is produced at the Gymnase. Mar. 28. Paris. The Chamber grants credit of 20,0011,000 francs for the erec- tion of a memorial of the Revolution. Apr. 17. Paris. The French version of Phillips's As in a Looking Glass, under title of Lena, is produced by Sarah Bernhardt, at the Variety Theater. May 30. Paris. An earthquake shock is felt on left bank of the Seine. [June 7. Another at Brest.] June * Severe storms have been raging, doing immense damage ; in many places the country is almost devastated. July 1. Paris. At a sale of M. E. Secre- tan's famous collection of paintings, Jean Francois' Millet's The Angelus is purchased for $111,000 by Proust. Aug.* Paris. A colossal statue of Coligny is unveiled. Sept. 21. Madame Pommery of Reims purchases Millet's Xes Glaneuses, and presents it to the French nation for preservation in the Louvre. Oct. 12. A monument commemorat- ing Gambetta's escape from Paris in a balloon during the siege in 1870-71 is unveiled at Epinouse. Oct. 16. Paris. A new statue of The Republic is placed on the Place de Na- tion. 1890 Jan. * Paris. The Pasteur Insti- tute has treated 850 patients for hydro- phobia without a single death. Feb. * Sarah Bernhardt is announced to appear in a new Passion Play as the Virgin Mary. [In response to public sentiment the authorities prohibit the production.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. Oct. 25. Augier, Guillaume V. E., drama- tist, author, A69. Dec. 6. Polfrey, T. w., gen., historian, d. Miazerolle, Alexis Joseph, painter, A63. Pitra, .lean Haptiste, cardinal, srhol., A77. Pyat, Felix, agitator, dramatist, A79. Ysabeau, Alexandre Clement, army officer, author, A69. 1890 Feb. 4. Montpensier, Due de, A. M. P. L. d'Orleans, 5th son of Louis Philippe, A65. Feb. 20. Daru, Comte Napoleon, states- man, A83. CHURCH. 1889 Nov. 20. Paris. The papal nuncio is instructed by the Vatican to favor adhesion to the Conservative Re- publican party by Catholics. Dec. 15. Rome. Pope Leo approves Cardinal Lavigerie's policy of uniting Church and State. Dec. 31+. Paris. The Government prosecutes 300 priests for meddling with politics. * * J. A. Eoulon, F. M. Richard, and G. D'Annibile, prefect of the Sacred Con- gregation, are consecrated cardinal priests. LETTERS. 1889 June 20. Paris. The Interna- tional Literary Association meets. June 28. The first Protestant semi- nary is created at Nimes. * * Centenaire de 1789, by Paul Janet, appears. [1890, La philosophic de La- mennais and Lectures varices, etc.} * * The French Army in Germany, by M. Galli, appears. * * History of French Society during the Revolution,' \>y De Goncourt, appears. * * France and Ire/and during the Revo- lution, Roche and Humbert, by M. E. Guillon, appears. * * La Clievre d'Or, by Paul Arene, ap- pears. * * .Diplomatic Correspondence of Talley- rand from 1791-1834 appears. * * The Journal (1810-14) of Stendhal appears. * * A Chancellor under the Old Regime, by Charles de Mazade, appears. [1893, L' Europe et tes Neutralite's.'] * * Ma Vocation, by Ferdinand Fabre, appears. * * Biography of the Emperor Frederick, by M. E. Simon, appears. * * Cousin Babylas, by Gaston Bergeret, appears. * * Henriette, by Francois Coppee, ap- pears. [1892, Les vrais riches ; 1894, Contes tout simples.] * * Three Emperors of Germany, by Er- nest Lavisse, appears. [1890, Vue 'Gfoie- de VHistoirc Politique de V Europe A74. Ulbacli, Louis, journalist, A67. Apr. 2. Jobbe-Duval, Arinand M. Felix, painter, A68. Apr. 10. Chevreul, Michel Kugene, chem- ist, A 103. Sept. 28. Faidherbe, Louis L6on C6sar, general, writer, A71. Sept. * Coulanges Muma, Denis Fustel de, historian, A59. Oct. 6. Melinimc, Caston, painter, dies. Oct. 7. Dupn'', .lull's, painter, dies. Oct. 21. Ricord, Philippe, physician, A89. 1893, Le Grand FrhUric avant I'avene- ment.] * * Passionn&ment, by Albert Delpit, ap- pears. * * Life and Manners on the La Plata, by M. Daireaux, appears. * * Autobiography of Michelet the Histo- rian, with his Journal and Letters, ap- pears. * * The Works and Correspondence of jyAlembert, edited by M. Chi Henri, appears. SOCIETY. 1889 Mar. 19. Paris. Senator Naquet and Deputies Laguerre and Turquet of the Patriotic League are arraigned be- fore a magistrate. [Apr. 2. Also one senator and four deputies are fined 100 francs each.] Apr. 11. Dock-workers strike at Mar- seilles. May 11. Ten thousand cotton-weavers strike at Thizy, Department of the Rhone. June 1. Paris. Minister Reid assem- bles the Americans to express their sym- pathy for the sufferers in Pennsylvania by the Johnstown flood. [The U. S. Legation subscribes $10,000; the Paris Municipal League, 5,000 francs.] June 12-18. Paris. The cabmen strike, and greatly incommode citizens and visitors. June 13. Paris. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show gives a benefit performance for the Johnstown sufferers. [$2,000 contributed.] June 25. Paris. The International « ( Council of Women," advocating women's rights, meets. June 30. The dock-laborers of Mar- seilles strike. June * Paris. The International Elec- tricity Congress meets. July 5. Paris. Six Nihilists are sen- tenced to imprisonment for three years. July 9. Paris. Bull-fights at the Ex- position are stopped by the police. July 14. Forty journals are fined for publishing the indictment against Gen. Boulanger. July 18. Paris. The International Labor Congress meets. It demands a universal maximum of eight hours for a day's labor, one holiday a week, and the non-employment of chil- dren under 14 years of age. The centennial anniversary of the Fall of the Bastille is celebrated. Aug. 26. Paris. The names of Gen. Boulanger and Count Dillon are erased from the roll of the Legion of Honor. Sept. 9. Paris. The municipal author- ities give a banquet to Thomas A. Edison, the American scientist. [Mr. Edison gives 10,000 francs fqr the relief of the poor.] Sept. 16. Paris. The International Commercial Congress opens. Sept. 27. Paris. A Sunday Observ- ance Congress is in session. It advises that when Sunday observ- ance is impossible, that employees be given a weekly holiday and that pay-day be other than Saturday or Sunday. "Nov. 26. Paris. About 500 employees of the "Western Railway Company strike for higher wages. STATE. 1889 Mar. 17. Gen. Boulanger is enthusiastically greeted while journey- ing from Paris to Tours. Mar. 18. Gen. Boulanger issues a manifesto to the Department of the Nord against the Government. Mar. 29. Paris. The Senate passes a bill constituting itself a high court of justice in cases of plots against the* State. Vote, 207-63. Apr. 1. Gen. Boulanger, Henri Roche- fort, and M. Dillon avoid arrest by a sudden departure in the night for Brus- FRANCE. 1889, Mar. 15-1890, Feb. * 759 Apr. 4. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties, at the Government's request, votes to sanction the prosecution of Gen. Boulanger for treason. I Apr. 10. Paris. "Warrants are issued for the arrest of Gen. Boulanger and his companions in exile, Count Dillon I and Henri Rockefort. Apr. 12. Paris. The Senate meets as a high court of justice, and begins the trial of Gen. Boulanger for treason against the State and the embezzlement of 252,000 francs. [He pronounces the charges to be falsehoods.] Apr. 24. Belg. "Warned by the author- ities, Gen. Boulanger leaves Brussels for London. Apr. 27. Paris. A law is passed regu- lating the different methods of burial. May 5. Paris. The centenary of the meeting of the States- General is cel- ebrated ; President Carnot delivers a eulogium on the Revolution before a grand assembly. [On his way to Ver- sailles a lunatic named Perrin attempts to assassinate him. May 28. Perrin is sentenced to four months' imprison- ment.] June 11. Paris. The Senate passes the Panama Canal Bill. [June 28. The Chamber of Deputies passes it.] It empowers the liquidator of the company to place, on the best conditions possible and regardless of the legal limit as to price, the 800,000 francs of the bonds which have not yet been subscribed for. It also authorizes a subscription of 34,000,000 francs to cover the expenses necessary for the maintenance of the works pending an inquiry into the ques- tion of the completion of the canal. July 4±. Paris. The Government gives a final refusal to assent to the Egyptian Conversion scheme. July 7. Paris. The indictment against Gen. Boulanger is presented. It charges him, when director of infantry in 1882, with courting popularity by corruption and other means, and when Minister of War in 1886 willi malversation of public money, and plotting against the State, with Count Dillon, H. Rochefort, and others; they are cited to appear on Aug. 6, or else suffer the loss of civil rights and seijiu'sliation of prop- erty. July 9. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes a new army bill. It reduces the term of service from five years with exemptions to three years, nominally without exemptions. July 10. Paris. The Chamber of Dep- uties passes a bill providing for the purchase of telephones by the Gov- ernment. [July 28. It takes formal possession ; protests are unheeded.] July 15. Paris. The Senate passes the Multiple Candidate Bill. The Cham- ber of Deputies approves the bill provid- ing for a credit of 58,000,000 francs, spread over five years, for building war- ships. July 29. Election of Councils-Gen- eral. Out of 1,344 cantons the Boulangists carry only 12 ; 949 Republicans and 489 Conservatives are elected. Aug. 7. Paris. The Senate, as a high court of justice, begins the trial of Gen. Boulanger. [Aug. 14. It finds him and his con- freres guilty of a " felonious attempt against the safety of the State and of embezzling public funds." Count Dillon and Henri Rochefort are guilty as accomplices, and all are sentenced to be deported to a fortified prison.] Sept. 1. The telephones throughout the country become the property of the Government by law. France declines to annex the New Hebrides Islands. Sept. 6. Gen. Boulanger demands of the Prime Minister Tirard a trial by court-martial. Sept. 11. Paris. An International Bi- metallic Congress opens. Sept. 22. The general elections are held. Results: Republicans, 158; Op- position, 89, elected ; Chamber of Depu- ties, 365 Republicans and 211 Opposition. Sept. 23. Paris. It is claimed that Gen. Boulanger is elected Deputy from Montmartre. [Nov. 27. The electoral bureau decides that he is not elected.] Oct. 12. Paris. A committee of five — four Frenchmen and one Belgian — is appointed by the Government to inspect and report on the condition of the Pan- ama Canal. Nov. 12. Paris. A Boulanger dem- onstration is made. [The police arrest 150 participants.] U"ov. 11. Eng. Gen. Boulanger issues a manifesto* to the French people from the Isle of Jersey. Nov. 25. Paris. Deputy Farrail moves a resolution to grant 750,000 francs to assist the striking miners. Nov. 28. Paris. The Senate rejects an amendment to a hill supported by Pre- mier Tirard and the Chamber, to pro- hibit the employment of working-women in factories at night. Vote, 125-110. Dec. 25. Paris. The Government no longer insists upon the evacuation of Egypt by England as a condition to the conversion of the Egyptian preference loan from five to four per cent stock. Dec. * Paris. The Senate agrees to a law by which the Government assumes the monopoly of the manufacture of matches. * * A law is passed providing for the re- sponsibility of employers for acci- dents and the insurance of laborers. 1890 Jan. 14. Paris. M. Floquet is elected President of the Chamber of Deputies. [The Senate choses M. Le Roger president.] Feb. 7. Paris. Louis Philippe Robert, Duke of Orleans, son of the Comte do Paris, applies for admission into the army ; he is arrested for entering the country in violation of the law forbid- ding the territory of the Republic to royalist princes. [Feb. 12. He is tried, and sentenced to two years imprison- ment. Feb. 24. He is removed to Clair- vaux prison. June 3. He is pardoned by the president, and conducted across the Swiss frontier.] Feb. 20. Paris. A Libel Law is passed in the Senate. Vote, 178-107. Feb. 24. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties defeats a motion to grant amnesty to convicted strikers. Feb. * Paris. A bill to tax foreigners and employers of foreign labor passes the first reading in the Chamber of Deputies. 1890 Feb. * Paris. Editor Dreyfus is wounded in a duel with the Marquis de Mores. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 Mar. 16. Paris. Financial panic; 75,000,000 francs are taken out from Bank of France ; in addition, 100,000,000 francs are advanced to Comptoir d'Escompte. Mar. 18. Paris. The Societies Metaux stops payment, the Comptoir d'Es- compte is in the hands of a receiver, and copper drops heavily in Paris, Lon- don, and New York. Mar. 24. Paris. Twenty million francs are subscribed to the Comptoir d'Es- compte on the condition that the Bank of France subscribes a million. Mar. 31. Paris. The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated ; Premier Tirard delivers an oration. [May 15. Opened.] Mar. * - May * The Comptoir d'Es- compte, supported by Messrs. Roth- schild and other bankers, is successfully reorganized. Apr. 21+. Paris. The liquidator of the Panama Canal Company makes an unsuccessful attempt to borrow $3,000,- 000 in London to continue the work. May 6. Paris. President Carnot for- mally declares open the Universal Ex- hibition in France. May 19+. Paris. The daily attendance at the Exposition averages 71,000 per- sons. May 26. Paris. In the Machinery De- partment of the Exposition, the Amer- ican exhibit occupies one-third the space. June 3. The new harbor at Calais is opened by President Carnot. July 3. An explosion of fire-damp in a coal-pit at St. Etienne causes the death of 200 miners and 60 horses. July 27. Paris. The issue of Panama Canal bonds to the amount of 8,935,000 francs at 105 has been fixed for July 27. Aug. 1. Paris. M. Brunet, the liquida- tor, informs the shareholders that a fi- nancial syndicate has taken the whole amount of the new lottery bonds of the Panama Canal Company. Aug. 4. Paris. The bodies of Carnot, Merceau, D'Auvergne, and Baudin are deposited in the Pantheon with impos- ing ceremonies. Aug. 20. Pai-is. Lightning strikes the Eiffel Tower without injuring it. Sept. 30. Paris. Although the day is rainy, 307,000 tickets are taken in at the Exposition ; the highest record of the season. Nov. 6. Paris. The Exposition is closed. Total number of visitors about 25,000,000. Dec. 27. Paris. At a meeting of 4,000 Panama Canal bond-holders, they ex- press unshaken confidence in De Lesseps and the canal. 1890 Jan. 27. Paris. The Panama Canal Commission reports that it will take 20 years and a cost of 1,737,000,000 francs ($347,400,000) to complete the canal. 760 1890, Feb. *-1891, July 26. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1S91 Jan. 18±. The French troops rout the Sultan of Ahmadou's forces, and take 1,500 prisoners, including the sultan's wives. Mar. 12. E. I. A French garrison in Tongking is overcome by natives, who sack the town, and kill the French officials. May 7. A torpedo-boat collides with a cruiser, and goes down off Cherbourg. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 May * Paris. Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier's original picture, 1814, is bought by M. Conchard for §170,000. May * Paris. The new Salon is opened. June 29+. A statue of Joan of Arc, by Emmanuel Fremist, presented by the city of Paris, is unveiled at Nancy. July 31. A comet is discovered at Mar- seilles by M. Coggia. Aug. 17. A monument to Admiral Courbet is unveiled at Abbeville. Aug. 22. Paris. St. Cloud is struck by a violent wind-storm, which wrecks 20 houses, and kills and injures a number of the residents. Nov. 13. Paris. Announcement is made that The Angelus has been sold to the Government for §150,000. Nov. * A scientific expedition to explore Central Asia has been organized. * * The planets JVenetta, Brasilia, Felicia, Phsetusa, Csecilia, and Clarissa are dis- covered by Charlois. [1891, Gordonia, Nike, Margarita, Claudia, Pierretta, Rosalia, Goberta, Roxana, and two others ; 1892, Demboicska, Columbia, and 10 others ; 1893, twenty more (un- named).] 1891 Jan. 9. Paris. The Committee of Physicians appointed to inquire into the Koch system of inoculation report that injurious efrVrts sometimes follow the injection of the lymph. Jan. 26. Paris. The Chamber votes 500,000 francs for excavations in Delphi. Jan. 27. Paris. The performance of Sardou's Thermidnr is suppressed by the Government. [Jan. 29. Sharply debated in the Chambers.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. Oct. 13. Calmon, Marc Antoine, econo- mist, politician, A75. Dec. 18. Belot, Adolphe, dram.,nov., A61. Dec. 28. Feuillet, Octave, nov., dram., A78. Chatrian, Alexandre, litterateur, A64. Robert-Fleury, Joseph Nicolas, historical painter, A93. 1891 Jan. 2. Peyret, Alphonse, senator, author, A78. Jan. 6. Leuchtenberg, Due de, Nicolas, A4B. Montaland, Celine, actor, A48. Jan. 10.. Careil, Comte, Louis S. F., sena- tor, author, dies. Jan. 11. Haussmann, Georges Eugene, magistrate, A82. Jan. 14. Millet. Aime, painter, sculptor, A75. Jan. 31. Meissonier, Jean L. E., paint- er, A76. Feb. 1. Berthet, Elie B., novelist, A76. Feb. 26. Iioisgobey, Fortune du, novelist, A70. Mar. 12. Banville, Theodore Faullain de, poet, A68. Mar. 16. Campenon, J. B. M. E., general, statesman, A72. Mar. 17. Bonaparte, NapoU-im Joseph Charles Paul, Prince Napoleon, son of Jerome, A69. Bonaparte. Marianne, princesse, dies in Apr. 2. Pouyer-Quertier, A.T., states., A71. Apr. 8. Pressensse, Edmond I>. de, Prot- estant theologian, orator, statesman, AG7. Apr. 21. Chapu, Henri 51. A., sculp., A58. May 13. Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond, physicist, A71. May 19. Weiss, Jean Jacques, author, statesman, A62. July 6. Felix, Celestin Joseph, pulpit ora- tor, A81. CHURCH. 1890 Feb. * Paris. A new semi-reli- gious order is formed, called " Brothers of the Cross; " object, to propagate re- ligious socialism. 1891 Feb. 5. Pope Leo declines to address the bishops as to their attitude toward the Republic. LETTERS. 1890 * * Histoire de la chanson popnlaire en France, by Julian Tiersot, appears. * * Six Arts Soldat, by Ch. Mismer, ap- pears. * * La Cadet, by Richepin, appears. * * Les Souvenirs des Comte de Roche- chouart appears. * * Letters of the Duke of Orleans, edited by the Comte de Paris and the Due de Chartres, appears. * * Question d' Alsace appears. * * L^lnde francaise avant Dupleix, by Castonnet des Fosses, appears. * * Life of Jesus, by Pere Didon, appears. * * HUene and La maison de I'ogre, by J. B. A. Karr, appears. * * The Purchase of the North Pole, by Jules Verne, appears. 1891 Apr. 6. Emile Zola is elected president of the Society des Gens de Lettres. * * Memoirs of Prince Talleyrand, by the Due de Broglie, appears. * * Le Refine du Silence, by M. Rodenbach, appears. * * Un Cwitr de Femme, by Paul Bourget, appears. [1892, La Terra. Promise and t'osmopolis ; 1894, Oittre-Mer.] * * Hallali, by Henri Rabusson, appears. * * Monsieur Bien-Aime', by Paul Foucher, appears. [1894, Rechain Avare.] * * La Peine Jeanne, by M. F. Mistral, appears. * * Parliamentary History of the Second Republic, by M. E. Spuller, appears. * * Romance of the Prince Imperial and Man-Hunting, by Comte d'He>isson, ap- pear. [1S0'2, Les lifsponsahi life's de l' An- nie Terrible.'] * * Les Represenfnntsdu Peuple en Missnn, et la Justice Rero/ufionnaire, by Henri A. Wallon, appears. * * Diplomatic History of Europe, by M. Debidour, appears. * * La Politique francaise en Tunise ap- pears. * * R&ves et Impressions, by Ch. No, ap- pears. * * Xaviere, by M. F. Fabre, appears. * * Le Thidtre des Marionnettes de No- hant, by M. Sand, appears. SOCIETY. 1890 Apr. 24. Paris. Employers no- tify workmen that they will be dismissed on May 1st if absent from their work. May 2, 3. Strikes and labor disturb- ances occur in the North, 40,000 men leaving work in Roubaix, Turcoing, Lan- noy, Croix, and other places. [Louise Michel and the Marquis de Mores are arrested for inciting disturbances ; the latter is sentenced to three months' im- prisonment.] May 5. Paris. M. Secretin and other directors of the Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris are tried for fraud in connec- tion with the copper "corner" of last year. [May 23. M. Secretin is sentenced to six months' imprisonment and to a tine of 10,000 francs; others receive lighter sentences.] May 16. Paris. An International Tele- graph Conference opens. May 21. Cuba. Eyraud, the murderer, is arrested in Havana. [June 16. De- livered to French authorities. July 2. He confesses the murder of Notary Gouffe\ Aug. 7. He fails in an attempt to commit suicide. Dec. 20. He is con- demned to be executed, and Mile. Bom- pard is sentenced to imprisonment for 20 years.] May 28. Paris. Many Nihilists are ar- rested as conspirators against the Czar; 15 are charged with manufacturing ex- plosives. [June 3. Another plot is dis- covered.] Sept. 21. Paris. Cardinal Lavigerie opens the Antislavery Conference. He says that he does not desire the im- mediate abolition of slavery, as it would entail the starvation of slaves, but that man-hunting must be suppressed. Sept. 28. Paris. About 3,000 lace-work- ers in Calais strike. Oct. 9. Madame Bonnet, who confessed that she was a spy employed by the Ger- man Government, is sentenced to impris- onment for five years at Nancy. Oct. 14. Paris. The Americanist Conference opens. Nov. 19. Paris. Gen. Seliverskoff, a Russian agent, is killed by Nihilists. 1891 Feb. 19. Paris. Anarchists meet at St. Denis, and denounce the con- scription law ; they resist the police, and 20 are arrested. Feb. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties decides to suppress immediately every kind of betting on races. Mar. 31. Paris. The International Miners' Conference meets. [It decides to organize a general strike on principle only.] Apr. 22. Paris. The police arrest 45 Anarchists. Apr. 24. Gen. de Negrier, of the 7tb Army Corps, is wounded in a duel with Gaston le Grand. May 25. Paris. The stage-drivers strike. [May 26. The strike is settled in favor of the men.] June 22-24. Horse-car employees in Bordeaux successfully strike. June 23. Paris. Charles and Victor de Lesseps are examined before a magis- trate in regard to the Panama Canal charges. June 25 i. Paris. About 6,000 bakers strike. July 1. Paris. The strikers do not al- low the omnibuses to run. July 15. Paris. About 4,000 railroad employees order an immediate strike FRANCE. 1890, Feb. *-1891, July 26. 7G1 along the line of the five great railroads entering Paris. [July 16. Seven thousand men on the Northern Railroad strike. July IS. Six thousand strikers resolve to lay griev- ance before the Chamber of Deputies. July 23. The police of Paris disperse riotous mobs.] July 25. Paris. An explosive powder is sent to Mine. Constans, wife of the Minister of the Interior. July 26. Paris. Anarchists rout 4,000 Boulangists who attempt a demonstra- tion. STATE. 1890 Mar. 2. Paris. Minister Con- stans resigns, and is succeeded by L^on Bourgeois. Mar. 13. Paris. The Government de- cides to occupy Whydah, a province of Dahomey on the west coast of Africa. Mar. 14. A modus vivendi is agreed to between France and Great Britain re- garding the Newfoundland fisheries. Paris. The commercial treaty with Turkey having expired on March 13, a temporary arrangement is made, to last till 1892. The deputies from wine districts pro- test ; the Government is defeated in the Senate, and the Mini stry resigns. Mar. 17. Paris. A new Ministry is formed. Members: Charles de Freycinet (president of council, war), M. Ribot (foreign), M. Rouvier (finance), A. Fallieres (public wor- ship), M. Bourgeois (instruction and fine arts), M. Constans (interior), M. Yves Guyot (public works), .Jules Ilcx-he (commerce), M. Develle (agriculture), Vice Adm. Barbey (marine). Apr. 27. Paris. The Boulangists are totally defeated in the municipal elec- tions. Apr. 28-May 2. Paris. The Marquis de Mores, Louise Michel, and 300 others are arrested on suspicion of being engaged in an Anarchist plot. Apr. 30. The discovery of the plot to proclaim the Duke of Orleans King of France leads to the flight of the Duke of Luynes. May 14. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes a bill imposing a penalty of three months' imprisonment on employ- ers for dismissing unlawfully members of trades-unions. May 18. Gen. Boulanger publishes a letter deprecating any further agitation in favor of his views. June 3. France, Germany, Russia, and Switzerland sigu a treaty for the re- pression of anarchy. July 16. A French vessel, while tak- ing bait, is fired on by the Newfound- land bait-cruiser Fiona. Aug. 2. Paris. The Government issues a decree of partial or complete amnesty to persons convicted of offenses con- nected with labor-strikes. Aug. 5. London. The Anglo-French Agreement respecting Africa is signed by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Wad- dington. The British protectorate over Zanzibar and the French protectorate over Mada- gascar are recognized ; and the delimita- tion of territories in Africa, subject to the influence of France, is to be settled by two commissioners at Paris. [1893. J uly * A delimitation convention is signed.] Aug. 20. The Government establishes a protectorate over the Society Islands, after subduing the natives and killing a number who refuse to submit to the in- vaders. Oct, 5. A treaty of peace is concluded be- tween France and the King of Dahomey, France to have possession of Kotonou, and a protectorate over Porto Navo. [Jan. 27. Rejected by Committee of Deputies.] Oct. 20. Paris. AGeneralCustomsHigh Tariff Bill is introduced in the Cham- ber of Deputies. It contains a clause empowering the Government to retaliate against all countries which discriminate against the products of France. Oct. * Paris. The Union for the Promo- tion of Free Trade in Raw Material, etc., is formed. Nov. 11. Paris. The Chamber of Dep- uties passes the Secret Service Vote. Vote, 310-120. 1891 Jan. 4. Elections for the Senate are held ; Premier Freycinet receives 579 votes out of a total of 605, and Jules Ferry 723 votes out of a total of 997 ; in the first ballots the Republicans gain ten seats. Jan. 13. Paris. The Senate and Cham- ber meet ; M. Floquet is reelected presi- dent of the Chamber. Jan. 22. Paris. A Supreme Council of Lahor is created by law. Mar. 14. Paris. President Carnot signs the agreement by which England and France undertake to submit to arbitra- tion the Newfoundland dispute. [Mar. 16. The arbitrators chosen by France are : Prof. Martens of the St. Petersburg University ; M. River, the Swiss Consul at Brussels; M. Gram, ex- judge of the Supreme Court of Norway.] Mar. 16. Paris. The Government ac- cedes to the request of the Chilean revo- lutionists that the Chilean warships, recently built at Toulon for the service of President Balmaceda, should be al- lowed to depart. Mar. 17. It. Prince Napoleon, son of Jerome dies ; his will designates Prince Louis, his second son, as the head of the Bonaparte house, Prince Victor be- ing disowned. Mar. 25±. A formal treaty of alliance is concluded between France and Rus- sia. May 4. Pay-is. The Government is sus- tained by a vote of confidence. .Vote, 356-33. In the debate on the May-day tragedy at Fourmies, M. Rouche calls M. Con- stans, minister of the interior, a mur- derer, and is removed from the Chamber by force. May 13. Paris. Race-tracks are placed under Government supervision, and betting on horses is regulated by law. May 27. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes a bill providing for the sto- rage of grain in every fortified town of France, sufficient to feed its people for two months in time of siege. May 2S. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes the high Tariff Bill recom- mended by the Committee. May 30. The Czar, as the arbitrator in the dispute between Holland and France regarding the Guiana boundary, de- cides in favor of Holland. June 3. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties adopts a motion to limit the hours of labor of employees of public com- panies to 12 daily. Vote, 406-3. June 8. Paris. The Senate passes the bill reducing the duties on corn. Vote, 208-49. June 9. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties decides that cocoons and raw silk shall be admitted free of duty, but that manufactured silks shall be subject to a duty of 300 francs. June 26. Paris. An injunction is is- sued ordering the sequestration of Chilean cruisers built in the shipyards at La Seyne, near Toulon. July 8. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties adopts a bill to establish a Govern- ment Labor Bureau. July 17. Paris. Senate passes a bill to regulate the working of women and children in factories, establishing a ten- hour working-day, forbids night duty, and prescribes one rest-day in seven. July 18. Paris. The Deputies pass a protectionist customs tariff bill. Vote, 385-111. July 26±. Paris. France annexes Ta- hiti on the death of King Pomare, and placates the heir-apparent by the pay- ment of 12,000 francs. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Apr. * Paris. The Eiffel Tower is opened again for the season. On the first day 10,000 persons ascend. May 6. Paris. The report of the Special Committee on Panama Canal estimates that the total cost of completion would be 900,000,000 francs. "Work done and material valued at 470,000,000. Time re- quired, eight years. May 11. Panama Canal shares fall 17 francs in consequence of the report of the Commission. July 29. A fire-damp explosion at St. IStienne causes the death of 120 men and a number injured. Aug. * Paris. The final report of the Panama Canal Company's affairs shows that its total expenditures amount to .§1262,000,000, and that its assets on March 3 were §3,200,000. 1891 Jan. 15. Paris. It is announced that a new Panama Canal scheme has obtained the approval of the Govern- ment, but the Bourse is not favorably disposed to the plan. Mar. 18. Telephone communication is effected between Paris and London. Apr. 19. Paris. Lieut. Wyse makes a report to the liquidator of the Panama Canal Company, in which he says that the canal can be completed in five years, at a cost of $ 120, 000 ,000. July 24. The official census report is made; population of 38,095,150, an Increase of 20S.584 since last census. 762 1891, Aug-. 5-1892, Nov. 18. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1891 Aug. 21. Eng. The French and British, fleets are reviewed by Queen Vic- toria off Spithead. Sept. * Another expedition sails against the Dahoineans, "West Africa. (See North CHURCH. ' * Le The'dtre, by Octave Feuillet, Fran- cois Coppee, Ferdinand Dugue, Gondi- net, and. Jean Jullien, appears. * Michel Lando, by Maurice Bonchor, appears. Gu Aug. 16. The exhibition of a "Holy Coat" at Argenteuil attracts crowds of pilgrims. Sept. 19. Home. The Pope receives the first contingent of the pilgrimage of French workmen, whom he addresses 1891 Aug. 11. Paris. The Grand. SOCIETY. 1892 Jan. 19±. W. Afr. A native force is repulsed by a French garrison in Dahomey; 250 natives are killed. Jan. 22+ . Algeria. A French force in the Sudan defeats a hostile tribe, kill- ing hundreds of natives. [Feb. 5±. It routs the native forces.] May 4±. The King Samadou, in the French Sudan, recaptures two towns from the French, taking SI French pris- oners and a number of Senegal natives. May 18±. E. I. The French capture a pirate stronghold in Tongking, losing 58 men and the pirates 125. [July2±. In another battle with pi- rates at Thanhoa, the French carry the pirates' position.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 Sept. 16. Paris. Lohengrin is successfully performed for the first time. Oct. 4. The Mayor of Nice unveils a monument to Garibaldi in the pres- ence of a representative of the Govern- ment. 1892 Apr. 24. A statue of Rouget de l'lsle is unveiled at Choisy-le-Roi. July 12. St. Gervais-les-Bains is de- stroyed by an avalanche from Mont Blanc ; 200 bodies are taken from the ruins. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891 Aug. 5. Villi, Auguste, dram, critic, A68. Sept. 8. Bundy, Jonas M., journalist, A56. Sept. 9. GreVy. Francois Paul Jules. President, A84. Sept. 12. Kibot, Augustin T., painter, A6S. Sept. 30. Boulansrer. Georges Ernest Jean Marie, general, politician, A54. Dec. 22. Wolff, Albert, dram, critic, ASK. Dec. 25. Pommeray, Henri de la, crit.,A52. Koumanille, Joseph, Provencal puet, A73. 1892 Jan. 5. Cambriels, Albert, gen., A76. Jan. 13. (JiiatrefaL'es ile lireau, Jean Louis Armand de. naturalist, A82. Jan. 20. Dupont, Henrique N., engr., A94. Jan. 22. Miiller, Charles Louis, historical painter, A77. Jan. 24:. Batidnllart, Henri J. L., political economist, A71. , Feb. 9. Arago, Etienne, dram., pol., A90. Feb. 12. Maury, Louis r'erdinand, arche- ologist, librarian of the Tuileries, A75. Mar. 6. ])e la Craviere, J. B. E. Jurien, vice-admiral, A79. Apr. 14. Kock, Henri de, novelist, dram- atist, A71. Apr. 23. Duveyrier, Henri Daring, ex- plorer, A52. May 7. Guiraud, Ernest, composer, A55. May 20. De Laveaucoupet, M., gen., A83. May 26. Martin, Joseph, explorer in Asia, July 29. Bort de Teisserenc, 1'n-rre, states- man, A78. Aug". 17. Trebelli-Bettini, Zelia, opera- smger, A54. Sepc. 24. De Bourbon, Prince Francois de Paule, Cointe de Trapani, A65. Sept. 29. Cremieux. Hector J., dram., A64. Sept. 30. Giraud, Charles, artist, A73. Oct. 1. Erlanger, Michael, financier, dies. Oct. 2. Kenan, Joseph Erneste, critic, philologist, historian, A69. Oct. 11. Marmier, Xavier, litterateur, A83. Oct. 20. Housset. CamilleF. M.,hist., A71. Nov. 5. Herve% Floriinond, composer, A67. Nov. 15. Failly, Pierre L. C. de, gen., A82. Nov. 18. Reinach, Baron J., financier, A56. on the labor question. Sept. 29. Dr. Dreyfus is installed chief rabbi of France. Oct. 5. Pome. French, pilgrims, num- bering 1,200, attend low m by the Pope in St. Peter's Duke Alexis is received with enthusi- astic demonstration. Aug. 29. Paris. The May-day Anar- chists are sentenced — Descamps to im- prisonment for five years, and Darcare to three years — for firing at the police. Nov. 24. The Archbishop of Aix is g t 3Q m Q j celebrated fined. (See State.) [Nov. 30. The prel- ate is congratulated by the Right.] Nov. 25. The Government sends a friendly note to the Pope. Dec. 9. Paris. The Senate pledges the Government to avail itself of its rights to compel the clergy to respect the Re- public, and to submit to its laws. Vote, 211-57. Dec. 10. Paris. Notice is given in the Chamber of Deputies of a motion de- manding the Government to introduce a bill as a prelude to the separation of Church and State. Dec. 26. Paris. The Senate passes a resolution accusing the clergy of jeop- ard! z the rights of the state. Vote, 211-5' 1892 Jan. 2. Paris. Minister Fail commits suicide at Brussels. Oct. 12. About 3,500 coal-miners strike Oct. 25. A league to establish a Social- ist Republic is formed. 1892 Feb. 7. A Congress of Labor Exchanges agrees to federation. Feb. 18. Edwin Parker Deacon, an American, shoots and kills his wife's lover, M. Abeille, at Cannes. [May 20. He is sentenced to imprison- ment for one year. Sept. 21. He is par- doned by President Carnot. Oct. 13. He brings an action against his wife for a divorce. Nov. 21. The Court of Appeal gives a judgment in favor of Mrs. Dea- '0 I?!??!! an jL° f Jf^* ing Feb. 27. Paris. An explosion of dyna- mite occurs in the Rue de Clichy; several persons are injured. tops the salary of the bishop of — , , „„ „ . m , _ . ,«™ i™. ^ i.«.. i™ ^ rt * Feb. 28. Pans. The destruction of li< Carcassone because he left his diocese without first obtaining legal permission. Feb. 19. Paris. The Catholic papers publish an encyclical from Pope Leo to the clergy, saying that the Government must be obeyed. May 7. Six bishops are cut off from treasury stipends for interfering in elec- tions. May 13. Paris. Pope Leo calls upon mite. the French Catholic Congress to comply Mar. 15. Paris. A sensational duel is ■with the monitions in his encyclical en- foughtbetween M. Isaac, sub-prefect of property by dynamite is made a capital offense by the Chamber. Feb. 29. Paris. A dynamite explo- sion, attributed to Anarchists, occurs in the house of the Princess of Sagan. Mar. 4. Paris. An attempt is made to blow up a police-station. Mar. 12. Paris. An attempt is made to wreck the house of a judge with dyna- government. July 20. The Roman Catholic episco- pate asks Pope Leo to arrangi cano niz ation of Joan of Arc. the former is severely * * Pome. B. L. Thomas, archbishop of Rouen, J. C. Ernest Bournet, archbishop of Rodez, Victor L. Lecot, archbishop of Bordeaux, and G. Rene 1 Meignan, arch- bishop of Tours, are consecrated cardi- nal priests. LETTERS. 1892 * * Souvenirs du G&n&ral Jarras ap- wounded. fo"r the Mar. 27. Paris. Seven persons are se- riously injured by a dynamite explo- sion. [Mar. * An Anarchist named Ravachol is supposed to have caused the recent explo- sion, and is arrested; 40 foreign Anarchists are to be expelled from France. Mar. 31. Several Anarchists under arrest confess to participation in two recent explosions, and turn informers against Ilavaehol, who admits the commission of several crimes. Apr. 2. Anarchists ale leaving the city in haste. Apr. 3. Ravachol makes a full confession concern- ing the explosion. Apr. 13. He and his five accomplices are indicted. Apr. 26. He and another are found guilty, and sentenced to penal servitude for life; the other Anarchists are acquitted.] ; * Autour de Bonaparte, by L. Xavier de Ricard, appears. ' * Life of Mirabeau, by A. Mezieres, ap- pears. : * Correspondence of Madame AcJcerman, Apr. 6. Anarchists blow up the police- edited by Cointe" dMIaussonville, ap- station at Angers [Apr. ,. Another peacs# explosion occurs in Roubaix.] : * Enqulte sur V Evolution Litteraire, by Apr. 22. Paris. The police arrest 45 Jules Huret, appears. Anarchists, also a large number in 1 * Histoire Anecdoiique des Marionnettes other cities. [Apr. 23. They arrest 200 Mod ernes, by Lemorcier de Nouville, ap- _ pears. more -l * Le Culte du Moi, by Maurice Barres, Apr. 25. Paris. Caf^ Very is destroyed appears, b Y dynamite in revenge for Ravachol's : * Feuilles dUacMes, by Renan, appears. arrest ; six persons are injured. : * Le Lait d'un Aulre t by Alexandre May 13. The house of a miner overseer Hepp, appears. at Lens is wrecked by dynamite. FRANCE. 1891, Aug. 5-1892, Nov. 18. 763 May 21. Paris. A dynamite car- tridge is found in the house of the public prosecutor. May 23. Paris. Madame Reymond, in her husband's presence, shoots and theu stabs his paramour to death. June 23. Paris. The Marquis de Mores fights a duel, wounding his opponent, Capt. Mayer, fatally. [June 24. The Marquis de Mortis is arrested. Aug. 2. He is tried. Aug. 30. Acquitted.] June 25. Paris. The plans of the French defenses are sold to Germany and Italy. The criminal is M. Grenier, a clerk in the office of the Keeper-General of the National Archives ; Capt. Henry Borup, attached to the American Legation, is accused of being an accomplice. [Sept. 6. Grenier is sentenced to 20 years' penal servitude and 20 years' banishment.] July 16. Paris. Daniel Wilson, son-in- law" of President Gre>y, is found guilty of using illegal means to secure his elec- tion, and is fined 1,000 francs. July 26. Sixteen Anarchists are con- victed at Liege ; Moireau is sentenced to 25 years' penal servitude, "Wolf and Beaujean to 20 years each. July 28. Paris. Four Anarchists are convicted at Versailles of procuring dy- namite for the May-day explosion. Sept. 3. Three sacks of registered let- ters, valued at £3,500, are stolen from a train between Paris and Lyons. Sept. 12. Paris. The Social Congress Sept. 22. The Centennial of the First Republic is celebrated throughout France ; brilliant ceremonies and illu- minations take place in Paris. Oct. 13. Striking miners at Carmaux tear down the prefect's decree forbid- ding public meetings ; a large force of troops is present to preserve the peace. [Oct. 20. The Carmaux miners decide to submit their dispute to arbitration, Oct. 26. The President of the Chamber of Deputies as arbitrator decides that M. Calviguae, whose discharge caused the troubles, shall be rein- stated, and that all strikers except those con- victed of rioting shall he taken back. Oct. 29. Ten of the rioters are pardoned. Oct. 31. The strike at Carmaux is ended, the miners returning to work, and the rioters are released from prison.] Nov. 8. Paris. A dynamite bomb is ex- ploded at the police-office in Bois de Boulogne. STATE. 1891 Oct. 30. Paris. The hill impos- ing a duty on salted meats is passed by the Senate ; the prohibition against American pork is removed. Its entry is limited to four ports, Bor- deaux, Dunkirk, Havre, and Marseilles. [Dec. 5. Decreed.] Oct.* W.Afr. The Senegambians con- cede new territorial rights. Nov. 24. Archbishop Xavier Gouthe Soulard of Aix is fined 3,000 francs for writing an insulting protest against a a circular of M. Fallieres respecting pil- grimages. Dec. 11-13. Paris. The Government's support of the Concordat is approved after a stormy debate in the Chamber of Deputies. "Vote, 243-223. Dec. 14. France severs diplomatic re- lations with Bulgaria on account of its expulsion of M. Chadonine, a French journalist. Dec. 17. Paris. The Senate passes a new Tariff Bill. [Dec. 27. Passed by the Chamber of Deputies. 1892. Jan. 27. Approved by President Car not. Feb. 1. Becomes operative.] Dec. 22±. Ruptured relations exist be- tween France and Madagascar. Dec. 26. Paris. The Senate passes, the Commercial Treaties Bill. Dec. * Paris. The Chamber passes a res- olution indirectly censuring the clergy for their political activity. Vote, 243- 223. 1892 Jan. 5. Paris. The Chamber of Deputies passes a resolution demanding that energetic measures be taken against those responsible for the condition of the Panama Canal Company. Jan. 7. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes a tariff bill, introducing high protection. Vote, 394-114. Jan. 9. A reconciliation between France and Bulgaria is effected by Italy. [Jan. 21. The Government accepts Bul- garia's note of apology.] Jan. 12. Paris. The Senate and Chamber meet; M. Floquet is again reelected president of the Chamber. Jan. 13. A new customs ' convention is made with Norway and Sweden. Jan. 15. A commercial treaty is con- cluded with Holland. Jan. 26-Feb. 19. The declaration of Cardinal Lavigerie and four other cardi- nals recognizing the Republic is accepted by 76 bishops. Feb. 16. Pope Leo's encyclical to the French bishops enjoining submission to the Republic is published. France and the Sultan of Morocco reach an agreement touching the sov- ereignty of the Touat Oasis, in a measure favoring the former. Feb. 18. Paris. The Deputies discuss the Associations Bill, abolishing licenses as requisite for associations. M. de Freyeinet denies that it is aimed at religious confraternities ; bis request for a vote of <-nnridenee is refused. Vote, 282-210. The Ministry resigns. Feb. 19. The Pope issues an encycli- cal in which he takes exception to the attitude of the cardinals and arch- bishops. Feb. 28. Paris. A new Ministry is formed by M. Loubet, after Maurice Rouvier declined to take office. Members: M. Loubet (interior), M. de Freyeinet (war). M. Ribot (foreign affairs), M. Rouvipr (finance), M. Bourgeois (public instruction), M. Iti^ard [justice and public worship), M. Oavaipnae (marine), M. Develle (agriculture), Jules Roche (commerce), M. Viette (public works). Feb. 29. France and the United States come to an agreement for a commer- cial treaty. [Mar. 15. It is signed by President Carnot.] Mar. 10. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties adopts a bill to give women the right to vote for members of the Con- seils des Prudhommes, hut disallows their election thereto as members. Mar. 31. Paris. An anti-dynamite bill passes the Senate. Apr. 11. Paris. The Budget Committee passes a credit of 300,000,000 francs for an expedition against Dahomey. Apr. 22. Paris. Orders are issued for the prosecution of the archbishop of Avignon and four other bishops for in- citing Catholic electors against the State. May 10. Paris. The Cabinet votes 300,- 000 francs to pay for indemnity for loss from dynamite outrages. May 25. Spain and France arrange a commercial modus vivendi. June 9. Paris. The Due de la Roche- foucauld's letter to Pope Leo declar- ing submission in matters of faith, but not in state affairs, is signed by 40 of the 70 Royalist deputies. July 11. Paris. Minister Godefroy Ca- vaignac resigns because of censure in relation to Dahomey; he is succeeded by M. Burdeau. July 13. Paris. A decree is signed for the Universal Exhibition, 19U0, May 5-Oct. 31. Aug. 1. The triennial elections held in the provinces for members of the Coun- cils General show a Republican gain of 150 seats. [Aug. 8. By supplementary elections increased to 195.] Aug. 23±. France takes possession of Gloriosa Island near Madagascar, also St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, be- tween Madagascar and Australia. Oct. 27. Pans. The Chamber of Depu- ties rejects a motion to grant amnesty to the Carmaux rioters. Oct. 29. Paris. A bill regulating the labor of women and children in fac- tories, first introduced in 1S79, is passed. Nov. 15. Paris. A bill abolishing the duty on wine, beer, cider, and other "hygienic" drinks, and increasing the spirit duties, is introduced in the Cham- ber of Deputies. [Dec. 21. Passed. 1893. June 26. Passed by Senate.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 Dec. 6. In a mine in St. £tienne, 73 miners are killed by an explosion of fire-damp. 1892 Feb. 18. The 21st anniversary of the Commune is celebrated. July 9. Paris. Cholera has recently appeared ; several new cases are re- ported. [July 16+. More deaths are reported.] July 13. Paris. President Carnot signs a decree providing for the holding of a Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900, from May 5 to Oct. 31. 1892 Sept. 3. Paris. Physicians report 59 new cases of cholera, and 42 deaths. [Oct. 8. Cholera appears at Marseilles. Nov. 11. An alarming increase of cholera in France is reported. 1893. Feb. 8. Choleraic disease causes 44 deaths this day in Marseilles. Feb. 12. Eight more. Aug. 3. It is reported that 826 deaths have occurred in the last four weeks from cholera. Sept. 11. An alarming in- of cholera is reported in Nantes.] 764 1892, Nov. 15-1893, Sept. * FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. .1893 Apr. 4. E.I. The French take possession of Knone Island, in the Me- kong Kiver, the Siamese withdrawing without offering resistance. May 17±. E. I. A battle, with consid- erable loss of life, is reported between the French and Siamese. .June 25 ±. E. I. Siamese islands are occupied by the French without re- sistance. July 17±. E. I. French marines cap- ture two Siamese forts on the Upper Mekong River ; a Siamese force is re- pulsed with great loss by Annamite militia. ■ July 24. France gives notice to the pow- ers of her intention to blockade the Si- amese coast. [Aug. 4. liaised.] Aug. 2. Paris. It is announced that Gen. Dodds will lead another expedition against the King of Dahomey in Septem- ber. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Dec. 27. Paris. The gold medal of the Academy of Sciences is given to Louis Pasteur on his 70th birthday in the presence of a large company. 1893 Apr. * Paris. By the will of M. Meissonier the State receives many valu- able paintings. -June 4. Paris. A statue of Theophraste Renaudot, the first editor of the Gazette de France, is unveiled. ■ June 11. Paris. A statue of the phi- losopher D. F. Arago is unveiled. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892 Nov. 26. Lavigerie, Charles Alle- mand, cardinal, archbp. of Carthage, A67. Dec. 14. Lemoinne, John Emile, states- man, A77. 1893 Jan. 4. Delpit, Albert, dramatist, poet, A 44. Mar. 6. Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, philosopher, critic, historian, A65. Mar. 17. Ferry. Jules, statesman, A61. .July 6. Maupassant, Guy de, novelist, A43. Aug-. 18. Charcot, Jean Martin, physi- cian, A68. Sept. 12. Miribel. .Marie Francois, general, A62. Sept. * Yvon, Adolphe, hist, painter, A76. LETTERS. .1893* * The total number of publica- tions for the year is 11,076. * * NapoUon intime, by Arthur Levy, ap- pears. * * NapoUon et les Femmes and NapoUon chez liii, by Frederic Masson, appears. * * Memoirs of General Thiebault appears. * * Memoir es du Chancel 'wr Pasquier, ed- ited by the Duke d'Audiffret-Pasquier, appears. * * Souvenirs du G&neral du Barail ap- pears. * * Histoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, by Gabriel Hanoteaux, appears. * * Life of Madame de Lamballe, by George Bertun, appears. * * Lamartine, by Emile Deschanel, ap- pears. * * Victor Hugo apres 1852 (vol. iv.), by Edmond Bir'e, appears. * * Le Masque: Conte miUsien, by Gilbert Augustin-Thierry, appears. * * Les Trophies, by J. M. de Heredia, ap- pears. * * Jacqueline, by Th. Bentzon, appears. * * Diborah, by Count Stanislaus Rze- wuski, appears. 1892 Nov. 15. A general strike of miners is declared in the north. [Nov. 16, Sixteen thousand go out. Nov. 17. In the department of Pas-de-Calais 33,- 000 miners are out on strike; some rioting occurs. Nov. 18. Strong bodies of troops are at the scene of the strike. Nov. 19. The Chamber of deputies considers the strike, and appoints an Arbitration Commission. Nov. 20. Disorderly strikers in Pas-de-(.'alaiscome in contact with the police who are guarding the miners, and are repulsed. Nov. 23. The striking miners refuse to accept the Govern- ment Arbitration Board. Nov. 29. The strik- ing miners capture a mine at Rive de Gier. Nov. 30. The strike is ended.] Nov. 25-r. Paris. The committee ap- pointed by the Chamber of Deputies to investigate the workings of the Pan- ama Canal Company, which failed in September, 1891, is in session. (Dec. 10.) Several witnesses testify; a aub-comniittee is appointed to examine docu- ments. Charles de Lesseps tesuiies concern- ing the blackmail levied on the Panama Canal Company. (Dec. 16.) Charles de Lesseps, Fontaine, and Sans-Leroy are arrested tor alleged con- nection with the canal frauds ; the police search many houses, and secure 14 van-loads of documents bearing on the scandal. (Dec. 17.) Bail is refused in the case of Charles de Lesseps and the other Panama Canal officers under arrest. (Dec. 18.) Drumont's paper says the ag- gregate amount, of the Panama Canal Com- pany's bribes is 21 1, 01) If, 1)00 francs. Letters in- criminating senators and deputies are found in the Panama «'anal Company's office. (Dec 24.) M. Castelbon, who was on the Thierry list as having had a cheek for 20,000 francs, testiries that he handed back 15,000 francs to Senator Deves, who cashed the check. (1893, Jan. 20.) M. Andrieux refuses to say whose name lie cut out of the list of 104 Deputies which he showed when he was ex- amined in December; Dr. Herz is arrested in England. (Jan. 21.) M. Clemenceau denies all knowl- edge of bribery by Dr. Herz or any other person. (Jan. 23.) It is said that the committee's sub-committee has discovered enormous frauds among the records of syndicates which helped to float the Panama loans. (Jan. 24.) M. Ktephane repeats his charges against M. cle'nienceau. (Jan. 25.) It is announced that the Par- liamentary Commission of Inquiry has ended its investigations of the Panama Canal scan- dal. Nov. 25. Paris. The International Emigration Congress opens. Dec. 23. Paris. MM. Clemenceau and Deroulede fight a harmless duel with pistols. Dec. 30. Paris. Anti-Socialist and An- archist manifestoes are issued. 1893 Jan. 6. Paris. M. de Mores, at a great anti-Semitic meeting held at the Tivoli Vauxhall, bitterly assails the He- brews, and holds them as primarily re- sponsible for the Panama scandal. Jan. 7. Paris. The persons implicated in the Panama frauds are tried, MM. Baihout, Blondin, Fontaine, Cotta, and Charles de Lesseps are examined to- gether. Charles de Lesseps and M. Fontaine make full statements to the Government. (Jan. 12. ) Charles de Lesseps admits hav- ing bribed public functionaries. (Jan. 14.) Ex-minister P.aihant confesses the bribery charges. (Jan. 27.) M. Franqueville, magistrate, returns true bills of accusation against 14 persons, among them ex-ministers Rouvier and Baihout, and Senator Albert (irevy and Charles de Lesseps, for connection with Pan- ama frauds. (Feb. 9.) The judges arrive at a decision. M. F. de Lesseps and M. C. de Lesseps each is sentenced to ttve years' imprisonment, and to pay a line of 3,000 francs; M. Fon- taine and M. Cotta each three years, and a fine of 3,000 francs; M. Eiffel, two years, and a fine of 20,000 francs. (Feb. 10.) MM. C. de Lesseps, Baihaut, Blondin, Cotta, and others are arraigned on an Indictment charging corruption in the matter of the Lottery Bonds Bill. (Feb. 15.) M. Le Cuay and M. Prevost are convicted of complicity in the frauds, and sentenced, the first to imprisonment for five years, and to pay a fine of 3,000 francs, and the latter, for three years, and a fine of 100 francs. (Mar. 8.) The trial of those accused is begun in the Assize Court; Charles de Les- seps testifies at length. (Mar. 9.) M. Baihaut, ex-minister of pub- lic works, confesses his guilt. (Mar. 10.) MM. Floquet, Clemenceau, and Freyeinet testify. (Mar. 11.) Sensational disclosures are made by M. Andrieux and Mine. Cotta; M. Bourgeois, minister of justice, resigns; there is much excitement. (Mar. 21.) In the Assize Court, the Pan- ama trials culminate in the sentence Of M. Baihaut, ex-minister of public works, to im- prisonment for live years, to pay a fine of 750,000 francs, and to a forfeiture of civil rights; M. Blondin ("go-between" in the bribery of Baihaut), imprisonment for two years; M. Charles de Lesseps (who bribed Ba ilia ut ) , imprisonment " to run concur- rently with the live years' sentence already imposed ; " the other defendants are ac- quitted. Jan. 28. By decree, the name of Dr. Cornelius Herz has been expunged from the roll of the Legion of Honor. Feb. 2. Serious bread riots occur in Marseilles. [May 1. More serious riot- ing.] Feb. 21. The centenary of the execu- tion of Louis XVI. is celebrated in vari- ous parts of France, both by Royalists and Republicans. Feb. 22. Paris. The police seize large parcels of revolutionary proclama- tions imported by local Anarchists. Mar. 14. The President of Haiti, sail- ing for Monte Cristo with Su"2,000 pur- loined from the French Bank, is cap- tured by French cruisers. Mar. 22. Paris. The State funeral of Jules Ferry, late president of the Sen- ate, takes place at the Luxembourg. Mar. 28. Paris. Otto Brandes, the Paris correspondent of the Berliner Tar/eblatt, is mobbed while leaving with his family. Apr. 1. Paris. M. Andrieux and M. Henry Moret, editor of the Radical, fight a duel ; neither is hurt. Apr. 11. Paris. The Bering Sea Court of Arbitration holds a secret session of six hours. (See Index.) Apr. 13. Paris. The Court of Cassation rejects the appeal of Charles de Les- seps from his last sentence to imprison- ment and fine. Apr. 28. At the navy-yard in Nantes, 8,000 workmen strike. June 15. Paris. In the Court of Cassa- tion, the sentences of the Panama defen- dants are set aside ; MM. Eiffel and Fontaine are liberated, but C. de Lesseps has to serve out a concurrent sentence for bribery. [Sept. 1. Released.] July 4. Paris. The streets are barri- caded, and many injured on both sides by collisions between the cavalry and rioters. [July 5. Troops occupy Paris. Several stubborn fights occur between soldiers, police, and rioters. July 7. Rioting is renewed ; bitter speeches are made con- cerning the Government's action in clos- ing the Labor Exchange. July 8. A FRANCE. 1892, Nov. 15 - 1 8 9 3, Sept. *. 765 large number of rioters are under arrest, and quietness is gradually restored.] July 13. Paris. Emile Zola, the novel- ist, is appointed,an officer in the Legion of Honor. July 14. Paris. M. Duloz, editor of the Revue ties Deux Monrfva, disappears after having paid 16,250,000 francs to black- mailers. Aug. 5, 6. Paris, Fjdouard Ducret is sentenced to one year's imprisonment, and a mulatto named Norton to three years, for concocting the "Cocarde" forgeries. (See State, June 22.) Aug. 5. Paris. President Carnot con- fers the Cross of the Legion of Honor on Baron Usedom. Aug. 17. Ten men are killed in a fight between French and Italian working- men in Aigues-Mortes. [Aug. 20. Anti-French demonstra- tions occur in Koine. They are caused by the Aigues-Mortes massacre of Ital- ians; mobs attack a seminary, and • threaten the French Embassy. Aug. 21. The French government de- cides that all foreign residents in France must be registered. STATE. 1892 Nov. 19. The Chamber of Depu- ties, after an exciting debate, passes a Press Bill to check anarchical publi- cations. Nov. 21. Paris. Deputies unanimously vote for a parliamentary inquiry into the Panama Canal Company's af- fairs, after a stormy debate. Nov. 25. Paris. A motion of urgency on a proposition to enlarge the powers of the Panama Canal Investigating Committee is defeated by the Deputies, the Government opposing it. Nov. 28. Paris. The Chambers censure the Government for neglecting an au- topsy on the body of Baron Jacques, a suicide, and director of the Panama Canal Company, also for neglecting to seal his papers. Vote, 304-219. The Min- istry resign. Dec. 5. Paris. M. Ribot forms a new Ministry. Members: M. Ribot (foreign affairs), M. de Freycinet (war), M. Rouvier (finance), M. Loubet (interior), Charles Sarrien (public instruction), M. Bourgeois (public worship and justice), M. Harden u (murine), M. Sar- rien (commerce), M. Develle (agriculture), M. Viette (public works). Dec. 8. Paris. The new Cabinet states its policy, and the Deputies pass a vote of confidence. Vote, 30G-104. Dec. 15. Paris. M. Bouvier, Finance The Chamber of Deputies decides against a proposal to invest the Panama Investigating Committee with judicial powers. Vote, 271-265. Dec. 23. Paris. After a stormy debate, the Chamber of Deputies votes confi- dence in the Government. Vote, 353-91. * * A commercial treaty is made with Switzerland. The minimum tariff on watches, cheese, embroideries, silks, and other Swiss products, is lowered. * * The Government and the United States of America make reciprocal tariff arrangements. 1893 Jan. 8. A formal friendly agreement is signed by France and Russia at the instigation of Pope Leo and others. Jan. 10. Paris. The Ministry resigns. Jan. 12. Paris. The Ribot cabinet is reconstructed. Members : A. Felix J. Ribot (premier, interior), Jules Develle (foreign affairs), Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (finance), Ltkm Bourgeois (justice), Gen. J. L. Loizellon (war), CharlesDupuy (education), Albert Viger (agriculture), '.I ules Siegfried (com- merce), Francois Viette (public works), Adm. Rieunier (marine and colonies). Casimir Perier is elected president of the Chamber of Deputies in place of M. Floquet. Vote, 408-253. The Chamber of Deputies sustains the Government's course in expelling Nihilists. Jan. 25. Paris. News of the occupa- tion of Timbuctu by a French expe- dition arrives. Jan. 26. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties votes the Secret Service Fund. Vote, 303-182. Feb. 3. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes the bill for punishing authors of baseless attacks on savings-banks. Feb. 7. Paris. The Deputies sustain the Cabinet's refusal to interfere di- rectly in getting an extension of the Panama concessions. Vote, 374-34. Feb. 8. Paris. The Deputies adopt M. Cavaignac's motion for sustaining prose- cution of official corruption, and order their action to be placarded throughout France. Vote, 446-3. Feb. 9. Paris. A treaty for reciprocal trade -with Canada is signed. Feb. 24. Paris. Jules Ferry is elected to succeed Philippe Elie de Rover as president of the Senate. [Mar. 17. He dies. Mar. 27. He is succeeded by M. Challemel-Lacour. ] Mar. 6. Paris. The Deputies sustain the Cabinet by passing a bill directed at libelous attacks on ambassadors. Vote, 257-138. Mar. 12. Paris. M. Bourgeois resigns as minister of justice, and is succeeded by M. Develle. Mar. 29. Paris. The Deputies vote an annual pension of 6,000 francs to Ernst Kenan's widow. Mar. 30. Paris. The Deputies decide to retain the Liquor-Law Amend- ment Bill as part of the budget, though opposed by the Government. Vote, 247- 242. The Cabinet resigns. Apr. 4. Paris. Charles Dupuy forms a new Ministry. Members: Charles Dupuy (interior), Jules Develle (foreign affairs), Paul Louis Peytrol (finance), Eugene Guerin (justice), Ray- mond Poinrnre i mstruetioui, Gen. Loizellon (war), Adm. Rieunier (marine and colonies), Louis Terrier (commerce), Francois Viette (public works), Albert Viger (agriculture.) Apr. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties votes to separate the liquor tax from the budget at the request of the Government. May 4. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes a bill to abolish the octroi duties on articles of food and drink brought into towns, and empowering the municipal authorities to levy other taxes to make good the consequent loss. June 11. Albert Ferry is elected sena- tor to succeed the late Jules Ferry. June 22. Paris. In the House of Depu- ties, M. Millevoye, a Boulangist, ac- cuses M. Clenienceau and others of com- plicity in the publication in the Cocarde of forged documents alleged to have been stolen from the British embassy. They consist of pretended letters from Eng- lish diplomats, in which certain French pol- iticians are spoken of as hired spies and intriguers, and gives a list of bribes paid by the Kritish Government to the Journal des Debats, MM. Burdeau, C16menceau, Roche- fort, and Edwards. The Deputies indignantly reject the docu- ments as spurious. Vote, 389-4. July 8. Paris. A Franco-Russian com- mercial convention is decreed. [July 12. Becomes effective.] July 19. Paris. The Government sends an ultimatum to Siam demanding repa- ration for alleged outrages, and requir- ing an answer within 48 hours. July 22. Paris. The reply of Siam is given ; M. Develle refuses the request of the Siamese minister for an extension of time. July 24. Paris. The reply of Siam be- ing unsatisfactory, France gives notice to the powers of her intention to block- ade the Siamese coast; the French minister at Bangkok informs the Siam- ese Government that he will leave the city. [Aug. 8. Returns.) July 29. Paris. Siam at last consents to surrender territory and pay indem- nity according to the French ultimatum. [July 30. Answer accepted. Aug. 1. Siam gives guaranties.] Aug. 6. Paris. The Franco-Siamese agreement is ratified. Aug. 20-Sept. 3. A general election is held ; 292 Government candidates, 35- " Rallied" Republicans, and 58 Mon- archists are elected. Aug. 24. Siam. The demands of th& French special envoy exceed those of the ultimatum. [Aug. 29. France demands immediate- acceptance. Aug. 30. The envoy pre- sents for acceptance the draft of a treaty superseding the convention pre- viously submitted, saying it must be ac- cepted without alteration within 48 hours. Oct. 1. Siam yields, and the trouble is ended. Oct. 3. The treaty is signed.] The Government agrees to call a con- ference of the members of the Latin Union to decide the question of the nationalization of fractional silver currency. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Feb. 25. Paris. The Panama Canal report. The Government accountant reports that the total amount received by con- tractors for real or supposed work and supplies was 4G2.G2U.0G4 francs, of which 102,358,444 represent labor said to have been paid for, and 77,747,504 profits of contractors Apr. 4. Paris. The Bering-Sea Court of Arbitration begins its sessions. Argu- ments are made by counsel on both sides. [Apr. 25. It adjourns for a week.], 766 1893, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 22. FRANCE. ARMY — NAVY. 1893 Oct. 27. The war-ship Jauregui- berry is launched at Toulon. 1894 Jan. 2±. W.Jfr. KingBehan- zin surrenders to the French com- mander in Dahomey, and. will be sent to Jan. 8±. Fr. Sudan. The French are badly defeated at Timbuetu by Tuaregs. Col. Bonnier, commander of the force, is killed by the Tuaregs, with 78 officers and soldiers. (See p. 10). Jan. 21. E. I. A French force at Tong- king is attacked from ambush by pi- rates, and loses 20 men killed and wounded. Apr. 15. The new ten-thousand-ton war- ship, the Magenta, is declared to be vir- tually worthless by M. Lockroy, who was sent to make an examination of the fortifications, etc., at Toulon ; the find- ings not yet accepted. * * The estimated strength of the French army, with its various reserve and ter- ritorial forces, is 4,375,000 trained men. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 Apr. 4. Paris. An International Sanitary Congress meets to adopt anti- cholera measures. Dec. 6±. Henry Houssaye is elected a member of the Academy. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893 Oct. 17. MacMahon, Marie Edme Patrice Maurice <1p, marshal, Pres., A85. Oct. 18. Gounod, Charles, composer, A75. Nov. 4. Tirard, Pitrre E., statesman, finan- cier, A66. 1894 Jan. 13. Waddington, William Henri, statesman, A68. Feb. 8. Sax, Adolph, inventor of musical instruments, A80. Feb. 9. Du Camp, Maxlme, author, A72. Mar. 28. Darmeister, James, scholar, A45. Apr. 2. Brown-Sequard, Charles, Edouard, physiologist, A6H. June 24. Carnot, Marie Francois Sadi, President, A57. July 17. Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie Ren6, poet, A74. Aug. 7. Cain, Auguste, sculptor, A72. Sept. 8. Paris, Comte de, Louis P. A.d'Or- leans, pretender, A56. Oct. 15. Jacque, Charles Kniile, artist, A81. Nov. 8. Figuier, Guillaume Louis, writer, A75. Nov. 18. Magnard, Francois, editor Fi- garo,, A 57. Nov. 25. Duruy, Victor, states., hist., A83. Nov. 28. Thierry, Kdouard, dram., A8I. Dec. 7. Lesseps, Ferdinand de, finan- cier, diplomatist, A89. Dec. 10. Gigoux, .lean Francois, painter, A85. Dec. 12. Burdeau, Auguste, politician, A43. LETTERS. 1894 Feb. 2. The Revue de Paris, ed- ited by MM. Gander, Long, and Darmes- teter, first appears. * * Histoire ghierale du Second Empire, by M. de la Gorce, appears. * * Histoire milit aire d it Siege de Paris par lesPrussiens, by Alfred Duquet, appears. * * Combats constitutionnels, and other works, by J. J. "Weiss, appear. * * Souverainetedu Peuple etdu Gouveme- ment, by Eugene d'Eiehthal, appears. * * L' Annie phUosophigue, by MM. Beau- nais and Binet, appears. * * Histoire de r Art dans PJntiguite, vol. vi., by MM. Perrot and Chipiez, appears. * * Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l' Ori- ent classigue, by G. Maspero, appears. : * Histoire de V Art pendant la Renais- sance italienne, by M. Muntz, appears. ■ * Pleureuses, by Henri Barbusse, ap- pears. : * Les Demi- Vierges, by Marcel Provost, appears. : * Le Lys rouge, by Anatole France, ap- pears. * V Armature, by Paul Hervieu, ap- pears. : * L* Education du Prince, Maurice Dou- nay, appears. ■ * Marionnettes, by Henri Lavedan, ap- pears. * Annies d'Aventures, by Alfred Capus, * * Les MorticoleSy by Leon Daudet, ap- pears. * * Myrrka, by Jules Lemaitre, appears. * * La Silence and Rochesblanches, by Edouard Hod, appear. SOCIETY. 1893 Oct. 13^-. The visit of the Russian war-ships is enthusiastically welcomed. (Oct. 13.) The Russian war-ships arrive at Toulon. (Oct. 17.) The admiral and officers of the Russian fleet arc enthusiastically welcomed at Paris; a dinner and ball are given in the evening at the Klysee in their honor. (Oct. 19.) The Ministry of Marine enter- tains the Russian naval officers at a lunch- eon in Paris, and at night a large torchlight procession passes ilirmigh the streets. (Oct. 21.) They are entertained by Pre- mier Dupuy; the Czar and President Carnot are toasted. (Oct. 23.) They are guests at a luncheon at the War Office, at a banquet on the Champ de Mars, and at a supper at the Mili- tary Club; also at river fetes and a tine dis- play of fireworks. (Oct. 24.) They leave Paris for Lyons. (Oct. 26.) They are enthusiastically wel- comed at Marseilles. (Oct. 29.) The Russian fleet leaves Toulon (Nov. 1.) It arrives at Ajaccio, Corsica. Oct. 22. Paris. The public funeral of Marshal MacMahon is held ; Premier Dupuy pronounces the eulogy. Nov. 8. Serious riots occur at Mar- seilles. Nov. 16. An infernal machine is ex- ploded at the residence of Gen. Mathe- lin of the 15th Army Corps, at Marseilles ; the houses adjoining suffer, all the win- dows being broken. Dec. 9. Paris. A dynamite explosion occurs in the Chamber of Deputies ; seven Deputies are hurt, one said to be dying ; the usher is killed. [Dec. 10. Auguste Vaillant. the Anar- chist who threw the bomb in the Chamber, is arrested, and confesses be wanted to kill M. Dupuy; he himself is badly injured. Dec. 17. A package is found in the street containing ten dynamite cartridges, and papers threatening reprisals in case Vaillant is put to death.] Dec. 15. Paris. The Government de- clares that it does not favor an inter- national league against Anarchists. Dec. 18. Paris. Jacques Merigeau, an Anarchist, tries to murder the leader of a body of police-officers who arrested him ; a large quantity of explosives are found in his room ; 220 supposed Anar- chists are to be expelled. 1894 Jan. 1. Paris. The police have searched 10,000 houses occupied by sup- posed Anarchists, and made many ar- rests. Jan. 4. Paris. The appeal of Vaillant, the bomb-thrower, for postponement of his trial, is rejected by the Court of Cas- sation. * [Jan. 9. The Vaillant jurors are espe- cially guarded, both at home and to and from court. Jan. 10. Vaillant is con- victed and sentenced to deatli in the As- size Court. Feb. 5. He is guillotined.] Feb. 5. Paris. Nine more Anarchists are arrested. Feb. 12. Paris. E. Henry, an Anar- chist, throws a bomb in the cafe" of the Hotel Terminus, wounding 20 persons ; he is captured after shooting a police- Feb. 13. Paris. Paul Bernard, an An- archist leader, is arrested. Feb. 20. Paris. A bomb left in a hotel explodes, and injures several persons. Feb. 23. Paris. An Anarchist who stabbed the Servian envoy is sentenced to penal servitude for life. [May. 4. Thirteen Anarchists are arrested. May 5. Nine more Anarchists are arrested.] Apr. 4. London. The Anarchist Meu- nier, whose bomb destroyed a cafe" in Paris two years ago, and killed the pro- prietor, is recognized by the police and arrested. Paris. Three persons are injured by a bomb explosion. Apr. 5. Paris. A bomb explodes in the Place du Luxembourg, near the Senate Chamber. Apr. 26. Paris. A bureau chief of the War Department, Felix Feneon, is ar- rested on suspicion of being an Anar- chist. Apr. 27. Paris. The trial of lilmile Henry, the defiant Anarchist, who threw a bomb in the cafe" of the Hotel Terminus, is begun. [Apr. 28. He is found guilty, and is sentenced to death. The members of the jury receive letters threatening their lives. May 20. Guillotined.] May 24. Editor Hinault, in Dijon, is sentenced to imprisonment for two years, and to pay a fine of 2,000 francs, for defaming the army. June 5. Paris. The Suez Canal Com- pany reelects Charles de Lesseps a director, and grants a pension of 16,000 francs annually to Madame de Lesseps, and the same amount to the 13 de Les- seps children. June 24. While visiting the Lyons Ex- hibition, President Carnot is assassi- nated by a young Italian named Santo Caserio, who is believed to be an Anar- chist ; intense excitement prevails. [June 25. The body of President Carnot leaves Lyons for Paris; anti-Italian riots occur in Lyons and Paris. June 20. Anti- Italian riots continue throughout France; a caucus of senators and deputies at Paris, on the election of a new President, degenerates into a free right. June 29. Investigation shows that Caserio drew the lot to kill Presi- dent Carnot at a meeting of conspirators in Crete.] July 1. Paris. The funeral of Presi- dent Carnot takes place with imposing Dupuy and MM. Challemel- Lacour and de Mahy pronounce orations at the Pantheon ; services areheldinsev- eral European capitals. FRANCE. 1893, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 22. 767 July 13. An Anarchist attempts to burn the ironclad Lazare Carnet as she is be- ing launched at Toulon. ■July 20. Paris. Placards are posted throughout, threatening bomb-explo- sions in retaliation for the Anti-Anar- chist Law. July 26. Paris. Meunier, the Anar- chist, is found guilty of having blown up Cafe Very, and is sentenced to penal servitude for life. July 27. MM. Clemenceau and Dascha- nel tight a sword duel; the latter is wounded. Aug. 2. The trial of Santo Caserio, the murderer of President Carnot, be- gins at Lyons. [Aug. 3. He is found guilty, and sentenced to death. Aug. 16. He is guillotined.] Aug. 30. Abbe - Bruneau is guillotined at Laval for murder, robbery, and arson. 'Oct. 1. Eight Anarchists are arrested in Marseilles. ■Oct. 12. Paris. Casimir Pener deco- rates Verdi with the Grand Cordon of the Legion of Honor. Oct. 16. Paris. The Government con- fers the Cross of the Legion of Honor upon Captain von Susskind, the German military attachS. Dec. 10. The Emperor of Germany tele- graphs a message of condolence to M. de Lesseps. Dec. 22. Paris. Capt. Albert Dreyfus is found guilty by the court-martial, and sentenced to life imprisonment in a for- tress, and to degradation from all mili- tary rank and honors, for stealing mili- tary documents, and selling military secrets. STATE. 1893 Nov. 26. Paris. The Cabinet resigns because of differences with President Carnot ; violent attacks are made upon the Government in the Cham- ber of Deputies. Dec. 2. Paris. Casimir Purler forms a new Ministry. Members: Casimir Perier (premier and foreign affairs), David Caynal (interior), M. Dubost ( j ustiee) , Auguste Burdeau ( finance) , Gen. Mercier (war), Adm. Pefore (marine), M. Marty (commerce), The^ophile Delcasse" (colonies), Eugene Spuller (public instruc- tion), M. Viger (agriculture), M. Jonnart (public works). * * Paris. To check undesirable immi- gration, it is enacted that all foreigners entering France for work or business shall declare themselves within a week of their entry. > Dec. 5. Paris. Ex-Premier Dupuy is . elected president of the Chamber of Deputies to succeed M. Casimir Perier. Dec. 9. Paris. Vaillant throws a bomb into the Chamber. (See Society.) Dec. 11. Paris. The Senate passes a restrictive press law against Anarchists. Vote, 413-63. Dec. 15. Paris. The Government dis- favors an international league against Anarchists ; the Chamber passes three anti-anarchist bills. 1894 Jan. 16. Paris. The Deputies pass the Rentes Conversion Bill, to convert the four and a half per cent Rentes into three and a half per cents. [Jan. 17. Adopted by the Senate.] Feb. 8. Paris. The Cabinet decides to impose an additional duty on wheat imported from other countries than those of Europe. Feb. 27. Paris. The Senate approves of the bill passed by the Deputies levy- ing a duty on corn of seven francs per quintal. Mar. 19. Paris. The Senate approves the creation of the Ministry of the Colonies. [Mar. 21. Senator Boulan- ger-Bernet is appointed minister.] Apr. 19. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties rejects the bill to abolish capital punishment and the bill for private executions. May 11. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes a motion of urgency regard- ing the method of executing criminals. Vote, 252-242. May 17. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties sustains the Government's course in regard to the papal nuncio's circular to the bishops. Vote, 334-142. May 23. Paris. The ministers resign because of defeat on a labor question. May 29. Paris. M. Dupuy forms anew Ministry. Members : Charles Dupuy (premier, inte- rior, public worship), M. PoincartS (finance), M. Guerin (justice), Georges Leygues (pub- lic instruction), M. Hanotaux (foreign af- fairs), Gen. Mercier (war), Felix Faur (ma- rine), M. Delcasse" (colonies), M. Barthou (public works), M. Lourties (commerce), Albert Viger (agriculture). June 2. Paris. Ex-Premier Casimir Perier is elected president of the Cham- ber of Deputies. June 8. Paris. France enters a protest against the concession of 225 square miles in the rubber district on the south coast of Madagascar, granted to J. L. Waller, ex-United States Consul at Tamatave, and declares that without her permission concessions shall not be made to foreigners in that region. June 9. Paris. The Deputies approve of the bill, passed by the Senate, creat- ing pensions for miners. June 12. Paris. The Senate votes 1,900;000 francs for African reenforce- ments. June 14. France and Italy consent to act with Spain in averting civil war in Morocco. June 21. Paris. The Deputies uphold the Government in its treatment of So- cialistic professors in State colleges. Vote, 389-71. June 24. President Carnot is assas- sinated. (See Society.) June 27. Paris. M. Casimir Pe"rier is elected President of France by the National Assembly at Versailles. Vote, 451 out. of 845 votes. Order is restored in Lyons. More than 2,000 arrests are made of those who par- ticipated in the recent riots. July 1. Paris. M. Dupuy and his Cabi- net agree to remain in office. July 5. President Casimir Perier par- dons 374 political and other prisoners in recognition of his being chosen Presi- dent of France. July 13. Paris. The Board of Pardons confirms the death sentence of Santo Caserio, the murderer of President Car- not. July 15. Paris. On the anniversary of the taking of the Bastile, President Casimir Perier signs 1,314 pardons and commutations. July 26. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- ties passes an Anti- Anarchist Bill after final protests by Radical and Socialist Deputies. Vote, 368-163. [July 27. It is passed by the Senate. Vote, 205-27.] Sept. 11. France sends an ultimatum to the Madagascar Government. Sept. 14. France makes her demands of Madagascar. She claims the Bay of Diego-Suarez and the whole peninsula between that part of the coast and Cape Amber, to- gether with privileges that are to be free to Frenchmen, but to no others except by consent of the French Resident Gen- eral. A French-Kongo treaty is signed. The French territory will extend to the Kongo and Nile basins. The treaty modifies the Anglo-Kongo State treaty, the Kongo State renouncing the lease Great Britain granted. Oct. 17. France's ultimatum to Mada- gascar is given, to be decided in eight days. France claims to exercise an exclusive protectorate over the country, and de- mands that there shall be a permanent French garrison stationed at Antanana- rivo. [Nov. 5. The natives decide to resist.] Nov. 10. Diplomatic relations between Prance and Madagascar are sus- pended. Nov. 13. Paris. The Government asks the Chamber to vote 65,000,000 francs for the proposed campaign against Madagascar. [Nov. 26. Voted by the Deputies. Dec. 6. Approved by the Senate.] Nov. 27. Paris. The Chamber of Dep- uties adopts a commercial treaty with Canada. Nov. 29. Paris. The Malagasy Govern- ment replies to the French ultima- tum. It agrees that the French Resident shall become intermediary between Madagascar and other powers, and that France shall effect such public works as the Malagasy authorities shall deem necessary ; also providing that the boun- daries of the French territory around Diego-Suarez shall be definitely settled. [Dec. 7. France begins hostilities.] Dec. 17. Paris. The Ministry escapes defeat by a majority of five on the ques- tion of depriving the Panama swin- dlers of their decorations. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Apr. 29. The Lyons Exhibition of Arts, Sciences, and Industries is for- mally opened. Sept. 22. Paris. New Panama Canal shares to the amount of 30,000,000 francs are issued. [Oct. 10. The new company for the completion of the canal is defi- nitely constituted.] Oct. 19. Paris. Lafayette's grave is decorated by Americans. 340 b. c-500 a. d. GERMANY. Germany is a country of Central Europe. The government is a constitutional monarchy, and the ting of Prussia the hered- itary emperor. The imperial legislative power is vested in a Parliament of two houses, free from veto, — the Bundesrath, or federal council, of 5S members, and the Reichstag, consisting of 307 members, who are elected for five years by universal suffrage and ballot. It has possessions in New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, and the Marshall Islands. It has a protectorate called Cameroons, also Damara-land, on the west coast of Africa, and a section of the Zanzibar coast in East Africa. The language chiefly spoken is German ; but Poles, Lithuanians, Wends, Czechs, Danes, French, and Walloons are numerous, and use their own tongues. The predominating religion is Protestant ; but about 35 per cent of the population are Roman Cath- olics, who are numerous in the Southern States. Area, 208,738 square miles ; population in 1890, 49,428,470. ARMY — WAVY. 225 * * b. c. It. The Romans under iEmili us defeat 200,000 invading Germans under Britomar, near the River Tela- mon. (See Italy for German contests with Romans.) 31 * * B. c. Augustus makes the first serious attempt to conquer Germany, in order to give his legions employment. 13 * * -9 * * b. c. The Roman attempt at conquest is defeated. Drusus, stepson of Augustus, con- ducts several expeditions into Germany. He defeats the natives in many battles, builds fortresses, and constructs a canal from the Rhine to the Yssel, but makes no lasting conquests. 13 * * b. c. Hesse. Drusus erects a for- tified camp [Mentz]. 21 * * A. D. Saxony. The Romans hav- ing been driven away, several tribes revolt, and Arminius, the liberator of Germany from the Romans, is killed by a confederacy of German chiefs. 69* *-71* *The Batavians revolt (p. 662). 90± * * The Romans build a line of for- tifications. It extends from Aschaffenburg on the Maine to Regensburg on the Danube, following chiefly the line of the great rivers ; soldiers are settled on bordering lands for its defense. 238 * * Ft. A confederation of German tribes, called Franks, invade Gaul. 250 * * The Goths from the Lower Dan- ube and Ostrogoths from South Russia invade and ravage Germany. 376 * * Hung. Hermanric, King of the East Goths, is defeated by the Huns. 451* * Fr. Attila, King of the Huns, " the Scourge of God," invades and rav- ages Gaul. With 700,000 men he destroys Mentz, besieges Orleans, but fails to subdue it. He is defeated by Aetius. the Roman gen- eral, on the Cat-ahum hm Fields atTroyes, near Chalons-sur-Marne. 476 * * Odoaeer, the leader of Herulian and other German bands, overthrows the Western Roman Empire (p. 663). 496 * * Clovis I. defeats the Alemanni (p. 662). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * * The chief employments of the an- cient Germans are hunting, caring for cattle, and the use of arms. 276 * * The EmperorProbus reintroduces the grape-vine. 330 * * Sawmills are set up. (Haydn.) BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1st Century, a. d. Civilis, Claudius, Bata- 477 * * Genseric, King of Vandals, A71. CHURCH. * * * b. c. The ancient Germans believe in the immortality of the soul, and wor- ship or fear gods, demigods, or giants ; they have non-professional priests, hards, and sacred groves, and believe in fairies, elves, and dwarfs, and use images in worship. __ Woden and his wife Fria, or Friga, 'a, and Fro £ 480 * * Persecutions of the Christians. Hunerich, son of Geiserich, persecutes the Catholics, and condemns Iodocas, patriarch of Carthage, to be burned alive in the market-place; he closes all the monasteries and Catholic churches, and sentences the priests, monks, and nuns to be broken on the wheel, or driven naked from the country. 500 * * Graitis, King of the Heruli, re- ceives Christian baptism, and is con- sequently murdered by his subjects. the principal divinities. Woden, the "All-Father," is the su- divinity, and the god of the air and the sky, the giver of the fruits of the earth, and one who delights in war ; and is represented as an imposing figure in a large white mantle, mounted on a white horse. Donar (Thor) is armed with a hammer and a thunderbolt, and presides over thunder and the weather. Thiu (Tur) answers to the Roman Mars, the god of war. Fro (Freyr) is the god of love ; Frauna (Freya) is his sister. Worship consists in the formal repeti- tion of invocations, and the offering of sacrifices. Particular days [from which we have the modern names for the days of the week] are set apart for the worship of each deity ; festivals ai*e held in honor of the gods ; sacrifices consist of domes- tic animals, including horses ; human sacrifices, especially prisoners of war, are sometimes offered. The will of the gods is known by the chance of a lot, the neighing of wild horses, and by the movements of birds in their flight. Lofty trees are esteemed sacred to the gods, and the oak and the red ash are set apart to Donar ; trees are decorated with wreaths of flowers and lighted candles. 1st Century (?) a. d. Eh. Prus. The bishopric of Treves is founded. 3d Century. Lorraine. Christianity is introduced at Metz. 283 * * Home. [St.] Caius becomes pope. (For following popes see Italy.) 284-305 Bavaria. Christianity is in- troduced into South Germany by Bishop Narcissus. 314 * * Eh. Prus. Agricius is bishop of Treves. Cologne is a bishopric. 366 * * Borne. St. Damascus is pope. 385* * Eh. Prus. A council of the church is held at Treves. 4th Century. Bishop Ulfilas prepares a clear, faithful, and simple rendering of the Scriptures for the Goths. SOCIETY. : * * b. c. The ancient Germans have fair hair and blue eyes ; they are taller than the Eomans, and seem to them as giants ; they pay great respect to women and aged people ; they honor chastity in women as they do bravery in men ; the women are the companions and subjects of their husbands, and work while their husbands are idle, or absent in war or the chase. ; * * b. c. The Germans, with their cat- tle, live together in rude huts built of wood, are fond of social gatherings, and indulge in the vices of gambling and in- toxication. : * * B. c. The people are divided into three classes, nobles, freemen, and serfs. ' * * B. c. The people are chiefly free- men and land-owners ; they carry arms, and own serfs, later consisting chiefly of prisoners taken in war, with their off- spring. The nobles are men of higher birth, but without special prerogatives ; an intermediate class, called the liti, hold land under some superior. : * * B. C. Courts are held in the open air; judges, assessors, or jurymen try causes. : * * B. c. Private injuries are avenged by the person injured or his family. : * * B. c. "The Germans are, above all, distinguished by a strong sense of per- sonal independence. In their faithful- ness, courage, and personal purity they are emphatically contrasted with other barbarous peoples." (Fisher.) ' * *b. c. The land surrounding the vil- lages is held in common, the remainder being chiefly forests. 353 * * A. D. Magentius, on the eve of the great battle of Mursa, entreats the gods for victory, after sacrificing a maiden on the altar, and mixing her blood, with wine, which the army drank. 408 * * The Vandal Stilichs is murdered by command of the Emperor Honorius, whom he had defamed. STATE. 340 * * B. c. The Greek Pytheas gives to Southern Europe the first authentic account of the Germans who dwell on the Baltic coast. [222 b. c. First men- tioned in the Capitoline records.] 320± * * B. C. Prussia is inhabited by the Venedi. [They are conquered by the Borussia.] * * * The German freemen elect their chiefs, who are often called kings by the Romans. GERMANY. 340, b.c. -500, a. d. 769 113 * * b. c. The German nations, Cim- bri and Teutons, begin a great migra- tory movement. . 37± * * b. c. Oppidum Ubiorum [Co- logne], the chief town of the Ubii, is founded on the Rhine. 27 * * B. c. The Roman provinces of Upper and Lower Germany are formed on the western bank of the Elbe. 21 b. c.-14 A. d. Caesar Octavianus Augustus is emperor of the Romans. 15 * * B. c. Bavaria. Augusta [Augs- burg] is built by Augustus. 13 * * B. c. Lorraine. Moguntiacum [Metz] is built. 4 * * b. c. Tiberius establishes the Ro- man power over a part of the Germanic tribes on the right bank of the Elbe. 9 * * a. d. Quintilius Varus is Roman governor. 14^37 Tiberius is Roman emperor. He settles 40,000 of the subdued Sicam- bri tribe at the mouth of the Rhine. 15 * * The Romans nominally subdue the country. Tiberius begins the construction of fortresses and the planting of colonies. * * * The folly of Varus alienates the Germans, and provokes a revolt. * * * The Romans being driven away, Arminius is recognized as chief of the the tribes. [21. Assassinated.] * * * Augustus abandons the attempt to subjugate the Germans. 37-41 Home. Caligula is emperor. [41-54, Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Xero).] 50* *(51?) Hh.Prus. Claudius Agrip- pa plants a Roman colony on the Rhine ^Cologne], at the suggestion of Agrip- pina, his wife. 54-68 Rome. Nero is emperor. [6S-69, Galba; 69, Otho and Vitellius; 69- 79, Vespasian; Til-si, Titus; fcil-89, Domitian; 96-98, Nerva ; 98-117, Trajan; 117-138, Ha- 101* *E.Hung.h Decebal, the de- feated king of the Dacians, agrees to become a dependent prince under the suzerainty of Rome. 105 * * E. Hung.^ The Dacians revolt, but are soon subdued or destroyed by Trajan. 107 * * E. Hung. Dacia is made a Ro- man province by Trajan. [It includes Wallachia, Moldavia, Eastern Hungary, and Transylvania.] * * * Roman towns are founded. * * * Rh. Prus. Treves is founded [and becomes one of the most important cities of the Roman Empire, and at times the residence of its emperors]. 150 * * The Saxons dwell north of the Elbe estuary. 167 * * The German tribes enter a con- federacy [and struggle against the Romans for 15 years], 180 * * Commodus purchases peace with the Germans by the payment of tribute. * * *E.Hung. The Goths invade Dacia. 193-284 Rome. Imperators rule the empire ; they are for the most part ap- ppinted by the soldiers. [193. Fertinax isimperator; be is murdered after three months, ami followed liy Didius Julianus. 193-211, .Septimus Servernsj 211- 217, Caracalla; 217, Macrinus; 218-222, Ela- nabalus. 222-23.1. Severus Alexander; he is killed by his mutinous troops on the lthine. 235-238. Maximums Thrax is imperator; he devastates the German townships. 237, Gor- dianus isimperator; Gordianus 11., his son, is co-regent; 238-244, Gordianus II.; 244- 249, Philip "the Arabian "; 249-251, Deems; 251-253, Gallus; 253, .-Eimlianus; 253-260, Valerianic; 268-271), Claudius II.; 270-275, Aurelianus.] 251 * * A confederacy of the Franks is formed, extending from the Rhine to the Elbe. 274 * * E. Hung. Aurelianus abandons Dacia to the Goths and Vandals, who thereby have complete possession of the region north of the Danube. * * * A period of almost unbroken peace between Goths and Romans pre- vails for 90 years. 276-282 Rome, Probus is imperator. Pro bus drives out of Gaul the Bur- gundians, Franks, Alemanni, and Van- dals ; he enters Germany, and strength- ens the line of fortifications connecting the Rhine aud the Danube. He enrolls many generals in his army, rescues 70 towns, destroys 400,000 invaders, and exacts tribute in money from the Ger- mans, besides 10,000 recruits. [282-283, Cams; 282-284, Numerian, co- regent; 2*2 2X5, ( 'artanus, co-reyciit. 284-305, Diocletian is imperator; his residence is at Milan. 286, Maximian. co-regent; 293, Con- stantius and Galerius. Caesars; 306, Con- stantiusand Galerius, Augusti; 307, Severus, Licinius, and Constantine, Augusti; six per- sons wear the title august us at the same time; 313-333, Const an tine and Licinius alone.] 287 * * The Saxons aid the rebellion of the Roman general Carausius. 300 * * Hung. Hermanric, King of the East Goths, subdues the country from the Danube to the Baltic. 323-337 Rome. Constantine the Great is sole emperor. [337-340, Constantine II. rules the West; 337-361, Constantius rules the East; 337- 350, Constans rules Ulvrieum and a part of Africa. 361 363. Julian is emperor. 363-364, Jovian; 364 37.'), Valentinian, with his court at Milan; 364-37K, Valens is co-regent; 367- 383, Gratian is co-regent; 375-392, Valentin- ian is co-regent.] 330 * * Constantine the Great makes Constantinople the capital of the Roman Empire. 350 * * -409 * * Fr. Julian drives the German invaders back from Gaul, and restores the fortresses which had been erected against them. 354 * * The city of Borbetomagus ["Worms] is plundered by the Alemanni. 357 * * Julian utterly defeats the seven chiefs of the Alemanni near Argentora- tum [Strasburg]. 375 * * The Teutonic tribes begin to migrate westward. 376 * * The Huns, a Mongolian race, drive the Goths across the Danube, and about 200,000 of them are permitted to settle in Germany under the protec- tion of the R( 395 * * On the death of Theodosius the Roman Empire is [permanently] divided. Arcadius rules the East, and Honorius the West. 400 * * Alsace. Strasburg is governed by the Alemanni. 406-413 Hesse. A Gothic tribe, of Ger- man origin, called Burgundians, settles on the middle Rhine [near Worms]. 413 * * The Burgundians enter Gaul, and found the first kingdom of Burgun- dy. [It lasts till 534, when it is absorbed by the Franks.] 419 * * Theodoric I., King of the West Goths, settles the region along the Dan- ube. 425-455 Ravenna. Valentinian III. is imperator. [455. Ravenna. PretoniusMaximus; 455- 456, Avitus; 457-461. lUajorian; 461-465, Li- bius Severus; 465-467, Interregnum; 467-472, Anthemius; 472, Olyhrius; 473, (ilycerius; 473-475, Julius Nepos; 475-476, Romulus Au- gustus.] 443* * Alsace. The Alemanni settle in the Roman province of Germania Supe- rior [Alsace and part of Switzerland.] 445 * * Attila, "the Scourge of God," becomes King of the Huns [and extends his dominion over the Germanic tribes]. 449 * * The Britons secure the aid of the piratical Angles and Saxons, who dwell on the coasts of the German ocean, to repel the incursions of Northern rob- bers, called Picts and Scots. [Hengist andHorsa found eight states in Britain.] 450 * * Germanic tribes migrate to Gaul in great numbers. 451* * Hesse. Borbetomagus [Worms] is plundered by Attila. 453 * * Theodosius U. is King of the East Goths on the death of Attila ; the tribes become free. * * * The Emperor Valens permits the Christian Goths to settle in Mcesia, with some others, when driven before the Huns. 378 * * The Goths revolt against their Roman protectors, and Valens is slain. [Theodosius purchases peace.] 379-395 Rome. Theodosius the Great becomes co-regent. 476 * * The line of the Western emperors comes to an end by the overthrow of the empire by Odoacer, the German general, who rules as the vicar of the Eastern emperor, under the title of patricius. 477* * Enq. iElle,aSaxon, withhis three sons, lands in the southwest, and con- quers the country south of the forest of Andred's weald. 484* *Alaric H. is king of the West Goths. 486 * * Belg. The Merovingian mon- archy of the Salian Franks of the lower Rhine region is established by Clovis I., who becomes sole ruler. 490+ * * Alsace. Strasburg passes into the hands of the Franks. 493 Feb. 27. Ravenna. Peaceismade between Odoacer and Theodoric the Great. Theodoric gains the throne as joint king over the East Goths in Italy ; Odoacer is to be Theodoric's military subordinate. [Mar. Odoacer is slain, and Theodoric becomes sole ruler.] * * The Franks become the founders of the German and French kingdoms. 495 * * Eng. Cedric and Cynric, the Saxons, settle on the southwest coast.' 770 511* *-800 * *. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 520 * * Eng, The Saxon invaders are repulsed by Arthur, King of the Silures, in the battle of Mons Badonicus. 596 * * Prus. The Avars from the Dan- ube region, and also the Saxons, invade Thuringia. 687 * * Fr. Battle of Testri (p. 664). 716 * * Charles Martel leads the Aus- trasians against the Frisii [Friesians]. 719* * Fr. Charles Martel defeats the Basques and Goths, under Eudes, Duke of Aquitania, at Soissons. [725. He sub- dues the Bavarians.] 732 * * Fr. Charles Martel, at the head of the German Austrasians, completely defeats the Saracens, and delivers Eu- rope (p. 664). 738 * * Fr. Charles Martel defeats the Goths and Arabs at Narbonne. 745 * * Carloman gains victories over the Saxons. 746* * Carloman defeats the Alemanni, and executes Theudewald and many noted prisoners with great cruelty. 772-804 The Franks subjugate the Saxons. 772 * * "War with the Saxons is re- solved upon in the May-field Assem- bly at Worms. * * The Franks capture Eresburg, and cast down the Irminsul. Saxons west of the Elbe are subdued. 775 * * The Franks capture Sigibnrg. 778 * * Charlemagne is at war with Spain. * * The Saxons are again subdued by the army of the East Franks and the Alemanni. 779* * Westphalia. Charlemagne gains a complete victory over the Saxons at Bocholt on the Aa. 782 * * The Frankish army is defeated by the revolting Saxons while crossing the Sandel mountains. Charlemagne takes the field against the rebels. (See State.) 783 * * Charlemagne defeats the Sax- ons, led by Wittekind, at Detmold ; again at Hase in a general engagement. 788 * * The Franks are at war with the Scandinavian Germans, called North- men, and with the Slavs. 789 * * Prus. Charlemagne, at war with the Slavs, defeats the Wiltzi, and ad- vances to the river Peene. 791-799 Charlemagne engages in wars with the Avars of the Danube region, the allies of the Duke of Bavaria ; Char- lemagne's son Pepin is commander-in- chief. 793-804 "War occurs with the Danes for receiving Saxon refugees ; Gottfried, King of Denmark, invades the Frankish mark. 796 * * Hung. Duke Erich storms the chief circular camp of the Avars (The King's Bang) between the Danube and the Theiss (p. 502). 799 * * Charlemagne undertakes a naval expedition against the Moors in Spain, but is called into Suxonv. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 800* *Heraldry is introduced by Charlemagne. He encourages agricul- ture and horticulture. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 533 * * Remy, or Remi, Saint, apostle of the Franks, bi6hop of Reims, A58. 625 * * Theodelinda, Bavarian princess, wife of Autharic, dies. 657 * * Wilbrord, or Willibrod, Saint, apos- tle of the Frisians, b. [738. 1). A81+.] 680* * Boniface. "Wilfrid. Saint, apostle of Germany, born. [755. Dies. A75+.J 694 * * Charles Martel, Duke of Austrasia, King of the Franks, ^i an.lfatlxT of Char- lemagne, born. [741. Dies. A47.] 714* * Pepin le Oros, or Pepin of Heristal, Duke of Austrasia, father of Charles Mar- tel, dies. 743 Apr. 3. Charlemagne, King of France, Emperor of the West, born. [814, Jan. 28. Dies. A72.] CHURCH. 579 * * It. The Langobardi surrender their idols, and embrace Christianity, at the request of their favorite, Queen Tbeodolinda. 590-604 Rome. [St.] Gregory I. the Great is bishop and pope. He is a great statesman as well as churchman, builds schools ami churches, sends out missionaries to many lands, and increases the numbers and wealth of the church, and lays the foundation of the great power of the papacy. 717 * * St. Boniface [Winfried], an Eng- lish missionary, begins the successful work of converting the Germans to Christianity. [Apostle to the Ger- He preaches in the country of the East Franks in Thuringia, Hesse, and Friesland. [723. He is consecrated bishop.] 731* * Rome. [St.] Gregory III. becomes pope. [741. [St.] Zachary.] 732 * * Winfried is consecrated arch- bishop, and named Boniface, and be- comes the apostle to the Germans. * * Fr. By the victory of Charles Martel at Tours, over the Saracens, the liberties and religion of Europe are saved. 742 * * Germany recognizes the Pope as the head of the church (Concilium 745 * * Hesse. Mentz becomes the seat of an archbishopric. 746 * * The Apostles' Creed is trans- lated into the Saxon tongue. 752 * * Rome. St. Stephen II. becomes pope. [752, St. Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768, Stephen IV.; 771, Adrian I.] 755** It. The Popes' temporal power begins in the government of the exar- chate of Ravenna. June 5. Neth. Bishop Boniface is mur- dered [in Friesland]. 779 * * Charlemagne imposes tithes for the support of the clergy, churches, schools, and the poor. 782 * * Hanover. Charlemagne massa- cres 4,500+ Saxons at Verden, who had rebelled, and lapsed into idolatry. 785 * * Saxony. The Saxons, after a fruitless contest of 32 years, submit to Charlemagne, and become Christians. 787 * * Asia Minor. Council of Nice (p. 664). 794 Prus. The Council of Frank- fort meets at Frankfort-on-the-Main under the presidency of Charlemagne. It is attended by 300 bishops from Ger- many, Gaul. Italy, Spain, and England, and condemns Adoptiomsm and the wor- ship of images. 795 * * Rome. St. Leo III. becomes pope. [799. He is attacked by a band of con- spirators, and driven out of Rome. Later he is restored by Charlemagne.] 800 * * Saxony. Bishoprics are estab- lished. Osnabruck, Verden, Bremen, Pader- born, Minden, Minister, IIildesheim,and Halberstadt become bishoprics. * * The Eastern Empire is separated from the Western, and the Pope is rec- ognized as supreme bishop of the later. LETTERS. 689 * * The Teutonic language is in- troduced. * * * Charlemagne revives learning to some extent. (See France.) [S09. His Homilarium appears.] 782**Alcuin, the Anglo-Saxon scholar, and Paul, the Langobard, are called to Charlemagne's court. 796+ * *Einhard, the historian, be- comes secretary to Charlemagne. SOCIETY. 524 * * Sigismnnd, his wife and child, are drowned in a -well because of his cru- elty in murdering his son, Siegerich, for. mocking the awkward walk of the queen, his stepmother. * * * Under Charlemagne, freemen are liable at any moment to be ordered to a distant part of the empire to fight, leav- ing their fields neglected and their fami- lies in direst poverty. * * * "Wealthy freemen buy exemption from military service from the counts, so that the hardships of the wars fall on the poorest people. * * *Vitiges, having conquered Milan, spares the garrison, but puts 300,000 of the inhabitants to the sword, and yields the city a prey to his Burgundian auxiliaries. * * * Theodobert of Austrasia offers a sacrifice of young children (Goths) to the rive]' god, casting them into the Po. 539 * * The Gothic women, indig- nant at the treachery and folly of the men, spit in their faces with contempt. * * * Ildebard is killed by a jealous Goth, who severs his head with one stroke, at a banquet, and rolls it upon the table. 552 * * Tejas, lender of the Goths, marches through Italy murdering every Roman that crosses his path ; Marses, the Ro- man general, murders the Goths in like * * * The Langobardi put all their old men to death, and the widows volun- tarily burn themselves alive. 572 * * Alboin conquers the Romans in the country of the Po, and reduces them to servitude, to which they submit without a struggle. 573 * * Beautiful Rosamunda, formerly wife of Alboin, poisons her later hus- GERMANY. 511, **-800, * *. 771 band, Helmicliis ; he discovers her crime in time to compel her to drink the dregs of the cup, and share his painful fate. 575 * * Kleph, King of the Langobardi, is killed by one of his subjects. 576 * * Sigebert I., made King of Paris, is assassinated by the tools of his brother. * * * Prince Childebert, three years of age, is saved from murderers by the act of his nurse, who secretes him in a grain-bag. * * *Brunehilde, the Visigoth princess, is aprisoner in the handsof Fredegunda. 579 * * Queen Theodolinda gains such in- fluence over the people that they sur- render their favorite guds, and embrace Christianity at her request. * * * Queen Fredegunda has licentious relations with Landerich, her husband's major-domus. [584. Chilperic discovers her infidelity, but dares not punish it.] 591 * * The Langobardi permit the beau- tiful Theodolinda, the widow of the king, to select his successor, as king and husband. * * * Fredegunda is celebrated alike for her beauty and ferocity. * * * Chilp^ric marries Galaswintha; se- curing her rich dower, he soon murders her, and in a few days proclaims Frede- gunda, his mistress, to be his wife. * * Chilpdric is put to death, while fol- lowing the chase, by the queen's tools. * * * Brunehilde, Queen of Austrasia, takes bloody revenge on her nobles, who have deprived her of her husband, Merowich, and separated her from Lu- pus, her faithful attendant. [Later, Fre- degunda attempts to assassinate her, 'but fails.] * * * Brunehilde causes the JEgila Aus- trasian major-domus to he murdered, and his office given to her paramour. * * * Brunehilde causes the Bishop De- siderius to be stoned to death for preaching repentance to her, and drives Columban, the Irish saint, out of the country, for reprobating her crime. 600+ * * Brunehilde introduces car- 611* *Romilda, widow of the grand duke of Gisulph, offers to betray the city of Frioul into the hands of Cacan, Khan of the Avari, the murderer of her husband, on condition that he make her his wife ; the agreement is kept, and he takes her to Hungary, when the marriage is celebrated, and the following morning he causes her to be impaled alive. 612 * * Brunehilde onuses her grandson Theudebert to be confined in a monas- tery, where he is murdered by his brother Theuderich, and the brains of his little son are dashed out on a rock. * * * Brunehilde revenges herself upon her son Theuderich by administering poison to him. ■* * * Brunehilde, alarmed at the general revolt at her feuds and crimes, flees to Metz, and attempts to murder her ma- jor-domus because of his wavering fidel- ity. [She is entirely deserted by her followers near Chalons, and she is deliv- ered up to Glotaire, her adversary.] 613 * * Clotaire punishes Brunehilde, 80 years of age, by having her suffer ex- cruciating tortures. For three days she is tortured, then paraded through the camp on a camel's hack ; finally he ties her by one arm and one foot to the tail of a wild horse, and ends her miserable life. * * Sigebert and Corous are murdered by order of Clotaire, as descendants of Brunehilde. * * Adalulf's criminal advances to the Queen of Lombardy are scornfully re- jected ; and he revenges himself by ac- cusing Tafo of illicit intercourse, and he is put to death. [Her innocence is afterwards fully proved.] 750 * * Profligacy and misery charac- terize the people. STATE. 511 * * Clovis I., King of the Franks, dies ; his kingdom is divided (p. 665). 512 * * Lorraine. Metz is the capital of Austrasia under Thierry, or Theodorie II. 530 * * The German confederations are nominally subject to the successors of Clovis, but are practically free; each is ruled by its own duke, and the office becomes hereditary in certain families. 530-532 Thuringia. Theodorie, the eldest son of Clovis, conquers the king- dom of Thuringia, and the two younger sons subdue the Eurgundians. 536 * * Fr. Provence is ceded by the Burgundians to the Franks. 547 * * Scot. The Angles, under Ida, "the flame-bearer," settle in the Low- lands. 550-600 Eng. The Saxons settle the country north of the Thames [Essex]. 553 * * It. The kingdom of the East Goths in Italy falls ; Teja, the king, is killed in the battle at Mount Lactarius. [556. Narses terminates the kingdom.] 558-561 The whole kingdom of the Franks is again reunited. [561 and 567. Again divided. 613. Reunited.] (P. 665.) 560-788 Bavaria is governed by dukes of the Agilo-Finger family. 577± Eng. The Angles of North Ger- many [Schleswig-Holstein] settle in the west [Norfolk, Suffolk]. 603 * * Witteric, the usurper, takes the throne of the West Goths. 622-678 The kingdom of the Franks is divided into two parts ; Austrasia and Neustria, together with Burgundy, are peepled chiefly by Germans (p. 665). 625 * * Paris. A general assembly is convoked to establish peace. 631 * * Bohemia. The Slavs break out in revolt. 638 * * Lorraine. Sigebert I. becomes King of Austrasia ; Metz is the capital. [674. Dagobert U. 676. Pepin of Heristal becomes major domus, or mayor of the palace.] 680* * Pepin of Heristal, Duke of Aus- trasia, compels the German dukes to re- turn somewhat to their allegiance as subjects of the Frankish kings (p. 565). 714* * Lorraine. Charles Martel is practically king. [725. He becomes mayor. 741. He dies.] (P. 665.) * * * The Saxons are independent, and unsubduable by the Franks. 741-987 The Carlovingian line of French kings (p. 665). 752 * * It. Pepin compels Astolphus, King of the Lombards, to cede Kavenna and the Pentapolis, the territory of Bo- logna and Ferrara, to the Pope, thus founding the Papal States. The city of Rome is not included in the gift. With the Pope's consent P^pin assumes the title, King of the Franks. 754 * * It. Pope Stephen anoints Pepin and his sons Charles and Carloman as kings of the Franks. Pepin com- mences the style " By the grace of God.** 768-771 Charlemagne [Charles the Great], with his brother Carloman, reigns over the Franks [France and Germany, etc.]. (P. 665.) 768-814 R7i. Prus. Aachen [Aix-la- Chapelle], the northern capital of Charlemagne, is a free imperial city. 771 * * On the death of his brother Carlo- man, Charlemagne becomes sole ruler of the Franks, by usurping the government. 772 * * Saxony. A rebellion breaks out against Charlemagne. [It lasts 30 years ; he subdues it seven times.] * * Hesse. A May-field, or national as- sembly, held at Worms unanimously votes for war with the Saxons. 773-774 It. The kingdom of the Lom- bards is destroyed by Charlemagne be- cause Desiderius, its king, threatens the Pope, and favors the succession of Carlo- man's sons. 774 * * Charlemagne becomes King of Northern Italy. 776-777 The Franks again subjugate the Saxons. 776 * * Westphalia. The first May- field, or national assembly, in the land of the Saxons assembles at Paderborn. 778* * The Saxons again revolt against the Franks on receiving the news of Charlemagne's defeat in the Pyrenees; Wittekind of Westphalia, their leader, wastes the country of the Franks as far as Cologne. 780 * * Westphalia. A general revolt of the Saxons subject to Charlemagne breaks out under Wittekind. The Saxon part of his army revolts, and suddenly cuts down the French part while crossing the Sandel Mountain. [782. He massacres 45,000 armed Saxons on the Aller in revenge, and this pro- vokes a new and mad revolt.] 785 * * Wittekind, the leader of the re- volting Saxons, submits to Charlemagne, and embraces Christianity. 788 * * Bavaria. Tassilo II., the revolt- ing Duke of Bavaria, is deposed by Charlemagne, and the margravate is established. * * Bremen is founded by Charlemagne. 791 * * Hung. The Avars are subdued after a war lasting rive years (p, 503). The country between the Ems and the Raab is annexed to the Frankish Em- pire, and settled by German colonists, chiefly Bavarians. 793 * * New revolts occur among the Saxons. 794 * * Frankfort is the residence of Charlemagne. 799 * * Westphalia. The Pope, being expelled from Rome by the relatives of his predecessor, finds refuge in the camp of Charlemagne at Paderborn. [Charle- magne restores the throne to the Pope.] 800 Dec. 25. Pome. Charlemagne is crowned (p. 667). 772 802,**-962, GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 80S * * The Danes are defeated by Charles, son of the emperor ; they retire beyond the Eider. [810. Charlemagne himself takes the field against the Danes under King Gottfried.] 833 June 29. Alsace. Louis is de- serted by all his troops in the night, on the Field of Lies, near Colmar. 841 June 25. Fr. Battle of Fonte- nay in Burgundy. The Emperor Lothaire, claiming the imperial title, is defeated by his broth- ers, Louis the German and Charles the Bald; 100,000 men fall. 843 * * With ferocious energy the Scan- dinavian sea-warriors (Vikings) simul- taneously attack the Franks. 845 * * The Northmen attack all three of the Frankish kingdoms. 848 * * The Slavs invade the Frankish lands. 858 * * Fr. Louis the German invades France, but is compelled to retire. 876* *Iik.Prus. Battle of Andernach; Charles the Bald is defeated by the sons of Louis the German. 884+ * * Hung. The Magyars conquer Hungary. 891 * * Belgium. Arnuf of Bavaria de- feats the Northmen on the river Dyle at LQUvain. 893 * * By an alliance with the Magyars, a nomadic Finnish tribe, Arnulf defeats Svatopluk II., the founder of the king- dom of Moravia. [S96 Arnulf takes Rome.] 899 * * Germany is furiously invaded by the Magyars of Hungary. [908. They overrun Bavaria and Franconia, enter Thuringia and Saxony, desolating the country.] 910 * * Bavaria. Louis the German is defeated by the Magyars in the vicinity of the river Lech. 910± * * Internecine feuds break out in Franconia. The Conradines defeat Adalbert of Babenberg, and execute him before his castle. 911-918 Conrad is constantly at war. He repels the invasions of the Danes, Slavs, and Magyars; his own subjects resist his sovereignty. 924 * * The Magyars renew their inva- sions. Henry buys them off from Saxony and Thuringia by agreeing to the payment of tribute for nine years. 929 Sept. 4. Brandenburg. Henry de- feats the "Wends (Slavs) at Lenzen. 933 * * The Magyars renew their inva- sions ; a great victory is won on the Unstrut by Henry. [934. The Danes, Vandals, and Bohemians also defeated.] 937 * * Bavaria. Hordes of Hungarians cross Franconia. (See Austria.) 938* * Otho defeats the rebellious dukes of Bavaria and of Franconia. 939 * * King Otho's younger brother, Henry, leads a rebellion and is sub- dued. 946-950 Otho interferes in the French "wars, protecting King Louis IV. against Hugo, Count of France, — all three are brothers-in-law. 951* * It. Otho invades Italy nominally in support of Queen Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, but really for conquest. [952. July 29. Berengar II. is defeated in the battle of Firenzuola.] * * "War occurs with the "Wends. Margrave Gero commands the Ger- mans; another war with t ho Danes, Otho in command ; and another with Boleslav, duke of Bohemia. 953-954 Civil war shakes the throne of Otho, until the appearance of the Hungarians alarms and unites the peo- ple. 954 * * The Magyars sweep through Germany to France, and become allies of the rebel dukes, who, after a severe struggle, are reconciled to the king. 955 Aug. 10. Battle of Lechfeld [Augs- burg] ; Otho I. utterly defeats the Mag- yars. Conrad is killed. [* * He defeats the Wends on the Rekenitz.] 957 * * It. Berengar U. rebels, and Lindolf, son of Otho, is killed in the ef- fort to subdue him. Otho defeats the Slavonian invaders in Saxony. 961 * * Second expedition to Italy. Otho defends the Pope from Berengar II, [963. He captru*es Rome. 964. He captures Rome the second time, de- poses Pope Benedict, and restores Pope Leo.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 802 * * Charlemagne is presented with a striking clock by Harun-al-Raschid the [famous] calif of 'Bagdad. 820 * * Hop-gardens nourish. 925 * * The first dyers' guild is estab- lished. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 9th Century. Otfried, monk, poet, born, dies. 806 * * Louis I.. King of Havana and tier- many, born. [876. Dies. A70.] 808 * * Gottschalk, monk, theologian, born. [860. Dies. A52±.] 856 * * Rabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mentz, scholar, author, A80. 876 * * Henry I., Emperor of Germany, born. [936. Dies. A60.] 883* * Louis II., or III., King of Bavaria and Germany, dies. 890* * TJlrich, 8aint. bishop of Augsburg, statesman, born. [973. Dies. A83.} Otho I., emperor, born. [973. Dies. A6I.] 900* * Louis in., or IV., King of Bavaria and Germany, A7. 918 * * Conrad, or Konriul I., Duke of Fran- conia, King of Germany, dies. 939 * * Adalbert, Saint, apostle of Prus- sians, born. [997. Dies. A58-] CHURCH. * * * Reign of Charlemagne. The king rules the Church, setting up and putting down archbishops, bishops, and abbots; he begins a reformation. * * * Bishoprics and many monasteries are founded by the king, and enriched by gifts of land. * * * Prelates are invested with some of the authority pertaining to civil, but not criminal courts. 816 * * Borne. Stephen V. becomes pope. [817, St. Paschal J.; 824, Eugenius II.; 827, Valentius; S27, (injury IV.; M4. Sergins II.; 847,St. Leo IV.; 855, Benedict III.: 8SS, NV- olas I. the Great; 867, Adrian II.; 872, John VI1I.J 825 * * Louis the Pious reintroduces the worship of images and pictures which Charlemagne had prohibited. 834-1223 Hamburg is the seat of an archbishopric. 836* * Westphalia. The relics of St. Anthony Vitus are removed. They are borne in solemn procession from Paris to the monastery of Corvey. Parisians weep at their departure. 9th Century. Rh. Prus. The archbish- opric of Treves is founded. [It is the oldest in Germany.] 873 * * Rh. Prus. The Mimsterkerehe of Essen is consecrated. 882* * Rome. Marin us I. becomes pope. [884, Adrian III.; 885, Stephen VI.; 891, Formosns and Sergius, anti-pope; S96, lioni- face VI.; Wl, Stephen VII.; W8, Konianus, Theodorus II., and John IX.] 899 * * Frequent conflicts occur between the bishops and the nobles. 900 * * Rome. Benedict IV. is pope. [903, Leo V. and Christopher; 904, Sergiue III.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913, Lando; 915 John X.] * * * Veneration for saints abounds ; the passion for relics becomes very general. 921 * * The Bohemians are converted to Christianity. 928 * * Rome. Leo VI. becomes pope. [929, Stephen VIII.; 931, John XI.; 936, Leo VII.] 936-973 * * P?ms. Otho I. founds the bishoprics of Havelberg and Bran- denburg. 937 * * Saxony. Otho the Great estab- lishes a monastery at Magdeburg. 939 * * Rome. Stephen IX. is pope. [MarinusII.; 946, Agapetus II.; 956, John XII. becomes pope; he contends with the emperor respecting investiture,} * * * Monks have great influence. LETTERS. 822-847 Hesse-Xassau. Rabanus Mau- rus is abbot of the monastery of Fulda ; he makes Fulda " the first and most esteemed school of Germany." 830 * * The Heljand, a religious didactic poem, appears. 9th Century. The HUdebrandslied ap- pears. 9th Century. Bavaria. The MuspUla ap- pears. 870+ * * A poetical version of the Gos- pels, by Otfried, a monk of Weissenburg, appears. 890± * * Ludwigslied, apoem celebrating the victory of Louis III. over the Nor- mans, appears. 900 * * The first German book appears. 930 * * The poem, Walter of the Strong Hand, appears. 10th Century. The Merseburger Gedichte 10th Century. Brunswick. Roswitha, a nun of Gandersheim, the first German poetess and dramatist, writes Life of Otho the Great, Sacred Legends', and Gallicanus, Dulcitius, Abraham, Calli- machus. SOCIETY. 850 * * Roman and common law are gradually introduced. 909 * * The growth of feudalism is promoted by the havoc caused by invad- ing Magyars, while Germany is ruled by a child king, as the people are obliged to protect themselves. * * * The feudal tenure of land prevails. 925 * * King Henry constructs fortresses and walled towns for defense. To build them he requires the labor of every ninth man, and the eight men re- GERMANY. 802,**-962, * *. 773 maining in his group to till his fields ; they are also to store one-third of their harvests for days of trouble. 941 * * Henry, Otho's youngest brother, fails in a murderous assault upon the monarch, after having been forgiven his rebellion ; he is forgiven the second time. 951 * * Otho leads an army into Italy to release Queen Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, who is imprisoned by the King of Lombardy because she refused to marry his son. [Otho himself soon mar- ries the fascinating widow.] STATE. 802 * * Charlemagne adds a second head to the eagle to show that the empires of Italy and Germany are united in him. 806 * * Lorraine. The Diet of Dieden- hofen.Thionville, is held. * * Charlemagne distributes the admin- istration of the empire among his three sons as his lieutenants, each having the title of king. 808 * * Pirns. Hamburg is founded by Charlemagne. 813-1531 Eh. Prus. Aachen [Aix-la- Chapelle] is the crowning-place of the German emperors, and also the seat of numerous diets and councils. 814 June 28. Pit. Prus. Charlemagne dies at [Aix-la-Chapelle] [succeeded by Ludwig, his son.] (P. 667.) 814-840 Louis I. le D^bonnaire is em- peror. 817 * * Louis shares the realm with his three sons (p. 667). 829 * * A new division among his four sons. [Revolt and civil war.] (P. 667.) 833 June 29. Alsace. Louis's fol- lowers to a man desert him during the night near Colmar on the Field of Lies. [He is deposed bv three sons. 834. Re- stored. 835. A redivision. 837. Redi- vision. 838. Redivision rescinded.] (P. 667.) 838 * * Hesse- Nassau. Frankfort is en- closed with walls by Louis. 839 * * Pepin, one of the sons of Louis I., dies, and his part of the empire is divided between Lothaire and Charles; Ludwig, the other brother, rebels. 840 June 20. Hesse. Louis I., em- peror, dies, near Mentz. * * Lothaire I. assumes the imperial power. [He is defeated by his brothers at Fontenay.] (P. 666.) * * Poland. The Slav dynasty is estab- lished. 842 Feb. 14. Alsace. Louis and Charles take the federation oath, which is repeated by their armies, at Strasburg. 843 Aug.* Fr. Treaty of Verdun; the Empire is divided by the two sons of Louis I. into France, Germany, and Italy (p. 667). 843-911 The Carolingian dynasty reigns. 843-876 Louis the German reigns. Germany for the first time is ruled by a king who rules nowhere else. 843* * Hesse- Nassau. Frankfort is made a capital city. 850 * * Saxony. The duchy is estab- lished. ± * * Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is founded. 855 Sept. * Prus. Lothaire I. dies in a monastery at Prum. Lotharingia is divided among his three sons. ± * * Lorraine becomes a kingdom under Lothaire, son of the Emperor Lothaire. 856 * * Louis II., son of Louis the Ger- man, has Italy with imperial dignity. He establishes his court at Pavia in Lombardy. 861* * Lorraine. Brunswick is founded by Bruns, Archbishop of Cologne. 870 * * Lorraine is divided by the treaty of Mersen (p. 667). The German portion (Friesland, Lor- raine) is ceded to the East Franks (France) ; the Romance portion (Bur- gundy, Provence) is ceded to the West Franks (Germany). 875 Dec. 25. Charles II., the Bald, King of France, invades Italy, and is crowned by the Pope Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, comprising the na- tions of western and central Europe, be- ing chiefly German-speaking peoples. [877. Poisoned.] 876 Aug. 23. Louis II., the German, dies, and is succeeded by his brother. 877-887 Charles III., the Fat, son of Louis II., reigns. He is emperor conjointly at first with his brothers Carloman and Louis. His claims are successfully resisted on the Rhine and in Italy. 881 * * Charles III., the Fat, becomes sole emperor, and is crowned. [884. Fr. He is elected King of the West Franks with exception of a part of Burgundy ; thus the Empire is again united.] * * Germany is still called East Francia. 887 * * Charles III. is deposed by the great Diet at Tribur for cowardice in yielding to the Northmen at the siege of Paris ; he abdicates the throne. 887-899 Fr. Arnulf reigns. Arnulf,the illegitimate son of Carlo- man and grandson of Louis, is elected King of Germany by the East Franks. [896. Crowned at Rome. 897. Dec. 3. Dies at Ratisbon.J 895* * Bavaria. The Margrave Leopold is styled the first duke. 899-911 Louis "the Child," son of Arnuf, six years of age, succeeds to the empire. Heisdomin.'ited by Hatto, Archbishop of Mentz. The Magyars invade Ger- many, and devastate the country. A period of national weakness and gloom follows. The monarchy is ready to fall to pieces, and form separate duchies, as Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, Lotharingia. 900+ * * Silesia. Breslau is founded. * * * The empire becomes elective. 911* * Otho the Illustrious, Duke of Saxony, is offered the crown, but declines it because of old age. 912 Nov. 8. The German princes de- clare their independence, and elect Con- rad I., Duke of Franconia, their king. His authority is strongly resisted by the Franks and by many of his own sub- jects. 919-1024 The Saxony Dynasty. 919-936 Henry I., "the Fowler," son of Otho, Duke of Saxony, is founder of the German monarchy. He subdues the revolting Saxon lords, and abolishes the prevailing anarchy. 924* * Henry prudently agrees to pay tribute to the li ungarhiiis for nine years, and thus secures peace. 925 * * Lorraine. Lotharingia is re- gained by Henry I. * * The margraves, or military gover- nors, are first appointed. * * * Germany is virtually a federal state. The growth of towns is pro- moted by Henry I. 930 * * Prus. The North Mark of Sax- ony is established by the Emperor Henry I., and forms the beginning of the Prussian State. 933 * * Henry I. refuses to pay tribute to the Magyars ; they renew their in- vasions. 936 July 2. Saxony. Henry I. dies at Menleben [and is succeeded by bis eldest son by Matilda]. 936-973 Otho I., "the Great," is elected by the Saxons and Franks King of Germany. * * The four court officers first appear. The Duke of Lotharingia as chamber- lain; Dukeof Franeonis, steward ; Duke of Swabia, cup-bearer ; and Duke of Ba- varia, marshal. 940 * * Burgundy becomes a fief of the empire. 941 * * Henry, the king's brother and an ex-rebel, is forgiven and becomes Otho's chief supporter. [946. Otho makes him Duke of Bavaria.] 944 * * Lorraine. Otho gives Lotharin- gia to Conrad the Red. 946-950 Otho interferes in the French wars, and protects Louis IV. against Hugh, Count of Paris. 948 * * Baden. Otho appoints his son Lindolf duke of Swabia. 950 * * The Bohemians pay tribute to Otho ; Boleslav becomes the vassal of Germany. * * Saxony is governed by the House of Billing. 952 * * It. The defeated king, Eerengar II., accepts Otho as his suzerain. 953-954 Civil war prevails. 953* * Bruno, archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lorraine, becomes a chosen counsellor of Otho. * * Otho's son Lindolf, and Conrad, Duke of Lotharingia, the king's son-in- law, rebel. 954 * * Hungarians cross the country in their invasion of France and ravage it; they become the allies of the rebellious dukes. 955 Aug. 10. Bavaria. The East Mark [duchy of Austria] is reestab- lished (p. 503). 10th Century. W. Prus. Danzig is founded. 957 * * Ph. Prus. Cologne becomes an imperial city. 962 Feb. 2. Beginning of the continu- ous union of Germany with the Holy Roman Empire. (962-1806.) Otho by conquest includes Italy in his dominions, and is crowned emperor at Rome by the Pope. [Germany alone does not become an empire.] 774 963, * *-1076, Oct. * GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 966-967 Otho leads a third expedition to Italy. 978* * Fr. Lothaire, King of France, surprises Otho, who escapes with diffi- culty ; Otho reconquers Lotharingia [Lorraine], invades France, and makes an unsuccessful attempt to take Paris. 980-983 Wars in Italy. Otho crosses the Alps, and advances on Rome, and into Southern Italy.. 981 * * It. Otho defeats the Saracens and Greeks at Colonne. 982 July 13. It. The German army under Otho is annihilated by the Sara- cens and Greeks in an ambuscade ; he escapes only because of the swiftness of his horse. 983 * * The Danes and Wends rise in re- bellion. They successfully invade Germany ; the bishoprics of Brandenburg and Ha- velberg are destroyed. 996 * * Otho's first expedition goes to Koine. 998-999 Otho's second expedition against Rome. 999 Apr. 29. It. Crescentius, the usurper, is defeated at St. Angelo. He attempted to throw off the Germ an yoke, and reestablish the ancient Roman Republic ; he is executed. 1001* * Otho's third expedition against Rome. The Romans revolt against the Germans. 1002 * * Lorraine. Civil war prevails [for ten years]. 1003 * * Henry's first expedition} the emperor defeats the Margrave Henry and Henry Count of Luxemburg at Creusen. 1004 * * It. Ardoin of Ivrea, King of Italy, and a rival for the empire, is de- feated by Henry. 1004-18 Henry II. is at war with Bo- leslav, King of Poland ; he is compelled to surrender Bohemia, hut retains Lusa- tia. [1015. Henry II. is defeated.] 1014 * * It. Henry conducts a second expedition to Italy, to surprise the up- rising under Ardoin. 1016-18 Fr. Henry II. leads an army to secure his inheritance in Burgundy, which had been resigned in his favor by Rudolf III. before his death. 1022 * * It. Henry's third expedition to Italy. He attacks the Greeks in Lower Italy, and is aided by the Norman settlers in subduing them. 1026 * * It. Conrad H. leads an expe- dition into Italy. He is crowned King of Italy at Milan, and maintains his sovereignty by force of arms in Pavia and Ravenna. 1029 * * The Poles invade Germany, and carry into captivity 10,000 prisoners. They ravage the country as far as the Saale. [1031. Conrad attacks the Poles, rescues prisoners, and restores Lusatia to the Empire.] 1030 * * Conrad makes an unsuccessful attack on the Hungarians. 1041-44 Henry III. conquers the Bo- hemians in three campaigns, wasting the country with fire and sword. 1044 * * Hung. Henry defeats the Hun- garians at Menf ew. (See State.) 1046 * * It. Henry III. makes his first expedition to Rome to suppress the rival popes. 1049 * * A protracted war ensues with Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Upper Lotharingia, for the succession of the dukedom. 1052 * * Hung. Henry III., after a ten months' siege of Presburg, is obliged to retreat in haste because of the dis- affection of some of his nobles. 1055* * It. Henry's second expedition goes to Italy. 1075 * * Henry IV. defeats the revolt- ing Saxons on the Unstrut. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1000 * * Glass-painting is invented. Brunswick. The Karzburg mines are 1007* * Alsace. The cathedral at Strasburg, built by Clovis, is destroyed by lightning. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 965 * * Bruno the Great, archbishop of Cologne, scholar, statesman, dies. 973* * Henry II.. emperor, born. [1024. Dies. A50.] 10th Century. Hrotsvitha, nun, Latin poet, born. [1072. Dies. A72.]' 1009* * Bruno, Saint, sometimes called Apostle of Prussia, dies. 1017* * Henry III., emperor, born. [1056. Dies. A 39.] 1040* * Bruno, Saint, founder of Carthu- sians, born. [1101. Dies. A61.] 1050 * * Henry IV.. emperor, horn. [1106. Dies. A56.] 1076 * * Adam of Bremen, church hist., d. 11th Century. Franco, or Francon, scholar, writer c . born and dies. CHURCH. 963 * * It. Pope John flees from Rome when it is taken by Otho. * * It. The Romans are compelled to promise never to elect another pope ■without the consent of the Emperor of Germany. * * Rome. Pope John is deposed by a synod, and Leo VIII., the anti-pope, is elected. 964 * * Rome. Benedict V. is elected pope by a council of Romans. [965, John XIII. becomes pope; his crimes and scandals cause his banishment.] 967 * * Saxony. The archbishopric of Magdeburg is founded. 972 * * Borne. Benedict VI. is pope. [973, Donus II.; 974, Benedict VII.; 984, JohnXIV.; iwft, Boniface V 1 1 , John XV.; 996, John XVI., Gregory V.; 999, Sylvester II.; 1(103, John XV If.; later, John XVIII.; 1009, serums IV.; IIH'J, Benedict VIII.; 1024, John XIX.; 1033, Benedict IX., aged 10 years.} 975 * * Hesse. The Cathedral of Mentz is founded. 993* * Rome. Saints are first canonized. 996 * * Prus. St. Adalbert, bishop of Prague, devotes himself to missionary work among the Prussians. [997. Apr. 23. W. Prus. He is murdered.] 1000 * * Prus. The emperor makes a pilgrimage to the bones of St. Adalbert at Gnessen, Poland ; he founds the archbishopric of Gnessen. 1007 * * Bavaria. The bishopric of Bamberg is founded. * * Alsace. The cathedral of Strasburg is destroyed by lightning. [It is recon- structed, and more than four centuries are required to complete it.] 1009 * * The monasteries are reformed. * * Benedict IS. demands and receives ten times as much as was previously paid for the confirmation of German prel- ates. Archbishops and bishops buy their places at public auction at the papal court, and in their jurisdiction sell the ecclesiastical offices to others. 1038* * Rome. The Pope is driven from the city because of his vices, but is restored by Conrad. 1039 * * Morality among the clergy is at its lowest ebb, while simony is uni- versally practised. * * * The papacy is despised because of the character of successive popes, and the rivalries of three contemporaneous popes, who excommunicate each other. 1042 * * Henry III. claims the right of deposing and appointing popes. [He appoints successively Damascus II., Leo IX., and Victor II.] 1044* * Rome. The Pope is again de- throned, and followed hy Sylvester III. as anti-pope. Gregory VI. is also pope. 1046 * * Borne. Clement II., bishop of Bamberg, becomes pope. The emperor enters with his army, and deposes the three contemporaneous popes, each of whom is accused of simony. * * It. The Council of Sutri gives the emperors the right to nominate the popes. 1048-49 Borne. Damascus II. is pope for 23 days, and followed by [St.] Leo IX. r who is the first Pope to provide himself with a regular army. 1052* * Prus. Breslau is made the seat of a bishopric. 1054 * * Pope Leo is defeated by the Nor- mans, and taken prisoner. * * * Borne. The papal throne is vacant for one year. 1055* * Borne. Victor II. becomes pope. [1057, Stephen X.; 1058, Giovanni de Vel- letri is pope for nine months; he is called "Benedict X." [by some anti-pope]; 1059, Nicholas II. A conclave of cardinals first elect a pope.] The church improves in piety and pu- rity under the influence of Hildebrand, its real head. 1061 * * Borne. Alexander II. is pope. The papacy is at the summit of its power ; it claims supreme dominion, temporal and spiritual, over every Chris- tian state. 1072 * * Rome. The emperor is sum- moned before the Pope for selling the investiture of bishops ; he regards the summons with contempt. [1073. Sum- moned the second time.] 1073* * Rome. [St.] Gregory (Hilde- brand) is elected pope. His chief endeavors are directed towards the establishment of the su- premacy of the papacy within the church, and the supremacy of church over state, the strict celibacy of the clergy, and the abolition of simony and lay investiture. 1074 Mar.* Rome. A synod is held at which simony is condemned, and the old stringent laws of celibacy ordered to he enforced. 1075 Feb.* Rome. A synod con- demns lay investiture, and approves GERMANY. 963,* * -1076, Oct.*. 775 the decrees of the first synod, and threatens excommunication to those who disohey them. 1076 Jan.* Home. The Pope sum- mons the Emperor Henry IV. to Rome to answer to charges of simony, sacri- lege, and oppression ; Henry dismisses the Pope's legates with insults. Jan. 24. Hesse. Henry IV. holds a Diet at 'Worms, and declares Pope Gregory deposed on charges of tyranny, magic, and adultery. [The Pope excommuni- cates Henry.] Feb. 22. Rome. The Pope excommu- nicates all the bishops who attended the Diet of Wormy, and deposes and ex- communicates the emperor. Sept. * Hesse. At a Diet at Tribur all the clergy withdraw from alliance with Henry, signify their contrition to the Pope, and discuss the election of a new emperor. LETTERS. 995 ± * *The Emperor Otho III., be- cause of his great intellectual endow- ments, is called the " Wonder of the World." 1020± * * Wotker Labeo writes several philosophical works, and translates Be Consolatione of Boethius and two of Aris- totle's works into German. 1050+ * * Rudlieb, a Latin poem, ap- pears. 1065± * * Bavaria. A song on the Life of Christ is composed by Eggo and Willo, two priests of Bamberg. * * * A prose translation and paraphrase of the Hong of Solomon, by Williram, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1016 * * The people of Europe are dis- tressed by a severe famine. 1030 * * Hesse. Polygamy in Christian countries is prohibited by the Jewish, synod at Worms. STATE. 963 * * Otho, having captured Rome, requires the Romans to promise never to elect another pope without the con- sent of the emperor. 964 * * It. The Romans rise in a re- volt; it is speedily suppressed. 973 May 7. Pr. Saxony. Emperor Otho I. dies at Menleben [and is suc- ceeded by his son]. 973-983 Otho H. is emperor (already crowned during the reign of his father). 976* * Bavaria. A conspiracy is formed by Henry, Duke of Bavaria, the Quarrelsome, against Otho his cousin ; he is subdued and deposed. Bavaria is given to Otho of Swabia, son of Lindolf ; Carinthia is taken from Bavaria, and made a duchy ; and the East Mark (Bava- rian) is given to Luitpold of Babenberg. 978* * Lorraine. Lothaire, King of France, is compelled to surrender to Otho all claim of Lorraine. 10th Century. Alsace is incorporated with, the German empire. 983 Dec. 7. Rome. Otho H. dies [and is succeeded by his son, three years of age]. 983-1002 Otho m. is King of Germany and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 983 * * Bavaria, without Carinthia, is returned to Henry the Quarrelsome. * * The king's Grecian mother, Theo- phano, is regent in Germany, and his grandmother, Adelheid, regent in Italy. 985 * * Lorraine. Metz is made a free imperial city. ± * * Prus. The victorious Wends com- pel the Germans to confine themselves to the North Mark. 991* * Theophano, the regent, dies ; and Willigris, Archbishop of Mentz, and Adelheid conduct the Government. 995* *Otho HI., 15 years of age, as- sumes control of the Government. [996. Crowned emperor by Gregory V. at Rome.] 999 * * Young Otho III. cherishes a scheme to make a world-wide empire, with " Golden Rome " for its center and imperial residence. [This visionary and impracticable ruler is called the " Won- der of the World."] 1001 Jan.* It. Otho HI. dies at Rome, and is succeeded by the son of Henry " the Quarrelsome." 1002-24 Henry II., " the Saint," Duke of Bavaria, is elected king at Mentz, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. He is the great grandson of Henry the Fowler, and is called the Holy and Lame. Hermann of Swabia, his competitor, disputes the sovereignty. 1002* * It. Ardoin, margrave of Ivrea, is elected King of Italy, and disputes the realm with Henry. 1004 * * //. Henry II. is invited into Italy by the German party ; Ardoin re- signs after losing most of the realm. 1005 * * //. Henry is crowned King of Italy at Pavia. [1014. Rome. Crowned emperor.] 1014 * * It. Ardoin ceases to resist Henry. 1015 * * Henry receives from Poland an annual tribute. 1018* * Prus. Boleslav of Poland avenges the murder of St. Adalbert by terrible ravages in Prussia. * * Saxony. Henry makes peace with Poland at Bautzen. 1024 July 15. Henry dies; he is the last of the Saxon house. 1024-1125 House of Franconia, or Salian emperors. 1024-39* * Hesse. Conrad II., the Sa- lic, is emperor. He is elected at Oppenheim ; the first election in which all the princes and tribes participate. 1025-30 Ernst, Duke of Swabia, re- volts ; he claims to be the heir of Henry II. in Burgundy. [1030. Dies in battle.] 1026 * * It. Conrad H. is crowned King of Italy at Milan. [And maintains his sovereignty by force of arms. 1027. Crowned emperor.] * * The Eider is fixed as the boundary between Germany and Denmark, and Schleswig is surrendered thereby to the Danes. 1032 * * Pr. Burgundy is annexed to the empire, it having been bequeathed to Conrad by Rudolf III., whose niece Gisela is Conrad's wife. * * Mieczeslav, Duke of Poland, becomes the vassal of the German emperor. 1036 July 4. Conrad returns from his expedition to Italy, and dies at Utrecht. [He is succeeded by his son, who had been crowned in his boyhood.] 1039-56 Henry HI., » the Black," is emperor. * * * The imperial power attains its greatest height. 1042-1- * * The Bohemians struggle for independence, but are conquered by Henry 111. ; Peter, King of Hungary, becomes a vassal of the empire. * * Bavaria,. The Bavarian East Mark is extended to the river Leitha. 1043 Fr. Henry suppresses a revolt in Burgundy. 1046* * Rome. Henry goes to Home to remove the scandal of three reigning popes, and to cleanse the Church. Dec. 25. Rome. Henry is crowned emperor by Clement 1L. * * It. Henry creates Drogo, son of Tan- cred of Hauteville, duke of Apulia. [It results in the revolt of the Lombards.] 1050 * * The last years of Henry III. form a turning-point in German history ; direct and absolute authority diminishes henceforth ; feudalism develops. Henry favors the " Truce of God," and proclaims a general king's peace throughout the empire. 11th Century. Bavaria. Nuremberg is founded. Oldenburg begins to be ruled by counts. 1056 Oct. 28. Brunsunek. Henry IH. dies at Gozlar [and is succeeded by his son, six years of age, and already crowned.] 1056-1106 Henry IV. is emperor ; the Empress Agnes is regent. * * * The regent gives Bavaria to Otho the Saxon, Graf of Nordheim ; Carinthia to Berthold of Zahringen, and Swabia, with Burgundy, to Rudolf, Graf of Rheinfeld, her son-in-law. 1062 * * Rh. Prus. The young king is abducted from Kaiserswert to Cologne by Archbishop Anno; his distressed mother resigns the regency. 1065 * * Adalbert, archbishop of Bre- men, a rival for the regency, compels Archbishop Anno to yield the adminis- tration to him. * * The Saxon princes through jealousy form a conspiracy against Adalbert, the favorite of the emperor. 1066 * * Hesse. An imperial diet is held at Tribur. [Adalbert is in seclusion for three years. 1072. Dies.] * * Bavaria. Count Otho is accused of conspiracy ; Bavaria is taken from him and given to Welf, son of the Margrave Azzo of Este, who becomes its duke. * *The Saxons revolt because of the erection of fortresses by Henry IV. 1073 * * Hesse. Henry IV. secretly flees from Harzburg to escape the enraged Saxons, who besiege and take it ; he is forced to agree to a humiliating peace. 1073-1123 The emperor has disputes with the Popes relating to ecclesiasti- cal investitures. 1076 * * Pope Gregory VH. forms an alliance with Robert Guiscard, Duke of the Normans, and with certain disaf- fected princes in Germany. * * The Pope excommunicates and de- thrones the emperor, and releases his subjects from their oath of allegiance [the boldest step ever taken by a pope]. Oct. * Hesse. The Diet of Tribur sus- pends Henry IV. from the imperial office, and refers the final decision of his case to a future Diet [Augsburg, February, 1077]. 776 1076, Dec. 20-1159, GERMANY. ARMY — WAVY. 1078 Aug. 7. Fr. A pitched battle is fought at Melridestadt in Franconia, between the papal and anti-papal fac- tions ; it is bloody but indecisive. 1080 Jan. 27. Thuringia. Henry IV. again attacks Rudolf, the rival king, near Miihlhausen, and is defeated. Oct. 15. Saxony. Henry IV. invades Saxony, and is again defeated by Rudolf of Swabia at Molsen ; Rudolf is mortally wounded. 1081 May 21. Rome. Henry IV. ap- pears with a besieging army. (See Italy.) 1083 June 3. Rome. After a siege of seven months, Henry takes a part of Rome by storm. Pope Gregory VII. is besieged by Henry in the castle of St. Angelo. [He is released by Robert Guiscard.] 1086 Aug. 11. Henry is defeated at Bleichfeld by Eekbert, Welf, and Ber- thold. 1089-97 Henry goes on a third expe- dition to Italy. He attempts the overthrow of the sup- porters of the papal power with only small success. Mantua surrenders after a siege of eleven months. 1097 * * Henry returns from Italy. Germany is crossed by armed bands of the first Crusaders under Walter of Perejo and Peter the Hermit. 1109* * Poland. Henry V. is defeated by Boleslav. 1113 * * Saxony. The emperor sur- prises his revolting subjects and defeats them near Warmstadt. 1115 * * The Saxons are victorious over the rebellious Wends at Kothen. Battle of Welfesholze. The imperial army is defeated by the Saxons on the same day ; the emperor seeks safety by flight. 1122 * * The Saxons march against the emperor, whose situation is full of peril. [Sept. 23. Peace.] (See State.) 1140+ "War of the Ghibellines and the Guelfs ( Welfs) — the Papal and Im- perial parties ; each contends for the possession of the crown. * * Wurtemberg. Battle of Weinsberg. Conrad III. defeats Count Welf, and the city surrenders to him ; the faithful women save the men by carrying them on their backs out of the city (p. 504). 1147-48 Conrad III., influenced by St. Bernard, leads an army which joins the Second Crusade [and is destroyed by Greek treachery]. 1154-77 "Wars in Italy between Fred- erick and the cities and the Pope. Frederick's campaign is against the powerful Republican cities of Lombardy and Pope Alexander III. ; lib restores imperial rights, which have become much impaired by neglect ; six expedi- tions are made. 1154-55 Frederick's first expedition to Italy ; it maintains imperial author- ity in the cities. 1157 * * Frederick I. conducts a cam- paign against the Poles. 1158-62 Frederick's second expedi- tion to Italy ; it subdues Milan and other Lombard cities. [1159. July * He attacks Crema.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1138-1208 Magnificent churches in Gothic style gratify and develop the feeling for art. 1150* * Bavaria. The [modern] method of gold-beating is invented in Nurem- berg. Here glass-cutters flourish. 12th Century. Rlt. Prus. Franco of Co- logne codifies the uses of measured music. 1152* * Frederick B arb arossa intro- duces or improves the art of heraldry. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1093* * Conrad III., king, born. '[1152. Dies. A59.] 1106* * Adolphus, ('cunt of Holstein, born. [1131. Dies. A25.] Albert I., the Bear, Margrave of Branden- burg, founder ut House of Brandenburg, born. [1170. Dies. A64.] 1121* * Frederick I., Barbarossa, em- peror, born. [1190, June 10. Dies. A69.J 1129 * * Henry " The Lion," Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, born. [1195. Dies. A. 66.] 1137* ^Adalbert, archbishop of Mentz, statesman, dies. CHURCH. 1076 Dec. 20. Henry, finding resist- ance useless, sets out to make his sub- mission to the Pope. (See State.) 1077 Jan. 25-27. Rome. The Pope humbles the emperor. He compels Henry to stand three days, in the depth of winter, barefooted, at the gate of the castle of Canossa, to implore pardon, and then only gives him condi- tional absolution. * * It. Matilda of Tuscany makes a re- visionary grant of her vast estates in Northern Italy to the Church of Rome. 1078 * * Rome. The Pope sets up Ru- dolf as emperor of Germany. 1080* * Rome. Henry IV. is excom- municated the second time; Clement III. becomes anti-pope. 1084* *The Order of Carthusian Monks is founded by St. Bruno of Co- logne at Chartreuse. * * * The "War of Investitures, between the emperor and the Pope, lasts for over 200 years, and is a prominent feature of medieval history. 1085 May 25. It. Pope Gregory dies in exile at Salerno. 1087 * * Rome. Victor III. is pope. 1095 * * Peter the Hermit preaches the Crusade for the recovery of the Holy Sepulcher. 1097* *The First Crusade. (See Army.) 1106 * * Rome. Henry V. is excommu- nicated by the Pope. [1112. Again by a second council at Vienna.] * * Rh. Prus. The Empress Helena is said to have brought the seamless "Holy Coat" of Christ to Treves. 1109* * Rome. Henry V. makes the Pope a prisoner. 1111* * Emperor Henry V. determines to separate the church from the state. He forces Pope Pascal II., his prisoner, to acknowledge the imperial right of in- vestiture. * * Rome. The Late ran Council de- clares the concessions to Henry V. in- valid because extorted by force. 1118 * * Rome. Gelasius II. is pope. [1119, CalistusIL; 1124,Honorius II.; 1130, Innocent II., Anacletus 1 1., anti-pope; 1143, Celestin II.; 1144, Lucius II.; 1145, Eugenius III.; 1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.; he is opposed by four anti-popes; in 1159 by Victor IV., in 1164 by Pascal III., in 1164 by Calistus III., in 1178 by Innocent 111.] 1122 Sept. 23. Hesse. The disputes regarding investiture are compromised by the Concordat at Worms. The election of German bishops and abbots is to take place in the presence of the empe- ror or his representatives; investiture by the emperor must precede consecration, and to be conferred by the scepter instead of the ring and the staff. In Italy and Burgundy investiture is to follow elections and consecration, and all ecclesiastics possessing secular benefices are to perform the feudal duties. 1125-37 Sax. Prus. The "Wends are converted to Christianity in increasing numbers. 1 146 * * Rome. Arnold of Brescia preaches the deposition of the Pope, and the restoration of the ancient republic. 1147-49 The Second Crusade; it is conducted by Conrad III. of Germany and Louis VII. of France [without re- sult]. 1155 * * Rome. Arnold of Hrescia, a scholar of the schoolman Abelard, a pop- ular preacher, opposed to the notorious corruption of the clergy, and an advo- cate of civil and religious reform, is con- demned and burned. 1159-77 Schism in the Church. A majority of cardinals elect Alexan- der III. ; a minority, influenced by the emperor, elect Victor IV., who is recog- nized by the council held at Pavia and by the Emperor Frederick. * * The Carmelite Order is instituted. 1120+ * * The Alexander lied, by Lam- brecht, appears. 1135-37 The poem, King Rother, ap- pears. 1139+ * * The Ro/andslied, by Conrad, a priest, appears. 1 140 * * Bishop Otto von Freising intro- duces the peripatetic philosophy. (?) 1143-46 The Universal History, by Bishop Otto von Freising, appears. [1157. The Life of Frederick Barba- rossa.'] 12th Century. The JS'ibehmgenot, or Nibel- uiigenlied, an epic poem composed of various ancient mythical poems, termed sagas, appears. 1157+ * * The Latin drama, Antichrist, appears. SOCIETY. 1077 * *Pope Gregory VII. excommu- nicates the Emperor Henry IV., and absolves his subjects from their "alle- giance. [His excommunicated body lies for five years above ground after death, no one daring to bury it.] 1089 * * Matilda of Tuscany marries Guelf V., son of Guelf , Duke of Bavaria. 1105* * Henry IV., the deposed em- peror, is forced to sell his boots to ob- tain food. 1150* * Chivalry, having much in its nature that is fantastic and insincere, keeps alive a grand ideal of manliness, courtesy, and generosity. GERMANY. 1076, Dec. 20-1159, * *. 777 * * * The Crusades awaken the intellect and arouse the genius of the people. * * * "Women never held a higher place or received greater honor than during this period. * * * The population is divided into classes, — prelates, dukes, palsgraves, margraves, landgraves, counts, knights, freemen, and serfs. STATE. 1076 Dec. 20i. Bavaria. Henry IV. secretly leaves Speier with his wife, son, and a solitary knight, and makes a pain- ful journey across the Alps, in a severe winter to placate thePope. (SeeChurch.) 1077 Mar. * Bavaria. At the instiga- tion of the Pope the emperor, Henry IV., is deposed by some of the German princes at Porchheim ; they elect Rudolf, Duke of Swabia, as his successor. 1078 * * Fr. Franconia is the seat of war between the emperor's party and the party of St. Peter. 1079 * * Swabia is fortified, and given to Frederick of Hohenstaufen, Henry's son- in-law. 1080 Mar. 7. Rome. Henry TV. is ex- communicated for the second time by the Pope. * * Rudolf of Swabia, the rival king, is mortally wounded in battle. 1081 Aug.* Hermann, son of the Count of Luxemburg, is elected by the dissatisfied Saxou princes as a rival king at the suggestion of the Pope. [10SS. Abdicates and dies.] 1089 * * Egbert, Margrave of Meissen, who had been set up as a rival king, dies. * * Saxony. The Saxons submit to Henry, and are assured of the preserva- tion of their ancient privileges and es- tates. * * It. Matilda of Tuscany marries "Welf V. (Guelf), son of Duke Welf of Bavaria. 1092 * * Conrad, son of the emperor, is encouraged by the Pope to rebel against his father. [1095. He is crowned at Milan.] 1101 * * Bavaria. Guelf II. is duke. 1104 * * Henry, the emperor's youngest and beloved son, under encouragement by the Pope, rebels against his father, whom he imprisons. 1105 * * Henry XV. is betrayed by his followers, flees from his son Henry, and is forced to abdicate. [1106. Aug. 7. Belg. He dies at LUttich [Liege], and is succeeded by his son Henry.] 1106-25 Henry V. is emperor. 1111 * * Rome. Henry V. forces Pope Pascal II., his prisoner, to perform his ronation, and acknowledge the emper- or's £ht of investitu 1112 * * Aust. The Synod of Vienna ex- communicates Henry V. because he refuses to give up the right of investi- ture. [1122. Restored.] 1114* * Lothaire and Louis, the rebel- lious princes, beg for mercy. * * Hesse. The emperor marries Ma- tilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, at Mentz, with ceremonies of great splendor. 1116 * * Rome. Henry V. is crowned by a Portuguese archbishop, Pope Pascal being a fugitive. * * Henry V. takes possession of the lands of the Countess Matilda in the name of the empire. 1119* * Pope Calixtus II. is enthroned, and immediately renews the alliance with Adalbert and the enemies of the emperor in Saxony. 1120* * Bavaria. Henry the Black is duke. 1121 * * Westphalia. Minister, having sided with the emperor's party, and ex- pelled its bishop, is besieged and burned by the Saxons. 1122 Sept. 23. The Concordat of "Worms is agreed to, and settles the trouble with the Pope concerning inves- titure. (See Church.) 1125 May 23. Neth. Henry V. dies at Nimeguin. 1125-37 Lothaire, Duke of Saxony, is King of Germany. 1126* * Bavaria. Henry the Proud, son-in-law of Lothaire, is duke. [Later, Duke of Saxony.] 1128-58 Lippe is governed by Bernard, the founder of the [present] reigning family. * * * The decay of royal power pro- gresses. 1130* * The title landgrave com- mences with Louis III. of Thuringia. 1132-33 Lothaire II. visits Italy on his first expedition. 1133-37 Lothaire H. is emperor. He is elected, but the Hohenstaufens, Frederick, Duke of Swabia, and Conrad, nephew of Emperor Henry V., reject his authority. 1133 * * Rome. Lothaire H. is crowned by Pope Innocent II. He consents to restore to the Pope all the property confiscated to the empire by Henry V., and to receive them back as fiefs from the Pope. As a vassal of the Pope he receives the investiture of Matilda's heritage with his crown. 1134* * Prus. Lothaire II. invests Al- bert the Bear with the North Mark [Margrave of Brandenburg. 1136. Al- bert conquers most of Mittelmark, and its name is changed to Brandenburg, from its chief city]. 1136-37 Lothaire H. revisits Italy on his second expedition. He curbs the insolence of Roger the Norman, and drives him out of Italy to Sicily, he having claimed to be King of the two Sicilies. 1137 Dec. 3. Bavaria. The Emperor Lothaire H." dies at Breilenwang. 1138-1254 House of Hohenstaufen, or the Swabian Dynasty, reigns. 1138 Mar. 13. Conrad m., Duke of Franconia, is chosen king by an irregu- lar election of the anti-Saxons. 1138-52 Conrad III. is emperor. Oct. 20. Conrad III. puts Henry the Proud, of Bavaria, under the ban of the empire. * * Germany's political power gradually diminishes. * * Bavaria. Leopold, Margrave of Aus- tria, is duke. * * Saxony. Conrad HI. gives Saxony to Albert the Bear. 1139 * * Bavaria. Henry the Proud dies, but the claims of his young son to Saxony are maintained by his relatives. * * "Welf VI., brother of Henry the Proud, claims. Bavaria. * * Saxony. Henry the Lion, of Saxony and Bavaria, becomes duke. 1140* *The Guelf s and the Ghibel- lines begin their bitter contentions for the crown. Otho of Saxony and the Papal party belong to the former, and Philip of Swabia, the Imperialists, and the Aristo- cratic party belong to the latter, [For 300 years they desolate Germany and Italy.] * * The Hanseatic League is formed by the port towns for protection against the piracies of the Swedes and the Danes. 1141* * Bavaria by inheritance falls to Henry Jasomirgott of Austria. 1142* * Saxony. Duke Albert the Bear abdicates; the Mark of Branden- burg, an imperial fief, and his other pos- sessions, are restored to him from his enemies. 1147^48 Conrad III. engages in the Sec- ond Crusade. 1152 Feb. 11. Conrad III. dies [and is succeeded by his nephew Frederick of Swabia]. 1152-90 Frederick I., Barbarossa, is King of Germany. He is elected without opposition, and becomes one of the most heroic persons in the history of the Middle Ages, and one of the greatest sovereigns of Ger- many. He carries on wars against the German nobility, and leads six expedi- tions into Italy. 1152* * Ben. Sven becomes king of Denmark, and a vassal of the German Empire. 1153* * Baden. Frederick and the Papal See hold a convention at Con- stance. 1154* * Bavaria is restored to Henry the Lion, son of Henry the Proud, the ancestor of the Brunswick family. 1155 * * Rome. Frederick is crowned emperor by Pope Adrian IV., who had solicited his aid against the Romans. * * Liibeck is founded. * * Austria is separated from Bavaria, and made an hereditary duchy in both the male and female line. 1156* * Frederick holds the Diet of Batisbon, and gives the duchy of Saxony to Henry the Lion. 12th Century. Brunswick flourishes un- der the rule of Henry the Lion. Hesse is ruled by the landgraves of Thuringia. 1157 * * Bavaria. The Diet of Wiirz- burg assembles. It has representatives from nearly all the German States of the West ; the nobles do homage to the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. * * Bohemia. Frederick I. confers the kingly crown on Ladislaus, son of Belas I. 1158 Nov. 11. It. A Diet meets on the Roncaglian Plains. The emperor's rights as against the cities are denned, and their jurisdiction transferred from the consuls to an officer of the empire ; the cities are prohibited from the right of private war between each other. * * Bavaria. Munich is founded by Henry the Lion. 778 1160, Jan. 27-1225, Nov. GERMANY. ARMY— WAVY. 1160 Jan. 27. It. After a terrible siege Frederick takes Crema, the ally of Milan ; the 20,000 burghers receive permission to depart with their wives and children. 1162 Mar. 6. It. After a resistance for three years, famishing Milan sur- renders to Frederick. [Mar. 19. He orders all the inhabitants to leave Milan within eight days.] Mar. 26. It. Frederick proclaims the utter destruction of Milan ; the tow- ers and walls are pulled down ; the neighboring cities of Lombardy finish the destruction. 1163 * * Frederick makes a third ex- pedition to Italy, without an army. 1164* * Wurtemberg. Frederick defeats the Welfs at Tubingen. 1165 * *-It. Pope Alexander III. re- volts against Frederick, and enters Koine in triumph. 1166-68 Frederick's fourth expedition to Italy to subdue the Pope is disastrous. 1167 * * It. Frederick captures Rome, but loses 25,000 soldiers in eight days by disease. Aug. * -Sept. * It. The Lombards are masters of Upper Italy ; they occupy the Alpine passes ; the fragments of Fred- erick's army retreat through by-roads beyond the Alps to Pavia. 1172 * * Frederick restores German in- fluence in Poland, Bohemia, and Si- lesia by a single campaign. 1174-77 Frederick's fifth expedition to Italy, by passing over Mont Cenis, ends in disaster. 1174. He unsuccess- fully besieges Alessandria. Henrythe Lion deserts the emperor, and returns to Germany. 1176 May 29. It. The Lombard League utterly defeats Frederick at the battle of Legnano. [An armistice with the cities and the Pope follows.] 1184-86 Frederick's sixth expedition goes to Italy without a military force. bering 150,000± knights. , and having 20,000± 1190* * King Henry, son and vice- gerent of the emperor, takes the field against Henry the Lion, who prema- turely returns from exile. * * The vicegerent makes peace with him, granting a full amnesty and part of Lubeck, 1191 * * The first expedition of Henry VI. goes to Italy to overthrow Tancred, the usurper. [He destroys Tusculum, and besieges Naples unsuccessfully for three months, when sickness drives the army out of Italy. 1192-94. He subdues the Two Sicilies.] 1192 * * War is again waged against Henry the Lion for breaking the first treaty ; it ends in a compromise. 1194 * * Henry conducts a second expe- dition to Italy, where he prosecutes a successful war with the widow and son of Tancred. 1197 * * A third expedition is sent to Italy : a conspiracy against the emperor is suppressed with great cruelty. 1198-1215 Civil war breaks out be- tween the Hohenstaufen party and the "Welfs. 1199* * Alsace. Strasburg is besieged by Philip ; Otho IV., with an army of re- lief, is defeated. 1214 July 27. Fr. Battle of Bou- vines (p. 670). 1221 Apr.* Battle of Bornhoeved. The Danes are utterly defeated by the princes of North Germany, assisted by German Crusaders. 1221-26 It. Frederick subdues the Saracens in Sicily. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1200 * * A kind of gunpowder is used for blasting in the Hartz mountains. * * * Bavaria. Augsburg has many brew- eries. The Minnesingers, lyric poets or love singers, flourish. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1165* * Henry VI.. emperor, born. [1197 Dies. A52-] 1170* * Walther von der Vogelweide, ] nesinger, born. [1228. Dies. A58+.] 1177 * * l'liilip, Duke- of Swabia, king, born. [1208. Dies. A31-] 1193* * Albertns Magnus, theologian, phi- losopher, born. [1280. Dies. A87.] 1194* * Frederick II.. Emp. of Germany. K. of KaplesandSii-ilv, b. [lL'nll. D. A56, 1'Jth Century. Oftenlingen, H e in ri ch vol minstrel, born and dies. 1218* * Rudolf of Hapsburg'. emperor, torn. [1291. Dies. A73.] 1220* * Kschenbach, Wolfram von, minne singer, dies. CHURCH. 1160* * Hesse. Arnold, Archbishop of Mentz, is killed by the citizens for hav- ing expelled his predecessor. 1164* * Frederick I. quarrels with the Pope. [1177. Reconciliation.] 1165* * Rh. Rrzis. Charlemagne is canonized by Pascal III. at Aix-la- Chapelle. 1172* * Henry the Lion undertakes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. 1181 * * Rome. Lucius HI. is pope. [1185, Urban III.; 1187, Gregory VIII.; later. Clement III.; 1191, Celestine III.; 1198, Innocent III.] 1182± * * Westphalia. The Vehmic Tribunals flourish, and possess great power. The secret tribunals are established to maintain religion and the public peace ; they have their origin in the time of Charlemagne. Persons of exalted rank are subjected to their decisions, being frequently seized, tried, and executed. [The emperors are unable to suppress them until the 16th century.] 1189-92 The Third Crusade. Fred- erick II. leads an expedition from Re- gensburg [Ratisbon]. * * * Rome. Henry VT. is threatened with excommunication for withhold- ing the vast estates of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany from the Pope. 1198 * * The Order of the Holy Trin- ity is established. 1202-04 The Fourth Crusade; it ends in the establishment of the Latin Empire at Constantinople. 1210 Nov. 18. Rome. The Pope ex- communicates Otho IV. [1212. De- posed.] 1215* * Rome. The Lateran Council is held. Members : 71 prelates and archbish- ops, more than 400 bishops, and 800 ab- bots and priors, 8 kings, and countless princes and envoys from cities (p. 670). 1216 * * Rome. Honorius III. is pope. [1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243, lnuoceni IV.; 1254, Alexander IV.; 1261, Urban IV.; 1265, Clement IV.] 1220 * * Frederick promises the Pope to enter a crusade. * * * Laymen are forbidden to read the Scriptures. * * *The Order of Teutonic Knights, aided by the Knights of the Sword, con- quer Poland in rescuing it from hea- thenism. 1225 * * Frederick again promises to en- ter a crusade. Mar. 29. Prus. Henry Minike, pro- vost of Goslar, condemned as a heretic, dies at the stake for saying in his ser- mons and poems " that the wisdom of God surpassed that of the Virgin Mary." LETTERS. 1160+ * * A satirical poem on the life of priests, and other satires, by Heinrich von Molk appear. 1170* * The oldest German poem on Reincke Fuchs is written by Heinrich der Glichezarl. * * The poems Count Rudof, Eloris, and Tristant appear. 1173+ * * Herzog Ernst and the Anegenge appear. 1184* *The AZneid, by Heinrich von Veldeke, appears. 1187+ * * The poem, King Orendel, ap- pears. 1192-1202 Hartmann von Aue writes Ereck, Gregorius, Buchlein, Armer, Hein- rich, hcein, and other poems. 1205-20 Wolfram von Eschenbach writes Parzival Tagelieder, Willehalrn Tituret, and other poems. 1210 * * The epic poem, Tristan and Isolde, by Gottfried of Strasburg, ap- pears. * * A translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses is begun by Albrecht von Halberstadt. * * The epic of Gudrum and the Wigalois of Wirent von Grafenberg appear. 1215± * * Welsche Gast, by Thomasin Zerklar, appears. 1220-75 The Sachsenspiegel and the Scjnrabenspiegel, two great collections of local laws, the earliest prose works, appear. SOCIETY. 1191 * * The Teutonic Order of mili- tary knights is established in the Holy Land by the Germans (Teutones). Theyministerto the sick and wounded of the Christian army, under Guy of Lusignan, before Acre." [On their return the knights are invited to subdue and Christianize the Prussians.] STATE. 1160* * Rome. Pope Alexander III. puts the emperor and all his adherents under the ban. (See Church.) 1163* * Silesia. Breslau becomes the capital of the duchy. * * Berlin is founded by the Margrave Albert the Bear, who brings a colony from the Netherlands. GERMANY. 1160, Jan. 27-1225, Nov. * 779 1164 May* It. Padua, Verona, Vi- cenza, and other cities of the March of Verona, unite in a league for mutual defense [the precursor of the Lombard League]. * * Feuds and devastation afflict "West- phalia on the Rhine and Swabia ; princes and lords are arrayed against each other. 1166* *A feud arises between Henry the Lion and his enemies, the archbishop of Bremen and of Magdeburg, with Al- bert the Bear and others. * * New disturbances arise in Italy. 12th Century. Brunswick. The city is enlarged and fortified by Henry the Lion, and becomes one of the most im- portant cities of Northern Germany. 1167 Apr. 7. It. The League of the Lombard cities is formed. Cremona, Bergamo, Mantua, and Fer- rara, together with the cities of the Veronese March, — Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Treviso, — conclude a defensive alliance against the emperor. Dec. 1. It. The cities sign another and greater league of all the cities of Northern Italy. [The emperor at Pavia soon proclaims the cities of the Lom- bard League in outlawry.] * * It. The Guelfs and Ghibellines unite and rebuild Milan on a handsome scale, and also the city of Alessandria. 1168* * Bavaria. Diet of Bamberg; peace is made between Henry the Lion and his enemies. 1169* * The emperor causes- his son Henry, five years of age, to be elected and crowned king of Germany. 1176 Nov. * The emperor and the League sign the proclamations of peace. 1177 June 22. Venice. A peace is signed by the emperor, Pope Alexander III., and the Lombard League for six years ; and by Frederick and the king of Sicily for 15 years. 1180 Jan. 15. Bavaria. Henry the Lion, failing to appear at four Diets to which he had been summoned, is put under the ban of the empire. 1180-1212 Saxony. Bernard of As- cania is duke; Anhalt and Wittenberg become parts of Saxony. 1180 * * Bavaria is taken from Henry " the Lion " by Frederick, and granted to Otto, Count Wittelsbach, Henry having refused aid in the war in Italy against the Pope. * * Saxony. Duke Henry is overthrown by Frederick, and the electorate is di- vided. 1181 Nov. 30. Henry the Lion, of Bavaria, throws himself at the emperor's feet at the Diet of Erfurth. Frederick refuses to restore the old right, but permits Henry to hold the al- lodial estates of Braunschweig [Bruns- wick] and Luneburg. 1183 June 25. Baden. A perpetual peace by a diet at Constance is made between the emperor and the Lombard cities. The emperor renounces his regalian claims on the cities of the League, and consents to the reestablish ment of the independence of the republics of Italy, acknowledging their right to levy armies, erect fortifications, and exer- cise civil and criminal jurisdiction, and also to extend tlu-ir i-ont'cdHration. The cities are to maintain all just rights of the emperor and to acknowledge his overlordship by the payment of a sum of money, and each is to accept an imperial judge. * * Bavaria. Louis becomes duke. 1184 * * Hesse. A great imperial festi- val is held at Mentz in celebration of unity and peace between Germany and Italy. 1 184-86 Frederick's peaceful expedi- tion visits Italy. 1186 Jan. 27. It. Frederick's son and heir, Henry, marries Constance, daughter of Roger II., aunt and heiress of "William II. , the last of the Norman kings of Naples and Sicily. 1189 Nov.* "William IX, Norman King of the Two Sicilies, dies, andPrince Henry inherits the kingdom. 1190 May* Bavaria. Frederick leaves Ratisbon, and joins the Third Crusade ; his son Henry is vicegerent in his ab- sence. June 10. The Emperor Frederick Barbarossa is drowned in the Saleph [Calycadnus] in Syria. [He is succeeded by his son.] 1190-97 Henry VI is King of Ger- many. 1191 Apr. 15. Borne. Henry VI. re- ceives the imperial crown of Germany, Italy, and the Two Sicilies, after surren- dering Tusculum to the Romans. He besieges Naples in vain to rescue his inheritance by Constance his wife, from Tancred of Lecce, the usurper, who had been elected king by the natives of Palermo. 1193 Mar. 23. Henry secures the sur- render of the captive Richard the Lion-Hearted, by paying Duke Leo- pold of Austria 50,000 marks. (P. 505.) July 29. Hesse. Richard the Lion- Hearted signs a treaty at Worms fixing his ransom at 100,000 marks of silver with other conditions. [1194. Feb.* He is liberated.] * * It. Henry VI. is crowned King of Naples and Sicily at Palermo. 1195 Aug. 6. Brunswick. Henry the Lion dies. 1196 Apr.* Bavaria. The Diet of Wiirzburg. Henry fails to secure the approval of hia plan to make Germany and the .Sicilies a great hereditary monarchy by allowing the great fiefs of the crown to be annexed by in- heritance to the crown lands, also to make the monarchy hereditary through either the male or female line. It is opposed by the Saxon princes and the lesser nobility, to whom he vainly offered concessions for the sur- render of the right of electing a sovereign. Dec. * Hesse-J^assau. The princes of the empire at Frankfort-on-the-Main unani- mously elect Frederick's son, Freder- ick Roger, two years of age, the emper- or's successor. 1197 Sept. 28. It. Henry VX dies at Messina when contemplating grand plans of conquest in the Eastern Empire. 1198-1208 Rival kings. The princes elect and recognize Philip of Swabia, youngest son of Frederick Barbarossa, as King of Germany. They ignore the pledges of December, 1196, " made to a child still unbaptized," and elect Philip of Hohenstaufen. The Welfic, or Guelfic party, of inferior numbers, chiefly from Low Germany, elect Otho IV., son of Henry the Lion, as King of Germany. 1198-1208 Philip of Swabia reigns. 1198-1215 (1218) Otho IV. reigns. 1198-1215 Civil war prevails between the Hohenstaufen party and the Welfs. The two parties divide the towns and homes of Germany. The former is up- held by the bishops of North Germany and the princes of Bavaria, Austria, etc. ; the latter by a very weak faction in Ger- many, having Knghind and Denmark as allies, and is favored by the Pope. 12th, 13th Centuries. Pi'ussia is largely repeopled by colonies of Germans. 1201 Mar. 1. Rome. Pope Innocent ILT. acknowledges Otho as the lawful head of the empire, and releases high and low from their allegiance to the Hohenstaufen. 1208 June 21. Bavaria. KingPhilip is assassinated at Bamberg by the Count Palatine, Otho of "Wittelsbach, Oct. 4. Rome. Otho IV. is crowned emperor by the Pope, after renewing his former concessions to the Holy See, which include the surrender of the es- tates of Matilda of Tuscany. * * Cities rise to new importance, and form leagues against the exactions of nobles. 1210 Nov. 18. Otho IV. withholds Tuscany, and is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III. [1212. Deposed.] 1212* * The Pope puts forward his pro- tkgb, Frederick, King of Naples and Sicily, son of Henry VI., as an anti- emperor. Apr. * It. Frederick H. leaves Sicily to take possession of the crown of Ger- many. 1212-50 Frederick II., son of Henry VI., is elected King of Germany by the Ghibelline party (Hohenstaufen). [He is the most brilliant of all the German emperors.] 1214 * * The Palatinate falls to Bavaria. 1215 Dec. 9. R. Prus. Frederick II. is crowned King of Germany at Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] by Archbishop Sieg- fried of Mentz. Nov. 30. Rome. Innocent III., as presi- dent of a great council and " lord over kings and peoples," confirms the deposi- tion of the Emperor Otho IV. [1218. May 19. Otho dies at Harzburg, Bruns- wick.] 1217 * * S. Ger. Frederick II. gives Swabia to his young son Henry. 1218 Apr. 15. Switz. Berne is made a free imperial city. 1219 * * Bavaria. Nuremberg is made a free imperial city. 1220* * Frederick II. has his sonHenry elected King of Rome. * * Frederick leaves Germany [and is absent for 15 years]. Nov. 22. Rome. Frederick II. is crowned emperor by Honorius III., after pledging himself to support the feudal supremacy of the Holy See over his hereditary lands, which should ever be kept separate from Germany. 1222 * * Rh. Prus. Henry, son of the emperor, is crowned king at Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] ; Archbishop Engel- bert of Cologne is his royal adviser. 1225 Nov. * It. Frederick marries Iolanthe, daughter of John of Brienne, and heiress of Lombardy. 780 1225,* *-1290, GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1227 Sept. 9. Frederick embarks an army of 40,000 Crusaders. 1229 Sept. * //. Papal troops invade his realm, and Frederick drives them out. 1230-40 Prussia is conquered by the Order of Teutonic Knights, aided by the Knights of the Sword, the object being to convert it to Christianity. 1234 * * About 40,000 Crusaders attack the Frisian Stedingers as heretics, and nearly annihilate this tribe of peasants, which numbers 11,000. -* * Hesse. Henry rebels against Frede- rick, his father, and is repulsed at "Worms by loyal Imperialists. 1236 * * It. The Lombards are de- feated by Frederick, supported by the Ghibellines, in a brilliant campaign. 1237 Nov. 27. It. Battle of Corte- nuova. The Lombards are again decisively defeated and routed. The Pope inter- feres, his claims on Sardinia being threatened. 1239-50 It. Frederick is at war with the popes. 1239 * * It. Ancona is taken by King Enzio, a natural son of Frederick. 1241 Apr. * It. King Enzio gains a great naval victory near Meloria over the Genoese fleet. [1249. Mar. 28. He is captured at the battle of Fossalta, and imprisoned in a dungeon 23 years, till death.] * * Germany is threatened with an in- vasion of Mongols. Breslau (in Sile- sia) is burnt by the Mongols (p. 504.) 1242 * * Civil war breaks out on the Lower and Middle Rhine between the Imperial and Papal parties. [It ends in favor of the emperor.] 1246 * * Frankfort. Henry Raspe, the anti-king, defeats the young King Conrad. 1247 Jan. * Wilrtemberg. Raspe be- sieges Ulm, until driven by Conrad into Thuringia. June 16. It. The Papal party, here the Aristocratic party, by the aid of the Lombard League, captures Parma from Frederick. [Aug. 2. He besieges Parma. 1248. Feb. 18. He is repulsed before Padua.] * * Hordes of Mongols from the East appear on the Eastern frontier, and are bravely resisted by Henry, Margrave of Leignitz. 1253 Oct. 10. It. Naples surren- ders to Conrad, and the revolters beg for mercy. 1254 Dee. 2. It. Battle of Foggia. Manfred defeats the Papal party, and drives it out of Sicily. 1255 * * Prus. Ottocar II. of Bohemia conducts a crusade against the heathen Prussians. [1467. Another.] (P. 504.) 1262 Mar. 11. Alsace. The Stras- burgers defeat Bishop Geroldseck at Hausberg. 1266 Feb. 26. It. Battle of Bene- vento (p. 672). * * Prussia is nearly depopulated by the barbarity of the Teutonic Knights. 1267 Oct. * * It. Conradin, Duke of Swabia, the heir of Conrad IV., sup- ported by an army, appears in Italy, and is welcomed as its liberator. 1268 Aug. 23. It. Conradin is de- feated by the French Tagliacozzo on Sago di Celano [and soon captured and beheaded at Naples — the last of the Ho- henstaufen line]. 1274 * * Rudolph I. is at war with Otto- car II. (p. 504). 1276 Nov. 21. Peace. (See State.) 1278 Aug. 26. Aust. Battle of Marchfeld (p. 504). * * Rudolph conquers the Austrians. 1285 July * Rudolph, with a strong force, marches against the false Fred- erick. [Captures him by trickery, and burns him as a heretic near Wetzlar.] 1286* * Wilrtemberg. Rudolph reduces Swabia, Eberhard of Wurtemberg, Ru- dolph of Baden, and sixteen other counts, who burn the castle of Stuttgart. 1289 * * Fr. Rudolph conducts a cam- paign in Burgundy. [Also in Swabia, where by his direction the oppressed cities rise against Count Eberhard I. of Wurtemberg.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1248 Aug. 15. Rh. Prus. The cathe- dral of Cologne is founded by Arch- bishop Conrad von Hochstade ; the architect is Gerhard von Riehl, or Rile. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1235 * * Engelbert, Saint, archbishop of Cologne, dies. 1228* * Conrad IV.. Emperor of Germany, King of Italy, born. [1254. Dies. A26.] 1250* * Eckhart, Meister, Father of Ger- man mysticism, born. [1328. D. A78±.] 1252 * * Adolplius of Nassau, emperor, born. [1298. Dies. A 46.] 1262* * Henry VIE, emperor, horn. [1313. Dies. A5E] 1286 * * Louis TV., or V., King of Bavaria, Emperor of Germany, b. [1347. D. A62.] 1290* * Tauler, .Joliann, mystic, preacher, born. [1361. Dies. A71.] CHURCH. 1228-45 The Pope excommunicates Frederick II. four times. [The ban is removed.] 1228-29 The Fifth Crusade; it is conducted by Frederick II. A conta- gious disease in the army compels him to relinquish the expedition. 1231 * * Hesse. The cathedral of Mar- burg is founded. 1234 Feb. * Hesse, Nassau. Heretical offenses are assigned to secular courts. (See State.) 1237* *Frederick II. is accused of heresy by the Pope, and is excommuni- cated again. 1240 * * Sh. Prus. The cathedral of Wetzlar is finished. 1243 * * Innocent IV. abandons Italy to Frederick II., and fixes his residence at Lyons, France. * * The Flagellant sect appears. 1245 June 28. Fr. Innocent TV. calls a council at LyonB, and renews the ban against Frederick, and formally de- poses him, and provides for the election of his successor (p. 672). 1248 Aug. 15. Ph. Prus. The [great] cathedral of Cologne is commenced. 1248-50 The Sixth Crusade ; it is con- ducted by Louis of France. (Fruitless.) 1255* * Bavaria. The cathedral at Rat- isbon is begun by Andrew Egl. 1262 * * Hesse. St. Catherine's cathe- dral at Oppenheim is begun. [1317. Finished.] * * * The monastic orders, by their strict discipline, great numbers, wealth, and popular influence, greatly aid the Popes in accomplishing their purposes * * * Clement IV. succeeds in his long struggle for the dominion of Italy, and places Charles of Anjou on the throne of Naples. 1270-71 The Seventh Crusade; it is conducted by Louis IX. of France. (Fruitless, p. 672.) 1271* * Pome. Gregory X. is pope. '[1276, Innocent V., four months; Adrian V., one month; John XXI., eight months; 1277, Nicholas III.; he introduces nepotism, and enriches his family; 12*1, Martin IV.; 1285, Honorms IV.; 12SS, Nicholas IV., a dis- tinguished patron of literature and art; St. Celestine V. ; he soon abdicates ; later, Boni- face VIII.] LETTERS. 1225+ * * Ortnit and Wolfdietrich ap- pear. 1225-54 Rudolph of Ems writes Guter Gerhard, Barlaam and Josaphat, and other poems, and Wit helm von Orleans, Alexander, Trojan War, Universal Chronicle, and other prose works. 13th Century. The first systematic expo- sition of Aristotle is produced by Al- bertus Magnus. * * * Bescheidenheit, by Freidank, ap- pears. 1260-70 The later Titurel, by Albrecht, is written. 1275 * * The Frauendienst, by Ulrich von Lichenstein, appears. 1276 * * Bruno von Schonebeck trans- lates the Song of Solomon. 1290+ * * Bavaria. A poem on the Le- gend of Lohengrin is written. SOCIETY. 1235 * * Engelbert, archbishop of Co- logne, is murdered. 1249 * * Enzio, the king's natural son, is taken prisoner by the Bolognese [and kept in a dungeon 23 years]. STATE. 1225 * * Anhalt becomes an indepen- dent principality. 1226 * * It. Frederick summons a Diet at Cremona for support against the cities of the Lombard League. * * Some. Frederick is placed under the ban of the church for abandoning the crusade; Frederick in return lays the ban of the empire on all the cities or the Lombard League. ± * * Ioibeck becomes a free town and one of the leading cities of theHanseatic League. 1227 * * By their defeat at Bornhoeved, the Danes' [permanently] lose the prov- inces of Holstein, Liibeck, Hamburg, Mecklenburg, and Pomerania. 1228 Mar. * Some. The Pope repeats the promulgation of the ban against Frederick. [1230. He is released.] GERMANY. 1225, **-1290, 781 June * //. Frederick sails as a Crusa- der from Brindisi for Palestine. [1229, June 10. It. Returns.] 1229 Feb. * Frederick signs a treaty with El Kernel, ceding to Christians the Holy Land, including Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Joppa, Nazareth, and Sidon. Mar. 18. Palestine. Frederick crowns himself King of Jerusalem. 1230 f * * Prussia is conquered for Christianity and civilization. * * Frederick restores the office of grand chancellor of the empire, and appoints Bishop Siegfried of Ratisbon to till it. * * * Switz. To this period is assigned the legend of "William Tell in the up- rising against the House of Hapsburg. 1231* * It. A great diet is held at Capua. * * TV. Prus. Thorn is founded by the Teutonic Knights. * * Bavaria. Otho U. becomes duke ; he is soon assassinated. 1234 Feb. * Hesse-Nassau. The Diet of Frankfort. It decrees that offenses against the faith shall be tried in the secular courts and according to regular judicial pro- cedure. Borne. [Gregory IX. publishes ecclesiastical laws opposing the codes of Frederick.] * *The young King Henry revolts against Frederick, his father. The lower German nobility and the Lombard cities support him as allies ; he aims at the separation of Italy from Germany. [Henry is taken, and placed in close confinement till his death in 1241.] * *Hesse. Henry marries his fourth wife, Isabella, the sister of Henry III. of England, at Worms. 1235 Aug. * Hesse. TheDietof Mentz sustains the war of the empire against the Italian cities. * * Brunswick. Otho, grandson of Henry the Lion, becomes first duke. * * It. Frederick draws up the Consti- tutions of Melfi for legislation in Lower Italy ; the feudal system is repressed, and the power of the throne is exalted. 1237 June * Bavaria. At the Diet of Speier, the princes, by request of Fred- erick, elect Conrad, "his son, as succes- sor to the throne of Germany. 1239 * * Borne. The Pope again excom- municates Frederick. 1241 * * The Hanseatic League is fully established. Liibeck, Cologne, Brunswick, and Danzig, and other towns on the Baltic coasts, unite for the protection of com- merce against the exactions of the nobles. [1370. The League is composed of 66 cities and 44 confederates.] 1245 * * Rh. Prus. Frankfort is made an Imperial city. * * Fr. Frederick U. is deposed by the Council of Lyons, and his subjects urged to revolt. (See Church.) 1246 May 22. Henry Raspe, Land- grave of Thuringia, is ineffectively set up by the Papal party as emperor. He is nicknamed " the parsons' king." [The pope sends Kaspe 10,01)0 marks, and latter 15,000 more. 1247. Feb. 16. Henry Raspe, the anti-king, dies at "Wart- burg.] May * Borne. The Pope issues a severe edict against Frederick ; his supporters are not to give testimony in court, and are denied the right of asylum, and pro- hibited from trade. Oct. 3. Bh.Prus. "William, Count of Hol- land, 20 years of age, is elected a second anti-king at "Worringen by the Papal party, but he has a small following in Germany. [1256. Jan.* He falls in battle in Friesland.J 1249 Feb. * It. Frederick II. causes the arrest of Peter de la "Vigne, the chancellor at Cremona, charged with at- tempting to poison the emperor ; Frederick alleges that Peter is the tool of the Pope. * * * Period of national splendor. Frederick possesses six crowns, — the Imperial, German, Burgundian, Lom- bard, Sicilian, and the crown of Jerusa- lem. 1250 Dec* It. Frederick dies at Florentino [and is succeeded by his son Conrad]. 1250-54 Conrad IV. reigns ; he re- mains in Italy, as did his father, and rarely visits Germany during his reign. * * * Germany is torn by the factions supporting the rival kings, Conrad and William. 1252 * * Conrad abandons the struggle for the crown of Germany, and retires to bis Sicilian kingdom. 1253* * Bavaria. Louis JX, the Severe, becomes duke. 1254 Mar. * It. The Pope confers the kingdom of Sicily on Fldmund, son of Henry III. May 27. It. King Conrad dies at La- vello, perhaps by poison. July 13. Hesse. The first great meeting of the Rhenish League of the cities is held at Mentz, the head of the League. 1255 * * E. Prus. Konigsberg is found- ed by the Teutonic Knights. * * Bavaria. Munich becomes the capi- tal. 1256-73 The Great Interregnum occurs ; club-law ; only the right of the strongest prevail. 1257 Jan. 13. Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall, younger son of King John of England, is elected king by five of the princes. [He is crowned at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), and his sovereignty recognized along the Rhine.] Apr. 1. Bh. Prus. The elector of Treves secures the election of Alphonso X. of Castile at Cologne. * * The Electoral College first appears. It comprises the persons of seven pow- erful princes, who claim complete ex- clusive power to elect whom they will. The nation takes little interest in king or anti-king. 1258 Aug. * It. Manfred, brother of Conrad, as usurper, assumes the crown of Sicily. Conradin, son of Conrad IV., claims it [and struggles to gain it]. 1260 * * Saxony is divided into two duchies, Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wit- tenberg ; they are ruled by Duke Ber- nard's two grandsons, John and Albert. 1262 * * Alsace. Strasburg is made a free Imperial city. 1263 * * Hesse. Henry of Brabant be- comes landgrave and prince. 1265 Feb. * It. The Pope transfers the kingdom of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, the brother of Louis IX. of France. * * Wiirtemberg is set apart from Swa- bia, and made a county. 1266 Feb.* It. King Manfred of Si- cily falls at the battle of Benevento. 1268 Oct. 29. It. Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaiif'en House, being cap- tured, is beheaded at Naples. 1272 Aug. * The spiritual princes and the Pope unite in offering the crown of Germany to Ottocar II., King of Bohemia. 1273 Sept. 29. Rudolph I., Count of Hapsburg and By burg, is elected (p. 505). 1273-1740 The House of Hapsburg. 1273-1291 Rudolph I. reigns. Oct. 24. Rudolph is crowned by Engel- bert II., archbishop-elector of Cologne. 1276 Nov. 21. Ottocar, King of Bo- hemia, and R\idolph agree to a [brief] treaty of peace. Ottocar acknowledges Rudolph as king of Germany, agrees to abandon Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, but to hold Bohemia and Moravia, as fiefs of the empire. [Nov. 26. He does homage to Rudolph.] * * The free cities, Frankfort, Freiberg, and Oppenheim, revolt, and raze the castles which Rudolph had erected with- in their precincts as threatening their freedom. * * Bavaria. Augsburg becomes a free Imperial city. 1282 Dec. 25. Bavaria. Dietof Augs- burg. Rudolph proposes to raise his sons Al- bert and Rudolph to the rank of princes, and to invest them with Austria, Carni- ola, Styria, the Wendish Mark, and Parlenan. [The nobles consent.] Thus Rudolph becomes the founder of the House of Hapsburg-Austria. * * It. Peter of Aragon is King of Si- cily. Charles of Anjou is King of Naples. 1283-85 A false Frederick deceives the people, and maintains himself in "Western Germany against Rudolph. He is approved by the malcontents. 1283 * * Rudolph makes Albert his son sole duke of Austria by promising valuable considerations to his brother Rudolph. 1285 * * The Papal See grants the tithes revenues of four German bishoprics to the King of France as a " contribu- tion for a war against the King of Aragon." 1286* * Prus. The new city of Konigs- berg becomes the capital of Prussia. 1288 * * Bh. Prus. Dusseldorf is raised to the rank of a town. * * Fr. Philip TV., the French king, takes advantage of Rudolph's weakness, and annexes the city and bishopric of Verdun. 1289* * Fr. Burgundy is again forcibly united to Germany. 1290 * * Fr. Philip, King of France, takes Lyons, belonging to the German Empire, under French protection. * * The defection of the cities from Rudolph increases because of oppressive subsidies demanded in the style of an absolute monarch. 782 1291, June 20-1373,* * GERMANY. ARMY — WAVY. 2294 * * Saxony. Adolf, with rles, enters Meissen, and suppresses the revolt against confiscation to the empire by wasting the country. 1298 Apr. * Albert of Austria with all his forces marches through Bavaria, to the Rhine, for the overthrow of Adolf. July 2. Rh. Prus. Battle of Gbllheim. Albert of Austria defeats Adolf, and kills him on the field. 1301 * * Albert defeats the allied eccle- siastical electors of Mentz, Treves, and Cologne, with the Count Palatine, who conspire against him. 1307 May 31. Thuringkt. Albert's army is defeated at Luca by the Thu- ringians under Philip of Nassau ; the in- heritances of Frederick and Diezmon are preserved for the emperor. 1310-13 Henry VII. conducts an expe- dition to Italy. He goes to restore order and peace in the cities between the contending Guelfs and Ghibellines. 1313 May* It. Henry marches with a great force against Naples, where the Guelfs rule. * *(1314?) A German monk first discov- ers the use of cannons. 1314-47 Civil war (p. 504). 1315 Nov. 15. Sivitz. Battle of Mor- garten {p. 504). 1322 Sept. 28. Battle of Ampfing. The flower of the Austrian nobility is left dead or wounded on the field (p. 504). 1326 Jan. * Prus. At the Pope's sug- gestion, Wladislaw the Short, of Poland, with heathen allies, attacks the Mark of Brandenburg. [More than 6,000 Chris- tians are killed or taken prisoners.] 1327-30 Italian expedition of Louis. 1327 Oct. 11. ft. Pisa admits Louis after a siege of five weeks, promising to pay 60.000 gold pieces of Florence as in- demnity, and to lose none of its liber- ties. [The king's promises are broken.] 1341* * It. The Bohemians are driven out of Tyrol by Margaret and the no- bility. 1347 * * "War occurs with the Bavarian party. 1354-55 Charles makes his first expe- dition to Rome. 1361 * * "War between the Hanseatic League and Denmark. John "Wittenborg of the Hansa invades Denmark, and captures Copenhagen, but is finally defeated before Helsingborg by "Waldemar IV. [ and is executed at Lu- beck]. 1367+-70 Second war between the Hanseatic League and Denmark. The Hansa compels Waldemar IV. to fly; conquers several cities, including Copenhagen and Elsinore. [The war ends with an advantageous peace for the League.] (P. 636.) 1368 * * Charles makes his second ex- pedition to Italy as the ally of the Pope against John Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1296* *Sulfureous carbon is produced by Lampadius. 1299 * * "Windmills first appear. 1320-40 Brunswick. Gunpowder is invented (?) by Bertholdus or Michael Schwartz, a Cordelier monk of Goslar [but many authorities maintain that it was known long before in various parts of the world], 1322* * Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. The play of The Wise and Foolish Virgins is pro- duced at Eisenach. * * Bavaria. Sawmills are introduced at Augsburg. [1427. In Breslau, Silesia.] 1324 * * Lorraine. Firearms are used in the defense of Metz. 1325 * * Stoves are first used. 1337* * Bavaria. A parchment fac- tory is established at Nuremberg. 1340 (?) * * Bavaria. A process of wire- drawing; is invented bv Rudolph at Nu- remberg. [1410 (?). By drawing the iron.] 1350* * Refining-houses are built. 1365 * * Bavaria. Pins are invented at Nuremberg. [1370. Weedlemakers are here incorporated and their sales are rapidly extended.] 1350 * * The Flagellants cruelly abuse their bodies for the comfort of their souls (p. 674). 1354 * * Pome. Rienzi, the reformer, is killed. 1362 * * Avignon. Urban V. is pope. [1370, Gregory XL; 1389, Boniface IX.; he resides at Koine; IW4. benedict XIII.; 1404, Innocent VII.; 140l>, Gregory XII.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1318* * Erwin von Steinbacb, archeologist, architect, dies. Fnuienlob, Heinrich von Meissen, poet, d. 1365 * * Jerome of Pragrue, religious re- former, comp. of Huss, b. [1416. D. A51-] 1368* * Sigismund. emperor, born. [1437. Dies. A69.J CHURCH. 1298 July* The Jewsarehorriblyper- secuted throughout South Germany, chiefly through the lust of blood and plunder, but their enemies alleging "it is God's will." 1303 * * Borne. Benedict XI. is pope. [1305, Clement V.; 1314, Avignon, The papal throne is vacant. 1316. Avignon, John XXII.; 1334, Avignon, Benedict XII.; 1342, Avignon, Clement VI.; 1352, Innocent VI. J 1308 * * Ft. The Pope's residence is removed from Rome to Avignon. 1311 * * Fr. The 6th General Coun- cil at Vienne. (Synod of Viennein Gaul, p. 672.) 1316* *The Pope informs Louis IV. that he cannot wear the German crown without papal sanction. 1324 * * Louis IV. is excommunicated by the Pope, and his supporters inter- dicted ; he appeals to a general council. 1337* * W'urtemberg. The cathedral at Ulm is begun. 1338 * * Jews are persecuted. Mayer Bon, a Jew, accused of forgery and swindling, is condemned and burned; Archbishop Walram, his creditor, is thereby freed. * * The Diet of Frankfort declares that the Pope has no temporal power in the empire. * * *"A gay enjoyment of the world as it is existed side by side with almost superhuman spirituality.'* * * * " All classes, clerical as well as lay, looked upon resistance to papal preten- sions as a necessity imposed by national honor." 1348 * * Alsace. The Jews are accused of causing the Black Death by poison- ing the wells; the mobs in Strasburg burn 1300 of these people before their synagogue. LETTERS. 1293 * * The Legend of St. Martin, by Hugo von Langenstein, appears. 1300 * * Benner, by Hogo von Trimberg, appears. ± * * Ulrich Boner, a Dominican monk of Bern, writes the Jewel, the oldest Ger- man Table-book. * * * Der Winsbecke and Krieg auf der Wartburg appear. 1314 * * Wilhelm von Oesterreich, by Jo- hannes von WoTzburg, appears. 1336-98 Hesse-Nassau. The Limburg Chronicle appears. 1340± * * Die Jagd, an allegory, is writ- ten by Hadamar'von Laber. 1348 * * Bohemia. The Emperor Charles IV. founds a University at Prague. 1352 * * Kulmann Merswin writes the Book of the Nine Rocks. SOCIETY. 1298 * * Adolf of Nassau, the King of Germany, falls in a personal conflict with Albert I. of Austria. [1308. May 1. Albert is assassinated by his nephew John.] 1313 Aug. 24. Henry VII. is poi- soned by a priest by the consecrated wafer. 1348* * Europe. Massacre of 1,500,000 Jews as the supposed cause of pesti- 1350 * * The people are distressed by the black plague. STATE. 1291 June 20. Rudolph's despotism towards Valenciennes [occasions a revolt of the citizens, who renounce the Ger- man Empire, and seek the protection of France]. July 15. King Rudolph I. dies. Aug. 1. Sioitz. The men of the Helve- tian cantons meet to throw off the yoke of Hapsburg despotism, and they form " a perpetual league." [It is the first authentic movement towards a Swiss confederacy.] * * Interregnum. 1292 May 5. Adolf, Count of Nassau, a relative of the archbishop of Mentz, is elected king, excluding Albert, son of Rudolph. 1292-98 Adolf reigns; he is poor in possessions, in movables, and in preroga- tives. [1298. He is deposed. July 2. Killed at the battle of Gdlleim.] 1294 * * Bavaria. Louis HI. becomes duke. 1296 * * Hamburg becomes a free Im- perial city by permission of the Dukes of Holstein. 1298 July 27. Rh. Prus. Albert of Austria, son of Rudolph, is unani- mously elected by the electors at Frank- fort [and crowned king of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle]- GERMANY. 1291, June 20-1373, * * 783 1298-1308 Albert J., is emperor. 1299 Dec. * Albert enters an alliance with Philip the Fair of France against the Pope. 1300 Oct. 14. The three ecclesiastical electors and the Count Palatine form an alli ance against the king, whose election was not continued by the Pope. [They are defeated.] 1301 * * Wenceslaus becomes King of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia. 1307* * "William Tell (?) shoots the tyrant Gesler, and the Swiss revolt. 1308 May 1. Baden. King Albert is killed (p. 505). * * Henry, Count of Luxemburg, a half- Frenchman, is elected king. 1308-13 Henry VII. reigns. * * jr. Prus. Danzig passes under the rule of the Teutonic Knights. 1309 Jan. 6. Bk.Prus. Henry VU. is crowned kingat[Aix-la-Chapelle.] * * Switz. A confederation of three cantons is formed, consisting of Schwyz, Uri, and Unterwaldeu. 1310 * * Bohemia. Henry's son, [Blind] John, is enthroned by the National Assembly. 1311 Jan. 6. It. Henry VII. is crowned King of Lombardy. 1312 June 29. Borne. Henry is crowned King of Italy, and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 1313 Aug. 24. It. Henry VU. dies near Sienna, probably poisoned by the Guelfs. 1314 Oct. 19. Hesse-Nassau. The elec- tors being unable to agree, those of Cologne, the Rhenish Palatinate, elect Frederick, Duke of Austria, son of Albert, in the suburb of Frankfort. Oct. 20. Hesse-Nassau. The electors of Mentz, Treves, Brandenburg, and Bohe- mia elect Louis of Bavaria at Frank- fort. The votes of electors are sold at high prices in both elections. 1314-47 Louis IV. of Bavaria reigns. 1314-30 Frederick of Austria reigns. Nov. 25. Bk. Prus. Louis IV. is crowned King of Germany at Aix-la- Chapelle ; Frederick is crowned at Bonn. * * With two kings [civil war prevails for eight years]. 1315 Dec. 9. Switz. The confederated cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden renew their league forever at Brun- nen. 1316 * * Switz. King Louis IV. con- firms the confederation, and recog- nizes the immediate dependence of the cantons on the empire ; Austrian power is broken in Switzerland. 1322 Sept. 28. Bavaria. Frederick of Austria is captured by Louis at the battle of Amphng [and imprisoned. 1325. Released], (P. 505.) 1323 Mar. * Brandenburg. Louis IV. gives the Mark of Brandenburg, one of the great fiefs, to his son Louis [who later marries Margaret Multasch, the heiress of Tyrol and Carinthia]. Oct. 8. Fr. Pope John, at Avignon, summons King Louis IV. to lay down "his assumed government of the Ger- man Empire," as he had not obtained papal confirmation is threatened. 1324 Mar. 23. Fr. The Pope at Avi- gnon excommunicates Louis IV. May 22. Louis IV. issues a protest against excommunication, and makes a statement of the sins of the Pope. July 11. Fr. The Pope at Avignon de- clares Louis IV. deposed, and his ad- herents and territories under the curse of the church. 1327 Jan. 17. Borne. Louis IV. is crowned emperor. [May * Crowned King of Lombardy at Milan.] 1325 Apr. 18. Borne. Louis IV. de- poses Pope John for heresy and treason. Aug. 4. Borne. Louis IV., becoming un- popular because of his greediness and despotic acts, is driven out of the city by an insurrection of the people. 1329 * * The Palatinate is separated from Bavaria ; yet a part of Bavaria, the Upper Palatinate, goes with it. * * Saxony. The margrave obtains pos- session of Altenburg. 1330 Jan. 13. Frederick, the rival of Louis IV., dies. 1332 Jan. * Bade7i.+ Nine free cities of Swabia petition the Elector Baldwin of Treves that Germany resume its original right to elect an emperor, whether the Pope be for or against him. [Nothing more is done for six and a half years.] * * Alsace. The guilds are admitted to a share in the government of Strasburg. 1333 Nov. 14. To ease his conscience, and secure the removal of the papal ban, Louis secretly signs a renunciation of the crown. [He denies it when aroused by the electors.] 1335 * * Silesia. Breslau passes under the jurisdiction of the Bohemian crown. 1338 July 16. Electoral meeting at Rense. Six electors sign a declaration of Ger- many's independence of the Holy See, the emperor deriving his authority alone from the votes of a majority of the electors ; it denies the Pope's tem- poral power in the empire. * * Louis IV. sides with the English iu the struggle with France. 1342 Feb. 10. Tyrol. Louis IV. mar- ries his son Louis to the divorced Mar- garet of Tyrol, thereby gaining to his House this province. Apr. 25. Fr. Pope Benedict XII., the enemy of Louis IV., dies. 1344 Sept.* Hesse,-Xassau. A national Diet is held at Frankfurt to consider the concessions to his temporal power de- manded by the Pope. 1346 Jan. 15. Louis IV. invests his wife, the sister of the deceased Count William of Holland, with the latter's estates, thus alarming the electors by the increase of family power. [It provokes the setting up of an anti-king.] July 11. Charles of Luxemburg, " The Parson King," is elected anti- king by live electors at Rense (p. 507). They had revolted against Louis IV. because of his violence in increasing his power. The electors are paid a high price for their votes. 1346-78 Charles IV. is emperor. 1347 Sept. 2. Bohemia. Charles IV. is crowned King of Bohemia. ation Oct. 11. Ba Louis IV. dies at Mu * *The imperial crown is offered to Edward III. of England. * * Bavaria. Stephen I. is duke. 1348 * * Bohemia. The city of Prague is rebuilt by the Emperor Charles IV., who makes it his capital. * * Mecklenburg is made a duchy. * * Brandenburg. The false Waldemar appears in opposition to Louis, and fa- vorable to Charles IV. 1349 Jan. 1. Hesse-Nassau. Gunther, Count of Schwarzburg, is elected em- peror at Frankfort by the Bavarian party; Charles, King of Bohemia, bribes his friends to desert Gunther. [June 14. Gunther dies, alleged to have been poi- soned.] May 26. King Gunther sells his claim to Charles IV. for 20,000 marks of silver for himself and men, besides deliverance from debt. July 25. Bh.Prus. Charles is crowned emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle, having been elected by all the electors. 1350* *The league of the cities greatly prospers. Town markets are established. 1355 Apr. 5. Borne. Charles IV. is again crowned emperor by two car- dinals acting in the Pope's name. * * Bohemia. Silesia and Lower Lusa- tia are united with Bohemia. 1356* * Hesse-Nassau. Frankfort-on- the-Main is recognized as the seat of imperial elections. * * Charles IV. issues the [famous] Golden Bull to regulate the election of sover- eigns ; it becomes the fundamental law of the empire. The election is entrusted to seven electors, three ecclesiastics ami four seculars, namely, the archbishop of Mentz as arch-chancel- lor of Germany; the archbishop of Treves as arch-chancellor of Italy; the archbishop of Cologne, arch-chancellor of Burgundy; the King of Bohemia, as areh-senesriml; Count Palatine, as arch-steward; Duke of Saxe- Wittenberg, as arch-marshal; and the Margrave of Brandenburg as arch-chamber- lain. Practically the same electors as here- tofore. [It continues in force till 1806.] "With this edict commences the Diet of the German Empire ; it is com- posed of three colleges; viz., the elec- tors, the princes, and the imperial towns. * * Saxony. The dispute between the two Saxon duchies regarding electoral privileges is decided by the Golden Bull in favor of "Wittenberg. 1363 June 15. Bohemia. "Wences- laus, son of Charles, is crowned King of Bohemia. [1376. June 12. Elected King of the Romans. Price of votes, 100,000 gulden.] * * Aust. Tyrol acquired (p. 507). 1365+ * * A League of the Rhine cities, with some others, is formed to insure a stricter enforcement of the public peace. 1370* * Peace is made with Denmark by the Treaty of Stralsund. ±* * Saxony. Rudolph IT. of "Wittenberg is the first duke to style himself elector. 1373 * * Brandenburg. Treaty of Fiir- stenwalde. Otho " the Lazy," in return for an an- nuity, transfers to Charles IV. the Mark of Brandenburg. 784 1375, * *-1450, June 22. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1377± * * "Wars between the nobles and the cities commence. 1377 May 21. Battle of Reutlingen. The Swabian League severely defeats Ulrich, son of Eberhard, Count Eber- hard " tlie Grumbler ; " SG noble knights fall. 1386 July 9. Switz. Battle of Sem- pach. The South German cities withdraw their aid from Switzerland ; the Austri- an^ under Leopold are defeated by the Swiss peasants (p. 506). 1388 Apr. 9. Switz. Battle of INTafels. Duke Albert, brother of Leopold, with German princes as allies, is de- feated by a small body of Swiss, losing 2,000 men, including "l88 knights and squires. Aug. 24. Wurtemberg. Battle of Dof- fiugen, between the aristocrats and the citizens. Eberhard of Wiirtemberg defeats the army of the Swabian cities at Doffing- en ; Count Ulrich is mortally wounded. 1401 Oct. 24. It. Battle of Brescia. Visconti defeats Rupert. 1410 July 16. E. Prus. Battle of Tan- nenberg. The Teutonic Order is disastrously defeated by the Poles ; 200 knights and 40,000 warriors fall. 1419-36 Bohemia. Hussite war (p. 506). 1420 July 14. Bohemia. Ziska de- feats the emperor at the siege of Prague, and drives him into Hungary. [1422. The imperial troops enter Bohemia, but are soon driven out.] 1422 Jan. 8. Bohemia. Battle of Deutsch-Brod (p. 506). 1431 Aug. 14. Bohemia. The impe- rial army, having 40,000 cavalry and 90,000 infantry, is defeated and routed by the Hussites near Riesenburg. 1434 May 30. Bohemia. Battle of Bohmisch-Brod (p. 506). 1438* * Bohemia. Civil war rages. 1439 * * Alsace-Lorraine. The Count of Vaudemont, with French Armagnac hirelings, is at war with the bishop of Metz. 1440-46 Switz. Zurich enters atreaty with Frederick III., and civil war pre- vails. Zurich, allied with Austria, oppresses the Swiss Confederation ; Zurich troops are defeated, and the city is besieged. 1442 * * Westphalia. The city of Soest resists the oppressive exactions of Arch- bishop Dietrich II, of Cologne, and war follows. 1443 May 23. Switz. Battle of Frien- bach. Itel Boding, commanding the Swiss Confederates, defeats the Zurich-Aus- trian allies. [May 24. Again atHirzel.J 1444 July * Switz. The King of France sends Frederick 24,000 Armagnacs, ac- companied by 20,000 other ruffians, to subdue the Swiss Confederates. [Aug. 26. The Armagnacs, 30 times as strong, cut down 1,600 heroic Confeder- ate soldiers at St. Jacob. Aug. * The French army under the dauphin sur- prises Mompelgard, and abuses the cit- izens.] * * Lorraine. Metz undergoes a seven months' siege by King Charles VII. of France. [The siege is raised on the pay- ment of a ransom of 100,000 florins.] 1446 * * Switz. The Swiss defeat the Germans at Kagaz, and become practi- cally independent. * * Casimir IV. of Poland aids the na- tives of Prussia in an uprising against the oppression of the Teutonic Knights. * * "War with Hungary. Cause, its re- fusal to surrender the young prince Wa- ladislas. 1447 July 2. Westphalia. The arch- bishop of Cologne besieges Soest with 60,000 men. [They ravage the country, and fail of provisions for their own sup- port. July 20. The last assault is made and repelled.] 1449-1- * * a. second great war between the cities and the princes breaks out, and lasts seven years ; many counts and barons side with the German princes against civil liberty. 1450 Mar. 11. Bavaria. TheNurem- bergers severely defeat the Margrave of Pillenreut. Apr. 14. Bavaria. Albert defeats the citizens of Nuremberg and part of their allies. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1381 * * Augsburg. The gun as a fire- arm is known. 1390 * * The first mill for making linen paper is established. 1403* * Bavaria. Ribbon and lace workers thrive at Augsburg. 1413* * Pr. Saxony. Fulminating gold is discovered by Valentine, a monk, at Erfurt. 1419* * Bavaria. File-cutters ply their trade in Nuremberg. 1423 * * Bavaria. The art of engrav- ing on wood for printing pictures is invented by Kepler at Nordlinger. 1430 * * Bavaria. Gester invents an air-gun at Nuremberg. 1436* * Hesse. The art of printing from movable type is invented by Jo- hannes Gutenberg at Mentz. 1439 * * Alsace. The lofty tower of the Strasburg cathedral is completed. 1440 * * The art of copper-plate en- graving is invented by liuprecht Rust. 1444+ * * Bavaria. Bleaching- works are established in Nuremberg. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1376 * * Hubs, John, religious reformer, horn. [1416. Dies.- A40.] 1380* * Kempis. Thomas a. monk, as- cetic, writer, born. [1471. Dies. A91.] 1400* ♦Gutenberg', Johann. or Henne, inventor of printing, b. [1468. D. A68.] 1414* 'Albert. Elector of lirainlenburg, born. [1486. Dies. A72.] 1423* *Purbach, Georg, astronomer, born. [1461. Dies. A 38.] 1434* * Wohlgemuth, Michael, painter, b. 1435 * * Scb offer, Peter, impr. of printing, b. 1436 * * l'.eliaim, Martin, navigator, geog., b. Regiomontanus, Johann M., astronomer, born. [1476. Dies. A40.] CHURCH. 1378 * * » The Schism of the "West." England and the empire acknowledge Urban VI. as pope, while France. Spain, and Scotland acknowledge Clement VII. Rival popes reciprocally excommunicate each other (p. 674). * * * Mysticism awakens in many minds an aspiration which the church in its corrupt state could not satisfy. Mystics are much opposed, and charged with im- morality, pantheism, communism, and maintaining private inspiration. 1386 * * Christianity is introduced into Lithuania. 1409 * * It. The Council of Pisa. It deposes Popes Gregory and Bene- dict, and elects Alexander V. ; as neither of the deposed Popes will yield, there are three Popes (p. 506). 1410 ' 1412* fc Rome. John XXIII. is pope. ; Bohemia. The Reformation is John Huss denounces the bull of Pope John XXIII. against King Ladislaus of Naples, and together with Jerome of Prague opposes the sale of indulgences. 1414-18 Baden. The Council of Con- stance. It is a council of the empire, yet having prelatieal visitors front Italy, France, Eng- land, and Spain, besides numerous princes Willi their imposing (ruins. The great Assem- bly includes Pope John XXIII., live patri- archs, :i;i cardinals, L'Uii archbishops and bish- ops, and 80,000 laymen. Its objects are to suppress the Bohemian heresy, heal the papal schism, and reform the church. It proclaims its superiority over the Pope, condemns the doctrines of John Huss, deposes Pope John XXIII., and pre- vails on Pope (iregory XII. to abdicate, and later deposes 1'ope Benedict XI11. It is pro- posed to reform the church, but by the ac- tion of Spain, the effort fails; Martin V. is elected pope; the council adjourns without accomplishing any effective reformation of abuses (p. 506). (Mar. 20.) Pope John XXHI. a fugi- tive. In disguise of a stable-boy he flees from Constance when it is proposed that the coun- cil investigate bis crimes; many prelates and cardinals follow him, but they do not break up the council. [ He is captured, imprisoned, and deposed.] (.Iine 15.) Communion in one kind only is authoritatively sanctioned by the council. (1417. Mar. 16.) The University of Prague demands the communion in both kinds for both clergy and laity. (1418* *) The council suspends all the privileges of the university because of its de- mand. (Apr. 22.) Pope Martin V. leaves the council. 1420 Mar. 17. Bohemia. Sigismund burns Crasa at the stake, after having dragged him through the streets of Prague. 1421 July* Bohemia. The emperor and the Crusaders against the heretics attack the city of Prague. (See Army.) 1423 * * Rh. Prus. A church council is held at Treves. 1429* * Rome. "The Schism of the West" is ended by the resignation of Clement VIII. 1431* * Rome. Eugenius IV. becomes pope. [Felix is anti-pope.] July 23-49 May 7. Sioitz. The Gen- eral Council of Basel is held ; Julian is president. (July 23.) It meets to effect, the union of the Greek and Roman churches, recon- cile the Protestants, and promote the reformation of the church. (1433 * *) The council settles the Bo- hemian controversy by the Compact of Prague, by which the Hussites are granted the use of the cup in the Eu- charist. (1439. Oct. 29.) Eugenius, refusing to recognize its authority, is deposed. (Oct. 30.) Felix V. is elected (anti-pope). [Its decisions are in part recognized GERMANY. 1375, * *-1450, June 22. 785 by the Gallican Church, but rejected by the Ultramontanes.] 1433* *-39* *It. The Council of Ferrara-Florenee. Tt decrees the Seven Sacraments ; viz., baptism, confirmation, the eucharist, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, and matrimony. It proclaims the union of the Greek and Roman churches'. * * * The spiritual princes have all the faults of the secular princes, besides spe- cial defects of their own. Simony universally prevails ; the scan- dalous social life of the inferior clergy, with cold and unimpressive services, weakens the hold of the church on the public mind. 1445 * * The emperor attempts to frus- trate the efforts made to reform the church, and compels the German bish- ops to quit their antagonism to Rome ; he receives 100 prebends and other con- siderations from the Pope. 1446 Mar. * Hesse-Nassau. A league is formed at Frankfort by the Diet. It proposes general resistance of the attacks of the emperor and pope on the rights of the leaguers, and to compel a recognition of the reforms of the Coun- cils of Constance and Basel. [The league is broken up by bribery.] * * Vienna. The Concordat of Vienna is concluded with the Pope, who aban- dons the reforms promised in the Coun- cil of Basel. 1447 * * Rome. Nicholas V. is pope. 1448 * * Bavaria. The Concordat of Aschaffenberg is signed by Frederick, thus perpetuating the evils in the church which had been partly reformed. LETTERS. 1379 Sept. 16. Pr. Saxony. The Uni- versity of Erfurt receives its charter from the anti-pope, Clement VII., as a " Studium generate " in all the faculties. 13S5 Oct. 23. Baden. The Univer- sity of Heidelberg receives its charter from Pope Urban VI. [1336. Oct. 19. 1388 May 21. Eh. Prus. The Uni- versity of Cologne is chartered as a "Studium generale," by Pope Urban VI. ; it is under the influence of the Dominicans. 1389 May 4. Pr. Saxony. The Uni- versity of Erfurt is founded afresh by Pope Urban VI. without any recognition of the former action of the anti-pope, Clement VII. It is under Franciscan influence. 1398 * * Bohemia. John Huss becomes a professor in the University of Prague. 1399 * * Bohemia. Aclcermann aus Boh- men, by Johannes Ackermann of Saaz, appears. 1400-1500 Bavaria. Nuremberg is a great center of literature. 1409 Sept. 9. Saxony. The Univer- sity of Leipsic is founded as a " Stu- dium generale," by Pope Alexander V. * * Bohemia. The Hussite troubles in Prague and a change in the university statutes occasion the withdrawal of all German professors and students from the university ; they go to Leipsic. 1419 Feb. 13. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The University of Rostock is founded and authorized by the Pope's bull. 1430± * * The Thuringian Chronicle, by Rothe, appears. (?) 1432* * Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The fac- ulty of theology is added to the Univer- sity of Rostock. 1433 * * The History of the Emperor Sigis- mund, by Eberhard Windeek, appears. 1442 * * Hesse. Johann Fust estab- lishes a printing-office at Mentz, and prints the Tractatus Petri Hispani. 15th Century. The \He Idenbuch appears. (?) SOCIETY. 1400 * * Frederick (III.) is assassinated immediately after his election. [He is seldom placed in the list of emperors.] * * Nuremberg is the center of art, trade, and intelligence. STATE. 1376 * * Bavaria. John becomes duke. * * Wilrtemberg .+• The Swabian city league is formed for mutual defense against the nobility. [1377. Recognized by the emperor.] * * The Association of Nobles (middle nobility) is organized to oppose the league of the cities. The imperial knights of Swabia, Fran- conia, and on the Rhine, with others, unite to maintain their independence against the higher nobility, and espe- cially the princes of the empire who were ambitious for territorial sover- eignty. The Martins vogel, Schlegler, and Lo- welbund Associations are formed. 1378 Nov. 29. Prague. Charles TV. dies. He had already given his lands to his three sons, Bohemia and Silesia to AVen- ceslaus, Brandenburg to Sigismund, and Lusatia to John. 1378-1400 Wenceslaus, King of Bo- hemia, is also King of Germany. 1381 * * The Swabian League of the cities unites with that of the Rhine. 1384 * * The emperor proclaims a new public peace, called the Heidelberg Statlung, for four years. [The king re- turns to Bohemia.] 1385* * Ph. Prus. Diisseldorf is chosen as a place of residence by Count Adolf of Berg. 1389 May 2. Bohemia. A council of the princes meets at Eger. A new public peace for eight years js proclaimed by Wenceslaus ; he orders 'the dissolution of the Swabian League and all union of cities. 1393-94 Bohemia. "Wenceslaus is im- prisoned by the nobles at Prague be- cause of his cruelty and indolence. 1397* * Bavaria. Ernest becomes duke. 1400* * Brunswick. "Wenceslaus is de- posed by a section of the Rhenish elec- tors. [1410. German crown renounced. 1419. Aug. 16. Dies.] After much in- trigue the crown is given to Rupert, Count Palatine. 1400-10 Rupert, Count Palatine, is King of Germany. His authority is feeble. He fails in his attempt to reach Rome. 1405 Sept. 14, Alsace. The League of Marbach is formed of 17 Swabian cities and Strasburg, for the purpose of resisting the oppressions of Rupert. 1409 * * Brunswick. Henry I. becomes duke of Brunswiek-Liineburg. 1410-37 Sigismund reigns. [1419. In Bohemia.] (p. 507.) 1410 May 18. Hesse. King Rupert dies at Oppenheim. Sept. 20. Three electors, including the candidate, who is represented by proxy, elect Sigismund, the brother of Wen- ceslaus, King of Germany. * * Jossus, Marquis of Moravia, is chosen emperor by a party of the electors. [1410. He dies. July 21. At a second election his two votes are given to Sigis- mund.] 1415 * * The Swiss Republic is formed. * * Sigismund sells to Frederick IV. of Nuremberg the Margravate of Branden- burg. 1416 * * Brunswick. William I. and Henry II. become dukes of Brunswick. 1419 * * Prus. Frederick I. of Nurem- berg, of the House of Hohenzollern, be- comes elector. 1420-60 Westphalia. Period of the greatest power of the secret tribunals. 1422* * Saxony. The Ascanian line becomes extinct at the death of Albert III., [and (1428) the Emperor Sigismund confers the electorate and duchy upon Frederick, Margrave of Meissen]. 1431* * It. Sigismund is crowned King of Italy. [1433. He is crowned em- peror by Pope Eugenius IV.] 1437 * * Sigismund is driven from the throne ; and Albert II., his son-in-law, Duke of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia, is elected emperor. [Dec. 0. Sigismund dies.] 1438-1740 The Hapsburg Dynasty: the House of Austria reigns. 1438-39 Albert H. reigns. 1438 * * Bohemia. Albert I. is duke. 1439 Oct. 27. Albert II. dies, and is succeeded by Frederick, Duke of Styria, his cousin. [Destructive feuds follow.] * * The Pragmatic Sanction is issued (p. 509). 1440-93 Frederick HE. (or IY.) reigns. [1442. June 1. Crowned king. 1452. Crowned emperor at Rome, the last Ger- man ruler so honored.] Feb. 2. Frederick HI. is elected em- peror. He is a physical weakling of inferior in- tellect, anil, unt'oi'tiiiKiU'ly for his subjects, remains longer than any of his predecessors; he is powerless both in (iennuny and in his own lands. [1449, July* Piccolomini (later Pope Pius III.) is his adviser.] Feb. 20. W.Prus. The estates of Prus- sia form a union, called the Prussian League, against the domination of the Teutonic Knights. [Confirmed by the emperor.] 1445* * Saxony. Thuringia is sepa- rated from Saxony. [1482. Reunited.] 1446 * * Prus. Casimir IV. of Poland assists the native Prussians in resisting the oppressions of the Teutonic Knights. 1448* * Den. Oldenburg- is annexed to Denmark (p. 637). 1449 Apr. 2. Westphalia Peace is made between the archbishop of Co- logne and the city of Soest, which re- tains its independence. 1450 June 22. Bavaria. The Peace of Bamberg is concluded ; each party is to restore all it has seized, and to for- get the past. 786 1450,**-15XV GERMANY. ARMY — WAVY. 1451 * * It. Frederick leads an expedi- tion to Rome. * * * The discovery of gunpowder leads to the custom of depending on hired troops, a few of whom outmatch many who are armed in the former style. 1458 * * Frederick I. of the Palatine defeats eighteen princes and counts at Pfeddersheim. 1460 * * Frederick III. is at war with Albert. 1462 June 30. Baden. Battle of Seckenheim. Frederick I. of the Palatine severely defeats the allied forces of Baden and WUrtemberg. * * Vienna. The emperor is besieged (p. 508). 1468 * * Belg. Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, destroys Li£ge, massa- cres the male citizens who surrender, and throws several thousand women, tied hack to back, into the Meuse. 1469-80 The Turks invade the realm in aid of the Hungarians. (See Austria.) 1474 * * "War with Charles the Bold, who demands the title, King of Bur- gundy. 1475 * * Swiiz. Charles the Bold mas- sacres the garrison of Granson after its surrender under the promise of protec- tion. 1476 Mar. 3. Switz. Battle of Gran- son. An army of 20,000 Confederate Swiss utterly defeats 40,000 h of the army of Burgundy, who lose 420 cannon and im- mense treasures. June 22. Switz. Charles the Bold is again defeated and routed by the Swiss Confederates at Morat. [1477. Jan. 5. He is defeated and killed by the Swiss and Alsatians near Nancy.] 1485 * * Frederick III. is driven out of Austria by Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary. 1494 * * It. The emperor enters the war in Italy (p. 678). 1498-99 Switz. The emperor engages in war against the Swiss ; the immedi- ate cause is a dispute regarding land- marks ; he is sustained by the Swabian 1499 * * It. Louis XII. of France in- vades Italy (pi 678). 1500 * * Holstein. The Ditmarshes en- ter a serious war with Denmark. 1502 Mar. 15. The Peasants' "War begins in South Germany ; it is caused by the oppressions of the clergy and no- bles. [May- June. Cruelly suppressed.] 1504 * * Bavaria. The emperor is in- volved in a petty war of succession." 1509* * It. Maximilian vainly besieges Padua, after taking part of Venetian lands. 1510* * It. Vicenza is taken by the imperial troops. 1511* * Holstein. An invading army of Danes is cut to pieces by the Ditmarsh peasants. 1512* * It. The Swiss join the emperor and Pope, and drive the French out of Milan. 1513 * * Fr. The emperor joins Henry Vm. in the Battle of the Spurs (p. 680)., ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1450 * * Bavaria. A large-sized para- bolical burning reflector is made by Johann Hegiomontanus. 1457 Aug. 14. Hesse. Johann Fust and Schoeffer of Mentz make the first book with a printed date ; it is the Book of Psalms. 1460 * * Printing in dyes is invented. The decimal system in arithmetic is worked out by Johann Regiomontanus. 1467 * * Maps are made by wood-en- graving by the monk Donis. 1477 * * Bavaria. "Watches are first made at Nuremberg. [1510. Here Philip Hele invents pocket watches.] 1486 * * Bavaria. Diirer studies under Michael Wohlgemuth. 1490 * * Chiaroscuro engraving is first practised. 1498 * * Saxony. The rifled gun is first used at Leipsic. 1506 * * Bavaria. Durer paints Christ on the Cross, also The Feast of Hoses, and Garchus in Italy. 1509 * * Rh. Prus. The building of the cathedral of Cologne is suspended. 1511 * * Bavaria. Albert Diirer paints the Trinity. [1512. He invents etching. 1515. Nuremberg gives him a yearly pension of 100 gulden.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1455 * * Reuchlin, Johann, philologist, Hel- lenist, Hebraist, born. 1458* * Brandt, Sehnstian, poet, born. 1459 * * Celtes, Conrad, poet, scholar, born. 1460 * * Fust, Johann, an inv. printing, d. Froben, Johann, printer, born. Maximilian I., emperor, born. 1461 * * Zasius, Ulric, jurist, born. 1465 * * Peutinger, Conrad, archeologist, b. 1466 * * Aventinus, Johannes, historian, b. 1470* * Baldung, Hans, artist, born. 1471 * * Diirer. Albert, painter, engr., b. 1472* * Cranach, or Kranach, Lucas von, painter, engraver, born. 1473 * * Burgknmir, Hans, engr., paint., b. Feb. 19. Copernicus, Nicholas, astron- 1475 * * Faber, Johann, Dominican monk, theologian, adversary of Luther, born. Murner, Thomas, satirist, controversialist, b. 1478 * * Pellican, Conrad, scholar, reformer, Biblical critic, born. 1479 * * Cochlaus, Johann, Catholic theolo- gian, controversialist, born. Folz, or Volz, Hans, poet, reformer, born. 14SO * * Berlichingen, Gotz, or Gottfried von, soldier, born. Capito, Wolfgang F., theol., reformer, born. Faust, or Faustus, Dr. Johann. necro- mancer, born. Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximil- ian I. and Mary of Burgundy, born. 1481 * * Sickingen, Franz von, general, re- former, born. 1482 * * Oecolampadius, Johannes, reformer, born. 1483 * * Amsdorf, Nicolaus von, reformer, b. Carlstadt. Andreas, reformer, born. Nov. 10. Luther, Martin, monk, leader of German reformation, born. 1485 * * Bugenhagen, Johann, reformer, b. 1486± * * Agrippa, Heinrich C, physician, theological writer, born. Eck, or Eckins, Johann von, theologian, b. 1487 * * Gonthier, Johann, physician, Hel- lenist, born. 1488 * * Altdorfer, Albrecht, paint., engr., b. 1489* * Albert, an-hhp. of Magdeburg, born. Aquila, Casper, theologian, born. Hutten, Ulneh von, poet, theologian, born. 1490 * * Agricola, Georg, mineralogist, born. Agricola, Johann, reformer, founder An- tinomians, born. Albert of Brandenburg, first Duke of Prus- sia, born. Friedland, Valentin, educator, born. Sehwenckfehl, Knspar, religionist, born. 1491 * * Barer, Martin R., reformer, born. 1494 * * Sachs, Hans, shoemaker, poet, born. 1495 * * Apian, Peter, math., astronomer, b. Lufft, Hans, printer, bookseller, born. 1496 * * Beham, Bartholomaus, painter, b. Menno Simons, reformer, fdr. Mennon- ites, born. 1497 * * Holbein, Hans, painter, born. Melanchthon, Philip, reformer, born. 1498 * * Althammer, Andreas, reformer, b. Osiander, Andreas, reformer, born. 15th Century. Alkinar, Henry von, poet, b.,d. 1500 * * Beham, Hans S., engraver, born. Camerarius, Joachim, classical scholar, b. Charles I. (V.), King of Spain, Emperor of Germany, born. 1501 * * Fuchs, or Fuchsius, Leonhard von, botanist, born. 1503 * * Schoeffer,Peter, impr. printing, A67. 1503 * * Ferdinand I., emperor, born. 1504 * * Fagius, Paul, reformer, born. 1506* * Behami, Martin, nav., geog., A70. Sleidan, Johann, historian, born. 1507* * Sturm, Johann, classical Bcholar, teacher, born. 1508 * * Celtes, Conrad, poet, scholar, A49. 1511 * * Eber, Paul, clergyman, Hebraist, b. 1513* * Aurifaber, Andreas G. y physician, teacher, born. CHURCH. 1455±* * Hesse. The Bible is first printed. (See Letters.) 1455 * * Rome. Calixtus III. is pope. [1458, Pius II.; 1464, Paul II.; 1471, Sixtus IV.; 1484, Innocent VIII.; 1492, Alexander VI. (Borgia), a tyrannical ruler and moral monster. 1503. Pius III. ispope for 26 days; he is succeeded by Julius II., a military pon- tiff, by whom Europe is embroiled in war, the church discipline neglected, and the spirit of religion discredited.] 1483 Nov. 10. Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther is born at Eisleben. [1507. Becomes a priest. 1508. The vicar-general of the Augustinian monks sends Martin Luther from Erfurt to "Wittenberg to be a professor of philoso- phy. 1510. Sent to Rome on the busi- ness of his order. Here he ascends Pilate's staircase on his knees with beg- gars and peasants, pausing to weep and pray when a voice seems to cry within him, "The just shall live by faith." 1512. He takes the degree of a doctor of divinity.] 1485* * Rh. Prus. The Jews are ex- pelled from Cologne. 1502 * * John Diez (Tetzel) begins the selling of absolutions. Tetzel's rates : witchcraft, two ducats ; polygamy, six ; murder, eight ; sacrilege and perjury, nine. 1511* * It. A council is called at Pisa by some of the cardinals, the French king, and the emperor, to restrain the ambitious Pope, and reform religion. [Its labors are fruitless.] 1512 * * Rome. A council is called at the Lateran palace, composed chiefly of Italians, which condemns the council of Pisa; Julius dies before the work is completed. 1513 * * Rome. Leo X. becomes pope. [He needs much money for artists, scholars, the splendor of his court, for building St. Peter's, and as many allege, for the dowry of his favorite sister; he attempts to obtain ' money by " a voluntary tax of the Germans," collected by the sale of absolutions.] * * * The general state of religion is de- plorable ; public worship is ceremonious and heartless, sermons are often mere theological quibbles, warnings of purga- tory, and expositions of the utility of in- dulgences. * * * Many of the bishops are luxurious and prodigal, and buy and sell sacred offices; priests are indolent, unchaste; monks are numerous and indole.nl ; Hie lienedictinesare wealthy and forgetful of their rules; the mendicants add ignorance to lax observance of rules; the Dominicans preside over the terrible tribunal of the Inquisition. LETTERS. 1450 * * Rh. Prus. The University of Treves receives its charter. GERMANY. 1450,** -1514,** 787 1450* *-55* *The earliest book printed with movable type, a Vul- gate Bible, sot up by Gutenberg and Fust, appears at Mentz. 1451-53 Hermann von Sacksensheim writes Spiegel, Mohrin, and otber poems. 1455 Apr. 20. Baden. The Univer- sity of Freiburg is cbartered by a papal bull. 1456 May. 29. Pomerania. The Uni- versity of Greifswald is established by the bull of Pope Calixtus III. 1457 * * Bavaria. The Gazette appears at Nuremberg ; it is the first newspaper printed from metal type. 1459 Apr. 7. Bavaria. The Univer- sity of Ingolstadt receives a papal charter. 1460 * * Baden. The University of Freiburg opens its first session. * * Hesse. The " CathoLicon" an attempt at a Latin lexicon, by Friar Johannes Balbus Januensis, is printed at Mentz. 1463* * Hesse. Cicero de Officiis is printed by Fust at Mentz. 1472* * Bavaria. The University of In- golstadt is founded. ± * * Albrecht von Eyb translates the Menchsemi and Baccides of Plautus. * * Rh. Prus. The University of Treves opens its first session. 1476 Nov. 9. Wurtemberg. The Uni- versity of Tubingen receives a papal charter. Nov. 23. Hesse. The University of Mentz receives a papal charter. * * The German ballads appear, — war- songs of Veit Weber. 1480 * * Theodorich Schemberg writes his play, Frau Jtitte. ± * * Buch der Abenteuer, by Ulrich Futrer, appears. 1483 * * The stories of Till Eulenspiegel appear. * * Bavaria. A Bible in the German language is printed at Nuremberg. 1486 * *De Tmitatione Christi, by Thomas a Kempis (?), appears. 1494* * skip of Fools, by Sebastian Brandt, appears. 1498 * * Lubeck. Reynard the Fox, a Low-German version of tbe Flemish poet Willem's Rtinaert, by Hermann Bark- husen, appears. 1502 Feb. 2. Pr. Saxony. The Uni- versity of Wittenberg is constituted a " Studium generale " in all the facul- ties by tbe papal legate. July 6. Pr. Saxony. The University of "Wittenberg receives its charter from Maximilian I. by imperial rather than papal decree. * * Amores, by Konrad Celtis, appears. 1505* * Jacob "Wimpfeling writes in Latin the first history of Germany. * * Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther is made a master of arts and instructor at Er- furt. 1506 Mar. 15. Brandenburg. The University of Frankfort- on-the Oder is chartered by a papal bull. [Oct. 16. It receives an imperial char- ter.] 1508 * * Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther becomes a professor in Wittenberg. 1512 * * Exorcism of Fools, by Thomas Murner, appears. 1458± * * Leip sic becomes celebrated for its fairs. 1514-24 Bands of revolting peasants, termed the Bund, or league, of Poor Conrad, appear ; about 100,000 lives are sacrificed ; the insurrection of the Ana- baptists is incited. (See State.) STATE. 1450 * * Frederick III. is forced to give up portions of Austria to his brother and cousins. 1452 Dec. 1. W. Prus. The emperor dissolves the Prussian League. [Dec. 22. He is bribed with 5,400 gulden, and again recognizes the League.] 1453 Dec. 1. W. Prus. The bribes of the Teutonic order — 80,000 gulden — se- cure a new order from the emperor for the immediate dissolution of the union of Prussian estates. 1454* * Wurtemberg. Esslingen puts itself under the protection of Baden for 60 years to escape taxation in the league of cities. 1455 * * W. Prus. Danzig is ceded to Poland. 1457 * * Hungary and Bohemia elect na- tive kings, whom Frederick is forced to recognize (p. 509). 1457-1525 E. Prus. Konigsberg is the residence of the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order. 1462* * Vienna. The emperor be- sieged, and delivered (p. 508). 1464 * * Saxony is divided between Al- bert and Ernest, sons of Frederick II. Thus originate the Albertine and Er- nestine lines. Albert receives Meissen and the remaining parts of eastern Sax- ony ; and Ernest retains the electoral duchy, Thuringia, half of Osterland, and Naumberg. 1465 * * Bavaria. Albert XT. is duke. 1466 Oct. 19. W.Prus. The Teutonic Order is forced to conclude a treaty at Thorn ceding West Prussia to the crown of Poland ; East Prussia is left with the order. 1470 * * Brandenburg. Albert HE. be- comes margrave. [1476. John HX] 1474 May 9. Peter von Hagenbach, governor of Burgundy, is beheaded. 1477 Aug. 19. Belg. Maximilian marries Mary of Burgundy at Ghent ; he thereby acquires for his House Bur- gundy and the Netherlands. 1482* * Brunswick. Frederick and William U. become dukes of Bruns- wick-Wolfenbiittel. [Henry TH. and Eric in 1495.] * * Wurtemberg. Stuttgart is made the capital. 1485* * Saxony. Dresden becomes the residence of the Saxon sovereigns. 1486-1525 Saxony. Frederick DX, the Wise, is duke of a part of Saxony; he is an imperial elector, and a cham- pion of the Reformation. 1486* * Hesse-Nassau. Maximilian, son of Frederick III., is elected King of the Romans by the Diet of Frankfort. * * Prus. John 111, becomes an imperial elector. 1488 Feb. * Wurtemberg. The great Swabian League is formed at Ess- lingen, consisting of princes, nobles, and towns, for tbe establishment of peace. 1493 Aug. 14. Frederick IU. dies. 1493-1514 Maximilian I. reigns. Maximilian I. is elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle ; one of the best and most popular emperors. 1493 * * Aust. All the Austrian lands are now in possession of Maximilian I. 1494 * * "Wurtemberg is made a duchy for Duke Eberhard I. 1495 Aug. * Rh. Prus. Imperial Diet of "Worms. Public and perpetual peace is pro- claimed ; the right of feud is abolished under the protection of the Swabian League. * * Hesse-Nassau. Maximilian establishes the imperial chamber at Frankfort. 1498* * Alsace. The first extensive con- spiracy of the peasants is formed at Schettstadt. * * Wiirtemberg. Ulric becomes duke. 1499 * * Prus. Joachim I. is elector. ± *■ * Switzerland, being practically in- dependent, becomes gradually detached from the empire. 1500 * * Saxony. George becomes elec- tor of a part of the duchy. 1501 * * The Imperial Aulic Council is established by Maximilian I. Ger- many is divided into six circles for the administration of justice (p. 509). 1504 * * It. Maximilian I. is forced to invest Louis XII. of France with the duchy of Milan by treaty, for 200,000 francs. 1508 * * Maximilian I. goes to Italy to be crowned by the Pope ; Archbishop Lange of Salzburg takes the Pope's place. * * Maximilian joins the League of Cambrai against Venice (p. 681). * * Bavaria. "William I. becomes duke. 1511* * The Pope withdraws from the League of Cambrai, and enters the Holy League with Venice and Ferdinand against France. 1512 * * It. The French are driven out, and Max Sforza is restored to the ducal throne of Milan. * * The Diet of Cologne increases the divisions of Germany to ten circles for the better maintenance of public peace. The ten circles include (1) Austria, (2) Ba- varia, (3) Swabia, (4) Franconia, (5) the Upper Rhine, (6) the Lower Khine, or the three electorates of Mentz, Treves, and Co- logne, (7) Burgundy, (*) Westphalia, (9) Lower Saxonv, (10l Upper Saxony; Bohe- mia, Moravia, Silesia, laisalia, Prussia, and Switzerland are not included in the circles. 1513* * Maximilian joins the Holy League against France. 1514* * Wurtemberg. The "Poor Con- rad" conspiracy. It throws off the mask of a society for the amusement of peasants who suffer from oppression of the lords. [July 31. Suppressed.] . * * Henry IV. becomes duke of Bruns- wick- Wolf enbiittel. T88 1515, **-1527,**. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1515* * The revolting peasants attack tlie fortresses of Maichau, take the no- bles prisoners, and behead the two lords of Mundorf . 1521* *-26* *War in the Low Countries. First war of Charles V. with Francis I. of France, in supporting his claims to Milan and the duchy of Burgundy. 1522 Apr. 27. It. Battle of Bicocca (p. 6S0). Aug. 27. Bh. Prus. The war of the nobles begins against the oppression of spiritual principalities ; it is conducted by Baron Franz von Sickingen and Ul- rich von Hutten. [1523. They are de- feated.] * * Bh. Prus. Sickingen vainly besieges Treves. [1523. May * Besieged and killed at Landatuhl.j 1523-24 It. Disastrous French inva- sion under Seigneur de Bonnivert (p. 680). 1524-25 The Peasants' "War. It is occasioned by the oppression of the nobles and the clergy; terrible de- vastation and outrages occur in Swabia and Franconia. In Saxony it becomes a religious war. (1525, Feb. 24.) Decisive battle of Pavia (p. 680). (Apr. 18.) Wurtemberg. The peas- ants utterly defeat Count Louis Helfrich at Weinsburg; "The Revenge of "Weinsburg. (* *) Thuringia. Thomas Munzer, a preacher, leads 8,000 insurgent peas- ants against the nobility and clergy at Muhlhausen. (May *) Prus. The peasants besiege Frauenburg. [May 15. Their assault is repulsed.] (May 12.) Wiirtemberg. The peas- ants are defeated at Boblingen by the Steward of the Swabian League. (May 15.) Munzer is defeated at Frankenhausen, and captured in flight. May 30. Executed. (June 9.) Hesse-Nassau. F lorian Geyer, leader of the Black Band, is killed near Vellburg. (June 25.) Prus. Twenty-three thou- sand peasants are defeated in Upper Swabia by the Steward of the Swabian League. (July 2.) Prus. The peasants are defeated at Konigshof en by the Stew- ard of the Swabian League. . (July 3.) Ausf. The peasants sur- prise and defeat the nobles near Salz- burg, killing 3,000 men. (* *) Battle of Muhlhausen. The German princes defeat the peasants, 4,000 of whom are killed. The war ends after 130,000 lives have been lost in the struggle of the people against the princes. 1526 M.&y*Aust. The Salzburg peas- ants besiege Eadstadt. [May 4. Mi- chael Geismayer raises the siege.] July 5. Aust. Geismayer escapes from the Leaguers at Iiadstadt by a retreat in the night, having disbanded the chief part of the peasant army. 1526-32 Hung. "War with the invad- ing Turks, who favor John Zapola (p. 508). * * Transylvania. Zapola, aided by the Turks, defeats the emperor and estab- lishes his independence (pp. 508, 509). 1527 May 6. It. Rome is assaulted and taken by Spanish and German mer- cenaries (p. 680). 1527-29 Second war with Francis I. (p. 680). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1516* * Saxony. Encaustic painting is introduced by Lukas Cranach. 1517 * * Bavaria. The matchlock musket is invented at Nuremberg. 1518* * Bavaria. Fire-engines are first made at Augsburg. 1520 * * Saxony. Lace-making is in- troduced into Annaberg by Barbara Uttlman. * * Prus. Copernicus at Frauenburg de- scribes attraction as an appetence or ap- petite which the Creator impressed upon all parts of matter. 1521 * * The musket is commonly em- ployed in the armies of the Emperor Charles V. 1526 * * Hanover. Broiham, a kind of beer, is invented by Cord Broiham. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1519* * Aurifaber, Johann, clergyman, pul- pit orator, editor, born. Maximilian I., emperor, A60. "Woldgemuth, Mirhai.*!, painter, A85. 1520* * Kaln-r, Basil, scholar, born. Flacius, -Matthias (lllyricus), theologian, l>. 1521 * * Brandt, Sebastian, poet, A63. Maurice. Elector ot Saxony, born. 1522* * Chemnitz, Martin, theologian, born. Reuchlin, Jobann, philologist, Hellenist, H»- braist, A67. Waldseeniiiller, Marl in, compiler, A52+. 1523 * * Hutten, Cinch von, poet, theologian, A35. Sickingen, Franz von, general, reform., A42. 1525 * * Frederick III., " the Wise," Elec- tor of Saxony, A62. 1536 * * Berg, Joachim von, philan., born. 1527 * * Froben, Johann, printer, A57. Maximilian II., emperor, born. Ortelius, or Oertel, Abraham, geographer, b. CHURCH. 1516* * Bavaria. Balthazar Hub- meyer, an Anabaptist, preaches to great crowds in the cathedral at Ratis- bon. 1517+ * * The Reformation begins and rapidly advances. (1517. Oct. 31.) Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther nails to the church door at Wit- tenberg his thesis containing 95 propo- sitions. He condemns as wicked the traffic in indulgences by which John Tetzel, a Dominican friar, the bishop's agent, col- lected money, and all his accomplices ; also the doctrine which lay at the root of the offense. (* *) Sylvester Prierias, the general of the order of Dominican monks, James Hoogstrat of Cologne, and John Eckins of Ingolstadt furiously assail Luther. (* *) Luther writes modest letters to the Pope to show the justice of his cause. (1518* *) Bavaria. Luther, sum- moned before the Diet of Augsburg, re- fuses to abjure, but appeals to the Pope. (Oct. *) Bavaria. Luther holds three interviews at Augsburg with Cajetan, the Pope's legate, who requires submis- sion without argument. (Nov *) Borne. The Pope issues a bull condemning the attacks on indul- gences. He asserts that hehusthepower of delivering sinners from all punish- ments due to every sort of transgression. (Nov. 25.) Pr. Saxony. Luther at Wittenberg appeals from the Pope to a council of the whole church. (1519. Jan. *) Karl von Miltitz, the Pope's legate, prevails upon Luther to write a very submissive letter to the Pope. (Mar. 3.) Luther writes a letter to the Pope. He promises silence if the same be observed by his adversaries. (* *) Borne. The Pope writes a kind letter to Luther. (Juke 26.-July 16.) Saxony. Luther and his friend, Andrew Bodenstein of Carlstadt, have a public disputation at Leipsic with John Eck at Pleissenburg Castle. The controversy takes a new shape ; Luther attacks not only indul- gences, but the authority of the church and of the Pope. (* *) Pr. Saxony. Luther continues his preaching, lecturing, and writing, at Wittenberg, gaining many thousands of adherents. (1520. June 26.) Pr. Saxony. Luther issues an address to the German nobles. He attacks church corruption and the authority of the Pope, and advocates " Germany for the Germans," civil gov- ernment uncontrolled by ecclesiastics, a married clergy, and a national system of education. (July 15.) Borne. The Pope issues a bull condemning 41 of Luther's tenets. He adjudges his writings to the dames, and commands his submission, with sup- plication of papal clemency, within 68 days, on peril of being cast out of the church. (Oct. 6.) Pr. Saxony. Luther issues his work, the Babylonian Cajitivity of the Churchy in which he argues that faith alone is sufficient for salvation. (Oct. 12.) Bh. Prus. The papal legate, Miltitz, has another interview with Luther, who expresses bis willingness to test the questions in dispute by appeal to a council. (Oct. *) Saxony. The Pope's bull is published at Leipsic by John Eck, and also, posted up in the various German towns [where it is torn down by the students]. (Dec. 10.) At Leipsic Luther publicly burns the Pope's bull, with a copy of the canon law, thus signifying his with- drawal from the fioman Catholic Church. (Dec. 17*) Saxony. Luther draws up a solemn protest at Leipsic, appealing from the Pope to a council. 1518 * * Pr. Saxony. Philip Melanch- thon becomes professor of Greek at Wit- tenberg. [1519. Switz. Ulrich Zwingli inaugurates the Preformation.] 1520 * * Bome t The Pope appeals to the new emperor, Charles V-, to crush the reform movement ; Frederick of Sax- ony advises caution and a regard for German laws ; it is resolved to summon Luther to a Diet at Worms. [Mar. 6. Summoned.] 1521 Jan. 28+.. The Diet of "Worms. (Jan. 2Sr) Hesse. The Diet is opened by the emperor. The suggestion of the papal nuncio, Hieronymus Alexander, that Luther be condemned and punished without a hearing, is rejected ; and a list of 100 grievances of the German nation against Rome is presented. (Apr. 5.) Saxony. Luther starts from .Wittenberg, though strongly advised not to go. (Apr. 16.) Hesse. Luther arrives at Worms, and is met by more than 2,000 people. (Apr. 37.) Hesse. Luther appears before the Diet. The distinguished assembly includes the emperor, the Archduke Ferdinand, six electors; 24 dukes, seven margraves, 30 bishops and prelates, and many Erinces, counts, lords, and ambassadors ; uther acknowledges his writings and opinions, and refuses to recant. "Here I stand; I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen." The emperor despoti- cally declares his purpose to proceed against Luther as an open heretic. (Apr. 20.) The Diet condemns Luther, and places him under the ban of the empire. (Apr. 25.) Luther receives the impe- rial order to leave Worms, proceed to GERMANY. 1515,* *-1527, 789 Wittenberg, and cease to disturb people by preaching or writing. (Apr. 26.) Hesse. He rides out of Worms accompanied by the imperial herald and many Franconian knights. [He is secretly hid in the castle of Wart- burg.] * * Melanchthon publishes Loci Com- munes, his principal theological work [which passes through GO editions in his lifetime, and greatly advances the Ref- ormation]. * * Thomas Miinzer [organizer of the Anabaptist movement] becomes an evan- gelical preacher. 1522* * Saxony. Luther translates the New Testament into the popular tongue. Mar. * Pr. Saxony . Luther leaves the castle of Wartbiirg, and appears before his adherents at Wittenberg. * * Rome, Adrian VI. becomes pope. [He reigns 13 months. 1523. Clement VII.] * * The German princes, in the absence of the emperor, demand a free council, and pass a decree forbidding further in- novations in religion till the council should determine what ought to be done. 1524 * * Aust. Ferdinand of Austria is hostile to the Reformation. * * The Reformation spreads in Prussia. * * The Emperor Charles joins in the Pope's demand for the execution of the decree of the Diet of Worms, which the princes engaged to enforce. * * The Reformation gains, strength daily throughout all Europe. * * The Sacrament controversy dis- turbs the reformers. * * Luther prepares the German Cate- chism. * * The Anabaptists are active in Thu- Tingia. * * Bavaria. Hans Kock and Leonard Meyster, the first martyrs of the Ref- ormation, suffer death at Augsburg. 1525 May 5. Saxony. Frederick III., the Wise, Elector of Saxony, Luther's powerful friend, dies. June 11. Luther marries Katharina von Bora, an ex-nun. * * Brandenburg. Albert of Branden- burg;, grand-master of the Teutonic order, renounces Catholicism, embraces Lutheranism, and is acknowledged duke of East Prussia, a fief of Poland. * * Tkuringia. Thomas Munzer becomes preacher in Muhlhausen. He makes himself master of the city, deposes the city council, and introduces a democratic communistic form of gov- ernment. (See Army.) * * Bavaria. Nuremberg is the first Imperial city to accept the Reformation. 1526* * Saxony. The Alliance of Torgau is formed by the Protestants. (See State.) June 26- Aug. 27. Bavaria. A diet is held at Speyer. It grants the German princes the con- trol of religious matters in their own dominious till a general council as- sembles. 1527 * * Michael Setler, an Anabaptist, formerly a monk, has his tongue cut out, his flesh torn with red-hot pincers, and his body finally burned. * * The Pope's war on the emperor helps the reformers' cause. * * King Ferdinand declares death the penalty for Anabaptism. LETTERS. 1515* * Pr. Saxony. Epistolse Obscuro- ritm virorum, a collection of 41 letters denouncing the ignorance and corrup- tion of the clergy, the work of Ulrica von Hutten, C rot us Uubiunus, and other scholars of the University of Erfurt, appear. [1517. Epistolse Obscurorum virorum, second part.] 1517* * Martin Luther's 95 Theses against Ino/,asatire on the Reformation, by Thomas Murner, appears. * * Jesting and Seriousness, a collection of medieval anecdotes, by Johannes Pauli, appears. 1522-23 Luther writes Contra Henri- cum regem Angiise, and more than 200 other treatises. [1530, Aesop's Fables.] 1523* * Wittenberg Nightingale, a de- fense of Luther, by Han's Sachs, appears. [1524, Dialogues; 1527, Lucretia.'] 1524 * * Luther, in conjunction with his friend Walther, issues a collection of poems for choral singing. 1526 * * Bavaria. The Gymnasium iEi- dianum of Nuremberg, the precursor of Altdorf University, is founded. 1527 May 30. Hesse-Nassau. Mar- burg University, the first Protestant university in Germany, is founded by Philip the Magnanimous. * * A German translation of the New Testament, by Hieronymus Einser, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1525 * * The peasantry revolt under Thomas Munzer. (See Church.) * * The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order is made a prince of the empire, and the order much weakened. STATE. 1515-1798 Alsace. Muhlhausen is in close alliance with the Swiss Confedera- tion. [1798. It is annexed to the French Republic. 1871. Annexed to Germany, with Alsace-Lorraine.] * * Eastern Friesland submits to the emperor. 1519 Jan. 12. Aust. The Emperor Maximilian I. dies at "Wels ; Francis I. of France and Charles I. of Spain become competitors for the empire. July 29. Charles, son of the archduke Philip of Austria, and grandson of Max- imilian I. and Mary, Duchess of Bur- gundy, is elected emperor. 1519-56 Charles V. reigns. 1520 Oct. 22. Rh.Prus. The emperor visits Germany for the first time, and ar- rives from Spain at Aix-la-Chapelle for coronation. [Apr. 28. The Diet opens. Later, Luther is condemned.] May 8. The young emperor makes a secret treaty with the Pope, agreeing to have the same friends and the same enemies. * * Brandenburg incorporates a large part of the possessions of the Teutonic Knights. * * The archduke Ferdinand of Austria, the emperor's brother, marries Anne, sister of Louis, thus bringing Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Haps- burg. 1522 * * Prus. Franz von Siekingen becomes the head of a league for the forcible introduction of the Reforma- tion and the overthrow of the bishops and princes. 1523 * * Mecklenburg . The Landes- Union of prelates, nobility, and burgh- ers is formed. 1524 Aug. 24. Saxony. The 12 arti- cles of Muhlhausen are drawn up by Henry Pfeiffer, defining the rights of the peasants as being the true rights of man in a constitutional state. * * Bavaria. A Roman Catholic League is formed at Ratisbon to ex- terminate Lutheranism. * * Ferdinand of Austria, entrusted with the Hapsburg lands in Germany, at the instigation of the papal legate Campeg- gio, enters an alliance to oppose the religious changes. 1525-1618 E.Prus. Konigsberg is the residence of the dukes. * * Aust. A popular uprising of the peasants against the nobles occurs in Swabia and Franconia ; a great struggle ends in failure. Apr. 17. Baden. The treaty of Wein- garten is signed by the Steward of the Swabian League with the armed peas- ants whose leaders are bribed. Sept. 1. Aust. The Salzburg peasants enter a compact with Cardinal-Arch- bishop Lange. The cause of the people against the princes is everywhere defeated, and the nobles are jubilant. * * E. Prus. Albert of Brandenburg, Grand-Master of the Teutonic Order, having freed the land from the suprem- acy of the Poles, renounces the Roman Catholic religion, embraces Lutheran- ism, and makes the land a temporal dukedom for himself, to be held as fief of Poland. * * Saxony. John becomes elector of a part of Saxony. 1526 Jan. 14. Sp. The Peace of Madrid (p. 681). * * Charles V. marries Isabella of Portu- gal. * * Pr. Saxony. An alliance is formed at Torgau by Saxony, Hesse, and other Protestant powers against the Roman Catholic Church. 1527-29 The concessions of the Peace of Madrid being forced, and therefore in- valid, Francis renews the war with Charles V. An alliance is formed at Cognac against the emperor ; Francis, the Pope, Venice, and Francisco Sforza unite against him. 790 1527,**-1548, GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1527* *The Pope unites with the French, and Venetians against Charles V. 1529 * * The Turks invade Germany (p. 510). * * It. The French army is driven out of Italy by the plague. 1534 Easter. Westphalia. The Ana- baptists, led by John of Leyden(Bockel- son), seize Minister, and behead their opponents. 1535 June 25. Westphalia. Miinster is carried by storm after a siege of 14 months, by the bishop and neighboring princes; the Anabaptists are utterly defeated. * *The emperor sends an expedition against Tunis; the city is taken, the pirates subdued, and the Christian slaves are liberated. 1536-38 It. The third war between the emperor and Francis I. After the death of Francesco Sforza II. without issue, Francis I. claims the duchy of Milan, and Charles resists. Charles in- vades Provence; and Francis enters Savoy and Piedmont, and tinds an ally in Solyman II. the Turk, who appears in Hungary, and sends his fleets to ravage the coast of Italy; it ends by the truce of Nice (p. 680). 1541* * Unsuccessful expedition against the pirates of Algiers (p. 8). 1542-44 The fourth war between the emperor and Francis I. Charles V. gathers an army of 32,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry. 1543 * * The allied Turkish and French fleets bombard and pillage Nice. 1544* * Charles V. finds an ally in Henry VIII. of England, and subdues the Duke of Cleves. 1546± * * War with Protestants. June 26. "War occurs between the em- peror and the Protestant princes united in the League 'if Sehmalkald ; its leaders are John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, and Philip, Landgrave of Hesse. Dec. * Saxony. The Elector of Saxony, at the he;td of 20.000 men, completes the expulsion of the Imperialists under his cousin Maurice. * * The allies conduct the war with ir- resolution in Northern Germany, and finally the elector and landgrave retire each to his own land. * * The emperor places a Spanish garri- son in the cities that submit. * * John Frederick reconquers his elec- torate from Maurice of Saxony. 1547 Apr. 24. Pr. Saxony. Battle of Miihlberg. Charles V. defeats the Protestants, and takes prisoner the Elector of Sax- ony. * * Philip of Hesse throws himself on the mercy of Charles, and is detained a prisoner in violation of pledges. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1530+ * * Brunswick, The spinning- wheel is invented by Jiirgem at Wolfen- buttel. * * Saxony. The first mineral system is laid down by Georg Agricola. 1532 * * Bavaria. A striking machine ram is invented by Weber at Nurem- 1533 * * Bavaria. Brass is made from copper and zinc byElner at Nuremberg. 1540 * * Bavaria. The padlock is in- vented by Beecher at Nuremberg. * * Prus. The first meridional instru- ment is invented by Copernicus. 1543 * * Prus. The Copernican sys- tem of astronomy is published. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1528 * * Andrea, Jakob, Lutheran theol., b. Durer, Albert, painter, engraver, A67. Lotich, Peter, poet, born. 1530* * Chytraus, David K., schol., theol., b. Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maxuud- ian I. and Mary of Burgundy, A50. 1531* * (.IV'>I;uii)>;i.i1;uk, -loliannes, reformer, A48. 1533 * * Xylander, Wilhehn, classical schol- ar, translator, born. 1533 * * Caselius, Johannes, philol., wr., b. 1534* *Aventinus, Johannes, Bavarian historian, AK8. Camerarius, .loaehim, botanist, born. Ursinus, Zaeharias, el., controversialist, b. 1535* * Agnppa, Mcinrieh C, physician, the- ologian, writer, A 49. Zasius, Ulric, jurist, A74. 1536* * Kiiippcriiollme, r.ernhard, fanat.,d. Murner, Thomas, satirist, controver., A6I. 1537* * Clavius, Ohristoph, Jesuit, math.,b, 1538* * Altdorfer, Albrecht, painter, en- graver, A50. Faust, Johann, necromancer, A58. 1540* * Alberti, Salomon, anatomist, born. Beham, IJaitlioloinaus. painter, engr., A44. Scapula, John, philologist, born. 1541 * * Oipito, Wolfgang F., theologian, re- former, A 6 1. Carlstadt, Andreas, reformer, A58. Faber, Johann, Dominican monk, theolo- gian, adversary of Luther, A66. 1543* * Copernicus, Nicholas, astrono- mer A70. Eck, or Eckins, Johann M. von, theol., A57. Holbein, Hans, pander, A46. 1545 * * Albert, arehbp. of .Magdeburg, A56. Fischart, Johann, satirist, born. 1546 * * Don Juan, or John, of Austria, gen- eral, statesman, born. Luther, Martin, leader German Reforma- tion, A63. 1547* * Frischlin, Nicodemus, phdologist, poet, born. CHURCH. 1527 * * Prus. The Reformation flour- ishes. 1528 Mar. 10. Aust. Balthazar Hub- meyer, Anabaptist, having been taken to Vienna, is burned. * * Wiirtemberg. Leonard Schoener, an Anabaptist, formerly a barefooted monk, is beheaded and. burned at Rot- ten burg. 1529 Mar. 13-Apr. 22. Bavaria. A Diet is held at Speyer. The Catholics, being in the majority, declare that the doctrines of Luther must not be spread ; the minority, headed by the Elector of Saxony, the Landgrave of Hesse, and Melanchthon, protest against this decision. [Hence they receive the name PROTES- TANTS.] The Diet ordains the pun- ishment of death for Anabaptists. (See State.) Oct. * Prus. Luther and Zwingli, and other Swiss reformers who hold to a free interpretation of the Bible, have a fruitless conference for union at Mar- burg. * * Hesse. At Alzei 350 Anabaptists are executed as fast as the executioner can put them to death. 1530 June 20-Nov. * Bavaria. ADiet is held at Augsburg. (June 20.) It meets at the call (Apr. 3) of the emperor to hear the reasons advanced by the reformers for breaking away from the Catholic Church. A statement of their doc- trines, drawn up by Luther, Melanchthon, and other reformers, and called The Confes- sion of Augsburg, is read (June 25) by Chris- tian Bayer [and becomes the reformers* standard of doctrine]; the Diet breaks up with the decision that the Protestants should have till the following spring to consider whether they should return to the Catholic Church, or, being obstinate, measures shall be taken for their extermination. ( See State.) 1531 Feb. 27. The Alliance of Sehmalkald is formed. It is a defensive alliance, composed of nine Protestant princes and 11 imperial cities, who unite for protection against the edict of Augsburg. [Later five other princes and 10 imperial cities join the league.] * * Sicke Snyde, an Anabaptist, is be- headed. Oct. 11. Stvits. Huldreich Zwingli falls in the battle of Kappel. 1532-35 Westphalia. The Anabaptists attempt to establish a theocracy. Fanatical persons announce a commis- sion to set up a holy empire on the ruins of all human institutions, and place John Bockhold a tailor of Leyden, at the head of their new commonwealth in the city of Miinster. (1534. Feb. * ) They drive out of Miinster the bishop, Count Waldeck, together with all other evangelical or Roman Catholic opponents. (Apr. *) Count Waldeck lays siege to the city. (Apr.*) The fanatic Mathieson makes a sally from Miinster with 30- followers, but is annihilated. (1535. June 24.) The Anabaptists surrender Miinster to Count Waldeck. (1536. Jan. *) Bockhold and other Anabaptists are cruelly tortured and executed at Miinster. 1534 * * Rome. Paul III. becomes pope. 1535 * * Fr. John Calvin is exiled be- cause of his religion, nml goes to Basel, Switzerland. [153U-38. He abides in Ge- neva. 1538-41. He abides in Strasburg.} * *The emperor issues an edict against the Anabaptists. 1536 * * The empire is about equally divided between Catholics and Protes- tants. 1537 * * Menno Simons, formerly a Catholic priest, becomes a teacher and leader.of the Anabaptists. [His followers are known as Mennonites.] 1539 * * Tiaeart Keynerts is put to- death for sheltering and refusing to re- veal the hiding-place of Menno, his brother. 1540 * * Rome. The Pope approves of the establishment of the Society or Company of Jesus by Ignatius Loy- ola, who proposes the conversion of in- fidels and the checking of Protestantism. ±** * A sect of Lutherans called Ubiqua- rians, teaching that the natural body of Christ is everywhere, is founded by Brentius. 1541-64 Switz. John Calvin is head of the state in Geneva, where he intro- duces the Reformation, from whence it spreads to France and Scotland. 1541 * * Bavaria. A Diet is held at Ratisbon for uniting the Protestants to the Church of Rome. Melanchthon and John Eckius and others discuss without agreement the 23 articles of faith drawn up by the Prot- estants. The emperor orders the con- troversy to be referred to a general council, the Protestants in the meantime being allowed to retain their religion. GERMANY. 1527, **-1548,**. 791 1542 * * Saxony. The first consistory for regulating ecclesiastical discipline and worship in the churches is estab- lished at Wittenberg. 1545 Dec. 13-63 * * Aust. The Coun- cil of Trent meets (p. 510). 1546 Jan. 17. Saxony. Martin Lu- ther preaches his final sermon at Witten- berg. [Feb. 18. He dies at Eisleben, his native town.] * * Bavaria. A second diet is held at Ratisbon. None of the Protestant princes being present, the Catholic majority resolves to abide by the decision of the Council of Trent. July 20. The Emperor places the Pro- testant Confederates under the ban of the Empire. [They declare war.] July 26. The Emperor and Pope Paul III. enter into a secret league against the Protestants. 1547 * * Protestantism is apparently ruined by the success of Charles V. 1548 May 15. Bavaria. The Interim of Augsburg. A compromise composed of 26 articles of faith, for uniting the Catholics and Protestants, is drawn up by order of the Emperor. [It is rejected by both parties.] LETTERS. 1527 * * Fables, in imitation of JEsop, by Burkard Waldis, appears. [1548, JEsop's -Fables.] 1528 * * Proverbs, by Johann Agricola, appears. [1537, Johann Huss^] 1531* * A Universal History, by Sebas- tian Franck, appears. [1532, Proverbs; 1534, A History of the People of Ger- many, ] 1532 * * Susanna, by SixtBirck, appears. 1533-39 Fiersbras, HaimonsJcinder, Kai- ser Octavianus, Dieschone Magelone y and Ritter Galmy, appear ; they are among the first German novels. 1534 * * A translation of the Bible, by Johann Dietenberger, appears. 1537 * * A translation of the Bible t by Johann Eck, appears. 1538 * * Pammachius, by Thomas Nao- ?eorg, appears. [1540, Mercator; 1541, ncendia; 1543, He /nanus ; 1551, Hiere- mias; 1552, Judas Iscariotes.\ 1540 * * Verlorner Sohn, by Jorg Wick- ram, appears. [1550, Tobias; 1551, Ga- briottounrf Hi inliurd ; 15,") 4, Knabenspiegel and Goldfaden ; 1555, Rollivagenbuchlein ; 1556, Guie und bose Nachbarn.~\ 1543* * Bavaria. Copernicus publishes atNuremberg his Revolution of the Heav- enly Bodies, and revives the true doc- trine of the planetary bodies, and lays the foundation of modern astronomy. 1544 Aug. 17. E.Prus. The Lu- theran University of Konigsberg is founded by Albert III., Margrave of Brandenburg. * * Hofteufel, by Johann Chryseus, ap- pears. SOCIETY. 1529 * * The sweating sickness afflicts North Germany. * * * The Levelers appear. They are fanatics headed by Muncer and Storck, who teach that all distinc- tions of rank are usurpations on the rights of mankind. Muncer, with a force of 40,000 men, commands the sov- ereign princes of Germany and the magistrates of cities to resign their authority. STATE. 1529 Mar. 13+. Bavaria. The second Diet of Speyer meets for the settlement of the disturbances of the Empire. The recent victories of the Emperor Charles V. in Italy and Ferdinand [the King of the Romans] make the Catholic party more aggressive, and decide on a more strict execution of the decree of the Diet of Worms. (Apr. 19.) The minority in the Diet of Speyer favoring the Reformation — the Elector of Saxony, the princes of Hesse, LUneberg, Anhalt, Brandenburg, and 14 imperial cities — present a pro- test. (See Church.) Aug. 5. Fr. The Peace of Cambrai. (p. 6S1). 1529-32 "War with the Turks. The Hungarians are divided into two parties, each seeking the vacant king- ship, one under Ferdinand, brother of the emperor, and the other under John Zapolya, who is aided by the Turks. 1530 * * It. Charles V. is crowned emperor at Bologna by the Pope ; the last of the German emperors crowned by the pontiff. Aug. 7. Bavaria. Diet of Augsburg. The Landgrave of Hesse leaves the Diet of Augsburg after the emperor has demanded submission and threatened the Protestants, to prepare for defense. [The Catholic party assumes a gentler tone.] (Sept. 23.) The Protestant princes declare that they cannot conform to the emperor's demand, as it is contrary to their consciences ; they leave the city at noon ; their representatives remain. (Oct. 17.) Sixteen free cities have now united in a refusal to pay the "Turk- ish tax" unless they are assured of a general peace in their own country. (Nov. 11.) The decision of the Diet is again read to the members ; the Prot- estants object that the emperor has no right to give orders in matters of faith, and leave the city. (Nov. 19.) The decision of the Diet against Protestants is proclaimed ; the Diet adjourns. 1531 Feb. 27. Hesse-N'assau. Nine Protestant princes and 11 imperial cities enter the League of Schmalkald. It is a defensive alliance against the emperor for nine years in his attack upon religion. [Later five other princes join, also 10 other imperial cities.] The Elector of Saxony and the Land- grave of Hesse are appointed its chiefs. * * The Emperor causes his brother Ferdi- nand of Austria to be elected King of the Romans, and to be crowned at Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] ; the Elector of Saxony protests in the name of the Protestants. 1532-47 Saxony. John Frederick " The Magnanimous " is duke. He is defeated in the Schmalkald war, and captured by the emperor Charles V., who compels him to sign the capitulation of Wittenberg, by which the electorate and various territories are transferred to Maurice, of the Albertine line. July 23. Bavaria. The religious Peace of Nuremberg is signed. The Turks and their French allies threatening war, it is deemed prudent to revoke the edict of Augsburg, sus- pend all processes, and permit freedom of worship to the Protestants, until the meeting of a new council to be held within a year. 1534 * * The Protestants consent to rec- ognize Ferdinand as King of the Ro- mans on condition that he renounces his claim on Wurtemberg, which had been given him by the emperor. 1535 * * Brandenburg . Joachim II. be- comes margrave. 1536+ * * Difficulty with France. (See Army.) 1538 June 18. Fr. The Council of Nice assembles. The Pope, emperor, and King of France meet. Peace is concluded for 10 years on the basis of present possession. 1539 * * Saxony. Henry becomes elec- tor of a part of Saxony. [1541. Mau- rice.] 1542* *-44* * The fourth war be- tween the emperor and Francis I. occurs. It is caused by the investiture of Phil- ip, son of Charles, with Milan ; its pre- text is the killing at Milan of two secret agents sent there by Francis to Solyman the Turk, who, with the Duke of Cleves, becomes the ally of the French. 1544 Sept. 18. The Peace of Crespy. The difficulty between the emperor and Francis is settled by the proposed marriage of the Duke of Orleans to a princess of the imperial family, who will receive Milan. [The duke dies, and the emperor retains Milan, but ^'ivesitnom- inally to his son Philip as a fief.] (P. 681.) * * A truce of five years is signed with the Turks, and the emperor turns towards the Protestants. * * The emperor prepares for a struggle with Francis I. in Italy. The crown of France disputes with the House of Hapsburg for possession of Milan, Piedmont, Naples, Flanders, and Artois. gious war. June 26. The emperor makes an alli- ance with Pope Paul for a religious war. He pledges himself to compel the submission of the Protestant princes to the Holy See, the Pope having prom- ised 200,000 scudi for the expenses of the war, and 12,000 foot and 500 horse. July 4. Pome. T'he Pope astonishes the Protestants by announcing his alli- ance with the emperor (June 26) for a new crusade to extirpate heresy. July 20. Charles places the Protestant leaders under the ban of the empire. July 29. Pome. The Pope announces a sentence of outlawry against the Protes- tant leaders, — the Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse. [The Protestants prepare for war.] 1547 * * Altenburg is assigned to the Ernestine line of the House of Saxony. * * Bavaria. The emperor holds a Diet at Augsburg. 1548 Mar. 15. Bavaria. Charles "V. publishes an imperial decree from Augs- burg, "how religion and church prop- erty were to be treated till the decision of a general council" — called the In- terim Law. [It is disregarded by most of the Protestant princes.] * * Saxony. Duke Maurice of the Al- bertine line is made elector in place of John Frederick the Protestant; he sus- tains the emperor ; the Ernestine line retains Weimar, Jena, Eisenach Gotha, etc. * * Even the Catholic princes are alarmed at the success and domination of Charles V. * * Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is placed under the ban of the empire. 792 1549,** -161 2, GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1550-51 Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is besieged and taken by Maurice of Sax- ony. 1552-56 Ft, "War between Henry II. of France and the emperor. * * Maurice of Saxony with an army suddenly marches southward, captures Augsburg, is repelled at Ulm, hastens to Allgau, defeats Imperialists posted at Reiti, and forces the Pass of Ehrenberg, opening the road to Innsbruck, nearly captures the emperor, who flees secretly in disguise. Oct. 31-53 Jan. 15. Lorraine. Metz is successfully defended by the Duke of Guise (p. 682). 1553 July 9. Prus. Maurice of Sax- ony defeats the predatory Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-* 'ulmbach,at Sievershausen, but is mortally wounded. [Henry, Duke of Brunswick, continues the war.] Oct. 18 Fr. Terouanne surrenders to the Imperialists after a siege. 1560 * * Hung. Constant war prevails. [1564. King Ferdinand is finally forced to abandon Hungary in great part to the Turks. 1566. A truce.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1550 * * Bavaria. The sextant, con- taining 60 degrees of the sixth part of a circle, is invented by Tycho Brahe at Augsburg. * * Saxony. The madder is cultivated. 1557 * * Saxony. The first treatise on the art of surveying is published by Agricola. 1560 * * Bavaria. A press for stamp- ing leather is invented by Hans Lob- stnger at Nuremberg; also an air-gun. 16th Century. Germany is visited by a band of English comedians, who travel about, acting in their own lan- guage. 1561 * Hesse-Nassau. The first observa- tory is established at Cassel. 1565 * * Veneer-mills are invented by Keener at Augsburg. 1580* * Saxony. Serpentine is first worked by Brendel. 1594* * Aust. Johann Kepler studies the planets. 1597 * * Bohemia. Kepler joins Tycho. 1598 * * Aust. Kepler first satisfactorily explains the theory of the tides. 1599 * * Aust. Kepler's Eudolphine tables are begun. 1602 * * Hesse. The measuring- com- pass is invented by Jost Bing. 1603 * * Bavaria. The pantagraph, an instrument for copying, reducing, or en- larging plans, is invented by Christopher Scheiner. * *The areometer is used for determin- ing the density of cold water. 1609 * * Kepler's first two laws con- cerning planetary motions appear. [1618. Bohemia. Kepler's third law.] 1611 * * Bohemia. Kepler makes a tele- scope. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1550 * * Baldung, Hans, artist, A80. Beham, Huns S., iTiuraver, A50. Fagius, Paul, reformer, A46. 1551 * * Apian, Peter, math., astron., A56. Bucer, Martin, reformer, A60. 1552 * * Cochlaus, Johann, R. C. theol., A73. Gaultier, Leonhard, t-nyraver, born. Osiander, Andreas, reformer, A54. Rudolph II., emperor, born. 1553 * * Agricola, Georg, mineralogist, AG3. Alber, Erasmus, preacher, poet, dies. Cranaeh, or Kranach, Lucas von, painter, engraver, A81. Maurice, Elector of Saxony, A32. 1555 * * Arm], Johann, Lutheran cl., au., b. 1556 * * Calvisius, Seihus, chronologist, b. Friedland, Valentin, educator, A66. Pellican, Conrad, scholar, reformer, Bibli- cal critic, A78. Sleidan, Johann, historian, A50. 1558* * Huuenlia'-'cn, Johann, reformer, A73. Charles I. (V.), K. of Spain, Emp.Ger., A58. 1559* * Aurifaber, Andreas G., physician, teacher, A47. Burgkniair, Hans, painter, A86. Tilly, Count of. Johann Tsi-'irlaes, gen., b. 1560* * Albertinus. /F.^idins, satirist, born. Aquila, Casper, theologian, A71. Lotich, Peter, poet, A32. Melanchthon, Pbilip. reformer, A63. Schwenekfeld, Kaspar, religionist, A70. 1561 * * Menno Simons, reformer, foundei Mennonites, A65. 1562* * Berliefiiimrn, Gotz, or Gottfried von, soldier, A82. 1564 * * Althammer, Andreas, reformer, A66. Buxtorf, Johann, Hehraist, born. Ferdinand I., emperor, A61. 1565* * Amsdurf, N ikolaus von, reformer, A82. 1566* * Agricola, Johann, reformer, founder of Antinomians, A76. Fuchs, or Euchsins, Leonhard von, bot., A65. Sigisnmnd 111., King of Poland, born.' 1567 * * Acidaliiis, Valens. scholar, born. 1568 * * Albert, first Duke of Prussia, A78. Aurifaber, Johann, Lutheran cl., A51. Christian, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, gen- eral, born. 1569 * * Eber, Paul, cl., Hebraist, A58. Vorstius, Conrad, cl., controversialist, born. 1571 * * Kepler, Johann, astronomer, born. PraHorius, Michael, composer, born. 1573* * Bayer, Johann, pul. ora., astron., b. 1 5 74 * * Camerarius, Joachim, classical scholar, A74. Elsbeimer, Adam, painter, born. Gonthier, Johann, physician, Hellenist, A87. 1575 * * Aurifaber, Johann, cl., ora.,ed., A56. Bohme, or Bohm, Jakob, mystic, born. Faber, Basil, scholar, A 55. Flacius Matthias < Illyricus), theol., A55. 1576 * * Maximilian II.. emperor, A49. Sachs. Hans, shoemaker, poet, A82. Scioppiiis, Caspar, scholar, born. Xy lander, Willielm, class, schol., trans., A44. 1577* * Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop of Cologne, prince-bishop of Liege and Minister, born. Kirsten, refer, physician, orientalist, born. Vossius, or Voss, Gerard J., philoL, au., b. 1578 * * Don Juan, or John of Austria, gen- eral, statesman, A32. Ferdinand II., emperor, born. 1579* * Kilian, Lucas, engraver, born. Ludwig, Prince of Anhalt-Coethen, classical scholar, soldier, born. 1580* * Oliver, Philipp, linguist, geog., b. 1581 * * Arnheim, Johann G. von, diploma- tist, general, born. llelvicus, t hrislophcr, philol., chronolo., b. 1583* * Alting, Heinrich, Calvinistic theo- logical writer, born. Lufft, Hans, printer, bookseller, A88. Ursinus, Zacharias, cl., controversialist, A 49. Wallenstein, Count of, Albrecht Eusebius von, general, born. 1585 * * Mansfeld, Count, Ernest, gen., b. 1586 * * Andrea, Johann von, satirist, born. Calixtns, GeorgLus, Lutheran cler., au., b. Chemnitz, Martin, theologian, A64. 1587 * * Jung, Joachim, philosopher, born. Reinesius, Thomas, phvsieian, philologist, b. 1588 * * Alsted, Johann IL, author, born. 1589* * Sturm, Johann, classical scholar, 1590 * * Andrea, Jakob, Luth. theol,, A62. Fischart, Johann, satirist, A45. Frischlin, Jucodenms, philol. , poet, A43. 1595 * * Acidalius, Valens, scholar, A28. Carpzov, Benedict, jurist, author, born. Scultetus, Johannes, surgeon, born. 1597 * * Opitz, Martin, poet, born. 1598 * * Camerarius, Joachim, botanist, A64. Ortelius. or Oertel, Abraham, geog., A71. 1599* * lluxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, born. Olearius, or ("Hschlager, Adam, orientalist, b. 1600* * Alberti, Salomon, anatomist, A60. Busembauin, Hermann, Jesuit, author, liorn. Chytrans, David K., scholar, theol., A70. Galen, Christopher B. von, prince-bishop of Miinster, general, born. Scapula, John, philologist, A60. 1602 * * Berg, Joachim von, philan., A76. Guericke, Otto von, natural philosopher, in- ventor of air-pump, born. Kircher, Athanasius, Egyptologist, pbil., b. 1603 * * Balde, Jakob, Jesuit, poet, born. 1604* * Bernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar, general, born. Glauber, Johann P.., chemist, born. 1 605 * * Ayrer, or Eyer, Jacob, dram, poet, d. 1606 * * Gerhardt, Paul, clergyman, poet, b. 1607* * Hollar, Wencelaus, engraver, born. 1608 * * Frieiisheun, Johann, seholar, bora. 1609 * * Fleniming, Paul, poet, born. 1610 * * Schneider, Conrad, anatomist, born. 161 1 * * Hevelius, Johannes, astronomer, b. 1612* * Caluv, Abraham, Lutheran cl., born. Clavius, Christoph, Jesuit, math., A75. Dietrich, Johann C. t phUol., historian, born. Rudolph II., emperor, A60. Zwicker, Daniel, syncretist, born. CHURCH. 1550 * * Borne. Julius TTT , is pope. 1552 July 31. Bavaria. The Peace of Passau (p. 510). 1555 Sept. 25. Bavaria. The Keli- gious Peace of Augsburg is agreed to by the Catholics and Lutherans. All accepting the Augsburg Confession are declared exempt from the jurisdic- tion of the Holy See, and guaranteed equal rights in everything with the Catholics. 1556* * Lippe. Bernard "VTLT., who styles himself Count of Lippe, embraces the tenets of the He formation. 1564 * * The emperor favors the with- drawal of the state from religious dis- putes, and Protestantism flourishes. * * New quarrels occur over the ecclesi- astical reservation. 1571* * Aust. Maximilian grants liberty of conscience to his subjects. 1572 * * Rome. Gregory XIII. is pope. [1585, Sixtus V.; he displays activity, and corrects abuses in the church. 15!i(J, Urban VII.; Gregory XIV.; 1591, Innocent IX. reigns two months; 15H2, Clement VIII.; 1605, Leo XI. reigns 25 days; later Paul V. (Borghese).] 1576 * * The Jesuits gain ascendancy over the new emperor. 1576-1612 An anti-Protestant reac- tion occurs as the successful result of the labors' of the Jesuits. 1578 * * The concessions made to Prot- estants are revoked by the throne. 1585 * * Rh. Prus. The electorate of Treves becomes subject to the arch- bishop. 1594* * Wurtemberg. Protestants unite in a defensive league at Heilbronn. 1608 May 4. The Protestant Union. (See State.) 1609 * * The Bohemians receive reli- gious liberty. (See State.) * * The Catholic League. (See State.) LETTERS. 1549 * * Grobianus, by Friedrich Bede- kind, appears. 1550 * * Bavaria. The Royal Library is founded at Munich by Albert III. 1555 * * The History of the Reformation and of Charles V. } by Johannes Sleida- nus, appears. 1556 * * Carriage-Book, by Jacob Prey, appears. * * Menno Simons, founder of the Men- nonites, publishes his True Christian Belief. 1557 * * Joumey-Shortener, by Monta- nus, appears. * * HurnenrSeufrid, a tragedy, by Hans Sachs, appears. GERMANY. 1549 **-1612 **. 793 1558 Feb.' 2. Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. The Lutheran University of Jena, fouuded by John Frederick the Magnan- imous, Elector of Saxony, is opened'. 1559 * * Nachtbuchlein, by Valentine Schumann, appears. 1561 Sept. 27. E. Prus. King Sigis- mund of Poland gives a charter to the University of Konigsberg, as both the imperial and papal sanction are with- held. 1563 * * Cheer for Low Spirits, by Kerch- hof , appears. 1566 * * Life of Luther, by Johann Ma- thesius, appears. * * Speculum vitas cmltcas (Reineke Fuchs), by Hermann Schopper, appears. 1572 * * A version of Till Eulenspiegel, by Johann Fischart, appears ; also, The Grandmother of all Prognostication, a satire on prophetical calendars. [1573, Flohhatz (Flea-hunt) ; 1575, History of Garyantua: 157 G, Fortunate Ship; 1577, Book of Comfort in Gout and Susaiuta; 1578, A'farriage-Book ; 1579, Beehive ; 1530, Jesuit Hat.] 1575 May 8. Brunswick. The Lu- theran University of Helmstadt re- ceives its charter from Maximilian II, * * Bavaria. The Gymnasium iEgidi- anum of Nuremberg is removed to Alt- dorf, and is the nucleus of the Univer- sity of Altdorf. 1576 * * Rebecca, by Nicodemus Frisch- lin, appears. [1578, Priscianus vapalaus; 1579, HUth'tjir-nlis magna and Frail Wen- del gard; 1580, Phasnia; 15Si, Julius re- divivus.] 1578 * * * Hans Sachs, poet, dramatist, novelist, miscellaneous writer, dies ; his works number more than 6,000. * * A Grammar of the German Language, by Johannes Clajus, appears. * * Bavaria. The University of Altdorf receives its charter from the emperor Rudolph II. [1580. Opened.] 1589 * * Pr. Saxony. John E. Avenar's Dictionarium Hebraicu m appears at Wit- tenberg. 1595 * * Froschmauseler, by Georg Rol- lenhagen, appears. 1596 * * Mysterium cosmographicum, by Johann Kepler, appears. 1605-12 On True Christianity and Das Paradies-Gartlein voll christlicher Tu- genden, by Johann Arnd, appear. 1607 May 19. Hesse. The Univer- sity of Giessen receives its charter from the emperor. * * Ganskoniy, by "Wolfbart Spangenberg, appears. 1609 * * Astronnmia Xova, by Kepler, ap- pears. [1611, Dioptrice.] 1612 * * Aurora, or the Morning Redness, by Jacob Boebme, appears. SOCIETY. 1563 * * Bavaria. The imperial knight, Wilhelm Grumbach, has a feud with the Bishop of Wurzburg, and plunders the city. [1564. Grumbach is pro- tected by John Frederick, Duke of Saxony. 1567. He is cruelly executed.] STATE. 1550 * * Bavaria. Albert HE. becomes duke. * * Wurtemberg. Christopher the Pa- cific becomes duke. .1551 Oct. 1. Hesse. The Treaty of Friedewald. It is secretly agreed to by Henry II. of France, the League of Schmalkald, and Maurice of Saxony, whereby an alliance is formed against the emperor ; nominally to release Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, really to advance German liberties and the Protestant religion. 1552 July 16. Bavaria. The Treaty of Passau. It is signed by King Ferdinand for the empire, with Maurice of Saxony and the other five electors ; it grants freedom of religion to the Lutherans until the next Diet. 1553 Mar. 3. Saxony. Duke Mau- rice dies. [Augustus becomes elector.] * * Predatory nobles disturb the peace, and create wild disorder. 1555 Sept. 25. The religious peace of Augsburg is established. (See Church.) Oct.= * Charles V., made despondent by ill-success, resolves to abdicate his two thrones, Germany and Spain, giv- ing the former to his brother Ferdi- nand [later King of Hungary and Bohe- mia], and the latter to his son Philip. Oct. 25. Brussels. Charles V. resigns the Netherlands to his son Philip. [1556. Jan. * He cedes to Philip the kingdoms of Spain and Naples.] 1556 Aug. 27. Charles "V". signs a deed resigning the German Empire to his brother. Sept. 7. The abdication of Charles V. is announced to the estates. Oct.± The ex-emperor resolves to retire to a monastery. 1556-64 Ferdinand I. reigns. The Hapsburg lands go with the impe- rial dignity ; but the crown of Spain and the colonies — Naples, Milan, Franche Comte, and the Netherlands — go to Philip, son of Charles V. * * Coronation by the Pope is relinquished by the emperor. 1557 Feb. 27. Sp. The ex-Emperor Charles V. enters the monastery of St. Justus, not as a monk, but as a private individual, with only 12 domestics. 1558 Feb. 25. Hesse-Nassau. The electors at Frankfort formally transfer the imperial dignity to Ferdinand I. Sept. 21. Sp. Charles V., ex-empe- ror, dies. * * Hung. Ferdinand is confirmed (p. 511). 1559 * * Holstein. The Ditmarsh men submit to the rule of the King of Den- mark. 1562 * * Maximilian II. is elected King of the Romans. [1563. King of Hun- gary.] 1563+ * * Bavaria. The imperial knight Grumbach is under the ban of the em- pire for plundering "Wurzburg. 1564 July 25. Ferdinand I. dies. [Succeeded by his son.] (P. 511.) * * Maximilian H., King of Hungary and Bohemia and the Romans, is elected emperor. 1564-76 Maximilian H. reigns. 1566 * * A truce is entered with the Turks ; Selim II. and the emperor agree that each shall retain his possessions. 1576 Oct. 12. Maximilian II. dies. [He is succeeded by his son Rudolph.] Oct. * Rudolph II., King of Bohemia and Hungary, is elected emperor. 1576-1612 Pudolphll. reigns. 1579* * Bavaria. "William H. becomes duke. * * * The princes disregard imperial au- thority, and war among themselves. 1589 * * Brunswick. Henry Julius be- comes duke of Brunswiek-Wolfenbuttel. 1591* * Saxony. Christian LE. becomes elector. 1594 * * Prus. The dukedom of Prussia is annexed to the electorate of Bran- denburg. 1596* * Bavaria. Maximilian the Great becomes duke. 1597 * * Hesse-Homburg is separated from Hesse-lUirmstadt, and established as a landgraviate. 1598 * * Brandenburg. Joachim-Fred- erick becomes margrave. 1603-72 Altenburg is an independent state. 1606 * * Baden. Mannheim is founded. 1608 May 4. The first meeting of the princes is held as the Protestant Union of Germany, with Frederick IV., Elec- tor-Palatine, as leader ; its object is mu- tual defense for ten years. * * Brandenburg. John Sigismund be- comes elect or i and duke of Prussia. 1609* * The Catholic League is formed in opposition to the Protestant Union, with Maximilian and the Duke of Ba- varia leaders, " to see that the old, true religion, which alone could save, was not extirpated." * * Rudolph II. conciliates the Bohemians by granting them a royal charter, which permits the free exercise of reli- gion by the three estates of lords, knights, and royal cities (p. 511). * * The elector of Brandenburg and the Prince of Neuburg are claimants for the succession to the duchy of JUlich- Cleves ; a quarrel ensues. 1610 Oct. 29. The Protestant Union concludes a peace with the Catholic League. 1612 Jan. 20. HudolphH.dies. [He is succeeded by his brother.] June 13. Matthias is elected emperor. [Crowned June 24.] 1612-19 Matthias reigns. He is strongly anti-Protestant, and secures for his Catholic cousin, Ferdi- nand, Duke of Styria. Corinthia and Car- niola, the succession of Bohemia and Hungary, though much opposed by the Protestant estates. 794 1613, * *-1635, May 30. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1618 * * -48 * * Bohemia. The Thirty Years' "War. The emperor aims to de- stroy Protestantism (p. 510). Nuremberg, Saxony, and "Wiirtem- berg suffer greatly dm ing the war. Gus- tavus Adolphus is besieged in Nurem- berg by Wallenstein ; about 10,000 of the inhabitants die of want or disease during the blockade ; Saxony changes sides frequently. Leipsic is besieged and taken. 1618-23 The "War in Bohemia and County Palatine. Aug.* Bohemia. The imperial troops en- ter. [1640. Subdued.] * * Bohemia. The Margrave John George of Jagerndorf Wrings 300 troops from Silesia and Lusatia to aid the re- volt. 1619 * * Aust. Count Thurn marches on Vienna. [1619. Nov. * Again.] (P. 510.) * * Bohemia. Counts Mansfeld and Thurn defeat the imperial Army at Pilsen. 1620 * * Bohemia. Catholic invasion (p. 510). . Nov. 8. Bohemia. Battle of White Mountain (p. 510). 1622 * * The seat of war is transferred from Bohemia to the Palatinate, which is soon subdued. Apr. 29. Mansfeld defeats the Impe- rialists under Tilly at Wiesloch. May 6. Hesse. Tilly defeats the Mar- grave of Baden-Durlaeh at "Wimpfen. June 10. Hesse-Xassau. Tilly defeats Christian of Brimswick at Hoehst. 1623 Aug. 6. Westphalia. Tilly again defeats the Administrator Christian of Halberstadt at Stadtlohn. 1625-29 Saxony. The seat of war is in Lower Saxony (Danish Period) ; allies aid the Protestants (p. 512). * * Prince "Wallenstein becomes com- mander of the imperial army, which he recruits himself, and then provisions by a system of robbery. 1626 * * Anhalt. "Wallenstein defeats Count Mansfeld at the Bridge of Des- sau, and then pursues him through Silesia to Hungary, where Mansfeld joins Bethlen-Gabor. Aug. 27. Brunswick. Tilly utterly de- feats Christian IV. of Denmark at Lutter. 1627 * * Holstein. Tilly and "Wallen- stein conquer Holstein. * *N.Ger. "Wallenstein alone conquers Schleswig and Jutland. The Dukes of Mecklenburg flee the country, and the Duke of Pomerania makes his submis- sion. 1628 * * Prus. "Wallenstein vainly be- sieges Stralsund for 10 weeks, while its heroic citizens defend themselves. 1629 * * Magdeburg is blockaded, and successfully resists Wallenstein. May * Peace of Liibeck (p. 637). 1630-35* * Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War. 1630 June* Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, becomes an ally of the Protestants (p. 512). July * "Wallenstein is dismissed from imperial service. 1631 Apr. * Tilly opposes Gustavus. (.Gustavus captures Frankfort-on-the- Oder ; later he takes Spandau.] May 20. Tilly takes Magdeburg (p. 512). [May 21. Only 5,000 of 35,000 in- habitants remain alive.] * * Fr. Gustavus takes Mentz. [* * N. Prus. He drives the imperial forces from Pomerania, and proceeds up the Oder.] * * Tilly takes and burns Halle, Eisleben, Merseburg, and other cities. Sept. 7 (o. s.). Saxony. Gustavus with the Saxons wins a brilliant victory over Tilly at the battle of Leipsic. Imperial loss, 6,000 killed, besides the wounded and prisoners, and all their ar- tillery ; allies' loss, Saxons, 12,000, Swedes, 700 (p. 512). * * Bohemia. The Saxons invade Bo- hemia. * * Gustavus marches to the Rhine through Thuringia and Franconia. [Hesse. He crosses the Rhine at Oppen- heim, and goes into winter quarters at Mentz.] * * Bohemia. The Saxons under Arnim capture Prague. 1632 * * Bavaria. Gustavus marches for the Danube by way of Nuremberg. Apr. 15. Bavaria. Gustavus is victo- rious at Rain (p. 512). * * "Wallenstein is recalled, and by re- quest of Ferdinand collects an army and receives uncontrolled command. * * Bohemia. "Wallenstein recaptures Prague, and drives the Saxons out of Bohemia. * * Bavaria. Gustavus vainly besieges Maximilian in Ingolstadt ; WaUenstein hastens to his relief. [Gustavus forces Munich to surrender.] July *-Sept. * Bavaria. Gustavus and "WaUenstein face to face in a fortified camp near Nuremberg, the latter de- clines a battle. * * The Swedes receive reenforcements, and attack Wallenstein's entrench- ments, hut are repulsed with fearful loss. * * Gustavus advances to the Danube, and Wallenstein enters defenseless Sax- ony, and fearful depredations are com- mitted. * * Schwarzhurr/Sondershausen. Gusta- vus hastens back at the call of the elec- tor of Saxony, and joins forces with Bemhard of Saxe-Weimar in Arnstadt. Nov. 16. Battle of Liitzen (p. 512). 1633* * Bavaria. Gen. Bernhard, having succeeded Gustavus, leads an expedition to Franconia ; he takes Bamberg and H6chstadt s and drives back the Bavarians under Count Al- dringer. Feb. * Bohemia. "WaUenstein tries and punishes many of his officers with death while at Prague. * * Silesia. "Wallenstein, having re- cruited his army, marches into Silesia, and fights the troops of Saxony, Bran- denburg, and Sweden. Oct. * Hung. A Swedish corps is cap- tured at Steinam-on-the-Oder. * * "Wallenstein invades Brandenburg, sends raiders to Berlin, and plunders Lusatia. Nov. * Bavaria. Gen. Bernhard cap- tures Regensburg [Batisbon]. 1634 Feb. 25. Bohemia. "WaUenstein is assassinated (p. 512). Aug. 17. Bavaria. Swedes defeated at Nordlingen (p. 512). Dec. 23. Siege of Heidelberg raised (p. 512). 1635 May 30. Bohemia. Peace. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1617* * Bohemia. Beacon telegraph is invented by Kepler. 1625 * * Bavaria. The helioscope, a telescope for observing the sun without injury to the eye, is invented by Christo- pher Scheiner. 1627 * * Saxony. Heinrich Schultz writes music to a translation of Perie Daful, which is performed for a court wedding at Torgau. Apr. 13. Saxony. Daphne, by Opitz, the first German opera, is produced at the court of the Elector John George 1. 1628 * * Bohemia. Kepler completes his Kudolphine tables, and foretells the transits of Venus and Mercury. 1633* * Bavaria. The Passion of Christy a miracle-play, is performed at Ober- Ammergau. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1613* * Caselius, Johannes, philol.,wr M A80. 1614 * * Fisi'hfirt, Johann, satirist, A69. 1615 * * Calvisius, Sethus, chronologist, A59. 1616* * Grvpluus, Andreas, poet, dram., b. 1617* * Helvicus, ( iinstopher, pliilol., A36. 1618 * * Altins, Jarob, theol., Hebraist, b. Rachel, Joachim, satirical poet, born. Voasius, Isaac, classical scholar, mis. wr., b. 1619* * Rupert, Prince, gen. in Eng., born. Struve, Georg A., jurist, born. 1620* * Alheitinns, .Emilias, satirist, A60. Klsheimer, Adam, painter, A46. Feb. 16. Frederick William, " the Great Elector," of Brandenburg, founder Prus- sian monarchy, born. 1621 * * Arnd, johann, Luth. el., au., A66. Pra-torius. ."Michael, composer, A50. 1632 * * Adam," .Mclchior, biographer, dies. Glaubers, Johann, philosopher, born. Vorstius, Gonrad, clergyman. A55. 1623* * Cluver, I'hilipp, linguist., geog., A43. Meninski, Francis ?.l., orientalist, born. 1624* * Bohme, or Kolun, Jakob, mystic, A 49. 1626 * * Mansfeld, Count, Ernst von, gen- eral, A41. Seckendorf, Veit Ludwig von, scholar, theo- logian, statesman, born. 1629 * * liuxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, A55. 1630* * Becher, Johann J., chemist, born. Christian, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, gen- eral, A62. Kepler. John, astronomer, A59. 1632 * * Gravius, Johann G., scholar, born. Pufiendoii, i'.unni, Samuel, jurist, born. Sigismund III., Kins of Poland, A66. Tilly. Count de, Johann Tserclaes, general, A73. 1634 * * Amman, Paul, botanist, born. CHURCH. 1618 * * Bh. Prus. The Protestants are expelled from Cologne. 1620 Nov. 8. Bohemia. The disastrous battle of Prague ruins the Protestant Union ; Protestantism is extirpated in Bohemia (p. 510). 1621 * * Rome. Gregory XV. is pope. [1623, Urban VIII.; 1644, Innocent X.; 1655, Alexander VI L; 1667, Clement IX.; 1670, Clement X. ; 1676, Innocent XI.; 1689, Alexander VIII.] 1627 * * Bohemia. An edict of the em- peror requires the Protestants to apos- tatize. 1629 Mar. 6. The Edict of Restitu- tion (p. 512 ; see State). 1635 May 30. The Peace of Prague. (See State.) GERMANY. 1613, * *-1635, May 30. 795 LETTERS. 1615 * * Frankfurter Journal is issued. * * The Confessio liosese Cruets appears. [Attributed to Valentine Andreas.] The Rosicrucians swear fidelity, prom- ise secrecy, and write hieroglypnically, and affirm' that the ancient philosophers of Egypt, the Chaldeans. Magi of Persia, and Gymnosophists of the Indies taught the same doctrine. 1616 * * Germania Antigua, by Philip Cluverius, appears. * * The Frankfurter Ober postants Zei- tung is issued, alleged to be the first daily paper in the world. 1617 Aug. 24. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. The Fruchtbringende Society for the advancement of the arts, sciences, and literature, is formed at Weimar. 1618-19 Oden und Gesange, by Rudolf Weckherlin, appears. 1619 * * Harmonicc mundi, by Kepler, appears. * * A newspaper is issued at Hildesheim. 1621 July 17. Besse-Nassau. The University of Rinteln is founded by the emperor. * * Alsace-Lorraine. The University of Strasburg is founded. 1623 * * Bavaria. The University of Altdorf is authorized to create doctors of law and medicine. 1624 * * Opiccii Teutscke Poemata, by Julius W. Zincgref, appears. * * Book of the German Art of Poetry, by Martin Opitz, appears. 1625* * Hesse. The University of Giessen is transferred to Marburg. 1627 * * Tabulae Rudolpliinse, by Kepler, appears. 1630 * * Westphalia. A newspaper is issued at Herford. * * An Encyclopedia, in seven volumes, by Johann H. Alsted, appears. 1634 * * Musa teutonica, by Johann Rist, appears. SOCIETY. 1618-48 The Thirty Years' War reduces the population from 20,000,000 to 7,000,000, whole towns are laid in ashes, and fertile districts become deserts. 1627-29 Bavaria. At "Wiirzburg 157 witches are burned ; all classes are rep- resented, old and young, learned and ignorant. 1631 May 20. Saxony. Magdeburg is captured, and the unbridled soldiers massacre the people, sack and burn the city. STATE. 1618* * Prus. The duchy of Prussia is united with Brandenburg. * * Bohemia. The irritation of the Pro- testants is increased by changing the administration of the country, giving it to ten governors, seven of whom are Catholics. May 23. Bohemia. The Protestants revolt (p. 511). * * The Protestant Union sends Count Mansfeld to aid the Bohemians. 1619 May 20. Matthias dies. [He is succeeded by his cousin Ferdinand, King of Hungary.] Aug. 18. Bohemia. The Assembly of Prague declares Ferdinand the heredi- tary enemy of the evangelical religion, and to have forfeited the throne of Bo- hemia. [Sept. 5. Deposed.] The Thirty Years* War follows. * * The Bohemians elect young Fred- erick V., Elector Palitine and head of the Protestant Union, as king ; he is a son-in-law of James I. of England. Aug. 28. Ferdinand is elected em- peror by six electors, three of whom are Protestants. [Sept. 9. Crowned at Frank f ort-on-the-M ain . ] 1619-37 Ferdinand H. reigns. He seeks to extirpate Protestantism by energetic measures ,* the Bohemians refuse allegiance, and elect Kudolph Y. in opposition. * * Ferdinand II. enters a league with Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, the head of the Catholic League, who becomes his ally in subduing the Austrian estates. * * Ferdinand II. enters a league with Spain. Also with the Lutheran Elec- tor of Saxony. * * Prus. G e o r g e - William becomes duke. * * Bohemia. The elector Frederick V. of the Palatinate accepts the tendered crown of Bohemia. 1620 July 3. Wiirtemberg. A treaty of peace is signed at Ulm, by which Frederick V. of the Palatinate loses Bohemia. Nov. 8. The Protestant Union is prac- tically ruined by the disastrous battle of Prague. Bohemia becomes Catholic, its royal charter destroyed, and the country nearly ruined by losing two-thirds of its population. Hov. * Frederick, Count Palatine, is put under the ban of the empire, and his lands confiscated. 1621 Feb. 21, 22. Bohemia. Fred- erick arrests 43 illustrious Bohe- mians; 27 of them are executed on the scaffold at Prague. May* The Protestant Union of princes holds its last meeting. 1622 * * The Protestant Union is dis- solved. 1623 Feb. 25. Bavaria. Maximilian U. receives the electoral vote belonging to Frederick V. and the Rhine Palati- - nate, the electoral dignity being trans- ferred to Bavaria by the Catholic elec- tors at Ratisbon. * * Wallenstein becomes a prince of the empire. [1624, Duke of Friedland; 1628, Duke of Mecklenburg.] 1625 * * Christian TV., King of Den- mark and Duke of Holstein, is leader of the Protestants of the Lower Saxon Circle. 1628 * * Bavaria. The restoration of the Upper Palatinate is secured. * * Wiirtemberg. Eberhard III, becomes duke. 1629 Mar. 29. Ferdinand II. issues the Edict of Restitution. The adherents of the Augsburg con- fession alone are to have free exercise of religion, all other sects to be exter- minated. (Mar. 6?) (P. 512.) May 22. The Peace of Liibeck. Christian IV. receives his conquered lands back from the emperor, and prom- ises to abandon his allies, and abstain from interference in German affairs. May 25. King Christian of Denmark makes a separate peace with Wallen- stein, leaving his allies in the lurch. * * The Dukes of Mecklenburg are put under the ban of the empire, and their lands bestowed upon Wallenstein. [1630. Restored.] 1630 June 5. Bavaria. An electoral assembly meets at Ratisbon. Wallenstein's enemies, chiefly from Bavaria and in the Catholic League, are alarmed at his power ; they successfully demand bis dismiss:*! und the disbanding" of a large part of the army, because of the terrible extortion and cruelty prac- tised upon Catholics and others. Oct. 13. Bavaria. The emperor con- cludes the Peace of Ratisbon with France, thus terminating the war for the Mantuan succession (p. 689). 1631 Apr. 6. It. The Peace of Cherasco (p. 689). * * Saxony. The elector John-George forms an anti-imperialist alliance with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. 1633 * * Wiirtemberg. The League of Heilbronn. The Swedes and German Protestants form an alliance for the prosecution of the war against the imperialists. * * "Wallenstein loses favor with the im- perial court, where the Spanish party seeks his overthrow. * * Treason of "Wallenstein. He negotiates secretly ■with the Saxons, the Swedes, and the French ; he pro- poses to use the army to secure independ- ent action for himself, and deliver the emperor from the Spanish party, and compel a peace, if necessary, and. then reorganize the empire : the court suc- ceeds in detaching his loading generals from his cause. [1634. Jan. 24. The conspiracy is proclaimed. Feb. 18. He is deposed.] 1634 Feb. 24. Bohemia. "Wallenstein goes to Eger, expecting to meet Bernhard Saxe-Weimar and Arnim. Feb. 25. Bohemia. "Wallenstein is as- He is killed by Capt. Devereaux, at the instigation of the Irish Gen. Butler, and with the evident approval of the emperor, but without his command. [The assassins of the great general and * * Brunswick. Augustus becomes tbe Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. 1635 May 30. The Peace of Prague ends the war between the emperor and. the Elector of Saxony. (1) The elector receives Lusatia and t T e archbishopric of Magdeburg; the latter for his son August, only for life. (2) Confiscated ecclesiastical estates to re- main with the possessor, il confiscated before the convention of Passim; if after, it then to be held by tbe possessor for forty years, ami .in certain cases forever; those estates held immediately of the emperor excepted. (3) Amnesty is granted, except to those guilty of disturbances in F.nhemia and the Palatinate; Saxony is to aid the emperor against Sweden; the Lutherans (alone) are to have freedom in religion. The peace is accepted by most of the Protestant States. 796 1635, * *-1681, Sept. 28. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1636-48 Swedish-French period of the Thirty Years' "War (p. 512). Sept. 24 (o. S.). Brandenburg. Battle of Wittstoek (p. 512). * * Gallas defeats the Swedes. 1638 Mar. 3. Switz. Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weiuiar defeats the army of the Imperialists and the Bavarians at Rheinfelden. 1639* * Saxony. The Swedish Gen. Baner defeats the Imperialists in the battle of Olsnitz and Brandiez. 1641 * * Gen. Lennart Torstenson he- comes commander of the Swedes. 1642 K"ov. 2. Saxony. Second battle of Leipsic. The Imperialists under Leopold of Austria and Gen. Piccolomini are de- feated by the Swedes under Count Tors- tenson. 1643-45 "War between De nm ark and Sweden; it is caused by envy at Swe- dish success in Germany (p. 636). Sept. * Schleswig-Holstein is conquered by Swedes. The Danes are compelled to desert Austria (p. 636). =* * Battle of Duttlingen. The French under Count Rantz are surprised and defeated by an Austro- Bavarian army under Gens. Mercy and Werth. * * Marshal Turenne and the Duke of Enghien, 21 years of age, are appointed to command the French troops. 1644 * * The French force the Bavarians under Gen. Mercy to retreat. * * Baden. The Duke of Enghien takes Mannheim, Speyer, and Philippsburg. * * Hesse. CountTurenne takes Worms, Oppenheim, Mentz, and Landau. * * Gen. Gallas with an Imperial army goes to the relief of the Danes against the Swedes (p. 636). * * Hung. Prince Rakoczy invades Hungary. [* * Hesse. The French cap- ture Mentz.] 1645 Jan. * Battle of Magdeburg (p. 636). Mar. 6. Bohemia. Battle of Jankau(p. 512). Mar.* Aust. Count Torstenson and Prince Rakoczy conquer the whole of Moravia, and threaten Vienna. May * Wilrtemberg. Battle of Mergen- theim (p. 636). Aug. 3. Bavaria. Battle of Allerheim. The French under Prince Conde and Hessians under Marshal Turenne defeat the Imperialists under Gen. Mercy, who is killed. Aug. 7. Bavaria. Battle of ISTbrdlingen (p. 512). * * Peace is concluded between Sweden and Denmark. * * Bohemia. The plague occasions the retreat of the Swedes from Bohemia after an ineffective siege of Briinn. * * Gen. "Wrangel succeeds Count Tors- tenson (ill) in command of the Swedes. 1646 ** Bavaria. The French and Swedish armies are joined at Giessen ; they invade Bavaria (p. 512). 1647 * * Bavaria. Truce of Ulm (p. 512). 1648* * Bavaria. Maximilian having broken the truce of Ulm, the French and Swedes make a second invasion, committing terrible ravages. May 17. Bavaria. Marshal Turenne and Gen. "Wrangel defeat the Imperial- ist and Bavarian army under Gen. Hol- zapfela-Susmarshausen ; it is the last pitched battle of the Thirty Years' War. Oct. 24. Westphalia. Peace of "West- phalia. (See State.) Mov. 2. Bohemia. The Swedes begin the bombardment of Prague. !N"ov. 3. Bohemia. Messengers bring tid- ings of peace ; the Thirty Years' "War ends. 1658+ * * Holstein is overrun by Gus- tavus. [1659. By Frederick IV.] (P. 636.) 1661-64 The first war with the Turks. Cause (p. 513). 1664* * Hungary is invaded by the Turks. Aug. 1. Hung. Battle of St. Gothard. [A truce for 20 years which favors the Turks follows.] (P. 512.) 1673 * * "War between France and Aus- tria (p. 692). 1674* *War with France. (Quad- ruple Alliance.) June 16. ' Baden. Battle of Sinsheim (p. 692). Oct. 4. Defeat at Entzheim. [Dec. 31. At Muhlhausen.] (P. 692.) 1675 Jan. 5. Alsace. Battle of Turk- heim (p. 692). June 18. Brandenburg . Frederick Wil- liam, elector of Brandenburg, surprises and defeats the Swedes at Fehrbellin, near Berlin. * * The French under Gen. Crequi are defeated by Gen. Consarbruck. * * Fr. Treves is taken by the Austrians. July 27. Baden. Action at Sasbach (p. 692). 1680 * * Alsace. A great part of Alsace is seized by the French. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1640 * * It. Athanasius Kircher invents the magic lantern. 1643 * * Hesse. Mezzotinto, a kind of copper engraving, is invented by Col. Ludwig von Siegen. 1647* * W. Pries. A map of the moon's surface is first drawn at Danzig. * * Saxony. Otto von Guericke of Magde- burg constructs the first electrical ma- chine, — a globe of sulphur. 1648 * * Mezzotinto- engraving is im- proved by Prince Rupert. 1650 * * Saxony. Guericke invents the air-pump. [He is the inventor also of the air- balance, and the anemoscope, a species of weather-cock, and is said to have dis- covered the property of electro-repul- sion.] * * The pearl-barley mill is invented. 1652 * * It. The speaking-trumpet is improved by Athanasius Kircher. [1660. He invents the eolian harp.] 1661 * * Saxony. The barometer, for use as a weather-glass, and the manometer, are invented by Otto von Guericke. 1667 * * Phosphorus is discovered by Brandt of Hamburg. 1670 * * Bavaria. Fluoric acid is used for etching by Schwanhard at Nurem- berg. 1674 Feb. 5. W.Prus. A parhelion, or mock sun, appears on the horizon be- neath the material sun; it is seen near Marienburg. 1678 * * Bavaria. An observatory is established at Nuremberg. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1635 * * Kirehmaier, Georg K., chemist, b. Spener, Philipp J., theologian, born. 1636 * * A del Lire if. Johann A., fanatic, dies. 1637 * * Ferdinand II., emperor, A59. Kilian, Lucas, engraver, A58. 1638 * * Alstt-d, Johann H., cl., author, A50. Cellarius, Christoph, critic, geographer, b. Eimmart, Georg C, artist, astronomer, born. 1639* * Bernhard, Duke of Saxe- Weimar, general, A35. Marhof, Daniel, scholar, born. Netseher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, painter, born. Opitz. Martin, poet, A42. 1640* * Bohm. . Johann, physician, author, b. Flemming, Paul, poet, A31. Kirsten, Peter, physician, orientalist, A63. Leopold I. the Great, emperor, born. 1641 * * Arnheim, Johann G. von, diploma- tist, general, AGO. 1642 * * Abraham a Saneta-Clara, Augustin- ian friar, orator, author, born. 1643* * Bach, Johann C, composer, or- ganist, born. 1644 * * Alting, Heinrich, theol., au., A61. 1645 * * Scultetns, Johannes, surgeon, A50. Wedel, Georg W., physician, writer, born. 1646 * * Leibnitz, Gottfried W. von, phi- losopher, born. 1648 * * Kneller, Sir Godfrey, painter, b. 1649 * * Vossius, or Voss, Gerard J., philol- ogist, author, A72. Scioppius, < aspar, scholar, A73. 1650* * Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop of Cologne, prince-bishop of Munster and Liege, A73. Fischer von Erlach, Baron Johann B., archi- tect, born. Ludwig, Prince of Anhalt-Coethen, classical scholar, soldier, A71. 1651 * * Kampfer, Engelbrecht, botanist, b. 1653* * Guntber, Anton, Prince of Anhalt, general, born. 1654 * * Andrea, Johann V., satirist, A68. Dantz, or Danz, Johann A., orientalist, born. 1656* * Calixtus, Georgius, Lutheran cler- gyman, author, A70. 1657 * * Frederick I. , first k. of Prussia, b. Jung, Joachim, philosopher, A79. 1660* * Baver, Johann, preacher, astrono- mer, A88. Fretnsheim, Johann, scholar, A52. Hardt, Hermann von der, philologist, born. Hoffmann, Friedrich, physician, born. Stahl, Georg ¥.., chemist, born. 1661 * * Schulembourg, Johann M., gen- eral, born. 1663 * * Francke, August H., cl., philan., b. 1664 * * Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, A65. Gryphius, Andreas, poet, dram., A48. 1665 * * Clauhcr^, Johann, philosopher, A43. Camerarius, Rudolf J., phys., botanist, b. 1666 * * Oarpzov, Benedict, jurist, au., A71. Friscb, Johann L., naturalist, pliilol., born. 1667 * * Buddffius, Johann, Luth. theol., au., born. Canstein Baron Carl H. von, philan., born. Keinesins, Thomas, physician, pliilol., A80. 1668 * * liable, Jakob, Jesuit, poet, A65. Busenbaum, Hermann, Jesuit, author, A68. Glauber, Johann, chemist, A64. 1669* * Dietrich, Johann, philologist, histo- rian, A57. 1670 * * Augustus I., Frederick, King of Po- land, born. 1671 * * Olcarius, or (tlseliliiger, Adam, trav- eler, orientalist, A72. Struve, Burkhanl G., jurist, born. 1672* * Se.hmoik, Benjamin, hymn-writer, b. 1673 * * Reiser, Beinhanl, composer, born. Seckendorf, fount Frieilrieh Heinrich von, general, diplomatist, born. Waebter. Johann, scholar, archeologist, b. 1674 * * Eckhart, Johann G. von, antiquary, historian, born. 1675 * * Gerhardt, Paul, cl., poet, A69. Hederiek, Benjamin, pliilol., lexicog., born. 1676* * Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, general, born. 1677* * Hollar, Wenceslaus, engraver, A70. 1678 * * Galen, Obristoph von, prince-bishop of Munster, general, A78. Zwicker, Daniel, syncretist, A6S- GERMANY. 1635, * *-1681, Sept. 28. 797 1679 * * Alting, Jacob, theol., Hebraist, A61. "Wolf, Johann von, philosopher, born. 1680* * Kireher, Athauasius, Egyptologist, philosopher, A78. Schneider, Conrad V., anatomist, A70- 1644 * * The peril of invasion forces the emperor to concede the demands of the Protestants. 1648 * * The Peace of "Westphalia es- tablishes the principle of toleration in religious belief. (See State.) * * * The Cocceians, a small sect be- lieving in a visible reign of Christ in this world after a general conversion of the Jews and all other people to the Chris- tian faith, is founded by John Cocceius of Bremen. LETTERS. 1638 * * Melpomene, by Philipp von Zesen, appears. [1645, Adriatische Rose- mund.] * * De Vanitate Mundi, by Jacob Balde, appears. [1643, Carmina lyrica.] 1640 * * Geschichte Philanders von Sitte- wa.lt, by Hans M. Moscherosch, appears. 1642 * * SpiriMtal and Secular Poems, by Paul Flemming, appears. 1643 * * History of Arminius, by Hagel- gan, appears. 1648 Sept. 1. Bavaria. The Univer- sity of Bamberg is opened. 1649 * * Guldenes Tugendbuch and Trutz Nachtigall, by Friedrich Spee, appear. 1650 * * Leo Arminius, by Andreas Gry- phius, appears. [1657, Katharina von Georgien, Car den in und Celinde, Carolus Studrdus, and Peter Squenz; 1659, Papi- nianus ; 1660, Die Geiiebte Dornrose ; 1663, JHorriqilicribrifax.'] * * Hesse. The University of Giessen is removed back to Giessen from Mar- burg. 1652 * * Four Comic Poems, by Johann Lauremberg, appears. 1654 * * Sinngedichte, a collection of epi- grams, by Friedrich von Logau, appears. 1657 * * Cherubimischer Wandersmann and Heilige Seelentust, by Johann Schef- fler, appear. 1659* * Simplicisshnus, by Christoffel Grimmelshausen, appears. 1660* * Saxony. A newspaper is issued at Leipsic. 1663 * * Gotthold's Occasional Medita- tions, by Christian Scrivt [1675-91, Soul's Treasure.} * * Justus G. Schottelius writes a gram- mar and history of the German language. * * Erbauliche Mounts iinterrcdungen is is- sued by Johann Bist. 1665 * * The Gothic Gospels of Bishop Ulfilas are published by Franciscus Ju- * * Schleswig-Hol stein. The University of Kiel is founded. 1666 * * De Arte Combinatoria, by Gott- fried W. Leibnitz, appears. [1671, The- ory of Concrete Motion and Theory of Abstract Motion.] 1667 * * One hundred and twenty Hymns, by Paul Gerhardt, appear. 1668* * Uberjfttss/ge Gedanken der gru- nenden Jug end, by Christian Weise, ap- pears. [1671, Die drei Hauptverderber ; 1672, Die drei kiugsten Leute.] 1670-1704 Miscellana curiosa medico physica is issued. 1675 * * Sinn/iclie Hetraclitung der vier letzten Dvnge, by Johann Scheffler, ap- pears. * * Pia desideria, by Spener, appears. 1679 * * Bundeslieder und Danlcpsalmen, by Joachim Neander, appears. * *Merks Wien, by Father Abraham Sancta Clara, appears. 1680 * * Anni Fruneiscaiiorum is issued. SOCIETY. 1660 * * The Order of Concord is in- stituted by Christian Ernest, Duke of Prussia, to commemorate the important part he had taken in restoring peace to Europe. 1662 * * Bavaria. The citizens of Passau are distressed by the burning of the greater part of the town, including the cathedral. STATE. 1637 Feb. 15. Ferdinand II. dies. [He is succeeded by bis son Ferdinand.] 1637-57 Ferdinand HI. is emperor. * * Pomerania. The ducal house becomes extinct. 1640* * Brandenburg. Frederick Wil- liam of Prussia, "The Great Elec- tor," succeeds his father. 1640-88 Prus. Keign of Frederick William. Brandenburg-Prussia is raised to the head of the German States, and becomes recognized as a European power; its territory is increased to 43,000 square miles, its revenue multiplied fivefold, and its small army nowhere surpassed in efficiency. * * Saxe- Weimar. The principality is founded by William, brother of Ernest the Pious. * * Schaumburg-Lippe. Philip, the young- est son of Simon VI., inherits a large part of the countship of Schaumburg, including Buckeburg, and adopts the title of Count of Schaumburg-Lippe. 1641 * * Hamburg. Preliminaries of peace are discussed, and a Congress is agreed upon. 1643* * Hanover. Negotiations for peace begin at Osnabriick between the Swedes and the emperor. [1644. Also in Munster with the French.] 1644 * * The emperor is forced to yield to the demands of the Protestants. * * FJisenaeh is annexed to Saxe-Weimar. 1648 Oct. 24. Westphalia. The Peace of Westphalia is signed at Munster. Switzerland anil The Ne therlands are recog- nized asimlepenileni Slates; Sweden receives territory Including Stettin, three votes in the Imperial Diet, and a money indemnification; France receives the. lower part of Alsace, and is confirmed in the possession of the cities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun; Brandenburg re- ceives three bishoprics and the archbishopric of Magdeburg as a duchy; Hesse-Cassel a part of Minden and money; Mecklenburg receives two bishoprics as principalities; and Brunswick receives alternate presentation to the bishopric of Osnabriick. Catholics and Protestants stand on an equality before the law; the " balance of power " is secured ; the Thirty Years' War is ended (p. 513). * * The Rhine Palatinate is restored by Bavaria to its former rulers, and an eighth electoral dignity is created for it ; the Upper Palatinate is not detached from Bavaria. * * Bremen is acknowledged a free city. 1651 * * Bavaria. Ferdinand Mary rules the duchy. 1657 Apr. 2. Ferdinand UX dies. * * Poland is constrained to acknowledge Prussia as an independentstate under Frederick William, the Great Elector. 1658 July 18. Leopold of Austria, son of Ferdinand III., is elected empe- ror. 1658-1705 Leopold I. reigns. 1663 * * Bavaria. The Imperial Diet becomes a permanent body, meeting at Batisbon. Corpus Catholicorum and Corpus Evangelicorum. 1664 * * Prus. Altona is made a city. 1665* * It. The Tyrol is annexed to Austria. * * Germany becomes a maze of little despotisms, with a few larger States as Prussia and Austria. 1666* *The quarrel concerning the succession of Cleves-Julich is settled. Brandenburg receives Cleves, Mark, Bavenstein, and half of Bavensburg. [Later, all of Bavensburg in place of Bavenstein.] 1667* * Oldenburg passes under tno rule of Denmark. 1672 * * Altenburg is divided between Gotha and Weimar. * * Saxe-Weimar is divided into Saxe- Weimar and Saxe-EIsenach. Apr. 26. Prus. Frederick William, the elector, concludes an armed alliance with Holland against France. 1673 June 6. Peace of Vossem (p. 693). July 10. Prus. Frederick William signs a treaty of neutrality with France. Aug. 15. League of The Hague. 1674 May 28. The German Empire unites in the quadruple alliance, and de- clares war against France (p. 693). * * Wurtemberg. "William Louis be- comes duke. * * The Palatinate and Bavarian lands are again united. 1676 * * The Hungarians, led by Em- eric, unite in a widespread revolt. 1677* * Wurtemberg. Eberhard Louis becomes duke. 1679 Feb. 6. The emperor signs a peace with France, ending the Seven Years' War. June 29. Brandenburg. Frederick "William is forced to sign a peace with France (p. 693). * * Baden. Charles "William becomes margrave of Baden-Dourlach. * * Bavaria. M aximi lian Emanuel be- comes duke. 1680* * Saxony. John George HI. be- comes elector. * * Magdeburg is annexed to Branden- burg. Alsace is seized. * * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The elder line of Saxe-Coburg is founded by Albert, second son of Ernest the Pious. * * Saxe-Meiningen. The duchy is founded by Bernhard, third son of Ernest the Pious. 1681 Sept. 28. Alsace. Louis XIV. seizes Strasburg. ' He also takes most of Alsace, claiming- that, in gaining Austrian lands in Alsace, he should have all that had belonged to those lands. [1671. Confirmed by the Peace of Byswick.] 798 1681,**-172V GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1681 * * Alsace. Strasburg is seized by Louis XIV. of France. 1682-99 Second war with the Turks. 1683 July 14. Vienna is besieged by the Turks with an army of 270,000 men (p. 512). Sept. 12. Vienna. Siege raised (p. 512). 1686 Sept. 2. Bung. Buda is stormed, and the Turks driven out. 1687 Aug. 12. Hung. Battle of Mo- hacs (p. 512). 1688-97 Third war with France ; it aims to obtain the Palatinate (p. 694). 1688* * Hesse. Mentz is again captured by the French. Sept. 30. Rh.Prus. French troops un- der Gen. Melac suddenly appear. [They occupy Cologne and Treves, Mentz and Woi-ms. The French devastate the Pa- latinate to make it a desert ; 400,000 are made homeless.] Oct. 29. Baden. Philippsburgis taken by Louis. 1690* * Imperial troops defeat the Turks. 1691 Aug. 19. Slavonia. Battle of Slankamen (p. 512). 1693 * * Louis of Bavaria assumes the chief command of the forces brought against the French invaders. 1697 Sept. 11. Hung. Battle of Zenta (p. 512). Sept. 20. Neth. Peace. (See State.) 1699 Jan. 26. Hung. The Turks con- clude a peace (p. 513). 1701-14 "War of the Spanish Succes- sion. The most of the German princes grad- ually come to the support of the em- peror. Cause : (p. 695.) Battles: 1703, Sept. 20, Hochstadt; 1704, July 2, Donauworth, Bavaria ; 170S, July 11, Oudenarde, Belg. ; 1709, Mal- plaquet, Fr. ; 1712, July 27, Denain, Fr. (pp. 694, 696). 1702 Aug. 15. It. At Luzzara a drawn battle is fought by the Imperial- ists under Prince Eugene and the French and Spanish allies under Due de Vendome. Sept. 9. Wurtemberq. Maximilian of Bavaria, an ally of" France, captures the Imperial city of Tllm. 1707 Sept. 24. Baden. The Imperial- ists under Marshal Mercy defeat the French at Offenburg. 1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace (p. 697). Sept. * JVurtemberg. The French under Marshal Yillars cross the Rhine and threaten Ulni. [Peace is negotiated.] * * Schleswig-Holstein. Altona is burned by the Swedes. 1714-18 "War of the Turks with Venice and after 1716 with Germany (p. 514). 1716 Aug. 5. Hung. Battle of Peter- wardein (p. 514). 1717 Aug. 15. Servia. Prince Eugene defeats the Turks at Wisnetza near ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1685 * * Andreas Cassius describes the preparation of gold purple used by Kunkel to make red glass, and for other purposes. 1687 * * Cinnebar is prepared in the fluid state by Schultze. 1690 * * Bavaria. The clarionet is in- vented by Johann C. Denner of Leipsic at Nuremberg. * * Saxony. Telescopes with a single lens are invented by Ehrenfried \V. Tschirnhausen. * * Saxony. August Q. Rivinus proposes to give two names to each plant. 1698-99 Br. Saxony. The orphano- tropheon at Halle is established by August Francke. 1700 * * Saxony. The first European porcelain [Dresden china] is made at Dresden, by Johann F. Bottcher. 1702* * Berlin. The Academy of Sci- ences is established. 1709 * * Prussic acid is accidentally discovered by Diescach, a chemist [and first obtained in a separate state by Scheele]. 1710 * * Saxony. Spoons are forged out of iron plate in the Erz-Gebirge. 1711* * Berlin. The observatory is erected under Leibnitz's direction. 1717* * Saxony. ChristophG. Schroter, the inventor, 'presents a model of his pianoforte to the court of Saxony. 1720* * Paper is made from * * Saxony. Hose without s vented by Bok at Leipsic. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1681 * * Ileineeeius, Johann, jurist, born. 1682* * Rupert, Prince of the Palatinate, general in England, A63. 1683 * * I'n'enbach, Zarkarias C. von, schol- ar, born. 1684 * * Haas, Johann, historian, born. Kohler, or Koehler, Johann I>., historian, b. Netscher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, painter, A45. 1685 * * Each, Johann S., composer, musi- cian, horn. Becher, Johann J., chemist, A55. Denner, Balthasar, painter, born. Klein, Jacob, naturalist, born. Handel, Georg Frederick, composer, born. 1686* * Fahrenheit, Gabriel IK, physicist, b. Calov, Abraham, Lutheran clergyman, A74. Guerieke, Otto, natural philosopher, inventor of air-pump, A84. Neuliof, Baron, Thedor von, adventurer, b. 1687 * * Bengel, Johann A., theol. wr., born. Hevelius, Johannes, astronomer, A76. 1688* * Frederick "William, "the Great Elector " of Brandenburg, fdr. of Prus- sian monarchy, A68. Vossius, Isaac, classical scholar, miscellane- ous writer, A70. 1690 * * Bogatzky, Karl H., theol. writer, b. Canz, Israel G., philosopher, born. Schmauss, Johann J., legal writer, born. 1691 * * Amman, Paul, botanist, A57. Gesner, Johann M., philologist, born. Morhof, Daniel G., scholar, A52. 1692* * Halm, Simon, historian, publicist, h. Pollnitz, Karl von, adventurer, hist, wr., b. Seckendorf, Veit L. von, scholar, theologian, statesman, A66. Struve, Gcorg A., jurist, A73. 1693* * Biitinger, (i.-org B., phys., math., b. 1694 * * Bayer, Gottlieb S., orientalist, born. Hartzheim, Joseph, Jesuit historian, born. Mosheim, Johann L. von, eccles. historian, h. Puffendorf, Baron Samuel, jurist, A62. Kiemarus, Hermann S., philologist, born. Sehopflin, Johann D., historian, born. 1695 * * I-iiedinger, Johann, designer, engr., b. Trew, Christoph J., botanist, anatomist, b. 1696 * * Albums, Bernard S., anatomist, b. Bruckner, Johann, cl., schol., historian, b. Keith, James, field-marshal, horn. Saxe, Count of, Hermann Maurice, gen., b. 1697 * * Charles VII., Charles Albert, em- peror, born. Hamberger, Georg E., physician, born. Tersteegen, Gerhard, poet, mvstic, born. 1698 * * Foque, Henri A., Baron de la Motte, general, born. Meniski, Francis M., orientalist, A75. 1699* * Daman, Christian, classical schol., b. Hasse, Johann, composer, born. Ziethen, Hans J. von, general, born. 1700 * * Coltsehed, Johann, critic, born. Kirchmaier, (ieorg K., chemist, A65. Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Count von, Ni- kolaus Ludwig, founder (or restorer) of Moravians, born. 1701 * * Hontheim, Johann 7$. von, jurist, b. Moser, Johann J., jurist, born. 170S* * Oetinger, Friedrich C, theol., born. 1703 * * Bach, Johann C, composer, organ- ist, A60. Gravius, Johann, scholar, A71. 1704* * Cartheuser, Johann F., physician, b. Spangenberg, August G., founder Moravian church in America, born. 1705 May 5, Leopold I., the Great, em- peror, A 65. Eimmart, Georg C, artist, astronomer, A67. Spener, Philipp J., theologian, A70. 1706 * * Baumgarten, Siinsmund J., theol., b. 1707 * * Cassel, Johann P., philologist, born. Cellarius, Christoph, critic, geog.,A69. Ernesti, Johann A., critic, born. 1708 * * Engau, Johann R., jurist, writer, b. Hagedon, Friedrich von, poet, born. 1709 * * Abraham a Saucta-Clara, Augustin- ian friar, pulpit orator, author, A67. Gmelin, Johann G., botanist, born. Holzer, Johann, fresco-painter, engr., born. Ludwig, Christian G., botanist, born. Marggraf, Andreas, chemist, born. 18th Century. Balthasar, Theodor, inventor of solar microscope, born. 1710 * * Bach, Wilhelm F., organist, born. Breitkopf, Johann G. E., typographer, born. 1711 * * Muhlenberg, Henry M., founder of Lutheran church in America, born. 1712 Jan. 24. Frederick II., the Great, King of Prussia, born. Dietrich, Christian "W., painter, b. 1713 Feb. 25. Frederick I., first king of Prus., A56. Ha^edorn, Christian L., art critic, wr., born. 1714 * * Bach, Karl P. E., composer, born. Baumgarten, Alexander G., philosopher, b. Daries, Joachim c, jurist, philosopher, b. Gleditsch, Johann (.:., botanist, born. Gluck, Johann C. von, composer, born. Gunther, Anton, Prince of Anhalt,gen., A61. Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, born. Trench, Baron Franz von der, general, h. 1715 * * Crusins, ( 'hnstian A., theol., born. Gellert, Christian F., poet, mis. wr., born. Kleist, Ewald C. von, poet, born. Wille, Johann G., engraver, born. 1716 Nov. 14. Leibnitz, Gottfried W. von, philosopher, A70. Hasenclever, Peter, merchant, manuf., b. Kampfer, Engelbrecht, botanist, A66. Reiske, Johann J.. Arabic scholar, born. 1717 May 13. Maria Theresa, Empress of Germany, Queen of Hungary, born. Michaelis, Johann, orientalist, Bib. critic, b. Oeser, or Oser, Adam F., paint., modeler, b. Winekelmann, Johann J., archeologist, b. 1718* * Bohn, Johann, physician, an., A78. Fink, Friedrich A. von, general, born. 1719 * * Achcnwall, < ,ot t tried, statistician, b. Canstein, Baron Karl H., philan., A52. Kantner, Abraham, poet, math., born. Lichtwer, Magnus G., poet, fabulist, born. 1720 * * Eckhof, Conrad, " the German Gar- rick," actor, born. Eisenhart, Johann, F., jurist, born. Haberlin, Franz D., historian, born. Munchhausen, Baron, Karl Friedrich Hieronymus von, soldier, romancer, born. Hz, Johann P., lyric poet, born. 1721 * * Baralier, Johann P., linguist, born. Brunswick, Duke of, Ferdinand, general, h. Camerarius, Rudolf J., botanist, phys., A66. Sender, Johann S., theologian, born. "Wedel, Georg W., physician, writer, A76. CHURCH. 1689+ Saxony. The Pietists, a Lu- theran sect, is founded in Leipsic by Philip James Spener, a professor of theology. They assert that the church is corrupt, the ministry unfaithful, and the people cursed with spiritual death. [1760. He establishes " colleges of pietists."] 1691 * * Borne. Innocent XII. is pope. C1700, Clement XL; 1721, Innocent XIII. 1724, Benedict XIII.; 1730, Clement XII 1740, Benedict XIV.; 1758, Clement XIII. 1769, Clement XIV.] 1706 * * A Danish Protestant mission is planned by Frederick IV. GERMANY. 1681,**-1721,* 799 LETTERS. 1682 * * Acta Eruditorum Lipsiensium is issued under the editorship of Leibnitz. 1686 * * Ephemericles Litterarise is is- sued at Hamburg. 1688 * * The Asiatic Banise, by Anselm von Zeigler, appears. * * Monatsgesprache is issued by Chris- tian Thoinasius. 1689 * * Monatliche Erzahlungen is is- sued. * * Arminius und Thusnelda, by Lohen- stein, appears. * * -98 * * Monatliche Unterredwngen is issued. 1691 * * Life of Jesus, by Father Martin of Cochem, appears. 1693 Oct. 19. P. Saxony. The Uni- versity of Halle is chartered by the emperor. 1694* * Thesaurus Antiquitatum Boma- norum, by Johann G. Graevius, appears. 1697 * * Bavaria. The University of Altdorf is authorized to create doctors of theology. * *A volume of epigrams by Christian Wernicke appears. 1698-1708 Nova Litteraria Maris Bal- thici et Septentrionis is issued. 1700 * * Nebenstunden unterschiedener Gedichte, by Freiherr von Cauitz, ap- pears. * * Observationes selecta ad rem littera- riam is issued. 1701 * * Monatlicher Anzug is issued. 1702 * * Neue Unterredwngen is issued. 1703-09 Nova Litteraria Germanise col- lecta Hamburgi is issued. 1704 * * Curieuse Bibliothek is issued (the continuation of Monatliche Unterre- dwngen.) 1705 * * Geistliche Cantaten, byErdmann Neumeister, set to music by Johann Sebastian Each, appears. 1709 * * Electa Juris Publici is issued. 1710* * Saxony. The llostocker Zeitung is issued at Leipsic. * * Neuer Vorrath is issued at Mecklen- burg. * * Theodicee, by Leibnitz, appears. 1711 * * Works, by Johann von Besser, appear. 1712 * * Oratorio of the Passion, an opera by Barthold H. Brookes, appears. [17*21- 48, Earthly Pleasures in God.] * * Thoughts on the Power of the Human Mind, by Christian Wolf, appears. [1713- 15, Elements of Unirersal Science.'] * * Teutsche Acta Eruditorum is issued. 1714 * * Hamburg. Der Vernunftler, the first German weekly newspaper, appears. * * Holsteinische Zeitungs- Correspondent is issued. [1716. Changed to Hamburg- ischer-Correspondent.] 1715-23 Neue Acerra Philologica is is- sued. 1715-32 Grundlingiana is issued. 1715 * * Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachen is issued. 1715-27 Acta PhiloMophoritm is issued. 1718* * Wiirttembergische Nebenstunden is issued. 1718-20 Literarische Analekten is issued. Pr. Saxony. Vermischte Bibliothek is issued at Halle. STATE. 1683 * * The Treaty of The Hague is concluded against the French. 1686 July 9. The League of Augs- burg is signed. The emperor, kings of Sweden and Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony, and the Palatinate, unite in a league to maintain the treaties of Minister and Kimeguen against France. * * Hung. Buda is taken from the Turks after possession for 145 years. 1687 * * Hung. Joseph I. receives the crown of Hungary. * * Hung. The Diet of Pressburg (p. 513). 1688 Apr. 19. Prus. Frederick William, the Great Elector, dies. Frederick HI. becomes duke of Prus- sia. 1689 * * The French send a ravaging army into South Germany which rouses some of the princes. (See France.) May 12. Vienna. The grand alliance is formed (p. 513). 1690 * * Bavaria. The Diet of Augsburg elects Joseph I. King of the Romans. 1691 * * Saxony. John Georg IV. be- comes elector. [1694. Frederick Augus- tus II.] 1692 Dec. 19. Hanover becomes the ninth electorate. 1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of Ryswick is signed (p. 695). Oct. 30. Neth. The Treaty of Rys- wick is ratified by the empire and the emperor (p. 513, 695). * * Saxony. Frederick Augustus I., elector, becomes the king of Poland ; he adopts the Catholic faith. * * Schwarzburg - Sondershausen is made a principality. 1699 Jan. 26. Aust. Peace of Kar- lowitz is signed by Austria, Poland, Russia, Venice, and Turkey (p. 513). * * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Albert dying childless, John Ernest, seventh son of Ernest the Pious, succeeds as ruler. 1701-14 "War of the Spanish Succes- sion. Cause (see p. 512). 1701 Jan. 18. Prus. Prussia first becomes a kingdom- Frederick III., Elector of Branden- burg, in an assembly of the States at Konigsberg, crowns himself and his wife, and is proclaimed King of Prussia by the name of Frederick I. * * Mecklenburg is divided into Meck- lenburg-Sch wer in and Meeklenburg- Strelitz. [Their later history is gener- ally the same.] * * Waldeck-Pyrmont is made a prin- cipality. Sept. 7. Second grand alliance against France (p. 695). 1702 * * Crefeld is transferred from the House of Nassau to Prussia. 1721 * * Die Discurse der Mailer isissued. 1703 Apr. * Ba varia. The Elector Maximilian, as an ally of France, de- clares war against the emperor. 1704* * Brunswick. Anthony ITlric becomes duke of Brunswiek-Wolfenbut- tel. [1714, Augustus William; 1731, Lewis Rudolf; 1735, Charles.] 1705 May 5. Vienna. The Emperor Leopold I. dies. [His son Leopold, King of Bohemia, succeeds him.] 1705-11 Joseph I. is emperor. 1707* * Switz. Neuchatel, or Neu- burg, and Valengia are seized and an- nexed by Frederick I. ; the principality of Tecklenburg is purchased. 1709 June 28. Saxony. Saxony and Denmark and Russia enter an alliance at Dresden. 1710 * * The Treaty of The Hague is signed by England, Holland, and the Empire, to push the war away from Ger- man boundaries. 1711 Apr. 17. The Emperor Joseph I. dies. [Dec. * His brother Charles is elected emperor.] 1711-40 Charles VI. is emperor. [Count Linzendorf is his minister.] * * Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt is made a principality. 1713-40 Prus. Frederick 'William I. is king. He lays the foundation of Prussian f:eatness, acquires great influence in urope, and leaves a well-disciplined army of 70,000 men at his death. 1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace of Utrecht (p. 697). Apr. 19. Charles VI. issues the Prag- matic Sanction (p. 514). * * Neth. Gelderland is ceded in great part to Prussia. 1714 Mar. 6. Baden. The prelimina- ries of peace with France are signed at Rastatt (pp. 514, 697). Sept. 17. Switz. Treaty of Baden be- tween the German Empire and France (p. 514). * * Bavaria. Maximilian Emanuel is re- stored to his dominions. * * Berlin. The five districts of Berlin are united under one magistracy. 1717* * Spain seizes Sardinia. Jan. 17. Neth. At The Hague a treaty is signed by Spain, Savoy, and Austria. 1718 July 22. Peace of Passarowitz (p. 515). July 26. London. The Quadruple Al- liance is formed against Spain. [1719. Holland joins.] (P. 697.) * * Spain seizes Sicily. 1720 * * Prus. Vompomern and Stet- tin are annexed to Prussia. * * The Treaty of Stockholm is signed by Sweden and Prussia. Sweden cedes Hither Pomerania with Stettin and the islands of Usedom and Wollin to Prussia, and Bremen and Ver- den to Hanover, and receives a payment of money. * * The Pragmatic Sanction is ratified by the estates of the Austrian Empire and many of the states of Europe. Lands belonging to the House of Aus- tria are to be indivisible ; the inheri- tance of these lands shall devolve on the daughters of Charles in the absence of male heirs, according to primogeni- ture ; if the line of Charles become ex- tinct, the daughters of Joseph I. and their descendants shall inherit. 800 1722,**-1749,* * GERMANY AMY — NAVY. 1733-35 "War of the Polish Succes- sion (p. 514). 1734 * * W. Prus. Danzig, having de- clared in favor of Stanislas Leszezyn- ski, is besieged and taken by the Rus- sians and Saxons. 1736-39 War with Turks and Rus- sians (p. 514). 1738 Nov.' IS. Vienna. The Peace of Vienna ends the war of the Polish Succession (p. 701). 1740-1S Prus. War of the Austrian Succession (p. 514). 1740-42 The First Silesian War. Saxony is an ally of Prussia (p. 514). 1741 Apr. 10. Silesia. Battle of Mollwitz (p. 514). * * Silesia. Glogau is captured by Prus- sians. * * Silesia. Frederick H. captures Breslau from Austria. 1742 May 17- Moravia. Battle of Chotusitz near Czaslau (p. 514). * * Bohemia. The French are driven out. June 11-July 28. Peace of Breslau and Berlin (p. 515). 1743 * * The allies are driven out of Bavaria by the Austrians. June 27. Bavaria. Battle of JJet- tingen (pp. 514, 700). * * The French, are compelled to recross the Rhine. * * Prus. Frederick introduces flying horse artillery, and improves military tactics. 17 44 4 5 Second Silesian War. Battles: 1745,Mayll,Fontenoy,Belg.; June 4, Hohenfriedburg. Silesia; Sept. 30, Soor, Bohemia ; Dec. 15, Kesselsdorf, Saxony (pp. 514, 515). 1744* * Saxony. Frederick with 80,000 men forces his way through Saxony and invades Bohemia. [Takes Prague.] 1745 Jan.* Bavaria. Munich is taken by the French and Bavarians. Dec. 25. Saxony. Peace. (See State.) 1746 Oct. 11. Belg. Marshal Saxe defeats the allies of Austria at Eo- coux, and completes the conquest of the Austrian Netherlands. * * War in Italy between Spain, France, and Austria. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1722 * * E. Prus. Denis Papin's steam- engine is used for raising water by Weber and Potter at Konigsberg, near Chemnitz. 1723 * * Saxony. Muslin is first made in Dresden. 1726* * Neth. Gabriel D. Fahrenheit invents his thermometer. 1729 * * Prus. Georg E. Stahl founds a system of chemistry on the theory of phlogiston. 1731-63 Saxony. Johann A. Hasse pro- duces many operas, chiefly at Dresden. 1732 * * Iieuss-Gera. The French lock is invented by Freytag at Gera. * * Martin, a snuffbox maker, is said to have learned the art of making papier- mache - from one Lefevre. 1746 * * Bavaria. The pedal harp is invented by J. P. Vetters at Nuremberg. 1747 * * Beet-root sugar is first pro- duced by Andreas Marggraf , the chemist. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1722* * Augustus Wilhelm, prince, brother of Frederick the Great, born. 1723 Oct. 19. Kneller. Sir Godfrey, painter, A75. Basedow, Johann B., teacher, educational reformer, born. Bloch, Markus E., Jewish phys., natural., b. Cramer, Johann A., theologian, poet, born. Cranz, David, hist.. IWoiavian missionary, b. Grimm. Baron Friedrich M., wit, critic, author, born. Mayer, Johann T., astronomer, born. Closer, Friedrich K. von, jurist, born. 1724 Apr. 22. Kant, immamiel, meta- physician, |ihi]ns"plnT, born. jEpinus, Franz M. IT. T., electrician, b. Busehing, Anton F., geographer, born. Fischervon F.rlarh, Huron Johann B., archi- tect, A74. Guiacnard, Karl Gottlieb, colonel, author, b. Putter, Johann S., publicist, born. 1726* * Chodowiechi, ] >aniel N., engr., b. Sehwarz, Christian F., missionary, born. Trench, Baron Friedriidi von der, gen., b. Walch, Christian W. F., eccles. hist., born. "Weisse, Christian F., poet, dram., mis. wr.,b. Zacharia, Just F. W., poet, satirist, born. 1727* * Dantz, or I)anz, Johann A., orien- talist, A73. Francke, August H., cl., philanthropist, A64. batterer, Johann ('., ^cuy., historian, b. 1728* * Mengs, Anton K., painter, author, b. Oeder, Georg L., botanist, born. 1729 Jan. 22. Lessing. Gotthold Ephra- im, dramatist, critic, born. Buddaeus, Johannes, Lutheran theologian, historian, A62. Forster, Johann R., naturalist, traveler, b. Furstenberg, Baron Friedrich W. F., states- man, born. Habn, Simon, historian, publicist, A37. Heyne, Christian G., philologist, born. Mendelssohn, Muses, philosopher, born. Panzer, Gcorg Wolfgang, cl., hihliog., born. 1730 * * Chemnitz, Johann, cl., naturalist, h. Lckhard, John G., anliq., historian, A56. Hamann, Johann G., philosopher, born. Hedwig, Johann, botanist, born. Knyphausen, Baron William von, general of Hessians in America, born. Steuben, Frederick W. A ., general, born. 1731 * * Datbe, Johann A., theol., orient., b. 1732 * * Adelung, Johann C, philologist, b. Bach, Johann ('., composer, born. Haydn. Joseph, composer, horn. 1733 * * Augustus 1., Frederick, King of To- land, AG3. Meamer, Friedrich A,, founder of Tnesmer- Nicohii, Christoph F., litterateur, born. Niebuhr. Karsiens, traveler, born. Wieland, Christopher Martin, poet, novel- ist, mis. writer, born. 1734 * * Stahl, Georg ]',., chemist, A74. Tychsen, Olaus G-, orientalist, philologist, h. Un'enliai'h. Zarharias von. scholar, A51. 1735 * * Musaus, Johann K. A., mis. wr., b. Schlozer, August L. von, historian, born. "Walter, Johann G., physician, anatomist, h. 1736 * * Fahrenheit. Gabriel D., physicist, A50. Roseninuller, Johann G., theologian, born. Schmidt, Michael I., historian, born. 1737* * Mai-kert, Philipp. painter, horn. Koch, Christoph W. von, historical wr., b. Schmolk, Benjamin, hymn-writer, A65. 1738 * * Abl.t, Thomas, mis. writer, born. Baldingcr, Krnst Gottfried, phys., au., born. Bayer, Gottlieb S., orientalist, A44. Klotz, Christian A., scholar, critic, born. Itiedesel, Friedrich A. von, general in Amer- ica in British service, born. Struve, Burkhard G., jurist, A67. 1739* * Amalie, Anna, Duchess of Saxe- Weimar, born. Beckmann, Johann, naturalist, agricultural writer, born. Fberhard, Johann A., philosopher, wr., h. Hahn, Philipp M., mechanician, inventor, b. Keiser, Keinhard, composer, A66. Wrisberg, Heinrich A., anatomist, born. 1740 * * Baratier, Johann P., linguist, A 19. Holzer, Johann, fresco-painler, engr., A31. Jacobi, Johann G., poet, scholar, born. Jung-Stilling, Johann II., mystic, born. Oberlin, Jean F., social reformer, philan., b, Sturm, Christopher C, moralist, preacher, h. 1741 Mar. 13. Joseph II., emperor, b. Archenholz, Johann W., historical writer, b. Bahrdt, Karl F., theologian, born. Fueling, Christoph lb, scholar, historian, b. F.ngel, Johann J., critic, mis. writer, born. Heineccius, Johann G-, jurist, A(iO. ^aumann, Johann G., composer, born. Pallas, Peter S., naturalist, traveler, born. 1742 Dec. 16. Bliicher. Gebhard L. von, field-marshal, born. Esper, Fugen J. C, entomologist, born. Haas, Johann M., historian, A58. Hoffmann, Friedrich. physician, A82. Licbtenberg, Georg ('., physicist, born. 1743 * * Claudius, Matthias, poet, bom. Fsehenbuxg, Johann J., litterateur, born. F'abricius, Johann C, entomologist, born. Frisch, Johann L., philol., naturalist, A77. Jacobi, Friedrich H., novelist, philosopher, mis. writer, born. Klaproth, Martin H., chemist, born. Planer, Johann J., botanist, physician, born. Rothschild, Mayer A., banker, born. Zimmerman, Fberhard A. W. von, natural- ist, author, born. 1744 Sept. 25. Frederick "William II., King of Prussia, born. Bauer, Ferdinand, botanical, painter, born. Bogat/.ky, Karl II., theological writer, A54. Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von, archhp. of Mentz, schol., writer, born. Erxleben, Johann C. 1*., naturalist, born. Gmelin, Samuel G., botanist, traveler, born. Herder, Johann G. von, philosopher, au., b. Knebel, Karl L. von, litterateur, born. 1745* * Charles VII., Charles Albert, em- peror, A48. Frank, Johann P., physician, born. ' Griesbach, Johann J., theologian, philol., b. Schulembourg:, Johann M., general, A84. 1746 * * Campe, Joachim H., philanthropist, mis. writer, born. Hardt, Hermann von der, philologist, A86. Zanner, Franz, sculptor, born. 1747 May 5. Leopold II.. emperor, born. Bertucb, Friedrich J., journalist, mis. writer, Bode, Johann E., astronomer, born. Denner, Balthasar, painter, A62. Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessan, gen., A73. Meiners, Christoph, historian, born. Schultze, Johann A. P., poet, composer, b. 1748 * * Burger, Gottfried A., poet, born. Fiorillo, Johann I>., painter, art-writer, b. Ik-derich, Benjamin, philol., lexicog., A73. Holty, Ludwig H. C, poet, born. Weigel, Christian E. von, naturalist, born. Weishaupt, Adam, jurist, philosopher, born. 1749 Aug:. 38. Goethe. Johann Wolf- gang von, poet, dramatist, novelist, phi- losopher, born. Forkel, Johann N., composer, born. Trench, Baron, Franz von der, general, A35. CHURCH. 1722 June 17. Saxony. The town of Herrnhut is commenced by refugee Moravians. 1724* * W.Prus. Several Protestants are put to death at Thorn under a pre- tended legal sentence of the chancellor of Poland, for being concerned in a tumult occasioned by a Roman Catholic procession. 1727* * The Moravian Church in North Germany consists of 500 persons. 1730 Aug. 30. Switz. The German Christian Society is organized at Basel on the Upper Rhine; it is a mission- society. LETTERS. * * Gelehrtes Preussen is issued. 1724* * Hamburg. Der Patriot is issued. * * Erlautertes Preussen is issued. 1724-25 Poems, by .Christian Gunther, appear. 1725* *The Vernwnftige Tadler-nnen is issued by Johann £. Gottsched. [1727. Continued as Biedermann.] * * Der musihalische Patriot is issued. * *Nova Litteraria is issued in Franconia. * * Thesaurus Antiquitatum et Historicum Halite, Sicilas, etc., by Johann G. Grae- vius and P. Burmannus, appears. GERMANY. 1722,**-1749, 801 * * Hesse. Kurze Histoire is issued. * * Der patriotische Medikue is issued. 1728 * * Die Matrone is issued. * *A Treatiseon Logic, by Christian Wolf, appears. [1730, Primitive Philosophy or Ontology ; 1732, Moral Philosophy or Ethics; 1734, Rational Psychology ; 1738- 39, Universal Practical Philosoj>h>i ,- 1740-49, The Law of Nature and fhe Laws of Nations.] * * Art of Rhetoric, by Gottsched, appears. [1730, Critische Di'chtkunst; 1732, Cato, and essays on literary history and the German language ; 1734, World-Wisdom; 1736, Poems.] 1729 * * Versuch einigen Gedichte, by Friedrich von Hagedo'rn, appears. * * Bavaria. The University of Bam- berg adds a faculty of theology. 1730-32 Acta Borussica is issued in Prussia. 1731-50 The Universal Lexicon of Sci- ence and Arts, 64 vols., by Johann H. Zedler, appears. 1732 * * Versuch schiveizerischer Ge- dichte, poems by Albrecht von Haller, appear. 1736 Dec. 7. Hanover. The Univer- sity of Gottingen is endowed by George II. of England, Elector of Hanover. [1737, Sept. 17. Opened.] 1738 * * Fabeln und Erzahlungen, by Hagedorn, appears. [1747, Odes and Songs; 1750, Moral Poeins.] * * Considerations sur I'itat present du corps politique de !' F.urnpe, by Frederick II. (the Great) of Prussia, appears. [1740, V Antimachiavel ; 1751, Memoir esde Bran- delbourg.] 1739 * * Zeitungtn von gelehrte Sachsen is issued at Gottingen. 1740-58 Zuverlassige Xachrichten (the continuation of Teutsche Acta Erudi- torum) is issued. 1740-45 German Stage, by Gottsched, appears. [1745-54, Neuer Buchersaal ; 1748, Deutsche Sprachkunst.] 1742 * * Spring, by J. P. Uz, appears. 1743 Feb. 21. Bavaria. The Uni- versity of Erlangen is chartered by the emperor. 1744* * Essays in Humorous Poetry, by J. W. L. Gleim, appears. * * Bremen Contributions is issued by Ma- giste Schwabe and other Leipsic poets. 1746 * * Fables and Tales and The Life of the Swedish Countess G., by Christian F. Gellert, appear. [1657, Sacred Odes and Songs.] * * Gelehrte Zeitung is issued. 1747* * Theatrical Works, by Elias Schlegel, appears. 1748* * The Young Scholar, by Gotthold E. Lessing, appears. [1751, Trifles; 1753, Complete Works. Parts I. and IT. ; 1754, Parts III. and IV. ; 1755, Parts V. and VI., and Miss Sarah Simpson.] * * Elements of Belles-Leltres, Metaphy- sica,Ethica Pliilosophia, and sFsthefica, by Alexander G. Baumgarten, appear. 1748-73 The Messias, by Friedrich G. Klopstock, appears. [1758, Religious Songs.] 1749 * * Spring, by Ewald C. von Kleist, appears. SOCIETY. 1725 Nov. * Hanov er. Peter, the "Wild Boy, is found in the Harzwald by King George I. of England and some friends while hunting ; he is found walking on his hands and feet, climbing trees like a squirrel, and feeding on grass and moss. 1749* * Bavaria. Maria Renata is burned at Wurzburg for witchcraft. STATE. 1722 * * Wilrtemberg. The duke becomes a Catholic. [Former dukes were Protes- tants.] 1726 * * Bavaria. Charles Albert be- comes duke. 1728-48 Saxe- Weimar. Under the reign of Ernest Augustus the principality is reunited. 1731 * * Bremen is sold to Hanover. 1733-35 "War of the Polish Succes- sion (pp. 515, 699). * * Saxony. Frederick Augustus U. becomes elector, and King of Poland. * * Wiirtemberg. Charles Alexander becomes duke. [1737. Charles Eugene.] 1735 * * Brunsivick. Ferdinand Albert becomes duke of Brunswick-Bevern. * * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. John Ernest's two sons ruling in common, acquire pos- session of Coburg, and, changing their residence, stvle themselves dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. 1736* * Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, marries Maria Theresa, the heiress of Austria. 1738 Nov. 18. Vienna. The Peace of "Vienna (p. 701). * * Baden. Charles Frederick becomes margrave of Baden-Durlach. 1740 May 31. Prus. Frederick William I. dies. [He is succeeded by his son Frederick.] 1740-86 Prus. Frederick II. [Fred- erick the Great] is King of Prussia. He is the greatest soldier of his time ; he elevates Prussia to the rank of a European power. Oct. 20. The Emperor Charles VI. dies, and the male line of the House of Hapsburg becomes extinct. [Three rivals claim the Austrian throne against Maria Theresa.] (P. 515.) 1741 Jan. * Silesia. Breslau is con- quered by Frederick II. of Prussia. Mar. 13. Hung. Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary, gives birth to a son [Jo- seph II.]. May* Bavaria. Alliance of Nyra- pnenburg against Austria (p. 515). * * Bohemia. Prague is taken into alli- ance with the Saxons. * * Aust. Charles Albert of Bavaria causes himself to be proclaimed arch- duke of Linz, while homage is paid to Frederick in Silesia. [Dec* He is crowned King of Bohemia.] 1742 Jan. 22. Charles Albert, Duke of Bavaria, who had never recognized the Pragmatic Sanction, is made emperor by the aid of Louis XV. of France. [General war ensues. Maria Theresa exhibits undaunted spirit ; with her in- fant son, Joseph II., in her arms, she ap- peals to the Hungarian Diet, and the chivalrous Magyars respond with enthu- siasm.] 1742^5 Charles VH. is emperor of Germany. Feb. 12. Frankfort. Charles VII. is crowned emperor at Frankfort-on-the- Main. * * Frederick II. of Prussia claims Si- lesia, and the electors of Bavaria and of Saxony dispute Maria Theresa's claim to the Austrian lands. Frederick de- clares war. June 11-July * The Peace of Breslau and of Berlin is signed by Austria and Prussia. Terms : Frederick II. withdraws from the alliance against Maria Theresa; Austria cedes Upper and Lower Silesia and the county of Glatz to Prussia, and retains only the southwestern part of Neisse, Troppau, and Jagerndorf ; Prus- sia assumes the debt of Silesia due to English and Dutch creditors to the amount of 1,700,000 rix dollars. 1743 * * Frederick II. concludes a sec- ond alliance with Charles VII. and France. * * Charles Theodor becomes elector palatine of the Rhine. 1744 May 22. Frankfort. The Union of Frankfort is signed by Frederick II. with the Emperor Charles VII., the Swedes, and Hessians. [France also joins. The second Silesian war follows.] * * Hanover. East Friesland falls to- Prussia on the extinction of the reigning house. 1745 Jan. 20. Munich. Charles VU. dies. [He is succeeded by his son, Max- imilian Joseph.] Jan. * Alliance against Prussia (p. 515). Apr. 22. Bavaria. Peace of Fiissen (p. 515). May 18. Saxony enters a treaty of al- liance with Austria ; the elector is to receive a portion of territory in the par- tition of Prussia. Sept. 13. Francis, Duke of Lorraine, is elected emperor by the aid of England and Holland. He is an amiable nonen- tity; but Maria Theresa, his wife, he- comes a ruling spirit in Europe. 1745-1806 House of Lorraine. 1745-65 Francis I, is emperor. Dec. 25. Saxony. The Peace of Dres- den is concluded between Prussia and Austria, with Saxony, her ally. It ratifies the peace of Breslau and Berlin in the ceding of Silesin to Prussia, and end? the second Silesian war. Frederick II. recognizes Francis I. as Emperor of Germany ; Saxony agrees to pay to Prussia the impossible sum of 1,000,000 rix dollars. * * *Prussia is a first-class power among the states of Europe. 1748 Oct. 7. Ph. Prus. PeaceofAix- la-Chapelle (p. 515). * *A growing envy embitters Austria against Prussia since the latter came to be a great power. MISCELLANEOUS. 1725 * * Nassau. Frederick Augustus, King of Poland, builds the Konigstein Tun. It is made to hold 233,667 gallons of wine ; and the top, enclosed by a railing, furnishes accommodation for 20 persons while regaling themselves. 802 1750, * *-1772,** GERMANY. ARMY — WAVY. 1756-63 The Third Silesian "War, or Seven Years' "War. Prussia is attacked by Austria aided by France and Russia ; it is occasioned by jealousy of Prussian power. Battles: 1756, Oct. 1, Lobositz, Bohemia Oct. 16, Pirna, Saxony ; 1757, May 6, .Prague June IIS, Kolin, Bohemia; June 26, Hasten- beck, Hanover; Aug. 30, Grossjiigenidorf, E. Prus. ; Nov. .5, Rossbacli, Saxony (p. 516) Nov. 22, Breslau; Dec. 5, Leutlieh, Silesia 1758, June 23, Crefeld (p. 516) Kli. Prus.; Aug! 25, Zorndorf, Brandenburg; (let. 14, Hocb kirch, Saxony; 17.^1, Julv '-'-'l, Kav, Branden- burg; Aug. 1, Minden, Prus.; Aug. 12, Ku- nersdorf; Nov. 20, Maxen, Saxony; 1760, June 20, Landesbut; Aug. 15, Liegnitz; Oct. 30, Schweidint/,, Silesia; Nov. 3, Torgau, Sax ony; 1762, July 21, Burkersdorf, Saxony, (pp. 514, 516.) 1756 Aug. * Frederick II. suddenly in- vades Saxony with 67,000 men, and sub- dues it in anticipation of a combined endeavor of great powers to partition Prussia. He captures Dresden. 1757 * * The Prussians opposing the French are commanded by Ferdi- nand, Duke of Brunswick, brother of the ruling duke. * * The French send a second army un- der Soubise to unite with the Imperial army in liberating Saxony. June 28. Moravia. The Austrians un- der Gen. Laudon cut off the convoy of the Prussian army, and compel it to retreat. 'Nov. * Silesia. Frederick II. leads the victorious Prussians into Silesia, to re- store the prestige lost in the defeat and capture of the Duke of Br uns wick-Be v- ern by the Austrians. Dee. 21. Silesia. Breslau is recovered by the Prussians after a siege, "with 2,000 Austrian prisoners. occupied by Fred- fc * Moravia. Frederick unsuccessfully besieges Olmiitz. fc * The Russians under Count Fermor advance to join the Austrians. * * Ferdinand of Brunswick drives the French back across the Rhine. 1 * Prus. The Russians conquer Prussia as far as the Mark, and then advance. * * Bremen is taken out of the hands of the French by Hanoverians. 1759 Jan. 2. Frankfort- on-the-Main is surprised and captured by the French. Apr. 13. Ferdinand, Duke of Bruns- wick, is defeated by the French under the Duke of Broglie, in the skirmish of Bergen, near Frankfort-on-the-Main. July 1. Silisia. The fortress of Glatz is captured by Gen. Laudon. July * Saxonj/. Dresden is unsuccess- fully bombarded by Frederick. July 31. Westphalia. At "Warburg the French are defeated by the Duke of Brunswick and the allies. 1760 Oct. 9-13. Berlin. The Russians and Austrians under Gen. Todleben sur- prise, capture, and burn the city. * * Berlin is laid under contribution by Gen. Lacy, with 15,000 Austrians and a Russian army; 800,000 guilders and 1,900,- 000 crowns paid, and magazines, arsenals, and foundries destroyed. Oct. 30. Silesia. At Schweidnitz Frederick II. surprises and storms and captures the castle. [1761. Oct. 1. Re- captured by Austrians. 1769. Oct. 9. Recaptured by Frederick.] 1761 * * Silesia. Frederick is encamped opposite the united armies at Bunzel- witz. * * The Russian and Austrian armies separate through jealousy of Gen. Lau- don. Dec. 13. Pomerania. The Russians cap- ture the fortress of Kolberg. 1762 May 16. At Schweidnitz Fred- erick defeats the Austrians. July 21. Silesia. Battle of Burkers- dorf (p. 516). Oct. 29. Saxony. Battle of Freiberg (p. 516). 1763 Feb. 15. The Peace of Huberts- burg ends the Seven Years' "War (p. 517). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1752 * * Musical notes are printed by Johann G. E. Breitkoff. 1759 * * The theory of epigenesis is ad- vanced by Kaspar F. Wolff in his The- oria Generationis. 1760* * lieuss-Gera. Candle-molds of pewter are made by Freytag at Gera. 1766 * * Frederick Anthony Mesmer, a physician of Merseburg, publishes his doctrines respecting "mesmerism." 1767 * * Rk. Prus. A school of art, for landscape and religious painting, is founded at Dusseldorf [and becomes famous]. 1769 * * Hanover. The first waterspout machine is made by "Winterfried in the Hartz Mountains. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1750 July 28. Bach. Johann Sebas- tian, composer, musician, A65. P.illinger, Georg It., physicist, math., A57. Hardenberg, Prince Karl A. von, Btate9.,b. Jahn, Johann, R. C. cl., orientalist, born. Saxe, Hermann Maurice, Count, of, gen., A54. Schneider, Johann G-, naturalist, philologist, lexicographer, born. Stolberg, Count, Friedrich von, poet, born. Werner, Abraham <:., geol., mineralogist, b. 1751 * * Klengel, Johann ('., painter, born. Nitzsch, Karl [,., theologian, born. Planck, Gottlieb J., theol., church hist., b. Vosb, Johann H., poet, philologist, born. 1752 * * Bengel, Johann A., theol. wr., A65. Blumenbach, Johann F., naturalist, physiol- ogist, born. Eichhorn, Johann G., Biblical critic, born. Tiedge, Christoph A., poet, born. Tnaer, Albert, agriculturist, writer, born. 1753 * * Aehard, Franz K., chemist, born. Canz, Israel G., philosopher, A63. Gabler, Johann P., theologian, born. Klinger, Friedrich M., dram., novelist, born. Knapp, Georg C, theologian, born. Meissner, August. <;., dram., litterateur, b. Reinhard, Francis V., theol., preacher, born. 1754* * Forster, Johann G. A., naturalist, writer, born. Hagedorn, Friedrich von, poet, A46. Niemeyer, August H., author, born. Woli. Johann O. von, philosopher, A75. 1755* * Bauer, Georg L., rationalistic cler- gyman, orientalist, born. Blumauer, Aloys, poet, born. Bulow. Count Friedrich W. v6n, gen.,b. Clootz, Baron Anacharsis de, political en- thusiast in France, born. Engau, Johann It., jurist, writer, A47. Gmelin, Johann <;., botanist, A 46. Hahnemann, Samuel C. F., physician, fdr. of homeopathic system, born. Hamberger, Georg E., physician, A58. Mosheim, Johann L. von, eccles. hist., A6I. Kohler, or Koehler, Johann 1)., antiquary, historian, ATI. Sommering, Samuel T. von,anat.,physiol.,b. 1756 Jan. 27. Mozart. Wolfg-ang Ama- dous, composer, born. Ackermann, Johann C. G., physician, au.,b. Babon, Franz M. von, dramatic writer, b. Chladni, Ernst F. F., philosopher, inv., b. La Fontaine, August H. J., novelist, mis. writer, born. Neuhof, Baron Theodor von, advent., A70. Seharnhorst, Gerhard I), von, gen.,au., b. 1757 Oct. 26. Stein, Baron Heinrich F. K. von, statesman, born. Baumgarten, Sigismund J., theologian, A51. Bechstein, Johann M., naturalist, born. Beck, Christian I)., historian, philologist, b. Pleyel, Ignaz, composer, born. Schmauss, Johann J., legal writer, A67. Wacbter, Johann G., scholar, archeol., A84. 1758* * Augustus Willielni, Prince, brother of Frederick the Great, A36. Panuecker, Johann H., sculptor, born. Gall, Franz J., phys., fdr. of phrenology, b. Keith, James, field-marshal, AK2. Olbers, Heinrich W. JM., astronomer, born. Keinhold, Karl L., philosopher, born. Tychsen, Thomas C, philologist, born. 1759 Apr. 14. Handel, Georg- F., com- poser, A74. Nov. 10. Schiller, Johann C. F. von. poet, dramatist, historian, born. Guts Muths, Johann C. F., founder of Ger- man system of gymnastics, born. Klein, Jakob T-, naturalist, A74. Kleist, Ewald C. von, poet, A44. Red, Johann C., anatomist, born. "Wolf. Friedrich August, classical scholar, 1760 * * Ahlwardt, Christian W., philol., b. Bottiger, Karl A., archeologist, born. Demme, Hermann K., novelist, born. Dinter, Gustav F., teacher, wr. on educa.,b. Gneisenau, Count, August N. von, marsh., b. Hebel, Johann P., poet, born. Heeren, Arnold H,, historian, born. Ziegler, Friedrich W., actor, dramatist,' b. Zinzendorf und I'ottendorf, Count, Nikolaus Ludwig, fdr. (or rest.) of Moravians, A60. 1761 * * Bardili, Christoph G., phil., born. Gesner, Johann Matthias, philol., A70. Kotzebue, August F. F. von, dram., b. Matthisson, Friedrich von, poet, born. Paulus, Heinrich E. G., theologian, born. Staudlin, Karl F., theologian, born. Tennemann, Willielm G., philosopher, born. Tauchnitz, Karl C. F., printer, bookseller, b. 1762 * * Baumgarten, Alexander G., philoso- pher, A48. Fichte, Johann G., metaphysician, born. Huf eland, Christoph W., physician, born. Kluber, Johann L., jurist, politician, born. Mayer, Johann T.. astronomer, A39. Poniatowski, Prince, Joseph A., Polish gen- eral, born. Vulpius, Christian A., author, born. Zobel, Benjamin, artist, born. v 1763 Mar. 21. Richter, Jean Paul Friedrich. poet, novelist, satirist, born. Buhle, Johann G., historian of phil., born. Hartzheini, Joseph, Jesuit, historian, A69. Hayne, Friedrich G., botanist, born. Seckendorf, Count, Friedrich H. von, gen- eral, diplomatist, A9Q. 1764 * * Buttmann, Philipp K., philol., b. Ebel. Johann G., geologist, born. Erman, Paul, physicist, born. Gentz, Frederick von, states., pol. wr., born. Hugo, Gustav, jurist, born. Jacobs, Frederick, C. \V., classical scholar, critic, born. Scbadow, Johann G., sculptor, born. 1765 * * Baader, Franz X. von, phil., born. Daub, Karl, theologian, born. Kielmeyer, Karl V. von, naturalist, born. 1766 * * Abbt, Thomas, mis. writer, A28. Ammon, Christoph F, von, theol., preach., b. Ancillon, Johann P., statesman, lust., born. Bouterwek, Friedrich, phil., critic, born. Ersch, Johann S., cyclopedist, born. Fink, Friedrich A. von, general, A48. Gotlsched, Johann C, critic, A66. Humboldt, Baron Karl W., statesman, philologist, born. Ideler, Christian L., astron., linguist, born. Kreutzer, Rudolf, composer, born. Schelling, Friedrich G , novelist, born. Scholl, Maximilian S. F., hist., publicist, b. Sprengel, Kurt, botanist, born. GERMANY. 1750,**-1772,**. 803 1767 * * Lehman n, .Tohann G., mineral., d. Hiedinger, John E., designer, engraver, A72. Schlegel, August W. von, poet, oriental- ist, author, "born. Seetzen, Ulrich J., naturalist, traveler, born. Wrede, Karl P., prince, field-marshal, born. 1768 Feb. 12. Francis II., emperor, b. Adelnng, Friedrich, philologist, born. Eberhard, Konrad, sculptor, born. Eschenmayer, Karl A., philosopher, meta- physician, mystic, born. Kind, Johann F., poet, novelist, dram., born. Koch, Joseph A., painter, born. Krummacher, Friedrich A., theologian, poet, mis. writer, born. Kuhnoel, Christian F., Biblical critic, born. Reimarus. Hermann S., philologist, A74. Rosenmuller, Ernst F. K., Bib., critic, born. Schleiermacher. Friedrich E. D.. theolo- gian, critic, mis. writer, born. Werner, Friedrich L. Z., dramatist, born. Winckelmann, John J., archeologist, A51. 1769 Sept. 14. Humboldt. Baron, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von, naturalist, traveler, philosopher, born. Accum, Friedrich, chemist, born. Albertini, Johann B. von, Moravian cl., pul- pit orator, born. Arndt, Ernst M., poet, political writer, born. Bernhardt, August F., philologist, horn. Gellert, Christian F., poet, mis. writer, A54. Pichler, Caroline von, novelist, born. Tersteegen, Gerhard, poet, mystic, A72. Trew, Christoph J., botanist, anatomist, A74. 1770 Aug. 3. Frederick William III.. King of Prussia, born. Dec. 16. Beethoven, Ludwig van, com- poser, born. Albinus, Bernhard S., anatomist, A74. Bruckner, Johann J., cl., schol., hist., A74. Ess, Karl van, R. C. theol., Bib. sclioL, born. Hassel, Johann G. H., statistician, born. Hegel. Georg "Wilhelm Friedrich, phil., b. Krug, Wilhelm 'I'., philosopher, born. Rapp, George, fdr. of sect of Harmonists, b. Schopenhauer, Johanna, novelist, born. Trommsdorff, Johann B., chemist, born. 1771 * * Augusti, Christian J. W., theol., b. Creuzer, Georg F., antiquary, philologist, b. Ernest, Augustus, King of Hanover, born. Klotz, Christian A., scholar, critic, A33. Rosenmirller, Johann C., anatomist, born. Sehopflin, Johann D., historian, A76. Schwartzenberg, Prince, Karl P., gen., b. Senefelder, Alois, inv. of tithograpby, born. Vater, Johann S.. theologian, philologist, b. Zschokke, Johann H. I.)., mis. writer, born. 1772* * Achenwall. Gottfried, statistic, A53. Autenrieth, Johann H. F. von, phys., au., b. Bast, Friedrich J., scholar, diplomatist, b. Brockhaus, Friedrich A., pub., of Leipsic, b. Collin, Heinrich J. von, poet, born. Ess, Leander van, theologian, born. Hardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, phi- losopher, mystical writer, born. Hermann, Jonann G. J., philologist, born. Lampadius, Wilhelm A., metallurgist, born. Perthes, Friedrich C, publisher, born. Schlegel, Karl W. von, philosopher, critic, b. LETTERS. 1750 * * (Euvres du Philosophe de Sans Souci, by Frederick the Great, appears. 1752 * * Arminius or Hermann, by Chris- toph M. Wieland, appears. [1761, Araspes and Panthea.] 1755 * * Reflections upon the Imitation of the Antique , by Johann J. Winckelmann, appears. [1764, History of Ancient Art.] * * Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens, by Immanuel Kant, ap- pears. 1756-63 War Songs of a Grenadier, by Johann W. L. Gleim, appears. 1757 * * The Bibliothek der schonen Wis- senschaften is begun by Lessing, Men- delssohn, and Nicolai. 1759* * Scenes from Faust, Philotas, Fabeln, and other works by Lessing, ap- pear. [1759-65, Letters on Literature.'] * * Memorabilia of Socrates, by Johann G. Hemann, appears. 1759-68 Beitrag zum deutschen Theatre, by Christian F. Weisse, appears. [1767, Komische Opern.] 1760-62 The German Grandson, by Johann K. Musaus, appears. 1762 * * War-songs of a Royal Danish Grenadier, by Heinrich W. Gerstenberg, appears. [1776, Gedicht eines Skalden; 1768, Ugolino.] 1762-66 A translation of Shakespeare's dramas, by Wieland, appears ; it is the first German version of Shakespeare. [1764, Don Sylrio ron Rosalva; 1766, Agathon ; 1768, Musarion and Idris.] 1764 * * Bavaria. The University of Bamberg adds a faculty of medicine. * * Wilhelmine, by Moritz A. Thummel, appears. * * Observations upon the Sentiment of the Beautiful and the Sublime, by Kant, appears. '[1766, Dreams of a Ghost-seer.] 1765-1806 The Universal German Li- brary (162 vols.) is published under the editorship of Christoph F. Nicolai and others. 1765 * * New Essays on the Human Un- derstanding, by Leibnitz, appears. 1766 * * Laocobn, or the Limits of Poetry and Painting, and Humorous Tales, by Lessing, appear. [1767, Minna von Barn- helm; 1769, How the Ancients depicted Death; 1772, Emilia Galotti.] * * Kritische Wdlder is issued. 1767* * Phsedo, a Dialogue on the Im- mortality of the Soul, by Moses Mendels- sohn, appears. * * Fragments concerning the More Recent German Literature, by Johann G. Her- der, appears. [1769, Critical Forests; 1772, On the Origin of Language.] 1767-69 Hamburg. Dramaturgic is is- sued by Lessing. 1769 * * History of Osnabriick, by Justus Moser, is begun. [1774, Patriotic Fan- ciest] * * Hermami's Schlacht, by Klopstock, appears. [1771, Oden ; 1774, The Scholar 's Republic] * * Der Postzug, by Cornelius H. Ayren- hoff, appears. 1770 * * The Graces, by Wieland, ap- pears. [1771, Amadis; 1772, The Golden Mirror; 1773, Alceste; 1776, Gaudelin ; 1777, Geron the Noble.] 1770-74 Poems, by Johann G. Jacobi, appear. 1770-78 The Journey of Sophia from Memel to Saxony, by Johann T. Hermes, appears. 1771 * * Usong, by Haller, appears. STATE. 1755 * * Fr. Madame Pompadour suc- ceeds in overthrowing the Ministry, and induces the Government to give up Prussia and become an ally of Austria. France joins the alliance of Russia and Austria (p. 515). 1756 * * Austria brings on the Seven Tears* War in seeking recovery from the disgrace of surrendering Silesia to a smaller power (p. 515). 1756-63 Hanover and Brunswick suf- fer greatly during the Seven Years' War. 1757 Jan.* * Prussia and England join in an alliance. * * "War is declared on Frederick II. {p. 516). * * Sweden joins the alliance against Prussia. Sept. 8. Hanover. Richelieu and the Duke of Cumberland enter into the treaty of the Monastery of Zeven, requir- ing the French to occupy Hanover. [The English Government rejects the treaty.] Oct. 14. Frederick LT. receives the summons of the Imperial Diet at Ratis- bon to answer the charge of treason to the empire. 1758-1828 Saxe- Weimar. Under the reign of Charles Albert, Saxe-Weimar is a famous center of learning and litera- ture. 1761 * * Prus. Frederick II. suffers for lack of the English subsidies, which have been withheld since the accession of George III. in 1760. 1762 Jan. 5. Bus. Elizabeth, Em- press of Russia, Frederick's personal enemy, dies, and thereby Prussia is saved from destruction. Mar. 16. W. Prus. Peter HI., Em- peror of Russia (an admirer of Freder- ick), withdraws from the Austrian alli- ance (p. 516). May 5. Peace of St. Petersburg be- tween Russia and Prussia (p. 517). May 22. The Peace of Hamburg is concluded betweeen Prussia and Sweden, restoring the situation existing before the war. Nov. 24. Maria Theresa signs a separate peace with Prussia, leaving her allies in the lurch. 1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. The Peace of Hubertsburg is concluded between Prussia and Austria and Saxony (p. 517). * * Saxony. Frederick Augustus HI. becomes elector. * * Prus. Frederick II. endeavors to re- store prosperity ; the ravages and ruin of war abound ; magazine stores are dis- tributed and taxes remitted in several provinces. 1764-1800 Saxe-Colxurg-Gotha. Ernest Frederick I. reigns. * * * The land is plunged into bank- ruptcy, and the measures adopted by an imperial commission to manage the finances of the nation cause a rebellion, which is not suppressed without the aid of troops from Saxony. 1765 Aug. 18. Aust. The Emperor Francis I. dies at Innsbruck. [He is succeeded by his son.] 1765-90 Joseph II. is emperor. He is co-regent only with his mother Maria Theresa until 1780, for the Aus- trian lands. 1766 Feb. 23. Lorraine reverts to France on the death of Stanislaus of Poland. 1771 * * Baden-Baden. Charles Freder- ick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, ac- quires Baden-Baden. 1772 July 25. A secret treaty is signed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia for the partition of Poland. Aug. 5. Poland is partitioned for the first time by the three powers. Austria gets East Galicia and Lodo- meria ; Prussia gets Polish Prussia (West Prussia) with the exception of Danzig, Thorn, and Ermeland, besides the Netze district. Russia gets the re- gion lying between the Duna, Dnieper, and Drutsch. [1773. Agreed to by Po- land.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1763 * * Prussia is proud of her king because of his heroic courage, his gen- eralship, and his beneficent rule. 1770* *-72* * Many parts of Germany are afflicted with famine. 804 1772,**-1791, * *. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1778-79 The War of the Bavarian Suc- cession. (See State.) * * The lower part of Bavaria is occu- pied by Austrians. Joseph II. and Fred- erick II. join their armies, and encamp on the boundary of Bohemia and Silesia. [July * Frederick and Prince Henry invade Bohemia. Autumn. Prince Henry withdraws to Saxony, and Fred- erick "withdraws to Silesia. Skirmishes occur, but no battles are fought in the war.] 1779 May * The Peace of Teschen (p. 517). 17S3 * * "War with Turkey (p. 516). Sept. 20. At Lugash the Austrians un- der the Emperor Joseph are surprised by the Turks, and compelled to retreat. 1789 Sept. 22. At Rimnik the Aus- trians and Russians are victorious. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1777 * * Georg C. Lichtenberg produces electrical figures. 1780 * * The circular saw is invented by Gervinus. * * E. Prus. Pressing-boards are made by Kanter at Konigsberg. * * The Meteorological Society of the Palatinate is established. 1782 * * Hblstein. Vaccination is first performed. 1785 * * Ft. A cylindrical printing- machine is invented by Christoph. P. Oberkampf. 1786* * Mozart's opera Die Zauherfi'ate appears. [1787, Don Giovanni ; 1791, La Clemenza di Tito appears. He pro- duces his Requiem, his last work.] 1789* * Zirconium, the metallic base of the earth zirconia, is discovered by Martin A. Klaproth. * * Uranium is discovered by Klaproth. 1790 * * Goethe writes on the meta- morphosis of plants. * *The glass harmonia, with glass tubes, is invented by Chladnitz. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1773 * * Aretin, Baron Johann C. A. M. von, mis. writer, born. Bredow, Gabriel G., historian, born. Burckhardt, Johann K., astronomer, born. Fries, Jacob F., philosopher, born. Hasse ; Friedricb C. A., historical writer, b. Ludwig, Christian G., botanist, A64. Schill, Ferdinand von, soldier, born. Tieck. Ludwig. poet, novelist, essayist, b. Tittmann, Johann A., Biblical critic, born. Witzeleben, Karl A. F. von, novelist, born. 1774 * * Bogatzky, Karl II., theol. \vr., A84. Buch, Leopold von, geologist, born. Dietrich, Christian W. E., painter, A62. Fouque, Henri A., Baron de la Motte, gen- eral, A76. Fuchs, Johann von, chemist, born. Gmelin, Samuel <;., botanist, traveler, A30. Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, orientalist, historian, born. Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, A60. Keiske., Johann J., Arabic scholar, A58. Thibaut, Anton F. J., jurist, born. 1775 * * Crusius, Christian A., theol., AGO. Feuerbach, Paul J. A., jurist, born. Grotefend, Georg P., scholar, antiquary, b. Guisehard, Karl Gottlieb, colonel, au., A51. Habicht, Christian M,, orientalist, born. Hermes, Georg, R. C. theologian, born. Jacobi, Maximilian, alienist, born. Konig, Friedricb, inventor of steam printing- press, born. Koppen, Friedricb, philosopher, born. Pollnitz, Karl L., adventurer, hist, wr., A83. Rotteck, Karl, jurist, .statesman, historian, b. Schelling, Friedrich W. J. von, phil., b. 1776* * Bretschneider, Karl G-, rational- istic theologian, born. Gorres, Jakob J., mis. writer, publicist, b. Herbart, Johann F., philosopher, born. Hoffmann, Ernst Yv\, story-teller, mis. wr, , b. Unity, Ludwig IL, poet, A28. Kleist, Heinrieh von, poet, novelist, born. Nees von Esenbeck, Christian G. D., bot., b. Niebuhr. Barthold G.. hist., philologist, b. Schlosser, Friedrich C, historian, born. Spurzheim, Johann G., phys., phrenologist, b. Tieck, Christian F., sculptor, born. Treviranus, Gottfried K. K., physiologist, b. 1777* * Berger, Ludwig, composer, born. Brentano, Clemens, novelist, dramatist, b. Cartheuser, Johann E., physician, A73. Cranz, David, hist,, Moravian mission., A54. Erxleben, Johann C. P., naturalist, A33. Gauss, Karl F., mathematician, born. Fouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte, poet, novelist, born. Ranch, Christian !>., sculptor, born. Rothschild. Nathan M. , financier, million- Zacharia, Just F. "W., poet, satirist, A51. 1778* * Auer, Anton, Bavarian porcelain painter, born. Ast, Georg A. F., scholar, teacher, born. Damm, Christian 'I'., classical schol., A 79. Eckhof, Conrad, " the German Garrick," actor, A 58. Harms, Clans, theologian, born. Hummel, Johann N - ., pianist, composer, b. John, Friedricb I,., patriot writer, born. Neukomm, Chevalier, Sigismund von, com- poser, born. 1779* * Augustus Friedrich Wilbelm Hein- rieh, Prince of Prussia, born. Bartholdy, Jakob Salomon, diplom., au., b. Leonhard, Karl C. von, geologist, born. Mengs, Anton II., painter, author, A51. Oken, Lorenz, naturalist, born. Retzsch, Friedrich A. M., paint., designer, b. Ritter, Karl, geographer, born. Savigny, Friedrich K. von, jurist, born. 1780 * * Clausenitz, Karl von, Prussian gen- eral, bom. Crelle, August I,., architect, born. De "Wette, Wilhelm M. L., scholar, theolo- gian, Biblical critic, born. Doebereimer, Johann W., chemist, born. Hagedorn, Christian L., art-critic, wr., A67. Hagen, Friedrich II. von der, philologist, b. Gunderode, Karoline von, poet, born. Liechtenstein, Martin II. K., naturalist, born. Llndenau, Bernhard A. von, astronomer, b. Maria Theresa. Empress of Germany, Queen of Hungary, A 63. Marbeineke, Philipp K., author, born. Marggraf, Andreas S., chemist, A7I. 1781 Feb. 15. Lessing. Gotthold Ephra- im. dramatist, critic, A52. Arnim, Ludwig A. von, poet, born. Castelli, Ignaz F., dramatist, born. Chauiisso, Adalbert von, poet, naturalist, b. Eichborn, Karl F., jurisconsult, historian, b. Ernesti, John A., critic, A74. Littrow, Joseph J. von, astronomer, born. Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, born. Raumer, Friedrich L. G. von, historian, b. Schinkel, Karl F., architect, born. 1782* * Biela, "Wilhelm von, astron., b. Froebel, Friedrich. educationist, born. Karsten, Karl J. B., mineralogist, born. Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prince of Neuwied, naturalist, traveler, born. Oetinger, Friedrich ( '., theologian, A80. 1783 * * I'.oisseree, Sulpice, arcik, antiq., b. Cassel, Johann P., philologist, A76. Eisenhard, Johann F., jurist, A62. Hasse, Johann A., composer, A84. Klaproth, Heinrieh J. von, orientalist, born. Lichwer, Magnus (I., poet, fabulist, A64. Tarnow, Fanny, novelist, mis. writer, born. Theremin, Ludwig F. F., el., author, born. 1784* * Bach, Wilhelm F., organist, A74. Bessel, Friedrich W., astronomer, born. Depping, George I',., scholar, litterateur, b. Devrient, Ludwig, actor, bom. Dissen, Georg L., class, scliolar, philol., b. Klenze, Leo von, architect, born. Menzel, Karl A., historian, born. Spohr, Ludwig, composer, born. Thiersch, Friedrich W.. philologist, born. Walch, Christian W. F., eccles. hist., A58. Welcker, Friedrich t;., archeologist, born. 1785 * * Arnim, Elizabeth von, mis. wr., b. Bekker, Immanuel, philologist, critic, b. Bockh, August, philanthropist, antiq., b. Dahlmann. Friedrich C. historian, born. Grimm, Jakob L., philologist, jurist, born. Giinther, Anton, philosopher, born. Dec. 18. "Weber, Baron Karl M. F. E. von. composer, musician, born. Adam, Albrecht, painter, born. Borne, Ludwig, political writer, born. Gesenius, Friedrich H. W., orientalist, Bib- lical critic, born. Gleditscb, Johann G., botanist, A72. Kerner, Andreas J., lyric poet, born. Louis I., King of Bavaria, born. Mendelssohn, Moses, philosopher, A57. Passow, Franz L. K. F., philol., lexicog.,b. Quaglio, Domenico, architectural painter, b. Sturm, Christopher C, moral., preach., A46. Voigt, Johannes, historian, born. Ziethen, Hans J. von, general, A87. 1 787 * * Bernstein, Georg H., orientalist, b. Cornelius, Peter von, painter, born. Dreyse, Johann N. von, inv. of needle-gun, b- Dusch, Johann J., poet, A62. Ennemosi-r, Joseph, physiologist, bom. Fraunhofer, Joseph von, optician, bom. Gluck, Johann von, composer, A73. Grafe, Karl F. von, oculist, born. Haberlin, Franz D., historian, A67. Mittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist, statesman, b. Muhlenberg, Henry M., founder of German Lutheran church in America, A76. Musaus, Johann K. A., mis. writer, A52. Ohm, Georg S., electrician, born. l'as.savani, Johann D., painter, author, born. Uhland, .Johann L., lyric poet, born. 1788 * * Bach, Karl P. E., composer, A74. Baumgarten-Crusius L. F. O., theologian, b. Cramer, Johann A., theologian, poet, A65. Eichendorff, Baron Joseph von, poet, nov- elist, dramatist, born. Fliigel, Johann G., lexicographer, born. Freytag, Georg W., orientalist, born. Hainan n, Johann (;., philoso]>her, A58. Kalkbrcntn-r, Friedrich, pianist, comp., b. K unth, Karl S., botanist, born. Keicheubach, Karon Karl von, chemist, b. Riickert, Friedrich, poet, orientalist, born. Schopenhaur, Arthur, philosopher, born. 1789 * * Cams, Karl G-, pnysiol., phys., b. Hase, Heinnch, antiquary, born. Knvphausen, Baron William von, general of Hessians in America, A59. Neander, Johann A.W., eccles. hist., b. Overbeck, Friedrich, painter, born. Planer, Johann .1., botanist, physician, A46. Sehadow ( iodenhaus, Friedrich W., paint., b. Schulze, Ernst K., poet, born. Fesca, Friedrich ]-;., musician, composer, b. Tvresten, August D. C, theologian, born. Winer, George B., theologian, orientalist, b. Zimmerman]], Clemens von, painter, born. 1790 Feb. 20. Joseph II. , emperor, A 49. Basedow, Johann B., teacher, educational reformer, A67. Brandis, Christian A., hist, of philosophy, b. Diesterweg, Friedrich A. YV., teacher, born. Dieterici, Karl F. YV., economist, born. Gau, Fran/, C, architect, born. Hahn, Philipp M., mechanician, inv., A51. Hausemann, David J. L., statesman, finan- cier, born. Hontheim, Johann T>. von, jurist, A89. Leopold 1., King of the Belgians, Duke of Saxony, born. Maurer, Georg L. von, jurist, born. Mobius, August F., mathematician, born. Nitzsch, Gregor \\'., philologist , antiquary, b. Zeditz, Joseph C. von, poet, A72. 1791 Dec. 5. Mozart, Wolfgang Ama- deus. composer, musician, A35. Amsler, Samuel, engraver, bom. Bopp, Franz, orientalist, born. Breithaupt, Johann A., mineralogist, born. Bunsen. Chevalier Christian K. J. von. philologist, diplomatist, theologian, born. Choulant, Ludwig, physician, born. Daries, Joachim G., jurist, pliilosopher, A77. Dathe, Johann A., theol., orientalist, A60. Doderlein, Ludwig, philologist, bom. Ebert, Friedrich, bibliographer, born. Encke. Johann F.. astronomer, bom. Kbrner, Karl T., poet, born. Meineke, Johann A. F. A., classical schol. ,b. Michaelis, Johann D.. orientalist, Biblical critic, A74. Oeder, Georg L., botanist, A63. Ohlmuller, Joseph !>., architect, born. Semler, Johann S., theologian, A70. Kitter, Heinrieh, philosopher, born. Moser, Johann J., jurist, A84. Planck, Heinrieh L., theological writer, b. Preuss. Johann D. E., historian, born. Puekler-Muskau, Prince of, Hermann Lud- wig Heinrieh von, traveler, author, born. Varnhagen von Fuse, Karl August, au., b. 1786 Aug. 17. Frederick II. the Great, King of Prussia, A74. CHURCH. 1773 July 21. Rome. The Pope signs the brief abolishing the Order of Jesuits. 1775 * * Rome. Pius VI. becomes pope. 1780 * * Wurtemberg. The Harmonist sect is founded by George and Frederick GERMANY. 1772, 1791, 805 Rapp ; the members hold their property in common, and consider marriage a .civil contract. 1781 * * The Emperor Joseph II. issues an edict of tolerance, granting freedom of worship to all Protestants and to members of the Greek Church. 1781-89 During eight years 700 mon- asteries are closed, and 36,000 mem- bers of orders are released from their vows. 1782 * * Pope Pius VI. visits Frederick William III., and vainly pleads that the Church be not attacked. 1785 July * The nuns are expelled from their convents throughout Ger- many. [The emperor suppresses 2,000 religious houses.] LETTERS. 1772 * * General History of the North, by August von Schlozer, appears. * * Leonore, by Gottfried A. Burger, ap- pears. * * The Frankfurter gelehrten Anzeigen is issued by Johann H. Merck, Herder, and Goethe. * * Songs for the People, by Gleim, ap- pears. [1773, Poems after the Minne- singers; 1779, Poems after Walther von der Vogehveide.] 1773 * * Sebaldus Nothanker, by Nicolai, appears. -* * Golz von Berlichingen, by Goethe, ap- pears. [1774, Sorrows of Young Werther and Clavigo; 1776, Stella,] 1773-1810 Der Deutsche Merkur is is- sued by "Weiland. 1774 * * Oldest Record of Man, Provin- cial Leaflets for ('/< ryymrii , and Another Philosophy of History with Reference to the Development of the Human Race, by Herder, appear. [1778-79, Folk-Songs.] * * Hofmeister, by Jakob M. R. Lenz, ap- pears. * * Orbis Pictus, an elementary school- hook, by Johann B. Basedow, appears. 1774-78 Brunswick. Lessing publishes The Wolfeubuttel Fragments (on the dis- crepancies of the Gospel narratives), by Hermann S. Reimarus, found by him in the Wolfenbiittel Library. [1775, Minna von Barn-helm ; 1778, Anti-Goer?:e and Ernst and Fall:., Dialogues for Free- masons; 1779, Nathan der }feise ; 1780, The Education of the Human Race.] 1775-82 The Kinderfreund, a weekly paper for children, is issued by Weisse. 1775 * * Storm and Stress, or Impulse, by Priedrich M. Klinger, appears. 1775-78 Physiognomic Fragments for the Promo fion of the Knowledge and Love of Mankind, by John C. Lavater, ap- pears. 1776 * * The Song of the Brave Man, by Burger, appears. * * Das Deutsches Museum is issued by Martin Miller. 1779 * * Poems, by Counts Christian and Friedrich L. Stolberg, appears. * * Siegfried von Lindenberg, by Gott- werth' MUller, appears. 1780 * * Oberon, by Wieland, appears. * * De la literature allemande, by Fred- erick the Great, appears. [178S, Historu of My Time.] 1781 * * The Robbers, by Schiller, ap- pears. [1783, Fiesco ; 1784, Love and In- trigue; 1787, Don Carlos.] * * Critique of Pure Reason, by Kant, ap- pears. [1784, What is Enlinhteument? 1788, Critique of Practical Reason ; 1790, Critique of the Power of Judgment.] * * A Translation of Homer's Odyssey, by Johann Voss, appears. [1784, Luise ; 1789, Vergil's Georgics.] 1781-90 Schools are established by the Emperor Joseph II. with the prop- erty of the churches. 1782-83 Popular Legends of Germany, by Musaus, appears. 1783 * * The Greenland Laiosuits, by Jean Paul F. Richter, appears. [1788, Selections from Papers of the Devil.] * * Poems, by Ludwig H. C. Holty, ap- pears. * * The Berlin Monatschrift is issued. 1784 * * Jerusalem, by Mendelssohn, ap- pears. [1785, Morning Hours.] 1784-91 Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, by Herder, appears. 1785 * * Anton Reiser, by Karl P. Moritz, appears. [1786, Essay on German Pros- ody ; 1787, Fragments from the Journal of a Visionary.) * * Saxe- Weimar- Eisenach. Allgemeine Literaturzeitung is issued at Jena. * * The Emperor and the Abbot, by Burger, appears. [1786, The Wild Huntsman.] 1787 * * Ardinghelo, by Johann J. W. Heinse, appears. * * Poems, by Friedrich von Matthisson, appears. * * Iphigenia, by Goethe, appears. [1788, Egmont; 1790, Faust, a fragment, and Tasso.] 1788 * * The emperor seeks to control the universities. * * The History of the Revolt in The Neth- erlands, The Gods of Greece, The Artist, and other poems, by Schiller, appear. [1790, History of the Thirty Years' War.] * * The Stranger and The Indians in England, by August F. F. Kotzebue, ap- pear. 1790 * * Preparatory History of the World for Children, by Schlosser, appears. 1791 * * Peregrinus Proteus, by Wieland, appears. SOCIETY. 1772* * Hesse-Nassau. Meyer A. Rothschild begins business as a money-lender and dealer in old coins in the house in which he was born at Frankfort, over which he places the sign of the red shield. 1776 May * Bavaria. A secret society bearing the name Uluminati, opposed to tyranny and priestcraft, is founded at Ingolstadt by Dr. Adam Weishaupt. [.1784. Suppressed.] 1777 * * Socialism makes progress in Germany. 1781 Nov. 1. The emperor, by edict, abolishes serfdom in his hereditary states. STATE. 1773 * * Oldenburg. The King of Den- mark agrees to a family compact for an exchange of territory. He resigns Oldenburg to the Holstein- Gottorp line in return for a renunciation on their part of all claims to Schleswig and Holstein. Oldenburg is created a duchy. 1777 * * Bavaria. The electoral House of Bavaria becomes extinct by the death of Maximilian Joseph. [The war of the Bavarian succession follows.] * * Bavaria again acquires the Rhine Palatinate. 1778-79 Saxony is an ally of Prussia in the war of the Bavarian succession. Germany takes possession of Bavaria (p. 516). 1778 Jan.* The Treaty of Vienna is concluded. varia, to recognize certain old claims of Austria to Lower Bavaria. * * Bavaria. Charles Theodor, elector palatine, becomes duke. 1779 May 13. Silesia. The Peace of Teschen is signed (p. 517). 1780 Nov. 29. Vienna. Maria The- resa, Empress of the Holy Roman Em- pire, dies. 1780-90 Joseph H. is emperor alone. * * Brunswick. Charles "William Fer- dinand becomes duke of Brunswick- Wolf enbiittel. 1781 * * Edict of tolerance. (Church.) * * Disputes occur with the Dutch; the emperor arbitrarily removes the barrier treaties in The Netherlands. 1782* * Civil reforms and liberal changes take place by direction of the emperor. [Only the abolition of serf- dom and the edict of toleration, of all his reforms, survive him.] 1783 * * Prus. Frederick II. opposes the emperor (p. 517). 1785 * * Fr. The Peace of Versailles is concluded. Joseph II. receives 10,000,000 florins from the Dutch, instead of the opening of the Scheldt, according to his previous demands. * * The emperor proposes an exchange of territory, which Frederick II. op- poses (p. 517). July 23. Frederick II. unites the princes in the formation of the Germanic Union (p. 517). * * Oldenburg. Peter Frederick be- comes duke. 1786 Aug. 17- Brandenburg. Fred- erick U., "The Great," dies at San Souci. [He is succeeded by his nephew.] 1786-97 Prus. Frederick William II. is king of Prussia [an unworthy suc- cessor of a great king]. 1789* * Belg. A revolt is caused by the revocation of the Constitution of Bra- bant by the emperor (p. 517). 1790 Jan. 31. Silesia. The Congress of Reichenbach meets, and pacifies Prussia. Feb. 20. The Emperor Joseph II. dies. [He is succeeded by his brother.] Sept. 30. Leopold H. is elected em- peror. He restores the old Constitution and the old privileges in the Austrian Neth- erlands aft t-r suppressing the revolt ; the empire gradually decays. 1790-91 Leopold II. is emperor. * * * The nation is divided into two jeal- ous factions that neutralize each other, and only official routine is possible in the diet ; the empire has practically ceased to exist, only a loose confeder- ation of principalities and free cities remaining. 1791 Jan. 21. Fr. " War to the pal- ace, peace to the cottage." Louis XVI. is executed. [The sovereigns of Europe are aroused against France.] Aug. 27. Saxony. The Treaty of Pill- nitz (pp. 519, 709) is signed. It becomes the basis of the first coalition. MISCELLANEOUS. 1775 * * Berlin. The Bank of Berlin iB established by Frederick. 806 1792, Jan. 25-1802, Sept. 7. GERMANY. ARMY— NAVY. 1792-97 War of the first coalition against France. 1792 * * Frederick William II. of Prus- sia invades France. Sept. 20. Fr. Battle of Valmy (p. 70S). Sept. * Fr. The Prussians take Verdun [and hold it 43 days], Oct. 28. Frankfort is captured by the French under Gen. Custine. Nov. 6. Belg. Battle of Jemappes (p. 518). Dec. 2. Frankfort is retaken by the Prussians. 1793-1803 Disastrous wars between Germany and France. The emperor loses much territory, in- cluding The Netherlands, the country •west of the Rhine, and his States in Italy. 1793 Mar. 18. French defeat at Neer- winden (p. 518). Sept. 14. Bavaria,. At Pirmasens the Prussians under the Duke of Bruns- wick defeat the French under Gen. Moreau. Oct. 11-13. Alsace. The French forti- fications at Weissenburg on the Rhine are stormed and taken by the Aus- trians and Prussians under Marshal Wurmser. Nov. * Bavaria. At Kaiserslautern the Prussians under the Duke of Brunswick defeat the French under Gen. Hoche. Dec* Fr. The French under Gen. Pichegru defeat the Austrians under Marshal Wurmser. * * The allies retreat across the Rhine. [They retake Worms in Hesse ; also Speyer in Bavaria.] 1794 Apr. 18. Battle at Turcoing (p. 715)-. May 25. Bavaria. Battle of Kaisers- lautern. The Prussians under the Duke of Brunswick defeat the French under Gen. Hoche. [Sept. * After a second battle at the same place the Prussians retire across the Rhine.] June 26. Belg. Battle of Fleurus. [Austrians evacuate Belgium.] (P. 518.) * * Baden. Mannheim and Cologne are taken by the French. [They bombard Dusseldorf. 1795. Sept. 6. Austrians driven back.] (P. 518.) 1795 Apr. 5. Switz. Peace (p. 711). Oct. 31. Baden. Near Mannheim the Austrians under Marshal Wurmser de- feat the French. 1796 * * It. Napoleon Bonaparte in- vades Italy (p. 712). * * It. Bonaparte conquers the whole of Lombardy as far as Mantua, and compels the Dukes of Parma and Mo- dena, the Pope, and Naples to purchase peace. * * The French invade South Germany. May 15. It. Bonaparte occupies Milan. May* The French cross the Lower Rhine. Aug. 10. Bavaria. Battle of N"eres- heim (p. 712). Aug. 24. Bavaria. Battle of Amberg (p. 518). Sept. 3. Bavaria. At Wiirzburg (p. 518). 1797 Apr. 18. Aust.-Hung. Peace of Leoben (p. 519). Oct. 17. It. Peace (p. 519). 1799-1801 War of the second coali- tion against France (p. 712). 1799 Mar. 26. Baden. Battle at Stock- ach (p. 518). Oet.± * Field-Marshal Suvaroff leaves Switzerland after a series of terrible battles, and returns with his army to Russia. 1800 May 3. Baden. The French un- der Gen. Moreau defeat the Austrians at En gen. May 4. Baden. Battle of Stockach, [May 6, Biberach.] (P. 518.) 1801 Feb. 9. Fr. The Peace of Luneville (p. 519). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1796* * Bavaria. Lithography, or drawing on stone, is invented by Alois Sennefelfer, a Bohemian, at Munich. 1798 * * Saxony. Spinning by machin- ery is introduced. 1798-1803 F. H. A. von Humboldt and AimeBonp] and explore the northern part of South America. 1800 * * Alsace- Lorraine. A weighing- machine is made by Jean Baptiste Schwilgue at Strasburg. 1801* * Bavaria. JohannW. Ritter dis- covers chemical rays. 1802 Mar. 28. Bremen. Pallas, the as- teroid, is discovered bv Heinrich Olbers. [Other asteroids are" discovered. 1807, Mar. 29. He discovers Vesta.] Sept. 7. A remarkable eclipse of the sun is observed. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1792 Mar. 1. Leopold U., emperor, A45. Bahrdt, Karl F., theologian, A51. Baur, Ferdinand ('., theologian, < ritic, born. Brunswick, Duke of, Ferdinand, gen., A71. Eckermann, Johann P., litterateur, born. Gieseler, Johann K., church historian, born. Hahn, August, theologian, born. Hanel, Gustav F., jurist, born. Hauptmann, Mori!/, composer, born. Kosegarten, Johann G. L., orientalist, born. I.ewald, Johann K. A., litterateur, born. Lucke, Gottfried C. F., theologian, born. Rau, Karl H., political economist, born. Span gen berg, August G., founder of Mora- vian Chuivh in America, A88* Znrnpt, Karl G., classical scholar, born. 1793 * * Allioli, Joseph F., R. C. cl., am, b. Busehing, Anton F., geographer, theol., A69. Friedmann, Friedricb T., teacher, born. Eschscholtz, Johann H., naturalist, born. Hasenclever, Peter, merchant, manuf., A77. Lachmann, Karl, philologist, critic, born. Iteiehenhach, Heinrich G. L., naturalist, b. Schonlein, Johann L., physician, born. Struve, Friedrich G. W. von, astronomer, b. Veit, Philipp, painter, born. 1794* * Amelia, Duchess of Saxony, poet, musician, born. Begas, Karl, painter, born. Breitkopf, Johann G. E., typographer, A84. Burger, Gottfried A., poet, A46. Chelius, Maximilian J., physician, born. Clootz, Baron Anacharsis de, political enthu- siast in France, A39. Diez, Friedrich C, philologist, born. Diffenbach, Johann F., surgeon, born. Follen, August, poet, born. Forster, Johann G. A., naturalist, wr., A40. Lappenberg, Johann M., historian, born. Madler, Johann 11., astronomer, born. Martius, Karl F. P. von, botanist, born. Meyerbeer. Giacomo, composer, born. Mitscherlich, Eilhard, chemist, born. Moscbeles, Ignaz, pianist, composer, born. Miiller, Wilhelm, lvric poet, born. Riippell, Wilhelm P. E. S., natural., trav.,b. Saphir, Moritz, humorous, satiric wr., born. Schmidt, Michael I., historian, A58. Sclmorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, painter, b. Steuben, Frederick W. A., general, A64. Trench, Baron Friedrich von der, gen., A68. Waagen, Gustav F., art critic, born. Zunz, Leopold, Jewish theologian, born. 1796 Oct. 15. Frederick William IV.. King of Prussia, born. Bach. Johann C. F. f composer, A63. Ehrenberg, Christian G., naturalist, born. Follen, Charlea T. C, clergyman, theologian (in U. S. A.), born. Gergard, Edward, archeologist, born. Ilai'linger, Wilhelm, geologist, mineral., b. Hansen, Peter A., astronomer, born. Hermann, Friedrich B. W. von, publicist, economist, born. Meinhold, .johann W., cl., poet, novelist, b. Pertz, Georg H., historian, born. Pfeiffer, Ida, traveler, born. Eanke, Leopold von, historian, born. Rose, Heinrich, chemist, born. Umhreit, Friedrich W., theologian, born. 1796 * * Ann, Johann F., grammarian, born. Bohlen, Peter von, orientalist, born. Casper, Johann, physician, born. Hugel, Karl A. A. von, trav., naturalist, b. Launitz, Edward Schmidt von der, sculptor, born. Lorinser, Karl I., physician, born. Lowe, Johann K. G., composer, born. Mohler, Johann A., R. C. theologian, born. OlHliausen, Hermann, theologian, an., born. Poggendorf, Johann ('., physicist, chem., b. Siebold, Philipp F. von, naturalist, born. Spindler, Karl, novelist, horn. I'llmann, Karl, theologian, born. Uz, Johann P., poet, A66. 1797 Jan. 31. Schubert, Franz, com- poser, born. Mar. 22. "William I., King of Prussia, Emperor of Germany, born. Nov. 16. Frederick "William H., King of Prussia, A53. Dec. 13. Heine. Heinrich. poet, born. Berghaus, Heinrich, geographer, born. Bluhme, or Blume, Friedrich, jurist, horn. Fichte, Immanuel H.. philosopher, born. Hagen, Ernest A., novelist, wr. on art, born. Haring, Wilhelm, novelist, born. Miiller, Karl Otiried, classical scholar, his- torian, antiquary, born. MunchhauEen, Baron, Hieronymus K. F. von. soldier, romancer, A77. Poppig, Eduard, naturalist, traveler, born. Radowitz, Joseph M. von, gen., states., b. Wachter, Karl G. von, jurist, born. 1798 * * Auffenberg, Joseph von, poet, born. Biihr, or Baehr, Johann C. F., classical scholar, mis. writer, born. Baumgartner, Karl H., phys.,embryolo., b. Blumauer, Aloys, poet, A43. Beneke, Friedrich, philosopher, born. Devrient, Karl A., actor, born. Forster, Johann R., traveler, naturalist, A 69. Gans, Eduard, jurist, born. Hensel, Luise, religious poet, born. Hoffmann, August, poet, born. Menzel, Wolfgang, critic, historian, littera- teur, born. Moser, Friedrich K. von, juriBt. A75. Naumann, Moritz E., physician, born. Neumann, Karl F., orientalist, born. Reissiger, Karl G., composer, born. Rose, Gustav. mineralogist, born. Schwarz, Christian F., missionary, A72. 1799 * * Argelander, Friedrich W. A.,astron- Barthold, Friedrich "W., historian, born. Bloch, Markus E., Jewish physician, natu- Dblling-er. Johann J. I., theologian, church hist., fdr. " Old Catholic " movement, b. Gagern, Baron, Heinrich W. A. von, statesman, born. Gatterer, Johann C, historian, A72. Hedwig, Johann, botanist, AC9. Leo, Heinrich, historian, born. Lichtenberg, Georg C^ physicist, A48. OeBer, or Oser, Adam F., paint., modeler, A82. Priessnitz, Vmeenz, fdr. of hydropathy, b. Rothe, Richard, clergyman, author, born. Schonbein, Christian F., chemist, born. Tholuck, Friedrich A. G., cl., author, born. Uhlich, Leherecht. rationalistic theol., born. 1800 Oct. 26. Moltke. Count von, HeU- muth Karl Bernhard, fleld-marshal, b. Bandel, Ernst von, sculptor, born. Beer, Michael, dramatist, born. Chemnitz, Johann J., cl., naturalist, A70. Daumer, Georg F., philosopher, born. Dechen, Ernest H. C, mineralogist, born. GERMANY. 1792, Jan. 25-1802, Sept. 7. 807 Flietlner, Theodor, philanthropist, born. Forster, Ernst J., paint., wr. on art, born. Forster, llemrieh, prince-bishop of Breslau, author, born. Goppert, Heinrich R., botanist, born. Haizinger, A malic, at- tor, born. Hase, Karl A., theologian, born. Kastner, Abraham G., mathematician, A81. Mohl, J alius von, orientalist, born. Olshausen, .Justus, orientalist, born. Riedesel, Frederick A. von, general in Brit- ish service in America, A62. Sclmlze, Johann A. 1*., composer, poet, A53. Uechtritz, Krieilrich von, poet, dramatist, b. YVohler, Frietlneh, chemist, born. Zabn, Johann K. W"., artist, born. 1801 * * Ackermann, Johann C, physician, author, A45. JEpinus, Franz M. IT. T., electrician, A77. Chodowieeki, Daniel N., engraver, A75. Devrient, Philipp E., actor, dramatic wr., b. Fechner, Gustav T., natural philosopher, b. Fleischer, Heinrich L., orientalist, born. Gruner, Wilhelm H. L., engraver, born. Hagenliach, Karl R., theologian, ecclesiasti- cal historian, born. Hardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, phi- losopher, mystical writer, A29. Heyt, August von der, statesman, born. Jahr, Geoig II. <;., homeopathist, born. John, King: of Saxony, born. Michelet, Karl L., philosopher, born. Miiller, Johann, physiologist, anatomist, b. Miiller, Julius, theologian, born. Naumann, Johann G., composer, A60. Petermann, Julius H., orientalist, born. Pliicker, Julius, physicist, born. Rodiger, Emil, Hebraist, born. Schu\ze-I>elitzsch, Hermann, economist, b. Volkmann, Alfred W., physiologist, born. 1800* 1801* CHURCH. : Rome. Pius VII. becomes pope. LETTERS. 1792 * * History of the World in Extracts and Connection, 'by Schlosser, appears. * * The Critique of all Revelation, by Jo- hann G. Fichte, appears. * * Letters for the Advancement of Human- ity, by Herder, appears. 1793 * * The History of the Seven Years' War, by Johann W. Archenholz, ap- pears. * * The Invisible Lodge, by Richter, ap- pears. [1794, Hesperus; 1796, Quintus Fixlein ; 1796-97, Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces and the Valley of Cam- pau.] * * A translation of the Iliad, by Voss, appears. 1794 * * Goethe's version of Reynard the Fox in High (or literary) German hex- ameters, appears. * * Fundamental Principles of the Whole Theory of Science, by Fichte, appears. * * Travels through Germany, Switzer- land, Italy, and' Sicily, by Count F. L. Stolberg, appears. 1795 * * Wilhelm Meister's Apprentice- ship, by Goethe, appears. [1796, Alexis and Dora ; 1797, Hermann and Dorothea ; 1804, Eugenie.'] * * Prolegomena ad Homerum, by Fried- rich A. Wolf, appears. * * Abellino the Bandit, by Johann H. D. Zschokke, appears. [1796, Julius von Sassen.] 1795-1800 The Almanac of the Muses is issued by Schiller. 1796 * * Die Xienen, a series of satiric epigrams, by Schiller and Goethe, ap- pear. 1797-99 Hyperion, by Johann C. F. Holderlin, appears. 1797 * * Folk Tales, by Ludwig Tieck, appears. [1798. Franz Stembald's Wan- derinqs; 1799-1800, Prince Zerbino, or Travels in Search of Good Taste.] * * Ideas for a Philosophu of Nature, by Schelling, appears. [1798, On the Soul of the World: 1799. First Plan of a Sys- tem of the Philosophy of Nature.] 1798 * * Allgemeine Zeitung is issued (first called iS'eueste Weltkunde). * * The Universities of Mentz and Cologne suspend. 1798-1810 A Translation of Shake- speare's Works, by August W. von Schlegel, appears. 1799 * * Discourses on Religion, by Fried- rich E. D. Schleiermachei', appears. * * Ancient History, by Arnold H. L. Heeren, appears. * * An Essay on Goethe's Hermann and Dorothea, by Karl AV . Humboldt, appears. * * Wallenstein, by Schiller, appears. [1799-1803, The Maid of Orleans, Mary Stuart, and The Bride of Tftessina ; 1801, The Sojw of the Bell; 1804, William Tell.] * * Lucinde and Alarcos, by Karl W. F. von Schlegel, appear. [1808, On the Lan- guage and Wisdoin of the Indians; 1815, Lectures 'on the History of Old and Modern Literature.] 1799-1810 Erlanger Literaturzeitung is issued. 1800* * Heidelbergische Jahrbuch der Literatur is issued. 1800-03 Titan, by Richter, appears. [1804-05, The Years of Youth.] 1801* * Urania, by Christoph A. Tiedge, * * Lorenz Stark, by Johann J. Engel, appears. * * Arithmetical Disquisitions, by Karl F. Gauss, appears. * * On the Differences between the Philo- sophical Systems of Fichte and Schel- ling, by Hegel, appears. [1807, Phasnom- enolgy.] * * Heinrich von Ofterdingen, by Fried- rich von Hardenberg, appears. * * Heinrich J. Colin writes Regulus, Coriolanus, Balboa, and three other tragedies. * * Bavaria. The University of Ingol- stadt is moved to Landshut. SOCIETY. 1794 May 28. Fr. Gen. Beaurepaire, the commandant of Verdun, executes 14 ladies for going to the King of Prus- sia, and beseeching him for clemency for the town then besieged by him. STATE. 1792 Jan. 25. Paris. The Assembly declares war against the German Empire if it does not issue a pacifying declaration concerning French exiles in Treves. [Feb. 10. Issued.] Jan. 26. The King of Prussia issueB a manifesto against France. Feb. 7. Austria and Prussia unite in an alliance against France. Mar. 1. The Emperor Leopold H. dies. [He is succeeded by his eldest son, Francis, the King of Bohemia and Hungary.] 1792-1806 Francis H. is emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He reigns in the Austrian dominions, and as Francis I., Emperor of Austria, from 1804 [till 1S35]. Nov. 6. Belg. The Austrian Nether- lands are lost (p. 519). [First coali- tion : the sovereigns of Europe, except those of Sweden and Denmark, unite against France.] 1793 * * Prussia joins Russia in the sec- ond partition of Poland. Prussia gets [Posen] and the western part of [Russian Poland], including Danzig and Thorn. Russia gets all the territory lying east of longitude 44°, be- ing the greater part of Lithuania. * * Wiirtemberg. Louis Eugene be- comes duke. * * * Hesse. Hesse-Darmstadt loses its territory on the left bank of the Rhine during the war of the French Revolu- tion. 1795 Apr. 5. Sivitz. Peace of Basel. Prussia withdraws from the coali- tion, abandoning tlie German cause, and ceding to France her territory on the left bank of the Rhine. * * Wiirtemberg. Frederick I. becomes duke. [1797. Frederick II.] * * Third and last partition of Poland. Prussia gets a large part [ Russian Poland], including Misovia and Warsaw, the region between the Vistula, Bug, and Niemen, and part of Cracow (New Silesia); area, 57,000 square miles; population, 'J,51>0,000. Austria gets West Galicia as far as the river Bug, area, 45,000 square miles; population, 3,700,- 000. Russia gets all the remainder of Poland lying east, of the Niemen and the Bug. Area, 57,000 square miles; population, 2,500,000. 1796 Sept. * The Archduke Charles of Austria, by brilliant military opera- tions, recovers from the French the entire right bank of the Rhine. 1797 Apr. 18. Hung. Preliminaries of Peace signed at Leoben (p. 519, 713). May 18. Frederick II., Duke of Wiir- temberg, marries the princess royal of England. Oct. 17. It. Peace of Campo Formio signed by France and Austria (p. 519). Nov. 16. Prus. King Frederick "Wil- liam 11. dies. 1797-1840 Pms. Frederick "William in. is king. Dec. 8-99 Apr. 8. Baden. The Con- gress of Rastatt considers the question between France and Germany. It agrees to cede to France the terri- tory on the left bank of the Rhine, and to secularize certain German towns (p. 713). * * Hesse. Mentz is ceded to France. * * "Wiirtemberg cedes Montbeliard and other possessions to France. 1798* * Alsace. Mulhausen is annexed to France. 1799 * * Bavaria. Maximilian Joseph H. is elector. 1799-1801 The second coalition is formed against France. It is joined by Russia, Austria, Eng- land, Portugal, Naples, and Turkey. 1800-06 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Francis Frederick Antony is duke. 1801 Feb. 9. Fr. Bonaparte dictates the Peace of Luneville (p. 519). * * Prussia joins the Convention of the North against England. Mar. * Hamburg. British property is sequestrated. Apr. 3. Hanover is seized by Prussia. 1802,* *-1809, * GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1805* * Third coalition against France. It is composed of Austria, England, Russia, and Sweden. Sept. 9. Bavaria. Austrians enter (p. 51S). The Austrian army in Germany is under the Archduke Ferdinand and Gen. Mack; Napoleon in person com- mands the French. Oct. 17. Wurtemberg. At TJlm Gen. Mack surrenders (p. 51S). Dec. 26. Hung. Peace of Presburg (p. 519). 1806-07 France is at war with Prussia and Russia (p. 716). * * Prussia is greatly imperiled by the separation of the military and civil orders, and the miserable condition of the half-trained army. The Prussian army, under the superannuated Duke of Brunswick, is Concentrated in Thu- ringia. Battles with the French : Oct. 10, Saalfeld ; Oct. 14, Jena ; also Auerstiidt ; Oct. 14, Prussians surrender ; Nov. 6, Lii- heck ; Nov. 8, Magdeburg ; 1807, Jan. * Breslau ; Feb. 8, Eylau ; May 24, Dan- zig; Jane 14, Friedland (p. 716). Oct. 27. Berlin. The French enter Berlin. The French take Hamburg, Brunswick, Stettin, and other cities. 1807 June 10. E. Prus. At Heils- berg the French under Soult and the Russians under Gen. Bennigsen engage in a bloody but indecisive battle. June 16. E. Prus. Konigsberg is taken by the French. June 21. Russia signs a truce with France. [June 25. Prussia also.] 1809-13 Prus. The army is secretly reorganized on the basis of universal military service, by a commission headed by Gen. Gerhard J. D. von Scharnhorst. 1809 * * Napoleon is at war with Aus- tria (p. 51S). Apr. 23. Bavaria. Napoleon, after five days' fighting, drives the Austrians under Archduke Charles into Bohemia. Apr. * Berlin. Maj. Frederic von Schill, with 600 hussars, precipitates the war of liberation from France. (See p. 71S.) Oct. 14. Peace of Vienna (p. 519). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1802 * * Ph. Prus. Bone-dust is dis- covered to be a manure by Kropp at So- 1 in gen. 1S03 * *A steam-press for printing is invented by Konig and Bauer. 1804 Sept. 1. The planet Juno is dis- covered by Harding. * * Fraunhofer compares lines in the spectrum of the sun and stars. 1805-14 Bavaria. Telescopes are im- proved by Pierre Louis Guinaud and Fraunhofer. 1809 Aug. 29. Bavaria. An electric telegraph machine is exhibited at Mu- nich by Somniering. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1802 * * Botam, Theobald, Bavarian flutist, b. Bube, Adolpb, poet, born. Dindorf, Wilhelm, philologist, born. Engel, Johann J., critic, mis. writer, A61. Ettmiiller, Ernst JVI. L., philologist, born. Feldmann, Leopold, dramatist, born. Felsing, Jakob, engraver, born. Flugel, Gustav L., orientalist, born. Goldschmidt, Hermann, painter, astron., b. Hauff, Wilhelm, novelist, born. Hengs ten berg, Ernst W., theologian, Bibli- cal critic, born. Kiss, August, sculptor, born. Kiihner, Rafael, philologist, born. Lange, Johann P., clergyman, author, born. Lenau, Nikolaus, poet, born. Magnus, Heinrich G., chemist, born. Pott, August F., philologist, born. Huge. Arnold, scholar, journalist, born. Sehwanthaler, Ludwig M., sculptor, born. Sichel, Julius, oculist, born. Stahl, Friednch ,1., jurist, born. Trendelenburg, Friedrich A., philosopher, b. Vehse, Karl E., historian, born. Wolff, Emit, sculptor, born. Zwirner, Ernst F., architect, born. 1803 * * Amerling, Friedrich, painter, born. Baltzer, Johann 14., It. 0. theologian, born. Berthold, Arnold A., physiologist, born. Camphausen, Ludolf, statesman, born. Devrient, Gustav E., actor, born. Dove, Heinrich W., meteorologist, born. Ewald, Georg H. A., orientalist, Bib. cr., b. Guerieke, Heinrich E. F.. theologian, born. Gutzlaff, Karl, missionary, Chinese schol.,b. Herder, Johann G., preacher, philosopher, mia. writer, A59. Klopstock, Friedrich G., poet, A79. Kobell-, Franz von, poet, mineralogist, born. Leibig. Baron Justus, chemist, born. Miiller, Sophie, tragic actor, born. Ollendorff, Henry Godfroy, edu., gram., b. Roon, Alhrecht T. E. von, Prussian gen., b. 1804 Feb. 12. Kant, Immanuel, meta- physician, philosopher, A80. P.aldmger, Ernst G., physician, author, A66. Beck, Johann T., theologian, born. Becker, Karl F., organist, composer, born. Benedict, Sir .Julius, composer, born. Erdmann, Otto L., chemist, born. Keuerbach, Ludwig A., philosopher, born. Hildebrandt, Ferdinand T., paiuter, born. Lachner, Franz, composer, born. Panzer, Georg \\\, bibliographer, A75. Perty, Joseph A. M., naturalist, born. Preller, Friedrich, artist, born. Kokitansky, Karl, physician, pathologist, b. Konne, Ludwig M. P., jurist, born. Schomburgk, Sir Robert IL, naturalist, trav- eler, born. Schleiden, Matthias J., phys., botanist, born, Schwetschke, Karl <;., satirist, bibliog., b. Semper, Gottfried, architect, born. Siebold, Karl T. E. von, physiologist, born. Strauss. Johann. composer, born. Weber, Wilhelm E., physicist, born. Weisse, Christian F., poet, dramatist, mis. writer, A78. 1805 May 9. Schiller. Johann C. F. von. poet, dramatist, hist., mis. wr., A46. Albers, Johann F. H., physician, born. Busehmann, Johann K. E., philologist, born. Diriehlet, Peter <;., geometrician, born. Drake, Friedrich, sculptor, born. Erdmann, Johann E., philosopher, born. Fiirst, Julius, orientalist, born. Gervinus, Georg G., hist., critic, mis. wr., b. Hahn-Hahn. Countess, Ida M. L. S. F. G. von, poet, novelist, born. Herzog, Johann J., theologian, author, born. Kaulhach, Wilhelm von, painter, horn. Kurz, Heinrich, orient, schol., litterateur, b. Matzner, Eduard A. F., philologist, born. Manteiiffel, Baron Otto T., statesman, born. Mold, Hugo von, botanist, born. Rodbertus, Karl, economist, socialist, pol., b. Rosen, Friedrich A., philologist, born. Koseiikranz, .lohann K. F., philosopher, b. Rubens, Christoph, painter, born. Sohn, Karl F., painter, born. Venedey, Jakob, jurist, politician, born. Wagner, Rudolph, physician, anatomist, b. 1806 * * Abich, Wilhelm. geologist, au., b. Adelung, Johann (..'., philologist, A74. Auresperg, Count Anton A. von, poet, b. Bauer, Georg I,., rationalistic cl., orient., A61. Diefenbach, Lorenz, philologist, born. Erman, Gustav A., natural phil., trav., born. Freund, Wilhelm, lexicographer, horn. Froehel, Julius, politician, mis. writer, born. Giinderode, Karoline von, poet, A26. Harless. Gottlieb (_'. A., theologian, born. Herz, Heinrieh. pianist, composer, born. Hubner, Rudolph J. P., painter, born. Kuhne, Gustav F., novelist, born. Laube, Heinrich, poet, novelist, mis. wr., b. Mohr, Karl, physicist, philosopher, born. Miicke, Heinrich K, A., painter, born. Peters, Christian A. F., astronomer, born. Sontag, Mme. Henriette, Countess Rossi, vo- calist, born. Ritschl, Friedrich W., philologist, born. Speckter, Erwin, painter, born. Sternberg, Alexander, novelist, born. IJlrici, Hermann, scholar, critic, phil., born. Vatke, Johann K. W., theologian, born. Wieshach, Julius, mathematician, born. Wille, Johann, engraver, A91. Zeuss, Johann K., philologist, hist, wr., b. 1807 * * Ainmuller, Maximilian 1>., paint., b. Anialie, Anna, Duch. of Saxe- Weimar, A68. Bischoff, Theodor L. W., anat., physiol., b. Blum, Robert, democratic politician, born. Burmeister, Hermann, naturalist, born. Detmold, Hermann J., statesman, born. Fabricius, Johann C, entomologist, A64. Gabelentz, Hans C. von der, politician, phi- lologist, linguist, born. Grimm, Baron Friedrich M., wit, critic, mis. writer, A83. Hackert, Philipp, painter, A70. Hitzig, Ferdinand, Biblical critic, born. Meissner, August G-, dram., litterateur, A54. Nast, William, founder of German Method- ism in America, born. Putter, Johann S., publicist, A82. Schmitz, Leonhard, class, schol., philol., b. Vischer, Friedrich T., phdosophical wr., b. 1808 * * Ahrens, Heinrich, jurist, author, b. Andree, Karl T., geographer, born. Bardilli, Christoph (;., philosopher, A47. Cotta, Bernhard, geologist, born. Droysen, Johann G., historian, born. Haase, Heinrich G. F. C., philologist, born. Haupt, Moritz, philologist, born. Kohl, Johann C, traveler, writer, horn. Kugler, Franz T., critic, writer on art, born. Lessing, Karl F., painter, born. Meyerheim, Friedrich E., painter, horn. Mundt, Theodor, mis. writer, born. Oettmger, Eduard M., novelist, bibliog., b. Schmid, Leopold, R. C. theologian, born. Strauss. David F., rationalistic theol., b. Trentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phd., h. Vangerow, Karl A. von, jurist, born. Weber, Georg, historian, born. Weil, Gustav, orientalist, born. Wichern, Johann H.. cl., philanthropist, b. Wrisberg, Heinrich A., anatomist, A69. 1809 Feb. 3. Mendels6ob.n-Bartb.oldy. Felix, composer, born. Bauer, Bruno, rationalistic theol., critic, b. Benfey, Theodor, m im talis! , philologist, b. Beust, Baron, Friedrich F. von, states., b. Braun, August E., archeologist, born. Dorner, Isaac A., theologian, born. Duller, Eduard, historian, poet, born. Eberhard, Johann A., philosopher, wr., A70. Grassmann, Hermann G., mathematician, orientalist, born. Haydn. Joseph, composer, A77. Hefele, Karl von, R. C. bishop of Rotten- burg, author, born. Henle, Friedrich G. J., physician, horn. Koch, Karl H. E., naturalist, born. Kurtz, Johann H., theologian, born. Manteuffel, Baron Edwin H. K., gen., born. Otto, Friedrich J., chemist, born. Preller, Ludwig, class, scholar, antiquary, b. Sauppe, Hermann, classical schol., philol., b. Schlozer, August L. von, historian, A74. Schill, Ferdinand von, soldier, A36. Stockhardt, Julius A., chemist, born. Zimmerman, Albert, painter, born. 1805 * * Berlin. Pastor Janicke founds a Bible Society, which becomes the Prussian Central Bible Society. [1811, He founds a Tract Society.] LETTERS. 1802 * * Pome, a poem, by K. W. Hum- boldt, appears. 1803 * * Baden. The University of Heid- elberg is reconstituted. * * History of Serfdom in Pomerania and Rugen and* Poems, bv Ernst M. Arndt, appear. [1805-06, Spirit of the Time.] * * Bight of Possession, by Friedrich K. von Savigny, appears. * * The Family Srhro fen stein, by Hein- rich B. W. von KTeist, appears. [1S08, Penthesilea; 1810-11, Katchchen von Heilttronn, the Broken Jug, and Tales.] GERMANY. 1802,**-1809, ** * * Minnesongs, by Tieck, appears. [1812- 15, Phantasm.] * * Poems in the Alemannic dialect, by Johann P. Hebel, appears. 1803-09 Spanish Theatre, by August W. von Sclilegel , appears . [ 1809-1 1 , Lectures on Dramatic Art ami Literature.] 1804* * Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. The Allgemeine Literal urzeitung is issued at Jena. * * The Universities of Bamberg, Dil- lingen, and Duisburg suspend. 1805 * * The Cid, by Herder, appears. * * Bavaria. The University of Alt- dorf is united to tbat of JErlangen. 1807-32 History of the Crusades accord- ing to Orien tal and Western Accounts, by Friedrich Wilkeu, appears. 1808 * * The first part of Faust, by Goethe, appears. [1809, Elective Affini- ties; 1810, The Historif of the Doctrine of Colors; 1811-31, From My Life,- Poetry and Truths.] * * Pr. Saxony. The University of Halle is closed. * * Die Einsiedh r^eitung is issued. * * Das Heidelberg ische Jahrbuch is is- sued. * * Aspects of Nature, by F. H. A. von Humboldt, appears. * * Sigurd the Dragon-Slayer and The Magic Ring, hy Friedrich Fouque, ap- pear. [1811, Undine.] 1808-18 History of the States and Law of Germany, by Karl F. Eichhorn, ap- pears. 1809 * * The Universities of Rinteln and Helmstadt suspend. * * The University of Frankfort-on-the- Oder is united to that of Breslau. * * History of the Political Systems and Colonies of Europe, by Heeren, appears. * * The Twenty-fourth of February, by Friedrich L. Z." Werner," appears. SOCIETY. 1807 June * E. Prus. The Tugend- bund, or League of Virtue, is formed at Konigsberg, tor relieving the sufferers by the late wars, and the revival of morality and patriotism. [1809. It ex- cites the jealousy of Napoleon ; he de- mands its suppression. 1815. Dissolved.] STATE. 1802 * * Prussia acquires Erfurt. [1803. Receives more territory.] * * "Westphalia is made over to Hesse- Darmstadt. 1803 June 5. Hanover is occupied and harassed by the French. Bonaparte expresses his contempt for the vanishing empire by invading Ger- many. * * Wiirtemberg. Frederick II. is made elector of Germany. * *Hesse-Cassel becomes an elec- torate ; William I. elector. * * The county of Hanau is made a prin- cipality. * * Bavaria is compelled by the Imperial delegations to give up certain territory, but receives Wurzburg, Bamberg, Augs- burg, and other accessions. * * Wiirtemberg and Baden receive ac- cessions of territory, and are made elec- torates-. * * The Empire of Austria is formed. 1804 Aug. 11. Francis II., the elected Emperor of Germany, takes the addi- tional title of Francis I., hereditary Emperor of Austria, in view of the approaching dissolution of the German Empire. 1805 Nov. 3. Prus. The King of Prus- sia and the Emperor of Russia conclude the Convention of Potsdam, and " swear eternal friendship." * * Third coalition against France. England, Austria, Russia, and Sweden unite against France and Spain. Dec. 15. Prussia is deterred from join- ing the coalition by a treaty with France, in which Hanover is promised in exchange for part of Cleves. Dec. 26. The Peace of Presburg adds to the humiliation of Austria (p. 519). * * Dusseldorf becomes the capital of the Napoleonic duchy of Berg. * * Prussia acquires Hanover in return for Ausbach, Cleves, and Neuchatel. * * Wiirtemberg. Frederick II., Elector of Wiirtemberg, becomes king as Fred- erick I. * * Baden receives more accessions of territory. 1806^44 Saxe-Coburq-Goiha. Ernest IH. is the reigning duke. 1S06 Jan. 1. Bavaria becomes a kingdom ; Maximilian Joseph is made king; Augsburg is annexed. Secession of German princes. July 12. Paris. The Confederation of the Khine is formed. The allegiance of 16,000,000 people is transferred to a foreign State, 258,000 troops are pledged to aid Napoleon in case of war, and a Diet is established at Frankfort (p. 717J. Aug. 6. End of the old German or . Holy Roman Empire. The Union of the empire and the Ger- man kingdom is dissolved. The Em- peror Francis renounces his imperial Roman title, and announces himself the first of the emperors of Austria, with the title Francis I. Aug. 18. Napoleon decrees the erec- tion of the kingdom of "Westphalia. It is to be composed of conquests from Prussia, including Hesse-Cassel, Han- over, and the smaller States to the west of the Elbe. [1813. Abolished.] Oct. 6. Prussia joins the allies of Eng- land against France. [Oct. 9. Declares war against France.] Oct. 14. Prussia suffers by the fatal battles of Jena and Auerstadt. Oct. 27- Berlin. Napoleon enters the city. Nov. 21. Berlin. Napoleon issues his famous Berlin decree (p. 717). Dec. 11. Saxony withdraws from its alliance with Prussia (p. 717). The Elector Frederick assumes the title of king ; lie receives as a reward the territory of Kottbus and the duchy of "Warsaw, but surrenders some of his former territory to the new kingdom of Westphalia. * * Frankfort- on- the-Main is granted to the prince primate Von Dalberg. * * Thelandgraviateof Hesse-Homburg is absorbed by the grand duchy of Hesse. * * Bavaria. Nuremberg is annexed to to Bavaria. * * Saxe-Weimar is changed from a principality to a duchy. * * Baden. Charles Frederick i grand duke by Napoleon, a another addition of territory. Baden becomes a grand duchy. * * Hesse-Darmstadt becomes a grand duchy, with additional territory. Louis I. becomes grand duke. * * Brunswick. "William Frederick be- comes duke of Brunswick-Wulfenbiittel. [1S13. Oct * Actual reign begins.] 1807 Apr. 26. E. Prus. Alexander and the King of Prussia form a com- pact aiming to unite all Europe on a new political foundation. [Vienna re- fuses, and the compact fails.] June 25. W. Biis. Napoleon meets Czar Alexander and Frederick William III. on a raft in the river Niemen; Na- poleon detaches Alexander from his alli- ance with Prussia. July 7-9. E. Prus. The Peace of Til- sit. (July 7.) Peace with Russia is signed by France. (July 9.) Peace with Prussia is signed by France. Frederick "William III. yields one-half the best part of his kingdom and more than half his subjects to France (p. 717). July 9. Saxony. Magd eburg is an- nexed to the kingdom of Westphalia. Dec. 1. Westphalia. Jerome Bona- parte is appointed king by his brother ; Hesse-Cassel and Brunswick are in- corporated in the kingdom. * * E. Prus. The Tugendbund is or- ganized as a patriotic society, and is promoted by Baron von Stein. * * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Napoleon occu- pies the country and deposes Duke Ernest. * * Waldeck-Pyrmont. Schwarzburg- Sondershausen and Schwarzburg- Budolstadt join the Confederation of the Rhine. * * Schaumburg-Lippe is made a prin- cipality. 1807-20 Lippe prospers under the rule of the Princess Pauline. * *-08 Nov.* Prus. Baron von Stein is chief minister. He reorganizes the administration ; serfdom is abolished, municipal rights granted, education encouraged, all classes to compete for civil offices, and drastic military rules enforced. 1808 Apr. 6. Austria declares war against France. Nov. 5. Berlin. The Convention of Berlin is signed. Napoleon remits to Prussia the sum due on the war-debt, and withdraws many of his troops to reenforce his armies in Spain. * * Mecklenburg- Schwerin and Old- enburg join the Confederation of the Rhine. 1809 June * -July * Saxony. Dresden is held by Austria. Oct. 14. Vienna. The Peace of Vi- enna (p. 519). * * Hesse-Nassau. Hanauis incorporated with the duchy of Frankfort. * * Aust. The Tyrol revolts from Bava- ria and from French rule. * * Lippe-Detmold joins the Confedera- tion of the Rhine. [1813. It joins the German Confederation.] * * Bavaria. Salzburg is annexed. 810 1810, Mar. 1-1816, * GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1812 * * Prussia is forced to act as an ally of Napoleon in his Russian cam- paign, and furnishes 20,000 men [but afterwards goes over to Russia]. 1813-14 "War of Independence: the allies unite against Napoleon. Mar. 10. Pros. The Order of the Iron Cross is instituted by King Frederick William. 1813 Feb. 3. Silesia. At Breslau Frederick William 111, appeals to the patriotism of the young men ; they enlist Mar. 17. The people rally with enthu- siasm toexpel the French from Germany, and form the " landwehr," or militia. Mar. 27. Preparations are made for a great conflict. The Russians and Prussians under Prince Willgenstein and Field-Marshal Bliieher occupy Dresden. The French army and the troops furnished by the Confederacy of the Rhine concentrate in Francouia, Thuringia, and on the Elbe. May * Napoleon has 1S0,000 men ; the allies, 85,000. (See battles, p. 720.) Battles: May 2, Liitzen ; May 20,21, Bautzen; Aug. 23, Grossbeeren; Aug. 26, Katzback ; Aug. 26, 27, Dresden ; * * Torgau besieged ; Sept. 6,Dennewitz; Sept. 17, Nollendorf ; Oct. 3, Warten- burg ; Oct. 16, Mockern ; Oct. 16-18, Leip- sic ; Oct. 30, Hanau ; Nov. 2, Hochheim. June 4. Prus. Armistice of Poisch- witz (p. 720). [The allies provide three great armies.] (Pp. 520, 720.) * * Many cities are retaken by the allies. Nov. 11, Dresden; Nov. 21, Stettin ; Dec. 5, Lubeck ; Dec. 26, Zamosc, Modlin, and Torgau ; Dec. 30, Danzig ; 1814, Jan. 12, AVittenberg ; Mar. 7, Kustrin. [* * Many cities maintain themselves against Napoleon until the peace, as Glogau, Magdeburg, Hamburg, Erfurt, Wiirzburg, Wesel, and Mentz.] * * * Hamburg is evacuated by the French before the advance of the Rus- sians into Germany. 1814 Jan. 1. Danzig surrenders to the allies under the King of \Vurtem- berg. Jan. 14. Saxony. Torgau surrenders to the allies. 1815 June 16. Belg. "William Fred- erick, Duke of Brunswick, falls at Quatre-Bras. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1810 * * Prus. Krupp's Cast Steel Fac- tory at Essen is established. [1876. It employs about 10,500 men, besides 5,000 miners and others.] * * The harmonichord, a keyed instru- mant in which sounds are produced by friction, is invented by Thomas Kauit- 1813 * * Galvano-plastik process is in- vented by Jacobi and Speueer. 1815* * Bavaria. Joseph von Fraun- hofer, an optician, discovers that the solar spectrum is crossed by 590 lines. 1816* * Gas-lighting is introduced by "Wilhelni A. Lampadius at Freiberg, * * Pr. Saxony. The first paper-making machine in Germany is made by Kerf- stan at Halle. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1810 * * Esper, Eugen J. C, entomol., AG8. Frankl, Ludwig A., poet, born. Freiligrath, Ferdinand, poet, born. Furstenberg, Baron Friedrich W., states- man, A81. Hasse, Karl E., physiologist, born. Holtzmann, Adolf, philologist, born. Juncker, Henry D., R. C. cl. (bp. in Am.), b. Krupp, Alfred, inanuf. of steel guns, b. Kleiners, Ohristoph, historian, A 63. Nicolai, Karl O. E., composer, born. Reuter, Fritz, port, novelist, born. Schumann, Robert, composer, born. Schwann, Theodor, physiologist, born. Valentin, Gabriel <;., phvs., physiologist, b. 1811 * * Bast, Friedrich J., sehoi.,diplo.,A39. Beckmann, Johann, naturalist, agricultural writer, A74. Bendermann, Eduard, painter, born. Brendel, Karl !■'., musical critic, born. Collin, Heinrich J. von, poet, A39. Gutzkow, Karl F., novelist, dramatist, born. Hahnel, Lrnsl .1., sculptor, born. Hecker, Friedrich K. F., lawyer, pol., born. Hiller, Ferdinand, composer, born. Hoefer, Johann C. F., mis. writer, born. Keller, .Joseph, engraver, born. Ketteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, R. C. bishop of Mentz, statesman, mis. wr., b. Kleist, Heinrich von. poet, novelist, A35. Littrow, Karl L., astronomer, born. Maximilian II., King of Bavaria, born. Maria Louisa Augusta, wife of Emperor William I., born. Nicolai, Cliristoph F., litterateur, A78. Pallas, Peter S., traveler, naturalist, A70. Seetzen, Ulrich J., naturalist, traveler, A45. Vincke, Ernst. <;. von, orator, states., born. 1812* * Archenholz, Johann W., historical writer, A71+. Auerbach, Berthold, novelist, born. Daniel, Hermann, theologian, geographer, b. lumcker, Maximilian W., historian, born. Flotow. Friedrich von. composer, born. Galle, Johann G., astronomer, born. (iriesbaeli, Johann .1., thenl., philol., A67. Heyne, Christian (I., philologist, A83. Junghuhn, Franz W., naturalist, born. Kubn, Adalbert, mvihologisi, philol., born. Reinhard, Francis V., theologian, pulpitora- tor, A59. Rothschild. Meyer A., banker, A69. Schwarz, Karl II. \\'., rationalistic tbeol., b. Thalberg, Sigisniund, pianist, composer, b. "Windthorst, Ludwig-, statesman, born. 1813 May 32. "Wagner, "Wilhelm Rich- ard, composer, born. Bergenroth, tiustav, historian, born. Delitzsch, Franz, theologian, born. Delius, Nikolaus, philologist, critic, born. Fendler, August, botanist, born. Fernkorn, Anton ]>., sculptor, born. Fraiienstadt, < 'liristian M. .1., philosopher,!). (lass, Friedrich W. II. J., theologian, horn. Hebhel, Friedrich, dramatist, born. Koch, Ohristoph \V. von, hist, writer, A76. Ronge, Johannes, U. C. cl., schismatic, b. Korner, Karl T., poet, A 22. Lepsius, Karl R., trav., philol., antiq.,born. Laemlein, Alexandre, painter, born. Meyer, Johann <;., painter, born. Peters, Christian H. F., astronomer, born. Poiuatowski, Prince, Joseph A., gen., A51. Red, Johann ('., anatomist, A54. Seharnhorst, < lerhard I>. von, gen., au., A57. Nchenkel, iJanicl, rationalistic tbeol., born. Ulrich, Titus, poet, born. Wagner, Moritz F., traveler, naturalist, b. "Wieland. Christopher Martin, poet, novel- ist, mis. writer, A80. 1814* * Auer, Anton, Bavarian porcelain painter, A36. Baltv.er, Wilhelm E., rationalist, born. Bredow, Gabriel <;., historian, A41, C'aspari, Karl P., theologian, Bib. critic, b. Curtius. Ernst, anti., painter, art -writer, A73. Frank, Johann 3'., physician, A7t>. Goldstucker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, b. Gregorovius, Ferdinand, poet, historian,!). Hartman, Moritz, poet, born. Helmholtz, Hermann, physicist, born. Mosenthal, Salomon H., dramatist, born. Putlltz, Gustav H. (!., litterateur, born. ReinkeriB, Joseph 11,, " Old Catholic " bp., b. Roth, Rudolf, orieiiktlist, born. Rustow, Wilhelm, military writer, born. Schleicher, August, philologist, born. Schwartz, Wilhelm, mythologist, born. Vince, Samuel, mathematician, astro., dies. Vlrchow, Rudolf, pathologist, born. 1822 * * Arrest, Heinrich L. d', astro., born. Babo, Franz M. von, dramatist, A66. Bauer, Wilhelm, engineer, inventor, born. Bechstein, Johann M., naturalist, A65, Bertuch, Friedrich , I., jour., mis. writer, A75. Clausius, Rudolf J. E., physicist, born. Demme, Hermann C. G., novelist, A62. Ilardenberg, Prince Karl August von, states- man, A77. Hergeiii'other, Joseph, cardinnl. schol.,au.,b. Hoffmann, Ernst T. W., story-teller, mis. writer, A46. Meissner, Alfred, poet, born. Moleschott, Jacob, naturalist, physiol.,born. Overweg, Adolf, African traveler, born. I'etennann, August H., geographer, born. Schliemann, Heinrich. archeologist, b. Schneider, Johann G., naturalist, philologist, lexicographer, A72. Zauner, Franz, sculptor, A76. 1823 * * Bamberger, Ludwig, statesman, b. Erockhaus, Friedrich A., Leipsic pub., A5l. Carus, Victor J., zoologist, author, born. Charles I., King of W'iirteniberg, born. Demmin, August F., art-critic, born. Dillman, Christian F. A., orientalist, born. Esmarch, Johannes F. A., surgeon, born. Falk, Johann F. G., historian, born. Gottschall, Rudolph, poet, born. Hilgenfeld, Arlolf B. C. ('., I'.iblical critic, b. Leuckart, Karl G. F. R., naturalist, born. Pauli, Georg R., historian, critic, born. Polke, Elise, novelist, born. Reinhold, Karl L., philosopher, A65. Siemens, Karl W., physicist, inventor, born. Wagner, Rudolph J., chemist, born. Werner, Friedrich L. Z., poet, dram., A55. 1824 * * Aretin, Baron, Johann C. A. M. von, missionary writer, A5I. Arnim, Count Harry Karl Kurt Eduard von, diplomatist, born. Auberlen, Karl A., theologian, born. Buchner, Friedrich K. C. L., materialistic philosopher, born. Brachvogel, Albeit E., mis. writer, born. Ess, Karl, R. C. tbeol., Bib. scholar, A54. Fischer, Kuno, philosopher, born. He ugl in, Theodor vr.n, traveler, author, born. Kapp, Ki ledrieh, lusloi ical. mis. writer, born. Kirchhoff, Gustav R., astro., physicist, born. Klengel, Johann C, painter, A73. Lazarus, Moritz C, philosopher, born. Wolf, Friedrich A., class, sdiol., critic, A65. 1825 Nov. 14. Richter, Jean Paul Friedrich, poet, novelist, satirist, A62. Bartholdy, Jakob S., soldier, diplomatist, historical writer, A46. Baumgarten, Hermann, historian, born. Burckhardt, Johann K., astronomer, A52. Coccius, Ernst A., oculist, born. Eye, Johann L. A., art-historian, born. Julg, Bernhard, philologist, born. Knapp, Georg C, theologian,*A72. Lange, Ludwig, antiquary, archeologist, b. Lassalle, Ferdinand, socialist, born. Oppert, Jules, orientalist, born. Sehultze, Max, biologist, born. Seemann, Berthold, botanist, born. Strauss, Joliann, composer, born, tlhl, Friedrich, novelist, born. 1826 June 5. "Weber. Baron Karl Iff. F. E. von, composer, musician, A40. I . i.i, . -i ■', i « i ... - - 1 - _ ■ < . hoi . Bauer, Ferdinand, botanical painter, A84. Bode, Johann E., astronomer, A79. Chrysander, Friedrich, musical critic, born. Fesca, Friedrich E., musician, composer, A37. Fraunhofer, Joseph von, Bavarian optician, A39. Gabler, Johann P., theologian, A73. Gegenbaur, Karl, anatomist, biologist, born. Hebel, Johann P., poet, A6B- Krupp, Friedrich, iron manufacturer, dies. Lang, Heinrich, clergyman, author, born. Lubke, Wilhelm, historian of art, born. Lutz, Johann von, statesman, born. Oberlin, Jean F., social reform., philan.,A86. Ottendorier. Oswald, journalist, politician. in America, born. Peschel, Oskar F., geographer, born. Piloty, Karl T. von, painter, born. Scheffel, Joseph V. von, poet, born, Schlagintweil, Hermann^ traveler, born. Staudlin, Karl F., theologian, A65. Ueberweg, Friedrich, philosopher, born. "Vater, Johann S., theologian, philol., A55. Voss, Johann B., poet, philologist, A75. 1827 Mar. 26. Beethoven. Ludwig van. composer, A57. CHURCH. 1816 * * The Strasburg, Frankfort, Lau- enburg-Ratzeburg, Lippe-Detmold, and Rostock Bible Societies are organized. 1817 * * Prus. The 300th anniversary of the Reformation is celebrated by a jubilee. * * The festival of the Wartburg in Sax- ony is held where Luther translated the Scriptures. June 30. Prus. The Prussian Govern- ment orders the word evangelical to be used in place of Protestant, which has become obsolete. * **The Eutin Bible Society for the Prin- cipality of Lubeck, and the Hesse-Darm- stadt, the Waldeck, and Pyrmont Bible Societies are organized. * * Hesse-Nassau. TheEvangelicalChurch in Germany begins with a fusion of the Lutherans and Calvinists in Nassau. [It is followed by similar movements in many parts of Germany.] 1818 * * The Eisenach, Gottingen, MU1- hausen, Hanau, and Hesse-Cassel Bible Societies are organized. [1820. The Colmar and Duchy of Baden Bible So- cieties.] 1821* *The Anhalt, Bernburg, and Weimar Bible Societies are organized. GERMANY. 1816 **-1827 * 81S 1822 Jan. 12. Saxon;/. The Chief Mission Society of Evangelical Lutherans, for promoting true Biblical knowledge among Israel, is formed at Dresden. Feb. 1. Berlin. The Society for Pro- moting Christianity among the Jews is formed at the instance of Lewis Way and Prof. Tholuck. 1823* * Berlin. Pastor Janick's Mission Seminary develops into the Berlin Mis- sionary Society. * * Bavaria. The Bavarian Protestant Institution at Nuremberg [Bible Society] is organized. * * Borne. Leo XII. becomes pope. [1829. Pius VIII.] LETTERS. 1816 * * Pr. Saxony. The University of Erfurt suspends. * * The Original Form of the Nibelungen- noth, by Ivarl K. F. W. Lachmann, ap- pears. * * A translation of iEschylus' Agamem- non, by K. W. Humboldt, appears. [1821, Researches on the Aborigines of Spain by Means of the Basque Language.'] * * On the Conjugation System of the San- skrit Language, G/ossarium Sanscritum, and. a Critical Grain mar of the Sanskrit Tongue, by Franz Bopp, appear. 1817 * * Political Economy of the Athe- nians, by August Bockh, appears. * * A Ministry of Education is formed in Prussia. * * The Ancestress, by Franz Grillparzer, appears. [ISIS, Sappho; 1821, The Golden Fleecej lS2f>, Kina Ottokar's 'Fortune and End.] 1817-18 Geography in Relation to Na- ture and to the History of Man, by Karl Hitter, appears. 1817-41 History of the World in a Con- nected Relation, by Friedrich C. Schlos- ser, appears. [1823, History of the 18th Century : 1824^36, Universal 'Historical View of the History of the Ancient World.] * * Wehmuller, h'asptrl untl Junerl, Ponce de Lion, The Foundation of Prague, and Des Knaben Wunderhorn, a collection of national ballads by Clemens Brentano, appear. 1818* * Enchanted Rose, by Ernst Schulze, appears. * * Milter Songs, by WilL?lm Muller, ap- pears. [1821, Songs of the Greeks.] * * Friedrich A. Brockhaus's Conversa- tions Lexicon, appears. * * Rh. Prits. The University of Bonn — the Rhenish Frederick Wilhelm Univer- sity — is founded. * * Literarisches Wochenblatt is issued. 1819 * * The World as Will and Appear- ance or Representation, by Schopenhauer, appears. * * The universities are placed under police supervision by the Government to repress the progress of liberal ideas. * * Baron H. F. von Stein founds the so- ciety for the publication of the Monu- mental Germanis Historia, the object being to promote the knowledge of ancient German History. * * * Free schools are established. 1819-31 Saxony. Hermes is issued at Leipsic. 1820 * * History of the Hellenic Races and Cities, by Karl Otfried Muller, appears. [1824-30, The Dorians ; 1825, Introduction to a Scientific System of Mythology and On the Origin and An- cient History of the Macedonians ; 1828, The Etruscans; 1830, Manual of the Archeology of Art.] 1821 * * Bertrand du Guesclin, by Foque, appears. * * Ghaselin and other poems, by August Platen, appears. * * Poems, by Tieck, appears. [I82G, Revolt of the Civennes.] * * The Baffle of Hermann and The Prince of Homburg, by Kleist, appear. * * Wilhelm Meister's Traveling Years, by Goethe, appears. [1S29. Revised]. 1821-22 * * Christian Dogma according to the Fundamental Principles of the Evangelical Church, by.Schleiermacher, appears. 1822 * * Memorable Occurences from the History of Christianity and Christian Life, by Meander, appears, [1825-52, General History. of the Christian Reli- gion and Church] * * Love's Spring and Eastern Roses, by Riickert, appear. * * Poems, by Heinrich Heine, appears. [1S23, Amansor and Radclijf; 1826-31, Pictures of Travel ; 1827, Book of Songs.] * * Saxony. The German Union of Natural Philosophers, the forerunner of the British Association, is founded by Oken at Leipsic ; its object is partly to promote political unity in Germany. 1823 * * Walladmor, by Wilibald Alexis (Wilhelm Haring), appears. 1S23-30 * * Indische Bibliothek is issued by August W. von Schlegel. 1824 * * Histories of the Romanic and the Teutonic Peoples, 1494-1535, by Leopold, von Ranke, appears. [1827, Princes and Peoples of Southern. Europe in the 16th and lltli Centuries; 1S29, The Servian Revolution ; 1831 , The Conspiracy Against Venice in 16S8.] * * The Corpus Inscriptionum Grsecorum is begun by Bockh. * * Die sEsrhytischc Trilogie Prometheus, by Friedrich G. Welcker, appears. * * Ideas on the Politics, Commerce, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiq- uity, by Heeren, appears. * * War on the Philistines,\>y Eichendorff, appears. [1S2G, From the Life of a Good- for-Nothing .] 1825 Aug. 2. The Wacht des deutschen Vaterland (""Watch of the Genman Fatherland "), German national hymn, by Reichardt, is first publicly sung. 1826 * * Bavaria. The University of Landshut is moved to Munich, and. united to the Academy of Sciences. * * The Fatal Fork, by Platen, appears. [1S2S, Poems; 1829, Romantic (Edipus.] * * Lichtenstein, by Wilhelm Hauff, ap- pears. [1S27, The Man in the Moon, The Portrait of the Emperor, and other tales.] * * An edition of the FFibelungenlied, by Lachmann, appears. * * Die Menschenerziehung, a work on edu- cation, by Friedrich Froebel, appears. SOCIETY. 1818 * * Wurtemberg. King William I. abolishes serfdom. 1819 Mar. 23. Baden. August F. F. von Kotzebue, a popular dramatist, on suspicion of being a Russian spy, is as- sassinated at Mannheim by a student named Sand. * * The students organize a secret so- ciety (Burschenschaft). [The secret societies are hunted out by the Govern- ment in suppressing liberty.] 1818 Aug. 22. Bavaria. The king grants a constitutional charter. Oct. 9. Rh. Prus. The Congress of Aix-la- Chapelle. The sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, aided by ininisler.s of <-ivat Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, sign a convention for the -withdrawal of the army of occupation from Fiance, and the recep- tion of France into European concert. * * Baden. Louis "William becomes grand duke. [1830. Leopold.] 1819 Aug. 1. Bohemia. The ministers of Austria and Prussia meet in the Con- gress of Karlsbad with representatives of minor German States. (Aug. 19.) The Congress is reactionary, and recommends the " Karlsbad Decrees," establishing the censorship of the press, the investigation of "demagogical " citizens, and the suppression of the Burschenschaft— a secret organization of students, flletternich is the controlling spirit. [Sept.20. Adopted.] * * Prus. Baron "W. von Humboldt, minister and privy councilor to the king, resigns his office because of the king's opposition to a liberal constitu- tion. 1820 Jan. 29. Hanover. George Au- gustus Frederick [George IV., King of England] becomes king. [1S30. June 26. William Henry ("William IV. of Eng- land).] May 17. The Confederation gives Aus- tria and Prussia preponderating influ- May * Vienna. The Final Act of Vi- enna is signed by the Congress of Min- isters in opposition to liberal govern- ment. Oct. 20-Dec. * Aust. Congress of Troppau. Russia and Austria and Prussia unite for the consideration of popular politi- cal movements, and the preservation of the Holy Alliance. 1821 Jan.* Aust. The Congress of Laibach resolves to put down popular insurrections (p. 521). * * Hesse. "William II. becomes elector. [1831. Sept. 30. He abdicates in favor of the electoral prince as co-regent.] 1822 * * It. The Congress of Verona (p. 521). 1823 Oct. 30. Brunswick. Charles Frederick William assumes the gov- ernment of Brunswick. [The German Diet declares he is incapable of reigning. 1830. Sept. 7. An insurrection breaks out, followed by a revolution ; the duke escapes by flight, and retires to En-gland. He is succeeded by his brother "William.] 1825 Oct. 13. Bavaria. Louis I. be- * * Prus. Mail routes are established. 1826 * * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Ernest re- signs Saalfeld to Meiningen, receiving in return Gotha, and assuming the title of Ernest I. * * Altenburg is assigned to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who takes the title of Duke of Saxe-AItenburg. * * Saxe-Meiningen acquires Hildburg- hausen, Saalfeld, Kemburg, Kranich- feld, and other territory. 814 1827, * *-1841, Feb. 12 GERMANY. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1827 * * Yon Fuchs invents stereoch- romy, a mode of painting in -which water-glass serves as the connecting me- dium between the color and the sub- stratum. * * The needle-gun is invented by Jo- hann N. Dreyse of Soemmerda. * * Prus. Ernst von Baer of Konigsberg demonstrates that all mammals are de- veloped from a minute egg not a hundredth of an inch in diameter. 1828 * * The rare metal yttrium is first obtained by Frederick Woler* 1829 Apr. 9. E. Prus. Danzig is in- undated by the Vistula breaking through some of its dikes ; 10,000 head of cattle and 4,000 houses are destroyed, and many lives are lost. 1830 Oct. 18. Bavaria. The temple Walhalla, the Hall of Glory,near Ratis- hon, is begun by Louis, King of Bavaria, to receive the statues and memorials of the great men of Germany. * * Hesse. Baron Justus von Liebig's analysis of organic substances appears at Giessen. [1732. He discovers chlo- roform and chloral.] 1831* *Meyerbeer's opera, Robert le Diable, appears. [1836. The Hugue- nots.] * * Cholera morbus prevails. 1833 * * Electromagnetic telegraph machines are invented by Gauss and Weber. The first telegraph actually constructed and used is set up at Got- tingen. 1835 Dec. 7. Bavaria. The first rail- way in Germany is opened between Nu- remberg and Fiirth ; worked by horses. 1836 May 22. Bh. Prus. Mendels- sohn's St. Paul is produced at the Lower Rhine festival at Dlisseldorf. * * Wiirtemberg. The last guild of meis- tersanger is dissolved at Ulm. 1837 * * Coal-tar colors are invented by Otto P. Runge. * * A locomotive railway is opened from Leipsic to Dresden. 1839 * * Belg. The cell theory is pro- pounded by Theodor Schwann ; it holds that the ultimate particles of all tissues consist of small cells. * * Agassiz publishes his work on fresh- water fishes. 1840 * * Anilin is invented by Hoffmann and Fritzsche. * * Agassiz discourses on the glacial period and blocks carried over Europe by ice. 1841 * * A system of stenography is in- vented by Stolze. Feb. 12. E. Prus. Frederick W. Bessel discovers the annual parallax of star 61 Cygni. [He calculates its distance from the earth to be about sixty billion of miles.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1827* * Brugscn Bey, Heinrich K., Egyp- tologist, b. Chladni, Ernst F. E., plul., inventor, A71. Eichhorn, Johann G., Biblical critic, A75. Falk, Paul L. A., statesman, born. Hauff, Wilhelm, novelist, A25. Miiller, Wilhelm, lyric poet, A33. Schulte, Johann F.. "Old Catholic "theol.,b. Vulpius, Christian A., author, A65. Ziegler, Friedrich W., actor, A67. 1828 Nov. 19. Schubert. Franz, com- poser, A31. Ablwardt, Theodor W. t orientalist, born. Albert, King of Saxony, born. Bargiel, Woldemar, musician, born. Becker, August, poet, born. Bouterwek, Friedrich, phil., critic, A57. Cohn, Ferdinand, botanist, born. Frederick Charles, Prince of Prussia, gen., b. Ersch, Johann S., cyelopedist, A62. Gall, Franz J., phy., fdr. of phrenology, A70. Grafe, Albrecht von, oculist, born. Grosse, Julius, poet, dram., novelist, born. Niemeyer, August H., author, A74. Schrever, Adolph, painter, born. Schilling, Johann, sculptor, born. Thaer, Albert, agnrulUirist, writer, A76. 1829 * * Brehm, Alfred E., naturalist, born. Buttmann, Philipp K., philologist, A65. Deutsch, Emanuel O. TM-, orientalist, born. Dittes, Friedrich, educator, born. Fiek, Adolf, biologist, born. Geiger, Lazarus, scholar, born. Goldschmidt, Levin, jurist, born. Hassel, Johann G. H., statistician, A59. Hillebrand, Karl, historian, born. Kayserling, Moses, Hebrew preacher, histo- rian, born. Kekule", Friedrich A., chemist, born. Lasker, Eduard, statesman, born, Meding, Oskar, novelist, born. Noire, Ludwig, monistic philosopher, born. Schlagintweit, Adolf, traveler, born. Schlegel, Karl W. von. scholar, hist., A57. Spielhagen, Friedrich, novelist, born. Vogel, Eduard, African traveler, born. 1830* * Ablwardt, Christian W., philol., A70. Becker, Ernst A., painter, born. Benin, Ernst, geographer, born. Billow, Hans (.;. von, pianist, composer, b. Dummler, Ernst L., historian, born. Ebel, Johann G., geologist, A66. Heyse, Johann L. P., poet, dram., novelist, b. Ruber, Johann N., " Old Catholic " theol., b. Meyer, Leo, philologist, born. Miiller, Sophie, tragic actor, A27- Sommering, Samuel T. von, anatomist, phys- iologist, A75. TVeishaupt, Adam, jurist, philosopher, A82. 1831 June 29. Stein, Baron Heinrich ~E. K. von, statesman, A74. Oct. 18. FriedLricklll., Prince of Prussia, Emperor of Germany, born. Albertine, Johann B. von, Moravian clergy- man, pulpit orator, A62. Arnim, Ludwig A., poet, A50. Baumstark, Rcinhold L., author, born. Caprivi, de Caprara de Montecucoli, Georg Leo von, chancellor, born. Clausewitz, Karl von, Prussian general, A51. Conze, Alexander C. L., archeologist, born. Dinter, Gustav F., educationist, A7L Eschscholtz, Johann F., naturalist, A38. Gneisenau, Count August N., marshal, A71. Hegel, Georg' W. E., philosopher, A61. Hermes, Georg, R. C. theologian, A 56. Jadassolm. Salomon, composer, born. Kreutzer, Rudolf, comjioser, A65. Klinger, Friedrich M. von, dramatist, novel- ist, soldier, A78. La Fontaine, August II. J., novelist, A75. Matthisson, Friedrich von, poet, A70. Niebuhr, Barthold G., hist., philol., A55. Nitzsch, Karl L., theologian, A80. Planck, Heinrich L., theological writer, A46. Pleyel, Ignaz, composer, A74. Tittmann, Johann A. IL, Biblical critic, A58. Weigel, Christian E. von, naturalist, A83. Zobel, Benjamin, artist, A69. 1832 Mar, 22. Goethe. Johann "Wolf- gang:, poet, dramatist, novelist, phil., A83. Bartscb, Karl F., philologist, born. Beck, Christian 1>., hist., philologist, A75. Devrient, Ludwig, actor, A48. Foerster, "Wilhelm, astronomer, born. Gomperz, Theodor, philologist, born, Gentz, Friedrich von, stales., pol. wr., A66. Guntber, Albert C. C. G., naturalist, born. Hayne, Friedrich (I., botanist, A69. Junkermann, August, actor, born. Rothschild. Nathan M., financier, A55. Semper, Karl, traveler, naturalist, born. Spiess, Heinrich, painter, born. Spurzheim, Johann G., physician, phrenolo- gist, A 56. "Wundt, Wilhelm M., physiologist, born. 1833 * * Becker, Jean, violinist, born. Beer, Michael, dramatist, A33. Brahms, Johannes, composer, born. Christlieb, Tie-odor, clergyman, an., born. Dove, Richard W., jurist, born. Puhring, Eugen K., philosopher, born. Bumichen, Johannes, Fgvptologist, born. Feuerbach, Paul J. A., jurist, A58. Hauser, Kaspar, the mysterious Nuremberg foundling, dies. Konig, Friedrich, inventor of steam printing- press, A58. Meckel, Johann P., anatomist, A52. Passow, Franz L. C, F., philologist, lexicog- rapher, A49. Planck, Gottlieb J., theol., ebureh hist., A82. Schlagintweit, Robert, traveler, born. Scholl, Maximilian S. F., hist., pub., A67- Sprengel, Kurt, botanist, A67. 1834 * * Ebert, Fried. A., bibliographer, A43. Haeckel, Ernst H.. naturalist, born. Knebel, Karl L. von, litterateur, A90. Hachtigal, Gustav, traveler, born. Rohlfs, Gerhard, explorer, born. Schleiermacher, Friedrich E., theologian, critic, mis. writer, A66. Seneh-lder, Alois, inv. of lithography, A63. Tychsen, Thomas C, philologist, A76. Zollner, Johann K. F., physicist, astron., b. 1835 Mar. 2. Francis II., emperor, A67. Autenrieth, Johann H. F. von, physician, Bbttiger, Karl A., archeologist, A75. Brack el, Ferdinande von. poet, novelist, b. Claus, Karl F. W., zoologist, born. ., architect, A48. Olshausen, Hermann, theologian, au., A43. Scbelling, Friedrich G.. novelist, A73. Witzeleben,.Karl A. F., novelist, A66. 1840 June 7. Frederick William III.. King of Prussia, A66. Blnmenbaeh. Johann F., naturalist, physi- ologist, A88. Bohlen, Peter von, orientalist, A44. Dohrn, Anton, zoologist, born. Follen, Charles T. G, clergyman, theologian in (U. S. A.), A45. Gnauth, Gustav A., architect, born. Gbtz, Hermann, composer, born. Grafe, Karl von. oculist, A53. Ilartniann, Eduard von, philosopher, born. Littrow, Joseph J., astronomer, A59. Miiller, Karl Otfried, classical scholar, his- torian, antiquary, A43. Gibers, Heinrich W. M., astronomer, A82. Rotteck, Karl von, jurist, states., hist., A65. Thibaut, Anton F., jurist, A66. CHURCH. 1829 June 24. Several small societies are united under the name of tbe Bhen- ish Mission Society. 1830 * * Methodism is introduced. 1831 * * Pome. Gregory XVI. is pope. 1834 Apr. 23. Hamburg. American ^ t missionaries engage _ work in Germany; Rev. Barnas Sears baptizes seven persons in the River Elbe. 1833 * * A dispute occurs with the Holy See. [It is ended by concessions.] Aug. 17. Alsace-Lorraine. The Society of Israel's Friends is founded at Stras- burg. 1836 * * Saxony. The Leipsic Evan- gelical Lutheran Society is founded. Apr. 9. The North German Mission- ary Society is organized. * * The Society for Christian Care of Jew- ish Proselytes is formed as a supplement to the Berlin Society, which confines it- self to purely missionary work. GERMANY. 1827, -1841, Feb. 12. 815 * * The Anhalt-Dessau Bible Society is organized. 1837 * * Rk. Prus. The Archhishop of Cologne is confined in the fortress of Miden, having been forbidden attend- ance at Bonn. 1840 June 7. Prus. Frederick William IV. comes to the throne, and soon makes concessions to the church. * * Prus. The Government disputes with Roman Catholic clergy begin ; ultra- montanism appears. * * Rev. Johann G. Oncken, the Baptist pastor and missionary, is imprisoned by the Government. He is prohibited from administering the sacraments, and all persons except his own household are prohibited attend- ance at his family worship. LETTERS. 1827 * * The Jew, by Karl Spindler, ap- pears. 1827-46 * * Jahrbuch fur wissenschaft- liche Kritik is issued by Cotta. 1828 * * Poet-life, by Tieck, appears. ■* * Legal Antiquities of Germany, by Ja- cob Grimm, appears. [1835, German Mythology.] * * A True Servant of His Master, by Grillparzer, appears. [1S31, The Waves of Love and of the Sea.] 1829 * * The German Heroic Legend, by "Wilhelm Grimm, appears. * * The Seeress of Prevorst, by Andreas J. Kerner, appears. * * Don Juan and Faust, by Christian D. Grabbe, appears. [1X29-30, Friedrich Bar- barossa and Heinrich IV. ; 1838, Battle of Hermann.] 1829-34 The Collected Writings of Lud- wig Borne appear. 1829-53 History of Philosophy , by Hein- rich Ritter, appears. 1830-35 Hanover. Prince Bismarck studies at the University of Gbttingen. * * Hesse. Polytechnic schools are es- tablished in Darmstadt. * * Original Documents for German His- tory, by FriedrichC. Dahlmann, appears. [1840-43, History of Denmark.'] 1830-37 Lexicon Arabico-Zafinvm and Proverbs of the Arabs, by G. W. F. Frey- 1830-44 The Dramatic Works of Ernst B. S. Raupach appear. 1832 * * The Second Part of Faust, by Goethe, appears. July 16. Ph. Prus. The Diet at Frank- fort issues a protocol suppressing the liberty of the press in Baden. * * History of the Planting of the Apostolic Church, by Neamler, appears. [1837, The Life of Jesus Christ in its Historical Re- lation.] 1833 * * History of Alexander the Great, by Johann G. Droysen, appears. [1S3G- 43, History of Hellenism.'] 1833-35 Origin of Christianity, by Jo- hann J. I. D'ollinger, appears.' [1S38, A Treatise on the History of the Church.] 1834* * Repertorium der gesammten deutschen Liti-ratvr is issued. 1834-37 Reisenovellen (Tales of Travels), by Heinrich Laube, appears. [1843, The Countess Chdteaubriand.] 1834-37 The Popes of Rome, by Ranke, appears. [1839-47, German History in the Period of the Reformation.] 1835 * * Wally the Skeptic, by Karl Gutz- kow, appears. [1841, Patkul.] ■■ * Poems, by Ida M. S, L. Halrn-Hahn, appears. [1844, Countess Faustine.] 1835-42 History of the National Poetic Literature of the Germans, by Gervinus, appears. 1836 * * On the Myth of the Northern Legend of Thor, by Uhland, appears. 1837 * * Frederick Froebel opens a kindergarten at Blankenburg in Thu- ringia. * * Spinoza, by Berthold Auerbach, ap- pears. [1839, The Pott and Merchant; 1842, The Cultivated Citizen ,- 1843, Vil- lage Tales of the Black Forest.] * * Art of German Prose, by The odor Mundt, appears. [1S42, History of Con- temporary Literature.] * * Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitungis issued. * * Hanover. Seven professors of the University of Gbttingen — Jacob and "William Grimm, Dahlmann, Gervinus, Ewald, Albrecht, and Weber — are dis- missed and banished for signing a pro- test against the King of Hanover's abrogation of the constitution. 1837-51 Dictionary of Chemistry, by Justus von Liebig, appears. [1840, Or- ganic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology : 1S42, Ani- mal Chemistry in its 'Application to Phys- iology and Pathology?] 1838 * * Hallische Jahrbuch is issued. 1839 * * Plato?iic Studies, hyEdu&rd Zel- ler, appears. [1844-52, The Philosophy of the Greeks; 1847, History of the Chris- tian Church.] 1840 * * Historu of the Literature of An- cient Greece, by Karl Otfried Miiller, appears. 1840-41 Thou shalt not have it, the Free German Rhine, a song by ISTikolaus Becker, appears, in response to the pro- posed annexation of the valley of the Rhine to France ; it is answered by Al- fred de Musset in the Le Rhin Alle- mande. SOCIETY. 1829 June 11. [Emperor] "William I, is married to the Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar. 1830* *The term "Philistines" is ap- plied by the Liberal party to the oppo- nents of progress — the Conservative party. 1833 * * Hesse-Nassau. Ariotoccurs at Frankfort. STATE. 1827 * * Saxony. Anthony Clement becomes king. [Sept. 13. A revolu- tion occurs ; Anthony abdicates ; Fred- erick Augustus [II.] is regent. Liberal uprisings occur throughout Europe. 1S31. Sept. 4. A constitution is adopted. 1S3G. Frederick Augustus becomes king.] 1828-53 Saxe-Weimar. Charles Fred- erick is grand duke. ± * *The Zollverein, or German Cus- toms Union, is gradually formed among North German States. [It paves the way for a national union in 1834.] 1829 May 21. Oldenburg. Augustus becomes grand duke. 1830 July 27-39* * Paris. The Rev- olution arrests the attention of Europe. * * Hesse. Louis II. becomes grand duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. * * The Customs Union includes a pop- ulation of 25,000,000, and a territory of 80,000 square miles. 1831 Jan. 5. Hesse. The Constitu- tion of Hesse-Cassel is given ; the Cham- ber receives the exclusive right of voting taxes. 1832 June 28. New Confederate laws are passed. 1833 * * Frankfort. Students make un- successful attempts at insurrection. 1S34. [May * They fail the second time.] Two policemen are overpowered for a few hours, and the reactionary spirit spreads rapidly throughout Germany. * * Bohemia. A meeting of sovereigns takes place at Munchengratz ; Austria, Prussia, and Russia are represented. [Conference of ministers is held at Tep- litz.] 1834 Jan. 1. The German Tariff Union is established. It is finally accomplished after long endeavor by Prussia, and called the Zollverein by Maassen, the Prussian Minister of Finance. [It is gradually joined by all the States except Austria.] * * Vienna. A conference of ministers is held. * * *The French Revolution has stirred the people of Southwestern States to a more vigorous political life. 1835 Mar. 2. Aust. The Emperor Francis I. dies [and is succeeded by his son, Ferdinand I.]. Metternich is his councillor of state (p. 521). 1836 Oct. 30. Alsace. Louis Napo- leon attempts to raise an insurrection at Strasburg (p. 727). 1837 June 20. Fng. "Victoria suc- ceeds "William IV. of Hanover, her uncle, to the throne of Great Britain. [Hanover is separated from England on the death of "William IV., under the operation of the Salic law.] Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumber- land, brother of "William IV. of Eng- land, becomes king. [He abolishes the Constitution, and revives an older and less liberal one.] * * Rh. Prus. Droste von Vischering, archbishop of Cologne, has a quarrel with the Government about marriages between persons of different religious beliefs ; he is arrested. 1840 June 7. Prus. Frederick "Wil- liam III. dies [and is succeeded by his son]. 1840-61 Prus. Frederick "William TV. is king. 1840 * * P?^us. Governmental disputes with Roman Catholic clergy increase. July 15. England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia enter a treaty of alliance with Turkey, to the exclusion of France- [Austria and England force its decis-- ion.] (P. 729.) 816 1841, June 22-1848,* * GERMANY. ARMY — WAVY. 1842 Nov. 12. Berlin is declared in a state of siege. 1848 * * "War with Denmark respect- ing Sehleswig-Holstein, caused in part by the open letter of Christian VIII. (p. 641). Mar. 24. Sehleswig-Holstein. Kends- burg is taken. [Apr. 9. Defeat at Flensburg. Apr. 23. Danes defeated at the Danewerk.] (P. 640.) Apr. * -Aug. * Sehleswig-Holstein. Troops are furnished to the two duch- ies by Prussia and the German confed- eracy, to form a new army. May 2. Den. The fortress of Frede- ricia is captured by the Sehleswig-Hol- stein troops and Prussians. July 25. The Italians are defeated at Custozza by Radetzky. Aug. 26. Sweden. The Truce of Malmb for seven months (p. 640). Nov. 10. Berlin. Gen. Wrangel en- ters Berlin without opposition. Nov. 12. Berlin. A state of siege pro- claimed ; the burgher-guard is dismissed by the king, but it refuses to disband. * * Austria and Hungary are at war (p. 521+). * * War between Austria and Sar- dinia (p. 520-h). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1841 * * A steam -railway is opened from Berlin to Magdeburg. * * Berlin. Anastatic printing, in, which printed matter is transferred upon zinc plates, is invented by Baldermus. 1842 * * Robert W. E. Bunsen constructs the first carbon battery. 1843 Jan. 1. Alsace-Lorraine. The astronomical clock of the Strasburg Cathedral, stopped for a longtime, and repaired by M. Schwilgue, is inaugu- rated. 1845 Oct. 19. Saxony. "Wagner's Tannhduser appears at Dresden. [1848. Lohengrin.] * * The name odyl is given by Baron Karl von lieichenbach to a so-called new" im- ponderable or influence," said to give rise to luminous phenomena, visible to certain sensitive persons only. 1846 Sept. 23. Berlin. The planet Neptune is discovered by Johann G. Galle. * * Guncotton is invented by Christian Friedrich Schonbein. 1847 * * The electric light is much im- proved hy Moritz H. Jacobi. 1848 Aug. 15. Rh. Prus. The body of the cathedral at Cologne is opened in the presence of the king on the 600th an- niversary of its foundation. * * An induction electrometer is in- vented by Peltier. * * Anti-phosphoric matches are in- vented by Bottger. * * Meyerbeer's opera, Le Prophete, ap- pears. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1841 * * Ast, Georg A. F., scholar, teacher, A63. Auguste, Christian J. W., theologian, A70. Haader, Franz X. von, philosopher, A7ti. Dannecker, Johann H., sculptor, A83. Herbart, Johann F., philosopher, A65. Hoist, Hermann E. von, historian, born. Kuhnoel, Christian F., Biblical critic, A73. Schinkel, Karl F., architect, A60. Tiedge, Christoph A., poet, A89. 184:2 * * Brentano, Clemens, novelist, dram- atist, A65. Gesenius, Friedrich H. W., orientalist, Bib- lical critic, A56. Hase, Heinrich, antiquary, A53. Heeren. Arnold H. L., historian, A82. Hellwald, Friedrich A. H. von, geographer, b. Krug, Wilhelm T., philosopher, A72. Lampadius, Wilhelm A., chemist, A70. 1843 * * Adelung, Friedrich, philologist, A75. Augustus, Friedrich, W. H., Prince of Prus- sia, A64. I'.aumgarten-Crusius, L. F. O., theol., A55. Fouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte, poet, novelist, A66. Fries, Jakob F., philosopher, A70. Hahnemann, Samuel C. F.. physician, founder of homeopathic system, A88. Kind, Johann F., poet, novelist, (Irani., A75. Perthes, Christian I'., publisher, A71. Pichler, Caroline, novelist, A74. 1844* * Held, Adolf, economist, born. Hugo, Gustav, jurist, A80. Kielmever, Karl F. von, naturalist, A79. 1845 * * Becker, Nikolaus, poet, A29. Berger, Ludwig, composer, AbBt. Junghans, Sophie, novelist, born. Krummacher, Friedrich A., theologian, poet, mis. writer, A77. Schlegel. August W., poet, orientalist, critic, A78. 1846 * * Bessel, Friedrich W., astron., A62. Ideler, Christian L., astron., linguist, A80. Marheineke, i'liilipp K., author, A66. Theremin, Ludwig F. F., cl., author, A63. Zimmern, Helen, "German author in Eng.,b. 1847 Nov. 4. Mendelssohn-Bar tholdy. Felix, composer, A38. Pieffenbaeli, Johann F., surgeon, A53. Ess, Leander von, theologian, A75. Jacobs, Friedrich C. W., classical scholar, critic, A83. Materna, Amalie, vocalist, born. Kapp, George, founder of sect of Harmo- nists, A77. 1848* * l'diiiu. llolicrt, democratic pol., A4I. Bretschneider, Karl G-, rationalistic theolo- gian, A72. Geiger, Ludwig, historian, bom. Gorres, Jakob J., publicist, mis. writer, A72. Hasse, Friedrich C. A., historical wr., A75. Hermann, Johann G. J., philologist, A76. Schwanthah-r, Ludwig 31., sndptor, A46. Zschokke, Johann H. D., mis. writer, A77. CHURCH. 1842 June 23. Berlin. The Gossner Missionary Society is confirmed in its organization by the king's cabinet. * * Cologne. The cathedral repairs are completed, and new buildings are founded. 1844-59 The Codex Sinaiticus, presu- mably written in the 4th century, is dis- covered by M. Constantine Teschendorf, a Biblical paleontologist, philologist, and critic, at St. Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai, Arabia. * * Lubeck. The Society of Friends of Israel is founded. * * Jih. Prus. Johannes Konge, the Catholic priest and reformer, attacks Arnoldi, bishop of Treves, for offering for devotion an alleged relic which he called the holy seamless coat of Christ ; being expelled, he initiates the German Catholic Movement. * * Berlin. The Berlin "Woman's Mis- sionary Association is organized. 1846 * * Rome. Pius IX. becomes pope. 1848 Aug. 15. Rh.Prus. The body of the cathedral of Cologne is opened on the 600th anniversary of its foundation, in the presence of the king. LETTERS. 1841 * * History of the First Crusade, hy Heinrich von Sybel, appears. * * Poems, by Robert E. Prutz, appears. [1847, Political and Literary Essays; 1S47- 49, Dramatic Works.] 1841-74 Metaphysics, by Rudolph H. Lotze, appears. [1842, General Pathol- ogy and Therapeutics as Mechanical and Natural Sciences; 1843-79, Logic; 1851, General Philosophy of the Organic Life ; 1852, Medical Psychology, or Physiology of the Soul .] * * Lieder der Gegenwart, by Rudolph Gottschall, appears. [1843, Madonna and Magdeline.] 1844 * * The Acropolis of Athens, by Ernst Curtius, appears. [1851-52, His- tory of Greeee ; 1852, Peloponnesus.'] * * History of the English Revolution, by Dahlmann, appears. [1845, History of the French Revolution.] * * Rambling and Hunting Excursions through the I 'it ifed States of North Amer- ica, by Friedrich Gerstacker, appears. [1S45, The liequlators of Arkansas; 1847- 48, Mississippi Picture's; 1848, The River Pirates of the Mississipju : 1849, Ameri- can Forest and Stream Pictures.'] 1844-45 Ancient High and Low Dutch Popular So?igs, by Uhland, appears. 1844-47 Life of Jesus, by Johann P. Lange, appears. [1849-52, < 'hristian Dog- matic; 1853-54, History of the Church.] 1845 * * Physiological Letters, by Karl Vogt, appears. [1S52, Pictures from Ani- mal Life.] 1845-58 Kosmos, by Friedrich H. A. von Humboldt, appears. 1846 * * History of the 18th Century, and the 19th till the Fall of the French Em- pire, by Schlosser, appears. * * Die Valentine, by Gustav Freytag, ap- pears. [1853, Debit and Credit and The Journalists] 1S46-51 Comparative Lexicon of the Indo-Germanic Language, by Lbrenz Diefenbach, appears. 1847 July * Deutsche Zeitung is issued. * * Uriel 'Acosta, by Gutzhow, appears. [1850-52, Die Ritter von Geist.] * * Atta Troll, a Sunnn2. Bockh, August, philan., antiq., A82. Bopp, Franz, orientalist, A76. Brandis, Christian A., hist, of phil., A77. Cornelius, Peter von, painter, A80. Dreyse, Johann N. von, inventor of needle- gun, A80. Gerhard, Eduard, nreheologist, A72. HaaBe, Heinrich G. F. C, philologist, A39. Hauaser, Ludwig, historian, A49. Maximilian, A. P., Prince of JSeuwied, nat- uralist, traveler, A85. Mittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist, states., A80. Rothe, Richard, chTgyiiiaii, author, A68. Sohn, Karl F., painter, A62. 1868 * * Brendel, Karl F., musical critic, A57. Hauptmann. Mnrit/,, composer, A76. Hermann, Friedrich B. W. von, publicist, economist, A73. Hildebrandt, Eduard, painter, A 51. Juncker, Henry D., R. C. el.(bp. in Am.), A58. Louis I., King of Bavaria, A82. Martius, Karl F. P., botanist, A74. JVtobiiiB, August F.. mathematician, A78. Plucker, Julius, physicist, A67. Pdppig, Eduard, nittunilist, traveler, A71. Preuas, Johann D. E., historian, A 83. Schleicher, August, philologist, A47. Schonbein, Christian F., chemist, A69. Sichel, Julius, oculist, A66. Sternberg, Alexander, novelist, A62. Waagen, Gustav F., art critic, A74. Welcker, Friedrich G., archeologist, A84. CHURCH. 1866 June 22. Borne. Archbishop A. von Hohenlohe is created a cardinal priest. Gj? RMAN^- 1866, June 20-1869, Feb. 15. 825 Sept. 5. Berlin. A synagogue, alleged to be the largest and most beautiful in the world, is consecrated. 1868 June 25. Hesse. The Luther monument is unveiled at "Worms by the King of Prussia. LETTERS. 1866 * * China and Japan, by Heinrich Schliemann, appears. [1869, Ithaca, Pel- oponnesus, and Troy.'] * * Generelle Morpho/nr/ieder Orfjanismen, by Ernst H. Haeck'el, appears. [1S6S, Natural History of Creation; 1S70, On the Origin and Genealogy of the Human Race.] 1867 * * Lives of Fathers of tjie Desert, by Ida Hahn-Hann, appears. [18G8, Eu- doxia, a Picture of the 5th Century.] 1868* * History of JEsthetics in Ger- many, by Lotze, appears. * * Military Life in Prussia, by Hack- lander, appears. * * The Salon is issued. 1868-70 History of Roman Literature, by Wilhelm S. Teuffel, appears. 1868-71 Bavaria. Anton Bachmaier publishes a German-French-English dic- tionary of pasigraphy, a system pro- fessing to teach people to communicate ■with each other by means of numbers which convey the same ideas in all lan- guages ; 4334 mental conceptions, it is claimed, may be communicated by the system. SOCIETY. 1S66 Nov. 17. Baden. Civil mar- riage is made obligatory. 1868 Apr. 1. Saxony. Capital pun- ishment is abolished. Sept. 26-29. Berlin. A workmen's congress to promote centralization is held. STATE. 1866 July 3. Austria is prostrate at the feet of Prussia after the battle of Sadowa. Prussian supremacy in Ger- many is assured. July 4. Austria cedes Venezia to France, and requests the intervention of Napoleon III. July 13. The Prussian army under Gen. Frankenstein advancing, the Confeder- ate Diet retires from Frankfort to Augsburg. July 16. Prus. The king invites the states of North Germany to form a new confederation, to be called the North German Confederation. July 26. Moravia. A preliminary treaty of peace is signed at Nikolshurg under French mediation. Prussia demands Hanover, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort ; Austria "with- draws from Germany. July 30. Prussia grants an armistice to the German states. Aug. 4. Bavaria. The dissolution of the German Confederation is recog- nized by the Confederate Diet at Augs- burg. Brunswick. A tariff convention meets. Aug. 13. Prussia makes peace with Wurtemberg. Aug. 17. Berlin. The bill for making annexations to Prussia is introduced in the Prussian parliament. Prussia concludes peace with Baden. Aug. 18. The North German Con- federation is formed by an alliance of the North German states with Prussia. Prussia enters a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, with 15 states : Saxe- Weimar, Oldenburg, Brunswick, Saxe-A ltenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Anhalt, two Schwarzburgs, Waldeck, the younger Reuss, two Lippes, Liibeck, and Bremen. Mecklenburg also join. Aug. 23. The Peace of Prague be- tween Austria and Prussia is signed. Prussia gains Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort (p. 527). Aug. 24. Bavaria. The old Confeder- ate Diet at Augsburg holds its final session, and is dissolved. Aug. 29. Prus. Deputies hold a special meeting; cost of the war is given as $88,000,000. Sept. 3. Prus. Peace with Hesse- Darmstadt is concluded by ceding Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Homburg, and other territory. [Sept. 15. Dominions in the north part ceded to Prussia.] Sept. 8. Berlin. The treaty of alliance between Prussia and the North German states is ratified. Sept. 11. Berlin. The Annexation Eill is passed. The kingdom of Prus- sia is enlarged (p. 527). Sept. 20. Berlin. A decree is issued for anne xin g to Prussia, Hanover, Electo- ral Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort. [Sept. 23. Hanover's king protests to Europe.] Sept. 26. Thuringia. The elder Reuss joins the North German Confederation. Oct. 6. Hanover. Prussia takes posses- sion. [Oct. 8. Also of Hesse, Homburg, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort.] Oct. 8. Prus. Frankfort-on-the-Main is annexed ; the legislative corps and 15,000 citizens protest against it. Saxe-Meiningen joins the North German Confederation. Oct. 21. Prussia and Saxony sign a treaty of peace. Oct. 23. Berlin. The electoral law respecting the new German parliament is promulgated. Oct. 27- Prussia and Oldenburg enter a special treaty. Oct. * -Kov. * The Schleswig-Hol- stein controversy continues between the Diet and Austria and Prussia. Dec. * Berlin. Parliament obstinately refuses to defray the expenses of war. * * All the allies of Austria are forced to join the North German Confeder- ation. Bavaria is forced to cede some of its territory to Prussia because of its atti- tude as an ally of Austria during the war ; "Wurtemberg is forced to pay an indemnity to Prussia. 1867 Jan. 24. Berlin. A decree is is- sued incorporating Schleswig and Holstein with Prussia. Feb. 24. Berlin. The King of Prussia opens the first North German Parlia- ment. It has been elected by universal man- hood suffrage, and comprises 295 depu- ties, from 22 states. [Mar. 2. Dr. Simp- son is elected its first president.] Apr. 17. The Federal Constitution is adopted. The Prussian monarchy is made hered- itary over the Confederation ; a federal legislative council and a Diet elected by the whole people is established. [July 1. Operative.] May 7-11. London. A conference set- tles the Luxemburg question. (See Great Britain.) May 8. Prus. The Prussians accept the North German Constitution, thus sacrificing Prussian civil rights to Ger- man unity. July * Baden joins the Tariff Union. Aug. * Fifty deputies from parliaments of Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt meet, and declare the union of South German states with North Germany to be necessary. The mass of the Catholic South Germany is opposed to union with Protestant North Germany. Sept. 7. Prus. Bismarck, by a circular despatch, announces that the German nation will not submit to interference or guidance on the part of any foreign power. Sept. 10. Berlin. The new North Ger- man Parliament meets. Oct. 18. Hanover. The treaty with Prussia is ratified. Oct. * -Nov. * A new German Zoll- verein, or Tariff Union, is formed. Nov. 15. Berlin. King "William opens the new Prussian Landtag. 1868 Feb. 22. Berlin. A treaty with the United States is signed relating to naturalization of aliens. * * Hanover. The government seques- trates much of the property of the king because he maintains a Hanoverian legion. Apr. 27. — May 23. Berlin. Delegates from the Zollverein meet in the first customs parliament in Germany. May 20. Hanover. Hanoverians are convicted of incipient treason against Prussia. June * Berlin. Chancellor Bismarck retires temporarily because of ill health. Oct.* Berlin. A South German Military Commission is appointed alter commu- nicating with Bavaria, Wurtemberg, and Baden. Nov. 2. Hesse. The ex-elector has his property sequestrated for intriguing against Prussia. Dec. 1. Berlin. Deputies strongly op- pose the government; Minister Leon- hardt makes a violent speech. Dec. 8. Berlin. Bismarck, having re- covered his health, returns to the chan- cellorship. * * Baden proposes the union of the states of South Germany with the North* era Confederacy. 1869 Feb. 15. Hanover. The king's property is sequestrated because of his opposition to Prussia. [Feb. * And again for intriguing.] 826 1869, May 31-1872, Sept 20. (ERMANY. ARMY — WAVY. 1S70 July 19-71 Mar. 3. The Franco-Prussian "War. (See France.) July 23. Berlin. "War is declared against France ; great enthusiasm pre- Tails in Germany. Aug. 4. Alsace-Lorraine. The Germans invade France. Battle of Weissen- burg (p. 738). Aug. 4. William I. revives the order of the "Iron Cross." It is bestowed on the crown prince, "TJnser Fritz." (The first crosses were distributed in the war of 1S13.) Aug. 6. Fr. The French army com- mences its retreat to the Moselle. Sept. 4-16. Fr. The German armies all advance towards Paris. Sept. 19-71 Jan. 28. The Siege of Paris. Sept. 19. Alsace-Lorraine. AtMetzthe French under Gen. Ducrot make an unsuccessful sortie. Sept. 30. Alsace-Lorraine. The victori- ous Germans enter Strasburg on the an- niversary of its surrender to the French in 1681. Oct. * Alsace-Lorraine. Gen. TThrich receives the Grand Cross of the Le- gion of Honor at Strasburg. 1871 Jan. 10, 11. Battle of Le Mans. The French army under Gen. Chanzy is almost annihilated by the Germans under Frederick Charles. Jan. 15-17. Fr. At Belfort a French army of 40,000 under Gen. Bourbaki un- successfully attacks the Germans under Gen. "Von Weder, and is compelled to retreat to Switzerland. Jan. 19. Fr. Battle of St. Quentin. The last army of the French is com- pletely defeated in several engagements near Paris (p. 744). Jan. 28. Fr. An armistice is signed, while the Germans occupy the Paris forts. The capitulation of Paris is effected by the Convention of Versailles. May 4. A provision is added to the Im- perial Constitution, stipulating that every German fit for duty is liable to serve for seven years in the Imperial army. May 10. Peace of Frankfort (p. 745). June. 16. Berlin. The victorious ar- mies enter the city. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1869 June 15. The second expedition of discovery sails for the Polar seas in the Germania and Hansa; it seeks to find a northeast passage. July 20. Bavaria. An International Exhibition is opened in the Crystal Palace at Munich. 1871 June 16. Berlin. A statue of Frederick William TV. is inaugu- rated. Aug. * E. Prus. Fatal cholera prevails in Kdnigsberg. 1872 July 9. Hesse-Nassau. A me- morial to Baron Heinrich F. K. von Stein, the patriotic statesman, is inau- gurated at Nassau by the emperor. BIRTHS— DEATHS. F.rdmann, Otto L., chemist, A65. Hengstenberg, Ernst W., theologian, Biblical critic, A67. Launitz, Eduard Schmidt von der, sculptor, A72. Lowe, Johann K. G., composer, A73. Overbeck, Frie,byDahn, appears. [1878, Primitive History of the Germanic and Romance People and Bal- lads and Songs; 1S79, Reason in Law; 1SS0, Odin's Consolation.] 1877 Sept. 26. Hesse-Nassau. Tbe 32d Congress of German philologists meets at "Wiesbaden ; Ernst Curtius is president. SOCIETY. 1872 Sept. * The conscription causes great emigration of young men to Amer- ica. Oct. 31. Baden. Gambling-houses are finally closed. Dec. 2. Berlin. The Government cre- ates 24 new peers. 1873 Apr. 21, 22. Hesse-Nassau. Riots occur in Frankfort through rise in the price of beer ; they are suppressed by sol- diers ; 37 people killed, 100 wounded. 1874 July 13. Bavaria. At Kissen- gen, Kullman, a cooper's apprentice, at- tempts to kill Bismarck " because of the church laws." [Oct. 30. Sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment.] Oct. 4. Berlin. Count Harry Arnim, formerly ambassador at Koine and Paris, is suddenly arrested and imprisoned for refusing to give up official ecclesiastieo- political papers. [Oct. 28. Ill and re- leased on bail. Nov. 12. Rearrested. Dec. 19. Tried and convicted, and sen- tenced to imprisonment for three months. Later, he gets a new trial. Sentence confirmed.] 1875 Jan. * A law is passed requiring the registration of births, deaths, and marriages. May 28. Berlin is visited by the King and Queen of Sweden. Dec. 11. A dynamite fiend is ar- rested. A man named Thomson consigns a cask containing dynamite to Bremerhafen, to be shipped by the steamer Mosel. A se- cret machine was to have exploded it in eight days, but a premature explosion occurs on the dock, killing 80 and wound- ing about 200 persons, mostly emigrants. [Thomson commits suicide.] 1877 Jan. 1. Berlin. The emperor celebrates his 70th military anniver- sary. [Jan. 22. Also his 80th birth- day.] * * Socialists are alleged to constitute about one-tenth of the entire body of voters. 1878 May 11. Berlin. EmilH.M.Ho- del, a young Socialist, shoots at and misses the emperor. [June 2. Dr. Karl E. Nobiling, another Socialist, wounds the emperor. June * -Sept. * He gradu- STATE. 1872 Sept. * The great emigration of young men to America to avoid the con- scription is forbidden by the Govern- ment. Oct. 31. Berlin. The Bundesrath, or House of Peers, defeats the Govern- ment on the districts' administrations reform bill, which would lessen the power of the peers in the provinces by granting representatives to the peasants in the local assemblies. Vote, 146-1S. Oct. * The Emperor William arbitrates the San Juan boundary dispute, and decides in favor of the United States. Dec. 2. Berlin. In the Bundesrath 24 new peers have been created to give the Government additional votes. Dec. 7. Berlin. In the Bundesrath the peers pass the principle of the reform biU. Vote, 114-87. Dec. 18. Berlin. It is announced that Bismarck resigns the presidency of the Federal Council, but continues the for- eign department. Dec. 31. Berlin. Diplomatic relations with the Pope are severed. Dec* Berlin. Count Eoon is made president of the Federal Council. 1S73 Jan. 9. Berlin. A bill is intro- duced in the Reichstag by M. Falk, minister of public worship, for the estab- lishment of a royal tribunal of eccle- siastical affairs in opposition to the authority of the Pope in Germany. [May 11. Passed.] Mar. 12. Berlin. The subjection of the church to the state is announced by the Reichstag. Mar. 15. Berlin. The May Laws are passed by the Reichstag. (See Church.) May 11, 12. Berlin. The chancellors of Germany, Austria, and Russia meet. [May 13. They agree to an urgent note to Turkey on the Eastern policy. May * France and Italy approve. May 19. England disapproves. Note not pre- sented because of a revolution in Tur- key.] June 23. Berlin. The Reichstag passes the monetary reform law. Nov. 12. Berlin. The Reichstag opens ; the Government has 432 votes, the Oppo- sition, 121. Dec. 3. Berlin. XJltramontanes in the Reichstag join the Opposition, and defeat the Government in restricting the press. Dec. * Berlin. In the Reichstag a new oath of implicit obedience to the state is proposed for the clergy ; the Civil Marriage Bill is passed. [1875. Jan. 25. It is adopted by the Landtag.] * * Saxony. Albert becomes king. 1874 Jan. 11. Parliamentary elec- tions are held. [Of 397 members elected, about two-thirds are Nationalist Liber- als, and about 100 Ultramontanists.] Mar. * Berlin. The Army Bill, requir- ing permanently 401,659 men instead of 360,000, occasions a constitutional strug- gle in the Reichstag. [Apr. 10±. A com- promise, settling the army for seven years, is agreed to.] June * The German Liberal Associa- tion is formed against I'articularistsand Ultramontanists. Oct. 1. Berlin. A law for compulsory civil marriage and the civil registration of births and deaths is introduced into the Reichstag. [1875. Jan. Passed.] Oct. 4. Berlin. Count Harry Arnim, an opponent of Bismarck's anti-papal plans, is arrested. (See Society.) Dec. 16.. Berlin. The Eeichstag gives an adverse vote to Bismarck, and he re- signs the chancellorship. Dec. 18. Berlin. The Reichstag gives Bismarck a vote of confidence ; he de- cides to retain his office. Vote, 199-71. 1875 Mar. 16. Berlin. The clerical control of parish funds is taken away by the Reichstag ; a bill for depriving- the Roman Catholic clergy of state aid is introduced. July 1. The international postal laws become operative. 1876 Jan. 1. Berlin. The Imperial Bank of Germany opens. Mar. 20. The Southern states oppose the purchase of all railways by the Government. Oct. 27. Berlin. The new Reichstag meets, with a Liberal majority. 1877 Jan. 10, 11. Parliamentary elec- tions return a Liberal majority to the Reichstag ; Socialist-Democrats repre- sent Berlin. Mar. 6. Bavaria. A new Ultramon- tane party, called the " Popular Catho- lic Party," is formed. Mar. 21. Berlin. The Reichstag settles the Supreme Court at Leipsic. [1S79. Sept. 1. Opens.] * * The Reichstag enacts a new code of laws. Apr. 3. Berlin. Bismarck resigns. [Apr. S. He withdraws his resignation,, but retires temporarily for his health.. 1878. Feb. 15. Resumes his work.] * * Hesse. Louis IV. becomes grand duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. 1878 Feb. 19. Berlin. Bismarck an- nounces the German policy on the Eastern question; strict neutrality and non-interference are assured. Mar. 6. Ministerial crisis; Camphau- sen, minister of finance, resigns. May 24, 25. Berlin. The Reichstag re- jects a stringent bill for the repression of Socialism. Vote, 251-57. June 4, 5. Berlin. The crown prince rules on account of his father, the em- peror, being wounded by Nobiling. [Dec. 5. The emperor resumes the gov- ernment.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1874 June 13. Bremen. An Interna- tional Agricultural Exhibition is opened. 1875 May 7. The Hamburg mail- steamer Schiller is wrecked in a fog- on rocks off the Scilly Isles ; 331 persons, are drowned. July 1. International postal regula- lations go into operation. 830 1878, June 13-1886, Feb. *. GERMANY. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1878 * * Rh. Prus. A colossal statue of Frederick William III. is erected in Cologne. It is 22 feet high, with figures of Blucher, Humboldt, and others at the base; it is erected by Rhiuelanders ; it is unveiled by the emperor. 1879* * Berlin. Dr. Robert Koch identifies the microscopical germs of cattle disease, consumption, cholera, and other diseases. 1880 Aug. 14. Rh.Prus. The cathe- dral at Cologne, begun in 1248, is com- pleted. [Oct. 15. Opened.] 1881 May 12. Berlin. An electric railway is opened near Berlin. Aug.* Hanover. Petroleum oil is found in Liineberger Heidee. 1882 June * The German la sails on an arctic expedition. [Oct. 23. It re- turns.] "Nov. * -Dec. * Hesse-Nassau. A great rise of tbe Rhine and Danube occurs; five villages with 250 houses are de- stroyed near Wiesbaden. * * Berlin. Dr. Koch demonstrates that tubercular disease can be propagated by organisms termed bacilli. 1883 Jan.* Hesse. Floods cause much destruction of life and property near Worms ; GO persons are drowned. May 28. Berlin. Statues of Willielm and Alexander von Humboldt are un- veiled in presence of the emperor. Sept. 28. Hesse-Nassau. Germania, a colossal monument, a national memorial of German unity and victories of 1870-71, set up in the Niederwald at Riidesheim on the Rhine, is uncovered by the emperor in the presence of Ger- man sovereigns. 1884 June 9. Berlin. The foundation of the new Parliament House is laid by the emperor. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1879* * Anderssen, Adolph, chess-player, A61. Cotta, Bprnliaiil, gcolngist, A71. Dove, Heinrich \V\, meteorologist, A76. Fichte, Immanuel H., philosopher, A82. Frauenstadt, Christian M. J., phil., A69. Grisebach, August H. R., botanist, A65. Hiibner, Karl, painter of genre pictures, A65. Koch, Karl H. E., naturalist, A70. Meyerheim, Friedrich E., painter, A71. Mohr, Karl F., physicist, philosopher, A73. Reichenbach, Heinrich G. L., naturalist, A86. Roon, Albrecht T. E. von, general, A76. Rosenkranz, Johann K. F., philosopher, A74. Semper, Gottfried, architect, A75. Wolff, Emil, sculptor, A77. I860* * Gag-era. Baron Heinrich W. A. von. statesman, A81. Hagen, Ernest A., novelist, wr. on art, A83. Hahn-Hahn. Countess Ida Marie Luise Sophie Friederike Gustave von, poet, novelist, A75. Held, Adolf, economist, A34. Leonhardt, Gerhard A. W., jurist, A65. Lessing, Karl 1'., painter, A72. Peters, Christian A. F., astronomer, A74. Putt, Gustav L., clergyman, author, A44. Ruge, Arnold, publicist, journalist, A78. Wachter, Karl G. von, jurist, A83. Wagner, Rudolph -I., chemist, A57. 1881* * Arnim, Count Harry Karl K. E., diplomatist, A57. Bahnsen, .1 alius F. A., philosopher, A51. Benfey, Tlieoilor, orientalist, philologist, A72. Iiingeislc.lt, Baron Franz von, poet, A67. Forster, Heinrich, prince-bishop of Breslau, author, A81. Hecker, Friedrich K. F., lawyer, pol., A70. Kuhn, Adalbert, philologist, mytholo., A69. Lotze, Rudolf H-, philosopher, A64. Ruge, Arnold, scholar, journalist, A79. Schleiden, Matthias J., phys., botanist, A77. Tann, Baron Ludwig von tier, general, A66. Wichern, Johann H., cl., philanthropist, A73. 1882 * * Auerbach, Berthold, novelist, A70. Bauer, Bruno, rationalistic thcol., critic, A73. Drake, Friedrich, sculptor, A77. Feldmann, Leopold, dramatist, A80. Gruner, Wilhelm H. L., engraver, A81. Halbig, Johann, sculptor, A68. Hcrzog, Johann J., theologian, author, A75. Hbfer, Edmund, novelist, A63. Hiibner, Rudolph J. B., painter, A76. Kinkel, Johann G., poet, wr. on art, A.67. Kullack, Theodor, composer, pianist, A64. Lehmann, Heinrich, painter, Ati8. Manteuffel, Baron Otto T., statesman, A75. Olsliausen, Justus, orientalist, A82. Pauli, Georg K., historian, A69. Schlagintwcit, Hermann, traveler, A56. Schwann, Theodor, physiologist, A72. Vatke, Johann K. W., theologian, A76. Wohler, Friedrich, chemist, A82. Zollner, Johann K. P., physicist, A48. 1883 Feb. 13. Wagner, Wilhelm Rich ■ ard. composer, A70. Diefenbach, Lorenz, philologist, A77. Dindorf, Wilhelm, philologist, A81. Felsing, Jakob, engraver, A81. Fendler, August, botanist, A70. Flotow, Friedrich von, composer, A71. Marx, Karl, economist, socialist, pol., A60. Sehafer, Arnold, historian, A64. Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann, economist, A72. Siemens, Karl W., physicist, inventor, A60. Valentin, Gabriel G., physiologist, phys., A73. 1884* * Belim, Ernst, geographer, A54. Berghatis, Heinrich, geographer, A87. Brehm, Alfred E,, naturalist, A55. Cohnheim, Julius F., pathologist, A45. Dorner, Isaac A., theologian, A75. Droysen, Johann G., historian, A76. Geibel, Emmanuel, poet, A69. Goppert, Heinrich R., botanist, A84. Hai/.inger, Amalic, ar. Felix Korum to be bishop of Treves. Aug.* Berlin. The emperor attempts to defend the Jews from persecution in Prussia. 1883 Oct. 31. The fourth centennial of Luther's birth is celebrated at Er- furt, Halle, and other cities with great enthusiasm. Dec. 18. Rome. The crown-prince vis- its the Pope. LETTERS. 1878 Dec. * One hundred and seventy- four clubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other papers are suppressed by injunctions. 1879 Jan.* Quid Faciamus nos? by Count Arnim, appears. * * Johann Martin Schleyer, inventor of Volapuk, publishes a book on his sys- tem. 1880 * * The Sisters, by Ebers, appears. [1881, The Emperor; 1885, Serap/us ; 1SS7, Vie Nilbraut.] 1880-86 Universal History, by Ranke, appears. 1881 * * Orchomesos, Reise in der Troas, and Ilios, by Sehlieinann, appear. [1883, Troja; 1886, Tinjus.] * * Angela, by Spielhagen, appears. [1883, Uklenhauns.] 1882 * * The Heritage of Blood, by Gott- schall, appears. [lS83,*T/ie Paper Prin- cess.'] 18S3-84 Buch der Freundschaft , by Heyse, appears. SOCIETY. 1878 July 10. Berlin. Hodel, the would- be assassinator of the emperor, is con- demned. [Aug. 10. Executed. Sept. 10. Dr. Nobiling commits suicide.] * * Parliament gives the police special powers for the suppression of Social- TJov. * A decree is issued for the expul- sion of Socialists and other persons ob- noxious to the Government. Dec. 21. Hanover. The King of Han- over marries Princess Thyra of Den- mark. 1879 Mar. 13. The Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia is married to the Duke of Connaught. June 11. The Emperor William's gold- en wedding is celebrated. 1880 Aug. 25. Bavaria. The seventh centenary of the founding of the reign- ing dynasty of dukes is celebrated. Oct. * Socialists are expelled from Ger- many. 1881 Jan.* Berlin. The anti-Se- mitic league is formed ; it is opposed by the prince imperial and many others. Feb. 27. Prince "William, grandson of the emperor and of Queen Victoria, is married to Princess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. * * The average annual consumption per capita of distilled spirits is 1.09 gallons ; beer 24.99 gallons. 1883 * * Berlin. The Reichstag, influ- enced by Prince Bismarck, passes bills to compel the working people, with the assistance of their employers and tbe state, to provide a fund against sickness. 1S84 Sept. 28. Saxony. Eight dyna- mitards are brought to trial at Leipsic GERMANY. 1878, June 13-1886, Feb.*. 831 for attempting to kill the emperor. [Dec. 15-22. F. A. Reinsdorf, Rupsch, and Kuchler are sentenced to death; two are imprisoned and three acquitted.] 1885 Apr. 1. The anniversary of Bis- marck's 70th birthday is celebrated. 1886 Jan. 3. The 25th anniversary of the king's accession to the throne of Prussia is celebrated. Feb. 11. Sarauw, having been tried for high treason, in giving to the French Government information respecting for- tresses, is sentenced to 12 years of penal servitude. STATE. 1878 June 13- July 13. Congress of Berlin, to settle questions relating to the Balkan peninsula. It is caused by the dissatisfaction of England and Austria with the Peace of San Stefano (p. 566). Representatives present : Germany, Prince Bismarck ; Russia, Prince Gort- schakoff ; Turkey, Alexander Oaratheo- doi'i Pasha; Great Britain, Lord Bea- consfield and the Marquis of Salisbury ; Austria, Count Andrassy; France, M. Waddington ; Italy, Count Corti. Terras: (1) Montenegro, Servia, and Ru- mania are to be independent, the two former having new frontiers, and the latter losing Bessarabia, but receiving a larger territory. (2) Bulgaria is constituted an autonomous principality, tributary to the Sultan, and re- stricted to the territory between the Danube and the Balkans, with the except ion of Sophia and its territory of the Balkans. . (3) The new province of East Rumelia, formed out of Southern Bulgaria, having its boundaries narrowed towards the south and east, is to have a Christian governor-general appointed by the Sultan, and it will maintain a separate militia and administration. (4) The occupation of East Rumelia by Russian troops is limited to nine months, and of Rumania to twelve months. (5) Austria has the administration of Bos- nia, Herzegovina,. and Mi' j military occupation of the Sandshak of Nori Bazar. (6) The Porte is advised to cede a part of Epirus and Thessaly to Greece ; legal reforms are to be made in Crete. (7) Russia receives enlargement in Asia, Batoum as a free harbor, Ardaghan and some border territories; and Alasgird and Bayazid are restored to Turkey, which is to grant religious liberty to all her subjects. Aug. 3. The Berlin Treaty is ratified. Sept. 9. Berlin. The Reichstag opens. Division of parties : National Liber- als, 123 ; Imperialists and Conservatives, 119 ; Center, including the Roman Cath- olics, 105. Oct. 11. Austria and Germany abro- gate the clause of the Peace of Prague favorable to freedom in Schleswig, by a secret treaty. Oct. 19. Berlin. The Reichstag passes a bill, repressing Socialism, with a majority of 72. "Nov. * Berlin. A decree is issued for the expulsion of Socialists and others. Dec* The Government has sup- pressed by injunctions, to date, 174 clubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other papers. * * Hanover. Ernest Augustus U. be- comes king. * * In the Reichstag the enemies of na- tional unity combine. The Socialists, Ultramontanes, Polish deputies, members for Alsace and Lor- raine, the so-called Particularists and Conservative members who are at- tached to ancient customs, unite against the Government. 1879 Jan. 9. In the Reichstag is intro- duced the Parliamentary Discipline Bill to " muzzle" speakers; also called "the gagging bill.'* [May 7. Defeated.] Jan. * Bismarck enters a fruitless nego- tiation with the Roman curia respect- ing the Falk laws. These require a certain amount of secu- lar training for candidates for the cleri- cal office, and the sanction of secular authorities to "ecclesiastical appoint- ments. Feb. * The Treaty of Prague (of 1866) is May 9. Berlin. The chancellor's pro- tectionist tariff bill is virtually passed by the Reichstag after an excited dis- cussion. [July 12. Passed. Vote, 217-117.] May 20. Berlin. Von Forckenbeck (Liberal), president of the Reichstag, re- signs. [May 22. An Ultramontane is elected.] June 30. Berlin. The resignation of Dr. Falk, minister of public worship, and other ministers, is announced. July 9. Bismarck disclaims connection with the Liberal party. July 14. Berlin. The ministry is re- constructed ; Von Puttkamer is elected minister of religion. * * Russia assumes a hostile attitude towards Germany, and attempts to form an alliance with France. Sept. 16. Aust. Bismarck meets Ja- cobini, the Pope's nuncio, at Gastein, and attempts a reconciliation with the Pope. Sept. 21. Vienna. Bismarck makes a defensive alliance with Austria against Russia. Oct. 1. A new system of jurisprudence comes into force. 1880 Apr. 3. Berlin. Twenty-two small states outvote Prussia, Saxony, and Bavaria in the Federal Council, re- specting new stamp duties. [Bismarck resigns. The emperor declines to accept. Apr. * The states yield.] Apr. 9. Berlin. The Reichstag passes the new army bill, adding 27,000 men to the army. Vote, 186-96. June 16-July 1. Berlin. The Berlin Conference is held. It meets to consider the Grecian ques- tion, and questions relating to Monte- negro ; the resolutions of the Congress of 1S7S being unexecuted. Great Britain, France, and. Germany are represented. It agrees to a collective note to be pre- sented to the Sultan urging the surren- der of Dulcigno and cession of provinces to Greece. June 28. Berlin. The Reichstag passes the amended ecclesiastical laws. Vote, 206-202. Aug.* The "New Liberal" party is organized by former members of "Na- tional Liberals," who have become re- actionary. 1881 Feb. 19. Count Eulenburg, minister of the interior, resigns through offense of Bismarck. Oct. 2S. The general elections favor a large Liberal majority. Autumn. The German Reichstag and Prussian Landtag lean towards Rome and the clerical party. Dec. 1. Berlin. Bismarck is defeated in the Reichstag on a financial question. Vote, 169-83. 1882 Jan. 7. Berlin. The Imperial rescript against parliamentary govern- ment is published. Mar. 21. Berlin. The Economic Coun- cil rejects Bismarck's tobacco bill. [June 14. The Reichstag rejects it. Vote, 276-43.] Dec. 11. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects the budget. 1883 June 5. Berlin. An amendment to the ecclesiastical laws of May, 1873, is introduced in the Reichstag [which leads to a reconciliation with the Vati- can. July 2. The bill is adopted]. 1884 May 10. Berlin. The Reichstag extends the anti- Socialist law two years. [Vote, 189-157.] June 9. Berlin. The emperor lays the foundation of the new House of Par- liament. June 18. Berlin. The Council of State is revived, its members being the crown prince, president, and royal family. Aug. * Africa. A German colony is founded at Cameroons, and Bimbia on the west coast, by Gustav Nachtigal. Oct. 28. A general election is held, in which the Liberal vote is diminished ; the Social Democrat vote is increased. Nov. 26. Berlin. Bismarck is defeated in the Reichstag ; votes for the payment of members, 180-99. Dec. 3. Berlin. The Reichstag repeals portions of the May ecclesiastical laws. Vote, 217-93. Dec* Berlin. Colonization progresses. Reports are received of the hoisting of the German flag on the north coast of New Guinea, New Britain, and other 1885 Jan. 10. Berlin. The Reichstag votes 180,000 marks for the protection of colonies. * * Berlin. Bismarck adopts a policy of colonization. [Acquisitions are made in Africa and islands of the Pacific] 1886 Jan. 11. Berlin. The "Schnapps" (dram of spirits) Mo- nopoly Bill is introduced in the Reichs- tag by Bismarck. [Mar. 12. It is re- jected by the committee. Mar. 27- Re- jected in the Reichstag. Vote, 181-3.] Feb. * Berlin. In the Reichstag, Bis- marck proposes to Germanize Posen by the purchase of Polish estates to be set- tled by Germans, and 5,000,000 marks to be raised for the expenses. [Apr. 7. The money is voted.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1879 July 19. Bavaria. An Inter- national Exhibition opens at Munich. 1882 Sept. 3. Baden. At Hugstetten, between Friedburg and Colmar, an ex- cursion-train leaves the track ; 70 per- sons are killed. 1883 May 12-15. Berlin. The In- ternational Hygienic Exhibition is held. 1885 Mar. 17. Rh. Prus. A mine explosion at Camphausen, near Saar- briick, causes 140 deaths. 832 1886, Mar. 31-1890, Feb. *. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Jan. 23. Adm. Von Dergoltz is appointed chief of the admiralty. Feb. 23. A fleet is sent to Samoa to pro- tect German interests there. Mar. 16. Samoa. The German war-ves- sels, Adler, Olga, and Eber, with three Amerii i and 16 nierch.ii l the reef at Apia ; ni n are drowned. officers and 87 Oct. * The Government appropriates the sum of 32,000,000 marks <,$SUO,000,000±.) for new men-of-war. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1886 May 2. Berlin. The Interna- tional Art Exhibition is opened by the emperor. 1888 Oct. 20. Hamburg. The emperor with a hammer completes the great har- bor works. Feb. 16. Brandenburg. A white marble statue of the Emperor William is erected at Charlottenburg. Apr. 1. W'urtemberg. Statues of Prince Bismarck and Count Von Moltke are unveiled at Stuttgart. June 5. Saxony. A hurricane and waterspout cause great loss of life and property at Reichenbach. June 17. Gastien. A monument to Emperor "William I. is unveiled. Aug. 1. Saxony. A new art academy- is opened in Dresden. Dec* Berlin. Emperor William confers upon Emin Pasha the decoration of the second-class Order of the Crown with the star. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1886 * * Abich, Wilhelnl H., peolo., au., A80. Beust, Baron Friedrieh F. von, slates., A77. Duncker, Maximilian W.. historian, A74. Julg, Bernhanl, philologist, A61. Meyer, Johann <;., painter, A73. Michelis, Frii'iiricii, theologian, A71. Piloty, Karl T. von, painter, A60. Ranke, Leopold von. historian, A91. Scheffel, Joseph V. von, poet, AGO. Schmidt, Heinrich J., critic, writer, A68. Stockhardt, Julius A., chemist, A77. Zunz, Leopold, Jewish theologian, A92. 1887 * * Amerliiig, Knedrirh, painter, A84. Baltzer, Wilhelm, ]£., rationalist, A73. Fechner, Gustav T., natural phil., poet, A86. Kirchhoff, Gustav It., physicist, A63. Krupp, Alfred, mannf., of steel guns, A77. Pott, August F., philologist, A 85.' Ronge, Johannes, I!. C. el., schismatic, A74. Vischer, Friedrich T., philos. writer, A80. Wagner, Mont?., traveler, naturalist, A74. Werder, August von, general, A79. 1888 Mar. 9. "William I., King of Prus- sia, Emperor of Germany, A91. June 15. Frederick III., emperor, A57. Bartsch, Karl F., philologist, A5b. Clausius, Rudolf J. E., physicist, A66. Delius, Nicolaus. philologist, i-nru*, A 75. Ebrard, Johann H. A., theologian, A70. Fleischer, Heinrich L., orientalist, A81. Herz, Heinrich, pianist, composer, A82. Kahnis. Karl F. A., theologian, A74. Kuhne, Gustav, novelist, A82. Mohl, Moritz von, poliiician, A86. Storm, Theodor W. T poet, A71. Weber, Georg, historian, A80. 1889 Jan. 22. Montz, Count von, adm., d. Feb. 18. Dechen, Ernest H. C., mineralo- gist, A88. May 16. Mary, Queen of Bavaria, dies. Aug. 29. Weil, Gustav, orientalist, A59. Nov. 8. Henselt, Adolph, composer, pian- ist, A75. Bendermann, Eduard, painter, A79. Formes, Karl, singer, A73. Lewald, Fanny, novelist, A78. Noire, Ludwig, monistic philosopher, A60. 1890 Jan. 7. Maria Louisa Augusta, wife of Emperor William I., A79. Jan. 10. Dbllinger. Johann J. I., theo- logian, founder "Old Catholics" A9I. Jan. 20. Lachner, Franz, musician, A86. 1S36 Aug. 11. Prussia and the Vati- can sign a convention. 1887* * Hanover. Archbishop Mel- chers of Osnabriick is created a cardinal priest. 1888 Oct. 12. Rome. The emperor visits the Pope at the Vatican. 1889 Mar. 9. Berlin. The Salvation Army is prohibited from carrying on its work. Aug. 15. Westphalia. The Archbishop of Cologne is stoned by anti-Catholics. Nov. 15. Bavaria. The Government decides to readmit the clergy of the Redemptorist Order. Dec. 7. Berlin. Pastor Kritzinger of Storkow, Brandenburg, is appointed court chaplain. 1890 Feb. 11. Silesia. The bishop of Breslau issues a pastoral letter favor- ing Catholic working-men's uni ons to frustrate the Socialists. LETTERS. 1886 * * The Alsace Chronicle appears. 1888 Sept. * Part of Prince Freder- ick's diary is published in the Kieler Ztitung. 1889 Jan. 4. Berlin. The emperor orders that the newspapers of the ultra- Conservative party be not re- ceived at any royal palace. Mar. 18. Berlin. The Government sup- presses the \'olks-Zeitung t under the Socialistic law. Oct. 10. Saxony. The Government de- cides to admit women to privileges of the universities. * * Joshua and Gred, by Ebers, appear. [1892, Per Aspera.] * * Encyclopadie Allgemeine, in 164 vol- umes, "is published by Ersch and Gruber. * * New Pharaoh, by Spielhagen, appears. * * Dahiel der Convertet, by R. Voss, ap- pears. * * A. H uber's History of Austria, con- tinned by E. Reimanii, appears. * * Dieqo Velazquez und sein Jahrhun- derty by C. Justi, appears. 1890 Feb. * Berlin. The University of Berlin refuses to recognize the Amer- ican diplomas of some 200 American students matriculated there ; the au- thorities claim the American colleges do not come up to the German standards. Feb. * There are 29,007 students in the universities ; of these, 5,G80 study theology, 6,S72 jurisprudence, 8,714 med- icine, and 7,741 philosophy. SOCIETY. 1886 June 13. Bavafia. The King of Bavaria drowns himself in Starnberg Lake ; Dr. Gudden is drowned in the at- tempt to save him. * * Strikes increase. 1887 Mar. 22. Berlin. A grand cele- bration is held in honor of the emper- or's 90th birthday. Sept. 25. The 25th anniversary of Bismarck's premiership of Prussia is celebrated. * * The Crown Prince Frederick William is attacked with cancer in the throat; Sir Morell Mackenzie of England is the attending physician. 1888 Feb. 9. Sir Morell Mackenzie performs the operation of tracheotomy to remove a malignant growth from the larnyx of the crown prince; German doctors differ with the English surgeon. Mar. 16. Berlin. Solemn obsequies of the Emperor William take place. The Kings of Belgium, Saxony, and Roumania, the Prince of Wales, Duke of Cambridge, the crown princes of Aus- tria, Russia, Denmark, and other princes are present; Emperor Frederick, Bis- marck, and Count Moltke are absent. Apr. 15. Berlin. The health of the Emperor Frederick is stated to be alarming. [June 15. Brandenburg. He dies of cancer of the larynx. June IS. Impressive but simple funeral services are held.] Apr. 24-26. Queen "Victoria visits the emperor, and meets Bismarck. May 24. Brandenburg. Prince Henry of Prussia is married to Princess Irene of Hesse at Charlottenburg. July 19. The young Emperor William and the Czar of Russia meet off Cron- stadt. July 26. Sweden. The emperor visits Stockholm. [July 30. He visits Copen- hagen. Oct. 3. He arrives at Vienna. Oct. 11. It. At Rome. Oct. 16. At Naples.] 1889 Feb. 18. Bavaria. King Otho becomes hopelessly insane. Feb. 23. Bavaria. Prince Pupert» the eldest son of Prince Ludwig, and heir to the throne, is pronounced insane. Feb. 25. Bavaria. Prince Luitpold, the regent, condemns the Countess of Larish, daughter of Louis of Bavaria, to perpetual exile for her part in the death of Rudolph, the crown prince of Aus- tria. Apr. 5. Berlin. The Courts decide that all the recent dispersions of Socialist meetings by the police were illegal. Apr. 8. Bavaria. A serious riot breaks out at Nuremberg as the result of a lockout declared by master joiners against striking employees. May 7. Westphalia. In a conflict be- tween troops and miners near Glad- beck in Essen, three miners and several soldiers are killed. May 8. Westphalia. About 39,000 men are out on a strike. May 13. Coal-mine owners and striking miners appoint a committee to confer, and arrange a settlement of the points in dispute. Nearly 100,000 miners are on strike. Berlin. The Ministry decides to sum- mon deputations from mine-owners and miners. May 15. Several owners in Essen and Dortmund concede the demands of their employees, and the men resume work. May 16-20. There are 110,000 strikers in Westphalia and 10,000 in Silesia. Berlin. About 3,000 masons strike. May 22. The Gelsenkischen miners re- solve to continue the strike, their terms being rejected by the owners. May 24. It is legally enacted that working- classes make provision for old age and infirmity. GERMANY. 1886, Mar. 31-1890, Feb. 833 May 27. All meetings of miners are prohibited by the Government. May 31. Westphalia. The strike ends by compromise. June 24. Berlin. The marriage of Prince Frederick Leopold and Princess Louise of Schleswig is celebrated. June 25. Strikers are sentenced to terms of imprisonment varying from 18 months to five years. June 27. Berlin. The editors of Gleich- keit, Dr. Adler and Herr Bretschneider, are fined for being Anarchists. Prince William of Holienzollern is married to Princess Marie of Bourbon at Sigmaringen. July 29. Westphalia. The police dis- perse a meeting of miners at Dort- mund, and arrest Kerr Dickmann, a member of the Socialists' Congress at Paris. Aug. 19. Westphalia. Rhenish and Westphaliau miners form a union in opposition to the union of mine-owners. Aug. 24. Emperor William confers the Order of the Red Eagle of the first class upon the commander-in-chief of the Belgian army and upon Herr Ey- schen, minister of state of Lusenburg. Oct. 20. Wiirtemberg. Prince William of Wiirtemberg is shot at by an as- sassin. Oct. 26. Greece. The crown prince of Greece and the Princess Sophie of Prus- sia are united in marriage at Athens. 1890 Jan. 16. Hamburg. Sixty thou- sand people attend the funeral of the Socialist editor Wedde. Jan. * Westphalia. The strike is spread- ing. The miners demand eight hours and increased wages. Troops have been or- dered to suppress any demonstration looking toward violence. Feb. 18. Saxony. A Socialist riot oc- curs at Muhlhausen ; 30 persons are wounded. Feb. 20. Elections to the Reichstag are attended with much violence ; the mob is charged by the police, and many are wounded. STATE. 1886 Mar. 31. Berlin. The Reichstag extends the Socialist law two years. Apr. 13. Berlin. The Federal Council passes a bill greatly amending the eccle- siastical laws. May 14. Berlin. A decree is issued pro- hibiting political meetings that are held without permission, June 10. Bavaria. Prince Luitpold is proclaimed regent because of the king's mental illness. Aug. 11. Prussia and the Vatican sign a convention. Dec. 3. Berlin. A bill is introduced in the Reichstag for adding 41,000 men to the army for seven years. [Dec. 17, Opposed by Clericals, Socialists, and others.] 1887 Jan. 14. Berlin. The army bill is limited to three years, and then passes. Feb. 21. General elections are held; efforts are made to change the army from Imperial to parliamentary ; the Government gains a majority. Mar. 11. Berlin. The army bill is passed in the Reichstag. "Vote, 227-31. Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance with Aus- tria and Italy is signed. Mar. 22. Berlin. In the Reichstag, Bis- marck introduces a bill softening the Falk laws. Dec. 19. Cabannes, having been con- victed of selling military secrets to the French Government, is sentenced to 10 years' penal servitude. 1888 Jan. 30. Berlin. In the Reichs- tag a more stringent anti-Socialist bill is urged by Von Puttkamer ; opposed by all parties ; it is committed. [Feb. 17. The bill passes.] Mar. 8. Berlin. It is announced that Prince "William, the emperor's grand- son, is entrusted with official powers during the illness of the aged emperor ; having so served since Nov. 17, 1887. Mar. 9. Emperor William dies, and is succeeded by his son Frederick. Mar. 9-June 15. The Emperor Fred- erick III., "The Noble," reigns. Mar. 21. Berlin. A rescript is issued authorizing the Crown Prince "Wil- liam to exercise official powers when required. June 7. Berlin. The parliamentary quinquennial bill is promulgated. June 15. The Emperor Frederic III. dies after a reign of 98 days ; [he is suc- ceeded by his son William.] June 15+. Emperor William II. reigns. Aug. 24. Berlin. The Government an- nounces its occupation of Addelah,near Dahomey, "West Africa. Oct. 15. Hamburg surrenders its privi- leges as a free port, and joins the Tariff Union, being the last of the German free ports. 1889 Jan. 18. Saxony. The president of the Superior Court at Leipsic resigns on account of Bismarck's strictures. Berlin. Bismarck asks for 2,000,000 marks to carry out his East Africa colonial scheme. [Jan. 23. The Federal Council approves the East Africa Bill. Jan. 30. The bill passes the Reichstag appropriating money for the protection of German interests, and the suppression of the slave-trade. Feb. 1. It is adopted by the Federal Council.] Jan. 31. The Germans declare war on Mataafa in Samoa. Feb. 4. England and Germany conclude an alliance for the protection of the northern seas and ports. Feb. 7. Hanover. Count "William Bis- marck is appointed president of the Landtag. Feb. 28. Berlin. The Army Expen- diture Bill is introduced in the Federal Council ; it provides for a loan of 12,492,- 304 marks to meet the supplementary estimate. Mar. 19. Prus. The Government grants 6,000,000 marks to aid in construction of a canal connecting the Elbe and Trave Rivers. Apr. 10. Berlin. Count von Schellen- dorf retires from the ministry of war, and is succeeded by Gen. Verdiz du Vernois. Apr. 29. Berlin. The deliberations of the Conference on Samoan affairs be- gin. [Apr. 30. The British ambassador and Prince Bismarck categorically deny the existence of a secret treaty be- tween England and Germany to parti- tion between them the Tonga and Samoan Islands. May 21. Germany accedes to demands of the United States Commissioners to restore King Malietoa. June 15. Autonomy is as- sured, and the Conference closes.] Oct. 11. Berlin. The Government sub- mits a bill to the Federal Council author- izing a loan of 249,000,000 marks. Oct. 17. Germany refuses to recognize Mataafa as King of Samoa. Oct. 24. Berlin. The Reichstag re- elects Herr von Kevetzow president. Oct. 25. Berlin. The Bundesrath cre- ates a Court of Appeals, with 11 judges on the bench. Nov. 26. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts the Socialist Bill. Dec. * Berlin. The Catholics of the Center party in the Reichstag form a separate political organization, with a program demanding liberty for the church denominational schools, and di- rect representation in the Reichstag of the rural population. 1890 Jan. 23. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects the expulsion clause of the So- cialist Bill. [Jan. 25. Rejected. Vote, 98-169.] Jan. 27. Berlin. The conference agree- ment between the Germans and Old Czechs is ratified by both parties. Feb 3. Berlin. Prince Bismarck re- signs his position as minister of com- merce. Feb. 6. Berlin. A new commercial treaty is signed with Turkey. Feb. 20. A general election is held. The Government parties lose 15 seats, and the Socialists double their vote in the Reichstag. Dr. Wasse, an advocate of state So- cialism, is appointed governor of the Rhine provinces. MISCELLANEOUS. 1886 Sept. 24. explosion cause 1887 June 3. Schlesvng-Hol stein. The emperor lays the foundation-stone of the opening lock of a ship canal at Holtenau, near Kiel. June 8. Prus. A mine explosion at Gekenkirchener causes 60 deaths. 1888 Aug. 14. Off Sable Island in the North Atlantic a collision between the Thingvalla and the Geiser, German steamers, occurs ; 105 lives are lost in the Geiser. 1889 June 30. Hanover. Fire destroys 36 buildings in Luneburg. Loss, 12,000,000 marks. Oct. 2. Wiirtemberg. Ten persons are killed and 50 injured in a railroad acci- dent at Stuttgart. Nov. 3. Silesia. An explosion in a dynamite factory causes 20 deaths. Nov. 13. At Rauban 20 miners are burned by a mine explosion. Dec. 9. Berlin. The influenza epi- demic has spread from St. Petersburg to this city. [Dec. 15. Fifteen thousand persons arc suffering.] 834 1890, Feb. *-1891, Sept. 9. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1890 Apr.* Berlin. The emperor issues an order reducing the amount of private a necessary to secure a commission in the i Apr.* Duelling is forbidden in the army, "except in cases where a council of men of honor, to which all the circum- stances shall have been referred, shall declare that a duel is necessary." 1891 Feb. 9. Gen. von Schlieffen succeeds Gen. von Waldersee as chief of general staff. July 8. Orders are issued to begin forti- fications at Heligoland. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 July 7. Bavaria. An art exhi- bition is opened at Munich. Aug. 4. Berlin. The tenth Interna- tional Medical Congress opens ; Prof. Virchow presides. There are present 2,500 German and 2,500 foreign delegates, including 500 American physicians. Sept.* Berlin. The experiment of trans- mitting opera music by telephone is successfully made. Nov. * Berlin. Dr. Robert Koch, di- rector of the Imperial Hygienic Insti- tute, announces the discovery of a rem- edy for tuberculosis in its incipient stage. Nov. 17. Berlin. The method of pre- paring Prof. Koch's curative lymph is made public. ~Nov. 25. Prof. Koch publishes the re- sults of his experiments in the Deutsche Me dicinische Wockenschrift ; he is elected an honorary member of the Medical Society of Vienna. Nov. 27. Brandenburg. A monument to William I. is unveiled at Charlotten- burg. 1891 Jan. 15. Berlin. Dr.Kochissues a report as to the ingredients compris- ing his lymph ; the remedy consists of a glycerine extract derived from the pure cultivation of the tubercle bacilli. May 1. Berlin. The Art Exhibition opens. May * Prus. The Lower House of the Prussian Diet votes $41,000 for Prof. Koch's Institute. July 13. Brunswick. A monument erected by German-American musical societies in honor of Franz Abt is un- veiled. Sept. 9. Pr. Saxony. The Congress of Naturalists and Physicians opens at Halle; 1,215 delegates are present, in- cluding 218 women. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890 Mar. 4. Delitzseh, Franz, theol., A77. July 19. Peters, Christian H. F., astrono- mer, A77. Dec. 27. Schliemann, Heinrich, arehe- ologist, A68. Hase, Karl A., theologian, A90. Hergenrother, Joseph, cardinal, scholar, author, A78. Lutz, Johann von, statesman, A64. 1891 Mar. 14. Windthorst, Ludwig, statesman, A79. Apr. 24. Moltke, Count. HelLmuth Karl Bernhardt von. field-marshal, A91. May 2. Oregorovius, Ferdinand, poet, his- torian, A69. May 22. Hahnel, Ernest J., sculptor, A80. CHURCH. 1890 Apr. 24. Prus. The Supreme Council of the Protestant Church of Prussia issues a circular counseling the clergy to denounce Socialism. May 3. Wiirtemberg. The last stone of the spire of the TJlm cathedral s the highest in the world, is laid. July 18. Bavaria. Professor Schoen- felder, of the WUrzburg University, is nominated to be Archbishop of Bam- berg. Nov. 5. Hesse. The grand duke issues a prescript censuring the persecutors of Jews. [Dr. Stdcker, an anti-Semitic preacher, resigns the chaplaincy of the Prussian court in consequence. Dec. 7. Berlin. Pastor Kritzinger is appointed court chaplain. 1891 Mar. 22. Berlin. The founda- tion of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Chapel is laid with elaborate ceremo- nies. Aug. 15. Rome. Pope Leo approves the exhibition of the Holy Coat in the Cathedral of Treves as laudable and op- portune, and promises indulgences to pilgrims. [Aug. 20. It is exhibited. Sept. 5. A nail from the true cross is added. Oct. 3. Closed. Much money received.] Sept. 1. W. Prus. The conference of German Catholic societies assembles in Danzig, resolves that the time lias come to convoke an International Catholic Congress to consider the res- toration of temporal power to the Pope, and appoints a committee of ar- rangements. LETTERS. 1890 May * Berlin. A motion to ex- clude Jews from public schools is passed in Upper House of Prussian Diet. June 10. Prince Bismarck attributes disaffection in Germany and Russia to over-education. Dec. 4. Berlin. The Emperor William speaks on the educational system. [The speech has amarked effect upon school methods. The School Reform Committee votes unanimously to substi- tute modern for ancient languages in all lower classes, andto make other changes in accord with the emperor's ideas.] * * Deutsche Kaiserlieder, by A. Moeser, appears. * * Eva and Alexandria, by Yoss, appear. * * Lebensmachte, by S. Millow, appears. * * SMrnvr, by Dab.n, appears. * * Walirheit, by K. Frenzel, appears. * * Schulter an Schulter, by H. Heiberg, appears. * * Unsehnbar, by Marie Von Ebner-Esch- enbach, appears. * * History of the Moor sin Spain ,by Count Adolf Schack, appears. * * Lebensbilder, by M. Carriere, appears. * * Geschichte der GriXndung des neuen deittschen lieichs, by H. von Sybel, ap- pears. 1891 Aug. 9. Berlin. Six schools are opened for training Socialistic laborers. SOCIETY. 1890 Feb. * Westphalia mine-owners have founded an anti-strike insu- rance union with an initial capital of £60,000. Mar. 9. Berlin. The emperor confers the order of the Black Eagle on Herr von Boettcher. [Mar. 21. Also on Jules Simon ; June 18. Chancellor von Ca- privi ; June 27. Count von Hatzfeldt ; Nov. 22. Prof. Koch.] Mar. 15. Berlin. It is found that 41 per cent of the crimes for which pris- oners are held in 32 German jails were committed under the influence of al- cohol. The first sitting of the International Labor Conference takes place ; tho Prussian Minister of commerce presides. [Mar. 19. The Committee favors the ex- clusion of children under twelve from factories. Mar. 22. The Children's Committee favors a maximum of six hours' labor for children under 14 years of age.] Mar. 21. Saxony. Several Hebrews are arrested in Leipsic on the charge of treason. Mar. 22. Prince Bismarck declines the dukedom offered him by Emperor William. [Apr.* He says, " I prefer to hear the name my work has made fa- mous — Bismarck."] Apr. 1. Westphalia. More than 1,800 greetings and several car-loads of pres- ents are sent to Prince Bismarck on his 75th birthday. Apr. 21. Berlin. Strikes occur. May 4. Strikes prevail in many cities. May 23. Saxe- Weimar. Prince "Wil- liam is pronounced a bankrupt through gambling. May 31. Emperor William opposes the removal of the anti- Socialist law. May * Over 50,000 workmen are on strike; employers in Leipsic and Berlin form a union to tight the strikers. June 2. Berlin. Emperor William warns Prince Bismarck to stop his press utterances, or serious results may follow. June 12. Bremen. American riflemen arrive at Bremenhafen. Aug. 26. Berlin. Socialists hold a great mass-meeting ; 7,000 are present at mid- night. Sept. 30. Berlin. Great rejoicing oc- curs over the expiration of the anti- Socialist law; many exiles return. Oct. 12. Pr. Saxony. The Socialist Congress opens in Halle ; 366 delegates are present. [Oct. 18. Closes.] Nov. 9. Pr. Saxony. The shoe man- ufacturers at Erfurt declare a lockout against 3,000 men. Nov. 12. Berlin. Emperor William makes a personal gift to Prof. Koch of 8250,000 for the prosecution of his stud- ies, and an equal amount to establish a national institute for the production of the lymph used in Koch's method. Nov. 19. Berlin. Princess Victoria of Prussia and Prince Adolphus of Schaum- burg-Lippe are married. Nov. * Minister von Gossler gives 850,000 for the creation of a special hospital for the treatment of consumption by the Koch method. 1891 Mar. 11. Berlin. The Reich stag rejects the petition to admit women to the liberal professions. Apr. 8. Bavaria. Troops quell a labor disturbance, in which 25 men are more or less seriously injured. Apr. 24. Westphalia. A strike of 10,- 000 miners occurs at Dortmund. GERMANY. 1890, Feb. *-1891, Sept. 9. 835 May 24. Baron Hirsch proposes to buy 5,000,000 acres of land in the Argentine Republic for a Jewish Colony. June 11. Bremen. Strikers become riotous. July 30. Berlin. Tlie Deutscbe Bank loses $295,000 by a clerk's frauds. Aug. 16. Berlin. An International Social Workmen's Congress opens. Sept. 5. Berlin. Tbe centenary of Meyerbeer is celebrated. STATE. 1890 Mar. IS. Berlin. Prince Bis- marck, chancellor and foreign minister, and Count Bismarck, regent of Hanover, both tender their resignations. Gen. von Caprivi is selected as Bis- marck's successor as chancellor. Mar. 20. Berlin. The emperor makes Prince Bismarck duke of Lauenberg and colonel-general of cavalry, and ap- points Count Herbert Bismarck min- ister of foreign affairs. Mar. 25. Berlin. Count Herbert Bis- marck resigns, and Herr von Alvens- laben is nominated to succeed him. [Mar. 26. Declined.] Apr. 4. Home. The Vatican instructs the papal nuncio in Berlin and Bishop Kopp to act with, the Centrist party, and to yield to the Government ol. no point without obtaining an adequate concession. Apr. 25. Berlin. The Bundesrath re- peals the law of 1874, by which priests failing to comply with, the May Laws rendered themselves liable to imprison- ment. Apr. * Berlin. The Government asks the new Reichstag for a military credit of about 50,000,000 marks. May 3. Berlin. The peace-footing bill for the army adds 5,000 to the infantry, 6,000 to the artillery, and adds 54 bat- teries to the field artillery. May 7. Berlin. Yon Levetzow is elected president of the Reichstag. May 20. Berlin. The Labor Bill is discussed by the Reichstag. It prohibits labor on Sundays and holidays, and the employment of children under 13 in factories. Women wUl not be allowed to work at night, or after ry.'M) o'clock on Satur- day evenings or on the eve of holidays. The hours of work for women are limited to 11. The bill also provides for the protection of the life and health of workers, and for pun- ishment for a breach of contract by master or man by a tine paid to the injured party. May 36. Berlin. Bismarck's state- ments to correspondents of newspapers incense the emperor. May 27. Berlin. Dr. von Scholz, min- ister of finance, resigns his office. May * Berlin. The new army budget shows that a large increase in the army is to be made at a cost of 18,000,000 marks. June 3. Berlin. The Factory BiU is amended in the Reichstag to provide for the closing of factories from midnight of Saturdays till six o'clock on Mon- days. Vote, 15-10. The Catholics in tbe Lower House of the Reichstag demand that the church authori- ties have full power to dispose of its funds; it is opposed by Minister Von Gossler as be- ing politically impossible, even with specific stipulations as to how the money appropri- ated should be employed. Germany, France, Russia, and Switzer- land have signed the treaty for the re- pression of anarchy. June 4. Berlin. The Clerical Fund Bill is passed in the Prussian Lower House. June 13. Berlin. Germany and Moroc- co sign a commercial convention. The Reichstag makes an African grant of 4,5 00,000 marks. June 17. England and Germany define the boundaries of their respective pos- sessions in Africa, with concessions on both sides. June 26. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects all amendments to the Army Bill, but passes the first paragraph, which fixes the peace effective force at 436,983 men until April, 1S94. Vote, 16-12. June 27. Berlin. Gen. V. du Vernois, minister of war, resigns. The Sultan cedes the Zanzibar coast to Germany. June 30. Berlin. Herr Miguel, leader of the National Liberals, is appointed minister of finance. July 1. Berlin. The Anglo-German Agreement, concerning African pos- sessions, is signed by Chancellor von Caprivi and Dr. Krauel for Germany, and Sir E. B. Malet and Sir Percy An- derson for England. July * A second large expedition of 2,000 persons is sent to Africa to take possession of German lands. Aug. 10. Emperor "William arrives at Heligoland, and takes possession. Aug. 22. Constantinople. A treaty of commerce between Turkey and Ger- many is signed. Sept. 13. Emperor William accepts the extension of the Triple Alliance Treaty to May, 1897. Oct. 3. A treaty is signed by Germany and the Sultan of Zanzibar. Germany obtains the coasting-trade along the east coast of Africa on pay- ment of 4,000,000 marks to the sultan. Oct. 6. Berlin. The appointment of Gen. von Kaltenborn Strachan as minister of war is officially announced. * * Colonies are to be planted in South- west Africa, Morocco, and Tripoli. Dec. 5. Berlin. In the Reichstag the Center party moves to repeal the law excluding Jesuits from Germany. Dec. 8. Berlin. The hill providing for the defense of Heligoland passes its third reading in the Reichstag ; the So- cialist members oppose it. The Government recognizes the Re- public of Brazil. 1891 Jan. 14. Berlin. An uproar is occasioned in the Reichstag by Herr Helldorf protesting against Herr Rich- ter's " coarse and vulgar attack upon Prince Bismarck." Jan. 22. Berlin. In the Reichstag a mo- tion is made to repeal the prohibitions on American pork and bacon imports. [Jan. 23. Defeated. Vote, 133-103. Sept. 3, Repealed.] Feb. 28. Alsace-Lorraine. A decree by the governor announces that passport regulations referring to Alsace-Lor- raine will be carried out to the fullest extent. [July 9. Relaxed.] Mar. 11. Berlin. The resignation of Dr. von Gossler, minister of public works, is accepted. [The minister of public wor- ship also resigns.] The Reichstag rejects the petition to admit women to the liberal profes- sions. Mar. 18. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- privi removes the embargo placed upon American cattle landed at Hamburg. Apr. 6. Berlin. The Government de- cides to withdraw its embargo against American pork. Apr. 30. Hanover. Bismarck is re- turned to the Reichstag. May 3. The Austro-German commercial treaty is signed, to remain in force for 12 years from February, 1892. May 9. Berlin. The Reichstag passes the Sugar Bill, the Spirit Taxation Bill, the Koch Institute Endowment Bill, and adjourns to Nov. 11. June 11. Berlin. Herr Brandenburg, a member of the Center party in Ber- senbrueck, is elected to succeed Dr. Windthorst in the Reichstag. The Russo-German treaty negotia- tions are ruptured. June 20±. A great Center European Customs League is formed by Ger- many, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Switzerland. June 28. Berlin. Emperor William an- nounces the renewal for six years of the triple defensive alliance of Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Italy. July 30. Berlin. The imperial budget for 1890-91 shows a surplus of 15,14S,201 marks over the estimates. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 Feb. * Hanover is made an Im- perial capital residence. Mar. 7. Silesia. A meat famine oc- curs at Breslau. The law excludes American pork, and the native product is insufficient. Mar. 26+. Berlin. Prince Bismarck leaves Berlin permanently for his coun- try home at Friedrichsruhe. May 16. Bavaria. Thirty-six children are drowned while returning from con- firmation at Ratisbon by the upsetting of a ferryboat while crossing the Oder. June 21. Hesse. The 450th anniversary of tbe invention of the art of printing commences at Mentz. Aug. 11. Rk. Prus. At Crefeld a house falls during a heavy storm, and 13 per- • sons are killed and 20 injured. Aug. 22. Berlin. Several cases of chol- era appear. Nov. 1. Bremen. Within a week 11,- 000 Polish Jews arrive on their way to Brazil. 1891 Jan. 3. Rli. Prus. Sixteen per- sons are killed and 10 wounded by a coal- shaft explosion near Diisseldorf. Jan. 25. Fifty-two persons are killed by a coal-mine explosion at Geleeiikir- chen. Feb. 5. Hamburg. A new Southwest African Company, with a capital of 20,000,000 marks, is formed. Mar. 31. Berlin. Influenza is preva- lent. [Dec. 3.+ Epidemic] Aug. 12. Berlin. The action of the Russian ukase in prohibiting the export of rye causes a sensation ; rye bp comes dearer than wheat. 836 1891, Sept. 21-1894, Dec. 15. GERMANY. ARMY — NAVY. 1892 Apr. 7. Berlin. The Government decides to adopt the Maxim gun, and orders 180 for use in the navy. Oct. 24. Berlin. The peace effective of the army is fixed at 492,0GS, and its war strength reorganization is at 4,400,000. 1893 Aug. 3. Two officers and seven men are killed and 17 injured by an ex- plosion on the war-ship Baden at Kiel. 1894 Sept. 30. Non-commissioned ar- tillery officers (1S3) are arrested on the charge of anarchism. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Jan. 5. Dr. Pfeiffer, son-in-law of Prof. Koch of Berlin, discovers the in- fluenza bacillus, the smallest bacillus yet discovered, also the original cause of infection. 1893 May 1. Berlin. The standard time for the empire is fixed to longitude 15° east of Greenwich. Oct. 18. Bremen. A statue of Em- peror "William I. is unveiled by the emperor. 1894 July 24. A monument to the memory of Field Marshal Von Bllicher is inaugurated near Caub, where he crossed the Rhine into France on the New Year's night of 1S14. Sept. 4. E, Prus. Emperor "William un- veils a monument to the memory of his grandfather at Konigsberg. [Oct. 16. Another at Wiesbaden.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891 Oct. 6. Charles I., King of Wiirtem- berg, A68. 1892 Jan. 7. Brueke, Ernest W., physiol- ogist, A73. Jan. 26. Ludoviea, Duch. of Bavaria, A83. Mar. 13. Hesse, Cram I imkeof, A55. Apr. 19. Bodenstoilt, Frieilrx-h, poet, jour- nalist, A73. Oct. 12. Buclier, Lothar, statesman, A75. Dec. 6. Siemens, Ernest W., electric, A76. 1893 Jan.* Ratibor, Duke of (House of Hohenlohe), A74. Apr. 16. Bismarck-S chier stein, Count von, Friedrich August Ludwig, councilor of legation, A83. May 8. Adolphua George, Prince Schaum- burg-Lippe, A76. June 5. Hefele, Charles Joseph von, bishop of Koth-'iiluirij, e.-rl. hist., A84. Aug, 22. Ernest II., Duke of Sase-C'o- burg-Gotha, A75. Dec. 16. Michelet, Karl L., phil., A92. 1894 Feb. 6. Billroth, Theodore, surgeon, A63. Feb. 12. Biilow, Hans Guido von, pianist, composer, A64. July 4:. Dillman, Christian F. A., theolo- gian, orientalist, A71. July 24. Brunn, Henry, archeologist, A72. Sept. 9. Helmholtz, Hermann L. F. von, physiologist, naiunil philosopher, A73. Nov. 21. Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, Duke of, A50. CHURCH. 1893 Apr. 23. Borne. The Pope re- ceives the emperor and empress, and has a long interview with the emperor. May 9. Rome. Pope Leo receives 500 German Catholic pilgrims. * * Archbishop Philip Krementz of Co- logne is made a cardinal priest. * * Prus. George Kropp, archbishop of Breslau, is consecrated a cardinal priest. LETTERS. 1891* * Haubenlerche, by "Wildenbruch, appears. * * Einsame Menschen, by Gerhardt Hauptmann, appears. * * Sodom's Elide, by H. Sudermann, ap- pears. * *EineNeue Welt, by H. Bulthaup, ap- pears. * * Aus Eiserner Zeit, by Spielhagen, appears. * * Das Zweite Gesicht, by Oscar Bluinen- thal, appears. * * Tino-Moralt, by Walter Siegfried, ap- pears. * * Steinerne Gast, by Rudolph von Gott- schall, appears. * * Letzte Rottenburgern, by Louise von Francois, appears. * * Geschichfi der Pdpste der Renaissance, by Ludwig Pastor, appears. 1892 * * Romischen Vignetten, by Marie Eugenie dell Grazie, appears. * * Seitab vom Wege, by Hans Hoffmann, appears. * * Jenseifs von Gu t und Base, by Friedrich Nietzsche, appears. * * Heimat, by Hermann Sudermann, ap- pears. * * Der Meister von Palmyra, by Adolf "Wilbrandt, appears. * * Merlin, by Paul Heyse, appears. * * Sonntags kind, by Spielhagen, appears. 1893* * Hannelle Mattern's Himmel- fahrl, by Gerhardt Hauptmann, appears. * * New Poems, by Hermann Hango, ap- pears. * * Poems, by D. Saul, appears. * * Erster Friihling, by Maurice Reinhold von Stern, appears. * * Vestigia Leonis, by Richard Nord- hausen, appears. * * Gldnzendes Elend, by Hans Hopfen, appears. * * Melusine, by Paul Heyse, appears. * * Geschiclite der Malen • i im 7i<:u7izeknten Jahrhundert, by Richard Muther, ap- pears. 1894 * * Robespierre, by Marie Eugenie delle Grazie, appears. * * Faust und Prometheus, by Hermann Hango, appears. * * The SchmettrrliugssrJiackt, by Suder- mann, appears ; also Es war. * * Stumme des Himmels, by Spielhagen, appears. * * Donna Lionarda, by Paul Heyse, ap- pears. * * Der Ring des Frangipani, by Henry Thode, appears. SOCIETY. 1891 Sept. 21. Pr. Saxony. The Con- gress of Naturalists and Physicians, consisting of 1,215 delegates, including 280 women, opens at Halle. 1892 Feb. 1. The police arrest 20 An- archists. Mar. 4. IF. Prus. A riot occurs in Dan- zig, the rioters looting simps and wagons. June 21. Vienna. Count Herbert Bis- marck and Countess Margarethe Hoyes are married. Nov. 1. Berlin. The Arbeit er Zeitung . an Anarchist newspaper, is suppressed. 1893 Jan. 8. Rh. Prus. An attempt is made near Iiouplc to blow up the Cologne ■ express with a dynamite bomb. Jan. 10. Prus. Princess Marie of Edin- burgh and Prince Ferdinand are mar- ried at Sigmaringen. Jan. 25. Berlin. Emperor "William's sister Priin'css Margaret is married to Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse. Oct. 23. Rh. Prus. The National Con- gress of Social Democrats opens at Cologne. Nov. 6. Berlin. The Emperor "Wil- liam issues an edict against gambling; in the army. Nov. 27. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- privi receives at his official residence a bos containing an infernal machine. [Nov. 28. Another is sent to the Em- peror "William ; both are from Orleans, France.] Dec. 11. Berlin. Two persons are in- jured by an infernal machine. 1894 Jan. 26. Berlin. Prince Bis- marck is received with tremendous pop- ular enthusiasm ; the emperor greets him with great warmth, and pays him notable honors. Feb. 19. Emperor "William visits Prince Bismarck at Friedrichsruhe. Mar. 25. Emperor William decrees that the 25th anniversary of Sedan Day shall be celebrated by the creation of a new order, to be called The Veterans of 1870, the medals to be worn only by soldiers who fought at the front. Apr. 19. The marriage of the Grand Duke of Hesse and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg takes place at Coburg. June 22. Emperor "William causes the arrest of Imperial Chamberlain Von Kotze for sending scandalous anony- mous letters through the mails. Oct. 21. The German-Socialist Con- gress opens at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Oct. 28. Berlin. The Sunday closing law is strictly enforced ; many trades which did their best business on Sunday have suffered heavy losses. Oct. 29. Emperor William confers dec- orations upon Gen. von Caprivi and Count Eulenburg. STATE. 1891 Nov. 5. Berlin. An official de- cree is issued permitting the importation of American and British cattle into Germany. Dec. 1. Berlin. The German posses- sions in Southwest Africa are sold to a syndicate for 3,750,000 marks. Dec. 18. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts the commercial treaties with Alistro- Hungary, Italy, and Belgium. 1892 Jan. 23 ±„ Active opposition to the emperor's Sectarian Education Bill arises throughout the empire. Feb. 10. Berlin. In the Reichstag the Center withdraws its demand that the Jesuits should be allowed to return. Mar. 1. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- privi is defeated in the Reichstag on naval estimates. Mar. 21. Berlin. Count von Zedlitz's resignation from the Cabinet is accepted. fMar. 24. Dr. von Posse succeeds him.] Mar. 23. Berlin. Count Eulenberg ac- cepts the premiership. GERMANY. 1891, Sept. 21-1894, Dec. 15. 837 Apr. 1. Berlin. The Lower House of the Landtag passes the Guelph Fund Bill. May 16. Berlin. The Government agrees to take part in the International Silver Conference. Aug. 9. Herr Herrfuth, minister of the interior, resigns. Sept. 24. Berlin. The Federal author- ities yield assent to the proposition for two years' service in the army. Sept. 29. Berlin. The Social Demo- crats win in the municipal elections. Dec. 6. Berlin. The majority of the members of the Center of the Reichstag vote to support the Army Bill. It fixes the strength of the peace effec- tive at 492,068 men, the war strength at 4,400,000 ; the time of service is generally reduced to two years. Dec. 12. Berlin. In the Reichstag Chan- cellor von Caprivi announces that Ger- many will adhere to the gold standard. 1893 Feb. 18. Popular agitation in favor of the Army Bill is increasing. Mar. 17. Berlin. The Reichstag Com- mittee rejects the second reading of the Army Bill, and adjourns till after Easter. May 6. Berlin. The Army Bill i: re- jected. Voted, 210-102. The emperor dissolves the Reichstag ; Chancellor von Caprivi goes to Potsdam to tender his resignation ; new elections are appointed to be held June 15. May 23. The Center party declares against the Army Bill. July 4. Berlin. The new Reichstag is opened by Emperor "William, who urges the importance of passing the Army Bill immediately. July 7. Berlin. Chancellor von Caprivi introduces the amended Army Bill in the Reichstag. July 13. Berlin. The first article of the Army Bill, fixing for two years the peace effective at 479,229 men, is passed by the Reichstag by a vote of 198 to 187. July 15. Berlin. The Army Bill is passed by the Reichstag by a vote of 200-183, in the fullest house ever known. July 28. Berlin. The Federal Council resolves to increase the duties on im- ports from Russia 50 per cent. Aug. 22. Saxe - Coburg - Gotha. Duke Ernst dies ; he left no children, and the Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of Queen Victoria, is formally recognized as the ruler of the duchy. Sept. 8. Berlin. Emperor William or- ders that all the exceptional laws en- forced in Alsace and Lorraine since the war shall be abolished. Sept. 19. Berlin. Emperor William ap- points Gen. Brousart Schellendorf as minister of war in place of Gen. von Kaltenborn-Strachan, resigned. Chancellor von Caprivi and the papal nuncio agree, if the Centrists will sup- port the Government, concessions "will be granted on the educational ques- tion, and the Catholic orders will be readmitted into Germany. Oct. 23. Bit. Prus. The National Con- gress of Socialists opens in Cologne. Dec. 1. Berlin. The Reichstag votes, by a majority of 37, to revoke the decree expelling the Jesuits from Germany. 1894 Jan. 16. Bavaria. The Upper House decides to depose the insane King Otho, and transfer the crown to Prince Luitpold, the regent and heir presumptive. Mar. 10. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts the first part of the Kusso-German Treaty. Vote, 200-146. Apr. 16. Berlin. The bill permitting the Jesuits to return passes its third reading in the Reichstag. Vote, 168-145. Apr. 19. Berlin. The Reichstag passes the Bourse Taxation BUI. June 6. The German Imperial Silver Commission adjourns without having agreed on any solution of the silver problem. June 8. Berlin. Dr. Lieber, leader of the Clerical party, resigns from the Reichstag. July 9. Berlin. The Bundesrath rejects the bill passed by the Reichstag to re- peal the anti-Jesuit laws, but approves the admission of the Redemptorists. July 12. Germany declares a tariff war against Spain. Sept. 25+. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- privi no longer opposes severe repressive measures against Anarchists and So- cialists. Oct. 14. Germany rejects England's pro- posals to join the powers in intervention in the China- Japanese war. Oct. 26. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- privi resigns his office, and Count Botho zu Eulenberg resigns as presi- dent of the Council. Prince von Hohenlohe-Schillings- fiirst is appointed imperial chancellor, also premier of Prussia. Nov. 7. Germany formally recognizes the Hawaiian Republic. Nov. 14. Berlin. The anti-Anar- chist Bill is introduced in the Bundes- rath ; it is drastic in its provisions. Dee. 6. Berlin. An exciting scene oc- curs in the Reichstag, caused by the refusal of the Socialists to cheer for the emperor. Dec. 10. Berlin. Baron von Ber- lespsch, minister of commerce, tenders his resignation because the Ministry re- jects bills he drafted. Dec. 14. Berlin. The Anti-Kevolu- tionist Bill is introduced in the German Reichstag. Dec. 15. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects the Government's proposal to prose- cute the Socialists for lese-majesty. Vote, 168-58. MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Feb. 13. Afr. The German col- onization of New Guinea is a complete failure. Aug. 13. Berlin. Emperor William has withdrawn all official support to the proposed Berlin exposition. Aug. 23. Hamburg. The authorities acknowledge the presence of Asiatic cholera. Aug. 29. Cholera appears at Bremen ; there is an apparent abatement in Ham- burg. Aug. 31. Hamburg. The cholera is becoming worse. [Sept. 2. There are upwards of 600 new cases of cholera. Sept. 6. Cholera cases increase. Sept. 14. Total cases of cholera from Aug. 17 to this day amount to 15,663, of which 6,764 proved fatal ; the House of Bur- gesses appeals to the Senate for a grant of 1,000,000 marks for relief purposes.] Sept. 29. New cases of cholera are re- ported in Berlin ; the disease is decreas- ing in Hamburg. [Oct. 9. Only two new cases at Hamburg.] Oct. 1. Berlin. The private bank of Schultz fails, with liabilities amount- ing to 30,000,000 marks. Oct. 4. Berlin. In the long-distance ride between Berlin and Vienna, Lieut. Miklos (Austrian) and horse arrive first at Berlin, and Prince Leopold (German) and horse arrive first at Florisdorf. Oct. 17. Hamburg. The official figures show that there have been 17,%ii eases and 7,508 deaths from cholera in Ham- burg. [Oct. 18, eight; Oct. 19, 11: Oct. 25, 25 ; Oct. 26, 6 ; Oct. 28, seven ; Nov. 2, none.] Nov. 2. Hamburg is officially declared to be free from cholera. Dec. 3. The steamer Spree is heard from ; she had broken her shaft when 1,000 miles out, and was towed into Queens- town by the steamer Lake Huron. Dec. 15. Hamburg. In one week 28 cases of cholera occur with two deaths. (Dec. 16, new cases ; Dec. 22, four ; Dec. 25, new cases ; Dec. 27, two deaths ; Dec. 29, two cases ; Dec. 30, seven cases.] 1893 Jan. 1. W. Prus. Several per- sons are frozen to death at Thorn and other places on the Vistula. Jan. 18. Pr. Saxony. Seven deaths from cholera are reported in the lunatic asylum at Halle. Jan. 21. Seventeen new cases of cholera are reported at the Neitleben Lunatic Asylum. [Jan. 29. Four new cases at Altona ; one death at Hamburg.] Jan. 28. Berlin. A fire causes a loss of two million marks. Apr. 18. Prus. A fire in the Hohen- zollern Palace at Siyinaringen destroys many works of art. June 18. Fr. The bodies of Prussians who fell at Stall in 1870 are delivered by French to German troops, and taken across for reburial. Aug. 15. Berlin. Cholera appears. Aug. 19. Explosions in two coal-pits kill 57 miners, and wound many others. Aug. 27. The business depression con- sequent upon the tariff war between Germany and Russia is increasing. Sept. 7. The authorities officially pro- claim the Rhine to be infected with cholera, and bathing in it has been for- bidden. Sept. 10. Four new cases of cholera are discovered in Berlin. [Sept. 20, 10; Sept. 21, three ; Sept. 23, 14 cases ; Sept. 30, three deaths.] Oct. 1. Three new cases of cholera and one death are reported in Hamburg. Oct. 10. A policeman and a sanitary official are killed in a cholera riot in St. Paul, a suburb of Hamburg. Oct. 14. Berlin reports eight cases of cholera with five deaths. 838 1862, **-l894, Oct. 30. GERMAN EAST AFRICA. German East Africa is a dependency of the empire, lying near the equatorial region, between the Indian Ocean and the Great Lakes ; its government is administered by an Imperial officer. Area, 3SO,000± square miles ; population, 1,760,000+. EXPLORATION — ARMY — STATE. 1866 Mar. 22. David Livingstone ascends the Rovuma River. [1SG9. Mar. 14. Livingstone reaches Ujiji, " a ruckle of bones." 1871. Oct 13. He returns to Ujiji. Oct. IS. H. M. Stanley, thecorre- spondentof the New York Herald, finds Livingstone at Ujiji. 1871-72. They ex- plore the north end of Lake Tangan- yika. 1S72. Mar. 15. They part at Un- yanyembe. Aug. 15. Livingstone leaves Unyanyembe for Lake Bangweolo. 1874. He visits Lake Tanganyika"] 1867 * * Lake Tanganyika is discov- ered by John H. Speke. 1887 * * Lieut. Wissmann arrives at Zanzibar after crossing the continent. 18S8 * * The German East African Company acquire from the Sultan of Zanzibar a lease of the coast for 50 years, with rights to all duties and tolls. This territory, with other concessions in Masai-land, constitutes a protectorate. Jan. 12. The natives under Bushiri., the Arab chief, attack the German mis- sion-station at Dar-es-Salaam, near Bag- amoyo, but are repulsed with heavy loss. [They capture and reenslave 100± freed natives : German missionaries are cap- tured. Jan.22+. The fighting continues; the Arabs demand that the Germans evacuate the coast. Jan. 25. The Arabs are defeated.] Jan. 21±. Berlin. Lieut. "Wissmann is appointed Imperial Commissioner for German East Africa. [Apr. 6. Assumes command.] 3Teb. 8. Complete anarchy prevails along the coast. The Catholic missionaries are released by Bushiri on payment of a ransom of 0,000 marks by the Germans. Mar. 3. The Germans recapture Baga- moyo. Mar. 6. Capt. "Wissmann punishes the Kibosh tribe. Mar. 10. H. M. Stanley meets Tippoo Tib at Ujiji. Mar. 22. A German force attacks Saa- daui. [Mar. 28. They burn KondutchL] May 10. Capt. Wissmann captures Chief Bushiii's camp. [June 7. He de- feats the Arabs.] 1889 June 1. Germans proclaim war against the revolting natives north of July 9. Capt. "Wissmann attacks the Arabs with gunboats, and occupies Pangani without loss. [July 10. Shells and takes Tanga.] Sept. 6. Capt. "Wissmann with 400 men starts for Mpwapwa to punish Bushiri for killing Officer Nielsen of the East African Company. Sept. 11. Capt. "Wissmann offers £5,000 reward for the head of Chief Bushiri, he having threatened to destroy the mis- sions in the interior. [Oct. 22. Bushiri's camp is surprised by a German force. Oct. 26. Capt. "Wissmann defeats Bushiri. Dec. 10. Again defeated. Dec. 17. Bu- shiri is captured and hanged.] Oct. 27. Vitu is captured and burned. ~Nov. 4. Capt. Wissmann's expedition encounters 6,000 Bushiri, and repulses the natives, who suffer great loss. Nov. 12. The New York Herald sends an expedition, escorted by Capt. "Wiss- mann, to meet Henry M. Stanley. Dec. 4. Stanley and Emin Pasha arrive at Bagamoyo from Central Africa. 1890 Jan. 6±. Capt. "Wissmann routs the Arabs, and captures/ one of their strongholds. Jan. 16. Thousands of Arabs accept the German offer of amnesty, and come to the coast at Zanzibar. Apr. 2. Emin Pasha arrives at Zanzi- bar. Apr. 7±. The German flag is raised in the territories of the Sultan of Man- dara, following the mission of Lieut. Ehlers. Apr. 30. Capt. "Wissmann leaves Baga- moyo with a large force to attack Kil- wa. [May 4. Bombards and occupies the town. May 13. He captures Lind.] May 14. Capt. "Wissmann captures Mi- kindani ; this places the whole coast as far as Zanzibar in the hands of the Germans. May 26. Capt. Wissmann leaves Zan- zibar for Europe. [June 23. Arrives at Berlin.] June 27. The Sultan of Zanzibar con- sents to cede the coast to Germany. [July 3. Dr. Peters arrives at Usugara. July 22. He leaves Zanzibar for Europe.] Aug. 11. The Sultan's army is defeated by rebel Arabs. [Aug. 20. Defeats the rebel Arabs at Zemmour.] Aug. 13. Slaves are reported to be sold on German territory without abatement. Sept. 29. Herr Von Soden is ap- pointed governor of German East Africa. Oct. 3. The Sultan of Zanzibar by treaty surrenders to Germany for si.iinn.uni) his sovereign rights over that portion of theEast African ('oast which is leased to the German East African Company. [Oct, 8. The Company purchase the whole property of the Vitu Company.] Nov. 19. The Sultan of Vitu raids the German outposts, and is repulsed with heavy loss. 1891 Jan. 1. The German flag is formally raised at various points on the Zanzibar Coast, to mark its acquisition. Jan. 9. Emin Pasha establishes a for- tified station on the shore of the Victo- ria Nyanza. Jan. 31. Peace is declared in Zanzibar. May 16. The German government noti- fies the powers that Dar-es-Salaam -will be the capital of the German colonies in East Africa. Sept. 12. A German force defeats the natives, but loses 300 men, and all their guns and ammunition ; only two non- commissioned officers escape. Dec. 1. The German possessions in Southeast Africa are sold to a syndicate for 3,750,000 marks. 1892 Oct. 17. The "Wahehe tribe at- tack the German station at Mpwapwa j many residents are killed or wounded. 1893 Mar. 14. AGermanforcedefeata hostile natives, killing Sikki, the leader, and a number of his followers. [Aug. 29. An African fortified camp is stormed.] 1894 Oct. 30'. A German force storms and captures Kuiranga, the capital of the "Wahehe country. CHURCH — SOCIETY. 1862* *The Universities Mission at Magomero, on Lake Shirwa, is moved to the mainland opposite Zanzibar. 1869 * * Magila, opposite Zanzibar, be- comes a mission-station of Bishop Tozer. [1S75 * * It becomes a mission-station of the Universities Mission.] 1878 * * Ujiji becomes a mission-station of the London Society. [1S79, Uram- bo ; 1887, Fwambo, near Lake Tangan- yika.] 1882 * * The Moslems of Magil a in Usam- bara close their mosques, and become Christians. 1889 Jan. 17. Arab slave-dealers kill eight German missionaries in Zanzibar, and mutilate their bodies ; they sell as slaves the native inmates of German mission-premises at Tugu, 15 miles from Dar-es-Salaam. Jan. 29. An English missionary and 1$ of his followers are massacred by na- tives. Feb. 27. The German missionaries held captive by the Arabs are liberated. Sept. 28. Capt. Wissmann reports that exportation of slaves in his territory has stopped. Oct. 30. A missionary party is massa- cred. 1890 Mar. 24=. The German authori- ties hang a slave-dealer at Bagamoyo. Sept. 14. The German authorities at Bagamoyo publish a notice permitting slave-deabng, but prohibiting the ex- portation of slaves by sea. Sept. 22. A German merchant at Vitu and seven German employees are mas- sacred by natives. * *The English Church Missionary Soci- ety has a missionary station ISO miles inland, in the Uguru district ; another (Mpwapwa) 40 miles farther, in Usu- gara, and another (UyuiJ in the district of Unyanyembe. * * Mbweni, on the Zanzibar coast, is a village of 300 released slaves, with per- manent church, domestic! chapel, work- shop, traction-engine, lime-kiln, etc. 1891 May 22. Arab slave-raids are frequent on the shores of Lake Tangan- yika. Dee. 16. Great cruelty is practised by slave-traders near Lake Tanganyika ; from 10 to 20 slaves are killed daily when they become exhausted by the march. GERMAN SOUTH-WEST AFRICA. German Sotjth-tvest Africa is a dependency of the empire, and comprises a territory bordering the Atlantic, and extending from the Orange to the Kunene Rivers. Area, 330,000 square miles ; population, about 150,000, of these 600 are whites. "Walfish Bay on the coast belongs to Great Britain. 1884 * * Tbe German flag is hoisted on land purchased around Angra Pequefia, by F. A. S. Liideritz. 1885* * Here- roland is annexed by treaty. 1886 * * Portugal recognizes the boundaries. daries. 1893 * 1838 * * Hereroland is given up. 1889 civilized chief, * * Hereroland is regained by force. Germans. 1890 * * England recognizes the boun- fc Henric Witboy, the s at last defeated by the GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 2048b.c.-150a.d. 839 Great Britain and Ireland is a country of "Western Europe, and classed as one of the great powers. The government is an hereditary constitutional monarchy, having the executive authority lodged -with the sovereign and a responsible ministry. The legislature consists of a Parliament of two houses ; the House of Lords having about 5G0 members, and the House of Com- mons, 670 members. The principal colonies and foreign possessions are Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, and Perim, and a protectorate along the Somali Coast, Bahrein Islands, British North Borneo including Brunei and Sarawak, Ceylon, Cyprus, Hongkong, India and its depen- dencies, Kamaran Island, Labuan, Straits Settlements, Ascension Island, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Cape Colony, Mauritius, British East Africa, Natal, Niger River Territories, British Zambesia, Oil Rivers Protectorate, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha, Gold Coast, Lagos, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Zanzibar, Zululand, Bermudas, Canada, Newfoundland, Falkland Islands, British Gui- ana, British Honduras, Islands in the West Indies including the Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Windward Islands, Leeward Islands, and Trinidad ; Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, New Zealand, British New Guinea ; also many groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, including Fiji, Cook's Islands, Union, Phoenix, and Gil- bert Islands ; Heligoland in the North Sea is ceded to Germany in 1890. Area of the United Kingdom, 120,979 square miles ; population in 1891, 38,104,975. Total area of the empire and its protecto- rates and spheres of influence, 11,421,100 square miles ; estimated population, about 381,404,960. Note. — All items not having a locality word following the date are located in England. Scotland, Ireland, and Wales are designated by abbreviations. Many of the very early dates are of doubtful value. ARMY — WAVY. 55 Aug. 26 b. c. Julius Caesar in- vades Britain, and encamps [on Barham Downs near Deal]. [54. Again invades it.] 54 * * b. c. Cassivelaunus leads the Britons against Caesar, and is defeated. 40* *A. d. The Roman Emperor Calig- ula leads a mock invasion. * * * "War between the Eomans and Britons. 43 * * The Emperor Claudius lands an expedition in Britain, parades 16 days, then [44] returns to Rome, assumes the title Britannicus, and is 'worshiped as a god. 45 * * [Gloucester] submits to the Ro- mans. 50* * Battle of Shropshire. The Brit- ons are defeated by the Roman general, Ostorius Scapula. Caractacus, King of the Silures, is taken prisoner, through the treachery of Cartismandua, Queen of the Brigantes. * * * W, The Silures of South "Wales maintain an obstinate resistance to the Romans . 58 * * Suetonius Paulinus commands the Romans. 61 * * Britons under Boadicea revolt, burn London, and kill 70,000 Romans and strangers. Paulinus subdues the revolting Druids. 78 * * Julius Agricola commands the Romans. He defeats and subdues the Britons in Anglesey, and completes the conquest of Britain. 79 * * Romans establish a military sta- tion at Mancenion [Manchester], a stronghold of the Brigantes. 81 * * Agricola builds forts between the Tyne and Solway to protect Britain against invasion from Caledonia. 84 * * Scot. Agricola defeats Caledoni- ans under Galgacus in the battle of the Grampians. * * Agricola builds a line of forts from the Forth to the Clyde, and sends a fleet around the north of Scotland for the first time. 121* * The Emperor Hadrian builds a rampart from the Tyne to the Solway. 138 * * The Caledonians invade Britain and are repelled. Antoninus Pius commands the Romans. 140 * * Lollius Urbicus, lieutenant of Antoninus, strengthens by a turf ram- part, called "Wall of Antoninus, the line of forts between the Clyde and the Forth. 150± * * Ire. Tuathal organizes a standing army [afterwards known as the Fiann, or Fenians]. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 50 b. c. — 250 a. d. London. Gothic architecture appears in St. Martin's Church, Canterbury. 15* * b. c. London. The "London Stone," fixed by the Romans, is placed [in Cannon Street] in the center of the city. [1742. Removed from the oppo- site side of the way. 1798. Placed in the wall of St. Swithin's Church.] 84 * * A. d. A Roman fleet sails round the north coast, and discovers Britain to be an island. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 62 * * Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, dies. The people live chiefly clothed in skins, and aiilk and flesh. 78-84 A. D. Civilization makes rapid progress under the mild rulo of Agri- cola. 2048* * b. c. Ire. Partholan, coming from Greece, lands in the island. (?) 1463* * b. c. The Darnnonii make their descent. 1300* Ire, appear CHURCH. 54* *B. c. The Druids serve the people as ministers of sacred things, teachers of the young, and arbiters and judges. * * * The Druids offer up criminals in sacrifice to deity. 1st Century. A. D. St. Paul preaches in Britain. [Affirmed by some authorities, but without positive proof.] * * Ire. Christianity is introduced (?) from the East. LETTERS. 1300+ B.C. Scot. — Ire. Acolonyfrom Spain introduces Phenician letters. SOCIETY. 54** B.C. "The population is very great, and the buildings very nume- rous." (Caesar.) * * The Equestrian Order and the Dru- ids possess the power and privileges. Herber and Here- Milesian princes, come from Spain, and conquer the island. (?) 1000+: * * b. c. Phenicians from "Western Asia. 330 * * b. c. Scot. Camelon, King of the Picts, builds the castle of the " Hill of Edin" [Edinburgh]. (?) * * b. c. Scot. The monarchy is founded by Fergus, an Irish prince. (?) 140 * * b. c. Scot. The southern lands are settled by Picts from England. 54 * * b. c. [London] is the capital of of the Trinobantes. * * b. c. Roman rule begins under Ju- lius Csesar. 4-24 A.i). Ire. Fearnidhanh-Fionfacht- nath reigns. (?) [24-27, Fiachadh-Fion (?); 127-54, Fiaehadh-FionohtidlM?); 54- 59, Cairbre-Cincait ; 50-79, Elim (?) ; 79- 109, Tuathal-Teachtmar. (?) He imposes the " boiroimhe," or cow tribute, on the province of Leinster. (?) 109-113, Malor Mail ; 113-122, Feidhlimhidh ; 122-125, Cathoire Mor, or the Great ; 125-145, Conn Ceadchadhach, the " Hero of the Hundred Battles;" 145-152, Condir ; 152-182, Art-Aonfhir ; 182-212, Lughaidh (MacConn) ; 212-213, Fergus the Black Teeth.] Rome. Claudius Britannicus is em- peror. [58, Suetonius Paulinus ; SI, Duinit ian ; 117, Hadrian; 138, .Inly 10, Antoninus Pius; 161, Marcus Aurelius; I HO, Commortus; 193, Pertinax, (three months) ; later, SeptimuB Severus. j * Caractacus is leader of the native Britons. 41 61 * * Boadicea is queen of the Iceni. * * Londinum [London] is a large town. 70 * * Scot. Perth is founded by Agri- cola [capital]. 78 * * Agricola, the Roman consul, rules. Many Roman towns are built. [84. Recalled.] 120 * * Hadrian is in Britain. 140 * * Ire. Ashcled [Dublin] is built, and becomes the capital. (?) 840 156,**-580, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 184 * * Scot. TXlpius Marcellus drives back invading bands of Caledonians. 207 * * Soutb Britain is invaded by tbe Caledonians. 208 * * The Emperor Severus arrives in Britain , advances north, and strength- ens Hadrian's rampart by [the "Wall of Severus], 80 miles long. 209 * * Severus advances to tbe Moray Firth, and repels tbe Caledonians. 258 * * Scot. The Scots from Ireland invade Caledonia. 296 * * The usurper AUectus is defeated and slain by the Romans under Asclepi- odotus. 367 * * The Roman general, Theodosius, defeats the Saxons on the sea, in their first attempt to invade Britain. 368 * * Picts and Scots devastate the country, and approach London, but are driven back by Theodosius. 406 * * The 20th Roman legion, Vale- ria Victrix, evacuates [Chester]. 410 * * The Romans finally retire from Britain. 429 * * Eugenius EL of Scotland invades Britain. 446 * * The Britons invoke the aid of the Romans against invading Picts; but they are struggling with the Goths, and decline to assist tbe Britons. 449 * * The Saxons are invited to dwell in Thanet [Kent] to fight the invading Picts ; they come, and the Angles follow. 455 * * Horsa the Teuton is killed in battle at Aylesford. 465 * * The Britons are defeated at Wip- pidsfieet by the English, tbe new in- vaders, under Ilengist: ; and their power is overthrown in Northern Kent. 473 * * Lymne in Kent is taken by the English. 480 * * Kent is won by the English after a struggle of 30 years. 483 * * Ire. King Oilioll is defeated and killed at Ocha. 491 * * The South Saxons under JElle and Cissa storm Anderida [Pevensey], exterminate the inhabitants, and estab- lish the kingdom of tbe South Saxons. 495 * * A Saxon tribe called Gewissas enters the great down, or Gwent, to take [Winchester]. 519 * * The Britons are defeated by Cer- dic the Saxon at Carford. * * W. David orders his soldiers to place a leek in their caps, in honor of King Arthur's great victory over the Saxons. [It becomes the national emblem.] 520 * * Tbe Saxons are defeated by Prince Arthur at Badon Hill. 534-556 Cymric, a "West Saxon king, conquers [Berkshire]. 542 * * Prince Arthur is defeated and killed at Comlan [Cornwall]. 568 * * The first recorded fight in Britain of Englishmen against Englishmen occurs at Wibbandun [Wimbledon] ; Ethelbert, King of Kent, is defeated by Ceawlin, King of Wessex. 577 * * The English under Ceawlin de- feat the British kings at Deorham, cap- ture [Bath, Gloucester, and Cirencester]. * * Almost incessant wars continue for 100 years between pagans and Chris- tians. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 245 * * Many thousand acres in Lincoln- shire are inundated by the sea. 253 * * An inundation in Cheshire causes the loss of 3,000 lives and many cattle. 300 * * The country abounds in grain- fields and pastures. The tin-mines of Cornwall, the lead- mines of Derbyshire, and the iron-mines of Birmingham are worked by the Ro- 5th Century. Aurelius Ambrosius erects an [alleged] sepulchral monument called Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, "Wilt- shire, to the memory of 460 Britons mur- dered by Hengist. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 311 * * Severus, Lucius Septimius, emperor, dies at York, A65. 282 * * Fingal, legendary prince of Morven, Caledonia, born. 293* * Carausins, usurper, murdered. 3d Century. Ossian, Celtic bard. 357 * * Fergus I., Kini; of Scotland., dies. 373 * * Patrick.. Saint, missionary, patron saintof lre.,b. in Scot., or Fr. [460±. Di " Palestine. 456 * * Horsii, Juiish chief, killed in battle. 501 * * Fergus 1 1., king, Scot., k. in battle. 5th Century. Vortigern, king, dies. 621* * Columba. Saint, apostle of Caledo- nia, Ireland, born. [597. Dies.] 537 * * Arthur, legendary prince, dies. 543 * * ColinnlianiiB, Saint, Irish monk, bom. [615. Dies.] 561 * * Gall, Saint, Irish theologian, bp. of Constance, apostle of Swiss, b. [646. d.] CHURCH. 156± * * Christianity is introduced by Lucius, King of the Britons. [300. It is accepted.] [200+ Turtullian speaks of places not yet reached by the Kornans, yet sub- ject to Christ.] 179* * London. The bishopric is erected [624, an archbishopric], also that of York. (Mythical.) 212 * * Scot. Christianity is introduced. 302 * * London. The first St. Paul's Church is built on the site of a temple to Diana. [It is destroyed during the persecution of Diocletian. 337. Rebuilt.] 304 (?) June 23 (?). Saint Alban, the protomartyr of Britain, is beheaded at Verulam. (June 17. ?) 314* * Fr. Three British bishops attend the first Council of the Church of Aries. 345-500 The Arian controversy dis- quiets the Western Church ; contentions also arise concerning the celebration of Easter. 347 * * British bishops attend the Coun- cil of Sardica. [359. Also that of Ariminum.] 350 * * The see of Sodor and Man is erected. (Or 447.) * *The archbishopric of York is erected. 360 * * Scot. The see of the Isles is erected. 361 Apr. 23. George of Cappadocia is put to death after torture by Diocle- tian. [He is adopted as the patron saint of England.] 402 * * Ire. The bishopric of Ossory is established. 412* * Scot. St. Ninian establishes Christianity in Galloway. ±* *Pelagius, the first British monk, founds the sect of Pelagians. Pelagian- ism disturbs the Western Church. 429 * * The British bishops call in Sts. Germanian and Lupus from Gaul to re- fute the Pelagians at the Council of Verulam (St. Albans). 430 * * Scot.— Ire. Palladius, a monk, is sent by the Pope to convert the Irish and Scots. 432 * * Ire. St. Patrick, a Scotch monk, arrives, and establishes Christianity. [Ireland is soon known as the Island of the Saints.] * * Ire. The bishopric of Trim is cre- ated. [434, Killala, 444, Armagh, by St. Patrick ; 450, Elphin ; 454, Ardagh ; 493, Clogher; 499, Down ; 500+ , Ardfelt.Ag- hadoe, and Connor.] * * * Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral is founded. 434 * * Ire. The church of Kill ala is built by St. Patrick. 450 * * Wales. The see of Llandaff , St. David's, is erected. [642±. Asaph.] * * Ire. The first cathedral at Armagh is built. 5th Century. Ire. The nunnery of St. Bridget is founded at Kildare. [In a building called the fire-house, it is supposed, the nuns kept the inextin- guishable fire which existed till the Reformation.] * * * The Pelagian controversy provokes the disunion of the church. 473+ * * Idolatry is revived by the * * Kelapse to heathenism, except in Wales and Cornwall [for about 150 years]. The heathen Saxons invade Britain ; and Christianity, with its churches and ministers and professors, is generally exterminated. 493 * * Ire. St. Patrick is buried in the Abbey of Saul at Down. 500+ * * Ire. St. Cailan is consecrated the first bishop of Down. (?) * * Scot. The see of Galloway is erected. [5G2, Glasgow, by St. Mungo.] 501 * * Ire. The see of Tuam is erected. [510, Dromore ; 516, Bangor ; 519, Kildare ; 520, Meath ; 550, Achonry ; 534, Louth ; 548, Clonmacnois ; 558, Clonfert (or 562) ; 570, Ross; 598±, Ferns; 604+, Cloyne ; 606±, Cork.] 550± * * Ire. A church is built and a bishopric is established at Limerick by St. Munchin. 563 * * Scot. St. Columba founds Iona. LETTERS. 300 * * A. d. Scot, or Ire. Ossian, the Celtic bard, flourishes. 447 * * W. St. Germain visits Wales the second time, and founds schools. 473 * * The Teutonic invaders call them- selves Angles, or English, while the Celtic inhabitants call all invaders Sax- ons. 516± Gildas the "Wise, the first British historian, flourishes ; he compiles the De Excidio Britannise — the subjection of Britain. 577-j. * * The English language displaces the Welsh in nearly every part of the island. AND IRELAND. 156,**-580, 841 SOCIETY. 300 * * Public roads connect the towns, and facilitate the marketing of grain and the intercourse of the people. * * Owners of land dwell in towns from which their serfs go forth to cultivate the fields and tend the herds. The "curiales" are the aristocracy; free laborers abound, but slaves are more numerous in the Roman cities. 449 * * The Saxons are energetic, ag- gressive, and practical ; they love their homes. 457 * * Scot. Constantino I. is assassi- nated by Dougal for dishonoring his daughter. 516* * Order of the Hound Table is instituted by Arthur. (Or 528, or 540.) 538 * * The Council of Orleans prohibits Sunday labor in the country. 580 * * Not a Briton remains on Eng- lish ground, all having retired before the conquerors, who rapidly disperse all over the land. * * * By the laws of Ethelbert, damages are to be paid a bishop elevenfold, a clerk threefold, of the value of stolen property. * * * A value is fixed on men's lives according to their degree, from 50 shil- lings to six shillings. * * * Slaves abound, who may be mur- dered or mutilated by their masters without accountability. STATE. 208 * * Caracalla rules under his father Severus. 210* * Scot. Severus concludes a treaty with the Caledonian chiefs. * * * During 70 years of peace the history of Britain is nearly silent. 211 * * Rome. Caracalla is emperor. [217, Macrinus; '2W, II«'lk»,y:ibulus; JJ-, Alexander Severus; 23n, Maximums; 237, Gordianus; 238, Balhinus; 244, Philip the Arabian; 249, Deeius; 251, Gallus; 253, Emilianus; later, Valerian.] 213 * * Ire. Cormac Ulfada is king. "A prince of most excellent wisdom, and kept the most splendid court that ever was in Ireland." [He revises and codifies the an- cient laws of Ireland, known as the Brehon laws. ] 253-254 Ire. Lughaidh-Gunait is king. [254-282, Cairbre Liffeachair. 282-315, Fiachadh.] 360 * * Rome. Gallinus is emperor. [268, Claudius; 270, Aurelian the warrior; 275, Tacitus; 277, Probus; 2*2, Cams; 2S3, Nu- merian, co-regent; 2*4, Diocletian; 286, Max- imian, co-regent.] 286 * * Carausius usurps sovereign au- thority in Britain ; it is independent of Rome for nine months. [292. He is killed by Alleetus, Ms minister, who as- sumes sovereign power.] 292 * * Constantius Chlorusis assigned to the provinces of Britain, Gaul, and Spain. He overthrows Alleetus. 296 * * Roman rule is reestablished ; Britain is divided into four districts. 300 * * The active members of municipal bodies are the " curiales." There is much taxation, taxes being levied on polls, funerals, legacies, auc- tions, sales of slaves, and ores ; oppres- sive levies of grain, hay, and cattle are made. The Roman government is " suspi- cious, exclusive, rapacious, and utterly selfish." (Knight.) Mixed races of Ro- mans, British, and Teutons inhabit the land. 305 * * Rome. Constantius and Gallerius are Augusti, co-regents. [306 July 25. Constantius Chlorus dies at York ; his son. Constantino is proclaimed emperor.] 306 * * Rome. Maxentius is emperor ; four emperors reign at the same time. [307. Severus, Licinius, and Constantino are Augusti.] ±* * London. The original walls are built. 315 * * Ire. Colla Uais reigns. [319-352, Muireadhach Ti reach; 352-353, Caol- bhack; 353-300, Em-haidh M.iighmesdhin; 360-375, Criomthan ; 375-398, Niall ; 39S- 421, Dathy ; he is killed by a thunder- holt]. 323* *Mome. Constantine the Great is sole emperor. [337, Constans is co- regent.] 350± * *Paulus the Spaniard, infa- mous as a notary sent by Constantius, oppresses and plunders the people for the increase of his own wealth. 353 * * Rome. Constantius is sole em- peror. 357 * * Scot. Eugenius I., son of Fincor- machus, is king. [He is killed in battle by the Romans ; his death temporarily ends the kingdom of the Scots.] 361 * * Rome. Julian the Apostate is em- peror. [363, Jovian; 364, Valentinian I.; Valens is en-regent ; 367, (iratian is co-regent; 375, Valentinian II., co-regent; 379, Theodo- sius the Great is co-regent; 392, Eugenius; 394, Theodosius the Great becomes emperor. \ 36S * * The Saxons begin their invasion of Britain. 383* * Fr. A British colony is founded in Gaul under the Roman gen- eral and usurper, Maximus. [It is joined by 100,000 warriors from Britain.] 395 * * The Roman empire is divided. Honorius is emperor of the "West. 404 * * Scot. Fergus II. revives the Caledonian monarchy. * * * Scot. Scots from Ireland settle on the west coasts. 410 * * Britain becomes independent, the Romans having withdrawn from the country. 420^451 Scot. Eugenius II. reigns. [451-457, Dongardus ; 457^479, Constan- tine I. ; 479-501, Congallus I.; 501-535, Goran us.] 421-453 Ire. Laoghaire is king; he is killed by a thunderbolt. [453-473, Oilii .11 Molt ; 473-493, Lughaidh ; he is killed by a thunderbolt ; 493-515, Murtough 445 * * The Britons send an embassy to Rome to ask for help against the Picts. * * Vortigern is king. 449 * * Hengist and H o r s a, Saxon chiefs, invited by King Vortigern, land in Kent to tight against the Picts. [The Angles follow.] 454-5S6 The Heptarchy, seven Saxon kingdoms, is formed. 454-488 Hengist is King of Kent. 465 * * Ambrosius is King of Britain. 488-512 ^Esc, son of Hengist, is King of Kent. [512-542, Octa, son of M&c. 542-560, Hermenric, son of Octa.] 491-514 .Ella is King of Sussex. 491* * j^JUa and Cissa, after taking the fortress of Anderida [Pevensey], estab- lish the kingdom of the South Saxons [Sussex and Surrey]. 492 * * jElla, King of the South Saxons, becomes Bretwalda I., or leader of all the Saxon chiefs in war against a com- mon enemy. 500±-532± Arthur is King of Brit- ain. 514-580 Cissa, son of ^lla, is King of the South Saxons. 519-534 Cerdic is King of the West Saxons, or Wessex. [534-560, Cynric ; 560-591, Ceawlin.j 519 * * The Saxon chief Cerdic and his son Cymric found the kingdom of Wes- sex. [The royal line of Wessex becomes the royal line of England.] 520-560 Ida is King of Deira (North- umbrian He forms the kingdom of Northum- bria, including Lancaster, York, Cum- berland, Westmoreland, Durham, and Northumberland. 527±-587 ErchenwinisKingof the East Saxons. He founds [Essex]. 535-558 Scot. Eugenius III. succeeds his uncle, Goran. [558-569, Congallus II., brother of Eugenius ; 569-570, Kinathal ; 570-605, Aidanus; 6(15-006, Kenneth, son of Congallus II. ; 606-621, Eugenius IV., son of Aidanus.] 546 * * Ire. Londonderry is first men- tioned. 550-551 Ire. Feargus and his brother Daniel reign jointly. [551-554. Eochaidh and his uncle Buodan reign jointly ; 554- 557, Ainmereach; 557-558, Baodan ; 558- 587, Aodh; he convenes an assembly or parliament of nobility and clergy at Drumceat ; 587-591, Hugh Slaine ; 591- 618, Aodh-Uaireodhnach.] 560-567 Adda, son of Ida, is King of Bernicia(Northumbria). [567-572, Giap- pa: 572-573, Headwulf; 573-580, Freod- wulf ; 5S0-588, Theodoric ; 5S8-593, Ethel- ric] 560-590 .Ella is King of Deira (North- umbria) ; sole King of Northumbria until 587. 560-616 Ethelbert is King of Kent. He is the first Christian king ; he pro- mulgates a code of laws [which is in force for seven centuries]. 560-593 Ceawlin, King of Wessex, is Bretwalda II. 568 * * Surrey is made West Saxon by the defeat of Ethelbert. 570 * * West Saxons become masters of [Oxfordshire and Berkshire]. 571-578 Uffa is King of East Anglia. He founds the kingdom of East Anglia [including Norfolk, Suffolk. Cambridge, and Ely], afterwards called Angle- land ; Britain becomes England. 578-599 Titilus, or Titulus, son of Uffa, is King of East Anglia. [599-624, Ka:d- wald, son of Titulus.] 580-648 The South Saxons are almost totally dependent upon Wessex. MISCELLANEOUS. 208 * * The plague carries off 50,000 Ro- man soldiers. [430. A desolating plague sweeps through Britain ; the living are scarcely able to bury the dead. 644. London. It causes great ravages. 772. An epidemic at Chichester causes 34,000 deaths. 954. The plague destroys 40,000 lives in Scotland. 962. London. The plague prevails.] 84: 585, -777, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 603 * * Ethelfrith defeats the Scottish king Aidan at Daegsastan. [607. He defeats the Cymry of Strathelyde at the battle of Chester. 617. He is defeated and killed by Redwald at the battle of the Idle.] 607 * * The war ceases to be English against Britons, and becomes English against English. 620 * * The Isle of Man is subdued by Edwin; also Maneenion [Manchester]. 628 * * Penda attacks and dismembers Wessex. 633 * * Penda joins the "Welsh King Cad- wallon in an attack at Heathfield on King Edwin, who is defeated and killed. 634* * Oswald defeats Cadwallon at Heavenfield. 642 Aug. 5. Penda defeats Oswald at Maserfield; Oswald is killed. [655. Penda is defeated and killed at "Winaed [near Leeds] by Os wy, brother of Oswald.] 676 * * Ethelred ravages Kent, and de- stroys Rochester. 684 * * Ire. Egfrid, King of Northum- bria, invades and wastes Ireland with an army under Beort. [6S5. Scot. He crosses the Forth to subjugate the Picts ; he is defeated and killed by the Cymry at Nectansmere (Dunnechtan).] 694 * * The Saxons under Edric, son of Egbert, conquer Kent. 715 * * Ine defeats Ceolred, King of Mer- cia, at Wanborough. 733 * * Ethelbald defeats the "West Sax- ons at Somerton. [740. Defeated by Badbert. 752. Again by Ceolred the "West Saxon, at Burford [Oxfordshire]. 743 * * The Kings of Mercia and Wessex declare war against the Cymry. 757* *The West Saxons again defeat the Mercians at Secandum, and thus maintain their independence. 775 * * Offa conquers Kent. [777. He conquers West Saxons at Bensington.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 600± * * Saddles are used in riding. 633 * * Glazed windows are occasion- ally seen. 640 * * Improvement in architecture is manifest. Circular arches are introduced; many churches built, also forts, and the castles Castletown (Derbyshire), Conisborough (Yorkshire), and others. 674 * * Stone buildings come into use. 676 * * Benedict Biscop imports glass for windows. 678 Aug. 3. A morning comet shaped like a fiery pillar [is seen for three months]. 758 * * Scot. Glasgow is inundated ; 400± families are drowned. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 585 h * * Edwin, King of Nortliumbria, born. [633. Dies.] 601 * * David, Saint, patron of "Wales, dies. 604 * * Augustine, Saint, apostle of Eng., first archbishop of <';intrrl, archbishop of Canterbury. 988, Ethelgar ; 990, Si- gerec ; 995, Elfric] 995 * * The see of Durham, formerlv Lindisfarne, is named. * * The Church of Rome is at the sum- mit of its power in Europe, and claims both spiritual and temporal supremacy. 1003* * It. John XVIIT. is elected pope; later, John XIX. [1009, Sereins IV. ; 1012, Benedict VI11. ; 1024, John XX.; Um. Bene- dict IX.; 1044, Gregory VI.; 1040, Clement II.; 1048, Damasus II.; 1049, [St.] Leo IX.; 1055, Victor II.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058, llenedict X. ; 1053, Nicholas II.; 1001, Alex- ander II.; 1073, St. (Iregorv VII.; 10«7, Victor III.; 1088, Urban II. ; 1099, Paschal II.] 1012 Apr. 19. Alphege, the brave archbishop of Canterbury, is killed by the Danes. 1013 * * Lyfing is chosen archbishop of Canterbury. [1020. iEthelnoth; 103S, Eadsige; 1050, Kobert ; 1052, Stigand ; 1070, Lanfranc] ± * * King Canute, the son of Sweyn, an apostate, becomes a convert to Chris- tianity. 1015 * * A see is erected at Mortlach in Banffshire, with St. Beaunus as bishop. [1125. Kemoved to Aberdeen.] 1016 * * King Canute patronizes the church. [1026. He makes a pilgrimage to Rome with staff in hand.] 1019 * * Thedoctrineoftransubstantia- tion is opposed. [100G. Accepted.] LETTERS. 960 * * Oxford is restored by Alfred. 971* *The Blicking Homilies are writ- ten ; they are the result of the labors of ./Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, and Archbishop Dunstan and Oswald of Wor- cester. 991-996 Elfric, the abbot, writes his Homilies; he is the author also of the first English translation of the Bible, a Latin Colloquy, and a Latin-English Glossary. 991 * * Song of the Battle of Maldon is written. 1000+ * * The introduction of the Eng- lish language in law-deeds, instead of Latin, is begun. 1041-66 A poem entitled The Grave is written by an unknown author. 1042-65 French Romance first be- comes known in England. 1066 * * The Lay of Roland is brought from France. 1066-1250 Norman French is the lan- guage of the court, and is taught in all the schools. SOCIETY. 968 * * Scot. King Duff is murdered by Donald, the governor of Forres Castle. * * Scot. King Cullen himself avenges the murder of Duff, but he is assassi- nated by a thane whose daughter he had dishonored. 979 Mar. 18. While drinking a goblet of wine at Corfe Castle. King Edward is stabbed to death at the instigation of his stepmother, Elfrida. 995 * * Scot. Constantine TV. is slain. 1002 Nov. 13. By order of Ethelred, a general massacre of the Danes takes place in the southern counties. It is most bloody at London, the churches being no sanctuary. Gunilda, sister of Sweyn, King of Denmark, left in hostage for the performance of a treaty but newly concluded, is among the victims. 1014 * * Ire. Brian Boroihme is assas- sinated in his tent by a Dane, while pray- ing, after having defeated the Danes at the battle of Clontarf. 1020 * * Jews are banished from Eng- land by Canute. (?) AND IRELAND. 960,**-1067,**. 847 * * * The old custom of English parents selling their children to the Irish for slaves is prohibited by Canute. -* * * Xhe Saxons and Danes become blended with the Angles into an Eng- lish people. 1033 * * Scot. King Malcolm is assassi- nated on his way to Glamis ; in their flight across a frozen lake the assassins are drowned. 1039 * * Scot. Duncan I. is assassinated by Macbeth, the thane of Fife. 1041 Nov. 12. The people rise against the tax-gatherers and kill them. 1042 * * The Truce of God is adopted. (See France.) * * Scot, The Saxon title of nobility of thane is abolished by King Malcolm III., and the title of earl adopted in its stead. 1058 * * Scrofula, or king's evil, is [first supposed to be] cured by the touch of King Edward the Confessor. 1062 * * Surnames are first employed by the nobility. 1066 * y The French language, laws, and customs are introduced by Wil- liam I. * * Jews return to England [and settle chiefly in London and Lincoln], STATE. 961 * * Edgar demands as a tribute from Wales 300 -wolves* heads. 964 * * Ire. Dublin is named by Edgar in the preface to his charter, "Nobilis- sima Civitas." 970-994 Scot. Kenneth III. , brother of Duff, reigns. [994-995, Constantine IV. ; 995-1003, Kenneth IV., or Grimus, son of Duff.] 972-984 W. Howel ap Tefan the Bad is prince. [984-9S5, Cadwallon , his brother ; 985-992, Meredith ap Owen ap Howel Dha; 992-WX, ldwal ap Meyric ap Edwal Voel ; 998-1015, Aedan.] 975-979 Edward the Martyr, son of Edgar, reigns. [Opposed by many of the clergy, but is supported by Dunstan.] 979-1013 Ethelred II., the Unready, brother of Edward the Martyr, reigns. [He drowses on the throne, fighting the Danes with gold instead of with steel.] 991 * * Ethelred compounds with the Danes for peace, paying them 10,000 pounds of silver to depart. [One pound equals three of modern money. 994. The Danes are paid 16,000 pounds to depart. 1001. Paid 24,000 pounds to depart.] * * Ethelred makes a treaty of alliance with Normandy, which is the first connection between Normandy and Eng- land. 1002-14 Ire. Malachi resigning, Brian Boroihme, or Boru, reigns. [1014-22. Malachi restored. 1022-48. Disputed succession. 1048-98. Donough, or Denis, O'Brien. 1098-1110. Terloch.j * * Sweyn invades England to avenge the Danes maBsaered by Ethelred ; he resolves to conquer the country. 1005-33 Scot. Malcolm II., son of Kenneth III,, reigns; he publishes a new code of laws. [1004. He estab- lishes the feudal system.] 1007 * * The Danes are bought off by the payment of 36,000 pounds of silver. [1012. Again, by 48,000 pounds.] * * * The total amount of the Danish tribute, or Danegelt, is equal to a fee simple of nearly one-tenth of the acreage of England. 1013* * The Danes under Sweyn become masters of England. * * Ethelred flees to Normandy. [1014. He returns on the death of Sweyn ; he is received as king by part of the nation.] 1015-23 W. Llewelyn ap Sitsylht reigns. [1023-39. Jago ap ldwal ap Meyric. 1039-67- Griffith ap Llewelyn ap Sitsylht.] 1016 Apr. 24. Ethelred dies. Apr. * -Nov. 30. Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred, reigns. He divides the kingdom with Canute, son of Sweyn ; he is murdered at Oxford. 1016-42 Danish supremacy. 1017-35 Canute reigns as sole king; from a barbarian conqueror he develops into a wise ruler. * * * Canute creates four provincial gov- ernments, or earldoms, Mercia, North- umberland, "Wessex, and East Anglia. 1018 * + Canute holds a national coun- cil at Oxford. 1020 * * Scot. Lothian is ceded to the Scottish king by Earl Eadulf. * * Godwin is made Earl of Wessex ; he is the first English statesman who is neither king nor priest. 1031 * * Canute compels Malcolm, King of the Scots, to acknowledge himself vassal for Cumberland and England. 1032 * * Scot. The country is divided into baronies. 1033-39 Scot. Duncan I., grandson of Malcolm, reigns ; he is assassinated by Macbeth. 1035 Nov. 12. Canute dies. * * The kingdom is divided between Harold, called Harefoofc, and Hardi- canute, sons of Canute. 1037-40 Harold, illegitimate son of Canute, reigns as sole king ; his life having been infamous, Ethelnoth, arch- bishop of Canterbury, refuses to conse- crate him ; his government is cruel and unpopular. 1039 * * Scot. Macbeth, having assas- sinated Duncan I., usurps the crown. 1039±-57 Scot. Macbeth reigns. 1040 Mar. 17. Harold I. dies. 1040-42 Hardicanute, son of Canute, reigns ; his government is violent and oppressive. 1042-66 Saxon supremacy restored. 1042 June 8. Hardicanute dies. 1042-66 Edward the Confessor, son of Ethelred, reigns. [His chief minister for some years is Earl Godwin, who rules firmly and wisely. Siward, Earl of Northumbria, and Leofric, Earl of Mercia, are also prominent and powerful in the state.] * * * In this reign is compiled a body of laws which is " long the object of affec- tion to the English nation." The king, having been educated in Normandy, in- troduces many Normans at court, where they soon have great influence. 1051 * * Earl Godwin rebels against the influence of Normans at court; he and his son Harold are banished, and his son Sweyn, who had murdered his cousin, is outlawed. * * The Danegelt tax is abolished by Ed- ward. * * "William of Normandy [afterwards King William, the Conqueror] visits England. 1052 * * Earl Godwin returns to Eng- land with a fleet ; he is reconciled to the king, and the Norman foreigners are ban- ished. 1053 Apr. 14. Godwin dies; his power and earldom of Wessex pass to his son Harold. 1055 * * Siward dies, and Tostig, Har- old's brother, becomes earl of North- umberland. 1057-93 Scot. Malcolm DX, Can- more, son of Duncan, reigns. [1068- He marries Margaret, sister of Edgar Atheling, heir in the Saxon line to the throne of England ; he is killed while besieging Alnwick Castle.] 1066 Jan. 5. Edward the Confessor dies. Jan. 6-Oct. 14. Harold II., son of Godwin and brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor, reigns. * *On the death of Edward, "William, Duke of Normandy, claims the crown because of the alleged bequest of Ed- ward the Confessor ; by an oath taken by Harold about 1064 pledging himself to marry William's daughter, and to se- cure the succession to William ; and by the right of Matilda his wife, a descen- dant of Alfred. 1066-1154 The Norman Line. 1066-87 William I., the Conqueror, reigns. (1066. Dec. 25. Crowned at Westmin- ster.) He subjugates the Anglo-Saxons with terrible severity and robbery of estates . Two nationalities — French and English — exist side by side, Mercia and Northumberland alone remaining aloof. 1067 * * (or 1070). The Court of Chan- cery is refounded by William I. * * Taxes in specie are introduced by William I. ; he raises them arbitrarily. 1067-73 W. Bleddyn reigns. [1073. Trahaern ap Caradoc. 1079-1137. Grif- fith ap Cynan.] * * Arf astus, or Herefast, chaplain to the king, is appointed lord chancellor. At this time [and to a much later pe- riod] the chancellor is merely a state functionary who admits suitors to the presence of the sovereign. MISCELLANEOUS. 981 * * Ire. Waterford is destroyed by fire. [982. London. A great fire oc- curs. 1087- London. A great part of the city, including St. Paul's Cathedral, is destroyed by fire. 1122 May 19. Lincoln is also destroyed. Also the sec- ond abbey of Gloucester.] 1016 * * An awful famine occurs. [An- other in 1037.] 1066 * * Shoeing of horses is introduced by William I. 848 1067,* *-1139, Sept. 30. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1067 * * Oxford is stormed by William. [1068. Kent and Herefordshire revolt against him ; lie besieges Exeter.] The revolt in the north is crushed by William in a winter campaign : North- umberland is ravaged with tire and sword. 1069 * * The Danes burn York, and kill its 3,000 Normans ; western England is subdued. The Trishinvade England without success. 1070 * * Malcolm III., King of Scot- land, invades England, and ravages Durham. [1072. William in turn in- vades Scotland, and exacts homage of Malcolm.] 1071 * * A revolt of the English under Edwin and Morear ends in the capture of Ely and the death of Edwin. 1073 * * English troops are sent to re- conquer Maine [France] lor William. 1075-76 Revolt of Norman barons. Ralph, Earl of Norfolk, and Rodger Pitzosbern, Earl of Hereford, aided by mercenaries and adventurers, rebel against William. The Danes aid the barons, and retire when they are sup- pressed. 1077 * * Godred Crovan, son of Harold the Black, of Iceland, conquers the Isle of Man. 1080 * * Robert Curthose, son of Wil- liam I., builds a castle [at Newcastle]. 1085* * An invasion of Danes is averted by the killing of King Canute by his own subjects. 1088 * * Fr. Odo of Bayeux and others support Robert, Duke of Normandy, in a rebellion against his brother William II. [1099. Suppressed.] * * The barons plunder Cambridge. 1090 * * The revolt of the Norman bar- ons is suppressed by aid of the English of Normandy. 1093 * * The Scots under Malcolm III. invade England. Malcolm is defeated and killed by Rodger de Mowbray, at the siege of Alnwick Castle. 1095 * * Newcastle is taken by William II. 1096 * * The Crusades begin. 1098 * * Magnus of Norway subdues the Isle of Man. 1101 Aug. 1. Robert, Duke of Nor- mandy, brother of Henry, invades Eng- land, but is persuaded to retire after landing at Pevensey. 1106 Sept. 28. Fr. Battle of Tinche- bray. Henry I. conquers Normandy (pp. 668, 669). 1119 Aug. 20. Fr. Battle of Brenne- ville; Normandy secured (pp. 668, 669). 1136* * Exeter Castle surrenders to King Stephen. 1138 * * The Earl of Gloucester takes Bristol, in defense of his sister Matilda, against King Stephen. Aug. 22. Battle of the Standard, at Northallerton, Yorkshire. Stephen's force under the Earl of Al- bemarle defeats David, the Scotch king ; in the center of the English forces a ship's mast, fixed to a wagon, bore upon its top a consecrated host. [Hence the name of the battle.] 1139 * * The Empress Matilda unsuc- cessfully invades England in person. (See State.) 1139-53 Civil war and utter anarchy prevail. (One of the darkest periods of English history.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1078 * * London. The Tower is begun by William I. 1086* * London. St. Paul's Cathe- dral is destroyed in the great conflagra- tion ; Mauritius, bishop of London, un- dertakes to rebuild it. [10S7. The first stone is laid. 1240. Completed.] 1089 * * A widespread earthquake is felt. 1091 Oct. 5. A wind-storm in sev- eral parts of England destroys many churches ; 500 houses in London fall. 1097 * * London. Westminster Hall is built by William Rufus for banquet- ing purposes. 1100 * * The sea overflows 400 acres of Earl Godwin's lands, and forms an im- mense sand-bank on the coast of Kent. [Known as Godwin-Sands.] 1101 * *The yard measure is founded on the length of the arm of King Edgar. 1110± * * Henry I. enlarges "Windsor Castle, which William the Conqueror began as a residence for the British sov- ereigns. * * The miracle-play of St. Catherine is written ; it is acted at Dunstable, and it is the first [known] dramatic pro- duction in England. 1120+ * * Kenilworth Castle in War- wickshire is built by Geoffrey de Clin- ton [who.se grandson sells it'to Henr'v II.]. ' 1135-1272 Gothic architecture ap- pears in the Temple Church, London, and in parts of the cathedrals of Win- chester, Wells, Salisbury, and Durham ; also in Westminster Abbey. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1068* * Henrv I., king, born. [1135. D.] 1075* * Oi'lennis Vitalis, liist.,b. (11431. D.] 1080* * Yv'alclicr, bishup ot Durham, Earl of Northumberland, killed. 1083 * * Matilda, queen of William I., dies. 1086* * Tirloeh, king, 1 1 eland, dies. 1093 * * Malcolm III., Canmore, k., Scot, d. 1095* * Malmeslmiv, William of, historian, born. (1143. Dies.] 1101 * * MatiMa, i lam; liter of Henry I., born. [1165. Dies.] 1105* * Stephen, kin;;, born. [1154. *D.] 1112+ * * Wace, Master Hubert, Anglo-Nor- man poet, born. [1174±. Dies.] 1117 * * Becket, Thomas a, archbishop of Canterbury, born. [1170. Dies.] 1120 * * Salisbury, John of, scholastic, born. [1180. Dies.] 1124+ * * t.admer, or K.lmer, monk, hist., d. 1126 * * Beverley, Alfred of, historian, dies. 1133 ** Henry 11., king, born. [1189. D.] CHURCH. 1072 * * Barons are created, and bish- ops receive the honor. 1073* *The [present] 'Winchester Cathedral is begun. 1076± * * William checks the aggrandiz- ing policy of the church. (See State.) He refuses to pay homage to the Pope, and retains for himself the appointment of bishops. No papal letter can be re- ceived or papal synod held in England, or appeal made to Rome, without his consent. 1078 * * Jews first arrive in England. (?) + *■ * Sidnacester, or Lindisse, and Dor- chester, two distinct sees in Mercia, are united. [1086. The see is removed to Lincoln by Bishop Remigius de Fes- champ, who builds a cathedral.] * * Dublin. The archbishop of Dublin is consecrated by Lanf ranc. 1088 * * The see of Batti is erected. * *The [Norwich] cathedral is first erected by Bishop Herbert Losinga. [12S0. Completed.] 1091 * * The see of Norwich, formerly East Anglia, is named. 1093 * * [St.] Anselm is consecrated archbishop of Canterbury. [1114, Ralph de Turbine ; 1123, William de Curbellis ; 1139, Theobald.] 1096* *fre. Trinity Cathedral, Water- ford, is dedicated by Malchus, its first bishop. 1108* * The see of Ely is erected. [1182. Carlisle.] 1111 Feb.* Emperor Henry V. gives up the right of investiture of ecclesias- tics, by treaty [but other sovereigns resolutely refuse to concede it]. 1118* * ft. Gelasius II. is elected pope. [1119, Calixtus II.; 1124. Honorms II.; 1130, Innocent II.; 1143, Celestine II.; 1144, Lu- cius II.; 1145 Etigenius III.; 1153, Anasta- sius IV.; 1154, Adrian IV.; 1150, Alexander III.; 1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.: 1187, Gregory VIII.; later, Clement III.; 1101, Celestine III.; 1198, Innocent III.] 1120* * Edinburgh. St. Giles Church is founded (S45 ?)'. [1124-1153. Improved by King David.] 1124 Scot. King David endows several sees ; the see of Ross is erected. [1130, Dunkfeld ; 1139, Holyrood.] 1128 * * The first Cistercian monks ar- They observe silence, abstain from flesh, sleep on straw, and wear neither shoes nor shirts ; Gifford, bishop of Winchester, founds the abbey at Wa- verley. 1135* * London. St. Stephen's Chapel of Westminster is built by Kiug Stephen. 1136* * Ire. The see of Kilmore is erected. [1151. Armagh is reestab- lished.] LETTERS. 1071+ * * The Exeter Codex and The Verceli Codex, containing a collection of ancient poetry, are compiled. 11th Century. A Life of King Edward the Confessor is written by an unknown author. 1080 * * Scot. English fugitives escap- ing from the Normans introduce the Saxon-English language. 1087± * * William tries to learn the English language. 1090+ * * The Charlemagne, a Norman poem, is written. 1100+ Education is chiefly confined to the clergy ; the king's chief clerks are sometimes rewarded with bishoprics. 11Q0+ * * Henry I. is called the Scholar. 1118* *The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester ends. 1120 * * Homilies, popular expositions of Scriptures, are written by an unknown author. 1129 * * The Earlof Simeon of Durham's Chronicle ends. AND IRELAND. 1067,* *-1139, Sept. 30. 849 1132-35-47 Geoffrey of Monmouth writes his History of British Kings. 1135-54 Henry of Huntingdon writes a Chronicle in seven books, and On the Contempt of the World. SOCIETY. 1068 * * Ringing of the Curfew Bell at eight o'clock in the evening is intro- duced ; all fires and candles are to be extinguished under severe penalties. * * The rights of primogeniture come into English jurisprudence with the feu- dal law. 1074 * * William introduces beheading as a less ignominious mode of execution than others for high-born criminals. 1079 * * "William T. lays waste a large tract in Hampshire to form a forest for his pleasure. 1087 * * Fr. William I. burns the town of Nantes, not because the people had offended him, but because their king had uttered a silly jest athis expense. 1094 * * Scot. Duncan II. is murdered. 1096 * * Trial by Combat is introduced. A prisoner who pleads not guilty may choose whether he will put himself for trial upon God and his country by 12 men, as at this day, or upon God alone. [A battle by single combat is fought be- fore William II., and the peers, between Geoffrey Baynard and William, Earl of Eu, who was accused by Baynard of high treason ; Baynard having conquered, Eu is deemed convicted, and then blinded and mutilated.] 1098 * * Scot. King Edgar, having de- throned Donald Bane, his rival, puts out his eyes. 1099 * * London. William Rufus, on his return from Normandy, celebrates in royal style the feast of Whitsuntide in Westminster Hall. 1106* * Henry puts out his brother Robert's eyes, and confines him in a castle of Wales [during life, 28 years]. 1132 * * The Hospital of Holy Cross, Winchester, is founded by Bishop Henry de Blois. STATE. 1068 * * The Danegelt tax is revived. "Every hide of land, i.e., as much as one plow can plow, or as much as can maintain a family, is taxed at first one shilling [afterwards as much as seven shillings]." * * Cornwall is given by William to hia half-brother, Robert de Mortein. * * Malcolm of Scotland does homage to William for Cumberland. 1070 * * The feudal system is intro- duced by William. The estates of many of the Anglo- Saxon nobility are confiscated, and their owners reduced to poverty ; most of the kingdom is divided into baronies, which are conferred on Norman followers of the king, on condition of stated military service and payments ; all government offices are given to Normans. 1071* * The great earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, and Northumberland are abol- ished by William, and sheriffs are nom- inated for the government of the shireB [counties]. 1074 * * Edinburgh. The city is forti- fied, and the castle is rebuilt by Malcolm Canmore. 1076 May 31. Waltheof, a powerful English earl, is beheaded at Winches- ter, as a political enemy of William ; he is regarded as a martyr by the English. * * Justices of the peace are first ap- pointed. (?) * * William refuses to pay homage to the Pope for the kingdom of England, or receive papal letters, or allow apapal synod or a bishops' appeal to Rome without his sanction. * * London. The bishop of London erects a small prison in connection with the gate of the city. [It is gradually en- larged, and is the origin of the present Newgate.] * * Domesday Book, a record of the re- sults of a statistical survey of the king- dom, is completed. [It is one of the oldest and most valua- ble records of England, and is still pre- served in the Public Record office at London.] 1087 Sept. 9. "William I. dies from injuries caused by the plunging of his horse amid the burning cinders at Nantes, France. 1087-1100 WilliamH., surnamedRu- fus, son of William I., reigns. Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham, is his chief minister. 1090 * * John, the king's chaplain and physician [afterward bishop of Bath and Wells], is the first mentioned physician to the king. 1092 * * Carlisle is built. 1093-94 Scot. Donald VII., Donald Bane, brother of Malcolm Canmore, reigns. 1094 * * Duncan, illegitimate (?) son of Malcolm Canmore, wrests the crown from Donald Bane ; he reigns but six months, when he is assassinated, and Donald Bane recovers the throne. 1098-1107 Scot. Edgar, son of Mal- colm Canmore and Margaret, sister of Edgar Atheling, reigns. 1100 Aug. 2. William II. dies; he is accidentally shot with an arrow by Wai- ter Tyrrel. (Perhaps intentionally shot.) 1100-35 Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc, youngest son of William I., reigns. (1100. Aug. 5. Crowned.) Nov. 11. Henry marries Matilda, or Maud, niece of Edgar Atheling, thus uniting the Norman and Saxon in- terests. ± * * The power of bequeathing lands by the last will and testament of the owner is confirmed to English subjects, but with great restrictions and limita- tions respecting the feudal system. * * London. Henry grants a charter to the city. It secures f .o the citizens "trial by oath," the right of electing sheriffs and justiciary, and protecting their trade i( from toll or exaction over the length and breadth of the land." 1101* * Henry publishes a charter of liberties, in which he engages to put in force the laws of Edward the Con- fessor. 1105 * *The Court of Exchequer [so called from the chequered table at which it sits] is established by Henry (?), its function being to try causes relating to the public revenue, and common-law causes between subject and subject. * * Henry imprisons Robert. (Society.) 1107 Jan. 8-24 Scot. Alexander I., the Fierce, and David, brothers of Edgar, reign ; Alexander having the western, David, the southern part. 1109 * * Matilda, daughter of Henry I., is betrothed to Henry V., Emperor of 1110-30 Ire. Mortough reigns. He is in strict friendship with Henry I. of England; he makes alliances with many foreign princes ; and he gives one of his daughters in marriage to Sicard, son of Magnus, King of Norway. 1120 Nov. 25. Henry's son and heir, "WiUiam, with 140 knights, perishes in the White Ship, which sinks in the Brit- ish Channel. 1124 Apr. 27-53 ** Scot. Alexander having died, David I., the Saint, brother of Alexander the Fierce, reigns in the West, sole king. He forms Scottish burghs (?), and es- tablishes feudal barons. 1125 * * Henry takes severe measures against false coining ; nearly 50 false coiners are hanged or mutilated. 1127 June 17. Henry's daughter Ma- tilda, widow of the Emperor of Ger- many, is married to Geoffrey Plan- tagenet, son of Fulk, Earl ot Anjou. [1136. She claims the crown of England, and is assisted by David of Scotland.] 1130-50 Ire. TurloughO'Connorreigns. [1150-68. Murtough MacNeil MacLach- lin. 1168-72. Roderic, or Roger, O'Con- 1135 Dec. 1. Fr. Henry I dies in Normandy from eating too plentifully of lampreys. 1135-54 Stephen of Blois, son of Ad- ela, sister of Henry I., usurps the throne. (1134. Dec. 26. Crowned.) His reign is one of almost constant civil strife, and oppression of the people by the nobles, who multiply fortified castles throughout the country. 1137-69 W. Owen Gwynedd reigns. [1169. Howel. 1169-94. David ap Owain Gwynedd.] 1138* *The Norman Theobald [later archbishop of Canterbury] introduces the study of civil law. 1139 July * Stephen arrests Koger, Bishop of Sarum [Salisbury], and Alex- ander, Bishop of Lincoln, suspecting them to he in sympathy with the claim of Matilda. Sept. 30. Matilda, accompanied by the Earl of Gloucester and a retinue of knights, lands in Suffolk to assert her claim to the throne. [1141. Feb. 2. Stephen is captured.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1071* * Fairs are encouraged by Wil- 1086* * London. St. Paul's Cathedral is burned. 1092 * * London. The mortality is very great. 1095 * * Ire. The mortality ia unusual. 1111* * London. The unusual mortal- ity sweeps away, besides human beings, cattle, fowls, and other domestic ani- mals. 1120 Nov. 25. Prince William and 140 noblemen lose their lives by ship- wreck in the German Ocean. 1125 * * The first great park in England is formed at Woodstock by Henry I. 1135 * * Rents are first paid in money instead of in kind. * * English commerce consists in the exportation of wool. 1136 * * London. The London Bridge is burned. 1137 June3. The Rochester Cathedral is burned. [June 4. The greater part of York, including the cathedral and 39 churches, is burned. June 27. The city of Bath is destroyed by fire.] 850 1140, Mar. 21-1195, * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY— NAVY. 1141 Feb. 2. Battle of Lincoln: Stephen is defeated and captured by the Earl of Gloucester, Matilda's brother. [1142. The earl is defeated and cap- tured.] 1142 * * Matilda is besieged at Oxford by Stephen, who had been exchanged. 1150 * * Ire. Connor O'Brien defeats Turlough O'Connor. During the 12th century the five kings of Ireland and its petty princes are al- most continuously at war with each other. 1153* * Scot. Somerled of the Isles invades England. 1157 * * W. Henry II. leads an unsuc- cessful expedition into "Wales. [1163. Second Welsh war ; South Wales is subdued. 1165. Third Welsh war.] * * Fr. "War occurs with Louis of France for the succession of Toulouse. 1169* * Ire. Fitz-Stephen with 500 Anglo-Normans makes a successful in- vasion. 1170 Aug. 23. Ire. Richard Strong- bow, Earl of Pembroke, lands with an army at Waterford. [He takes Dublin.] 1171 Oct. 18. Ire. Henry II. lands near Waterford with 4,500 men. 1172* * Ire. Cork is garrisoned by Henry II. [The conquest of Ireland is gradually effected, with the exception of Ulster, whose princes refuse to submit to Eng- lish authority.] 1173 * * Rebellion. (See State.) * * Henry defeats Louis VU. of France. 1174 July 13. The Scots under "Wil- liam I., the Lion, invade England to recover Northumberland ; they are de- feated at Alnwick by Ranulf de Glan- ville. William is taken prisoner. 1180 * * Ire. The castle of Carlow is erected by John. 1181* * The assize of arms is held; the militia service restored. 1189 * * Conspiracy of Henry's sons. (See State.) 1190-94 Richard I., with Philip Au- gustus of France, and Frederick Barba- rossa of Germany, engages in the Third Crusade. 1191 * * Syria. Richard I. defeats Sa- ladin at Ascalon, and concludes a truce for three years. 1194-96 Fr. "War occurs with France, caused by Philip's intrigues against Richard with King John. [1194. Battle at Fre"teval (p. 670). 1198. Sept. 20. Battle of Gisors; Richard defeats the French.] 1195 * * Ire. The castle of Kilkenny is built by William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1140 Mar. 21. A total eclipse of the sun occurs, and complete darkness pre- vails in England. 1142 * * A severe earthquake is felt in Lincoln. 1150 Dec. 9+. A severe frost con- tinues for two months and ten days. 12th Century. The bridge at Burton over the Trent is built ; length, 1,545 feet. 1171 * * The [present] building of York Minster is begun. 1175 * * Canterbury Cathedral is be- gun under the direction of a French architect, William of Sens. 1177 * * Imported glass is used in the windows of private houses. 1191 June 23. An eclipse of the sun occurs. The stars are visible near mid- day ; with the true sun another appears, so that glasses are necessary to distin- guish the difference. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1146* * Giraldus Cambrensis, historian, bom. [1220. Dies.] 1154* * Monmouth, Geoffrey of, chronicler, dies. 1157 Sept. 8. Richard I., king, Cceurde Lion, born. [1199. Apr. 6. Dies.] 1160+ * * Robin Hood, legendary outlaw, born. (?) 1166+* * Laugton, Stephen, card., archbp. of Canterbury, states., b. [1228. Dies.] 1167i* * John, king, born. [1216. Dies.] 1170 * * Miidoi-, legendary Welsh prince, d. 11734:* * Edmund, Saint, andilusliopof Can- terbury, born. [1240. Dies.] 1176* * Clare, Richard de (Strongbow), Earl of Pembroke, dies. 1190* * Pans, Matthew, hist., b. [1259. D.] Glanville, Ranulf de, jurist, dies. CHURCH. 1143* * Peter de Gousla, or Gousel, founds the first monastery of the "White Canons in Lincolnshire. 1148* * Archbishop Theobald is sent into exile because of a quarrel with King Stephen. 1150 * * Scot. The sees of Brechin and Caithness are erected. 1151-52 Ire. Cardinal John Paparo, the Pope's legate, divides the bishop- rics, and constitutes prelacies. * * The archbishoprics of Dublin, Ar- magh and Cashel, and Tuain are created. 1154* * The first appeals are made to the Pope from the decisions of English tribunals. * * Thomas a Becket becomes arch- deacon of Canterbury. [1162. Arch- bishop.] 1155 * * Pope Adrian IV. gives Ireland to England for Peter's Pence. (?) He permits King Henry II. to invade Ireland on condition that every Irish family shall pay a carolus to the Pope, and that Ireland be regarded as a fief of the church. 1160* *Heretics are inhumanly treated. Thirty Germans who came to propa- gate their doctrines are branded in the forehead, whipped, and turned into the streets naked, to perish of the winter's cold, as none dare to show them compas- sion. 1161 * * .ft. Henry II. pays homage to the Pope by holding his stirrup while he mounts his horse. [1170. July 22.' He does the same for Archbishop a Becket.] 1162* * Scot. The see of Moray is erected. 1170 Dec. 29. Thomas a Becket re- turns from France. He is murdered at the altar. (See State.) [1172. Canonized.] * * It. The Pope puts all England under an interdict. [1174. July 8. Henry makes a pilgrimage to the tomb of the murdered a Becket, and expiates his sin by prostration and public scourging.] 1174* * Richard is chosen archbishop of Canterbury. [1185, Baldwin ; 1191, Reginald Fitz-Joeeline ; 1193, Hubert Walter.] 1178 * * The clergy of Berkshire are re- lieved from keeping the archdeacon's dogs and hawks, during his visitation, by a special act of the Pope. 1181* * $cot. The cathedral, or high church, of Glasgow, dedicated to St. Kentigern, or Mungo, is begun. 1183±**/re. The cathedral of Down, formerly dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is, at the instance of John de Courcy, the conquerorof Ulster, rededi- cated to St. Patrick. 1185* * London. The Temple is founded ; also the church built by the Knights Templars ; it is consecrated by Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem. 1189 Sept. 3. London. Priests insti- gate the mob to massacre the Jews at the coronation of Richard. * * King Richard I. engages in the Third Crusade. 1190* * Dublin. Archbishop Comyn founds St. Patrick's Cathedral on the site of an old church. LETTERS. 12th Century. Bookselling and book- sellers are first mentioned. Oxford is a center for clerical study. [1136. Chartered.] William of Malmesbury writes the History of the Kiwis of Enq I and (449 to 1120), and History of English Prelates. Nigel Wireker, a Benedictine monk, writes On the Corruptions of the Church and Brunellus, or Speculum Stultorum, The Mirror of Fools, and other works against clerical irregularities. 1155 * * Robert Wace writes Le Brut d 'Angleterre. _ 1156-59 John of Salisbury, bishop of Chartres, writes Polycraticus, or De Nugis Curialium et Vestigiis Philoso- phorum, on the trifles of courtiers and tracks of the philosophers. 1160 * * The Moral Ode is written. Walter Mapes writes De Ifugis Cu- rialium. [1170-90,Ze Grand Saint Graal, Queste de Saint Graal , Lancelot du Lac, and Marie d' Arthur, contributions to the King Arthur legends.] 1181* * Randulph de Granville writes Upon the Laws and Customs of the King- dom of England; it is the first digest of English laws and customs. 1190* * Alexander Neckam writes, in Latin verse, a Treatise on Science. He is the author of many other Latin poems, grammatical and theological treatises, and commentaries on Aris- totle and other works. ±* * Educated men use three lan- guages, English, the common tongue ; French, the polite, literary, and fash- ionable language ; and Latin, the lan- guage of learning. SOCIETY. 1148* * London. St. Katherine's Hospital is founded by Queen Matilda. AND IRELAND. 1140, Mar. 21-1195,* 851 1154+* * Rosamond, the mistress of Henry II., is poisoned. A conspiracy is formed against her by the queen, Prince Henry, and the king's other sons. Henry keeps her in a laby- rinth at "Woodstock, where Queen Eleanor discovers her apartment by the clue, a silk thread, and poisons her. 1155 * * Foreigners are banished be- cause they are considered too numerous. 115S * * London. Population, 40,000. 1170 Dee. 29. Assassination of Bec- ket. (See State.) 1180 * * London. Skating is known. 1181 * * Ire. The title Baron Kinsale is created. * * * The surname of a family is begun to be handed down from father to son ; the system is introduced by the Nor- mans. 1189-90 London. Riots against the Jews occur. Some few pressing into "Westminster Hall at the coronation of Richard I. are put to death by the people, and a false alarm being given that the king had or- dered a general massacre of them, the people in many parts of England kill all they meet. Jews besieged in York Cas- tle cut each other's throats to escape the fury of the mob. ± * * Robin Hood, the [legendary] rob- ber, flourishes. STATE. 1141 Mar.* Matilda is crowned queen by the Bishop of "Winchester and other clergy. [She alienates her sup- porters by her severe and unwise gov- ernment.] 1147 * * After a civil war of six years, Matilda, being defeated, retires to Nor- mandy. 1153-65 Scot. Malcolm IV., grandson of David I., reigns. (1153. May 24. Crowned.) * * Henry Plantagenet, Matilda's son, lands in England to assert his claim to the crown. 1154 Oct. 25. Stephen dies. 1154-1399 House of Plantagenet. 1154-89 Henry Plantagenet, son of Matilda, and grandson of Henry I., reigns as Henry H. (1154. Dec. 19. ■Crowned.) He becomes the greatest monarch of the age ; his non-English realm includes (1) Touraine and Anjou, inherited from nis father ; (2) Maine and Normandy in right of his mother ; (3) the seven prov- inces of Poitou, Saintonge, Auvergne, Pengord, Limousin, Angoumois, and Guienne, in right of his wife Eleanor ; and Brittany annexed ; being altogether more than a third part of France. 1155* * Thomas a Becket is made chancellor [and becomes Henry's favor- ite and chief minister]. * * Pope Adrian IV. issues a bull giving Henry sovereign authority over Ire- land. (See Church.) 1162 * * Henry introduces the scutage system, permitting lower tenants to commute military service by payment of money. J.163 * * Becket opposes the king's at- tempt to reform the law relating to the punishment of clerical criminals. 1164 Jan. 25. The barons and in a council at Clarendon, Wiltshire, adopt the "constitutions of Claren- don," which diminish the power and privileges of the clergy. [1164-70. Con- tested by Henry II. and Becket.] * * Becket flees to France after trial on a charge of "contempt of royal au- thority." 1165-1214 Scot. "William the Lion, brother of Malcolm IV., reigns in the West. (1165. Dec. 9. Crowned.) 1166* * The Assize of Clarendon re- vives the frank-pledge. By this the freemen of villages are mutually responsible for one another's ''good behavior;" it orders that juries of " 12 lawful men " present to the courts for trial persons suspected of crime ; it abolishes compurgation proof of inno- cence by oath of neighbors. 1168* * Ire. Dermod McMurrough,King of Leinster, is banished by King Koderic and other Irish princes, for his crimes and cruelties. 1170 * * Under threat of excommunica- tion by the Pope, Henry becomes rec- onciled to Becket, who returns to England. Dec. 29. Becket is assassinated in the Cathedral of Canterbury by Reginald Fitzurse, William Tracy, Hugh de More- ville, and Richard Brito, who had been instigated to the deed by passionate ex- pressions of Henry. 1171 Oct. 18. Ire. Henry II. lands at Waterford with an army. He receives the submission of some of the chiefs of Munster and Leinster, and becomes " Lord of Ireland," by which title the kings of England are styled until the reign of Henry V11I., who takes the title, King of Ireland.] 1172 * * Ire. Henry appoints Hugh de Lacy governor of Dublin, and lord jus- tice of Ireland ; he divides Ireland into counties, and regulates the government. 1173 * * A rebellion is led by the king's son Henry ; the French and English nobles unite in a league against the English king. 1174-86 Edinburgh. The castle is held by the English against the French and English nobles and the King of Scotland. * * Ire. The parliament of Ireland be- gins with conferences of English at Tara. (?) * * Dublin. Henry grants a charter to the city. * * Scot. William the Lion, who has been taken prisoner by the English, agrees by the treaty of Falaise, Nor- mandy, to recognize Henry as lord para- mount, and to render him homage for Scotland. [1175. Aug. 10. The treaty is executed, and the homage rendered in the Cathedral of York.] 1176 * * England is divided into six cir- cuit court districts for the administra- tion of justice. ± * * Ire. John de Courcy is made Earl of Ulster. * * Ire. "William Fitzaldeln de Burgo, or Burke, is appointed lord deputy, or viceroy. 1180* * Scot. Glasgow is made a burgh by King William the Lion. 1185* * Ire. Henry grants its first char- ter to Cork. Apr. 1. Ire. Prince John, son of of Henry II., lands at Waterford. [Irish chieftains pay him homage.] 1189 * * Richard and John, sons of Henry, enter into a conspiracy with the King of France against their father. July 6. Henry II. dies. 1189-99 Richard I., Cceur de Lion, the lion-hearted, eldest surviving son of Henry II., reigns. (1089. Sept. 3. Crowned.) * * John, King Richard's brother, mar- ries Avisa, daughter of the Earl of Gloucester. Richard gives him the earldoms of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Nottingham, Dorset, Lancaster, and Derby. * * Richard for 10,000 marks releases William of Scotland from vassalage, and cedes to him the fortresses of Rox- burgh and Berwick. * * London. The Fleet prison is erected. 1189-1213 London. Henry Fitz-Alwyn is the first mayor. * * Ire. Hugh de Lacy the younger is made lord deputy, and Stephen Ridel, chancellor. ± * *■ The mode of levying money by licenses is introduced by Richard I. ; it is confined to such of the nobility as desire to enter the lists at tournaments. 1190* * Richard leaves England for the Crusade. He entrusts the administration of the Government to the chancellor, William de Longchamp, bishop of Ely. [Later it is directed by Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, and yet later by Geoffrey Fitz-Peter.l 1191 May 12. Richard I. marries Berengaria, daughter of the King of Navarre. Oct. 8. London. At a meeting of nobles and prelates, Chancellor Longchamp is deposed, and Prince John is chosen chief justiciary of the kingdom. 1192* * Aust. Richard, in returning from Palestine, is shipwrecked in the Adriatic, and driven on the coast of Istria. Dec. 20. Aust. Richard, while travel- ing in disguise, is arrested at Vienna by Leopold, Duke of Austria. 1193 Mar. * Leopold, for 60,000 pounds, delivers Richard to Henry VI., Em- peror of Germany, who imprisons him inacastlein the Tyrol (pp.505, 779). [1194. He returns to England.] * * John, in the absence of his brother Richard, attempts to seize the crown. 1194-1240 W. Llewelyn the Great is prince. 1195 * * Ire. Its first charter is given to Limerick. [119S. Adam Servant is its first mayor.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1172* * Ire. The plague compels Henry II. to leave the country. 1193-95 Famine and pestilence de- vastate the country. 852 1196,**-1240,**. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1211* * Scot. Guthred lands an invad- ing force from Ireland. [He is defeated, captured, and put to death.] 1214 * * Fr. Battle of Bouvines. The French defeat the English (p. 670). 1215 May 17. The barons elect Robert Fitzwalter as their leader, with title of marshal. 1216 * * King John, with an army of mercenaries, overruns the country, and wreaks his vengeance in blood. May 30. Louis, son of Philip II. of France, with 680 vessels, lands at Sandwich (p. 670). 1217* * Louis withdraws from Eng- land, after suffering defeat near Lincoln by the Earl of Pembroke. 1222* * Scot. The tithe rebellion commences in Caithness. [122S. The McScolane rebellion breaks out in Moray. 1233. The Galloway rebellion.] 1229 * * Fr. King Henry III. leads his first expedition to recover Poitou from the French. 1232 * * Ire. Galway is conquered by Richard de Burgh. 1232-72 The barons' war. (See State.) 1240 * * Palestine. Kichard, Earl of Cornwall, leader of the Seventh Crusade, delivers Jerusalem. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1200 * * Chimneys are introduced. 1220 Apr. 28. The building of Salis- bury Cathedral is begun. * * London. The first 6tone is laid for [the present] "Westminster Abbey. 1234 * * Coal is discovered at Newcastle. [1245. Used as a fuel.] 1235* * London. The lawyers are brought from Westminster Hall in boats on account of the rising of the Thames. 1237 * * "Water is first conveyed to Lon- don in leaden pipes. 1240 * * London. St. Mary's, or the Tem- ple, Church is erected. (See 1185.) * * The earliest [extant] piece of music for several voices, a "six men's song," iB written. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 12 murdered, A15. 1205 * * Hubert, Walter, archbishop of Can- terbury, dies. )6± *" * Montfort, Simon de. Earl of Leicester, leader of barons, b. [1265. D.] 1207 Oct. 1. Henry m., king, born. [1272. Nov. 16. Dies.] 1210 * * Layamon, poet, A60±. 1210+ * * JVIaps, Walter, archdeacon, poet, A73±. 1214 * * Bacon, Roger, friar, scholastic, born. [1294. Dies.] 1219 * * Pembroke, Earl of, Protector, dies. 1237* * Orm, monk, poet, A50+. 1239 June 17. Edward I.." Longshanks," king, born. [1307. July 7. Dies.] 1198* *The King of England is a vas- sal of the Pope, the same as all other * * Ire. The cathedral of Limerick is founded by Donald O'Brien. 1204 * * Jews of both sexes are impris- oned by King John. Their eyes or teeth are plucked out, and numbers are butchered with great savagery. 1205 * * The death of Hubert "Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, is followed by a disputed election, which is referred to Rome. 1206 * * It. ThePope excommunicate a the citizens of Dublin. 1207 * * It. Pope Innocent HI. com- mands the election of Stephen Lang- ton as archbishop of Canterbury by the English monks. June 27. Innocent finally consecrates Langton primate of England. 1208 * * John refuses to receive Lang- ton as archbishop of Canterbury. Mar. * It. The Pope lays an interdict on King John and all England for six years. The church bells are silent, the sacra- ments unadministered, and the dead lay on the ground unburied. 1209 * * John is excommunicated. He retaliates by banishing the obedi- ent bishops, and confiscating the lands of the clergy. 1212 * * It. The Pope deposes John. He also proclaims a crusade against him ; his subjects are released from al- legiance, and he is proclaimed an enemy of Christendom, 1213 May 15. John yields, and be- comes the Pope's vassal. He kneels in homage to Pandulf, the Pope's legate, for his dominions, and binds himself and his successors to an annual payment of 1,000 marks. He also cedes Ireland to the Pope. 1215 May 19. It. The barons are cen- sured by the Pope. [Dec. 16. They are excommunicated, and London is inter- dicted. 1216 * * Scot. The papal inter- dict is laid against the barons and their allies.] * * //. Honorius TIL is elected pope. [1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243, In- nocently.; 1254, Alexander IV.; 1261, Ur- ban IV.; 1265, Clement IV.; 1271, Gregory X. ; 1276, Innocent V. ; later, Adrian V. ; and later, John XXI.; 1277, Nicholas III.; 1281, Martin IV.; 1285, Honorius IV.; 128R, Nich- olas IV.; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later, Boniface VIII.] 1217* * Ire. John forbids the consecra- tion of native bishops. [1224. The Pope restores them.] 1225* * Dublin. Christ's Church is re- built. 1226 * *The tenths of the whole king- dom are collected for the Pope ; large sums are exacted. * * * Archbishop Langton divides the Bible into chapters and verses. [1228. July 9±. Great loss falls to the church and state by his death.] 1229 * * Laymen are forbidden to read the Scriptures by the Pope. * * Richard Weathershed is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. [1233, Edmund de Abbendon ; 1245, Boniface of Savoy ; 1272, Robert Kil- wardly ; 1279, John Peckham ; 1293, Rob- ert Winchesley.] 1236 * * The [celebrated] nunnery of Exeter is founded. LETTERS. 1198 * * "William of Newbury writes the- History of English Affairs. 1199± * * Chronicle of Richard of De- vizes, Annals of Barnwell, Chronicle of Joselyn of Brakelond, and many other chronicles, are written. 1200± * * The Sayings of Alfred is writ- ten by an unknown author. 1202+ * * Roger of Hoveden writes An- nals of England, 732-1201. 1205 * + Layamon writes the poem Brut. 1215 * * Orm, or Ormin, writes The Or- mulum, a set of religious services in. meter. He is the author of Topography of Ire- land, History of the Conquest of Ireland , Itinerary of Wales, Gemina Ecclesias- tica, or Jewel of the Church, De Rebus a se Gestis, Of the things done by him- self, and a Symbolum Electorum, a lite- rary miscellany. 1220+ * * Ancren Riwle, Rule of the An- choresses, is written by Bishop Poor. 13th Century. Nicholas of Guildford writes Owl and Nightingale. 1224 * * The Franciscans establish them- selves as teachers at Cambridge. 1225-35 The Bestiary is written. 1229-31 Great numbers of students come to Cambridge from Paris and Ox- ford. [1230. Henry III. grants it a charter.] 1232 The University of Oxford is founded by William, archdeacon of Dur- ham. (?) [1248. A charter is granted.] 1235-73 Matthew Paris writes his Greater Chronicle, History of England, and Lives of Earlier Abbots. 13th Century. First mention is made of university chests at Oxford ; they are benefactions designed as funds for the assistance of poor students. SOCIETY. 1200± * * Ire. English settlers gene- rally adopt Irish names and manners. 1209 Mar. 30. Dublin. The "Black Monday" massacre occurs. A British colony from Bristol, while diverting themselves at Cullen's Wood, are attacked by the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles of Wicklow, and 300 of them are killed. 1213 * * London. St. Thomas's Hos- pital, South wark, is founded by Prior Richard, as an almshouse. 1218* * Trial by ordeal is abolished. 1220* * Tournaments are prohibited by Henry m. 1221 * * London. Riotous citizens de- molish the convent belonging to West- minster Abbey ; the ringleader is hanged, and the rest have their hands and feet amputated. 1228 * * Scot. The title Earl of Suther- land is created. 1236 Jan. 1. Henry LTI. causes 6,000' poor persons to be entertained in West- minster Hall, and in the other rooms of his palace, as a celebration of Queen. Eleanor's coronation. AND IRELAND. 1196,**-1240,** 853 STATE. 1197 * * Scot. An insurrection raised by Harold, Earl of Caithness, is sup- pressed by King William. [Harold's son Torphin, who renews the rebellion, is seized, and put to death.] 1199 Apr. 6. Fr. Richard I. dies of an arrow-wound inflicted by Bertrand de Gourdon at the siege of the Castle of Chalus. 1199-1216 John,surnamedLaekland, brother of Richard, reigns. (1199. May 28. Crowned.) * * Fr. Touraine, Maine, and Anjou ac- knowledge Arthur, son of John's elder brother, Geoffrey, as the rightful heir to the throne. [1201. King Philip supports the claimant.] * * Ire. Meyler Fitzhenry, natural son of Henry II., is viceroy. * * King John begins the use of "We" as the common language of kings. 1200* * Fr. John, having divorced Avisa, takes as his second wifelsabella, daughter of the Count of Angouleme, who had been betrothed to Hugh, Count of La Marche. 1203 * * Fr. Prince Arthur is mur- dered in the Castle of Rouen by, or at the instigation of, his uncle, King John. * * Fr. King Philip secures the trial of John by French peers on a charge of "felony and treason;" he is unani- mously condemned, and sentenced to forfeiture of all his territories in France. 1204 * * Fr. John, being unsuccessful in a war with Philip, loses all his prov- inces in France, which are " reannexed to the French crown after a separation of 292 years " (pp. 670, 671). 1205 * * The barons refuse to aid John to recover Normandy, which is now lost to the English crown. * * Ire. Hugh de Lacy is viceroy, * * Dublin. The foundation of the castle is laid by Henry de Loundres. [1213. It is finished.] 1208 Mar. 24. Pope Innocent III. lays England under an interdict because of King John's refusal to accept Cardinal Stephen Langton as archbishop of Can- terbury. [1214. Removed.] 1210 June 20. Ire. King John lands at Waterford with a numerous army. He marches to Dublin, where 20 chiefs pay him homage ; he divides the Anglo- Irish provinces into shires or counties ; he establishes sheriffs and other officers to govern the country according to Eng- lish law; he remodels the coin, decree- ing the same to pass in England and Ireland ; he also introduces English customs duties. 1212 * * The Pope absolves the vassals of John from their oaths of fealty, ex- horts all Christian princes to unite in dethroning him, and commits the exe- cution of the sentence to King Philip of France. May 13. John yields to the demands of the Pope, including the admission of Langton to the archbishopric of Canter- bury. May 15. John gives a charter to the Papal legate, Pandulph. It grants to Pope Innocent and his successors the kingdoms of England and Ireland, to be held for the Ro- man see by the king and his heirs for an annual tribute of 1,000 marks ; he also takes an oath of fealty to the Pope. [1313. Oct. 3. Deed delivered.] 1213 Nov. 15. First writ summoning representatives of counties to Parlia- ment is issued, ordering that " four dis- creet knights " from each county be sent to Oxford to treat with the king concerning the affairs of the kingdom. 1214 May 19. London. King John grants a charter authorizing the annual election of mayor and common council. Nov. 20. The barons meet at St. Ed- monsbury, Suffolkshire [and determine to demand reforms from the king], 1214-49 Scot. Alexander II., son of William the Lion, reigns. (1214. Dec. 6. Crowned.) 1215 Jan. 6. London. The barons meet, and demand from the king a re- newal of the charter of Henry I., and a confirmation of the laws of Edward the Confessor. May 22. London. The barons, with " the army of God and Holy Church," led by Robert Fitzwalter, enter the city ; the citizens make common cause with them against the king. June 15. King John signs Magna Charta, the Great Charter, at Runny- mede, near Windsor, after several days' conference with the barons. It ratifies Henry's charter, and pro- vides that no freeman be arrested, or imprisoned, or deprived of his property, except by the lawful judgment of his peers ; it n.-milut.cs feudal dues and obli- gations ; and it provides for the conven- ing, and the selection of members, of a great council, to control the granting of supplies to the king, and regulates na- tional taxation. June 23. The barons disperse after ap- pointing 25 of their number to secure the execution of the provisions of the Charter. Aug. * Pope Innocent issues a bull an- nulling Magna Charta. Dec. * Pope Innocent excommunicates the barons for their refusal to submit to King John, and he lays London under an interdict. * * Ire. Geoffrey de Mariscis is viceroy. [1229. Maurice Fitzgerald. 1232. Re- appointed.] 1216 Apr. * Louis of France accepts the crown of England from the barons, who declare it forfeited by John (p. 671). Oct. 19. King John dies. 1216-72 Henry m., 10 years of age, son of John, reigns. (1216. Oct. 28. Crowned,) "Nov. 11. "William, Earl of Pembroke, is chosen at a great council at Bristol regent and guardian of the kingdom, and Magna Charta is revised and con- firmed. 1217 Sept. 11. A treaty is signed at Kingston-upon-Thames. By it Louis of France, after an unsuc- cessful conflict, withdraws his claim to the English crown; this is the first written treaty made by England with a foreign nation. 1219 * * The regent Pembroke dies ; the administration is entrusted to Hubert de Burgh, the justiciary, and Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, who are assisted by the papal legate, Pandulph. 1220 * * Doubts having been raised re- specting the coronation at Gloucester, Henry is again crowned, Archbishop Langton officiating. * * Pope Honorius decrees that no baron shall hold more than two of the royal castles. 1222* * The Great Charter is renewed and confirmed in the king's name at a 11 at Oxford. 1225 Feb. 11. Henry III. subscribes the Great Charter of English liberties in the presence of 13 bishops, 20 abbots, and 32 earls and barons. [It has since remained as revised.] 1227 * * Henry declares himself of age, and begins his personal govern- ment. In 1222 he had been so declared by the Pope. 1229 * * Henry grants a charter of cor- poration to Liverpool. 1230 * * Fr. Henry receives homage in Poitou and Gascony. 1232 * * Hubert de Burgh is charged with "avarice and despotism," and de- prived of his office of justiciary ; Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester, is made chief minister [and foreigners be- come favorites of the king, and are ap- pointed to high offices of government]. 1232-72 The barons* war. It is caused by the faithlessness of King Henry, and oppression by his fa- vorites ; it is led by Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, and Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester ; it ends in the defeat of the barons. 1233 * * London. Henry III. grants a charter to the city. [1142. Aldermen are appointed. 1253. The watch is or- ganized.] 1236 Jan. 14. King Henry marries Eleanor, daughter of Raymond, Count of Provence. * * Peter des Roches is dismissed from the office of chief minister, owing to the barons' opposition to foreigners. * * A great council is held at Merton, Surrey, at which the " provisions of IVlerton " are passed, including an ordi- nance against the violation of common- 1238 * * Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, marries Eleanor, King Henry's sister. MISCELLANEOUS. 1199-1220 London. Foreign mer- chants are invited to settle in the city. 1200 * * The price of wine is raised to sixpence per quart for red, and eight- pence for white, " that the sellers may be enabled to live by its sale." 1204 * * Ire. Vast numbers die of dis- ease. 1208 * * Cider is first made in England, and called wine. 1212 July 10. London Bridge is burned; 3,000 lives are lost. 1216* *St. Nicholas Church at New- castle is burned. 1220 * * The bones of Thomas a Becket are enshrined in gold and jewels. 1232 * * The steelyard society is estab- lished ; it is the oldest commercial com- pany in England. 1238 * * The first elephant said to have been seen in England is one of enormous size, presented by the King of France to Henry III. 1239 * * Henry III. gives a charter for digging coal at Newcastle. 854 1240, * *-1290, * * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1242 May 19. Henry HI. embarks on his second expedition for France, to re- cover his estates, taking with him 30 hogsheads of silver. [July 20. Defeated at Taillebourg. July 21. Battle of Saintes.] (P. 670.) 1249 * * Scot. Alexander H. leads an expedition against Argyle, to subdue the "Western isles. 1263 * * Scot. Hakon, King of Norway, with 20,000 men in 160 ships, arrives. [Oct. 2. They are defeated at Largs by Alexander III.] 1264 May 14. Battle of Lewes, Sussex. King Henry m. and his son Edward are defeated and imprisoned by the barons under Simon de Montfort. 1265 Aug. 4. Battle of Evesham, "Worcestershire. Prince Edward [Edward I.] defeats the barons ; Montfort, their leader, is killed, and King Henry released from captivity, and the barons' party is broken up. 1266 * * Simon, son of Montfort, sur- renders to the forces of Henry III., after sustaining a siege of six months in Kenil- worth Castle. * * The Scots subdue the Isle of Man. 1270 * * Prince Edward departs on the Eighth Crusade. 1276 * * W. Edward I. begins the con- quest of Wales. 1282 Mar. 21. W. Llewellyn and his brother David, princes of "Wales, sur- prise and capture Hawarden Castle. [They also destroy Flint and Rhuddlan castles.] 1233 * * IV. Llewellyn is defeated and slain at Aber Edw. The Welsh are finally subdued by Edward I. 1286 * * The first English admiral is appointed, William de Leybourne. 1290 * * Edward I. occupies the Isle of Man by the wish of the inhabitants. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1245 * * London. Peter of Savoy builds Savoy palace. [He gives it to the fra- ternity of Mountjoy ; Queen Eleanor, his niece, purchases it for her son Ed- mund.] 1250 * * Roger Bacon describes the principle on which telescopes [are afterwards] constructed. He invents the magic lantern. [l'29U±. Also the camera obscura. 1280±. Spectacles.] 1260 * * London. Reliefs of angels are executed [in Westminster Abbey]. 1267 * * The Opus Major, by Roger Bacon, appears, teaching the sphericity of the globe. 1268 * * Street plays, or pageants, are first performed. 1270 * * The Chester Mysteries are performed. 1272-1377 The pointed or pure Gothic architecture appears in building Exe- ter Cathedral, Waltham Cross, and St. Stephen's, Westminster. 1274 * + A widespread earthquake oc- curs ; Glastonbury is destroyed. 1280* *The sea rises at Winchelsea; more than 300 houses are inundated. 1290+ * * TaUow candles commonly substitute the tallow-dipped splinters of wood formerly used. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1249* * Baliol, John de, king, Scotland, born. [1315. Dies.] 1S53 * * Albans, St. John of, physician, the- ologian, philosopher, dies. Grosseteste, Robert, theologian, bishop of Lincoln, dies. 1355* * Robert of Gloucester, historian, born. [1307. Dies.] 1369 * * Baliol, Sir John de, founder Baliol college, Oxford, dies. 1373t * * Manning, Robert, monk, chron- icler, horn. 1274 July 11. Robert I., Robert Bruce, king, Scotland, horn. [1329. June 7. D.] Wallace, "William, hero, patriot, Scotland, born. [1305. Aug. 23. Dies.] 1280+ * * Ocean, or Ockham, William of, scholastic, born. [1347. Dies.] 1282 * * Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, killed. 1284 Apr. 25. Edward II., king, born. [1327. Sept. 21. Dies.] 1287* * Morinner, linger, Earl of March, statesman, born. [1330. Dies.] 1390* * Uradwardine, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, writer, horn. [1349. Dies.] Margaret, " Maid of Norway," Scotland, d. CHURCH. 1250* * Ire. The Irish forbid the English clergy taking orders. ± * * Religious plays are encouraged by the church ; miracle plays are given. 1254* *Ire. The see of Kilfenora is A Jew having forced a Christian to payhim more than two shillings per week as interest upon a loan of 20 shillings, 700 Jews are slain. 1261 * * The right of presenting to every benefice in the world is claimed by Pope Urban IV. 13th Century. The Pope makes an inter- vention in regard to electing bishops. King John originates the Cong6 d'Elire of the king to choose a bishop. 1264 * * The festival of Corpus Christi is instituted. 1269 * * A statute is passed that no Jew should enjoy a freehold. * * * The Scotists appear. They adopt the doctrines of John Dun Scotus on diviue grace, freewill, the ori- gin of the moral law, the conception of the Virgin Mary. They are strongly op- posed by the Thomists, who follow the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas. 1274 * * Fr. The 14th General Coun- cil of the Church is held at Lyons. 1276 * * London. The corporation gives the Dominican friars two streets near the Thames, where they erect a large convent [Blackfriars]. May 24. Capitation tax of three pennies is laid on all Jews above the age of 12 years, and all above seven years are to wear a yellow badge. 1279 * * The Statute of Mortmain pro- hibits further alienation of land to re- ligious bodies, so that it shall not render its due service to the king. 1280+ * * Norwich Cathedral is com- pleted by Bishop IMiddleton. 1285 * * The alien priories are seized by the king on the breaking out of war with France. [Restored on the return of peace.] 1287* *In one day 15,660 Jews are apprehended, and are all banished from England. [1290. All Jews are ordered to leave under penalty of death ; 16,511 prefer exile to apostasy.] 1290* * London. Edward I. expels 16,511 Jews. 1250 * * The poem Genesis and Exodus is written in English by an unknown author. ± * * Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lin- coln, writes Chateau d' Armour, a reli- gious allegory, sermons, treatises on physical and mental philosophy, com- mentaries on Aristotle, and Latin and French .verse. 1257* *Peterhouse College, Cam- bridge, is founded by Hugo de Balsham,, bishop of Ely. * * Bonaventura, the general of the Fran- ciscan order, interdicts Roger Bacon's lectures at Oxford, and sends him to France. 13th Century. The Lay of Havelok the Dane, King Horn, and Romance of Al- exander, French poems by unknown authors, are translated into English. 13th Century. The Dominicans establish themselves as teachers at Cambridge. 1261 * * The records of Cambridge Uni- versity are wantonly burned by the townsmen. 1263* * Baliol College, Oxford, is founded by John Baliol and Deborah his wife. 1264+ * * Merton College, Oxford, is founded by "Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester. 1268+ * * Roger Bacon returns to Ox- ford ; he completes his philosophical work, Opus Major (Greater "Work) ; he also writes Opus Minus (Lesser "Work),, and Opus Tertium (Third Work). 1272-1307 The Alexander Romance and the Tristan Story become popular, and many versions of them are written in English ; romances begin to be written, in Northumbria. 1276 * * The discipline of Cambridge is reformed ; every student has a master within 15 days of his entrance. SOCIETY. 1241 * * Maurice, the son of a nobleman, is hanged, drawn, and quartered for piracy, the first execution of its kind in England. 1244 * * Robert Fitz-"Walter makes his curious tenure of the Manor of Dun- mow, Essex. Whatever married couple will go to the priory, and, kneeling on two sharp-pointed stones, will swear that they have not quar- reled nor repented of their marriage within a year and a day after its celebration, shall receive a flitch of bacon. 1247* *The depredations of Robin Hood come to an end by his death. (?) 1256 * * The pillory is recognized by statute. It is a scaffold for persons to stand on to render them publicly infamous, and is de- signed for persons convicted of forgery, per- jury, libeling, etc. Sometimes the head is put through a hole, the hands through two others, the nose slit, the face branded with one or more letters, and one or both ears are cut off. Persons die in the pillory by being struck with stones by the mob, and pelted with rotten eggs and putrid offal. 1260 * * London. Seven hundred Jews are slain because a Jew forces a Chris- tian to pay him more than 2s. per week as interest on a loan of 20s. * * London. Riotous Goldsmiths' and Tailors' companies fight in the streets ;: several killed ; the sheriffs restore order,, and hang 13 of them. 1264 * * The title Baron De Ros is cre- ated. AND IRELAND. 1240,**-1290, **. 855 [1283, Baron Mowhrav, Ne.qrave (1295), anil Stourton <144S>. l'iitft, l'.aron Hastings; lL'ilil, Baron l>e Clifford; KtON, Baron Zoucne of Haryngwark; 1309, Baron Beaumont. 3 1267 * * Adulteration of food is pro- hibited. 1269 * * Jews are prohibited by statute from owuing a freehold. 1271* * Rioters at Norwich burn the cathedral and monastery ; the king comes to see the ringleaders executed. 1273 * * Sea-coal is prohibited from being used in and near London as being " prejudicial to human health ; " even smiths are obliged to burn wood. * * London. St. Katherine's Hospital is refounded by Eleanor, Queen of Henry in. 1274 * * Ire, The title Baron Dunboyn is created. * * Every Jew lending money on interest is compelled to wear a plate on his breast to show he is a usurer, or quit the realm. 1278 * * 267 Jews, accused of clipping coin, are hanged and quartered. 1282 * * A child at Northampton is cru- cified by Jews, for which 50 are drawn at horses' tails and hanged. 1286 * * Silk mantles are worn by noble ladies at a ball at Kenilworth Castle. 12S9 * * Judges are punished for bri- bery ; Thomas de Weyland is banished for this crime. STATE. 1240-46 W. David ap Llewellyn reigns. [1246. Llewellyn ap Griffith ; he is the last Welsh prince. 1282. He is killed in battle.] 1249-85 Scot. Alexander III., eight years of age, son of Alexander II., reigns. (1249. July 8. Crowned. 1251. He is married to Margarets daughter of Henry III. of England.) 1253* * Simon, Earl of Leicester, Henry's lieutenant in Gascony, returns to England. 1254 * * Pope Innocent offers the king- dom of Sicily, a fief of the Holy See, to Henry for his son Edmund ; Henry accepts. 1256* *Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III., goes to Germany, where he disburses vast sums under the promise of being elected next emperor. [He is elected "King of the Romans " instead.] 1257 * * The king demands a money aid from the laity to support his war alliance with the Pope against Germany ; the laity refuse, and an aid of a tenth of their rents is demanded from the clergy. * * The English gold coin first appears. 1258 June 11. A great council, known as the "Mad Parliament," as- sembles -at Oxford under the direction of Simon de Montfort. It meets to " correct abuses and enact salutary laws ; " it appoints a " commit- tee of reform " of 24 members, who swear to allow no consideration, "neither of gift nor promise, profit nor loss, love nor hatred, nor fear," to influence them in discharge of their duty. July * The " committee of reform " adopt the te provisions of Oxford." These ordain that three sessions of Parliament be held annually, that sher- iffs for the counties be annually elected by the freeholders, and that four knights j elected by the freeholders of counties 1 present to Parliament statements of I grievances. 1259 * * Further payments to Rome, secular or ecclesiastical, are prohibited. 1260 * * Henry forbids the summoning of a parliament. 1261 June * Henry produces a buU from the Pope annulling the provis- ions of Oxford, and freeing him from his oath. * * London. Free-trade privileges are granted by Henry to the Hanse mer- chants. 1263 * * Simon de Montfort lands in England, and leads the barons. * * Scot. Alexander HI. obtains the sovereignty of the "Western Isles. (See Army.) 1264-65 The barons hold the gov- ernment. 1264 Jan.* King Louis of France arbi- trates in the "mise of Amiens" be- tween King Henry and the barons ; he annuls the provisions of Oxford. May 15. In the treaty, or "mise," of Lewes, it is agreed between Henry's son, Prince Edward, and Montfort, that the provisions of Oxford be again sub- mitted to arbitration. * * Ire. "Walter de Burgh is made Earl of Ulster. (Or 1265.) Dec* Simon de Montfort issues writs to the sheriffs of counties, com- manding the election of two knights for each county, two citizens for each city, and two burgesses for each borough, to serve in Parliament. 1265 Jan. 28. London. The knights, citizens, and burgesses, elected in obe- dience to do Mont-fort's writs, meet ; they form the first " English House of Commons." Sept. * Parliament confirms the vio- lence of the restoration, annuls the charter of London, and decrees the ban- ishment of the house of de Montfort. 1266 * * The Dictum de Kenilworth is issued. It enacts a payment from all who had borne arms against the king of the value of their lands for periods from six months to seven years. 1267 * * A parliament held by King Henry at Marlborough, Wiltshire, passes the " Statutes of Malbridge." 1272 Nov. 16. Henry III. dies. 1272-1307 Edward I., surnamedLong- shanks, eldest son of Henry HI., reigns. [He is called the English Justinian, be- cause of the improvements made during his reign in the laws and the adminis- tration of justice.] * * The name parliament first appears in a statute. * * Edward makes a treaty of commerce with the Flemings ; it is the first Eng- lish commercial treaty with a foreign nation. 1274 Aug. 3. Edward arrivesin Eng- land from the Crusade. Aug. 19. London. Edward and his queen, Eleanor of Castile, are crowned at "Westminster. 1275 * * Parliament imposes export duty on wool of six shillings and eight- pence on each sack. 1276 * * Parliament passes the statute of bigamy. 1277* * W. Edward forces the Welsh to cede the coast district as far as Conway, and to do homage for the rest as far as Snowdon. 1278 * * A royal writ is issued, ordering that all freeholders holding land to the value of £20 receive knighthood at the king's hand. * *The "quo warranto" statute is passed, authorizing the issue of a writ calling up<»n any person to show by what warrant he holds any public office or privilege. 1279 * * The Statute of Mortmain is passed. (See Church.) 1281 * * W. The sons of Grufydd being treacherously drowned in the river Dee by the Earl Warrenne and Roger Morti- mer, a great insurrection breaks out. 1283 * * "Wales is united to England. (See Army.) * * The " Statute of Merchants," for the registration of debts, and recovery by distraint of debtor's goods, is passed, 1284 Apr. 25. W. Edward's son [Ed- ward II.] is born at Carnarvon. Oct. * The [celebrated] " Statute of Winchester" is passed. It revives the custom of requiring sure- ties from lodgers and strangers, it estab- lishes "watch and ward" from sunset to sunrise in all cities, and regulates the hue and cry. The king issues a commis- sion to knights in every shire, authoriz- ' ing them to enforce the provisions of the statute; [these conservators of the peace are later styled justices of the peace.] * * W. The "Statute of Wales" is promulgated at Ehuddlan ; it proposes the introduction of English jurispru- dence into Wales. 1285 Mar. 16. Scot. Alexander III. is killed by a fall from his horse near Kinghorn, Fife. * *The second "Statute of Westmin- ster" is passed. It defines the jurisdiction of the courts of King's Bench, Exchequer, and Com- mon Pleas, and enacts that two judges hold assizes in each county three times a year. * * London. The water-works are com- pleted after nearly 50 years of labor. Cheapside conduit is erected. Water is brought from Tyburn to West Cheap- side. 1285-90 Margaret, granddaughter of Alexander III., the " Maid of Norway," reigns. 1289 * * Edward returns to England from France, after an absence of three years, and punishes judges found guilty of corruption ; Weyland is banished, Hengham is heavily fined, and Stratton is fined and imprisoned. * * Edward I. issues a mandate for the destruction of wolves in several coun- ties of England. 1290 * * The third Statute of West- minster, known as "quia entptores" is passed ; it provides that sub-tenants of alienated lands shall bold directly of the superior lord instead of from the tenant. * * Edward expels Jews. (See Church.) Sept.* Scot. Margaret, the infant queen, dies on her journey to Scotland from Norway. [A contest for the crown arises between John de Baliol and Robert Bruce, both descendants of King David I.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1248 * * The Merchants' of St. Thomas a Becket's Company is organized. 1267 * * Toll bars first appear, on the grant of a penny for every wagon passing through a certain manor. 1269 Oct. 13. The bones of Edward the Confessor are enshrined in gold. 1286 * * Wheat is one shilling per quar- ter. 856 1291, **-1332, Sept 24. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1294 * * "War occurs with France, fol- lowed by war with Scotland as its ally. 1296 * * Berwick is captured by the English, and its inhabitants are mas- sacred. * * Scot. Dunbar is taken by the Eng- lish. * * Edinburgh. The city is taken by the English. [1385. Burned by the English. 1401. Again.] 1297 Sept. 12. Scot. Battle of Stir- ling, near Cambuskenneth. William "Wallace defeats and expels the English. 1298 July 22. Scot. Battle of Fal- kirk. The English under Edward I. defeat the Scotch under Wallace. Scotch loss, 15,000 killed. 1303 Feb. 24. Scot. Battle of Bos- lin, near Edinburgh. John Comyn de- feats the English under Segrave and Neville. * * Fr. Edward recovers Gascony. 1304 * * Scot. Stirling is taken by Ed- ward, after a siege of three months. 1307 May 10. Scot. Robert Bruce defeats the English under the Earl of Pembroke, at Loudon Hill, Ayrshire. 1308 * * The insurrection of the barons breaks out against Robert, the king's favorite. 1311 * * Scot. Bruce captures Linlith- gow. [1312. Perth.] 1312 * * The lords spiritual and temporal rebel against Edward H. on account of his favorites, the Gavestons ; [later on account of the Spencers]. 1313 * * The Isle of Man is recovered by the Scots, * * Scot. Robert Bruce takes Edin- burgh and Inverness. 1314 June 23. Scot. The Scots be- siege Stirling Castle, but are repulsed by the Earl of Moray. Edward invades Scotland with 100,000 men. June 24. Scot. At Bannockburn near Stirling Edward's great army is defeated by Bruce with 30,000 men. [Stirling Cas- tle and the rest of the fortresses in the hands of the English, except Berwick, surrender to Bruce.] 1315* * Ire. Edward Bruce, the brother of Robert, invades Ireland, 1318 Oct. 5. Ire. Edward Bruce is defeated and killed at Tagher, near Dundalk, by the English under Sir John de Bermingham. * * Scot. Robert Bruce takes Berwick. 1321 * * The lords rebel on account of the Spencers. 1322 Mar. 16. Edward II. defeats the barons at Boroughbridge, Yorkshire. 1326 * * Isabella, queen of Edward II., successfully invades England, with the help of the hostile barons. 1327 June 1. Sir James Douglas and Randolph, Earl of Moray, invade Eng- land with a Scotch army of 24,000 men. [June 7-Aug. 15. They ravage Cum- berland and vicinity. Edward III. with 40,000 men leads an unsuccessful expedi- tion against them. He is forced to make a treaty with them.] (See State.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1300 * * London. The two bronze effi- gies on the tomb of Henry III. and Queen Eleanor [in "Westminster Abbey] are executed by William Torell. 1318 Nov. 14. The greatest earth- quake ever recorded in England occurs. 1320 * * Gunpowder is known to Roger Bacon. 1326 * * Linna, an Oxford monk and astronomer, constructs a map of the Northern Seas. 1331 * * Edward III. settles 70 families of cloth-workers from the Netherlands. * * "Woolen manufacture is established at York by two weavers from Brabant. [1390. Begun at Kendal.] * * Total darkness occurs from the eclipse of the sun. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1291 * * Scott, Michael, philosopher, sup- posed nia^n'iaii, Scotland, dies. 1300 * * Mandeville, Sir John de, physician, traveler, writer, born, [1372. Dies.] 1308 * * Duns Scotus, John, scholastic the- ologian, A40±. 1310 * * Langham, Simon de, cardinal, arch- bishop tif Canterbury, born. 1312 Nov. 13. Edward 111., king, horn. 1316+ * * Robert II., King of Scotland, first of the Stuarts, born. 1318 * * Bruce, Edward, brother of Robert, d. 1320 * * Barbour, John, poet, hist., Scot., b. 1324+ * * Wyclif, John, reformer, born. [1384. Dies. A60±.] Wykt'ham, William of, bishop, statesman, born. [1404. Dies. A80.] 1325 * * Gower, John, poet, lawyer, born. 1328+ * * Chaucer, Geoffrey, poet, courtier, diplo., scliol., b. (13-10?) [1400+. D. A72.J 1330* * Edward (Black Prince), son of Edward III., born. [1376. Dies. A46.] 1294 * * The king demands of the clergy one-half of their annual income. [1297. Refusing it, they are placed under a ban.] 1300-1400 The great cloisters, abbots' houses, and the principal monastic buildings are erected. 1303* * It. Benedict XI. is elected pope. [l.')05, Clement V.; 1316, John XXII. ; 1334 Benedict XII.; 1342, ('lenient VI.; 1352, In- nocent VI.; 1362, Urban V.; 1370, Gregory XI.; 1378, Urban VI.; 1389, Boniface IX.] 1309-76 Fr. The residence of the popes is established at Avignon. 1313 * * Walter Reynolds is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. [1327, Simon de Moepham; 1333, John Stratford; I34S, Johnde I'fford; 134D, Thomas Bradwardini*, later Simon Islip; l3lili, Simon Langham; 1375, Simon Sudbury; 1381, Wil- liam Courtenay; 1396, Thomas Arundel.] LETTERS. 1292 * * John of Oxnead, a monk of the Abbey of St. Benet Holme, writes in Latin the Chronicle (449-1292). 13th Century. Nicholas Trivet writes the Annals of the Six Kings of the House of Anjou. Peter Langtoft writes in French verse a Chronicle of England to the death of Henry III. The Land of Cockaygne, a satire on the clergy, is written by an unknown author. 1297 ± * * Robert of Gloucester writes his Chronicle of England in rhyme, the tirst literary work 'of the kind known in England ; he also writes Lives and Legends of the English Saints. 1300-38 Robert Manning of Brunne writes Handlynge Synne, a book of verse, and a translation into English of Peter Langtoft's Chronicle. ± * * Duns Scotus writes several theolo- gical and scholastic treatises. 1310-12 London. Lincoln's T-n-n he- comes an inn of court. 1312* * Hertford College, Oxford, is founded. [1314. Exeter College, by Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter. 1326. Oriel College, by King Edward II. 1333. St. Mary's Hall. 1340. Queen's Col- lege, by Robert de Eglesfield, clerk, con- fessor of Queen Philippa.] 1320+ Many stories are written about Sir Tristem, Sire Otuel, Guy of Warwick, and Bevis of Hampton. 1320-30 Cursor Mundi, a chronicle of events from the creation, is written in rhyme. 1322 * * The records of Cambridge Uni- versity are again "wantonly burned by the townsmen. 1326* *Michaelhouse College is founded at Cambridge; also "King's Scholars;" later, King's Hall, by Ed- ward II. SOCIETY. 1295 * * The use of privateers is adopted by Edward I. against the Portuguese. 1296 * * Crosses in honor of Queen Eleanor are set up in the places where her hearse rested. 1300 * * The dance called the hornpipe is introduced. * * Wine is sold by apothecaries as a cor- dial [and so continued for some time after]. + * * Silver knives, spoons, and cups are classed as great luxuries. + * * "Wax candles are esteemed a luxury, being but little used. Common people light their houses with splinters of fatted wood. 1306 Feb. 10. Scot. John Comyn is murdered by Robert Bruce. * * The rich petition against the use of coal, as being " prejudicial to human health." * * * The Normans become absorbed into the substance of the nation. 1312 June 19. Piers Gaveston, the favorite of Edward II., is executed be- cause of his pride and cruelty. 1319 Oct. 10. London. Edward II. holds a tournament in Smithfield. 1323 * * The title Baron Grey de Ruthyn iB created. [1332. Baron Clinton.] 1324 * * A law is passed ordering that "The king shall have the custody of the lands of natural fools." 1327 Sept. 21. Edward II. is cruelly murdered in Berkeley Castle by the contrivance of his queen, Isabella, and her paramour, Mortimer, Earl of March. 1328* *The Preston Guild Mer- chants* Festival, " instituted by the Saxons," is celebrated. 1329 Sept. 25. London. Solemn tour- naments are held by Edward III. STATE. 1292* * Barristers are first appointed by an ordinance of King Edward in Par- ( liament. (?) Nov. 17. Scot. Theclaimsof Balioland Bruce having been referred to the judg- ment of King Edward of England, he decides in favor of Baliol, who becomes King of Scotland ; [Baiiol swears fealty to Edward in the Castle of Norham, Northumberland. ] 1292-96 Scot. John de Baiiol reigns. 1295 * * "Writs are issued by King Ed- ward ordering the attendance in Parlia- AND IRELAND. 1291, ** -1332, Sept. 24. 857 ment of two knights from every shire, and two burgesses from every city, bor- ough, and leading town. [Parliament assumes substantially its present form,] 1296 July 2. Scot. John de Baliol surrenders his crown and kingdom to King Edward I. at Perth. [He and his son Edward are sent as prisoners to the Tower of London, where they are held for three years.] * * Scot. King Edward carries from Scone, Perthshire, and places in "West- minster Abbey, London, the famous stone on which the Scottish kings had been crowned for centuries. [This stone is still in Westminster Abbey, and is used at the coronation of English mon- archs.] 1297 * * Edward issues a proclamation of outlawry against the clergy for re- fusing his demand for money. * * The barons refuse to follow the king to Flanders to aid him in his war with the King of France. * * Edward is compelled by the barons and prelates to sign a confirmation of the charter of liberty and the forest ■charter. He signs articles binding him and his heirs not to levy taxes without the con- sent of the " prelates, earls, barons, knights, and burgesses and other free- men" of the realm. 1298* * Scot. The Scots appeal to Pope Boniface VIII. for protection against Edward's attempt to assert sovereign authority over Scotland. 1299 June * Pope Boniface VIII. , in a letter to King Edward, claims suze- rainty over Scotland, and demands that the controversy between the Scots and Edward be referred to him. [1301. Jan.* A parliament summoned by Edward at Lincoln rejects the claim, and refuses the Pope's demand.] ■Sept. 12. Edward marriesfor his second wife Margaret, sister of the King of France. * * London. The Common Council fixes the price of provisions as follows : two pullets, three halfpence; a partridge, or two woodcocks, three half-pence; a fat lamb, sixpence from Christmas to Shrovetide ; the rest of the year four- pence. 1301 * * Manchester receives a warrant or charter of municipal liberties and privileges from Thomas Gresley, lord of the manor. * * Edward again renounces the claim of taxing the people without the consent of Parliament. 1305 Aug. 23. London. "William "Wallace, betrayed into the hands of King Edward, is executed as a rebel at •Smithfield. 1306 * * The Statute of Praemunire is Its object is to prevent the disposal by the Pope of ecclesiastical benefices in England before they become vacant. Feb. 10. Scot. John Comyn, nephew of John Baliol, is killed at Dumfries by Robert Bruce, grandson of Tiobert, the competitor for the crown in 1292. 1306-29 Scot. Robert Bruce reigns. May 27. Kobert Bruce is crowned King of Scotland at Scone, Perth. [Be- ing defeated at Methven and at Strath- fillen, he flees for refuge to Rathlin Island, off the north coast of Ireland.] 1307 July 7. Edward I. dies at Burgh- on-the-Sands, near Carlisle. 1307-27 Edward II. ,son of Edward I. , reigns. [1308, Feb. 25. Crowned.] He is a weak ruler ; Piers Gaveston, a foreigner and one of his favorites, is his chief minister. 1308 Jan. 25. Fr. Edward marries Isabella, daughter of the King of France. Feb. 28. The barons demand the ban- ishment of Piers Gaveston, whom Ed- ward had made Earl of Cornwall, and who is chief dispenser of royal favors. [Gaveston leaves England, but Edward appoints him viceroy of Ireland.] * * Dublin. John de Decer is appointed [the first] provost, and Richard de St. Olave and John Stakebold [the first] bailiffs. 1309 Mar. 17. At a Parliament at "Westminster, Edward is compelled to consent to the appointment of a com- mittee of peers, under the name of or- dainers, to regulate the king's house- hold, and redress the grievances of the nation. [A committee of 21 prelates, earls, and barons is appointed.] 1311* * The ordain era present ordi- nances to the king providing for the re- form of abuses. They specify the banishment of Gav- eston and other favorites, and require that the great officers of government be chosen with the advice and assent of the baronage in Parliament, that the king shall not levy war without the con- sent of the baronage, and that parlia- ments shall be held at least once a year. The king reluctantly consents to sign and publish the ordinances. 1312* * The barons, under the leader- ship of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, grandson of Henry III., rebel because of the king's recalling Gaveston, who had been banished in accordance with the ordinances. June 19. Gaveston, who had been made prisoner at the Castle of Scarbor- ough, is beheaded at Blacklow Hill, near Warwick. * * Ire. Edmund leBotiller is appointed viceroy. [1320. Thomas Fitzgerald is appointed governor. 1321. John de Bermingham.] 1316* * Ire. Edward Bruce, brother of Robert, is crowned king. 1321* *The earls and barons rebel on account of the favorites, the two Spen- cers. In Parliament they pronounce a decree of exile against father and son on the charge of usurping the royal authority, causing estrangement between the king and the lords, and recommending un- constitutional measures. * * The king recalls the two Spencers. 1322 Mar. 23. Thomas, Earl of Lan- caster, one of the leaders of the revolt- ing barons, after being defeated by the king's forces, is beheaded at Ponte- fract, Yorkshire. 1323 May * Edward makes a truce for 13 years with King Robert Bru?e of Scotland. 1325 * * Queen Isabella goes to France to treat with her brother, the French King Charles IV., concerning the hit- ter's claim of homage from Edward for the province of Guienne. * * Fr. A conspiracy is formed against Edward by the Lancastrian faction, en- couraged by Queen Isabella and her fa- vorite, Roger, Lord Mortimer. 1326 Sept. 24. Queen Isabella and the barons hostile to Edward land in Eng- land with a force of 3,000 men. [They declare that their purpose is to free the king and the nation from the tyranny of the Spencers.] Nov. 19. Edward, after an unsuccess- ful attempt to escape, surrenders him- self to the Earl of Leicester, who sends him a prisoner to the Castle of Kenil- worth. * * Scot. A great council or parliament is held at Cambuskenneth, Stirling; it is the first Scotch parliament at which representatives of cities and burghs are called to attend. (?) 1327 Jan. 8. Edward II. is deposed by a parliament sitting at Westminster, and his eldest son Edward is declared king. [Feb. 1. Crowned. I 1327-77 Edward III. reigns. * * Jre. The Earl of Kildare is ap- pointed governor. [1328. Koger Out- law, prior of Kilmainham. 1332. Sir John D'Arcy. 1337. Sir John Charlton. 1340. Richard Outlaw again.] 1323 Mar. 1. A parliament meets at York at which Scotland is recognized as an independent kingdom, and Rob- ert Bruce acknowledged as king. [Mar. 17. Edinburgh. Peace is concluded with England. May 4. The peace is ratified by England.] 1329 June 7. Robert Bruce dies. His son, David XT., six years of age, be- comes king ; Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, becomes regent. 1329-71 Scot. David LI. reigns. * * Scot. The town of Leith is granted to Edinburgh. 1330 Oct. 30. Edward assumes per- sonal direction of the Government, which hitherto since his coronation had been controlled by Queen Isabella and Mortimer. Nov. 26. Mortimer is tried by Parlia- ment, and condemned as a " traitor and enemy of the king and kingdom." [Nov. 29. He is hanged at Tyburn, and is the first publicly put to death at this place of execution.] Dec. 22. Queen Isabella is sent as a prisoner to her own house at Castle Risings [where she passes the remaining 27 years of her life]. 1332 * * Scot. Randolph dying, the Earl of Mar, Robert Bruce's nephew, is made regent. Sept. 24. Scot. Edward Baliol, son of John Baliol, after having, by the aid of English barons, defeated the regent Mar at Dupplin Moor, is crowned king at Scone. MISCELLANEOUS. 1315* * A famine occurs ; itissodread- ful that the people devour the flesh of horses, dogs, cats, and vermin. * * The Leeds bridge is built. 1326 * * London. The Merchant Tail- ors' Company is fi.rmed. L1327, Skin- ners' ; 1327, Goldsmiths* ; 1345, Gro- cers' ; 1363, Vintners' ; 1368, Linen "Weavers'.] * * Livery companies are incorporated. 1332, -1377, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1332 * * Scot. English invaders under Edward III. come to the aid of Edward Baliol. Aug. 11. Scot. Baliol and the English defeat the Regent, Earl of Mar, at Dup- plin Moor, Perthshire. Dec. 16. Scot. Sir Archibald Douglas and other barons defeat Baliol at An- nan ; Baliol becomes a fugitive. 1333 July 19. The English under Ed- ward III. defeat the Scots under the regent Archibald Douglas at Halidon Hill near Berwick, killing 14,000 men, including Douglas and others of the nobility. * * Edinburgh surrenders to Edward III. [1344. Burned. 1356. He ravages the country.] 1336 * * Scot. Aberdeen is burned by the English. 1339 Aug. * Scot. Perth is besieged and taken by the Regent Robert. 1340 June 24. The English and Flem- ish allies under Edward III. defeat the French in a naval battle off the coast of Holland. 1343 * * Montacute [afterwards Earl of Salisbury] takes the Isle of Man. 1346 Aug. 26. Fr. Battle of Cre"cy. The French defeated (p. 674). Oct. 17. Battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham. 1347 Aug. 4. Fr. Edward III. takes Calais (p. 674). 1350 Aug. 29. Edward III. defeats 40 Spanish ships in the Straits of Dover, capturing 26. 1354 * * Robert Stuart, the regent, cap- tures Berwick. 1356 Sept. 19. Fr. The French de- feated at Poitiers (p. 674). * * Scot. Edward m. again invades Scotland, but want of supplies forces him to retire. 1359 * * Fr. Edward HI. lands an in- vading army, and ravages and wastes the country. 1360 May 8. The Peace of Bretigny ends the war with France (p. 675). 1362 * * Sp. The Black Prince aids Don Pedro (Peter the Cruel) to recover his throne in Castile [Spain]. 1364 * * "War again breaks out with. Prance. 1367 Apr. 3. Sp. Battle of Najera: the Black Prince defeats Henry of Tras- tamare. [1370. He captures Limoges.] 1369 July 20. Sent. A truce is made with England for 14 years. 1376 * * A border war with the Scots breaks out. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1337 June * A remarkable comet is visible. 1340-1483 London. The western parts of the nave and aisles of Westminster Abbey are rebuilt. 1340* * Fr. Gunpowder is first used at the battle of Crecy. * * The first wool is spun in "Worsted, Norfolk [whence its name]. * * Blankets are first made in England. (?) 1347 * * Manufactures develop rapidly. 1356 * * Edward III. takes down all the walls of "Windsor Castle, except three towers, and reerecta it under the direc- tion of William "Wykeham, architect. 1360 Apr. 14. " Black Monday " oc- curs. It is*' so full dark of mist and hail, and so bitter cold that many men died on their horses' backa with the cold." (Stow.) 1368 * * London. A striking clock is set up in Weatminster. 1377-1509 Florid pointed Gothic ar- chitecture appears in "Westminster Hall, King's College, Cambridge, St. George, Windsor, and Henry VII. 's chapel at "Westminster. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1332^* * Langland, William, clergyman, moralist, born. [1400±. Dies. A68.] 1340* * Gaunt. John of, Duke of Lancas- ter, founder of House of Lancaster, born. ["1399. Dies. AM.] Manning, Hubert, monk, chronicler, A67. 1349* * Hull*', IvH-iiiiiii, In-mid, writer, dies. 1358 * * Whittington, Sir Richard, lord mayor of London, born. 1359± * * Glendower, Owen, chieftain, Wales, born. [1416+. Dies.] 1360* * Oldcastle, Sir John, Lord Cobham, reformer, martyr, born. [1417- Dies.J 1362* * Cliirhelt, Ih-nry, archbishop of Can- terbury, born. [1443. Dies.J 1363 * * Hiu'ilfn, Kalph, monk, writer, dies. 1366* * Richard II., k.,b. [1400. D. A34.] 1370* * Beaufort, Henry, cardinal, bishop of Winchester, born. [1447. Dies. A77.] Occleve, Thomas, poet, b. [1429 D. A60.] 1374± * * Lydgate, John, poet, born. 1376 * * LaiiRliam, Simon de, cardinal, arch- bishop of Canterbury, A66. 1377 June 01. Edward III., king, A65. 1370±* * Popular hatred of the papacy prevails, owing to tbe greed and scandal of many of its leaders. 1375 * * Rivalry exists between tbe monastic orders and secular priests. * * Clergymen performing divine ser- vice are privileged from arrest for debt. 1376 * * The residence of the popes is changed from Avignon to Rome again, after an absence of 65 years. 1377 Feb. * London. John Wyclif , a popular preacher, is summoned before the bishop of .London as an enemy to Rome. He had attacked the inordinate wealth and power of the hierarchy. LETTERS. 1340+ * * Richard Rolle writes the poem r Pricke of Conscience. ± * * London. The Inner and Middle Temple are made inns of law. + * * Dan Michel of Northgate writes Ayenbite of Inwyt. 1341 ** Chancellor Richard de Bury purchases 30 <>r 40 books from the abbot of St. Albans for 50 pounds' weight of silver. 1342 * * Clare College is founded at Cambridge by Elizabeth de Bourg, sister of the Earl of Clare ; originally founded in 1326 by Dr. Richard "Baden, but de- stroyed by fire. [1347. Pembroke HaH College. 1348. Gonville HaU College, and Caius. 1350. Trinity HaU, Cam- bridge, by Win. Batt'inaii, bishop of Nor- wich. 1352. Corpus Chris ti College.] ± * * Ralph Higden writes the Poly chron- icon. CHURCH. 1347 * * London. St. Stephen's Chap- el, Westminster, is rebuilt by the king. He makes it a collegiate church, to which are appointed a dean and 12 secu • lar priests. * * * A period of religious credulity and superstition, with ecclesiastical dominance, is fostered by a blind obe- dience. 1351 * * The Statute of Provisors for- bids any one receiving a papal provision or appointment. 1353 * * A statute is enacted to restrain the Pope in promoting his favorites. He bestows most of the bishoprics, and the charge of abbeys is given to the favorites of the papal power before vacancies occur, under color of providing successors with bet- ter qualifications. 14th, 15th Centuries. The Lollards arise. They are political, socialistic, and religious agitators. They oppose the worship of im- ages and relics, pilgrimages to tombs, tem- poral lordship of the clergy, the hierarchy, the papal authority, the celebration of the mass, traiisiihstaniiat.ion, religions decora- tions, war, and capital punishment. 1359 * * St. Nicholas Church, Newcas- tle, is rebuilt. 1361 * * John Ball (" the mad priest ") attracts attention as a preacher ; he pro- motes the Wat the Tyler insurrection. 1363 * * Ire. The see of Waterford is united with that of Lisnaore. * * Parliament refuses the Holy See's demands on England. 1366 * * Ire. The English Parliament prohibits Irish ecclesiastical investi- ture by the Irish. 14th Century. Thomas Bradwarden, arch- bishop of Canterbury, writes On the Cause of God against Pelagius. 1352 * * Sir John Mandeville, the first English traveler, concludes his Travels, after 30 years of work ; he believes that the earth is spherical in form, and can be circumnavigated. * * Lawrence Minot, the first English song-writer, composes war-lyrics. 1355 * * Edward III. grants a charter to the University of Oxford. 1357 * * London. Gray's Inn of Court is founded. 1361 * * William Langland writes the Vision of Piers Plowman. 14th Century. Education is confined chief- ly to the clergy. 1362 ** Geoffrey Chaucer, the " Father of English Poetry," writes The Court of Love. [1362-69? Compleynt unto Pite. 1369.- Soke of the Buchesse.] 1373 * * A school is established at Win- chester hv Bishop "William Long; [it is the oldest"school in England.] (1387?) SOCIETY. 1340 * * Highway robbery is frequent, and undeterred by capital punishment. * * Masquerades are in fashion at the court. 1344 Jan. 19. A tournament is held at Windsor. * * Patents are granted for titles of no- bility first made by Edward III. 1349* *A law is passed enacting that none shall give alms to a beggar able to work. AND IRELAND. 1332,** 1377, 859 By the common law the poor are to be sustained by "parsons, rectors of the church, and parishioners, so that none should die for default of sustenance." Apr. 23. Edward III, institutes the Or- der of St. George. [Later called the Order of the Garter.] 1350 * * There is a scarcity of laborers after the plague ; laborers are forbidden to leave their own parishes. * * An Act of Parliament allows hay- makers but one penny a day, maBter carpenters, masons, not more than three- pence, and their servants one and one- half pence. 1351 * * William de Thorpe is hanged for bribery. 1352 * * Harlots are by statute required to wear striped hoods of party colors, and their garments wrong side out. 1357 May 24. London. Edward, the Black Prince, conducts his royal captive, John, King of France, through the streets. 1360± * * Chivalry is at its height. ± * * Edward III. establishes the Poor Knights of Windsor, or Alms Knights, as a charity, for the support of 24 [later 26] poor persons eminent for military 1363 * * Excess in dress is restrained by sumptuary laws. * * Edward III. begins the custom of giving alms on Maunday Thursday. Alms, food, and clothing are given to as many persons as the sovereign is years of age. 1367 * * Ire. The Statute of Kilkenny is passed. (See State.) 1368 * * The title Baron Botreaux is cre- ated. [1383, Baron Camoys.] 1370 * * The working- classes are poor, fretful, and eager for the easing of bon- dage. 1371 * * The Black Prince visits Exeter. STATE. 1332 Dec. 16. Sent. Baliol being de- feated at Annan by the barons, flees from the country. 1333 * * Edward III. claims the throne of Scotland in the right of his mother. 1334 Feb. 9. Scot. Baliol, by the aid of Edward III , is again made king, as a result of the English defeat of the new regent, Douglas, at the battle of Halidon Hill. 1337 * * King Edward makes Cornwall a duchy, and confers it on his eldest son Edward. * * Edward lays claim to the crown of France in right of his mother Isabella, sister of the French King Charles IV. [The English monarchs struggle for more than a century to possess the French crown.] * * Laws are passed prohibiting the wear- ing of any cloth but of English man- ufacture, and prohibiting the exporta- tion of wool or woolen goods. 1338 Nov. 17. Edward by writ per- mits the abbots of Beading to coin money. * * Liverpool is made an independent port. 1339 * * Scot. Baliol withdraws to Eng- land, where he is pensioned by the king. 1340 Jan. * Edward assumes the title King of France, and quarters in his arms the French lilies with the English leopards. * * Parliament votes Edward a subsidy of 20,000 sacks of wool to aid him in his war with France. 1341 June 4. Scot. David Bruce re- turns from France, to which he had fled during the usurpation of Baliol. [1342. He recovers his throne.] * * Parliament prohibits usury. ±* * Parliament is separated into two Houses, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, the latter consisting of knights of the shire and burgesses, — representatives of the counties and of the cities and towns ; responsibility of ministers is established. (?) 1344* * Ire. Sir Ralph Ufford is ap- pointed governor. [1346. Sir Koger !Darcy; later, Sir John Morris.] ±* * A duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported, and sixpence on every pound of goods imported or ex- ported, is granted to the king. [This is known as tunnage and poundage.] 1347 * * Edward III. is offered the im- perial crown of Germany. [Declined.] 1348 * * Ire. "Walter de Bermingham is appointed governor. [1356, Mar. 30, Maurice, Earl of Desmond ; July 26, Thomas de Kokeby.j 1350 * * Parliament passes the Statute of Laborers, fixing the rate of wages. 1351 * * The Statute of Treasons, de- fining the crime of high treason, is passed. 1352± * * Lionel, second son of Edward, marries Elizabeth, daughter of Wil- liam de Burgo, and thus becomes Earl of Ulster and " Lord of Connaught.'' 1353* * Another Statute of Prasmunire is passed. 1354 * * London. Edward grants the mayor the title of lord mayor. 1355 * * London has four representa- tives in Parliament. 1356 * * Scot. Baliol sells to Edward III. his right to the Scottish throne for 5,000 marks and a pension of 2,000 pounds a year. 1357 * * Scot. King David H., impris- oned in England since his capture at the battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, is ransomed by the Scottish parliament [for £4,000 in modern money]. * * Ire. Almeric de St. Amand is ap- pointed governor. [1359, James, Earl of Ormond; 1361, Lionel, King Edward's son.] 1360 May 8. Fr. The Peace of Bre- tigny is signed (p. 675). 1362± * * The use of the French lan- guage in law pleadings and public deeds is abolished, and the use of English in- troduced. 1364 * * Statutes are confirmed prescrib- ing penalties against persons seeking from the papal court ecclesiastical benefices in England. 1367 * * Ire. The Statute of Kilkenny is enacted at a parliament held in Kil- kenny by Lionel, who has been made Duke of Clarence. It prohibits the English settlers, under penalties of high treason, from holding any intercourse with the native Irish, to form alliances with them by mar- riage, to speak their language, or to adopt their names or modes of dress. [Not enforced.] * * Ire. Gerald Eitzmaurice, Earl of Desmond, is appointed governor. [1369, July* Sir William de "Windsor; 1372, Sir Robert de Ashton.] 1371i * * Edward's fourth son, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, marries Con- stance, daughter of the Castilian king, Don Pedro, Peter the Cruel, and as- sumes the title of King of Castile, Don Pedro having "been murdered by his brother, Henry, Count of Trastamare. 1371-90 Scot. Robert JX reigns. Mar. 26. The crown passes to the House of Stuart. Robert Stuart, nephew of David II., is crowned at Scone, and pro- claimed king as Robert II. 1372* *Sir Thomas Hungerford is chosen Speaker of the House of Com- mons, and is the first so styled. 1373 * * Edward grants to Bristol the rights of a city and a county. 1374* * Fr. Edward, after a war of four years with France, loses all his French possessions except Calais, Bordeaux, and Rayonne. * * Ire. Sir "William de "Windsor is again appointed governor. [1376. Mau- rice, Earl of Kildare ; later, James Butler, Earl of Ormond.] 1376 * * The House of Commons elects Peter de la Mare Speaker. [He is the first regular Speaker of the House.] * * The Commons in Parliament, through their Speaker, Peter de la Mare, de- nounce oppressive taxation, and de- mand an account of expenditure ; they impeach the king's ministers, several of whom are dismissed and imprisoned. [It is called the Good Parliament.] * * The Duke of Lancaster, the leader of the nobles, arbitrarily annuls the Acts of the Good Parliament, and casts Peter de la Mare into prison. 1377 * * By illegal returns made by the sheriffs at the request of the Duke of Lancaster, the House of Commons is packed with the duke's adherents. MISCELLANEOUS. 1343 * * Ire. "Wool staples are estab- lished at Waterford, Cork,andDrogheda. 1347 * * Wheat is imported for the first time. 1348 * * A great plague occurs at Nor- wich. 1348-49 The plague of Black Death occurs; more than half the population die; 200 are buried daily in Loin Ion ; labor becomes scarce. [1361. The plague re- turns; the mortality in London is very great. 1369. It returns for the last time.] 1353 *■ * A famine occurs. 1362 * * Edward III. orders all law- pleadings to be made in English instead of French, as formerly done. 1367* * London. The mortality is great. 1370 * * Ire. The mortality record is very large. 1377 * * Subsidies in kind, as in wool, leather, and other products of the coun- try, are levied. * * London. Population, 3,500. 8<>0 137 ^^|fc412, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1381 June* The Peasants' revolt be- gins. "Wat the Tyler kills a tax col- lector, and heads a party to oppose the tax. [June 12. The rehel peasants assem- ble on Blackheath near London, to the number of 100,000 men. June 15. "Wat is killed by the mayor of London, and the insurrectionists are appeased.] 1384 * * The Scots invade England. [1385. They receive aid from France.] 1385 Aug. * Richard invades Scotland with 80,000 men. The Scotch fly before him. Edinburgh, Dunfermline, Perth, and Dundee are burned. 1388 Aug. 19. Battle of Otterbum, Chevy Chase, Northumberland. The English under the Earl of North- umberland are defeated by the Scots, under the Earl of Douglas, who is killed by Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) ; both of the Percys are captured by the Scots. 1394 Oct. * Ire. Richard II. lands at Waterford with 4,000 men-at-arms and 30,000 archers. 1399 July 4. Henry, Duke of Lancas- ter, returns from France [and incites a successful rebellion], 1400-05 W. Great rebellion of Owen Glendower. [1401. He takes Radnor and other places. 1402. Aided by the Scots and the Percys, besieges Carnarvon. 1404. Heseizes Harlech castle. 1405. Mar. 11. Prince Henry defeats the Welsh rebels under Griffith, son of Glendower, at Grosmont in Monmouthshire. The re- bellion is soon after suppressed.] 1400 Aug. * The English under Henry IV. unsuccessfully invade Scotland. 1402 May 7 (or June 22). Battle of Nesbit Muir, Northumberland. The Scots, under Sir P. Hepburn, are defeated by the English, under Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) and the Earl of March. Sept. 14. Battle of Homildon mil, Northumberland. The English, under Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) and the Earl of March, defeat the Scotch, under the Earl of Douglas, who surrenders. 1402-03 A rebellion against Henry IV. is incited by many of the English nobles. 1403 July 23. Battle of Shrews- bury, Shropshire. The insurgent lords are defeated by Henry IV. ; Henry Percy (Hotspur), son of the Earl of Northumberland, is killed, and his ally, the Earl of Douglas, taken prisoner. 1405 * * JT. The English defeat the French in a naval battle near Milford Haven, capturing eight and destroying 15 of their ships. 1407* *The "Welsh, aided by the French, cross the border, and threaten "Worcester. [1409. Again invade Eng- land.] 1408 Feb. 19. Battle of Bramham Moor, Yorkshire. The royal forces under Sir Thomas Rokeby defeat the Earl of Northum- berland and Lord Bardolf, the leaders of the revolting nobles ; Northumber- land is killed. 1411 July 24. Scot. The Battle of Harlaw, Aberdeenshire. Royalists under the Earl of Mar de- feat the Highlanders under Donald, Lord of the Isles; many noble families lose all their male members. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1397 * * London. The parish clerks at Clerkenwell perform plays and repre- sent miracles in the fields. * * London. The king repairs Westmin- ster Hall. He raises the walls, alters the win- dows, and adds a new roof, as well as a stately porch and other buildings. 1404 Jan. 13. London. Parliament enacts that no chemist shall use his craft to multiply gold or silver. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1381 * * Tyler, Wat, rebel, dies. Sudbury, Simon of, aivhl.p. < anterbury, d. 1382 * * lieauchamp, Richard, Earl of War- wick, general, born. 1388* * Henry V.. king, born. 1390* * Robert II.. king, founder of House of Stuart, Scotland, A74. 1394* * James I., king, Scotland, born. [1437. D. A43.] 1395 * * Barbour, John, poet, Scotland, A75+. Fortescue, Sir John, jurist, born. ± Pecock, LViiinald, hishop of St. Asaph, author, born. [1460+ . Dies.] 1401 * * Cirencester, Richard of, monk, his- torian, dies. 1403 * * Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist, born. 1403* * Percy. Henry (Hotspur), warrior, killed at Shrewsbury. 1408 * * Gower, John, poet, A83. ^Northumberland, first Earl of, Henry Percy, dies. CHURCH. 1378 * * Home. Papal schism (p. 674). 1380 * * Wyclif teaches the doctrine that the Bible is the sole rule of faith, and opposes the church of Rome. 1381* * Wyclif denies transubstantia- tion, and the Reformation begins. 1383* *John Wyclif completes his translation of the Bible. 1384 Dec. 31. "Wyclif, virulently per- secuted by the church, escapes martyr- dom by a paralytic attack, which causes his death. 1385 * * Edinburgh. St. Giles Church is destroyed. [1387. Rebuilt.] 1390 * * The persecution of the follow- ers of "Wyclif becomes severe. 1391* * Parliament forbids the English clergy to cross the sea for benefices. 1401 * * The first law directed against heretics is passed, permitting the bish- ops to arrest and burn them. Feb. 19. London. "William Sautre, a clergyman, is burned for heresy by the clergy ; presumably the first execu- tion in England on account of religion. 1404* * It. Innocent VT I. is elected pope. [1406, Gregory XII.; 1409, Alexander V.; 1410, John XXIIT.; 1417, Martin V.; 1431, EugeniusIV.; 1447, Nicholas V.; 145S,Cahx- tusIII.; 1458, Pius II.; 1464, Paul II.; 1471, SixtasVL; 1484, Innocent VIII.; 1492, Alex- ander VI. J 1409* * It. Three popes claim the throne. The council of Pisa deposes Popes Gregory and Benedict, and elects Alexander, but neither will yield the office to another. 1410± * * Religion is chiefly the accom- plishment of LETTERS. 1377 * * Scot. John Barbour, archdea- con of Aberdeen [earliest Scotch poet], writes The Bruce. 1378 * * John "Wyclif writes Summa in Theologia. [13S3. Trialogus.] 1380 * * The New College, or the col- lege of St. Mary Winton, Oxford, is founded by Bishop William Long. [i:iS'2. Chartered. 1392. New Tnn Hall.] 1381 * * In "Wat Tyler's and Jack Straw's insurrection the rebels seize the Cam- bridge University records, and burn them. 1381-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer writes As- sembly of Forties, Complaint of the Black Knight, House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, Troll us and Cressida, and The Canterbury Tales. 1385 * * All the grammar schools teach in English instead of French. 1387 * * John Trevisa completes a trans- lation of Higden's Polychronicon, and makes additions to it. ± * * The poems, The Cuckoo and the Nightingale and The Flower Leaf, are written by unknown authors. ± * * The Testament of Love, an imitation of Boetius, is written by an unknown author. 1408+ * * John Gower writes Speculum Meditantis (The Mirror of the Speculat- ing), Vox ( iamantis (Voice of One Cry- ing), and Confessio Amantis (Confession of a Lover). 1411 * * Scot. The University of St. Andrews is founded by Bishop Henry "Wardlaw. 1412 * * Thomas Occleve writes the De Begimine Frincipum, or " Governail of Princes." SOCIETY. 1381 * * The price of wine is regulated by statute. Junel4. "Wat the Tyler's rebels murder Simon of Sudbury, archbishop of Can- terbury, and Sir Robert Hales, the royal treasurer. * * Judge de Cavendish is beheaded by the Suffolk rebels. 1385 * * The first Englishman given the title of marquis is the favorite of Rich- ard II., Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford ; he is created Marquis of Dublin, and placed in Parliament between the dukes and earls. 1388 * * Chief Justice Tresilian, Sir Nicholas Brember, Lord Mayor of Lon- don, and others are executed as trai- tors. 1394 * * Ire. Richard XX. visits the country, and confers the honor of knight- hood on the Irish chiefs. 1397 * * London. In "Westminster Hall Richard II. holds his Christmas festival ; 10,000 guests are entertained each day. 1398 Nov. 1. King Henry marries Isabella of France, who is seven years of age. * * Scot. The title Earl of Crawford is created. [1401, Earl of Mar.] 1399 Oct. 11. The Order of the Bath is formally instituted by Henry IV. Two days previous to his coronation he confers the order on 46 squires, who had watched the night before and bathed. * * The title of Grace is assumed by Henry IV. on his accession. 1406-23 James I. of Scotland is im- prisoned at Windsor. STATE. 1377 * * The first poH-tax is imposed. It is a tax of one shilling on every beneficed clergyman, and of fourpence on eveiy other person, male or female, above the age of 14 years, with the ex- ception of mendicants. June 21. Edward III. dies. 1377-99 Richard n. reigns. Richard, son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of Edward III., 11 AND IRELAND. 1377,**-1412,**. 861 years of age, becomes king as Richard H. (July 1G. He is crowned at West- minster.) 1378 * * Parliament meets in Glouces- ter. * * The Statute Scandalum Magnatum is enacted. It prescribes penalties of fine and im- prisonment for persons found, guilty of speaking words derogatory to peers, judges, or bigli officers of Government. 1379 Apr. * A poll-tax is assessed to sustain the war in France. [1380. Dec. 6. Another poll-tax follows.] 1380 * * London. William of Walworth is lord mayor. * * Ire. Edward Mortimer, fourth Earl of March and Ulster, is appointed gov- ernor. [1381, John Colton, Dean of St. Patrick's ; 1383, Philip Courtney, a rela- tive of King Richard ; 1385, Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Lord Lieutenant, Sir John Stanley, deputy ; 1389, Sir John Stanley, deputy.] 1381 June * The peasants of Essex, under the leadership of a priest who assumes the name of Jack Straw, re- volt against the poll-tax. June * The peasants of Kent and other counties, led by "Wat the Tyler, revolt against the poll-tax and serfdom. They are incited to insurrection by John Ball, an itinerant preacher, who harangues them on the natural equality of men. They are appeased by the grant of a "charter of liberation." (See So- ciety.) 1382 Jan.* King Richard marries An tip of Bohemia, daughter of the Ger- man Emperor Charles IV., and sister of Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. ["Good Queen Anne."] * * London. The system of electing common councilmen at wardmotes, or ward meetings of the citizens, is introduced. 1385 * * Ire. Kobert de "Vere, Earl of Oxford, is appointed governor. [He is created Marquis of Dublin and Duke of Ireland.] 1386 * * Richard is compelled to agree to the appointment of a Continual Council or Commission to manage the affairs of government ; it is under the control of the Duke of Gloucester and the Earl of Arundel. * * Parliament impeaches Kobert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and other favor- ites of the king. It requires that officers of state be appointed either by the Parli ament or by the Continual Council ; it is called the "Wonderful Parliament," or the "Mer- ciless Parliament." * * London. The crown and regalia of England are pledged to the city by Richard II. for £2,000. 1389 May* Richard dismisses the Council, and takes the control of gov- ernment into his own hands. * * Richard grants a charter to York, the mayor receiving the title of lord mayor. 1390 May 13. Scot. Robert II. dies, and his eldest son John becomes king ; he assumes the title Kobert 111., the name John being unpopular because of the unpatriotic actions of John Baliol. 1390-1406 Scot. Kobert TJX reigns. 1392* * Ire. James, Earl of Ormond, is appointed governor. [1393, the Duke of Gloucester, the king's uncle; 1394, Sir Thomas Scroop.] 1393* * Another Statute of Praemunire is introduced. It contains provisions against papal bulls granting ecclesiastical benefices in England without the approval of the 1394 * * London. The system of electing aldermen for life is introduced. * * Ire. Richard II. with an army lands at Waterford. Many of the native chiefs do him homage ; he confers the honor of knight- hood on those of them who are willing to 1395 * * Ire. Roger Mortimer, Earl of Mai oh, heir apparent to the English crown, is appointed governor. 1396 Sept. 27. Richard marries as his second wife Isabella, eight years old, daughter of the French King Charles VI. * * A truce is made with France for 28 years. 1397 * * The Duke of Gloucester and the Earls of Arundel and Warwick are arrested and imprisoned for alleged treason ; they are impeached in Parliament and condemned, War- wick and Arundel to sutler death, and Gloucester to confiscation of estate. 1398 * * Henry, Duke of Hereford, son of the Duke of Lancaster, and cousin of Richard, accuses the Duke of Norfolk of slanderous speech against the king. Norfolk denies the charge, and offers to prove hia innocence by duel, to which Hereford agrees ; Richard forbids the combat, and banishes Norfolk for life, and Hereford for 10 years. * * London. Richard Whittington is elected lord mayor. [1406. Again. 1419. Again.] * *Ire. Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of March, the viceroy and heir apparent to the crown, is killed in an insurrection. * * Ire. Thomas Holland, Duke of Sur- rey, is appointed lord trustee. 1399 May 31. Ire. Richard landsin Waterford on a second Irish expedition. July 4. Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, who had become Duke of Lancaster by the death of his father, lands in England, and incites a success- ful rebellion. Aug. 24. Richard H., having returned from Ireland, is taken prisoner by Henry of Lancaster [and sent a captive to the Tower of London]. 1399-1461 House of Lancaster, a branch of the House of Plantagenet. Sept. 30. Parliament deposes Richard. It gives the crown to Henry of Lan- caster, son of John of Gaunt, fourth son of Edward III., as against the right of Roger Mortimer, grandson of Lionel, tbirdson of Edward. [Oct. 13. Crowned.] 1399-1412 Henry IV. reigns. 1400 Jan. * A conspiracy in favor of Richard is suppressed ; and the leaders, the Earls of Huntingdon, Salisbury, and Kent, and Lords Spencer and Lum- ley, are put to death. Mar. * Richard H. is murdered (?) in Pontefract Castle. * * W. Owen Glendower proclaims him- self the Prince of Wales, and rebels against Henry IV. He is a descendant of the last Prince Llewellyn. 1401* * Ire. Thomas, Duke of Clar- ence, King Henry's son, is appointed governor. [1406. Again.] 1403 * * The Percys lead a revolt in favor of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, the true heir to the crown. * * Henry IV. marries as his second wife Jane, daughter of the King of Navarre, and widow of the Duke of Brittany. 1404 May 10. W. Owen Glendower makes a treaty with the French. Oct. 6. A parliament meets at Coven- try, from which lawyers are excluded. ["Parliament urn indoctuni," or "Parlia- ment of Dunces."] 1405 Apr. 12. Prince James, aged 14 years, son and heir of the King of Scotland, having been captured by an English cruiser off Elamborough Head [is taken to King Henry, who keeps him in custody. He is detained in England for 18 years]. Apr. * Ire. James, Earl of Ormonde, who has been appointed lord lieutenant, convenes a parliament in Dublin, at which the Statute of Kilkenny is con- firmed. May * Another revolt in favor of the Earl of March and against the alleged tyranny of Henry IV. is suppressed ; and its leaders, Scrope, archbishop of York, and Lord Mowbray, son of the banished Duke of Norfolk, are executed. 1406 Apr. 4. Scot. Robert III. dies. 1406-37 Scot. James I., son of Robert III., reigns. The Duke of Albany is regent. * * The Isle of Man is granted in per- petuity to Sir John Stanley, to be held of the crown of England by rendering to the English kings a cast of falcons at their coronation. * * Ire. Gerald, Earl of Kildare, is chosen lord justice. 1406-23 Every county in England is as- sessed to send workmen to build Wind- sor Castle. 1409 Mar. * Ire. The lord lieutenant, having appointed Thomas Butler, prior of Kilmainham, his deputy, returns to England. ±* * Dublin. KingHenrygrantsagilded sword and the title of mayor to the pro- vost ; Thomas Cusack is the first mayor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1381 * * London. The Savoy Palace is burned by Wat the Tyler and. his follow- ers. * * Coal is first made an article of trade from Newcastle to London. 1383 * * Ire. A great pestilence, called: "the fourth," prevails. 1388 * * Side-saddles are introduced by Queen Anne. 1390 * * "Wheat is one shilling and one penny the bushel. 1393 * * London. Mercers* Company is formed. 1399 * * King Richard II- in his will directs his body to be clothed " in vel- veto." 1400 * * "Wine is 12 shillings a pipe. * * Spurs [of the present kind] come into use. * * London. Notwithstanding the many previous complaints against coal as a public nuisance, it is generally burned. 1407 * * The great plague causes 30,000' 862 1412,**-1459, Nov. 20. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1415 Aug. 15. Fr. Naval battle off Harfieur. The English, under the Duke of Bed- ford, take or destroy nearly 500 French ships (p. 676). Oct. 25. Fr. Battle of Agincourt ; the French defeated (p. 676). 1417 July 23. Fr. King Henry V., with 40,000 men, invades Normandy. [It is soon conquered.] (P. 676.) * * An invasion is attempted by the Scots under the Duke of Albany, who retreats before the Duke of Bedford. ("The foul raid.") 1421 * * Fr. The third invasion of France. Henry V., as regent, attempts to sub- due the dauphin, who still holds out (p. 676). 1424 Aug. 17. Fr. Battle of Ver- neuil (p. 676). 1428 Oct. 12. Fr. The English be- siege Orleans (p. 676). 1429 Feb. 12. Fr. Battle of Rou- vrai, or of "the herrings" (p. 676). Apr. * Fr. Joan of Arc appears against the English (p. 676). June 18. Fr. The English are defeated at Patay (p. 676). 1430 May 24. Fr. Joan of Arc is captured (p. 676). 1436 * * Hostilities are renewed with Scotland. 1443 May 28. A truce of 22 months is concluded between England and France. 1450 June-t- * Jack Cade (John Mor- timer), cousin to the Duke of York, raises a brief insurrection ; he has 20,000 followers. (Juxe 24.) Cade defeats the king's forces under Duke Humphrey and Staf- ford at Sevenoaks, in Kent. (July 2.) Cade enters London in tri- umph. (July 4.) Lord Treasurer Say and several other eminent persons are put to death by Cade. (July 12.) The insurrection is sup- pressed, and Cade is killed in Sussex. 1453 July 17, or 20. Fr, Battle of Castillion [Castillion-sur-Dordogne] (p. 678). Oct. 17. Fr. Bordeaux surrenders to the French (p. 678). 1455-85 "War of the Roses, between the houses of York and Lancaster. The red rose is the emblem of the Lan- castrians,— the party favorable to King Henry VI. ; the white rose is the emblem of the Yorkists, —the party opposed to the king. 1455 May 23. First battle of St. Al- bans, Herefordshire. The Lancastrians are defeated by the Duke of York ; their leaders, Somerset, Northumberland, and Clifford, are killed, and the king made prisoner. 1459 * * The Earl of "Warwick defeats and captures a Spanish and Genoese fleet in the Downs. Sept. 23. Battle of Blore Heath, Staf- fordshire. The Yorkists under the Earl of Salis- bury defeat the Lancastrians under Lord Audley. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1416 * * London. Guildhall is com- pleted. 1425 * * Pumps are in general use. 1433 June 7. Scot. An eclipse of the sun is observed, and called the " black hour." 1434 Nov. 24. The Thames is frozen over from London Bridge to Gravesend, [until the following February]. 1446 * * Excitement prevails over the reported discoveries on the West Coast of Africa by the Portuguese. * * G uildhall at York is erected. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1412 * * Trevisa, John, chronicler, dies. 1413 * * Henry IV., king, A47+. 1419 * * Gasi'ui.ime, Sir William, jurist, dies. 1423+ * * Caxton, William, printer, born. 1427 * * Whittmgton, Sir Richard, lord mayor of London, A65±. 1428+ * * "Warwick, Earl of, Richard Ne- ville, " king-maker," general, b. [1471. D.] 1430* * James II., king, Scotland, born. [1460. Dies. A30.] 1431 * * Elphinstone, William, clergyman, statesman, Scotland, born. 1442 * * Edward IV.. king, born. Grocyn, W., Prof, of Greek at Oxford, born. 1450 * * Cade, John, Irish insurgent, dies. ± Fabyan, Robert, chronicler, born. 1452* * James IH., k., Scot., b. [1488. Dies. A36.] Richard m., last I'lantagenet, born. 1457 Jan. 28. Henry VII.. king, born. CHURCH. 1413 * * Sir John Oldcastle (Lord Cob- ham) is tried and condemned for heresy ; he escapes from prison. 1414 * * The king suppresses 110 prior- ies. * * An insurrection of the Lollards is under the direction of Oldcastle. [1418. Hangedin chains and burnedas a heretic] * * Henry Chichele is chosen archbishop of Canterbury. [1443, John Stafford ; 14,W,Jolni Kemp; 14M, Thomas J'.ouchier; 14Kii, -John Morton; 1501, Henry Dene; 1503, William Warliam.] * * Alienprioriesaredissolved,andtheir estates vested in the crown. * * Switz. The Council of Constance de- crees that John Wyclif's bones be dis- interred and burned. [1415. The bishop of Lincoln executes the order, and casts his dust into the River Swift.] 1415 * * The Church of the Blackfri- ars [now St. Andrew's Hall] is erected at Norwich. 1435 * * Ire. The sees of Cork and Cloyne are united. * * Fr. Joan of Arc is burned by the English. (See France.) 1441 * * /re. The see of Down is united with that of Connor. * * London. St. Paul's Church is nearly destroyed by fire. 15th Century. Parishes are enlarged and the number reduced ; total number, 10,- 000+ . LETTERS. 1415* * London. Staple'slnnof Court is founded. [1420. Lyon's Inn of Court.] 1421 * * Troy Book, by John Lydgate, appears. [1424-25, Falles of Princes and The Story of Thebes; 1456+ , London Lickpenny .] 1422-1505 The Paston Letters are writ- ten. 1424 * * London. Sir Richard Whit- tington founds a college, and dedicates it to the Holy Ghost and the Virgin Mary. 1437 * * Scot. King James I. writes The King's Quair (the King's Little Book), and other poems. * *A11 Souls College, Oxford, is founded by Henry Chichele, archbishop of Canterbury. [1456. Magdalen Col- lege, by "William of Waynftete, bishop of Winchester.] 1440 * * Galfridus Grammaticus pub- lishes his Promptoriam Parvulorum, the earliest known complete English-Latin dictionary. 1441 * * Eton College, Buckingham- shire, is begun by King Henry VI. [1490+. . Completed.] * * King's College, Cambridge, is founded. [1442. Christ's College. 1448. Queen's College, by Margaret of Anjou.] 1449* * The Repressor of Overmuch Blam- ing the Clergy, a defense of the clergy, is written by Bishop Reginald Pecock. 1450 Jan. 7. Scot. The College [Uni- versity] of Glasgow is founded by Pope Nicholas V. (papal bull) and Bishop Turnbull. ± * * Ballads are popular, especially among the lower classes. 1456 * * Edinburgh. The College of St. Salvator's, St. Andrews University, is founded by Bishop James Kennedy. SOCIETY. 1420 * * The Irish are expelled from England. 1421 * * The title Baron Berkeley is cre- ated. [1442, Earl of Shrewsbury.] 1427* * London. Mayor Rainwell con- demns 150 butts and pipes of wine for being adulterated; they are emptied into the channels of the streets. 1429 * * London. Sir Richard Whitting- ton's charitable almshouses are founded. 1437 * * scot. The title Earl of Rothes is created. [1442. Baron Forbes ; 1445. Baron Saltoun.j 1439 * * Ire. The title Baron Dunsany is created. 1440 Feb. 10. John, Lord Beaumont, is created Viscount Beaumont by Henry VI., and is given the precedence above all barons ; -he is the first viscount created by patent. * * Edinburgh. William Douglas is murdered. * * The Duke of Gloucester marries his mistress, Eleanor Cobham. 1444* * A law is passed fixing the wages of a bailiff of husbandry at 23 shillings. four pence per annum, and clothing of the price of live shillings, with meat and drink; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 20 shillings, clothing four shillings : common servant of husbandry, 15 shil- lings, clothing 40 pence ; woman-servant, 10 shillings, clothing four shillings. 1447 * * Five gentlemen attached to the Duke of Gloucester are arraigned and condemned for treason, and at the place of execution are hanged, cut down alive instantly, stripped naked, and their bodies marked for quartering, and then AND IRELAND. 1412, * *-1459, Nov. 20. 863 1452 * * Scot. The title Baron Borth- wick is created ; also Earl of Errol. [1454, Baron Cathcart ; 1455, Earl of Caitliness; 1458, Earl of Morton. 1461. Ire. Baron Trimlestown.] STATE. 1413 Mar. 20. Henry IV. dies. 1413-22 Henry V., son of Henry IV., reigns. Oct.* Ire. Sir John Stanley, appointed lord lieutenant, lands at Clontarf . [1414. Jan. * He dies at Ardee.] 1414 Jan. 11, 12. The Lollard in- surgents, under the leadership of Sir John Oldcastle, having attempted to seize the king, are tried and condemned. [Many of them are put to death ; Old- castle escapes. 1418. He is hanged as a traitor.] Jan.* Ire. Thomas Crawley, arch- bishop of Dublin, is appointed lord jus- tice by the nobles. [Sept. John Tal- bot, Lord Furnival, is appointed lord lieutenant. 1420. James Butler, Earl of Ormond.] July 10. Henry makes claim to the crown of France as the heir of Isa- bella, queen of Edward II. and daugh- ter of the French King Philip IV. * * The House of Commons adopts the use of the English language. (?) 1415* * London. The city is first lighted by lanterns. July* A conspiracy to proclaim the Earl of March heir to the crown is dis- covered. [The leaders, Richard, Earl of Cam- bridge, cousin to the king, Sir Thomas Grey, and Lord Scrope, are tried, con- demned, and executed.] 1420 May 21. Fr. The Treaty of Troyes is signed (p. 677). June 2. Fr. Henry "V". is married to Catherine (p. 677). Sept. 3. Scot. The Duke of Albany dy- ing, his son Murdoch assumes the re- gency. 1421 Feb. 23. London. Henry "V. and Queen Catherine enter the city "with magnificent pageant, and are received with great enthusiasm ; Catherine is crowned at ^Westminster. 1422 Aug. 31. Henry V. dies. 1422-61 Henry VI. reigns. Dec. 5. Protectorate of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester. The king being only nine months old, his uncle, the Duke of Bedford, is ap- pointed protector and guardian of the kingdom ; but being in France as re- gent, his younger brother, the Duke of Gloucester, is appointed during his absence "protector of the realm and Church of England." 1423 Sept.* James I., King of Scot- land, is released from captivity in Eng- land. For this he agrees to forbid his sub- jects to enter the service of France, and the payment of £40,000 compensation for his expenses during detention. * * Ire. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, is appointed gov- ernor. [1425. Lord John Talbot, lord lieutenant. 1427. Sir John Grey. 1428. Sir John Grey returns to England after appointing Edward Dantzy, bishop of Meath, his deputy.] 1424 Feb. 13. James I., King of Scotland, marries Jane Beaufort, daughter of the Earl of Somerset, and niece of Cardinal Beaufort. The cere- mony is performed in the cardinal's pal- ace at South wark. May 21. Scot. James I. and his queen are crowned at the Abbey of Scone by Henry Wardlaw, bishop of St. An- drew's. * * Ire. John Sutton, Lord Dudley, is appointed deputy. [1431. Sir Thomas Stanley is appointed lord lieutenant.] 1429 * * Ire. Lord Deputy Sutton con- venes a parliament, which makes regu- lations for juries to investigate criminal prosecutions. * * The crime of arson is made high trea- son. (?) * * Parliament : Laws are passed limit- ing the right of voting at parliamentary elections to resident possessors of land worth 40 shillings a year, and requiring that the representatives of cities and burghs be inhabitants of the same. Dec. 17. Fr. Henry VI., the boy-king of England, is crowned at Paris by Cardinal Beaufort. * * * Parliament : A law is passed for the personal security of members of Parliament while attending to their duties. 1435 * * Fr. The Congress of Arras is held. The Duke of Burgundy abandons the alliance with England, and concludes peace with France (p. 677). 1436 Apr. 13. Fr. Paris is lost to the English, the city being taken by King Charles VII. 1437 * * Pari. The first act of natural- ization is passed. Feb. 21. Scot. James I. is murdered at Perth by conspirators headed by Sir Robert Graham and the Earl of Athol [both of whom are executed]. 1437-60 James II., son of James I., reigns. * * Scot. Because of the murder of James at Perth, the court and capital are trans- ferred to Edinburgh. 1438 * * Ire. Leon, Lord WeUs is ap- pointed lord lieutenant. [1443. James, Earl of Ormond, again.] 1440± * * The term « Grace of God" is assumed by kings as signifying their divine origin. 1442* * Dublin. LordLieutenant "Wells nominates his brother "William deputy. The deputy holds a parliament, which appoints commissioners to acquaint the king with "the wretched state of af- fairs in Ireland." 1444* * Fr. Maine and Anjou are surrendered to the French, in a negotia- tion for the marriage of King Henry VI. to Margaret, daughter of Ren6, titular King of Sicily and Jerusalem, and Duke of Anjou. 1445 Apr. 22. Henry VI. marries Margaret of Anjou. [May 30. She is crowned at Westminster.] 1446* * Ire. John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, is appointed lord lieuten- ant. [1449. July±* Bichard. Duke of York.] 1447 Feb. 11. The Duke of Glouces- ter is arrested on a charge of high trea- son [and murdered (?) in prison]. Apr. 11. Cardinal Beaufort, adviser of King Henry, dies. [William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk, succeeds him.] * * Ire. A parliament held at Trim passes a law prohibiting taxes on merchandise or provisions, except in towns. 1448 Feb. 12. Parliament grants Henry a poll-tax of six shillings and eightpence on every merchant stranger, and 20 pence on their clerks, and a gen- eral poll-tax of sixpence. * * Ft. Rouen is surrendered to France. 1450 * * Fr. The second French con- quest of Normandy is completed. * * The Duke of Suffolk is arrested on a charge of treason, and condemned to banishment for five years. [He is cap- tured at sea on his way to France. May 2. He is beheaded.] June *- July * An insurrection breaks out, headed by Jack Cade. (See Army.) * * The Government is conducted by Richard, Duke of York, grandson of the fifth son of Edward III., and son of Anna Mortimer, heir of the claims of the third line ; the Duke of Somerset, grandson of John of Gaunt, is his rival. 1451 * * Scot. James II. grants a char- ter to Glasgow. 1452* * Scot. William, Earl of Doug- las, having himself committed many murders, is killed at Stirling Castle by King James II. * * Richard, Duke of York, claimant to the crown, is persuaded to disband his army; he is then arrested, but released on swearing fealty to the king. * * Edinburgh. James II., by charter, gives the city preeminence over other Scotch burghs. 1453 Oct. 13. The queen gives birth to a son, who is called Edward. Oct. 19. Fr. Guienne is lost to Eng- land by the surrender of the English forces occupying it. Oct. * King Henry sinks into a state of mental incapacity. L1454. Dec. * He recovers from his malady. 1455. Oct. * The king relapses.] Uov. 25. London. The Duke of Som- erset is sent a prisoner to the Tower. * * London. Sir John Norman goes by water to Westminster, to be sworn in as lord mayor ; he institutes the lord mayor's show. 1455-85 War of the Koses. (See Army.) 1455 Nov.i * The Duke of York be- comes protector as a consequence of the Yorkist victory at the battle of St. Albans. 1456 Feb. 25. The Duke of York's commission as protector is revoked, and Henry, having recovered his health, is reinstated in sovereign authority. 1458 Mar. * London. After a series of conferences, a formal but insincere rec- onciliation is effected between the Yorkists and the Royalists. 1459 Nov. 20. A parliament meets at Coventry, at which the Duke of York, his family, and chief supporters are attainted of treason. MISCELLANEOUS. 1415 * * London. Street lights are in- troduced. 1430 * * England extends her trade into the Mediterranean. 1438 * * London. A Drapers' Company is formed. U44S, a Haberdashers'.] * * A famine occurs ; it is so great that bread is made from fern. 1439 July 16. A terrible pestilence breaks out. [It continues for two years.] 1447 * * Edinburgh. An annual fair is granted to the city by James II. 864 1459,* *-1484, * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1460 July 10. Battle of Northamp- ton. The Yorkiats under the Earls of Salis- bury, "Warwick, and March defeat the Lancastrians under King Henry; the king is taken prisoner. Dec. 31. Battle of "Wakefield, York- shire. The Royalist forces under Queen Mar- garet defeat the Yorkists ; the Duke of York is killed. [1461. Jan. 1. The Ear) -of Salisbury is captured and killed.] 1461 Feb. 2. Battle of Mortimer's Cross, Herefordshire. The Lancastrians under the Earl of Pembroke are defeated by Edward, the young Duke of York [afterwards King Edward IV.]. Feb. 17. Second battle of St. Albans, Herefordshire. The Yorkists under "Warwick are de- feated by the Royalists under Queen Margaret, who rescues the king. [Feb. 28. Edward, Duke of York, having joined his forces to those of Warwick, marches into London.] Mar. 29. Battle of Towton, near York. Edward IV., with an army of 50,000, defeats the Lancastrians under the Duke of Somerset, with an army of 60,000 ; over 30,000 men are killed. 1464 Apr. 25. Battle of Hedgley Moor. The Lancastrians under Queen Marga- ret, aided by the Scots and French, make another effort to retrieve their fallen fortune, but are defeated by Lord Montague in Northumberland. May 8. Battle of Hexam, Northumber- land. Lord Montague totally defeats the Lan- castrians under the Duke of Somerset ; Somerset is captured [and beheaded]. 1470 * * The war is continued by the Lancastrians, aided by the French, the Earl of Warwick, and the Duke of Clar- 1471 Mar. 14. King Edward lands 2,000 men at Ravenspur. [He is soon welcomed at York.] Apr. 14. Battle of Barnet, Hertford- shire. Edward TV. defeats the Lancastrians under Warwick, who, with his brother, is killed. May 4. Battleof Tewkesbury, Glouces- tershire. Margaret, wife of Henry VI., and her forces are defeated by Edward IV. and his brothers, the Dukes of Gloucester and Clarence ; Margaret and her con- sort are taken prisoners, and her son Edward is murdered after his surrender. 1475 June 22. Fr. Edward IV. in- vades France (p. 678). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1470 * * John Hambovs is the first doc- tor of music. (1463 ? The first.) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1459 * * Fisher, John, bishop of Rochester, cardinal, s> 'lioiar. martyr, born. 1460 * * Dunbar, Win., friar, courtier, poet, Scotland, horn. Linacre, Thomas, scholar, physician, born. ± Skelton, John, poet, born. York, Richard Plantacenet, Duke of, dies. 1461 * * Lydgate, John, poet, A86. 1465 * * Boethius, or Hoece, Hector, hist.,b. 1468i * * Lilly, "W., teacher, grammarian, b. 1470 * * Edward V,, king, horn. + Latimer. Hugh, reformer, b. (1490+ ?) 1471i * * Wolsey, Thomas, card.. states., b. 1472 * * James TV., king, Scotland, born. 1473* * Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, statesman, general, born. 1474 * * Douglas, Gawin, or Gavin, poet, Scotland, born. 1475± * * Barclay, Alexander, poet, Scot., b. 1477± * * Cabot. Sebastian, navigator, b. 1478 Feb. 7. More. Sir Thomas, theolo- gian, historian, statesman, born. 1481 * * Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist, A67. 1483 * * Edward IV.. king, A41. Edward V. and his brother, murdered. Fortescue, Sir John, chief justice, au., A92. Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, Btatesman, born. 1484* * Tyndale. William, reform., wr.,b. CHURCH. 1470 * * Scot. The archbishopric of St. Andrews is founded. (?) 1474 * * Scot. St. Andrews is raised to an archbishopric. [1488. The see of Glasgow also.] 1483 Apr. 9. London. Dr. Shaw, brother of the Lord Mayor, preaches from the text "Bastard slips shall not thrive.' * LETTERS. 1460± * * Juliana Berners, prioress of the nunnery of Sopwell. near St. Albans, the first English female author, writes in verse, a. Book of Hunting, and in prose, the Art of Hawking, and the Laws of Arms. 1460-1524 Thomas Linacre writes an Elementary Latin Grammar, a work on Latin composition, De Emendata Siruc- tura Latini Sermonis. 1461* * Scot. Henry the Minstrel writes the poem Wallace. 1465i: * * The printing types in use are Gothic or old German. 1470 * * Sir Thomas Malory writes the History of King Arthur. [1485. It is printed by William Caxton.] + * * The Court of Love is written by an unknown author. 1471-74 The Recuyel of the History es of Troy, by Raoule le Fe'ure, is translated into English, and set up in the types of Colard Mansion in Bruges, by William Caxton ; (?) it is the first book printed in English. (?) 1471* * William Caxton, a London mercer, sets up at Westminster the first printing-press known in England. 1473+ * * Scot. The Glasgow University Library is founded. * * St. Catherine's College, or Hall, Cambridge, is founded. 1474 * * The Game and Playe of the Chesse, a translation from the French, is set up and printed by Caxton; it is the first book printed in England. 1475* * The University library, Cam- bridge, is founded. 1477 * * The Dictes and Wise Sayings of the Philosophers is written by Anthony Woodville, Lord Rivers ; it is printed by Caxton. 1478* * London. Clement's Inn of Court is established. [1385. The New Inn Court.] 1479* * Lincoln College, Oxford, be- gun in 1427 by Richard Fleming, is com- pleted by Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln. [1487. St. Mary Magdalen Hall is estab- lished.] * * The Temple of Glass, by John Lyd- gate, is printed by Caxton. 1480 Mar. 29. Wm. Caxton finishes the Cordial in folio. * * William Caxton prints the Chronicles of England. 1481 * * The Court of Sapience, by John Lydgate, is printed by Caxton. * * Caxton prints in English the Boke of Tulle of Old Age — Cicero's he Senec- tute. 1482 July 2. William Caxton finishes the printing of the Polychronicon ,- it contains the Berynges and Dedes of many Tymes in eight Bokes. 1483 * * Statutes are first printed. Sept. 2. Caxton publishes the Confessio Amantis. (?) 1483-84* * The Herald's CoUege is in- corporated and endowed by King Rich- ard III. ± * * Sir John Fortescue writes De Laudi- bus Legum Anglias, and the Difference beUveen Absolute and Limited Monarchy. 1484+ * * Scot. Robert Henryson of Dun- fermline writes The Morall Fables of Esope the Phrygian, liobeno and Makyn'e, the first pastoral poem in English, and The Bludy Serk. Mar. 26. JEsop's Fables, printed by Wil- liam Caxton, appears ; it is the first book having the leaves numbered. * * The Life of Our Lady, by John Lyd- gate, is printed by Caxton. * * John Skelton writes the poem On the Death of King Edward IV.; [he writes also the' Speculum Principle, Speke Par- rot, Why come Ye not to Court, Colin Clout.] * * ± Concordance of History, a history of Britain, is written by Robert Fabian. SOCIETY. 1460 Aug. 3. Scot. James II. is killed by the bursting of a cannon. 1462 * * The people wear the beaks or points of their shoes so long that they encumber themselves in walking, and are forced to tie them up to their knees ; the fine gentlemen fasten theirs with chains of silver or silver gilt, and others with laces. [1467. This is prohibited, and punished by the forfeiture of 20 shillings, and cursing by the clergy.] 1465 * * Ire. The Head Act is passed at Trim by the deputy, Earl of Desmond. It provides " that . . . any persons going or coining, having no faithful man of good name and fame in their company in English apparel, that it shall lie lawful to take and kill those, and to cut off their heads, without any impeachment of our sovereign lord the king." 1469 * * Scot. The title Duke of Rothe- say is created; also Earl of Buchan. [1470, Baron Lovat.] 1471 * * Edward, Prince of Wales, is murdered. 1476 * * Scot. Cochrane, Earl of Mar, is murdered. * * Scot. James Stuart, second son of James III., is made Marquis of Or- monde, without territories. [Created Earl of Ross.] * * George Neville, Duke of Bedford, son of John, Marquis of Montague, is de- graded from the peerage by Parlia- ment because of his poverty. * * "Witches are convicted and executed. 1483* *The title Baron of Norfolk is created. [1485, Earl of Derby.] STATE. 1460 June* The Earls of Salisbury and March aud Warwick arrive in England. AND IRELAND. 1459,* *-1484 I * *. 865 July * After tlie defeat of Henry at Northampton, Queen Margaret, with lier sou, hees to Scotland. Aug. 23. Scot. King James II. is acci- dentally killed by the bursting of a cannon at the siege of Roxburgh Castle. 1460-88 Scot. James III., son of James II., reigns. Oct. 7. A parliament meets at "West- minster ; Richard, Duke of York, claims the crown. He bases his claim on his lineal de- scent from Lionel, third son of Edward III., King Henry being descended from John of Gaunt, Lionel's younger brother. Oct. 24. Parliament, having consid- ered the claim of the Duke of York, agrees to a compromise that Henry shall reign during his life, and that on his death the Duke and his heirs shall succeed to the throne. Dec. 31. Richard, Duke of York, is killed at the battle of Waken eld ; his son Edward succeeds him as heir to the throne. * * * Debt is first incurred on the secu- rity ot Parliament during Henry's reign. 1461-85 House of York, a branch line of the House of Plantagenet. 1461 Mar. 4. Henry VI. is deposed, and Edward, son of the deceased Rich- ard, Duke of York, is proclaimed king as Edward IV. 1461-83 Edward IV. reigns. Apr. * The deposed King Henry and Mar- garet retreat to Scotland. June 29. Edward IV. is crowned at "Westminster ; he creates his brother George Duke of Clarence, and his brother Richard Duke of Gloucester. 1462 * * Ire. George, Duke of Clar- ence, is appointed lord lieutenant for life. Mints are established in Dublin, Trim, Drogheda, Waterford, and Galway. 1463 Apr. 8. Scot- Queen Margaret sails for France to seek the aid of the French king. * * Pari. A Statute of Apparel is passed, prohibiting excess in dress. * * Pari. It is enacted that no cloths shall be imported except from "Wales or Ireland. ^_ 1464 May 1. King Edward secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville, daugh- ter of Lord Rivers, and widow of Sir John Grey, a Lancastrian. The Earl of "Warwick is incensed, hav- ing by Edward's authority negotiated a marriage between him and the Princess Bona of Savoy, sister of the Queen of France. 1465 * * Ire. A parliament at Trim en- acts that the Irish in the English prov- inces shall dress in the English fashion, and that they shall assume English names, and take the oath of allegiance. * * Parliament: The Surname Act is passed. 1468* * Scot. Christian, King of Nor- way and Denmark, cedes the Orkney and Shetland Isles in mortgage to James III. as security for portion of the dowry of" his daughter Margaret, to be married to James. [The money not be- ing paid, the Isles remain attached to the crown of Scotland.! * * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Kildare, is appointed deputy. [1470. The Earl of "Worcester, lord lieutenant.] 1469-71 "Warwick, the King-Maker. 1469 * * The Earl of "Warwick intrigues against the king in the interests of the king's brother, George, Duke of Clar- ence, to whom he gives his daughter in marriage. [July 11- Isabella, "Warwick's daughter, is married to Clarence.] July* Scot. Margaret, daughter of the King of Norway and Denmark, is mar- ried to James III. July * An insurrection breaks out in Yorkshire, headed by Robert Hilyard, commonly called Robin of Redesdale. July 26± * * Edward IV. is taken pris- oner after the Yorkist defeat at Ban- bury. [He obtains his liberty in a few weeks.] 1470 Mar. * An insurrection, osten- sibly against extortions by officers of the royal household, but instigated by "Warwick, breaks out in Lincolnshire ; it is headed by Sir Robert Welles. [Sup- pressed.] Apr. 15. "Warwick and Clarence flee to France, having been declared trai- tors after the suppression of the Welles insurrection. Sept. * Edward IV. flees to Holland, Warwick and Clarence having returned from France, and defeated the royal forces. [1478. Mar. 14. Returns.] Oct. 6. London. Henry VI. is released from the Tower, and restored to the throne. 1471 Apr. 15. London. Henry VI. is again sent a prisoner to the Tower after Edward's victory at Barnet, where "War- wick, the "King-maker," is killed. May 21. London. Henry VI. is mur- dered (?) in the Tower by Richard, Duke of Gloucester (?), King Edward's brother. May * Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, [later Henry VIL], escapes to Brittany. 1474* * Edward IV. intrigues with the Duke of Burgundy for the crown of France. He raises money for his war with France by voluntary (?) " benevolences," without the consent of Parliament. 1475 Aug-. * Fr. Peace of Picquigny with France (p. 679). 1477* *The Piepowder Court — the piedpoudreux, or Dusty- foot Court — is introduced. It is established for the summary ad- ministration of justice at fairs and mar- kets between buyers and sellers. 1478 Feb. 7. The Duke of Clarence, the king's brother, is condemned to death for treason. [Feb. 18. He dies in the Tower by drowning in a butt of Malm- sey.] (?) * * Ire. Richard, Duke of York, aged six years, son of Edward, is appointed lord lieutenant ; Lord Grey is ap- pointed his deputy. Later, the Earl of Kildare.] 1481 * * Scot. A conspiracy of the nobles is formed, encouraged by Edward IV., to dethrone James, and make his brother, the Duke of Albany, king. [The conspirators take King: James pris- oner.] * * A secret treaty is made at Fotherin- gay Castle, Northampton, by which the Duke of Albany undertakes to surrender Berwick and other forts to the English. 1482 Aug. 25. Fr. Margaret, widow of King Henry VI., dies at Saumur. Dec. * Fr. Louis XI. breaks the treaty of Picquigny by preventing the marriage of his son to Edward IV. 's daughter. * * Edinburgh. By the Golden Charter, James III. confers on the provost and magistrates power to hold courts, levy lines, and impose duties on goods enter- ing at Leath. 1483 Apr. 9. Edward IV. dies. Apr.*— June.* Edward V., aged 12 years, son of Edward IV., reigns. May * London. The boy-king Edward is sent to the Tower ; and his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, is made protector by a great council of the nobles. June * Lords Hastings and Rivers, Sir Richard Grey, and Sir Thomas Vaughn, friends of the late king, are executed through the agency of Gloucester. June * The crown is claimed for the Duke of Gloucester by bis adherents. They declare Edward IV.'s marriage with Elizabeth Grey to have been in- valid, and the attainder of the Duke of Clarence to have debarred him from the succession. June 26. The Duke of Gloucester, brother of Edward IV., usurps the crown, and assumes the title of king as Richard in. 1483-85 Richard III. reigns. July 6. Richard is crowned at "West- minster with his queen, Anne, daughter of the late Earl of Warwick. * * London. The boy-king Edward V. and his brother, the Duke of York, are mur- dered in the Tower by order of King Richard 111. ; Miles Forest and John Dighton, employed by Sir James Tyrrel, are the assassins. Sept. 8. Richard is again crowned at York. Oct. * The Duke of Buckingham heads a revolt in favor of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, grcat-giv.-it-grandson of John of Gaunt, son of Edward Hi. [Nov. 2. The duke is executed as a traitor, at Salisbury.] * * The importation of lace is prohibited. 1484 Jan. 23. A parliament meets at Westminster [at which Richard's title to the crown is confirmed; the parli- ament also passes an act abolishing ex- actions of money by "benevolences"]. MISCELLANEOUS. 1464 * * London. Ironmongers' Com- pany is formed. [14S0, Clothworkers' .] 1466 * * Ire. A plague follows famine, and a great number of people die. 1467 * * Sheep are exported to Spain [and the breed thereby improved to the detriment of English woolen manufac- ture]. 1470- * * Dublin. A plague wastes the city. * * A pestilence afflicts Oxford. 1478 * * The plague prevails throughout the realm ; more people die than have fallen during the continual wars of 15 preceding years. 1481 * * Riders on post-horses go stages of the distance of 20 miles from each other in order to procure the king the earliest news from the war with the Scots. 866 1485, June 23-1527, * * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1485 Aug. 7. Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, lands at Milford Haven. [He is welcomed by the enemies of Rich- ard in.] Aug. 22. Battle of Bos-worth Field, Leicestershire. Henry Tudor [Henry VII.] defeats Richard III., who is killed in action; this ends the "War of the Roses. Oct. 30. The yeomen of the guard are appointed at the coronation of Henry VII. ; it is the first permanent mili- tary band instituted in England. 1486 Apr.* The unsuccessful insur- rection of Lords Lovell and Stafford breaks out. 1487 * * Insurrection. Lambert Simnel, pretending to be Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, son of Edward IV.'s brother, the Duke of Clarence, claims a right to the crown. [June 16. Simnel and his followers are defeated at Stoke -upon- Trent, Not- tinghamshire, by the royal forces under Henry VII. Later, Simnel is pardoned, and employed as a menial in the king's domestic service.] 1488 * * Henry VII. builds the Great Harry, considered to be the first ship of the royal navy. 1492 Oct.* Fr. Henry VI., with an invading army, supports Maximilian, King of the Romans, in his claim on the duchy of Bretagne ; he besieges Bou- logne with 26,000 men. Nov. 9. Peace. (See State.) * * Ire. Perkin Warbeck, pretending to be a son of Edward' IV., lands at Cork, and assumes the name of Richard Plantagenet. 1495 July * "Warbeck, attempting to land in Kent, is driven off by the inhab- itants ; 169 of his followers are captured. 1496 * * James IV. of Scotland, with an invading army, supports the claimB of Warbeck. 1497 * * An insurrection in Cornwall against the levying of taxes to support the war with Scotland is led by Thomas Flammock. June 22. The anti-tax insurgents are defeated with great loss by the king's troops at Blackheath, near London ; their leaders are captured, and 24 are hanged. Sept. 7. Perkin "Warbeck lands in Cornwall, where he is joined by 3,000 men. [Sept. 17. He attacks Exeter, and burns part of the city. * * His force is dispersed by the king's troops at Taunton, Somerset ; Warbeck flees to the monastery of Beaulieu in Hamp- shire. Oct. 5. He is taken prisoner. 1499. Nov. 23. He is hanged at Tyburn.] 1513 Sept. 9. Battle of Flodden Field, Northumberland. The Earl of Surrey, with 26,000 Eng- lish, defeats 50,000 Scotch under their king, James IV.; the Scotch king and 10,000 of his men are killed. 1523 * * The Duke of Albany, as regent of Scotland and brother of James III., invades England; he is driven back. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1496 Mar. 5. John Cabot secures a patent to make discoveries and occupy territory in America. 1497 June 24. Can. John Cabot makes important discoveries (p. 570). (See Canada for Arctic expeditions.) 1498 May * Sebastian Cabot sails from Bristol, visits Davis Strait in the Arctic regions, and discovers the coast of North America. [1512. He discov- ers Hudson Bay.] 1502 Jan. 24. Henry VII. commences the chapel in Westminster Abbey which bears his name. 1508+ * * Ornamental gardening is introduced, chiefly from The Nether- lands. 1509-1625 Rise of Elizabethan Gothic architecture. 1510* * Hats are first manufactured in England by Spaniards. 1513* * London has only 13 surgeons and doctors ; they are exempted from bearing arms or serving on juries. 1520 * * The art of knitting flourishes. [1577. Becomes common.] * * Lettuce is introduced from Flanders. 1527 * * Robert Thorpe of Bristol sails in search of a Northwest Passage. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1485 * * Catherine, or Katherine of Aragon, Richard HI., king, A33. 1487* * Covmlale, Miles, bishop of Exeter, translator of the Bible, born. 1488 * * Audley, Thomas, lord chancellor, b. 1489 * * Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, statesman, born. 1490± * * Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Es- sex, statesman, born. 1491 June 28. Henry VIII., king, born. Caxton, "William, first English printer, A79. Lindsay, Sir David, poet, Scotland, born. 1494* * Beaton, David, cardinal, states- man, Scotland, born. 1495 * * Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London, lawyer, statesman, born. Elyot, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, lexicog., b. 1496* * Maitland, Sir Richard, of Leithing- ton, poet, Scotland, born. 1500 Mar. 3. Pole, Reginald, cardinal, archbishop of Canterbury, slalesman, b. Ridley, Nicholas, bishop, of London, martyr, born. Rogers, John, clergyman, martyr, born. Somerset, Duke of, Edward Seymour, states- man, born. 1502 * * Dudley, John, Duke of Northumber- land, Earl of Warwick, statesman, horn. 1603 * * Wyatt, Sir Thomas, poet, states., b. 1504* * Parker. Matthew, archbishop of Canterbury, reformer, born. 1505 * * Cavendish, Sir William, courtier, writer, born. Knox, John, reformer, Scotland, born. 1506* * Buchanan, (ieorge, historian, poet, Scotland, born. Leland, John, antiquary, linguist, born. Vdall, Nicoias, dramatist, born. 1507* *Boleyn, Anne, wife of Henry V11T-, born. Sadler, Sir Kalph, diplomatist, historian, b. 1509 * * Henry VII., king, A53. Bacon, Sir Nicholas, statesman, b. 1511* * Craig, .lobn, rcl'ormcr, Scotland, b. 1512* * Fabvan, Robert, chronicler, A62+. James V., kinjj, Scotland, born. I'ovnings, Sir Kdwani, statesman, Ireland, d. 1513* * James IV., king, Scotland, A40. 1514 * * Douglas, Archibald, " Bell the Cat," Earl of Angus, Scotland, dies. Elpiiinstone, William, <•!., stales., Scot., A83. 1519* * Grocvn, William, prof. Greek at Oxford, A77. 1522 * * Douglas, Gawin, or Gavin, poet, Scotland, A49. Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury, author, b. 1524 * * Linacre, Thomas, phys., schol., Ati4. 1490 * * Papal admonitions are given to correct the gross profligacy of the mon- asteries. 1503* * It. Pius III, is elected pope; later; Julius 11. [1.11,3, Leo X.; 1522, Adrian VI., 1523, Clement VII.; 1534, Paul 111.] 1504 * * It. The pope grants a dispen- sation permitting Henry V TTT , to marry Catherine, his brother's widow. 1523* * Ire. Bishop Doran is appointed to the see of Leighlin. [He is murdered by his archdeacon, Maurice Cavenagh, who is hanged on the spot where the crime was committed.] 1525 * * "William Tyndale translates the Bible from the Greek. LETTERS. 1489 * * Sea-charts are first introduced by Bartholomew Columbus to explain the theory of his brother Christopher respecting a western continent. 1490 * * The Boke of Eneydos is printed by Caxton. 1491* * "William Grocyn settles at Exeter College, Oxford ; he is the first teacher of Greek in England. 1494 * * scot. King's College, Aber- deen, is founded by Bishop "William Elphinstone. ± * * A Lytel Geste of Robin Hode, Robin Hood and the Potter, Robin Hood and the Monk, and many other Kobin Hood bal- lads and stories are written by unknown authors. 1497 * * The Hylleof Perfection is printed " at the instance of the reverend reli- gyoua fader Tho Prior of the hous of St. Ann." 15th Century. The ballads of the Battle of Otter 'burn and Chevy Chase are written by unknown authors. 1500-06 Scot. The University of Aberdeen is founded. 1500 * * Stephen Hawes writes his Tem- ple of Glass, an imitation of Chaucer's House of Fame. [150U. The Pastime of Pleasure.] 1501 * * Acts of Parliament are first begun to be printed. * * Scot. Gavin Douglas writes his alle- gory, The Palace of Honor. 1502 * * The divinity professorship is founded at Cambridge. 1505 * * Christ's College, Cambridge, is endowed by Margaret, Countess of Richmond. * * Edinburgh. The Royal College of Surgeons' is incorporated. 1507 * * Edinburgh. The first printing- press is set up by William Chepman and Andrew Myllar in the Cowgate. * * John Skelton writes Bowge of Court, and Boke of Phyllip Sparrowe. 1508 * * Scot. The Golden Terge, Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins, Lament for ike Makaars, The Joust, between the Tai- lor and the Sou tar, and Amends to the Tailors and Sou tars, poems by William Dunbar, appear ; together with William Kennedy he writes The Flytiug of Dun- bar and Kennedy. 1509* *Brazenose College, Oxford, is founded by William .Smyth. Bishop of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton. * * The journals of the House of Lords are commenced. * * Alexander Barclay writes The Ship of Fools. AND IRELAND. 1485, June 23-1527,* * 867 * * London. St. Paul's school is founded by Dean Colet. 1510 * * Henry VIII. grants another charter to the University of Oxford. 1511* * St. John's College, Cambridge, is endowed by Margaret, Countess of Richmond. 1512 * * Scot. St. Leonard's College, University of St. Andrews, is founded by Archbishop Stuart and John Hep- burn. St. Mary's College, University of St. Andrews, is founded by the Beatons. 1513-1625 Kenaissance Period. 1513 * * Latin Grammar, by William Lily, appears. * * Scot. Gavin Douglas finishes his translation of Vergil's Mneid; it is the first translation of Vergil, or any Latin classic into English verse ; [he also writes an allegory, King Hart}. * * Sir Thomas More writes History of Edward V. and Richard III. [1516. Utopia, in Latin ; it is translated into English by Ralph Robinson, and pub- lished in 1551.] 1516 * * Corpus Christi College, Ox- ford, is founded by Bishop Fox of Win- chester. 1521 * * Scot. History of Great Britain, in Latin, by John Mair, appears. 1526 * * Scot. History of the Scots, in Latin, by Hector Boece, appears. [It is translated into English and published in 1536 by John Bellenden.] SOCIETY. 1489 * * Scot. The title, Baron Sempill, is created ; also Baron Sinclair and Baron Herries. [1492. Eng. Baron Wll- loughby de Broke.] 1494 * * Any two justices have the power to suppress unnecessary ale-houses. 1495 * * "Wages are regulated by law. A freemason, master carpenter, rough mason, bricklayer, mason tiler, plumber, glazier, carver, or joiner, are allowed from Easter to Michaelmas to take six pence a day without meat and drink, or with meat and. •drink, four pence ; from Michaelmas to Easter, to abate a penny ; a master having under him six men is allowed a penny a day extra. [1496. The law is repealed.] 1497 Sept. 21. Perkin Warbeck finds sanctuary at the monastery of Beaulieu, New Forest. 1501 Nov. 6. London. Prince Arthur, son of Henry VII., is married to Cather- ine of Aragon, at St. Paul's. 1503 June 25. Prince Henry [VIII.], aged 12, is betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, his brother's widow. * * Princess Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., marries James IV., King of Scotland. * * The privilege of sanctuary being much abused, is limited by the Pope at the request of King Henry VII. [1540. It is further limited.] 1504 * * The penalties for vagrancy are somewhat mitigated in cases of sickness and old age. 1508* * London. Avaricious King Henry extorts money from merchants by prosecutions under obsolete laws. * * Scot. The title. Earl of Eglinton, is created. [1509. Baron Elphinston, and Earl of Cassilis.] 1509 June 11. Henry VIII. marries Catherine of Aragon. [1533. Divorced.] * * The title, Baron Conyers, is created. [1523, Baron Vaux of Harrowden , Baron Windsor, Baron Braye, and Earl of Huntingdon.] STATE. 1485 June 23. Richard issues a proc- lamation against Henry Tudor. July 24. Richard establishes cavalry posts on the high-roads for the speedy conveyance of intelligence. * * Richard levies "benevolences" in disregard of the law recommended by himself. 1485-1603 House of Tudor. Aug. 22. Richard III. is killed at the battle of Bosworth Field. Henry Tudor, descendant of John of Gaunt, becomes King, as Henry VII. ; he is crowned on the battle-field. Oct. 30. London. Henry is again crowned at "Westminster, King of England and France. 1485-1508 Henry VII. reigns. * * Henry sends the Earl of "Warwick, Bon of the Duke of Clarence, to the Tower. * * Ire. The Duke of Bedford is ap- pointed lord lieutenant ; Gerald, Earl of Kildare, retains the office of deputy. 1486 Jan. 18. King Henry marries Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., thus uniting the red and white roses. * * Insurrection. (See Army.) * * The Star Chamber Court is institu- ted or revived. It is composed of the chancellor, Treasurer, keeper of the privy seal, with a bishop, a lord of the Council, and chief and other justices, and has juris- diction to punish certain offences with- out trial by jury. 1487 Insurrection. (See Army.) 1488 June 11. Scot. James m. , es- caping from the battle-field of Sauchie- burn, is killed by the rebel Borthwick. 1488-1583 Scot. James TV., son of James II., reigns. 1489 * * A law is made prohibiting any one from selling any hat for above 20 pence, or cap for above two shillings, eight pence. 1492 Nov. 9. The Peace of Etaples ends the war with France. * * Ire. Warbeck's rebellion. (See Army.) 1494* * Ire. The king's son, Henry, Duke of York, aged three years [later Henry VIII.], is appointed lord lieuten- ant; Sir Edward Poynings is appointed his deputy. [1496. Apr. * Henry Deane, bishop of Bangor, later, Gerald, Earl of Kildare, deputies.] Sept. 13. Ire. Poynings* s Law is passed at a parliament in Drogheda by Lord Deputy Poynings. It prohibits the convening of any par- liament, or the enacting of any law, in Ireland, unless first approved of by the king and his council. 1497 * * Insurrection. (See Army.) 1498 Aug. * A parliament at Trim enacts that custom-house laws passed in England shall be adopted in Ireland. 1502 Jan. * A treaty of perpetual peace is concluded between England and Scotland ; James is to marry Margaret, the daughter of Henry VII. 1504 * * "William Warham is made lord high chancellor. * * Ire. Gerald, Earl of Kildare, is ap- pointed deputy. * *The true English shilling is first coined by Henry VII. (?) 1508* * Edinburgh. James IV. grants the city a charter. 1509 Apr. 21. King Henry VII. dies. 1509-47 Henry Vm, son of Henry VII., reigns. * * Archbishop Warham, Bishops Fisher and Fox, the Earl of Surrey, Sir Edward Poynings, and Sir Thos. Lovel are among the ministers and advisers of the king. June 3. Henry VIII. marries Cather- ine of Aragon, sister of King Philip of Spain, and widow of his brother Arthur. 1510 Jan. 21. Parliament meets. [Feb. 23. Dissolved.] * * Thomas Wolsey becomes a member of the Council. 1511 Feb. 4. Parliament meets. [1513. Mar. 4. Dissolved.] * * Henry becomes a member of the Holy League with the Pope, Ferdinand of Aragon, and Venice, the object being to expel the French from Italy. * * Henry receives from the Pope the title " Most Christian King.'* 1513-42 Scot. James V., son of James IV., reigns. He being but one year old, his mother is made regent. [1514. She marries the Earl of Angus, head of the house of Douglas.] 1514 Feb. 5. Parliament meets. [1515. Dec. 22. Dissolved.] * * Thorn as "Wolsey becomes bishop of Lincoln and archbishop of York . [1515. He is made cardinal, and ap- pointed lord high chancellor.] 1515 * * Scot. The Duke of Albany becomes regent. 1521 * * Ire. Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and lord admiral of England, is appointed lord lieutenant. May 17. The Duke of Buckingham is executed after trial and condemnation for high treason. 1525* * Scot. The Earl of Angus usurps the ruling power while keeping the young king a captive. [1528. The king escapes. Angus and his family are banished.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1485* * London. Many people die of the Sudor Anglicus, or sweating sick- ness. 1490 June 17. Claret wine is first imported. 1499-1500 London. The plague being so dreadful. Henry VII. removes his court to Calais. 1502* * London. The Fleet ditch is navigable. 1505 * * Norwich is nearly consumed by fire. 1506 * * Sweating sickness breaks out again. In many of the chief towns half the inhabitants die, and Oxford is de- populated. 1522* * Ire. Many thousands die of the plague at Limerick. 1528,**-1546, July 16. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1534 * * Ire. The insurrection of the Fitzgeralds or Geraldines breaks out in Kildare. It is led by Thomas, son of the Earl of Kildare, known as '* Silken Thomas;" it is suppressed. [1537. Jan. 3. Five of the Fitzgeralds and" Silken Thomas" are hanged at Tyburn, London.] 1536 * * The insurrection against the suppression of monasteries, called the "Pilgrimage of Grace," begins. The 30,000 insurrectionists are sup- pressed by the royal forces under the Duke of Norfolk ; [Lord Darcy, Robert Aske, and other leaders are put to death.] 1542 Oct.* Scot. TheDukeof Norfolk, with an invading army of 20,000 men, ravages the country. Nov. 25. Battle of Solway Moss in Cumberland, " the rout of Solway Moss." The Scotch under Lord Maxwell are defeated by the English under Dacre and M usgrave ; a thousand of the Scotch are taken prisoners. 1544 May 5. Scot. The English, un- der the Earl of Hereford, with 200 ships, appear in the Frith of Forth, and attack and burn Leith and Edin- burgh. [They retire after devastating the country.] June * Fr. Henry "VTLT. comes with 45,000 men to assist the Emperor Charles V. in the reduction of France. July 18. A French fleet of 150 ships, under command of Annebaut, ravages the southeastern coast. They attempt to destroy Portsmouth, but are compelled to retire by Viscount Lisle, commanding the Great Harry and 60 other vessels. Aug.* -Sept. 14. Fr. Henry VHT. be- sieges and captures Boulogne, and then returns to England. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1540* * London. Barbers and sur- geons are united in one company. It is enacted that " no person using any shaving or barbery in London shaft oc- cupy any surgery, letting of blood, or other matter excepting only the drawing of teeth." * * Pins are brought from France; first used by Queen Catherine Howard. [1543. First made in England.] 1541 * * Dancing by cinque paces is in- troduced from Italy. 1543 * * Ralph Page and Peter Baude make cast iron in Sussex. * * The first cannon cast in England is made at Ucktield, Sussex, by Hugget. Mortars are also cast. 1544+ * * Pistols are first used by the cavalry of England. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1530+ * * Dunbar, Willian^poet, Scot., A70+. Morton, Earl of, James Douglas, regent, Scotland, born. Whitgift, Jolin, archbishop of Canterbury, b. 1633 Sept. 7. Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VTTL, queen, born. Moray, Earl of, Janus Stii;ut, rt'irent, Scot., b. 1535 July 6. More. Sir Thomas, theolo- gian, historian, statesman, A57. Cartwright, Thomas, I'uriian clergyman, b. Fisher. John, bishop of Rochester, lawyer. statesman, A76. Gascoigne, George, poet, born. 1536 * * Boetlhus, or Boece, Hector, histo- rian, A71. Bothvell, James husband of Mary Queen of Scots, born. Dorset, Earl of, Thomas Sackville, poet, statesman, born. Frobisher, Sir Martin, navigator, born. Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of Effing- ham, born. Tyndale, William, reformer, writer, A52. Walsirigliam. Sir Francis, statesman, born. 1537 * * Edward VI., King, born. Grey, Lady Jane, born. 1539 * * Gilbert, Sir H umpltrev, navigator, b. 1540± * * Barclay, William, jurist. Scot., b. liirde, William, conip., organist, born. Ciaig, Sir Thomas, lawyer, anliq., Scot., b. Cromwell. Thomas, Earl of Essex, states- man, A50. * * Drake, Sir Francis, navigator, born. Egerton, Thomas, Baron of Ellesmere, states- man, born. Gilbert, William, physicist, born. Vere, Thomas il<-, inis.viknicous writer, b. 1541± * * Essex, Karl of, Walter Devereux, statesman, general, born. 1543 Dec. 7 (8?). Mary Queen of Scots. Scotland, born. Allen, Thomas, mathematician, born. James V., king, Scotland, A30. Wyatt, Sir Thomas, poet, A39. 1544* * Audley, Thomas, Lord Chancellor, A56. Bodley, Sir Thomas, founder of Bodleian library, born. 1545 * * Bannatyne, George, antiquarian, Scotland, born. Harvey, Gabriel, author, born. Melville, Andrew, reformer, scholar, Scot., b. CHURCH. 1531 * * Henry VIII. declares the Eng- lish Church independent of Rome ; he is recognized as its head. 1533 * * Thomas Cranmer is appointed archbishop of Canterbury. 1534 Nov. 3. The Act of Supremacy is passed, severing the connection of the English Church "with Ronie. The king is the supreme head of the church. 1535 Apr. 29. The monks of the Charter-house are hanged and beheaded for refusing to acknowledge the king as head of the church. * *Persecution. All conscientious Catholics are liable to the death of traitors. * * Thomas Cromwell is appointed vicar- general to inspect monasteries. June * A commission visits the monasteries and reports much dissipation in the smaller ones. [1536. They are dissolved.] June 22. London. Bishop Fisher is executed for denying the king's spiritual supremacy. [July 6. Sir Thomas More, " the greatest thinker of his gen- eration,'* is executed for like cause.] * * Religious primers for private devo- tion, containing the Ten Commandments and Lord's Prayer, are published. *.*Ire. The Reformation is promoted by Archbishop George Browne. * *Coverdale's translation of the Bible is appointed to be read in all the churches. 1536 June 8. A convocation of Eng- lish clergy agrees to articles, which are published. It acknowledges transubstantiation, communion of one kind, vows of chas- tity, private masses, celibacy of the clergy, and auricular confession. Offend- ers are to be punished as heretics. June 9. The clergy of London agree upon a form of petition soliciting per- mission, to read the Bible for the people. Sept. * The Pilgrimage of Grace. An insurrection occurs of 30,000 men opposed to the dissolution of monaster- ies. [Oct. * They are subdued by the Dukeof Norfolk after taking Hull, York, and other towns.] * Henry VIII., with all England, is put under a papal interdict. [Published in 1538.] Catholics are absolved from alle- giance to the king. * "William Tyndale is burned at the stake. " Lord, open the King of Eng- land's eyes." * * Scot. The Reformation spreads. * * The clergy are excluded from Parlia- ment. * * A convocation of the National Churcb declares the doctrines of the Baptists to be detestable heresies. 1537 * * The Pilgrimage of Grace is revived. The religious insurgents opposed to the dissolution of the monasteries again take arms, but are promptly suppressed; and the leaders, several abbots, and many others are executed. * * Matthew's Bible a translation of the Bible into English, by John Rogers, ap- pears. 1538 Nov. 16. Henry VIII. proclaims that Thomas a Becket was no saint, but a rebel. * * Archbishop Cranmer is ordered to pro- ceed against the Baptists and burn their books. 1539 May 13. A hill is introduced in Parliament confiscating to the Crown the monastic institutions. [Six hundred and forty-five monaster- ies, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries, and 110 hospitals, having a revenue of £161,000, soon after fall. St. Bartholomew's monastery of London is changed into an hospital.] * * Scot. The Protestants are perse- cuted by the regent Cardinal Beaton. * * Parliament passes the Six Articles Statute defining heresy. It is heresy to deny (1) transubstan- tiation ; (2) communion in one kind to laymen ; (3) celibacy of the clergy; (4) inviolability of the vows of chastity ; (5) the necessity of private masses ; (6> the necessity of auricular confession. * * The enshrined bones of Thomas a Becket are burned by Henry VIII. * *The abbots of Glastonbury, Reading, and others, are executed. * * Two new versions of the Bible ap- pear, — Taverner's Bible, by Richard Taverner, and Cromwell's, or the Great Bible, by Miles Coverdale. * * The clergy are regulated by Parlia- ment. 1540 * * A revision of Tyndale's Bible (Cranmer's Bible), by Archbishop Cranmer, appears. 1541* *The words "Lord Pope" are stricken out of all English books. * * The see of Peterborough is created ; also Gloucester. [1542, Bristol; also Chester and Oxford.] * * Dublin. Christ's Church is made a deanery and chapter by Henry VIII. * * The privilege of sanctuary is moved from Manchester to Chester. 1542 Apr. 30. The Houses of Convo- cation approve the new creed, called the King's Book. [It becomes the stan- dard of English orthodoxy.] * * It. The tribunal of the Inquisition is established at Rome by Cardinal Ca- raffa. 1543 Jan. 16. Parliament forbids women, apprentices, etc., reading the New Testament in English. AND IRELAND. 1528, ** -1546, July 16. 869 * * Ire. Some of the English settlers em- brace the reformed religion. * * During Lent Henry VIII. permits the use of white meats by a proclamation. 1544* *The first English litany is commanded to be used in the Reformed churches by Henry VIII. 1546 Jan. 18. Aust. The Council of Trent assembles, and proceeds to pre- pare a confession of faith (p. 510). Mar. 29. Scot. George Wishart, re- former, is burned at St. Andrews. [May 29. Cardinal Beaton is murdered at the same place.] July 16. Anne Askew, an accom- plished Protestant lady, is burned for heresy after enduring torture. * * Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral is desecrated, and used as a law court. LETTERS. 1528 * * Scot. Sir David Lyndsay writes Lyndsay* s Dream. [1529, Lyndsay'' s Complaint ; 1530, The Testament of the Papiuge, or Popinjay; 1535, A Satire of the Three Estates; 1536, Answer to the . King's Flyting, Complaint and Public Confession of the King's Old Hound, and Bagsche; 1553, The Monarchic] * * The Dialogue and the Supplication of Souls, by Sir Thomas More, appear. 1530 * * The Practice of Prelates, by William Tyndale, appears. * * The Royal Injunctions, recording the views of Thomas Cromwell, mark the downfall of the old scholastic methods of study at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford. 1537* *A papal bull dedicates St. Mary*s College to the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Assumption, and adds en- dowments. 1538* * Sir Thomas Elyot produces the first Latin-English dictionary pub- lished in England ; he is the author also of The Governor, a treatise on education, The Castle of Health, and a Defence or Apology of Good Women. "1539 * * Regius Professorship is estab- lished at Cambridge ; also professor- ships of law, Hebrew, Greek, and physic. * * Professorships of divinity, law, med- icine, Hebrew, and Greek, are estab- lished at Oxford^ -* * Sir Thomas Wyatt writes Sonnets and Lyrics. He is the first writer-of son- nets in English, and the first writer of satires in classical form. ■* * Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, writes sonnets, lyrics, and satires. 1541 * * Ralph Roister Doister, a play, is written by Nicholas Udall; it is the earliest lcnown English comedy. 1544 * * Roger Ascham writes Toxophi- lus, a book on archery. SOCIETY. 1533 Jan. 25. nenry VIII. marries Anne Boleyn. [1536. May 19. Beheaded for infidelity.] June 1. London. The great conduit runs with white and claret wine, the whole afternoon, in honor of the wed- ding of Anne Boleyn. 1535 May 8. Henry VIII., having had his head shaved, commands all about his court to follow his example. * * Society punishes the poor. A vagrant a second time convicted is to lose the upper part of the gristle of his right ear ; a third time convicted, is to be put to death. 1536 May 20. Henry VIII. marries Jane Seymour, maid of honor to Anne Boleyn, on the day following the execu- tion of Anne. [1537. Oct. 24. She dies after the birth of her son Edward VI.] 1537 Dec. 5. The expulsion of Gipsies is ordered. * * Regulations for wakes are enacted. 1538 * * London. Bills of mortality are ordered to be kept. [1539. First com- piled.] * * Scot. James V. marries Mary of Guise. 1540 Jan. 6. Henry VIII. marries Anne of Cleves. [July* Divorced. July 28. He marries Catherine Howard. 1542. Feb. 12. Executed for treason.] * * The order of the Knights of Malta is suppressed. [1557. Restored.] * * Scot. The Order of the Thistle is instituted by James V. It consists of the sovereign and 12 knights, in imitation of Christ and his 12 apostles. [1543. The order is discon- tinued. 1637. Renewed.] 1541 May 27. The venerable Count- ess of Salisbury is beheaded, after resisting the executioner and being hor- ribly mangled. * * Margaret Davie, a young woman, is boiled to death for poisoning. * * A statue is enacted declaring all witchcraft and sorcery to be felony without benefit of clergy. * * Ire. The title, Baron Louth, is cre- ated. [1543, Baron Inchiquin.] 1542 Dec. 13. People deemed the bet- ter sort are permitted to read the Bible. * * Scot. Princess Mary, only eight days old, is sent to France. 1543 July 12. Henry VIII. marries Catherine Parr. [1548. Sept. * She dies.] 1545 * * Circulating slanderous libels is made a felony. * * The property of guilds is confiscated. 1546 May 29. Edinburgh. Cardinal Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrews, is assassinated at St. Andrews by the Protestants. STATE. 1529 Nov. 3. Parliament meets. [1536. Apr. 4. Dissolved.] * * Sir Thomas More is made lord chan- cellor, Cardinal Wolsey having incurred the king's displeasure. * * Ire. Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Rich- mond and Somerset, natural son of the king, is appointed lord lieutenant. 1532 May 17. Scot. A statute is passed instituting the Court of Session, the highest Scotch civil tribunal. * * Sir Thomas More resigns, and Sir Thomas Audley is made lord keeper of the seal. * * Thomas Cranmeris made arch- bishop of Canterbury, and one of the king's ministers and advisers. Thomas Cromwell is one of the king's favorites and ministers. 1533 * * Parliament fixes the price of beef and pork at a halfpenny a pound, and veal three farthings. 1534 Nov. 3. A Parliament meets, at which the Act of Supremacy is passed declaring the king the only supreme head of the church; and other acts are passed totally abolishing the papal power in England. 1536 * * An act is passed uniting and incorporating "Wales with England. June 8. Parliament meets. [July 18. Dissolved.] It passes an Act ratifying the divorce of Anne Boleyn, and declaring the issue of the king's former marriage illegiti- mate. * * Thomas Cromwell is made lord privy seal. 1539 Apr. 28. Parliament meets. [July 24. Dissolved.] * * Sir Edward Montague is appointed chief justice. 1540 * * Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Hen- ry, Earl of Surrey, Thomas, Lord Aud- ley, Bishop Gardiner, and Sir Ralph Sadler are ministers. July 28. Cromwell, Earl of Essex, is executed on a charge of treason. He had incurred the king's displeasure by rec- ommending the marriage with Anne of Cleves. * * Scot. The Hebrides are annexed by James V. 1541 Jan. 16. Parliament meets. [1544. Mar. 28. Dissolved.] 1542 * * Parliament : An act is passed making Ireland a kingdom. Henry assumes the title King of Ireland, in- stead of " lord of Ireland " used by previous kings. * * Parliament: Members are exempted from arrest on civil action. Dec. 13. Scot. James V. dies. 1542-67 Scot. Mary Queen of Scots reigns. She being an infant one week old, the Earl of Arran is made regent. 1543 Feb. 11. Henry forms an alli- ance with the Emperor Charles V. 1544 * * Thomas Wriothesley is ap- pointed lord high chancellor. * * Parliament declares Henry's daugh- ters, Mary and Elizabeth, heirs to the crown, in the event of Edward dying without issue. * * Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Lord Lisle, Sir William Petre, and Sir William Paget are the king's ministers. * * Ire. Anthony St. Leger is appointed deputy. 1545 Jan. 30. Parliament meets. [Dissolved at an uncertain date.] Nov. 23. Parliament meets. [1547. Jan. 31. Dissolved.] * * The coin is debased ; the rate of in- terest is fixed at 10 per cent. 1546 June 7. Peace is concluded with France ; England is to surrender Boulogne on the payment of a heavy former debt due by France. * * Sir Richard Lyster is appointed chief justice. * * * The king suppresses 645 monas- teries, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries and chapels, and 110 hospitals, and confis- cates their revenue, amounting ti> £161,100. MISCELLANEOUS. 1537 * * London. The Fishmongers* United Company is formed. 1544 * * Land is [said to have been] let generally for one shilling per acre. 1545 July 20. The Mary Rose from Portsmouth, bound for Spithead, is up- set in a squaU ; all on board drowned. 870 1546,**-1555,^ GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1547 Sept. * Scot. The Duke of Somer- set, with a fleet and 16,000 meu, invades the country. Sept. 10. Scot. Battle of Pinkie, near Edinburgh. The Duke of Somerset de- feats the Scotch under Earls Angus and Huntley ; Scotch loss, 10,000 killed. 1549 * * A rebellion breaks out in the southern and western counties. It is an uprising against the introduc- tion of the New Church liturgy, is suppressed by the royal forces under Lord Grey at Bridgewater, Somerset- shire ; the leaders are put to death. * * Robert Ket, a tanner and landowner of Norfolk, heads an insurrection against the new liturgy, and the M op- pression of the commons by the rich." He gathers an army of 20,000 men and attacks Norwich, setting fire to part of the city ; he is defeated at Dussing- dale by the royal troops under the Earl of Warwick, and, with other insurgent leaders, hanged. 1550 * * The regiment of Horse Guards is first raised. 1554 Feb. * Sir Thomas Wyatt, son of the poet, leads a rebellion of Kent men against the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip of Spam. [Feb. 6. He is taken prisoner. Apr. 11. Executed.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1550* * Pencils are made of black lead. 16th Century. Orlando Gibbons writes music for the Anglican service, as well as secular music. 1551+ * * The first regular comedy is performed in England. * * A musical sacred drama is first per- formed in an oratorio [hence its name] by St. Philip Neri. 1553 May 20. An expedition sails from the Thames under Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor to find a north- east passage to China. [He discovers Spitzbergen in the Arctic Ocean, and calls it Greenland, supposing it to be a part of the Western Continent.] * * The art of starching linen is brought into England by Mrs. Dinghein, a Flem- ish woman. 1554 Aug. 3. The first letter in Europe [known to be] sealed with sealing-wax, bears this date. ± * * Hus. The Arctic explorer, Richard Chancellor, in the Edward, reaches Archangel and Moscow ; the rest of the expedition have perished off the coast of Lapland. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1546 * * Beaton, David, cardinal, statesman, Scotland, A52. Darnley, Lord, Henry Stuart, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, Scotland, born. Elyot, Sir Thom;is, diplomatist, lexicog., A51. Wishart, ceortfe, martyr, reformer, Scot., b. 1547* * Baker, Peter, caligxaphist, one of the inveninrs of shorthand writing, born. Surrey, Earl of, Henry Howard, poet, dies. 1549 * * Savilr, Sir Henry, hist, and math.,b. Sternhold, Thomas, versifier of Psalms, born. 1550 * * Amidas, Philip, navigator, born. Bellenden, John, archdeacon of Moray, his- torian, Scotland, dies. Brown, Robert, Puritan theologian, founder of the Brownists, born. Lancaster, Sir James, navigator, born. Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, born. 1551 * * Camden, William, antiquary, born. 1552* * Ban-lav, Alexander, poet, Scot., A77. Coke. Sir Edward, jurist, statesman, born. Raleigh. Sir "Walter, poet, courtier, histo- rian, traveler, statesman, born. Somerset, Duke of, protector t A52. Spenser, Edmund, poet, born. 1553 * * Dudley, John, I Hike of Northumber- land, Karl of Warwick, statesman, A51. Edward VI., king, A16. Hakluyt, Richard, historian, geographer, b. Lilly, or Lyly, John, dramatist, born. 1554 Feb. i2. Grey, Lady Jane, claim- ant to the crown, A17+. Greville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, states- man, author, born. Hooker, Kiehard, clergyman, author, born. Sidney, Sir Philip, poet, courtier, states- Willoughby, Sir Hugh, arctic navigator, d. 1555 Oct. 16. Latimer, Hugh , reformer, martyr, A65. Nov. 12. Gardiner. Stephen, bishop of Winchester, lawyer, statesman, A72. Bradford, John, clergyman, martyr, dies. Hooper, John, reformer, martyr, A55. Lyndsay, Sir David, poet, Scotland, A55±. Ridley, Nicholas, bishop of London, mar- tyr, A 55. Rogers, John, clergyman, martyr, A55. CHURCH. 1546 * * Scot. The name Congregation of the Lord is taken by the Keformers headed by John Knox. [1547. John Knox becomes a preacher.] 1547 * * The six articles defining heresy are repealed. (See 1539.) * * Protestantism is formally established by Edward VI. A committee is ap- pointed to draw up a liturgy. 1548 Mar.* The Privy Council set forth a new commission office. Apr. 16. The reading of evening prayer in English begins in the chapel of King Edward. Dec. * The first prayer-book of Ed- ward approved by the Commons. [1549. Jan. * Lords approve.] * * A Book of Homilies, a manual for the use of ministers who are unable to com- pose sermons, is published by order of Archbishop Cranmer. [1563. A second book is published by order of Queen Elizabeth.] 1549 Jan. 15. The Uniformity Act th The words "so help me God and all ts " are no longer used in con- It establishes uniform the churches, and provides fine and im- prisonment as its penalties. [May 20. Operative.] Feb. 19. Parliament permits clergy- men to marry on the ground that it is less evil than compulsory chastity. Apr. 12. Joan of Kent, an Anabaptist, is condemned to be burned. July 2. Vicar Welsh, of St. Thomas's, Exeter, is hanged on the tower of his church as a Cornish rebel. Aug. * An insurrection in Devon and Cornwall against the Protestant lit- urgy is defeated by Lord Russell. * * John Knox finds shelter in England, and is offered a bishopric in Northum- berland. [Refuses.] * * The first Book of Common Prayer is issued. * * The offices of morning and evening prayer are set forth [in nearly their present form]. * * The English liturgy is completed, superseding the Latin missal, and estab- lished by Act of Parliament. * * A new form of ordination of minis- ters is prepared by a committee of six prelates and six divines. * * The communion service is instituted [as now observed in the Church of Eng- land]. 1550 It. Julius III. is elected pope. [1555, Marcellus II. ; later, Paul IV.; 1659, Pius IV.] * * Ire. Thomas Lancaster becomes the first Protestant bishop of Kildare. luding an oath. 1551 Mar. 8. John Hooper is con- secrated bishop of Gloucester. [1552. Bishop of Worcester.] * * Protestantism is established by order of the king. * * Ire. The Irish bishops are summoned before the deputy, Sir Anthony St. Le- ger, to receive the new English liturgy which is to supersede the Latin Service Book. * * At the solicitation of Calvin and others the liturgy is revised and altered. 1552 Nov. * The second prayer-book is issued. * * The Church of England retains the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian creeds, with 42 articles of religion. * * Parliament confirms the Act of Uni- formity of 1549. [1554. Repealed by Mary.] 1553 May* The Articles of Faith. drawn up by Cranmer are ratified by convocation and signed by the king. * * Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral is restored to church uses. 1553-58 The Reformation is annulled, and Roman Catholicism is restored by Mary ; the Catholic bishops are again in ascendancy. 1554 * * Persecution of Protestants by Mary begins. [More than 300 are put to death in five years.] Feb. 6. John Wyatt and others are executed as heretics. Nov. 20. The assembled Parliament at Lambeth is solemnly absolved, and the nation reconciled to Rome. Pec. 6. Cardinal Pole, the pope's legate, absolves and reconciles the clergy in convocation. [Dec. 24. Restores their church property.] * * Seven bishops are deprived of their office for being married. 1555 Feb. 4. London. John Rogers, prebendary of St. Paul's, and the proto- martyr, is burned at Smithfield. Feb. 9. Bishop John Hooper is burned at Gloucester; also Bishop Taylor. [Mar. 30. Bishop Farrar is burned at Carmarthen, Wales.] Oct. 16. Nicholas Ridley, bishop of London, and Hugh Latimer, bishop of Worcester, are burned at Oxford. Dec. 18. John Philpot, a Reformer, is burned at Smithfield. * * Cruel Persecution of Protestants. During three years of Mary's reign 277 persons are brought to the stake, be- sides those punished by imprisonment, fines, and confiscations. Among those who suffer by fire are five bishops, 21 clergymen, eight lay gentlemen, 84 tradesmen, 100 husbandmen, servants, and laborers, 55 women, and four chil- dren. The principal agents of the queen are the Bishops Gardiner and Bonner. (Haydn.) LETTERS. 1546 * * Trinity College, Cambridge, iff endowed by Henry VIII. 1547 * * The journals of the House of Commons are begun. * * St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, is estab- lished. AND IRELAND. 1546,**-1555, 871 1548 * * John Bale writes in Latin the Summary of the Illustrious Writers of Great Britain; it is the first serious at- tempt at a history of English literature. 1550r * * Hugh Latimer writes vol- * * Ire. Humphrey Powell publishes the Liturgy, the first book printed in Ire- land. (?) 1552 * * ShenfieloVs grammar-school, Leeds, is founded. 1553 * * A grammar-school is founded at Birmingham by King Edward VI. * * Books of astronomy and geometry are destroyed because it is alleged they are infected with magic. * * Thomas Wilson writes Rhetoric and Logic; it is the first systematic treatise on the English language. 1554* * Trinity College, Oxford, is founded. [1555. St. John's College.] * * George Cavendish writes the Life of Wolsey. 1547 * * The name Merry- Andrew is first given to Andrew Horde, a physician, because of his facetious manners. * * An act respecting runaways is passed. It enacted that a runaway, or any one who lived idly for three days, should be brought before two justices of the peace, and marked V with a hot iron on the breast, and adjudged the slave of him who bought him for two years. * * London. The Bethlehem Hospital for lunatics is incorporated. [It is the old- est in the world.] * * The title, Duke of Somerset, is cre- ated. [1550. Viscount of Hereford; 1551, Marquis of Winchester, and the Earl of Pembroke and Montford (1605); 1553, Earl of Devon ; 1554, Baron North ; 1559, Baron St. John of Bletsoe.] 1540 Aug. 6. An annual festival is established at Exeter. 1550* * Ire. The title, Viscount of Mountgarret, is created. * *The Family of Love, founded by- David George, an Anabaptist of Holland, called also Phijadelphians, from the love they profess to bear to all men, as- semble at Brewhouse Yard, Nottingham. 1551-52 The first license law is passed. It requires that none shall keep ale- houses who are not authorized to do so by the Sessions of the Peace or two jus- tices, and those permitted or licensed are to give bond for good order, and are not to allow unlawful gaming. Any per- son selling without license is to be fined 20 shillings. 1553 * * Dublin. In a trial by combat in Dublin Castle, before the lords, jus- tices, and council, between Connor Mac- Cormack O'Connor and Teig Mac-Gilpat- rick O'Connor, the former has his head cut off, and presented to the lords. 1553-54 It is enacted that none shall sell wines excepting in cities and mar- ket-towns, and then only in restricted numbers and under licenses issued by the mayors and sessions respectively ; the penalty for unlawful selling is £5. * * London. Forty taverns and public houses are allowed in the city, and three in Westminster. * * London. Christ's hospital is founded by King Edward VI. * * Elizabeth Croft, a girl of IS years of age, is secreted in a wall, and, with a whistle made for the purpose, utters many seditious speeches against the queen and the prince, and also against the mass and confession, for which she does penance. STATE. 1547 Jan. 19. The Earl of Surrey is beheaded on a charge of high treason. Jan. 28. Henry VIII. dies. 1547-53 Edward VI., son of Henry VIII., reigns. Ministers: Lord Wriothesley, as lord chancellor ; the Earl of Hertford, who is made Duke of Somerset and lord protector ; Cranmer, Archbishop of Can- terbury ; Lord Kussel, the Karl of Arun- del, Lord Seymour, Sir William Paget, Sir William Petre, and others. Nov. 4. Parliament meets. [1552. Apr. 15. Dissolved.] * * William St. John is appointed lord keeper. [Richard Rich, lord high chancellor.] 1548 * * Ire. Sir Edward Bellingham is appointed deputy. Aug. 7. Scot. Mary Queen of Scots, escorted by a French fleet, sets sail at Dumbarton for France. [Aug. 13. She lands at Brest.] Nov. 15. Ire. Sir Francis Bryan is ap- pointed lord marshal. * * Posting is fixed at a penny a mile. 1549 Jan. 15. Parliament : The Uni- formity Act. (See Church.) * * Dublin. Bailiff is changed to sheriff, and. John Ryan and Comyn are the first appointed. Mar. 20. Sir Thomas Seymour, after being attainted of treason without a hearing, is beheaded on the charge of seeking to marry the Princess Elizabeth. Oct. * Somerset is deprived of the office of protector [and sent a prisoner to the Tower ; the Earl of "Warwick becomes protector]. * * Francis Russel, son of the Earl of Bedford, sits in the House of Commons — the first time for a peer's eldest son. * * Ire. Sir Francis Bryan is chosen dep- uty by the Irish Privy Council. [1549. Feb. 2. He dies. 1550. Sir William Brabazon is chosen to succeed him.] 1551* * The Earl of "Warwick, the Earl of Bedford. Bishop Goodrich, and Sir William Cecil are ministers. * * Thomas Goodrich is appointed keeper of the great seal. * * Ire. Anthony St. Leger is again ap- pointed deputy. 1552 Jan. 22. The Duke of Somerset is beheaded on a charge of treason. * * Thomas Goodrich is appointed lord high chancellor ; Sir Roger Cholmely chief justice. 1553 Mar. 1. Parliament is opened. [Mar. 31. Dissolved.] * * Northumberland intrigues to settle the crown on his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, the granddaughter of Mary, sister of Henry VIII. ; he persuades King Edward to sign a will bequeathing the crown to her. * * Ire. The office of Ulster king-of- arms, chief heraldic officer, is created by letters patent. July 6. King Edward VI. dies, aged 16 years. July 10-19. Through the influence of Northumberland and others, Lady Jane Grey reigns as queen. July 19. Mary, daughter of Henry Vin. and Catherine of Aragon, Is pro- claimed queen. [She is by some called " the bloody.'* Oct. 1. She is crowned.] 1553-58 Mary reigns. Aug. 22. The Duke of Northumber- land and others, after trial and convic- tion, are executed for high treason in connection with the proclaiming of Lady Jane Grey. Aug. 23. Bishop Stephen Gardiner is appointed lord high chancellor. Oct. 5. Parliament meets. [Dec. 3. Dissolved.] * * A treaty of marriage between Queen Mary and Prince Philip of Spain [later Philip II.] is concluded. Philip is to have the title of King of England, without authority in its gov- ernment, or right of succession to the English crown ; the treaty excites much popular opposition, in which Sir Thomas Carew, the Duke of Suffolk, and Sir Thomas Wyatt are leaders. Nov. 13. Lady Jane Grey, Archbishop Cranmer, and others, are arraigned on charges of high treason. [1554. Feb. 12. Lady Jane Grey is executed.] * * Sir Thomas Bromley is made chief justice. 1554 Mar. 18. The Princess Eliza- beth, daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, is sent a prisoner to the Tower. Apr. 2. Parliament opens. [May 5. Dis- solved.] Apr. 11. Sir Thomas "Wyatt is executed. Apr. * Scot. Mary Queen of Scots ap- points her mother, Mary of Guise, re- gent. July 19. Philip of Spain lands in Eng- land. [Sept. * He leaves.] July 25. Queen Mary marries Philip of Spain. Nov. 12. Parliament meets. [1555. Jan. 16. Dissolved.] * * Sir William Portman is appointed chief justice. * * Ministers : Gardiner, Bishop of "Win- chester ; Bonner, Bishop of London ; William, Marquis of Winchester; and Sir Edward Hastings. * * London. The Uniformity Act is re- pealed. 1555 Jan. * The Princess Elizabeth is released from prison. June * Ire. Pope Paul IV. issues a bull confirming the title of Ireland as a kingdom. Oct. 21. Parliament meets. [Dec. 9. Dissolved.] * * Ire. Thomas Badcliffe, ViscountFitz- walters, is appointed lord lieutenant. MISCELLANEOUS. 1550 ** JT. Afr. English merchants visit Guinea. * * The Turkey trade commences. 1551* * The sweating sickness appears for the fifth time. Apr. 16. A pestilence breaks out at Shrewsbury. 1553 * * London. The Russian trading company is established. 1554 Mar. 1. Queen Mary's household expenses include 15 shillings given to a yeoman for bringing her a leek this day. 1555* * London. Poultry Compter [one of the old city prisons] is made a prison-house. 872 1555, ** -1570, Feb. 25. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1557 Aug. 10. Fr. The English and Spaniards defeat the French at St. Quentin (p. 682). 1558 Jan. 8. Fr. The French take Calais (p. 682). July 13. Fr. The English, with twelve ships under Adm. Malin, and the Span- ish under Count Egmont, defeat the French under Marshal de Thermes at Gravelines. 1559 June 25. Scot. The reformers take Perth, which had been held by a French garrison under Mary Queen of Scots. 1564* * Ire. Shane (John) O'Neill, the Proud, makes war against the author- ity of the English in Ulster, and devas- tates a part of that province. [1567. June 2. He is defeated in battle by the Ulster chief, O'Donnell.] * * The Catholic earls, Northumberland and Westmoreland, head an unsuccess- ful insurrection to " reestablish the religion of their ancestors." 1568 May 13. Scot. Battle of Lang- side, near Glasgow. The regent, Earl of Murray, defeats Mary Queen of Scots, who had escaped from prison in Loch Leven Castle, Kin- ross, and raised an army 6,000 strong ; Mary escapes [and four days after the battle flees to England.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1555 * * Rude carriages are used. 1557 * * London. The manufacture of glass is begun at Crutched-friars. Glass bottles are first manufactured. 1560 * * Sewing-needles are made by Chreening. 1561 Jan. 18. London. The first tra- gedy, entitled Gorboduc, by Thomas Sackville,is performed at Whitehall be- fore the queen. 1563 * * London. Knives are first made by Matthews of Fleet Bridge. 1564± * * Knit worsted stockings are first made in England. 1566 June 7. London. The founda- tion of the Royal Exchange is laid by Sir Thomas Gresham. 1567 * * London. Physic gardens are first planted by John Gerard, a surgeon. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1556 Mar. 21. Cramner. Thomas, arch- bishop of Canterbury, statesman, A67. Lodge, Thomas, poet, born. Udall, Nirhnlas, dramatist, A50. 1557 * * Cabot, Sebastian, navigator, A81±. Chapman, George, poet, dramatist, born. Cheke, Sir John, statesman, scholar, A43. 1558 Nov. 17. Mary I., queen, A42. Nov. 18. Pole. Reginald, cardinal, statesman, A58. Peele, George, poet, born. 1560 * * Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, b. Greene, Robert, poet, dramatist, born. Harriott, Thomas, mat he matiinaii, astron., b. 1561 Jan. 23. Bacon. Francis. Lord Verulam, lawyer, statesman, phil., born. Briggs, Henry, mathematician, born. Harintrton, Sir John, translator, born. Liddel, Imuran, phvsieian, math., born. 1562* * Abbot, George, archbishop of Can- terbury, born. Spelman, Sir Henry, historian, antiquary, b. Daniel, Samuel, poet, born. 1563* * Rale, John, bishop of Ossory, re- former, author, A68. Drayton, Michael, poet, born. 1564 Apr.* Shakespeare, "William, poet, dramatist, actor, born at Stratford-upon- Avon, Warwickshire. Cavendish, or Candish, Thomas, navigator, b. Marlowe, Christopher, dramatist, born. Nash, Thomas, dramatist, born. 1565* * Ales, or Alane, Alexander, theolo- gian, reformer, Scotland, A65. 1566 June 19. James VI. [James 1., Eng- land], king, Scotland, born. Alleyn, Edward, schqlar, actor, friend of Shakespeare, fdr. of Dulwich college, b Boyle, Richard, "the great Earl of Cork," soldier, statesman, born. 1567* * Darnley, Lord Henry, husband of Mary Queen of Sects, A21. Essex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, courtier, general, born, f 1601. Dies, A34 ] O'Neill, Shane, chieftain, Ireland, dies. 1568 * * Ascham, Roger, lecturer, school- master, author, A53. "Wotton, Sir Henry, wit, poet, dijilomatist, b. 1569* * Bonner, Edmund, bishop of Lon- don, lawyer, statesman, A69. Davies, Sir John, poet, statesman, born. CHURCH. 1555* * London. Dissenting meetings which are essentially congregational are held. * * Scot. John Knox, having returned from Geneva, gathers a congregation, 1556 Mar. 21. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at Oxford. Mar. 22. Cardinal Reginald Pole suc- ceeds Cranmer as archbishop of Can- terbury. * * London. The Abbey of "Westmin- ster is reestablished by Mary. 1567 Dec. 3. Edinburgh. The First Covenant is signed. The mass of the signers is known as the congregation, the nobility, and lead- ing subsentries as the lords of the con- gregation. 1558 * * The queen orders the church services to be read in English. * * Rise of the Puritans. 1558-1603 Roman Catholicism is abol- ished, and Protestantism is restored. Puritan dissensions begin. 1559 May 31. Scot. The Second Covenant is signed at Perth. The former covenant having met with dissimulation and treachery, the Scotch bind themselves to render mutual assist- ance in the defence of religious rights. June 24. The use of the prayer-book of 1552 is made binding in the churches. Dec. 17. Matthew Parker is conse- crated archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth by four bishops in regular form. The "Nag's Head Story ' al- leged that he was consecrated at the Nag's Head Tavern, Cheapside. He is a firm opponent of Puritanism. * * Parliament restores to the crown its ancient ecclesiastical jurisdiction. * * Queen Elizabeth demands the title " Supreme Governor of the Church " on the earth. * * Uniformity in religion is reenacted. Conformity is exacted in Scotland. 1560 Apr. * Scot. The Privy Council appoints John Knox and four others *' to commit to writing their judgments touching the reformation of religion." [They issue for the Scotch church the First Book of Discipline, which is re- jected by the nobles, who cling to the patrimony of the old church.] * * Scot. The Reformation is estab- lished under John Knox. Aug. 17-24. Edinburgh. The Scotch estates abolish Roman Catholicism, and adopt a confession of faith Dec. 20. Edinburr/h. The first Gen- eral Assembly of the Scottish Church opens, consisting of six ministers and 34 laymen. * * London. "Westminster Abbey is made a collegiate church by Elizabeth. 1561 June 15. London. The massy spire of St. Paul's Church, 460 feet high, is struck by lightning and consumed. * * Scot. The Reformers organize them- selves into "the Congregation of the Lord." Having defeated in battle the queen- mother, Mary of Guise, their Parlia- ment replaces bishops with "superin- tendents," after the Genevese model. 1562 Aug. * The papacy pronounces the joining in the common prayer schis- matical, and forbids attendance of Cath- olics at church. * * Separatists begin to appear. 1563 Mar. 26. A bill is introduced into Parliament permitting the Bible and the church service to be translated into the Welsh and British tongues, and used in the Church of Wales. * * The Anglican Church, or Church of England, is Established. The convocation of the clergy arranges ■ and agrees to the Thirty-nine Articles, but the queen quietly interpolates the opening clause of Article XX. before ratifying them. 1563-1608 Many Puritans emigrate to Holland. Dissenters or non-conformists abound as Presbyterians, Puritans, Brownists, Separatists, etc. 1564 Jan. 26. It. The Pope issues a bull confirming the decrees of the Coun- cil of Trent. 4- * *ThenamePuritan becomes common. It is given to persons who aim at greater purity of doctrine, a more holy life, and stricter discipline than others. 1566 * * Scruples against the surplice leads to a formal schism. * * //. St. Pius V. is elected pope. [1572, Gregory XIII.; 1585, Sixtus V.] 1567 * * Separatists are committed to Blackw.ell for assembling in worship. 1568 * * Archbishop Matthew Parker publishes The His hop's Bible. 1570 Feb. 25. The Pope issues a buU of excommunication against Eliza- beth. He anathematizes her and her adher- ents as heretics, absolving her subjects from their allegiance, enjoins them not to obey her commands. It leads to an- other schism. LETTERS. 1556* * London. The Company of Stationers, in existence long before the introduction of printing, is incorporated, and has powers to repress obnoxious publications. 1557 * * Scot. First Blast of the Trum- pet against the Monstrous -Regiment of Women, an invective against Mary Queen of Scots and Queen Mary of Eng- land, by John Knox, appears. * * Miscellany of Uncertain Authors, by Richard Tottel, appears. 1558 * * Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, is enlarged by Dr. John Caius. 1559* *The Mirror for Magistrates, by Thomas Sackville, appears. 1560 * * London. The Outer Temple is made an Inn of Court. * * Queen Elizabeth founds "Westmin- ster School, or St. Peter's College, for preparing 40 boys — the queen's scholars — for the university. AND IRELAND. 1555,* *-1570,Feb. 25. 873 1561* * Richard Edwards writes the comedies, Damon and Pythias, Palamou and Arctte, and the poem Paradise of Dainty Devices. 1562* * John Heywood writes his Epi- grams and Proverbs. * * Apologia Ecclesise Anglicanse, by John Jewel, appears. * * A translation of nine books of Vergil's JEneid, by Thomas Phaer, appears. 1563 * * London. Furnival's Tnn of Court is established. * * Tancred and Grtsmnndc is produced. * * Book of Martyrs, by John Fox, appears. * * The drama Appius and Virginius is produced. 1564 * * Edinburgh. Highgate School is founded by Sir Roger Cholmeley. 1566 * * Two plays, The Supposes, a translation from Ariosto, and Jocasta, an adaptation from Euripides, are pro- duced by George Gascoigne. 1567* * Rugby School is founded by Lawrence Sheriff, a tradesman of Lon- don. 1568 * * Roger Ascham completes his work on education, The Schoolmaster. [1570. Published.] SOCIETY. 1556 * * Crime increases. Men of rank become robbers. Fifty robbers are hanged at one time at Oxford. 1557 Mar. 6. Lord Stourton is hanged at Salisbury in a halter of silk to mark his dignity. 1558 * * London. Citizens' wives who are not aldermen's wives, nor gentle- women by descent, are obliged to wear minever caps, being white woolen, knit three-cornered, with peaks project- ing three or four inches beyond their foreheads ; aldermen's wives wear them made of velvet. 1559* *The Poor Knights of Windsor, or Alms Knights, are established by Elizabeth. 1560 * * A pair of knit black silk stock- ings is presented to Queen Elizabeth by her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague [and she never wears cloth ones any more.] 1561 * * A commission is appointed to consider the question of social pauper- ism. 1562 Oct.* The slave-trade is begun. Sir John Hawkins sails with an expe- dition to the coast of Africa and secures a cargo of negroes [which he takes to the West Indies and sells.] * * A statute against witchcraft is issued. * * Forgery of deeds, or giving forged deeds in evidence, is made punishable by fine, by standing in the pillory, having both ears cut oft, the nostrils slit up and seared, the forfeiture of land, and per- petual imprisonment. * * Scot. The title, Earl of Moray, is created. [1564, Baron Torphiehen ; 1565, Earl of Mar and Kellie (1619). * * An act is passed requiring the mayors of the towns and church wardens to draw up lists of all inhabitants able to contribute for the relief of the poor, and enforce payments. * * London. An inquisition officially taken by order of Queen Elizabeth dis- closes only 58 Scotchmen in the city. 1563 * * A severe statute against sorcer- ers is passed. 1566 Mar. 9. Edinburgh. David Biz- zio, Queen Mary's confidential secretary and favorite, is murdered in her pres- ence by Mary's husband, Lord Darnley. * * London. Two marshals are ap- pointed to clear the streets of vagrants, and to send the sick, blind, and lame to asylums and hospitals for relief. 1569 Jan. 11-May 6. A lottery [the first mentioned in English history] is held at the western door of St. Paul's Cathedral. It contains 40,000 "lots" at 10s. each lot; the prizes are pieces of plate, and the profits are for repairing the harbors. STATE. 1556 * * Nicholas Heath is appointed lord chancellor; Sir Edward Saunders, chief justice. 1557 Mar. * Philip returns to Eng- land. June * Dublin. A Parliament is con- vened. Acts are passed confiscating for royal use the districts of Leix and Offaly, giv- ing them the names King's County and Queen's County, and giving to the forts Dingen and Leix the names of Philips- town and Maryborough, in honor of the king and queen. 1558 Jan. 30. Parliament meets. [Nov. 17. Dissolved.] Apr. 24. Paris. Mary Queen of Scots is married at the Cathedral of Notre Dame to Francis, son of the French King Henry II. Oct.* Edinburgh. A Parliament meets at which the title, "King and Queen of Scotland," is conferred on Francis and Mary. Nov. 17. Queen Mary dies. 1558-1603 Elizabeth reigns. She is the daughter of Henry VIII. 1559. Jan. 15. Crowned ; she assumes the title semper eadem. Dec. 22. Sir Nicholas Bacon is ap- pointed lord high chancellor. * * Ire. Sir Henry Sidney is appointed Deputy. * * Ministers: Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Edward Clinton, Sir Robert Dudley, and Sir William Cecil. 1559 Jan. 21. Parliament meets. [May 8. Dissolved.] Statutes are passed repealing the Catholic legislation of Mary, declaring the queen head of the Church of Eng- land, and reenacting the laws of King Edward relating to religion. Jan.± * Mary Queen of Scots and her husband, Francis, assume the title of King and Queen of Scotland, England, and Ireland, Mary being great-grand- daughter of the English King Henry VII. Apr. 23. Fr. The Treaty of Le Cha- teau-Cambre'sis is concluded between Elizabeth and the kings of France and Spain ; it postpones for eight years the restoration of Calais to England. Aug. * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Sussex, is appointed lord deputy. * * Sir Robert Catlyn is appointed chief justice. 1560 July 6. Edinburgh. A treaty be- tween Scotland and France and Eng- land, is signed. It stipulates that the King and Queen of France and Scotland shall abstain from bearing the arms of England, or assuming the title of the English sov- ereignty. [Only partly ratified.] Dec. 5. Fr. Francis U., husband of Mary Queen of Scots, dies. * * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Sussex, is ap- pointed lord lieutenant. * * Ire. A shilling is struck, worth nine pence, but it is to be current at twelve. 1561 Aug. 19. Scot. Mary arrives in Leith after an absence of 13 years in France. [She is strongly opposed by the Calvinists.J 1562 * * Ire. The country is divided into counties. 1563 Jan. 11. Parliament meets. [1567. Jan. 2. Dissolved.] 1564 Apr. 29. Fr. The Peace of Troyes is concluded with France. Eng- land, for the sum of 'J20.000 crowns, aban- dons her claim to Calais. * * Lord Robert Dudley, who is a fa- vorite of the queen, is created Earl of Leicester. * * The name Puritans is first used. It is applied to those who refuse to conform to the liturgy of the English church, and who adopt simpler forms of worship and a strict discipline of con duct. 1565 July 29. Scot. Mary marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley ; they are styled king and queen of Scotland. 1567 Feb. 10. Scot. Lord Darnley is killed by a gunpowder explosion at the Kirk of Field, near Edinburgh ; Mary is charged with complicity in the deed. May 15. Scot. Mary marries James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who is accused of the murder of Darnley. June 15. Scot. Mary is made pris- oner by her nobles at the head of an armed force at Carberry hill. June 23. Scot. Mary, a prisoner in Loch Leven Castle, signs an abdication in favor of her son, James VI., one year old. Aug. 22. Scot. The Earl of Murray is proclaimed regent. 1568 May 2. Scot. Mary escapes from Loch Leven Castle. May 16. Scot. Mary, after the defeat of her army at Langside, crosses the Solway into England. [July 15. She is sent a prisoner to Bolton Castle, York- shire.] 1569 Jan. 26. Mary is removed from Bolton Castle to Tutbury, Staffordshire. 1570 Jan. 23. Scot. The regent Mur- ray is assassinated at Linlithgow by Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh. MISCELLANEOUS. 1556 * * Sealing-wax is introduced. 1557 July 15. Great dearth of bread- stuffs is reported ; wheat is £2 13s. 4tf. per quarter. * * Fatal, or Black, Oxford Assizes. The high sheriff and 300 persons die suddenly of an infection from the pris- oners. 1558* * London. The Salters* Com- pany is formed. [1564. The Merchant Adventurers'.] 1559 * * Liverpool is a paved town. 1560 * * Milk is sold, three pints ale measure, for one halfpenny. 1563 Aug. 2. London. The plague becomes a great scourge. 1564 * * Excitement attends the intro- duction of carriages. 1565 * * Potatoes are [said to have been] brought to England from Santa Fe, New Mexico, by Sir John Hawkins. [1586. Also by Sir Francis Drake.] * * An aulnager (measurer) is stationed at Manchester. 1567 * * Flemish dyers, cloth-drapers, linen-makers, silk-throwers, etc., settle at Canterbury, Norwich, Colchester. Southampton, and other places, on ac- count of the Duke of Alva's persecution. 874 1570, * *-1586, Oct. 29. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1574-83 Ire. The Desmond revolt against persecution of the Catholics is led by James Fitzmaurice and his kins- man, the Earl of Desmond. 1577 * * Ire. The Castle of Carlo sur- renders to Rory Oge O'More, after a siege. 1579 July * Ire. James Fitzmaurice lands in Kerry with 800 Italians and Spaniards to right for the Catholics. [They are treacherously lured into a surrender, and slaughtered by the queen's forces under the guidance of the Earl of Ormonde. [1583, Desmond is surprised, captured, and killed, his head sent to England, and exposed to public view on London Bridge.] 1585 * * "War with Spain follows Eng- lish aggression in the Netherlands. 1586 * * W. I. Sir Francis Drake at- tacks and captures San Domingo, Car- thagena, and several other Spanish Sept. 22. Neth. The Spanish and Dutch under the Prince of Parma are defeated at Zutphen by the English under the Earl of Leicester and Sir Philip Sidney. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. ± * * Leonard Digges dies ; alleged to have arranged glass lenses so that he could see very distant objects. 1571 Feb. 17. An earthquake at Herefordshire removes a hill of 26 acres a considerable distance. * * London. A Society of Antiquari- ans is formed by Bishop Parker and others for the preservation of national antiquities. [1604. Broken up by King James I.] 1574 May 10. Queen Elizabeth licenses the performance of stage plays. Nov. 14. A remarkable aurora bore- alis appears. 1575 Jan. 22. Queen Elizabeth grants an exclusive patent for printing music to Thomas Tallis and William Byrde for 21 years. 1576* * London. Blackfriars Theater, the first regular theater, is built by the Earl of Leicester's servants. * * The notion of the earth's magnetism is suggested by William Gilbert. * * London. Robert Norman discovers the dip of the magnetic needle. * * Sir Martin Frobisher makes an at- tempt to find a Northwest Passage to China. [1577. He sails again in search of gold.] Dec. 13. Francis Drake commences his voyage around the world. [1580. Nov. 3. He completes his undertaking.] 1578 Spring. London. A "mineral man" pronounces a stone brought from Meta Incognita [Labrador] to be gold, and 15 vessels sail with gold-seekers. [They return with worthless cargoes.] 1579 * * The art of staining linen is known. 1580 Apr. 6. An earthquake is felt throughout England ; bells ring and chimneys fall ; parts of St. Paul's and the Temple Churches in London fall. * * The first paper-mills are erected at Dartford by Sir John Speiiman, a Ger- man. (1588?) 1582 * * The Gregorian reformation of the calendar is adopted in most of the Catholic states of the Continent ; [but not in England until 1752]. 1585* * London. The "Fellowship for the Discovery of the Northwest Pas- sage " is organized. * * Greenland is discovered by Sir Fran- cis Drake. * * Capt. John Davis's expedition sails to find the Northwest Passage. [1586 and 1587. Sails again.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. Middleton, Thomas, dramatist, borni. Murray, or Moray, Earl of, James Stuart, regent, Scotland, A37. 1571 * * Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury, author, A49. 1573 Nov. 24. Knox, John, reformer, Scotland, A67. Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, dies. 1573 Oct. 7. Laud, William, archbishop of Canterbury, statesman, born. Jonson. Ben. poel, dramatist, actor, born. Donne, John, dean of St. Paul's, preacher, poet, born. Kirkaldy, Sir William, statesman, Scot., d. Southampton, Earl of, Henry Wriothesley, statesman, born. 1574 * * Barnfield, Richard, poet, born. Hall, Joseph, bishop of Norwich, author, b. Parker. Matthew, archbishop of Canter- bury, reformer, A71. 1575 * * Stuart, Arabella, cousin of James I. of England, born. Marston, John, poet, dramatist, born. 1576* * Both well. Earl of, James Hep- burn, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, Scotland, A50. Burton, KoIhtI, philosopher, author, born. Dekker, Thomas, dramatist, pamphleteer, b. 1577 * * Coryatt, Thomas, traveler, born. Purchas, Samuel, clergyman, author, born. Sandys, George, traveler, born. 1578 Apr. 1. Harvey. William, physi- cian, discoverer of the circulation of the blood, born. 1579 * * Smith, John, traveler, explorer, his- torian, born. Fletcher, John, dramatist, poet, born. 1580* * Alexander, Sir William, Earl of Stirling, poet, Scotland, born. Anderson, Alexander, mathematician, born. Cameron, John, el., scholar, Scotland, born, Holinshed, Raphael, chronicler, dies. Taylor, John, " the Water Poet," born. Usher, or TJssher. James, archbishop of Armagh, scliol., hist., antiq., chron., Ire., b. 1581 * * Gunter, Kduiund, math., astron., b. Morton, Earl of, James Douglas, regent, Scotland, A51. Wilson, Thomas, dean of Durham, rhetori- cian, dies. 1582 * * Buchanan, George, historian, poet, Scotland, A76. Corbet, Richard, poet, born. Fiennes, Wm., Lord Saye and Sele, states- Eleieher, l'hineas, religions poet, born. Juxon, William, andibp. of Canterbury, b. 1583 Sept. 9. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, nav- igator, A44+. Palfour, Sir James, judge, Scotland, dies. Digges, Sir Dudley, statesman, born. Cibhons, Orlando, organist, composer, born. 1584 * * Baffin, William, navigator, born. Hales, John, clergyman, critic, born. Massmger, Philip, poet, dramatist, born. Pym, John, patriot, orator, horn. Selden, John, scholar, antiquary, author, b. 1585 * * Drnmniond, William, of Hawthorn- den, poet, Scotland, born. CHURCH. 1570 * * The Presbyterian Church of England is virtually founded when Thomas Cartwright, a Puritan clergy- man, opposes Episcopal intolerance. * *Puritan clergymen hold meetings called prophesying, for prayer and in- struction in the Scriptures, especially at Northampton. 1571 June 1. London. Dr. John Story, the persecutor of the Puritans, is hanged at Tyburn. * * The Bible is appointed to be read in churches. 1572 Nov. 20. The first Presbyte- rian meeting-house in England is estab- lished at Wandsworth, in Surrey. 1572-73 Scot. The regent Morton nom- inally restores Episcopacy. His bishops are called tulchan bish- ops ; tulchan is a stuffed calf's skin set up before a cow to facilitate milking. 1575 Jan. 10. Edmund Grindal is elected archbishop of Canterbury. July 22. London. John Peters and Henry Tervoort, Anabaptists, are- burned in Smithfield. * * London. A congregation of Baptists is formed without Aldgate. 1577 May 7. The meetings of Puri- tans for prayer and exposition of the Scriptures are forbidden by Queen Eliz- abeth ; they immediately suspend. 1579 June 1. Matthew Hammond, a heretic, is burned in a ditch at Nor- wich for asserting that Christ was not the Son of God. 1580 Jan. 16. Parliament enacts a penalty of £20 for persons absenting themselves from church. * * Scot. The Scotch assembly abolishes the office of bishop. * * A sect called the Family of Love is repressed by Elizabeth [but is revived in the following century]. 1581 July * Edmund Champion, a Roman Catholic, is tortured. * * Scot. A Second Book of Discipline is adopted by the Scotch Assembly of Presbyteries. [1592. Confirmed by King James, and now in force.] 1583 * * John Whitgift is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. 1584 Jan. 9. London. "William Car- ter, a printer, is hanged, disemboweled, and quartered at Tyburn for printing lewd and " popish" pamphlets, espe- cially a Treatise on Schisme. * * The Jesuits and all priests are or- dered by Parliament to leave England ■within 40 days. * * All preaching or reading in private houses is forbidden, and all the clergy are requested to sign the three articles. 1585± * * Robert Brown preaches Con- gregational doctrines, but after 32 im- prisonments he eventually conforms to the Established Church. LETTERS. 1570 * * The Elements of Geometrie of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of Megara, the first English translation of Euclid, appears. * * The University of Oxford is incorpo- rated by Queen Elizabeth. 1571* *Jesus College, Oxford, is founded by Dr. Hugh Price and Queen Elizabeth. * * Harrow School, Harrow-on-the-Hill t Middlesex, is founded by John Lyon for the education of poor children. * * Dublin. Printing in Celtic letters is introduced by N. "Walsh, chancellor of St. Patrick's. (?) 1574 * * George Gascoigne writes The Princely Pleasures at the Court at Ken- il worth'. [1576, The Steele Glas; later, A Hundreth Sundrie Floures Bound up in one Small Poesie, The Complaint of Phil- omene, A Delicate Diet for Daintie- mouihde Droonkards, and translations from Euripides and Ariosto.] AND IRELAND. 1570, ** -1586, Oct. 29. 875 1575± * * Gammer Gurton's Needle is printed. * * London. Gresham College is founded by Thomas Gresham. 1576 * * Paradise of Dainty Devices, a poetical miscellany by various authors, appears. * * The Discourse to Prove a Passage by the North- We st to Cathay and the East Indies, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ap- pears. 1577 * * Scot. The University of Glas- gow receives a new charter. * * Raphael Holinshed, with the assist- ance of John Hooker, Richard Stani- hurst, Boteville, Harrison, and other scholars, compiles the Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. * * John Stow writes Annals or General Chronicle of England. * * "William Camden writes Britannia, a work on English history. 1578 * * Sir Philip Sidney writes The Lady of May. * * Gorgeous Gallery of Gallant Inven- tions, a poetical miscellany, appears. * * Promos and Cassandra, by George Whetstone, appears. 1579 * * The Shepherd's Calendar, by Edmund Spenser, appears. * * Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit, by John Lyly, appears. [1584, The Woman in the Moon, The Maid's Metamorphosis, Alexander and Campaspe, Sapho and Pkao.] * * Thomas Kyd writes his Spanish Tra- gedy. * * A translation of Plutarch's Lives, by Sir Thomas North, appears ; it is the first English translation of Plutarch. 1580-90 The Countess of Pembroke's Ar- cadia, by Sir Philip Sidney, appears. [1581, Defence of Poesy, in reply to the School of Abuse, written by Stephen Gosson in 1579; 1582+ , Arcadia, it is published in 1590; 1583, Astrophel and Stella.'] * * Thomas Lodge writes a Defence of Poetry, Music, and Stage Plays. 1581 * * Ten Books of Homer's Iliades, by Arthur Hall, appears ; it is the first attempt at a translation of Homer into English verse. * * Four Books of the Histories of Cornelius Tacitus, and a Life of Agricola, by Sir Henry Savile, appears. 1582 * * Scot. The College of Edin- burgh is chartered by James VI. * * Scot. Rerum Scoticarum Historia, a history of Scotland in Latin, by George Buchanan, appears ; he is the author also of the Casket Letters, papers deal- ing with the murder of Darnley, hus- band of Mary Queen of Scots ; he writes also several poems, satires, and plays, all in Latin. * * Richard Hakluyt publishes his first book of Voyages. It contains accounts of discoveries made in America by Englishmen, Frenchmen, and others. He is the author also of The Principal Navigations, Voy- ages, and Discoveries m-ule by the Eng- lish Nation [which is published in 1589]. * * Hecafompathia, or Passionate Century, by Thomas Watson, appears. 1584 * * The Arraignment of Paris, a pastoral play, by George Peele, appears. [1589. The Tale of Troy.] * * Handful of Pleasant Delights, a poet- ical miscellany, appears. * * Scot. Historic of the Reformation of Religion within the Realm of Scotland, by John Knox, appears. * * Emmanuel College, Cambridge, is en- dowed by Sir Walter Mildmay. 1585 * * Every book and publication in England ordered to be licensed. * * Christopher Marlowe produces his first play, Tamburlaine the Great. [1588. Tragical History of Dr. Eaitstus."] * * George Puttenham writes The Art of English Poesie. * * William Webbe writes A Discourse of English Poetrie. * * Scot. King James VI. writes The Es- sayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of Poesie. SOCIETY. 1570 * * Excess in dress is restrained by sumptuary laws. 1571 Sept. 6. Scot. The regent Lennox is murdered. * * Laws are passed punishing vagrancy ■ by whipping, jailing, boring the ears, and death tor a second offense. * * A law is passed compelling every per- son above seven years of age to wear on Sundays and holidays a cap of wool, knit, made, thickened, and dressed in England by some of the trade of cappers, under the forfeiture of three farthings for every day's neglect ; certain classes are excepted. 1572 * * Masks, and muffs, fans, and false hair for the women, devised in Italy, are brought to England from France. * * A statute requires justices and may- ors to make registers of the impotent poor, and find them habitations at the expense of the inhabitants of their lo- cality. 1575* * Peter Wentworth protests against the queen's interference in free- dom of speech, and is sent to the Tower by Parliament. 1578 * * John Middleton, giant, of Lan- cashire is born. He is commonly called the child of Hale ; his hand from the carpus to the end of his middle finger is 17 inches long ; his palm 8i inches broad ; his whole height 9 feet 3 inches. 1583 * * Edward Arden is executed for treason, being a party to a plot against the queen. 1584 * * Scot. The Earl of Gowrie is ex- ecuted for treason. * * A National Association is formed, headed by the Earl of Leicester, to pro- tect Queen Elizabeth from assassina- tion, in consequence of the discovery of several plots. 1585 Mar. 2. Dr. William Parry is executed for conspiracy against the queen. 1586 Sept. 20, 21. Fourteen members of Babington's conspiracy to assassi- nate the queen and to make Mary of Scotland queen, are executed. STATE. 1570 July 12. Scot. The Earl of Lennox, Lord Darnley's father, is ap- pointed regent. 1571 Apr. 2. Parliament meets. [May 29. Dissolved.] Sept. 3. Scot. The regent Lennox is killed at Stirling, and the Earl of Mar is made regent. * * Liverpool petitions the queen to be relieved from a subsidy. 1572 Jan. * The Duke of Norfolk is tried on a charge of plotting for the invasion of England by Spain in the in- terests of Mary <, t Mie<-n of Scots. [June 2. Executed after conviction.] May 8. Parliament meets. [1583. Apr. 19. Dissolved.] Oct. 28. Scot. The regent Mar dies. Nov. 24. Scot. James Douglas, Earl of Morton, is made regent. * * Lord Burleigh (Sir William Cecil) and Sir Nicholas Bacon are ministers of the queen. 1573 * * Sir Christopher Wray is ap- pointed chief justice. 1578* * Scot. The Earl of Morton resigns the regency ; James rules in person. 1579 Oct. 20. Scot. Parliament de- crees that householders having lands or goods worth £500 shall have a Bible for family instruction. * * Sir Thomas Bromley is appointed lord chancellor. * * Ministers : Lord Burleigb , Sir Thomas Bromley, the Earl of Essex, the Earl of Leicester, the Earl of Lincoln, Sir Walter Mildmay, and Sir Francis Walsingham. 1580 * * London. To restrict the en- largement of the city, a law is made- forbidding the erection of buildings "where no former hath been known to have been." 1581* * Thomas Randolph is appointed first postmaster-general. 1582 Aug. 23. Scot. Raid of Ruth- ven. The Earl of Gowrie invites King James to his Castle of Ruthven, Perthshire [and keeps him a prisoner there for nearly a year, to deliver him from the influence of his favorite, the Earl of Arrau], 1583 June * Scot. James escapes from Ruthven Castle. 1584 June * Ire. Sir John Perrot is appointed deputy. July* [U.S.A.] Sir "Walter Raleigh lands at Roanoke Island [Virginia], and takes possession in the name of the queen. Nov. 23. Parliament opens. [1585- Sept. 14. Dissolved.] 1585 June 20. London. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, is found shot and dead in the Tower, where he has been imprisoned on a charge of plotting against the queen. June 29. Elizabeth is offered the sov- ereignty of the Netherland States. [She declines, but sends an army to aid the Dutch Protestants against Spain.] 1586 * * Anthony Babington, John Bal- lard, John Savage, and the Catholics engage in a plot against the life of the queen. It is discovered by Walsingham, and the conspirators are seized, tried, and executed. Mary of Scotland is impli- cated in the conspiracy. Oct. 14. The trial of Mary Queen of Scots begins at Fotberingay Castle. She is charged with an attempt to- transfer the sovereignty of England to the King of Spain, and with complicity in the plot to assassinate Elizabeth. [Oct. 29. Mary is convicted at West- minster and sentenced to death. 1587. Feb. 1. Elizabeth signs the death-war- rant. Feb. 8. Mary is executed at Fotberingay Castle.] Oct. 29. Parliament meets. [1587. Mar. 23. Dissolved.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1577* * "Watches are first brought from Germany. * * "Whales are killed at Newfoundland and Iceland for their oil only. 1579 * * Elizabeth charters the Turkey or Levant company. 1580 * * Cambrics are first worn. 1580-94 London. Tire Thames water is~ conveyed into the city by leaden pipes. 876 1586, **-1601, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1588* * Sp. King Philip organizes a fleet of 130 vessels and collects over 50,000 men for the invasion of England. The " Invincible Armada." Hay 28. Port. King Philip's Armada sails from Lisbon. [It is soon after- wards dispersed by a storm.] July* The "Invincible Armada," having been recollected, enters the Eng- lish Channel. July 21-29. The English fleet of 80 vessels, commanded by Lord Howard and Sir Francis Drake, in several en- gagements almost destroys the Armada. The Spanish retreat northward, and most of their remaining vessels are de- stroyed by storms. 1589 * * Fr. Queen Elizabeth sends a force of 4,000 men to assist the Prot- estant King, Henry IV., in his conflict with the French Catholic nobility, sup- ported by Philip of Spain. 1596 * * Sp. An English force of over 7,000 men, under the Earl of Essex, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Lord Howard, in- vades the country. Sept. 15. Sp. Cadiz is taken and burned by the Earl of Essex. 1597* * Sp. King Philip forms another armada. The Earl of Essex sails from Plymouth with a fleet to attack it ; a storm dis- perses both fleets. * * Ire. A revolt in Ulster, led by Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, begins. O'Neill storms and captures the garrison of Portmore, on the River Blackwater. 1598 Aug. 14. Ire. Battle of Black- water, near Armagh, called by the Irish the battle of the "Yellow Ford;" Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, defeats the English forces under Marshal Sir Edward Bagnal. 1601 Feb. 8. London. The Earl of Essex attempts to incite an insurrec- tion ; the attempt fails. [Feb. 25. Essex is beheaded.] Sept. 23. Ire. Spanish forces under Don Juan Del Aguila land at Kinsale, Cork. Here they are besieged by the English under Sir George Carew and Deputy Mountjoy ; the Irish, under O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, O'Donnell, and Tyrrel, at- tack the besiegers. [Dec. 24. They are defeated. 1602. Mar. 16. The Span- iards, having surrendered Kinsale, de- part for Spain.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1586 * * "William Shakespeare leaves Stratford for London. * * Scot. J. Napier invents logarithms. 1589 * * The art of weaving stockings in a frame is invented by the Rev. William Lee, of Cambridge. 1590* * A copper-plate mill is invented by a German named Box. 1591 * * The first patent is granted for printing. 1593 Sept. 5. The Thames is almost dry by reason of westerly winds and low tides. Shakespeare being part proprietor, some of his plays are first produced here, and he himself performs in them. The building is of a horseshoe form, and partly covered with thatch. (1599?) 1598 * * London. Taffeta, a kind of silken goods, is first manufactured by John Tyce of Shoreditch. * * English whale -fishing commences at Spitz bergen. 1599 * * London. Lord Chamberlain's Company of actors, including Shake- speare and Richard Burbage, occupies the Globe Theater. * * Scot. The Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow is founded. 1600 * * Gilbert makes experiments in electricity. He publishes his work On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies. * * The Lord Admiral's Company of actors occupies the Fortune Theater. * * Davis's quadrant, or backstaff for measuring angles, is invented. ± * * Mulberry-trees and silkworms are propagated throughout the kingdom. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1586 * * Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, b. Ford, John, lawyer, dramatist, born. Maitland, Sir Richard, of Lethington, poet, Scotland, A90. Sidney. Sir Philip, courtier, poet, A32. 1587 Feb. 8. Mary Queen of Scots, A45. Fox, John, iiiaityinliiLMst, A70. Sadler, Sir Hal pi i, diplomatist, historian, A80. 1588 * * Fletcher, Giles, poet, born. Hobbes, Thomas, philosopher, born. Wither, George, poet, born. 1589 * * Carew, Thomas, poet, born. Clifford, Anne, Count, of Pembroke, au., b. Junius, Fram-isriis, philologist, born. Littleton, Lord Ivlward, statesman, horn. 1590 * * Eliot, Sir John, .statesman, orator, b. 1591 * * Grenville, Sir Kichanl, vice -admiral, A51. Hatton, Sir Christopher, lord chancell., A51. Herrick, Robert, poet, born. 1592 * * Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard, statesman, born. Buckingham, Duke of, George Villiers, lord high-admiral, born. Cavendish, or Candish, Thoa., navigator, A32. Essex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, parlia- mentary general, born. Greene, Rohert, dramatist, A32. Newcastle, Duke of, William Cavendish, general, born. Quarles, Francis, poet, born. Ravenscoft, Thomas, composer, born. 1593 Apr. 13. Strafford, Earl of, Thomas Wentworth, statesman, born. Herbert, George, poet, born. "Walton, Izaak, author of The Complete Angler, born. 1594 * * Cosin, John, bp. of Durham, au., b. Frobisher, Sir Martin, navigator, A58. Hampden, John, statesman, born. 1595 * * Drake, Sir Francis, admiral, A57. Hawkins, Sir .John, rear-adni., A75. Shirley, James, dramatist, born. 1597 * * Glisson, KraiH'is. anatomist, horn. Waller, Sir "William, parliamentary gen- eral, born. 1598 Aug. 4. Burleigh. Lord, William Cecil, statesman, A78. Peele, George, dramatist, A40. 1599 Apr. 35. Cromwell. Oliver, gen- eral, statesman, protestor, born. Baillte, Rohert, theologian, hist., Scot., born. Blake, Robert, admiral, born. Spenser, Edmund, poet, A47. 1600 Nov. 19. Charles I., king, born. Craig, John, reformer, Scotland, A89. Goodwin, Thomas, Puritan cl., author, born. Hooker, Riehard, elergynuin, author, A47. Lilly, or Lyly, John, dramatist, A47. !Nash, Thomas, dramatist, A36. Ogilby, John, poet, geographer, Scot., born. I'rynne, William, 1'uritau clergyman, au., b. Puttenham, George, poet, critic, born. 1587+ * * Three hundred priests arrive to organize an insurrection, and circu- late a book proving it to he the bounden duty of Catholics to take up arms at the Pope's bidding against the queen and English heretics. 1588 Nov. 24. London. Special na- tional thanksgivings are offered at St. Paul's Cathedral for the defeat of the Spanish Armada; Queen Elizabeth is present. 1589* * AHianceismadewithHenrylV. of France favorable to Protestantism. 1590 * * It. Urban VII. is elected pope ; later Gregory XIV. [1591, Innocent IX. ; 1592, Clement VIII. ; 1605, Leo IX. ; later, Paul V.] 1592 July 28. William Hacket, hav- ing personated the Saviour, is hanged and quartered. Sept.* London. A Congregational church is founded ; it is the first [known] modern Congregational church formally organized. * * Scot. Episcopacy is formally abol- ished, and the Calvinistic organization of the church largely sanctioned by King James. 1593 Apr. 6. Two Congregational martyrs are executed — John Green- wood and Henry Barrowe. May 29. John Penry» a Congregation- alist and principal writer of the Marprel- ate tracts is cruelly executed for writing seditious works against the queen. (See Letters 1586.) * * The act for conformity in religion is passed. 1595 * * The Lambeth Articles, with Calvinistic leanings, proposed by Arch- bishop Whitgift, are withdrawn to please Queen Elizabeth. 1597 * * Scot. James succeeds in brid- ling the liberty of the church. 1600 * * Ire. The see of Leighlin is united to Ferns. * * Scot. King James succeeds in send- ing two bishops to Parliament, and pro- claims his divine right over all orders of men. LETTERS. 1586 * * Albion's England, by "William Warner, appears. 1588 * * Character ie, or the Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and Secrete Writing, by Dr. Tim- othy Bright, appears. It is the first English work on shorthand. 1589 * * Thomas Nash writes an Anat- omy of Absurditie. [Later, Summer's Last Will and Testament.'] ± * * Marprelate Tracts appear. They are written by Martin Marprel- ate, John Penry, John Udall, John Field, and Job Throckmorton, and are invec- tives against priestly orders and epis- copacy, whose defenders are Bishop Cooper, John Lyly, and Thomas Nash. * * Spanish Masquer ado, Tallies' Love, and Orpharion, by Robert Greene, ap- pear. [1592, Philomela ; later, Pandosto, or the Triumph, Perhnendes, a collection of stories, poems, and reflections, A Looking-Classfor Loudon and England, Friar Bacon 'and Friar Bungay, and Alphonsus, King of Arragon.] 1590 * * Thomas Lodge writes Posa- lynde. [It sin^ests the plot of Shake-, s'peare's As You Like It.} [1593, Phillis. Life and Death of William Long heard, and the Hist org <>f L'obin the Dive 11 ; 1794, Tragedy of the Wounds of the Civil War of the Poses; later, Domestic Medicine, a Treatise of the Plague, Fig for Momus, and A Margarite of America?] * * The Tragedy of Sir Thomas More is produced. 1590-96 Edmund Spenser writes the Faerie Queen e. [1591, Complaints; 1595, AND IRELAND. 1586, **-1601, 87T View of the Present State of Ireland, later, Amoretti and Epithalamion.] * * Peter Bales, "the famous penman," publishes a book on stenography. * * "William Shakespeare begins to write; Henry VI., part 1, and Pericles are his first plays. (?) 1591* * Dublin. Trinity College is founded. * * Marlowe writes The Second Part of Tamburlaine the Great. [Later, The Jeiv of Malta, Edward II., the Massacre of Paris, and Dido, Queen of Carthage.] * * The Troublesome Reign of King John is printed. * *A translation of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, by Sir John Harington, ap- pears. * * Patents are first granted for the ex- clusive privilege of printing books. ± * * Shakespeare writes the Two Gen- tlemen of Verona. 1592+ * * Shakespeare writes The Com- edy of Errors. * * Samuel Daniel writes Sonnets. [1595- 1604, Books of the Civil Wars.] 1593 ± * * Shakespeare writes his poem Venus and Adonis. * * True Chronicle History of King Lear is produced. * * Satires, by John Donne, appears. * * Scot. Marischal College, of Aber- deen University, is founded by George Keith, fifth Earl of Marischal. 1594^1600 Richard Hooker writes the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, a work in defense of the Church of England. ± * * Shakespeare writes the Rape of Lu- 1595-1600 Shakespeare writes his poems, A Lover's Complaint andthePas- sionate Pilgrim, and his plays, Love's Labor's Lost, Romep and Juliet, Henry VI., parts 2 and 3, Richard III., Rich- ard II., Henry IV., parts 1 and 2, Henry V., The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, King John, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Tam- ing of the Shrew, and Titus Andronicus. * * George Chapman writes Ovid's Ban- quet of Sense. 1596 Rerum Anglicarum Script-ores post Bed am., by Sir Henry Savile, appears. [1598, A View of Certain Military Mat- ters, or Commentaries concerning Roman Warfare.] * * The Discovery of Guiana, by Sir Wal- ter Raleigh, appears. 1597-98 Joseph Hall, bishop of Nor- wich, writes Satires upon the poets and stage-players of the day. [1608-11. Medi- tations ; later, Epistles.] 1597-1624 Francis Bacon writes his Essays, observations and precepts on men and society. * * The Pilgrimage to Parnassus, a play satirizing poor authors, is acted at Cam- bridge. 1598 * * John Stow publishes his Survey of London-. * * John Marston writes The Scourge of Villainy. [Later, The Malcontent.] * * Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, is founded bv Franers Sidney, Countess of Sussex. * *Du Bartas's La premiere semaine, or La Creation, is translated by Sylvester. * * The Bodleian Library, Oxford, is founded by Sir Thomas Bodley. [1602. Nov.S. Is opened. 1895. It has 400,000 books and 30,000 MSS.] 1598-1601 The Return from Parnassus is acted at Cambridge. 159S-1609 A translation of Homer's Iliad, by George Chapman, appears. 1599 * * James VI. of Scotland [James I. of England] writes Basilicon Doron, a treatise on the art of government. Later, Poetical! Exercises at Vacant Houres, Demonologie, and Counterblast to To- bacco.] * * Musophilus, by Samuel Daniel, ap- pears. 1600-16 Shakespeare writes his Son- nets, and his plays, — All's Well that Ends Well, Much Ado about Xothmg, As You Like It, Troll us and Cres- sida, Timon of Athens, The Winter's Tale, Measure for Measure, King Lear, C'ymbe- line, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolunus, The Tempest, The Twelfth Muht, or What You Will, Henry VIII., and Othello. 1600 * * London. The Cottonian Li- brary is founded by Sir Robert Cotton. [1753. Is incorporated in the British Museum.] * * England's Helicon, England's Parnas- sus, and Belvedere, poetical miscellanies, appear. * * Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered is trans- lated by Edward Fairfax. * * Thomas Dekker writes The Shoe- makers' Holiday. [Author also of The Wonder of a Kingdom, and other plays, and The Gulls' Horn-book.] * * Cynthia's Revels, by Ben Jonson, appears. [1601, The Poetaster,- 1605, Votpone, or the Fox; 1609, The Silent Woman; 1610, TJie Alchemist.] 1586 * * Tobacco is introduced by Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake. [Or by Sir John Hawkins, 1565.] * * A proclamation is issued against the use of tobacco. 1594 * * Patrick York, an Irish fencing- master, is hired by Spaniards to kill the queen. June 7. Koderigo, a Jewish royal phy- sician, is eluirged with being bribed to poison the queen, and is executed. 1597 * * Scot. For acquitting persons charged with witchcraft King James or- ders the prosecution of a whole assize. * * The title, Baron Howard de Walden, is created. [1G03. Karl of Suffolk and Berk- shire ; (IG'JOi, Huron Save and Sele, and Baron Petre; 1608, Baron Clifton]. 1599* * Scot. The title. Marquis of Huntly, is created. [1602. Baroness Kin- loss ; 1605, Earl of Home and Earl of Perth and Melfort (1686) ; 1606, Earl of Abercorn, and Baron Blantyre ; 1607, Baron Balfour of Burleigh; 1609, Baron Colville of Culross, andBaron Dingwall.] 1600 Aug. 5. Scot. Conspirators de- coy the king into the house of Ruthven, Earl of Cowrie, for the purpose of de- throning him ; the plot is frustrated, and the earl and his brothers are slain on the spot. 1601* *An anti-effeminacy aet is passed, forbidding men to ride in coaches. * * Overseers of the poor are appointed in parishes. 1601-02 Monopolies are so numerous that Parliament petitions against them, and many are abolished. STATE. * * * Sir Christopher Hatton is ap- pointed lord chancellor, though not a lawyer. Masters in Chancery are for the first time appointed to assist him in his legal duties. 1586 * * Ministers: Lord Burleigh, the Earl of Essex, and Sir Christopher Hat- ton. 1588 Nov. 12. Parliament meets. [1589. Mar. 20. Dissolved.] 1589 Nov. 23. Sweden. James VI. of Scotland is married at Upsal to An ne, daughter of the King of Denmark. 1591 * * The judges decree that England is an absolute empire, of which the sov- ereign is the head. * * The great seal is put in commission. * * Sir "Walter Raleigh is sent to prison for an offence at court. 1592 June 2. Sir John Popham is appointed chief justice. * * Sir John Puckering is appointed lord keeper of the seal. 1593 Feb. 19. Parliament opens. [Apr. 10. Dissolved.] * * Sir Edward Coke is chosen speaker of the House of Commons. 1596 * * Sir Thomas Egerton is ap- pointed lord high chancellor, or "lord keeper." 1597 Oct. 24. Parliament meets. [1598. Feb. 9. Dissolved.] 1598 * * A large, but very base, coinage is struck for Ireland. 1599 Apr. * Ire. Kobert Devereux, Earl of Essex, is appointed lord lieu- tenant. * * Ministers : Thomas Sackville, Lord Buckhurst [Earl of Dorset], Sir Thomas Egerton [Lord Ellesmere], and Sir Robert Cecil [Earl of Salisbury]. 1600 * * St. Helena is acquired by settle- ment. Dec. 31. Queen Elizabeth grants a charter to " the Governor and Company of Merchants of London to the East Indies " [known as the East India Com- pany]. 1601 Oct. 27- Parliament meets. [Dec. 19. Dissolved.] * * It is declared in Parliament that the queen has the power to make or un- make laws. "By her prerogative she may set at liberty things restrained by statute-law or otherwise, and by her prerogative she may restrain things which be at liberty." * * The first law relating to insurance is MISCELLANEOUS. 1588 * * Queen Elizabeth grants a patent to an African company. 1590 * * Hair-powder comes into use. 1591 * * Tea is introduced. 1592 * * Potatoes are generally intro- duced into England. 1595 * * Mahogany is brought to Eng- land by Sir "Walter Raleigh. 1598 * * Scot . The first coach is seen in the country. 1600 Dec. 31. The East Indian Com- pany is established by charter. * * The commercial docks at Rotherhithe are erected. * * London. The population is 300,000+. The city is built almost entirely of wood. 878 1602,**-1613,**. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1608 * * Ire. The insurgents surprise and capture Londonderry ; Sir George Powlett, the governor, and the entire garrison are massacred. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1602 * * George Weymouth and John Knight sail on an Arctic expedition. [They stop at the entrance to Hudson Bay because of a mutiny of the crew.] * * Mr. Beaumont operates a railway about Newcastle. It has wooden rails and bulky four- wheel coal-cars drawn by horses. 1603 * * William Harvey, physician and anatomist, engages in the practise of midwifery. 1604 * * Silk is manufactured. 1606 * * John Knight is sent on an Arc- tic expedition by the Muscovy Com- pany. * * Edmund Gunter invents Gunter's ch ain for measuring land. 1607 May 1. Henry Hudson starts from Gravesend on his first voyage, in- structed to sail northwest, and directly across the pole. [1608. Apr. 22. Hesaila on his second voyage of discovery.] July 1. London. "God save the King,*' is first vocalized in Merchant Tailors' Hall by the choir of the Royal Chapel. * * The waters of a great freshet rise above the tops of the houses in Somer- setshire and Gloucestershire ; 100 lives are lost. * * Rev. William Barlow invents the com- pass box and hanging compass. 1610± * * Lambeth Palace is founded by Archbishop Bancroft. * * Hudson Bay is rediscovered by Henry Hudson, when in search of a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean. 1611* *Robert Johnston writes the original music for Shakespeare's Tempest. 1612 * * Sir Thomas Button sails on an Arctic voyage. [He passes Hudson Strait and winters at Fort Nelson.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1602* * Chilling worth, William, theological author, born. Bradshaw, John, judge, horn. Greaves, John, orientalist, mathematician, h. Leigh, Sir Edward, theol., critic, philol., b. Lightfoot, John, theologian, Hebraist, born. Lilly, William, astrologer, born. Manchester, Earl of, Edward Montagu, statesman, born. 1603 Mar. 24. Elizabeth. Queen, A70. Cartwright, Thomas, Puritan cl., A68. 1604 * * Bagshaw, Edward, lawyer, au., b. Eliot, John, "the Apostle of the Indians," b. Morley, Thomas, musical composer, A59-K Whitgift, John, archbp. of Canterbury, A74. 1605 * * Browne, Sir Thomas, physician, b. Crashaw, Richard, poet, born. Davenant, Sir William, dramatist, born. Davis, John, navigator, A75t. Gauden, John, bishop of Exeter, author, b. Habington, William, poet, born. TJrquhart, Richard, translator, Scotland, b. Waller, Edmund, poet, born. Whitelocke, Bulstrode, statesman, born. 1606* * Barclay, Win., jurist, Scot., A66±. Castell, Edmund, cl., lexicographer, born. Fawkes, Guy, Gunpowder Plot consp., A36. Lyly, John, dramatist, A52. 1607 * * Rushworth, John, historian, born. 1608 Dec. 9. Milton, John, poet, states- man, author, born. Clarendon, Earl of, Edward Hyde, states- man, historian, born. Craig, Sir Thomas, lawyer, antiq., Scot., A67. Dee, John, mathematician, astrologer, A81. Fanshawe. Sir Richard, poet, diplomatist, b. Feltham, Owen, religious author, born. Fuller, Thomas, preacher, author, born. Greville, Robert, parliamentary general, b. Monk. George, duke of Albemarle, gen., b. Tradescant, John, botanist, born. 1609 * * Cooper, Samuel, painter, born. Hale, Sir Matthew, chief justice, author, b. Muggleton, Ludowick, fanatic, born. Suckling, Sir John, dramatist, born. 1610* * Butler, James, 12th Earl and 1st Duke of Ormonde, general, born. Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, author, b. Chilmead, Edmund, mathematician, born. Dobson, William, painter, born. Ireton, Henry, parliamentary general, b, Wharton, Thomas, anatomist, born. 1611 * * Allein, Richard, Puritan cl., au., b. Daye, Stephen, first printer Am. colonies, b. Fairfax. Lord Thomas, pari, general, b. Harrington, James, political author, born. Hudson, Henry, navigator, explorer, d±. Leighton, Robert, archbishop of Glasgow, author, born. 1612* * Boiiley, Sir Thomas, founder Bod- leian library, Oxford, A68. Butler, Samuel, poet, born. Gascoigne, William, inv. of micrometer, b. Killigrew, Henry, dramatist, born. Montrose, Marquis of, James Grahame, sol- dier, born, Stafford, Viscount, William Howard, states- man, born. Vane, Sir Henry, statesman, born. 1602 * * A Congregational church is organized in Gainsborough, Lincoln- shire. * * Parliament orders the expulsion of the Jesuits. 1603 July * The Council informs the leading Catholics that the fines for re- cusancy will be no longer enforced. 1603-04 The canons and constitutions of the Church of England are passed by a convocation of the clergy, and become the chief English Church law. [1604. Ratified by the king.] 1604 Jan.* Jesuits and seminary priests are ordered out of the land by proclamation. Jan. 14, 16, 18. The [celebrated] con- ference at -Hampton Court is held. The prelates and Puritan dissenters meet to effect a union of the church. It leads to the production of King James's translation of the Bible, and but little else. * * Public excitement over reported con- versions to the Catholic faith ; the king is said to be a convert. * * Richard Bancroft is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. [1611. Jan. * George Abbot; 1633, "William Laud.] * * The Convocation of the clergy meets. Its acts are oppressive to Puritans, 300 of whom soon leave their livings rather than conform. * * James orders the judges to enforce the Elizabethan statutes against the Cath- olics. Roman Catholic priests are to be banished. 1606 * * Penal laws are enacted against Catholics. One act provides for levying one shil- ling on every person absent from church on Sundays. * *A Congregational church is founded at Southwark. * * An Independent church is organized at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. 1606-10 Scot. King James consecrates three bishops, and attempts to reintro- duce Episcopacy. 1608 * * The Independent church in the North of England is finally trans- planted to Leyden, Holland. 1608-11 Ire. Protestant settlements are formed in Ulster. Oct. 21. London. Bishops are conse- crated at Lambeth for the sees of Glas- gow, Galloway, and Brechin. 1611 * * "King James's version of the Bible is completed. 1612 Apr. 11. Edward Wightman, a Baptist, is burned at Lichfield. 1602 * * John Willis publishes his Ste- nographic, the second English work on shorthand. 1603 * * John Florio translates Mon- taigne's Essays. * * John Fletcher writes The Woman Hater, anil Thierry and Thvodoret. [1610. The Faithful Shepherdess.'] * * The History of the Turks, by Richard Knolles, appears. 1604 * * Oxford University receives the elective franchise to send two mem- bers to Parliament. 1605 * * George Chapman writes his com- edy, All Fools. * * Eastward Ho, a comedy, is written by Jonson, Chapman, and Marston. * * Francis Bacon writes his Advancement of Learning. 1606-16 Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher write plays together. Plays: Philaster, The Maid's Tragedy, A King and No Xing, The Kniuht of the Burning Pestle, Cupid's Revenge, The Cox- comb, Four Plays in One, The Scornful Lady, The Honest Man's fortune. The Little French Lawyer, Wit at Several Weapons, A Right Woman, and The Laws of Candy. 1606 * * London. The melody, God Save the King, is [said to have been] composed by John Bull for a dinner given to James I. at Merchant Tailors' Hall. 1607 * * The Family of Love, by Thomas Middleton, appears. 1609* * London. The Stationers* Company agree to give a copy of every book published to the Bodleian Library, Oxford. * * Dublin. A charter is granted to Trinity College by James I. 1610* * Giles Fletcher writes Christ's Victory and Triumph in Heaven and Earth over Death. [Author of the Busse Commonwealth, Sorrow's Joy, and a col- lection of verses.] 1611 * *King James's edition of the Bible is completed, after seven years' labor, .by 47 ministers. * * The History of Great Britain, by John Speed, appears. * * News from Spain Is issued by Nathan- iel Butter. * * London. The Charter - House, a school for poor children, is founded by Thomas Sutton. 1612* * The White Devil, or Vittoria Corombona, by John Webster, appears. [1616, The Duchess of Ma/fi; 1623, The Devil's Law Case.] * * History of England, by Samuel Daniel, appears. 1612-20 ThomasShelton translates Don Quixote. SOCIETY. 1603 June 1. London. A man is whipped through the streets for go- ing to court when his house was infected with the plague. * * James I. is proclaimed King in viola- tion of the will of Henry VIII. AND IRELAND. 1602, * * -1613,* * 879 * * A law is passed making tlie pretension to sorcery capital. * * The title of " Majesty" is begun to be used in addressing the king. 1603-04 Tippling Acts are passed. They apply to both ale and -wine-sell- ing, and impose a fine of 10 shillings upon each seller allowing townsmen to tipple. 1604 Sept. 29. New laws against witchcraft become operative. * * Ire. Tartistry is abolished. It was the equal division of lands, after the decease of the owner, among his sons, legitimate or illegitimate ; it one of the sons died, his son did not inherit, but a new division was made by the tanist or chief. 1605 Aug. 5. Walter Calverly of York- shire is pressed to death, a large iron weight being placed upon his breast; he had murdered two of his children, and had stabbed his wife in a fit of jealousy, and being arraigned for his crime at the York assizes, stood mute. TJov. 4. The Gunpowder Plot is dis- covered. (See State.) 1606 * * Englishmen are forbidden to en- ter foreign service without taking an oath not to be reconciled to the Pope. * * Drunkenness is legally punished by a fine of five shillings, or confinement for six hours in the stocks. 1609-10 A law is made providing that any ale house -keeper convicted of vio- lating the law shall be disqualified for three years from keeping a public house. 1611 May 23. The hereditary order of baronets is instituted by James I. Sir Nicholas Bacon is made the first baro- net. Patents are sold for £1,095 each, and the money applied foB4;he army in Ulster. 1612 June 29-July 20. London. A lottery, granted by the king for the benefit of Virginia, is drawn near St. Paul's ; the prizes are pieces of plate. 1613 Feb. 13. Princess Elizabeth Stu- art [Queen of Bohemia], daughter of James I., marries Frederick, Elector Palatine. Sept. 15. Sir Thomas Overbury is poisoned while a prisoner in the Tower ; he is a victim of the malice of Somerset. [1616. The Earl of Somerset and his wife are tried and condemned for the murder.] STATE. 1603 Mar. 24. Queen Elizabeth dies. Apr. 5. Edinburgh. James VI. h 1603-49 (1714) The House of Stuart. 1603-25 James I. reigns. James VI. of Scotland becomes King of England as James I. He is the son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and Mary Queen of Scots, granddaughter of James IV. of Scotland and his queen Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England. [July 25. London. He is crowned.] * * The Millenary Petition is presented to the king. It is signed by 1,000+ Puritan minis- ters, who ask for a reform in church services and a stricter observance of Sunday. '* * Ministers: The Earl of Dorset, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of Nottingham, the Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Worcester, and Kobert"T'eeil [Earl of Salisbury]. * * Sir Thomas Egerton, Lord Elles- mere, is appointed lord chancellor. * *The "Main" conspiracy is ex- posed; Lords Cobham and Grey and Sir "Walter Raleigh are accused of conspir- ing for the dethronement of James in favor of Arabella Stuart, a cousin of James I. ; also the (S Eye plot ** for the seizure of the king's person is devised by the priest Watson and others. • * * An alliance with France is negoti- ated by the French minister, Baron de Rosny, Duke of Sully. * * Cambridge University is empow- ered to send two members to Parlia- ment. (?) * * Ire. The whole country becomes sub- ject to the rule of the English. 1604 Jan. 14, 15, 16. The king holds a conference of clergy at Hampton Court ; he resolves to make no conces- sions to the Puritans. Mar. 19. Parliament assembles. [1611. Feb. 9. dissolved.] [It receives unfavorably a scheme of the king for the union of England and Scotland, but appoints commissioners to treat with the Scots upon the question.] Aug. 18. A treaty of peace is con- cluded with Spain. Oct. 24. James is proclaimed "King of England, Scotland, France, and Ire- land." Nov. 17- London. Sir "Walter Raleigh is tried for treason. [Convicted and im- prisoned in the Tower. 1618. Oct. 29. Executed.] * * Sir Francis Bacon is appointed the first king's sergeant, the highest mem- ber of the bar, be ah.me being permitted to plead in the Court of Common Pleas. 1605 Oct. 26. The Gunpowder Plot is disclosed. It is a conspiracy by Robert Catesby, Thomas "Winter, John Wright, Guy Fawkes, Thomas Percy, and others, to blow up the Parliament building during the sitting of both houses and the pres- ence of the king. [Nov. 5. Guy Fawkes is discovered in a vault under the Parli- ament house with matches and touch- wood in his possession, and 36 barrels of gunpowder are found close by. 1606. Jan. 30, 31. Guy Fawkes, Sir Everard Digby, Rookwood, "Winter, and other conspirators are executed. May 3. Henry Garnet also.] * * W. I. English colonists first settle in Barbados. They land from the Orange Blossom, erect a cross as a memorial, and cut in the bark of a tree the words, " James, King of England and of this island." 1606 Apr. 10. James grants a char- ter to the London Company, and one to the Plymouth Company, for colonies in !N"orth America (p. 27). Apr. 12. The Union Jack is made the national flag. [1801 complete.] 1607 May 13. [U.S.A.] An English settlement is formed at Jamestown, Virginia. June 25. Sir Thomas Fleming is ap- pointed chief justice. 1608 * * By the sole power of the crown, duties are imposed on nearly every article of foreign commerce. 1609 * * Ministers : Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of Northampton, and the Earl of Suffolk. * * W. I. Sir George Somers plants an English colony in the Bermudas. 1609-12 Ire. English and Scotch Prot- estants are planted in Ulster. In consequence of repeated rebellions and forfeitures, 511,465 acres of land in Ulster become invested in the crown, and James I., after removing the Irish from their hills and fastnesses, divides the land among Buch of his English mid Scotch Pruleslants as choose to settle there. The colonization is begun by the Honorable Irish Society, a committee of citizens of 12 London companies. 1610 * * The Isle of Man is restored to Stanley, Earl of Derby, from whose family it had been taken by Elizabeth. * * Pari. The "Great Contract" is discussed, hut not decided on. It proposes to grant the king a fixed sum of £200,000 per annum, in return for the surrender by him of his claim to revenue from feudal privileges. * * London. Twelve new granaries are built at Bridewell to hold 6,000 quarters of corn, and two storehouses for sea- coal to hold 4,000 loads, to prevent the sudden dearness of these articles by great increase of inhabitants. 1611 * * Arabella Stuart is imprisoned at Lambeth. * * Ire. James grants Belfast to Sir Ar- thur Chichester, lord deputy. [1613. It is erected into a corporation.] * * Scot. Glasgow has freedom to elect its own magistrates. 1612 * * Ministers : The Earl of North- ampton, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of Worcester, Sir Ralph "Winwood. the Earl of Nottingham, Robert Carr, Viscount Rochester [Earl of Somerset]. Nov. 6. Henry, Prince of "Wales, dies. 1613 May 19. James issues farthing tokens by proclamation. (?) * * Sir Edward Coke is appointed chief justice. [1616. Sir Henry Montague.] * * Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, dying, Rob- ert Carr, Viscount Rochester, becomes a favorite of the king, and is made Duke of Somerset. * * Ire. The London Irish Society obtains a charter of incorporation for Derry un- der the name of Londonderry. MISCELLANEOUS. 1603 Apr. 10. Bristol men fit out two vessels to bring sassafras from America ; it is much overrated for its medicinal virtue. 1603-04 Ire. A plague infests the country. * * London. A plague sweeps away 20,578 people. 1606 * * The springs at Tunbridge Wells, Kent, are discovered by Dudley, Lord North, who is restored to health by the use of the waters. 1607 * * "Windsor Forest, situated to the south and west of the town of Windsor, is restricted to but 111 miles round. 1610 Dec. 3. Great Tom, a bell seven feet in diameter, is placed in the steeple of St. Mary's Cathedral, Lincoln. 1613 June 29. London. Shakespeare's Globe Theater is burned. Aug. 7. Dorchester is destroyed by fire. Sept. 29. London. The New Biver is opened. It is an artificial stream, 48 miles long, rising in Chadwell and Amwell in Hert- fordshire, and projected by Sir Hugh Myddleton for the purpose of supplying London with water. 1613,** -1626, July* GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * Scot. John Napier, the inventor of logarithms, the indexes of the ratio of numbers one to another, publishes his canon or table. [1G1G-18. Completed and published by Henry Briggs at Ox- ford.] 1616 * * Bylot's and Baffin's Arctic ex- pedition sets out. (See Canada.) * * Engines for plowing land are pat- ented by David Ramsey and Thomas Wildgoose. 1619 * * The art of making tapestry is introduced by William Sheldon, and established at Mortlake by Sir Francis Crane. 1620 * * Bone-setting is first scientific- ally practised. * * Broad silk is woven from raw silk. * * Paper-hangings made of velvet and floss, for hanging apartments, are used. * * Francis Bacon suggests that heat may be a motion. * *The Drebbel alcohol thermometer appears. 1621* * Sir Anthony Van Dyck paints the portrait of James I. * * Thomas Ravenscroft's collection of printed harmonizations of tunes [which has become standard with the psalms] appears. 1622 * * The botanic garden at Oxford is established by the Earl of Danhy. 1623 * * Middle latitude sailing is intro- duced. 1625 * * Grecian architecture is re- vived. The Banqueting House, Whitehall, London, and other buildings are erected in this style. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1613 * * Cleaveland, John, poet, born. Liddell, Duncan, pliys., math., Scot., d. Overbury, Sir Thomas, courtier, poet, A32. Taylor, Jeremy, Anglican clergyman, preacher, author, born. 1614 * * Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesey, statesman, born. More, Henry, poet, theologian, phil., born. Wilkins, Joim, bishop of Oh-si.t, author, b. 1615 Sept. 27. Stuart, Arabella, cousin of James I., A40. Baxter, Ru-hard, clergyman, author, born. Biddle, John, theologian, author, born. Denham, Sir John, pm-t, born. 1616 Apr. 23. Shakespeare, William, poet, dramatist, actor, A52. Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, A30. Faithorne. William, engraver, born. Hakluyt, llieliard. historian, geog., A63. Mai t land, J., Duke of Lauderdale, states., b. L'Estrange, sir Roger, political author, born. Bancroft, William, archbishop of Canter- bury, born. Thurloe, John, statesman, born. Wallis, John, mathematician, born. 1617* * Ashmole, Elias, antiquary, born. Coryate, Thomas, traveler, A40. Cudworth, Ralph, religious author, born. Egerton. Thomas, Baron Ellesniere, states- man, A77. Hutchinson, John, colonel, politician, born. Jfapier, John, laird of Merchiston, inventor of logarithms, A67. 1618 * * Cowley, Abraham, poet, born. Lancaster, Sir .lames, navigator, dies. Lilburne, John, political agitator, born. Lovelace, Richard, poet, born. Raleigh, Sir "Walter, navigator, statesman, courtier, historian, A66. 1619 * * Anne, queen, dies. Dalryinple, James, first Viscount Stair, ju- 1620* * Anderson, Alexander, mathemati- cian, Scotland, A40. Bathurst, Ralph, poet, philosopher, theol.,b. Evelyn, John, writer, born. Ludlow, Edmund, judge, born. Marvell, Andrew, poet, politician, born. Oates, Titus, coutnverot sham popish plot, b. 1621 * * Boyle, Roger, Earl of Orrery, gen- eral, litterateur, born. Cooper, Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury, statesman, born. Dewsbury, William, preacher (Friends), b. Finch, Heneage, first Earl of Nottingham, statesman, born. Harriott, Thomas, math., astronomer, A61. Penn, William, admiral, born. Vaughan, Henry, jtoet, horn. Vaughan, Thomas, alchemist, born. Willis, Thomas, physician, born. 1622 * * Baffin, William, navigator, A38. Melville, Andrew, reformer, scholar, A77. Savile, Sir H., mathematician, historian, A73. Sidney, Algernon, statesman, born. 1623 * * Camden, William, antiq., hist., A72. Fletcher, Giles, poet, A55. Petty, Sir William, economist, born. 1624* * Fox, Georg-e. founder ( Friends), b. Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of Lihnghani, admiral, A88. 1625 Mar. 27. James I., (VI. of Scot- land), king, A59. Cameron, John, theologian, Scotland, A45. Fletcher, John, dramatist, A49. Florio, John, grammarian, A80. Lodge, Thomas, poet, A 69. Montagu, Edward, E. of Sandwich, adm., b. Moreland, Sir Samuel, mechanician, inv., b. Sydenham, Thomas, physician, born. CHURCH. 1614* *Membersof both Houses of Par- liament are ordered to take the sacra- ment to guard against the reintroduction of Roman Catholics. * * Dublin. The Protestant Convocation establishes the Thirty-nine Articles of religion. 1618 May 24. The Book of Sports is published. It treats of the sports which may be lawfully engaged in after prayers on the Sabbath, and discusses the authority for Sabbath observance. Aug. 25. Scot. The " Articles of Perth," relating to religious ceremo- nies, are agreed to by the General As- sembly. * * Scot. A proclamation is issued allow- ing sports on Sunday after the morning service. 1620 Dec. 21. U. S. A. New Eng- land is founded by the Puri tan followers of John Robinson at Plymouth, Mass. 1621 Jan. 29. Scot. William Laud is made bishop of St. David's. * * It. Gregory XV. is elected pope. [1623, Urban VI. ; 1644, Innocent X.] 1625 * * The Maids of the Cross are established. A community of young -women make vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. 1626 July 1. Chaplains are first ap- pointed to each ship in the navy. 1613* * George Wither writes Abuses Stript and Whipt. [1615. Shepherd's Hunting.'] * * Scot. Tears on the Death of MeHades, by William Prummond, of Hawthorn- den, appears. [1616. Poems.'] * *Wadham College, Oxford, is founded by Nicholas Wadham. 1613-14 Polyobion, by Drayton, ap- pears. 1613-16 Britannia's Pastorals, by Wil- liam Browne, appears. [1614. The Shep- herd's Pipe.] 1613-25 Purchas, his Pilgrimage, by .Samuel Purchas, appears. 1614 * * John Shelden writes Titles of Honor. [1618. History of Tithes.] * * Sir "Walter Raleigh publishes The History of the. World, written during his twelve years' in i prison men t in the Tower. * * A translation of Homer's Odyssey, by George Chapman, appears. 1615 * * The king grants to his poet- laureate ( Samuel Daniel?) a yearly pen- sion of 100 marks. * * Travels, by George Sandys, appears. 1617 * * Thomas Heywood writes A Woman Killed with Kindness. [Later, War without Blows and Love toithout Suit, Joan as good as my Lady, An Apology for Actors, and General History of Woman.] 1618 * * The first Book of Sports under the title of The King's Majestie's Declar- ation to His Subjects concerning Lawful Sports to be used on Sundays after Even- ing Prayers, is published by King James. * * Non Nobis, Domine! ("Not unto us, O Lord," etc., Psalm cxv. 1), a musical canon, sung as a grace at public feasts, is composed by W. Birdie. * * Pharmacopoeia, a book giving direc- tions for the preparation of medicine, is published by the London College of Physicians : it is the first work of its kind known in England. June * London. A Relation of all matters done in Bohemia, Austria, Sletia, France, etc., that is wort hit of Relating since the 2nd of March, 1618, to the 4th of May, is issued by Ralph Rernithwaite. 1619* *Dulwich College, Surrey, called " God : s-Gift-College," is founded by Edward Alleyn. * * Francis Bacon completes his great work, Novum Organum, in Latin (The New Organ), " on the proper methods of inquiry into nature ; " it is the founda- tion of the * ( inductive " system of phi- losophy. [1621, The History of Henry VII; 1622, Historia Ventorum; 1623, De Augment is Scientiarum and Historia Fitse et Mortis; 1624, Apothegms; 162G, The New Atlantis.] * * Francis Quarles writes A Feast for Worms. [1624, Job Militant.] 1621 Nov. * London. The Coura.nt, or Weekly Neivs from Foreign Parts, is issued. * * The. Anatomy of Melancholy, by Wil- liam Burton, appears. * * The Witch, by Thomas Middleton, ap- pears. 1622 * * Communion of Saints, a mosaic of Scripture quotations, is compiled by Henry Ains worth. * * London. The Weekly News from Italy , Germany, etc., is issued. * * London. The Certain News of this Present Week is issued. * * The Spanish Curate, by John Fletcher, appears. 1623 * * London. The Sion College and Hospital is founded by the legacy of Dr. Thomas White, who bequeathed £3,000 for the purpose. [1630. Incorpo- rated.] * * Edmund "Waller writes his first poems. * * The Duke of Milan, by Philip Massin- ger, appears. * * Scot. The Ftowers ofZion, by William Prummond, appears. AND IRELAND. 1613, **-1626, July 881 * * The first collected edition of Shakes- peare's works appears. 1624 * *" Pembroke College, Oxford, is founded by Thomas Teesdale and Rich- ard "Wightwick. * * Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, by John Fletcher, appears. [Later, A Woman Hater.] 1625 * * An Anatomy of the World, by- John Donne, appears/ [Later, Biatha- ?iatos.] 1615 * * The title, Baron Dormer, is cre- ated. [1616, Baron Teynham ; 1622, Earl of Denbigh; 1624, Karl of Westmore- land ; 1626, Earl of Lindsay.] * * George "Villiers, son of a poor knight, of great personal beauty, having become the king's favorite, is raised to the peer- age, and given lands valued at £80,000. [He soon passes to the head of the Eng- lish nobility.] * * A hospital and almshouses are erected at Sheffield by the Earl of Malmesbury. 1617 * * London. Francis Bacon, lord chancellor, disgusts the public by his vanity, love of show, meanness, and cor- ruption. May 16. Edinburgh. James I. visits the city. 1619 * * Scot. The title, Earl of Had- dington, is created. [1620, Viscount of Falkland; 1621, Viscount of Stormont ; 1623, Earl of Galloway ; 1624, Earl of Lau- derdale ; 1627, Baron Fairfax of Cameron, and Baron Napier ; 1628, Baron Reay.] * * Transportation of criminals to America begins. 1620* * U. S. A. Ninety respectable English women are imported by the planters of Jamestown, Virginia, for wives, at the price of 120 pounds of to- bacco, worth 50 cents a pound. Grandison and Baron Digby. [1621, Earl of Westmeath ; 1622, Earl of Desmond, and Viscounts Valentia and Dillon ; 1627, Earl of Meath, and Baron Sherard ; 1628, Earl of Fingall, and Viscounts Lumley and Taaffe ; 1647, Earl of Cavan.] 1621 * * Sir Giles Mompesson and Sir Francis Mitchell are punished for their abuse of monopolies. 1624 * * Edinburgh. George Heriot's hospital is founded by his will. 1625* *An act restraining amuse- ments STATE, 1614 Apr. 5. Parliament meets, [June 7. Dissolved.] [The session is occupied in disputes with the king over proposed imposi- tions ; no bill is passed, hence it is called the " Addled Parliament."] 1615 * * Ministers : Thomas, Lord Elles- mere, Thomas, Earl of Suffolk, Charles, Earl of Nottingham, and Sir George Villiers [Duke of Buckingham]. * * Oliver St. John refuses to contribute to a " benevolence" for the king, and is fined £5,000. * * Sir Thomas Roe is sent on a mission to the Great Mogul in India. 1616 Mar. 20. London. Sir "Walter Kaleigh is released from prison. [1617. Aug. 19. He sails from Cork with 14 vessels to seek for gold-mines in Guiana.] * * George Villiers becomes a favorite of the king. [He is made Duke of Buckingham.] 1617 Mar. 27. London. Sir Francis Bacon is made lord high chancellor and lord keeper of the great seal. He gets the title Lord Verulam [and is made Viscount St. Albans.] 1618 Oct. 29. London. Sir "Walter Raleigh is beheaded in compliance with the demand of Spain because of his invasion of Spanish territory in America. * * London. Tothill Fields, Bridewell Prison, is built. * * Scot. King James establishes troy "weight Scots. * * W. Afr. The Gold Coast is settled. 1619* * Matthew de L'Eguster is ap- pointed foreign postmaster. * * A commercial treaty is made with the Dutch in relation to the East Indies. * * Ire. Derry, with 210,000 acres, is granted to various companies. 1620 * * Sir Henry Montague [Vis- count Mandeville and Earl of Manches- ter] is one of the king's ministers. ± * * The Court Party and the Country Party are formed. [The latter becomes the Tory or landed interest, the former the Whig or trading interest.] * * W. Afr. The English start a factory in Gambia. 1621 Jan. 30. Parliament opens. [1622. Feb. 8. Dissolved.] [It grants the king a supply to aid the war in support of his son-in-law, the elector palatine.] Apr. *- May* Parliament: Lord High Chancellor Bacon is impeached for bribery and corruption. He is condemned to pay a fine of £40,000, and declared incapacitated for life for sitting in Parliament, or holding office under the crown. [The fine is re- mitted.] May* Parliament: Sir Giles Mompesson and Sir Francis Mitchell are impeached and banished for fraudulent use of pur- chased monopolies of inn-licensing and gold and silver thread manufacture. Nov. * H. C. The Commons request the king to enforce the laws against *« papists," and to marry his son to a Protestant princess. Dec. 3. H. C. James writes to the Commons in angry terms, forbidding them to inquire into affairs of state, or to concern themselves about his son's marriage Dec. 18. H. C. The Commons, after several communications with the king, enters on its journals the Great Prot- estation, in declaration of its rights. The king tears the record from the journal. * * Sir James Ley is appointed chief justice, and John "Williams, bishop of Lincoln, lord keeper. * * Minis ters: Lionel, Lord Cranfield [Earl of Middlesex] ; Edward, Earl of "Worcester] ; John, Earl of Bristol ; John Williams, Dean of "Westminster ; George Villiers, and Sir Edward Conway. * * King James grants Acadia to Sir "William Alexander, and its name is changed to Nova Scotia. * * The great seal is in con 1622 * * London. Sir Edward Coke, Sir Kobert Philips, and the Earls of Oxford and Southampton, popular leaders in Parliament, are imprisoned for their opposition to the king. 1623* *E. I. The Dutch massacre Englishmen on the island of Amboyna in the Moluccas. * * The Statute of Limitations is passed. It enacts that actions for trespass or debt, or simple contract, must be com- menced within six years after the cause of action, and actions for assault, men- ace, or imprisonment, within four years. ± * * W.I. The island of St. Christo- pher is settled by the English. 1624 Feb. 19. Parliament meets. [1625. Mar. 27. Dissolved.] [It grants £300,000 to prosecute the war in the Palatinate ; it passes an act making monopolies illegal, and an act prohibiting subsidies,] * * Sir Ranulph Crew is appointed chief justice. 1625 Mar. 27. James I. dies. 1625-49 Charles I. reigns. He is a son of James I. [1G26. Feb. 22. Crowned at "Westminster.] May 13. Charles marries Henrietta Ma- ria, daughter of Henry IV. of France. It grants " tonnage and poundage " for one year, and £140,000 for the war with Spain. July 11. Parliament is adjourned be- cause of the great plague. * * Sir Thomas Coventry is appointed lord keeper. 1626 Feb. 6. Parliament meets. [June 15. Dissolved.] Sir Nicholas Hyde is appointed chief justice. Feb. * H. C. The House appoints three committees — of religion , of grievances, and of evils, causes, and remedies. Mar. * H. C. The House resolves to im- peach Buckingham for oppressions and extortions.," May 11. H. C. Sir John Eliot and Sir Dudley Digges, leaders of Bucking- ham's opponents, are sent to prison by the king. [They are released in a few days, the Commons refusing to do any business till they are discharged.] June 15. Charles dissolves Parliament to save Buckingham from impeachment. July * Charles dismisses the queen's servants ; this leads to a quarrel with France. MISCELLANEOUS. 1616 * * London. The principal streets are paved. 1617 * * The apothecaries' and grocers* trades are separated. 1620 * * London. The New River Com- pany is incorporated, and supplies the city with its water by conveyance of wooden pipes in the streets, and small leaden ones in the houses. 1621* * Ire. A large part of Cork is burned. 1624 * * London. The Thames is made navigable to Oxford. 1625 * * London. The mortality is very great, 35,417 persons dying. * * Coal is in common use. * * London. Hackney coaches are first use. Eliot, Sir John, statesman, A42. Firmin, Thomas, philanthropist, born. Herbert, George, poet, A39. Pepys, Samuel, sec. to the admiralty, au., b. Wood, Anthony, antiquarian, born. Wren, Sir Christopher, architect, born. 1633 Oct. 14. James II., king, born. Abbot, George, archbp. of Canterbury, A71. Brown, Robert, Puritan theologian, founder (Brownists), A80. _ Flatman, Thomas, poet, born. Roscommon, Earl of, Went worth Dillon, poet, born. South, Robert, clergyman, wit, poet, an., b. 1634 * * Allein, Joseph, Puritan cl., born. Chapman, George, poet, dramatist, A77. Coke, Sir Edward, jurist, statesman, A82. Mars ton, John, dramatist, A59±. 1635 * * Betterton, Thomas, actor, born. Burnet, Thomas, author, born. Capel, Arthur, Earl of Essex, statesman, b. Fairfax, Edward, poet, dies. Hooke, Robert, mathematician, born. Parr, Thomas, centenarian, A 153. Stillingrleet, Edward, bishop of Worcester, author, born. Verstegaii, Richard, antiquary, dies. 1636 * * Etherege, Sir George, dramatist, b. Glanvill, .Joseph, clergyman, phil., au., b. Mackenzie, Sir George, lawyer, statesman, writer, Scotland, born. Russell, Lady Rachel, author, born. Sprat, Thomas, bishop of Rochester, poet, mis. writer, born. 1637 * * Cave, Win., canon Windsor, au., b. Dorset, sixth Earl of, Charles Sackville, wit, poet, born. Jonson, Ben, dramatist, actor, poet, A63. Ken, Thomas, bishop of Math, author, born. North, Francis, Baron Guilford, jurist, born. 1638* * Bernard, Edward, clergyman, as- tronomer, born. 1639 * * Burton, Robert, author, A63. Carew, Thomas, poet, courtier, A50. Creighton, Robert, cl., musical comp. born. Ford, John, dramatist, A53. Russell, Lord William, statesman, born. Rymer, Thomas, antiquary, born. Sedley, Sir Charles, poet, dramatist, born. Wotton, Sir Henry, poet, diplomatist, A7I. CHURCH. 1627-29 Charles I. intercedes for the persecuted Waldenses of France. 1628 * * Theophilus Brabourne, a clergy- man, publishes the first work favoring the Seventh day (Saturday) as the true Christian Sabbath ; he and several others suffer great persecution for this opinion. 1630 Oct. 16. Sir John Gayler es- capes from a lion in Arabia. To commemorate the event a Lion Sermon is preached annually at the St. Katherine Crec church, London. 1631 Apr. 2. London. A comn is granted to Bishop William Laud to restore St. Paul's Cathedral. 1633 Sept. 12. London. The first Par- ticular Baptist church is formed ; John Spelsbury, pastor. Oct. 18, Boyal declaration is ordered to be read in churches reviving wakes, lawful sports, and recreations on the Sabbath after divine service. 1635 * * Clergymen are ejected from their churches for refusing to read the Book of Sports to their congregations. 1637 Apr. 30. Puritans are forbidden to emigrate to New England. July 23. Scot. By order of the king the liturgy is read in the churches ; a tumult follows at St. Giles and in Grey Friars church, Edinburgh. 1638 Mar.* Scot. Scotland rejects Episcopacy. The National Covenant is signed, all over Scotland, with great enthusiasm. It is a repetition of former covenants, and also contains a solemn protest against prel- acy. They defy the king's orders to accept the prayer-book. [War follows.] Nov. 21. Scot. A General Assembly of the Scottish Church meets at Glas- gow. It abolishes the Episcopacy, new lit- urgy, and the canons. The church is declared independent of the state. Dec. * Scot. The Covenanters' Parlia- ment abolishes Episcopacy, deposes the king's bishops, and excommunicates four of them. 1639 June 18. Scot. The Pacifica- tion of Dunse. 1640 * * Ire. Bishop Atherton suffers an ignominious death for an unnatural crime. * * London. The building of the western parishes, including St. GileB is begun. * * The Broadmead Baptist church at Bristol is founded. * * London. The Devonshire Square Bap- tist church is formed. * * The bishops are excluded from voting on temporal affairs. [1641. Dec. 30. Several protesting bishops are sent to the Tower.] LETTERS. 1628 * * The Alexandrian Codex, a man- uscript of the Septuagint translation of the Bible, in Greek, said to have been written in the 6th century, is presented to Charles I. by Cyrillus Leucaris, Pa- triarch of Constantinople. * * Essay on the Motion of the Heart and the Blood, by William Harvey, appears. 1629 * * Ode on the Meaning of Christ's Nativity, by John Milton," appears. [1633, V Allegro and 11 Penseroso; 1634, Arcades, Comus, and Lycidas.] * * Tlie Lovers' Melancholy , by John Ford, is produced. [1633, The Broken Heart; 1634, Perkin Warbeck,] 1630. Mar. 26. Charles I. renews the patent granted by his -father to Ben Jonson, as poet laureate, increasing the 100 marks to £100, with the grace cup of "one tierce of Canary Spanish 1631 * * The Temple, by George Herbert, appears. 1632 * * An Arabic professorship is es- tablished at Cambridge. * * Emblems Divine and Moral, by Fran- cis Quarles, appears. AND IRELAND. 1626, * *-1640, * *. 883 1633 Oct. 18. The Second Book of Sports, with, a ratification by Charles I., is published. * * Tlie Purple Island, by Phineas Fletch- er, appears. * * A New Way to Pay Old .Debts, by Philip Massinger, appears. * * Histriomastix, by William Prynne, ap- pears. [1637. For indirectly criticising the king and queen he is sentenced to imprisonment and fined £5,000.] * * Caelum Britannicum, by Thomas Ca- rew, appears. 1635 * * The Lady of Pleasure and The Traitor, by James Shirley, appear. 1636 * * The Wonder of a Kingdom, by Thomas Dekker, appears. 1637 July 1. The Star Chamber im- poses seventy restraints upon the lib- erty of the press, and limits the num- ber of master printers in London and Westminster. c * The Reliqion of Protestants : A Safe Way to Salvatioil, by William Chilling- worth, appears. ' * Aglaura, by Sir John Suckling, ap- pears. [1639, Brennoralt ,- later, Con- stancy, Ballad on a Wedding, and Tell Me, Ye Juster Deities.] SOCIETY. 1627 * * A law is passed subjecting ale- house-keepers to a penalty of whipping for the first offense of illegal selling, and for the second offense imprison- ment for one month. 1628 Aug. 23. George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated at Portsmouth by John Felton. * * The title, Duke of Chesterfield, is cre- ated ; also Earl of Winchelsea, and Not- tingham (16S1) and Earl of Stamford. 1630* *The first lottery for sums of money is drawn. 1631 * * The king prevents a trial by combat between Lord Reay and David Ramsay. 1633 June* Edinburgh. Charles I. visits the city. * * Scot. The title, Earl of Elgin and Kincardine (1647), is created ; also Earls Wemyss and March (1697), Loudon, Souttiesk,Kinnoull, Dalhousie, Lindsay, and Barou Forrester. [1639. Earlof Air- lie.] * * Shoes [as at present worn] are intro- duced. 1634 * * Forgery is first made punish- able by death. 1635 * * In order to discourage English subjects from traveling to foreign coun- tries and spending money there, a tax is levied by way of license for going abroad, to be paid to the crown. 1637 June 14. William Prynne, Henry Burton, and Robert Bastwick are sen- tenced to fine and the pillory for speak- ing and writing against popery and Sabbath-breaking. July 23. Edinburgh. The cutty-stool is thrown by a woman at the head of the bishop in St. Giles Church. 1639 * * The title, Earl of Carnwath, is created. [1640, Baron Stafford ; 1643, Baron Byron.] 1640 * * The rack is abolished. STATE. 1627 * * Charles exacts a forced loan to carry on the war with France, and im- prisons five persons who refuse to con- tribute. 1628 Mar. 17. Parliament meets. [1629. Mar. 10. Dissolved.] June 26. Charles I., after much delay and opposition, assents to the Petition of Rights formulated by the House of Commons. that no person be imprisoned except specified charge, and by due process of law; that soldiers shall not be billeted in private houses; and that martial law shall not be executed in time of peace. * * Ministers: Richard, Lord Weston [Earl of Portland] ; Sir Thomas Coventry [Lord Coventry]; Henry, Earl of Man- chester [succeeded by the Earl of Marl- borough, and Viscount Conway] ; Wil- liam Laud, Bishop of London ; and Sir Albert Martin. * * W.I. Nevis is settled by the English. * * The king levies tonnage and pound- age, and seizes the goods of merchants who refuse to pay. * *Liverpool Is separated from the duchy of Lancaster. 1629 Jan. 20\ Parliament assembles. [Oliver Cromwell speaks in the House for the first time.] Mar. 2. H. C. Sir John Eliot reads res- olutions of remonstrance. They declare that any person introducing innovations in religion, or levying tonnage and poundage without consent of Parlia- ment, or paying such duties, shall be re- garded as an enemy to the kingdom; the Speaker, being forlii.idrn l.y ihc king, refuses to put the resolutions; he is held forcibly In the chair while they are being put and car- ried. Mar. 4. The Massachusetts Bay Col- ony is chartered (p. 31). Mar. 5. H. C. Sir John Eliot and other members are sent to prison. [1632. Nov. 27. Eliot dies in prison.] Mar. 10. The king dissolves Parlia- ment [and rules for 11 years "without a Parliament, extorting money by ille- gal taxation and sale of monopolies]. Nov. * Thomas Wentworth [Earl of Strafford] is privy councillor. [1632. He is the king's chief adviser.] 1630 Apr.* Peace is made with France. [Nov. * Peace is made with Spain.] * * Fifteen hundred Puritans emigrate in 17 ships. 1631 Oct. 24. Sir Thomas Richard- son is appointed chief justice. * * London. Postal communication is opened with Edinburgh, West Chester, Holyhead, Ireland, Plymouth, Exeter, and other places. The rates of postage are : one letter carried 80 miles, 2d. ; under 140 miles, 4d. ; above that distance in England, 6d. ; to any part of Scotland, 8d. 1632 * * W. Afr. An English colony is planted in Gambia. (?) Also in Mont- serrat and Antigua, West Indies. * * N*. Amer. Newfoundland is settled by the English. * * William Frizell and Thomas Wither- ings are appointed foreign postmasters. 1633 June 18. Edinburgh. Charles is crowned at Holyrood. 1634 * * Charles levies the ship-money impost. Each county is assessed for a sum neces- sary to provide a certain number of ships for the navy, and its sheriff is required to levy the sum on the inhabitants; the impost ex- cites a spirit of resistance throughout the country. * * Liverpool is rated for ship-money in only £20. 1635* * Ministers: William Laud, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, Lord Cottington, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Dorset, Sir John Coke, and Sir Francis Windebank. Apr. 14. Sir John Brampston is ap- pointed chief justice. 1636 * * John Hampden refuses to pay the20shillings ship-iimncy .tssessed upon him. [1637. June 12. The judges de- cide that ship-money is legal,] * * Scot. Glasgow fully becomes a royal burgh. * * Scot. Charles tries to set aside the Scotch Presbyterian Church and en- force Episcopacy, thus causing war. * * The Irish Society for the colonization of Ulster loses its charter. [1670. Re- stored.] 1639 June 18. Scot. Charles meets the deputies of the Covenanters at Dunse. A treaty of peace is concluded ; the Scotch army is to disband, and differ- ences are referred to Parliament and a general assembly. * * Ire. Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, is appointed lord lieutenant; he boasts of his policy and measures as *' thor- ough." 1640 Apr. 13. Parliament meets, the first time for 12 years. [May 5. Dis- solved.] [It refuses to grant supplies without redress of grievances, it is dissolved by the king; it is called the " Short Par- liament."] * * Ministers : William Juxon, Bishop of London, Sir John Finch [Lord Finch], Lord Cottington, the Earl of Strafford, the Earl of Northumberland, the Mar- quis of Hamilton, Archbishop Laud, Sir Francis Windebank, and Sir Henry Vane. Oct. 26. The treaty of Ripon is con- cluded between the king and the Cove- nanters. Charles agrees to pay the Scottish army £850 pounds a day until a permanent treaty is signed. Nov. 3. Parliament opens. [William Lenthal, Speaker. This Parliament continues in existence for 20 years, — the «' Long Parliament."] Nov. 11. H. C. The Commons impeach Strafford for high treason. [Dec. 18. Also Archbishop Laud.] * * Parliament : It is enacted that no monopolies shall in future be created by royal letters patent. * * E.I. Madras is founded by Fran- cis Day of the East India Company. * * London. Fleet prison is allotted for debtors. MISCELLANEOUS. 1631 * * Calico is first imported. * * Clocks and watches are in common use. 1635 * * Hackney coaches are limited by the Star Chamber. 884 1640, **-1645, June 14. GREAT BRITAIN *ARMY— NAVY. 1641 * * Ire. Roger O'More and other Irish chiefs head a revolt against the granting to British colonists the estates taken from native owners. Oct. 23. Ire. A "rising" of the na- tives in Ulster attempts to expel the British "planters." [Newry, Carrick- macross, and Castle-Blayney are taken by the Irish.] 1642-47 The First Civil "War. 1642 Oct. 23. Indecisive battle of Edgehill, Warwickshire, is fought be- tween the Royalists under Charles I. and the Parliamentarians under the Earl of Essex. * * Volunteer forces, in aid of the Par- liamentarians, are raised by Oliver Cromwell [under whose stern disci- pline they become famous as the "Ironsides"]. 1643 Feb. 22. Queen Henrietta, wife of Charles I., lands at Burlington, Yorkshire, with arms and troops from Holland. May 16. Battle of Stratton Hill, Corn- wall : the Royalists defeat the Parlia- mentarians under Lord Stamford. June 19. John Hampden is mortally wounded at Clmlgrove, Oxfordshire, in a skirmish with the Royalists under Prince Rupert. July 5. Battle of Lansdown, Somer- setshire : the Royalists defeat Sir Wil- liam Waller. July 27. Bristol surrenders to the Royalists under Prince Rupert, after an assault with heavy losses on both sides. Sept. 8. Essex relieves Sir Edward Massey at G loucester, which is besieged by the Royalists. Sept. 20. Indecisive battle at New- bury, Berkshire: the Parliamentarians are under the Earl of Essex, and the Royalists under Prince Rupert. Lord Falkland, a Royalist, is killed. Sept. * Exeter is taken by Prince Mau- rice for King Charles I. * * Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Man- chester. * * Birmingham is besieged and taken by Prince Rupert. 1644 Jan. 16. Scot. A Scotch army crosses the Tweed to aid the Parlia- mentarians. Jan. 29. Battle of Nantwich, Chesh- ire : Lord Fairfax defeats the Irish Roy- alists under Lord Byron. Feb. * Charlotte, Countess of Derby, defends Lathom House, Lancashire, against the Parliamentarians. [May 27. She is relieved by Prince Rupert.] Apr. * York is besieged by the English and Scotch Parliamentary armies under the Earl of Manchester, Fairfax, and Leslie, the Earl of Leven. [July 16. Taken.] June 26. Liverpool is taken by Prince Rupert. June 29. King Charles defeats Sir Wil- liam Waller at Cropredy Bridge, near Banbury, Oxfordshire. July 2. Battle of Marston Moor, near York. About 22,000 Royalists under Prince Rupert are totally defeated by 24,000+ Parliamentarians under Cromwell and Fairfax. * * Scot. The Marquis of Montrose — formerly with the Covenanters, but now on the side of King Charles — organizes an army of Highlanders and Irish ; he then raises the royal standard. Sept. 1. The army of Essex surrenders to King Charles at Lostwithiel, Corn- wall, Essex himself escaping in a boat to Plymouth. Scot. Montrose defeats the Covenant- ers under Lord Elcho at Tippermuir, Perthshire. Sept. 2. Scot. Montrose captures and plunders Perth. Sept. * Scot. On the approach of the Marquis of Argyll, with 40,000 men, Montrose retreats to Athole, Perthshire. Oct. * Scot. Montrose captures Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire. [During the re- mainder of the year he plunders and ravages many parts of the country.] Oct. 27. Battle of Newbury, Berk- shire : the Parliamentarians under Es- sex, Waller, and Manchester, defeat the Royalists under Charles I. Dec* Scot. Montrose invades and rav- ages Argyllshire. 1645 Feb. 2. Scot. Montrose defeats Argyll at Inverlochy, Inverness-shire. Apr. * The Parliamentarian army is reorganized ; Essex and other leaders resign their commissions, and Lord Fairfax is appointed commander, with Cromwell as lieutenant-general. May 4. Scot. Montrose defeats the Covenanters at Auldearn, near Nairn. June 14. Decisive battle of Naseby, Northamptonshire. The Royalists under Charles and Prince Rupert are totally defeated by the Parliamentarians under Fairfax and Cromwell. Each side has about 11,000 men ; Cromwell's cavalry decide the struggle. The Royalists lose 5,000± pris- ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1641 Dec. 9. London. Van Dyck dies, and is buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. * * London. The pendulum is con- structed by Richard Harris, a clock- maker, and the younger Galileo. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1640* * Alexander, William, Earl of Stir- ling, poet, statesman, Scotland, dies. Dekker, Thomas, dramatist, A65+. Massinger, Philip, dramatist, A56. Shadwell, Thomas, poet, born. Tradescant, John, Inivrler, naturalist, dies. "Wharton, Marquis of, Thomas, statesman, h. Wycherlv, William, poet, dramatist, born. 1641 May 12. Strafford, Earl of, Thomas Went worth, statesman, A48. Horrox, or Horroeks, Jeremiah, astro., A22 + . Sherlock, William, cl., religious writer, born. Spelman, Sir Henrv, historian, antiq., A79. 1643 * * Behn, Aphra, novelist, dramatist, b. Hicks, George, non-juring cl., author, born. Holt. Sir John, jurist, born. Newton, Sir Isaac, mathematician, scien- tist, greatest of natural philosophers, born. Sunderland, second Earl of, Robert Spen- cer, statesman, born. Tyrrell, James, historian, born. 1643 June 24. Hampden, John, states- Burnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, histo- rian, writer, Scotland, born. Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, classicaL scholar, author, A33. Graham, John. Viscount of Dundee, Scot.,b. Greville, Robert, parliamentary gen., A35. Guy, Thomas, phdanlhmpist, born. Pym, John, statesman, A 59. sirvpe, John, clergyman, biographer, born.. 1644 Oct. 14. Penn, "William, Quaker,, founder of Pennsylvania, statesman, born. Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, statesman, A78> Chilling-worth. "William, theol. au., A42. Gascoigne, Wm., inv. of micrometer, A32±.. Quarles, Francis, poet, A52. Sandys, George, poet, A67. CHURCH. 1641 Oct. 23. Ire. The Catholics ini Ulster uprise on St. Ignatius's day and massacre 40,000 Protestants in order to expel the English. * * A version of the Bible by Francis- Rous, provost of Eton, is first published. [1646. Parliament orders its use in the- churches.] 1642 * * The Puritans become divided. into two parties, the Presbyterians and the Independents. * * Thomas Hobbs advocates material- ism. 1643 May 5. Parliament orders the Book of Sports to be burned by the hangman. July 1. London. The "Westminster Assembly. It is convoked by Parliament and com- prises 18 clergymen and 18 laymen, to consider the liturgy, government, and doctrines of the church. [The Scotch Covenant is adopted, and the Directory for public worship, con- fession, and catechism, now used by the Church of Scotland are drawn up. It continues for six years.] Aug;. 17. Scot. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland approves The Solemn League and Covenant. It is also ratified by the Convention of es- tates. [Sept. 25. It is accepted and sub- scribed by the English Parliament and the Westminster Assembly.] -It is a compact binding the united kingdoms to mutual aid in the extirpation of " popery " and prelacy, and for the preservation of true religion and liberty. 1644 Dec. * The Common Prayer is voted out of doors by Parliament, and the Directory of Worship is set up in its place. 1645 Jan. 3. The liturgy of the Church of England is abolished by ordi- Jan. 10. Archbishop Laud, a supporter of the king, is martyred on the petty ground that cumulative infractions con- stitute treason. LETTERS. 1640 * * Poems, by Thomas Carew, ap- pears. 1641 Nov. * London. Diurnal Occur- ences, or the Heads of several Proceed- ings in both Houses' of Parliament is issued, its earliest authentic report. * * Of Preformation touching Church Dis- cipline in England, by John Milton,, AND IRELAND. 1640, * *-1645, June 14. appears. [1612, The Reason of Church Government urged against Prelacy.] 1641-1705 John Evelyn writes his Diary. 1642 Aug. 22. The London Gazette is issued. * * De Give, by Thomas Hobbes, appears. [1650, Human Nature, or the funda- mental Elements of Policy.] * * The Holy State and the Profane State, by Thomas Fuller, appears. 1643 * * Parliament passes acts repress- ing "disorders in printing." [Also in 1649.] Aug. 22. London. Mercurius Britanni- cus, is issued by Marcbmont Needhain. [1647, He issues Mercurius Pragmaticus.] Sept. 7. The Scotch Intelligence is is- sued. * * Mercurius Aulicus is issued. * * Ire. Ireland's True Diurnal is issued. * * lieligio Medici, by Sir Thomas Browne, appears. [165S, Hydriotaphia.] * * Cooper's Hill, by Sir John Denham, appears. * * Mundus Alter et Idem, by Joseph Hall, appears. 1.644 * * Areopagitica ; or, a Speechfor the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, by John Milton, appears. [1649, Eikonoklastes ; 1650, Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio ; 1654, Defensia Secunda.] * * Poems, by Edmund "Waller, appears. * * Ire. Mercurius Hiberuicus is issued. SOCIETY. 1641 Feb. 13. Judges are threatened with impeachment, and Berkeley is taken off the bench and committed by the Commons, on a charge of treason. * * Edinburgh. EZing Charles visits the city. ■* * Scot. The title, Earl of Leven and Mel- ville (1690), is created ; also Viscount of Arbuthnot. [1643, Duke of Hamilton, Earl of Dysart,and Baron Elibank ; 1647, Earl of Northesk, and Baron Belhaven and Stenton; 1651, Earl of Balcarres, Baron Ilollo, and Baron Kuthven.] 1642 * * Parliament forbids dramatic r epres entations . STATE. 1640 * * Sir John Finch is appointed Lord High Chancellor. * * Edinburgh. The Parliament House is finished. 1641 * * Viscount Falkland and Lord Digby are administrators. * * The struggle between the king and Parliament begins. Feb. 15. Parliament: The Triennial Act is passed, providing for meetings of Parliament every three years, without summons by the king. Mar. 22. Parliament: The trial of Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, on impeachment commences. [The im- peachment is dropped, and a bill of at- tainder introduced in Parliament. Apr. 21-29. The bill passes both houses. May 12. He is executed.] Mar.* Parliament : A bill for the aboli- tion of Episcopacy is introduced; it is called the " root and branch bill." May 10. The king reluctantly gives his assent to the bill of attainder against Strafford, and to another prohibiting the dissolving or proroguing of the present .Parliament without its own consent. May 18. Sir Edward Littleton is ap- pointed lord keeper. June * H. L. A bill disqualifying cler- gymen to hold civil office is rejected. July * Parliament: The Star Chamber Court and the High Commission are abolished. Aug. * A treaty of pacification is con- cluded with Scotland. Sept. 8. Parliament adjourns after each House has appointed a committee to sit during the recess. Oct. 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks out in Ulster under Roger O'Moore and Phelim O'Neill. Oct. * Scot. The Marquis of Montrose plots to seize the Duke of Argyll, the leader of the Presbyterians ; Charles is suspected of complicity, and makes a favorable treaty with Argyll. Nov. * Greatindignation prevailsbecause of a reported massacre of Protestants in Ireland ; but Parliament is reluctant to trust Charles with an army. Dec. 1. The Grand Remonstrance is presented to the king by the House of Commons ; it recites the grievances of the people and the king's oppressive acts. Dec. 28. London. Several bishops, who protest against Acts of Parliament passed while they are deprived of votes, are committed to the Tower. * * The adherents of the Parliament are called Roundheads, from having their hair closely cut ; the adherents of the king are called Cavaliers. 1642 Jan. 3. H. C. The king im- peaches members of Parliament. He accuses Lord Kimbolton, Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Holies, and Stroud of treasonable correspondence with the Scots in the late war; the Commons refuse to order their arrest. Jan. 4. H. C. The king attempts to arrest the five members. He visits the House of Commons with 500 troops, but the accused are not found. The Commons withdraw and form a committee at Guildhall, guarded by citl- 1642-46 The Civil "War ; the great re- bellion. Jan. 10. London. Charles leaves the city, and the rive members return in tri- umph to Westminster. Jan. 12. A Royalist rising takes place at Kingston under Lord Digby and Colonel Lunsford. Buckinghamshire freeholders, to the number of 4,000, arrive and offer their services to Parliament. The king signs the bill excluding the the House of Lords, but refuses to sign the bill giving to Parlia- ment the command of the militia. Mar. * Charles retires to York. Apr. 23. The king appears before Hull with a body of horse, but is de- nied admission. Apr. * Charles is joined by 32 peers and 65 members of the Commons ; Parlia- ment is divided, and the king has the great seal. May * Parliament ceases to pass bills, and passes ordinances. May 5. Parliament passes an ordinance giving to itself the control of the mi- litia. June 2. Parliament submits 19 prop- ositions to the king, which he angrily rejects. Parliament requires tlie king's assent to the militia bill ; the control of fortified places ; the reformation of the liturgy and of church government; power to dismiss ministers ;iml appoint ^nanlians of the king's children, and to exclude from the House of Lords peers in future created. July * Parliament appoints a committee of public safety. [Sept. 2. It passes an ordinance closing the theaters.] Oct. 23. Ire. Irish independence is assumed by an assembly of Confederate Catholics at Kilkenny; 11 bishops, 14 peers, and 226 English and Irish ooin- moners present. 1643 Feb. * -Apr. * Negotiations for peace are renewed, and fail. June * -July * The plot of Edmund Waller, the poet, against the Parlia- mentarians is detected and punished ; he is permitted to emigrate. Sept. 25. The Solemn League and Covenant is signed by 25 peers and 288 members of the Commons. It adopts the Protestant religion, and agrees to establish church uniformity in England, Scotland, and Ireland; nearly 2,000 beneficed clergymen refuse to sign it, and are deprived of their livings. Sept.* Charles alienates friends by making peace with Irish insurgents, and enlisting them in his army. * * An enlarged post-office is erected by order of Parliament. Dec. 8. John Pym, the popular leader of the Parliamentary party, dies. * * Ire. The Marquis of Ormonde is appointed governor. * * Sir Robert Heath is chief justice by patent. [1642. Appointed.] * * London. The excise system is estab- lished by Parliament ; duties are levied on wines, beer, and tobacco. 1644 Jan. 22. The king convenes his Parliament at Oxford. Feb. 15. A committee of the two king- doms is appointed to follow Pym's plans in the conduct of the war. Mar. 12. Archbishop Laud is tried for treason. [1645. Jan. 10. Beheaded.] Mar. 26. Parliament enjoins upon every family to contribute to the kingdom the value of one meal per week. July * By the victory at Marston Moor Parliament acquires supremacy over the northern counties, the king retain- ing those in the west. Oct. 24. Parliament orders that no quarter is to be given any "Irish Pa- pist" in arms for the king. * * A naval pay office is organized. (?) 1645 Jan. 30. Royalist and Parlia- mentarian commissioners meet at Ux- bridge, Middlesex, to consider propos- als of peace. [Feb. 22. Charles rejects the proposals of Parliament; the com- missioners separate without agreement.] Mar. 24. Parliament votes for the omis- sion of the clause for the preservation of his majesty's person from Sir John Fairfax's commission. MISCELLANEOUS. 1641 * * Coffee is introduced by Na- thaniel Canopus, a Cretan. 1645, June 17-1650,**. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1645 June 17. Leicester city surren- ders to the Parliamentarian army under Fairfax. [June 28. Carlisle, Cumber- land, surrenders to the Parliamentari- ans.] July 2. Scot. Montrose defeats the Cov- enanters under Baillie at Alford, Aber- deenshire. July 23. Bridgewater, Somersetshire, is surrendered to the Parliamentarians. Aug. 15. Scot. Battle of Kilsyth, Stir- lingshire : the Parliamentarians under Baillie are defeated by Montrose with heavy loss. Sept. 11. Bristol is surrendered to Fairfax and Cromwell by Prince Rupert. Sept. 13. Scot. Battle of Philip- haugh, near Selkirk. The Covenanters under David Leslie, totally defeat the Royalists under Mont- rose. Sept. 24. King Charles is defeated by the Parliamentarians under Pointz and Jones at Chester. * * Devizes, in Wiltshire, and "Win- chester, in Hampshire, surrender to Cromwell. He takes Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, and Basinghouse Cas- tle, Hampshire, by storm. 1646 Jan. 18. Dartmoor, Devon- shire, is taken by Fairfax. Feb. 19. The Royalists, 8,000 strong, un- der Sir Ralph Hopton are defeated by Fairfax at Torrington, Devonshire. * * Fairfax defeats the Royalists at Truro, Cornwall, and takes Exeter, Devonshire. May 5. Charles I. surrenders himself to the Scotch generals at Newark, Not- tinghamshire. June 5. Ire. Battle of Benburb, Ty- rone. Owen Hoe O'Neill defeats the English under Monroe. June 24. Oxford surrenders to Fair- fax. 1647 Feb. 22. Dublin. The Marquis of Ormonde surrenders the city to the Parliamentarians. June 16. The army, through Gens. Henry Ireton and John Lambert, de- mands the impeachment of 11 mem- bers of the House of Commons, including the chief Presbyterian leaders, Denzil Holies, Glyn, Sir "William Waller, Sta- pleton, and Clotworthy. [June 25. The army marches towards London. June 26. The 31 obnoxious members retire from Parliament, and the army falls back to headquarters at Reading. Aug. 6. London submits to the army under Fairfax.] Aug. 8. Ire. Battle of Dungan Hill, Meath. The Irish Royalists under Preston are defeated by the Parliamentarians under Gen. Jones. 1648-50 Second Civil War. 1648 Apr. 28. The Scots, under the Duke of Hamilton, make an invasion. Aug. 17. Battle of Preston, Lanca- shire : Cromwell defeats the Scots un- der the Duke of Hamilton. Aug. 20. The Duke of Hamilton sur- renders to the English Gen. Lambert at Uttoxeter, Staffordshire. Aug. 27. Colchester, Essex, surrenders to Fairfax, after a siege of two months. Sept. 20. Scot. Cromwell enters the country [and is welcomed in Edinburgh]. 1649 Aug. 2. Dublin. Gen. Jones, besieged by the Irish Royalists under the Marquis of Ormonde, sallies forth and defeats the besiegers at Rathmines. Aug. 15. Dublin. Cromwell arrives with 9,000 foot and 400 horse. Sept. 11, 12. Ire. Cromwell storms and takes Drogheda, and massacres the governor, Sir A. Aston, and the gar- rison of 3,000 men. Oct. 12. Ire. Cromwell takes "Wex- ford, and massacres 2,000 of the inhabi- tants. * * Ire. The Royalist garrisons of Cork, Youghal, Bandon, and Kinsale declare for the Parliament. 1650 Mar. 28. Ire. Kilkenny, after a siege, surrenders to Cromwell. [May 10. Clonmel surrenders.] Apr. 27. Scot. Montrose is defeated and captured at Corbiesdale, Caith- ness. [May 21. He is hanged in Edin- burgh.] May 29. Ire. Cromwell sails from Youghal for England. June 23. Scot. Charles U. lands in Scotland. Sept. 3. Scot. Cromwell defeats the Scots under David Leslie at Dunbar; Scotch loss, 4,000 killed, 10,000 taken prisoners. Dec. 24. Edinburgh Castle surrenders to Cromwell. [1651. Perth surrenders.] ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1645 * * London. The first meetings of the Royal Society are held. 1648 * * Prince Rupert invents mezzo- tint, a peculiar manner of engraving figures on copper. [1662. Improved by Sir Christopher Wren.] 1650 * * A railroad with wooden rails is built near Newcastle. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1645 Laud, William, archbishop of Can- terbury, statesman, A71. 1646* * Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard, statesman, A54. Essex, Earl of. Robert Devereux, parlia- mentary general, A54. Flamsteed, .John, astronomer, born. Riley, .John, portrait painter, born. 1647* * AMrifh, Henry, theol., logician, l>. Rochester. Earl of. .John Wilmot, states., b. 1648* * Barclay, Robert, Quaker, religious writer, Scotland, born. Dartmouth, George Lesjtre, 1st Lord, adm.,b. Gibbons, (Innling, sculptor, born. Jeffreys, Lord Georg-e, jurist, states., b. Prideaux, Humphrey, dean, historian, born. 1649 Jan. 30. Charles I., King, A4K Carstares, Wm., chaplain to William ITT. b. Claridge, Richard, (.maker preacher, horn. Drummond, William, of IIawthornden,poet, Scotland, A64. Johnson, Samuel, clergyman, author, born. Monmouth, Duke of. .James Scott, natural son of Charles II., born. Sheffield, John, I>uke of Buckinghamshire, poet, statesman, horn. Tyson, Edward, anatomist, born. CHURCH. 1645 Aug. 30. Parliament orders a fast to invoke a blessing on Scotland and the abatement of the plague. * * Ranters, zealous religionists, appear. * * Scot. The General Assembly again ratify the Solemn League and. Cove- nant, together with the Directory of Worship. ± * * Fifth-Monarchy Men arise. They suppose the period of the millennium to he just at hand, when Jesus Christ shall descend from heaven, and erect the fifth universal monarchy. They proceed to elect him king at London. 1646 Apr. 3. Presbyterianism is es- tablished by Parliament, with conces- sions to the Independents. Oct. 9. The whole order of bishops is abolished by Act of Parliament. ± * * The Friends or Quakers first ap- pear. George Fox, 22 years of age, George Keith, William Penn, and Robert Barclay of Ury, and others are leaders. Fox rejects all reli- gious ordiuances, explains away the com- mands relative to baptism, discards the ordi- nary names of days and months, and uses thee and thou as more harmonious with truth. * * The Independents appear as advo- cates of religious liberty. * * The Parliament is Presbyterian and the army chiefly Independents ; the latter favor toleration. 1647 * * A proclamation is issued against the Book of Common Prayer. * * The "Westminster Confession is adopted by the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. * * George Fox traverses England on foot, preaching, at his own cost ; his disciples are called Seekers. 1649 July 27. A missionary movement is incorporated by Parliament. A corporation for the promoting and propagating the Gospel of Jesus Cbrist in New England is authorized for work among the Indians. It is influenced by the example and success of John Eliot. * * The Episcopal Church is suppressed^ and the clergy driven off ; using the prayer-book is declared to be a crime. 1650* *The Seventh- day Baptists form an organization. * * The Friends are reproachfully called Quakers. Justice Bennet of Derby gives them the name because George Fox admon- ished him to quake at the Word of the Lord. LETTERS. 1646 * * Steps to the Temple, by Richard Crashaw, appears. 1647 * * Liberty of Prophesying, by Jer- emy Taylor, appears. [Later, Holy Liv- ing and Holy Dying.'] * * The Mistress, by Abraham Cowley, appears. [1656, Pindaric Odes.] 1648 * * Psyche, or Love's Mystery, by J. Beaumont, appears. * * Noble Numbers and Hesperides, by Robert Herrick, appear. [Later, Cherry Ripe, To Blossoms, To Daffodils, ami Gather Rosebuds While You May.] 1649 * * Lucasta, To Altheafrom Prison. and other songs, by Sir Richard Love- lace, appear. * * The Saint's Everlasting Rest, by Rich- ard Baxter, appears. [1657, A Call to the Unconverted.'] AND IRELAND. 1645, June 17-1650, 1650 * * Scot. Francis Rous's tlie Bible appears. * *Dr. "Wallis publishes a work on the instruction of deaf mutes. SOCIETY. 1645-47 Matthew Hopkins, the" witch- finder, " causes the judicial murder of about 100 persons in Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk. 1648 * * The Puritans describe actors as rogues, and order every theater to be de- stroyed. STATE. 1645 Aug. 30. Sir Richard Lane is lord keeper of the seal. 1646 * * Dissensions occur in Parliament between the Presbyterians and a new sect called Independents. Apr. 3. Parliament : The Self-deny- ing Ordinance is passed ; it prevents members of either House from holding offices of command in the army. [1647. Reenacted.] May 5. Charles surrenders to the Scottish army at Newark. July 24. Charles rejects the terms submitted to him at Newcastle. It is proposed that Parliament have control of the militia for 20 years ; and that the king subscribe to the Covenant and support the Presbyterian Church. * * The great seal is in the hands of com- missioners. 1647 Jan. 30. The Scots, far £400,000, surrender Charles to a commission from Parliament ; he is taken to Holmby House, Northamptonshire. * * There is strife between the army and Parliament. The commission vote for the disband- ing of the troops, except those needed for garrisons or duty in Ireland ; the army refuses to disband till its back pay is received. May 12. Charles agrees to accept, with modifications, the propositions of Parliament. June. 4. Charles is removed from Holmby House to the army by Col. Joyce. Oliver Cromwell flees to the army at Triploe Heath to escape his Presby- terian enemies in Parliament. [The army takes an oath not to disband until liberty of conscience is secured ; it ap- points a council of adjudicators.] June 10. The army of St. Albans peti- tions Parliament on the subject of ar- rears and the service in Ireland. June 16. The army demands that 11 members obnoxious to it be expelled from Parliament. (See Army.) July 24. The army makes proposals to the king, which he rejects. It proposes that religious worship be free; that Parliament have military control for 10 years, and the power to appoint officers of state; that I'aiiiairifiii meet triennially; and that the House of Commons be reformed. July 26. Apprentices assault mem- bers of the House of Commons for changing commanders of the London militia : for safety two Speakers, 14 lords, and 100 commoners flee to the army. Aug. 6. The army conveys the refugee members of Parliament to London and restores them to their places ; Charles is removed to Hampton Court. Sept 7. Parliament submits to the king a modification of the 19 propositions ; he rejects it. Nov. 11. Charles escapes from Hamp- ton Court to the Isle of Wight; he is detained at Carisbrooke Castle by the governor. Dec. 24. Parliament submits the "Four Bills" to the king. [He rejects them.] They provide that Parliament command the army for 20 years; that the king recall all proclamations and declarations against Parliament; that all peers created since the great seal was sent to the kirn; be prohibited from sitting in tlie House ; ami that the House adjourn at their own pleasure. Dec. 26. Charles signs a secret treaty with the Scots called "the engage- ment." He agrees to abolish Episcopacy, and restore Presbyterianism ; they agree to restore him by force to the throne. * * Ire. Philip de Lisle is appointed governor. 1648 Jan. 15. Parliament renounces allegiance to Charles, and resolves to sever communication with him. * * The Second Civil "War ; Scotland is against England; Royalists against Roundheads ; Presbyterians against In- dependents. Mar. * A council of army officers re- solves that the king be put on trial. Apr. 24. Parliament : By a reaction of Bentiment the Presbyterians regain control; they incline to conciliation with the king. May 2. Parliament: An ordinance is passed suppressing blasphemies and heresies; it is designed against Inde- pendents, especially their leaders, Crom- well, Ireton, and others. July* Parliament: A resolution is passed to open negotiations with the king. [Sept. 18. -Nov. 29. Negotiations are concluded at Newport between Charles and its representatives.] Aug. 14. H. C. Holies, a leading Pres- byterian, resumes his seat after being driven out by the army. Nov. 15. Henry Eolle is appointed chief justice. Nov. 16. A strong remonstrance is made by the army against reconcilia- tion with the king. [Nov. 30. Parlia- ment refuses to consider it.] Dec. 1. The king is seized and taken to Hurst Castle by the army. Dec. 5. Parliament approves the king's proposals in the Treaty of Newport as the basis of an agreement; the army is indignant, and it proceeds to take con- trol of the government. Dee. 6. Col. Pride, hy the direction of Cromwell, coerces Parliament with military force. He surrounds the house with troops, orders 160 members of the Commons home, seizes 41 who are favorable to reconciliation with the king, imprisons them in a low tavern known as " hell," and permits only 60 Independents to enter the house. These are called the "Rump Parliament," and the act of exclusion is known as "Pride's Purge." Dec. 13. The Rump Parliament cancels the motion to proceed with the Treaty of Newport, and it votes to bring the king to trial. Dee. 23. The king is taken under guard to Windsor. * * Ire. The Marquis of Ormonde is appointed lord lieutenant. 1649 Jan. 1. H. C. A court of 135 members is appointed by ordinance for the trial of the king. Jan. 2. H. L. The Common's ordinance for the king's trial is rejected ; the Commons vote that the king has been guilty of treason in making war on Par- liament. Jan. 4. H. C. The Commons resolve that, as representatives of the people, they are the sole law-making power. Jan. 6. H. C. The Commons declare the ordinance for the king's trial to be law without the approval of the House of Lords. Jan. 20. The army draws up a form of government. Jan. 20-27. London. Charles I. is tried before the High Court of Justice in Westminster Hall, John Bradshaw presiding, and 67 members present ; the king makes no defense, but denies the jurisdiction of the court. Jan. 27. Charles I. is condemned to death. [Jan, 30. He is beheaded at Whitehall.] 1649-60 The Revolution ends in the commencement of the Common- wealth. Feb. 5. Edinburgh. Charles H., son of Charles I., is proclaimed king. Feb. 6, 7. The Rump Parliament passes resolutions abolishing monarchy, and the House of Lords. * * London. A Council of State is formed of three chief judges, three commanders of the army, five peers, and 30 members of the Commons ; John Bradshaw is president. Mar. 15. John Milton (poet) is ap- pointed Latin Secretary to the Council of State. Apr. 25. The House of Lords meets again. Apr. 27. Loekyer, leader of the Level- ers, is shot by order of Government. May 30. London. The Common- wealth is proclaimed. Aug. 13. Cromwell embarks for Ireland to suppress a Royalist insurrection un- der the Marquis of Ormonde. 1650 May 21. Edinburgh. The Mar- quis of Montrose is executed, after being defeated by the Covenanters. June 24. Scot. Charles H., having agreed to the Covenant, is proclaimed king. [1651. Jan. 1. He is crowned at Scone.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1649 Jan. 4. London. Sixty houses in Tower Street are destroyed by an ex- plosion; a child in its cradle lands un- hurt on the roof of Barking Church. 1650,* *-1659, Dec. 26. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — KAVY. 1651 July* Scot. Charles H., with 16,000 men, invades England. Sept. 3. Charles II. is defeated at "Wor- cester hy Cromwell. [He escapes to France.] 1652 May * Ire. The subjugation of the country is completed. [Three of its provinces are occupied by English colo- nists.] May 19. Naval battle in the Downs : Adm. Robert Blake defeats the Dutch under Adm . Van Tromp. [War between Holland and England follows.] 1652-54 "War with Holland over navi- gation laws. Sept. 28. Adm. Robert Blake defeats Cornelius De Witt and Adm. De Ruyter in a naval battle in the Channel. Nov. 30. Naval battle in the Downs. Adm. Van Tromp defeats Adm. Robert Blake, and sails the Channel with a broom at his masthead, to show that he had swept the seas. * * The walls and fortifications of Man- chester are razed. 1653 Feb. 18-20. Adm. Van Tromp is defeated by Adm. Robert Blake off Portland, after a hard struggle. [June 2, 3. Again off North Foreland.] July 31. Neth. Naval battle off the Texel, at the mouth of the Zuyder Zee. Van Tromp is defeated and killed by the English under Gen. George Monk . [Rewards and medals are granted by the House of Commons to the victors.] 1655 Mar. *-Apr. * Admiral Robert Blake punishes pirates in the Medi- terranean, and bombards Algiers. May 10. W. I. Jamaica is captured by the English under Adms. Penn and V enables. 1656-59 "War with Spain is caused by English aggression on the sea. 1656 Sept. 9. One of Admiral Blake's captains captures two Spanish treas- ure-ships of great value, off Cadiz. Oct. * London. Parliament reduces the authority of major-generals. * * Belg. Charles II. first raises the Boyal Regiment of Guards in Flan- ders, with Lord John Wentworth as colonel. 1657 Apr. 20. Blake destroys a Span- ish fleet off Santa Cruz, Canary Isles. 1658 May * Fr. Dunkirk is besieged by the English and French under Mar- shal Turenne. June 4. (o.s.) Fr. Battle of the Dunes, near Dunkirk : The English and French under Marshal Turenne defeat the Span- iards under Conde\ June 17±. Fr. Dunkirk capitulates. [It is given to the English. Ypres and other Flemish towns also submit.] 1659 Aug. * A Royalist insurrection in Cheshire, led by Sir George Booth, is crushed at Winnlngton Bridge by the army under John Lambert. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1656 * * London. Mrs. Colman appears in The Siege of Rhodes at Rutland House in the character of Ianthe; the first female to take a part in a public musi- cal or dramatic performance in Eng- land. 1657-59 Dr. Robert Hooke claims to discover the method of regulating the movement of watches by means of a balance-wheel. 1658 Sept. 3. A hurricane prevails throughout Europe, doing very consid- * * The Thames ebbs and flows twice in three hours. * * Pocket "watches are first made. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1650 June 24. Marlborough, Duke of, John Churchill, general, statesman, b. Benbow, John, admiral, born. Collier, Jeremy, clergyman, critic, au., b. Crashaw. Ifichard. clergyman, poet, A44. Fletcher, Phineas, poet, A68. Gwyn, Eleanor, actor, mistress, born. Hauksbee, or llawkshee, Francis, phy., b. Heywood, Thomas, dramatist, dies. Montrose, Marquis of, .lames Graham, gen- eral, Scotland, A38. Rooke, Sir George, admiral, born. Shovel, Sir t'loudesley, admiral, born. 1651* * Ireton, Henry, general, A41. Otway, Thomas, poet, dramatist, born. Webster, John, poet, dramatist, dies. 1652 * * Dampier, William, navigator, born. Jones, Inigo, architect, A80. Tate, Nahum, poet, born. Pitcairne, Archibald, phys., au., Scot.,b. cal writer, Scotland, born. Oldham, John, satirical poet, born. 1654* * Blount, Charles, deistical writer, b. Selden, John, scholar, antiquary, au., A72. Sewel, William, Quaker historian, born. Taylor, John, poet, A74. 1656* * Fleetwood, William, bishop of Ely, orator, born. Hall, Joseph, bishop of Exeter, au., A82. Halley, Edmund, astronomer, math., born. Molyneaux, William, mathematician, born. Usher, James, archbishop of Armagh, scholar, historian, ehronologist, Ire., A76. 1657 * * Blake, Robert, admiral, A58. Dennis, John, poet, critic, born. Derliam, William, el., natural phil., born. Fen wick, George, administrator, dies. Harvey, "William, physician, discoverer of circulation of blood, A79. Lee, Nathaniel, dramatist, born. Lindal, Matthew, theological writer, born. 1658* * Cromwell. Oliver, protector, gen- eral, statesman, A59. Lovelace, Kidiard, poet, A40. Patterson. William, fdr. Bank of Eng., b. Peterborough, Earl of, Charles Mordaunt, general, admiral, statesman, born. Purcell, Henry, musical composer, born. CHURCH. 1650 * * The Muggletonians become prominent. They follow the teachings of Ludowick Mujigleton, a tailor, asserting that God the Father suffered death in human form on the cross, and that Muggleton and John Reeve were the last witnesses of God before the end of the world. ± * * The term Reverend as an honorary appellation is first given to the clergy. * * Baptist churches begin to form asso- ciations, they being the most numerous of all Dissenters. 1652 * * Jews are readmitted into Eng- land by Cromwell, after being excluded for 365 years. 1653 July 25. Scot. The General Assembly of the Scottish Church, con- vened at Edinburgh, is dismissed by Cot- terel under the laws forbidding that as many as three of them be seen together. * * John Bunyan is converted, and the burden of his sins is gone; he becomes a Baptist. [1657. He begins to preach.] 1654 June 23. South wick, a Catholic clergyman in his 72d year, is executed. 1655 Oct. 19. Scot. The kirk refuses to observe the fast appointed by Crom- well — the civil power ; it is alleged that only the kirk can make such appoint- ments. * * Oliver Cromwell, by threats, obtains some degree of toleration for the perse- cuted Waldenses in France. * * London. The festival of the Sons of the Clergy [held annually at St. Paul's Cathedral] is instituted as a charity. [167S. July 1. Incorporated.] * * Anglican clergymen are forbidden to officiate as preachers or teachers ; priests are ordered to leave the king- dom. * * It. Alexander VII. is elected pope. 1656 * * London. The first Portuguese synagogue is erected in King Street, Duke's Place. 1658* * London. The Independents pub- lish an epitome of their faith drawn up at a conference at the Savoy. LETTERS. 1651* * The Leviatkan,hy Thomas Hobbes, appears. [1654, Of Liberty and Necessity.} * * Reliquiae Wottonianm, by Sir Henry Wotton, is published by Izaak Walton. * * Gondibert, hy Sir William Davenant, appears. 1651-52 Richard Marvell writes his Garden Poems. 1651-56 Silex Scintillans, by Henry Vaughan, appears. 1652 * * Priest to the Temple, by George Herbert, appears. 1653 Oct. 8. London. The Public In- telligence is issued. Oct. * Scot. Mercurius Politicus is is- sued at Leith. * * Cheetham College, or Blue-coat Hospital, is founded at Manchester. 1653-55 The Complete Angler, by Izaak Walton, appears. * * Revenge for Honor, by George Chap- man, appears. 1655 The censorship of the press by a license is established. * * A Panegyric to my Lord Protector of the Present Greatness and Joint Interest of His Highness and this Nation, by Ed- mund Waller, appears ; also, On a War with Spain. 1656 * * Oceana, by James Harrington, appears. * * Church History of Britain, by Thomas Fuller, appears. [1662, Worthies of Eng- land.'] 1657* *Durham University is founded. [It collapses at the Restora- tion.] 1658 * * Oroonolco, by Aphra Behn, ap- pears. * * Heroic Stanzas on tke Death of Crom- well, by John Dryden, appears. 1658-65 Paradise Lost is written by John Milton. [1667. Published.] SOCIETY. 1650 * * The Jews return to England by permission of Cromwell, after having been banished 365 years. * * The first coffee-house known in England is kept by a Jew, named Ja- cobs, in Oxford. 1652 Apr. 29. General alarm prevails because of an eclipse of the sun. AND IRELAND. 1650, * *-1659, Dec. 26. * * London. Pasquet, a Greek servant of an English Turkey merchant, opens the first coffee-house known in the city, in George Yard, Lombard Street. 1653 Aug. 24. Parliament permits marriages to be solemnized by justices of the peace. 1654 Mar. 31. Parliament prohibits cock-fighting. [It is called an act of usurpation..] 1655 * * An unsuccessful attempt is made to assassinate Cromwell by Penrud- dock. [1657. Jan. * Another, by Sin- dercombe and others.] STATE. 1651 Sept.* Cromwell unites Scot- land with the English Commonwealth. Oct. 9. Parliament: The first naviga- tion law is passed. It forbids the importation of goods in non-English vessels, excepting vessels of the country producing the goods ; it is designed to cripple the commerce of the Dutch, with whom it causes war. 1652 Feb. * London. The Act of In- demnity and Oblivion is passed. Aug. 12. Parliament: The "Act for the settlement of Ireland" is passed. It prescribes various degrees of pun- ishment, including death, banishment, and confiscation of estates, for Catholics and Royalists. * * Parliament : The " Rump " contends with the army, and opposes the election of a new Parliament unless the seats of present members are retained. . * * Parliament : Members of the Com- mons are bribed in connection with the ransom of confiscated estates by Roy- alists. 1653 Apr. 6. Sir Edward Herbert is appointed the king's lord keeper. Apr. 20. Cromwell dissolves the Rump or the Long Parliament by the aid of the military, and locks the doors of the house ; he also dissolves the Coun- cil of State. July 4. A new Parliament, summoned by Cromwell, assembles. It has 140 members [and is called the Little, or Rarebone's Parliament]. Sept. 26. Parliament: A second "Act of Settlement of Ireland " is passed. It sets aside the confiscated estates in Leinster, Minister, and Ulster for Prot- estant colonists and supporters of Cromwell. [Those who have borne arms against the Parliament, mainly Catho- lics, are required to " remove and trans- plant " themselves into Connaught be- fore May, 1654.] Dec. 12. Parliament: The partisans of Cromwell surrender their powers to him. [The majority approve the act.] 1653-59 The Protectorate. 1653-58. Oliver Cromwell Lord Pro- tector. Dec. 16. Parliament: An act is passed declaring Oliver Cromwell lord pro- tector for life of the Commonwealth of England, Ireland, and Scotland. A written constitution is the " instru- ment of government ; " it provides for a council, not to exceed 21 members, or be less than 13 ; a standing army of 30,000 men ; a triennial Parliament, consisting of 460 members, and not to be dissolved in less than five months, and to have the sole power of levying taxes and grant- ing supplies. * * The post-office is farmed to John Manley. 1654 Apr. 5. Peace is concluded with Holland. Apr. 23. Fr. A proclamation is sent out by Charles II. against "a certain base mechanic fellow, by name Oliver Cromwell, and a usurper. (?) Sept. 3. Parliament opens. [1655. Jan. 22. Dissolved.] Sept. 12. Parliament: The protector excludes members who refuse to sign a pledge to support him. In this Parliament members from Scotland and Ireland for the first time sit side by side with members from England. Oct. 13. Parliament resolves that the office of Protector shall be elective, not hereditary. * * The great seal is in commission [dur- ing the Protectorate]. 1655 Mar. * A Royalist insurrection, headed by Sir Joseph Wagstaff, Lord Wilmot, Grove, John Penruddock, and others is suppressed. [May 16. Penrud- dock and Grove are beheaded at Exeter,] May 10. ir. /. Jamaica capitulates [and is ceded to England]. June 15. Sir John Glynne is appointed chief justice. Oct. * It. The Pacification of Pine- rolo is concluded with Louis XIV. Cromwell secures protection for the persecuted Yaudois (Wahlenses), and it is stipulated that Charles II. be expelled from France. * * Parliament : An ordinance is issued imposing a tax of 10 per cent on the es- tates of Royalists. * * Parliament : England is divided into 12 military districts, with a major- general in charge of each, to levy the 10 per cent tax, to disarm Papists and Ca- valiers, and imprison suspected persons. * * A " Board of Trade and Plantations " is appointed, and is the first movement toward a board of trade. 1656 Sept. 17. Parliament opens. [1658. Feb. 4. Dissolved.] Sept. * Members are again excluded from the Commons. Dec. * The House of Commons assumes judicial powers. In the case of James Naylor, a Quaker, who proclaims himself the Redeemer, the House votes him guilty of blas- phemy, and punishes him by the pillory and branding with hot irons. 1657 Jan. 3. Miles Sindercomb's plot to kill the protector is discovered. [He is condemned to execution, but is found dead in his bed.] Jan. * The power of the major-generals is reduced. Mar. 25. H. C. The Commons adopt the " Humble Petition and Advice," and present it to the protector. Its 18 articles provide for two Houses of Parliament, the non-exclusion of members, for toleration for all Chris- tians except Roman Catholics and Epis- copalians, and that the head of the state have the title of king. May 8. The title of king is offered to Cromwell, but refused. May ±* A tract entitled Killing no Mur- der, written by Col. Titus (?), is ex- tensively circulated ; it applauds the attempt of Sindercomb, and incites to the killing of the protector. May 9. Paris. A secret treaty is alleged to have been signed at this date by Crom- well and Louis XIV., for the ruin of the monarchy of Spain. (It is a forgery.) June 26. Oliver Cromwell, for the second time, is solemnly inaugurated lord protector. Dec. 11±. Cromwell issues writs to 60 persons to meet at "Westminster and compose a House of Lords. * * A post-office is erected " to benefit commerce, convey the public despatches, and as the best means to discover and prevent many dangerous wicked designs against the Commonwealth by the in- spection of the correspondence." * * Ire. Henry Cromwell is appointed governor. 1658 Jan. 20. Parliament meets. [Feb. 4. Dissolved.] * * Popular feeling is hostile to Cromwell. Roman Catholics, sceptics, mystics, ceremonialists, latitudinarians, and Presbyterians are against him ; he is upheld, by the army alone. Sept. 3. Oliver Cromwell dies, aged 59. [Sept. 4. Richard Cromwell, his son, is proclaimed protector.] 1658-59 Richard Cromwell, Protector of the Commonwealth. * * London. A council of army officers rules at Wallingford House. 1659 Jan. 17. Sir Richard Newdi- gate is appointed chief justice. Rob- ert Nicholas is also appointed. Jan. 27. Parliament opens. [Apr. 22. Dissolved.] * *H. C. Sir Ashley Cooper bitterly attacks the Government ; the army offi- cers hotly reply, and demand the disso- lution of Parliament. Apr. 22. Yielding to the demand of the army, Richard dissolves the Parlia- ment. May 7. The Rump Parliament reas- sembles through the action of the army; it has 100 members, and William Lenthall is Speaker. [1G60. Mar. 16. Dissolved.] May 25. Richard Cromwell resigns the Protectorate. Aug. * A royalist rising in Cheshire, headed by Sir George Booth, is sup- pressed by Parliamentary forces under Gen. John Lambert. Oct. 13. London. The army under Gen. Lambert expels the Rump Parlia- ment. [It appoints a military committee of safety, which causes divisions in the army, and rouses opposition in the navy.] Dec. 26. London. Forced by popular opposition, the army restores the Rump Parliament. [The tyranny of the army weakens.] 1652 * * Scot. great fire. MISCELLANEOUS. s wasted by a 890 1659 **-1664 ** GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1660 Feb. 3. London is entered by Gen. Monk with his army. Apr. * John Lambert makes an unsuc- cessful attempt to rouse the army against the Royalists. May 16. James, Duke of York, is ap- pointed lord high admiral, and warden of the Cinque Ports. July 7. Gen. Monk is created Earl of Torrington and Duke of Albemarle ; he is made captain-general. * * Special privileges are granted to the Third Buffs Regiment, formerly the London train-band. * * Col. John Russell raises a royal regi- ment of guards. The first foot guards [Grenadiers] are raised. * * The wall of Gloucester is demol- ished by order of the king, because of its successful resistance to Charles I- 17 years before. 1661 Dec. * The victualling office is instituted for managing the royal navy. The Coldstream Guards are consti- tuted by Duke of Albemarle the Second Regiment, and are the beginning of the standing army. * * The Horse Guards are revived by the king. * * The Second Queen's Royal Regi- ment is raised. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1659 * * The sugar refining process is practised (perhaps previous to this date). 1660+* * Astronomy, chemistry, medi- cine, and physiology make decided ad- vancement. 1660-63 London. Sir Robert Moray is president of the Royal Society. 1660-1702 The spirit level and many other inventions are devised by Dr. Robert Hooke. 1661 * * Boyle's law of compression of gases appears. 1662 Feb. 18. London. An unprece- dented storm occurs. Apr. 8. Scot. An eclipse of the sun is observed on [" Mirk Monday "]. Apr. 22. London. The Royal Society is incorporated by Charles II. Its appellation is " The President, Council, and Fellowship of the Royal Society of London, for improving Nat- ural Knowledge." * * Dublin. The Orange Street [Smock- Alley] Theater is erected. * * Cb.arlesJI.is the first to encourage the public appearance of females on the English stage. * * London. St. Bartholomew's Hospital, with William Harvey the physiologist for its physician, has a medical school. 1663 Apr. 2. The British Royal So- ciety of Arts is chartered. Nov. 30. London. The first anniversary meeting of the Royal Society is held. Lord Brouncker becomes president. * * Scot. James Gregory invents a re- flecting telescope. * * A telegraph is suggested by the Mar- quis of Worcester in liis Century of In- ventions ; he also suggests the steam- engine as " a way to drive up water by fire." * * The first wire-mill in England is erected at Mortlake. A sawmill is erected. Their introduction is violently op- posed ; one is erected by a Dutchman. [1GG5. He is forced to abandon it.] 1663-66 The journeys of the botanist?, John Ray (Wray) and Francis Wil- loughby, are made in France, Germany, and Italy. 1664 Dec. 24. A comet called the blazing star appears. * * Sir Isaac Newton discovers the Dif- ferential Calculus, or method of flux- ions. [Discovered about the same time by Leibnitz.] He obtains a suggestion of gravitation by observing the fall of an apple. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1659 * * Arrowsmitli, John, Puritan cl., A57. firadshaw, John, judge, A57. 1660* * Amsu'orth, Robert, gram., lexic, b. Harcourt, Viscount, Sir Simon, statesman, b. Marlborough, Duchess of, Sarah Jen- nings, born. Macgregor-Campbell. Rob Roy, free- booter, Scotland, born. Shrewsbury, Duke of, Charles Talbot, poet, statesman, born. Sloane, Sir ilaus, physician, naturalist, b. Soutlierne, Thomas, dramatist, Ireland, b. Urquhart, or Urchard, Richard, translator, Scotland, A55±. 1661 * * De Foe, Daniel, jour., novelist, b. Fuller, Thomas, preacher, lust., au., A53. Garth, Sir Samuel, poet, physician, born. Halifax. Earl of, Charles Montague. statesman, born. Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, states., b. 1662 Apr. 30. Mary II.. queen, daughter of James II., wife of William III., born. Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester, states., controversialist, author, born. Baillie, Robert, theologian, historian, A63. Iientlev, Richard, classical scholar, born. ISiddle", John, Unitarian theologian, au., A47. Fiennes, William, Lord Save and Sde, states- man, A80. (lauden, John, bishop of Exeter, au., A57. Henry, Matthew, clergyman, author, born. Heyli'n, Peter, lust., polemical writer, A62. Iniies, Thomas, historian, Scoiland, born. Wesley, Samuel, f. of John Wesley, cl., au.,b. 1663 * * Brown, Thomas, satirist, born. Byng, George, Viscount Torrington, ad., b. Juxon, William, arch, of Canterbury, A81. Sanderson, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, moral philosopher, A76. 1664 Feb. 6. Anne, queen, born. Cowper, Earl, William, statesman, born. Trior, Matthew, poet, statesman, born. CHURCH. 1659 * * Quakers are persecuted. It is stated in Parliament that 2,000 Friends have endured sufferings and imprisonment in Newgate; and 161 Friends now offer themselves by name to the Government to be imprisoned as substitutes for the relief of an equal number who are in danger of death from close confinement. 1660 Oct 25. The king issues a dec- laration avowing himself an Episcopa- lian, and commending toleration. Nov. 20. The bishops again take seats in the House of Lords. * * John Bunyan refuses to conform to the Church of England, and is taken to Bedford jail under a sentence for 12 years. * * "William Juxton is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. [1G63. Gilbert Sheldon.] 1660-88 Scot. The Scottish Church is "in the wilderness," suffering cruel persecutions. 1661 Jan. 6. London. About SO Ana- baptists rise in insurrection, headed by their preacher ; they fight desperately, but are subdued ; 17 are executed. Apr. *- July* Fruitless Savoy Confer- ence of Episcopalians and Presbyterians is held for the revision of the liturgy, to make it acceptable to both parties. * * Scot. James Sharpe is made arch- bishop of St. Andrews, and attempts to introduce Episcopacy. May 17. Parliament votes that every member shall receive the sacrament according to the forms of the Anglican Church. , May 22. London. The Solemn League and Covenant is burned by the com- mon hangman [and afterwards through- out the country]. Oct. 19. John James, a Sabbatarian Baptist, is dragged out of his pulpit to prison. [Afterwards hanged and quar- tered.] Dec. 15. Scot. Episcopacy is restored, and three bishops are consecrated by Sheldon, Bishop of London. * * Scot. The National Covenant is signed in Greyfriars Church. * * Scot. The Scottish Parliament, in the interest of the king, reestablishes the royal supremacy, and annuls the Solemn League and Covenant. 1662 May 10. Parliament: The Uni- formity in Religion Act is passed. It restores the Church of England, obliges all the clergy to subscribe to the Thirty-nine Articles, use the same forms, and the same book of common prayer. It requires all clergymen, fellows, and schoolmasters to accept and use the Book of Common Prayer. Aug. 24. "Black Bartholomew's Day." The Uniformity Act goes into opera- tion [which causes 2,000 non-conforming ministers to resign their benefices, and quit the Church of England.] Dec. * The king suspends the Conform- ity Act by proclamation, out of respect for peaceable people having tender and misguided consciences, but aiming at toleration for Catholics. * * The Prayer-book is revised. * * Non-conformists begin to be called Dissenters. 1663 July 27. A bill for the better preservation of the Sabbath is stolen from the House of Commons before it receives the king's signature. 1664 May 17. Parliament: The Con- venticle Act is passed. It forbids more than five persons meeting for religious wnrship, except such as are reg- ulated by the Hook of Common Prayer; also forbidding any person over 16 years of age attending anv meeting other than such as the liturgy of the Church of England allows; banishment is the penalty for the third offense. LETTERS. 1659 * * The Whole Duty of Man appears. [Authorship uncertain.] 1660 * * To the King on His Majesty's Happy Return, by Edmund "Waller, ap- pears. [Later, Go, Lovely Rose, To Cklorts, and many other poems.] * * Astrsea Redux, celebrating the Resto- ration, by John Dryden, appears. 1660-69 Samuel Pepys writes his Diary. 1661* *The Government represses " disorders in printing." * * Scot. Mercurius Caledonius, the first Edinburgh newspaper, appears. 1662-85 Treatise of Taxes and Contri- butions, by Sir William Petty, appears. 1663 * * The Lucasian professorship of mathematics is established at Cam- bridge. * * Coffee-houses — the literary clubs of the day — abound. AND IRELAND. 1659,**-1664, **. 891 * * Hudibras, by Samviel Butler, appears. * * The Wild Gallant, John Dryden's first play, appears. [1667, Annus Mirabilis.'] * * Algernon Sidney writes Discourses Concerning Government. [1698. Pub- lished.] 1664-65 Mar. 6. Philosophical Trans- actions is first published. SOCIETY. isf action to the army, settlement of confiscated estates on their present pos- 1660 July 6. Charles II. touching for the curing of scrofula. Aug. 13. Charles II. issues a proclama- tion against dueling. * * The theaters are reopened. * * Titles created. Earl of Sandwich. [1661, Earl of Essex, and Earl of Car- lisle ; 1663, Earl of Doncaster.] * * Ire. Titles created, Viscount of Mas- sereene and Ferrard (1797). [1661, Earl of Drogheda, and Viscount of Chol- mondeley ; 1665, Viscount of Charle- niont.] * * Scot. The title, Earl of Newburgh, is created. * * With the abolition of tenures in cap- ite, knights' service, etc., serfdom is finally extinguished. * * Masquerades are frequent among the citizens. 1660-85 Tennis is introduced from France, and becomes fashionable. 1661 Jan. 1. Edinburgh. Parliament meets, and " has a mad and roaring time," the men of affairs being almost all drunk. Jan. 3. London. The comedy of Beg- gar's Bush is produced at Lincoln's Inn Fields. "Here the first time that ever I saw a woman on the stage." (Pepys's Diary.) Jan. 30. The bodies of Cromwell, Bradshaw, and Ireton are dragged from their grand tombs in Westminster and hanged on the gallows, and their heads set on poles at Westminster Hall. Apr. 25. An act for licensing sellers of wine is passed. 1662* * Notorious profligacy of the king and his court. Charles presents his mistress, Lady Castlemaine, to the queen in the pres- ence of his court. 1663 Apr. 8. London. The first play- bill is issued from Drury Lane Theater, entitled Humourous Lieutenant, play to commence at three o'clock precisely. 1664 May 18. " His Sacred Majesty," Charles II., advertises that he will at- tend to healing by touching during STATE. 1659 * * London. The ballot-box is used at a Rota Club meeting. 1660 Feb. 3. London. Gen. Monk enters at the head of the army [and as- sumes control of the Government]. Feb. 21. Members of Parliament ex- cluded in 1648 are restored by Monk ; the Long Parliament is reestablished. Mar. 16. The Long Parliament is finally dissolved by its own act. Apr. * Gen. Lambert makes a last at- tempt to rouse the army for the over- throw of the Royalists ; he is defeated and arrested. Apr. 14. Neth. Declaration of Breda. Charles II., at Breda, promises a gen- eral pardon, religious toleration, sat- Apr. 25. Parliament opens. [Dec. 29. Dissolved.] It has 556 members, chosen without restriction [" the Convention Parliament"]. May 1. Parliament votes that the gov- ernment of England shall be by King, Lords, and Commons, and loyally ac- cepts the king's Breda declaration. May 8. Restoration of the Stuarts. 1660-85 Charles II. reigns. Charles II., son of Charles I., is pro- claimed by both Houses of Parliament as king of England, Scotland, and Ire- land. [May 25. He lands at Dover. May 29. He enters London.] June* Parliament: Tonnage and poundage are granted to Charles for life. Aug. * An act of general amnesty for political offenders, except regicides, is passed, and receives the royal assent. Sept. 3 . James, Duke of York, the king's brother, secretly marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clar- endon. Sept. 4. Parliament grants to the king an annual income of £1,200,000. [For this Charles consents to the abolition of the feudal claims of knights' service, wardships, and purveyance.] Oct.* London. Twenty-nine persons are tried and convicted for connection with the execution of Charles I. Of the regicides, 25 are dead, 19 are in exile, 19 having surrendered under the king's proclamation are imprisoned for life, and 10 are executed — Harrison, Scot, Carew, Jones, Clements, Scroope, Cook, Axtele, Hacker, and Peters. Oct. * The army is disbanded, except 5,000 men. Oct. * Bishops are restored to their sees and to Parliament. Dec. 27. Parliament: An act is passed for erecting a general post-office. (See 1657.) It is enacted that none but the postmaster or his deputies shall fur- nish post-horses for travelers. * * Ministers: Sir Edward Hvde [Earl of Clarendon], <;eorge Monk [Duke of Al- bemarle], Kdwnrd Montagu [Earl of Sandwich], Lord Saye and Sele ; Earl of Manchester, Lord Seymour, and Sir Robert Long. * * Parliament: A tax of eightpence is levied on every gallon of tea made for sale. * * Charles establishes two Councils of Trade for controlling the commerce of the country and foreign plantations. * * London. The East India Company, with a capital of £30,000, is chartered. * * Sir Robert Foster is appointed chief justice. * * Edward, Lord Hyde [Earl of Claren- don], is appointed lord high chancellor. 1661 Jan. 1. Edinburgh. The Scottish Parliament meets. Jan. 6. London. A rising of Fifth Monarchy men takes place under Thomas Venner, a cooper. They proclaim Jesus Christ as their king, 'and they kill many persons who st them. [Venner and 16 of his fol- > tried and executed.] Apr. 23. London. Charles II. is crowned. May 8. Parliament opens. [1679. Jan. 24. Dissolved. It is called the "cava- lier," or Pension Parliament.] May 27. Scot. The Marquis of Argyll is beheaded as an Anti-Royalist. Nov. 20. Parliament: The Corpora- tion Act is passed. It requires all municipal officers and magistrates to receive the sacrament according to the rites of the Church of England, to renounce the League and Covenant, and to take oath declaring it to be unlawful to bear arms against the king for any cause. * * Parliament: The Covenant between England and Scotland, which Charles II. accepted in 1650, is declared to be illegal, and ordered to be burned. * *E.Did. Bombay is ceded to Charles by Portugal, as part of the dowry of his queen. 1662 May 19. Act of Uniformity passed. (See Church.) May 20. Charles II. marries Cather- ine of Braganza, daughter of John IV., King of Portugal. Nov. * Dunkirk is sold to France for £400,000. * * Parliament: The Hearth, or Chim- ney Tax, is imposed. [It produces about £200,000 "hearth money" a year. Milled shillings are coined.] * * Parliament : The Act of Settlement for Ireland is passed. It makes regulations respecting the disposal of confiscated estates, and oper- ates largely against Catholics. * * Ire. The Duke of Ormonde is ap- pointed lord lieutenant. 1663 Oct. * There is another rising of Fifth Monarchy men in the northern counties. * * Guineas are first coined from gold brought from Guinea. * * Sir Robert Hyde is appointed chief justice. Sir Francis North is first (modern) king's counsel. The post-office is farmed to Daniel O'Neil. 1664 May 17- Parliament: The Conventicle Act. (See Church.) Sept. 8. [U.S.A.] New Amsterdam [New York] is taken from the Dutch. * * Parliament: The Triennial Act of 1641 is repealed. Dec* Parliament: £2,500.000 is voted for the expenses of war with Holland, growing out of commercial rivalry in African gold-dust and slaves. * * W. Afr. Cape Coast Castle is taken by the English. MISCELLANEOUS. 1660 May 29. The new conduit runs with wine for a few hours in honor of the restoration of Charles II. Sept. 25. Samuel Pepys records his first " cup of tea." * * London. Banking is begun by Fran- cis Child. * * Toll-gates and turnpikes are first set up. 1665 Apr. 26. London. The great plague occurs. Fires are kept up night and day for three days to purify the air ; 6S,. r .i)f; per- sons, some say 100,000, perish. [The in- fection is not totally destroyed till the great conflagration.] '892 1665, Feb. 22-1674, * * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1665 Feb. 22-67 July 21. War with Holland. June 3. The Duke of York defeats the Dutch fleet off Lowestoft, taking 18 ships, and destroying 34 ; Adm. Opdam, in command of the Dutch, and his crew are blown up. Sept. 4. The Earl of Sandwich takes 12 men-of-war and two India ships from the Dutch. 1666 Jan. 16-67 July 21. "War with France. June 1-4. Neth. Battle of the Downs : George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, with 54 ships, defeats the Dutch under Adms. De Ruyter and De "Witt, with 80 ships, off North Foreland; English loss, nine ships ; Dutch loss, 15 ships. July 25, 26. Naval battle at the mouth of the Thames : The Dutch are driven to their ports, losing 24 ships, four admirals, and 4,000 men. * * Scot. The Scotch Presbyterians re- bel against the establishment of Epis- copacy by Charles II. Nov. 28. Scot. Gen. Dalziel defeats the insurgent Covenanters at Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. 1667 Jan. * -June * The sailors mu- tiny because of non-payment of wages. June 11. The Dutch admiral De Ruy- ter sails up the Thames, within 20 miles of London, destroys some ships, and burns Sheerness. July 21. The war with Prance and with Holland ends. 1671 May 10. Sir Edward Spragg destroys 12 Algerine ships-of-war. 1672 Mar. * Lord Ossory attacks a fleet of Dutch merchantmen in the Chan- nel, and captures four ships. Mar. 17. "War with Holland begins. May 28. De Ruyter is defeated by the Duke of York in a naval battle at Sole- bay, or Southwold Bay, Suffolk. 1673 Aug. 11. Sir Edward Spragg is killed in a naval battle off the coast of Holland ; Adms. d'Estrees and De Ruyter are defeated. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1665 * * Robert Boyle experiments on air, discovers its elasticity, and improves the air-pump. * * Robert Hooke studies the use of air in combustion; he also propounds the first elements of the undulatory theory of light. 1666-71 Newton discourses on disper- sion of light, and proves its compound nature by means of the prismatic lens. He constructs his reflecting telescope. * * Robert Hooke conveys sounds to a distance by a distended wire [tele- phone.] [1674. He devises a system of gravitation.] * * Broadcloth is first dressed and dyed by Adrian Breauwer. 1669± * * A diving-bell is used on the coast of Mull in searching for the wreck of a part of the Spanish Armada. * * Newton lectures on the analysis of light. H e originates the emission theory, and opposes the undulatory the- ory. [1670. He proves the law of grav- itation]. 1670 * * John Mayow discourses on respiration. He discovers fire-air, and shows how it is used in burning. 1670-77 London. A monument of London, commemorating the great fire, is erected by Christopher Wren. The pedestal is 40 feet high, and the edifice altogether 202 feet ; cost, £14,500. * * London. Drury Lane Theater is rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren at a cost of £200,000. 1672 * * The experiments of Jean Richer (France) lead Newton to prove the earth to be iu the shape of an oblate . spheroid. He is elected a member of the Royal Society. [1674. He makes discoveries in colons.] * * Edinburgh. The Theater of Music is erected. 1673 * * Glass plate for coach windows and mirrors is made at Lambeth by Venetians, under the patronage of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1666* * Calamy, Edmund, Presbyterian clergyman, chaplain to Charles II., A66. Cowper, William, anatomist, born, Kigby, Sir Kenelm, phys. philosopher, A62. Howell, -lames, traveler, lexioeog., wr., A71. Shirley, .lames, dramatist, A70. Vanbrugh, Sir John, poet, dram., arch., b. 1667 Nov. 30. Swift, Jonathan, dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, satirist, an., Ire., b. Arbuthnot, John, physician, wit, miscella- neous writer, born. Centlivre, Susannah, dramatist, Ireland, b. Cowley, Abraham, poet, A49. Granville, George, Viscount Lansdowne, poet, dramatist, statesman, born. Lovat, Lord, Simon Fraser, sol.,pol., Scot.,b. Pomfret, John, poet, born. Taylor. Jeremy, Anglican el., au., A54. Winston, William, el., math., translator, b. Wither, George, poet, A79. Worcester, Marquis of, Edward Somerset, inventor i steam engine), A66. 1668 * * Astell, Mary, author, born. Davenant, Sir William, dramatist, A63. Daye, Stephen, first printer Amer. col., A57. Denliam, Sir John, poet, A53. ilaittaire, Michael, bibliographer, born. "Waller, Sir Win., parliamentary gen., A71. 1669 * * Balchen, Sir John, admiral, born. Beaumont, Basil, rear-admiral, born. Gibson, Edmund P., bp. of London, born. King, Peter, jurist, born. Prynne, William, Puritan el.,antiq.,au., A69. 1670 * * Clarke, Jeremiah, musical comp., b. Congreve, William, poet, dramatist, born. Fitzjames. James. I > Like of Berwick, mar- shal, peer of France, natural son of James II., general, born. Cagnier, Jean, professor at Oxford, born. Monk., Georgre, Duke of Albemarle, general, statesman, A62. Toland, John, leader of English deists, born. 1671 * * Calamy, Edmund, cl., author, b. Cibber, Colley, actor, poet, dramatist, born. Fairfax. Lord Thomas, pari, general, A60. Hyde, Anne, queen, mother of Mary II. and Anne, A34. Law, John, financier, Scotland, born. Montagu, Edward, Earl of Manchester, statesman, A69. Philips, Ambrose, poet, born. Shaftesbury, third Earl of, Anthony Cooper, philosopher, horn. Steele, Sir Richard, poet, essay., pol., Ire., b. 1672 May 1. Addison, Joseph, poet, es- sayist, under Secretary of State, Secretary of state, born. Hoyle, Edmund, writer on games, born. Manley, Mary de la Hiviere, novelist, drama- tist, born. Montague, Edward, Earl of Sandwich, ad- miral. A47. Sacheverell, Henry, cl., polemical wr., b. Wilkins, John, bishop of Chester, au., A58. 1673 * * Oldmixon, John, historian, born. Howe, Nicholas, poet, dramatist, born. stanhope, first Earl, James, gen., states., b. Wharton, Thomas, anatomist, A63. 1674 Nov. 8. Milton, John, poet, states- man, A 66. Ayscue, Sir George, statesman, dies. Clarendon, Earl of, Edward Hyde, states- man, historian, A66. Gibhs, -lames, architect, born. Halyburton, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., h. Herrick, Robert, poet, A83. Hutchinson, John, philosopher, horn. Nash, Richard, "Beau Nash," master of ceremonies, horn. Potter, John, archbishop of Canterbury, antiq., author, born. Sunderland, third Earl of, Charles Spencer, statesman, born. Watts, Isaac, dissenting clergyman, poet, h. CHURCH. 1665 Oct. 31. Parliament: The Five Mile Act is passed. It forbids all persons from coming w.ithin five miles of any incorporate town, or non- conformist ministers from returning to any place where they had formerly been settled. as ministers, unless they have subscribed to the Act of Cnit'ormity, and have on oath de- clared it unlawful to take up arms against the king under any pretense. They are also declared incapable of teaching or keeping hoarders. It prevents their fining the pul- pits made vacant by the plague. 1666* * Non-conformists are perse- cuted; William Perm is tried under the Conventicle Act. 1667 * * It. Clement IX. is elected pope. [1670, Clement X. ; 1G7G, Innocent XI. ; 1689, Alexander VIII.: 1691, Innocent XII.] * * Roman Catholics are excluded from corporate offices. * * London. Moravians form two small societies. 1669 * * Scot. The Duke of Lauderdale publishes a royal decree, enabling many Presbyterian ministers to return to their flocks. 1670 * * A second Conventicle Act is passed, lining minister, people, and the owner of the place of meeting. 1672 * * Ire. The Regium Donum, or Royal Gift, is founded. It consists of an allowance from the sov- ereign for the support of the Presbyterian ministers in Ireland. [Later revived by William III.] * * John Bunyan is released from jail, and preaches to great crowds of people. 1673 Mar. 29. Parliament : The Test Act is passed. It prohibits any person holding govern- mental office unless he takes the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and partakes of the Lord's Supper according to the rites of the Church of England, and makes a dec- laration against transuhhiaiitiafioii. [1828. It is repealed.] LETTERS. 1665 ISTov. 14. The Oxford Gazette is issued. [After the 24th number it be- comes The London Gazette.'] 1666 Feb. 5. The London Gazette is removed from Oxford to London ; it is issued bi-weekly. * * Parliament censures Hobbes's Levia- than and De Give. * * London. Serjeant's Inn, Chancery Lane, is established. 1667 Apr. 27. John Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost for £5. [His widow is paid £8 more.] * * London. The Koyal Society Library is founded. * * Essays, by Cowley, appear. 1668* * An Essay on the Present State and Settlement of Ireland , by Sir William AND IRELAND. 1665, Feb. 22-1674, * 89S Temple, appears. [1671, The Empire, etc., a survey of the different govern- ments of Europe and their relations to England ; 1072, Observations Upon the United Provinces and Essay Upon the Original and Nature of Government; 1679-92, Miscellanea.] 1669* * The Lexicon Heptaglotton, by Edmund Castell, appears. 1670 Aug. 18. John Dryden is created poet laureate. * *A Collection of English Proverbs, by John Ray, appears. 1671 * * Paradise Regained, and Sam- son Jgonistes, by John Milton, appear. [1673, Of True Religion, Heresy, Schism, Toleration, etc.] * * The Rehearsal, by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, is produced. * * Love in a Wood, by William Wycherly, appears. [1673, The Gentleman Dancing Master; 1675, The Country Wife; 1676, The Plaindealer.] * * Conquest of Granada and Essay on Heroic Plays, by John Dryden, appear. [1678, All for Love.] SOCIETY. 1665 Feb. 24. London. A Dutch im- postor is whipped through the streets. Mar. 31. An order is issued for the ar- rest of George Fox for preaching on the crime of building meeting-houseB with steeples on them. * * Scot. The Scottish Corporation, charitable, is established. 1666± * * Valentine Greatrix, an Irish impostor, pretends to cure all diseases by stroking the patient ; his imposture deceives the credulous and occasions very warm discussion in England and Ireland. 1667 * * Charles builds a stand-house at the race course at Newmarket for his own diversion. [From this time to the present races are annually held.] 1667-74 Management of the House of Commons by bribery is [said to have been] begun by Clifford of the Cabal Ministry. [Afterwards continued by the Whigs and Tories.] * * Actresses become the mistresses of the king by gradual promotion from their being the mistresses of the king's servants. 1668 May 4. London. A riot occurs under the pretense of destroying the brothels. 1670 Jan. * Claude Duval is executed at Tyburn as a highwayman. Aug. 14. William Fenn is arrested for preaching to Friends. [Sept. 3. He is brought to trial. The jury acquit him and are outrageously abused.] Dec. 6. Col. Thomas Blood seizes the Duke of Ormonde, wounds him, and pre- pares to hang him, but is beaten off by the duke's servants. * * Louise la Querouaille, mistress of King Charles, is created Duchess of Portsmouth. [1671 Oct. 10. London. She is installed as chief " Miss," with ceremonies little short of those of the altar, " after the manner of a married bride." * * Dublin. A blue-coat hospital is in- corporated. 1671 May 9. Col. Thomas Blood un- successfully attempts to steal the royal regalia from the Tower. He is seized and imprisoned. 1672 June 12. A proclamation is is- sued to suppress the spreading of false news, and licentious talking of matters relating to state and government. * * John Bunyan is released from an imprisonment of 12 years by the Act of Toleration. * * Titles created, Earl of Shaftesbury, and Baron Clifford of Chudleigh. [1675, Duke of Richmond and Gordon (1870), and Duke of Grafton ; 1679, Earl of Berkeley ; 1682, Earl of Abingdon, and Baron of Beaufort ; 1684, Baron of St. Albans.] 1673 * * Scot. Titles created, Duke of Buccleuch and Qm-ensberry (1684). [1675, Duke of Hamilton, and Viscount of Dumblane; 1677, Earl of Breadalbane, Marl of Strath more, and Earl of Kin ton- ; 1681, Baroness Nairne ; 1682, Baron Kin- naird, Earl of Aberdeen, and Marquis of Queensberry.] STATE. 1665 Oct. 9. Parliament meets at Oxford because of the plague in Lon- don. Oct. 31. Five Mile Act passed. (See Church.) * * H. C. The Commons enforce the right of appropriating the supplies to specified objects. * * Sir John Kelyng is appointed chief justice. 1666* * Parliament: An act is passed empowering j udges to sentence criminals to transportation to any of the king's dominions in North America. * * Scot. Presbyterians rise in rebellion against Episcopacy. (See Army.) * * W % I. Tortola, the Virgin Islands, and Anguilla are settled. 1667 July 31. The Treaties of Breda (p. 691). England gains Albany, New York, An- tigua, Montserrat, and part of St. Chris- topher ; Holland retains Surinam ; France receives Acadia [Nova Scotia]. Aug. * The Earl of Clarendon is im- peached and banished because of the unpopular acts of the Government. * ■* George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, is appointed first commissioner of the treasury. * * Ministers : Sir T. Clifford [Lord Clif- ford], Lord Ashley, the Duke of Buck- ingham, Lord Arlington, and the Duke of Lauderdale. They are the " Cabal Ministry" (the initials of their names spell the word cabal). [1672. Broken up.] * * Sir Orlando Bridgman is appointed lord keeper of the great seal. *■ * The poll-tax is assessed by the head ; a duke has to pay £100, a marquis, £80, a baronet, £30, a knight, £20, an esquire, £10, and every single private person, one shilling. 1668 Jan. 23. The Triple Alliance is formed (p. 691). 1669* * Ire. Lord Roberts is appointed lord lieutenant. [1670, Lord Berkeley ; 1672, Arthur Capel. Earl of Essex.] 1670 May 22. The secret Treaty of Dover (p. 693). * * Cent. Amer. British Honduras is partly acquired by treaty. [1786. Abso- lutely.] * ■* The Irish Society for the colonization of Ulster again receives its charter, with various changes. 1671 * * Sir Matthew Hale is appointed chief justice. 1672 Jan. 2. Charles gains fresh sup- plies by closing the Exchequer, and seiz- ing £1,200,000; a commercial panic follows. Mar. 15. Charles makes a Declaration of Indulgence. He proclaims " that all manners of penal laws in matters ecclesiastical against whatsoever sort of non-conform- ists or recusants be suspended ;" Catho- lics are excepted, but they may have their religious service in private houses. [1673. Pronounced illegal, and with- drawn.] Mar. * Lord Ossory falls upon a fleet of Dutch merchantmen in the Channel, and captures four ships in order to replenish the king's treasury. Nov. * Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, is appointed lord high chancellor. * * Ministers: Lord Clifford, the Earl of Shaftesbury, the Earl of Arlington, the Earl of Anglesey, Sir Thomas Osborne, Viscount Latimer, Henry Coventry, Sir George Carteret, and Edward Seymour. 1673 Mar. 20. The Test Act. (See- Church.) [The Duke of York (lord ad- miral) and Lord Clifford (lord treasurer), decline to take the test, and resign their offices.] June 14. Charles U. becomes first lord of the admiralty. [July 9, Prince Rupert ; 1679, Feb. 14, Sir Henry Capel ; 1680, Feb. 19, Daniel Finch; 1681, Jan. 20, Lord Finch ; 1683, Apr. 17, The Earl of Nottingham.] June 26. Thomas Osborne, Viscount Latimer [Earl of Danby], is appointed lord high treasurer. Oct. 20. H. C. The Commons declare against the proposed marriage of the Duke of York to the Catholic Princess of Moden a. [Nov. 21. He marries Mary d'Este, Princess of Modena.] Nov. 4. The king prorogues Parlia- ment because of the Commons' desiring to address him against grievances. * * The Earl of Shaftesbury becomes leader against the court. * * Sir Heneage Finch is appointed lord keeper of the seal. 1674 Feb. 9. Treaty of "Westminster (p, 693). June 9. Parliament is prorogued on account of irreconcilable differences between Lords and Commons ; £200,000' has been spent in bribing the Commons- MISCELLANEOUS. 1666 * * Tea is brought into England by Lord Ossory and Lord Arlington from Holland ; being admired by persons of rank, it is imported and sold for 60 shil- lings per pound. * * Lanterns are hung before one house in ten from 6 to 12 o'clock. Sept. 2-6. London. The great fire oc- curs. Four hundred and thirty-six acres of ashes; 13.200 houses consumed; 200,000 people encamped in Islington and High- gate fields. It is extinguished by blow- ing up houses. 1667 * * London. Insurance of houses and goods against fire begins. * * London. The first run on the bank- ers occurs. Oct. 23. London. Charles II. lays the foundation stone of the Roya Ex- change. [1687. Sept. 28. Opened.] 1669 * * The East India Company first imports tea. 1671 Apr. 25. Oxford is nearly de- stroyed by fire. 894 1674,**-1682, * * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY— NAVY. 1674 * * The Dutch agree to strike to the English colors in the British seas. * * The Duke of Monmouth is made commander-in-chief. [1G7S. Made cap- tain-general.] 1679 * * Scot. Brutal slaughterings of Convenanters occur by the authority of the Duke of Lauderdale. June 1 (o. s.). Scot. The Covenanters under Balfour defeat Viscount Clav- erhouse at Drumclog, Lanarkshire. June 22. Scot. The Covenanters are defeated by the Duke of Monmouth and Claverhouse at Bothwell Bridge, Lan- arkshire. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1675 Aug. 10. Greenwich Observa- tory is founded. * * John Flamsteed is astronomer royal. * * Newton, Robert Boyle, and others use glass in generating electricity. 1676± * * London. The weaver's Dutch loom is used. * * Repeating-cloeks and watches are invented by Peter Barlow. * * Boyle publishes his electrical exper- iments. * * Edmund Halley proves the motion of the sun round "its own axis. He ob- serves the transit of Mercury. * * Dublin. The Essex bridge is built by Sir H. Jervis. 1677 * * London. Sir Joseph Williamson becomes president of the Royal Society. [1680, Sir Christopher Wren ; 1682, Sir John Hoskyns.] * * Violins are introduced. 167S Jan. 12. A remarkable darknesB occurs. * * London. A statue of Charles I. is set up at Charing Cross. It is the first equestrian statue erected in Great Britain. * * Odometers, or road-measures, are improved by Butterfield. 1679 May 15. The Ashmolean Mu- seum at Oxford is founded. Nov. 3. A comet becomes visible, and terrifies the people by its near approach to the earth. [16S0. Mar. 9. Disap- pears.] * * London. Walbroke Church, a masterpiece of Sir Christopher Wren, is completed. * * Newton applies mechanics to astron- omy, parallelism of forces, and laws of motion. 1680 * * Button manufactories are es- tablished at Birmingham. 1681 * * The tinning of iron is intro- duced from Bohemia. 1682* *Hydraulic engines are in- vented. * * John Ray publishes an important sys- tem of anatomical classification, called A New Method of Plants. * * Newton works out and publishes the laws of gravitation. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1675 * * Clarke, Samuel, cl., philosopher, b. Cocker, Edward, engraver, math., au., A44. Ditton, Humphrey, m;Ltlifiji:itU'ian, born. Ersklne, eleventh Earl of, John, soldier, h. Freind, John, physician, medical writer, b. •Graham, Geo., mechanician, watchmaker, b. Lightfoot, John, theologian, Hebraist, A73. Willis, Thnmas, plivsieiim, A54. 1676 Aug-. 26. Walpole, Sir Robert, Earl of Orford, statesman, born. Boston, Thomas, polemical writer, Scot., b. Boyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, scholar, statesman, Ireland, horn. Clifford, Anne, Countess of Pembroke, au- thor, A87. Collins, Anthony, freethinker, phil., au., h. Hale, Sir Matthew, chief justice, author, A67. Hoadley, l'.cnjamin, bp. of Winchester, au., h. Newcastle, Duke of, William Cavendish, gen- eral, A84. Ogilby, John, poet, geographer, Scot., A76. Philips, John, poet, born. Selkirk:. Alexander, saUor (Robinson Cru- soe), .Scotland, born. Thornhill, Sir James, historical painter, b. Townshend, Viscount, Charles, states., b. 1677 * * Barrow, Issac, cl., math., A47- Croft, William, organist, composer, born. Glisson, Francis, physician, anatomist, A80. Hales, Stephen, natural philosopher, born. Harrington, James, political writer, A66. 1678* * Argyll, second Duke of, John, states- man, Scotland, born. Barrington, Viscount, John Shute, states- man, theological writer, born. Boling-broke, Viscount, Henry St. John, statesman, author, horn. Farquhar, Ceorge, poet, dramatist, Ire., b. Ligonier, Earl of, John, field-marshal, born. Marvell, Andrew, poet, A58. Neal, Daniel, historian, born. Ockley, Simon, orientalist, horn. Sherlock, Thomas, bishop of London, au.,b. 1679* * Boyle, Roger, Earl of Orrery, gen- eral, litterateur, A78. Catesby, Mark, naturalist, born. Chubb, Thomas, deistieal writer, born. Goodwin, Thomas, I'uritian cl., author, A76. Hobbes, Thomas, philosopher, A81. Parnell, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born. Poole, Matthew, Bible commentator, A55. 1680* * Abernethy, John, Nonconformist clergyman, author, Ireland, born. Butler, Samuel, poet, A68. Cameron, Richard, founder of the " Cam- eronians," Scotland, dies. Chambers, Ephraim, eyelopedist, born. Collier, Arthur, cl., metaphysician, born. Ersktne, Ehenezer, preacher, chief founder of the Secession Church, Scotland, born. Glanvill, Joseph, cl., phil., author, A44. Long, Poger, astronomer, born. Sale, George, historian, orientalist, born. 1681 * * Booth, Barton, actor, born. Lilly, William, astrologer, A79. 1674 * * The Hutchinsonians appear. They do not form a sect, but accept the doctrines of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire. They reject, the Newtonian system, and con- tend that the Bible contains a complete sys- tem of natural philosophy. * * London. Work is begun preparatory to the rebuilding of [tbe present] St. Paul's Cathedral. [1675. June 21. First stone is laid.] * * Parliament : A Sabbath Observ- ance Act is passed. It restrains the performance of all servile works, the sale of all provisions except milk at certain hours and meat in public houses, and allows works of necessity and charity. 1677 * * "William Sancroft is chosen archbishop of Canterbury. * * Roman Catholics are excluded from Parliament. 1678* * Ire. The sees of Cork and Cloyne are separated. 1681 Nov. * Scot. Test Act against Presbyterians. (See State.) Dec. 15. Scot. Frst meeting of the United Societies of Covenanters at Lo- gan House, Lanarkshire, called " The Persecuted Remnant," also " Society People." * * Scot. The Reformed Presbyterian Church secedes from the Scottish Church. LETTERS. 1675 Nov. * London. The City Mer- cury , or Advertisements concerning Trade, is issued. 1676 * * The Man of Mode, by Sir George Etherege, appears. 1677* * London. The first city Directory is published. (Or 1679?) * * Cocker's Arithmetic, compiled by Ed- ward Cocker, and edited by John Haw- kins, appears. 1678 * * The True Intellectual System of the Universe, by Ralph Cudworth, ap- pears. 1678-84 The Pilgrim's Progress, by John Bunyan, appears. [1684, The Holy War.] 1679* * London. Dome stick Intelligence published gratis for the Promoting of Trade is issued. * * History of the Revolution, by Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, appears. 1680* * Edinburgh. The Advocates' Library is extensive and valuable. * * The printing of newspapers and pam- phlets is prohibited. * * London. Mercurium Librarius, or a Faithful Account of All Books and Pam- phlet's, the first literary periodical in English, is issued. * * Patriarcha, a treatise on government in defense of the divine right of kings, by Sir Robert Filmer, appears. 1681 Jan. 16. Weekly Memorials for the Ingenius is issued. * * Edinburgh. The College of Physicians is incorporated. * * Telluris Theoria Sacra, by Thomas Burnet, appears. * * Absalom and Achitophel, by John Dryden, appears. [1682, The Medal, Mac- Flecknoe, and Religio Laid.} SOCIETY. 1674* * London. The court spends £200,000 in bribing members of Parlia- ment ; " they save no man's neck, but they break his purse." 1675 * * Dublin. The Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, for aged and disabled sol- diers in Ireland, is founded by Arthur, [Earl of Granard], marshal-general of the army in Ireland. [1679. Improved by the l>uke of Ormonde.] 1676 * * At St. Osytbs, Essex, 17 or 18 per- sons are burned for witchcraft. 1677* * Edinburgh. Coffee-houses are first opened. 1678 Sept. * The " Popish Plot" rev- elations of Titus Oates cause great ex- citement. (See State.) Oct. 17. Sir Edmundbury Godfrey is found murdered. "Nov, 17. London. Popular anti-Cath- olic demonstrations take place, with pageants and ridiculous effigies of the Pope. 1679 * * Scot. The Duke of Lauderdale cruelly persecutes the Covenanters. Mar. 9. Tbe Council issues a declaration forbidding pardon to any person killing another in a duel. May 3. Scot. Archbishop Sharp is murdered near St. Andrew's by fanatics led by John Balfour of Burley, because of his apostasy. 1680 * * Three judges are impeached for favoring the levying of ship-money. * Ire. The title Viscount of Downe is created. [1684, Earl of Granard.] 1681 Jan. 26. Edinburgh. TwoCam- eronian women are hanged for calling AND IRELAND. 1674,**-1682, 895 1682 Feb. 12. London. Thomas Thynne, " Tom of Ten Thousand," a wealthy man, is murdered at the in- stance of Charles John, Count Konigs- mark, a paramour of Thynne's wife. [The assassins are executed, but Konigs- mark is acquitted.] Mar. 11. Chelsea Hospital is founded. Dee. 13. A provost marshal is appointed to seize ballad singers, and suppress stage -plays. * * London. A riot takes place at Guild- hall at the election of sheriffs. STATE. 1675 Nov. * Charles receives 500,000 crowns from Louis XIV., in considera- tion of which he prorogues Parliament to prevent the adopting of a war policy against France. Dec. 29. A proclamation is issued re- calling the licenses of coffee-houses because of the " treasonable discourses " carried on in them against the Govern- ment. [The proclamation is withdrawn, owing to the indignation of the people.] * * Lord Finch [Earl of Nottingham] is appointed lord high chancellor. 1676 * * Sir Richard Rainsford is ap- pointed chief justice. 1677 Oct.+ * William, Prince of Or- ange [William III.], pays a visit to England. 'Nov. 4. Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York [James II.], and presumptive heiress to the Crown, is married to "William, Prince of Orange [William III.]. * * Charles makes a treaty with Holland for the preservation of Flanders. * * English, troops are withdrawn from the French service. * * The Writ de tasrehico comburendo (for the burning of a heretic) is abolished. * * Ire. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, is .appointed lord lieutenant. 1678 May 17. A secret treaty is con- cluded with France. Aug. 10. Peace of Nimeguen (p. 693). Sept. * Titus Oates discloses the ficti- tious "Popish Plot." This clerical adventurer discloses a rising of Catholics, a massacre of Prot- estants, the burning of London, the assassination of the king, and a French invasion of Ireland ; Don John of Aus- tria and Pere La Chaise, the confessor of Louis XIV., are the alleged authors. Oct. 23. Five Catholic peers, the Earl of Powis, Viscount Stafford, and Lords Petre, Arundel, and Belasyse, accused of complicity in the «« Popish Plot," are arrested and sent to the Tower, [two thousand persons are imprisoned, and Catholics are ordered to quit Lon- don.] Oct. 31. H. C. On the evidence of Oates, a resolution is passed declaring the existence of the " Popish Plot." Mov. 30. Parliament: The Disabling Act is passed, excluding Catholics from Parliament. Dec. 3. Coleman, secretary to the Duch- ess of York, is executed on a charge of complicity in the Popish Plot. Dec* H. C. The disclosureof the king's intrigues with France causes surprise and excitement in the Commons. (See 1675.) Dec. * The Earl of Danby is impeached forcriminalcorrespondence with France. [1679. Apr. 16. Committed to the Tower till 1685.] * * Sir William Scroggs is appointed chief justice. 1679 Jan. 24. Parliament is dis- solved ; it is the " Pension " Parliament, which had been in existence since 1661. Feb. * Election bribery is practised on an extensive and systematic scale. Mar. 4. James, Duke of York, departs for France, because of the violent oppo- sition to him as a Catholic. Mar. 6. Parliament meets. LJuly 12. Dissolved.] Mar. 7. H. C. The king refuses to ap- prove of the choice of Sir Edward Sey- mour as Speaker. ["William Gregory is made Speaker.] Apr. 20. The king, on the advice of Sir William Temple, forms the Council of Thirty to direct public affairs. It is provided that half the members shall be high officers of State, that the other half shall be popular leaders in Parliament, and that the income of the thirty shall not be less than £300,000. May 26. The Habeas Corpus Act is signed by the king. It compels judges to issue, on applica- tion, a writ ordering the jailer to pro- duce the prisoner in court, and show cause for his detention ; it requires that accused persons shall he tried or bailed at the first assizes after arrest, and dis- charged if not tried at the second ; and it prohibits recommitment for the same offense after discbarge. May 27. Parliament is prorogued. [Oct. 7. Meets and again prorogued, without advice of the council. Oct. 17. Meets. 1680. Oct. 21. Reassembles.] July * The Duke of Monmouth, nat- ural son of Charles, and James, Duke of York, are rivals for succession to the throne. Oct. 20. The alleged Meal Tub Plot is disclosed by Dangerfield. It is a pretended conspiracy against the life of the king, the particulars of which are found in fabricated papers concealed in a tub of meal. [Dangerfield is imprisoned, and whipped several times. 1685. He dies under the lash.] Oct. * The Earl of Shaftesbury is de- prived of his office of President of the Council. Oct. * Sir William Temple and Lords Essex and Halifax resign from the Council ; they are succeeded by the Earl of Godolphin and Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Rochester. ~Nov. * At the suggestion of Shaftesbury, numerous popular petitions are sent to the king, asking for the assembling of Parliament. The court or government supporters' issue ttecl;u-:it inns expressing abhorrence at the conduct of the petitioners ; hence there are two parties, —petitioners and abhorrers [later called Whigs and Tories]. 16S0 Nov. 15. H. C. The Exclusion Bill is passed, to prevent the succession of the Duke of York to the throne. [Un- der the influence of Halifax the Lords reject the bill.] Dec. 7. Lord Stafford is condemned on impeachment for complicity in the 1681 Jan. 18. Parliament is dissolved. Mar. 14. Charles makes a secret treaty with Louis XIV. Louis agrees to pay Charles 2,000,000 livres for one year, and 500,000 crowns for two years ; Charles agrees to with- draw from the alliance with Spain. Mar. 21. Parliament meets. [Mar. 28. Dissolved.] Mar. 28. The king dissolves Parliament, a new bill for the exclusion of the (Catholic) Duke of York from the throne having been introduced, and compromise refused by the Commons. Apr. 1. Sir Francis Pemberton is ap- pointed chief justice, Apr. 16. The province of New Jersey [U. S. A.], a country almost as large as England, is offered for sale for $25,000. July 1. London. Oliver Plunket, Catholic archbishop of Armagh, is ex- ecuted at Tyburn on a charge of high treason [later proved innocent]. July 2. London. The Earl of Shaftes- bury is committed to the Tower on a charge of high treason. [The grand jury refuse to find a true bill against him, and he is discharged ; he escapes to Hol- land. 1683. Jan. 21. He dies.] Aug. 31. Stephen College, the" Prot- estant Joiner," convicted of attempting to seize the person of the king, is ex- ecuted. Scot. Parliament declares religious difference does not bar the right of succession or impair authority. Nov. * Scot. The Duke of York, high commissioner in Scotland, secures the passage of a test act against Presby- terians. It renounces the Covenant, asserts the king's supremacy, indorses passive obe- dience, and disclaims any attempt to change civil or religious establishments ; about 80 Episcopal clergymen resign. Dec. * Scot. The Earl of Argyll is tried and found guilty of treason for opposing the Test Act; he escapes to Holland. 1682 Jan.± * The Duke of Monmouth makes a tour of the northern counties, to add to the number of his partisans. [He is arrested at Stafford, and sent a prisoner to London, where he is admitted to bail in the sum of £10,000.] Sept. 1. "William Penn sails with 100 colonists for America in the Welcome. One-third die of small-pox on the voyage. * * The Earl of Sunderland is restored to the office of Secretary of State. * * Sir Francis North [Lord Guilford] is made lord keeper. MISCELLANEOUS. 1675 * * A canal is cut from Exeter to Topsham. 1676* * London. Sixty houses are burned in Southwark. 1680 * * Tea, coffee, and chocolate are increasing in use. 1681* * London. The streets are first lighted with oil-lamps. * * London. The penny post is set up by Robert Murray, an upholsterer. (?) * * Edinburgh. The Merchants' Com- pany is incorporated. 896 1682,** -1688, Nov. 28. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1685-88 James II. forms the Dragoon Guards, Royal Irish, and the Scots Greys. 1685 May 2. Neth. The Earl of Ar- gyll's expedition sails from Holland in three ships. [June 30. After many disasters, Argyll is taken, tried, and beheaded.] June 11. The Duke of Monmouth lands at Lyme, Dorsetshire. (See State.) June 29. Grenadiers are introduced in the service. (See 1660.) * * The Fifth Northumberland Fusi- leers are raised. * * The Fourth King's Own Regiment is raised. July 6. The Duke of Monmouth is de- feated by the king's forces under the Earl of Feversham at the battle of Sedgemoor, Somersetshire ; he is taken prisoner. [July 15. Executed.] 1688 Oct. 19. Neth. "William of Orange sails from Holland to invade England. He is accompanied by a fleet of 50 war- ships, 25 frigates, and 400 transports, under the command of Adm. Herbert, and an army of 10,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry under Marshal Sehomberg. [He is driven back by a storm.] * * The Earl of Feversham commands the royal army, and Adm. Dartmouth com- mands the navy. Nov. 1. Neth. "William starts the second time to invade England. [Nov. 5. He lands at Torbay, on the west coast.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1682-86 Ire. The long bridge of 21 arches is built at Belfast ; length, 2,562 feet. 1683 May 1. A patent is given to Robert Fitzgerald for making salt water fresh. Dec. 1-84 Feb. 5. Continuous frost prevails ; oxen are roasted and bulls are baited on the ice-covered Thames, The forest-trees, and even the oaks in England, are split l>v the frost ; most of the hollies are killed. The Thames is covered with ice 11 inches thick, and nearly all the birds perish. * * London. Sadler's "Wells are opened as an orchestra for the visitors who use the waters medicinally. * * Charles II. begins a palace at "Win- chester, with Christopher "Wren as architect. * * Edmund Halley's theory of magnetic variations is published. * * The theory of the tides, first satisfac- torily explained by Kepler in 159S, is more completely explained by Sir Isaac Newton. 1684 * * A professorship of music is founded at Cambridge. * * The first idea of the modern telegraph is suggested by Dr. Robert Hooke. * * London. William Davenport intro- duces a species of operas into England. [1692. The first regularly performed opera is produced at York buildings.] * * London. Samuel Pepys, author of Diary, becomes president of the Royal Society. [1686, John, Earl of Carberry ; 1689, Thomas, Earl of Pembroke ; 1690, Sir Robert Southwell.] 1685 * * The manufacture of velvet, long confined to Italy and later to France, is introduced into England. * * Iron pens are mentioned by Chamber- layne. 1685-88 James II. systematizes sea- 1686 Apr. 28. London. Newton pre- sents to the Royal Society the manu- script of his Principia. [1687. Pub- lished.] * * An inundation occurs in Yorkshire ; a rock opens and spouts water to the height of a church steeple. 1687 May 5. The Government issues a proclamation to establish a manufac- tory for making white paper. * * London. A statue of James II. is erected at Whitehall. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1683 * * Browne. Sir Thomas, phys., A77- Cotes, Roger, mathematician, aslronomer, b. Finch, Heneage, Earl of Nottingham, A61. Purcell, Thomas, musical composer, born. 1683 Nov. 10. George II., King, born. Fenton, Elijah, poet, born. Lambert, .John, parliamentary gen., A63. Leighton, Robert, archb. of Glasgow, au.,A73. MMdleton, <'onycis, clergyman, author, b. Oldham, .John, satirical poet, A30. Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley Cooper, statesman, A62. Sidney, Algernon, statesman, A61. "Walton, Izaak, author, A90. 1084 * * Bathurst, Earl, Allen, statesman, b. Lardner, Nathaniel, clergyman, author, b. Miller, Joseph, : actor, born. Roscommon, Earl of, lMllon Wentworth, poet, A51. Vernon, Edward, admiral, born. Young, Edward, poet, born. 1686* *Berkeley, George, bishop of Cloyne, metaphysician, Ireland, born. liudgell, Euslare, essayist, born. rastell, Kdmuiid, lexiocographer, A79. Erskine, Kalph, cl., author, poet., Scot., b. Forbes, Duncan, statesman, Scotland, born. Gay, John, poet, born. Kent, William, painter, architect, born. Monmouth, Duke of. James Scott, nat- ural son of Charles II., A36. North, Francis, Baron Guilford, jurist, A48. Otway, Thomas, poet, dramatist, A34. Taylor, Brook, mathematician, born. Vertue, George, engraver, born. 1686 * * Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesey, statesman, A72. Baxter, Andrew, metaphysician, Scotland, b. Clayton, John, botanist, born. Dugdale, Sir William, antiquary, A81. Law, William, mystic, clergyman, author, b. Pearson, John, bishop of Chester, au., A73. Ramsay, Allan, poet, Scotland, born. Ramsay, Andrew Michael, wr., Scotland, b. Tickell, Thomas, poet, essayist, born. 1687 * * Cotton, CharU s, humorist, poet, AST. Halgarno, George, of Aberdeen, philol., A6U. More, Henry, poet, theologian, phi]., A73. Petty, Sir William, pol. economist, Ati-i. Stukeley, William, antiquary, born. "Waller. Edmund, poet, A82. Wyndam, Sir William, statesman, born. CHURCH. 1684 Apr. 19. Scot. The Synod of Edinburgh changes the year of the confirmation for children from eight to 1G years. 1685 Apr. 19. About 1,200 Catholics and Quakers are released from prison by order of the king. * *The Christian Community is founded. Its members visit and preach the gos- pel in workhouses, asylums, rooms, and in the open air ; they also distribute tracts. [1772. Reorganized by John Wesley.] * * London. A settlement of French Protestants is made. 1686* *King James favors the Catho- lics. [Mar. 5. He forbids the bishops preaching on controversial topics.] * * The king is empowered to dispense with the Test Act. He proceeds to at- tempt to revive the Roman Catholic religion. * * Roman Catholic worship is allowed. Protestants are forbidden by order of the king to preach doctrinal sermons. * * Seven commissioners are appointed for the government of the church, with Lord Jeffreys at the head. July* London. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, having refused to remove the rector of St. Giles for preaching doctrinal sermons, is tried and suspended by the New Court of Ecclesiastical Commission. * * Monastic institutions are revived. Jesuits' schools also are opened. Cath- olic priests installed in their worship. Dec. 29. A Roman Catholic bishop is consecrated, and John Massey (R. C.) in- stalled as dean of Christ's Church. 1687 Jan. 1. The clergy are piuiished for defying the laws of the church. Rev. Samuel Johnson is publicly whipped after standing three times in the pillory for an alleged libelous pub- lication. Feb. * James H. issues a 'declaration of liberty of conscience. Apr. * The king favors Won-conf ormists. He grants a declaration of indulgence, suspending penal laws against them. [Baxter, Hume, and Bunyan refuse to receive it, it being illegal.] July 3. The king receives the papal nuncio with magnificent pomp ; 36 coaches, each with six horses, proceed to the Castle of "Windsor. * * Many anti-Catholic charity schools are established for the preservation of the Protestant religion among the poor. * * Cambridge University sides against the king. He recommends the bestowal of the degree of M. A. upon Alban Francis, a Benedictine monk, and it refuses ; he commands that the presidency of Mag- dalen College be given to Farmer, a Ro- man Catholic, and it refuses to obey. 1688 Apr. * The king issues a second declaration of liberty of conscience. [May. 4. He commands it to be read in all the churches of London on May 20. Few of the clergy obey, and the people rush for the door when the read- ing begins.] May 18. A great meeting of prelates and divines at Lambeth issues a tem- perate protest against the illegal read- ing of the declaration. June 8. London. Seven bishops are sent to the Tower. William Sancroft, Archbishop of Can- terbury, and Bishops Ken, Lake, Lloyd, Turner, Trelawney, and White are brought by summons before the king on the charge of seditious libel, for refus- ing to read the king's declaration for liberty of conscience, by which the Ro- man Catholics would acquire civil and ecclesiastical rights. [June 29, 30. They are tried and acquitted.] LETTERS. 1682 * * Venice Preserved, by Thomas Otway, appears. 1685* * Ire. The Dublin News Letter is issued. 1686 Jan. * -93 * * London. Bibliothe- que Universelle et Historique, begun by Jean Le Clerc, is issued. 1687 * * London. Charity schools are first established. * * The Hind and the Panther, by John Dryden, appears. AND IRELAND. 1682, ** -1688, Nov. 28. 897 * * City Mouse and Country Mouse, by Matthew Prior, appears. 1688 Nov. 12. Scot. The first auc- tion sale of books in Scotland is con- ducted by Andrew Anderson. SOCIETY. 1683 May 8. The Duke of York is awarded £100,000 damages in the trial of ex-sheriff Pilkington for saying " he had tired the city, and he was now come to cut our throats.'* 1684* * Titus Oatesisfined£100,000 for libel against the Duke of York. [1685 May 7. Titus Oa-tes is tried for perjury. Later, he is sentenced to be pilloried five times a year, and impris- oned for life, after being whipped with 1700 lashes in two days. 16S9. He is par- doned, and gets a pension of £300.] 1685 * * Richard Baxter is charged with sedition by Jeffreys, and is sen- tenced to pay 500 marks, and kept in prison IS months for non-payment. Autumn. A reign of terror prevails in western England, caused by Jeffreys* barbarous prosecutions and persecu- tions of those who engaged in or favored the rebellion of Monmouth. Jeffreys hangs 350 rebels in the " Bloody Circuit," passing through Dorset and Somersetshire. He sells more than 800 into slavery beyond the sea ; more are whipped and imprisoned ; men, women, and children are beheaded ; pardons are sold by the queen, maids of honor, and even the judge himself. Sept. 2. Lady Alice Lisle is beheaded for harboring a rebel. Elizabeth Gaunt is burned at Ty- burn for sheltering a rebel who after- ward betrayed her* * * The wages of agricultural laborers, per week, in Warwickshire, are : 3 shil- lings and 4 shillings ; Devonshire, 5 shil- lings ; Suffolk, 5 shillings and 6 shillings ; wool-weavers, about 3 shillings and 4 shillings. 1686 Mar. 10. James II. grants a general par d on, excepting among others the girls of Taunton who gave a Bible and sword to Monmouth. * * Sunderland, the prime adviser of the king, receives a pension of £25,000 from the King of France to espouse his interests and prevent the reassem- bling of Parliament. * * Scot. The title, Earl of Dunmore, is created ; also Viscount of Strathallan. [1690, Baron Polwarth.] 1687 * * The last of the Heralds' Visi- tations takes place. They were occasionally held i-n former times, and the landed gentry were re- quired to attend to prove their pedi- grees, which were then entered in a book. STATE. 1683 * * A secret political confederacy is formed by the Duke of Monmouth, the Earl of Essex, Lord William Russell, Lord Grey, Lord Howard, Algernon Sid- ney, and John Hampden. It proposes to incite simultaneous ris- ings in several parts of England and Scotland, aiming to compel the king to assent to their demands for a change in the policy and proceedings of Govern- ment. June 12. The Rye House Plot is dis- closed by Josiah Keeling, one of the conspirators. It was devised by Col. Rumsey, Lieut.- Col. Walcot, and others to assassinate the king and his brother James at Rye House farm on their return from the Newmarket races. The Court of King's Bench decides that " the franchise and liberty of the city of London should be taken and seized into the king's hands." This is done at the instigation of the court party, who de- sire to have the sheriffs who select the juries nominated by the crown instead of chosen by the representatives of the city. [Other city corporations are co- erced into surrendering their charters.] June 18. London is humbled. The mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen 1 kneel before the, king and beg clemency for the city; they are required to con- sent to accept the king's nominations for mayor and sheriffs in certain cases ; their forfeited charter is ransomed. July 21. Lord Russell is executed af- ter conviction as a conspirator against the king. [Dec. 7. Algernon Sidney also.] July 28. Anne, daughter of James, Duke of York, is married to George, Prince of Denmark. * * Sir Edmund Saunders is appointed chief justice. [Later, Sir George Jef- freys.] ± * * London. The Court of King's Bench adjudges the penny post to belong to the Duke of York, as a branch of the general post ; it is annexed to the rev- enue of the crown. 1684* * Ministers : Sidney, Lord Godol- phin, the Earl of Rochester, the Earl of Nottingham, the Earl of Sunderland, Sir Thomas Chicheley, Lord Dartmouth, the Earl of Clarendon, and t?he Earls of Bath and Radnor. Feb. 12. The Earl of Danby is lib- erated after five years' imprisonment. [The Earl of Powi's and Lords Arundel and Belasyse also are liberated.] * * The name Trimmer is applied to Charles Montagu, Earl of Halifax, and others who hold opinions half-way be- tween those of the Whigs and Tories. * * King Charles is made first lord of the admiralty. [1685. May 17. James 1X7] 1685 Feb. 6. Charles II. dies, after having on his death-bed accepted the Catholic faith. 1685-89 James II. reigns. He is a brother of Charles II. [Apr. 23. Crowned.] Feb. * Ministers : The Earl of Roches- ter, the Marquis of Halifax, Sir George Jeffreys, tflie Earl of Clarendon, Sir John Ernley, and Viscount Preston. May 19. Parliament meets ; its mem- bers are almost all subservient to the wishes of the king. [1687. July* 2. Dis- solved.] June ll. The Duke of Monmouth, natural son of Charles II., lands in Dor- setshire with about 150 followers, to elaim the throne. [June 20. He pro- claims himself king as James II. Cap- tured. July 15. Beheaded on Tower Hill.] July± * Col. Kirke's soldiers are quar- tered on the people in the western coun- ties, and commit many outrages, includ- ing murders. They are called " Kirke's lambs." * * James appoints Roman Catholics to office in disregard of the Test Act. Sept. 28. Lord Jeffreys is appointed lord high chancellor. Oct. 16. Sir Edward Herbert is ap- pointed chief justice. Oct. 22. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes [drives many French refugees to England]. (P. 693.) Nov. 9. Parliament meets ; it refuses to grant supplies for the army while the Test Act is ignored by the king. [Com- mons, vote, 183-182.] Nov. 20. Parliament is prorogued. * * Sugar is first taxed. * * Ire. Henry Hyde, Earl of Claren- don, is appointed lord lieutenant. [1687. Removed ; succeeded by Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnel.] 1686 Jan. * King James sends Lord Castlemaine as royal ambassador to Rome. July * Father Petre, a Jesuit, and the Catholic Lords Powis, Arundel, Belasyse, and Dover are admitted to the Privy Council in violation of the Test Act ; even moderate Catholics are alarmed. * * The power assumed by James of dis- pensing with the Test Act is approved by the Court of King's Bench. 1687 Jan.* Rochester is dismissed from office for refusing to renounce the Protestant faith. Lord Belasyse, a Catholic, is appointed lord treasurer; the Earl of Sunderland is made president of the council, and Viscount Preston secretary of state. Feb. 12. A declaration of indulgence granting liberty of conscience to all denominations in Scotland is made by the king. [Apr.* Another for England.] * * King James reestablishes the Court of High Commission. * * Sir Robert "Wright is appointed chief justice. * * Many justices and lord lieutenants are dismissed for refusing to control the elections in favor of the king's course. 1688 June 30. An invitation is secretly sent to William, Prince of Orange, the son-in-law of James II., to intervene with arms for the restoration of English liberty and the protection of the Protes- tant religion. It is signed by the Earls of Devonshire, Shrewsbury, and Danby, by Compton, Bishop of London, Henry Sidney, Lord Lumley, and Adm. Russell. Sept. 30. Neth. "William issues a dec- laration to the people of England ac- cepting the invitation. [Oct. 19. He embarks at Helvoetsluys for England. His vessels are driven back by a storm. Nov. 1. He again embarks. Nov. 5. He lands at Torbay.] Oct. * James relents, and restores to London and other corporations their charters. Nov. 22. The Duke of Grafton and Lord Churchill join "William. Nov. 26. London. The Princess Anne, daughter of James, flees, and deserts the cause of her father. Nov. 28. James issues writs for a new Parliament, and sends three commis- sioners, Halifax, Nottingham, and Go- dolphin, to treat with William. MISCELLANEOUS. * * Ire. Dublin Castle is burned. 1684-85 London. The city is partly lit at night by Edward Hem'ing's patent. 1688,.N"ov.*-1692,Jan.l6. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1688 Nov. * The treachery in the army towards the king hecomes infectious. [Nov. 25. The army retreats from near Salisbury without a battle.] 1689 Mar. 12. Ire. James II. lands a force from France at Kinsale. Apr. 20-July 30. Ire. The army of James, under Richard Hamilton and others, besieges Londonderry, which is persistently defended by the Rev. George Walker. The city is relieved by Gen. Kirke ; Gen. Rosen retires with James's army after losing 9,000 men. May 7-Sept. 20. "War with France. July 27. Scot. Revolting Highland- ers under Viscount Dundee rout Wil- liam's force under Gen. Mackay at Kil- lieerankie, Perthshire; Dundee falls, and his force vanishes. * * Ire. Enniskillen, Fermanagh, re- sists the army of James II. * * Scot. The Twenty-sixth Cameronian Regiment is raised. July 30. Ire. Battle of Newtown Butler, Fermanagh. Gen. McCarthy, with 6,000 of King James's troops (Irish Catholics), is de- feated by 15,000 Enniskilleners (Irish Protestants) under Gustavus Hamilton ; 3,000 are killed and the others captured, with a loss of only 20 men to the victors. 1690 June 14. Ire. "William HE. lands at Carrickfergus. * * Ire. King Louis XTV. reinforces James in Ireland (p. 694). June 30. Naval battle off Beachy Head, Sussex (p. 694). July 1. Ire. Battle of the Boyne. William III., with 36,000 men, defeats James II. with 30,000. James's loss 15,000 killed ; William's loss, 500 killed. [James retreats to Dublin, and sails for France.] July 23. The French devastate Teign- mouth, Devonshire. Aug. 9. Ire. The first siege of Limer- ick by William commences. [Aug. 27, 28. William assaults the city, but is re- pulsed by Patrick Sarsfield, the leader of the Catholics. Aug. 29. Siege raised.] Sept. 18. The Duke of Marlborough embarks for Ireland with an army of English, Dutch, Danish, and French. Sept. 24. Ire. Marlborough takes Cork after a siege of two days ; the Duke of Grafton, a son of Charles II., is killed. [Kinsale is taken.] 1691 July 12. Ire. Battle of Agh- rim. The English under Ginkell defeat the Irish under St. Ruth and Patrick Sars- field ; St. Ruth is killed. July * Ire. Galway capitulates to the English. Aug. 15. Ire. The second siege of T limerick by the English begins. [Oct. 3. Surrenders under treaty.] Sept. 1. The Coronation, with 90 guns, founders off the Ramhead ; the crew is saved. The Harwich, with 70 guns, is wrecked on Mount Edgcumbe ; the crew-perishes. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1688 * * A catalogue of the stars is made by John Flamsteed, astronomer royal. * * London. The weaving of silk is much improved by French refugees at Spitaltields. * * The manufacture of cloth is greatly improved by Flemish settlers. 1690 Oct. 17. Dublin. A severe earth- quake occurs. * * The French refugees teach the Eng- lish improved methods in paper-mak- ing. Only coarse white paper had pre- viously been made in England. 1691 * * Halley's method of measuring the sun's distance by the transit of Venus appears. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1688 June 10. Stuart. James Francis Edward, Chevalier de St. George, son of James IT., the " Old Pretender," born. Astbury, .John, of Khelton, potter, born. Buckingham, I'nke of, (ieorge Villiers, poli- Cheselilen, William, anatomist, born. Cudworth, Ralph, religious writer, A71. Pope, Alexander, poet, born. 1689 * * Bean, Aphra, novelist, dram., A47. Cooper, Samuel, miniature painter, born. Dundee, Viscount, John Graham of Claver- house, soldier, A 46. Etherege, Sir George, dramatist, A53. Jeffreys, George, jurist, statesman, A41. KadelifTe, James, Earl of Der went water, statesman, born. Kichardson, Samuel, printer, novelist, b. Sydenham, Thomas, physician, A65. 1690* * Barclav, Robert, Quaker, author, Scotland, A42. Carteret, John, Earl Granville, states., b. Clinton, Charles, general, born. Eliot, John, "Apostle of the Indians," A86. Ged, William, inventor of stereotype, born. Gwyn, Eleanor, mistress of Charles II., A40. Hardwieke, Earl of, Philip York, jurist, b. Hooke, Natli;inifl, historian, born. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, writer, born. 1691 * * Baxter. Richard, non-conformist, clergyman, author, A76. Cave, Edward, printer, founder of The Gentleman's Magazine, born. Cballoner, Richard, bp. of London, au., b. ^Dartmouth, George Legge, lord-adm., A43. Dodington, George Bulb, Baron Melcombe, statesman, born. Faitborne, William, painter, engraver, A75. Fox, George, founder (Friends), A66. Leland, John, cl., controversialist, born. Lower, Richard, anatomist, A60. Mackenzie, Sir George, lawyer, statesman, writer, Scotland, A45 Onslow, Arthur, statesman, born. Pocock, Edward, scholar, historian, A87. Apr. 11. Scot. Episcopacy is again abolished, and bishops expelled on the succession of William and Mary. [Sept. 19. Episcopacy is formally abolished.] May 7-July 20. Dublin. JamesII.con- venes the Irish Parliament, which at- taints 3,000 Protestants. * * The Compensation Bill for Dissen- ters is introduced. 1690** Scot. "An Act of Settle- ment" is passed. It abolishes prelacy in Scotland, and recognizes the "Westminster Confession as the creed of the church. * * Ire. Regium Donum, or Royal Gift, is revived. (See 1672.) * * The bishops who refuse the oaths are deprived of their bishoprics. 1691 Feb. 1. The non-juring bishops and others are deprived of their benefices. They proceed to form a separate corn- Apr. * John Tillotson is made arch- bishop of Canterbury [1694, Thomas Tenison], and John Sharp archbishop of York. July 18. Robert Boyle, the philoso- pher, institutes by his will and a legacy the Boyle Lectures in vindication of Christianity. [The Christian Faith So- ciety is formed.] * * It. Innocent .XII. is elected pope. [1700, Clement XI.] * * Roman Catholics are excluded from Parliament. * * Ire. "William and Mary depose two bishops for not taking oaths to their sovereigns. * * Many of the General Baptist churches adopt Unitarian views. LETTERS., 1688 * * John Dryden, poet laureate, is deposed at the Revolution, and is succeeded by Thomas Shad well. * * London. Universal Intelligence, The English Courant, The London Courant, The London Mercury, The Orange Ga- zette, The London Intelligence, Tile Har- lem Courant, and other papers, are issued. CHURCH. 1688 Dec. 11. London. Anti-Catholic mobs burn Roman Catholic chapels, and insult ambassadors from Roman Catholic states. * * The Convocation of Clergy " refuses to be lowered to the grade of dissenting bodies, and he numbered as one of sev- eral holding the Protestant religion." 1689 Mar. 1. Oaths of allegiance and supremacy are taken by the clergy. Archbishop Sancroft and the five bish- ops (Bath and Wells, Ely, Gloucester, Norwich, and Peterborough; are sus- pended for refusing to take the oaths to the new sovereigns, William and Mary. Mar. 14. Scot. A committee votes to reestablish Presbyterianism. * * The Toleration Act is passed. The state formally renounces the claim to impose religions conformity, and per- mits non-Episcopal worship. * * Concerning Toleration, by John Locke, appears. [1690, Essay Concern- ing the Human Understanding and Two Treatises on Government ; 1693, Some Thoughts Concerning Education.'] * * Table Talk, by John Selden, appears. 1689-95 London. The Athenian Ga- zette or Causticat Mercury, resolving all the most Wise and Curious Questions, is issued. 1690 * * The Worcester Postman is is- sued [now known as Barrotv's Worces- ter Journal], * * Ire. The Dublin Intelligencer is is- sued. * * Journal, by George Fox, appears. 1691 * * History of Learning is issued. Aug. * -93 Dec* Works of the Learned is issued. 1691-94 The Gentleman's Journal is issued. 1691-1709 Memoirs, by Sir William Temple, appears. [1G95, Introduction to the History of England.] AND IRELAND. 1688, Nov. *-1692, Jan. 16. 899 SOCIETY. 1688 Dec. 11. London. The royal army being suddenly disbanded, re- straints of discipline are gone. Anti- Catholic riots occur; chapels are burned, and bouses of ambassadors from Roman Catholic countries are attacked by mobs. Dec. 12. London. The " Irish Night." A false report that Faversham's Irish troops are marching on the city causes consternation ; the citizens arm, bells are rung, and candles are set at all win- dows. 1689 * * Samuel "Wesley marries Su- sannah Annesley (parents of John Wes- ley.) 1690 * * Titles created, Earl of Scarbor- ough. [1694, Duke of Bedford, Duke of Leeds, and Duke of Devonshire ; 1696, Duke of Albemarle ; 1697, Earl of Jersey, and Earl of Coventry ; 1G98, Baron Barnard,] 1691 Aug. 19. Ire. The [famous] rob- ber, MacCabe, is hanged at Naas. * * Societies for the reformation of man- ners, aiming at the suppression of vice, are organized. STATE. 1688 Dec. 11. London. King James tears up the unissued writs for Parlia- ment, and flees, throwing the great seal into the Thames. [He escapes to France]. Dec. 12-89 Feb. 13. Interregnum. England is without a government. Dec. 12. H. L. The Peers establish provisional government under the presidency of Lord Halifax. Dec. 13. Lord Chancellor Jeffreys is taken in disguise, rescued from the mob, and committed to the Tower [where he dies in a few months]. Dec. 14. James is arrested by fisher- men, rudely taken ashore at Sheerness from his vessel, and brought back to London. Dec. 19. London. William enters and holds court at St. James. Dec. 22. James again escapes; he sails for France [and becomes a pensioner of Louis XIV.]. 1689 Jan. 22. London. The Conven- tion Parliament, summoned by the ad- vice of the Peers, meets. [1690. Feb. 6. Dissolved.] Jan. 28. The House of Commons de- clares the throne vacant. Jan. 30. EL L. A motion favoring a regency is lost. Vote, 49-51. A motion denying " divine right" is carried. Vote, 53-46. A motion declaring the throne vacant is lost. Vote, 41-55. [The question becomes an issue be- tween the two houses; the decision of William to decline a regency, and of Mary to accept only a joint rule, brings unity.] ITeb. 13. Both houses offer the crown to "William and Mary jointly, and ac- company the offer with a declaration of the rights of subjects. The declaration condemns as illegal the making or suspending laws, the levying of money for the crown, or the maintaining of a standing army, without the consent of Par- liament, the erecting of a Court of Commis- sion for ecclesiastical causes, or the granting •of estates forfeited before the conviction of the offender; it claims the right of petition- ing the sovereign, of bearing arms, of free- dom of election, and of freedom of debate in Parliament; it demands that Parliament shall be frequently held, that excessive bail shall not be exacted, and thai juries shall he impanelled ami returned in every trial; and it prescribes a new oath of "allegiance and supremacy," in which it is declared that " no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or po- tentate, hath or ought to bavc, any jurisdic- tion, power, superiority, preeminence, or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm." The Revolution is completed. William, Prince of Orange, and his wife Mary, daughter of James II., ac- cept the crown ; they are proclaimed King and Queen of Great Britain, Ire- land, and France. 1689-94 Mary reigns. 1689-1702 William HE. reigns. Feb. * Ministers : Viscount Mordaunt; Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby [created Marquis of Carmarthen, afterwards Duke of Leeds] ; George, Marquis of Halifax; Arthur Herbert [Lord Torring- ton]; the Earls of Shrewsbury, SoUingliam, Sunderland, Dorset, and Middlesex; Wil- liam, Earl [Duke] of Devonshire, Lord Godolpbin, Lord Montague, and Lord De la Mere. Feb. 18. The Convention Parliament becomes a regular Parliament by the passage of a Transforming Act. Feb. * Members of Parliament take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. The archbishop of Canterbury, seven spiritual peers, several lay peers, and a few members of the Commons absent themselves. Feb. * William proposes the abolition of the hearth tax. Mar. 8. Arthur Herbert is made first lord of the admiralty. [1690, Jan. 20, Thomas, Earl of Pembroke and Mont- gomery ; 1692, Mar. 10, Charles, Lord Cornwallis ; 1693, Apr. 15, Anthony, Vis- count Falkland ; 1694, May 2, Edward Russell [Earl of Orford] ; 1699, June 2, John, Earl of Bridgewater.] Mar. 12. Ire. James H. lands with an armed force. (See Army.) [He is joined by Talbot, Earl of Tyr- connel, his former deputy, and is wel- comed by the Catholics. Mar. 24. He enters Dublin.] Mar. * Edinburgh. A Convention of the Estates passes an act settling the crown of Scotland on William and Mary. Mar. * The Habeas Corpus Act is sus- pended for the first time. Mar. * Parliament: The attainder of Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney is Mar. * Parliament : The first Mutiny Act is passed. It is occasioned by a mutiny among the troops at Ipswich. [A mutiny act is passed annually to make legal the exist- ence of a standing army.] Apr. 11. William and Mary are crowned ; Compton, bishop of London, officiates. Apr. 17. Sir John Holt is appointed chief justice. May 7. Dublin. James n. opens the Irish Parliament. [July 20. Closed.] [It repeals the Act of Settlement, gives re- ligious freedom, asserts Ireland's legislative indepeiuh'iH'p, and provides fliat the Catholic clergy shall be entitled to all tithes paid by Catholics.] May 24. Parliament : The Toleration Act is passed. It exempts Protestant dissenters from penalties for non-attendance at the services of the Established Church. May * Parliament orders the release from prison of Titus Oates, and grants him a pension of £300 a year. July* Scot. Graham of Claverhouse raises the standard of James XL Oct. * ParHament : The Bill of Eights is passed. Its title is "An Act declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and settling the Succession of the Crown" in a Protestant line. * * The great seal is in commission. * * The public debt is £664,263. * * London. The charter is restored. * * Ire. James orders the issue of a coin- age of brass money. * * Hearth, or chimney tax, and poll-tax are abolished. 1690 Mar. 20. Parliament meets. [1695. Oct. 11. Dissolved.] The majority is Tory, and the ad- ministration consists of .Sidney, Lord Godolphin ; Thomas, Earl of Danby ; Richard Hampden ; Thomas, Earl of Pembroke ; Henry, Viscount Sydney ; Daniel, Earl of Nottingham. May 20. Parliament: The Act of Grace is passed. It gives indemnity to all partizans of James II., except persons guilty of treasonable correspondence with him. May 23. Parliament is prorogued. July 4. London receives with great re- joicing the news of William's victory at the battle of the Boyne. Dec. 29. Ire. Sir Charles Porter is appointed lord chancellor. * * Sir John Trevor, Sir William Rawlin- son, and Sir George Hutchins are ap- pointed keepers. * * Ire. Henry Sidney, Lord Sidney, is appointed lord lieutenant. 1691 Jan. 5. Parliament is prorogued. Jan. 18. William goes to Holland, and is present at the Congress of The Hague for the promotion of thealliance against France. [Apr. 13. He returns. May 1. He again leaves for Holland.] Aug. * Scot. The Government proclaims indemnity to all rebellious Highland chiefs who take the oath of allegiance before the last day of the year. Oct. 3. Ire. The Treaty of Limerick is signed. It is agreed that the Irish surrender; that all Irish officers and soldiers desiring it shall be permitted to enter the service of France, and shall have free transportation thereto ; that all attainders shall be annulled, and all outlawries re versed; that < 'at holies shall have the same freedom in the exercise of their religion as they enjoyed in the reign of Charles II. ; that only the oath of allegiance shall be required ; and that there shall be a general amnesty. [The treaty is violated by the Irish Parliament, consisting wholly of Protestants, which passes severe penal laws against Catholics.] Dec. 31. Lord Preston and two asso- ciates are arrested while conveying trea- sonable correspondence to James II. [Lord Preston and Ashton are tried, and the latter is executed.] 1692 Jan. 10. The Earl of Marlbor- ough, having been detected in treason- able correspondence with James II., is dismissed from his military command. [May 5. Arrested, charged with con- spiracy to restore James. (Innocent.) May 23. Dismissed from office as privy councilor.] Jan. 16. King William signs the order for the extirpation of the Macdonalds of Glencoe. (See Society.) MISCELLANEOUS. 900 1692, Feb. 13-1700,** GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1692 May 19. Naval battle off La Hogue (p. 694). Aug. 3. Belg. William is defeated at Steenkerke (p. 694). * * The match-lock and wheel-lock are superseded by the fliiit-lock. 1693 Apr. 17. Parliament orders that officers, seamen, and marines shall re- ceive, as rewards, one-eighth the pro- ceeds of prizes. June 29±. Port. The English de- feated off Cape St. Vincent (p. 694). July 29. Belg. William defeated at Landen; 20,000 allies are killed (p. 694). Sept. 24. The ring bayonet is adopted. 1695 July 1. Belg. King "William HE., with an army of English, Butch, and Germans, lays siege to Namur. [Aug. 26. Taken.] Aug. 19. Belg. The French, with 80,000 men under the Duke of Villeroy and Marshal Rouffters, attempt to re- lieve Kamur, but are defeated with great loss. 1696 Jan. 29. The Royal Sovereign, with 100 guns, is wrecked and burned in the Medway. 1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of Ryswick ends the war with France. 1699 * * William III. sendB 30 ships under Sir George Rooke to aid Charles XII. of Sweden against Denmark. ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 1694* * Te Deum and Jubilate, written for St. Cecilia's Day by Henry Pureell, appears. 1695 Nov. 15. Ire. A shower of greasy matter falls ; it becomes offen- sively odorous when drying. * * London. Lincoln's Inn Theater is * * The spiral pendulum spring is in- vented by Robert Hooke. * * London. John Lofting, from Holland, establishes the manufacture of thim- bles at Islington. * * The cylinder and escapement for watches is invented by Thomas Tom- pion. 1696 Apr. 2. Ire. Dew resembling butter in its consistency and color is formed in many places. [It falls fre- quently in low places, and sometimes remains a fortnight.] * * A storm occurs on the east coast of England; 200 colliers and coasters are lost, with most of their crews. 1697* * Scot. The problem of the caten- ary, with the analysis, is solved by Dr. David Gregory. 1698* * Capt. Thomas Savery invents a heat-engine. He also suggests the use of steam as a motive power (?). * * Ire. The manufacture of cloth is out- rageously restrained by law. 1700 * * George Graham invents the dead- beat and horizontal escapements for watches. BIRTHS — DEATHS. Henley, John, preacher, born, 1693* * Blount, Oliarh-s, deistieal wr., A39. Bradley, James, astro., mathematician, b. Carew, Bamfyhie, Moore, li king of the beg- gars," born. Collinson, Peter, botanist, born. Edwards, George, ornithologist, born. Fawkes, Francis, poet, A61. Harrison, John, mechanician, born. Lilly, (ieorne, dramatist, born. Ludlow, Edmund, judge, A73. Newcastle, Duke of, Thomas Holies Pelham, statesman, born. Bancroft, "William, archbishop of Canter- bury, A77. Sarsneld, Patrick, patriot, gen., ire., dies. Somerville, William, poet. born. 1694 Sept. 22. Chesterfield, Earl of, Philip i>. Stanhope, statesman, author, b. Dec. 27. Mary II., queen, A32. Hutcheson, Francis, metaphys., Scot., b. Tillotson, John, arcbh. of Canterbury, A64. 1695 * * Bnshv, Hi. 'hard, master of Westmin- ister school, A90. Dalrvmple, .lames, tirst Viscount Stair, jurist, Scot., A76. Erskine, John, jurist, Scotland, born. Glas, John, el., fdr. (G-lassites), Scotland, h. Pureell, Henry, musical composer, A37- Wood, Anthony, antiquarian, A63. 1696 * * Greene, .Maurice, composer, born. Hervey, Lord John, statesman, b. Home, Henry, Lord Karnes, jurist, phi- losopher, Scotland, born. Keith, James Francis Edward, marshal, Jacobite g< neial, Scotland, born. Oglethorpe, James Edward, gen. fdr. Ga., b. Pelham, Sir Henry, statesman, born. 1697* * Anson, Lord George, circumnavi- gator, vice-admiral, born. Aubrey, John, topographer, antiquary, A71. Gill, John, Baptist clergyman, Uabbinical scholar, author, born. Hogarth, WUliam, paint., engr., humo., b. Muggleton, Ludowiek, fanatic, A88. 1698 * * Baker, Henry, naturalist, born. Jortin, John, el., preacher, author, born. MacGeoghegan, James, abbe, scholar, histo- rian, Ireland, born. Maelaurin, Colin, math., phil., Scotland, b. Savage, Richard, poet, born. Warbnrton, William, bishop of Gloucester, author, born. Wharton, Duke of, Philip, orator, poet,'b. 1699* * Bates, William, non-conformist clergyman, A74. Child, Sir Josiah, merchant, economist, A69. Longman, Thomas, fdr. publishing house, b. Temple, Sir WiUiam. states., mis. wr., A71. 1700 * * Amory, Thomas, clergyman, au., b. Arbuckle, James, poet, Scotland, born. Dyer, John, poet, born. Mallet, or Mallock, David, poet, Scot., born. CHURCH. 1692* * Dublin. The Quakers' first meeting-house is opened in Eustace Street. 1695* * The Congregational Fund Board is established to assist poor min- isters. 1696* * Edinburgh. Thomas Aikenhead is executed for heresy ; he is the last heretic executed in Great Britain. 1697 Dec. 2. London. The choir of St. Paul's Cathedral is reopened [after the fire] on the General Thanksgiving Day for Peace. 1698 * * Liverpool is made a separate parish. * * First Bible Society is formed. It is called " The Society for the Pro- motion of Christian Knowledge." 1699 * * Parliament passes an act to pre- vent the growth of " popery." It provides a payment of £100 to pros- ecutors of Gatholics, and the forfeiture of Catholic estates. Teachers and priests are liable to imprisonment for life. 1700 * * The Unitarians of Central Eu- rope come to England. LETTERS. 1692 * * Nahum Tate is made poet laureate. 1692-93 The Complete Library is issued. 1693 * * The censorship of the press is established by a license. * * Memoirs for the Ingenious is issued. * * The Old Bachelor and The Double Dealer, by William Congreve, appear. [1695, Love for Love ; 1697, The Mourning Bride; 1700, The Way of the World.] 1695 * * The censorship of the press hav- ing been abolished, newspapers are be- gun to be regularly issued. * * The Mercury is issued at Stamford [now known as The Lincoln, Rutland, and Stamford Mercury.] 1696 * * London. Lloyd's News is issued by Edward Lloyd. 1697 * * Dissertation on the Epistles of Phalaris, by Richard Bentley, ap- pears. * * The Relapse, yEsop, and The Provoked Wife, by Sir John Vanbrugh, appear. [1702, The Ealse Friend.] * * Translation of Vergil's Works, and Alexander's Feast, by John Dryden, ap- pear. [1700, Fables.] 1698* * London. [Queen] Anne founds Grey-coat School, Westminster. * * Short View of the Immorality and Pro- faneness of the English Stage, by Jeremy Collier, appears. * *A metrical version of the Psalms is prepared by Nahum Tate and Nicholas Brady. * * Love in a Bottle, bv George Farquhar. appears. \UW, A Constant Couple ; 1701, Sir Harry Wildair; 1702, The Inconstant , or the Way to Win Him, and The Twin Rivals; 1704, The Stage Coach; 1707, The Beaux' Stratagem.] 1699 Mar. * Scot. The Edinburgh Ga- zette is issued. 1699-1712 London. A History of the Works of the Learned is issued. 1700 * * Dublin. Rue's Occurances is is- sued. * * Carmen Seculare, by Matthew Prior, appears. [1709. Poems.] SOCIETY. 1692 Feb. 13. Scot. Massacre of Glencoe. Maclan Macdonald and about 60 of his clan, including women and children, are murdered by royal troops under Capt. Campbell (Glenivon), at the' instigation of Sir John Dalrymple [Earl of Stair], for not having taken the oath of alle- fiance before Jan. 1 ; the troops had een MacdonuM's guests for 12 days. * * London. Robert Young, a prisoner in Newgate, forges the hands of the Earls of Marlborough and Salisbury, and other nobility, to a pretended associa- tion for restoring K ing James ; the lords are imprisoned, but the imposture being detected, Young is fined £1,000, and put in the pillory. [He is afterwards hanged for coining.] 1693 * * Lotteries are established [and for more than 130 years yield a large annual revenue, to the crown], 1694 * * Many persons are executed for clipping the coins. Mar. 12. Sir John Trevor, Speaker of the House of Commons, is expelled from the chair and the House for taking a gratuity after the act for the benefit of orphans had passed. 1695 Oct. 10. William III. is received on his return from the continent with illuminations and public rejoicings. * * A tax is laid on marriages; a duke has to pay £50, a common person, two shillings and sixpence. * * Births of children are taxed ; a duke, £30, a common person two shillings. * * A statute declares that the slave- trade " is highly beneficial and advan- tageous to the kingdom and the colo- AND IRELAND. 1692, Feb. 13-1700, 901 * * Widowers are taxed ; a duke, £12 10s. ; lower peers, smaller sums ; a common person, one shilling. * * Profane swearing is made punisha- ble by a tine ; a laborer or servant for- feiting one shilling, others two shillings, for the first offense; for the second offense, lour shillings; for the third offense, six shillings. 1696 Feb. * The Assassination Plot, to kill William III., is discovered. It was organized by Sir George Barclay and other .Iacobit.es, and was to have been simultaneously executed with one for an in- surrection to be aided by French invaders. About 40 ruffians undertook to kill William, near Turnham Green, Middlesex, on Feb. H, but their scheme was disclosed by Prender- gast, a Roman Catholic, Feb. * A national loyal association is organized. It is to protect the king from assassins; and it immediately ; all persons holding office under the Government are required to be members. Mar. * -Apr. * Robert Charnock, Edward King, Thomas Keyes, Sir William Parkyna, Sir John Friend, Ambrose Knokwood, Charles Cranburne, and Edward Lowiek are tried, convicted, and executed for complicity in the plot for the assassination of the king. * * Plate, with the exception of spoons, is prohibited in public houses. A justice's license is required before anybody is entitled to sell ; but distillers are permitted to retail without license, provided they do not tolerate tippling in their houses. STATE. 1692 * * The Administration is directed by the "Junto*' "Whigs. John Somers, lord keeper, Edward Russell, Shrewsbury, and Thomas Whar- ton, secretaries of state, and Charles Montagu, chancellor of the exchequer. 1693 Jan. 20. Parliament : The per- manent national debt begins in an act for raising money for carrying on a war against France. [One million pounds are borrowed on annuities at 10 per cent.] Nov. * Government by party is intro- duced. The king selects his ministers from the party having the majority in the House of Commons. fc Sir John Somers is appointed lord 1697 Jan. 28. Sir John Fenwick is executed after trial by bill of attainder for complicity in the assassination plot. [He is the last person executed in Eng- land by act of attainder.] Uov. 26. London. There is great pub- lic rejoicing on William's entry into the city, on the restoration of peace, and the return of commercial prosperity. Dec. 2. National thanksgiving is ob- served for the restoration of peace. * * Sunderland orders a correction of the profaneness and immorality of the drama. 1698 Jan. 11. Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, arrives in England. * * Hawkers and pedlers are first li- censed. * * London. Thomas Firmin advocates a popular and benevolent scheme for set- ting the poor at work. * * Societies for "the reformation of manners" abound. They lay informations of swearers, drunkards, and Sabbath-breakers before magistrates, and apply the informer's portion of the fines paid to charities. * * Prevailing immorality and inde- cency of the stage. Charity is represented as the thin dis- guise of scheming women, and adultery a proper pursuit of refined gentlemen, and virtuous people the butt of ridicule. 1699 Feb. 13. The Government no- tifies the play-houses that they are to enact nothing contrary to religion and good manners. * * John Archdale, a Quaker, is elected to Parliament ; having refused to take the oaths, his election is declared void. * * A statute is passed making shoplift- ing a felony without benefit of clergy. * * The Charitable Society of Natives, Winchester, is founded. 1700 * * Calico is prohibited to be printed or worn. 1694 Mar. 12±. H. C. Sir John Trevor, Speaker, is expelled for receiv- ing a bribe. May * The Earl of Marlborough writes a treasonable letter to James II. July 23. London. The Bank of Eng- land, projected by William Paterson, a Scotch merchant, is established ; it is granted certain privileges in return for a loan of £1,200,000 to the Government. Dec. 22. Parliament : The act provid- ing for triennial Parliaments is signed by the king. Dec. 28. Queen Mary dies. 1695 June 7. Sir Richard Tyne is appointed chief justice. Nov. 22. The first triennial Parlia- ment meets ; the Whigs are in a major- ity. [1698. July 7. Dissolved.] * * Parliament : The censorship of the press in the form of license is abolished. * * Parliament : A recoinage act is passed. It authorizes the withdrawal of coins depreciated by clipping, and the issue of new coins, the loss of the difference in value to be borne by the public ex- chequer. [It causes a commercial panic] * * Edinburgh. The Bank of Scotland is founded. * * Dublin. The Protestant Parliament makes severe laws against Catholics. They make it a penal act for a Catholic to bear arms, or to teach school, or to have his children instructed in the Cath- olic faith, or to own a horse worth more than £5 ; and it is enacted that all popish archbishops, bishops, and other clergy shall quit the kingdom before May 1, 1698. * * The window-tax .is first enacted, to defray the expense of and the deficiency in the recoinage of silver. 1696 Feb. 24. The king informs Par- liament of a Jacobite plot to assassinate him and invade the kingdom in favor of James II. (See Society.) Feb. * The Habeas Corpus Act is tem- porarily suspended. * * Parliament : The Trial for Treason Act is passed. It provides that the accused shall be permitted to have the aid of counsel, and that evidence of two witnesses be required to prove an overt act. * * Ire. The free exportation of flax, hemp, linen, yarn, and thread is enacted ; but the exportation of English wool and the importation of Irish wool into Eng- land are prohibited. * * Ire. An act is passed permitting Quakers to affirm instead of taking oaths in courts of law. 1697 Jan. 12. Ire. Sir John Jeffrey- son, Thomas Coote, and Nehemiah Don- ellan are appointed lord keepers. [Dec. 21, Edward, K;ui of Aleath ; Francis, Earl of Longford and Murrough ; and Vis- count Blessington.] Mar 11. Ire. J.Metheunis appointed lord chancellor. * * Sir John Somers is appointed lord high chancellor, and created a peer ; Russell is created Earl of Orford. Sept. 20. Keth. Peace of Ryswick (p. 695). 1698 May * Charles Montagu is ap- pointed first commissioner of the treas- ury. [1699, Ford, Earl of Tankerville.] Aug. 24. Parliament meets. [1700. Dec. 19. Dissolved.] Sept. 5. A new East India Company (the "English") is chartered, and the old (the "London") is suspended for three years. [1702. Both are united.] Oct. 11. Neth. First Partition Treaty. [1700. Mar. 13. The second.] (P. 695.) * * Parliament. Laws are passed to dis- courage the woolen, and encourage the linen, manufacture of Ireland. 1699 Feb. * Parliament : An act is passed reducing the army from 14,000 to 7,000 men, and dismissing the Dutch troops. 1700 Apr. 11. Parliament: An act is passed resuming for public uses the Irish forfeited estates granted to King William's Dutch favorites. Apr. * Somers is dismissed from office. July 30. The Duke of Gloucester, the last of Anne's 17 children, dies. * * Lord Chief Justice Sir George Treby and Chief Baron Sir Edward "Ward are appointed lord keepers. [Later, Sir Nathan "Wright.] * * Ire. Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Roch- ester, is appointed lord lieutenant. MISCELLANEOUS. 1692+ * * London. Lloyd's, a coffee- house near the Boyal Exchange, kept by Edward Lloyd, becomes a place of meeting for merchants. 1694 * * "Water-works are erected at Exeter. 1695* * Edinburgh. The African and East India Company is incorporated. 1696 * * London. The Hand-in-Hand is the first regular fire insurance office set up in the city. 1696-99 The first Eddystone light- house is erected. 1697 * * The displays of fireworks in celebration of the Treaty of Ryswick cost £10,000. 1698 Jan. 4. London. The palace of Whitehall, except the banqueting house, is burned. 1699 * * The old dock, Liverpool, is con- structed. [1700. June 2. The Marlbor- ough is the first ship to enter it.] 1700 * * The first auction sale in Eng- land takes place. 902 1701, Feb. 6-1709, Aug. 14. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1701 Feb.+ * Neth. The French seize the seven Dutch "barrier for- tresses," including Luxemburg, Mons, and Charleroi, thereby precipitating hos- tilities with England (p. 695). 1701-13 "War of the Spanish Succes- sion (pp. 512, 694). 1702 May 4. "War with France is proclaimed. Aug. 19t. Sp. A naval battle off Cartagena (p. 694). Aug. * Sp. Cadiz attacked (p. 696). Sept. 19. Neth. Marlborough, com- manding the allies, takes Venlo by storm. [He besieges and takes fiure- monde and Stevenswart.] Oct. 12. Sp. French are defeated off Vigo (p. 696). Oct. 23. Belg. Liege taken (p. 696). 1703 Nov. 27- A great storm wrecks the war-ships Stirling Castle, Mary, Northumberland, Vanguard, Resolution, Newcastle, and Reserve. * * Marlborough invades the Spanish Netherlands and takes Bonn, Huy, Lim- burg, and Guelders. 1704 July 24. Sp. Gibraltar taken (page 696). [Oct. 11. Besieged by the French and Spanish. Nov. 11. The French retire, after losing several ships and 10,000 men.] Aug. 13. Ger. Battle of Blenheim (p. 696). Sp. In a naval battle off Malaga, the English under Sir George Rooke de- feat the French under Oomte Toulouse. 1705 July 18. Belg. Battle of Tirle- mont (p. 696). Oct. 4. Sp. Barcelona surrenders (p. 696). 1706 Apr. 6. Sp. King Philip of Spain lays siege to Barcelona. [May 11. The English under Sir John Leake compel him to raise it. The English and Portuguese shortly after- wards occupy Madrid, but evacuate it the following August.] May 23. Belg. Battle of Ramillies (pp. 542, 696). [The surrender of Lou- vain and Brussels follows.] 1707 Apr. 25. Sp. Battle of Almanza (p. 696). Oct. 22. It. Adm. Sir C. Shovel and his ship Association are lost off the Scilly Isles. 1708 May 22. Adm. Leake captures 60 French vessels laden with provisions in the Mediterranean. July 11. Belg. Battle of Oudenarde (p. 696). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1703 Nov. 27. The Great Storm rages. It causes immense loss of life and prop- erty on the land and water. The loss in London alone is estimated at £'2,000,000 ; 8,000 lives are lost in the Severn and Thames, and by wrecks on the coast of Holland, and by ships which founder at sea ; 17,000 trees are torn up by the roots in Kent alone: the Eddystone light- house is destroyed. It is regarded as a national calamity. * * London. Sir Isaac Newton becomes president of the Royal Society. 1704 * * A comet approaches the earth, and is visible for several months, the people being much frightened. * * Newton publishes his Optics, first ex- plaining the phenomena of the spectrum. 1705 * * Halley predicts the return of the comet in 1758. * * Thomas Newcomen sets up the first steam-engine to do mining work. * * London. Her Majesty's Theater [Italian Opera House] is first opened. 1706 * * A life assurance company is established by Bishop Allen. 1707 * * London. The Society of An- tiquaries, for preserving the national antiquities, is partially revived. [1717. Reconstructed. 1750. Chartered.] * * London. An extraordinary plague of fleas occurs ; they cover the clothes of the people. * * Samuel Newton and others obtain patents for obtaining starch from pota- toes. BIRTHS — DEATHS. . 1701* * Cruden, Alexander, author concord- dance, Scotland, born. Dryden, John, courtier, poet, critic, writer, A69. James II., king, dies in France, A78. Kiffin, William, (Particular I'.aptist), A85. Sedley, Sir Charles, poet, dramatist, A62. Thomson, .lames, poet, Scotland, born. 1702 * * Benbow, John, admiral, A52. Doddridge, Philip, non-conformist clergy- man, theologian, philosopher, born. tally, Count, Thomas Arthur, Baron of Tollendal. French general in India, Ire., b. Sunderland, "Earl of, Robert Spencer, states- man, A 60. 1703 June 17. Wesley, John, founder of Methodism, b. Dodsley, Robert, poet, dramatist, writer, b. Hooke, Robert, math., inventor, A68. Law, Edmund, metaphysician, born. Pepys, Samuel, secretary to admiralty, author of famous Diary, A61. Wallis, John, mathematician, A87. Warren, Sir Peter, admiral, born. 1704 Oct. 28. Locke, John, statesman, scientist, philosopher, A72. Bathurst, Ralph, poet, philosopher, theolo- gian, A84. Buxton, Jedediah, arithmetician, born. Byng, Honorable John, admiral, born. Jenvns, Soame. poet, writer, politician, b. L'Estrange, Sir Roger, political writer, A88. Pococke, Richard, bp. of Meath, traveler, b. 1705* * Birch, Thomas, hist., biographer, b. Browne, Isaac Hawkins, poet, born. Hartley, David, founder of English Asso- ciation of psychologists, born. Loudoun, John C, fourth Earl of, general, b. Mansfield, Earlof, William Murray, jurist, b. Oates, Titus, contriver of Popish plot, A86. Ray, or Wray, John, naturalist, A77. Tucker, Abraham, philosopher, born. 1706 * * Baskerville, John, printer and type- founder, born. Brooke, Henry, novelist., poet, Ireland, born. Dorset, Earl of, Charles Saekville, poet, A(i9. Evelyn, John, miscellaneous writer, A86. 1707 * * Fanpihar, (ieorge, comic dramatist, Ireland, A29. Fielding, Henry, poet, dram., novelist, b. Foulis, Robert, printer, publisher, Scot., b. Pringle, Sir John, physician, Scotland, born. Robins, Benjamin, mathematician, natural philosopher, born. Sherlock, William, clergyman, author, A66. Shovel, Sir Cloiulcslcy, admiral, A57. 1708 Nov. 15. Pitt, "William, Earl of Chatham, statesman, orator, born. Phillips, John, poet, A32. Tyson, Edward, phvsicmn, anatomist, A59. WeBley, Charles, cl., hymn-writer, born. CHURCH. 1701 June 16. The first charter is granted to the Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, by King William III. (See America.) 1702 Nov. 12. A national thanks- giving is observed for Marlborough's victories. [1704. Sept. 7. Again ob- served.] 1703 Jan. 19. A general fast is ob- served after the great storm. June 17. John "Wesley is born in the Epworth parsonage. Nov. * Queen Anne's Bounty is es- tablished to increase the incomes of th« poorer clergy. * * Ire. Severe laws against Roman Cath- olics are promulgated. 1704 * * The sacramental test is imposed by the Popery Act. 1707 * * Scot. The union of England and Scotland is consummated. Fresby- terianism is recognized as the national religion, and is fully guaranteed in its rights. 1708 * * Roman Catholics are forbid- den to marry Protestants. 1709 Aug. 14-Nov. 5. London. Dr. Henry Sacheverell, of St. Saviour's, Southwark, preaches two sermons against the Whig Ministry. [They excite the people with appre- hension for the safety of the church, and fire their hostility against dissenters, whose meeting-houses they assault. The High Church and Low Church partiei are developed. 1710. Mar. 23. He is suspended for three years. 1713. Apr. 13. Reinstated.] LETTERS. 1701* * The Funeral, by Steele, appears. [1703, The Lying Lover ; 1705, The 'Tender Husband.] 1702 * * A chemistry professorship is established at Cambridge. * * A New Short Treatise of Algebra, to- gether with a Sjwcimcn of the Nature and Algorithm of Fluxions,'hy John Harris r appears. * * The Shortest Way with Dissenters, by Daniel Defoe, appears. 1703 * * London. The Daily Courant is issued. Feb. * London. The Review, the first critical periodical of the kind, is issued by Daniel Defoe. * * The complete works of Euclid in Greek, edited by Dr. David Gregory, ap- pear at Oxford. 1704 * * An astronomy professorship is established at Cambridge. * * Ire. An edition of the Bible, the first printed in Ireland, appears. * * The Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Bools, by Jonathan Swift, appear. [1707, Argument Against Abolishing Christianity and Baucis and Philemon.] * * The Lexicon Technicmn, by John Har- ris, appears ; it is the first English en- cyclopedia. 1705 * * Scot. The Edinburgh Courant is issued. * * Edward Harley, Earl of Oxford, be- gins the collection of a library of manu- scripts and rare books [the "Harleian Library" of the British Museum.] * * The Campaign, by Joseph Addison, appears. 1706 * * London. The Country Gentle- man's Courant is issued. AND IRELAND. 1701, Feb. 6-1709, Aug. 14. 903 * * The Norwich Postman is issued. 1707 * * History of the Great Rebellion, by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, appears. * * An anatomy professorship is estab- lished at Cambridge. 1708 Oct. * Scot. The Edinburgh Fly* ing Post is issued. 1709 Apr. 13-11 Jan. 13. The Tat- ler is founded by Sir Richard Steele. SOCIETY. 1701 * * Scot. The title, Earl of Sea- field, is created ; also Duke of Argyll. [1703, Duke of Atbole, Earl of Rosebery, Earl of Glasgow, Earl of Hopetoun, and Earl of Stair; 1707, Duke of Montrose, and Duke of Roxburghe.] 1702 * * Titles created : Duke of Marl- borough. [1703, Earl of Poulett ; 1711, Earl of Dartmouth, Baron Boyle, Duke of Ferrers, Baron Middleton, Baron Brandon, and Baron Hay.] 1703 July* London. Daniel Defoe is condemned to stand three times in the pillory, and suffer imprisonment for writing The Shortest Way With Dissent- ers. Dec. 23. Archduke Charles of Aus- tria, Charles III. of Spain, visits Eng- land. * * May-poles are again set up. * * London. TheKit-CatClubisfounded. It consists of about 30 members, in- cluding the Duke of Marlborough, Sir Robert Walpole, Addison, Steele, and Garth, and its object is to promote the Protestant succession. * * Dublin. The House of Commons ex- peDs Mr. Asgill from his seat because he had written a book in which he as- serted the possibility of translation to the other world without death. * * Queen Anne "touches" for the cure of the king's evil. 1705 * * Two alleged witches are exe- cuted at Northampton. [1712. Five more.] 1706 Dec. 21. Edinburgh. The sign- ing of the Articles of Union causes a tumult. [Also at Dumfries.] 1708 * * Edward Colston's hospital, a free school, and other charities are established at Bristol. * * A committee of the Commons declares the slave-trade ' ' is important and ought to be free." STATE. 1701 Feb. 6. Parliament meets; the Tories are in a majority ; Robert Har- ley, Speaker. [Nov. 11. Dissolved.] Apr. 4. The Earl of Pembroke is made first lord of the Admiralty. [1702, May 20, George, Prince of Denmark (lord high admiral) ; 1708, Nov. 29 ; Earl of PembroKe ; 1709, Oct. 8, Earl of Orford ; 1710, Oct. 4; Sir John Leake ; 1712, Sept. 30, Earl of Stratford ; 1714, Oct. 14, Earl of Oxford ; 1717, Mar. 19, Earl of Berkeley.] May 8. H. C. Kentish men petition the Commons to support the king with supplies to assist his allies. [May 13. The petitioners are committed to prison by the Commons for attempting " to sub- vert established government."] June 12. Parliament: The Act of Settlement is passed. It settles the crown on the Princess Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James I., and her issue; it enacts that the sovereigns of Great Britain shall be Protestants ; they shall not leave the kingdom without consent of Parliament; ministers shall lie responsible for the acts of the sovereign, and judges shall hold office tor life. July 1. The king embarks for Holland. [Nov. 4. Returns.] Sept. 6. Fr. James H. dies. Sept 7. William forms the Grand Alli- ance (p. 695). Sept. * Louis XIV. acknowledges James's son, James Francis Edward Stuart [the Old Pretender], as king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Dec. 30. Parliament meets. [1702. July 2. Dissolved.] * * Parliament : A law is passed wholly prohibiting the exportation of cloth, from Ireland except to certain ports in England. 1702 Feb. 21. "William falls from his horse and fractures his collar-bone. [Mar. 8. He dies.] 1702-14 Anne reigns. Anne is daughter of James II., and wife of Prince George of Denmark. Mar. * The Earl of Marlborough is sent as envoy extraordinary to the States General. May 8. The Godolphin Administration is formed. Ministers : Lord Godolphin, high treas- urer; Sir Charles Hedges and the Earl of Nottingham [1704, succeeded by Robert Har- ley, Earl of Oxford], secretaries of state ; Sir Nathan Wright, keeper; Marquis of Nor- manby, privy seal; Henry Boyle, chancellor of the exchequer; and Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, president. * * Parliament : The crown's power of granting pensions is checked by statute. Aug. 20. Parliament meets ; Robert Harley, Speaker. [1705. Apr. 5. Dis- solved.] Aug. 26. Ire. Lord Methuen is ap- pointed lord high chancellor. Deo. 10. Marlborough is created duke for eminent services. * * The National debt, £16,394,702. 1703 * * Ire. Further severe laws are passed against Catholics. May* Edinburgh. Parliament as- sembles. It passes the Act of Settle- ment. Nov.* Parliament: Queen Anne's Bounty is established. It is a grant of the "first fruits" and " tenths " accruing to the crown from spirit- ual preferments, in trust, for increasing the incomes from small benefices; the "first fruits " being the whole profits for the first year, and the " tenths " the tenth of the an- nual profit. Dec. 27. The Methuen Treaty is con- cluded with Portugal by Paul Methuen. Heavy Portugal wines are admitted at one-third lower rate than light French wines ; Portugal agrees to import her woolens from England. * * Ire. Jas. Butler, Duke of Ormonde, is appointed lord lieutenant. . [Aug. 6. Sir Richard Cox becomes lord high chancellor.] 1704 * * France formally assents to honor the British flag by the flag-salute at sea. 1705 Oct. 25. Parliament meets ; the Whigs are in a majority. John Smith, Speaker. [1708. Apr. 11. Dissolved.] * * Wilhelmina Carolina Dorothea, of Brandenburg Anspach, marries Prince George [George II.]. Dec. 21. Ex-Queen Catherine, widow of Charles II., dies. * * "William Cowper [Lord Cowper] is appointed lord keeper. [1707, lord high chancellor.] 1706 Apr. 16. London. Thirty-one commissioners from each of the two kingdoms meet to negotiate terms of legislative union between England and Scotland. [July 22. They agree upon Articles of Union.] Dec. * Lord Sunderland is appointed secretary of state. 1707 Jan. 16. Edinburgh. The Act of the Scottish Estates (Parliament) for the union of England and Scotland is passed. Vote, 110-69. Provisions: The Princess Sophia of Han- over and her Protestant bens shall succeed to the crown of the United Kingdom; there shall be one Parliament, to whicn Scotland shall send 16 elective peers and 45 members of the Commons; no more peers shall be cre- ated for Scotland; Scotch law and legai ad- ministration remain unchanged; the Episco- pal Church in England and the Presbyterian Church in Scotland remain unchanged; the Union Jack shall be the national flag of Great Britain. Mar. 25. Edinburgh. The Scottish Parliament meets for the last time. The regalia of Scotland — crown, scep- ter, and sword of state — are deposited in an oaken chest in Edinburgh Castle. May 1. The union of England and Scotland as Great Britain goes into effect. Oct. 23. The first Parliament of Great Britain meets, it being a second Parliament of Anne revived by procla- mation. * * Harley and St. John are dismissed from the Cabinet ; H. Boyle and Rob- ert "Walpole take their places, the lat- ter as secretary of war. * * Mrs. Masham (Abigail Hill) is the new favorite of the Queen. * * H. C. It is enacted that members of the House accepting any office of profit under the crown thereby vacate their seats. * * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, is appointed lord lieutenant and Richard Freeman lord chancellor. * * The queen vetoes a militia bill for Scotland. [It is the last exercise of the royal veto power.] 170S Mar. * Scot. James Francis Ed- ward Stuart, Chevalier de St. George, the Old Pretender, makes an unsuc- cessful attempt to land with a French force. Nov. 18. Parliament meets ; the ma- jority is Whig ; Sir Richard Onslow, Speaker ; the "Whig leaders are Som- ers, Halifax, Wharton, Oxford, and Sun derland. [1710. Sept. 10. Dissolved.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1703 * * The registering- of deeds and conveyances disposing of real estate is appointed to be effected in Yorkshire and in Middlesex. [Because of the greater security thus given, the value of estates increases in those counties.] 1705 Jan. 13. A fireworks establish- ment blows up, destroying 120 houses and killing 120 persons. 1706 * * The Amicable is the first life insurance office established in Eng- land. 1708 Apr. 4. Ire. The Castle of Bel- fast is burned. * * London. The united British East In- dia Company is incorporated. 904 1709, Sept. 11-1716, May 7. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1709 Sept. 11. Fr. Battle of Mal- plaquet (p. 696). Dec. 25. Mass. U. S. A. The Solebay, witli 32 guns, is lost near Boston Neck ; her crew perishes. 1711 Sept. 13. Fr. Marlborough takes Bouchain (p. 696). Oct. 15. The Edgar, 70 guns, blows up at Spithead, and all on board perish. Oct.* Charles HI. leaves Spain. [Nov.* Philip V. enters Madrid.] * * Marlborough is dismissed in dis- grace from his command of the army by the Tories. 1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace (p. 697). 1714 * * The Duke of Marlborough is appointed captain-general. 1715 Sept.* Scot. A Jacobite rising. (See State). Nov.* Scot. The Jacobites under Fors- ter invade England. At Preston, Lancashire, they are besieged by the English under Gens. Carpenter and Wills, and compelled to surrender. Nov. 13. Scot. The indecisive battle of Dumblane, or Sheriff-muir, Perth- shire ; the Earl of Mar and the Earl of Argyll are leaders. Dec. 22. Scot. The » Old Pretend- er" lands at Peterhead. [1716. Feb. 5. He returns to France.] 1716 Feb. * Scot. The Jacobite re- bellion is suppressed with great se- verity. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1710 * * T. Gurney introduces his system of stenography. ' Dec. 8. Thomas Harriot observes solar spots. * * A society of eminent professors insti- tutes the Ancient Academy of Music to promote the study of vocal harmony. 1711 Feb. 24. London. Handel per- forms his opera Rinaldo at the Hay- market, successfully overcoming previ- ous restrictions. * * London. A private academy is started for the study of art; Sir Godfrey Knel- ler, president. * * Stereotyping is known. 1712* * London. A statue of Queen Anne is erected in St. Paul's Church- yard. 1713* * Savery and Newcomen invent an atmospheric engine. 1714* * Newton explains the correct theory of fluids and the oscillation of waves. * * A silk-throwing mill is erected at Derby by Sir Thomas Lomlie, modeled from the original mill in Sardinia. 1715 * * Manufacturers of cloth are en- couraged by legislation. May 3. A total eclipse occurs; the darkness is so intense that the stars can be seen, and the birds roost at noon. Red flames, or protuberance, are ob- served by Edmund Halley. 1716 Mar. 6. England is alarmed hy a brilliant array of the aurora borealis. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1709 Sept. 18. Johnson, Samuel, poet, essayiBt, biographer, lexicographer, phil- osopher, horn. Armstrong, John, phys., poet, Scotland, b. Cowper, William, anatomist, A33. Harris, James, of Salisbury, philologist, b. Holt, Sir John, jurist, A67. Lyttleton, Lord George, poet, born. Rooke, Sir (Jeor^e, admiral, A59. 1710* * Aldrich, Henry, logician, theol.,A63. Arne, Thomas August me. musician, comp.,b. Harrington, Lord Wm. Wihlman, states., b. Betterton, Thomas, actor, A75. Butler, Alban, K. C. el., hagiologist, born. Cullen, William, phys., med. teacher, au., b. Lowth, Robert, bishop of London, author, b. Reid, Thomas, philosopher, Scotland, born. Simpson, Thomas, mathematician, born. 1711 * * Boscawen, Kdward, admiral, born. Hume, David, historian, phil., Scot., born. Ken, Thomas, bp. of B. and W., au., A64. 1712* * Coekburri, Mrs. Alison, poet, writer, Scotland, born. Cromwell, Richard, states., protector, A 86. Fothergill, John, physician, born. Foulis, Andrew, printer, publisher, Scot., b. Glover, Richard, poet, born. Halyhurton, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., A38. Steuart, Sir James D., jurist, political econo- mist, Scotland, born. 1713* * Bute, Earl of, John Stuart, states- man, born. Capell, Edward, annotator of Shakespeare, h. Cave, William, canon of Windsor, au., A7fj. Newcomen, Thomas, an inventor of steam- engines, dies. Pitcairne, Archibald, physician, an., A61. Ramsay, Allan, portrait painter, Scot., born. Rymer, Thomas, antiquary, born. Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Astley Cooper, philosopher, A42. Sprat, Thomas, bp. of Rochester, poet, A77. Sterne, Lawrence, humorist, Ireland, born. 1714 Aug. 1. Anne, queen, A50. Camden, Earl, Charles Pratt, statesman, h. Farmer, lluub, clergyman, author, born. Henry, Matthew, cl., au., commentator, A52. Hervey, James, clergyman, author, born. Monboddo, Lord, James Burnet, jurist, b. Shensione, William, poet, born. Taylor, Sir liobert, sculptor, architect, born. Whit efi eld, George, orator, Evangelist, founder calvauistic Methodists, born. Wilson, Richard, painter, born. 1715 * * Ale.ock, John, musical composer, b. Braddock, Edward, general, born. Brown, John, clergyman, author, b. Bryant, Jacob, theoL, philos. writer, born. Burnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, histo- rian, theological, writer, A72. Burnet, Thomas, author, A80. Carstares, William, chaplain to William III., Scotland, A66. Ditton, Humphrey, mathematician, A40. Dampier, William, navigator, A63. Hawke, Edward, lord admiral, horn. Hickes, Gemx'e, theologian, philologist, A73. Johnson, Sir William, general, born. Nares, James, musician, composer, born. Tate, Nahum, poet, A63. Whitehead, William, poet, born, Wycherley, William, poet, dramatist, A75. CHURCH. 1709 * * Scot. The Scottish Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge is formed and incorporated. * * London. The "Sons of Clergy" annual musical performance at St. Paul's is begun. 1710* * London. St. Paul's Cathedral is completed by Sir Christopher Wren, with the exception of decorations. [1723. Decorations completed.] * * Parliament : An act is passed for building 50 new churches. 1712 * * Scot. Ecclesiastical patronage is restored. Episcopacy is tolerated. * * Scot. The Episcopal bishops adopt the English Book of Common Prayer. 1713 * * Parliament: Lord Bolingbroke introduces the Schism Act; teachers are to declare their conformity to the established faith. [1719. Passed.] 1714 Nov. 27. The disturbers of Dis- senters by insults and breaking win- dows are tried at Bristol. Dec. 11. The clergy.are ordered not to meddle with the affairs of state in their sermons. 1715 * * William "Wake is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. [1737. John Potter.] 1709* * The Worcester Postman is issued. * * Essay toward a New Theory of Vis- ion, by George Berkeley, appears." [1710, A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ; 1713, Three Dia- logues between Hylas and Phi/onous.] * * The Pastorals, by Alexander Pope, appears. [1711, Essay on ( ritiasm; 1712, Rape of the Lock; 1713, Windsor Forest.] 1710 Mar. 1-14 Dec. 20. London. The Spectator is conducted by Addison and Steele. Nov.* Swift begins the Journal to Stella. * * The Courant is issued at Nottingham [now the Nottingham Journal], * * Ire. The Dublin Gazette is issued. * * London. The Examiner, or Remarks upon Papers and Occurrences is issued. 1710-14 London. The Memoirs of Lit- erature is issued. 1711* * The Newcastle Courant is issued. * * The Conduct of the Allies and Remarks on the Barrier Treaty, by Swift, appear. 1712 May* The Liverpool Courant is issued. Aug. 12. The first stamp on newspapers is used this day. * * The Courant is issued at Norwich. 1713 Mar. * -Oct. 1. London. The Guardian is founded by Steele. * * The Hereford Journal is issued. * * Cato, by Joseph Addison, appears. * * The Public Spirit of the Whigs, by Swift, appears. [1714, Free Thout/ht's on the State of Public Affairs.] 1714 Jan. * The Englishman is founded by Sir Richard Steele.' [1718, The Ple- beian; 1719, The Theatre.] * * Worcester College, Oxford, is founded by Sir Thomas Coke. * * London. The Scriblerus Club, a literary club, is founded by Dean Swift. [Bolingbroke. Pope, Gay, and Arbuth- not are members.] * * The Shepherd's Week, by John Gay, appears. [1727. Fables.] 1715* * London. "Welsh charity schools are established in Gray's Inn Road. * * George I. purchases Bishop Moore's library of 30,000 volumes for 0,000 guineas, and presents it to Cambridge University. * * The Salisbury Postman is issued. * * Scot. Glasgow Courant, the first news- paper published in Glasgow, is issued. * * Nicholas B,owe is appointed poet laureate. * * Felix Farley's Journal is issued. [Af- terwards merged into the Bristol Times, and both conjoined with The Bristol Mirror to form The Daily Times and Mirror.] SOCIETY. 1709 * * A blue-coat hospital is founded at Liverpool. 1710 Feb. *-Mar. * London. TheSa- cheverell riots. (See State.) AND IRELAND. 1709, Sept. 11-1716, May 7. 905 Apr. 18. London. Four Indian chiefs arrive from America, and are carried in the royal coaches to their audience with the queen. * * The October Club is organized. It consists of a party of country gen- tlemen in the House of Commons, who profess high church principles, and favor Bolingbroke and the Jacobite cause. 1711 Mar. 8. A Frenchman, who as- sumes the title of Marquis of Guiscard, attempts to assassinate Chancellor Harley. * *The Hue and Cry, a gazette for ad- vertising felons, is established ; it pub- lishes descriptions of felons, thereby greatly aiding in their capture. Nov. * H. C. The Duke of Marlborough is accused of peculation, condemned by the Commons, and dismissed from all his offices. 1712 Mar. 12. London. Queen Anne officially announces in the London Ga- zette her intention to * ( touch" publicly for the cure of scrofula. Nov. 15. London. A duel is fought be- tween the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mohun at Hyde Park. Small swords are used ; Lord Mohun is killed on the spot, and the duke expires of his wounds as he is being carried to his carriage. * * Apothecaries are exempted from serving on juries or other civil offices. * * London. Arbuthnot's satire, John Ball, appears. [The nickname of "John Bull," applied to England, is alleged to have been derived from this.] * * London. Ruffians, called Mohocks, go about the city at night, wounding and disfiguring the men, and indecently ex- posing the women. £100 is offered by royal proclamation for apprehending any one of them. * * Titles created, Viscount Bolingbroke and St. John (1716). [1714, Earls Ayles- ford, and Tankerville ; 1716, Duke of Portland ; 1718, Earl Cowper, Earl of Stanhope, and Viscount of Cobham ; 1719, Duke of Manchester; 1720, Viscount of Falmouth ; 1721, Earl of Macclesfield, and Viscount of Torrington ; 1722, Earl of Graham ; 1729, Earl of Waldegrave ; 1730, Earl of Ashburnham.] * * Ire. Titles created, Baron Conway. [1715, Baron Carbery ; 1716, Earl of Fitz- william, and Viscount of Molesworth ; 1717, Viscount of Middleton, Viscount of Boyne, Viscount of Charlemont, and Vis- count of Chetwynd ; 1718, Baron Aylmer ; 1719, Viscount of Grimston; 1720, A'is- count of Gage, and Viscount of Barring- ton; 1722, Earl of Kerry and Shelburne (1753).] 1713 July 13. The Treaty of Utrecht obliges the Government to furnish an- nually to Spanish America 4,800 ne- groes for 30 years. [1748. Renewed. 1750. Abandoned.] 1715 May 29. Biota of the Whig and Tory mobs, called Ormonde and New- castle mobs, occur. June * Jacobite riots occur. Meeting-houses of Dissenters are de- stroyed, prisons opened, and the health of James is openly drunk at Manchester. tJuly * Jacobites commit outrages on >issenters in the midland counties.] Aug. 3. London. A cobbler of Highgate is whipped from Holloway to London for criticising the Government. * * A tumult is raised at Manchester by " Syddall, the barber." [He is afterwards to cut down a ] ; * It is a capital cherry-tree. STATE. 1709* * Parliament: The first copy- right act is passed. It gives copyright for 14 years, or for the life of the author. * * Sir Thomas Parker is appointed chief justice. Dec. 24. Ire. Alan Brodrick is ap- pointed chief justice. [The Earl of "Wharton, lord lieutenant.] 1710 Feb.*-Mar.* Dr. Henry Sa- eheverell is impeached for preaching seditious sermons, favorable to Tory principles. He is suspended from preaching for three years, and his sermons are hurned by the hangman. * * Robert Harley becomes chancellor of the exchequer, and St. John secretary of state. Aug. * The "Whig ministers are dis- missed. Nov. 25. Parliament meets; the Tories are in majority. [1713. Aug. 13. Dissolved.] * *The great seal is in commission; Sir Simon Harcourt, Lord Harcourt, is keeper. [1713. Lord chancellor.] * * A new charter is granted to Bristol. * * Ire. The Duke of Ormonde is ap- pointed lord lieutenant. Nov. 28. Robert, Earl of Kildare, Archbishop Hoadley of Dublin, and Thomas Keightley are com- missioners of the seal. 1711 Jan. 22. Ire. Sir Constantine Phipps is appointed lord high chancel- lor. [July 5. Sir Richard Cox, chief justice.] * * Mrs. Masham succeeds the Duchess of Marlborough as keeper of the privy purse. June 1. Robert Harley is created Earl of Oxford, and appointed lord treas- urer ; Sir Simon Harcourt is appointed minister. Nov. * Parliament : The Occasional Conformity Bill is passed. [1718. Re- pealed.] Dec. 30. Parliament : The Qualifica- tion Act is passed. It requires certain declarations to qualify for public office. * * Parliament: The stamp duty is imposed. 1712 * * H. L. The Ministry creates 12 Tory peers to obtain a majority. July * Henry St. John is created Vis- count Bolingbroke. 1713 Apr. 11. Neth. The Peace of Utrecht is signed by Ministers of Great Britain, France, and Spain (p. 697). Nov. 11. Parliament meets. [1715. Jan. 15. Dissolved.] * * Ire. The Duke of Shrewsbury is appointed lord lieutenant. 1714 May 28. The Princess Sophia of Hanover dies. * * Parliament: The Schism Act is passed. It prohibits dissenters from keeping schools and acting as tutors. * * Lord Bolingbroke intrigues in the interest of the Old Pretender. July 27. The Earl of Oxford (lord treasurer) is dismissed [and Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, is ap- pointed to succeed him]. Aug. 1. Queen Anne dies. House of Hanover or Brunswick. 1714-27 George I. reigns. He is a son of Princess Sophia of Han- over, the granddaughter of James I. [Aug. 10±. He is proclaimed king. Sept. 18. He lands at Greenwich. Oct. 31. Crowned.] Oct. * Ministers : The Earl of Halifax (lord treasurer). Lord Townshend (secre- tary of state), Sunderland (lord lieuten- ant of Ireland), Lord Cowper (lord chan- cellor), Earl of Nottingham (president Council), and the Duke of Marlborough (commander-in-chief). Oct. 11. Ire. Alan Brodrick [Viscount Middleton] is appointed lord chancellor. [Oct. 14. W. Whitshed, chief justice.] * * The national debt is £54,145,363. 1715 Mar. 17. Parliament meets. [1722. Mar. 10. Dissolved.] June 9. Lord Bolingbroke and the Earl of Oxford are impeached of high treason in complicity with Jacobite in- trigues, Bolingbroke having joined the Pretender in France. [June 21. The Duke of Ormonde also, who flees to France ; anti-Whig mob riots follow the impeachments.] Sept. 6. Scot. The Earl of Mar pro- claims the "Old Pretender" as James III. at Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; [the Jacobite rebellion follows. Dec. 25. The Pretender lands at Peter- head, Aberdeenshire.] Oct. * Robert Walpole is appointed premier and chancellor of the ex- chequer. Nov. 16. Belg. The Barrier Treaty is signed (p. 543). 1716 Jan. 19. H. L. Seven rebel Jacobite lords, Derwentwater, Widd- rington, Nithsdale, Winton, Carnwath, Kenmure, and Nairn appear for trial on impeachment. [Feb. 9. They are sen- tenced to death. Feb. 24. Lords Der- wentwater and Kenmure are executed on Tower Hill ; later, Winton and Niths- dale make their escape.] Feb. * Scot. The Pretender and the Earl of Mar abandon their followers and sail for France. May 7. Parliament: The Septennial Act is passed. It makes the term of Par- liaments seven instead of three years. [1717. Feb. 20. The first one meets.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1710-20 The South Sea Bubble. The Earl of Oxford proposal (lie funding of a floating debt of £10,000,000, the pur- chasers of which were to become stockholders of a corporation known as the South. Sea Company, which was to have a monopoly of the trade with Spanish South America, and a part of the capital stock of which was to constitute the fund. The scheme collapsed on the refusal of Spain to enter into a commer- cial treaty with England, and thousands oi families were ruined, causing great distress throughout the country. * * London. The Sun Fire Office is es- tablished. 1711 * * Ire. The Irish Linen Board is established. * * Races are begun at Epsom [and annu- ally continued since 1730]. 1715* * Green tea is introduced. * * London. 150 houses are burned in Wapping ; 50 lives are lost. 906 1716, July *-1727, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1718 June 15. Sir George Byng sails with a fleet against Spain. [Aug. 11. It. He defeats a Spanish fleet in the Straits of Faro, near Naples.] Dee. 17-20* *War with Spain. England is an ally of France. 1719 Apr. 16. Scot. The Earl Mari- schal and a few others land Spanish troops in aid of a Jacobite rebellion. [They soon return to Spain.] 1720 * * A royal arsenal is established at "Woolwich, Kent. 1721 Apr. 11. Sp. Gibraltar is at- tacked by 20,000 Spaniards, who retire after losing 5,000 men. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1716 Nov. 24-17 Feb. 29. Severe cold prevails. Oxen are roasted at a fair held on the thick ice-covered Thames. * * Rails for railroads are covered with iron. * * Edmund Halley suggests that the dis- tance of the earth from the sun might he estimated by observing the transit of Venus, and devises a plan for doing so. * * London. James Q,uin makes his first appearance on the stage at Drury Lane. 1718* * Rev. Stephen Hales makes ex- periments on gases. 1719* * Edmund Halley becomes as- tronomer royal. 1720 * * Esther, Handel's first English oratorio, is composed. * * Caslon casts the first types in Eng- land. 1720-36 Electrical phenomena are discovered by Wheeler and Stephen Gray. They discover that the human body is a conductor of electricity, and that elec- tricity acts at a distance. 1721 * * Inoculation for the small-pox is made known by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. * * The pendulum clock with compen- sation pendulum is invented by George Graham. 1723 Aug. 6. The cursus near Stone- henge is discovered by Dr. Stukeley ; the ancient Britons held annual meet- ings here, made laws, and administered justice. 1724 May 22. A total eclipse is ob- served from near Salisbury. * * John Hutchinson's work, Moses' Prin- cipia, is published. He derives all things from theair — fire, light, andspirit, types of the Trinity. * * Cathedral music is performed on a grand scale for charitable purposes at the festivals at Gloucester. * * London. Sir James Thornhilr opens an Academy of Art in the Piazza, Co- vent Garden. 1725 * * Marine watches are invented by John Harrison. * * London. Charles Macklin, an Irish actor, appears at Lincoln's Inn Theater. 1726 * * London. A statue of George I. is erected in Grosvenor Square. 1727 * * London. Sir Hans Sloane be- comes president of the Royal Society. BIRTHS — DEATHS. Brindley, James, canal engineer, born. Cotes, Roger, mathematician, astron., A34. Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, political writer, Scotland, A63. Gray, Thomas, poet, born. Parker, Sir 1'eter, admiral, born. Sackville, Viscount George, general, states- South, Robert, cl., wit, poet, author, A83. 1717 Feb. 19. Garrick, David, actor, b. Amherst, Lord Jeffrey, statesman, general, born. Carter, Klizabeth, scholar, poet, translator, b. Walpole, Horace, Karl of Orford, states- man, historical writer, born. 1718 July 30. Penn, "William, Quaker, - religious writer, statesman, founder of Pennsylvania, A74. Blair, Hugh, cl., rhetorician. Scotland, born. Canton, John, natural philosopher, born. Cumberland, Richard, moral phil., A86. Hunter, William, physician, physiologist, anatomist, Scotland, born. Kennicott, Benjamin, el., Biblical critic, b. Barnell, Thomas, port, Ireland, A39. Rodney, Baron, George l'.rydges, admiral, b. Rowe, Nicholas, dramatist, A 45. Shrewsbury, Duke of, Charles Talbot, poet, statesman, A58. 1719 June 19. Addison, Joseph, poet, journalist, essayist, statesman, A47. Boydell, John, engr., Id. mayor of London, b. Campbell, George, theol., Bib. critic, Scot., b. Flanisteed, John, first astronomer royal, A73. Garth, Sir Samuel, physician, poet, A52. Hawkins, Sir John, author, born. Landen, John, mathematician, born. 1720 * * Conway, Henry S., held-marshal, b. Foote, Samuel, humorist, actor, born. Gage, Thomas, general in American Rev., b. Gibbons, Gnnling, sculptor, born. Hurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, au., born. Montagu, Elizabeth, writer, born. Stuart, Charles Edward, "Young Pretender," grandson of James II., born. 1731 * * Akensule, Mark, poet, born. Collins, William, poet, born. Cumberland, Duke of, William Augustus, Bon of George II., general, statesman, b. Granby, Marquis of, John Manners, gen., b. Potter, Robert, cl., poet, translator, born. Prior, Matthew, poet, A57. Robertson, William, cl., historian, Scot., b. Sheffield, John, Duke of Buckinghamshire, poet, statesman, A76. Smollett, Tobias George, poet, dramatist, novelist, historian, Scot., born. Strange, Sir Robert, engraver, Scotland, b. Walmesley, Charles, monk, math., born. 1722 June 16. Marlborough, Duke of, John Churchill, statesman, general, A72. Brocklesby, Richard, physician, au., born. Brown, John, clergyman, author, Scot., b. Warton, Joseph, poet, critic, born. Torke, Charles, Lord Morden, statesman, b. 1 733 * * Blackstone, Sir "William, jurist, b. Byron, Honorable John, admiral, born. Centlivre, Susannah, dramatist, Ire., A56. Cowper, Earl, William, statesman, A59. Cox, David, landscape painter, born. D'Urfey, Thomas, dramatist, A95. Ferguson, Adam, historian, moral philoso- pher, Scotland, born. Fleetwood, William, bp. of Ely, orator, A67. Price, Richard, cl., philosopher, writer, b. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, portrait painter, b. Selkirk. Alexander, sailor, prototype of De- foe's " Robinson Crusoe," Scotland, A49. Smith, Adam, pol. economist, phil., Scot.,b. "Wren, Sir Christopher, architect, A91. 1724 * * Carleton, Sir Guy, gen., states., b. Guy, Thomas, philanthropist, A81. Harley, Robert, Earl of oxford, statesman, A 63. Home, John, poet, dram., hist., Scot., born. Hood, Viscount Samuel, admiral, born. Howe, George Angus! us, gen. in America, b. Manly, Mary de la Riviere, novelist, drama- tist, political writer, A52. Prideaux, Humphrey, cl., historian, A76. Sacheverell, Henry, clergyman, controver- sialist, author, A52. Smeaton, John, civil engineer, born. Stubbs, George, painter, horn. 1725 Sept. 29. Clive, Lord Robert, gen- eral, statesman, born. Howe, Earl Richard, adm. in Am. Rev., b. Keppel, Viscount Augustus, admiral, born, Kippis, Andrew, clergyman, author, born. Lindley, Thomas, composer, born. Mason, William, clergyman, poet, born. Newton, John, clergyman, author, born. Sandby, Paul, painter, born. Townshend, Charles, statesman, born. 1726 * * Burney, Charles, doctor of music, composer, author, born. Chambers, Sir William, architect, born. Coote, Sir Eyre, gen., statesman. Ire., b. Dairy mple, Sir David, Lord llailes, jurist, historian, Scotland, born. Howard. John, philan., prison reformer, b. Hutton, James, mineralogist, geol., Scot., b. Jones, William, Ilutchinsonian cl., an., b. Pennant, Thomas, naturalist, antiquary, b. Roy, William, gcodesist, general, Scot., born. Vanbrugh, Sir John, poet, dram., arch., A60. Wotton, William, scholar, misc. writer, ASS- CHURCH. 1717 Mar. 31. The Bangorian con- troversy begins. The bishop of Bangor preaches a ser- mon before the king on the text, "My kingdom is not of this world," demon- strating the spiritual nature of the king- dom of Christ, and receiving great abuse from nearly all the clergy. 1719* *The two Houses of Convoca- tion cease to meet after being denied some of their privileges. 1720 * * Scot. The see of Edinburgh is again founded. [1721, The see of Aber- • deen and the Isles.] * * Ire. Toleration is granted to the Dissenters, who are chiefly Presbyte- * * John "Wesley enters Christ's Church College, Oxford, at the age of 16 years. 1721 * * It. Innocent XIII. become* Pope. [1724, Benedict XIII. ; 1730, Cle- ment XII. ; 1740, Benedict XV.] 1722 Aug. * Great ferment in the church party is caused by the arrest of Bishop Francis Atterbury. [1723. He is banished as a Jacobite.] 1723 * * Jews acquire the right to poi- sess land. * * A union is proposed with the Greek. Church and the Church of England. * * The bishops preach against masquer- ades, and occasion their suppression. 1725 June 4. Edinburgh. A General Assembly of the kirk meets. 1725-35 Ire. The proceeds of a coal duty build the cathedral at Cork. 1727 May 19. The Bishop of London declares that " Christianity and the em- bracing of the Gospel does not make the least alteration in civil property " LETTERS. 1717* * Downing College, Cambridge,, is founded by Sir George Downing, ot * * The Kentish Cazette is issued [now The Kentish Post]. * * The Exeter Mercury, The Protestant Mercury, and The Postmaster, or Loyal Mercury are issued at Exeter. 1718 * * Rev. Laurence Eusden is ap- pointed poet laureate. * * 7V(e Leeds Mercury is issued. * * Essay on Witchcraft, by Bishop Hutch- inson, appears. 1719 * * The Manchester Weekly Journal is issued. * * Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe, ap- pears. [1722, Journal of the Plague.] * * Busiris, by Edward Young, appears. [1721, Revenge.) 1720 Apr. 28. Scot. The Edinburgh Mercury is issued. * * The Weekly Mercury, or Protestant Packet is issued at Norwich. AND IRELAND. 1716, July *-1727, 90T * * A translation of Homer's Iliad, by Alexander Pope, appears. [1725, Ho- mer's Odyssey.] 1722 * * A Naval College is founded at Portsmouth. 1722-24 London. Bibliotheca Literaria is issued by Dr. Samuel Webb. * * The Conscious Lovers, by Sir Richard Steele, appears. 1724 * * The first professor of modern history in English universities is estab- lished by George I. * * Dublin. The Drapers' Letters, by Jon- athan Swift, appears. 1724-34 History of His Own Time, by Gilbert Burnet", liishop of Salisbury, appears. * 1725 * * Historic Ccelestis, by John Flam- steed, appears. * * Scot. The Gentle Shepherd, by Allan Ramsay, appears. 1725-28 London. New Memoirs of Literature is issued. 1726 * * London. John Henley, " Ora- tor Henley," opens an "oratory" in Newport Market, where he gives lec- tures. * * The London Daily Post and General Advertiser is issued. [1738. Changed to General Advertiser. 1752. Changed to Public Advertiser.] * * London. Lloyd's List is issued by Ed- ward Lloyd. 1726-27 Dublin. Gulliver's Travels, by Jonathan Swift, appears. 1726-30 Scot. The Seasons, by James Thomson, appears. 1727 * * The first racing calendar is published by John Cheney. * * Sally in Our Ally, and other poems, by Henry Carey, appear. SOCIETY. 1716 July * London. The Mug-house riot, in Salisbury Court, between the Whigs and Tories, occurs. It is quelled by the guards ; five rioters are hanged. * * Mrs. Hicks and her daughter, aged nine, are hanged at Huntingdon as ■witches. * * The daily wages of harvest men are nine pence. 1717 * * The first grand lodge of Free- masons in England is established. 1718* * Judges are authorized to sen- tence offenders to transportation "into any of his Majesty's dominions in North America." * * James Shepberd, an enthusiast, un- successfully attempts to assassinate George I. 1719* * London. Westminster Hos- pital is founded. 1720 Nov. * Parliament makes an in- vestigation of the South Sea Bubble. It expels Aislabie, Cbancellor of the Exchequer, and several members of Par- liament, and seizes the estates of the directors valued at £2,014,000. 1721 Apr. 28. The council orders the suppression of the Hell Fire Clubs. * * London. Guy's Hospital is founded by Thomas Gm' ; it costs £18,793, and he endows it with £219,499. 1722 July 24. Edinburgh. The wear- ing of broadswords is prohibited. * * Scot. The last execution in Scotland for "witchcraft takes place at Dornoch. * * Forging letters of attorney is made a capital crime. * * Sending letters, whether anony- mously written, or with a fictitious name, demanding money, or threaten- ing to kill a person, or fire his house, is made punishable as a felony without benefit of clergy. 1723 May* Non-jurors are subjected to double taxation, and obliged to register their estates. May* London. Christopher Layer, a bar- rister, conspires with other persons to seize George I., the Prince of Wales, Lord Cadogan, and the principal officers of state, to seize the Tower, to plunder the Bank, and to bring in the Pretender. [May 17. Layer is hanged.] 1724 June 24. Scot. The tax on malt causes a great tumult at Glasgow. * * It is agreed to hold festivals at Here- ford, Gloucester, and Worcester, in ro- tation annually ; at first for two days, later for three evenings. 1725 May 18. The Order of the Bath is revived by George I. * * Thomas Parker, Earl of Macclesfield and lord chancellor, is impeached for selling masterships in the Court of Chancery, and other corrupt practises. * * Ire. Titles created, Earl of Darnley. [1727, Viscount of Galway ; 1733, Earl of Egmont.] 1726-29 Voltaire visits England. 1727 May 16. Mr. Ward, a wealthy member of Parliament, is expelled by the Commons for forgery [and con- signed to the pillory]. STATE. 1716* * Parliament: The Sinking Fund Act is passed to redeem the debt to the Bank of England. 1717 Jan. 4. The Triple Alliance is formed (p. 697). Mar. * Parliament : The Act of Grace is passed. It releases Lords Carnwath, Widdring- ton, Nairne, and others under death sentence or in prison for participation in the Jacobite rebellion. Apr. * James, Earl Stanhope, becomes prime minister ; James Craggs, secretary of war ; and the Earl of Sunderland and. Joseph Addison become secretaries of state. "Nov. * The king and his son, the Prince of Wales, quarrel about sponsors at the baptism of the prince's child ; the prince is put under arrest; he sup- ports the opponents of his father's Cabi- net. * * Ire. The Duke of Bolton is appointed lord lieutenant. 1718 Aug. 2. London. The Quadru- ple Alliance treaty is signed. It is formed by Great Britain, Prance, Germany, and Holland to guarantee the succession of the reigning families in France and England, and to settle the partition of the Spanish monarchy. It forbids the union of the French and Spanish crowns. [1720. Jan. 26. Spain * * Charles, Earl of Sunderland, be- comes lord treasurer, Earl Stanhope and J. Craggs, secretaries of state ; and Mr. Aislabie, chancellor of the exchequer. * * Sir John Pratt is appointed chief justice. * * Sir R. Tracy and others are commis- sioners of the great seal. * * B a r o n Macclesfield is appointed lord high chancellor. * * Parliament: An act is passed forbid- ding the export of wool. The Schism Act is repealed. 1719 May* Scot. A Spanish expedi- tion in favor of the Pretender fails. Nov. 20. The Treaty of Stockholm is concluded. Sweden cedes to England the duchies of Bremen and Verden for 1,000,000 rix-dollars. Dec. * H. L. A bill passed to limit the' creation of peers is rejected by the Commons. Vote, 269-167. * * Parliament : The non-resistance oath, declaring that it is unlawful to take up arms against the king for any cause, is repealed. 1721* * Robert Walpole is prime min- ister and chancellor of the exchequers Lord Townshend is secretary of state. * * Ire. Charles, Duke of Grafton, is ap- pointed lord lieutenant. 1722 * * Christopher Layer, a barrister, Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester,, and others engage in a movement in favor of the Pretender. [Layer is con- demned and executed. 1723. May 6. At- terbury is put on trial for treasonable conspiracy ; later, condemned, but per- mitted to leave the country.] Oct. 9. Parliament meets. [1627. Aug. 7. Dissolved.] * * The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended for a year. * * Parliament : An act is passed giving a patent to William Wood for supplying Ireland with a copper coinage of half- pence. [1724. Ire. Dean Swift, by his Dra- pers' Letters, raises such a public clamor against the scheme that it is withdrawn.] 1724 * * Ire. John, Lord Carteret, is ap- pointed lord lieutenant. * * New postal rates charge a penny for every sheet. 1725 Mar. 2. Sir Robert Raymond is appointed chief justice. Sept. 3. The Treaty of Hanover, or al- liance of Herrenhausen, is concluded. It is formed by England, France, and Prussia as a league of defense against the designs of Germany and Spain, for- mulated in the Treaty of Vienna. * * The great seal is in commission. Later, Sir Peter King, Lord King, is lord chan- cellor. * * Ire. Richard "West is appointed lord chancellor. [1726, Thomas Wyndham, Lord Windham of Finglas.] 1727 Apr. 3. Ire. John Rogerson is appointed chief justice! June 11. Ger. George I. dies at Osna- burg, Hanover. 1727-60 George II. reigns. He is son of George I. 1727-42 Robert "Walpole is prime minister. June * National debt, £52,092,238. Aug. 2. "Viscount Torrington is made first lord of the admiralty. [1733, June 25, Sir Charles Wager : 174 : J, Mar. 19, Earl of Winchelsea; 1744, Dec. 27, Duke of Bedford ; 1748, Feb. 10, Earl of Sand- wich.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1720 * * Mahogany comes into general use. * * Cross posts in the penny post institu- tion are established by Ralph Allen. * * London. The Royal Exchange Insur- ance and the London insurance Com- panies are the first marine insurance companies. 1722 * * London.. The Chelsea water- works are formed. 1723 * * London. Smallpox appears r one case out of 14 is fatal. 1726 * * Cutlers' Hall, Sheffield, is built. 1727 * * Edinburgh. The Royal Bank is founded. 908 1727, * *-1738, May 21. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. L736 * * The rank of marshal is first conferred upon John, Duke of Argyll, and George, Earl of Orkney, by George ART — SCIKNCE — NATURE. 1727 * * The aberration of the light of stars is discovered aud explained by Dr. James Bradley. 1728 * * John Gay's Beggar 's Opera is produced at the Lincoln's Inn Theater. * * Dub/ In. The Aungier Street Theater [Victor] is erected. 1730 * * Edinburgh. Stereotyping is practised by William Ged. * * London. The Academy in St. Mar- tin's Lane is opened. * * The first cotton stockings are made. 1730-33 London. The Serpentine is formed at Hyde Park. 1731 * * Dublin. Crow Street Music Hall is erected. * * Dublin. The Royal Dublin Society is formed. * * A reflecting sextant is made by John Hadley. * * London. The first Copley medal is awarded to Stephen Gray by the Royal Society. 1732 Dec. 7. London. Covent Gar- den Theater is first opened. + * * Edinburgh. The first threshing- machine attempted in modern times is invented by Michael Menzies. * * London. Rise of the English opera ; the first oratorio is performed in Lin- coln's Inn Theater in Portugal Street. 1733 * * The Harlot's Progress, by Wil- liam Hogarth, appears. [Soon followed by The Rake 's Progress.] 1734 * * London. Viscount Harcourt, Lord Halifax, the Duke of Dorset, and others establish the Society of Dilet- tanti for the encouragement of fine arts in Great Britain. 1734-43 London. The Royal Academy of Music is founded. 1735 * * London. John Harrison pro- duces his first time-piece. [1739. His second. 1749. His third.] 1736 Feb. 16. London. Unprece- dented high tide occurs ; the council at Westminster Hall are carried out in boats to their coaches. * * Jonathan Hull's patent first sets forth the idea of steam navigation. * * Edinburgh. Allan Ramsay's Thea- ter is erected. 1737 * * Dr. James Bradley discovers the variation of the earth's axis. ■* * Edinburgh. The Medical Society is instituted. BIRTHS- DEATHS. ural philosophers, A85. Barrington, Dailies, jurist, naturalist, anti- quary, born. Gainsborough, Thomas, painter, born. Hoole, .lolm, poet, dramatist, translator, b. Liverpool, first Earl of, Charles Jenkinson, statesman, born. Murphy, Arthur, dram., writer, Ireland, b. Wilkes. John, statesman, born. Wolfe, .lames, general, born. :1728 * * Adam, Robert, architect, Scot., b. Black, Joseph, chemist, anatomist, Ire., b. Boulton, Matthew, engineer, born. * Cook. James, explorer, naval captain, b. Freind, John, physician, author, A53. Goldsmith, Oliver, poet, novelist, drama- tist, essayist, Ireland, born. Hunter, John, anatomist, surgeon, Scot., b. Orme, Robert, historian, born. Warton, Thomas, poet, critic, born. 1729 Jan. 13. Burke, Edmund, states- man, orator, author, Ireland, born. Clarke, Samuel, clergyman, philosopher, A54. Collins, Anthony, theologian, freethinker, philosopher, A53. Congreve, William, dramatist, poet, A59. Howe, Sir William, general, born. Law, John, financier, Scotland, A58. Lloyd, Henry, soldier, author, born. Moore, John, physician, Scotland, born. Percy, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, au., b. Steele, Sir Richard, poet, essayist, journal- ist, politician, A58. 1730 * * Bruce. James, traveler, Scot., b. Burgoyne, John, general, Am. Rev., born. Fenton, Elijah, poet, A47. Hamilton, Sir William, antiquary, states- man, Scotland, born. Home, George, bp. of Norwich, author, b. Jackson, William, musician, composer, born. Rockingham, Marquis of, Charles W. Went- worth, statesman, born. Wedg-wood. Josiah. potter, born. 1731 * * Aiton, William, botanist, Scot.,b. Astell, Mary, religious writer, A63. Boyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, scholar, major-general, statesman, Ireland, A75. Cavendish, Henry, chemist, nat. phil., born. Churchill, Charles, poet, born. Cowper, William, poet, born. Darwin, Erasmus, physiologist, poet, born. Defoe, Daniel, printer, pamphleteer, jour- nalist, novelist, A70. Duncan, Viscount, Adam, admiral, Scot., b. Dunning, John, Baron Ashhurton, lawyer, b. Grose, Francis, antiquary, author, born, Wharton, Duke of, Philip, orator, poet, A33. 1732 Dec. 6. Hastings, Warren, states- man, governor-general of India, born. Arkwrig-ht. Sir Richard, inventor of spin- ning-jenny, born. Atterbury. Francis, bishop of Rochester, statesman, controversialist, author, A70. Collier, Arthur, cl., metaphysician, A52. Colman, George, dramatist, born. Cumberland, Kit-hard, dramatist, born. Falconer, William, poet, born. Flood, Henry, statesman, orator, Ireland, h. Gay, John, poet, A47. Hauksbee, Francis, physicist, A82. Horsley, John, antiquary, historian, A47. Mar, Earl of, John Ersklne, gen., Scot., A57. Maskelyne, Nevil, astronomer, born. North, Lord Frederick, statesman, born. Thurlow, Lord Edward, statesman, born. Walker, John, lexicographer, born. 1733* * Booth, Barton, actor, A52. Denman, Thomas, physician, born. Horsley, Samuel, bp. of Rochester, au., b. Kenyon, Lord Lloyd, jurist, statesman, b. Ogilvie, John, poet, Scotland, born. Priestly, Joseph, philosopher, born. Wedderburn, Alexander, Baron Lough- borough, Earl of Kosslyn, jurist, states., b. 1734* * Abercromby, Sir Ralph, general, Scotland, born. Arbuckle, James, poet, Scotland, A34. Barclay, John, clergyman, founder of Bar- clayites, Scotland, born. Creighton, Robert, cl., composer, A96. Dennis, John, poet, critic, A77. King, Peter, juris!, statesman, A65. Macgregor-Campbell, Rob Roy, free- booter, A71. Mickle, William Julius, poet, Scotland, b. Romney, George, painter, born. Sharp, Granville, philanthropist, born. St. Vincent, Earl of, John Jervis, admiral, b. Thornhill, Sir James, painter, A58. 1735* * Arbuthnot, John, phy., wit, wr.,A68. Astle, Thomas, antiunary, born. Banks, Thomas, sculptor, born. Beattie, James, poet, Scotland, born. BickerstaiT, Isaac-, dramatist, Ireland, born. Brown, John, physician, founder of Bruno- nian theorv, Scotland, born. Derham, William, cl., natural phil., A78. Granville, George, Baron Landsdowne, poet, dramatist, statesman, A68. Langhorne, John, poet, translator, born. Raikes, Robert, fdr. of Sunday-schools, b. Ramsden, Jesse, optician, inventor, born. Richmond, I Hike of, Charles Lennox, gen., b. Peterborough, Earl of, Charles Mordaunt, general, admiral, statesman, A77. Wodrow, Robert, ecclesiastical historian, Scotland, A55. 1736* * Bridgewater, Earl of, Francis Elgerton, projector of canals, born. Cogan, Thomas, physician, author, born. Copley, John, painter, born. Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born. Jebb, John, clergyman, physician, born. Sale, Georgre, historian, orientalist, A56. Steevens, George, Sliak. comment., au., b. Tooke, John Home, politician, philologist, b. Watt, James, inventor condensing steam- engine, Scotland, born. 1737 Apr. 27. Gibbon, Edward, histo- rian, born. Eginton, Francis, painter on glass, born. Geddes, Alexander, Roman Catholic theolo- gian, Biblical ontic, author, Scotland, b. Hutchinson, John, philosopher, founder Hutchinsonisni, Scotland, A63. Hutton, Charles, mathematician, born. Macartney, Earl of, George, diplom., Ire., b. Landsdowne, Marquis of, Wdliam Petty Fitzmaurice, statesman, Ireland, born. [Nollekens, Joseph, sculptor, born. Paine, Thomas, politician, author, born. Strype, John, theologian, historian, A94. Watson, Richard, bishop of Llandaff, au., b. CHURCH. 1727 * * Scot. The see of Moray is again erected. [1731, Brechin and also Glas- gow.] * * Scot. Rev. John Glas (or Glass) be- comes the founder of the Glassites [called Sandemanians in America]. He opposes the national church as in- consistent with the gospel. [1728. He is deposed by the General Assembly.] 1727-29 John "Wesley is curate to his father. [1738. Apr. 1. He resolves to pray indifferently, with a form or with- out one.] 1729 * * Bise of Methodism. The Holy Club (Methodist) is formed at Oxford University. Its members unite to read the Holy Scriptures in the original languages, and to aid each other in mutual spiritual improvement. Ori- ginal members : John Wesley of Lincoln College, Charles Wesley, tutor, Mr. Mor- gan of the Christ's Church College, and Mr. Kirkham of Merton College. They itre derisively called Methodists.] 1730 * * Many of the original English Presbyterians become Unitarians. 1732 * * George Whitefield is admitted a servitor at Oxford, where he becomes a companion of the Wesleys, and aidB them in establishing Methodism. [1736. June 20. Ordained.] 1733 * * Scot. Ebenezer Erskine with others secedes from the Scottish Church, and forms the Associate Presbytery, commonly called the Secession Church. [1740. The eight seceders are deposed.] 1735 Oct. 14. The two "Wesleys sail for Georgia in America. John Wesley, having declined a quiet rectory, sets out with his brother Charles for Georgia, to become missionaries to the Indians. Charles Wesley is also to be secretary to the governor. * * John Wesley observes the Moravians. A terrible storm convinces Wesley that the German Moravians on board the vessel have a fellowship with God to which he is a stranger. * * George "Whitefield joins the Metho- dist Holy Club. [1736. He is ordained a deacon, and preaches his first sermon.] 1737 * * Many clergymen are apathetic and indifferent for fear of being called Methodists. 1738 Jan. * John "Wesley returns from America. He commences itinerant preaching, and gathers many followers, chiefly among the poor. Many churches are shut against him, so he builds spacious meet- ing-houses in London, Bristol, and other places. Jan. * "Whitefield first sails for America. [He returns the same year, seeking aid for his orphanage in Georgia. 173!). Sept.* He sails again for America. 1741. His preach- AND IRELAND. 1727, * *-1738, May 21. 909 ing produces great excitement in New Eng- land. 1744. Aug. * Sails again. 1769. He sails on his seventh and last voyage.] * * It. Freemasons are excommunicated by the Pope. May 21. Charles Wesley obtains "rest to his soul." LETTERS. 1727-28 * * Miscellanies, by Pope and Swift, appears. 1728 Jan. * -36 Dec. * London. The Present State of the Republic!: of Letters is issued. * * Ire. George Faulkner establishes Faulkner'' s Journal. * * Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopedia ap- pears. * * The Dunciad, by Alexander Pope, ap- pears. * * Love in Several Masques, by Henry Fielding, appears. [1730, The Temple Beau and Tom Thumb; 1733, The Mod- ern Husband and The Mock Doctor ; 1733, The Miser; 1734. The Intriguing Chambermaid; 1743, The Wedding Bay.] 1729* * London. A public library, built by bequest of Dr. Daniel Williams, is opened at 49 Redcross Street. * * The Salisbury Journal is issued. * * Ire. The Waterford Flying Post is is- sued. 1730 * * London. Colley Cibber is ap- pointed poet laureate. * * The Manchester Gazette is issued. * * The Literary Journal is issued. 1730-34 London. Historia Literaria is issued. 1731* * Disuse of Latin language is authorized in the courts. * * London. The Gentleman' 1 s Magazine is issued by Edward Cave. * * Treatise concerning Eternal and Im- mutable Morality, by Kalph Cudworth, appears. 1732 * * Ire. The Dublin College Li- brary is erected. * * Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher, by George Berkeley, appears. 1732-34 Essay on Man, by Alexander Pope, appears. [1732-35, Moral Essays.] 1732-38 History of the Puritans, by Daniel Neal, appears. 1732-84 London. The London Maga- zine, or Gentleman's Monthly Intelligen- cer, is issued. 1733 * * Ire. Charter schools are es- tablished. 1733-34 London. The Bee is issued by Eustace Budgell. 1735 * * Translation of Lobo 's Voyage to Abyssinia, Samuel Johnson's first work, appears. [1738, London ; 1744, Life of Savage.] 1735-36 London. The Literary Maga- zine is issued. 1736 May 13. The Ratcliffe Li- brary, Oxford, is founded. [1749. Apr. 13. Opened.] * * Analogy of Religion, by Joseph Butler [Bishop of Bristol and of Durham], ap- pears. 1737 * * Ire. The Belfast News-Letter is issued. * * The Schoolmistress, by "William Shen- stone, appears. * * Concordance of the Holy Scripture, by Alexander Cruden, appears. 1737-43 History of the Works of the Learned is issued. 1727 * * Races are begun at Ascot by the Duke of Cumberland. * * Sanctuaries for offenders are abol- ished. 1728 * * A duel is fought between Capt. Peppard and Mr. Hayes, the latter be- ing killed. * * Dublin. The Infirmary, Jervis Street, is founded. 1729 * * The first gin-law is made, im- posing a license of £20 on every seller of gin, in order to restrain the traffic. [1733. As it does not check gin-drinking, it is repealed.] * * Robert Raikes of Gloucester is called to the bar of the Commons, and rebuked for printing speeches delivered in the House. * * Ire. Linen scarfs are introduced at funerals. 1730 * * A select committee of the Com- mons reports on the horrible oppression and cruelty practised in prisons. * * Ire. The first grand lodge of Free- masons in Ireland is established, 1731 Jan. 2. London. A prisoner at Newgate is reprieved on condition that he submit to an experiment on the tympanum. June 4. London. A person is sentenced to be hanged for forgery. [It is sup- posed to be the first case so punished.] Sept. 27. London. A gang of 130 felons are taken from Newgate for transpor- tation to America. 1732* * Customs frauds abound. On tobacco alone one-third of the duties are lost to the Government by perjury, forgery, and collusion. 1733 Apr. * There are many public demonstrations against the Excise Bill ; the popular cry is " Liberty, Property, and no Excise." 1734 * * London. The Society of Dilet- tanti is founded. [1735. Also the Beef- steak Club.] 1735 * * London. A petition against the excessive use of spirituous liquors is presented to the House of Commons by the justices of the peace for Middlesex. 1736 Feb. 28. The Commons consider the harm done to the poor by distilled spirits; it is stated some signs read, " Drunk for a penny, dead drunk for two- pence ; clean straw for nothing." Apr. 15. Edinburgh. The Porteous riots break out. Capt. John Porteous fires on a mob, who threaten to rescue a prisoner from execution. [He is tried for murder, and sentenced to death; later he is reprieved. Sept. 7. He is dragged out of prison by a mob, who hang him to a lamp-post, and kill or wound 17 or 18 persons.] * * Edinburgh. The Royal Infirmary is incorporated. * * A riot occurs among the Spitalfields weavers because of the employing of workmen from Ireland; it is quelled by the military after many lives are lost. * * Scot. The first grand lodge of Free- masons in Scotland is established. * * London. "White's Club is estab- lished. * * A fine of £100 and imprisonment for three months are made the penalties for persuading artisans to leave the country. 1737 Mar. 5. London. A riot occurs at Drury Lane Theater because of the attempt to exclude footmen from the gallery. * * Riotous nailers in Worcester march to Birmingham, and make terms with iron merchants there. * *The clergy are given to fox-hunting, the bottle, and frequently to gambling. 1738 Mar. 11. About 1,200 persons are reported to have been convicted in a few months for selling gin -without a license. 1728 Jan. 23. Parliament meets ; Arthur Onslow, Speaker. [1734. Apr. 18. Dissolved.] 1729 Nov. 9. Sp. The Treaty of Seville is concluded. Spain restores its conquests, and con- firms to England the control for supply of slaves to Spanish America (p. 699). 1731 Mar. 16. The Treaty of Vienna is concluded with Holland and the Ger- man Empire (p. 515). * * Ire. Lionel, Duke of Dorset, is ap- pointed lord-lieutenant. 1733 Mar. 14. Parliament: Walpole introduces a comprehensive Excise Bill. Apr. 11. London. Sheriffs and mer- chants go to Parliament in '200 carriages, bearing a monster petition against the pending Excise Bill. * * Charles Talbot, Lord Talbot, is ap- pointed lord high chancellor. * * Sir Philip Yorke is appointed chief justice. 1735 Jan. 14. Parliament meets ; Arthur Onslow is chosen Speaker. [1741. Apr. 28. Dissolved.] Feb. * H. C. William Pitt [Earl of Chatham] enters as member for Old Sarum. June 24. The laws against witchcraft are repealed. * * Parliament : The Porteous riots in Edinburgh, arising out of the execution of the laws against smuggling, are de- bated. The lord provost of Edinburgh is dis- qualified for office, and the city is fined £2,000, for failing to protect Porteous from lynching by the mob. 1737 June 8. Sir William Lee is ap- pointed chief justice. * * Parliament: An act licensing plays * * Philip Yorke, Lord Hardwicke, is appointed lord high chancellor. * * Ire. William, Duke of Devonshire, is appointed lord-lieutenant. MISCELLANEOUS. 1727* * Edinburgh. The board of trus- tees of trade and manufactures is ap- pointed. 1728 * * Dublin. The Linen Hall is opeced. 1729* * Dublin. The Parliament House is begun. 1730-40 London. The' post is trans- mitted only three times a week to Edin- burgh ; on one occasion London sends a single letter. 1731 * * E. I. The Ostend East India Company is dissolved; the emperor re- moving this rival of the English com- pany. Aug. 2. London. The first stone is laid of the Bank of England. 1733 Aug. 31. London. Fifty tons of halfpence and farthings are sent from the Tower to Ireland. 1737* * London. Fleet ditch is covered, and Fleet Market is opened. 910 1738, May 24-1746, Sept.*. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1739 Oct. 19-46 * * "War against Spain because of its interference with Great Britain's American trade. Oct. * Vice Adm. Vernon is sent to at- tack Spanish possessions in America. Nov. 22. Colombia. Porto Bello, in Da- rien, is captured by Adm. Vernon. 1740 Sept. * A squadron of six vessels sails under Com. Anson to attack Chile and Peru. [It returns unsuccessful.] 1740-48 War of the Austrian Succes- sion. England is an ally of Austria in the Pragmatic army (p. 514). 1741 Mar. * -Apr.* Colombia. An unsuccessful attack is made upon Car- tagena by Adms. Vernon and "Went- worth ; 175 ships, 15,000 sailors, and 12,000 soldiers are in the expedition. 1743 June 27. Ger. George H. de- feats the French at Dettingen. (See France.) 1744 Mar. 15. France declares war against Great Britain. Sept. 21. The Colchester, 50 guns, is lost on Kentish Knock ; 50 men perish. Oct. 5. The Victory, the finest man-of- war in the English navy, is wrecked near the Isle of Alderney; Adm. Sir John Balchen and the entire crew are lost. * * The Duke of Cumberland is ap- pointed captain-general. The Earl of Stair commander-in-chief. 1745 May 11. Belg. Battle of Fon- tenoy (p. 700). June 17. N. S. Louisburg, the chief French stronghold in America, is taken (p. 66). July * Scot. The second Jacobite Re- bellion. Charles Edward, the " Young Pre- tender," grandson of James II., lands on the western coast, and is joined by a large number of Highlanders and some of the nobility. [Aug. * He takes Perth and Edinburgh. Sept. 21. He de- feats the royal forces under Sir John Cope at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh. Nov. * He invades England.] Nov. 10. Carlisle is invested by the Jacobite army. [Nov. 17. Taken. Nov. 28. Charles Edward makes his quarters at Manchester. Dec. 4. He enters Derby with 400 cavalry and 2,000 in- fantry.] Dec. * The Royalist army under the Duke of Cumberland and Gen. "Wade advances northward to suppress the Jacobites. [Dec. 6. The Jacobites com- mence their retreat. Dec. 18. They gain an advantage over Cumberland at Clif- ton, Cumberland.] * *The Royal Military Academy at "Woolwich is efficiently organized. * * Field-Marshal Wade is appointed commander-in-chief. 1746 Jan. 17. Scot. The Royalists under Gen. Hawley are defeated by Charles Edward at Falkirk Moor, Stir- lingshire. Apr. 16. (o. s.) Scot. Battle of Cul- loden, near Inverness. The Jacobites (6,000±) are totally de- feated by the Duke of Cumberland with a force of 10,000i: ; a great slaughter of the vanquished follows. [Charles Ed- ward, after wandering about for several weeks, escapes to France. This is the laBt serious effort of the Stuarts to re- cover the throne.] Sept. * E. I. The French attack Ma- dras (p. 700). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1738 Sept. 13. London. The "West- minster bridge is begun. * * Railroads for collieries, with rails made of iron, are laid at Whitehaven. * * Lewis Paul secures a patent for a spmning-machine. [Unsuccessful.] * * Edinburgh. The Royal Society of Edinburgh is founded. 1739 * * Dr. Clayton describes the theory of gas-lights as the inflammable aeri- form fluid, carburetted hydrogen. * * Gas is first evolved from coal. 1740 * * Benjamin Martin mates great improvements in the microscope; he invents and sells pocket microscopes. * * Benjamin Huntsman sets up a manu- factory for cast steel at Haudsworth, near Sheffield. 1741 May* London. Rev. Stephen Hales invents ventilators, and de- scribes them to the Royal Society. Oct. 19. David Garrick makes his debut as Richard IH. in the Theater of Goodman's Field, Ipswich. [1742. May 1. At Drury Lane, London.] * * Handel composes his sublime orato- rio, The Messiah, in 23 days. [1742. Apr. 13. First performed in Dublin.] * * London. Martin Folkes becomes presi- dent of the Royal Society. * * London. The Madrigal Society is established. * * Dublin. Fishamble Street Music Hall is erected. 1742 * * Scot. Andrew Gordon uses a glass cylinder instead of a globe in electrical apparatus. [1770±. A plate is substituted.] * * James Bradley becomes astronomer royal. * * Scot. Calico-printing is begun at Glasgow. 1743 * * Parliament offers £20,000 for the discovery of the Northwest Passage. * * The first cotton-mill is erected at Birmingham ; it is unsuccessful. * * Scot. The first Paisley handker- chiefs are made. 1745 * * Baskewill, a printer at Birming- ham, takes up the art of making papier- mache", and it soon spreads over the entire district. * * London. The surgeons and barbers are made distinct corporations. * * Dublin. The Chapel Street Theater is erected. * * London. The Society of Surgeons is reorganized. 1745-56 Three million cattle die of the plague in England and West Europe. 1746 Apr. 23. London. Johann Chris- toph Gliick plays the harmonica, or musical glasses. [He writes an Italian opera.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1738 * * Almon, John, pub., pamphleteer, b. Asgill, John, author, A88±. Boucher, .Jonathan, political wr., philol., b. Chandler, Richard, archeologist, horn. Clinton, Sir Henry, general, born. Cochran, William, artist, born. Cornwallis, Earl and Marquis of, Charles, general, statesman, born. Herschel, Sir Frederick William, astron- omer, author, born. Maepherson, James, poet, Scotland, born. .Miller, Joseph, comedian, A54. Portland, Earl of, William H. C. Bentinck, statesman, born. Woluoit, John (Peter Pindar), painter, satir- ist, born. Vaughan, Sir John, general, born. 1739 * * Anderson, James, econ., Scot., b. Beauclerk, Topham, wit, born. Parker, Sir Hyde, admiral, horn. saunderson, Nicholas, mathematician, A57. "Walter, John, founder of London Times, b. 1740 * * Auernethy, John, Nonconformist clergyman, author, Ireland, A 60. Arnold, Samuel, musical composer, born. Bacon, John, statuary, born. Baring, Sir Francis, financier, horn. Boswell, James, biographer of Dr. Johnson, Scotland, born. Cartwright, John, major, pol. reformer,.b. Chambeis, Ephraim, eyelopedisl, A6G. Cosway, Richard, painter, born. Francis, Sir Philip, states., au., Ire., born. Cagnier, Jean, Hebrew and Arabic professor at Oxford, A70. Ker, John, bibliographer, born. Latham, John, ornithologist, born. Sharp, William, engraver, born. Tickell, Thomas, poet, essayist, A54. 1741* * Adam, Alexander, grammarian, geographer, antiquary, Scotland, born. Barry, James, historical painter, Ireland, b. Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville, statesman, born. Malone, Edmond, Shakespearean commenta- tor, Ireland, born. Piozzi, Hester Lynch, author, born. Young, Arthur, traveler, writer, horn. 1742 * * Aiuliurst, Nicholas, pol. wr., A45. Bentley, Richard, classical scholar, A80. Chalmers, Ceorge, historian, biographer, b. Halley, Edmund, astronomer, math., A86. Lukin, Lionel, inventor of lifeboat, born. Oldmixon, John, historian, A 69. Rennel, James, major, geog., traveler, b. Reed, Isaac, critic, editor, born. Strutt, Joseph, antiquarian, engraver, born. 1743* * Ainsworth, Robert, grammarian, lexicographer, A83. Argyll, second Duke of, states., Scot., A65. Astbury, John, potter, A55. Banks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, born. Barbauld, Anna Letitin, poet, author, born. Blizard, Sir William, anatomist, surgeon, b. Cartwright, Edmund, poet, inventor of power-loom, born. Edwards, Bryan, historian, born. Hervey, Lord John, statesman, A47. Neal, Daniel, clergyman, author, A65. Paley, William, el., writer, philosopher, b. Ramsay, Andrew Michael (Chevalier Ram- say), miscellaneous writer, Scotland, A59. Rees, Abraham, cyelopedist, born. Savage, Richard, poet, A45. Wyatt, James, architect, born. 1744 May 30. Pope, Alexander, poet, A 56. Allan, David, painter, Scot., born. Arnold, John, horologer, inventor, born. Edgeworth, Richard l.ovell, mis. wr., Ire., b. Ferguson, Patrick, major, born. Iladley, John, asl ronomer, A61. Hill, Rowland, preacher, born. Innes, Thomas, historian, Scotland, A82. Lake, Viscount Gerard, general, born. Milner, Joseph, cl., ecclesiastical hist., b. Mitford, William, historian, politician, born. Mulgrave, Lord, Constantme John Phipps, Arctic navigator, born. Theobald, Lewis, dramatist, litterateur, A56. 1745 Mar. 18. Walpole. Sir Robert, Earl of Orford, statesman, A69. Oct. 1 9. Swift, Jonathan, satirist, states- man, Ireland, A78. Alvanley, Lord, Richard P. Arden, jurist, b. Asbury, Francis, ftleth. bp. in U. S. A., b. Calder, Sir Robert, admiral, born. Cruikshank, William, anatomist, Scot., b. Dibdin, Charles, song-writer, born. Ellis, Ceorge, miscellaneous writer, born. Hayley, William, poet, born. Hearne, Samuel, traveler, born. Holcroft, Thomas, dramatist, born. Mackenzie, Henry, novelist, Scotland, born. More, Hannah, religious writer, born. Nichols, John, printer, pub., ed., antiq., b. Pye, Henrv James, poet, born. Stowed, Baron, William Scott, jurist, born. Woodfall, William (Junius's), publisher, b. 1738 May 24. Conversion of John Wesley. He finds bis" heart strangely warmed " under the instructions of the Moravians. AND IRELAND. 1738, May 24-1746, Sept. *. 911 [Aug. 1. He visits the Moravians at Herrnhut, Germany.] 1739 Jan. 5. The Methodists meet in an informal conference at Islington ; seven ministers are present. Feb. 17. Whitefield leads the Method- ist movement into tie ld-preaching at Kingswood. He is the most eloquent preacher of his day. [May 2. John Wesley also preaches for the first time near Bristol.] ~Nov. * London. The first Methodist Society is organized at the Foundry by John Wesley. 1740 Mar.* AmobatEengeworthtakes John "Wesley to the water and ducks him, and then relent under his singing. July 20. London. The Methodists separate from the Moravians. * * Scot. A Declaration and Testimony are published by the Reformed Pres- bytery. 1741 * * "Wesley traverses the kingdom, preaching almost daily, and sometimes four sermons on the Sabbath. * * A chapel is erected for Whitefield in Moorfields. It being a temporary structure, it is called the Tabernacle, the name after- wards given to their chapels by the Cal- vinistic Methodists. He separates from the Wesleys, he holding the doctrine of election, which they reject. 1743 Aug. 1. Scot. The Reformed Presbyterians are first organized as a presbytery at Braehead, Lanarkshire. 1744 June 25. London. The first Methodist Conference is held at the Foundry. Six regular clergymen and several lay preachers are present. * *Mobs frequently attack the Method- ists, and Wesley is defamed by slan- derers. 1745 Aug. 1. The second Methodist Conference is held at Bristol ; ques- tions of theology and economy are con- sidered. [1746, Mav 12, the3d ; 1747, June 6, the 4th, at London ; 174S, June 2, the 5th, at London; 1749, Nov. 16, the 6th, also at London.] LETTERS. 1739 * * Scot. The Scots Magazine is is- sued. * * Treatise on Human Nature, by David Hume, appears. [1741—12, Essays, Moral and Political : 1748, E no idry concerning the Human Understanding; 1753, En- quiry Concerning the Principle of Morals and Political Discourses.] 1740 * * The first circulating library for public use is established by Samuel Fancourt, a Dissenting minister of Salis- bury. 1740-41 Pamela, by Samuel Richard- son, appears. [1751, Clarissa Harlowe; 1754, Sir Charles Grandison.'] 1741 * * Aris's Gazette is issued at Bir- mingham. * * Life of Cicero, by Conyers Middleton, appears. * * The Divine Legation of Moses Demon- strated, by William Warburton, Bishop of Gloucester, appears. 1742 * * Joseph Andrews, by Henry Field- ing, appears. [1743, Jonathan Wild the Great; 1749, Tom Jones ; 1751, Amelia.] . * * Edmund Hoyle publishes his Short- Treatise on Whist. 1742-46 Night Thoughts, by Edward Young, appears. 1742-69 Poems, by Thomas Gray, ap- pears. 1744 * * The Chronicle is issued at Cam- bridge. * * Dublin. E sdaile's News-Letter ap- pears. [1754, Changed to Saunders' s News-Letter.] * * Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflec- tions and Inquiries concerning the Vir- tues of Tar-water, etc., by George Berke- ley, appears. * * The Pleasures of the Imagination, by Mark Akenside, appears. 1744-49 Dublin. A Literary Journal is issued, the first review published in Ire- land. 1745 * * London. The College of Sur- geons [lioyal College of Surgeons of England] is chartered. SOCIETY. * * Hawkers of liquor, unable to pay their fines, are publicly whipped. 1739 Oct.. * London. Capt. Thomas Co- ram obtains a charter for his foundling hospital. [1756. June 2. Opened.] * * The association for the relief of the widows of naval men is founded. * * Parliament : An act for the suppres- sion of races by ponies and weak horses is passed. * * Ire. The title Earl of Bessborough is created. [1743, Viscount of Powers- court ; 174S, Earl of Camck.] * * Dublin. The Foundling Hospital is incorporated. 1740 Nov. * London. London Hos- pital, Whitechapel, for seamen, labor- ers, and others, is instituted. [1745. Middlesex Hospital.] * * The daily wages of harvestmen is ten- pence. 1741 * * The using of torture to compel persons to plead when arraigned for treason or felony is abolished. 1742 * * Marriages with lunatics are made void. * * Titles created, Earl of Harrington. [1743, Earl of Portsmouth; 1746, Earl of Buckinghamshire, and Earl of Fitzwilliam; 1747, Viscount of Leinster; 1749, Earl of For- tescue, ami Baron I'onsonby; 1752, Earl of (luilford; 1754, Earl of Hardwicke; 1766, Earl of Ilchester, and Duke of Newcastle; 1759, Earl of Warwick and Brooke (1746).] 1743 * * John "Wesley takes advanced temperance ground, requiring his fol- lowers to avoid " drunkenness, buying or selling spirituous liquors, or drinking them, except in cases of extreme neces- sity." 1745 Mar. * Dublin. The first lying- in hospital is established by Dr. Bar- tholomew Mosse, a physician, amid strong opposition. * * Scot. Glasgow is plundered by the Jacobites. 1746 Aug. 12. Scot. Parliament for- bids the wearing of the Highland dress. * * London. A smallpox hospital is es- tablished; Lock Hospital is also founded. [1747. A Jews' Hospital. 1749. The British Lying-in Hospital. 1750. The City of London Lying-in Hospital.] Aug. 18. London. Lord Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerino are executed on Tower Hill. 1738 Sept. 7. Ire. Robert Jocelyn [Lord Newport and Viscount Jocelyn] is appointed lord chancellor. * * Parliament : An act is passed to pre- vent the running of wool from Ireland to France. [1739. Duty is repealed.] 1741 Dec. 1. Parliament meets ; Ar- thur Onslow, Speaker. [1747. June 18. Dissolved.] Dee. 29. Ire. Thomas Marlay is ap- pointed chief justice. 1742 Feb. 1. Walpole resigns the pre- miership, having a majority of but one in the Commons. [He is created Earl of Orford.] Feb. * The Earl of "Wilmington be- comes first lord of the treasury. [De- ceased. 1743. Aug. * Succeeded by Henry Pelham. Lord Carteret, the Earl of Harrington, and the Duke of Newcastle are in the administration.] 1744 Mar. 15. France declares war (pp. 514, 701J. Nov. * * Henry Pelham forms the coali- tion, "Broad-bottom," administra- tion, with Newcastle, Harrington, and Bedford as colleagues. 1744-45 The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended because of the Jacobite re- bellion in Scotland. 1745 July 25. Scot. The Young Pre- tender lands [and proclaims his father king]. Dec. * A proclamation is made to magis- trates requiring them to discover and bring to justice all "Jesuits and po- pish priests," and offering a reward of £100 for the apprehension of such per- sons. * * Ire. Philip, Earl of Chesterfield, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 1746 Feb. 5. Parliament: The win- dow-tax is increased. [1851. llepealed.] Feb. 10. The "Short-Lived" Ad- ministration is formed. It consists of William Pulteney, the Earl of Bath, and Lords Carlisle, Win- chelsea, and Granville. [Continues for two days.] Feb. 12. Henry Pelham forms an ad- ministration with the Earl of Ches- terfield and the Duke of Bedford as colleagues. Feb. * "William Pitt is appointed treas- urer for Ireland. [June * Appointed paymaster of the forces.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1739 * * Ire. Famine causes great rav- ages. * * London. The new Mansion House is begun. [1753. Completed.] 1740* * London. The " hard winter " occurs. The Thames is frozen hard for nine weeks ; coaches ply upon the Thames, and festivities and diversions of all kinds are enjoyed upon the ice. 1741 * * The Duke of Devonshire's race- horse, Flying Childers, dies, aged 26 years. He was acknowledged by sportsmen to have been the fleetest horse that ever ran at Newmarket, or that was even seen in the world; he ran four miles in six minutes and 4S seconds, or at the rate of 35i miles an hour, carrying nine stone two pounds. * * The new Exchange at Bristol is erected. 912 1746,**~1756, May * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1747 May 3. Sp. The French de- feated off Cape Finisterre (p. 700). June 16. Com. Fox takes 40 French ships sailing from the West Indies. July 2. Neth. Defeat at Raucoux and Laffeldt by the French Marshal Saxe (p. 700). Oct. 14. Ft. Victory off Finisterre (p. 700). 1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed. 1749 Apr. 13. E. I. The Namur, 74 guns, founders near Fort St. David; only 26 of her crew are saved. E.I. The Pembroke, 60 guns, is wrecked near Porto Novo ; 330 of her crew perish. 1751-54 E. I. War with the French in India. Arcot defended (p. 700). 1754 * * Pa. The English establish forts west of the Alleghanies in hostility to France. The struggle for supremacy in the New World begins. 1755-63 "War with France. The Seven Years' War of Europe, and the French and Indian War in America. It is caused by disputes respecting the boundaries of territory in America. Apr.* [U.S.A.] Three expeditions are planned against the French (p. 68). June 10. JST.F. Adm.Boseawen takes the Alcide and Li/s, two men-of-war, from the French in a naval battle off New- foundland. July 9. Pa. Gen. Braddock is de- feated ; Col. George "Washington saves a remnant of the army (p. 68). Sept. 5. N. S. The exile of the Aca- dians is announced (p. 68). * * E.I. Col. Robert Clive conquers Orissa, in Bengal. 1756 May 17. England declares war against France. [June 9. France de- clares war.] May 20. Sp. The French besiege the island of Minorca, in the Mediterra- nean ; Adm. Byng is sent to relieve it ; he fails to do so. [July * It surrenders. 1757. Mar. 14. Byng is shot at Ports- mouth for this failure.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1746 * * Morris and Smith's Northeast Passage expedition sails. 1747* * London. A chess club is formed at Slaughter's Coffee-house, St. Martin's Lane. * * Creed projects a machine having an object similar to that of the phono- graph. * * Watson shows the transmission of electricity by an insulated wire. * * Mathematical tripos are instituted at Cambridge. 1748 July 14. London. An eclipse of the sun is observed. 1749 * * Thomas Frye introduces painted porcelain. * * The fly shuttle is generally used. 1750 Feb. 8. London. An earthquake occurs. [Feb. 19. Another.] * * Railroads, called tramways, in and about Newcastle, are made of wood, and * * A system of shorthand, called Bra- chygraphy, based on Mason's system, is introduced. * * London. "Westminster Bridge is opened. 1750-70 Scot. The common-sense sys- tem of- philosophy is originated by Thomas Eeid. 1751 Jan. 21. Handel's last oratorio, Jephthah, is composed. [1752. Feb. 26. Performed.] * * Amalgam is introduced by John Can- ton for the rubber in electrical experi- ments. 1752 Sept. 3. (o. s.) The Gregorian calendar is adopted. The new style blots 11 days from the calendar, this" day being accounted the 14th of September. * * London. George, Earl of Macclesfield, becomes president of the Royal Society. [1764, James, Earl of Morton.] 1753 Apr. 5. London. The British Museum originates. (See Letters.) * * The Queen's Theater, Manchester, is opened. [1775. Rebuilt.] * * London, The Society of Arts is es- tablished. 1754 * * London. John Harrison is voted £50 by the Society of Arts for a " masterly improvement of the spinning- wheel." 1755 July 14. A statue of Sir Isaac Newton in marble, by Louis Francois Roubillac, is erected at Trinity College, Cambridge. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1746 * * Atwood, George, math., median., b. Blair, Robert, poet. Scotland, A46. Bruce, Jlicliael, poet, Scotland, born. Chubb, Thomas, deistical writer, AG7. Grattan, Henry, orator, statesman, Ire., b. Jones, Sir William, orientalist, born. Maelatirin, Colin, math., pliil., Scot., A47. jVlacneil, Hector, poet, Scotland, born. Malmeshury, Karl of, James Harris, diplo.,b. Mawe, John, mineralogist, bora. Northcote, James, hist, portrait painter, b. !747 * * Aikin, John, phy.. biog., writer, b. Bourne, Vincent, Latin poet, A5Q. Coke, Thomas, tirst bishop of M. E. church, IT. S. A., born. Coxe, William, archdeacon, traveler, hist., b. Forbes, Inmcan, statesman, Scotland, A62. Hutcheson, Francis, metaphys., Scot., A53. Jones, John Paul, naval advent., Scot,, b. Lovat, Lord Simon l-'rasev, sold., Scot.,A80. O'Keefe, John, dramatist, Ireland, born. Parr, Samuel, teacher, clergyman, author, b. Potter, John, archbishop of Canterbury, author, A63. Scott, Thomas, cl., Bible commentator, b. Seward, Anna, poet, born. Tytler, Alex. Fraser, jurist, hist., Scot., b. 1748 * * Bentham. Jeremy, jurist, philoso- pher, author, born. Duckworth, Sir John T., admiral, born. Kent, William, painter, architect, A65. Playfair, John, math., physicist, Scot., born. Thomson, James, poet, Scotland, A48. "Watts, Isaac, cl., sacred poet, an., A74. 1749 * * Braniah, Joseph, mechanician, b. Catesby, Mark, naturalist, A69. Daniel, Thomas, landscape painter, born. Fearne, Charles, jurist, legal writer, born. Fox, Charles James, orator, statesman, h. Ged, William, inventor of stereotype, A59. Jenner, Edward, physician, discoverer of vaccination, born. Philips, Ambrose, dramatist, A78. Wilkins, Sir Charles, Sanscrit scholar, born. 1750 * * Arrow-smith, Aaron, geographer, b. Barnard, Lady Anne, poet, Scotland, born. ■ Belsham, Thomas, 1'nitarian cl., author, b. Butler, Charles, historian, jurist, author, b. Collingrwood. Lord Cuthbert, admiral, b. Curran, John Philpot, orator, statesman, Ireland, born. Ellen borough, Lord, Edward Law, chief justice, born. KlPkmc, Lord Thomas, statesman, born. Gordon, Lord George, fanatic, born. Herschel, Caroline L.. astronomer, bora. Ireland, Samuel, author, born. Kirwan, Richard, chemist, geologist, Ire., b. Knight, Richard Payne, author, born. Lee, Sophia, novelist, born. Mulilleton, Conyers; clergyman, controver- sialist, author, A67. Peel, Sir Robert, cotton manufacturer, b. Southcott, Joanna, fanatic, religious \vr., b. Toinline, George, bp. of Winchester, au., b. "Windham, "William, orator, statesman, b. Young, Matthew, physicist, born. 1751 * * Adam, William, lawyer, Scotland, b. Bolingbrolie, Viscount, Henry Saint John, statesman, author, A73. Doddridge, Philip, Nonconformist clergy- man, theologian, philosopher, A 49. Eldon, Earl of, John Scott, statesman, born. Frederick Louis, father of George III., A 44. Milner, Isaac, mathematician, born. Shaw, George, naturalist, born. Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, poet, drama- tist, orator, statesman, Ireland, born. Sherwin, John Keyse, engraver, born. Teignmouth, Lord, John Shore, statesman, b. 1752 * * Butler. Joseph, theol., pliil., A60. Chatterton, Thomas, poet, born. Cheselden, William, anatomist, A64. D'Arblay, Madame, Frances Burney. novelist, born. Erskine, Ralph, cl., author, Scotland, A67. Hansard, Luke, parliamentary printer, born. Ritson, Joseph, antiquary, born. Warren, Sir I'eter. admiral, A49. Winston, William, cl., math., trans., A85. 1753* * Beechey, Sir William, portrait- painter, born. Bell, Andrew, cl., educationalist, Scot., born. Berkeley. George, bishop of Gloyne, meta- physician, Ireland, AGS. Bewick. Thomas, artist, wood-engraver, b. Bligh, William, admiral, born. Gleig, George, clergyman, author, Scot.,b. Incllbald, Eli/a both, novelist, born. Nicholson, William, natural pliil., author, b. Roscoe, William, author, born. Stanhope, third Earl of, Charles, states- man, scientist, born. Stewart, Dug-ald, philosopher, Scotland, b. Thompson, Sir Benjamin, Count Rumford, philanthropist, statesman, scientist, born. 1754* * Cave, Edward, printer, bookseller, fdr. of The Gentleman 's Magazine, A63. Crabbe, George, clergyman, poet, born. Erskine, Ebenezer, theologian, preacher, chief fdr. of Secession Church, Scot., A74. Fielding:, Henry, poet, dramatist, novelist, judge, A47. Fuller, Andrew, Baptist preacher, wt., b. Hastings, Marquis of, Erancis Rawdon, major-general, statesman, born. Slarsden, William, orientalist, born. Pelham, Sir Henry, statesman, A58. Sinclair, Sir John, agriculturist, statistician, author, born. Tarleton, Bannastre, general, born. Warren, Sir John I'.orlase, admiral, bora. 1755* * Harrington, (George, pickpocket, b. Bone, Henry, enamel j ainter, born. Braddock, Edward, general in America, A38. Cathcart, first Karl of ,W in. Shaw, diplom., b. Dyer, George, scholar, antiquary, born. Flaxinan, John, sculptor, born. Grant, Anne, novelist, essayist, Scotland., b. Mackenzie, Sir Alo.amier, Can. ex., Scot.,b. Siddons, Sarah, actor, bora. Sutton, Charles Manners, archbp. of Cant.,b. Vancouver, George, navigator in Am., born. CHURCH. 1746 * * Ire. Royal assent refused to the bill to naturalize the professors of the Jewish religion. 1747 Aug. 9. Dublin. John "Wesley first visits Ireland. [Thomas Williams forms the first Methodist Society in Dublin. 1748. Mar. 8. Wesley makes a second visit.] * * James Wardley revives the society of Friends (Quakers). * * Scot. The followers of Ebenezer Ers- kine are divided into Burghers and Anti-Burghers, on the question of in- terpreting the Burghers' oath. * * Scot. The Secession and Relief Presbyterian Churches unite. * * Thomas Herring is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. 1748 May * W. Lady Huntingdon and other Methodists make an evangel- izing tour through Wales. AND IRELAND. 1746, **-1756, 913 * * Whitefield's followers are called " The Countess of Huntingdon's Con- nexion," she being an effective supporter of Methodists, and the founder of a theological school at Trevecca. 1749 * * Dublin. The spire of St. Pat- rick's Cathedral is erected. * * The Clergy Orphan corporation is organized as a benevolent institution. 1750 Mar. 8. London. The Method- ist Conference opens. [1753, at Leeds ; 1754, May 22, at Lon- don ; 1755, May 6, at Leeds ; 1756, Aug. 26, at Bristol.] * * London. The Society for promoting Religious Knowledge among the Poor is organized. * * Scot. "White field itinerates and preaches here. [1757. He makes a sec- ond visit.] * * Joanna Southcott, a fanatic, is born. She comes from Exeter to London, where her followers increase to many thousands, being chiefly the poor and ignorant. 1751* * Ire. George Whitefield, the Methodist evangelist, visits Ireland. * * Scot. John "Wesley makes his first visit. [1753. Apr. * A second. 1757. A third visit.] 1752 May 23. Scot. The Belief Church of Scotland is initiated. Thomas Gillespie is deposed from the ministry for opposing the doctrine of Sassive obedience to the law of the hurch of Scotland respecting the set- tlement of ministers. (See 1757.) * * The "Western Theological College (Congregational) is founded at Plym- outh. 1754 Mar. * "Whitefield again sails for America. May 22. London. The Methodist Con- ference opens. [1755. May 6. At Leeds. 1756. Aug. 26. At Bristol.] LETTERS. 1746 * * The Museum is issued. * * Odes, by William Collins, appears. 1747* * Scot. Parliament enacts the union of the two colleges, St. Salvator and St. Leonard, as the University of St. Andrews. 1747-49 Hbivitt's Journal is issued. 1748 * * Thomas, Duke of Newcastle, is elected chancellor of Cambridge. * * Scot. The Aberdeen Journal is issued. * * Scot. Castle of Indolence, by James Thomson, appears. * * Roderick Random, by Tobias George Smollett, appears. [1751, Peregrine Pickle; 1753, The Advent urns of Ferdi- nand, Count Fathom; 1755, Translation of Don Quixote.] * * Scot. Essay on Quantity, by Thomas Reid, appears. * * London. A circulating library is es- tablished at Crane Court. 1749 * * Irene, by Johnson, appears. 1749-1845 London. The Monthly Re- view is issued. 1750 Mar. 20-52 Mar. 14. The Ram- bler is issued by Samuel Johnson. * * Hermes, or a Philosophical Enquiry Concerning Un iversal Grammar, by James Harris, appears. * * The Life and Adventures of Peter Wil- kins, by Robert Pultock, appears. 1751* * Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, by Thomas Gray, appears. *753 Jan. 4. First nurr>her of the World is issued. Apr. 5. Parliament enacts that £20,000 be raised by lottery to purchase the li- brary of Sir Henry Sloan, deceased. [It thus originates the British Museum.] * * The Oxford Journal is issued. 1754-61 Scot. History of England, by David Hume, appears. [1757, Natural History of Religion and Four Disserta- tions.'] 1755* * Yankee Doodle is written by Dr. Richard Schuchburg, (?) a surgeon of the British army, in contempt of the motley assembly of militiamen assembled from the colonies to aid against the French in Canada. * * Dictionary of the English Language, by Samuel Johnson, appears. [1759. Rasselas.) 1755-80 The London Review is issued. SOCIETY. 1748 Jan. 16. London. Public excite- ment is raised over a conjurer who an- nounces that he will jump into a quart bottle at the Haymarket Theater. Apr. 27. London. The close of the war is celebrated by a splendid display of fireworks. 1749 Feb. 20. London. Usher Ga- hagan, a gentleman and scholar, is exe- cuted at Tyburn for clipping coin. * * An infirmary is established at Liver- pool. * * It is made a punishable offense for hatmakers, or workers in textile sub- stances and leather, to combine for the increase of wages. 1750 * * The Jockey Club is founded. [It chiefly regulates races of the present day, and the betting connected with them.] * * London. St. Luke's Hospital for lu- natics is established. [Oct. 15. The foundation of the [present] London Hospital building is laid by Adm. Sir Peter Warren. * * Queen Charlotte's Lying-in Hospital is founded.] 1751 * * Ire . Titles created, Viscount of Ashbrook. [1756, Earl of Shannon, Earl of Lanes- borouLili, and .F.aron Farnham; 1758, Baron Lisle; 1759, Earl Fife; 1760, Earl of Morn- ington; 1762, Baron Clive, and Earl Arran; 1763, Earl Milltown, and Viscount of Mont- 1752 Apr. 7. London. To avoid the effects of an earthquake shock predicted by a madman for April 8, thousands of persons, particularly those of rank and fortune, pass the night in their car- riages and in tents in Hyde Park. * *The Seamen's Hospital, Liverpool, is founded. * *The Manchester infirmary is insti- tuted. * * Acts are passed licensing music and dancing in public houses. 1753 * * London. The British Museum is founded by the aid of a lottery. * * Bread riots occur at Bristol. * * The proposed English census is op- posed as profane. 1755 Apr. 15. London. Buyers of lot- tery tickets break down the counters of the Bank of England in their eagerness to buy tickets. STATE. 1747 Nov. 10. Parliament meets ; Arthur Onslow, Speaker. [1754. Apr. 8. Dissolved.] * * Ire. William, Earl of Harrington, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle is concluded (p. 515). 1751 June 22. Lord Anson is made first lord of the admiralty. [175G, Nov. 19, Earl Temple ; 1757, Apr. 6, Earl of Winchelsea; July 2, Lord Anson; 1762, June 19, George M. Dunk, Earl of Hali- fax ; 1763, Jan. 1, George Grenville ; Apr. 23, Earl of Sandwich; Sept. 10, Earl of Eg- mont; 1766, Sept. 10, Sir Charles Saun- ders ; Dec. 10, Sir Edward Hawke.] Aug. 27. Ire. Sir George Caulfield is appointed chief justice. * * Parliament : A Regency Bill is 1752 Jan. 1. The New Style calen- dar, according to the Gregorian reform of 1582, is operative. * * The journals of Parliament are or- dered to he printed. 1753* * Parliament: The Irregular Marriages Act is passed. It prohibits the Fleet-prison marriage system, — marriages without license or certificate. 1754 Apr. * Thomas H. Pelham, Duke of Newcastle, becomes first lord of the treasury. Nov. 14. Parliament meets ; Arthur Onslow, Speaker. [1761. Mar. 21. Dis- solved.] * * Edinburgh. The magistrates are as- signed gold chains. * * Sir Dudley Hyder is appointed chief justice. 1756 May 17. "War is declared against France after fighting for two years. [June 9. France declares war against England.] May * Parliament : The Plate Act is passed. [1780. Repealed.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1746 * * The "Windsor marches are drained, and the trees planted, for "Wil- liam, Duke of Cambridge. 1748 Mar. 25. London. A fire in Shadwell destroys 200 houses. * * London. A display of fireworks is given in the Green Park in honor of the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. * * A general famine occurs. 1749 * * The town hall, Liverpool, is begun. 1750 May* London. During some trials in the Old Bailey court, the lord mayor, one alderman, two judges, the greater part of the jury, and numbers of spectators, catch the jail distemper, and die. 1753 * * The Salthouse dock, Liver- pool, is opened. 1755 July 17. The ship Doddington is lost ; 23 out of 273 persons are saved. Dec. 4. The Eddystone lighthouse is burned. [1758-60. It is rebuilt ; it is the first true lighthouse erected in Eng- land.] 914 1756, June 20-1762, July 9. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1756 June 20. Tlie Earl of Loudoun sails with an army for Halifax, N. S. [He is reenforced later by additional troops, making 11,000 men, and 16 men- of-war.] E. I. Black Hole tragedy of Calcutta. The Nabob of Bengal seizes Calcutta, and imprisons 146 British in a room 18 feet square ; only 23 survive the night. 1757 Jan. 2. Ind. Col. Clive recap- tures Calcutta. The conquest of In- dia begins. June 23. Ind. Col. Clive, with a force of 3,000, vanquishes the Surajah Dowlah, with 68,000 men, at Plassey. Aug. 9. N. Y. Col. Monroe surrenders to Gen. Montcalm (p. 70). * *[U. S. A.] [Lord] Jeffrey Amherst commands (p. 70). Oct. 21. Three English ships defeat seven French ships off Cape Francais. * * Lord Ligonier is appointed comman- der-in-chief. 1758 Jan.* [U.S.A.] LordLoudoun is retired, and Gen. Abercrombie suc- ceeds hira (p. 70). Mar. 2. A battle is fought in the North Sea between two French and two Brit- ish frigates ; one of the French vessels Apr. 13. The Prince George is burned while on its way to Gibraltar ; about 400 men perish. May 28 -July 26. JV. S. Louisburg is captured (p. 70). June * Fr. The British burn about 100 vessels in Concale Bay. July 8. JV. Y. Defeat at Ticonderoga (p. 70). July 26. A r . S. England takes Nova Scotia (p. 70). Aug. 27. Can. Fort Frontenac [Kinsgton] is taken (p. 70). Oct. 4. E. I. The French take Arcot. Nov. 29. The Lichfield is lost on the coast of Barbary. Dec. 12. E. I. The French assume the offensive against the British besieged at Madras. * * Fr. The English destroy the fortifi- cations of Cherbourg. * * E. I. Lord Clive forces the Dutch to capitulate at Chins urah. 1759 Jan.* Amer. Gen. Amherst [Lord Jeffrey] chief commander (p. 70). Aug. 17, 18. Port. The French under Adm. De la Clue are defeated in a naval battle, in the Bay of Lagos, by Adm. Boscawen. Sept. 13. Can. First battle on the Plains of Abraham (p. 72). Sept. 18. Can. Quebec capitulates to the English (p. 72). Sept. 25. N. S. The Tilbury, with 60 guns, is lost off Louisburg. * *B.Ind. Adm. Pocock defeats the French fleet. The French lose nearly all their military power in India. * * The British Hussars are enrolled. Nov. 20. Fr. Adm. Hawke the French fleet (p. 702). 1760 Feb.* Ire. French invasion (p. 702). Feb. 15. The Iiamillies, with 90 guns, is lost on the Bolt-head ; 26 persons are saved. The Conqueror is lost on St. Nicholas Island, Plymouth. Apr. 22. Lord George Sackville is tried by court-martial for disobedience, found guilty, and dismissed. July 2. E. I. French defeat at Wandiwash. All Canada is taken by the British. Sept. 8. Can. Montreal, under Gen. Vaudreuil, surrenders (p. 72). 1761 Jan. 1. "War with Spain. E. I. The Due d y Aquitaine and the Sunderland are lost off Pondicherry, and all perish. [Jan. * Pondicherry capitulates to the British.] June 7. Fr. The British capture Belle Isle. * * Ire. The * * Whiteboys " cause an insurrection, and commit numerous depredations ; they are suppressed by military force. 1762 Jan, 2. England declares war against Spain. Feb. 3. The Raisonnable, with64guns,ia lost in au attack on Martinique. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1756 * * The first cotton velvets and quiltings in England are made. * * Edinburgh. Joseph Black makes known his discoveries on the nature of lime and of fixed air (carbonic acid gas). 1757 * * John Dolland constructs an achromatic telescope without any knowledge of Hall's invention. He also makes an important discovery respect- ing t be aberration of light. * * Edinburgh. Joseph Black establishes his theory of latent heat. [1760. He discovers latent heat in melting ice and in steam. 1763. He evolves new theories in heat.] * * Scot. James "Watt is the maker of mathematical instruments for the Uni- versity of Glasgow. [1760. He invents the shot-tower.] 1758 * * Dublin. Crow Street Theater Royal is erected. 1759 Jan. 15. London. The British Museum is first opened. Oct. 1. The Bddystone lighthouse is rebuilt the second time by John Smeaton. * * The Carron smelting-works are estab- lished ; following Dr. John Roebuck's invention, iron is made by the use of mineral coal. 1760 Apr. 21. London. Thefirst pub- lic exhibition is made of the works of living artists, Reynolds, Wilson, Roubil- lac, Wilton, Woolett, Strange, and others. * * Pressing-boards are invented. * * Cotton-carding machines are im- proved by James Hargreaves. ± * * The gradual revolution of the peace- ful arts is accomplished. * * Many of the bishops and clergy preach against the practise of inoculation. * * London. The theatrical fund of Covent Garden is established. ± * * John Kay's plan of throwing the shuttle is introduced, doubling the product of looms. 1761 June 6. The transit of Venus is observed by the astronomer royal, Nevil Maskelyne, at St. Helena. July 17. The Bridgewater canal, from Worsley to Manchester, 18 miles long, is opened ; it is the first great canal in England. * * The first patent for the spinning- wheel is granted to Sir Richard Ark- wright [which he further improves]. ± * * James Brindley practises puddling of clay in making the walls of canals water-tight. * * London. The Catch (musical) Club is formed. 1762 Jan. 29. London. The Thames is [alleged to be] frozen five feet thick. Feb. 24. A great hurricane and snow- atorm occurs ; several whales are driven ashore on the Essex and Kentish coast. July 9. Ire. Honeydew falls near Raithiermuc ; it is gathered with scoops. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1756 * * Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, general, b. Burgess, Thomas, bishop of Salisbury, au., b. Currie, James, physician, scholar, author, editor of lSurns, Scotland, born. Fitzherbert, Maria, wife of George IV., b. Gambier, Lord, James, admiral, born. Godwin, William, dramatist, novelist, his- torian, political writer, born. Henley, John, preacher, A 64. Lee, Harriet, novelist, born. Macadam, John Loudon, invent, of Macadam roads, born. Kaeburn, Sir Henry, portrait-painter, Scot- Vertue, George, engraver, A72. Wakefield, Gilbert, classical scholar, theolo- gian, politician, born. 1757 * * Addington, Henry, Viscount Sid- mouth, statesman, born. Alison, Archibald, el., au., Seot.,b. Baird, Sir l>avid, general, born. Blake, William, poet, painter, born. Burney, Charles, class, schol., author, born. Byng, Honorable John, admiral, A53. Cibber, Colley, poet, dramatist, actor, A86. Colchester, Lord, Charles Abbott, states., h. Exmouth, Viscount, Edward Pellew, adm., b. Foley, Sir Thomas, admiral, born. GiHord, "William, poet, dramatist, journal- ist, miscellaneous writer, born. Hartley, David, founder of English Asso- ciation school of psychologists, A52. Kemble, John Philip, actor, born. Romilly, Sir Samuel, jurist, statesman, born. Sowerby, .lames, artist, naturalist, born. Telford, Thomas, engineer, Scotland, born. A r ernon, Edward, admiral, A73. 1758* * Bridgewater. Earl of, Francis Henry, cl., fdr. Bridgewater Treatises, b. Dyer, John, poet, A 58. Hamilton, Elizabeth, novelist, miscellaneous writer, Ireland, born. Nasmyth, Alexander, portrait and landscape painter, Scotland, born. Nelson, Viscount Horatio, admiral, born. Pinkerton, John, archeologist, numismatist, historian, geographer, author, Scot., born. Ramsay, Allan, pnet, Scotland, A72. 1759 Jan. 25. Burns, Robert, poet, Scot- land, born. Carlyle, Joseph Daere, orientalist, horn. Chalmers, Alexander, journalist, editor, bi- ographer, Scotland, born. Coffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, born, Collins, William, poet, A38. Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, novelist, b. Kirby, William, entomologist, horn. Lauderdale, Earl of, James Maitland, states- man, Scotland, born. Pitt, "William, orator, statesman, born. Porson, Richard, Creek scholar, author, b. Pughe, William Owen, philologist, antiquary, Wales, born. Smith, Sir .lames E., botanist, naturalist, b. Wilberforce. "William, philanth., states., b. Wolfe, James, general in America, A33. 1760 Oct. 25. George II., king, A57. lieckford, William, author, born. Beddoes, Thomas, physician, author, born. Bewick, John, artist, wood engraver, born. Carew, Sir Benjamin Hallowell, admiral, b. AND IRELAND. 1756, June 20-1762, July 9. 915 Clarke, Adam, Wesleyan clergyman, Bible commentator, author, born. ClarkBon, Thomas, philanthropist, anti- slavery advocate, author, born. Lempriere, John, scholar, author, born. MacGeo^Iu'i.:;in, .lanu-s, Abbe, scholar, histo- rian, Ireland, A62. Wellesley, Marquis of, Richard Cowley Wesley, or Wellesley, statesman, born. 1761* * liaillie, Matthew, physician, anato- mist, Scotland, born. Boscawen, Edward, admiral, A50. Carey, "William, Bap. mis., orientalist, born. Hales, Stephen, natural philosopher, A84. Hoadley, W illiam, bishop of Winchester, author, A85. Lambert, Aylmer B., botanist, born. Landseer, .John, engraver, born. Law, William, mystic, clergyman, au., A75. Moore, Sir John, general, Scotland, born. Nash, Richard i lu-au Nash), master of cere- monies at Bath, A87. Opie, John, painter, born. Rennie, John, engineer, architect, Scot., b. Richardson, Samuel, novelist, A72. Simpson, Thomas, mathematician, A51. CHURCH. 1756* * London. Whitefield's Taber- nacle in Tottenham-court Road is built. [1760. Enlarged.] 1757 May 6. The 14th Methodist Conference meets at Leeds. [After a debate of three days declines to separate from the Established Church.] * * Ann Lee [Shaker] begins a series of surpassing assumptions. * * Matthew Hutton is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. [1758, Thomas Seeker; 1768, Frederick Cornwallis.] * * "Wesley and Whitefield endeavor once more to establish societies of young men for the promotion of personal piety. They are defeated by the indifference or actual hostility of the authorities. 1758* * Ire. John "Wesley itinerates and preaches on the western coast. * * It. Clement XIII. becomes pope. [1775. Pius "VX] Aug. 10. The Methodist Conference is held in Bristol. [1759. Aug. 8. In London. 1760. Aug. 29. In London. Great revivals are reported.] 1760 * * Sabbath instruction is given to children by Rev. Joseph Alleinet and. by the Rev. David Blair at Brechin. (Haydn.) [1763. By Rev. Theophilus Lindsey, at Catterick, Yorkshire. (Haydn.)] 1761 Oct. 22. Scot. A second seces- sion from the Established Church of Scotland of "The Relief" Church. The first presbytery is formed. [1773. Its first great synod is formed at Edin- burgh.] LETTERS. 1756 Dec. 14. Edinburgh. Douglas, by John Home, is produced. * * Jonas Han way founds the Marine Society for the maintenance and in- struction of boys for the navy. * * Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful, by Edmund Burke, appears; also the Vindication of Natural Society. 1756-58 London. The Literary Maga- zine is issued. * * William "Whitehead is appointed poet-laureate. [1785. Thomas War ton.] 1757-58 History of the Last Eour Years of Queen Anne, by Swift, appears. 1757-65 A Complete History of England, by Smollett, appears. [1760-61, The Ad- ventures of Sir Lancelot Greaves; 1761, translation of Gil Bias.] 1758 Apr. 5. London. The first issue of Johnson's Idler appears. * * History of Ireland, by Abbe James MacGeo'hegan, appears. 1759 * * Dublin. The principal or west front of Trinity CoUege is erected. * * London. The Public Ledger is issued. * * Scot. Theory of Moral Sentiments, by Adam Smith, appears. * * Scot. History of Scotland, during the Reigns of Mary and James VI., by Wil- liam Robertson, appears. * * Discourses on Art, by Sir Joshua Rey- nolds, appears. * * Scot. The Braes of Yarrow, and other poems, by William Hamilton appears. 1759-60 Tristram Shandy, by Laurence Sterne, appears. 1759-71 The Royal Magazine is issued. 1760-65 Scot. Ossian, by James Mac- pherson, appears. 1761 * * TheRosciad, by Charles Church- ill, appears. [1761-64. Poems.] 1762 Apr. 20. Edinburgh. Dr. Hugh Blair is appointed first professor of rhetoric at the University. Apr. 29. London. The North Briton, edited by John Wilkes, is issued. SOCIETY. * * London. The foundling hospital has received 14,934 infants in the last four years, of which only 4,400 have lived to be apprenticed. 1757 Mar. 7. Edinburgh. The Gen- eral Assembly enacts that no comedies, tragedies, or such plays shall be made on Scripture history, nor acted on the Sabbath. 1758 May 1. William Vaughan, alinen draper of Stafford, the first forger on the Bank of England, is executed. * * An asylum for female orphans is in- stituted at Lambeth. [Removed to Bed- dington, near Croydon.] 1759 May 3. A young woman, on a wager to ride 1,000 miles in 1,000 hours, completes her task in two-thirds of the time, and is welcomed with flow- ers and applause. Aug. 6. Eugene Aram is executed at York for the murder of Daniel Clark in Knaresborough in 1745. 1760 June 16. In Leicestershire two old women are thrown into the water to determine by their sinking or swimming whether or not they are witches. * * A theatrical fund is established. * * Political corruption. (See State.) 1761 Feb. 11. London. A usurer is fined £300 for having exacted six guineas to discount £100 for six weeks. * * Ire. Whiteboys, a body of ruffians, so called because of their wearing linen frocks over their coats, commit dread- ful outrages. They resist the enclosure of commons and the exaction of tithes. [1762. Suppressed by military force; ringleaders executed.] * * Titles created, Earl of Delawarr, Barons Scarsdale, and Boston. [1762, Baron Vernon ; 1765, Earl of Spencer, Earl of Radnor, and Baron Digby ; 1766, Duke of Northumberland; 1772, Earl of Bathurst, and Earl of Hillsborough.] STATE. 1756 Nov. * Newcastle resigns. Nov. * King's Ministers: The Duke of Devonshire (commissioner treasury, premier), William Pitt (secre- tary state), Earl Temple (first lord admi- ralty), and H. B. Legge (chancellor ex- chequer). [1757. Apr. * Pitt, Temple, and Legge are dismissed.] * * "William Murray [Earl of Mansfield] is appointed chief justice. * * The great seal is in commission. 1757 Feb. * H. C. An aUiance sub- sidy of £200,000 is voted to the King of Prussia. Mar. 22. Ire. John Bowes [Lord Bowes of Clonlyon] is appointed lord high chancellor. June * The Duke of Newcastle becomes first lord of the treasury, and William Pitt secretary of state. * * Ire. The Duke of Bedford is ap- pointed lord-lieutenant. * * Sir Kobert Henley [Lord Henley] becomes [last] lord-keeper. 1759 Sept.* Canada becomes a British colony by conquest. 1760 July 31. Ire. Warden Flood is appointed chief justice. Oct. 25. George II. dies. 1760-1820 George III. reigns. He is grandson of George II. The Duke of Newcastle is premier, and William Pitt secretary of state. * * Bribery in politics extensively pre- vails. The Ministry open an office at the treasury for the purchase of votes in Parliament, and the royal revenue is partly used to buy seats and votes ; civil and military promotion are reserved for the king's friends- 1761 Sept. 8. George 111. marries Charlotte Sophiaof Mecklenburg-Stre- litz. [Sept. 22. They are crowned.] Oct. 5. William Pitt resigns office. His colleagues refuse to adopt his policy of war against Spain because of her" Family Compact" with France; [he receives a pension of £3,000 a year, and his wife gets a peerage under the title Baroness Chatham]. Oct. * Lords Egremont and Bute are secretaries of state. Nov. 3. Parliament meets. [1768. Mar. 12. Dissolved.] * * The commissions of judges are made permanent, notwithstanding the demise of the crown. * * Ire. The Earl of Halifax is ap- pointed lord-lieutenant. 1762 May * The Earl of Bute becomes prime minister, and George Grenville secretary of state. [1763. Apr. 8. They resign.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1758 Apr. 11. London. The wooden bridge over the Thames is burned. * * Colored Cloth Hall, Leeds, is built. 1759 * * The inhabitants of Manchester are discharged from their obligations to grind their corn at Irk Mill. 1760 May * A bridge is built at Bris- tol. July 3. The dockyard at Portsmouth is fired ; loss, £400,000. Oct. 31. London. The Blackfriars' Bridge over the Thames is begun. * * Cotton goods are first exported. * * Ire. Linen manufacture is encour- aged. 1761* * Edinburgh. The Royal Ex- change is completed. * * Patrick Cotter, the Irish giant, is born. [He attains the height of eight feet seven inches.] 916 1762, **-1769, Feb. 3. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1762 * * -tV. B. The French gain [tem- porary] possession of St. John. Aug. 13. Cuba. Havana captured (p. 631). * * An English force takes possession of the Philippine Islands. 1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris (p. 72, 73). Nov. 6. Ind. Patna taken from the Nawab. (See India.) 1764 Oct. 23. Ind. Natives defeated at Buxar. (See India.) 1766 * * The Marquis of Granby is ap- pointed commander-in-chief. 1767 * * Ind. "War occurs in Mysore with Hyder Ali. (See India.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1762 * * The subterranean canals of Worsley are completed. [The price of coal is soon reduced one-half at Man- chester.] * * Thomas August hra Arne's opera Ar- taxerxes is composed. * * Josiah Wedgwood of Staffordshire produces "Wedgwood ware pottery, stone china, and porcelain. It soon takes the place of the wooden platter and the cottager's brown dish. [1771. He founds the Etruria potteries.] * * The cylinder carding-machine is in- vented by Sir Robert Peel. * * Nathaniel Bliss becomes astronomer royal. 1763 London. Sadler's Wells Thea- ter is opened. 1764 Apr. 1. London, An annular eclipse of the sun is observed. * * London. Mozart, only eight years of age, visits England, and plays the most difficult music at sight. * *A single-acting steam-engine is made by James Watt. * * John Harrison's time-keeper is used. 1765 Dec. 25-66 Jan. 15. Scot. Ex- traordinary cold weather prevails. * * London. The first annual scientific lecture before the Royal Society is de- livered by Peter Woulfe (Bakerian Lec- ture). * * James Watt invents a method of con- densation for steam-engines in a sepa- rate cylinder. 1766 Jan. 18-22. Remarkably cold weather prevails. Apr. 21. A sun-spot, three times the size of the earth, passes the sun's center. July 26. Capt. Wallis sails on his voy- age round the world. ± * * James Brindley builds the first tun- nel in England, on the Duke of Bridge- water's canal, near Manchester. * * Henry Cavendish discovers that hy- drogen gas is eight times lighter than the atmosphere. * * The glass electrical machine is in- vented by Jesse liamsden. * * The first piano is made in England. * * Capt. Philip Carteret sails on a voy- age of discovery in the South Sea. 1767* * London. The Haymarket Theater is rebuilt. * * The Agricultural Society is insti- tuted at Manchester. * * Railroads are built by Wilkinson. * * The spinning- jenny is invented by James Hai-greaves, an optician of Lan- cashire ; it has eight spindles. * * Cast-iron rails substitute wood on railroads. * * Lane's discharging electrometer is completed. 1768 May* Scot. James Watt com- pletes his model of the steam-engine. June * James Bruce leaves for Abys- sinia in an attempt to discover the source of the Nile. [1770. Nov. 14. He sights the source of the Blue Nile.] July 30. Capt. James Cook sails on his first voyage. [He goes to the South Sea to observe the transit of Venus (second measure- ment), and makes other discoveries. He is accompanied by Sir Joseph Banks and other scientists.] Dec. 10. London. The Roy al Acad- emy of Arts is instituted. * * Hammond, a framework knitter of Nottingham, adapts his stocking-frame to the manufacture of lace. * * London. Sir Joshua Reynolds be- comes president of the Royal Academy. [Later, James West ; and yet later, James Burrow.] * * Harvest Wagon is painted by Thomas Gainsborough. * * Dublin. The Queen's Bridge is re- built. 1769 * * A brilliant comet appears. It passes with great swiftness, and within i2,!HH»,o00 miles of the earth; its tail forms an arch 36,000,000 miles long. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1762* * Anson, George, circumnavigator, vice-admiral, A65. Asgill, Sir Charles, general, born. Baillie, Joanna, poet, dramatist, Scotland, b. Bowles, William Lisle, poet, critic, born. Bradley, James, astronomer, A 69. Brydges, Sir Samuel Kgerton, mis. writer, b. Coleman, George, the Younger, poet, drama- tist, born. Douce, Francis, antiquarian, born. Kelly, Michael, composer, singer, Ireland, b. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, author, A72. Perceval, Spencer, statesman, born. Tenterden, Lord, Charles Abbott, jurist, statesman, born. Winsor, Frederick, introducer of gaslight, b. 1783 * * Adair, Sir Robert, diplomatist, born. Bell, John, surgeon, anatomist, Scotland, b. Byrom, John, poet, author, A72. Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, a leader of United Irishmen, Ireland, born. Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Bon of George III., born. Marline, William, geologist, Scotland, born. MaeNeven, William J., physician, teacher, Ireland, born. Morland, George, animal and subject painter, born. RadehrTe, Anne, novelist, born. Rogers, Samuel, poet, horn. Shenstone, William, poet, A49. Smith, Sir William Sidney, admiral, born. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, a leader of United Irishmen, Ireland, born. 1764 * * Ahernetliy, John, phy., au., Ire., b. Barrow, Sir John, traveler, born. Churchill, Charles, poet, A33. Emmet, Thomas Addis, lawyer, pol., Ire., b. Good, John Mason, author, born. Grey, second Karl, Charles, statesman, born. Haldane, Robert, cl., philanthropist, au., b. Hall. Robert, el., pulpit orator, author, b. Hardwicke, Karl, Philip Yorke, jurist, A74. Hogarth, "William, painter, engraver, hu- morist, A67. Morton, Thomas, dramatist, born. Pulteney. "William, Karl of Bath, states- man, A82. Roche, Marie Regina, novelist, horn. 1765 Aug. SI. William IV.. king, born. Birch, Thomas, historian, biographer, A61. Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, orientalist, b. Drew, Samuel, Methodist preacher, au., b. Grahame, James, lawyer, clergyman, poet, philanthropist, Scotland, horn. Howley, William, archbp. of Canterbury, b. Mackintosh, Sir James, historian, states- man, philosopher, Scotland, born. Plunkett, William C, baron, lawyer, orator, statesman, Ireland, born. Pococke, Richard, bp. of Meath, trav., Afil. Stuart. James Francis Edward, Chevalier de St. George, son of James II. (Old Pre- tender), A67. Stukeley, William, antiquary, A78. Ward, Robert l'lumer, statesman, author, b. Westall, Richard, historical painter, born. Young, Edward, poet, A81. 1766 * * Bloomneld, Robert, poet, born. Callcott, John Wall, musician, composer, b. Cobbett, William, grammarian, historical, political, and miscellaneous writer, born. Dalton, John, physicist, mathematician, b. D'Israeli. Isaac, historian, critic, miscel- laneous writer, born. Elgin, seventh Earl of, Thomas Bruce, diplo- amtist, Scotland, born. Hal ford, Sir Henry, physician, mis. writer, b. Lally, Count, Thomas Arthur, Baron of Tollendal, French gen. in India, Ire., A64. Leslie, Sir John, geoin., physicist, Scot., b. Malthus, Thomas Robert, pol. economist, b. Nairne, Caroline Oliphant, poet, Scotland, b. Wollaston, William Hyde, physicist, born. Wilson, Alexander, naturalist, Scotland, b. 1767 Nov. 2. Kent. Duke of. Edward Augustus, father of Queen Victoria, b. Harrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer, hist., Ire., b. Bruce, Michael, poet, Scotland, A21. Dodwell, Edward, antiquary, born. Edgeworth, Maria, novelist, born. Lyle, Edward, philologist, antiquary, A63. O'Connor, Arthur, a leader of United Irish- men, Ireland, born. Pond, John, astronomer, born. Prevost, Sir George, general, born. 1768 * * Adolphus, John, lawyer, hist., b. Anglesey, Marquis of, Henry William Paget, general, born. Beresford, Viscount, William Carr, gen., b. Carlisle, Sir Anthony, surg., physiologist, b. Cooper, Sir Astley Paxton, surgeon, born. Lardner, Nathaniel, clergyman, au., A84. Macaulay, Zachary, antislavery states., b_ Marshman, Joshua, Baptist mis., orient., b. Onslow, Arthur, statesman, A77. Sterne, Laurence, humorist, Ireland, A55*. CHURCH. 1763 * * Thomas Maxfield leads a seces- sion from tbe Wesley an Methodists. 1764 * * A torrent of deistic literature issues from tbe press. 1765 Aug. 20. The 22d Methodist Conference is beld in Manchester. Tobacco and drams are not to be touched by preachers on " any pre- tense," and to be denounced among the people. * * Edinburgh. A Baptist Church is or- ganized. (?) 1768 Mar. 12. Six students of Ed- mund Hall, Oxford, are expelled the university as Methodists, for praying, singing psalms, and expounding the Scriptures. * * It. Clement XIV. is pope. LETTERS. 1762 * * Scot. The Shipwreck, by Wil- liam Falconer, appears. * * Scot. Elements of (W/icism, by Henry Home, Lord Karnes, appears. 1763* * Dublin. The Freeman's Jour- nal is issued. * * London. The St. James's Chronicle is united with the Press. 1764 * * London. The Literary Club is founded by Dr. Samuel Johnson and Sir Joshua Reynolds. Sir John Haw- kins, Topham Beauclerk, Goldsmith, Burke, and Bennet Langton are among the first members. * * Scot. Enquiry into the Human Mind on the Principle of Common Sense, by Thomas Reid, appears. * * The Traveller, by Oliver Goldsmith, appears. [1766, The Vicar of Wakefield ; 1768, The Good-natured Man; 1770, The Deserted Village.] 1764-70 Poems, by Thomas Chatterton, appears. AND IRELAND. 1762, * *-1769, Feb. 3. 917 1765 * * Gore's General Advertiser is is- sued at Liverpool. * * Iieliques of Ancient English Poetry , by Bishop Thomas Percy, appears. 1765-68 Love of Fame, the Universal Passion, by Edward Young, appears. 1765-68 Commentaries on the Laws of England, by Sir William Blackstone, ap- pears. * * Castle of Otranto, by Horace "Walpole, appears. * * Ire. The Limerick Chronicle is issued. * * Scot. Essay on the Nature and Immu- tability of Truth, by James Beattie, appears. [1771, The Minstrel.] * * The Fool of Quality , by Henty Brooke, appears. 1767 * * London. A Nautical Almanac is first published. 1768 * * Cheshunt College is opened for Calvinistic Methodists at Treveeca House, Talgarth, near Brecon, by the Countess of Huntingdon and George Whitefield. [1792. Kemoved to Ches- hunt, Herts.] SOCIETY. 1762 * * London. The Cock Lane ghost imposture. Much excitement is caused by the re- ported appearance of a ghost in the house of William Parsons in Cock Lane, Smithfield. Mar. 6. It is discovered to be an imposture. July 10. Parsons and his wife are condemned to stand thrice in the pillory for imposture and defa- mation. .Dee. 25. London. A great riot occurs at Drury Lane Theater, because half admissions had been cut off. * * London. Boodle's Club is estab- lished. 1763 Apr. 3. Unknown persons cut down all the gibbets on the Edgeware road, near London, on which many malefactors had been hung in chains. Apr. 30. London. John "Wilkes and others, for libeling the king, are ar- rested, and committed to the Tower. Wilkes's house is searched, and his papers are seized. [May 6. Wilkes is brought by a writ of habeas corpus be- fore Chief Justice Pratt, and discharged, his arrest being declared illegal. Dec. 6. General warrants are declared ille- gal by Chief Justice Pratt; £1,000 dam- ages are awarded to Wilkes for the seizure of his papers.] July 6. London. For false imprison- ment £300 damages are granted to a printer. * * London. Lambeth General Lying-in Hospital is established. 1764 Apr. 1. A girl of 18 years is burned for murdering her mistress. ± * * Protestants [Oakboys] in Ulster or- ganize to resist landlord and other exac- tions. * * Scot. A theater is opened at Glas- gow. 1765 Jan. 26. Lord Byron Tgreat- uncle of the poet] kills Mr. Chaworth in a duel. [Apr. 17. He is convicted before the House of Lords of man- slaughter, and being a peer he is not burned in the hand, but pays a fine.] Feb. 9. The peruke-makers petition the king for redress because the people wear their own hair. May * A riot occurs among the Spital- field weavers ; the Duke of Bedford nar- rowly escapes death, and many lives are lost. * * Wesleyan preachers prohibit snuff and other indulgences. * * Dublin. The Hibernian Society is * * A lunatic asylum is founded at Man- chester. 1766 Apr. 11. London. More than 100 convicts leave Newgate for the Ameri- can colonies, led by a band of music. Aug. 11. Ann Sowerby is burned at York for poisoning her husband. * * Dublin. The Marine Society is or- ganized. * * Bousseau visits England as the gnest of David Hume. * * Titles created, Duke of Leinster, Earl of Winterton, and Earl Mexbo rough. [1767, Baron Mulgrave ; 17GS, Karl Kings- ton ; 1771, Earl Roden, and Karl Sefton ; 1776, Baron Massy, Baron Kensington, Baron Newborough, Baron Macdonald, Baron Wescote, Earl Clanwilliam, Earl Lisburne, Viscount de Vesci, and Vis- count Southwell.] 1767 * * James Hargreaves completes his spinning- jenny ; and soon his neigh- bors compel him to fly for his life. 1768 Apr. 15. A mob demolishes a house opened for inoculation for small- pox at Peterborough. May 10. London. A mob turns out in St. George's Fields to see John "Wilkes in the King's Bench prison ; the mili- tary aid is indiscreetly called for by the justices of the peace, and several inno- cent persons are killed. [1769. Nov. 10. John "Wilkes obtains £4,000 in an action against Lord Halifax.] * * The first Birmingham musical fes- tival is given for the benefit of Dr. Ash's Hospital. STATE. 1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris is concluded by Great Britain, France, and Spain (pp. 73, 703). Apr. 23. No. 45 of the North Briton, is- sued by John Wilkes, a Commoner, appears, containing strongly offensive remarks on the king. [Nov. 15. The House of Commons resolves that the paper is a libel, and orders that it be burned by the common hangman. A riot follows the execution of the order. 1764. Jan. 20. Wilkes is expelled.] (See Society.) Apr.* George Grenville becomes prime minister and chancellor of theexchequer, and Lords Egremont and Halifax are appointed secretaries of state. * * Ire. The Earl of Northumberland appointed lord-lieutenant. 1764 Mar. 10. H. C. George Gren- ville moves resolutions for imposing stamp duties on the American col- onies. Aug. 24. Ire. John Gore [Earl An- naly] is appointed chief justice. 1765 Mar. 22. Parliament: The Stamp Act, being passed, receives the royal assent (p. 75). Apr. * Parliament. The Mutiny Act is extended to the English colonies. July 10. The Marquis of Rocking- ham becomes prime minister ; Gen. : * The Isle of Man is partly sold to the crown. [1821. Entirely given up.] * * Ire. The Earl of Hertford is ap- pointed lord-lieutenant. * *E.Ind. Great Britain obtains the vir- tual sovereignty of Bengal, Benar, and Orissa. 1766 Jan. 14. H. C: Pitt makes a great speech against taxing the Amer- ican colonies without their consent (p. Feb. 3. H. C. Benjamin Franklin is examined respecting the Stamp Act. Mar. 7. Parliament: The Declaratory Act is passed (p. 75). Mar. 18. Parliament: The Stamp Act is repealed (p. 75). Apr. 22. H. C. General warrants are declared illegal. July 29. William Pitt is created Earl of Chatham. Aug. * The Earl of Chatham becomes prime minister, with the Duke of Graf- ton and Charles Townshend as col- 1767 June 20. Parliament: The act is passed imposing duty on tea in America. Oct. 14. Ire. Viscount Townshend is appointed lord-lieutenant. Dec. * The Duke of Grafton becomes prime minister. Townshend (chancellor of the ex- chequer), Gen. Conway and Lord Shel- burne (secretaries of state), the Earl of Chatham (privy seal), and Lord Hills- borough (first colonial secretary). * * H. C. For the first time since the Revolution Ministers are left in a minority on the land-tax bill. * * A custom-house and Board of Com- missioners are created for America. 1768 Jan. 9. Ire. James Hewitt [Viscount Lifford] is appointed lord high chancellor. May 10. Parliament meets. [1774. Sept. 30. Dissolved.] Charles James Fox is a member, and John "Wilkes is a member for Middlesex. 1769 Jan. 21. London. The letters of '* Junius" begin in the Public Ad- vertiser. [They severely attack members of the Government and other public men, es- pecially the Duke of Grafton and Lord Mansfield.] Feb. 3. H. C. John "Wilkes is ex- pelled for an alleged libel on Lord Weymouth. [Middlesex three times elects him, and he is three times expelled ; the last time his opponent, Col. Luttrell, though in the minority at the poll, is declared duly elected.] (See Society.) MISCELLANEOUS. 1763 Oct. 21. Edinburgh. The Worth Bridge is founded. * * Dublin. Tbe Queen's Bridge is de- stroyed by a flood. 1764 * * The Soho works are established by Matthew Boulton at Birmingham. 1766 July 14. The Grand Junction Canal, connecting the Trent with the Mersey, is commenced. * * London. e( Tattersall's" is estab- lished by Richard Tattersall, near Hyde Park Corner, for the sale of horses. 1768 * * The tea-plant is brought to England. 918 1769, Apr. 26-1776, June 10. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1774 Apr. 3. Ind. The Robilla "War begins. 1775-83 "War with the 13 American colonies, called the "War of the Ameri- can Revolution. Apr. 19. Mass. Battle of Lexington, near Boston (p. 80). June 17. Mass. Battle of Bunker Hill, Boston (p. 80). rtfov. 12. Can. Gen. Montgomery cap- tures Montreal (p. 80). * * The Repulse founders off Bermuda ; the crew perish. 1776 Mar. 17. Mass. Boston is sur- rendered to "Washington (p. 82). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1769 * * Dublin. The Royal Exchange is begun. [1779. Opened.] Apr. 26. London. The first exhibition of the Royal Academy is held at Pall Mall. June 3. The transit of Venus over the sun's disk is observed. Nov. 6. An Arctic expedition sets out under Samuel Hearne. It is the first to enter the ocean north of the American continent. * * A mechanical automaton chess-player is exhibited. * * London. A grape-vine is planted in the gardens of Hampton Court Palace. [It is 72 feet by 20, with a stem 13 inches in girth ; in one season it produced 2,272 bunches of grapes.] (Haydn.) * * London. The Koyal Exchange is re- paired and beautified. * * Scot. James "Watt receives his first patent for a steam-engine. [1775. Re- newed.] * * The motion of sun-spots is observed by Dr. "Wilson. * * Sir "William Chambers builds the ob- servatory at Richmond. * * Scot. Matthew Boulton and James "Watt enter into partnership. * * Edinburgh. The Theater Koyal is erected. * * Richard Arkwright extends James Hargreaves's principles for spinning by water-power, and applies a large and small roller to expand the thread, which he patents. [1771. He intro- duces steam in the place of horse- power in his cotton-mills at Cromford, on the Derwent.] 1770 * * Cast steel is first made in Shef- field. * * London. A statue of the Duke of Cumberland is erected in Cavendish Square. * * Ire. An old coal-mine is discovered at Ballycastle, Antrim. * * Sawmills are first erected near Lon- don. 1771 * * The Bipon flood, a devastat- ing inundation, occurs in Yorkshire. * * About 80 villages are destroyed by the overflow of the Solway Moss in Cumber- land. * * Dr. Hornsby, Savilian professor of as- tronomy, is instrumental in the found- ing of the Badcliffe Observatory at Oxford. [1794. Completed.] * * Josiah "Wedgwood founds his pot- teries called Etruria. 1772 Jan. 27. London. The Pan- theon, erected by James "Wyatt, is opened. July 13. Capt. James Cook sails on his second [and important] voyage of dis- covery in the South Sea. [1775. July 30. Returns.] * * James Burrow becomes president of the Royal Society. [Later, Sir John Pringle. 1778. Sir Joseph Banks.] * * Henley's discharging electrometer is invented. * * Dr. Joseph Priestley discovers hydro- chloric acid, the only compound of hydrogen and chloride. He invents the eudiometer to ascertain the purity of atmospheric air, or the quantity of oxy- gen gas in it. * * Edinburgh. Daniel Rutherford de- scribes nitrogen. * * Parliament: A bill is passed prohib- iting the export of machinery used in cotton-factories. * * The Liverpool Theater is opened. 1773 Aug. * Capt. Constantino John Phipps sails in command of the Sea- Horse and the Carcase in search of the Northwest Passage. [Uhsuccesf ul.] * * The establishment of the British Plate Glass Company in Lancashire greatly improves the manufacture of plate glass. * * The Plate Assay Office is established at Sheffield. * * Miss Parren [Countess of Derby], an actor, makes her first appearance in Liv- erpool. * * London. Astley's Amphitheater is first opened. * * London. The Medical Society is formed. * * Henry Cavendish and others investi- gate electricity as developed in fishes. 1774 * * The Birmingham steam-engine works are established. * * Nevil Maskelyne measures the earth's density by the Schiehallion experi- ments. * * A submarine boat is tried at Plym- outh, previous attempts having been made in the Thames early iu the 17th century. 1774-79 Samuel Crompton, an artisan, invents the spinning -jenny or mule. 1775 May 8. The great canal tunnel at Norwood Hill is opened ; it is 1J miles long. Oct. 29. Many vessels are lost in the severe storms in the north. * * London. An obelisk is erected in Fleet Street at the head of Bridge Street. * *The Duchess of Devonshire is painted by Thomas Gainsborough. [1779, Blue Boy; 1784, Mrs. Siddons.'] 1776 June 10. London. David Gar- rick makes his last appearance on the BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1769 Apr. 30. Wellington, Duteof, Arthur "Wellesley, commander-in-chief, statesman, born. Brunei, Sir Mare I., engineer, born. Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Marquis of Londonderry, born. Clarke. Edward Daniel, traveler, mineral- ogist, author, writer, born. Daniell, William, landscape painter, born. Falconer, William, poet, Scotland, A37. Frere, John Hookham, poet, diplomatist, miscellaneous writer, born. Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman, naval cap- tain, born. Hoyle, Edmund, writer on games, A97. Iluskisson, William, statesman, financier, b. Jay, William, dissenting cl., author, born. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, born. Lowe, Sir Hudson, general, Ireland, born. Malcolm. Sir John, major-general, diplo- matist, administrator, historian, Scot., b. Merrick, James, poet, A49. Opie, Amelia, novelist, born. Ouseley, Sir William, orientalist, born. Riall, Sir Pbiiiehas, general, born. Smith, "William, " Father of English geo- logy," born. 1770 Sept. 30. Whitefleld, George, ora- tor, preacher, fdr. ( 'alvinistie Meth., A56.. Akenside, Mark, poet, A 49. Allen, John, politician, metaphysician, au.,b. Allen, William, chemist, born. Burdett, Sir Francis, statesman, born. Canning-, George, states., orator, poet, b„ Chatterton, Thomas, poet, A18. Codrington, Sir Edward, admiral, born. Cruden, Alexander, author Biblical concord- ance, Scotland, A69. Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, clergyman, arehe- ologist, born. Foster, John, clergyman, essayist, born. Granby, Marquis of,. John Manners, gen., A49. Hogg, James (Ettrick Shepherd), poet, Scot- land, born. Hope, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, born. Ligonier, Karl, John, lield-marshal, A92. Liverpool, Earl of, Robert Banks Jenkinson, statesman, born. Long, Roger, astronomer, A90. Montagu, Basil, jurist, author, born, Shee, Sir Martin Archer, portrait painter, Ireland, born. "Wordsworth. "William, poet, born. Yorke, Charles, statesman, born. 1771 June 5. Ernest August, Duke of Cumberland, King of Hanover, son of George III., born. Rritton, John, topographical antiq., au., b. Gill, John, Baptist clergyman, author, A74. Gray, Thomas, poet, A55. Lingard, John, K. C. cl., historian, born. Owen. Robert, philanthropist, founder of English socialism, Wales, born. Parke, Mungo, African traveler, Scot., b. Scott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, Scot., b. Smith, Sydney, clergyman, essayist, wit, miscellaneous writer, b. Smollett. Tobias George, poet, dramatist, novelist, historian, A50. 1772 * * Ballantyne, James, printer, journal- ist, Scotland, born. Brindley, James, canal engineer, A56. Canton, John, natural philosopher, A54. Cary, Henry Francis, poet, trans, of Dante. b. Cockburn, Sir George, admiral, born. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, poet, philoso- pher, miscellaneous writer, born. Congreve, Sir "William, military engineer, inventor, born. Hill, Viscount Rowland, general, born. Lambert, Sir John, general, born. Lyndhurst, Baron, John Singleton Copley, jurist, statesman, born. M'Crie, Thomas, cl., author, Scotland, born. Ricardo, David, financier, political econo- mist, born. Richmond, Legh, clergyman, author, born. Stevenson, Robert, civil engineer, light- house designer, Scotland, born. 1773 Jan. 37. Sussex, Duke of, Augustus- Frederick, son of George III., born. Amherst, Lord. William Pitt, diplomatist, b. Brisbane, Sir Thomas M., general, astrono- mer, Scotland, born. Brown, Robert, botanist, Scotland, born. Butler, Alban, R. C.cl., hageologist,au.,A63. Chesterfield, Earl of. Philip D. Stanhope, statesman, miscellaneous writer, A79. Cotton, Stapleton, Viscount Combermere, general, born. Elmsley, Feter, classical scholar, critic, author, writer, born. Faber, George Stanley, clergyman, author, b„ Glass, John, cl., fdr. of Glassites,Seot.,A78. Holland, third Baron, Henry Richard Vas- sal! Fox, statesman, historian, born. Jeffrey, Francis, jurist, critic, essayist, states- man, Scotland, born. Lvttleton, Lord George, poet, states., A64. MacOiilloch, John, geologist, Scotland, born. Mill, James, historian, economist, political, mental philosopher, author. Scotland, b. Young, Thomas, physicist, natural philoso- pher, scientiiic writer, born. 1774 * * Ashburton, Lord, Alexander Baring, statesman, born. Baily, Francis, astronomer, born. Baines, Edward, journalist, Historian, born.. Braham, John, English-Hebrew vocalist, b. Buxton, Jedediah, arithmetician, A70. AND IRELAND. 1769, Apr. 26-1776, June 10. 919 Cambridge, Duke of, AcLolphus Frederick, son of George III., born. Chenevix, Kicbard, miscellaneous writer, b. Clive, Lord Robert, general, states., A49. Const aide, Archibald, publisher, Scot., born. Goldsmith. Oliver, poet, novelist, drama- tist, essayist, A46. Gregory, 01 in thus Gilbert, math., an., b. Southey. Robert, poet, historian, biogra- pher, miscellaneous writer, born. Tannahill, Robert, poet, Scotland, born. Tucker, Abraham, philosopher, A69. Watt, Robert, bibliographer, Scotland, born. 1775 * * Austen. Jane, novelist, born. Baskerville,.Iohti, tvpe-i'onmler, printer, A 8ft. Bathurst, Karl, Allen, statesman, A9I. Dermody, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born. Dibdin, Thomas Frognall, dramatist, song- writer, born. Dick, Thomas, scientific author, born. Dundonald, tenth Earl of, Thomas\Gochrane, admiral, born. Foulis, Andrew, printer, publish., Scot., A63. Kemble, Charles, actor, born. Lamb, Charles, poet, dramatist, essayist, miscellaneous writer, born. Landor, Walter Savage, poet, mis. wr., b. Lewis, Matthew Gregory, novelist, drain., b. Leyden, John, poet, orientalist, Scot., born. Murray, Alexander, linguist, Scot., born. O'Connell, Daniel, lawyer, orator, states- man, Ireland, born. Phillips, William, mineralogist, geologist, b. Porter, Sir Robert Ker, painter, born. Richardson, Charles, philologist, born. Robinson, Henry Crabb, lawyer, miscella- Rose, William Stuart, miscellaneous wr., b. Smith, James, poet, wit, born. Turner, Joseph Mall-ad William, painter, b. Westmacott, Sir Richard, sculptor, born. White, Joseph Blanco, theological writer, b. CHURCH. 1769 Aug. 1. The 26th Methodist Conference meets at Leeds. [Richard Boardman and Joseph Pilmoor volun- teer to go to America as missionaries, and they are appointed.] Sept. * Whitefield sails on his seventh and last vovage to America [where he dies]. * * Hannah Ball, a Methodist young woman, establishes a Sunday-school at Wycombe, and teaches the Scriptures to children. 1770 * * Orthodox Baptists form the New Connection. * * A Baptist theological seminary is founded at Bristol. 1772 * * The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel sends Rev. Mr. Andrews to the Indians of New York. 1773 * * Mr. Rankin supersedes Francis Asbury as John "Wesley's "general assistant" in America. [Driven back by war.] LETTERS. 1769 * * The first Shakespeare jubilee is celebrated at Stratf ord-on-Avon under the auspices of David Garrick. * * London. The Morning Chronicle is issued. * * History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V.\ by William Robertson, ap- pears. [1777, History of America.} 1769-72 London. The Letters contrib- uted to the Public Advertiser by Ju- nius, an unknown author [but presu- mably Sir Philip Francis], appear. 1770 * * Present State, of the Nation, by Edmund Burke, appears ; also Thoughts on Present Discontents. 1771 * * The first edition of the Encyclo- pedia Britannica, edited by "William Smellie, appears. * * The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker, by Smollett, appears. 1772 Nov. 2. London. The Morning Post is issued. * * Scot. Institutes of Moral Philosophy, by Adam Ferguson, appears. 1773 * * She Stoops to Conquer, by Gold- smith, appears. [1774, History of the Earth and Animated Nature.] * * Scot. Poems, by Robert Fergusson, appears. * * Poems, by Mrs. Anna Letitia Aikin, appears. 1773-76 Scot. The Edinburgh Magazine and Review is issued. 1774-81 History of English Poetry, by Thomas "Warton, appears. 1775* * A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland, by Johnson, appears. [1779- 81, Lives of the English Poets.] * * The Rivals, St. Patrick's Day, and The Duenna, by Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan, appear. [1777, The School for Scandal and A Trip to Scarborough ; 1779, The Critic.'] SOCIETY. 1770 * * The exhibiting of the insane at St. Mary at Bethlehem (Bedlam) asy- lum as a show for money is stopped. * *The House of Industry, Liverpool, is founded. 1771 Nov. 1. John Eyre, a wealthy man, is transported for stealing a few quires of paper. Nov. 22. London. Mr. Stephen is ex- pelled from the Temple for writing a book on the impolicy of imprisonment for debt. 1772 June 22. London. The Court of King's Bench decides that slavery can- not exist in Great Britain. A slave named Somerset, brought to England, was, because of his ill state, turned adrift by his master. When re- stored to health, his master again claimed him. A suit was brought, and ended in favor of Somerset, the judges declaring that slavery canuot exist in Great Brit- * * Ire. In the south and west steel- boys' societies resist the oppressions of landlords and anti-Catholics. * * Charles James Fox gambles for 72 hours, and loses £11,000. * *A law is made awarding judgment against mutes, as if they were convicted or had confessed. 1773 Feb. 1. Lord Townsend wounds Lord Bellamont in a duel. June 16. London. An act is passed for the sale of buildings of the Adelphi by lottery. * * London. Cox's museum, containing many rare specimens of art and articles of vertu, is disposed of by lottery. * * John Howard, the philanthropist, is made sheriff of Bedford. [He begins his investigation of prisons.] * * Edinburgh. The first regular acad- emy for the deaf and dumb in Great Britain is opened. 1774* * John Howard gives evidence to Parliament of the bad state of English prisons. * * London, The Royal Humane So- ciety, for the saving of drowning per- sons, is founded. 1775 * * Transportation for crime ceases [for several years]. * * A regatta takes place on the Thames ; it is introduced from Venice. 1776 Apr. 15-22. London. The Duch- ess of Kingston is arraigned before the House of Lords in Westminster Hall on a charge of bigamy. She is found guilty; but on pleading the privilege of peerage, the punishment of burning in the hand is remitted, and she is discharged on paying the fees. STATE. 1770 Jan. 28. The Duke of Grafton resigns. Jan. * Lord North is appointed prime minister. [He directs the war with America.] * * H. C. The Commons relinquish the privilege of freedom from arrest of the servants of its members. * * Charles Yorke, Lord Morden, is lord high chancellor. [1771, Henry Bathurst, Lord Apsley; the great seal in com- * * Edmund Burke becomes agent for the colony of New York. 1771 Jan. 12. The Earl of Sandwich is made first lord of the admiralty. May 27. London. Lord Mayor Crosby and Alderman Oliver are committed to the Tower for remonstrating to the king in the case of Wilkes. * * Spain cedes the Falkland Islands to Great Britain. * * Reporting debates of Parliament, hitherto forbidden as a breach of priv- ilege, is permitted. 1772 Mar.* Parliament: The Royal Marriage Act is passed. It prohibits the marriage of any Brit- ish prince or princess without the con- sent of the sovereign. Aug. 4. The Earl of Dartmouth is appointed secretary for the colonies. Nov. 30. Ire. The Earl of Harcourt is appointed lord-lieutenant. 1773 * * "Warren Hastings is appointed governor-general of India ; he decides to pay no more tribute to Shah Alam, the great mogul or emperor of Delhi. * * Charles James Fox is appointed a lord treasurer. 1774 Mar. 31. Parliament: The Boston Port BiU is passed (p. 79). Apr. 19. H. C. Edmund Burke makes a great speech against American taxa- tion. Oct. 8. London. John "Wilkes is elected lord mayor. Oct.* Jchn "Wilkes is elected member of Parliament for Middlesex for the fifth time. [He is permitted to take his seat.] Nov. 29. Parliament meets. [17S0. Sept. 1. Dissolved.] Charles James Fox is in opposition. * * Ire. Stamp duties are announced. 1775-83 Thirteen British colonies in America struggle for independence. 1775 Nov. 10. H. L. Richard Penn, governor of Pennsylvania, U. S. A., is examined respecting public opinion in America. Nov. * Parliament votes to increase the army in America {p. SO). Dec. 21. Parliament: An act is passed for confiscating American vessels and impressing their crews into the British navy. MISCELLANEOUS. 1769 Nov. 19. London. Blackfriars Bridge is opened. 1773 * * The sessions house, Exeter, is built. * * Exporting machinery used in mak- ing cotton fabrics is prohibited. * * Dublin. At\ act is passed for the gen- eral paving of the city. 1774 Aug. 2. London. The mails are conveyed by coaches ; the first mail leaves London for Bristol. * * Edinburgh. The register office, Princess Street, is begun. 1775 * * "White Cloth Hall is built at 920 1776, July 4-1781, * *. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1776 July 12. [U. S.A.] The war is transferred to New York (p. 84). 1777 June * 2f. Y. Burgoyne enters the State from Canada with 10,000 men. [Oct. 17. Surrenders his army at Sara- toga.] (F. 86.) * * Torpedo shells are invented hy David Bushnell, an American. His at- tempt to destroy H. M. S. Cerberus fails. 1778 Mar. * "War with France, caused by a French alliance and treaty with the Americans. Apr. * Scot. Paul Jones, commanding a privateer, cruises on the coast, accom- panied hy an American frigate. Apr. * Paul Jones makes a descent on Whitehaven with only two vessels. May 8. U. S. A. Sir Henry Clinton assumes command (p. 8S). June 16. Two French frigates cap- tured (p. 704). July 10. France declares "war against England. July 27. A French fleet is driven back (p. 704). English loss, 400 killed and wounded ; French loss, over 1,000 killed and wounded. Oct.* E. I. Pondicherry is captured from the French by the British. * * Lord Amherst, a general on the staff, is appointed commander-in-chief. * *[U. S, A,] Adm. Byron succeeds Adm. Lord (Richard) Howe (p. 88). * * Liverpool equips 120 privateers, carrying 1,986 guns and 8,754 seamen, at the opening of the war with France. 1779-82 Sp. Gibraltar is besieged (p. 704). 1779-83 Spain joins in the war against Great Britain. 1779 Sept. 23. The American Com. Paul Jones captures two ships (p. 90). Sept. 30. The prisoners of war in Eng- land number 12,000 — Spanish, French, and American. — 1779-82 E. I. The first Mahratta "War. (See India.) 1780 Jan. 2. The Dutch Adm. Count Byland refuses to let the British Adm. Fielding search his convoy. An action ensues ; two Dutch ships, two of the line, and two frigates sur- render ; Fielding detains seven of the convoy, and permits the remaining ves- sels to proceed ; Byland refuses to sail without all his convoy [and returns to Spithead]. Jan. 16. Adm. Rodney defeats a Span- ish fleet under Adm. Don Langara in a naval battle near St. Vincent. Oct. * Several British war-ships are lost in a storm in the "West Indies. Among thein the Thunderer, Stirling Castle, Defiance, Phoznix, La Blanche, Laurel, Shark, Andromeda-, Deal Castle, Penelope, Scarborough, Barbadoes, Ca- Endeavor, and Victor. * * W.I. [Adm.] Horatio Nelson dis- tinguishes himself in the West Indies. 1780-81 E.I. "War with Mysore. (See India.) Dec. 30-83 * * "War with Holland for naval supremacy. 1781 Feb. 3. W. I. Adm. Kodney captures St. Eustacius [Leeward Island] together with 250 trading-vessels, which are confiscated with all other property. Mar. 16. W. I. The French surrender St. Bartholomew's Island. Apr. 16. Com. Johnstone defeats Mons. Suffrein in a naval battle at St. Jago. June * About 44,000 prisoners are ex- changed by cartel with France since the opening of the war. July 1. E. I. Hyder Ali is defeated. (See India.) Aug. 5. Ger. A naval battle is fought at Dogger-Bank (German Ocean) be- tween Adm. Parker and the Dutch Adm. Zoutman, both sides losing 400 men. Oct. 19. Va. The British army under Lord Cornwallis surrenders to Gen. "Washington at York town. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1776 July 12. Capt. James Cook sails on his third vova^e of discovery, for Be- ring Strait. [1778. Dec. * He discov- ers Owhyhee, or Hawaii, an island in the Pacific. 1779. Feb. 14. He is killed on the return voyage at Hawaii.] July 25. Edinburgh. The Calton Hill observatory is founded. * * Dr. Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous oxide gas [laughing gas]. * * Scot. Andrew Meikle invents a thrash- ing-machine. * * Artificial stone for statues is intro- duced, having been manufactured by a Neapolitan. * * London. The Ancient Concerts, or King's Concerts, begin. * * An iron railway is built near Sheffield by John Curr. [Destroyed by colliers.] * * The science of political economy is recognized. It has for its object the improvement of the condition of mankind and the pro- motion of civilization, wealth, and hap- piness ; dated from the publication of the Wealth of Nations by Dr. Adam Smith. 1777 * * The first large iron bridge is erected over the Severn, in Shropshire, by Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale. Nov. 24. London. The Thames ebba and flows twice in three hours. * * Subscription concerts are estab- lished at Manchester. 1778 * * Umbrellas are introduced from Spain. * * James "Watt invents the expansion engine. [1780. Also a copying ma- chine.] * * A rotary motion is given by the steam- engine. 1779 Apr. 19. Two sun-spots, whose combined length extends 50,000 miles, are measured by Herschel. Dec. 24. Mrs. Mary Robinson makes her last appearance as Perdita. * * Dr. Falck proposes a double-acting steam-engine on Newcomen's princi- ple. * * Mr. Tilloch invents an improved method of stereotyping. 1779-80 John Singleton Copley paints the Death of Chatham. [1783. Death of Major Pier'son.] 1780 Dec. 18. Edinburgh. The So- ciety of Antiquaries is instituted. * * Dr. Edward Jenner conceives the idea of vaccination. [1798. Published.] * * An attempt is made to manufacture muslin at Manchester. painted by 1781 Mar. 13. The planet Uranus is discovered by "William Herschel. * * The Bramah safety lock is invented by Joseph Bramah. [1784. Patented.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1776* * Abercromby, James, Lord Dun- fermline, lawyer, statesman, Scotland, b. Barlow, Peter, inai liematieian, born. Blackwood, William, founder of Black- wood's Magazine, Scotland, born. Chitty, Joseph, jurist, born. Congleton, Lord, Henry Brook Parnell, states- Constable, John, landscape painter, born. Gopleston, Edward, bishop of Llandaff, scholar, author, born. Foulis, Robert, printer, publisher, Scot., A69. Harrison, John, mechanician, A83. Hume, David, historian, phil., Scot., A65. Mathews, Charles, actor, humorist, born. Porter, Jane, novelist, Scotland, born. Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, eccentric trav- eler, born. 1777 * * Campbell, Thomas, poet, born. Children, John (ieorge, chemist, born. Modd, William, miscellaneous writer, A48. Ellis, Sir Henry, antiquary, born. Foote, Samuel, humorist, actor, A57. (■Jell, Sir William, classical schol., antiq., b. Hallam, Henry, historian, mis. wr., b. Hamilton, William Richard, archeologist, b. Hume, Joseph, statesman, ref -rmer, born. Ireland, Samuel W. H., author of Shake- speare forgeries, born. Kater, Henry, physicist, born. Leake. William M.. traveler, antiquarian, topographer, born. Morgan, Lady, Sydney Owenson. novelist, miscellaneous writer, Ireland, born. Ross, Sir John, arctic explorer, admiral, b. 1778 * * Acland, John Dyke, general, dies. Arne, Thomas Augustine, musician, com- poser, A68. Brougham, Henry, first Lord Brougham and Vaux, jur., ora., states., an., Scot., b. Brown, Thomas, psychologist, Scotland, b. Brummell, Ceorge Bryan (Beau Brnmmell), wit, man of fashion, born. Brunton, Mary Balfour, novelist, Scot, b. Crabb, George, philologist, born. Davy, Sir Humphry, chemist, natural philosopher, born. Emmet, Robert, United Irishman, patriot, Ireland, born. Hargreaves, James, inv. spinning-jenny, d. Hazlitt, William, essayist, critic, miscella- neous writer, born. Horner, Francis, political economist, essay- ist, statesman, born. Lancaster, Joseph, educationist, born. Londonderry, Marquis of, diaries William Stewart Vane, general, born. Murray. John, publisher, born. Pitt, William, Earl of < 'hatham, states., A70. 177S* * Bethan, Sir William, antiquary, genealogist, born. Bunting. Jabez, Wesleynn clergyman, b. Calico tt. Sir Augustus Wall, landscape p., b. Campbell, Baron, John, jurist, statesman, miscellaneous writer, Scotland, born. Cockburn, Lord, Henry Thomas, jurist, Scot., Cook, James, explorer, naval captain, A51. Ben man, first Baron, Thomas, chief jus., b. Elphinstone. Mountstnart, states., hist., b. (■aistord, Thomas, classical scholar, born. Gait, John, miscellaneous writer. Scot., b. Garrick, David, actor, dramatist, AGS. Gough. Viscount Hugh, general, Ire., b. Langhorne, John, poet, translator, A44. M'Culloch, John Ramsay, political econo- mist, statisiH-ian, Scotland, born. Melbourne, Viscount, William Lamb, states- Mt'iivale, John Herman, poet, scholar, trans- lator, born. Smith, Horace, poet, novelist, born. Warburton, William, bishop of Gloucester, author, A81. 1780 * * Abercromhie, John, phys., Scot., b. Elackstone, Sir William, jurist, A57. Chalmers, Thomas, clergyman, am, Scot., b. Croker, John Wilson, states., wr., Ire., b. AND IRELAND. 1776, July 4-1781/ 921 Fothergill, John, physician, A68. Fry, nke Gnrney, Elizabeth, philanthropist, prison reformer, born. Harris, James, of Salisbury, philologist, A71. Home. Thomas Hart well, Bib. critic, hist., I>. Hone, William, political satirist, misc. wr.,b. Laing, Samuel, traveler, aulhor. Scotland, It. Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry Petty Fitz- maurice, statesman, born. Moore, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born. Morier, James, traveler, misc. writer, born. Porter, Anna Maria, novelist, born. Steuart, Sir James Dciiham, jurist, political economist, Scotland, A58. Smirke, Sir Robert, architect, born. Somerville, Mary, astronomer, author, born. Sumner, John Bird, archbishop of Canter., b. CHURCH. congregatio and United Presbyterian elm relies unite, and form the Presbyterian Church, of England. 1778 * * Indulgences are granted to the Catholics by the Relief Bill. * * Obsolete laws against Roman Cath- olics are repealed. 1779 Feb. 2. Edinburgh. A great commotion is made against the Eoman Catholics. 1780 May 10, June 2-9. London. Gordon's "No Popery" riots disturb the city. (See Society.) * * The Naval and Military Bible Society is organized. * * The Roman Catholics have various disabilities removed. * * Ire. The Sacramental Test Act is repealed. * * London. The Bible Society is or- ganized. * * London. The Protestant Associa- tion is formed. * * * The Evangelical party of the Es- tablished Church of England appears ; Thomas Newton and William Romaine are prominent leaders. 1781* *The Sunday Act of Bishop Porteus is passed. LETTERS. 1776 * * Fragment on Government, by Jeremy Bentham, appears. * * Scot. The Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith, appears. * * Scot. Philosophy of Rhetoric, hy George Campbell, appears. 1776-88 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, by Edward Gibbon, appears. * * Rod: of Ages, by Augustus Montague Toplady, appears. 1777 * * A Shorthand Dictionary ap- pears. * * Two Essays, by Hume, appears. [1779, Dialogues concerning Natural Religion.'] * * Scot. Sermons, by Hugh Blair, ap- pears. [1783, Lectures on Rhetoric] 1778 * * London. The Wesleyan Method- ist Magazine is issued. * * Evelina, by Frances Burney [Madame d'Arblay], appears. [1782, Cecilia.] 1779 * * Olney Hymns, by William Cow- per, appears. [1782, Moral satires; 1785, The Task and John Gilpin.] 1780 Mar. 26. London. The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor is issued; it is the first Sunday newspaper. * * London. The Morning Herald is is- sued. * * The first of the Bampton annual the- ological lectures is given at Oxford by Rev. Dr. Bandinel, John Bampton hav- ing left an estate for the purpose. 1781* * The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society is founded. SOCIETY. 1776 * * Punishment by labor in the Hulks commences. * * Titles created : Duke of Clarendon, Earl of Mansfield, Barons Hawke and Fo- ley. [1780, Barons Walsingham, South- ampton, Dynevor and Bagot; 1782, Baron Grantley]. * * London. Masquerades are revived, and carried to a shameful excess in vio- lation of the laws ; and tickets of ad- mission to a masquerade at Ranelagb. on some occasions are subscribed for at 25 guineas each. 1777 Feb. 24. London. "William Dodd, a clergyman, is convicted of for- gery, and sentenced to be hanged. [June 27. Executed.] * * An Act is passed levying a duty on male servants. 1781. Augmented.] * * London. The Gaelic Society is founded. * * Bath and "West of England Society is founded. 1778 July 2. A fanatic calling herself Queen Beck assaults George III. Aug. * A law is made compelling lottery office keepers to take out licenses, and pay £50 for each. This reduces the number from 400 to 51. * * London. A man refusing to plead is condemned and executed at the Old Bailey on a charge of murder. 1779 Oct. 9. Riots against machinery occur at Manchester. Nov. 13. Mr. Donovan and Capt. Han- son fight a duel, the latter being killed. [Nov. 30. Charles James Fox is wounded in a duel by Mr. Adam. 1780. Mar. 22. Col. Fullerton wounds Lord Shelburne in a duel.] 1780 June 2-8. London. Gordon's '« Wo Popery " riots break out. The petition of the Protestant Associ- ation asking Parliament to repeal the Acts granting indulgences to Roman Catholics being rejected, Lord George Gordon heads a mob of 40,000 persons, marches to the Houses of Parliament, and again presents the petition ; it is again rejected. The mob once raised cannot be dispersed, but proceeds to the most daring outrages, pillaging, burn- ing, and pulling down the chapels and private houses of the Roman Catholics first, but afterwards of several other persons, breaking open prisons, setting the prisoners free, even attempting the Bank of England ; it totally overpowers the civil authority for six days. [1781. Feb. 5. Lord George Gordon is tried and acquitted on charges of high treason. 1793. Nov. 1. He dies a pris- oner for libel.] * * Dublin. A state lottery is drawn. * *The Lunar Society is organized at Birmingham. The members, Joseph Priestley, James Watt, Erasmus Darwin, Dr. Withering, and others, meet near the full of the moon to discuss philosophy and politics. 1781 * * Sir Aston Lever establishes a society of toxopnilites, lovers of the bow. STATE. 1776 July 4. U. S. A. The Declara- tion of Independence is issued by the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Pa. (p. 85). July * New York. Adm. Howe and Lord Howe arrive as commissioners to receive the submission of the colonists. * * Lord George Sackville becomes secretary of state. 1777-79 The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended because of the American war. 1777 Jan. 25. Ire. The Earl of Buck- inghamshire is appointed lord-lieuten- ant. Feb. 17. Parliament: Lord North in- troduces conciliatory bills. They renounce the claim of right to tax the American colonies, and author- ize the appointment of commissioners to treat with the colonists. 1778 Mar. * France having made a treaty of amity with America, the Brit- ish Minister is withdrawn from Paris. * * Parliament : Penal laws against Catholics in England are repealed. * * Edward Thurlow [Lord Thurlow] is appointed lord high chancellor. * * Parliament: Gen. Burgoyne makes his defense for his military reverses in America. 1779 June 16. Spain declares war against England. Dec. 12. Parliament: Bills are passed removing trade and commerce restric- tions on Ireland. * * Ire. The cultivation of tobacco is allowed. 1780 Feb. 8. The Yorkshire petition is presented to Parliament. It prays for the reduction of national expenditure and the redress of griev- ances. June 2. Lord George Gordon, at- tended hy a riotous mob, goes to the House of Commons, and presents a peti- tion for the repeal of the recent Act in favor of Catholics. (See Society.) Oct. 31. Parliament meets. [1784. Mar. 25. Dissolved.] Charles James Fox leads the opposi- tion. Biehard Brinsley Sheridan is a member of the Commons. Dec. 23. Ire. The Earl of Carlisle is appointed lord-lieutenant. * * Parliament : The Plate Act is re- * * The Armed Neutrality is formed. It is agreed to by Denmark and Sweden against England's claim to search vessels at sea; it stipulates free passage of neutral ships between the ports and along the coasts of combatants, security in neutral ships of enemy's goods except contraband of war, exact definition of blockaded port, and the ignoring of blockake not sufficiently en- forced. [Prussia, Austria, Portugal, Spain, and France subsequently recognize the prin- ciple.] 1781-82 England loses her "West India Islands possessions, and Minorca in the Mediterranean. 1781 "Nov. 25. London. News of Lord Cornwallis's surrender to "Washing- ton arrives, and causes a sensation. MISCELLANEOUS. 1778 * * A new bridge is built at Exeter. 1779 * * The Earl of Derby begins the Oaks races. 1780 Jan. 15. Ire. "Woolen goods are first exported. June 7. London. King's BenchPrison, Southwark, long used for the confine- ment of debtors, is burned down by the "No Popery" rioters. [1781. Rebuilt, containing about 230 rooms.] * * "Windsor Forest is surveyed, and found to contain 59,600 acres. * * The first Derby is won by Diomed. 1781 * * Dublin. A custom-house is begun. [1791. Opened.] 922 1781, * *-1786, Aug. 2. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1782 Feb. 4. Sp. Spaniards get Mi- norca (p. 704). Feb. * E. I. The French are defeated (p. 704). Apr. 12. W. I. Adm. Rodney defeats Adm. de Grasse (p. 704). Aug. 4. Ire The sloop-of-war Swan is wrecked otf Waterford ; 130 men are drowned. Aug. 29. The Royal George sinks at Spithead with GOO men on hoard. Sept. 21. Sp. Naval victory off Gib- raltar (p. 704). The Centaur, with 74 guns, founders in her passage from Jamaica; Capt. Inglefield and some of his crew are saved. * * Gen. Seymour Conway is appointed commander-in-chief. 1783 Jan. 20. Ft. Preliminaries of peace end the war with France, Spain, Holland, and the United States (p. 95). Feb. 6. Sp. The siege of Gibraltar ends by treaty, after being invested three years, seven months, and 12 days. Nov. 5. E. I. The Superb, 74 guns, is wrecked in Tellicherry Roads. Nov. 25. N. Y. The British evacuate New York City (p. 96). * *The Cato, Adm. Sir Hyde Parker's fleet, is wrecked on the Malabar coast. 1784* *E.f, Peace is concluded with Tippoo Saib. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 1781 * * Henry Cort invents puddling, and introduces great improvements in the manufacture of iron. * * Johann J. Becher, a chemist, proposes to make tar from pit-coal. * * Henry Cavendish explodes oxygen and hydrogen, forming water. 1781-84 The composition of water is demonstrated by Henry Cavendish and James Watt. * * Hornblower invents a double cylinder engine. * * The Philosophical Society is estab- lished at Manchester. 1782 * * London. Machines for ruling account-books, papers, etc., are invented by a Dutchman. * * Alessandro Volta improves his inven- tion of the electrophorus, an apparatus for obtaining frictional electricity. * * Dr. Thomas Percival is the first to recommend cod-liver oil as a remedy for chronic rheumatism. 1783 Mar. 29. Edinburgh. The Royal Society of Edinburgh, formerly (1739) the Philosophical Society, is chartered. Nov. 4. London. The Surrey Theater is opened. * * A bounty on the exportation of certain cotton goods is granted. * * A theater is erected at Exeter. by * * John Walter and H. Johnson secure a patent on logograpbic printing in which words cast in one piece are used. * * Herschel proves the binding rotary motion of the stars. [1786. He discovers star clusters andnebuhe, and the motion of the solar system towards Hercules. 1787. Apr. 19. He observes three lunar volcanoes. 1787. He discovers two of the satellites of TJranus.] * * London. Hunter's Museum is be- gun in Leicester square. * * Dublin. An observatory is erected by Dr. Andrews. 1784 May 26. London. The first of Handel's commemorations is held in Westminster Abbey. King George III. and Queen Charlotte and 3,000 persons are present. The band consists of 26S vocal and 245 instru- mental performers. Sept. 15. London. The first balloon as- cension in England is made by Vincent Lunardi at Moorfields. Dec. 5. A terrific storm is very destruc- tive to shipping. * * A rope-making machine is patented by Richard March. * * Lee Priory, Kent, is erected by James Wyatt. * * The first musical festival is held at Liverpool. 1785 Sept. 4. William W. Sadler is the first Englishman to make an aerial voy- age; ascends in a balloon from Oxford. * * Henry Cavendish demonstrates the nature of nitric acid. * * More cloth is manufactured in York- shire than in all the rest of England. * * Dr. Edmund Cartwright invents the power-loom, throwing the shuttle with- out hands ; it is opposed by the weavers. * * London. The Csecilian Musical So- ciety is founded for the performance of sacred music. 1 * Joseph Brain ah secures the first patent on a hydrostatic or hydraulic press. ' * London. The Royal Society of Mu- sic is established by the nobility to pro- mote the performance of Handel's operas. * * Edinburgh. James Hutton experi- ments on 'granite veins. [17S8. His theory of the earth is published.] 1785-92 Encaustic painting, enam- eling by fire, is revived by Miss Green- land. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1781 * * Ahererombie, James, general, A75. Bagot, Sir Charles, diplomatist, born. Brewster Sir David, natural philosopher. Scotland, horn. Oapell, Kdward, Shakespearean critic, A68. Challoner, Richard, bp. of London, an., A90. Chantry, Sir Francis Legatt. sculptor, born. Clinton, Henry Fynes, classical scholar, Grecian and [toman chronolngist, born. Cottenliam, Earl of, Charles Christopher Pepys, lord chancellor, born. Elliott, Ebenezer, poet, born. Martyn, Henry, I miian missionary, oriental scholar, born. Novello, Vincent, musician, born. Parker, Sir William, admiral, statesman, b. Rallies. Sir Stamford, trav., states., lust., h. Stephenson, George, perfeeter of locomo- tive, born. 1782* * Allan, Sir William, painter, Scot.,b. Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, general, born. Elmes, James, architect, civil engineer, writer on art, born. Field, John, composer, pianist, Ireland, b. Head, Sir George, miscellaneous writer, b. Home, Henry, Lord Karnes, rhetorician, jurist, philosopher, Scotland, A86. Matnnn, Charles Robert, clergyman, drama- tist, poet, novelist, Ireland, born. Monckton, Robert, general, A56. Morrison, Robert, Chinese scliol., mis., b. Napier, Sir Charles, major-general, states- man, historian, Ireland, born. Pringle, Sir John, physician. Scot., A75. Robinson, Frederick John, Earl of Ripon, statesman, born. Sale, Sir Robert Henry, general, horn. "Wilson, Richard, painter, A69+:. 1783* * Brooke, Henry, novelist, poet, Ire- land, A77. Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, physiologist, surgeon, born. Coote, Sir Eyre, general, statesman, A57. Fraser, James Iiaillie. diplomatist, traveler, author, Scotland, born. Heber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, poet, author, born. Hunter, William, physician, physiologist, anatomist, Scotland, A65. Kennicott, Benjamin, cl., Bib. critic, A65. Lawrence, William, surgeon, physician, anat- omist, born. Lee, Samuel, oriental scholar, born. Lloyd, Henry, inaj. gen., wr. on tactics, A54. Loudon, John C, horticulturist, botanist, Scotland, born. Prout, Samuel, water-color painter, born. Sturgeon, William, electrician, inventor, b. 1784 Dec. 13. Johnson, Samuel, poet, essayist, biog., lexicographer, philos., A75. Aberdeen. Karl of, George Hamilton Gordon, statesman, misc. writer, Scotland, born. Barton, Bernard, Quaker poet, born. Biu'kland, William, clergyman, geologist, b. Christie, Samuel Hunter, physicist, born. Colby, Thomas, eng , ordnance surveyor, b. Crosse, Andrew, electrician, born. Cunningham, Allan, poet, cit., au., Scot., b. Gwilt, Joseph, architect, author, born. Hunt, Leigh Henry James, poet, essayist, b. Knowles, James Sheridan, dram., Ire.,b. Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, A48. Palmerston, Viscount, Henry J. Temple, statesman, born. Ramsay, Allan, portrait painter, Scot., A73. Tennant, William, poet. Scotland, born. Cubitt, Sir William, civil engineer, born. De Quincey, Thomas, essayist, critic, mis- cellaneous writer, born. Fleming, John, naturalist, Scotland, born. Glover, Richard, poet, A73. Hardinge, Viscount, Henry, general, gov- ernor-general of India, born. Hooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, b. James, John A ngell. clergyman, author, born. .Metcalfe. Baron, Charles T., general, states- man, born. Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick, lieutenant-general, historian, born. Oglethorpe. James E., general, founder of Georgia, A89. Peacock, Thomas Love, novelist, poet, born. Sedgwick, Adam, geologist, born. White, Henry Kirke, poet, porn. Whitehead, William, poet, A70. Wilkie, Sir David, painter, Scotland, born. "Wilson. John (Christopher North), miscel- laneous writer, Scotland, born. CHURCH. 1781 * * Robert Baikes , publisher of the Gloucester Journal, aided bv [Mrs. Samuel Bradburn],a Methodist woman, establishes the first Sunday-school at Gloucester. [1783. Nov. 3. Noticed in the Gloucester Journal. 1784 He pub- lishes his plan.] * * Richard Hurd is consecrated bishop of Worcester. 1783* *John Moore is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. 1784 Feb. 28. John "Wesley signs the deed of declaration, establishing the Methodist Conference. Sept. 2. Dr. Thomas Coke is ordained " superintendent" (bishop) of Methodist societies in America by Wesley and AND IRELAND. 1781,* *-1786, Aug. 2. 923 c * Scot. Mr. Burnett, gentleman, dies ; he bequeaths moneys to be awarded as prizes every 40 years for essays on the existence of God. LETTERS. 1751 * * London. The Morning Herald is issued. 1752 * * Scot. The Glasgow Herald is issued. * * Sacred Dramas, by Hannah More, appears. 17S2-1S26 The European Magazine is issued. 1782-86 A New Review is issued. 1783 * * A natural and experimental philosophy professorship is founded at Cambridge. * * Poetical Sketches, by "William Blake, appears. [1789, Songs of Innocence.] * * The Village, by George Crabbe, ap- pears. 1783-96 The English Review is issued. 17S4-1810 History of Greece, by Wil- liam Mitford, appears. 1785 Jan. 1. London, The Times is first issued as the Daily Universal Regis- ter, price twopence halfpenny. Types containing syllables and words are used instead of single letters. * * Moral and Political Philosophy, by "William Paley, appears. [1790, Horse Paulinse, or the Truth of the Scripture History of St. Paul.] * * Scot. Essays on the Intellectual Pow- ers of Man, by Thomas Keid, appears. [17SS*, Essay on the Active Powers of the Human Mind.] * * Chambers's Cyclopaedia, edited by Abraham liees, appears. SOCIETY. 1781* * Titles created: Viscounts of Ban- gor, of Lifford, of Clifden, Baron Mus- kerry, and Earl Mountcashel. [17S2, Barons Hood ; 1783, Muncaster ; 1785, Earls Mayo, Portarlington, Antrim, Longford, and Viscount iMneraile; 17S9, Earls Erne, Enniskillen,Annesley,Crays- fort, Marquises of Waterford, of Down- shire, Barons Cloncurry, Auckland, and Kilmaine.] 17S2 June IS. Rev. Mr. Allen kills Lloyd Dulany in a duel. * *The Board of Trade and Planta- tions is abolished. 1783 Feb. 5. The Knights of St. Pat- rick are instituted by George III. Sept. * Col. Thomas is killed in a duel by Col. Gordon. * * Ire. The Genevese are given an asy- lum in the county of Waterford. * * All licenses are consolidated on the basis of ale-house licenses. * *The births of children are again taxed. (See 1695.) * * The Society of Friends makes the first united effort for the suppression of the slave-trade. * * The Eclectic Society is instituted for the discussion of religous questions. 1784 May 21. London. Lord Mans- field, Chief Justice, makes the [famous] declaration, "that no fiction of law shall ever so far prevail against the real truth of the fact as to prevent the execution of justice." * * London. St. Patrick's Benevolent Society is instituted. * * Titles created : Barons Sherborne, Somers, Lovaine (Earl Percy), Berwick, Marquis of Lansdowne ; the Earl of Tal- bot is added to that of Shi'ewsburv. [1786, Marquis of Townshend, Earl of Strange, Barons Oarleton, Tyrone, Dor- chester, and Suflield ; 17S8, Barons Ken- yon and Braybrooke ; 1781), Marquises of Salisbury, of Bath, and Earl of Edg- cumbe.] 1784-85 A lottery is set up for the bene- fit of Leverian Museum. 1785 June * Thomas Clarkson, at a spot in Wadesniill, Hertford, devotes his life to the abolition of the slave-trade. * * London. The Strangers' Friend So- ciety is established ; also The High- land Society. * * About 500 power-looms are de- stroyed by an incendiary. * * London. Ninety-seven persons are executed for shoplifting. * * The shop-tax is enacted. [1789. It causes such commotion that it is re- pealed.] * * A tax is imp6sed on female servants. [1792. Repealed.] 1786 June 8. Lord Macartney is wounded in a duel by Maj.-Gen. Stuart. Aug. 2. Margaret Nicholson, a lunatic calling herself Queen of England, unsuc- cessfully attempts to assassinate George III. STATE. 1781 * * Can. Vancouver's Island is acquired by settlement. 1782 Feb. 20. Ire. Catholic Relief Bills are introduced in the Irish Parlia- ment [and passed]. They give Catholics freedom to exer- cise their religion, the right to hold prop- erty in land, and the right to educate their children. Apr. 1. Augustus Keppel is made first lord of the admiralty. [July 18, Vis- count Keppel ; 17So, Jan. 28, Viscount Howe ; 1788, July 16, Earl of Chatham.] May 27. Ire. " Poynings* Law" is repealed by the Irish Parliament ; Irish legislative independence is thereby accomplished. July 1. Rockingham dies. July 13. Lord Shelburne is appointed prime minister, with "William Pitt, son of the Earl of Chatham (chancellor exchequer); Thomas Townshend [and Lord Grantham secretaries of state]. Sept. 15. Ire. The Earl of Temple is appointed lord-lieutenant. Nov. 30. Paris. Preliminary treaty with Americans (p. 95). * * Parliament : Stamp duty is laid on notes and bills of exchange. * * Parliament: Duty is first laid on in- surances. * * Parliament : Contractors and reve- nue-officers are declared ineligible for Parliament. 1783 Apr.* William Henry Cavendish, Duke of Portland, forms a coalition Ministry of Whigs and Tories ; Portland is chancellor of the exchequer; Lord North and Charles James Fox are secretaries of state, Edmund Burke is paymaster of the forces. May * H. C. William Pitt's motion for reform of the system of representa- tion in Parliament is defeated by a ma- jority of 144. June 3. Ire. The Earl of North in gton is appointed lord-lieutenant. Sept. 3. Fr. The Peace of Versailles and Paris is signed between Great Brit- ain and France and Spain. It acknowledges the independence of the 13 American colonies, with the western terri- tory to the Mississippi; it cedes the free nav- igation nt that river; Tobago ami St. Lucia in the West Indies are surrendered to France; (irenada and St. Vinct-nl arc restored to Eng- land, and Minorca and the 1'loridas ceded to Spain. Dec. 17. H. L. A bill for reform of the government in India, presented by Fox, is rejected. Dec. 22. Earl Temple resigns as secre- tary of state. Dec. 23. William Pitt becomes premier. His cabinet includes Karl Gower, the Duke of Rutland, Grenville, Duke of Portland, Lord Thurlow, Viscount Howe, and the Duke of Richmond. * * Wagons, carts, and other vehicles are taxed. [1784. Also horses.] 1784 Jan. 23. H. C. Pitt's East India Bill is thrown out. Feb. 24. Ire. The Duke of Rutland is appointed lord-lieutenant. * * Lord Loughborough and others are _ commissioners of the great seal. Later, ' Lord Thurlow, lord chancellor. [1792, Great seal in commission ; 1793, Lord Loughborough, lord chancellor.] Apr. 29. Ire. John Scott [Earl of Clonmel] is appointed chief justice. May 18. Parliament meets. [1790. June 21. Dissolved.] June * Parliament : the Commutation Act is passed. It reduces the duty on tea from 50 to 12^ per cent, and taxes windows instead. Aug. 13. Parliament: Pitt's Lndia Bill becomes law. It associates commissioners with the Company in the government of India. [The united body is the Board of Control.] * * The national debt, at conclusion of American war, is £249,851,628. 1785 Apr. 18. H. C. Pitt's bill for dis- franchisement of " rotten boroughs," and the extension of the county fran- chise, is defeated by a majority of 74. * * Parliament: Pitt's bill to remove ob- stacles to free trade "with Ireland is passed by a considerable majority [but being approved only by a small majority in the Irish Parliament, it is withdrawn]. * * John Adams of Massachusetts is ap- pointed first Minister from the United States to Great Britain. 1786 Mar. 29. Parliament: Pitt's Sinking-Fund Bill is passed. Apr. 4. H. C. Edmund Burke moves the impeachment of Warren Hastings. * *[May 1. He defends himself at the bar of the House. May 10. The articles of impeachment are presented by Burke at the bar of the House of Lords.] (See Society, 1788, Feb. 13.) MISCELLANEOUS. 1783 Mar. 13. Ire. The Indiaman Count Belqioso is wrecked off Dublin Bay; 147 lives are lost. * * Scot. The Glasgow Chamber of Commerce is formed. 1784 * * The first mail-coach, leaves London. 1785 Apr. 1. Edinburgh. The South. Bridge is commenced. Dec. 5. The ferry-boat Menaiis wrecked in Menai Strait ; 60 drowned. * *King's Dock, Liverpool, is con- structed. * * New Bailey Bridge, Manchester, is completed. 1786 Jan. 6. The East Indiaman Hels- well is wrecked ; 3S0 lives are lost. 924 1786, Sept. 26-1791, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1787 * * Sir Arthur Wellesley [Duke of "Wellington] enters the army. 1789-90 E.I. Second Mysore War. (See India.) Apr. 28. The crew of the war-ship Bounty mutiny, and put their captain and 19 men in an open boat with few provisions. ■* * Can. The Spaniards capture the set- tlement on Vancouver's Island on the Pacific coast. 1791 Jan. 29. E. I. Lord Corn- wallis assumes command. [Mar. 21. Bangalore taken. May 15. Victory at Arikeza. Dec. 21. Severn- droog taken. 1792. Feb. 6. Seringa- patam stormed. Peace follows.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1786 * * Oxymuriatic is first used as a blacking agency. * * Dublin. The Dublin Surgeons' So- ciety is founded. * * The first iron railroad of importance is laid at Colebrookdale. ■* * Taylor's stenography is introduced. * * Edinburgh. The first steamboat in Great Britain is built. * * Dublin. A charter is granted the Royal Irish Academy. 1787 Apr. 20. John Braham, the vocalist, makes his first appearance at the Royalty. Nov. 12. Dublin is flooded by the Liffey. * * Watt's rotary engine is first used in the manufacture of textiles in Lanca- shire. * * London. Glee Musical Club is formed. * * Quicksilver is frozen without the aid of snow or ice. * * Jesse Kamsden completes the great theodolite. It is an instrument for measuring horizontal angles. 1787-90 Henry Cavendish and Antoine F. de Fourcroy decompose water by electricity. 1788 May 14-July 21.. London. Italian opera is successfully revived. * * Sir Joseph Banks forms the African Association for the purpose of explor- ing Central Africa. Oct. 23. Edinburgh. A leathern can- non is fired three times. * * Coal and coke supplement wood char- coal in the smelting of iron. * * Edinburgh. A panorama giving a bird's-eye view, painted on the wall of a circular building, is exhibited; it is the first of the kind. * * London. The Linnsean Society is organized. [1802. Chartered.] * * London. A statue of George III. is erected at Somerset House. * * Hercules Strangling the Serpent is painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. * * Edinburgh. The Koyal College of Surgeons is incorporated. 1788-96 Stephen Storace's opera, the Waterman, is produced. .1789 Aug. 28. Herschel completes his great reflecting telescope at Slough, near London. [He discovers two satel- lites of Saturn ; 1790, two others ; 1794, two more.] * * "Wood engraving is greatly improved by Bewick, his brother, and pupils. Nov. 24. London. Madame Anna Sto- race makes her first appearance on the stage. * * Sir Alexander Mackenzie sets out to explore the polar regions. * * Mavor's stenography is introduced. * * The Rev. A. Bennet invents the gold- leaf electrometer. 1790 Feb. 10. Philidor, the chess- player, wins two games while blind- folded. ** * Scot. "W. Symington makes a passage in a steamboat on the Forth and Clyde canal. * * Wails are first made by machinery. * * Thomas Saint patents a machine for sewing boots and shoes. * * Capt. Duncan starts on his polar voy- age. * * London. Charles Benjamin Incle- don, a vocalist, makes his first appear- ance on the stage. * * The circular saw is introduced. 1791 * * Galvani's and Volta's scien- tific researches are made public. * * London. Cherubini's opera Lodoislca is performed under the author's direc- tion. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1786 * * Barnes, Thomas, editor of London Times, born. Bickerstet.il, Pdward, theol. writer, born. Bishop, Sir Henry It., musical composer, b. Blomfleld, Charles .lames, bishop of Lon- don, scholar, author, born. Buckingham, .lames Silk, traveler, horn. Buxton, Sir Thomas Powell, philan., born. Byron. Honorable John, vice-adm., A63. Callcott, Maria Urahani, author, born. Campbell, Alexander, fdr. of Campbellites,b. Elliotson, John, physician, ined. writer, b. Franklin, Sir John, arctic explorer, born. Haydon, Benjamin Robert, his. painter, b. Hobhouse, John Cam, Lord Broughton, au- thor, statesman, born. Keppel, Viscount, Augustus, admiral, A61. Mit ford, Mary Russell, poet, mis. writer, b. Mulready, William, painter, born. Napier, Sir Charles, admiral, born. Pollock, Sir Ceorge, field-marshal, bom. Prout, William, chemist, author, born. Raebum, Henry, painter, born. Sontbev, Mrs. Robert, poet, born. Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount, Stratford Canning, diplomatist, born. "Wilson, Horace Hayman, orientalist, his- torian, born. 1787* * Rickerslaff, Isaac, dram., Ire., A52±. Brown, .John, clergyman, author, Scot., A 65. Charles, Duke of Rutland, Ireland, dies. Clarke, Charles (.'., Shakespearean critic, au- thor, born. Conybeare, William D., cl., geol., author, b. Cunard, Sir Samuel, civil engineer, founder of Cunard line, born. Etty, William, painter, born. Evans, Sir George De Lacy, general, born. Farmer, Hugh, clergyman, author, A73. Fielding, Copley Vandyke, water-color painter, born±. Forbes, Sir John, physician, au., Scot., born. Gage, Thomas, general, A67. Harlow, George Henry, painter, born. Jenyns, Soaine, poet, pol., mis. writer, A83. Kean, Edmund, actor, born. Lowth, Robert, bp. of London, author, A77. Procter, Bryan W-, poet, mis. writer, born. Rich, Claud i us. 1 anics, orientalist, traveler, b. Richardson, Sir John, naturalist, bom. Smart, Benj. Humphrey, lexicographer, b. Taylor, Isaac, philosophical, theol. writer, b. Whately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin, theologian, logician, rhetorician, phil., b. 1788* * Applegath, Augustus, inventor of vertical prmtirm-press, born. Arnott, Neil, physician, physicist, natural philosopher, Scotland, born. Baily, Edward Hodges, sculptor, born. Barham, Richard Harris, humorist, au., b. Brande, William Thomas, chemist, horn. Brown, John, physician, founder of Bru- nonian theory of physic, Scotland, A53. Byron, Lord, George Noel Gordon, poet, Cockercll, Charles Robert, architect, born. Collins, William, painter, born. ' Combe, George, phrenologist, Scotland, born. De Vere, Sir Aubrey, poet, author, Ire., b. Gainsborough, Thomas, painter, A61. Hall, Basil, traveler, author, Scotland, bom. Hamilton, Sir William, logician, philoso- pher, metaphysician, Scotland, bom. Hooke, Theodore E.,nov.,dram., humorist, b. Holland, Sir Henry, physician, born. Mickle, William Julius, poet, Scot., A54. Nugent, Lord, George G., states., au., Ire., b. Palgrave, Sir Francis, antiquary, histo- rian, born. Peel, Sir Robert, statesman, born. Raglan, Baron, Fitzroy Henry Somerset, gen- Stuart, Charles Edward (Young Pre- tender), A60. Tredgold, Thomas, civil engineer, born. Try on, William, statesman, A63. "Wesley. Charles. Meth. cl., hymn-wr., A80. 1789 *' * Bright, Richard, physician, born. P.osworth, Joseph, lexicographer, born. Collier, John Payne, Shakespearean critic, commentator, born. Dilke, Charles W., journalist, born. Fair bairn, Sir William, mechanical, scientific writer, born. Hodgkinson, Eaton, mechanical engineer, b. Keightley, Thomas, mis. writer, Ireland, b. Martin, John, painter, born. Petrie, George, areheologist, anbiq., Ire., b. Pringle, Thomas, poet, traveler, Scot., born. Pottinger, Sir Henry, diplomatist, bom. Scoresiiy, William, arctic explorer, born. Stephen, Sir James, statesman, hist., b. Swainson, William, naturalist, born. 1790* * Alison, William Pulteney, physi- cian, Scotland, born. Arrowsmith, John, geographer, born. Blessington, Countess of, Margaret Power, novelist, Ireland, born. Bowdich, Thomas Edward, Afr. traveler, b. Cullen, William, physician, au., Scot., A80. Daniell, John Frederick, chemist, phys., h. Eliot, George Augustus, Baron Heathfield of Gibralter, general, A72±. Ellenborough, first Earl of, Edward Law, statesman, born. Everest, Sir (ieorge, surveyor, geographer, b. Hall, Marshall, physician, born. Howard, John, philan., prison refor., A63. Hunt, William Henry, water-color p., born. Leach, William El ford, naturalist, born. Lyons, Lord, Edmund, admiral, born. Mathew. Theobald. R. C. cl., "Apostle of Temperance," Ireland, born. Monteagle, Lord, Thomas Spring Rice, states- man, born. Tarry, Sir William Edward, arctic exp., b. Senior, Nassau \Y\, political economist, b. Smith, Adam, political economist, philoso- pher, Scotland, A67. Warton, Thomas, poet, critic, author, A62. 1791 * * Faraday, Michael, chemist, elec- trician, philosopher, born. Flood, Henry, statesman, orator, Ire., A59. Gibson, John, sculptor, born. Knig-ht. Charles, editor, hist., mis. wr.,b. Milman, Henry Hart, dean of St. Paul's, poet, dramatist, historian, born. Napier, Robert, ship-l.uihler, eng.. Scot., b. Price, Richard, cl., philosopher, author, A68. Tytler, Patrick Eraser, historian, Scotland, b. Sheil, Richard l.alor, orator, slates., Ire., b. Wolfe, Charles, poet, Ireland, born. CHURCH. 1787* *The episcopal see of Nova Scotia is erected. It is the first colonial bishopric. 1788 June 13. Seven clergymen dis- possess George Lakins of seven devils, in the Temple Church, Bristol. * * London. The disciples of Sweden- borg first meet as an organized body. 1789 Apr. 23. London. The king goes to St. Paul's, and returns thanksgiving for the recovery of his health. 1790 * * A reaction against deism oc- ioved AND IRELAND. 1786, Sept. 26-1791,' 92& LETTERS. 1786* * London. The Library of the Royal College of Surgeons is founded. * * Poems, by Samuel Rogers, appears. * * London. Curtis' s Botanical Magazine is issued. * * Scot. Robert Burns's first Poems are published at Kilmarnock. [1787, 1793, more poems.] * * Epea Pteroenta, or Diversions of \ p ur- ley, by Home Tooke, appears. 1787 * * Dublin. The Royal College of Surgeons is incorporated. * * London. The County Chronicle is is- sued. 1788 Jan. 1. London, The Daily Uni- versal Register is changed to the Times. * * La Gazette de Guernsey is issued. * * London. The Analytical Review is is- sued. * * Classical Dictionary, by John Lem- priere, appears. 1789 * * London. The Mail is issued. Nov. 16. Edinburgh. Firststone of the [present] University is laid. * * Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, by Gilbert White, appears. * * Introduction to the Principles of Mor- als and Legislation, by Jeremy Behtham, appears. * * Henry James Pye is appointed poet- laureate. * * General History of Quadrupeds, by Thomas Bewick, appears. [1797-1804, British Birds.] * * The Nature and Principles of Taste, by Archibald Alison, appears. 1791 * * Ire. The Dublin library is in- stituted. * * Scot. Walter Stirling's public li- brary is founded by will at Glasgow. * * London. The Observer is issued. * *Life of Johnson, by James Boswell, appears. SOCIETY. 1786 * * London. The Marine Society institutes the first training-ship on the Thames. * * One hundred and thirty-six ships carry off 42,000 slaves. * * The National Truss Society, to as- sist indigent persons, is established. 1787 May * The first transportation of felons to Botany Bay takes place. [1788. Jan. 20. Gov. Phillip arrives with 800+.] Dec. 1. A riot breaks out at Worcester against the introduction of spinning- machines. Dec. * Fox is duped by the Prince of "Wales, and renounces his acquaintance with him. * * The Society for the Suppression of the Slave-Trade is founded by Clark- son, Wilberforce, and Dillwyn. * * A royal proclamation is made against vice. * *Mr. M'Keon kills George N. Reynolds in a duel. [1788. Feb. 16. He is exe- cuted.] 1788 Feb. 13.-95 Apr. 23. "War- ren Hastings, governor-general of In- dia, is tried by the peers of Great Britain for high crimes and misdemeanors. Among other charges was his acceptance of a present of £100,000 from the nabob of Oude. The trial occupies 145 days, and lasts seven years and three months, ter- minating in his acquittal. Dec. * Mr. Purefoy kills Col. Roper in a duel. * * The Philanthropic Society, for the reformation of criminal boys, is estab- lished. [1806. It is incorporated. It supports a farm-school at Redhill, Rei- gate, Surrey.] * * The Royal Masonic Institution for girls, at Battersea, is founded. * * The association for the relief of medical men is founded. * * The daily wages of harvest men is one shilling and fourpence per day. 1789 Apr. 23. A national thanksgiv- ing is obM-rveil because of the recovery of the king from lunacy. May 26. The Duke of York and Col. Lennox, Duke of Richmond, tight a duel for an insignificant cause. 1790 Jan. 27. London. "Wilberforce secures the reference of the anti-slave- trade subject to a select committee of the House of Commons to take evidence. Apr. 7. Mr. Curran and Maj. Hobart fight a duel. * * Titles created : Baron Fisherwick, Baron Gage, and Marquis of Abercorn. [1792, Baron Thurlow; 1793, Duke of Car- narvon, Marquis of Hertford, and Baron Auckland; 17%, liarons Gwdyr, Stewart, Calthorpe, lirrxlerirk, Kaltersforci, Stuart, Marquis of Bute, and Viscount Hood; 1797, Viscount of Ferrard with Massereene, Bar- ons Ballon. Kihhh'silalt-", Lilford, t'arrington ; 1799, of Cumberland.] * * Ire. Titles created: Baron Clonbrock. [1791, Viscounts of Haberton, of Hawar- den, and Marquis of Donegal; 1792, Earl Courtown, and I'.aruii Water park ;1793, Earls Wicklow, Desart, and Clomnell; 1794, liar- ons Bridport and Graves; 1795, Earls Leit- rim and Lucan; 17%, Barons Rossmore, Carrington, and Huntingfleld ; 1797, Earl Howth, Barons Hot ham, lleadley, Teign- mouth, Crofton, and Earl Belmore; 1798, Baron Ffrench; 1799, Earl of Armagh, and Baron Henly.] 1791 Apr. * The House of Commons votes against the abolition of the slave- trade. Vote, 88-163. July 14. Riots break out in Birmingham against Dr. Priestley and other Dissen- ters because of their sympathy with the French Revolution, and commem- orating the taking of the Bastile. [Prop- erty to the. value of £100,000 is destroyed.] Sept. 22. George Bardngton, an accom- plished pickpocket, is transported. * * The Royal Literary Fund, to relieve literary men of all nations, is founded by David Williams. * * The buckle-makers petition against the use of shoe-strings. STATE. 1786 Sept. 26. A navigation and com- mercial treaty is concluded with France. It fixes a scale of duties, and estab- lishes perfect freedom of intercourse, without passports, between subjects and inhabitants of both countries. * * E.I. Prince of "Wales Island (Pe- nang) is ceded to the East India Com- pany. 1787 Nov. 2. Ire. The Marquis of Buckingham is appointed lord-lieu- tenant. Dec. 21. The Prince of "Wales marries Mrs. Fitzherbert, a Catholic. He thereby violates the Royal Mar- riage Act, and renders himself incapable of succession to the crown according to the provisions of the Act of Settlement. * * Australia. Botany Bay is made a pe- nal settlement. : * Parliament : Tunnage and pound- age are repealed, and a new system of excise and custom is introduced. * * The registering of shipping is intro- duced. 1788 Feb. 25. Parliament: The De- claratory Bill for India, relating to the power to raise and pay troops, is intro- duced [and passed]. June 9. Lord Kenyon is appointed. chief justice. Oct. 12. King George becomes insane. * * S. Pacific. Norfolk Island is an- nexed by occupation. 1789 Feb. * H. C. The Regency Bill Fox advocates the right of the Prince of Wales to be regent ; Pitt contends that it belongs to the legislature to pro- vide for the temporary exercise of the royal authority. [Feb. 26. The bill is dropped on the king's recovery.] June 5. H. C. Henry Addington [Viscount Sidmouth] is chosen Speaker. June 20. Ire. John Fitzgibbon [Earl of Clare] is appointed lord high chancel- lor. * * The Government demands reparation for the forcible seizure by Spain of two- English ships and English trade settle- ments at Nootka Sound, Vancouver's Island. [War is averted by a convention which insures free commerce to Eng- land.] * * H. C. A bill for the relief of Protes- tant Dissenters from the impositions of the Test Act is rejected by a small ma- jority. 1790 Jan. 5. Ire. The Earl of "West- moreland is appointed lord-lieutenant. Nov. 25. Parliament meets. [1796. May 20. Dissolved.] * * Parliament : A bill for the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, in fa- vor of Dissenters, is defeated by a large majority ; a popular clamor is raised for the preservation of the Church of Eng- land. 1791* * Parliament divides Canada into Upper and Lower, and gives to each a representative government. MISCELLANEOUS. 1786 * * Jonas Hanway, the first persom to carry an umbrella in London, dies.. * * London. The registering of ship- ping in the Thames is begun. * * The first considerable iron railway is built at Colebrookdale. * * Dublin. Police are established by- statute. 1787* * Ire. A bank is built at Belfast. 1788 * * Merino sheep are imported from Spain. 17S9 June 17. London. Her Majes- ty's Theater. Italian Opera House, is burned. [1791. Sept. 22. Having been rebuilt, it is reopened.] June 19. The Queen's Theater, Man- chester, is burned. [1790. Reerected.] Nov. 19. The Thames and Severn are- joined by a canal. * * The New Bailey Court, Manchester,. is built. 1790 Oct. * The "Windsor Chapel is repaired and opened. Dec. 22. The Charlemont Packet, from Holyhead to Dublin, is wrecked; 104 lives are lost. 1791 * * London. A fire-watch is insti- tuted. The building of Camden Town is begun. Regent's Park, originally part of the grounds belonging to a palace of Queen Elizabeth, near to the north end of Tottenham Courtyard, isdemolished.. Horsemonger Lam 1 jail is built. 926 1791, * *-1796, Dec. 5. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY— NAVY. 1792 Aug. 24. The warship Imp&tneux is burned at Portsmouth. 1792-97 War of the First Coalition against France (p. 518). 1793 Apr. 17- It is ordered that prize money arising from captures from the enemy be divided into eight equal parts, and distributed by order of ranks. May 8. Fr. The English defeat the French at St. Amand. May 23-July 28. Fr. The English be- siege and capture Valenciennes (p. 708). Aug. 23. E. I. Pondicherry is again taken from the British by the French. Sept. 8. Fr. Defeat at Dunkirk (p. 710). Nov. 15. Fr. Toulon is taken by the English. [Dec. 19. Ketaken.] (P. 710.) * * Lord Amherst is again appointed commander-in-chief. * * Volunteers enlist to resist the threat- ened French invasion. 1794 Mar. 16. W. I. Martinique is taken. Apr. * The Ardent, 64 guns, is burned near Corsica. June 1. A naval battle is fought in the English Channel. The British, with 25 ships, under Lord Howe, defeat the French fleet of 26 ships, under Vice-Adm. Villaret de Joyeuse. * * The English armies are unsuccessful in Holland, and the Duke of York is recalled ; Holland is lost (p. 710). 1795 Feb. 11. The Duke of York is appointed commander-in-chief. Mar. 8. A French, fleet defeated. [Mar. 14. Another defeat. Apr. 5. Peace.] (P. 710.) June 19. The British Sceptre takes 11 Dutch East Indiamen. June 23. Fr. Lord Bridport defeats the French fleet off L'Orient. 1796 Jan. 27- The first great English ship, Royal Sovereign, is burned by ac- cident. Aug. 9. [Adm.] Nelson captures the isle of Elba in the Mediterranean. Aug. 17. Adm. Lucas, commanding the Dutch fleet, surrenders to Sir George Keith Elphinstone, in Saldanha Bay, in the South Atlantic, near Cape of Good Hope. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * Dublin. Henry Jackson constructs the first steam-engine set up in Dublin. 1792 Apr. 18. Ire. A terrific storm occurs at Waterford. Oct. * Scot. Mineral tar is discovered. * * A rope-making machine is patented by Edmund Cartwright, reducing the labor nine-tenths. * * Benjamin "West is president of the Royal Academy. * * William Murdoch experiments in Corn- wall with coal-gaa as an illuminating agency. 1793 * * Fowler makes electro -galvanic experiments on animals. 1794 Oct. 6. Several hundred vessels are wrecked in a storm which prevails throughout England. Dec. * -95 Feb. 14. A severely cold winter prevails, with only one day's thaw, on Jan. 23. * * A patent for a propeller is taken out by William Lyttelton. [Ineffective. 1799. Another to Edward Shorter ; val- uable.] 1794-95 London. The Lyceum, Eng- lish Opera House, is built. 1795 Jan. 31. London. MissMellon makes her first appearance as Lydia Languish. May 22. Mungo Park starts on his first voyage of exploration to Africa [from which he never returns]. * * Capt. Vancouver returns in the Dis- covery from a voyage of survey and discovery of the northwest coast of America. * * Scot. Spinning machinery worked by steam is introduced at Glasgow. * * Fonthill Abbey, on Lansdowne Hill, near Bath, is erected by .lames Wyatt. 1795-96 Thomas Talford's iron bridge is erected over the Severn. 1796 May 14. Dr. Jenner makes the first experiment in vaccination. He transfers to a healthy child the pus taken from the pustule of a milkmaid who had contracted the cowpox. [1798. Jan. 21. He announces in a memoir his success in vaccination. After much opposition the practise becomes gen- eral.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1792 * * Adam, Robert, arch., Scotland, A64. Adelaide, queen, wife of William IV., born. Alison. Sir Archibald, historian, born. Arkwright, Sir Richard, inventor of spin- ning-jenny, AGO. I'.abbage, Charles, math., machinist, bom. Bell, Thomas, naturalist, born. Bo wring, .lames, statesman, political econo- mist, author, born. Burgoyne, John, general in America, A62. Campbell, Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, general, Scotland, born. Cruihshanb. George, pictorial satirist, b. Dalrymple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, jurist, historian, Scotland, A66. Durham, Earl of, John George Lambton, statesman, born. Harris, Sir William Snow, electrician, born. Haviland, John, architect, born. Hearne, Samuel, traveler in Br. Ainer., A47. Herscbel, Sir John Frederick William, astron- omer, author, born. Irving, Edward, cl., author, Scot., born. Jones, John Paul, naval adventurer, Scot- land, A 45. Keble, John, clergyman, poet, born. Linnell, John, painter, born. Marryai, Frederick, naval capt., novel., b. Mulgrave, Lord, C. John Phipps, arctic navi- gator, A48. Murehison, Sir Roderick Impey, geologist, Scotland, born. Northumberland, fourth Duke of, Algernon Percy, vice-admiral, born. Potter, Cipriani, composer, born. Reynolds, Sir Joshua, painter, A69. Robinson, J. T. R., astronomer, inv., Ire., b. Rodney, Baron, George Kryd^es. adm., A74. Russell, Lord. John, statesman, born. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, born. Smeaton, John, civil engineer, Af>8. Strange, Sir Robert, engraver, Scot., A71. 1793*'* Alton, William, botanist, Scot., A 62. Anster, John, poet, Ireland, born. Austin, Sarah Taylor, author, born. Browne, .lames, editor, historian, Scot., b. Clare, John, poet, born. Danhv, Francis, painter, born. Fasllake, Sir Charles Locke, painter, born. Fonhlanque, Albany William, journalist, b. Gordon, Lord George, fanatic, A43. Grant, Robert K., physiologist, zoologist, Scotland, born. Hampden, Renn Dickson, bishop of Here- ford, moral philosopher, born. Head, Sir Francis Bond, lieut, author, b. Hunter, John, anatomist, surgeon. Scot., A 65. Laing, Alexander Gordon, Afr. trav., Scot., b. Lardner, Dionysius, scientific writer, cyclo- pedist, Ireland, born. Macready, "William Charles, actor, born. Mag-inn, William, journalist, essayist, mis- cellaneous writer, Ireland, born. Mansfield, Earl of. William Murray, ju- rist, A 88. Robertson, William, cl., hist., Scot., A72. 1794 * * Bruce, James, traveler, Scot., A64. Cathcart, Sir George, general, born, Chelmsford, Lord, Frederick Thesiger, jurist, statesman, born. Column, Ceorge, dramatist, A62. Ellis, William, missionary, author, bom. Fearne, Charles, jurist, legal writer, A45. Hemans, Felicia D., poet, born. Gibbon, Edward, author, historian, A57. Grote, George, historian, philosopher, b. Jones. Sir William, orientalist, A48. Leslie, Charles Robert, artist, born. Lockhart. John Gibson, novelist, critic, biographer, miscellaneous writer, Scot., b. Marshman, John Clark, historian, born. Whewell. William, phil., hist, of science, b. Stanrield, Clarkson, marine painter, born. 1795 * * Arnold. Thomas, clergyman, clas- sical scholar, historian, born. Barry, Sir Charles, architect, born. Blakey, Robert, metaphysician, born. Eos well, James, biographer of Dr. John- son, Scotland, A55. Carlyle, Thomas, essayist, historian, phi- losopher, Scotland, born. Clinton, Sir Henry, gen. at Bunker Hill, A57. Collier, Sir George, admiral, A57. Conolly, .John, physician, born. Dauheny, Charles Giles Bridle, chemiBt, botanist, geologist, born. Davis, Sir John Francis, statesman, born. Geikie, Walter, subject painter, Scotland, b. Hare, Julius Charles, theologian, scholar, b. Havelock, Sir Henry, general, born. Herring, John F., animal painter, born. Hill, Sir Rowland, advo. of penny postage, b. Howitt, William, poet, miscellaneous wr., b. Inglis, Henry David, tourist, writer, Scot.,b. Keats, John, poet, born. Kingsborough, Lord, states., author, Ire., b. Kippis, Andrew, clergyman, author, A70. Lindley, Thomas, composer, A70±. Moffat, Robert. Afr. missionary, Scot., b. Peabody, George, merchant, philan., born. Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, jurist, dram., b. Veitch, William, Hellenist, Scotland, born. Wakley, Thomas, physician, founder London Lancet, born. Wedgwood, Josiab, potter, A65. Wright, Frances, social reformer, born. CHURCH. 1792 Oct. 2. The Baptist Missionary Association is founded, chiefly by the zealous endeavors of "William Carey. + * Scot. Episcopalians are relieved from the penal laws. * * Johanna Southcott announces her- self as the woman spoken of in Rev., chap. xii. ; a disease favors the delusion that she would become the mother of the promised Shiloh. 1793 Mar.* "William Carey and John Thomas sail for India as Baptist mis- sionaries. * * The see of Quebec is erected. 1794 Nov. 4. London. The London Missionary Society is founded. * * The nuns from Lady Percy's convent at Brussels are received by Bishop Mil- ner, and placed at Winchester. 1795* * Ire. Maynooth College is founded by Parliament for the education of students intended for the Roman Catholic priesthood. * * Ire. The Orangemen organize a so- ciety for their defense. They allege that the treachery shown at the "Battle of the Diamond" con- vinces them that unless banded together the Protestants will become an easy prey to the Catholics. LETTERS. 1791 * * Vindication of the Rights of Wo- man, by Mary Wollstonecraft, appears. * * The Castaway, and Letters, and trans- lations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, by "William Cowper, appear. * * An Historical ])inquisition concerning the Know I <'(!< if which the Ancients had of India, by William Robertson, appears. AND IRELAND. 1791,* *-1796, Dec. 5. 927 * * Whist, a poem, appears. * * Curiosities of Literature, by Isaac D'Israeli, appears. [1793, 1817, revised and added to ; 1796, Miscellanies.] 1791-92 The Rights of Man, by Thomas Paine, appears. [1794-95, Age of Reason.] 1792 * * The Evangelical Magazine is issued; also The Courier. * * London. The Suit is issued ; also The Observer. * * Scot. Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind, by Dugald Stewart, appears. 1792-94 Travels in France, by Arthur Young, appears. 1793 * * A Literary and Philosophical Society is founded at Newcastle. * * Essay on Meteorology, by John Dal- ton, appears. * * Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches, by William Wordsworth, ap- pear. [1798, Lyrical Ballads.] * * Inquiry Respecting Political Justice, by William Godwin," appears. [1794, Ca- leb Williams.] 1793-1843 The British Critic is issued. 1794 Feb. 8. London. Morning Ad- vertiser appears. Feb. * The legality of fair criticism is establish 3d in the courts. * * The Fall of Robespierre, by Coleridge and Southey, appears. * * View of the Evidences of Christianity, by William Paley, appears. [1802, Nat- ural Theology.] * * The Baviad, by William Gifford, ap- pears. [1795, The Mseviad.] * * Songs of Experience, by William Blake, appears. 1795 May 7. Scot. Anderson's uni- versity is founded at Glasgow. * * Dublin. Maynooth College is founded by Parliament. It is endowed by a yearly grant voted for the education of students designed for the Roman Catholic priesthood. * * Lindley Murray's English Grammar appears. * * Poems, by Walter Savage Landor, ap- pears. [1798, Gebir, and other poems.] SOCIETY. 1791 * * London. The Corresponding Society of London is formed. It aims to spread liberal opinions, and check the severity of the Government. 1792 June 9. The Earl of Lonsdale and Capt. Cuthbert fight a duel. June 14. London. A plot to blow up the King's Bench prison is discov- ered. * * Enlightened principles for the treating of lunatics are introduced by William Tuke, at the Society of Friends' " Re- treat," at York. * * The gradual abolition of the slave- trade is provided for. * * Duelling in the army is checked. * * London. An asylum for deaf and dumb children is opened through the exertions of Mr. Townshend. * * The Liverpool Lunatic Asylum is founded. 1793 Sept. 30. A furious riot occurs at Bristol, owing to the erection of a new toll-gate on the bridge ; several per- sons are killed or wounded by the mili- tary. 1794 Oct. 29-Dec. 5. London. Messrs. Home Tooke, Hardy, Joyce, Thelwall, and other members of the" Correspond- ing Society, are tried on charges of high treason ; they are acquitted. * * Scot. Thomas Muir is sentenced to 14 ?sars' transportation and Thomas F. aimer to seven years, for agitating a reform in the representation of the people in Parliament. * * London. Coldbath Fields prison is built at the suggestion of Howard, the prison reformer. * * The daily wages of harvestmen are one shilling and sixpence. 1795 Apr. 8. The Prince of "Wales marries the Princess Caroline of Bruns- May 5. The law imposing a tax of one guinea on every person using hair- powder becomes operative. [It yields in England under £7,000 a year, and in Scotland £250.] Oct. 29. London. A mob obstructs the king's way to Parliament, crying "Bread, peace, no Pitt; 35 a bullet pierces the glass of his coach. Dec. 8. The gagging-bill, to protect the king and government from the ha- rangues of seditious meetings, is en- acted. * * A lunatic asylum is founded at Exeter. * * Ire. The United Irishmen, a secret political society, whose object is the es- tablishing of an Irish republic, is very active. * * Ire. The first lodge of Orangemen (Orange Society) is formed at Armagh. 1796 Jan. 28. London. The Prince of "Wales is attacked in his carriage by a mob. Feb. 1. London. A stone is thrown at George TTT . when returning from Drury Lane Theater ; it hits the queen's face. May 27. William Pitt and George Tier- ney fight a duel. [June 28, Lord Va- lentia is wounded in a duel by Mr. Gawler.] STATE. 1792 Mar. 19. Ind. A Treaty of Peace is concluded with Tippoo Sahib ; his two sons are held as hostages. Apr. 2. H. C. "William Wilberforce moves for a committee of the whole House to consider the African slave- trade, with a view to its immediate abolition ; a large majority resolves that the trade be gradually abolished. May 21. A royal proclamation is issued -gainst the publication of seditioua writings; it is aimed at the agitation for parliamentary reform. June 11. H. C. Fox's Libel Bill is It authorizes juries to give general verdict of guilty or not guilty upon the whole matter at issue. June 26. The First Coalition is formed against France. [It is organized and directed by England.] Aug. 1. London. The system of dis- trict police magistrates, three presid- ing in each of the seven divisions of the city, is commenced. Dec. 28. H. C. The " dagger scene " occurs. In the debate on the Alien Bill, Ed- mund Burke casts a dagger on the floor of the House, exclaiming, " This is what you are to gain by an alliance with France." * * The "Whig party is broken up on the question of war with France. * * A money-order office is set up ; it is not generally used. 1793 Jan. 4. Parliament : The Alien Act is passed. It empowers the Government to ban- ish aliens from the kingdom, and is de- signed against French Revolutionists. Feb. 1. The French Republic declares war against Great Britain. [Feb. * Great Britain declares war against France. Feb. 11. It issues letters of marque and reprisal against France.] Mar. 23. Spain declares war against England. * * The Government issues £5,000,000 ex- chequer hills because of the commercial panic. * * H. C. George Canning enters the House as a Tory, representing Newport, Isle of Wight. Apr. 9. Ire. A Catholic Relief Act, passed in the Irish Parliament, receives the royal assent. It enables Catholics to vote at parlia- mentary and municipal elections, ad- mits them to the bar and to commissions in the army and navy, and gives them the i-ight of bearing arms and serving on juries. * * A tax is laid on funerals. 1794 May 23. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended because of the French Be volution. June 8. Corsica is annexed. Nov. 19. A treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation is concluded with the United States (p. 105). Dec. 10. Ire. The Earl of Fitzwilliam is appointed lord-lieutenant. [1795. Mar. 11. The Earl of Camden.] Dec. 20. Earl Spencer is made first lord of the admiralty- [1801. Feb. 19. Earl of St. Vincent.] 1795 Apr. 8. George, Prince of Wales, marries Caroline Amelia Eliz- abeth, daughter of the Duke of Bruns- wick. July * Holland joins the French against England. The British take from the Dutch the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and other possessions in the East. * * The coalition against France falls to pieces. * * A tax of one guinea is laid upon per- sons using hair-powder. 1796 Sept. 27. Parliament meets. [1S02. June 29. Dissolved.] Oct. 11. Spain in alliance with France declares war against England. Dec. 5. London. A subscription loan of £18,000,000 to carry on the war against France is taken up in 15 hours and 20 minutes. MISCELLANEOUS. 1791 * * Scot. The Trades' Hall, Glas- gow, is built, 1792* * London. The Assembly rooms, Mosley Street, are built. 1793 * * A commercial panic is caused by the French war. 1794 Feb. 3. London. The royal visit occasions an immense crowd and crush at the Haymarket Theater; 16 persons are killed and others wounded. Feb. 13. W. The canal in Merthyr- Tydvil is opened. July 21. An East India warehouse con- taining 35,000 bags of saltpeter, and 630 other houses, at Wapping are burned ; loss, £1,000,000. 1795 * * A famine occasions much suf- fering. 928 1796, Dec. 18-1800, Feb. 17. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY— NAVY. 1796 Dec. 18. The Conrageux, Capt. Hallowell, is wrecked near Gibraltar. 1797 Feb.* W. French invaders land in Pembrokeshire ; they soon sur- render to the country people. Feb. 14. Battle of St. Vincent (p. 712). Feb. 20. Nelson is knighted, and made rear-admiral. Apr. 15. Mutiny breaks out in the fleet at Spithead, off Portsmouth. [It is set- tled by granting the advance of wages demanded.] May 22. A mutiny at the Nore, on the Thames, blocks the trade of the river. [It is quelled, and the ringleaders exe- cuted.] July 24. Canary Islands. In an unsuc- cessful attack on Santa Cruz, Adm. Nel- son loses his right arm. Oct. 11. Nelh. Adm. Duncan defeats the Dutch in a naval battle off Camper- down. Nov. 16. N. S. La Tribune is wrecked off Halifax ; 300 men are lost. 1798 Feb. 1. The frigate Proserpine is wrecked in the Elbe. May 4. Ire. The insurrection of "United Irishmen" commences. May 23. Ire. The British under Gen. Dundas are defeated by the insurgents at Kilcullen. May 24. Ire, The royal troops rout the insurgents at Carlow. [May 26. They (400 strong) defeat 4,000 insurgents near Tara, Meath.] May 27. Ire. About 500 insurgents at- tack and defeat the king's troops at Ooulard Hill, Wexford. June 5. Ire. United Irishmen are re- pulsed at New Ross; the British put to death 221 prisoners. June 9. Ire. Battle at Arklow, Wick- low. The British (16,000) defeat 20,000 United Irishmen, led by Fathers John and Michael Murphy; Michael Murphy is killed, and the Irish retire after despe- rate fighting. June 12. Ire. United Irishmen are de- feated, and many killed, at Ballina- hinch, Down, by Gen. Nugent ; this suppresses the rebellion in the north. June 21. Ire. British troops defeat the Irish insurgents under Father John Murphy at Vinegar Hill, Wexford. July 24. The Resistance is blown up in the Strait of Banca. Aug. 1. Egy. Battle of the Wile. Nelson, with 14 ships carrying 1,012 guns and 8,068 men, defeats the French fleet of 19 ships, 1.196 guns, and 11,230 men; ISOnent, with Bruevs and 1,000 men on board, blows up; only 70 or 80 men escape. French loss, 9,000 men. Aug. 27. Ire. French troops land at Killala, Mayo (p. 712). Sept.* England holds 27,000 French prisoners, and France estimates the number of her English prisoners at 6,000. Oct. 12. Ire. Sir John Borlase Warren captures five French ships. These were sent to help the Irish in a naval battle off the north coast of Ire- land, near Berry. Theobald Wolfe Tone, leader of the United Irishmen, is among the prisoners taken. [Nov. 12. He com- mits suicide in prison.J Nov. 24. Napper Tandy, United Irish- man, flees to Hamburg after his defeat in Ireland [and is there delivered up to the English]. 1799 Feb. 9. The British ship Dedalus captures the French frigate La Prudente in 57 minutes; losses: French, 27 killed ; British, two. * * Ind. Third Mysore "War (p. 1046). Aug. 30. Nelh. The Dutch fleet of 12 ships of the line and 13 Indiamen sur- renders to Adm. Mitchell at the Texel Island. Sept. 19. Neth. Duke of York defeated at Bergen (p. 712). [Oct. 2. He defeats the French under Brune at Bergen.] Oct. 6. The Duke of York surrenders (p. 712). [Afterwards his army is exchanged for 6,000 French and Dutch prisoners in England.] Oct. 9, 10. Neth. H. M. S. Lutine is wrecked off Vlieland, and all her crew lost. Oct. 13. Napoleon Bonaparte declares war against Hamburg for the delivering of Napper Tandy, a United Irishman, to the English. [1802. Tandy is liberated after Peace of Amiens.] Oct. 19. The Impregnable is wrecked off Dangstone Inlet. Oct. 25. Neth. The Nassau is wrecked on the Haak Bank ; 100 persons are drowned. Nov. 5. S. Afr. The Sceptre is wrecked in Table Bay (Cape of Good Hope) ; 291 of the crew perish. Dec. 24. Fr. The Ethalion is wrecked on the Penmarks. * * The Duke of York is appointed cap- tain-general. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1796 Dec. 25. London. This day is supposed to be the coldest ever known in this city; 16° below zero. 1796-98 Haydn's oratorio, Creation, is composed. * * London. A statue of John Howard is erected in St. Paul's. 1797 * * Hydropathy is revived by Dr. James Currie in Liverpool. * * Electrolyzation is discovered by Sir Humphry Davy. * * Gas is used extensively for the first time by Murdoch in Watt's engine fac- tory. * * London. Count Kumford boils water by friction. 1799 Nov. 4. Ralph Gout secures a patent on the pedometer, an instru- ment for numbering the steps taken by a walker. * * A tabular view of British strata is published in the Geological Map of Eng- land and Wales by "William Smith, the father of British geology. * * Scot. The stone bridge of Kelso is commenced by John Rennie. * * Sir Humphry Davy melts ice by fric- tion. * * A mowing-machine is invented by Boyce. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1796 * * Allan, David, painter, Scot., A52. Back, Sir George, arctic explorer, born. Beechey, Frederick William, arctic explorer, author, rear-admiral, naturalist, born. Bohn, Henry George, publisher, born. Booth, Junius Brutus, actor, born. Burns, Robert, poet, Scotland, A37. Campbell, George, theologian, Biblical critic, Scotland, A77. Charlotte, princess, daughter of George IV., born. Coleridge, Hartley, poet, mis. writer, born. I)e la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist, born. Gleig, George Robert, cl., an., Scotland, b. Grattan, Thomas ('olley, novelist, Ireland, b. Henslow, John Stevens, botanist, born. Landseer, Thomas, engraver, born. Macgillivray, William, ornithologist, author, Scotland, born. Macpherson, James, poet, Scotland, A58. Medhurst, Waltei Henry, Chinese'miss., b. Miller, William, engraver. Scotland, born. O'Connor, Fergus, journalist, politician, Chartist, Ireland, born. Planche, James Robinson, dramatist, au., b. Powell, Baden, clergyman, physicist, born. Beid. Thomas, philosopher, Scotland, A86- Roberts, David, landscape painter, Scot., b. Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, political econo- mist, statesman, born. Williams, John, missionary, born. 1797* * Amherst, Lord, Jeffrey, statesman, general, A 80. Bayly, Thomas Haynes, song-writer, born. Burke. Edmund, orator, states., au., A68. Cardigan, Earl of, James Thomas BrudeneU, general, born. Combe, Andrew, physiologist, Scotland, b. Drummond, Thomas, captain, civil engineer, Scotland, born. Godwin, Mary "Wollstonecraft. novelist, A38. Hutton, James, geologist, Scotland, A71. Jameson, Anna, writer on art, Ireland, born. Lyell, Sir Charles, geologist, Scot., born. Lover, Samuel, novelist, artist, song-writer, Ireland, born. Motherwell, William, poet, antiquary, jour- nalist, Scotland, born. Normanby, Marquis of, C. H. Phipps, novel- ist, statesman, born. Reid, Sir William, engineer, meteorologist, Scotland, born. Shelley, Mrs. Mary, novelist, mis- wr., b. Thirlwall, Connop, bishop of St. David's, historian, statesman, born. "Wilkes. John, statesman, A70. "Wilkinson, Sir John Gardiner, Egyptol-.b. Walmesley, Charles, Benedictine monk, mathematician, A76. 1798 * * Banim, John, novelist, Ireland, b. Barclay, John, clergyman, founder of Bere- ans, Scotland, A64. Carleton, William, novelist, Ireland, born. Croker. Thomas Crofton, antiquary, hu- morist, Ireland, born. Donovan, Edward, naturalist, author, born. Douglas, David, botunist, Scotland, born. Dyce, Alexander, dramatist, editor, literary historian, Scotland, born. Fitzgerald, Lord, Edward, a leader of the United Irishmen, Ireland, A33. Harding, James D., landscape painter, born. Henderson, Thomas, astronomer. Scot., b. Hood. Thomas, poet, humorist, born. Howitt, Mary Botham, poet, author, born. Labouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton, states man, born, Moir, David Macbeth, poet, novelist, Scot., b. Neele, Henry, poet, author, born. Pennant, Thomas, naturalist, antiquary, A72. Pollok, Robert, poet, Scotland, horn. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, a leader of the United Irishmen, Ireland, A 35. Wrotteslev, Baron, John, astronomer, born. 1799* * Atkinson, Thomas William, land- scape painter, traveler, born. Bacon, John, founder British school of sculp- ture, A59. Baines, Matthew Talbot, statesman, born. Belcher, Sir Edward, adm., arctic navig., b. Black, Joseph, chemist, anatomist, Ire., A71. Craik, George Liltie, miscellaneous wr., b. Derby, Earl of, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, statesman, author, born. Fellows, Sir Charles, traveler, antiquary, b. Finlay, George, historian, born. Gore, Catherine Grace Frances Moody, nov- elist, born. Howe, Earl, Richard, admiral, A74. Key, Thomas Hewitt, philologist, born. Lindley, John, botanist, born. Monhoddo, Lord, James Burnet, jurist, A85. Nicolas, Sir Nicolas Harris, antiquary, b. Syme, James, surgeon, author, born. Thorn, James, sculptor, Scotland, born. AND IRELAND. 1796, Dec. 18-1800, Feb. 17. '929 CHURCH. 1797* * Tlie New Connection Metho- dists are the first to separate from the parental Wesleyan body. * * John Fisher is consecrated bishop of Salisbury. 1798 Jan. * Dublin. The Orangemen publish a declaration of their principles upholding the maintenance of the church and state under the Ho|ise of Brunswick. 1799 Apr. 16. London. Sixteen clergy- men meet at the Castle and Falcon, and organize the Society for Missions to Africa and the East. May* London. The Religious Tract Society is established. LETTERS. 1796 * * Camilla, by Madame D'Arblay, appears. * * Poe7ns, by Coleridge and Charles Lamb, appears. * * Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France, by Ed- mund Burke, appear. * * A Dictionary of Quotations, compiled by Macdonnel, appears. * * London. Bell 's Messenger is issued. * * Scot. A translation of Burger's Le- nore, by [Sir] Walter Scott, appears. [1799, translation of Gotz von Berlich- ingen; 1802, Border Minstrelsy.] * * Estimate of the Religion of the Fash- ionable World, by Hannali More, ap- pears. [1799, Strictures on Female Edu- cation.'] 1796-1843 London. The Monthly Mag- azine is issued. * * Poems, by Coleridge, Lamb, and Chas. Lloyd, appears. 1797 Oct. * Dublin. The Press, a rev- olutionary journal, is issued. [1798 Mar. 6. It is suppressed by military force.] Arthur O'Connor, Robert Einmett, and other conspicuous men, contribute to it, and inflame the public mind on the eve of the rebellion. * * Practical Christianity , by "William "Wilberforce, appears. * * London, The Methodist Neio Connec- tion Magazine is issued. 1798 * * London. The Philosophical Magazine is issued. * * The Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Tay- lor Coleridge, appears. [1800, transla- tion of Schiller's Wallenstein.] * * Vernal Walk, by Ebenezer Elliott, appears. * * Essay on the Principles of Population, by Thomas Robert Malthus, appears. 1798-1821 London. The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine is issued. 1799 May 3. Benjamin Elower, print- er, is fined £100, and sentenced to im- prisonment for six months, by the House of Lords, because of his freedom with the speech of the bishop of Llau- daff. May 30. The editor, printer, and pub- lisher of the London Courier are fined and imprisoned for saying that the Emperor of Russia is a tyrant amonghis own subjects and ridiculous to the rest of Europe. July * The law requires licenses to be taken for presses, and that the printer's name be placed on both the first and last pages of every book. * * "William Smith, the father of Brit- ish geology, after walking over a large part of England, constructs his geologi- cal map. * * Pizarro, by Sheridan, appears. * * Modern Infidelity, by Robert Hall, ap- pears. [1802, Reflections on War.] * * Scot. The Pleasures of Hope, by Thomas Campbell, appears. * * The Sandhurst Eoyal Military Col- lege is founded at Wycombe. [1802, re- moved to Great Marlow.] SOCIETY. 1796 * * Dublin. The city armed asso- ciation is formed. * * Joseph Lancaster, a youthful Quaker, begins to instruct the children of the poor [and becomes very successful], 1797 Mar. 11. Ladies Buckingham, Luttrel, and Stuart are fined for play- ing faro, on the testimony of two dis- charged servants. May 30. London. Kosciusko arrives in the city. * * The window-tax is increased. * * Scot. The enforcing of the M ili tia Act causes riots in many parts, several peo- ple being killed. 1798 Apr. 3. H. C. Wilherforce'san- tislavery motion is rejected. Vote,88-S3. Apr. 21. London. O'Connor, O'Coigley, and other members of the Correspond- ing Society, are tried for corresponding with the French Directory. [June 7. James O'Coigley is executed.] May 22. A riot occurs at Maidstone on the occasion of the trial of Arthur O'Con- nor and others. [1799. Apr. 25. The Earl of Thanet, Mr. Ferguson, and others are tried and convicted for to rescue O* Connor.] Nov.* Ire. Theobald "Wolfe Tone, founder of the United Irishmen, com- mits suicide in prison. Dec. 17. London. The Smithfield Club, to promote improvements in the breed of cattle, is established. * * Ire. At a barn in Scullabogue, 1S4 men, women, and children, chieliy Pro- testants, are burned, shot, or pierced to death by pikes, by the insurgent Irish. * *Eor giving the toast, "The majesty of the people," the names of Duke of Norfolk and Charles James Fox are struck off the list of privy councilors. * * London. The Royal Masonic Insti- tution for boys (Wood Green) is founded. 1799 Mar.* Parliament rejects Wilber- force's motion for immediate emanci- pation of slaves. Vote, 54-84. Nov. 30. Mr. Adams wounds Charles James Fox in a duel. * * Joseph Smith of Wendover begins a Benevolent Association for the saving of money. 1800 Jan. 10. London. The first soup-house for the poor is opened at Spitalfields. Jan. 15. Henry Grattan wounds Isaac Cory in a duel. STATE. 1797 Feb. 27. The Bank of England suspends cash payments. Feb.* Trinidad is acquired by capitu- lation. [1S02. Confirmed.] * * Parliament : Watches and clocks are taxed. [179S. Repealed.] 1798 * * The land-tax is fixed perma- nently at four shillings in the pound. Apr. 20. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended because of the prospect of rebellion in Ireland. May 19. Dublin. Lord Edward Fitz- gerald, insurgent leader, is arrested. [June 4. Dies in prison.] June 13. Ire. Arthur "Wolfe [Lord Kilwarden] is appointed chief justice. [June 20. The Marquis Cornwallis as lord-lieutenant.] * * Ire. A rebellion breaks out. * * London. The Bank of England makes a voluntary contribution to the Government of £200,000. July * Ire. An Act is passed granting conditional amnesty to rebels in Ire- land, the leaders excepted. 1799 Jan. 22. Ire. Legislative union with Great Britain is recommended in the speech from the throne to the Irish Parliament. Jan. 24. Dublin. A proposal against le- gislative union with Great Britain, of- fered by George Ponsonby as an amend- ment to theaddress in reply to the speech from the throne, is defeated in the Irish Commons. Vote, 105-106. A second de- bate ends in the carrying of an amend- ment against legislative union. Vote, 111-105. Jan. 31. H. C. Pitt proposes eight res- olutions forming the basis of legislative union with Ireland. [Feb. 12. Carried. Vote, 120-16. Later carried in the Lords.] June 22. Second Coalition against France (p. 713). 1800 Feb. 5. Dublin. Lord Castle- reagh, on behalf of the Government, proposes in the Irish House of Commons the printing and circulation of articles of legislative union with Great Brit- ain, with a view to their future adop- tion ; the motion is carried. Vote, 158- 115. Carried in the Irish House of Lords. Vote, 75-26. Feb. * Dublin. Lord Castlerengh and Under-Secretary Cook employ bribery on an extensive scale to secure votes for the union; votes are purchased by money, and by the promise of titles of nobility. Feb. 17. Dublin. Lord Castlereagb pro- poses in the Irish House of Commons the adoption of the legislative union articles one by one. Vote, 161-115. [Feb. 21. Vote, 152-108. Mar. 22. Agreed to in the Irish Commons. Mar. 27. Agreed to in the Irish Lords.] The articles provide that on and after Jan. 1, 1801, the two countries shall be united under the name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, that they shall be rep- resented in one legislature to be styled the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, that in the united par- liament Ireland shall be represented by four spiritural and 28 temporal peers, and 100 commoners, and that (lie churches of Eng- land and Ireland shall be united as the es- tablished Church of England and Ireland; the articles also provide for the financial MISCELLANEOUS. 1797 Feb. 27. London. The Bank of England suspends specie payments. [It partly resumes 20 years later.] * * Edinburgh. Bridewell, Calton Hill, is erected. 1799 Jan. 1. The Athenaeum, Liver- pool, is opened. Jan. 20. The London docks are opened. July 7. The Rennet and Avon canal is opened. 1800 Jan. 14. The transport Queen is ■wrecked on Trefusis Point ; 369 persons are drowned. Jan. 17. The Church of St. Mary, Chelms- ford, built in 142S. falls. 930' 1800, Mar. 11-1803, **. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1800 Mar. 17. Tlie flagship Queen Charlotte, 110 guns, takes tire in the Mediterranean off Leghorn ; 700 out of a crew of 850 perish. July 29. The French brig Cerbere is cap- tured in L'Orient. *' * * Thesloop-of-war Brazen is "wrecked off Newhaven ; only one man survives. 1801 Mar. 12. Adm. Hyde Parker leaves for the Baltic with a fleet of IS sail of the line. [Apr. 1 . Swe. He and Adm. N"elson, in defiance of strong for- tresses, effect the passage of the sound separating Zealand from Sweden.] Mar. 16. The Invincible, Capt. Rennie, is lost near Yarmouth ; only 126 men are saved. Mar. 21. Egy. Battle of Alexandria (p. 714). Apr. 2. Den. Adms. Nelson and Parker bombard Copenhagen (p. 638). July 6. The war-ship Hannibal is lost in an engagement in Gibraltar Bay be- tween the English and French fleets. July 12. Sp. The British under Sir James Saumarez defeat the French and Spanish fleet off Cadiz; allies' loss, 3,000 men and three ships. Dee. * Ire. Men of the naval squadron under Adm. Mitchell, in Bantry Bay, mutiny [17 of the mutineers are con- demned and executed]. 1802 Mar. 27. Fr. Peace of Amiens (p. 715). 1803 May 18. "War begins with Bona- parte (p. 714). nean. July 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks out under Robert Emmet ; Lord Justice Kilwarden is killed. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1800 Mar. 11. London. The Royal Institution for the promotion of the fine arts holds its first meeting. Nov. 8. A storm does much damage in London and throughout all England. * *A British Mineralogical Society is established. * * Herschel discovers dark heat-rays. * * The Stanhope printing-press is in- vented. * * The manufacture of shear-steel be- gins in Sheffield. * * Humphry Davy produces electric light with carbon points. He also dis- courses on laughing-gas. * * "Water is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen gases by the voltaic bat- tery by Henry Alleyne Nicholson and Sir Anthony Carlisle. * * The Rumford medal is awarded to Count Rumford himself by the Royal Society. * * London. The Royal Institut on Laboratory, the first of importance in London, is established. [Davy, Fara- day, Tyndall, and Franklin make dis- coveries here.] 1801 * * A first experimental steamboat is tried on the Thames by Mr. Syming- ton. [1802. Successfully repeated.] July 24. An iron tramroad, to be worked by horses, is completed from Croydon to "Wandsworth. * * Thomas Young, by experiments, con- firms the undulatory theory of light. * * Hamlet ivith Yorick's Skull is painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence. * * Thomas Young discourses on the in- terference of light. * * Scot. The Glasgow Philosophical So- ciety is founded. 1802 Jan. 19. London. The Royal Jennerian Institution is founded for vaccination. June 2. Parliament grants Dr. Jenner £10,000, as the introducer of vaccina- tion. [1S07. An additional £20,000.] June 26. The London docks are com- menced. [1S05. Jan. 20. Opened.] Aug. 27. London. The "West India docks are opened. * * London. A telescope is made for the observatory of Madrid ; cost, £11,000. * * Dr. William Hyde Wollaston observes dark lines (Fraunhofer's lines) in the solar spectrum. Dec. 2, 3. Dublin. The Liffey valley is inundated, causing great damage. * * Photographs are first produced in England by Thomas Wedgwood and Mr. Davy. * * London. "Westminster Hall is thor- oughly repaired. * * A patent is granted to Trevethick and Vivian for a high-pressure locomotive engine. ± * * A planing-machirie- for wood is constructed by Bramah. * * Thomas, Earl of Elgin, begins the col- lection of the Elgin Marbles during his mission to the Ottoman Porte. 1803* * London. A copper-plate en- graving-machine is invented by Turrel. * * Scot. Woodmason, Payne, and Brown improve the ruling- macnine. Dec. 1. London. Master William Henry West Betty, 12 years of age (Koscius In- fant) appears at Covent Garden as Taylor, Sir Henry, poet, dramatist, born, Webster, Thomas, painter, born. Willis, Robert, physicist, mechanician, born. Young, Matthew, clergyman, physicist, A 50. 1801 Feb. 31. Newman, John Henry. cardinal, theological writer, born. Abereromby, Sir Ralph, gen., A67. Airy, George Biddel, astronomer, born. Blair. Hugh, cl., rhetorician, Scotland, A83. Chadwick, Edwin, social economist, born. Choules, John Overton, cl.. Baptist au., b. Chapone, Hester, miscellaneous writer, A74. Clive, Caroline, novelist, horn. Inman, Henry, portrait, landscape painter, b. .lames, George Payne Kainsfoiil, novelist, b. Millar, John, jurist, Scotland, A66. Madden, Sir Frederick, antiquarian au., b. Ornie, Robert, historian, A73. Saint John, James Augustus, born. Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley Cooper, philanthropist, born. Wakefield, Gilbert, schob, theolog., pol., A45. 1802 * * Arnold. Samuel, mus. comp., A62. Bentinck, Lord, William George Frederick Cavendish, statesman, born. Barre, Col. Isaac, officer, A76. Bnckstone, John B. actor, author, born. Carlisle, Earl of, Geo. Win., statesman, born* Cautley, Sir Proby T., engineer, born. Chambers, Robert, publisher, Scotland., b. Chitty, Thomas, legal writer, born. Cockburn. Sir Alexander J. E., jurist, b. Dermody, Thomas, poet, Ireland, A27- Garbett, .lames, theologian, born. Geddes, Alexander, K. C. theologian, Biblical critic, author. Scotland, A65. Graves, Lord, Thomas, admiral, A77. Haghe, Louis, painter, lithographer, born. Kenyon. Lord, Lloyd, jurist, statesman, A69. Kiss", C, sculptor, born. Lance, George, painter, born. Landon, Letiiia Elizabeth [Mrs. George Mac- lean], poet, novelist, born. Landseer, Sir Edwin, painter of animals, b. Lane, Edward William, orientalist, born. Lister, Thomas Henry, novelist, author, b. Martineau, Harriet, author, born. Miller, Hugh, geologist, Scotland, born. Moore, John, physician, Scotland, A73. IWoseley, Henry, scientific writer, born. l'raed, Winfhrop Mackworth, poet, born. Roebuck, John Arthur, statesman, born. Roinney, George, painter, A68. Strutt, Joseph, antiquary, engraver, A60. Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, car- dinal, author, born. Soli: Barbarossa. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1800 Oct. 25. Macaulay, Lord Thomas Babington, essayist, historian, states., b. Arnold, Thomas K., scholar, editor classical text-books, born. Baines, Edward, politician, born. Barnes, William, cl., poet, philol., born. Harrington, Daines, jurist, naturalist, anti- quary, A73. Bell, Robert, journalist, miscellaneous writer, born in Ireland. Bray, Mrs. (Anna Eliza Kempe), novelist, misc. writer, born. Cattermole, George, painter, born. Chambers, William, editor, miscellaneous writer, Scot., born. Clarendon, Earl of, George W. F. Villiers, b. Codnngton, Sir William John, general, b. Cowper. William, poet, A69. Cruikshank, William, anatomist, Scot., A55. iienison, John Evelyn, statesman, born. Digby, Kenelm Henry, mis. writer, born. Doo, George Thomas, historical engr., born. Egerton, Francis Leveson Gower, Karl of Ellesmere, statesman, born. Gowan, 0. B., editor, fdr. of Orange lodges, Ireland, born. Gray, John Edward, naturalist, born. Hall, Samuel Garter, critic, author, Ire., b. Jones, William, Ilutehiiisonian cl., au., A74. Long, George, classical schol., hist., author, b. Marsh, Anne, novelist, born.i Meehi, John Joseph, rural economist, born. Montagu, Elizabeth, mis. writer, A80- Phillips, John, geologist, born. Puaey. Edward Bouverie, cl., author, b. Ramsden, Jesse, optician, inventor, A65. Ross, Sir James < 'lark, adm., arc. navig., b. Rosse, Earl of, William Parsons, astr., born. Sinclair, Catherine, writer, Scotland, born. Steevens, George, Shakspearean commenta- tor, author, A64. Talbot, Wm. Henry Fox, discoverer of pho- tography, born. 1800 * * It. Pius "VII. is elected pope. * * The Church of England is united with that of Ireland by the Act of Union. 1801* * The Clergy Incapacitation Act is passed. Clergymen are prohib- ited from becoming members of Parlia- ment. 1802 f * * Bishops elected : 1802, George I. Huntingford for Glouces- ter and Bristol. [1815. June* Trans- lated to Hereford.] I8d3, John Fisher for Exeter. [1807. Translated to Salisbury.] 1807, George Pelham for Exeter. [1820. Sept.* Translated to Lincoln.] 1808, Fol- liott H. Cornwall for Worcester; 1813, John Parsons for Peterborough. * * The Sunday-school Union is formed. * * London. A Bible Society for Wales LETTERS. 1800 * * Downing College, Cambridge, is chartered. * * London. The Post-Office Directory first appears. * * Castle Rachrent, by Maria Edgeworth, appears. [1S01, liidhtda. and Moral Talcs; 1804, Popular 'Pairs : ISOii. L.onora; 1809- 12, Tales of a Fashionable Life.] * * London. The library of the East In- dia Company is founded. * * Scot. The Edinburgh Farmer's Maga- zine is issued. 1801 London. The Weekly Dispatch is AND IRELAND. 1800, Mar. 11-1803/ 931 * * Thalaba, by Southey, appears. [1805, Madoc ; 1810, Curse of Kehama and His- tory of Brazil.] 1802 Oct. 10. Edinburgh. The Ed- inburgh Review is first issued. * * The Lyceum, Liverpool, is erected. * * Porcupine's Works, by William Cob- bett, appears. ■* * John Boydell's edition of Shake- speare's Works, with numerous plates, is published in nine volumes folio. * * Luke Howard's work on the Clouds appears. 1802-19 Abraham Rees's Cyclopaedia ap- pears. 1802-28 Essays, by Sydney Smith, ap- pears. [1S07, Peter Plymley's Letters.] 1802-5 7 London. The Christian Ob- server is issued. 1803 * * Edinburgh. The Koyal Col- lege of Surgeons is incorporated. * * London. The Globe is issued. * * Poems, by Henry Kirke "White, ap- pears. * * Thaddeus of Warsaw, by Jane Porter, appears. [1810, The Scottish Chiefs.] SOCIETY. 1800 May 15. London. An unsuccessful attempt is made to assassinate George in. during a review in Hyde Park ; a spectator is wounded by the shot. Hat- field, the lunatic, makes another attempt with a pistol in Drury Lane Theater in the evening. * * Wm. Spence, a Yorkshire schoolmas- ter, is prosecuted for advocating a redivision of all the lands of the country. * * Daily wages of harvest men are two shillings. * * Titles created : Earls Kinmare, Castle-Stuart, Bandon,and Donoughuiore, Manjuisesnf Sli^o, Headfort, and Ely, Viscounts of Muin-k and Avonmore, Barons De Blaquire, Wallscourt, and Clan- morris, Henniker, Gardner, DufTerin, Ven- try, Radstork. Lau^fonl, Aslitown, Dunallev, and Clarina. [1801, Earl of Caledon ; 1803, Earl of Limerick, and Earl Clan ear thy; 1806, Earls Normanton, Gosford, Rosse, Viscount of Lismore and of Templeton, and Baron Rendleshem.] * * Titles created : Earl of JIalmsbury, Duke of Cadogan. [1801, Dukes of Chichester and Craven, Mar- quis of Exeter, Earls of Onslow, Romney, and Wilton, Viscount of St. Vincent, and Barons Cra.^sfonl, Aber(M-t i.ieorge III., A27. Armstrong, Sir William George, inv., b. Baring, Sir Francis, financier, A70. Cavendish, Henry, chemist, nat. pliil., A79. Chandler, llicliard, areheolnejst, A72. Colli ngwood, Lord Cuthbert, adm., A60. Dillte, Charles Went worth, pol. econ., b. Fox, Sir Charles, civil engineer, born. Gaskel, Klizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson, nov- elist, born. Grosse, Philip Henry, naturalist, born. Herbert, Lord Sidney, statesman, horn. Hinton, .lames Howard, Ba.pt. el., an., horn. Kane, Sir liobert. chemist, Ireland, horn. Lawrence, Lord, John L. M., gov.-gen., b. Miller, William, poet, Scotland, horn. Moleswortli, Sir William, statesman, born. Napier, Baron, liobert Cornelis, general, b. Poole, Paul Falconer, painter, born. Kawlinson, Sir Henry C, orientalist, dip- lomatist, born. Tannahill, Robert, poet, Scotland, A36. Trollope, Thomas Adolplms, author, born. Twiss, Sir Travel's, jurist, born. Tupper, Martin Kannihar, writer, born. Windham, William, orator, statesman, A60. Warburton, Eliot B. G., author, Ireland, b. Wright, Thomas, antiquarian writer, born. 1811 July 18. Thackeray, William Makepeace, poet, novelist, born. Abercorn, Duke of, James Hamilton, states- Bo wyer, Sir George, jurist, born. Bright, John, orator, statesman, horn. Budd, William, physician, born.' Cope, Charles West, painter, horn. Cooke, Edward William, historical p., born. Cumberland, Richard, dramatist, A79. Domett, Alfred, poet, born. Donaldson, John N., classical scholar, born. Draper, John W., chemist, born. Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville, states- man, Scotland, A70. Grahame, James, lawyer, poet, philanthro- pist, Scotland, A46. Hallam, Arthur Henry, essayist, poet, born. Kean, Charles John, actor, born. Kemble, Frances Anne, actor, born. Kinglake, Alexander William, historian, b. Leyden, John, poet, orientalist, Scot., A36. Liddell, Henry Geo., classical sctiol., hist., b. Lowe, Robert, statesman, born. Maskelyne, Nevil, astronomer, A79. McCosh, James, metaphysician, Scot., b. Maclise, Daniel, hist, painter, Ireland, b. Newcastle, Duke of, Henry Pelham Clinton, statesman, born. Percy, Thomas, bishop of Droniore, au., A82. Raikes, Robert, fdr. Sunday-schools, A 86. Simpson, Sir James Young, pliys., Scot., b. Scott, Sir George Gilbert, architect, born. Tait, Archibald Campbell, archbishop of Canterbury, born. CHURCH. 1808* *The London Society for Pro- moting Christianity among the Jews is formed. 1810 * * The Primitive Methodists are * * The Swedenborg Society is founded. LETTERS. 1807-34 Irish Melodies, hy Thomas Moore, appears. [1813, The Twopenny Postbag.] 1808 * * A mineralogy professorship is founded at Cambridge. * * Ccelebs in Search of a Wife, by Han- nah More, appears. [1813, Christian Morals.] * * Scot. Gertrude of Wyoming , by Thomas Campbell, appears. 1810 * * Scot. Philosophical Essays, by Dugald Stewart, appears. * * Scot. History of the Revolution of 16SS and Progress of Ethical Philosophy, by Sir James Mackintosh, appear. * * London. Baptist College, Regent's Park, is founded. * * The Friend, by Coleridge, appears. [1813, Remorse, a tragedy ; 1816, Christa- bel and Kubla Khan; 1817, Biographia Literaria.] * * Scot. The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, edited by Sir David Brewster, is begun. * * Poems, by Allan Cunningham, appears. 1811 * * Training-schools are begun by the National Society. * * Sense and Sensibility, by Jane Austen, appears. [1813, Pride and Prejudice; 1814, Mansfield Park; 1816, Emma; 1S18, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion.'] 1811-25 London. The British Review is issued. SOCIETY. 1807 * * The Government reports that since 1702 more than 3,500,000 Africans have been torn from their country as slaves, and had either perished on the passage or been sold as slaves in the West Indies. * * London. The African Institution, for the abolition of the slave-trade and the civilization of Africa, is founded. * * London. The Female Penitentiary, Pentonville Road, is established. 1808 May 23. Riots occur among weavers on account of low wages. June 25. Major Campbell kills Capt. Boyd in a duel. [Oct. 2. Executed.] * * The death penalty for pickpockets stealing to the value of rive shillings is abolished. [1809. Also for stealing goods from bleaching-grounds.] 1809 Jan. * The Duke of York, com- mander-in-chief, is charged with gross- est indecency in connection with Mrs. Mary Ann Clarke ; sales of commission by her, the Duke's mistress, are alleged. June 27. A quarrel between a party of dragoons and a press-gang occasions a riot in Liverpool. Sept. 18-Dec. 16. London. The O. P. (old prices) riots occur in the new Co- vent Garden Theater ; they are caused by the increased prices of admission, and cease only when the old prices are re- stored. Sept. 21. Lord Castlereagh wounds George Canning in a duel. Oct. 25. The nation celebrates the 50th year of the reign of George III. by a jubilee. * *A sheriffs' fund for assisting dis- charged prisoners commenced. 1810 Sept. 6. Mr. Clarke kills George Payne in a duel. * * Edinburgh. An asylum for the deaf and dumb is opened by T. Braidwood. * * Henry Duncan establishes the Parish Bank Friendly Society. 1811 Mar. 4. Ensign de Balton kills Capt. Boardman in a duel. Nov.* -12 Jan.* Machinery-frame breaking riots occur at Nottingham. Caused by popular opposition to the introduction of labor-sitving machinery ; the rioters are called Luddites, from Ned Lud, an idiot, who began the practice. [The act is made a capital offense.] 1812 Mar, 16. London. William Cun- dell, alias Connell, and John Smith, British subjects, taken in the enemy's service in the Isles of France and Bour- bon, are beheaded at Horsemonger Lane. STATE. 1808 July* -Nov.* The Walcheren expedition, sent to Antwerp to destroy the locks and shipping, fails ; the fail- ure causes a rupture between Lord Cas- tlereagh and Canning, and both resign. Aug. 30. Port. The Convention of Cintra (p. 717). Nov. 5. Ger. The Convention of Ber- lin is entered. Napoleon agrees to remit war-debt money to Prussia in order to withdraw troops from Prussian fortresses to reen- force his army in Spain. 1809 Mar. 17. The Duke of York, son of King George, coinm;mder-in-chief of the army, is acquitted by the House of Commons after trial by impeachment on charges of maladministration of his office. Apr. 9. Great Britain and Austria form the fifth coalition against France. Apr.* A new Order in Council is isstled confining the blockade to France, Hol- land, part of Germany, and the north of Italy. Dec. 2. A new administration is formed : Spencer Perceval, premier ; the FJarl of Liverpool, secretary of state; and Lord Palmerston, secretary of war. A general militia act for Ireland is 1810 Apr. 9. Sir Francis Burdett, member of the Commons, is committed to the Tower for publishing a letter denying the authority of the House to imprison for the Gale-Jones case of breach of privilege. [A three days' riot follows.] Oct. * The king becomes insane. Dec. * Ind. Ocean. Mauritius is ac- quired. 1811 Feb. 5. Parliament: The Re- gency Bill is passed, making the Prince of Wales regent of the United .King- dom. Feb. 6. The prince regent takes the oaths before a privy council. [Perceval continues premier.] * * London. Sir Claudius S. Hunter is elected lord mayor. [1812. George Scho- ley; 1813, Sir William Domville; 1814, Samuel Birch; 1815, 1816, Matthew Wood; 1817, Christopher Smith.] * * The Mint is finished. 1812 Feb. 19. Marquis Welle'sley (for- eign affairs) resigns because the Govern- ment does not prosecute the war with vigor. [Castlereagh succeeds him.] Apr. 3. An Order in Council revokes previous orders regarding America on condition that British armed vessels are not excluded from her ports while those of France are admitted. MISCELLANEOUS. 1808 Aug. 4. The Corn Exchange at Liverpool is opened. * * London. Covent Garden Theater ■ned. [1809. Sept. IS. Rebuilt and ■] 1809 Feb. 11. London. Three West India warehouses burned ; loss, £300,000. * * Manchester and Salford water-works are established at Manchester. * * The Royal Exchange, Liverpool, is completed. 1810 Feb. 11. St. Nicholas Tower, Liverpool, falls, killing 28 persons. Mar. 9. London. The city is rendered impassable for several hours by aheavy rain. Dec. * A great commercial embarrass- ment occurs. 936 1812, Apr. 14-1815, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1812 May 22. Capt. Hotham, with the Northumberland, captures and destroys two French frigates near L'Orient. June 18-1815 Feb. 17. War with the United States (pp. 118-123). July 22. Sp. Battle of Salamanca. "Wellington, with 45,000 men, defeats the French Marshal Marmont, with about the same number; allies' loss, 5,200 killed and wounded; French loss, 14,000+ . Aug. 12. Sp. Wellington enters Ma- drid. Sept. 19-Oct. 21. Sp. "Wellington unsuccessfully besieges the Castle of Burgos, losing 2,000 men killed and wounded. * * Non-commissioned officers and pri- vates of the Royal Engineers get the name of Sappers and Miners. 1813 Feb. 7. In an engagement with a French frigate the British frigate Amelia loses 46 men killed and 95 wounded. June 21. Sp. Battle of Vittoria. Wellington, with an army of 80,000, de- feats 70,000 French under Joseph Bona- parte and Jourdan; the loss of the French is enormous ; besides 6,000 killed and wounded, they lose their military chest containing ^i. 100,000, also 151 brass guns, and a vast quantity of ammuni- tion ; British loss, 5,180 killed and wounded. July 25-Aug. 2. Sp, Battles of the Pyrenees between the British under Wellington and the French under Soult ; the British are generally successful ; the French retreat to France. Aug. 31. Sp. The British take Saint Sebastian (p. 720). Oct. 23. The French frigate La Trave, 44 guns, is captured by the Andromache, 38 guns. Oct. 31. Sp. The Spaniards capture Pamplona and its garrison of 4,000 men. Hov. 18. Fr. "Wellington crosses the river Nivelle, driving the French he- fore him, and takes up his position at St. Jean de Luz. [Dec. 10, 11, 12. He resists the attacks of Marshal Soult.] 1814 Jan. 6. The British ship Tagus captures the French frigate Ceres. Jan. 16. The British ship Venerable captures the French frigates Alcmene and Iphigenia. Feb. 3. The Majestic captures the French frigate Terpsichore. Feb. 25. The Dryad and Achates cap- ture the French ship Clorinde after an action with the Eurotas. Feb. 27. Fr. Battle of Orthez. Wellington with 37,000 men defeats 35,000 French under Marshal Soult: French loss, 3,900 killed, wounded, and prisoners ; British loss, 2,300. Mar. 20. Fr. "Wellington defeats Soult at Tarbes. Mar. 27. The Hebrus captures the French frigate L'Etoile. Apr. 10. Fr. Battle of Toulouse; 51,- 000 allies defeat 138,000 French (p. 720). * * The British navy numbers 901 ships, 177 of the line. 1814-15 E. I. The Goorkha war. (See India.) 1815 Mar. 13-June 22. The Hun- dred Days' "War (p. 722). It is caused by the escape of Napoleon from Elba, March 13, and his resump- tion of the government of France. Eng- land and her allies renew hostilities against him. June 16. Belg. Battle of Q,uatre-Bras (p. 722). June 18. Belg. Battle of "Waterloo (p. 722). ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 1812 * * London. Hannibal Crossing the Alps is exhibited by Joseph M. "W. Turner, at the Royal Academy. Aug. 12. The Plymouth breakwater is begun ; length, 5,280 feet ; base, 360 feet across. * * Scot. Steam-vessels begin to ply on the Clyde. [1815. First steam-vessel on the Thames.] ±* *J. W. Hitter constructs his "sec- ondary pile." 1813 * * London. The Philharmonic Society is established. [Mar. 8. First concert.] * * Davy exhibits the voltaic arc. * * The Antiquarian Society is estab- lished at Newcastle. * * Tbe first locomotive or traveling en- gine is made by William Hedley of Wylam Colliery, as a substitute for animal power in a colliery. * * London. Marylebone Church is commenced by Hardwick. 1814 Feb. 4. London. Ice forms on the Thames above the bridges [and a fair is held thereon for eight days]. June 1. London. Mrs. Dorothy Bland Jordan makes her last appearance as lady Teazle. Nov. 29. London. The Times, the first newspaper printed by steam-power, is- sues 1,200 copies per hour. Dec. 16-17. A terrific storm sweeps over Great Britain and Ireland ; im- mense damage is done, and many ships wrecked. Dec. 20. Wm. Charles Macready, the tragedian, makes his first appearance at Bath as Borneo. * * John Martin's painting, Joshua, is completed. [1818, Fall of Babylon; 1821, Belshazzar's Feast; 1826, The Deluge; 1828, Fall of Nineveh.] * * Scot. The kaleidoscope is suggested by David Brewster. [1817. Perfected.] 1814-20 London. Gas-light is gener- ally introduced. * * The Columbian printing-press of Clymer is produced. * * George Stephenson constructs his first locomotive ; it travels six miles an hour. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1813 Feb. 7 Dickens, Charles, nov., b. Allman, Ceo. .lames, zoologist, b. Ballantine, William, lawyer, born. Browning, Robert, poet, born. Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, hist., born. Canning", Earl, Charles John, states., b. Dalhousie, first Marquis of, James A. B. R., statesman, born. Donaldson, John William, philologist, born. Ellis, Sarah Stickney, author, born. Fullerton, Lady Georgiana, novelist, born. Hullah, John, musical composer, Scot., born. Kirwan. Richard, chemist, geoL, Ire., A62. Latham, Robert Cordon, philologist, born. Linton, William James, engraver, born. Lindsay, Lord, Alexander W . Crawford, traveler, born. Mackay, Charles, poet, Scotland, born. jVlalone, Edmund, Shakespearean commenta- tor, author, Ireland, A71. Martyn, Henry, Indian miss., orient., A31. Perceval, Spencer, statesman, A50. Prestwich, Joseph, geologist, born. Pugin, Autfustni Weltiy Northmore, arch., b. Selborne, Lord, Sir Koundell Palmer, states- Tooke, John Home, politician, philol., A76. "Walter, John, founder London Times, A73. Wornum, Ralph Nicholson, art-critic, born. Yonge, Charles Duke, philologist, born. 1813 * * Aytoun, William E., poet, Scot., b. Bessemer, Henry, engineer, inventor of Bessemer-steel process, born. Birch, Samuel, Egyptologist, born. Carp enter, Willi am Benjamin, physiol.,b. Fortune, Rohert, hotanist, born. Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh, novelist, born. Levizac, Sir John, math., natural phil., b. Living-stone, David, A frican explorer, missionary, Scotland, born. Macfarren, George Alexander, composer, b. MacCheyne, Rohert Murray, cl., Scot., born- Pitman, Isaac, author stenography, born. Marshall, William ('aider, sculptor, Scot., b. Murray, Alexander, linguist, Scot., A38. Robertson, James C, cl., historian, born. Scrivener, Frederick Henry, Bib. critic, b. Sharp, Granville, philanthropist, A79. Thomas, John, sculptor, horn. Torrens, William T. M., author, Ireland, b. Tytler, Alex. Fraser, jurist, hist., Scot., A66. Wvatt, James, architect, A70. 1814 * * Astley, Philip, equestrian, A72. Auckland, Lord, William, statesman, born. Bramah, Joseph, mechanician, A65. Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, Angela Geor- gina, philanthropist, born. Burney, Charles, composer, author, A88. Coke, Thomas, first bishop of M. E. Church, U. S. A.. A67. De Vere, Aubrey Thomas, poet, Ireland, b. Dibdin, Charles, song-writer, A69. Eadie, John, Pies, clergyman, author, born. Elmes, llarvev Lonsdale, architect, born. Faber, Frederick W., R. C. cl., poet, au.,b. Gilbert, Josiah, painter, author, born. Howe, Sir "William, general, A85. Inglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot,maj.-gen.,b. Kerr, Robert, mis. writer, Scotland, born. Lankester, Edwin, phys., hotanist, author, b. Lawes, Sir John Bennett, rural economist, b. Maskell, William, archeologist, born. Ogilvie, John, poet, Scot., A81. Paget, Sir James, physician, born. Ramsay, Andrew Crombie, geologist, born. Reade, Charles, novelist, born. Smith, Sir "William, classical scholar, jour- nalist, author, born. Southeolt, Joanna, fanatic, A64. 1815 * * Absolon, -John, painter, born. Barker, Thomas Jones, painter, born. Bird, Cohling. physician, physicist, born. Buchanan, < 'laudius, clergyman, writer, d. Burke, Sir John Bernard, genealogist, born. Clarke, Henry, philologist, engineer, born. Corbould, EdVard Henry, water-color p., b. Darling, Grace, of Fame Island, heroine, b. Ellis, George, author, A70. Eyre, Edward John, explorer, diplomatist, b. Forbes, Edward, naturalist, born. Frere, Sir Henry Battle Edward, states., b. Fuller, Andrew, Baptist preacher, au.,A61. Granville, Earl, George Leveson-Gower, statesman, born. Holl, Francis, engraver, born. Jenner, Sir William, physician, author, b. Legge, James, sinologist, Chinese scholar, Scotland, born. - M ami ire, John Francis, author, Ireland, b. May, Thomas Fiskme, historian, born. Mitchel, John, patriot, historian, journal- ist, Ireland, born. Quekett, John Thomas, mieroscopist, nat., b. Eawlinson, George, hist., orient., theol., b. Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, dean of West- minster, litterateur, born. Trollope, Anthony, novelist, born. Wallace, William Vincent, composer, lre.,b. CHURCH. 1812 * * Scot. The Congregational Union is organized. * * Tbe City of London Auxiliary Bible Society is formed. * * Tbe name of the Society for Africa and the East is changed to the (C Church- Missionary Society." A year elapses "before the society receives a " verbal, indirect non-disapproval on the part of AND IRELAND. 1812, Apr. 14-1815,* *. 937 a bishop, and many years before x any clergyman of the Church of England, offers his services to the Society." 1813-28. Parliament : Bills in favor of the Roman Catholics are frequently brought in "without effect. 1813 * * An Act is passed to exempt Uni- tarians from penalties. 1814 Jan. 13. National thanksgiv- ing is ordered for the defeat of Bona- parte. June 22. London. Prayer -meetings for seamen on the Thames are estab- lished, the first on the brig Friendship. July 7. The three estates of the realm unite to offer public thanksgiving at St. Paul's for the peace of Europe. * * Bishoprics established. Calcutta. [1824, Jamaica and Barbados.] 1815 * * The Bible Christian Society (Methodist) is founded by William Bryan. LETTERS. 1812 * * The Royal Military College is removed from Great Marlow to Sand- hurst. * * The Roxburghe Club, in memory of John, Puke of Roxburgh*.', is instituted by Earl Spencer for the republication of rare books or unpublished MSS. * * The Liverpool Literary and Philo- sophical Society is established. * * Count Julian, by Landor, appears. * * Scot. Isle of Palms, by John "Wilson, appears. [1816, City of the Plague.] * * Calamities of Authors, by Isaac D'ls- raeli, appears'. [1814, Quarrels of Au- thors.] * * Rejected Addresses, by James and Hor- ace Smith, appears. 1812-18 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, hj Byron, appears. [1813, The Giaour and The Bride of Abydos: 1814, The Corsair and Lara; 1815, Siege of Corinth and Parisina; 1S16, Prisoner of Chilian and other poems; 1816, Manfred; 1S19. Mazeppa, and the beginning of Don Juan; 1821, Cain and other dramas.] 1813 * * Robert Southey is appointed poet-laureate. * * The Eclectic Review is issued. * * Life of Nelson, by Southey, appearB. [1814, Roderick, the Last of the Goths.] * * Researches into the Physical History of Man, by James Cowles Pricbard, ap- pears. * * Scot. The Queen's Wake, by James Hogg, appears. * * Queen Mab, by Shelley, appears. 1814 * * The Royal Institution, Liver- pool, is founded. * * Le Chronique de Jersey is issued. * * London. The Neio Monthly Magazine is issued. * * Ire. Patronage, by Maria Edgeworth, appears. [1817, Ormond.] * * Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Bonaparte, byRichard Whately, appears. * * The Excursion, by "Wordsworth, ap- pears. [1815, The White Doe of Rylstone, and other poems; 1816, Thanksgiving Ode; 1819, Peter Bell and The Waggoner.] * * Scot. Evidences of Christianity, by Thomas Chalmers, appears. [1817, As- tronomical Discoveries; 1820, Commer- cial Discoveries.] * * Scot. Waverley and The Lord of the Isles, by Scott, appear. [1S15, Guy Mannering and The Field of Waterloo; 1816, The Antiquary, Old Mortality, and The Black Dwarf; 1817. Harold the Dauntless; 1818, The Heart of Mid-Lothian; 1S19, The Bride of Lamm er- mocr and the Legend of Montrose; 1820, Ivanhoe, The Monaster?/, and the Abbot; 1821, Kenihrorth; 1822,' The Pirate and Fortunes of Nigel ; 1823, Peveril of the Peak and Quentin Durward ; 1824, Red- gauntlet and St. Ronan's Well.] SOCIETY. 1812 Apr. 14. Rioters at Sheffield de- stroy 800 muskets belonging to the local militia. May 11. Spencer Perceval, the prime minister, is assassinated at the House of Commons. * * The Dublin. Institution is founded. * * Titles created : Marquises of Northampton and Camden, Earl of Harewood. [1813, Earl of Minto; 1814, Duke of Cat heart. Viscount of Gordon, and Baron of Wellington; 1815, Earls of Ver- ulam, St. Germaina, and Morley, Marquises of Anglesey and Cholmondeley, Dukes of Beauchamp, ISrownlmv, and Bradford, and Barons Foxford, Grimstead, Meld rum, Churchill, and Harris; 1816, Viscount of Exmouth; 1817, Baron Colchester; 1821. Earls of Horve and s trad broke, Marquis of Ails- bury, Duke of Eldon, Viscount of Hutchin- son and Barons Clanbrassi], Forester, Dela- mere, Rayleigh, Wemyss, Minster, SUchester, Oriel, Ormonde, and Ker.] * * Ire. Titles created, Barons Castle- ruaine and Decies. [1816, Earl Shefliold, Marquises of Londonderry and Conyn- ham.and Viscounts Gort and Frankfort ; 1818, Baron Garvagh.] * * The National Benevolent Institu- tion, for granting pensions to decayed gentry, and to professional people, teachers, and others in reduced circum- stances, iB established. [1859. Incorpo- rated.] 1813 July 9. Edward Maguire kills Lieut. Blumdell in a duel. [1814 Apr. * Lieut. Cecil kills Capt. Stackpole.] * * London. The London Orphan Asy- lum is founded. [1823. Removed to Clapton.] * * The waltz is introduced from Ger- many by Baron Neumaun and others. 1813-15 London. Whitecross Street prison for debtors is erected. 1814 Aug. 1. A jubilee celebrates the general peace and the centenary of the accession of the Brunswick family. Dec. 16t-. Dublin. A riot occurs at the Theater Royal on account of the cele- brated Dog of Montargis on several nights. * * Luddite riots occur at Nottingham. [1816. More riots.] 1815 Jan. 31. Daniel O'Connell kills Mr. D'Esterre in a duel. Feb. 7. Col. Quentin and Col. Palmer fight a duel. Mar. 6. London. A riot occurs around the Parliament House on account of the corn-bill ; many lives are lost. Apr. 6. A riot occurs at the depot at Dartmoor ; seven American prisoners-of- war are killed and 35 wounded. STATE. 1812 June 9. The Earl of Liverpool is appointed premier. [Lords Eldon, Palmerston, and Castlereagh, and "N. Vansittart are ministers.] June 18. The United States declares war against Great Britain (p. 119). June 23. The Orders in Council relat- ing to blockade are unconditionally sus- pended in regard to America. July 6. A treaty of peace is concluded with Sweden. Nov. 24. Parliament meets. [1818. June 10. Dissolved.] * *The "fertile belt" in Hudson Bay territory is settled by Lord Selkirk. * * An Act is passed that bankrupt members of the House of Commons not paying their debts shall vacate their seats. 1813 Mar. 3. Swe. The Treaty of Stockholm is concluded with Sweden. July S. Hung. The Convention of Peterwardein is entered by England and Russia against France. July* Parliament: An Act is passed opening trade with. India. Aug. 26. Ire. Earl Whitworth is ap- pointed lord-lieutenant. Oct. 3. Bohemia. The Treaty of Tep- litz, forming an alliance between Great Britain and Austria, is signed (p. 521). Oct. 4.-23 Jan. 13. Ind. LordMoira, Marquis Hastings, is governor-general. 1814 Jan. 14. Prus. The Treaty of Kiel is entered by Great Britain, Swe- den, and Denmark (p. 639). Mar. 9. Fr. The Treaty of Chaumont is concluded between Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Apr. 11. Fr. Napoleon abdicates. May 3. "Wellington is created a duke, and is accorded a grant of £13,000 and an additional grant of £400,000. May 30. Fr. The Treaty of Paris is concluded between Great Britain and her allies, and Napoleon (p. 721). June 28. H. L. The Duke of Welling- ton first appears in the House. Aug. 13. S.Afr. Cape Colony is finally ceded to England. Sept. 30. Aust. The Congress of Vi- enna holds its first meeting. It assembles for the general settlement of the affairs of Europe, and is attended by representatives from most of the Eu- ropean nations (p. 721). Dec. 24. Belg. The Peace of Ghent is concluded with the United States (p. 123). 1815 Mar. 23. The Treaty of Vienna is signed by Great Britain, Austria, Rus- sia, and Prussia (p. 521). Sept. 26. Paris. The Convention of the Holy Alliance is concluded (p. 521). !N"ov. 9. Aust. A formal treaty is con- cluded and signed at the Congress of Vienna. Nov. 20. Fr. The Second Peace of Paris is concluded between France and Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia (p. 723). MISCELLANEOUS. 1814* * London. Great improvements commenced under the direction of Mr. Nash in Regent's Park. The Park consists of about 450 acres ; within it are the gardens of the Zoological Society and the Royal Botanical Society. * * Scot. There are five steam-vessels in operation. * * Wellingt on- rooms at Liverpool are erected. * * Edinburgh. A savings institution is opened. 1815 Oct 25. Ire. The interior of the cathedral of AVaterford is destroyed by fire. 938 1815,**-1819, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1816 Jan. 31. Ire. The Lord Melville and the Boadicea, transports, are lost near Kinsale ; but few men escape. July 28. A fleet under Lord Exmouth is sent to the Mediterranean to chastise the pirates of the Barbary States. Aug. 27. Afr. Battle of Algiers (p. 8). Sept. * Several regiments of light dra- goons are armed with lances, and get the name Lancers. Nov. 10. The Harpooner transport is wrecked near Newfoundland; 200 per- sons are lost. 1817 * * E. I. War with the Pinda- rees. (See India.) 1818 Jan. * Ind, Peace prevails. 1819 * * S. Afr. "War with the Kafirs (p. 597). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1815* * London. The prince regent pur- chases the Phigalian Marbles for the British Museum. Portions of the frieze of the temple of Apollo Epicurus at Phi- galia in Arcadia comprise the collec- tion. * * Building of Carthage is painted by Turner. [1817. Decline of Carthage.] * * Wollaston improves the voltaic bat- tery. * * Edinburgh. Nelson's monument is completed. * * The first steamer is built in England. * * The first steam-vessel on the Thames is brought by Mr. Dodd from Glasgow. * *The "Geordy" safety-lamp is in- vented by George Stephenson, engineer. 1816 * * The electric telegraph, with index and clock-work, is invented by Sir Francis Ronalds. * * Iron ships are constructed. * * London. The Government purchases the Elgin Marbles for £35,000, and places them in the Museum. (See 1802.) * * Stereo plates are employed in book- printing by James "Watt. * * Lon don. The statue of Charles James Fox is erected in Bloomsbury Square. * * The Albion printing-press is intro- duced. 1817 Feb. 12. Junius Brutus Booth makes his first appearance. June 18. London. The "Waterloo Bridge, completed bv John Rennie, is opened. Length, 1,242 feet; width, 42 feet ; and the span of each of the nine arches, 120 feet ; cost, £475,000. * * The Nelson pillar, a fluted column 140 feet in height, is erected at Yar- mouth. * * Lithography is introduced. (Par- tially known since 1801.) * *The hydraulic press is invented by Joseph Bramah (or 1796). * * Sir William Cubitt of Ipswich invents the treadmill for prisoners. The first is erected at Brixton jail. 1818 May 3. Capt. Sir John Ross and Lieut. Win. Edward Parry sail from Shetland in the Isabella and Alexander in search of a Northwest Passage. Nov. 2. The Royal Institution is opened at Liverpool. [1822. Incorpo- rated.] * * Capt. David Buchan's and Lieut. Sir John Franklin's polar expedition in the Dorothea and Trent sails. [It fails.] * * London. The Institution of Civil Engineers is organized. [1S2S. Char- tered.] * * Edinburgh. Victoria (Coburg) Theater is opened. ± * * Loudon Macadam's improved roads are introduced. * * Steam is first used for warming houses. 1819 Feb.* London. TheHunterian Society (surgical) is organized. Mar. 24. London. Southwark Bridge is opened. May 4. Lieuts. Parry and Liddon sail in the Hecla and Griper on a polar ex- pedition. [1S20. Nov. 3. Return.] June 20. The Savannah, the first trans- atlantic steamer, arrives at Liverpool (p. 126). June* About 5,000 acres are deluged in the Fen countries. * * Subcarbonate of soda is employed in photography as a fixing medium by Sir John Herschel. * * The Cambridge Philosophical Society is established. [1832. Chartered.] * * Engraving on soft steel, which is afterwards to be hardened, is introduced by Perkins and Heath of Philadelphia, U.S.A. * * London. St. Pancras Church is com- menced by William inwood. [1822. Com- pleted.] * * Babylon, a painting by Martin, is com- pleted. 1819-22 Franklin's second expedition visits the Arctic Sea. * * The publication of the maps made by the trigonometrical surveyors of Eng- land is commenced. [1862. Completed.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1816 July 7. Sheridan, Richard Brins- ley, poet, dramatist, orator, statesman, Ireland, A65. Aguilar, Grace, novelist, born. Bailey, Philip .lames, poet, born. Bennett, Sir William, piunis!, composer,!). Bront6, Charlotte, novelist, born. Caird, James, agriculturist, born. Courtenay. Juhn, statesman, au., Ire., A75. Duffy, Sir Charles (lavan, patrinl, statesman, journalist, author, Ireland, born. Ferguson, Adam, historian, moral philoso- pher, Scotland, A92. Gilbert, Joseph Henry, chemist, born. Gull, Sir William, physician, born. Hamilton, Elizabeth, author, Ireland, A58. Hargraves, Edmund Hammond, traveler,die- cover gold-fields, born. Hood, Viscount Samuel, admiral, A96. Hooker, Joseph I*., physician, botanist., b. lUaeCabe, Ed w an], cardinal, Ireland, born. Molesworth, William Nassau, el., hist., b. Prevost. Sir (Jeorge, general, A49. Quain, Richard, physician, born. Robertson, Frederick, W., lecturer, born. Ryle, John Charles, bishop, author, born. Smiles, Samuel, journalist, au., Scot., b. Smith, Albert, novelist, humorist, born. Stanhope, Earl of, Charles, statesman, in- ventor, author, A63. Thomson, .lames, civil engineer, born. Ward, Edward Matthew, painter, born. 1817 * * Armitage. Edward, painter, born. Austen, Jane, novelist, A42. Brown, Samuel, poet, chemist, Scot., born. Charlotte Augusta, Princess, daughter of George IV., A21. Cook, Eliza, poet, born. Curran, John I'hilpot, ora., states., Ire., A67. Duckworth, Sir John T., admiral, A69. Edceworth, h'iehard E., author, Ire., A73. Gilbert, sir John, painter, born. Helps, Sir Arthur, essayist, dramatist, born. Holyeake, . Meagher, Thomas Francis, patriot, orator, journalist, Ireland, born. Midler, Friedrich Maximilian, Sanskrit scholar, philologist, born. Nollekins, Joseph, sculptor, A86. Patmore, Coventry K. I)., poet, born. Radcliffe, Anne, novelist, A59. Raeburn, Sir Henry, portrait p., Scot., A57. Ricardo, David, financier, pol. econ., A51. Siemens, Sir Charles William, inventor, phy- sicist, born. Smith, Goldwm, statesman, author, born. Tulloch, .John, theologian, Scotland, born. Vaughan, Alfred, poet, critic, born. Warren, Charles, engraver, born. Wolfe, Charles, clergyman, poet, Ire., A32. Yonge, Charlotte Mary, novelist, born. CHURCH. 1820 * * Seol. Tbe Burgers and Anti- burgers in the Scotch Church reunited. * * The Protestant Reformation So- ciety is organized ; it employs mission- aries and readers. 1821 * *The Society for the Propaga- tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts first becomes a distinct missionary agency. AND IRELAND. 1820, Jan. 7-1824, 941 * * The Bible Christian Foreign Mission- ary Society is organized. 1823 * * It. Leo XII. is pope. [1S29. Pius VIII.] * * London. The Newfoundland School Society is organized for carry- ing the gospel to parents and children. 1824* * /re. The New Connection Methodists take their first steps in t-work. LETTERS. * * The Literary and Philosophical So- ciety of Leeds is established. * * London. John Bull is issued. * * The Retrospective Review is issued. * * Popular Ignorance, by Foster, appears. * * Life of John Wesley, by Southey, ap- pears. [18S1, A Vision of Judgment.] 1820-21 The Ayrshire Legatees, by John Gait, appears. [1321, Annals of the Par- ish; 1S22, Sir Andrew Wi/he, and The Provost; 1823, The Entail; 1830, Later ie Todd.] 1821 * * London. Bell's Life, a sporting paper, is issued. * * Confessions of an English Opium- Eater, by Thomas Do Quincey, appears. [1S27, Murder Considered as one of the Eine Arts.]. 1821-23 Essays of Etia, by Charles Lamb, appears. 1822 * * Wales. St. David's College, Lampeter, is founded. * * The Hull Literary and Philosophi- cal Society is founded. * * London. The Sunday Times is issued. * *The Liberal is issued by Byron, Shel- ley, and Leigh Hunt; only four num- bers are published. * * Bride's Tragedy, by T. L. Beddoes, appears. 1822-35 Edinburgh. Koctes Ambrn- sianse (in Blackwood's Magazine), by Christopher North (John Wilson), ap- pears. 1823 Aug. 16. Dublin. The Hiber- nian Academy is founded, * * London. The Royal Society of Lit- erature is founded. [1826. Sept. 13. Chartered.] Also the Mechanics' In- stitution. * * A deaf and dumb school is instituted at Manchester. * * London. The Lancet is issued. * * The Mechanics' Magazine is issued. 1823-49 The Mirror is issued. * *The valuable library of George HI. is presented to the nation. [1S29. De- posited in the British Museum.] * * Milton, by Thomas Babington Ma- caulay, appears. 1824* * London. The Athenaeum Club is founded. * * London. The Westminster Review is issued. SOCIETY. 1820 June 7. Henry Grattan and the Earl of Clare engage in a duel. Nov. 19. Edinburgh. The acquittal of Queen Caroline causes rioting. * * Scot. The United Secession working men's insurance is established. * * The American seamen's hospital is established at Liverpool. * * Ire. The Ribbon Society is orga- nized to retaliate on landlords any inju- ries done to their tenants. 1S21 Aug. 12. Dublin. George IV. pays a visit to Ireland. Aug. 14. A riot occurs on the occasion of the removing of Queen Caroline's remains to Brunswick ; two persons killed. * *The public baths at Exeter are erected. * * London. The Dreadnought (sea- men's) Hospital is established. 1822 Apr. 19. A riot occurs in the Westminster colliery. Aug. 22-27- Edinburgh. George IV. makes a visit. Dec. 14. Dublin. A riot occurs at the theater; it is called the "bottle con- spiracy " against the Marquis Wellesley, lord-lieutenant. * * Ire. Titles created : Earls Listowel, Dunraven, Mont-Earl, and Kilmorey are created. [1825, Jlarfjuises of Clanncar.le and Ormonde; 1827, Earl Nor- bury; 1831, Viscount of Guillamore, Earl Itanfurly, and Baron Talbot de Malahide.j * * Titles created : Earl of Temple of Stowe. [1823, Earl of Vane and Viscount of Clancarty ; 1824, liaron Gilford; lK2(i, Earls of Amherst and Cawdor, Marquis of Bristol, Viscount of fcombermere, and Barons De Tabley, Wig- an, SomerluH, and Kanfurly; 1827, Barons Plunket and Tenterden; 1828, Barons Rose- bery, Clanwilliain, and Heytesbury; 1829, Baron WynforU.J 1823* * Edinburgh. TheBannatyne Club is founded. * * Liverpool Marine Humane Society is formed. * * Oxford Union Society is established as a debating-club. 1824 * * London. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is instituted. * * London. Queen Adelaide's lying-in hospital is founded. 1820 Jan. 29. King George III. dies at Windsor Castle. 1820-30 George IV. reigns. He is the eldest son of George III. The Earl of Liverpool continues as premier. Feb. 14. The Cabinet refuses to favor a bill for the divorce of Queen Caroline. Apr. 23. Parliament meets. [1826. June 26. Dissolved.] June 6. London. Queen Caroline ar- rives from the Continent, and is received with great popular demonstrations of welcome. [Aug. 3. She establishes her- self at Brandenburg House.] The king sends a " green bag" to each House of Parliament, containing papers respecting the conduct of the queen while abroad. June 8. H. L. A secret committee is appointed to examine charges of in- continence against Queen Caroline. July 5. H. L. Lord Liverpool intro- duces a bill of "Pains and Penalties" to dissolve the marriage of Queen Caro- line. [Aug. 17. Her trial begins in the House of Lords ; she is defended by Lord Brougham. Nov. 10. The bill is read a third time. Vote, 108-99. The majority being so small. Lord Liverpool moves the abandonment of the bill, which is agreed to, and the trial ends. 1821 Jan. * Aust. The Laibach Con- gress meets (p. 521). May * The Bank of England resumes specie payments. July 10. The Privy Council decides against the claim of Q,ueen Caroline to be crowned with the king. July 19. London. George IV. is crowned at Westminster Abbey. Queen Caroline goes in state, and pre- sents herself for admission to the cere- mony, but her demand is refused. [Aug. 7. She dies. Aug. 14. Tumult at her funeral.] Aug. 1. George IV. sails for Dublin. [Aug. IS. He arrives at Leith, Scotland.] Sept. * The Duke of York is appointed lord justice to rule while the king is absent in Hanover. Dec. 29. Ire. Marquis "Wellesley is appointed lord-lieutenant. 1822 Feb. 14. Charles Kendal Eushe is appointed chief justice. Sept. * George Canning is appointed foreign secretary. * * Robert Peel is appointed home sec- retary. * * London. "William Heygate is elected lord mayor. 1S23 Feb. 15. William Huskisson is appointed president of the Board of Trade. Mar. * Lord Amherst embarks for In- dia as governor-general. * * S. Afr. Immigrants settle in Natal. * * The Earl of Chichester is appointed postmas ter-general. * * Parliament: The window-tax is re- duced. * * London. Robert Waithman is elected lord mayor. [1S25, William Venable ; 1826, Anthony Bowne ; 1827, Matthias Prime Lucas ; 182S, William Thompson.] 1824 Feb. 4. H. C. It is announced that, at a convention, England agrees to accept £2,500,000 as a compensation for claims on Austria, amounting to £30,- 000,000 sterling. * * Ire. The Roman Catholic Associa- tion is organized to agitate the removal of the religious and civil disabilities of Roman Catholics. : * The law forbidding the exportation of wool is repealed. MISCELLANEOUS. 1820 Jan. 7- The Birmingham The- ater is burned. Aug. 1. The Regent's Canal is finished. It is nine miles long, beginning at Pad- dington and flowing into the Thames at Limehouse. 1821 Jan. 22. London. A great fire occurs at Mile End; loss, £200,000. * * Steamboats are established between Dover and Calais, and London and Leith. 1822 Feb. * St. John's Market, Liver- pool, is opened. Nov. 1. Scot. The Caledonian Can? 1, from the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, is opened. * *The poor endure great suffering through scarcity of food ; £356,000 is granted for their relief. 1823 Mar. 26. The packet Alert is wrecked ; 70 persons are drowned. May 16. The Robert, from Dublin to Liverpool, is wrecked ; 60 persons are drowned. * * London. Cabs are introduced. * * Raw cotton is first imported from 942 1824,**-1828,* GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1825 Feb. *-Dec. * Ind. Sir Archi- bald Campbell invades Burma, gains many victories, captures several towns, and compels the Burmese king to sue for peace. (See India.) 1827 Jan. 22. The Duke of "Wel- lington is appointed commander-in- chief. [Apr. 30. He resigns. Aug. 27. Reappointed.] Oct. 20. Gr. Battle of Navarino. The Turkish and Egyptian fleets under Ibrahim Pasha are nearly destroyed by the combined fleets of Great Britain, France, and Russia. [1828. Oct. * The Turks evacuate Greece. 1829. Sept. 19. Acknowledge its independence.] 1828 Feb. 25. Lord Hill is appointed commander-in-chief. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1824 * * Pins are first manufactured by machinery under an American patent. * * The Observatory is erected at Cam- bridge. 1824-80 "Windsor Castle is repaired and enlarged. 1825 Feb. 16. Capts. Sir John Frank- lin and George Francis Lyon again sail from Liverpool on a polar expedition. Sept. 27. The Stockton and Darlington railway, Edward Pease and George Stephenson, builders, is opened. * * John Crowther's hydraulic crane is patented. * * The Mechanics' Institution is opened at Exeter. * * Faraday discovers benzin in oils. * * Ire. The Mechanics' Institute is es- tablished at Belfast. * * London. The Melodists' Club is estab- lished. * * W. A chain suspension bridge is erected at Menai Strait by Thomas Tel- ford. ± * * London. Isambard Kingdom Brunei begins the first shaft of the Thames tunnel. ± * * The concertina is invented by [Sir] Charles Wheatstone. ± * * A planing-machine for iron is constructed by Joseph Clement. ± * * Gideon Algernon Mantell discovers the remains of huge extinct animals at "Weald of Kent, Sussex. ± * * The steam-jet is applied by Timo- thy Hackworth. ± * * Gothic architecture is revived. * * The actinometer is invented by Sir John Herschel ; it measures the heating power of the solar rays. * * Liverpool Theater is opened. * * McEnery discovers flint tools and bones of extinct animals in Kent's cave. 1826 * * Scot. The Scotch Academy of Arts is organized. * * London. The Zoological Society is founded. [1827. Apr. * Opened. 1S29. Mar. 28. Chartered.] * *Fox Talbot observes the orange line of strontium in the spectrum. * * Lieut. Thomas Drummond produces lime-light by the combustion of oxygen and hydrogen on the surface of lime (Drummond light). 1827 Apr. * The Gloucester and Berke- ley canal is completed. May 27. A patent is given Palliser for chilled metal shot cast in cold iron molds. June 22. Capt. Sir "William Edward Parry again sails from Deptford in the Hecta [and reaches a point 435 miles from the North Pole. Oct. 6. He re- turns]. * * The spectrum analysis is worked out by Herschel. * * William Snow Harris invents the thermoelectrometer. * * The first atmospheric engine is in- vented by John Ericsson. * * Davies Gilbert becomes president of the Royal Society. * * Printing for the blind (by raised characters) is commenced. 1827-31 London. The new London Bridge is built; cost, £1,458,000. 1828 Jan. 12, 13. A storm sweeps the coast ; many vessels are lost, and 13 driven ashore in Plymouth alone. * * Scot. James B. Neilson, of Glasgow, patents his hot-air blast. * * A musical festival is first held at Man- chester. * * London. Queen's Theater, Totten- ham-court Road, is opened. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1824 * * Bowdich, Thomas Edward, African traveler, A 34. Byron, Lord, George Noel Gordon, poet, A 36. Cartwright, .John, major, pol. reformer, A84. Collins, William "Wilkie, novelist, born. Dobell, Sydney, poet, born. Fayrer, Sir Joseph, physician, born. Huggins, William, astronomer, born. Jessel, Sir George, jurist, born. Kavanagh, .Julia, novelisl, Ireland, born. Knight, Richard Payne, author, A74. Leinpriere, John, scholar, author, A64. MacDonald, George, novelist, Scot., born. Turner, Francis l'alurave, art critic, horn. Thomson, Sir William, physicist, math., b. 1825 * * Bates, Henry, Walter, naturalist, b. Barnard, Lady Anne, poet, Scotland, A75. Bell, John, surgeon, anatomist, physiologist, Scotland, A62. Bogue, David, clergyman, founder of Lon- don Missionary Society, A75. Boyd, Andrew K. II., essayist, Scotland, b. Chalmers, (leorge, hist., lung., Scot., A83. Davidson. George, astronomer, born. Klmsley, Peter, classical scholar, critic, A52. Frankland, Edward, chemist, born. Huxley, Thomas Henry, nat., phil., au., b. Keary, Annie, novelist, born. McGee, Tlios. D'Arcy, journalist, Ire., born. Ouseley, Sir Frederick, cl., musician, born. Parr, Samuel, clergyman, writer, A78. Procter, Adelaide Anne, poet, born. Rees, Abraham, cyclopedist, A82. Tait, Peter Guthrie, mathematician, born. Woolner, Thomas, sculptor, poet, born. 1826 * * Adams, Andrew Keith, naturalist, b. Bagehot, Walter, journalist, author, born. P.nckland, Frank Trevelyan, naturalist, b. Clark, Sir Andrew, physician, born. Craik, Mrs., Dinah Maria Muloek, nov., b. Derby, Earl of, Edward Henry Stanley, statesman, born. Doyle, Richard, caricaturist, born. Dufferin, Earl of, Frederick T. Black- wood, statesman, born. Field, Thomas, painter, born. Flaxman, John, sculptor, A71. Gifford, William, poet, dramatist, editor, author, A66. Grant, Sir Alexander, scholar, educator, Scotland, born. Hastings, Marquis of, Francis Kawdon, gen- eral, governor general, A72. Heber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, poet, author, A43. Kelly, Michael, composer, singer, Ire., A64. Kimberley, Earl of, John Wodehouse, statesman, born. Laing. Alex. Gordon, Afr. trav., Scot., A33. Nichols, John, printer, pub., eel., antio., A81. I'algrave, William Gifford, author, trav., b. Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, traveler, statesman, historian, A45. 1827* * Blake, William, poet, painter, A70. Bradley, Edward, novelist, born. Canning, George, states., orator, poet, A57. Clapperton, Hugh, Afr. traveler, Scot., A3!>. Constable, Archibald, puhlisher, Scot., A53. Cox, George W., clergyman, author, born. Eimnett, Thomas Addis, politician, Ire., A63. Fane, Julian C. 11., poet, born. Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, son of George III., A64. Good, John Mason, physician, Hebraist, litterateur, A 63. Grant, Janus Augustus, traveler, Scot., b. Harcourt, Sir "William George GranviHe Vernon, statesman, born. Hunt, William Holman, painter, born. Lawrence, George Alfred, novelist, born. Lister, Sir Joseph, physician, born. Mitford, William, historian, pbiologist, A83. Mivart, Saint George, nat., phil., au., b. 1'inkerton, John, archenkigist, numismatist, historian, geographer, Scotland, A69. Pollok, Robert, poet, Scotland, A29. Richmond, I.egh. clergyman, author, A55. Robinson, i ieorge Frederick Samuel, Marquis of Ripon, statesman, born. Rowlandson. Thomas, caricaturist, A7I. Sala, Geo. Aug.. journalist, novelist, au., b. Salt, Henry, antiquary, A42. Speke, Capt. John H., Afr. traveler, born. Wood, John George, naturalist, born. L828* * Allmgliam, William, poet, Ire.,b. Bewick, Thomas, artist, wood-engraver, A75. Congreve, Sir William, military engineer, inventor, A56. Cos way, Richard, painter, A88. Coxe, William, archdeacon, historian, A81. Hansard, Luke, parliamentary printer, A76. Liverpool, Earl of, Robert Banks Jenkinson, statesman, A58. Massey, Gerald, poet, born. Meredith, George, novelist, born. Richardson, lienj. W., physiologist, born. Roesetti, Dante Gabriel, poet, painter, b. Sanderson, J. S. Bunion, physiologist, born. Sawyer, William Kingston, poet, author, b. Smith, Sir James Edward, liotanitt, natural- ist, A 69. Stewart, Balfour, physicist, born. Wollaston, William Hyde, physicist, A62. CHURCH. 1825 * * Bishops elected : Thomas Burgess for Salisbury. [1827, Charles Richard Sumner for Winchester ; 1830, Christopher Bethell for Exeter ; later, translated to Bangor, and is succeeded by Henry Fhillpoits ; James Henry Monk for Gloucester and Bristol; IH.'ll. Robert James Carr for Worcester; 1HU7, Edmund Denison for Salisbury ; 183^1, George Davys for Peter- borough; is'41, Henry I'epys for Worcester; 1845, John Medley for Frederioton, N. II.] * * Scot. The Presbyterian Church of Scotland appoints its first foreign Mis- sionary Committee. * * Scot. A society of young men is or- ganized in Glasgow [Young Men's Christian Association]. 1827 * * London. The Protestant So- ciety is established. 1828 May 9. Corporation and Test Acts repealed. (See State.) 1824 * * A translation of Goethe's Wil- helm Meister, by Thomas Carlyle, ap- pears. 1824-28 History of the Commonwealth, by William Godwin, appears. 1824-29 Imaginary Conversations, by Landor, appears. 1824-32 Our Village, by Mary Russell Mitford, appears. [1828. Ulenzi.] 1825 ** A professorship of political economy is established at Oxford by Henry Drummond. * * The "Western Literary Institution and the Eastern Literary Institution are founded. * * Scot. Principles of Political Econ- omy, by John Ramsay M'Culloeh, ap- pears. * * Scot. The Betrothed and The Talis- man, by Scott, appear. [1820. Woodstock; 1827, the Two Drovers, The Highland Widow, The Surneoifs lkuu}hter, and Life of Xapofeoii. 1827-30, Tales of a Grandfather; 1S28, The Fair Maid of Perth] 1829, Anne of (leierstein; 1829-30, History of Scotland; 1S30, Letters on Demonology , 1831, Count Robert of Paris and Castle Langerotis.] AND IRELAND. 1824,**-1828,** 943 * * William Tell, by James Sheridan Knowles, appears. * * Aids to Reflection, by Coleridge, ap- pears. 1825-44 Essays, by Macaulay, appear. 1826 Feb. 11. London. The London University is chartered. [1828. Opened.] ** London. Highbury College is founded. * * Edinburgh. The North British Ad- vertiser is issued. * * London. The Atlas is issued. * * Poems by Two Brothers, by Charles and Alfred Tennyson, appears. * * Elements of Logic, by Whately, ap- pears. [1S28.' Elements of Rhetoric] * * Whims and Oddities, by Thomas Hood, appears. * * Poems, by Elizabeth Barrett [Brown- ing], appears. 1827 Feb. 23. Edinburgh. Sir "Wal- ter Scott acknowledges the authorship of the Waverley novels. * * London. The Society for the Pro- motion and Diffusion of Knowledge is founded. * * The Incorporated Law Society is founded. * * London. The Standard is issued ; also the Medical Gazette. 1827-46 London. The Foreign Quar- terly Review is issued. * * Vivian Grey, by Benjamin Disraeli [Earl of Beacons-field], appears. * * The Christian Year, by Keble, ap- pears. * * Scot. Minstrelsy, Ancient and Mod- ern, by William "Motherwell, appears. [1832. Poems Narrative and Lyrical.] * * Salathiel, by George Croly, appears. * * Chemical Manipulation, by Michael Faraday, appears. * * Scot. Course of Time, by Robert Pol- lok, appears. 1828 * * A political economy professor- ship is established at Cambridge. * * London. The Court Journal is issued ; also the Athenaeum, the Spectator, the Record, the Medical Times, and the Po- lice Gazette. * * The Ashmolean Society, Oxford, is founded. 1828-46 London. The Foreign Quar- terly Review is issued. * * Ire. The Collegians, by Gerald Griffin, appears. * * Pelham, by Sir Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer-Lytt< 1826 Apr. 23-30. In Lancashi power-looms are destroyed by dis- tressed operatives. Aug. 4. London. The last stocks for criminals are removed from St. Clement Danes Strand. Oct. * Lotteries are abolished. [Oct. 18. The last one is drawn.] * * Ire. A total abstinence society is organized in Skibbereen, County Cork, by Jeffery Sedwards, a nailer. 1827 June * Benefit of clergy is to- tally abolished. * * An Act is passed directing the court to enter a plea of "not guilty" when the prisoner will not plead. * * London. The British Orphan Asy- 1,000 Sept. 8. The Goderich Administration dis- is formed. Viscount Goderich, Earl of Kipon (lord treasurer), the Duke of Portland (president council). Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor), the Earl of Carlisle (privy seal), Viscount. Dudley, Mr. Huskisson, and the Marquis of Lansdowne (foreign, colonial, and home sec- retaries), Lord Palmerston (secretary of war), C. W. w. Wvnn (president of the India board), Charles Grant [Lord Glenelg] (board of trade), J. C. Hemes (chancellor excheq- uer), Mr. Tienioy i master of the mint), and John Singleton Copley, Lord Lyndhurst, (lord chancellor). Nov. 5. Ire. Sir Anthony Hart is ap- pointed lord chancellor. 1828 Jan. 8. Lord Goderich resigns his office. lum, Clapham-rise, is established. Also Jan. 25. The Wellington Administra- one at Wanstead. * * London. A society for artists' wid- ows is formed. 1828 Oct. 9. Ire. Ballybay. Dec. 27. Rowland Stephenst sconds, defaulting £200,000. * * London. The Free Royal Hospital, Gray's Inn Lane, is founded. riot occurs at/ M.P.,ab- 1824 * * E.I. The Straits Settlements, including Malacca, Penang (Prince of Wales Island), and Singapore, are ac- quired. 1825 Apr. * H. C. A bill to repeal the May 9. Parliament repeals the Corpo- tion is formed. The. Duke of Wellington (lord treasurer), Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor) Henry Gonldburn (rliaiK^llor exchequer), E arl Bathurst (president of council), Lord El- lenborough (privy seal). Sir Iiobert Peel, Earl Dudley, and William Huskisson (home, foreign, and colonial secretaries). Viscount Melville (board of control), Charles Grant (board of trade). Lord I'uhnerston (secretary of war), J. C. Herries (master of the mint), Earl of Aberdeen (Duchy of Lancaster). Feb. 26. H. C. The Corporation and Test Acts are repealed on the motion of Lord John Russell. Vote, 237-193. Mar. 1. Ire. Henry, Marquis of An- glesey, is appointed lord-lieutenant. disabilities of Catholics, to enact state provision for the Roman Catholic Church, and to raise the qualification of the Irish franchise from 40 shillings to £10 is passed. [It is rejected by the Lords.] * * E. I. Assam is acquired. * * London. The Bank of England sud- denly diminishes its circulation to the extent of £3,500,000. [Dec. * The exer- tions of the bank and mint save the credit of the country.] 1826 Jan. 1. The currency of Eng- land and Ireland is made uniform. Feb. 24. E. I. A jtreaty of peace concluded an immense territory, and agree to pay £1,000,000 towards the expenses of the war. * ration and Test Acts, and substitutes for the Sacramental Test these words in the declaration " on the true faith of a Christian." Dissenters become eli- gible for office. May * -June * The Ministry is recon- structed on the retirement of the Earl of Dudley, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Grant, Mr. Huskisson. July 5. Ire. Daniel O'Connellis elected to Parliament from Clare ; he is the first Roman Catholic Co elected since the Revolution July 30. Reelected r^^^^Jirl^^o® Jul 7 15 - Parliament: The Act called the "sliding scale" is adopted; it modifies the restrictions on the importa- tion of breadstuff's. Tiif Disowned and Devereux ; 1880. Paul Clifford; 1S3'2, Eugene Aram; 1833, Go- dolphin; 1834, Last Bays of Pompeii, 1S37, Ernest Maltravers and Alice, or the Mysteries; 183S, The Lady of Lyons, Richelieu, and Leila.] SOCIETY. 1824-29 The death penalty is abol- ished in a great number of cases. * * Weekly wages of laborer, seven shil- lings and sevenpence. * * The British Code of Duel is pub- lished. It is approved by the Duke of Wellington and others. * *A Steam-engine Maker's (trades union) Society is established. * * A new House of Industry is erected at Liverpool. 1825 Jan. 20. The British and Foreign Temperance Society is formed. * * The combination laws against trades unions are repealed. ■* * Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean ia reoccupied as a penal settlement. Nov. 13. Convention with the United States for indemnities (p. 135). Nov. 14. Parliament meets. [1830. July 24. Dissolved.] * * Joint-stock banks are legalized ; this _ breaks the monopoly of the Bank of kept, la. \ England. * * Lord Frederick Montague is ap- pointed postmaster. 1827 Jan. 5. Frederick, Duke of York, son of George III., dies. Apr. 24-30. The Ca nnin g Adminis- tration is formed. July * The sinking-fund is li) one-fourth of the actual surplus July* E.I. Lord "William B is governor-general. unt Melville first lord of the admiralty. MISCELLANEOUS. George Canning (lord treasurer and chan- cellor exchequer), Karl of Harrow by (presi- dent council), I>uke of Portland (privy seal), Viscount Dudley, Viscount Goderich, and 1825 Aug. 16. Capt. Johnson sails in the Enterprise from Falmouth on the first steam voyage to India. [Re- warded with £10,000.] c Dublin is lighted with gas. _ ; Bourne (foreign, colonial, and home 1825-26 Through bubble companies, secretaries), C.W. W. Wynn (president India 770 banks suspend, board), William Huskisson (board of trade), . Lord Palmerston (secretary of war), Lord 1826* * Joint-stock banks are estab- Bexley {chancellor of the Duchy of Lancas- lished. ter),Dukeof Clarence (lord high admiral), -.„„„ -, « Tfvnf1n7} 0+ -R- aT rip Lord Lyndhurst dord <-hau<-ellon. Marquis ib ? ' , iV M^ , J - Londxm. &t. Aatne- of Landsdowne, without oilier (afterwards rine s docks are begun, home secretary], Earl of Carlisle (woods and ig28 Feb. 29. At a launch of a ves- forests). se i at Manchester which keeled and up- July 6. Great Britain, France, and Rus- sia enter an alliance against Turkey because of its treatment of Greece (p. 726). Aug. 8. George Canning dies. set, 200 persons are precipitated into the river ; 51 are drowned. : * London. The "wall of Brunswick Theater falls during a rehearsal ; 12 persons are killed. 944 1828, * *-1832, May 7. GREAT BRITAIN ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1828-45 Ire. Lord Rosse erects a great telescope at Parsonstown ; cost, £20,000. 1829 Oct. 5. London. Fanny Kem- ble makes lier first appearance. * * The locomotive Rocket travels 25 to 35 miles per hour. * * London. Trafalgar Square is begun. * * London. The new post-office is com- pleted. * * A new concert-room is established at Manchester. Sept. 15. The Liverpool and Man- chester Railroad is opened, [it marks the real beginning of the modern era of railways.] Sept. * The Clarence Dock, Liverpool, is completed. * * Wardian cases are devised, by N. B. Ward, for growing small plants. * * Pattinson's process for obtaining sil- ver from lead ore is introduced. * * John Braithwaite constructs a steam fire-engine. * * Sir Martin A. Shee becomes president of the Royal Academy ; later, the Duke of Sussex. * * London. The Royal Geographical Society is organized. [The African As- sociation unites with it.] * * London. The Garrick Theater is opened. 1831 Feb. 15. Win. Payne's pocket pedometer is patented. June 1. The magnetic north pole is discovered by Commander James Clark Ross. He locates it in 70° 5' 17" north latitude, and 96° 46' 45" west longitude. June 3. The Norwich canal and harbor are opened. July 31. London. London Bridge ia completed after eight years of labor. [Aug. * It is opened by the king.] July * Scot. The Edinburgh and Dal- keith railway is opened. Aug. 4. Ire. A waterspout near Kil- larney destroys property and 17 lives. Sept. 27. The British Association for the Advancement of Science holds its first meeting and organizes at York. [1832, 2d at Oxford ; 1833, 3d at Cam- bridge.] * * Faraday discovers that an electro- magnetic rotative force is developed in a magnet by voltaic electricity. He discovers the induction of electric cur- rents. * * John Constable paints Yarmouth Pier. * * London. A statue of William Pitt is erected in Hanover Square. * * The Surrey Zoological Gardens are established by Mr. Edward Cross. * * London. The violinist Paganini ap- pears. * * Sir William Snow Harris invents vari- ous forms of the compass. * * London. The statue of Maj, John Cartwright is erected at Burton Cres- cent. Also one of George Canning in New Palace Yard, Westminster. * * London. The Strand Theater is first opened. k London. The Harveian Society is or- BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1829* * Ampth ill, Lord, Odo Russell, dipl.,b. BelBham, Thomas, Viiitanan cl., au., A79. Callanan, James Joseph, poet, A34. Davy, Sir Humphry,, chemist, natural phi- losopher, A51. Duff,Mo!intstuartElphinstone Grant, states- Forbes, Charles S., commander, author, b. Gardiner, Samuel Jtau'son, historian, born. Long, Edwin, painter, born. JMawe, John, mineralogist, A 83. Millais, John Everett, painter, born. Nares, Robert, critic, theologian, A76. Oliphant, Lawrence, traveler, author, born. Phillips, Watts, dramatist, born. Robertson, Thomas William, dramatist, b. Rossetti, William Michael, poet, writer, b. Sclater, Philip L., ornithologist, born. Scoresby, William, arctic explorer, A69. Young, Thomas, physicist, author, A56. 1830* * Harry, Edward M., architect, born. Burke, Thomas N., R. C. clergyman, orator, Ireland, born. Calderwood, Henry, philosopher, Scot., b. Chenevix, Richard, wider, Ireland, A5t>. Hazlitt, William, essayist, critic, au., A52. Hoey, Frances Sarah Cashed, novelist, Ire., b. Ingelow, Jean, poet, born. Johnson, Sir John, general, A88. Lawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, A61. Leigliton, Sir Frederick, painter, born. McCarthy, Justin, journalist, novelist, his- torian, statesman, Ireland, born. Palliser, Sir William, soldier, inventor, bom. Peel, Sir Robert, cotton manuf., pol., A8D. Rennell, James, major, geog., traveler, A88. Rossetti, Christina (.ieorgiiia, poet, born. Salisbury, Marquis, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoigne Cecil, statesman, born. Smith, Alexander, poet, Scotland, born. Veitch, John, philosopher, Scotland, born. Wright, William, orientalist, born. 1831 * * Abernethy, John, physician, author, Ireland, A67. Barr, Matthias, poet. Scotland, born. liulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert Lytton,Earl Lytton, poet, novelist, diplomatist, born. Edwards, Amelia l'dandt'ord, novelist, born. Farrar, Frederick "William, archdeacon of Westminster, author, born. Goschen, George Joachim, statesman, b. Hall, Robert, clergyman, orator, au., A67. Hope, Thomas, author, AGI. Jeanreson, John Cordy, novelist, born. Mackenzie, Henry, novelist, Scotland, A86. Magee, William, archbishop of Dublin, A66. Maxwell, James Clerk, physicist, born. Northcote, James, lust, portrait painter, A85. Oliphant, Thomas L. W., hist., essayist, b. Pond, John, astronomer, A64. Siddons, Sarah, actor, A76. Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel W., trav., hist., A80. Yates, Edmund Hodgson, novelist, horn. CHURCH. 1828 * * William Howley is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. 1829 Apr. 13. Roman Catholic Belief Bill passed. (See State.) Oct. * Scot. Dr. Alexander Duff, the first missionary of the Church of Scot- land, sails for India, and is wrecked twice on the voyage. * * Ire. The Congregational Union is organized. * * The Jesuits are expelled from Eng- land by the Roman Catholic Act. The establishing of convents and other reli- gious communities is forbidden. [Law not enforced.] 1830 * * Scot. Thomas Guthrie is or- dained pastor at Arbirlot. * * The Brethren first appear at Plym- outh ; they object to the latitudinarian- ism of the Established Church and the sectarianism of Dissenters. 1831 Nov. 30. Ire. The French frigate Hebe lands at Cork 04 English and Irish Trappist monks who were expelled from France. Dec. 9. The Protestant Conservative Society is established. * * The Congregational Union of Eng- land and Wales is organized, * * The Trinitarian Bible Society is or- ganized. * * Ire. Dr. Richard Whately becomes archbishop of Dublin. 1832 Feb. 6. London. A general fast is observed because of the cholera. LETTERS. 1828-40 History of the War in the Pe- ninsula, by Sir William Francis Patrick Napier, appears. 1828-43 Scot. History of Scotland, by Patrick Eraser Tytler, appears. 1829 Apr. * Bridgewater Treatises. By the will of Rev. Francis, Earl of Bridgewater, £8,000 is appropriated to pay eight persons, to be appointed by the president of the Royal Society, who shall each write an essay on the power, wis- dom, and goodness of God as seen in the creation. [1833-36. Published.] Aug. 14. London. King's College is incorporated. [1831. Oct. 8. Opened.] 1829-51 London. The Westminster lie- view is united with the London Beview. * *Tlie United Service Journal is issued. * * Fran k Mildmay, or Adventures of a Naval Officer, by Capt. Frederick Mar- ryat, appears. [1830. The King's Own.] * * Richelieu, by George Payne Rainsford James, appears. [1831. Philip Augus- tus.} * * Timbuctoo, by [Lord] Alfred Tennyson, appears. [1S30, Poems; 1832, The Lotas Eaters, and other poems.] 1830* * Bagged schools, free schools for outcast destitute ragged children, are set up in several of the large towns. The instruction is based upon the Scrip- tures, and most of the teachers are un- paid. * * London. Eraser's Magazine is issued. * * Life of Byron, by Moore, appears. * * Songs of the Affections, by Mrs. He- mans,'appeais. [1S34. National Lyrics.] * * History of the Jeios, by Henry Hart Milman, appears. * * Tom Cringle's Loo, by Michael Scott, appears. [1834. The Cruise of the Midge.] 1830-31 Diary of a Physician, by Saml. Warren, appears. [1839-40. Ten Thou- sand a Year.] 1831* * Dublin. The Irish National School system is arranged by Arch- bishops Whately and Murray to accom- modate both Protestants and Catholics. * * The Metropolitan Magazine is issued. * * Alfred the Great, by James Sheridan Knowles, appears. [1832, The Hunch- back; 1833, The Wife: 1834. Tlie Beqgar of Bethnal Green; 1837, Lore's Cliase; 1839, Love ; 1840, John of Procida.] * * Illustrations of Political Economy, by Harriet Martiiieau, appears. * * Corn-Law Rhymes, by Ebenezer Elli- ott, appears. 1832 Apr. 1. London. The Penny Mag- azine is first issued. [1845. Ceases.] 1828 * * A law is passed permitting pub- lic houses to be opened on Sundays from 10 o'clock till 3, and from 5 till 11 P.M. 1829 Jan. 28. Edinburgh. Burkethe murderer is executed "for suffocating many persons, and selling their bodies for dissection. Sept. 29. London. The old watch is discontinued, and a new police is ap- pointed for duty night and day. * *The British Penitent Female Refuge at Cambridge Heath, Hackney, is estab- lished. * * Burglary is made a capital offense. Dec. * Dublin. A society for planting communities of the poorer Protestants on tracts of land, particularly in the northern counties of Ireland, is estab- lished. * * The King's Bounty, an annual grant of £1,000 for the Maundy royals alms distributed by the lord high almoner, is discontinued. AND IRELAND. 1828, * *-1832, May 7. 945 1830 June 3. W. Rioting occurs among the iron-workers at Merthyr Tydvil ; several, tired upon by the mili- tary, killed and wounded. June 15. Ire. Rioters at Limerick, plunder the provision houses, and do other mischief. Sept. 21. Scot. The Dunfermline As- sociation for the promotion of temper- ance by the relinquishment of all intox- icating liquors is organized. * .* London. The Bank of England loses £360,000 ± by Fauntleroy's forgeries. * * Riotous demonstrations against la- bor-saving machinery occur in the south- ern agricultural counties. * * London betting-houses are sup- pressed. 1830-56 Ire. Father Mathew admin- isters the total abstinence pledge to over 2,000,000 people. 1831 May 23. Ire. Thirteen persons are killed and many wounded in a riot- ous conflict between the police and peasantry at a fair on Castle-pollard. June 18. Ire. A conflict occurs be- tween the yeomanry and the people at a seizure of stock for tithes at Newtown- Barry ; 35 persons are killed. June 29. London. The London Tem- perance Society holds its first meeting in Exeter Hall. Oct. 10. Nottingham Castle is burned by rioters during the reform excite- ment. Oct. 29-31. A riot breaks out in Bris- tol on the entrance of the recorder, Sir Charles Wetlierell. Prisoners are libe- rated, and the mansion house, the bish- op's palace, several merchants' stores, some of the prisons, nearly 100 houses burned, and above 500 persons are killed by the military, or perish. Dec. 14. Ire. The people resist the po- lice in Castleshock, County Kilkenny, killing several of them. * *The" truck'* system of paying work- men's wages in goods sold in tommy shops, instead of money, is prohibited. * *The Jews' Orphan Asylum, New Charing Cross Hospital, and the Royal United Service Institution are estab- lished ; a Central Board of Health is formed. * * Titles created : Earls of Liclmeld, Munster, ami Camper- down, Marquis of AUsa, and the Barons Templemore, Ohaworth, Fingall, Cloncurry, Dunmore, Sefton, Kenlis, l'oltimore, Mostyn, Clements, Kilmarnock, and l)e suumarez. [1833, Earl of Granville, Karl of Durham, "Viscount, of Canterbury; 1834, Baron Den- man; 1835, Barons Worlingham, Hatherton, Abinger,and Ashburton; 1837, Barons Lovat and Bateman, Earls of Leicester, Innes, Yarborougli, Kiriiudiain, and Ducie; 1838, the Earl of Lovelace, Marquis of Normanby, and Barons Carew, Wrottesley, Methuen, De Mauley, Sudeley, Kintore, itossmore, and Lismore; 1839, Barons Keane, Wenlock, Seaton, Lurgan, Stanley, of Alderley and Leigh.] 1832 Mar. 24. An Act is passed direct- ing that tobacco grown in Ireland be purchased in order that it may be de- stroyed. STATE. 1828 * * Parliament : A general licens- ing Act is passed. Also an Act for build- ing and enlarging churches. 1829 Mar. 5. H. C. Sir Robert Peel introduces the «< Catholic Emancipa- tion Bill." It proposes to admit Catholics to Par- liament and all offices of state except those of regent, lord chancellor of England, and lord chancellor and vice- roy of Ireland. [Mar. 29. Passed. Apr. 10, Passed by Lords. Apr. 13. Receives royal assent.] Mar. 6. Ire. Henry, Duke of North- umberland, is appointed lord-lieuten- ant. Apr. 28. H. L. The Duke of Norfolk and Lords Dormer and Clifford are the first Roman Catholic peers to take their seats. May 4. H. C. The first English Roman Catholic member returned si nee the Ref- ormation takes his seat. [Aug. * Dan- iel O'Connell, an Irish Roman Catholic member, takes his seat.] June lS-Sept. 29. London. The new metropolitan police force is organized. Dec. 7. E. I. Suttee, or the burning of widows, is abolished. * * JV. Australia. A settlement is made at Swan River by colonists. 1830 Jan. 6. Ire. The customs are consolidated. Apr. 5. Parliament: A hill to remove the civil disabilities of the Jews is in- troduced. (?) [May 16. Disapproved. Vote, 18S-165.] (?) [Lord] Thomas Babington Macaulay enters Parliament. June 26. George IV. dies. 1830-37 "William TV. reigns. He is a brother of George IV., and son of George IIL [1831. Sept. 8. Crowned.] An administration is formed with the Duke of "Wellington as premier. Oct. 18. Ire. The lord-lieutenant issues a proclamation prohibiting meetings of the Anti-Union Society. Oct. 26. Parliament meets. [1831. Apr. 22. Dissolved.] Nov. 2. The Duke of "Wellington de- clares himself opposed to reform in Par- liament. [Nov. 16. He resigns.] Nov. 22. A new administration is formed. Earl Grey as premier. Marquis of Lans- downe (prt'siih-Mit council), Lord Brougham (lord chancellor), Viscount Althorp (chan- cellor exchequer), Earl of Durham {privy seal), Visi'uunls Melbourne, Palmerston,and Goderich (secretaries home department, for- eign affairs, and colonies), Lord John Rus- sell (pay!u:ist.i*r-general), and Sir James R. G. Graham (lord of the admiralty). Dec. 23. Ire. William, Baron Plun- kett, is appointed lord high chancellor. Henry, Marquis of Anglesey, is ap- pointed lord-lieutenant. Parliament: Regency Bill is passed. It provides for the administration of the Government, should the Crown de- scend to the princess Victoria while un- der 18 years of age. * * Charles, Duke of Richmond, is ap- pointed postmaster. * * A poll-tax is first levied. * * The mails are first conveyed by rail- way. 1831 Feb. * The Political Union is formed at Birmingham by T. Attwood. Mar. 1. H. C. Lord John Russell in- troduces a bill for parliamentary re- form. [Apr. 18. It is defeated. Vote, 291-299.] June 14. Parliament meets. [1832. Dec. 3. Dissolved.] June 24. H. C. Lord John Russell again introduces his Reform Bill. [Sept. 22. Passed. Dec. 8. H. L. Re- jected. Dec. 12. H. C. Reintroduced. 1832. Mar. 19. Passed. June 4. Passes Lords. Vote, 106-22. June 7. Royal It disfranchises 56 boroughs having less than 2,000 population, and deprives 30 others of one member each. Of the 143 seats gained, 65 were given to the counties; '22 of the large towns receive two members each, and 21 others one each. A uniform £10 household fran- chise is established. Manchester is made a parliamentary borough with two members by the Re- form Act. Birmingham, .Sheffield, and Leeds also are made boroughs. * * Parliament: The offices nf post- master-general of England and Ireland are united in one person. * * Parliament: Wine duties of 2 shil- lings 9 pence per gallon on Cape wine and 5 shillings 6 pence on all other wines are levied. * * Parliament: All restrictions upon the number of hackney-coaches are removed. * * London. Sir John Kev is elected lord mayor. [1S32, Sir Peter Laure ; 1833, Charles Farebother; 1834, Henry Win- chester; 1835, Win. Taylor Copeland ; 1836, Thomas Kelley.] 1832 May 7. H. L. A motion to post- pone the first two clauses of the Reform Bill is carried; the resignation of Earl Grey follows. [May 17 The king hav- ing consented to create peers in order to secure a majority for the Reform Bill, Earl Grey i MISCELLANEOUS. 1828* * London. England's first great exhibition, called the National Repos- itory, opens under royal patronage, near Charing Cross. [Unsuccessful.] 1829 Jan.* Scot. The Glasgow Theater is burned. June 10. The first boat-race between the Universities of Oxford and Cam- bridge takes place near Oxford. [1856. These contests become annual.] July 4. London. Omnibuses are intro- duced. The first one starts from Pad- dington for the Bank of England. Sept. 3. Edinburgh. The Royal Ex- change is opened. Oct. * Locomotive steam- carriages are used on railroads at Liverpool. * * London. The Hew Bridewell prison is erected as a substitute for the City Bridewell, Blackfriars. * * London. Farringdon market is opened. 1830 Feb. 16. London. The Lyceum is burned. Mar. 1. The first light of the Blackrock lighthouse, Liverpool, appears. * * London. Covent Garden market is built. 1831 Aug. 19. The Lady Sherbrooke, from Londonderry to Quebec, is lost near Cape Ray ; 273 persons drowned. Oct. 26. The Asiatic cholera makes its first appearance in England. Dec. 23. Scot. The cholera first ap- pears at Haddington. 1831-32 Deaths from cholera reported in England, 52,547. 1832 Feb. 6. Edinburgh. Cholera appears. Mar. 14. Ire. Cholera first appears at Belfast. 946 1832, May 23-1835, * * GREAT BRITAIN ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1832 * * London. The Medical Asso- ciation is organized for the promotion of medical science. * * Dublin. The Zoological Gardens are opened. * * Steel pens come into general use. 1833 Mar. 25. London. Edmund Kean makes his last appearance as Othello. June 25. London. A granite obelisk is uncovered to the memory of Robert Waithman, Lord Mayor of London in 1824. Sept. 2. AStatistical Society is formed at Manchester ; it is the first in Eng- land. Oct. 18. Capt. John Ross returns from his arctic expedition after an absence of four years. * * Edinburgh. The Association of Fine Arts is formed. * * London. The Entomological So- ciety is organized. * * Jack in Office is exhibited at the Royal Academy by Sir Edwin Landseer. * * The Choral Society is established at Manchester. * * London. Joseph Saxton, an Ameri- can, makes the first magneto-electric machine in England. * * The safety cab is invented by Joseph A. Hansom, an English architect [han- som]. * * London. The seraphine, a reed mu- sical instrument, is introduced by John Green. * * The town hall, Birmingham, is built. 1834 June 24±. The second great Han- del commemmorationin the presenceof King William IV. and Queen Adelaide ; 644 performers engage in it. July 14. London. The Lyceum is re- opened. Sept. 8. The British Association holds its 4th meeting at Edinburgh. [1835, Aug. 6. 5th at Dublin; 1836, Aug. * 6th at Bristol ; 1837, 7th at Liverpool.] ± * * The systems of ventilators by Dr. Reid and others are introduced with much controversy. ± ■* * Lucifer matches come into use. * * London. The Statistical Society is * * London. The Royal Institute of British Architects is organized. [1837. Chartered.] * * The Mountain Sylph, an opera by John Barnett, is produced. * * Dublin. A railway to Kingston is opened. * * The locomotive Firefly develops a speed of 20 miles an hour. 1835 Sept. 8. After two years' absence, Capt. Sir George Back arid his compan- ions return from their arctic land ex- pedition, having visited the Great Fish River, Canada, and traced its course to the Polar Seas. Dec. 14. London. St. James (Prince's) Theater is opened. * * The Kew Gardens are founded. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1832* * Bell, Andrew, clergyman, educator, Scotland, A79. Bentham, Jeremy, jurist, phil., au., A84. Crabbe, George, poet, A78. Colchester, Lord Charles A., statesman, A70. Dicey, Edward, author, born. Fergusson, Sir .lames, stub-smaii, Scot., b. Leslie, Sir John, mathematician, physicist, Scotland, Ati6. Porter, Anna Maria, novelist, A52. Scott, Sir "Walter, poet, novelist, Scot., A61. Taylor, Edward Burnett, anthropologist, h. 1833 * * Allan, Thomas, mineralogist, A56. Ltallantvne, James, printer, journalist, Scot- land, A61. Bradlaugh, Charles, orator, politician, secu- larist, born. Brooke, Stonford, clergyman, author, born. Drew, Samuel, Methodist preacher, au., A68. Exmouth, Viscount, Edward Pellew, ad- miral, A76. Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold, novelist, born. Fawcett, Henry, economist, born. Foley, Sir Thomas, admiral, A76. Gordon, Charles George (Chinese Gordon), general, born. Hill, Rowland, preacher, A89. Kean, Edmund, actor, A46. ' Malcolm, Sir John, general, diplomatist, ad- ministrator, historian, A64. More, Hannah, religious writer, A88. O'Keefe, John, dramatist, Ireland, A86. Tarleton, Bannastre, general, A 79. Perry, Stephen Joseph, physicist,, born. Roseoe, Sir Henry Enfield, chemist, born. Wilberiorce, William, philanthropist, statesman, A74. Wolseley, Lord, Garnet Joseph, gen., b. 1834 * * Laker, John Gilbert, botanist, born. Baring-Gouhl, Sabine, author, born. Barrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer, historian, Ireland, A67. Blackwood. William, publisher, Scot., A 58. Carey, William, Baptist miss., orient., A73. Chalmers, Alexander, journalist, editor, bi- ographer, Scotland, A75. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, poet, philoso- pher, author, A62. Crew, Sir benjamin, admiral, A74. Douce, Francis, antiquary, A72. Du Manner, George Louis 1'. B., artist, novel- ist, born. Hare, Augustus Julius Charles, author, b. Lamb, Charles, poet, dramatist, essayist, A69. Lubbock ; Sir John, nat., entomologist, born. Lukin, Lionel, inventor life-boat, A82. Maltlius, Thomas Kohert, clergyman, politi- cal economist, A68. Morris, William, poet, born. Morrison, Kohert, Chinese sehol., miss., A52. Seeley, John K., theological writer, born. Spurgeon, Charles H., Baptist preacher, author, born. Taylor, Isaac, philologist, author, born. Telford, Thomas, engineer, Seotland, A77. 1835 * * Byron, Henry J., dramatist, born. Cobbett, William, grammarian, historian, writer, A69. Godwin, William, dram., novelist, hist., A79. Hogg, James, poet, Scotland, Ab3. lnglis, Henry !>,, tourist., writer, Scot., A40. Jevons, William S., economist, author, born. Kater, Henry, physicist, A58. M'Crie, Thomas, tlieol., hist, wr., Scot., A63. Mathews, Charles, actor, humorist, A59. MeCulloch, John, geologist, A62. Motherwell, William, poet, journalist, Scot- land, A36. Pughe, William O., philologist, Wales, A76. Sinclair, Sir John, aminill uialist, au., A81. Whistler, James Abbott McNeill, painter, b. * * The Congregational Dissenters publish a declaration of faith. 1834 Mar. 5. The Scripture Knowl- edge Institution, Bristol, is founded by George Miiller, a Prussian. Aug. 1. Lords reject by ten majority the bill passed by the Commons admit- ting Dissenters to university honors. Sept. 3. The church rate is refused at Manchester. * * The Wesleyan Methodist Associa- tion is established. * * Scot. The Anti-patronage party se- cure a majority in the General Assembly, and pass the Veto Act, aiming to pre- vent the ordination of any as ministers of parishes who are unacceptable to a majority of the parishoners. * * The Ecclesiastical Commission is established. [1836. Aug. 13. Commis- sioners are incorporated.] * * The Society for promoting Female Education in the East is organized by 1835 * * London. The Protestant As- sociation is organized. LETTERS. 1832 July 4. A bill for the founding of the Durham University receives the royal assent. * * London. The Marylebone Literary Institution is founded. * * The Hereford Times is issued. 1832-44 The Saturday Magazine is is- sued. * * London. The Mark Lane Express is issued; also the Naval and Military Gazette. * * The Nautical Magazine is issued. 1832-49 The British Magazine is is- Bued. * * Characteristics of Shakespeare' s Women, by Hazlitt, appears. 1832-61 Edinburgh. TaiVs Edinburgh Magazine is issued. * * Scot. A Commercial Dictionary , by John Ramsay M'Culloch, appears. * * The Playground of Europe, by Leslie Stephen, appears. 1832-33 Lead, Kindly Light, and other poems, by John Henry Now man, appear. [1833. Arians of the Fourth Century.'] 1833 * * The first statistical society in England is formed at Manchester. * * London. The United Service Gazette is issued. 1832 June 23. The Church Inquiry Commission is appointed. 1833 Aug, 14. Parliament passes an Act reducing the number of bishops for Ireland. [The see of Dunmore is united with that of Down and Connor, and Waterfordand Lis- more with Cashal and Ernly. 1834, Cloyne with Clare and Ross; 1835, cork with Cloyne and Leighlin, and Ferns with Ossory; \KV.i, Achonry and Kihlare with Tuam; 1841, El- phin and Ardagh with Kehnore.] 1833-41 Tracts for the Times are pub- lished by Pusey, Newman, Keble, and others of Oxford University, and create great discussion. They propose to restore the practise of the Church of England to what they believe to be required by the language of her liturgy and rubrics, but which are considered by their opponents to be of a Roman Catholic tendency. [1841, Mar. 15. The tracts are condemned by the University authorities.] * * Pauline, h\ Robert Browning, appears. [1835. Paracelsus.'] 1833-42 History of Europe, by Sir Arch- ibald Alison, appears. 1834 * * London. The "Westminster Literary Institution is founded. * * London. The City of London School is founded. * * The Surtees Society, or Roxburgh e Club, for publishing MSS. relating to the northern counties, is established. * * Scot. Sartor Pesartus, by Thomas Carlyle, appears. [1837, The French Revolution ; 184(1, Heroes and Hero Wor- ship; 1845, Cromwell' s Letters and Speeches.] * * Ire. Helen, by Maria Edgeworth, ap- pears. 1835 Aug. 29. The Mining Journal is issued. * * The Leicester Literary and Philo- sophical Society is founded. * * The Watchman is issued. AND IRELAND. 1832, May 23-1835,* 947 1835-44 The Christian Teacher is issued. * * Lodore, by Mrs. Shelley, appears. [1837. Falkner.] SOCIETY. 1832 June 18. London. The Duke of Wellington is attacked by a mob on the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo. June 19. A discharged pensioner at As- cot assaults "William IV. * * It is illegal to employ minors in cot- ton-mills, or to work them more than ten hours daily or more than nine hours on a Saturday. * * London. The Carlton (Conservative) Club is organized. * * The death penalty for forgery is abol- ished, except forgery of wills or stocks. 1833 Feb. 15. Joseph Pease, the first Quaker member, is admitted to Par- liament on his affirmation. Sept * Richard Turner, an artisan of Preston, in a temperance address says that " nothing but a te-te-total will do." The term t e-e t o t a 1 e r is immediately adopted. ■* * Sir Francis H. Goldsmid is called to the bar, the first Hebrew so honored. ■* * London. St. George's Chess Club is founded. ■* * London. University College Hospital is established. 1834 Apr. * London. The tailors un- successfully strike for an increase of wages. Aug. 1. The slaves in the colonies are emancipated, and a temporary appren- ticeship is commenced. Aug. 2-4. London. The third and last Glasgow lottery is drawn at Coopers' Hall. Nov.* -35 Mar.* The Staffordshire pot- ters successfully strike for an advance of wages. [* * Scot. The calico printers of Glasgow strike.] * * The Surtees Society, Durham, is founded. -* * The poor-laws are amended. Guardians of the poor are obliged, un- der the penalty of indictment, to afford sufficient relief to all persons unable to maintain themselves. : London. The Sisters of Charity be- gin * rk. * Hanging in chains is abolished. * * Ire. Titles created, Baron Carew. [1836, Baron Oranmore and Browne.] * * Parliament : Provision is made for pen- sioning public servants and persons made eminent "by their useful discoveries in sci- ence and attainments in literature and the arts, who have merited (lie gracious consider- ation of their sovereign and the gratitude of their country." 1835 Aug. * The Salford Unity, Sal- ford, Lancashire, the first secret tem- perance society, is organized. * * The death penalty for sacrilege is changed to transportation for life. [1861. Breaking into a place of worship and stealing therefrom is made punishable with penal servitude for life.] * * London. St. Mark's Hospital is founded. * * London. Wells Street Sailors' Home is opened. * * The Cruelty to A nim als Act is fur- ther extended. * * The ancient and popular sport of bear-baiting is prohibited. 1823 May 23. Parliament: Uni- formity of Process Act is passed, making many law changes. July 13. Parliament: The Reform Act for Scotland is passed. July 18. Parliament: The Reform Act for Ireland is passed. Nov. 9. Sir Thomas Denman [Lord Denman] is made chief justice. * *The system of "Trial at Bar," or trial by the whole court or a plurality of judges, is adopted. * * An association of large bodies of the lower classes, called " Chartists," is organized. Its objects are to secure universal suf- frage, vote by ballot, annual Parlia- ments, abolition of property qualifica- tion, and equal electoral districts. * * Parliament: The duty on cotton goods imported from the United States is reduced. * * The office of commissioners is abol- ished, and the victualing - office is made one of five departments under the lords of the admiralty. * * "William Ewart Gladstone is elected to Parliament for Newark by the Con- servatives. 1833 Jan. 29. Parliament meets. [1834. Dec. 30. Dissolved.] Apr. 2. Parliament: The Coercion Act, for the repression of crime in Ire- land, is passed. July 30. Parliament: A bill for the Reform of the Irish Church is passed. Aug. 28. Parliament: A bill to abol- ish slavery in the colonies is passed ; it grants £30,000,000 to compensate the Sept. 26. Ire. Marquis Wellesley is appointed lord-lieutenant. * * The Falkland Islands, in the South Pacific, are occupied. * * The East India Company's charter is renewed for 20 years ; their monopoly of the Indian trade is abolished. 1834 Apr. 17. Parliament: A bill to amend the poor-laws is introduced. [Julyl. H. C. Passes. July 21. H.L. Apr. 22. H. C. Daniel O'Connell makes a motion for the repeal of the Union with Ireland. [Apr. 27. Rejected. Vote, 38-523.] July 1. Parliament: Another Coer- cion Act for Ireland is introduced. [July 26. Modified and passed by Com- mons.] July 9. Earl Grey resigns. July 18. Viscount Melbourne becomes premier. Ministers : Lords Althorp, John Russell, Brougham, and Palmer- ston, E. G. Stanley, and Charles Grant ; Lord Auckland is first lord of the admi- ralty. Aug. 1. The Act for the abolition of slavery in the colonies goes into effect ; 770,280 slaves become free. Aug. 14. Royal assent is given to the Poor-Law Amendment Act. A central board of commissioners dis- place the local boards, outdoor relief is reformed, and workhouses are set aside for poor-law unions. Sept. 28. London. Alexander Ra- phael is made sheriff; he is the first Roman Catholic to hold that office since the Revolution. Dec. 26. Sir Robert Peel is made pre- mier. The Cabinet includes Lord Lynd- hurst as lord high chancellor, the Duke of Wellington and the Earl of Aber- deen ; Earl De Grey is first lord of the admiralty. Dec. 29. Ire. Thomas, Earl of Had- dington, is appointed lord-lieutenant. * * Scot. The General Assembly Veto Act is passed. * * H. C. A bill permitting prisoners to have counsel passes. [H. L. Re- jected. 1835. May * H. L. Passed.] * * Parliament: The stamp on alma- nacs is abolished. * * Francis, Marquis of Conyngham, 1b appointed postmaster. * * Parliament: The law making re- turning from transportation punish- able with death is repealed, and an Act is passed making the offense punishable by transportation for life. 1835 Jan. 13. Ire. Sir Edward Bur- tenshaw Sugden is appointed lord high chancellor. Feb. 19. Parliament meets ; James Abercromby, Speaker. [1837. July 17. Dissolved.] Apr. 8. The Ministry resign, having been defeated on the Irish Church ques- tion. Apr. 18. Lord Melbourne again be- comes prime minister. Cabinet: Lord Palmerston (foreign secre- tary), Lord John Russell (home secretary), Viscount Howick (secretary of war), and Lord Auckland (first lord of the admiralty). Apr. 23. Ire. Henry, Marquis of Wor- manby, is appointed lord-lieutenant. [Apr. 30. William, Baron Plunkett, lord chancellor.] May 20. London. The Reform Associa- tion is organized to protect electors. [1836. Succeeded by the Reform Club.] June 5. H. C. Lord John Russell in- troduces a bill for the regulation of municipal corporations. [Sept. 7. Passed.] June 24. Parliament: An Act is passed enabling David Salomons, a Jew, to act as sheriff of London. Sept. 19. Earl of Minto is made first lord of the admiralty. * * Sir Charles Christopher Pepys, master of the rolls, Vice-chancellor Shadwell, and Justice Bosanquet are commission- ers of the great seal. * * Francis, Marquis of Conyngham, is postmaster ; later, the Earl of Lich- field, and "William, Lord Mary- borough. * * Ind. Sir Charles T.Metcalf is made governor-general. * * Manchester is incorporated by the Municipal Reform Act. MISCELLANEOUS. 1833 Feb. 15. The Hibemia is wrecked; 150 persons are drowned. July 3. London. Hungerford market is opened. Aug. 30. The Amphitrite, a ship with female convicts to New South Wales, is lost on Boulogne Sands ; out of 131 per- sons three only are saved. 1834 Jan. 9. The Lady Munro, from Calcutta, is wrecked on its way to Syd- ney ; 70 are drowned. Oct. 16. London. A great fire occurs. The Houses of Parliament are burned, also St. Stephen's Chapel. 1835 * * Mails are first sent on the over- land route to India. 948 I835;**-1839, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1835* *S.Afr. WarwithKafirs(p.598). 1839-42 "War with Afghanistan to restore Shuja Shah to the throne of whichhe is deprived by Dost Mohammed Khan (p. 4). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1835-44 Scot. The Granton Pier and breakwater on the Forth, three miles from Edinburgh, are erected by the gift of Walter Stevuiisoii,I>ukeul 15 ueoleuch. Cost £500,000. * *A magnificent market is erected at Newcastle by Richard Grainger. 1836 June * Prof. Cbarles Wheatstone constructs an electromagnetic appa- ratus; it carries 30 signals through nearly four miles of wire. June 21. Capt. Back sails with the Ter- ror on an exploring adventure to Wager Itiver. Nov. 7. Prus. Tbe great Nassau bal- loon descends at Weilburg, having con- veyed three persons from London in IS hours. * * London. The Numismatic Society is founded by Dr. John Lee. * * London. The statue of George III. is erected in Cockspur Street. * * A naval steam-ram is invented by James Nasmytb. * * Happy, as a King is painted by William Collins. * * Francis Pettet Smith and Capt. John Ericsson obtain patents for screw pro- pellers. * * Scot. The Edinburgh and Granton railway is begun. * * Scot. Anastatic printing is invented by Cocks of Falmouth. 1837 Feb. 14. London. The Art Union of London is founded. June 12. The magnetic needle tele- graph is patented by William Fothergill Cooke and Charles'Wheatstone. [1867. June 12. Gold medal awarded.] July 4. The Birmingham and Liverpool railway is opened as the Grand Junc- tion. * * Scot. An Art Union is formed. * * Photographs on paper are first made by William Henry Fox Talbot. * * London. The Ornithological Society is formed ; also the Electrical So- ciety. * * Wheatstone and Cooke claim to dis- cover the electric telegraph. * * Capt. John Ericsson's screw propeller Francis liogden develops a speed of 10 miles an hour. * * London. City Theater, Norton-Fol- gate, is opened. * * John Upton patents a steam-plow. * * London. The principle of %vorking clocks by electricity is advanced by Alex. Bain. 1838 May 31. London. John Lis- ton, comedian, makes his last appear- Sept. 16. London. The railway to Birmingham is opened. [Dec. 28. Also the one to Greenwich.] Oct. 28. A hurricane sweeps London and vicinity, doing great damage. Nov. 2. Joseph Henry announces the discovery of secondary currents in electricity. * * London. The Royal Agricultural Society is formed. [1S40. Chartered. Also the Etching Club.] * * Herschel's Outline of Astronomy is published. * * The Geological Society is instituted at Manchester. * * The 8th meeting of the British Asso- ciation is held at Newcastle. [1839. Aug. 29, 9th at Birmingham ; 1840, Sept. 24, 10th at Glasgow ; 1841, 11th at Plym- outh ; 1842, June 23, 12th at Manchester. * * The Marquis of Northampton becomes president of the Royal Society. * * The first screw propeller, the Archi- medes, is built on the Thames by H. Wimshurst. * * Prof. Charles Wheatstone makes op- tical discoveries. He invents the re- flecting stereoscope. * * The ammonia process of making soda is invented by Dyer and Hemming. * * The magnificent water-lily, called Vic- toria liegia, is introduced from Guiana by Sir Robert Schomburgk. * * Dr. Neil Arnott's work on ventilators is published. * * The steamship Great Western steams from Bristol to New York iu 15 days. 1839 Jan. 6, 7. Ire. Terrible tempest prevails ; Limerick and Dublin suffer much damage; 200 houses are blown down, killing 20 persons; 100 persons are drowned ; and the coasts of Ireland and Western England are lined with wrecks. Fire consumes 200 houses. Aug. G. London, The Royal Polytech- nic Institution, Regent Street, is opened. Dec. 24-27. A long chalk cliff at Lyme Regis, Dorset, between 100 to 150 feet high, being undermined by rain, slides forward on the beach, carrying fields, houses, and trees. * * The locomotive North Star runs 37 miles an hour. * * London. The Microscopical So- ciety is formed ; also the Ecclesiologi- cal Society, and the Koyal Botanical Society. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1836 * * Oolman, George, poet, dram., A74. Gell. Sir William, classical scholar, anti- quary, A59. Gilbert, William S., dramatist, librettist, b. Lockyer, .Joseph N., astronomer, born. Leach, William E., naturalist, A46. JIaeadam, John L., inventor Macadam roads, Scotland, A80. Marsden, William, orientalist, A82. Mill, James, hist., economist, phil., A63. Poynter, Edward John, historical painter, b. Stowell, Baron, William S., jurist, A91. WVstall, Richard, historical painter, A71. Wilkins, Sir Charles, Sanskrit scholar, A87. 1837 * * Braddon, Mary E., novelist, born. Brydges, Sir Samuel Egcrton, writer, A75. Burges8,Thomas, bp. of Salisbury, au., A81. Burnand, Francis C, dramatist., born. Constable, John, landscape painter, A61. Daniel, William, landscape painter, A68. Donovan, Edward, naturalist, author, A39. Field, John, composer, pianist, Ire., A55. Gordon-Gumming, Constance F., traveler, writer, Scotland, born. Green, John Richard, historian, born. Ilicks-Beach, Sir .Michael Edward, states., b. Latham, John, ornithologist, AS7. Marsh man, Joshua, Baptist missionary, oriental scholar, A70. Proctor, Richard A., astronomer, au., b. Soane, Sir John, architect, A84. Swinburne, Algernon C, poet, born. Turner, Edward, chemist, A40. William IV., king, A72. 1838* * Abbott, Edwin A., theologian, philol- ogist, born. Douglas, Kobert K., orientalist, born. Eldon, Earl of, John S.. statesman, A87. Grant, Mrs. Anne McVicar, novelist, Scot- land, A 83. Irving', Henry (J. H. Broadribb), actor, b. Lancaster, Joseph, educator, A 60. Lecky, William E. H., historian, born. Morley, John, statesman, author, born. Morton, Thomas, dramatist^ A74. Trevelyan, Sir George O., statesman, biog- rapher, author, born. 1839 * * Adam, William, lawyer, Scot., A88. Alison, Archibald, cl., au., Scotland, A82. I'.ccchy, sir William, portrait painter, AHG. Iientinck, Lord, William C, governor-general of Bengal, A65. Coffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, A80. D'Arblay, Madam, Frances Burney, novelist A 88. Gait, John, miscellaneous wr., Scot., A60. Hardy, Sir Thomas M., commander, A70. Lauderdale, Earl of, James M., statesman, Scotland, A80. Pettie, John, painter, born. Praed, "Winthrop M., poet, A37. Smith, William, geologist, A70. Stanhope, Lady Hester L., traveler, A63. Williams, John, missionary, A43. CHURCH. 1835 * * Bishoprics are established : Madras. [1836, Kipon, Montreal, and Aus- tralia; 1837, Bombay; 1838, Nelson, New- Zealand; ]S39, Newfoundland and Toronto; 1841, Jerusalem, Cibi altar, and New Zealand: 1842, Tasmania, Antigua, British Cuiana, and Huron; 184ft, Colombo, Ceylon, and Frederic- ton, New Brunswick.] 1836 * * The Broad Church School in tbe Church of England becomes promi- nent. Traditional beliefs are rejected, and "negative theology" substituted. * * The Church of England Pastoral Aid Society is organized. * * The Colonial Missionary Society in connection with the Congregational Union of England and Wales is organ- ized. 1837* * Scot. The "Woman's Societies of the Free Church of Scotland, the Woman's Missionary Societies of Scot- land (Established Church), and the "Woman's mission-work for women in the Established Church are organized. 1837-82 London. Mormons report six meeting-houses : estimated 85,000 Eng- lish . * * The Peculiar People sect is founded. 1839 * * Scot. Dr. Duff publishes Mis- sions the Chief End of the Christian Church. * * The centenary of Methodism is cele- brated ; £216,000 is collected, to b« expended on educational, church, and benevolent objects. LETTERS. 1835-47 History of Greece, by Connop Thirlwall, appears. c * London. The Musical World is is- sued. : * Dublin. The Dublin Review is issued. ' * The Midland Counties Herald is is- sued. * * Reliques of Father Prout, by Rev. Francis Mah'ony, appears. « * Mr. Midshipman Easy and Japhet in Search of a 'Father, by Capt. Frederick Marry at, appear. [1837, Peter Simple and Stwrleunoto ; 1838, Jacob Faithful; 1839, The Phantom Ship.] '< * Ire. liory O'More, by Samuel Lover, appears. [1839, Songs and Ballads; 1842, Handy Andy.] ' * Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancaster, by Hartley Coleridge, appears. t * p er icl e s and, Aspasia, by Landor, ap- pears. k * Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens, appears. [1837, Ptrkirick Papers; 1838, Oliver Tn-ivf ; 1 838-39 , Nicholas Nickleby ; 1840-41, Master Humphrey's Clock, Old Curiosity Shop, ami Ha ma by Pudge; 1842, American Notes; 1843-44, Martin Chuz- zleioit; 1847-48, Dombey and Son.) AND IRELAND. 1835,* *-1839,' 949 * * English Dictionary , by Charles Rich- ardson, appears. 1836-38 Memoirs of the Life of Sir Wal- ter Scott, by John Gibson Iiockhart, ap- pears. 1837 * * University College, Durham University, is founded. * * London. The Publishers' Circular is issued ; also the Magnet, the Era, and the Railway Times. * * History of the Inductive Sciences, by William Whewell, appears. [1840, Phi- losophy of the Inductive Sciences; 1S45, Elements of Morality.'] * * The Yellowplush Papers, by "William Makepeace Thackeray, appears. * * Harry Lorrequer, by Charles James Lever, appears. [1S10, Charles O'Mal- ley ; 1843, Tom Burke of Ours and Arthur O'Leary.] 1838* * "Wesley College, Sheffield, is opened. * * The Camden Historical Society is founded. * * London. The Ecclesiastical Gazette is issued; also the Medical Press. * * The Seraphim, and. other poems, by Elizabeth Barrett [Browning], appears. [1844, Drama of Exile.'] ■* * On the Law of Storms, by Sir W. Reed, appears. ■* * Rationale of Religious Inquiry t by James Marthieau, appears. [1843, En- deavors after a Christian Life.] 1838-43 History of Rome, by Thomas Arnold, appears. 1838-50 The English Historical So- ciety is established. SOCIETY. 1836 Apr. 11. Orphan houses at Ash- ley-down, Bristol, are foundedby George Muller, a Prussian; they are supported entirely by voluntary contributions and without solicitation. "* * Ire. Tithe disorders prevail. * * London. The Orthopaedic Hospital, for the cure of club-foot and spinal cur- vatures, is founded. -* *The Numismatical Society is founded by Dr. John Lee. It publishes the Nu- mismatic Chronicle. * * A penalty of £50 is enacted for adver- tising any lotteries in the newspapers. * * "Weekly wages of laboi'ers, eight shil- lings. ■* * The legal rights, position, and employ- ment of women are greatly improved. 1838 * * John Thorn announces himself the Messiah at Brighton, and proposes the reformation of society. [May 28-31. In a riot Thorn is killed.] Aug. * Parliament: A statute is passed abolishing arrest for debt on mesne process except in cases wherein there is ground to show that the defendant designs to leave the country. [1846. Imprisonment for debts under £20 is abolished.] * * London. The Arundel Tacht Club is founded. [1849 Changed to Royal Lon- don Yacht Club] * * The poor-laws are extended to Ireland. * * Acts are passed to discourage duelling. * * Scot. The MaitlandClub, Glasgow, is founded. * * The temperance societies called the Rechabites are formed. 1839 Scot. The Spalding Club, Aber- deen, is founded. * * London. A ragged school is set up by Andrew Walker in " Devil's Acre," Westminister. 1835 * * Capt. Alexander Eurnes is sent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as ambassador to offset the intrigues of Russia. 1836 Jan. 16. Sir Charles Christopher Pepys, Lord Cottenham, is made lord high chancellor. Feb. 12. H. C. Lord John Russell in- troduces a bill for the general regulation of Births, Deaths, and Marriages. [Passed.] Feb. * Parliament : The Tithe Commu- tation Act, substituting money for pay- ment in kind, is introduced [and passed]. May 17. H. C. The Jewish Emanci- pation Bill is defeated on second read- ing. Vote, 1G5-228. June 20. H. C. A bill is introduced to reduce the stamp on each newspaper from fourpence to one penny [Passed.] * * South Australia is colonized. * * Parliament: A bill allowing counsel to persons tried for felony is passed. * * E.I. Lord Auckland is appointed governor-general. Oct. 30. Ire. Sir Michael Loghlen is appointed master of the rolls ; he is the first Roman Catholic judge since the Revolution. 1837 June 20. William IV. dies. 1837-f- "Victoria reigns. Alexandrina Victoria, daughter of Ed- ward, Duke of Kent, and granddaughter of George III , becomes queen. June 20. Hanover is separated from Great Britain. The Dukeof Cumber- land becomes king of Hanover. [June 24. He leaves London.] June * The administration of Viscount Melbourne is continued. [F. T. Bar- ing, Earl of Clarendon, T. B. Macaulay, and others are added.] July 12. Parliament: Post-office Acts are consolidated. Nov. 9. London. Moses Montefiore is elected sheriff, and is knighted by the queen ; he is the first Jew so honored. Nov. 15. Parliament meets. [1341. June 23. Dissolved.] Dec. 22. Parliament: The Government announces that Lower Canada is in rebellion (p. 57S). * * London. Sir John Cowan is elected lord mayor [1838, Samuel Wilson ; 1839, Sir Chapman Marshall ; 1840, Thomas Johnson; 1841, John Pirie ; 1842, J. Humphrey; 1843, S. W Magnay ; 1844, Michael Gibbs; 1845. John Johnson; 1846, Sir George Carroll ; 1847, John Kin- nersley Hooper ; J 848, Sir James Duke; 1849, Thos. Farncombe ; 1S50, Sir John Musgrove.] * * The queen is empowered to grant an- nually new pensions to the amount of £1,200. * *The national debt is £761,422,570. 1838 Apr. * Lord Durham is appointed a special commissioner to Canada to redress grievances and maintain the law. June 28. Loudon Queen "Victoria is crowned at Westminster Aug. 1. E. I. Slavery is abolished. Aug. 10. The Ministry disallow the or- dinance of Lord Durham (Jan. 281 expa- triating rebel leaders in Canada. [He resigns bis office.] Aug. * A meeting of working-people called Chartists takes place near Bir- mingham. They draw up a national petition, or people's charter, demanding annual par- liaments, universal suffrage for man- hood, voting by ballot, abolition of property qualification of members of parliament, and payments for their ser- vices, [Later, they add a demand for equal electoral districts.] Sept. 18. The Anti-corn-law League is formed at Manchester. Charles Vil- liers, Richard Cobden, and John Bright are its leaders. Oct. 23. Manchester receives a charter of incorporation. * * Parliament : The transmission of mails by railways is enacted, * * Parliament : A poor-law for Ireland is passed. [1839. Amended.] * * Ire. Kent is substituted for land- owners' tithes. * * The imperial state crown of England is made. It contains one large ruby, one large sapphire. It; sapphires, 11 emeralds, 4 ru- bies, 1,303 brilliants, 1,273 rose diamonds, 147 table diamonds, 4 drop-shaped pearls, and 273 pearls. 1839 Apr. 3. Ire. Hugh, Earl For- tescue, is appointed lord-lieutenant. May 2. H. C. Charles Shaw Lefevre, Viscount Eversley, is chosen Speaker. June 14. Parliament: The petition of the Chartists is presented and rejected. [Riots follow.] July * H. C. A bill for the adoption of Rowland Hill's plan of a penny postage is introduced [and passed]. Aug. 26. Parliament: The Manchester Police Act is passed. Nov. 16. A commercial treaty is con- cluded with Turkey. Dec. 5. The new postage-law, with the uniform letter-rate of fourpence, goes into operation as an experiment. * * Afghanistan. Sir William MacNaugh- ten becomes the real governor under Shah (p. 5). * * Arabia. Aden captured (Jan. 29) and annexed. * * parliament: Birmingham town is ncorporated, and a police Act for it MISCELLANEOUS. 1836 Aug. 30. London. Flenning's wharf, London Bridge, and other structures are burned ; loss, £250,000. Sept. 19. Dublin. Mount Jerome Cemetery is consecrated. * * Raw cotton sells from IS to 20 cents a pound. * * London. Tothill Fields Bridewell prison is rebuilt. 1837 * * The Peninsular Company is formed. [It becomes the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company.] 1838 Jan. 10. London. The Royal Exchange is burned the second time. Apr. 8-23. The Great Western sails from Bristol to New York. Sept. 6. The steamer Forfarshire, from Hull to Dundee, is lost; 38 persons drowned. Grace Darling and her father save 15 persons. Nov. 21. E. I. The East Indiamen Pro- tector is wrecked in the Bay of Bengal ; 170 drowned. 1838-39 A telegraph-line is set up on the Great Western Railway from Pad- dington to West Drayton. 1839 Jan. 7. The naval cutter Dili- gence is wrecked ; 56 persons drowned. 950 1839,**-1842, ** GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1839-42 "War with China over dis- putes regarding the opium-trade (p. 616). 1840 Sept.* -Nov.* "War against Me- hemet Ah, Pasha of Egypt. (See Egypt.) Sept. 16. Syria. Beyrout is bombarded and captured by the British under Col. Napier. Nov. 3. Syria. A British squadron un- der Adm. Stopford bombards and takes St. Jean d'Acre ; Egyptian loss, 2,000 killed and wounded, and 3,000 prisoners. [Peace follows.] * * The screw propeller is introduced in the royal navy. 1842 Aug. 15. The Duke of Wel- lington is again appointed commander- in-chief. * * The artillery carbine is introduced. * * The percussion -musket is intro- duced. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * The process of obtaining illuminating gas from water is patented by Cruik- shank. * * Wm. Robert Grove constructs the nitric acid battery. * * London. Wood-paving is unsuccess- ful. * * Henry Fox Talbot first publishes his method of multiplying impressions by producing a negative photograph, from which any number of positive cop- ies may be printed. 1840 May 11. The railway to South- ampton is opened. June 30. London. The railway to Bris- tol is opened. [Aug. 2. To Blackwall. Sept. 21. To Brighton.] June.* London. An experiment is made with atmospheric pressure on railway across Wormwood Scrubs. Aug. 14±. The steam-packet Britannia crosses from Halifax to Liverpool in 10 days, breaking all previous records. * * The hydro-electric machine is in- vented by Armstrong. * * Edinburgh. The Sir Walter Scott monument is begun. [1845. Finished.] * * John Babcock of Brighton beginB to procure new lymph for vaccination by inoculating cows with smallpox. * * Prof. Wheatstone invents an electro- magnetic telegraph clock. * * Dublin. The Irish Archaeological So- ciety is formed. * * Inoculation is prohibited by law. * * Alfred Smee's electric battery is first constructed. * * Robert Sterling Newall of Gateshead patents wire rope for submarine tele- graph cables. 1841 Jan. 16. Brentford is inundated and much damage is done ; several lives are lost. June 11. London. The Chemical So- ciety is formed; also the Pharmaceu- tical Society [184:;, chartered], and the Hydropathic Society. Sept. * London. The Princess's Theater is opened for concerts. [Dec. 26. For plays.] Nov. 2. London. Adelaide Kemble makes her first appearance. * * The Queen's Bridge is built on the site of the long bridge at Belfast. * * Wheatstone's alphabetical printing telegraph is patented. 1842 Dec. 17. James Young sets up the Family Herald with a type-compos- ing machine. Dec. 26. London. The Marylebone Theater is opened. 1841 May 28. Scot. Seven minis- ters belonging to the Presbytery of Strathbogie are deposed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland for obeying the civil in preference to the ecclesiastical law. : * Magneto-electricity is applied to electroplating by Woolwich. ' * Red flames are observed during an eclipse of the sun, by Francis Baily. : * The Kew Observatory is presented to the British Association. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1840* * Harrington, George, pickpocket, writer, A75. Broughlon, Rhoda, novelist, born, r.runimell, George B. (Beau Brummell), fop, A62. Carlisle, Sir Anthony, surgeon, physiol., A72. Gary, Henry F., poei, translator of " Dante," A68. De la Rame, Louise (Ouida), novelist, born. Drummond, ('apt. Thomas, civil engineer, Scotland, A 43. Griffin, Gerald, novelist, poet, Ireland, A37. Linton, James I>., painter, born. Maclure, William, geologist, Scot., A77. Nasmylh, Alexander, painter, Scot., A82. Riviere, Union, painter, born. Smith, Sir William S., admiral, A76. Stanley, Henry Morton, explor., Wales, b. Stone, Jlaretis, painter, born. Symonds, John A., author, born. Walker, Frederick, painter, born. Victoria, Empress Frederick of Germany, princess royal, dau. of Queen Victoria, b. 1841 * * Black, William, novelist, Scot., b. Burnes, Sir Alex., traveler, diplomatist, Scot- land, A36. Bucbanan, Robert W., poet, Scotland, born. Chitty, Joseph, jurist, A65. Dyer, Geoii;*', scholar, antiquary, A86. Elgin, Eari of, Thomas Bruce, diplomatist, Scotland, A75. Gregory, Gilbert Ashlmrton, math., tvt., A67. Hook, Theodore Edward, novelist, drama- tist, humorist, A58. Mac-Auley, Catherine E., philanthropist, founder Sisters of Mercy, Ireland, A54. .MacNeven, William J., physician, teacher, Ireland, A78. White, Josej.li I'.., clergyman, author, A66. Wilkie, Sir David, painter, Scotland, A56. 1842 * * Arnold, Thomas, clergyman, classi- cal scholar, historian, A47. Banim, John, novelist, Ireland, A44. Chantry, Sir Francm Legatt, sculptor, A6I. Congleton, Lord, Henry Brooke Parnell, statesman, A 66. Cunningham, Allan, poet, critic, Scot., A58. Darling, Grace, heroine, A27. Fnshroke, Thomas I*., archeologist, A72. Foster, John, el., moralist, author, A72. Haldane, Robert, el., philan., au., Scot., A78. Hill, Viscount, Rowland, general, A70. Maginn, William, journalist, author, Ireland, A49. Mudie, Robert, naturalist, Scotland, A65. Ousely, Sir William, orientalist, A73. I'ayne, John, poet, born. Wellesley, Marquis of, Richard Cowley, or Wesley, statesman, A82. CHURCH. 1839 * * The Ecclesiological Society is organized. 1840* * Ire. The "Synod of Ulster" and the "Secession Synod" unite to form the " General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland." * * The Welsh Presbyterian Foreign Missionary Society is established at Liverpool. * * A Jewish mission to the East is or- ganized by Moses Montefiore. * * Parliament : A new Church Disci- pline Act is passed. Nov. 30. Edinburgh. The Medical Missionary Society is organized. * * Scot. The Morisonians, followers of the Rev. James Morison of Kilmarnock, are suspended for heterodoxy. * * Sir F. H. Goldsmid founds the Jewish Infant School. 1842 May 23. Scot. TheGeneral As- sembly of the Church of Scotland con- demns patronage as detrimental to true religion, and deserving to be abolished. Nov. 7. London. The British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews is founded. LETTERS. 1839-69 The first real practical techni- cal school in England is formed in the Chester Diocesan Training College, by Rev. Arthur Itigg, principal. 1839 * * Festus, by Philip James Bailey, appears. * * Introduction to the Literature of Eu- rope, by Henry Hallam, appears. 1839-43 Sketches of Statesmen of the Time of George III., by Lord Henry Brougliam, appears. [1S45-46, Lives of the Men of Letters and Science who Flourished in the Time of George III.'] 1839-44 Proverbial Philosophy, by Mar- tin Farquhar Tupper, appears. '[1844, Crock of Gold.'] 1839-45 Journal of Researches, by Charles Darwin, appears. 1840* *A training-school is founded at Battersea by Sir J. Shuttleworth and E. C. Tufnell. * * The Shakespeare Society is founded. * * London. The London Circulating Library is founded. * * London. The Tablet, Roman Catholic weekly, is issued. * * Scot. The Witness is issued. * * Scot. The Old Red Sandstone, by Hugh Miller, appears. [1850, Footprints of the Creator.] * * Ingoldsby Legends, by Richard Harris Barfiam, appears. 1840-48 Lives of the Queens of Eng- land, by Agnes Strickland, appears. 1841 Apr. 14. London. The Noncon- formist is issued. July 17. London. Punch, or the Lon- don Charivari, is issued by Henry May- hew, Mark Lemon, Douglas Jerrold, Gil- bert a Becket, and others. * * London. The Pharmaceutical Jour- nal is issued ; also the Gardeners Chronicle and Jewish Chronicle. * * Amenities of Literature, by Isaac D'ls- raeli, appears. * * Master man Ready, by Capt. Marryat, appears. [1846, < 'huaren of the New For- est; 1848, The Little Savage.] 1842 May 18. London. The Philo- logical Society is established. May * London. The Illustrated London News is issued. * * Edinburgh. New CoUege is founded. * * London. Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper is issued; also "the Builder and the In- quirer. * * Lays of Ancient Rome, by Macaulay, appears. * * Locksley Hall, and other poems, by Tennyson, appears. [1S47, The Princess : 1850, In Memoriam.] * * Ire. The Waldenses, - bv Aubrev Thomas DeVere, appears. [1343, Poem-.'] AND IRELAND. 1839,**-1842, **. 951 * * Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiq- uities, by Sir William Smith, appears. * * Zanoni, by Bulwer-Lytton, appears. [1S43, Last of' the Barons: 1S4S, Harold; 1849, The Caxtons; 1S53, My Novel.'] * * Scot. Love and Immortality, by Charles Mackay, appears. [1845, Le- gends of the Isles.] * * Correlation of the Physical Forces, by Sir "W. R. Grove, appears. It enunciates the theory of the corre- lation or mutual dependence and con- vertibility into each other of all the forces of nature, viz., heat, light, elec- tricity, magnetism, chemical affinity, and motion. 1842-53 The Shakespeare Society is- sues 20 volumes. SOCIETY. 1839* * London. King's College Hos- pital is founded. * * London. The Theatrical Fund is es- tablished. [1S53. Incorporated.] * * The British and Foreign Antislavery Society is established. 1840 Jan. 1. John Frost, Zephaniah Williams, and William Jones, three Chartists, are tried for high treason. [Condemned and transported.] July 10. Attempted assassination. Edward Oxford, an ex-servant in a public house, discharges two pistols at Queen Vic- toria and Prince Albert when ascending Constitution Hill in an open pha?ton from Buckingham Palace. Neither her majesty nor the prince is injured. [July 10. Oxford adjudged to he insane.] 1840-52 London. The Percy Society is formed. [1840-55. Also the Parker Society.] 1841 Sept. 15. Metropolitan Associa- tion for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrial Classes is founded. [1845. Oct. 16. Incorporated.] * * A Consumption Hospital is founded at Brompton. * * London. The London Philanthropic Society is founded to supply bread and coal to the poor. * * Titles created. Barons Oxenfoord, Con- gleton, and Vivian; also Karl of Gainsbor- ough. [1H42, Viscount. Hill; 1846, Earl of Eliesmere and Visi-ount. llardinge; 1847, Earl of Strafford; 1*49. Visi-onnt (longhand Baron Elgin; 1*50, Earl of Tottenham and Baron Truro; 1851, Baron De Freyne.] 1841-47 Edinburgh. Wodrow Soci- ety is founded. 1842 May 30. John Francis fires at the queen. [July 3. John William Bean presents a pistol at the queen, but is seized by a bystander before firing it. J Aug. * Scot. Father Mathew visits Glasgow; 40,000 take the pledge. nong 1840 Jan. 10. Parliament: Members relinquish the privilege of franking let- ters. The penny postage act becomes operative. Feb. 10. Queen Victoria marries her cousin. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha. Apr. 14. Parliament: An act for the settlement of the privilege of Parlia- ment question is passed. July 15. A treaty of alliance is con- cluded with Russia, Austria, and Prussia for the maintenance of the Ottoman empire and the settlement of the affairs of Egypt. July 23. Parliament: The "Vaccina- tion Act is passed. [1853. Compulsory Act passed.] Aug. 4. Parliament: A regency bill appointing Prince Albert regent in tbe event of the demise of the queen, should her next lineal successor be under age, 1 * A Parliamentary commission reports that children six years of age are em- ployed in mines to drag cars of coal through low tunnels by getting down on hands and feet. Orphan boys are reduced to slavery in the mines by a sys- tem of apprenticeship. : * London. A women's hospital is founded in Soho. * The Royal Masonic Institution for tbe aged and widows is founded. 1839* * London. The employment of dogs in drawing carts, etc., is abolished. [1854. Abolished throughout the country.] * * The new Houses of Parliament are commenced. [1852. Finished.] * * New Zealand is settled. * * The money-order office, set up in 1792, is begun to be generally used. * * Parliament : The Municipal Cor-, poration Act for Ireland is passed. * * Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, a Jew, is made a baronet, the first Jew so honored. 1841 Jan.* China. Hong Kong is acquired (p. 617). May 27. H, C. A vote of confidence in the Ministry is refused. Vote, 312- 311. June * Ire. John Campbell is made lord chancellor. [Oct. * Sir Edward Sugden.] Aug. 19. Parliament meets. [1347. July 23. Dissolved. Aug. 30. The Melbourne Ministry re- sign, having beendefeatedin Parliament on an amendment to the speech from the throne. Sept. 6. A Ministry is formed with Sir Robert Peel as Premier. Members: the Duke of Wellington ; Lord Lyndhuret as lord high chancellor; Sir James Graham, the Earl of Aberdeen, and Lord Stanley. [Later, Sidney Her- bert, W.E. Gladstone. Earl of Hadding- ton is made tirst lord of the admiralty.] Sept. 15. Ire. Thomas Philip, Earl de Grey, is appointed lord-lieutenant. Nov. 10. Edward Pennefather is made chief justice. Dec. 20. The quintuple treaty for the suppression of the slave-trade is signed. It allows mutual right of search by the great powers ; Great Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia sign it. * * Dublin. Daniel O'Connell is elected mayor ; he is the first Roman Catholic to hold that office. * * Viscount Lowther is appointed post- master. * * Population of England, 8,196,597. * * Postage-stamps come into use, super- seding adhesive envelopes. 1842 Mar. 3 . Parliament : The Copy- right Law is amended by extending the term of 28 years to 42 years. Apr. 7. H. C. Sir Robert Peel's "slid- ing-scale " bill, "regulating the duty on wheat and other articles of corn," is passed. May 2. Parliament: A petition for the adoption of the "People's Charter," having 3,000,000 signatures, is intro- duced. [Rejected. Vote, 287-49.] June 22. H. C. Sir Robert Peel's bill for the imposition of a tax of sevenpence in the pound on incomes over £150 is passed. Aug. 9. The Ashburton Treaty is signed (p. 155). * * London. TheoldMarshalseaprison, Southwark, built in the 13th century, is taken down. * * Parliament: A bill prohibiting the employment of women and children in mines is passed. * * E.I. Earl of Ellenborough is ap- pointed governor-general. * * London. Pentonville Model prison is completed. * * Scot. The queen firs t visits Scotland. MISCELLANEOUS. 1840 Jan. 11. The steamer William HusHsson is wrecked between Dublin and Liverpool ; 93 passengors saved by Capt. Clegg of the Huddersfield. June 17. E. I. The Lord William Ben- Uncle is wrecked off Bombay; 58 re- cruits, 20 officers, and seven passengers perish; the Lord Castlereagh also- wrecked, most of her crew and passen- gers being lost. July 18. U. S. A. The first transat- lantic steamer of the Cunard line, the Britannia, arrives at Boston, Mass., after a passage of 14 days and eight hours. Nov. 18. The steam packet City of Bris- tol is wrecked ; 35 persons drowned. 1841 Jan. 4. The steamer Thames, from Dublin to Liverpool, is wrecked off St. Ives ; the captain and 55 persons drowned. Feb. 10. The Governor Fenner, from Liverpool to America, is run down off Holyhead by the Nottingham steamer out of Dublin ; 122 persons drowned. Apr. 19. The William Browne is wrecked by striking on the ice ; 16 pas- sengers who had been received into the long-boat are thrown overboard by the crew to lighten her. June 8. London. Astley's Amphi- theater is burned the third time. Sept. 26. The Amanda is wrecked off Metis ; 29 passengers and 12 of the crew drowned. Oct. 30. London. A fire occurs at the Tower ; the armory and 2SO,000 stand of arms are destroyed. Nov. 21. Ire. The James Cooke of Lim- erick is wrecked in coming from Sligo to Glasgow. * * The telegraph is extended to Glas- gow. 1842 Aug. 28. Afr. The transports Abercroml >'/<■, Robinson, and Waterloo are lost in Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope ; of 330 persons on board the lat- ter vessel 189, principally convicts, are drowned. Nov. 13. The East Indiaman Reliance, from China to London, is wrecked off Merlmont, near Boulogne ; of 116 per- sons on board, seven only are saved. * * Commercial distress prevails. Many persons are unemployed, and disorders in manufacturing districts are repressed by military force. 952 1843, Jan. 13-1846, ** GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1843 July 13. The Albert troop-ship from Halifax is wrecked with the 64th Regiment on board, which barely es- capes. * * E. I. War with the Sindis. (See India.) 1844 * * The naval list is first officially completed. 1845 Dec. *E.I. The first Sikh war begins. 1846 * * S. Afr. War with Kafirs. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1S43 Mar. 1. Tbe Phonetic Society is formed; Isaac Pitman, secretary. Hilar. 25. London. The Thames tunnel is opened for foot passengers ; length, 1,300 feet ; width, 35 feet ; heighth, 20 feet ; thickness of earth between the crown of the arch and the bed of the river, about 15 feet. Apr. 17. London. Astley's Amphithe- ater is reopened. June 28. London. The Southeastern railway is opened to Folkestone. [1S44. Feb. 7. To Dover.] ]>3"ov. 4. London. The Nelson Column, Trafalgar Square, is completed. [1SG7. Jan. 31. The lions at the base, designed by Sir Edwin Landseer, are uncovered.] * * Gutta-percha is made known in Eng- land by Drs. De Almeida and Montgom- ery at the Society of Arts. * * London. The Ethnological Society is formed ; also the British Archaeo- logical Association, and the Koyal Archaeological Institute. * * Scot. James Nasmyth invents the striking steam-hammer. * * The 13th meeting of the British Asso- ciation is held at Cork; [1844, 14th at York; 1845, 15th at Cambridge; 1846, 16th at Southampton ; 1847, 17th at Ox- ford.] * * The first experiments in atmospheric railways in England are made at Worm- wood. * * Sir Wm. Rowan Hamilton invents the mathematical method called quater- nions. * * Ire. The first atmospheric railway in Ireland is built. 1844 Aug. 24. Edinlmrgh. A monu- ment to the political martyrs of 1793-94 Oct. 8. Scot. A statue of the Duke of Wellington is unveiled at Glasgow. [Later, also one at the Royal Exchange, London.] * * The doctrine of the origin of species by evolution appears in the Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. * * The North British railway is begun. [1846. June 18. Opened.] ±* *Rev. John Curwen improves the tonic sol-fa system, in which the let- ters d, r, m, f , s, 1, t (for do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, or si), are used instead of notes. * * Dublin. Queen's Theater in Bruns- wick Street is erected. * *The Handel Society is formed; also the Syro-Egyptian Society, the Ray Society, and the Caxton Society. 1845 Feb. 27. The Portland Vase is smashed with a stone by William Lloyd. [It has been skilfully repaired.] May 1. London. The Hungerford (or Charing Cross) suspension bridge is opened. May 24. Sir John Franklin and Capts. Crozier and Fitzjames sail in the ships Erebus and Terroriov the arctic regions. June * The railway from Cambridge to London is opened. June * J. Watkins Brett and Jacob Brett file plans for a transatlantic telegraph cable. * * The Sheffield and Manchester railway is opened. * * London. A statue of Queen Victoria is erected at the Royal Exchange. * * London. Victoria Park and Trafalgar Square are completed. 1846 Aug. * The Queen's Park, Peel Park, and Philip's Park, Manchester, are opened. Oct. 10. Lassell discovers a satellite of Neptune. * * London. The grand "Wellington Arch is erected at Hyde Park corner ; height of equestrian statue, 27 feet ; weight, 40 tons ; chiefly made from cap- tured cannon. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1843 * * Abbott, Evelyn, classical scholar, historian, born. Allen, William, chemist, A73. Alice Maud .Mary, .laughter of Victoria, b. Cooper, William k., aivheolngist, born. Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, statesman, journalist, born. Dowden, Edward, scholar, Ireland, born. Loudon, John C, horticulturist, Scot., A 60. Southey, Robert, poet, historian, biog., AGI. 1844 * * Aben'i'oinl>ie,.In]in, phys., Scot., Ali4. Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, A87. Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, son of Victoria, born. Baily, Fram-is, astronomer, A70. Heckford, William, author, A84. Burdett, Sir Francis, statesman, A74. Callcott, Sir Aug. W., landscape paint., A65. Oampbeil, Thomas, poet, Scotland, A67. Dal ton, John, physicist, mathematician, A78. Halt'ord, Sir Henry, physician, author, A78. Hall, Basil, traveler, author, Scotland, A56. Lang, Andrew, poet, essayist, born. Scott, Thomas II. S., author, born. Sterling, John, critic, essayist, A38. Sullivan, Arthur, musical composer, born. 1845 * * Adolphus, John, lawyer, hist., A78. Blanchard, Laman, journalist, A42. Buxton, Sir Thomas F., philanthropist, A59. Cooper, Thomas s., painter, A42. Daniell, John F., chemist, physicist, A55. Ernest Augustus Albert, Duke of Cumber- land, born. Fry (or Curney), Elizabeth, philanthropist, prison reformer, A65. Hood, Thomas, humorist, poet, A 47. Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry E., states., b. Nairne, Baroness, Carolina 0-, poet, Scot- land, A79. Roche, Marie Kegina, novelist, A81. Saintshury, George W., scholar, author, b. Sale, Sir Robert II., general, A63. Smith, Sydney, cl., essayist, wit, wr., A74. 1848 * * Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist, antlslavery advocate, A86. Davitt, Michael, journalist, states., Ire., b. De Vere, Sir Aubrey, poet, Ireland, A3f). Frere, John II., poet, diplomatist, wr. A77. Haydon, Benjamin R., hist, painter, AGO. Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess Helena, daughter of Victoria, born. Holl, Frank, painter, horn. Parnell, Charles Stewart, statesman, Ire., b. Sayce, Archibald H., philologist, born. CHURCH. 1843 May 18. Edinburgh. Differences on the question of the right of patrons to nominate to livings causes the se- cession from the national church of Br. Thomas Chalmers and 400 other minis- ters [who form the c< Free Church of Scotland"]. * * Parliament provides for the formation of new district churches or parishes; £600,000 appropriated. « * The Voluntary School Society and Congregational Board of Education are formed. ' * The Primitive Methodists organize a Foreign Missionary Society. * *The Congregational Board of Edu- cation is organized at Homerton. 1S44 May * The society for the liber- ation of religion from state patronage and control is established by eminent political Dissenters. June 6. London. The Parent Society of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion is organized. * * The Patagonian Missionary Society is organized by Mr. "Williams. * *The Free Church of England is formed as au Episcopal church. 1845 Nov. * Ire. The Protestants form an alliance at Armagh. * * The Evangelical Alliance is founded by Sir Culling Bradley Smith and others, nt Liverpool, with the view of promoting unity among all denominations of Prot- estant Christians against Kuman Cathol- icism and infidelity. * + London. The Evangelical Conti- nental Society is organized. 1846 Aug. 19-Sept. 2. London. A meeting for the organization of the Christian Alliance is held in Freema- son's Hall ; 800 delegates representing DO denominations are present; object, the preservation of Christian liberty and the promotion of Christian unity. LETTERS. 1843* * Queen's College, Birming- ham, is incorporated. * * Wordsworth is appointed poet lau- reate. 1843-56 JElfric Society is founded. * * London. Allen's Indian Mail is is- sued ; also the News of the World, Eng- lish Churchman, Farmer, Economist, aiid Law Times. * * System of Logic, hy John Stuart Mill. appears. [1848, Principles of Political Economy.] * * Song of the Shirt, hy Thomas Hood, appears. [18-17, Poems of Wit and Hu- mor.'] 1844 * * London. The British Quarterly Peview is issued. Also the Musical Times and the Agricultural Gazette. * * Vestiges of the Natural History of Cre- ation appears. It affirms the progressive development as a hypothetic history of organic crea- tion ; the authorship is ascribed to Rob- ert Chambers and others, and occasions much controversy. * * Hitopadesa, edited and translated by Max Muller (Friedrich Maximilian Miiller), appears. * * Acjinconrt, by G. P. Ft. James, appears. [1853, Agnes Sorel.] * * Village Sermons, hy Charles Kingsley, appears. [1S50, Alton Locke; 1853, By- 2) at la ; 1855, Westward Ho J] 1S44-47 The North British Pevieio is issued. 1844-55 Experimental Pesearches in Electricity, by Michael Faraday, ap- pears. 1845 June * Dublin. Maynooth Col- lege receives a permanent endowment from Parliament, consisting of £50,000 AND IRELAND. 1843, Jan. 13-1846,**. 953 for tlie enlargement of the buildings and £26,000 annually. [This occasions much controversy in England, a motion being made for its ulx >lition at almost every ses- sion of Parliament.] July 31. Parliament passes an Act es- tablishing queen's colleges (unsecta- rian) in Ireland. [1S49. Oct. 30. One is opened at Gal- way. Oct. * One at Belfast. Nov. 7. One at Cork. They are termed "God- less colleges," and are much opposed by the clergy. (See 1850, Aug. 15.)] Sept. 23. Ire. The Irish National Education Board is incorporated. * * The British Quarterly Review is is- sued. * * London. Knight's Penny Magazine is issued. * * Sybil, by Benjamin Disraeli, appears. * * A Concordance to Shakespeare, by Mary Cowden Clarke, appears. 1845-55 The Prospective Revieiu is is- sued. 1845-67 History of Philosophy, by George Henry Lewes, appears. 1846 Jan. 21. London. The Daily News is issued ; also the Guardian. ± * * Owens College, Manchester, is founded by means of a bequest of £100- 000 by John Owens. [1851. Mar. 10. It is opened.] * * Bishop Hatfield's Hall, Durham University, is founded. SOCIETY. 1843 Nov. 14. Great free-trade meet- ings are held at Manchester. * * Rebecca or "Becca" riots against turnpikes occur in South Wales. * * London. The Sydenham Society and Law Amendment Society are founded. * * The National Temperance Society is formed. * * London. The Round, Catch, and Cannon Club is founded. * * London. St. Mary's Hospital, Pad- dington, is founded. i* * Ire. The "Molly Maguires," a secret society, flourishes. * * Edinburgh. The Spottiswood Soci- ety is founded. 1844 Nov. 5. Scot. The Scottish Temperance League is formed. * *A Ragged School Union is organ- ized. * * Sailors' Home, Liverpool, is founded. * * The Asylum for Fatherless Children at Reedham, Surrey, is established. 1845 May 20. Lieut. Hawkes kills Lieut. Seton in a duel. Aug. * The queen visits Germany. Dec. 23. A great anti- corn-law meet- ing is held at Manchester ; £64,9S4 sub- scribed. * * A society for the discouragement of dancing is formed. * * London. Model lodging-houses are built. * * A German hospital is founded at Dalston. * * The polka is introduced [and becomes a popular dance]. * * Scot. A poor-law system is estab- lished. * * Ire. Titles created, Baron Dun- sandle and ClanConal. [1848, Baron Bel- lew.] STATE. 1843 Mar. 16. Ire. Daniel O'Con- nell addresses 30,000 people at Trim on the repeal of the Act of united legisla- tion between Ireland and Great Britain. Aug. 3. S.Afr. Natal is annexed. Aug. 15. Ire. O'Connell half a million people on the hill of Tara in favor of the repeal of the legislative Oct. 14. Ire. O'Connell and many of his associates are arrested on charges of conspiracy, sedition, and unlawful assembling. [1S44. Jan. 15-Feb. 12. O'Connell and eight others are found g*uilty by a Protestant jury.] 1844 May 6. H. C. A bill for the re- newal of the Bank of England is intro- duced and passed. It provides for the continuation of the bank's privilege, for its division into two departments, for the publishing of its weekly returns, and the limiting of its circulation to £14,000,000. [Passed.] May 13. Parliament: Sir James Gra- ham's bill for the regulation of hours of labor in factories is passed. May 30. Ire. Daniel O'Connell is sen- tenced to imprisonment for one year, and to pay a fine of £2,000; his associ- ates are sentenced to nine months' im- prisonment, and to pay a fine of £50 each. July 12. Ire. William, Lord Heytes- bury, is appointed lord-lieutenant. Aug. 3. Parliament: The Art Union Indemnity Act is passed. Sept. 4. H. C. The decision of the Irish Court of the Queen's Bench in the case of O'Connell and his associates is re- vised. They are liberated. Dec. 18. Ire. New commissioners of charitable bequests are appointed, and the rank of Roman Catholic bishops is recognized. * * Parliament orders the examination of railway schemes before their intro- duction by the Board of Trade. * * Parliament requires railway compa- nies to run cheap trains every day, and permits the erection of electric tele- graphs, and authorizes the Government to buy existing railways with the per- mission of Parliament after Jan. 1, I860. * * E. I. Sir Henry Hardinge is ap- pointed governor-general. 1845 Feb. 15. H. C. Sir Robert Peel introduces a bill for the abolition of import duties on over 430 articles. Dec. 5. Sir Robert Peel resigns. [Dec* Lord John Russell attempts to form a Ministry, but fails, and Peel resumes office.] * * H. C. A bill is passed for the improve- ment of Maynooth College, Dublin, and granting to it annually £30,000. 1845-53 Ire. The Celtic Society, Dub- lin, flourishes. 1846 Jan. 13. The Earl of Ellenbor- ough is made first lord of the admiralty. Jan. 23. Ire. Francis Blackburn is made chief justice. Apr. 30. H. C. "William Smith O'Brien is committed to the custody of the sergeant-at-arms, for contempt, in not obeying an order of the House to attend a committee. June 15. Can. The Oregon boundary treaty (p. 161). June 26. Parliament: The corn-laws are totally repealed. Wheat at or about 53 shillings per quarter to be four shillings a quarter until Feb. 1, 1849 ; thereafter all kinds of grain uniformly to be one shilling per quarter. June 29. Sir Robert Peel resigns, his bill for the protection of life in Ire- land being rejected by the Commons. July * Richard Cobden receives a testi- monial of £S0,000 for his eminent ser- vices in promoting the abolition of the corn-laws. July 6. Lord Cottenham is appointed lord high chancellor. Lord John Russell becomes premier. Cabinet includes Marquis of Lansdowne, Viscount ralmerston, foreign secretary, Earl Grey, William E. Gladstone, secretary of state "for the colonial ik'paiiment, Lord Auckland, first lord of the admiralty, Earl Granville, Fox Jlaule, Earl of Carlisle, Sir Thomas Wilde, and Lord Truro. July 9. Ire. John -William, Earl of Besborough, is appointed lord -lieu- tenant. [July 16. Maziere Brady, lord chancellor.] July 29. Ire. William Smith O'Brien and the " Young Ireland," or physical force, party secede from the Repeal Association, and form the Irish Confed- eration party. Aug.* Parliament: Three famine-relief Acts for Ireland are passed. Aug. 28. Parliament : Commissioners of railways are constituted. MISCELLANEOUS. 1843 Jan. 13. The East Indiaman Con- queror, homeward bound, is wrecked near Boulogne ; crew and passengers are lost. Jan. 16. The East Indiaman Jessie Lo- gan is wrecked on the Cornish coast ; many drowned. Apr. 7. Sp. The royal mail-steamer Solway is wrecked near Corunna ; 28 lives and the mail are lost. Apr. 12. The trader Catherine is blown up off the Isle of Pines. Most of the crew are massacred by the natives or afterwards drowned. May 23. Ind. The Amelia Thompson is wrecked near Madras ; part of the crew saved. July 19. The steam-packet Pegasus from Leith is wrecked off the Fern Islands ; of 59 persons (including Elton the actor) seven only are saved. 1844 June 16. The steamer Manches- ter from Hull to Hamburg is wrecked off the Vogel Sands, near Cuxhaven ; 30 lives are lost. Oct. 28. London. The Royal Ex- change is opened by the queen. * * London. Fleet prison is taken down. * * The use of sealing-wax is superseded by the introduction of adhesive envel- opes. * * The Admiralty pier at Dover is com- menced. 1845 Jan. 1. London. The new build- ing Act becomes operative. May 2. A suspension chain-bridge, built over the Bure at Yarmouth, at an expense of £4,000, owing to the weight of a vast number of persons who assem- bled on it to witness an exhibition on the water, suddenly gives way, and 79 lives (mostly children) are lost. * * London. Penny-fares on steamboats * * A great famine is caused by the fail- ure of the potato crop. 1846 Mar. * A commercial panic oc- curs. Aug. 24. A collision occurs on the Pe- vensey (Brighton and Hastings) Kail- way ; 40 are injured. 954 1846, * *~1850, July 3. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1847 Dec. 20. The war ship Avenger, with officers and crew, is lost off the north coast of Africa. 1848-49 E. I. Second Sikh war. (See India.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1846 * * London. The Pathological Soci- ety is formed ; also the Sussex Arch- aeological Society at Lewes, and the Cambrian Archaeological Association. * * The high level "bridge is erected by Robert Stephenson at Newcastle, and the Grand Central Station is also built. * * Sir William Armstrong's hydraulic crane is patented. 1846^18 W. The Conway Tubular Bridge is erected. 1846-50 W. The Britannia Tubular Suspension Bridge is erected by Rob- ert Stephenson across Menai Strait: length of central span, 4G0 feet; total length, 1,840 feet ; height of central tower, 230 feet. * * Water is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen gases by the heat of oxy-hy- drogen flame by Win. Robert Grove. 1847 May 4. London. Jenny Lind, "the Swedish Nightingale," makes her first appearance. Aug. 13. The planet Iris is discovered by John Russell Hind. [Oct. IS, Flora; 1850, Sept. 13, Victoria; 1851, May 19, Irene; 1S52, June 24, Melpomene; Aug. 22, Fortuna; Nov. 16, Calliope; Dec. 15, Thalia; 1853, Nov. 8, Euterpe.'] * * Lassell discovers a satellite of Uranus. * * The Gardens of Botany at Kew are greatly improved, and magnificent con- servatories are erected. * * The royal kitchen and forcing gardens are incorporated with the botanical gar- dens at Kew. * * The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge (endowed 1816, founded 1837), is com- pleted. * * London. The Palaeontographical So- ciety is formed. * * The Institute of Mechanical Engineers is formed at Birmingham. * * Gutta-percha is suggested as an in- sulator for electrical use by Faraday. 1847-48 Sir John Franklin discovers the Northwest Passage in sailing down the [Franklin Straits], but loses his life in the effort. 1848 Apr. 25. The planet Metis is dis- covered by A. Graham. May 11. Sir James Boss's expedition sails in search of Sir John Franklin. [1849. Nov. 3. Returns unsuccessful.] * * Eighteenth meeting of the British Association is held at Swansea. [1849, Sept. 12, 19th at Birmingham ; 1S50, July 31, 20th at Edinburgh : 1851, 21st at Ips- wich ; 1852, 22d at Belfast; 1S53, 23d at Hull ; 1854, 24th at Liverpool.] ±* * London. The statue of Lord George Bentinck is erected in Cavendish Square. * * London. The Institute of Actuaries is formed; also the Arundel Society, for the promotion of art by publishing facsimiles, photographs, etc. * * One of the satellites of Saturn is dis- covered by George Phillips Bond and William Lassell. * * Artificial stone is invented by Fred. Ranscome. * * William Lassell discovers the eight satellites of Saturn. * * Paraffin is procured from mineral oil by James Young at Alfreton in Der- byshire. 1849 Apr. 18. The first stone of the great Grimsby docks is laid by the Prince of Wales. * * Scot. Sir Walter Scott and Mis Friends is painted by Faed. * * The Athenaeum and Mechanics' In- stitution at Sheffield is opened. * * The fire-annihilator is invented by T. Phillips. When in operation, steam and carbonic acid are formed, which ex- tinguish flame. * * A steam-plow is patented by G. Callaway and R. A. Purkes. 1850 Jan. 20. The Enterprise and In- vestigator sail in search of Sir John Franklin, under Commanders Collin- eon and M'Clure. [Oct. 26. M'Clure discovers the Northwest Passage.] Mar. 20. London. A marble arch from Buckingham Palace is uncovered at Cumberland Gate, Hyde Park. Mar. * The first locomotive passes through the Britannia Tubular Suspen- sion Bridge. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1847 * * Barrymore, Maurice, actor, born. Chalmers, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., A67. Collins, William K. A., painter, A60. Dibdin, Thomas !■'., drain., song- writer, A71. Elmes, Harvey L., architect, A33. Fargus, Frederick J., novelist, born. Fawcett, Millicent, economist, born. Franklin, Sir John, arctic explorer, A61±. Lambert, Sir John, yneral, A75. Lankester, Edwin K.~, zoologist, born. MacCtilhurh, James, inathemat., Ire., A37. O'Connell, Daniel, lawyer, orator, states- man, Ireland, A72. Rosebery, Earl of, Archibald Philip Prim- rose, statesman, born. Turner, Sharon, historian, A79. 1848* * Ashhurton, Lord, Alexander B., statesman, A74. Barrow, Sir John, traveler, A84. Bentinck, Lord, William (ieorge Frederick Cavendish, statesman, A46. D'Israeli, iBaac, historian, critic, an., A82. Herschel, Caroline L., astronomer, A98. A56. Melbourne, Viscount de, William Lamb, statesman, A69. Nicolas, Sir Nicholas H., antiquary, A49. Siddons, Mary F. Scott, actor, born. Stephenson, George (inventor locomo- tives), A67. Tennant, William, poet (Scotland), A63. Terry, Ellen, actor, born. 1849 * * Adelaide, queen, consort of William IV., A57. Barham, Richard H., humorist, au., A61. Barton, Bernard, Quaker poet, A65. , IUessington, Countess of, Margaret Power, novelist, Ire., AGO. Brunei, Sir Marc I., engineer (Thames tunnel), A80. Coleridge, Hartley, poet, author, A52. Copleston, Edward, lip. of Llandaff, au., A73. Edi,'eworth, Maria, novelist, Ireland, A82. Elliott, Ebenezer, poet, A68. Gosse, Edmund \\\, poet, born. Heath, Charles, engraver, born. Herkomer, Hubert, painter, born. Kendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robert- son), actor, born. Langbridge, Frederick, poet, born. Morier, James, traveler, author, A69. O'Neil, James, actor, born. Smith, Horace, poet, novelist, A70. Terris, William, actor, born. Tytler, Patrick Fraser, hist., Scot., A58. CHURCH. 1846 * * Daniel Murphy is consecrated (Roman Cat Indie) bishop of Australasia. [1S47. Alexis Canog for Trichonopoly, India.] * * Scot. Dr. Duff declines the office of principal and professor of theology in the Free Church College, begging his friends to allow hi in to retain, in the view of all men, the clearly marked and dis- ted by tinguishing character of a missionary to the heathen. ( * Sisterhoods in the Church of England are begun by Lydia Priscilla Sellon in Devonshire. 1847 May 13. Scot. The Belief and Secession churches are united as the United Presbyterian Church. * * The Catholic Poor School Commission is established. +* * Bishoprics are established : 1847, Manchester, Eng., Melbourne, Vic, Sydney, N. S. W., Newcastle, W. A., Capetown, Adelaide, S. A., and Argyll and the Isles ; 1849, Victoria, Hong- Kong, and Rupert Land ; 1852, Sierra Leone ; 1853, Natal and Grahainstown. 1848 * * The Young Men's Missionary Association of the Baptist Church is organized. * * John Bird Sumner is chosen arch- bishop of Canterbury. * * London. Bey. Frederick Faber and others, as " Fathers of the Oratory," establish themselves in King William Street, Strand. [Afterwards in Brornp- ton.] 1849 * * The Protestant Alliance is formed. * * Ire. Francis Kelly is consecrated (B. C.) bishop of Derry. * * "Wesleyan Methodist Reformers organize. LETTERS. 1846* * London, The Cavendish So- ciety is founded. Also the Hakluyt Society. * * Edinburgh. The Edinburgh Philo- sophical Association is reorganized as the Edinburgh Philosophical So- ciety. * * Stories from the Italian Poets, by Leigh Hunt, appears. [1847, Men, Women, and Books; 1S50, Autobiography; 1853, Re- ligion of the Heart.] 1846-56 History of Greece, by George Grote, appears. 1847 Apr. * Scot. The North British. Daily Mail is issued at Glasgow. July 19. Kobert Hibbert establishes a trust fund "for the promotion of com- prehensive learning and thorough re- search in relation to religion apart from any sect or system." Oct. * Loiidon. The Education Times is issued. Also the Weekly Times. * * Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, ap- pears. [1854, Vlllette.] * * The Macdermotts of Ballycloran, by Anthony Trollope, appears. [1855, The Warden; 1857, Bare hester Towers.] * * Friends in Council, by Arthur Hugh Helps, appears. [1S51, Companions of My Solitude.] * * Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte^ appears. * * Vanity Fair, by Thackeray, appears. [1850, Pendennis ; 1852, Henri/ Esmond; 1S53-55, The Nezocomes ; 1857-59, The Virginians.] 1847-49 Scot. Institutes of Theology, by Thomas Chalmers, appears. 1848 July 29. Dublin. The Nation- mid the Irish Felon are suppressed. * * London. The Psychological Journal is issued by Dr. Forbes Winslow. * * Scot. The whole Bible is printed at Glasgow in raised characters for the use of the blind. * * Loss and Gain, by John Henry New- man, appears. [185'J, Scope and Nature of University Education; 1S5G, Caltista.] * * The Bothie of Tober-Na-Vuolich, by Arthur Hugh Clough, appears. [1850, Dipsychus.] * * Mary Barton, by Elizabeth Gaskell, appears. AND IRELAND. 1846, * * - 1850, July 3. 955 * * Poetry of Sacred and Legendary Art, by Mrs. Anna Jameson, appears. * * History of England, vols. i. and ii., by Macaulay, appears. [1S55, vols. iii. and iv. ; 1861, vol. v.] * * Barometrograpkia, by Luke Howard, appears. * * The Strayed Reveller, and other poems, by Matthew Arnold, appears. [1353, Empedocles on Etna; 1855, Poems.] * * Nineveh and its Remains, by Sir Aus- ten Henry Layard, appears. [1845-53, The Monuments of Nineveh; 1851, In- scriptions in ike Cuneiform Character from Assyrian Monuments; 1S53, Fresh Discoveries at Nineveh, and Researches at Babylon.] * * Life and Adventures of Oliver Gold- smith, by John Forster, appears. [1859, Historical and Biographical Essays.] * * Tenant of Wildfeld Hall, by Annie Bronte, appears. 1849 * * London. The Phonetic News is issued. Also Notes and Queries and The Art Journal. * * Ire. German Anthology and Poets and Poetry of Minister, by James Clar- ence Mangan, appear. [1850, Romances and Ballads of Ireland.] * * Vision of Sudden Death, by De Quin- cey, appears. * * The Seven Lamps of Architecture, by John Ruskin, appears. [1850, Poems; 1851-53, Stones of Venice and Pre-Raph- aelitism; 1857, Elements of Drawing.] * * Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biog- raphy and' Mythology, edited by [Sir] William Smith, appears. 1S49-74 The Rig-Veda, edited by Max Muller, appears. SOCIETY. 1847 * * The Vegetarian Society, -whose members restrict themselves to a vege- table diet, is formed. * *Tbe Idiot Asylum at Earlswood is commenced. [1869. Enlarged.] * * The first society called a Band of Hope is formed. 1848 July 12. Ire. Orangemen and Catholics meet in conflict at Dolly's Brae ; several lives are lost. 1849 Aug. 1. The queen embarks for Ireland. * * London. The general Board of Health, appointed by the Act for the protection and promotion of the public health passed in 1848, is founded. * * The Friend of the Clergy corpora- tion is organized. 1850 June 27. Pate assaults the queen. STATE. 1846 * * Edward, Earl of St. Germans, is appointed postmaster ; later, Ulick, Marquis of Clanricarde. * * Tbe railway mania and panic year ; 272 railway Acts are passed by Parlia- ment. * * Parliament: An Act is passed for compensating families of persons killed by railways. * * Ire. Kildare is united with Dublin. * * E. I. Archipelago. Labuan, near Borneo, is acquired by treaty. 1847 Feb. 8. H. C. Daniel O'Con- nell makes his last speech in the House. Apr. 15. The Lords take possession of tbeir new house. May 26. Ire. George William Freder- ick, Earl of Clarendon, is appointed lord-lieutenant. Nov. 18. Parliament meets. [1852. July 1. Dissolved.] * * Parliament : The baths and wash- houses nuisance Act is passed. * * Parliament grants £10,000,000 to re- lieve the Irish sufferers from famine and disease. 1848 Jan. 12. E.I. The Earl of Dal- housie is appointed governor-general. Apr. 10. London. A great Chartist demonstration takes place on Kenning- ton Common. A petition, bearing over 5,000,000 sig- natures, is prepared for presentation to Parliament ; it demands the adoption of the " People's Charter." Apr.* Parliament: An Act is passed for Ireland, making the uttering of sedi- tious speeches a felony. May* Ire. John Mitchel, William Smith O'Brien, Thomas F. Meagher, and other members of the Irish Confederation, are arrested on charge of sedition. [May 26. John Mitchel is found guilty," and sentenced to transportation for 14 years.] July 26. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended in Ireland because of-an in- surrection which breaks out in Tippe- rary. July 29. Ire. A number of Irish insur- rectionists under William Smith O'Brien are defeated and dispersed by Sub-Inspector Trant and about 60 Police constables on Boulagh Common, Bal- lingary, Tipperary. [Aug. 5. O'Brien is arrested at Thurles, and conveyed to Dublin. Oct. 9. O'Brien, Meagher, and others are sentenced to death. 1849. July 9. O'Brien and Meagher are trans- ported.] Aug. 5. Dublin. Tbe queen visits Ire- land, and holds her court at Dublin Castle. * * Parliament passes a bill establishing a general Board of Health. 1849 Jan. 16. Ire. The Irish Court of the Queen's Bench gives judgment on writs of error in all high treason cases? and confirms the j udgment of the lower court. Jan. 18. Sir Francis Tbornhill Baring is made first lord of the admiralty. Feb. 27. Royal assent is given to the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland for six months. [Mar. 1. It is restored.] Mar. 6. H. L. The Lords vote £50,000 for the relief of Ireland. Mar. 12. Parliament: A bill for the repeal of tbe navigation laws is passed. [June 26. Receives royal as- sent.] Mar. 29. E. I. The Punjab is an- nexed. May 1. London. Protectionists meet, and form an association to oppose the progress of free trade and the repeal of the navigation laws, and to urge the re- establishment of protection. May 7. H. C. The Parliamentary Oaths Bill, for the benefit of Jews and other Dissenters, is passed, but rejected by the Lords. July 3. London. Baron Lionel de Rothschild is returned to Parliament for the city by a majority of 6,619 votes. July * Parliament : The Encumbered Estates Act for Ireland is passed. [Oct. 24. The first court under the Act is held, at Dublin.] Aug. 5. Dublin. The queen arrives on a visit. 1850 Jan. 3. A royal commission for the Great Exhibition is appointed. Jan. 31. Parliament is opened by com- mission. June 17. H. L. A resolution is passed condemning the foreign policy of the Ministry respecting Greece. [June 28. The House of Commons approves it. Vote, 310-264.] June 19. Lord Langdale is appointed master of the rolls, Sir Launcelot Shadwell, vice-chancellor of England, and Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe, com- missioner of the great seal. [July 15. Sir Thomas Wild, Lord Truro, lord chancellor.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1846 * * Ire. The great famine occurs. It is caused by repeated failures of the potato crop, and is succeeded by pesti- lential diseases of which multitudes die, among them many priests and physi- cians. Parliament votes £10,000,000, and several countries of Europe and the United States forward provisions and other succor. * * London. Twopenny omnibuses are begun. 1847 Feb. 19. The West India mail- packet Tweed is wrecked; 72 persons drowned. Apr. 28. The emigrant ship Exmouth, from Londonderry to Quebec, is wrecked ; of 240 persons on board, nearly all are drowned. Sept. 16. London. Shakespeare's house is sold at the Auction Mart, and knocked down to the United Committee of London and Stratford for £3,000. * * A commercial panic occurs through railway mania. Bank discount is eight per cent. The failures amount to £20,000,000. Oct. 27. The Corn Exchange at Bir- mingham is opened. 1848 Aug. 24. The Ocean Monarch, an American emigrant ship, leaves Liv- erpool bound for Boston, having nearly 400 persons on board. [She takes fire, and 178 persons perish.] Dec. 16. London. The Park Theater burns after midnight. * * Cholera visits England. [1849. Sept.* Reappears.] ' 1849 Feb. 17. Scot. A false alarm of fire at a Glasgow theater causes the crushing to death of 70 persons. Mar. 29. London. The Olympic Thea- ter is burned. Aug. 3. Ire. The Cove of Cork is named Queenstown by the queen. Oct. 30. London. The Coal Exchange is opened. * *The Pavilion, Brighton, greatly en- larged, and made to resemble the Krem- lin at Moscow, is sold to the town for £53,000. * * London. The scourge of cholera con- tinues ; 1,008 deaths per week. In Eng- land and Wales 53,295 persons die. 1850 Mar. 30. The steamer Royal Ad- elaide is wrecked on the TonSue Sands off Margate ; 400 persons are dmwned. June 18. The steamship Orion is wrecked off Port Patrick on a sunken rock within a stone's throw of land .; 50 out of 200 persons drowned. July 3. The East India diamond, the Koh-i-noor, is presented to the queen. Its weight is nearly 800 carats [but re- duced by the unskilfulness of the artist to 270 carats]. 956 1850, July 4-1852, Dec. 20. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1850 * * The navy numbers 339 sailing and 161 steam vessels. Cost for the year, £6,942,397. 1850-53 S. Afr. Kafir war (p. 598). (Oct.*) The Kafirs rise. (Dec. 24.) They defeat a British force under Col. Mackinnon. (Dec. 29.) Another defeat ; the British retreat to their defenses. 1851 Jan. S. Afr. The Kafirs are re- pulsed at Fort White and Cape of Good Hope. Also near Fort Hare. Feb. 13. 5. Afr. Col. Somerset cap- tures and burns Fort Armstrong, and captures many Kafirs. May 31. S. Afr. The Hottentots in Lower Albany join the Kafir insurrec- tion. .June 3-5. S. Afr. The British force defeats the Hottentots and Kafirs. Dec. 26-37. Afr. A British squadron captures Lagos, in the Bight of Benin, Gulf of Guinea. * * The regulation rifle musket is intro- duced into the army. 1851-53 E. I. Second war with the Burmese. 1852 Feb. 26. S. Afr. The war-ship Birkenhead goes down off Simon's Bay ; 454 men perish. Sept. 28. Viscount Hardinge is made general commanding-in-chief. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1850 Aug. 28. A submarine telegraph cable, 27 miles long, covered with gutta percha, is laid from Dover to Cape Gris- Nez, France. [Messages are sent and re- ceived, but the cable soon parts and fails.] Aug. 30. Edinburgh. Prince Albert lays the foundation of the National Gallery. [1S59. Mar. 21. Opened.] Sept. 28. The North Star returns to Spithead after an unsuccessful search for Sir John Franklin. Oct. 1. The Prince Albert finds traces of Sir John Franklin's expedition at the entrance to Wellington Channel on Cape Reilly and Beechy Island. Nov. 29. Saturn's inner ring is discov- ered by William R. Dawes in England [and by Bond in America]. Dec. 26. London. The Lyceum is re- opened. * * Relpe patents his process for puddled steel. * * Scot. Lamont discovers the perio- dicity of magnetic disturbance. * * Ire. The railway from Cork to Dub- lin is finished. * * The Royal British Meteorological Society is formed. [1866. Chartered.] Also The Epidemiological Society. * * London. A statue of Prince Albert is erected in the Royal Exchange. * * Sir Charles Elastlake becomes presi- dent of the Royal Academy. * * The durability of stereotypes is greatly increased by electrotyping them with copper ; the process is opposed by the journeymen printers. * *A preraffaelite school of painters appears. They pursue real art by repre- senting nature as they see it, instead of following the antique. 1851 Aug. 27. The cable between Eng- land and France is begun. [Oct. 17. Completed. Nov. 13. In operation.] * * North of England Institute of Min- ing Engineers is founded at Newcastle. * * London. A magnet weighing 100 pounds, and able to sustain 430 pounds, made by Logeman of Haarlem, is exhib- ited at the Royal Institution. * * The collodion process in photography is discovered by Archer. * * London, The first Crystal Palace is built by Sir Joseph Paxton. 1852 Jan. * The tubular life-boat, the Challenger, is patented. July * London. An electric clock hav- ing four illuminated dials is set up in the Strand. Nov. 9. A slight earthquake shock is felt at Liverpool. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1850* * Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, son of George III., A76. Allan, Sir Willmm, painter, Scotland, A68. Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of Connauglit, son of Victoria, born. llickerstt-M), Kihvanl, theological writer, A64. Bowles, William L., critic, A88. Jeffrey, Lord Francis, jurist, critic, essayist, statesman, Scotland, A77. Langtry, Mrs. (Lily le Breton), actor, b. Marzials, Theophiie, song-writer, bom. Nugent, Lord, George G., statesman, writer, Ireland, A62. Peel, Sir Robert, statesman, A62. Porter, Jane, novelist, Scotland, A74. hee, £ A80. Stevenson, Robert, civil engineer, lighthouse designer, Scotland, A78. Thorn, James, sculptor, Scotland, A51. Wordsworth, William, poet, A80. 1851 *•* Baillie, Joanna, poet, dramatist, Scotland, A88. Crabb, ceorge, author, philologist, A73. Codrington, Sir Edward, admiral, A81. Cotteniiam, Kail of, Charles Christopher Pepys, lord chancellor, A60. Dillon, John, statesman. Ireland, born. Lee, Harriet, novelist, A95. Lingard, John, clergyman, historian, A80. Luttrell, Henry, poet. Ireland, born. Moir, David M., poet, novelist, Scot., A53. Jlontagu, Basil, jurist, author, A81. Sheil, Richard L., orator, states., Ire., A60. Shelley, Mary W., poet, novelist, A54. Turner, Joseph Mallord W., painter, A76. 1850 Aug. 22. Ire. A Roman Catho- lic synod is held at Thurles under the direction of the primate, Archbishop Cullen. Sept. 30. A papal bull establishes a Human Catholic hierarchy; Cardinal Nicholas "Wiseman is appointed arch- bishop of Westminster. [Dec. 6. En- throned. This occasions great excite- ment and indignation among the Prot- estants.] Dec. 10. Addresses are presented to the queen in opposition to the alleged Eoman Catholic aggression. * * Ire. Paul Cullen is consecrated (Roman Catholic) arehbishup of Armagh. [1852. Translated to Dublin.] * * General agitation and much excite- ment prevail respecting a doctrinal dis- pute between the bishop of Exeter and Dr. Gorham, one of his clergy. The de- cision of the Privy Council favors Gor- ham, and the courts ratify the decision. * * A society to "further the promulga- tion of the gospel in China by means of native evangelists" is organized. 1851 Mar. 10. London. Roman Cath- olics meet to petition Parliament against the Ecclesiastical Tithes Bill. Aug. 19. Dublin. The" Great Aggre- gate meeting." Roman Catholics from all parts of the United Kingdom inaugurate the Catho- lic Defense Association. [Oct. 17. First meeting is held.] * * Charles H. Spurgeon becomes pas- tor of a Baptist church at Winterbeaeh. [1853. He preaches at New Park Street Chapel in London as a supply.] 1852 Jan. 15. The queen issues a proclamation against " Roman Catholic ecclesiastics wearing the habit of their order, or exercising the rites and ceremo- nies of the Roman Catholic religion, in highways and places of public resort." Sept. 10. A " Religious Equality As- sociation " is formed by the Irish Mem- bers of Parliament. LETTERS. 1850 Aug. 15. Ire. The "Queen's University in Ireland," comprehend- ing the three queen's colleges, is founded by patent ; the Earl of Clarendon, lord- lieutenant, is the first chancellor. [Sept. 3. Chartered.] [It is condemned by the Propaganda and the Pope, and by a small majority of the Irish bishops in a synod held at Thurles.] Aug. 31. A commission is appointed to inquire into the state, studies, discipline, and revenue of Oxford. * * [Lord] Alfred Tennyson is made poet laureate. * * London. New College, formed by the union of Homer ton, Highbury, and. Coward colleges, is erected by the In- dependent Dissenters for the education of their ministers. * * Scot. Latter-day Pamphlets, by Thomas Carlyle, appears. [1851, Life of John Sterling; 1858-65, History of Fred- erick the Great.'] * * Scot. Method of the Divine Govern- ment, by James McCosh, appears. * * Social Statics, by Herbert Spencer, appears. [1854, Over-Legislation ; 1S55, Principles of Psychology; 1857-74, Es- says.] * * Hunter's Life in South Africa, by Ro- naleyn George Gordon Cumming, ap- pears. * * Death's Jest-Book, by T. Lovell Bed- does, appears. * * David Copper tie Id, by Dickens, ap- pears. [ls:.L'-r,:;, '/steak House ; 1854, Hard Times; 1855-57, Little Dorrit; 1859, Tale of Two Cities; 1860-61, Great Expecta- tions and the Uncommercial Traveller.'] * * The Roman, bv Sidney Dobell, appears. [1856, England in Time of War.] * * The Prelude, by Wordsworth, appears. 1850-62 History of the Romans Under the Empire, by Charles Me ri vale, ap- pears. * * An edition of Wyclifs Bible is printed at Oxford. 1851 May 5. Dublin. The Roman Catholic University is originated. Nov.* London. The Government School of Mines, etc., Jermyn Street, St. James's, is opened. * * Bishop Cosin's Hall, Durham Uni- versity, is founded. * * Study of Words, by Richard Chenevix Trench [Archbishop of Dublin], appears. [1855. English, Past and Present.] * * Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, by Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy, ap- pears. * * The Creed of Christendom, by William Rathbone Greg, appears. * * Poems, by Hartley Coleridge, appears. 1851-59* * Dublin. The Irish Quar- terly Review is issued. * * London Labor and London Poor, by Henry Mayhew, appears. 1851-64 History of Normandy and Eng- land, by Sir Francis Palgrave, appears. 1852 Sept. 2. A free library is opened at Manchester. SOCIETY. AND IRELAND. 1850, July 4-1852, Dec. 20. 95T * * Daily wages of harvest men, three shillings. * * London. The Royal Hospital for Incurables is founded by Dr. Andrew Reed at Carshalton in Surrey. [Re- moved to Putney.] * * London. The Hahnemann (homeo- pathic) Hospital is founded. 1851 Feb. 23. Serious riots occur at Yarmouth through a dispute between the ship-owners and the seamen. July 14. Riots are occasioned by a pro- cession of Orangemen in Liverpool, and several lives are lost. Oct. 7. The queen visits Manchester. * * The Cancer Hospital, Brompton, is founded. 1851 Feb. 25. H. L. The Prohibited Affinity Marriage Bill is defeated. July 14. Ire. The Irish Tenant League holds a great meeting on the site of the famous Battle of the Boyne. Nov. * Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, arrives and receives immense ovations, and departs for America. * * The Church Penitentiary Association is founded. * * London. A hospital for sick children is established in Great Ormond Street. * * Parliament : The Laboring-classes Lodging-houses Act is passed. * * London. St. Luke's Hospital for lu- natics is founded. * * Spiritualism chiefly attracts atten- tion by rappings, table-turnings, etc. * * London. The London Temperance League is formed. * * London. The Royal Orthopaedic City Hospital is founded. * * The Shoeblack Society Brigades, Blue, Red, and Yellow, are established by the Ragged School Union. * * The number of persons convicted of crime in England and Wales, 21,579. [1S52, 21,304; 1853, 20,756; 1854, 23,047; 1855, 19,971; 185G, 14,734; 1857, 15,307; 1858, 13,246 ; 1S59, 12,470.] 1852 Jan. 3-Apr. 26. An engineers' strike occurs at Manchester. Feb. 6. London. City Prison Hollo- way is opened. May 24. U. S. A. Thomas F. Mea- gher arrives in New York, having es- caped from Tasmania, whither he had been transported. June 29. A riot occurs at Stockport ; two Roman Catholic chapels are de- stroyed and the houses of many Catho- lics are burned. July 3. Ire. The magistrates disperse a 1 ' Tenant - Right demonstration " at "Warrens town. July 14. Ire. Religious riots occur at Belfast between Orangemen and Catho- lics. July 22. Ire. An election riot occurs at Six-mile Bridge, County Clare ; five persons are shot dead by the military. Aug. 30. John Camden Neild, an ec- centric miser, dies ; he had bequeathed about £250,000 to the queen. STATE. 1850 July 4. London. A protocol is signed guaranteeing the integrity of Denmark (p. 641). July 22. H. C. The Jews' Oath of Ab- juration Bill is withdrawn by Lord John Russell. [1851. July 3. Passed.l July 26. H. C. Baron de Rothschild, member from London, asks to be sworn in on the Old Testament ; a debate fol- lows. [July 29. He is permitted to take his seat.] Aug. 18. Parliament is prorogued. * * Australia. Victoria becomes a prov- * * John, Lord Campbell March, is made chief justice. 1851 Feb. 4. Parliament is opened by the queen in person. Feb. 13. H. C. Benjamin Disraeli's protectionist motion is defeated. Vote, 281-267. Feb. 20. H. C. Locke King introduces a bill to extend the £10 franchise to counties. [Feb. 21. Passed. Feb. 22. The Ministry resigns.] Mar. 3. Lord John Russell resumes office after Lord Stanley and the Earl of Aberdeen have failed in an attempt to form a Ministry. Mar. 30. Population of United King- dom, 27,637,761. June 30. H. C. A bill for the adoption of the secret-ballot system is rejected. Vote, 189-257. July 24. Parliament: The window- tax is repealed. Aug. * Parliament : The Ecclesiasti- cal Titles Act, prohibiting the estab- lishing of a Roman Catholic hierarchy under penalty of a fine of £100, is passed. [1S71. Jan. 24. Being unexecuted, it is repealed.] Aug.* London. An Act is passed provid- ing for a new market, slaughtering- places, etc., and to close the market at Smithfield. Aug. 7. Parliament : An Act for the improvement of the administration of criminal justice is passed. Oct. 1. Two lords justices of the Court of Appeal in Chancery are appointed. [Oct. 8. Sir James L. Knight-Bruce is appointed.] Dec. 22. Viscount Palmerston, Secre- tary of Foreign Affairs, resigns office after sending a despatch of importance in which his colleagues had not con- curred. * * Parliament : An Act for the well- ordering of common lodging-houses is passed. * * A third vice-chancellor is appointed. * * London. "William Hunter is elected lord mayor. [1S52. Thomas Challis. 1853. Thomas Sydney. 1854. Sir Fran- cis G. Moon.] * * Ire. Population, 6,574,278. 1852 Jan. 10. Lord Granville dis- avows to the American Minister the act of firing into the American steamer Prometheus by the British man-of-war Express, and offers an apology. Feb. 9. H. C. Lord John Russell in- troduces anew Reform Bill, proposing the franchise to be £5 rated yearly value in boroughs, and £20 occupation, or £10 copyhold, rated yearly value in counties. Feb. 20. H. C. The Ministry is de- feated on the Local Militia Bill, Lord Palmerston's amendment making the force general instead of local being car- ried. Vote, 136-125. [Feb. 23. It resigns.] Feb. 27. The first administration of the Earl of Derby. A Protectionist Min- istry is formed. (Olian. Kxuheq.), Sixth-*- r II. Walpole (Home Sec), Earl of Malniestmry (Foreign Sec), Sir .John Packing ton (Colonial Sec), Duke of Northumberland (L. Adm.). Feb. 28. Ire. Archibald "William [Earl of Eglinton] is appointed lord- lieutenant. [1853. Jan.* Edward Gran- ville, Earl of St. Germans.] Mar. 2. The Anti-Corn League is re- organized to oppose the Protectionist Ministry. Mar. * Ire. Thomas Lefroy is made chief justice. [Francis Blackburne, lord chancellor. 1S53. Jan. * Maziere Brady.] July * -Aug. * The Government disputes the claims of the United States to the coast fisheries of Newfoundland. Great Britain insists upon the conven- tion of 1818, and sends armed vessels to the coast of British North America. The United States sends a war-steamer to the disputed fishing-ground ; many vessels are boarded for information. [1854. The dispute is settled.} Nov. 4. Parliament meets. It is fa- vorable to free trade. The Commons assemble in the new house at West- minster. [1857. Mar. 21. Dissolved.] Dec. 6. Parliament : The Government announces its recognition of the rees- tablished empire in France, and Louis Napoleon as emperor. Dec. 16. H. C. The Government is de- feated on the question of the budget. Vote, 286-305. [Dec. 17. The Ministry resigns.] Dec. 20. E. I. Pegu is annexed as a province of the empire. MISCELLANEOUS. 1850 Nov. 12. Ire. The emigrant ship Edmund, with nearly 200 passengers, from Limerick to New York, is wrecked off the western coast ; 100 drowned. 1851 May 1-Oct. 15. London. Th& Great Exhibition is held in the Crystal Palace. The building is 1,851 feet long, 408 feet wide, 19 acres in area, and cost about £180,000. Number of visitors, 6,170.000. (Oct. 7.) There were 93,000 visitors present at one time, the largest num- ber ever assembled within a windowed, floored, and roofed building. Number of exhibitors, 17,000. Receipts, £505,107 ; expenditures, about £355,000. Aug. 22. The American yacht America wins " the cup of all nations," in the regatta at Cowes. Dec. 6. Parliament votes £80,000 for the funeral expenses of the Duke of Wel- lington. Dec. * Australian gold arrives. 1852 Jan. 4. The West Indian mail- steamer Amazon is burned in the Medi- terranean ; 102 persons drowned. Feb. 5. The Holmfrith flood. The Bilberry reservoir above Holm- frith, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire, bursts its banks, and levels four miles and many ranges of buildings, killing; more than 90 persons ; loss, £500,000. June 1. A through line of electric tele- graph is opened from London to Dublin. June 10-Sept. 11. Ire. A National Exhibition is held at Cork. Sept. 30. Dublin. The Royal Ex- change is opened as a city hall. Nov. 8, 9. The steam-packet Victoria is wrecked near Wing's beacon off Go- teburg. Nov. 18. London. Funeral of the Duke of "Wellington; he is buried in West- minster. 958 1852, Dec. 24-1855, Feb. 19. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1853 Oct. 22. .English and French fleets enter the Bosporus to aid Tur- key at war with Russia. [Dec. 3, They enter the Black Sea.] 1854-56 The Crimean "War, by Eng- land, France, and Turkey, against Rus- sia. .Mar. 1 1 . The queen reviews the Baltic fleet under Sir Charles Napier, before it sails against Russia. Apr. 21. Bus. Odessa is bombarded by over 500 French and English ships. May 10. Bus. The British war-ship Tiger runs ashore near Odessa in, a dense fog ; the Russians capture the crew. May 22. Bus. The British fleet under Adm. Napier bombards Gustafsvaern on the Baltic. May 29. Turk. The allied armies of England and France disembark at May * The British war-ship Lady Nugent with 400 men on board 1b lost in the In- dian Ocean. June 29. Bus. Russian batteries at the Sulina mouth of the Danube are destroyed by two Dutch steamers. July* Bus. The British are reenforced by 10,000 French troops. Aug. 15. Bus. The British under Adm. Napier and the French under Gen. Ba- raguay d'Hilliers capture the fort of Bomarsund in the Baltic; also 2,000 prisoners. Sept. 4. Turk. The allied British and French army under Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Arnaud leaves Varna after suffering much from disease and insuffi- cient accommodation. Sept. 14. Bus. The allied army, com- posed of 25,000 British, 23,000 French, and 8,000 Turkish troops, lands in the Crimea, and encamps 30 miles from Sebastopol. Sept. 15. fc The Russians evacuate Mol- davia, after which the (neutral) Austri- ans garrison the Danubian provinces. Sept. 20. Bus. Battle of Alma. The British, French, and Turks, with an army of 67,000, under Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Arnaud, defeat the Rus- sians with 50,000 men under Prince Men- schikov; loss of the allies, 3,400 killed and wounded; Russian loss, 5,000 killed and wounded. Sept. 26. Bus. The allies occupy Ba- laklava, Crimea. Oct. 17. Bus. First bombardment of Sebastopol by the allies. Oct. 25. Bus. Battle of Balaklava. The British under Lord Raglan defeat 12,000 Russians under Gen. Liprandi ; Lord Cardigan's cavalry make the [fa- mous] ** Charge of the Light Bri- gade," losing 409 men out of 607. Oct. 29. Bus. Marshal St. Arnaud dies of cholera. [Gen. Canrobert be- comes commander of the French forces.] Nov. 5. Bus. Battle of Inkerman. The British and French with 14,000 men defeat 40,000 Russians under Gen. Menschikov; Russian loss, 10,000 killed and wounded ; British and French loss, 2,500 killed, wounded, and missing. Turk. Miss Florence Nightingale arrives from England at Scutari, opposite Constantinople, with a corps of nurses. [They do valuable service in ministering to the sick and wounded during the war.] Nov. 14. Bus. A great storm breaks out in the Black Sea, destroying many British store-ships, and causing much suffering to the armies on shore. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1852 * * The phenomenon of florescence is discovered by Prof. George Gabriel Stokes. * * Huguenot is exhibited by Sir John Everett Millais at the Royal Academy. * * Sir "William Thompson discovers the dissipation of energy. * * London. The New Philharmonic Society is established ; also the Photo- graphic Society. 1852-54 The Harmonic Union, for rendering ancient and modern music, is formed. 1852 Feb.* Dr. John Rae returns from an unsuccessful search for Sir John Franklin, down the Mackenzie River. Aug. 5. London. Work is commenced on the Crystal Palace. 1852-53 London. A Panopticon of Sci- ence and Art is erected in Leicester Square, for a chartered company for lectures, musical performances, etc. [1S54. Opened ; unsuccessful.] 1853 Jan. 13. Part of Dover Cliff falls. Oct. 3. A bronze statue of Sir Robert Peel is erected in front of the Royal In- firmary of Manchester. * * The Tonic Sol-fa Association is founded. [1862. The college is estab- lished.] * * "Wearing apparel is first cut out by machinery in England. 1854 Mar. 1. The planet Amphitrite is first discovered by Mr. Marth. Aug. 10. Parliament enacts the estab- lishment of a National Gallery at Dub- Londonderry, Marquis of, Charles W. S. V., general, A76. Martin, John, painter, A65. Plunkett, Baron, William C, lawyer, orator, statesman, Ireland, A90. "Wilson, John (Christopher North), essayist, poet, novelist, Scotland, A69. lin. ( Siemens's armature is produced. : London. The Standard Theater is BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1852 * * Booth, Junius Brutus, actor, A56. Children, .John (1., chemist, A75. Clinton, Henry F., classical scholar, A71. Colby, Thomas, engr., ordnance surv., A68. I>ollond, lien., math, instrument maker, A78. Havlland, John, architect, A60. Landseer, John, engraver, A91. Lee, Samuel, orient:*! scholar, A69. JIacgillivrav, William, ornithologist, author, Scotland, A56. Moore, Thomas, poet, biog., hist., A73. 1'eacock, Thomas L., poet, novelist, A67. Prout, Samuel, water-color painter, A69. Sturgeon, William, electrician, inventor, A69. Warlmrton, Eliot P.. G., author. Ire., A42. "Wellington, Duke of, Arthur Wellesley, general, statesman, A83. Wright, Frances, social reformer, A57. 1853* * Arnold, Thomas K-, author school IVntluuii, Sir Win., antiq., genealogist, A74. Cockburn, Sir Ceorge, admiral, A81. Leopold Ceorge Duncan Albert, Duke of Albany, son of Victoria, born. Xapier, Sir < iiarles J., gen., states., hist., A71. Robertson, Frederick W., el., author, A37. 1854 * * Anglesey, Marquis of, Henry W. Paget, general, A86. Bartlett, William II., artist, trav., au., A 4ft. Peresford, Viscount, William C.,gen.,A86. Bird, Goliiing, physician, physicist, A39. Cathcart, Sir George, general, governor of Cape Colony, prominent in Crimean "War, author, A60. Cockburn, Lord, Henry T., jurist, Scot., A75. Deninan, Thomas, baron, chief justice, A75. Faber, George S., clergyman, author, A81. ' Kemble, Charles, actor, A79. Kitto, John, Biblical writer, A50. Loekhart, John Gibson, biographer, writer, Scotland, A60. CHURCH. 1853 * * Anglo-Continental Society is formed, to diffuse the principles of the Church of England abroad. * * Bishops elected : C. Wordsworth for St. Andrews. [1854, Walter Kerr Hamilton for Salisbury; 1856, Charles Baring for Gloucester and Bristol; 1857, J. T. Pelham for Norwich; 1859, James C. Campbell for Bangor; 1860, Henry Phil- pott for Worcester and George Moberly for Salisbury; 1*61, William Thomson for Gloucester and Bristol; ]stV2, translated to York; 1861, Frederick t iell for Madras, E. I. ; 1862, John T. Lewis for Ontario, Can., and Thomas Earle Welby for St. Helena, S.Afr.; 1863, Charles John Ellicott for Gloucester and Bristol, Thomas Mesac for Goulburn, N. S. W., and James William Williams for Quebec, Can.] 1854 July 3. London. The Turkish Mission Aid Society is organized. * * The Ladies' Association for the ■ Christian Education of Jewish Females is organized. * * Ire* (Roman Catholic) Bishops con- secrated, John Leahy for Dromore. [1856, Lawrence Gillooly; 1857, John Macevilly, Archbishop of Tuam ; 185S, Michael Flannary for Killaloe.] * * Sees established, See of Mauritius. [1855, Lahuan ; 1856, (.'lmstcliurch,N. Z., and Perth, W. A.; 1858, Wellington, N.Z.; 1850. Brisbane, Goulburn,N.S.W., Waiapu, N. Z-, St. Helena, and British Columbia; 1861, Nassau, Bahamas, and Ontario, Can. ; 1863, Gratton, Australia ; 1866, Dunedin, N. Z.] LETTERS. 1852 * * The Indian Female and Normal Instruction Society is organized by women, * * St. John's foundation school for sons of poor clergy is established. * * London. The Journal of Mental Sci- ence is issued by Dr. J." C. Bucknill ; also Journal of Society of Art and Lei- sure Hour. * * Peg WofRnqton, by Charles Reade, ap- pears. [1856! It is Never Too Late to Mend; I860, The Cloister and the Hearth,] * * Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, by Dr. P. M. Roget, appears. 1852-61 The New Quarterly Beview is issued. 1853 Jan. * Queen's College, Bir- mingham, is organized. * * London. The Philobiblon Society- is instituted by R. Monckton Milnes [Lord Houghton], Sylvain Van de Weyer, and others. * * London. The Press [united with St. James Chronicle'] is issued ; also the Field, the "Wesleyan London. Quarterly Beview, the Commercial Gazette, and the Civil Service Gazette. * * Scot. The Aberdeen Free Press is issued. * * Theological Essays, by John Freder- ick Denis- >n Maurice, appears. [1861] Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy. 1853-55 Scot. Discussions in Philoso- phy, Literature f and Education, by Sir William Hamilton, appears. 1853-62 Edinburgh. The Scottish Be- view is issued. 1853-57 Dictionary of Greek and Boman Geography, edited 'by [Sir] William Smith, appears. 1853-70 English Cyclopaedia, by Charles Knight, appears. AND IRELAND. 1852, Dec. 24-1855, Feb. 19. 959 1854* * London. Building News is is- sued. * * The Birmingham and Midland In- stitute is incorporated. * * Idylls and So?igs, by Thomas Turner Palgrave, appears. * * Ire. Jail Journal, by John Mitchel, SOCIETY. 1852 * * The borough of St. Albans is disfranchised for bribery in the elec- tions. * * London. The Northwest Preventive and Reformatory Institution in the New Road is established ; all kinds of trades are taught. * * London. Refuges for destitute boys and girls are established in Great Queen Street. * * A strike of the amalgamated engi- neers takes place. * * Titles created, Barons Raglan, Bat- tersea, and St. Leonards. [1856, Barons Talbot de Mai abide, Kenmare, and Bel- per ; 1857, Earl Cowley and Baron Ebury ; 1858, Barons Chesham, Churston, and Chelmsord; 1859, Earl of "Winton, and Barons Tredegar, Lyveden, Leconfield, St. John of Bletsoe, and Egerton of Tatton.] * * Ire. Titles created, Baron Cler- mont. [1856, Baron Fermoy.] 1853 May 7. London. Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, is received at Stafford House by many of the nobility and statesmen of Eng- land. June 9. John Mitchel escapes from Hobart Town, Tasmania. (See p. 173.) July 27-29. London. The cabmen strike. Aug. 8. The strike at Stockport ceases, and 20,000 resume labor, receiving their demand of 10 per cent advance in wages. Aug. 29. The queen visits Ireland. Oct. 15. In Preston 20,000 workmen strike for 10 per cent increase in wages. [1S53. May 1. The strikers, lacking funds, are compelled to yield.] Nov. 2. Edinburgh. A meeting to vin- dicate Scottish rights is held. [Asso- ciation formed.] * * The British Anti-Tobacco Crusade is founded by Thomas Reynolds'. * * Bribery vitiates the elections at Derby. * * Betting-houses are suppressed by Act of Parliament. * * Scot. Sunday closing of liquor- shops is enforced. * * Vaccination is made compulsory. * * John B. Gough, the temperance orator, returns to England on a visit. [He lectures during two years. 1857. A second visit.] * * The United Kingdom Alliance, for the total suppression of liquor-traffic, is founded. * * London. St. Thomas's Hospital is founded. [1871. June 21. Opened.] 1854 Sept. 2. People's Provident As- surance Society is established. Oct.* London. A "Working-men's Col- lege is established by Frederick D. Maurice. [1855. Another at Cambridge.] 1855 Feb. 19. Bread-riots in Liver- pool. STATE. 1852 Dec. 28. The administration of the Earl of Aberdeen, first lord of the treasury, is formed. Members: William E. Gladstone (Chan. Excheq.), Viscount Palmerston (Home Sec), Lord .John Kussell (Foreign Sec), Duke of Newcastle (Colonial Sec), Robert Alonsey Ilolfe, Lord C ran worth ( L. Chan.), Charles Philip, Earl of Hardwicke [1853, Charles John, Earl Canning] (postmaster). [Jan. 5. Sir James Robert George Graham is made lord of admiralty. ] 1853 Apr. 1. Parliament: Man- chester is constituted a city by royal charter. [Apr. 16. Gazetted.] Apr. 8. H. C. The chancellor of the exchequer proposes a modification of the form of the national debt by the issue of permanent irredeemable l\ per cent stock ; the House adopts the plan. Apr. 18. H. C. The chancellor of the exchequer introduces his budget. It proposes to repeal the duties levi- able on soap and 104 other articles, and make reductions on 126 articles. Also to extend the income tax to Ireland, ap- plicable to incomes between £100 and £150, and to collect legacy duties on real property. May * Parliament : The income tax is extended to Ireland. June 4. English and French govern- ments order their fleets to the Dar- danelles. Aug. * H. C. The chairman of commit- tees of the whole house is appointed to act as a deputy speaker. Oct. 1. Turkey appeals to France and England for aid against Russia. Dec. 5. Aust. A protocol is signed at Vienna. France, England, Austria, and Prussia unite for the reestablishment of peace between Kussia and Turkey and the maintenance of the integrity of the Ot- toman Empire as an essential condition of the balance of European power. [1854. Feb. 8. Baron Brundow, the Russian ambassador, leaves England.] * * Parliament : An Act is passed for the abatement of the smoke nuisance above London Bridge. * * Sir George James Turner is ap- pointed lord justice. * * The duty on advertisements is abol- ished. 1854 Mar. 12. Turk. A treaty of al- liance is made with France and Turkey at Constantinople. Mar. 25. Bus. England and France having sent an ultimatum, the czar re- plies that he has no answer to give. [Mar. 28. "War is declared against Russia.] (P. 733.) June 5. A reciprocity and fisheries treaty is concluded with the United States. June 9. The Duke of Newcastle, pre- viously colonial secretary, is appointed a secretary for war affairs and a Cabinet Minister. Dec. 22. Parliament : A law is passed for the enlistment of foreigners in the British service. * * Parliament : An act for the better regulation of railways is passed. 1855 Jan. 23. Lord John Russell, anticipating censure of the Govern- ment's conduct of the war with Russia, resigns. [He is succeeded by the Earl of Aberdeen. Jan. 31. He resigns.] Jan. 29. H. C. A motion for the ap- pointment of a select committee to in- quire into the condition of the army in the Crimea, and into the conduct of the commissariat and medical depart- ment of the army, is carried. Vote, 305- 148. Feb. 10. The administration of Vis- count Palmerston is formed. Members: Palmerston (L. Treas.), Lord Cranworth (L. Ghana), Duke of Argyll (P. Seal), W. E. Gladstone (Cham-, Exch.), Sir George Grey ( Home See.), Earl of Clarendon (Foreign Sec), Sidney Herbert (Colonial Sec.), Lord Panmure (War Sec), etc. MISCELLANEOUS. 1852 Dec. 24. The steamship St. George is wrecked ; 51 lives are lost. The Lily is stranded and blown up by gunpowder on the Calf of Man ; 30 persons drowned. 1853 Jan. * London. An exhibition of poultry held. Feb. 13. Ire. The steamship Queen Victor i a, bound from Liverpool, is wrecked off the Bailey lighthouse, near Dublin ; 67 persons are drowned. Feb. 28. St. George's church at Don- caster, built in 1070, is burned. May 12. Dublin. The Dublin Indus- trial Exhibition, originated in a gift of £80,000 by Mr. Dargan,is opened by the Earl of St. Germans, the lord-lieu- tenant. [Aug. 30. Visited by the queen and Prince Albert. Nov. 1. Closed. Dec. 15. The exhibition building is for- mally opened as a winter garden by the lord lieutenant and the Countess St. Germans.] * * London. A Trades' Museum is es- tablished. 1854 Jan. 20. The emigrant ship. Tay~ leur is driven on the rocks off Lambay Island, north of Howth ; 380 persons drowned. Mar. 1. The steamer City of Glasgow leaves Liverpool for Philadelphia with 480 persons on board [and is lost], Apr. 17. The emigrant ship Winchester, from Liverpool to Boston, is wrecked, and many passengers lost. May * Telegraph communications are completed between Dover and Ostend, and between Port Patrick and Dona- Aug. *-Oct.* London. Cholera prevails in the south and west of the city. [Sept. 9. 2,050 deaths occur : total deaths, 10,500.] Sept. 29. Scot. The emigrant vessel Annie Jane of Liverpool is driven ashore on the Barra Island on the west coast ; 348 drowned. Oct. 5, 6. An explosion causes a great tire at Gateshead on the Tyne, 50 killed ; loss, £1,000,000. Oct. 19. The Dalhousie founders off Beachy Head ; 60 persons and cargo worth £100,000 are lost. Nov. 13-16. The steamship Prince, car- rying supplies to the army in the Crimea, is wrecked in the Black Sea during the great storm; loss, 144 lives, and cargo worth £500,000. "Nov. 30. The iron screw steamer Nile strikes on the Godevry Rock, St. Ives Bay, all on board perishing. 1855 Jan. 1. The Hamburg and New York packet Ceorqc Canning iswrecked near the mouth of the Elbe"; 96 drowned. Feb. 9. The screw steamer Will o' the Wisp is wrecked on the Burn Rock off Lambay ; 18 drowned. 1855, Feb. 23-1857, Dec. 12. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1855 Mar. 22. Hits. Second battle of Balaklava. The Russians are defeated by the al- lies, losing '-\n.in men killed and wounded ; loss of the allies, 600 men killed and wounded. Apr. 9-28. Bus. Second unsuccessful bombardment of Sebastopol by the allies. June 7. Hus. The French troops cap- ture the Mamelon fortification, Sebas- topol, two redoubts, and 62 guns, and take 130 officers and 400 men prisoners. June 18. Ilits. The French attack the Malakhoff Tower, Sebastopol, and the British the Kedan; both are re- pulsed with considerable loss. July 11. Hus. The fortifications of Sweaborg in the Baltic are bombarded by the allied fleets. Aug. 16. Hus. The Russians are de- feated by the French and Sardinians at Tchernaya, near Sebastopol. Sept. 5. Hus. The third bombardment of Sebastopol is commenced. Sept. 8. Rus. The French capture the Malakhoff; the English attack the Hedan, but are repulsed. Sept. 9. Hus. The Russians evacuate Sebastopol after losing 17,000 men killed and wounded in the bombard- ments. Oct. 17. Hus. The allies capture Kin- burn, at the mouth of the Dnieper. Nov. 28. Asiatic Turk. Kars, defended by Gen. "Williams with 15,000 British troops, surrenders after a siege of five months, to the Russians, who number about 40,000. 1S56 Feb. 1. Hus. The allies complete the destruction of Sebastopol. Feb. 29. Hus. Hostilities are suspended in the Crimea. Apr.* The Peace of Paris ends the war with Russia ; cost to England over £41,000,000 (p. 733). Apr. 25. At Portsmouth the queen re- views the British fleet of 300 men-of- war, carrying 3,S00 guns, and manned by 40,000 seamen. July 12. Hus. The Crimea is evacu- ated by the allies. July 15. The Duke of Cambridge is appointed general commanding-in-chief. July * The navy consists of 271 sailing- vessels with 9,594 guns, and 25S steam- vessels, with 6,582 guns ; 155 gunboats and 111 vessels are in harbor service. Oct. 25. Afghanistan. Herat is taken by the Persians in violation of treaty with Great Britain. ["War follows.] Dec. 9, 10. Persia. Bushire is attacked and captured bv a fleet and army under Sir H. Lecke and Gen. Stalker. [1857. Mar, 26. Sir James Outram attacks and captures Mohammerah, near the Eu- phrates. Apr. 4. Peace follows.] 1857-58 Ind. Mutiny of the Sepoys. (See India.) 1857 Apr. 14. China. The war-ship Raleigh is -wrecked off the southeast coast of Macao. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1855 Sept. 12±. Scot. The British Association holds its 25th meeting in Glasgow. [185G, 26th in Cheltenham : 1857, Aug. 26, 27th at Dublin ; 1S5S. 28th in Leeds ; 1S59, 29th in Aberdeen ; 1860, 30th in Ox- ford ; 1861, Sept. 4,31st in Manchester; 1S62, 32d in Cambridge.] Oct. 17. Capt. Henry Bessemer patents his process of manufacturing steel, and cold air is forced through liquid iron. [1855, Dec. 5 ; also, 1S56, Feb. 12.] * * Capt. Robert Le Mesurier M'Clure of the Investigator receives the £5,000 prize for the discovery of the Northwest Nov. * The Royal Victoria docks in Plaistow marshes are opened. * *The prismatic stereoscope is in- vented by Brewster. ±* * The laryngoscope, a mirror for ex- amining the throat, is invented by Man- uel Garcia. * * London. A statue of Sir Robert Peel is erected at Cheapside. * .* Scot. The Meteorological Society for Scotland is founded. * * Scot. Mitherless Bairn is painted by John Eaed. * * Drummond's light is invented by Capt. Thomas Drummond. * *A diamond called the "Star of the South," weighing 254J- carats, is brought from Brazil. 1856 May 23. The planet Isis discov- ered by Norman Payson. [1857, Apr. 15, Adriatic; Aug. 16, Hestia.] Aug. 3. The public park, Birmingham, the gift of Mr. Adderley, is opened. Sept. 3. The new Music Hall is opened in Birmingham. * * London. A statue of Gen. Sir Charles J. Napier is erected in Trafalgar Square. * * London. The Odontological Society is formed. * * Prof. John Tyndall proves the exist- ence of diamaghetic polarity. * * The Venus Victrix is executed by John Gibson. 1857 Feb. 2. London. John Sheep- shanks, by a deed of gift, presents to the nation his collection of paintings and drawings ; estimated value, £60,000. [The pictures are exhibited in the South Kensington Museum.] Feb. * Parliament provides for a Na- tional Portrait Gallery, and appropriates £2,000. May 5. Prince Albert opens the Fine Arts Exhibition at Manchester. [June 29, 30. The queen is present. Oct. 17. Closed. Visitors, 1,335,915; expenses, £99,500; receipts, £98,500.] June 1. A park is opened in Birming- ham by the Duke of Cambridge. June 22. London. The South Ken- sington Museum is opened. Aug. * The Atlantic Cable is laid (pp. 183-185). Oct. 12. The National Social Science Association is formed at Birmingham. Oct. 25, 26. A terrible storm prevails ; the Royal Charter and many other ves- sels are lost. Nov.* -58 Jan. 31. The steamship Great Eastern, designed by I. K. Bru- nei, is launched at Millwall. Length, 692 feet, breadth, 83 feet; horse-power, in paddles, 1,000, screw, 1,600; weight of ship, 12,000 tons; light draft, 12,000 tons; cost, £732,000± ; capa- city, 5,000 passengers. BIRTHS — DEATHS. Bronte, Charlotte, novelist, A39. Buckingham, James S.. traveler, A69. Crosse, Andrew, electrician, A71. De la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist, A59. Fielding Copley V., water-color painter, A68. Hare, Julius (.'., archdeacon, theol. wr., A60. Hume, Joseph, si;i(csu:an, reformer, A78. Mitford, Mary Russell, poet, writer, A69. O'Connor, Feargus E., journalist, politician, Chartist leader, A59. Parry, Capt. Kdward, arctic navigator, A65. Raglan, Lord, Fitzroy, James Henry Somer- set, field-marshal, A 67. Rogers, Samuel, poet, A92. Swainson, William, naturalist, A66. 1856* * Beechey, Frederick W., arctic ex- plorer, rear-admiral, A60. Brown, Samuel, chemist, poet, Scot., A39. Fraser, James B., diplomatist, traveler, author, Scotland, A73. Hamilton, Sir "William, logician, philoso- pher, metaphysician, Scotland, A68. Hardinge, Viscount, Henry, gov.-gen., A71. Mathew, Theobald, clergyman (apostle of temperance), Ireland, A66. Miller, Hugh, geologist, Scot., A54. Ross, Sir John, arctic explorer, admiral, A79. Westmaeott, Sir Richard, sculptor, A78. Yarrell, William, naturalist, A72. CHURCH. 1855 * * Scot. The Spanish Evangeliza- tion Society is organized to extend Prot- estantism in Spain. * * The Society of the Holy Cross is formed by clergymen " for deepening spiritual life in their brethren." * * (Roman Catholic) Bishops conse- crated. "William Vaughan for Plym- outh. [1856, Paul A. Brigandet for Burmah Sound, and Patrick Moran for Dunedin, N. Z. ; 1857, "William Clifford for Clifton; 1S61, Kobert Cornthwaite for Leeds; 1S63, Joachim H. Gonin for Port of Spain, W. I.] 1855-60 Charles Kings ley, Thomas Hughes, and others endeavor to set up Christian Socialism. 1856 * * London. General English Con- gregational Synod is held at the Savoy Palace. 1857 July * -Sept. * Ire. Hugh Ban- na's open-air preaching causes rioting at Belfast. Sept. 8. The Christian Unity Associa- tion is formed on the basis of the three creeds by 30 members of the Greek, Ro- man, and English churches. LETTERS. 1855 June 9. London. The Illustrated Times is issued. [June 29. The Daily Telegraph.] * * London. The Saturday Heview is is- sued ; also the Daily Chronicle and (Jlerkenwell News and Overland Mail. * * The Mystic, by Philip James Bailey, appears. [1858. The Age.] * * History of Latin Christianity, by Henry Hart Milman, appears. * * Fabiola, by Cardinal "Wiseman, ap- pears. * * Westward, Ho ! by Charles Kingsley, appears. [1866. Hereward.~\ * * Life of Goethc'by George Henry Lewes, * '"Men and Women, by Kobert Browning, appears. * * Charge of the Light Brigade, Maud t and other poems, bv Tennyson, appear. [1859, Idyl In of the King ; 1864, Enoch Ar- den and other poems.] * * Clytemnestra, by Owen Meredith (E. R. L. B. Lytton), appears. [1859. The Wanderer.] 1855-64 The National Heview is issued. AND IRELAND. 1855, Feb. 23-1857, Dec. 12. 961 1856 June 2. The foundation of "Wel- lington College, Sandhurst, is laid for the support and education of orphan sons of commissioned officers. [1859. Jan. 29. Opened.] * * Commissioners are appointed for the government and extension of Cam- bridge University and Eton College. * * London. The Engineer is issued ; also the Morning Star and the Court Circular. * * London. The Postal Guide first ap- pears. * * Scot. Testimony of the Hocks, hy Hugh Miller, appears. * * Aurora Leigh, by E. B. Browning, ap- pears. * * John Halifax, Gentleman, by Dinah Maria Muloch, appears. [1S60. Life for Life.} * * London. Riley's Dictionary of Latin Quotations, with a Selection of Greek, is published by Henry George Bohn. 1856-62 Popular History of England, by Charles Knight, appears. 1856-69 History of England, by James Anthony Froude, appears. SOCIETY. 1855 June 1. Disturbances oceur at Hyde Park because of a pending Sun- day Bill. [June 8, July 1. Renewed. ] July * There is much agitation and riot- ing over the Sunday-trading bill until the bill is withdrawn. Oct. 14. London. Riotous meetings are held at Hyde Park on account of the high price of bread. [Oct. 21 r 28. Re- newed.] Nov. 7. The minders and piecers at Manchester strike. * * The Royal Medical Benevolent Col- lege, Epsom, is opened. * * The United Kingdom Band of Hope Temperance Union is formed. [1888. It reports 11,400 societies, with 1,414,900 members.] * * London. The Juridical Society is - founded. 1856 Feb. 5. The "Victoria Cross is instituted to reward the gallantry of persons of all ranks in the army and navy. [1857. Crosses are bestowed on 62 people.] Mar. 30. Privateering is abolished by the great sovereigns of Europe by treaty. The United States Government refuses to agree unless the right of blockade is also surrendered. May 9. The foundation-stone of Wetley Hospital, for invalid soldiers, near Southampton, is laid by the queen. May 29. London. A grand celebration of peace occurs, with general illumina- tion. * * The National Temperance League is organized by consolidating the Na- tional Temperance Society and the Lon- don Temperance League. * * Tickets of leave are granted to 2,666 prisoners. 1857 Aug. 25-JSTov. 15. The sum of £260,000 is raised for the relief of suf- ferers by the Indian mutiny. STATE. 1855 Feb. 23. H. C. The House hav- ing insisted on the appointment of the select committee of inquiry, Sir J. R. G. Graham,W. E. Gladstone, and S. Herbert resign their offices, and are succeeded by Sir G. C. Lewis, Sir Charles "Wood, and Lord John Russell. Mar. * Ire. George, Earl of Carlisle, is appointed lord-lieutenant. Apr. * H. L. Lord Robert Grosvenor [Lord Ebury] introduces a bill to sup- press Sunday trading. [July * With- drawn.] Apr. 20. Parliament : A deficiency of about £23,000,000 being caused by the Russian war, it is proposed to raise £16,000,000 by loan and the remainder by an increase in taxation. Apr. 30. A treaty of friendship and commerce is concluded with Siam. May 25. The civil administration of the army and ordnance is vested in the min- ister of war ; the office of master-gen- eral of the ordnance is abolished. June. * Stamp duties on newspapers are abolished, and postage dues substi- tuted. A treasury warrant is issued providing for conveyance by post of books, pamphlets, etc., at the rate of four ounces for one penny. (June 5). July 13. Lord John Russell, colonial secretary, resigns because of criticisms in the House of Commons of his action in the Vienna conference. [Succeeded by "William Molesworth.] Aug. 14. Parliament : An Act for the better local management of the me- tropolis is passed. Nov. 0. London. David Salomons is elected lord mayor. He is the first He- brew to hold this office. [1856. Thomas Quested Finnis ; 1857, Sir Robert W. Garden; 1858, David "W. Wire; 1859, James Carter.] * * Parliament : An Act for the better prevention of disease is passed. * * Parliament : The two Houses begin to communicate by letter. * * London. The Metropolitan Board of "Works is established. [Dec. 22. First meeting.] * * George, Duke of Argyll, is appointed postmaster-general. * * The doubled income tax produces £13,718,185. 1856 Feb. 1. Aust. The preliminaries of peace are signed at Vienna. Feb. 6. H. L. The Lords successfully oppose the creation of life peerages. Mar. 30. Paris. Peace conference (p. 733). Apr. 16. Paris. Important treaty of Paris (p. 733). Apr. 29. London. Peace with Russia is officially proclaimed. May 3. Amnesty is granted to political exiles ; Frost, Williams, Jones, Smith O'Brien, and many others are permitted to return. Sept. 4. London. The Royal British Bank suspends payments. [Evidence of fraud being given, several of the direc- tors are arrested, convicted, but after- wards released.] * * The doubled income tax produces £15,- 717,155. 1857 Feb. 3. Parliament is opened by commission. Mar. 3. H. C. Richard Cobden's mo- tion censuring the Government for the war with China is carried after four nights spent in debate. Vote, 263-247. Mar. 13. H. C. The remission of tax- ation to the extent of £11,000,000 is pro- posed. E.I. Keeling Islands are acquired by occupation. Mar. 14. A treaty is signed at Copen- hagen for the abolition of sound dues (p. 641). Apr. 14. Peace is concluded with Per- sia. Apr. 21. The Earl of Elgin departs as special embassy to China. Apr. 30. Parliament meets; John Evelyn Denison, Speaker. [1859. Apr. 23. Dissolved.] May 21. H. C. The Commons grants an annuity of £8,000 and a dower of £40,000 to the princess royal on her mar- riage with Prince Frederick William of Prussia. June 25. An Order in Council confers the title of Prince Consort on Prince Albert. Aug. 10. John Bright (M. P.) is elected for Birmingham. Oct. * Ire. The lord chancellor orders that justices of the peace shall not be- long to Orange clubs. Nov. 16. Two ambassadors from Siam are received by the queen at Windsor. Dec. 3. Parliament is opened by the queen in person. Dec. 12. Boyal assent is given to the Bill of Indemnity exonerating the Government in permitting the Bank of England to extend its issues for the re- lief of the panic. MISCELLANEOUS. 1855 Feb. 25. The steamer Morna is wrecked on rocks near the Isle of Man ; 21 drowned. May 1. The emigrant vessel John is wrecked on the Muneles Rocks off Fal- mouth ; 200 drowned. June 11. Smithfield is used as a cattle market for the last time. [June 13. The Metropolitan Cattle Market in Copen- hagen Fields is opened.] 1856 Feb. 3. The packet-ship Josephine Willis collides with the screw steamer Mangerton, in the channel ; 70 drowned. Feb. 23. London. The Pavilion Theater is burned. Mar. 5. London. Covent Garden Theater is burned the second time. May 30. The ship Pallas, from Cork to Quebec, is wrecked ; 72 drowned. Oct. 19. London. A false alarm of fire causes the death of seven and the serious injury of 30 persons in the Zoological Gardens Hall, where 9,000 persons gath- ered to hear Rev. C. H. Spurgeon. 1857 Jan. 5. The royal mail-steamer Violet is wrecked on the Goodwin Sands, many drowned. Feb. 19. An explosion in the mines at Lund Hill, near Barnsley, in South York, causes 1S9 deaths. June 28. A collision occurs at Lewisham on the North Kent Railway ; 11 killed. July 10. The Atlantic telegraph fleet first sails from Plymouth (p. 183). Aug. 20. Theclipp^r Dunbar is. wrecked on the rocks near Sydney; 121 persons, and cargo valued at £22,000, lost. Nov. * The commercial panic through American failures is relieved by suspen- sion of Bank Charter of 1844 and the Bank of England extending its issues. [Aggregate liabilities of fallen houses about £45,000,000.] 962 1857,**-1859, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1859 ~Nov. 9. Orders are issued for the restriction of flogging in the army. [Dec. * The flogging of first-class sea- men except after trial is prohibited.] Nov. 16. The National Volunteer Association is organized to promote rifle-shooting. [1S60, July 2-7. The first meeting is held at Wimbledon ; Capt. Edward Rose obtains queen's prize of £250, and gold medal and badge of the association. 1861, July4-10. .Toppling S. Middlesex wins prize. 1S62, July 1-14, Mr. Pixley, S. Victoria. 1SG3, July 7-14. Sergt. Roberts, 12th Shropshire.] * * Acts are passed for the establishment of a military reserve, not to exceed 20,000 men, and a volunteer reserve of seamen, not to exceed 30,000. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1857 * * Mr. Harrison patents an appara- tus for manufacturing ice for commer- cial purposes, by the use of ether and salt water. * * The Government pays for the publica- tion of Peter Andreas Hansen's table of the moon. * *± A photoheliograph is erected at Kew Observatory. It registers the posi- tion and appearance of the sun's spots by means of a clockwork mechanism. * * London. The Genealogical Society- is formed ; also the National Associa- tion for Social Science. [1S58. Oct. 11. The latter meets at Liverpool ; 1859, Oct. 10, at Bradford ; 1S60, Sept. 24, at Glas- gow.] * * The magnificent docks at Liverpool and Birkenhead are completed. 1S58 Apr. 30. London. A statue is erected in Trafalgar Square to honor the memory of Dr. Edward Jenner. May 15. London. Covent Garden is re- opened. Aug. 5. The Atlantic cable is success- fully laid (p. 185). Sept. 21. A statue of Sir Isaac Newton in bronze, by William Theed, is set up at Grantham. Oct. * Donati's brilliant comet is long visible ; its tail is said to be 40,000,000 miles long. * *The theory of natural selection is advanced by Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Russell "Wallace. * * London. The Horological Society, [Dec. *] the Society for the encourage- ment of the Fine Arts, and the Musical Society of London are established. * * London. John S. Rarey, an American, gives sensational exhibitions of skill in taming vicious and wild horses, also a zebra from the Zoological Gardens. ± * * Sir Joseph. Whit worth makes a ma- chine to measure one millionth part of an inch. * * Ozonometers are introduced. * * Fox Talbot patents a photoglyphic engraving process, by which pictures are etched on a plate by the action of light, and from which, prints are made. * * Sir Benjamin C- Brodie becomes presi- dent of the Royal Society. * * Engraved copper-plate is electro - faced with iron and nickel. 1859 Feb. 14. London. Popular Mon- day concerts commence at St. James Hall ; they are founded by S. A. Chap- pel. Feb. * Ire. The National Gallery is founded. May 2. The prince consort opens the Albert Viaduct over the River Tamar at Plymouth. June 8. Telegrams to India are acceler- ated seven days by the Red Sea cable. June 20-24. London. A great Handel festival is held on the centenary of his death, at the Crystal Palace. Voices, 2,765 ; instruments, 393 ; attendance, June 24, 26,827; receipts, £33,000. Sept. 21. Capt. Sir Francis Leopold M'- Clintock returns, bringing relics of Sir John Franklin's expedition. Oct. 21. A slight earthquake shock dis- turbs Cornwall. [1860. Jan. 13. Another shock.] * *Prof. Owen's system of arranging mammalia according to the nature of their brains is introduced. * * Heated controversies relative to Dar- win's Origin of Species occur. * * The Royal Society's Scientific Fund is founded. ± * * London. The overhouse electric telegraphs are generally introduced. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1857 * * Amherst, Lord, "William Pitt, diplo- matist, A84, Britton, John, writer, A8S. Conyheare, William !>., el., geologist, A70. Croker, John Wilson, stales., an., Ire., ATT. Egerton, Francis L. Gower, Earl of Elles- mere, statesman, A57. Fleming, John, naturalist, Seotland, A72. Havelock, Sir Henry, general, A62. Jerrold, Douglas William, humorist, novelist, A54. Kemble, John M., Anglo-Saxon scholar, historian, A 50. Mary, Dueht'ss of . I>v Knuland : 1866, by Scotland; 1867, 18GS. I.y England ; 1869,by Scotland; 1870, 1871, 1872, by England.] Sept. 10. The Royal Oak iron-clad steamer is launched, at Chatham. [1865, Oct. 14. The war-ship Valiant. Dec. 12. The Minotaur.] Nov. 9. The Duke of Cambridge is made field-marshal. * * Naval expenses, £12,59S,042. 1863 Jan. * The British navy consists of 1,014 vessels, S5 line-of-battle ships, 69 frigates, and 30 screw-corvettes. Feb. 7. The British war-ship Orpheus and 100 men are lost off the west coast of New Zealand. Aug. 15. Japan. Adm. Kuper bom- bards Kagoshima in retaliation for the murder by the Japanese on Sept. 14, 1862, of the British minister, Mr. Richardson. * * -64 Aug. 6. New Zealand. An- other war with the Maoris ; it ends in their submission. 1863-64 W. Afr. "War with the Ashantees. 1864 July 11-23. The National Asso- ciation for rifle-shooting meets at Wim- bledon ; private John Wyatt, London Kifie Brigade, wins the queen's prize. [1865, July 11-22, Private Sharman, 4th West York ; 1866, July 9-17, Angus Cam- eron, 6th Inverness ; 1S67, July 8-20, Ser- geant Lane of Bristol; 1868,. July 25, Lieut. Carslake ; 1869, July 3-13, Angus Cameron, 6th Inverness; 1S70, July 11-19, Corporal Humphries, 6th Surrey.] "Nov. 4. China. The war-ship Racehorse is lost off Chefoo Cape. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1862 Mar. 15. The queen founds a mausoleum for the royal family at Frogmore. May 1. London. The second great In- ternational Exhibition chartered. [1862. May. 1. Opened by the Duke of Cambridge.] June 6. London. The National Social Science Association meets. [1863. Oct. 7. At Edinburgh.] Aug. 31. London. The new Royalty Theater, Soho, is opened. Oct. 19, 20. A storm on British coasts causes many wrecks. Nov. 10. The Lambeth and Westmin- ster Suspension Bridge is opened. * * The British Association meets at Cambridge. [1863. At Newcastle.] * * A statue of Sir Hugh Myddleton is erected on Islington Green. * * The statue of Jenner is removed to Kensington. 1862-63 William Huggins analyzes the light of the fixed stars and of the nebu- l£e by use of the spectrum. Summer. At the South Kensington Mu- seum a special exhibition of works of art, of immense value, lent for the occa- sion, is opened. [Nov. * Closed.] 1863 June 10. A memorial statue of Prince Albert, by Joseph Durham, set up in the gardens of the Royal Horti- cultural Society, is uncovered. Oct. 1. Kate Josephine Bateman ap- pears as Leah. Oct. 6. An earthquake occurs in cen- tral, west, and northwest England. Oct. 31. The Far Fast, a propeller with two screws, is launched at Mi 11 wall. * * London. The Anthropological So- ciety is organized. * * A statue of Sir James Macgregor is set up at Chelsea Hospital. 1864 Jan. 5. Dublin. The statue of Oliver Goldsmith is inaugurated by the lord-lieutenant. Jan. 30. The National Gallery of Ire- land is opened. Jan, * The lithoscope, an instrument for distinguishing precious stones, in- vented by Sir David Brewster, is de- scribed by him. Mar, 14. Samuel Baker discovers a lake, supposed to be another source of the Nile, which he names Lake Albert Nyanza. Apr. 25. The electrophone, invented by Dr. Strethill Wright, for producing sound by electric currents of high ten- sion, is exhibited before the Royal Scot- tish Society of Arts. May 2. The minor planet, Sappho, is discovered by N. Pogson. [1868. Nov. 17. Camilla.) Aug. 8. Dublin. A statue of Daniel O'Connell is inaugurated. Sept. 9. Scot. Baxter Park, Dundee, the gift of Sir David Baxter, is opened by Earl Russell. Sept. 22. The Social Science Associa- tion meets at York. [1865, Oct. 4, at Sheffield; I860, Oct. 2, at Manchester; 1867, Sept. 18, at Belfast ; 1868, Sept. 30, at Birmingham ; 1869, Sept. 19, at Bristol.] Aug. 27. London. A pneumatic rail- way is opened at the Crystal Palace. Aug. 30. Scot. A statue of Prince Al- bert is inaugurated at Perth, in the presence of the queen. Oct. 17- The North London Industrial Exhibition is opened at Islington by Earl Russell. Dec. 8. The Hungerford Suspension Bridge, removed to Clifton, is opened to the public. * *The British Association meets at Bath. [1SG5, At Birmingham; 1S66, at Nottingham ; 1S67, Sept. 4, at Dundee ; 1868, Aug. 20, at Norwich; 1869, at Ex- eter.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. Buckle, Henry Thomas, historian, sociolo- gist, A 40. Home, Thomas IT., Biblical critic, hist., AH2. Inglis, Sir John Eardley \Y., general, A48. Knowles, -Tames S., dramatist, Ireland, A78. Wakley, Thomas, phvsirian, founder Lan- cet, A67. 1863* * Campbell, Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, general, Scotland, A71. Cockerell, Charles It., architect, A75. Egg, Augustus L., historical painter, A47. Guilt, Joseph, writer, architect, A79. Harding, James !»., landscape painter, A 65. Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry F. Petty, statesman, A83. Lewis, Sir George C, statesman, writer, A57. Lyndlmrst, Baron, John S. Copley, jurist, statesman, A91. Mul ready, William, painter, A77. Trollope, Fran. -is, novelist, A85. Thackeray, William Makepeace, poet, novelist, A52. Whately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin, logician, rhetorician, philosopher, A76. CHURCH. 1862 * * The Nonconformist Bicentenary fund is begun. * * C. T. Longley is chosen archbishop of Canterbury. 1863 May 20. A convocation of Eng- lish bishops condemns as dangerous Bishop Colenso's work on The Penta- teuch. July * The Prison Ministers Act per- mits Roman Catholic chaplains for jails. "Nov. * Lre. Richard Chenevix Trench is made archbishop of Dublin. [William Thompson of York.] * * London. The bishop of London's fund for relief of spiritual destitution is es- tablished. 1S64 May 12. London. About 3,000 clergymen's signatures to the '* Oxford Declaration" respecting future pun- ishment is presented to the archbishop of Canterbury. Dec. 8. It. Pope Pius IX. issues a Syl- labus of Errors. * * Bishops elected : Francis Jeune for Peterborough. [1865, R. Machray for Rupertsland; 1866, Lord AI- wyne Compt.in fur Fly. and Andrew B. Suter for Nelson, N. Z. ; Is'(i7, James B. Kelly for Moray, William Alexander for Derry, and C. B. Bernard for Tuam; 1S68, William C. Magee for Peterborough, W. R. Macrorie for Maritzburg, South Africa, James Atlay for Hereford, and J. Eraser Turner for Grafton and Armidale, Australia; 1869, William G. Cowie for Auckland, X. Z., Harvey Goodwin for Carlisle, Lord A. C. Hervev for Bath and Wells, W. H. Sterling for Falkland Islands, Frederick Temple for Exeter (1885, trans- lated to London), Samuel Wilberforce for Winchester, and James Fraser for Manches- ter.] LETTERS. 1862 June 4. The Workingmen's Club and Institute Union is estab- lished by Lord Brougham and others. July 20. Ire. A building for the Bo- man Catholic University is founded. * * London. The Sporting Gazette is is- sued ; also the London Society Maga- * * The Pentateuch and Boole of Joshua Critically Examined, by John William Colenso, bishop of Natal, appears. * * Unto This Last, by John Ruskin, ap- pears. [1S04, Sesame and Lilies; 1865, The Ethics or the Dust ; 1SG6, The Crown of Wild Olive; 1SG9, The Queen of the Air; 1S70, Lectures on Art.] * * Scot. David Elgznbrod, by George Alacdonald, appears. [1861, The Portent ; 18GG, Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood; 1SG8, Robert Falconer.] 1862-64 The Borne and Foreign Review is issued. 1862-67 Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, by George Ftaw- linson, appears. 1862-75 Birds of Great Britain, by John Gould, appears. 1862-93 Herbert Spencer publishes his System of Synthetic Philosophy. 1862, First Principles: 1863-G7, The Principles of Biology; 1870-72, The Prin- ciples of I'syc/tolutfif ; 18-7, The Princi- ples of Sorio'/o,//,; 1879-93, Principles of Morality or Ethics. 1863 * * A political economy professor- ship is established at Cambridge, and Henry Fawcett (blind) is made the first professor. * * London. The Orchestra is issued. Also the International (in French), the Victo- ria Magazine, and the Reader. * * Heat as a Mode of Motion, by John Tyndall, appears. * * Antiquity of Man, by Sir Charles Lyell, appears. 1863-74 The Catholic Union Review is issued. 1863-87 The Invasion of the Crimea, by Alexander William Kinglake, appears. AND IRELAND. 1862, Mar. 12-1864, 967 1862* * The Shakespeare Library , Birmingham, is founded. * * London. The Royal School of !Naval Architecture, South Kensington, is established. SOCIETY. 1862 Mar. 12. George Peabody, a • generous American, gives £150,000 to re- lieve the London poor. Apr. 7. A treaty with the United States for the abolition of the slave-trade is Apr. 18. Ire. Agrarian outrages oc- cur. Gustave Thiebault is murdered. [May 16. Also Francis Fitzgerald and others. July 30. John Braddell is shot by Michael Hayes. Dec. * Many more murders and outrages are committed.] Apr. * Great distress begins in the cot- ton-manufacturing districts owing to the war in the United States. [1863. Oct. * Much relieved.] May 6. The queen dedicates Epping Forest to the use of the people for all time. July 1. The Princess Alice is married to Louis [Grand Duke of Hesse-Darm- stadt]. Sept. 17. Ire. An Orange demonstra- tion causes destructive riots at Belfast. Sept. 18. At this date, 24 Poor-Law Unions in the cotton districts report 140,165 persons receiving out-door relief at a cost of £7,922 per week. The pau- perism amounts to 7.3 per cent of the entire population. [Dec. 2. At a great county meeting at Manchester, £130,000 are subscribed" for relief; other contri- butions, Central Belief Fund, £407,830, andMansionHouseFund, £236,926. Par- liament passes a relief Act.] Sept. 28. London. Rioting occurs in Hyde Park between the Irish and Ital- ians because of the conflict between the Pope and Garibaldi. [Oct. 5. More rioting. Oct. S-15. Rioting in Birken- head, Cheshire.] Oct. 9. London. Public meetings in Hyde Park are prohibited. Oct. 20. Catherine "Wilson, a noted poisoner, is executed. 1863 Mar. 10. Princess Alexandra of Denmark marries the Prince of Wales. Mar. 21. Rioting occurs at Staleybridge because of the mode of relief to the un- employed cotton-workers ; it is put down by the military. * * London. An establishment is opened to receive young children of working mothers. * * The United Kingdom Beneficent As- sociation is founded ; it grants annui- ties to poor persons of a better class. * * London. St. John's Hospital, Leices- ter Square, is founded. * * Ire. Titles created, Baron Athlum- ney. [186S. Duke of Abercorn and Baron Rathdonnell.] * * Ire. Great numbers of able-bodied men emigrate to America during the year, owing to the agricultural distress. 1864 Apr. 3. Garibaldi is received at Southampton with great enthusiasm. [Apr. 11. He enters London, and is wel- comed by an immense crowd ; he takes up Ms abode with the Duke of Suther- land at Stafford House. Apr. 21. He receives the freedom of the city.] July 9. The murder of Mr. Briggs in a first-class carriage on the North Lon- don railway causes great excitement. July 29. Parliament: The Metropoli- tan Houseless Poor Act, authorizing guardians to receive destitute persons into workhouses, and the metropolitan board to reimburse them, ' Aug. 8-19. Ire. The burning of an effigy of Daniel O'Connell by Orange- men causes rioting in Belfast ; 3,000 soldiers and 1,000 policemen are required to subdue it ; nine persons are killed and 176 wounded. Aug. 10-27. Dublin. The inaugurating of the O'Connell monument precipitates tierce conflicts between Roman Catho- lics and Protestants ; nine killed and 150 wounded. Sept. 28. The International "Working Men's Association is organized; George Odger, president. * * The Royal Albert Orphan Asylum at Bagshot is founded. STATE. 1862 Apr. 7. A treaty for the suppres- sion of the slave-trade is concluded with the United States. [May 20. Rati- fied.] July 29. Parliament: An Act for the safe-keeping of petroleum is passed. Aug. * Parliament : The Thames Em- bankment Bill is passed. Dec. 2. Parliament is prorogued. Dec. 31. Rio de Janeiro. The Govern- ment having refused to apologize for the arrest of British naval officers charged with rioting, the British legation causes five Brazilian merchant-ships to be seized. [They are given up on the pay- ment of an indemnity, and the dispute of June 7, 1SIH, is referred to the arbitra- tion of the King of the Belgians, who decides in favor of the Brazilians.] * * E. I. The province of British Burma is formed (p. 1049.) * * Parliament: The Merchandise Marks Act, punishing forgeries of trade-marks, is passed. * * Parliament: The Queen's Bench prison is abolished. 1863 July 21. Parliament: The Pub- lic "Works Act, providing work for the unemployed in the manufacturing dis- tricts at the time of the cotton famine, and enabling corporate bodies to raise loans, is passed ; also an Act to amend and consolidate the acts relating to the volunteer force of Great Britain. Aug. 25. Parliament is prorogued. Dec. 15. Sergt. William Shee is ap- pointed justice of the Queen's Bench; he is the first Roman Catholic judge to be appointed since the Reformation. * * IT. S. A. A convention of Fenians is held. The society lias for its objects the liberation of Ireland and the establish- ment of a republic. (See Fenians in In- dex.) * * 2?ew Zealand. "War breaks out with the Maoris. * * Parliament : The Railway Clauses Consolidation Act is passed. * * Parliament : The Prison Ministers Act is passed. * * Parliament: The Security from Violence Act, appointing whipping as part of the punishment for attempts at garroting, is passed. 1864 Jan. 8. Albert Victor, son of the Prince of Wales, is born. Jan. * Ire. The Fenians make their first appearance in the country. Apr. 25. London. A Schleswig-Holstein Conference meets. Great Britain, France, Prussia, Aus- tria, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, and the German Confederation are represented. It fails to settle the disputes between Austria, Prussia, and Denmark regard- ing the possession of Schleswig-Holstein. [June 2o. It adjourns.] June 1. The Ionian Isles are ceded. June 8. H. C. The Permissive Pro- hibitory Bill is introduced at the in- stance of the United Kingdom Alliance party. It proposes to give power to two- thirds of the rate-payers of a parish to refuse licenses for the sale of intoxicat- ing liquors. [It is rejected.] !Nov. 1. Ire. John, Lord Wodehouse, is appointed lord-lieutenant. MISCELLANEOUS. 1862 Apr. wrecked r lost. May 24. The new ■Westminster Bridge is fully opened. Oct. 13. A railway collision occurs near Winchburgh ; 15 killed, 100 wounded. Oct. 19. The East Indiaman Bencoolen is wrecked near Bude Haven, Corn- wall; 26 lives lost. Dec. 20. The steamer Lifeguard leaves Newcastle; fate unknown, supposed to have been wrecked off Flamborough Head. 1863 Jan. 10. The Metropolitan Railway is opened. Feb. 21. London. Post-office bags are conveyed by the Pneumatic Despatch Company. Apr. 27. The mail-steamer Anglo-Saxon, is wrecked off Cape Race, Newfound- land ; 237 lives lost. Aug. 3. A railway accident near Lynn is caused by a bullock on the track ; five persons killed. Aug. 31. Heme's ancient oak, Wind- sor Park, is destroyed by the wind. * * London. Many companies based on the Cre'dit Mobilier principles are estab- lished. 1864 Jan. 11. London. Charing Cross Railway is opened. Feb. 29. Peabody dwellings, Spital- fields, are opened for the working classes. [Others are opened later.] Mar 11. Bradfield water reservoir em- bankment breaks, and Sheffield and surrounding country are flooded ; 250 lives are lost, and much property is damaged. May 25. Dublin. The Industrial Ex- hibition is opened by the lord chan- cellor. July * The great annual horse-shows at Islington are begun. July 20. London. The first stone of the Thames Embankment is laid near Whitehall Stairs. Oct. 6. London. The first railway train enters the city near Blackfriars Bridge. !N"ov. 24. A fierce gale causes the wreck of the Stanley and the Friendship off Tynemouth, and the DalJwusie off Tay ; 34 lives lost. Dec. 8. The Clifton Suspension Bridge at Bristol is opened. Dec. 14. The steamer Bombay is burned off Flores Island ; 91 lives lost. Dec. 16. A railway collision in Black- heath Tunnel causes six deaths. 968 1864,* *-1866 7 Dec.28. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1864 * * James Laird of Birkenhead builds steam-rams for the Confederates in America ; construction is stopped, and they are bought by the British Govern- ment. 1865 May * The war-ships Bellerophon and Lord Warden are launched. [1866. Apr. 17. The Northumberland .] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 1864 * * The light of ignited magne- sium is employed for photographs at Manchester. 1865 * * Joan of Arc is exhibited by Sir John Everett Millais at the Royal Academy. 1866 Feb. 1. Sir Francis Grant is made president of the Royal Society. May 19. Edinburgh. The National Museum of Science and Art is opened by Prince Alfred. Oct. 18. Scot. The statue of Prince Albert is inaugurated at Glasgow by the Duke of Edinburgh. Oct. 19. London. The Holborn Theater (Mirror) is opened. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1864* * Iiaikie, William B., explorer, Scot- land, A39. Balliintvne, .James R , orientalist, A51. Bennies', William, sculptor, A63. Carlisle, Earl of, George W. F., states., A62. Dilke, Charles W., journalist, A85. Ferrier, .lames F., metaphysician, A56. Hunt, William, painter, A74. Lance, George, painter, A 42. Landor, Walter Savage, poet, writer, A89. Leech, John, arlisi, caricaturist, A47. M'Culloch, John R., political economist, Scotland, A85. O'Brien, William Smith, patriot, Ire., A61. Procter, Adelaide A., poet, A 38. Roberts, David, landscape painter, Scot., AG8. Senior, .Nassau W., political economist, A74. Sinclair, Catherine, author, Seotland, At>4. 1865 * * Aytoun, William E., poet, Scot., A52. Brown, Sir Geurge. general, A75. Christie, Samuel Hunter, physicist, A81. Cobden, Richard, statesman, A61. Costello, Dudley, journalist, author, A62. Cotton, Stapleton, Viscount Combennere, general, A92. Cunard, Sir Samuel, fdr. Cunard Line, A78. Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock, painter, A72. Fitzrov, Robert, meteorologist, vice-admiral, A60. Gaskell, Elizabeth C, novelist, A55. Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, mathemati- cian, philosopher, Ireland, A60. Herring, John F., animal painter, A70. Hooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, A80. Lindley, John, botanist, A66. Lubbock, Sir John W., astronomer, A62. Palmerston, Viscount, Henry J. Temple, statesman, A81. Paxton, Sir Joseph, arch., horticulturist, AG2. Quain, Jones, astronomer horn in Ireland, d. Richardson, Sir John, naturalist, Scot., A68. Wallace, Win. V., musical comp., Ire., A50. "Wiseman, Nicholas Patrice Stephen, cardinal, author, A63. 1864 * * London. Samuel Crowther, a native African, is consecrated as first bishop of the Niger, in Canterbury Ca- thedral. * * The Church of England Educational Society is founded. * * Ire. Bishops consecrated : Thomas Nully (Roman Catholic) bishop of Meatb. [1865, James Donnelly for Clogher; Wiij, .lames Lvni'h for KiHare and I.eighlm, 1870, Thomas W. Croke, archbishop of Cashel and Emly.] * * (Roman Catholic) Bishops conse- crated. John M. Tiasot for "Vizagapatam. fl865, James Murray for .Maitland; 1868, Christo- pher Bon jean (archbishop) for Colombo, Ceylon, Michael Angelo Jacopi (archbishop) for Agra, Asia, Gabriel Leo Meurin for Port Louis, Africa, and Leonard Mellano for Ve- rapoli, Asia ; 1869, John Macdonald for Aberdeen, and Charles Eyre for Glasgow.] 1865 Feb. 24. Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral, restored by Benjamin L. Guinness, is reopened. June 5. London. Henry Edward Manning is consecrated (Roman Cath- olic) archbishop of Westminster. July 5. London. The Salvation Army is founded by holding the first "Chris- tian Mission " in the open air at Mile End, by "William Booth, until recently a Methodist. [1878. The Mission be- comes the Army.] Oct. 3. The Evangelical Alliance meets at Hull. [1866, Oct. 16, at Bath ; 1867, Aug. * at Amsterdam ; 1866, Nov. 23-28, at Derby ] Nov. 15. London. Three English bish- ops, Dr. Pusey, and nearly 80 of the clergy and laity meet with Counts Orloff and TolstoY, and the Russian chaplain, to consider the question of uniting the English and Russian Churches. * * The Ladies' Association for the Pro- motion of Female Education among the heathen is organized. * * Church (of England) Association against "popery" is founded. * * London. The Free and Open Church Association is founded. * * The Association of Lay Helpers is organized. 1866 July * Readers, a new order of unordained assistants (Church of Eng- land), receive the assent of archbishops and bishops. LETTERS. 1864* * London. A Working Women's College is begun at Queen's Square, Bloomsbury. * * Dublin. Queen's University re- ceives a supplementary charter. * * London. The Owl is issued. * * Apologia pro vita sua, by John Henry Newman, appears. * * Scot. Sketches from Nature, by Chas. Maekay, appears.' [1872, Under the Blue Sky.] * * A translation of Homer's Iliad, by E. G. S. Stanley, Earl of Derby, appears. * * A Death in the Desert, Rabbi Ben Ezra, and Prospice, by Hubert Browning, ap- pear. [1868, The Ring and the Book.] 1864-65 Our Mutual Friend, by Dickens, appears. 1864-67 English Writers before Chaucer, by Henry Morley, appears. 1865 Feb. 7. London. The Pall Mall Gazette is issued. July 29. The Guild of Literature and Art is inaugurated. It provides retreats for artists, scholars, and men of letters. Aug. * London. The Sportsman is issued. Sept. 15. Dub/in. The Irish People is seized. * * London. Albert Veterinary Col- lege is opened. * * London. The Sporting Times is is- sued ; also the English Mechanic, the Fortnightly Review, and the Gloivworm. * * Examination of Sir William Hamil- ton's Philosophy, by John Stuart Mill, appears. [1869," On the Subjection of Women, 1870, The Irish Land Question.] * * Prehistoric Times, by Sir John Lub- bock, appears. * * Plato and other Companions of Socra- tes, by George Grote, appears. * * Home Thoughts and Home Scenes, by Jean Ingelmv, appears. [1867, .4 Story of Doom; 1868, A Sister's Bye- Hours.] * * Running the Gauntlet, by Edmund H. Yates, appears. [1866, Kissing the Rod; 1867, Black Sheep.] * * Strathmore, by Ouida (Louise de La Ram^e), appears. [1S66, Chandos ; 1867, Idalia; 1868, Tricotrin.] * * Ire. Lays of the Western Gael, by Sir Samuel Ferguson, appears. [1872, Congal, an Epic Poem in Five Books.] * * History of Rationalism in Europe, by William Edward Hartpole Lecky, ap- pears. [1869, History of European Mor- als.] 1865-70 Handbooks for the Study of Sanskrit, by Max Mu Her, appears. [1868- 75, Chips from a German Workshop; 1870, Lectures on the Science of Religion.] 1866 Dec. 18. London. A training- ship is established for homeless boys. SOCIETY. 1864-65 London. Forty refuges for houseless poor are established. 1865 Jan.* London. " Casual wards" in workhouses receive 1,000 patients per night. Feb. 4, 5. London. Many burglariesoc- cur ; a great robbery occurs at Walker's, the Cornhill jewelers. Mar. 11. Union workers strike in North Staffordshire ; caused by reduction of wages ; a general lockout by iron-mas- ters throughout the kingdom follows until workmen accept their terms ; much distress follows. Mar. * -May * A strike occurs among the Staffordshire puddlers. Apr. 30. Ire. Election riots occur at Belfast. [July* Again.] July * Election riots disturb Notting- ham. Aug.* London. An investigation is made into the state of the workhouse in- firmaries, several paupers having died through neglect. * * Rise of the Fenians. They are a secret organization, and aim at the establish- ment of an Irish republic. Sept. 15. Dublin. Fenian disturb- ances. The Irish People newspaper is seized, and 25 persons are anvsled on ('barges of Fenianisin. [Sept. 15-17. About :W Fenians are captured. Oct. 2. Jeremiah O'l>onovan Kossa and five others are committed for nigh treason. Nov. 11. James Stephens, the head center, and other Fenians are arrested. Nov. 24. Ste- phens escapes. Nov. 27. The Fenian trials begin. Dec. 1. Thomas Clark Luby is sen- tenced to 21) years' penal servitude. Dec. 13. O'Donovan Kuss;i is sentenced to imprison- ment for life. O'Leary and others are con- vioted and sentenced. 1866. Feb.* The trials are concluded; 36 are convicted or plead guilty, three are acquitted, and one is dis- charged under disagreement of the jury. J Dec. * Ire. The Fenians have fierce disputes among themselves. The " sen- ate "charges the "head center," O'Ma- hony, with corruption and deposes him, appointing Huberts as his successor. 1866 Jan. 29. London. George Pea- body, the American philanthropist, adds £100,000 to his gift of 1863, for the relief of the poor. Feb. 17. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended ; 250 suspected persons are immediately arrested. Apr. 20. London. The "Working Men's Club and Lodging-house, Old Pye Street, "Westminster, is opened. AND IRELAND. 1864,* * -1866, Dec. 28. 969 June 6. The Field Lane Refuge for the poor is opened by the Earl of Shaftes- bury. Sept. 1. Ire. About 320 persons remain in prison as suspected Fenians. Sept. 24. A reform meeting is held at Manchester. [Oct. 8. Also at Leeds. Dec. 2. At London and Birmingham.] Oct.* Messrs. Samuel Canning, Daniel Gooch, and Captain Anderson are knighted. Dec. 15. Ire. A large quantity of fire- arms is seized. Dec. 28. Election riots occur at Dim- gar v en. STATE. 1865 Mar. 24. Dr. David Livingstone is appointed British consul for inner Africa. Apr. * Parliament : Postage charges are reduced from twopence to one pen- ny for every ounce above the first. May 1. Parliament: The two Houses vote addresses of condolence for, and of horror at, the assassination of Presi- dent Lincoln. [Similar addresses are voted in public meetings held in every important town in the kingdom.] June 3. George, second son of the Prince of Wales, is born. June* H. C. The Union Chargeabil- ity Act, providing for the better distri- bution of the charge for relieving the poor in unions, is passed. June 26. H. C. A bill modifying the oath taken by Roman Catholics is passed. [Rejected by the Lords.] July 4. Lord Westbury resigns the great seal. July 6. Robert Monsey Rolfe [Lord Cranworth] is appointed lord high chan- cellor. July * The general election is favor- able to the Palmerston administration. July * London. Baron Rothschild, M. P., is elected for the fourth time. July * Henry Fawcett, M. P. (blind), is elected. July * The British and French Govern- ments rescind their recognition of "The Southern Confederacy." Aug. 2. The Privy Council issues regu- lations for guarding against the cattle- plague. Aug. 14. W. I. An insurrection of negroes breaks out in Jamaica. [Soon suppressed.] Aug. 16. Navigation treaty is con- cluded with Prussia. Oct. 18. Viscount Palmerston, first lord of the treasury, dies. Nov. 6. Earl Russell forms a Ministry. It includes Lord Cranworth, Lord Stan- ley, the Duke of Argyll, "vV". E. Glad- stone, Earl Granville, and Sir George Grey. Nov. 9. London. Alderman Benj. Sam- uel Phillips, a Hebrew, is elected lord mayor. [1S6G, Thomas Gabriel ; 1S67, "William Ferneley Allen ; 1868, James Lawrence; 1868, Robert Besley.] Nov. * Ire. James Stephens, the head center of the Fenians, is arrested. [Nov. 24. He escapes from jail.] Nov. 27. Dublin. Many Fenians are brought to trial. Dec. 16. Commercial treaty is con- cluded with Austria. Dec. * A commission on capital punish- ment, appointed in 1864, recommends penal servitude as a substitute for the death-penalty in unpremeditated mur- der cases, and that executions be private. * * Parliament : A court of referees to examine private bills is established. * * Lord Cranworth resigns the lord chancellorship. * * Parliament: The Colonial Naval Act, authorizing marine defense by colonies, is passed. 1866 Jan. 11. Dublin. The city and county are proclaimed as under the provisions of the Peace Preservation Act, in consequence of the discovery of an arms manufactory. Jan. 16. Ire. Carrying of arms is for- bidden, and houses are ordered to be searched for concealed arms. Jan. * -Feb. * Ire. Many Fenians are arrested and convicted at Cork and Dublin. Feb. 17. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended. About 250 suspected persons are ar- rested immediately ; many Fenians flee from the country. Mar. 12. H. C. TV. E. Gladstone intro- duces a new Reform Bill. Mar. * Parliament : Savings-banks In- vestment Acts are passed. Mar. * Parliament : Laboring Classes Dwelling-house Act is passed. Apr. 30. Parliament: The parliamen- tary oaths are modified, and made uni- form. May * Parliament : The Qualification for Office Abolition Act, rendering it unnecessary to make and subscribe cer- tain declarations, is passed. June 18. H. C. An amendment to Mr. Gladstone's new Reform Bill is carried in opposition to the Government. June 26. Earl Russell resigns. July 5. Princess Helena is married to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. July 6. The third administration of the Earl of Derby is formed. Members: Earl of Derby (L. Treas.),Lord Chelmsford < L. Cbanc), Duke of Bucking- ham (Pres. Council), Karl of Mahuesbmv (P. 8eali, lU-niaimn Disraeli (Clianc.Exch.), Spencer H. Walpole (Home Sec), Lord .Stanley (Foreign See.), Earl of Carnarvon (Colonial Se*:.), Jonathan 1'eel (Sec. War), Sir Charles Wood (Sec. for India), Duke of Somerset (L. Admiralty i, Milner Gibson (Pres. of the Hoard of Trade), Edward (.'aid- well (Thane, of the Duchy of Lancaster), Bel- ham VUliers (Pres. of the Poor Law Board) . July * James, Duke of Montrose, is appointed postmaster-general. July* Parliament: An Act is passed permitting a postmaster to sit in the House of Commons. July* Ire. Francis Blackburne is made lord chancellor ; Lord Abercorn is appointed lord-lieutenant; James "Whiteside is made chief justice. Aug. * Parliament: The Railway Com- panies' Securities Act is passed. Aug. * Parliament : A new Sanitary Act Aug. * Parliament : An act for promot- ing the cultivation of oysters in the United Kingdom is passed. Oct. 29. Sir Hugh M. Cairns is made lord justice. Nov. 17. Scot. A great public demon- stration in favor of parliamentary re- form is held at Edinburgh. MISCELLANEOUS. 1S65 Jan. 2. The new Exchange at Birmingham is opened. Jan. 31. London. Surrey Theater is burned a second time. Mar. 1. The telegraph-line between England and Bombay is opened. Mar. 26. The Great Eastern sails for New York, prepared for 2, U()0 passengers. [Returns with 101. July 15. It sails for Valentia, Ire., with 2300 miles of subma- rine cable.] May 9. Dublin. The International Exhibition is opened by the Prince of Wales. [Nov. 9. Closed.] June 7. Insecure rails cause a train wreck near Rednal ; 13 killed, 40 in- jured. June 9. Hallway accident near Staple- hurst causes K) deaths and injures about 00. June 27. London. Cattle plague breaks out near Barnsbury. Aug. 24. The emigrant vessel Eagle Speed is wrecked near Calcutta; 265 coolies are drowned. Dec. 12. Scot. The Industrial Exhi- bition is opened at Glasgow. Dec. 18. Damaged machinery causes the wreck of the J ins off Ballyeroneen Bay ; 15 lives lost. * * Australian meat is introduced by John AIcCalL 1865-66 A new pier is erected at Brighton. 1866 Jan. 11. Steamer London founders in Bay of Biscay ; 220 lives lost. Mar. * The "Black Death" appears ; many persons die. Apr. 24. Cholera appears at Bristol. Apr. 28. A railway bridge at Sutton falls, killing six men. Apr. 30. A railway accident occurs near Caterham Junction ; three persons killed, and 12 injured. May 7. Edinburgh. A new post-office is opened. May 10. London. Black Friday; a commercial panic is precipitated by the failure of Overend, Gurney, and Co., bankers. May 13. Cholera appears in Liverpool. May* Steamer General Grant is wrecked off Auckland Isles ; about 85 perish. June 6. London. Agra and Master- man's Bank suspends ; great excite- ment ensues. [July 13. Also the banking Company of Birmingham.] July 21. London. Cholera is raging ; 346 deaths in one week. July 27. The Atlantic Cable is com- pletely laid, and communication fully established (p. 253). July * -Sept. * London. Cholera rages. Aug. 19. The steamer Bruiser coUides with the Haswell off Aldborough ; 15 lives lost. Sept. 6. A railway train is derailed at Brynkir Station ; six persons killed. Oct. 21. London. The Standard Thea- ter is burned. [1868. Rebuilt.] Nov. 10. Ire. Ceres is wrecked near Carnscoe ; 36 lives lost. 970 1866,Dec.*-1868, Apr. 15. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1866 * * The Snider breech-loader is adopted by the Government ; the in- ventor receives £1,000. 1867 Sept. * -68 * * "War with Abys- sinia (p. 2). 1868 Feb. 10. The war-ship Hercules is launched at Chatham. [May 25, The Monarch, the first turret-ship ; 1S70, Sept. 27, The war-ship Triumph at Jar- row ; 1871, The war-ship Gallatin.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1867 Jan. * Dublin. The Irish Col- lege of Science is established. May 20. London. The queen lays the foundation of the Albert Hall of Arts at South Kensington. June 3. London. A statue of Lord Herbert is unveiled in Pall Mall. June 8. London. Mile. Nilsson makes her first appearance at Her Majesty's Theater as Violetta. July* "Win. Robinson announces a method of making wrought iron from cast iron by the use of magnetism. Aug. 31. London. Kate Terry makes her last appearance as Juliet at the New Adelphi. Oct. 12. London. The new East Lon- don Theater is opened. [Oct. 24. The new Queen's Theater. Dec. 18. St. George's Opera House.] Nov. 2. London. Mile. Kellogg makes her d^but at Drury Lane. Nov.± John Heaton's process for mak- ing steel is announced. 1868 Jan. 15. Rev. Patrick Bell re- ceives a testimonial and £1.000 for the invention of a reaping-naachine in 1826. Jan. 22-31. Severe gales destroy many vessels and lives. [Feb. 1. More disas- trous gales.] Mar. 31±. London. Nitrous oxid gas (laughing-gas) is introduced. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1866 * * Brande, William T., chemist, A80. Campbell, Alexander, t\h\ Campbelhtes, A80. Connolly, John, physician, A71. Craik, George L., miscellaneous writer, A67. Gibson, John, sculptor, A75. Keble, John, poet, divine, A74. Mahony, Francis i Father Prout), clergyman, author, Ireland, A61. Monteagle, Lord, Thomas Spring Rice, A76. Petrie, George, nivheolnuist, antiquary, A77- "Whewell William, philosopher, historian of science, A72. 1867 * * Alison, Sir Archibald, hist., A75. Austin, Sarali T., translator, writer, A74. Baily, Edward H., sculptor, A79. Bell, Kotifit, journalist, author, A67. Blomfleld, Charles J., bishop of London, scholar, author, A71. Daubeny, Charles G. B., chemist, naturalist, A72. Faraday, Michael, chemist, electrician, philosopher, Ireland, A76. Forbes, James ]>., physicist, Scotland, A59. Louise, daughter of Prince of Wales, born. Robinson, Henry (.'., lawyer, author, A92. Rosse, Earl of, "William Parsons, astrono- mer, A67. Snhrke, Sir Robert, architect, A87. Stanrield, Clarkson, marine painter, A69. CHURCH. 1866 * * London. The Humanitarians are founded by Kaspary, a German Jew. 1867 Feb. 13. The bishops in convoca- tion unqualifiedly condemn ritualism. [Feb. 15. The Lower House concurs.] May 16. Bishop Hamilton of Salisbury asserts the doctrine of the supernatural gifts of priests, the Divine presence in the sacrament ; many persons protest against it. May 21. Rev. A. H. Mackonochie is tried before the Court of Arches for ex- treme ritualistic practises at St. Al- bans, Holboru. [Dec. 4-18. Trial continued. 1868. Jan. 16-18. Renewed. Mar. 28. Case decided against plaintiff, and the use of incense, mix- ing water with wine, and elevation of the elements in the sacrament, are forbidden. Dee. 4. Defendant is censured for evading sentence. 1870. Nov. 24. The Privy Council suspends the defendant for three months for evading sentence.] July 25. Parliament: The declaration against transubstantiation, invocation ot the saints, and the sacrifice of the mass, on taking any civil office, is abol- ished. Aug. 19. Ritualists are censured in the report of the ritualistic commission. Sept. 24-27. The Pan-Anglican Con- ference of 75 bishops, English, Colonial, and American, is in session at Lambeth ; an address and resolutions are issued. Oct. 17. Dublin. Mixed education and secret societies are condemned and state help is declined by the (Roman Catholic) conference of bishops. Oct. 30. The Irish Church Commis- sion is appointed, with the Earl of Stan- hope as chairman. Dec. 12±. Ire. A protest is signed against the disestablishment of the Irish Church by many influential Irish- men. * *The Children's Special Service Mis- sion, to lead children and young people into the Christian life, is organized. * * London. The Spanish and Portuguese Church Aid Society is organized. * * The (Baptist) Ladies' Association, for" support of Zenana work and Bible- women in India, is organized. * * The (Church of England) "Society of the Blessed Sacrament " and the " Con- fraternity of the Blessed Sacrament" unite to form one society. 1868 Mar. 29. London. A Jewish synagogue at Barnsbury, founded by Baron F. Rothschild, is consecrated. Apr. 5. London. A Mormon synod is held in Store Street ; the London con- ference is said to include 1,172 members. LETTERS. 1866 * * London. The Law Journal is issued ; also the Bullionist, Engineer, Land and Water, the Belgravia Maga- zine, and the Contemporary Review. * * Scot. The Reign of Law, by the Duke of Argyll, appears. * * Ecce Homo, by John Robert Seeley, appears. * * Wives and Daughters, by Elizabeth Gaskell, appears. * * Scot. London Poems, by Robert "Wil- liam Buchanan, appears. 1867 Jan. * Dublin. The Irish Col- lege of Science is established. July 10. London. The foundation of the College of the International Edu- cation Society is laid by the Prince of Wales. July 11. London. The Guards' Insti- tute, Francis Street, is inaxigurated. July* The Early Years of the Prince Consort, by Queen Victoria, appears. * * The Broadway Magazine and Tinsley's Magazine are issued. 1867-68 The Chronicle is issued. 1867-74 St. PauPs Magazine is issued. 1867-76 History of the Norman Con- quest, by Edward Augustus Freeman, appears. [1869, Old English History; 3872, Growth of the English Constitu- tion.] 1868 Jan. 4. London. The "Working Men's College, South London, is opened with a lecture by Prof. Huxley. Jan. * Leaves from our Journal in Scot- land, by Queen Victoria, appears. SOCIETY. 1866 Dec. * Ire. Clare and other coun- ties are proclaimed. * * Parliament: A Board of Arbitration for amicable settlement of questions be- tween working men and employers is formed. [Temporarily useful.] * * London. The Royal Canoe Club is founded. * * The Harvard Association, for the improvement of prison discipline and prevention of crime, is instituted. * * London. The "Women and Children Hospital is founded in Crawford Street ; it is to be superintended by women. 1867 Jan. * London. The Street Re- form Association is organized. Feb. 11,12. A body of Fenians threat- ens an attack upon Chester Castle ; they are forced to retire by 500 constables. Feb. 12. Dublin. Sixty-seven Fenians from Liverpool are arrested. Ire. A Fenian outbreak occurs at Kerry ; Killarney is threatened, Capt. Moriarty and others are captured. [Feb. 16. A movement to attack Cahirciveen collapses.] Feb. 26. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended. Mar. 4. The Fenian General Massey is captured. Mar. 5. The Kilmallock police barrack is attacked by 200 Fenians; they are driven off by 14 constables. Mar. 6. Ire. Fenians rise in Cork; their leader, Daly, is killed. [Mar. 7. Another rising near Dublin; the tele- graph is destroyed ; an attack on the police station at Tallaght is repelled ; several are shot ; 208 prisoners are taken. 1,000 Fenians hold the market-place at Drogheda until driven away by a body of police.] Mar. 25-27. A strike of 350 men on the London and Brighton Railway occurs. Mar. 29. Parliament: The Metropoli- tan Poor Act is passed. Mar. 31. Ire. The Fenian Capt. Ma- clure is captured. Apr. 9. Ire. A special commission under Chief Justice Whiteside begins the trial of 230 Fenians. [May 1. Burke and Doran are sentenced to death. May 26. Reprieved. Many more are convicted and many discharged.] Apr. 11. About 500 employees of the North Eastern Railway strike. [Apr. 25. The strikers submit.] Apr. 22-Oct. * London. The West End tailors strike ; 2,000 go out. Apr. * Colliers near St. Helens strike. June 11. Ire. Fenian trials begin at Limerick. July 6. London. The foundation of the Alexandra Orphanage for Inf an ts , Holloway, is laid. July 17, 18. Anti-popery riots are provoked at Birmingham by a lecturer. Aug. 20. Parliament: An Act to estab- lish councils of conciliation to adjust differences between masters and work- men is passed. [Aug. 21. A workshop Regulation Act supplementary to Fac- tory Act is passed.] Aug. * Yarmouth is disfranchised for bribery and political corruption by the Reform Act. Aug. * -Sept. * Many imprisoned Fe- nians are released, and sent to America. AND IRELAND. 1866, Dec* -1868, Apr. 15. 971 Sept. 19. Fenians attack a police van in Manchester, killing a policeman, Sergt. Brett ; they rescue two of their comrades, Kelly and Deasy, who had been arrested, and escape. [Oct. 29- Nov. 12. Twenty-three Fenians are tried for the murder. Five are sentenced to death and others to imprisonment. Nov. 27. Allen Larkin and O'Brien are executed.] Oct. 31. Dublin. Two policemen are shot by Fenians. Oct. * -Nov. * Dublin. Halpin and other Fenians are tried. Nov. 4, 5. Bread and meat riots at Exeter are suppressed. Nov. 26. Jacob Bright is elected a member of Parliament ; Lily Maxwell, a widow, votes for him. Dec. 1, 8. Funeral demonstrations in honor of the Fenians, Allen Larkin and O'Brien, take place in Dublin and Limerick. Dec. 13. London. Fenians partially blow up, with a cask of gunpowder, Clerkenwell House of Detention, where several of their comrades had been im- prisoned ; seven persons are killed and 50 wounded. [1S6S. Apr. 20-27. Several persons are tried for causing the explo- sion ; Michael Barrett is convicted. May 26. Executed.] Dec. 27. Capt. Maekay and other Feni- ans rifle a martellu tower. [Feb. 7. Ar- rested. Mar. 20. Sentenced to 12 years* imprisonment.] Dec. 30. Ire. Fenians seize arms and ammunition in a gunsmith's shop in Cork. Dec. 31. Twelve Fenians are captured at Merthyr Tydvil. * * London. An Orphans' Home is founded at West Square, Southwark. * * London. The Stockwell Orphanage, Clapham Road, is founded by Rev. C. H. Spurgeon, aided by legacy of Miss Hill- yard. * *The Destitute Children's Dinner Society is established to give weekly meat dinners. 1868 Jan. 10. Dublin. The Irishman is prosecuted for sedition. Jan. 25. London. Want of employment causes great distress in East London. Jan. 28. Fenians attack a martello tower near Waterford. Feb. 12. Patrick Lennon, a Fenian leader, is convicted. Feb. 18, 19. Dublin, Sullivan and Pigott are convicted for publishing se- ditious libels in the Weekly News and Irishman; they are sentenced to impris- onment and fined. Feb. 28. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended till Mar. 25, 1869. Apr. 15. Ire. J.P. Featherstonehaugh, a deputy lieutenant, having recently raised the rent of his tenants, is shot dead when returning from Dublin. Dublin. The Prince and Princess of Wales pay a visit and are welcomed with great enthusiasm. [Apr. 18. The prince is made a Knight of St. Patrick.] STATE. 1866 Dec. * Ire. Clare and other coun- ties are proclaimed under the Peace Preservation Act. * * Parliament : The Contagious Dis- ease Act, providing for periodical medi- cal examinations of women's persons at military and naval stations, is passed. * * Parliament: The Colonial Branch Army Act is passed. 1867 Feb. 11. A contemplated attack on Chester Castle by Fenians to obtain arms is frustrated. Feb. 13. Ire. Fenians to the number of 800 assemble at Cahireiveen, County Kerry, sack a coast-guard station at Kells, and commit many outrages. [Feb. 15. Suppressed by the military.] Feb. 26. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended. Mar. 5. Ire. Fenian risings occur in many parts of the country. [Suppressed after much bloodshed.] Mar. 8. Henry Lowry Corry is made first lord of the admiralty. Mar. 24. Ire. Abraham Brewster is made lord high chancellor. Mar. 29. Parliament : A Metropolitan Poor Act, providing for the establish- ment of asylums for the sick, insane, etc., Parliament: An act is passed for uniting Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into one Dominion of Can- ada. [Later all British America except Newfoundland joins the Dominion.] May 3. Parliament: An act providing for the preservation of oyster fisheries is passed. May 7-11. London. Luxemburg Con- ference held. Representatives of Great Britain, Rus- sia, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Bel- gium, France, and Prussia hold a confer- ence (p. 737). May 20. H. C. John Stuart Mill's bill to permit women to vote for mem- bers of Parliament is rejected. Yote, 73-196. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended. May* Commissioners report against the purchase of railways by the govern- ment. July * H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces a bill for amending the laws relating to parliamentary representation. [July 4. Robert Lowe proposes a cumulative voting amendment so as to provide for minority representation. July 5. It is rejected. Vote, 173-314. July 15. The Reform Bill is passed.] July * Sir John Rolt is made lord jus- tice. Aug. 12. Parliament: An Act is passed authorizing the queen to proclaim pro- rogation of Parliament during recess. Aug. 15. The new Reform Bill receives the royal assent. It grants ,nn additional member of Par- liament to Manchester, Leeds, and Bir- mingham ; allows cumulative voting mi- nority representation in London, Glas- gow, Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds, and in such, counties as return three members each ; and makes many other changes in the laws relating to repre- sentation. Aug. 20. Parliament : Chancery and Common-La w-Ofluces Act passed. A Poor-Law Amendment Act making Poor-Law Boards permanent is passed. The Policies of Assurance Act, ena- bling assignees of assurances to sue in their own names for policy moneys, is The " Guarantee by Companies Act," relating to the security by means of sure- ties required by persons employed in the public service, is passed. An Act is passed providing for a county court for London. Oct. 30. Parliament: A commission is appointed, with the Earl of Stanhope, chairman, to inquire into the state of the Irish Church. Nov. 26, 27. Parliament appropriates £2,000,000 for the prosecution of war in Abyssinia. Dec. 12. Ire. A proclamation is issued prohibiting Fenian funeral processions. 1868 Jan.* Ire. A Fenian distur- bance causes 113,674 special constables to be sworn into office. Feb. 8. Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn is made lord justice. [Mar. * Sir William Page Wood.] Feb. 17. Parliament : A parliamentary reform bill for Scotland is introduced. [July 13. It is passed.] Feb. 25. The Earl of Derby resigns because of ill-health. Feb. 27. Benjamin Disraeli forms a ministry. It includes Lord Cairns as lord high chancellor, Lord Stanley, Sir Stafford Henry Northcote, Duke of Buckingham, and Lord John Manners. Feb. 28-69 Mar. 25. Ire. The Ha- beas Corpus Act is suspended. Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces resolutions for the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland. Mar. 19. Parliament: A parliamentary reform bill for Ireland is introduced. [July 13. Passed.] Mar. 31. H. C. Voting by proxy is abolished by standing orders. Apr. 4. H. C. A debate for four days closes on Mr. Gladstone's proposal for a committee on his resolutions for the dis- establishment of the Irish Church. Resolutions approved. Vote, 32S-272. [May 1. First resolution passed. Vote, 330-205. May 7. Second and third re- solutions passed.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1866 Dec. 30. London. The north wing of the Crystal Palace is burned. * * The first annual horse-show is held at Birmingham. 1867 Jan. 5, 6. Many wrecks occur in the Channel. Jan. 15. London. A severe frost occurs ; the ice in Regent's Park breaks, and 40 lives are lost. Feb. 17. Egypt. The first ship, the Prima, passes through the Suez Canal. June 3. London. The first stone of Hol- born Viaduct is laid. [June 5. Also> of the new meat-market.] June 29. A railway accident occurs at Walton Junction, Warrington; eight lives lost. Oct. 21. Royal Bank of Liverpool sus- pends. * * Velocipedes become common. 1868 Mar. 14. The Millwall docks, near London, are formally opened. 972 1868, Apr. 21-1870, Apr. 16. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1869 Mar. * The British Government adopts the Martini-Henry rifle. Apr. * The navy consists of 47 armored vessels "with 598 guns, 66 unarmored vessels, and a large numher of vessels of the old pattern. •Oct. 1. The royal dockyard at Wool- wich is closed after use for more than 350 years. Nov. 12. The Volunteer Army Ser- vice corps is established by royal war- rant. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1868 May 17-Oct. 31. An exhibi- tion of art treasures is opened at Leeds by the Prince of Wales. June 8. A statue of Richard Cobden is unveiled at Camden Town. Summer. Excessive heat prevails ; at Nottingham, in sun, 122.4 degrees ; in shade, 92.2 degrees. Sept. 3. A great floating iron dry dock, which costs £250,000, is launched at North Woolwich, and towed from the Medway to the Bermudas in 36 days. Oct. 1. London. Midland Railway Station, St. Pancras, having the largest known roof in the world, is opened. Dimensions of roof, 245 feet, 6 inches, bv 698 feet. .Nov. 28. London. The Globe Thea- ter, Strand, is opened. [Dec. 31. The Gaiety Theater, Strand.] * * London. The Burlington Fine Arts Club is founded. * * Isabella and the Pot of Basil is exhib- ited by Holman Hunt. * * London, The Holbein Society is formed, for the obtaining of photo-litho- graphs representing ancient wood-en- graving. Also the Royal Historical Society and the Colonial Institute. * * London. A statue of Lord Clyde is set up at Waterloo Place. * * A statue of Sir Robert Peel, set up near Westminster Abbey, is unveiled. 1869 Jan.* London. A lower pitch is adopted in concert singing. Mar. 1. London. The South Londonln- dustrial Exhibition is opened. May 3. London. The Royal Academy holds its first exhibition in the new building. June 19. London. Charing Cross Theater is opened. June 22. London. The Iron and Steel Institute holds its first meeting. July 23. London. A statue of Peabody, the American philanthropist, is inaugu- rated at the Royal Exchange by the Prince of Wales. Aug. 27. Scot. The Wallace monument at Abbey Craig, near Stirling, is inaugu- rated. Entire cost, £13,000. * * The Harleian Society is formed, for the publication of heraldic visitations, etc. Cardigan, Earl of, James T. B., gen., A71. Cattermole, George, painter, A68. Cockerell, Charles R., architect, A80. Edwards, Sir Herbert B., general, A49. Elliotson, John, physician, author, A82. Hampden, Kenn Dickson, bishop of Here- ford, moral philosopher, A75. Kean, Charles J., actor, A57- Laing, Samuel, traveler, author, Scot., A88. Lover, Samuel, novelist, artist, Ireland, A71. McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, journalist, Ire., A43. Milman, Henry H., poet, dramatist, hist, A77. 1869* * Ashpitel, Arthur, architect, archeolo- gist, A62. Carleton, William, novelist, Ire., A71. Derby, Earl of, Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, statesman, A70. Dilke, Charles W., political economist, A 59. Dunglison, Robley, physician, author, A7I. Ellis, Sir Henry, antiquary, A92. Gough, Viscount, llueh, general, Ire., A90. Graham, Thomas, chemist, A64. Harris, Sir William S., electrician, A77. Hohhouse, John Cam, Lord Broughton, statesman, author, A 83. Start, Sir Charles, Australian explorer, A73. Tennant, Sir James E., statesman, hist., A65. CHURCH. 1868 May 13. The Church Reform Society (Liturgical Revision Society) holds its first meeting. Dec. 23. Ritualists are censured by the judicial committee of the Privy Council on appeal. * * Parliament : The District Churches Act, constituting vicarages, is passed. ± * * The Catholic Truth Society is es- tablished by Bishop Vaughan. * * London. The Missionary Leaves As- sociation, for furnishing information at home, and conveying their aid to recipi- ents abroad, is organized. * * Archibald Campbell Tait is chosen archbishop of Canterbury. 1869 May 24. A church conference is held at Sheffield. July 26. The Church of Ireland is disestablished. (See State.) Aug. 11. Parliament: The Bishop's Resignation (for infirmity) Act, provid- ing for the appointment of bishop coad- jutors, is passed. Nov. 25. London. The Sunday Lecture Society is founded. 1870 Jan. 21. London. Prof. Tyndall demonstrates the presence of organic matters in the dust of the atmosphere. [A controversy respecting dust and dis- ease follows.] Apr. 16. London. The "Vaudeville Theater is opened. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1868* * Broug-ham, Henry, Lord Brough- am and Vaux, orator, sUili-smaii, scientist, author, Scotland, A90. Sees are established : Auckland, N. Z,; Maritzburg, South Af- rica ; and I'.jitliurst, Australia. ( 1871, Huron; 1872, Ballarat. Trinidad, Moosonee, and North China; 1886, St. Albans.] 1870 Jan. 16. A Greek church is consecrated at Liverpool by a Greek archbishop. Feb. 21+. Ire. An Irish Church conven- tion is held. Mar. 11. London. The Martyrs' Me- morial, Smithfield, erected by the Prot- estant AlliaiK-e, is inaugurated. LETTERS. 1868 Apr. 25. The foundation of Keble College, Oxford, is laid by the arch- bishop of Canterbury. [1870, June 23. Consecrated.] Oct. 8. Scot. The foundation of the new university buildings of Glasgow is laid by the Prince of Wales. [1870. Nov. 7. Opened.] * * London. The Royal Historical So- ciety is founded. Also the Colonial Institute. * * London. The Bazaar is issued, Also the Echo and the Rock. * * Scot. Studies on Poetry and Philoso- phy, by John Campbell Shairp, appears. [1870, Culture and Iteiigion; 1S77, Poetic Interpretation of Nature.] pears. [1873, The New Magdalen.] * * John Ploughman's Talk, by Charles Haddon Spurgeon, appears. [1870-85, The Treasury of David.] * * Etchings and Etchers, by Philip G. Hamerton, appears. [1873, Intellectual Life.] * * Life of Las Casas, by Arthur Helps, appears". [1S69, Life of Columbus and Life ofPizarro; 1871, Life of Cortez.] 1868-70 The Earthly Paradise, by Wil- liam Morris, appears. 1869 July 31. The Public Schools Act is passed. It modifies the govern- ment of Eton, Winchester, Westmins- ter, Charterhouse, Harrow, Rugby, and Shrewsbury schools. Oct. 12, 13. The National Education League meets at Birmingham. Oct. * London. The Morning Star sus- pends. Oct. * The Hans Busk Life-ship Insti- tute is founded. Nov. 4. The National Education "Union for supplementing the present denomi- national system meets at Manchester. London. Nature is issued. ISTov. 9. The Spiritualist is issued. Dec. 31. London. The Morning Herald suspends. Dec. * The Holy Grail, by Tennyson, ap- pears. * * London. The XTniversity of London and the University College give their adhesion to the movement for the higher education of women. * * London. The Architect is issued ; also the Graphic and the Freemason. * * Ire. Irish Odes, by Aubrey Thomas Be Vere, appears. [1874, Alexander the Great; 1879, Legends of the Saxon Saints.'] -* * Data of Psychology, by Herbert Spen- cer, appears. * * Latin Proverbs, by Alfred Henderson, appears. * * He Knew he was Bight and Phineas Finn, by Trollope, appear. [1877, The American Senator.] * * Juvenilis Mundi, by Win. L\ Glad- stone appears. * * An Introduction to the Classification of Animals, by Huxley, appears. [1870, Lay Sermons; 1871, A Manual of the Anatomy of Vert c brat rd Animals; 1873, Critiques and- Addresses; 1877, Physiog- raphy and A Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals.] * * My Enemy's Daughter, by Justin Mc- Carthy, appears. [1873, A Fair Saxon; 1875, Dear Lady Disdain.] * * A Manual of Ancient History, by George Rawlinson, appears. * * In Silk Attire, by William Black, ap- pears. [1871, A Daughter ofHeth; 1873, Strange Adventures of a Phaeton and A Princess of Thule.] * * Lorna Doone, by Richard Blackmore, appears. 1870 Jan. *- Apr.* London. The Pall Malt Gazette is issued as a morning paper. liar. * London. The Financier is issued. SOCIETY. 1868 Apr. 30. Richard Burke, a Fe- nian leader, is convicted of treason- felony. Apr. * Eng. Colliers at Wigan strike. Oct. 30. The Manchester national so- ciety for 'woman suffrage holds its first meeting. Dec. 5. London. George Peabody gives another £100,000 to the poor. AND IRELAND. 1868, Apr. 21-1870, Apr. 16. 973 Dec. 17- London. The Association for the prevention of poverty and erime is founded. * * A national trades societies congress meets at Manchester. * * The transportation of convicts is abolished. 1869 Jan. * London. The "Women's Club and Institute, Newman Street, is opened. Mar.* Ire. O'Donovan Eossa and other Fenians are released. Apr. 17. Eng. The foundation of the Asylum for Imbeciles, Gate rh am, is laid. May 3. First club-house at Birming- ham is opened. May* A strike occurs in Preston. June 2. Riots against a colliery man- ager at Mold, Flintshire, are suppressed by the military ; four persons are killed. July * The Erdington orphan houses at Birmingham, endowed by Josiah Mason, are finished. * * Weekly "wages of laborers are 11 shil- lings. * * The Charitable Relief Society is or- ganized. * * Arrest for debt is practically abol- ished, with certain exceptions. 1870 Jan. 21. A colliery strike occurs at Thorncliffe, near Sheffield ; dreadful riots and devastation ensue. Jan. * Sir Samuel Baker heads an ex- pedition to put down slave-trading on the Nile. Jan. * -Feb. * Ire. Many agrarian out- rages occur. [Nov. * More.] STATE. 1868 Apr. 21. H. C. A proposal of Mr. Gilpin for abolition of the death penalty is rejected. Vote, 127-23. [1869. July 19. Again rejected. Vote, 118-58.] May * Parliament : The Capital Pun- ishment within Prisons Bill is passed. June 26. The Colonial Society, estab- lished to promote the welfare of the colonies, holds its first meeting. July 6. Victoria, fourth child, daughter of the Prince of Wales, is born. July 13. Parliament: The Sea Fish- eries Act is passed. July 31. Parliament: The postmaster is empowered to purchase the electric telegraph. Parliament : An Act amending the Poor Law is passed. Nov. 7-9. The Court of Common Pleas decides that female suffrage is illegal. Dec. 2. The elections being favorable to the Liberals, the Disraeli Ministry re- signs. Dec. 9. The first administration of W. E. Gladstone is formed. Members: William Ewart Gladstone (L. Treas.), Sir W. P. Wood [Lord Hatherly] (L. Chanc), Earl de Grey and Hipon (Pres. of Council), Earl of Kimberley (P. Seal), Rob- ert Lowe (Glume. Exeli.), Henry Austin Bruce (Home See. i, the Earl of Clarendon (Foreign Sec), Earl Granville (Colonial Sec), Duke of Argyll (See. for India*. Edward Cardwell (Sec. Wan, Hindi Gulling Eardley rhilders (L. Admiralty), John Bright (Pres. Board of Trade) , Marquis of Hartington (PoBtmaster- general), George Joachim Goschen (Pres. of the Poor-Law Board), Chichester Samuel Fortescue (Sec. for Ireland). Dec. * Ire. Earl Spencer is appointed lord-lieutenant ; and Thomas O'Hagan lord high chancellor, the first Roman Catholic to hold that office since the Revolution. * * Parliament : The laws relating to railways are amended. The carrying of persons to a prize-fight is prohibited. * * Parliament: The Pharmacy Act, requiring all sellers of poisons to be registered after Dec. 31, 1868, is passed. * * Parliament : A new oath of alle- giance for members of Parliament is provided. The oath is: "I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, her heirs and successors, according to law, so help me God." 1869 Jan. 14. A convention is signed with the United States respecting the Alabama claims. [Apr. 13. Rejected by the U. S. Senate.] Feb. * London. Col. Henderson is ap- pointed police commissioner in place of Sir R. Mayne. Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- duces a bill for the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland. [May 31. Passed. June 1. H. L. Introduced ; July 12. Passed. 1869. Feb. * Receives royal assent.] Mar. 9. The Hudson Bay Company's charter having expired, the chief part of the company's territories are trans- ferred to the Dominion of Canada for £300,000 and certain rights and privi- leges (p. 583). May 11. Ire. The mayor of Cork, for a speech on Apr. 27, eulogizing Fenians, is compelled to resign. May 12. H. C. The Permissive Pro- hibitory Bill, permitting two-thirds of the rate-payers of a parish to refuse licences to sell intoxicating liquors, is rejected. Vote, 193-87. [1871. May 17. Rejected again. Vote, 206-124. 1872. May 8. Again. Vote, 369-15. 1873. May 7. Again. Vote, 321-81. 1874. June 17. Again. Vote, 301-75. 1875. June 16. Again. Vote, 371-86.] June 24. Parliament : Fire insur- ance duties are totally repealed ; also the tax of one guinea laid on persons using hair-powder. July 18. H. L. A bill for abolishing religious university tests is rejected. [1870. July 14. Again rejected. 1871. June 16. Passed, and receives royal as- sent.] Aug. 9. Parliament: The Volun- teers Act of 1863 is amended. The Bankruptcy Act and the Act for abol- ishing imprisonment for debt, and the political offices Pension Act are passed. Aug. 11. Parliament: The Habitual Criminals Act, giving powers for the apprehension of habitual criminals on suspicion, is passed. Aug.* Parliament: The Savings Banks Investment Act is passed. Sept. 10. Ire. The tenant-right agita- tion is begun at a conference of tenants at Cork. [Oct. 18. Another meeting at Kilkenny.] Nov. 25. Ire. Jeremiah O'Donovan Bossa (Fenian), M. P., is elected for Tipperary. [1870. Feb. 10. Election annulled.] Nov. 26. Maud (5th child), daughterof the Prince of Wales, is born. Dec. * Sir George M. Giffard is made lord justice. 1869-70 Parliament : Acts are passed abolishing licenses for the sale of tea, coffee, chocolate, and pepper, and modi- fying other licences. * * Parliament: An annual license duty of 10 shillings and sixpence on horses and mules each, and fixing the horse-dealers' license at £12 10s., is im- posed. * * Indian Ocean. The Wicobar Isles are acquired. 1870 Jan. 5. The National and Co- lonial League is established. Feb. 8. Parliament opens. Feb. 15. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- duces a Land Bill, to amend the Law of Landlord and Tenant in Ireland. [Mar. 22. Passes its second reading. Vote, 442-11.] Feb. 17. H. C. W. E. Forster introduces an Elementary Education Bill. [Aug. 9. Passed by Parliament. It receives royal assent.] Mar. 7. The Colonial Society becomes the Royal Colonial Institute. Mar. * The Land Registry Office is re- ported by a commission to be a failure. Apr. 4. Parliament : Another Peace Preservation Act for Ireland is passed. [Apr. 29. Eight counties are pro- claimed under it.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1868 Apr. 28. Columbia Market, Bethnal Green, erected by Miss Burdett Coutts, is opened by her. July 30. London. Part of the Albert Thames Embankment is opened. July 31. A false alarm of fire is given at Lang's Music Hall, Manchester ; 23 persons are killed. Aug. 7. London. King's Cross Market is opened. Aug. 20. W. Railway trains collide at Abergele ; fire ensues, and 33 persons are burned to death. Aug. 25. American vessel Sappho and four English cutters contest off Isle of Wight ; Oimara wins the race. Oct. 16. Egy. The Suez Canal is opened. Oct. 26. The new Town Hall is founded at Manchester. Oct. * The shaft of propeller on steamer fli hernia breaks, causing the loss of many lives. 1869 Mar. 21. The steamer Italian is wrecked near Finisterre ; about 26 lives lost. June 23. A railway collision at New- cross causes great damage, and kills two persons. Oct. 9. A railway collision occurs at Long Eaton Junction ; seven persons killed. Oct. 15. The new Town Hall at Chester is opened by the Prince of Wales. Oct. 24. A railway collision occurs near Welwyn ; three persons killed. 1870 Mar. 17. The steamer Normandy collides with steamer Mary off the Isle of Wight, and sinks ; 34 lives lost. •974 1870, Apr. 21-1871, Oct. 15. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1870 Sept. 7. The turret-ship Captain is lost off the west coast of Spain ; 472 men perish. Nov. * Breech-loaders are first distrib- uted to the army. 1S71 June * It is reported that deaths in the army are reduced from 17 per 1,000 to nine by improved sanitary appoint- ments. July 8-18. The National Association for rifle-shooting meets at Wimbledon ; the queen's prize is won by A. T. Hum- phry, a Cambridge undergraduate. [1872, July 8-16, Sergt. Michie of the London Scottish ; 1S73, July 7-15, Sergt. Robert Menzies, 1st Edinburgh ; 1874, July 6-14, Private Atkinson 1st Durham ; 1875, July 12-20, Capt. George Pierce, 15th Devon ; 1876, July 10-22, Sergt. Pull- man ; 1877, July 9-21 ; George Jamieson. 15th Lancashire corps, Liverpool.] July 12. The war-ship Devastation is launched. [July 18, The Cyclops ; Mar. 25, the Thunderer at Pembroke ; 1875, Apr. 7, the Alexandria at Chatham ; 1876, Apr. 27, the Inflexible at Ports- mouth ; May 9, the Temeraire at Chat- ham.] ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1870 Apr. 21. Albert Memorial Museum is given up to the town council of Exeter. May 7. Stanley Park, Liverpool, is June 3. Sent. The foundation of Albert Bridge at Glasgow is laid. July 16. London. The International Workmen's Exhibition at Islington is opened by the Prince of Wales. Aug. 6. Alexandra Park, Manchester, is opened. Sept. 14. The British Association meets at Liverpool. [1S71, at Edin- burgh ; 1872. at Brighton ; 1K73, at Brad- ford ; 1874, Aug. 19, at Belfast ; 1875, at Bristol; 1870, at Glasgow : 1877, at Plym- outh ; 1878, at Dublin ; 1879, at Sheffield.] Sept. 21. The Social Science Associa- tion meets at Newcastle-on-Tyne. [1871, Oct. 4, at Leeds; 1872, Sept. 11, Plym- outh; 1873, Oct. 1, Norwich; 1874, Sept. 30, Glasgow; 1875, Oct. fi, Brighton ; 1876, Oct. 11, Liverpool; 1877, Sept. 19, Aber- deen; 1878, Oct. 23, Cheltenham; 1879, Oct. 1, Manchester.] Oct. 29. London. Op6ra Comique is opened. Nov. 3. An equestrienne statue of the queen is unveiled at Liverpool. Dec. 26. Dublin. The Smith O'Brien statue is unveiled. * * Cromwell Varley produces a musical telephone. ±* * Antiseptic surgery is introduced by Sir Joseph Lister to exclude germs of disease from wounds. * * R. S. Newall's telescope, having an object-glass 25 inches in diameter, and a tube nearly 30 feet long, is set up at Gateshead. 1871 Jan. 1. The Anthropological and Ethnological Societies are amalgamated, forming the Anthropological Insti- tute. Mar. 17. An earthquake is felt in northwest England. May 1. London. The first annual In- ternational Exhibition of Arts, Indus- try, and Education is opened at South Kensington. June * Scot. The Tay Bridge is begun. [187S. May 31. Opened. Length, 10,610 feet; consists of 85 spans, some 90 feet above water level ; cost £350,000 ; about 20 lives lost during its construction.] June * Improved sanitary methods have reduced the annual deaths in the array from 17 per 1,000 to 9&. July 18. London. Marchesse di Candia Mario's farewell is given in La Faro- rita at Italian Opera. Aug. 17. London. A statue of Sir James Outram is unveiled on the Thames embankment. Oct. 14. Encke'a comet becomes visible. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1870* * Bailey, Samuel, metaphysician, po- litical philosopher, writer, A79. Balfe, Michael \\\, musician, composer, Ire- land, A 62. Clarendon, Earl of, G. W. F. Tillers, states- man, A70. Dickens, Charles, novelist, A58. Evans, Sir George I)e Lacy, general, A83. Lemon, Mark, humorist, journalist, A61. Miller, William Allen, chemist, A53. Onslow, Earl of, Arthur George, statesman, (father House of Lords), A93. Simpson, Sir James Y., physician, Scot., A59. Syme, James, surgeon, author, A71. Thorpe, Benjamin, philologist, A62. 1870 Apr. 24. London. KeshubChun- der Sen is received at a public meeting as a reformer. June 22. The convocation for revising the Holy Bible holds its first meeting in Westminster. Oct. 11. A church congress is held at Southampton. [1871, Oct. 10, at Nottingham; 1872, Oct. 8-11, at Lee-is; 1*73, Oct. 9, at Bath; 1874, Oct. 6, at Brighton; 1*7.5, Oct. 5-9, at Stoke- upon-Kent; IH76, Oct. 3-9, at Plymouth; 1*77, Oct. 9-12, at Crovden ; ]H78, Oct. 1-4, at Shef- field; 1879, Oct. 7, at Swansea.] Nov. 30. Ire. The new Protestant cathedral at Cork is consecrated. * * Jews are permitted to work on Sun- days by a Workshop Act. 1870-73 Much agitation prevails against the general use of the Athanasian Creed (Church of England) among both clergy and laity. ± * * The League of St. Sebastian is insti- tuted to promote the restoration of his temporal dominions to the Pope. * * London. The Christian Evidence Society is organized to counteract un- belief among the educated classes, * * Bishops elected : Joshua Hughes for St. Asaph, Richard Durnford for Chichester, and Octaviua Hat- field for Wellington, N. Z. [1871, Samuel T. Nevill for Dunedin, N. Z.; 1872, John Hor- den for Moosonee, Kupertsland, Peter S. Kovston for Mauritius, and Maurice Fitz- gerald Day for CashH ; 1H73, Edward Harold Browne for Winchester, (.'. W. Sand ford for Oibraltar, and J. Shaw I'.urdon for Victoria; 1874, William Basil Jones for St. Davids, TV. C. Boinpas for Mackenzie River, Ruperts- land, Alfred Willis for Honolulu, R. Kestell- Cornish for Madagascar, and W. W.Jones, metropolitan, for South Africa.] * * (Roman Catholic) bishops conse- crated : J. D. Ricards, vicar apostolic of East Cape Colony. f'*72, Herbert Vaugban, bishop for Salford, and .1. Leonard, vicar apostolic for West Cape Colony; 1H73, Bernard Reilly for Liverpool, and John C. Hedley, arch- bishop for Newport and Menevia; 1874, Ed- ward G. Bagshawe for Nottingham, J. T. Raiinond, vicar apostolic for Hong Kong, Charles Jolivet, vicar apostolic for Natal, South Africa, and Joseph L. Bardou for Co- imbatore. ] 1870-7 1 The Foreign Evangelization Society is organized to work chietiy in France. 1871 Feb. 3. The Privy Council gives judgment against Mr. Purchas, a ritu- alist charged with heresy. He is found guilty of violating ecclesiasti- cal law, lL by wearing the chasuble, alb, and tunicle during the communion service; by using wine mixed with water and wafer-bread in the administration of the communion; and by standing with his back to the people, be- tween the communion table and the congre- gation, during the consecration prayer." May 9. H. C. Mr. Miall's resolution for disestablishing the Church of Eng- land is defeated. (Vote, 89-374.) May 28. The Jews are released from the compulsory observance of Sunday. June 22. A Roman Catholic is made master of arts by the University of Ox- ford, the first so "honored since the abo- lition of the Test Acts. June* Ire. TheRegiumDonum (Royal Gift), for the maintenance of the Pres- byterian ministers in Ireland, is com- muted by the Irish Presbyterian Church. July 13. Parliament : The Incum- bents' Resignation Act is passed. July 24. The Ecclesiastical Titles Act (against papal ascension), is repealed. Aug. 17. The Sunday Act of 1676 is amended. LETTERS. 1870 June 29. London. The Hebrew Literature Society is established. Sept. 23. The new buildings of Owens College, Manchester, are founded. [1873. Oct. 8. Opened.] Oct. 7. The postage on books is re- duced to one halfpenny for two < or less. Nov. 29. London. The first election of Metropolitan School Board takes place. * * Scot. A technical college is estab- lished at the University of Glasgow. * * London. The Portfolio is issued ; also the Journal of Education and the Em- pire. * * The public school system is extended. * * Put Yourself in His Place, by Charles Reade, appears. [1877, The Woman Hater. ,] * * Puck, bv Ouida, appears. [1873, Pas- caret ,- 1S74, Two Little Wooden Shoes.] * * Researches on Diamagnetism and Magne-Cry stallic Action, Notes on a Course of Nine Lectures on Light deliv- ered at the Royal Institution, Notes of a Course of Seven Lectures on Electrical Phenomena delivered at the Royal Insti- tution, and Essays on the Imagination in Science, by John Tyndall, appear. [1871, Hours of Exercise in the Alps and Fragments of Science for Unscientific People; 187'-!, Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat.] * * Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, by Alfred Russell' Wallace, appears. * * Grammar of Assent, by John Henry , appears. [1872, Essays, Crit cal and Historical.'] 1870-82 Poems, by Dante Gabriel Ros- setti, appears. 1871 June 16. University tests are abolished by Parliament. Oct. 4. Dover College is inaugurated by Earl Granville. Oct. 15. London. The Roman Catho- lic University College, Kensington, is opened. SOCIETY. 1870 June 6. The foundation of the Stanley Hospital, Liverpool, is laid by the Earl of Derby. AND IRELAND. 1870, Apr. 21 -1871, Oct. 15. 975 July 2. The Anglo-Jewish Associa- tion is constituted tor tlie advancement of Jews. July 8. Ire. A modified form of the Ulster tenant rights in the Irish Land Act is preserved. July 18. Ire. Michael Davitt and John "Wilson are convicted of treason- felony for endeavoring to transmit arms secretly to Ireland. ' July 21. The Railway Association, comprising directors and shareholders, is established to watch legislation. Aug. 4. Ire. The National Society for aiding the sick and wounded in London, under the rules of the German conven- tion, is organized. Aug. 9. Parliament : The law relating to the property of married women is amended. The separate earnings of a wife are secured to her own use ; per- sonal and freehold property bequeathed to her are secured to herself. Sept. 23. Margaret "Waters is con- victed of the murder of an illegitimate infant by intentional neglect. She had adopted about 40 children, receiving a few pounds as a premium; many had died. Oct. 12. Scot. The Prince of Wales is installed as patron of the Freemasons. Oct. 15, 16. Rioting occurs at Arma- thwaite, near Carlisle, between English and Irish navvies. Oct. 17. London. A riotous assem- blage of the unemployed in Trafalgar Square is dispersed. [Oct. 18. A meet- ing at Hyde Park is dispersed by the police. Oct. 19. Again dispersed. Oct. 23. A meeting in Trafalgar Square ; about 2,000 go to Westminster Abbey.] Oct. 21. London. The Refugees' Be- nevolent Fund is instituted in conse- quence of the war, at a great meeting held in the Mansion House. Nov. 18. London. Meetings in Traf- algar Square are prohibited. Nov. 25. A general order for boarding out pauper children is issued. * * About £89,000,000 is spent in intoxi- cating liquors, £58.000,000 by the work- -* * Number of per.^mp e5S ; Scotland, 31,023; Ireland, 14,554 ; total, 274,535. May 8. The steamer Cadiz is wrecked on Wizard Eock, Brest ; about 62 lives lost. 980 1875, May 28-1876, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1875 Sept. 1. Ire. The war-ship Van- guard is sunk off the coast of Wicklow, by collision with the war-ship Iron Duke. Capt. Dawkins of the Iron Duke is tried, by court-martial and dismissed ; Lieut. Evans is removed from his command. Nov. 28. The Iron Duke is nearly lost ; cause, the leaving open of a valve. 1876 July 14. The boiler of the war- ship Thunderer bursts while the vessel is on a trial trip in Stoke's Bay, Ports- mouth ; 45 are killed and 50 injured. Oct. 19. The war-ship Bacchante is launched. [Nov. 4, the A elson at Glas- gow; Nov. IS, also the Northampton; 1S77, Jan. 31, the Euryalus&t Chatham.] ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1875 May 29. Capt. (Sir) George Strong Nares's expedition for arctic discovery departs in the vessels Alert and Discov- ery. [Sept. 1. He reaches S2° 24', and winters in 82° 27', the farthest point north reached by any ship ; he reports no open sea, but instead a sea of ancient ice ; sledge-parties approach within 400 miles of the Pole. 1876. Oct. 27. The Alert arrives at Valentia. Oct. 29. The Dis- cover}/ arrives at Queenstown.] June 25. The Polar expedition of Capt. Allen Young sails in the Pandora (aided by Lady Franklin). [Oct. 19. Re- turns.] Aug. 16. Firth Park, Sheffield, is opened ; it is the gift of Mark Firth. Sept. 6. The public museum and hall are opened at Sheffield. Sept. 7. London. The National Opera House is founded. [Dec. 16. First stone laid.] Oct. 6. The Yorkshire College for Sci- ence is formally opened by the Duke of Devonshire at Leeds. Dec. 1. A statue of Cromwell by Matthew Noble, gift of Mrs. Abel Hey- wood, is uncovered at Manchester. * * London. The Psychological Society and the Royal Aquarium S'M.'iety are or- ganized ; the Church Choral Society is incorporated as Trinity College. * * The Kyrle Society is formed. [1877. Founded by Prince Leopold, Princess Louise, the Duke of Westminster, and others, for " bringing beauty home to the people " by means of decorative art, gardening, music, etc.] 1876 Jan. 6. Dublin. A statue of Henry Grattan is unveiled. Feb. 3. London. The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain meets for the first time. Feb. 28. The Birmingham Philosophi- cal Society is founded. May 13-Dec. 30. The International Loan Exhibition of Scientific Appa- ratus is held at South Kensington. May 17. Edinburgh. The National Training School of Music is opened. June 2. The Polar expedition of Capt. Allen Young again sails. [Oct. 31. Re- turns.] June * The swing bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle is completed. July 17-24. The Royal Agricultural Society meets at Birmingham. Aug. 14. Hot summer ; the thermom- eter reaches 95°.7 in the shade at Not- tingham. Aug. 15. Edinburgh. A statue of David Livingstone is unveiled. [Aug. 17. The Albert Memorial is inaugurated by the queen.] Sept. 5. The Aquarium and "Winter Garden at Yarmouth are opened. Oct. 11. The Social Science Associa- tion meets at Liverpool. [1877, Sept. 19, at Aberdeen ; 1S7S, Oct. 23, at Chelten- ham ; 1879, Oct. 1, at Manchester. Oct. *+ The Atlas Iron Works, Sheffield, roll armor-plate 24 inches thick. Nov. 27. The Gallery of Sculptures, bequeathed by John Cibson, is exhibited free by the Royal Academy. * * A Btatue of Michael Faraday is un- veiled at the Royal Institution. + * * Ernst Werner and Sir Charles Sie- mens, by means of regenerative gas fur- naces, produce excellent steel cheaply in large masses. * * Scot. The British Association meets in Glasgow. [1877, at Plymouth; 1S78, at Dublin ; 1879, at Sheffield ; 1880, at Swansea.] * * London. The Sanitary Institute of Great Britain is founded. * * London. The Physiological Society is founded by John Scott Burdon-San- derson and others. * * Manganese bronze, a new metal, is produced by P. M. Parsons, inventor of white brass. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1875 * * Bennett, William S., pianist, com- poser, A59. Cairnes, John E., political economist, A51. Finlay, George, author. Scotland, A75. Grant, Sir .lames II., general, A67. Helps, Sir Arthur, essayist, dramatist, A58. Key, Thomas H., philologist, A76. KingBley, Charles, el., novelist, au., A56. Slitehel, John, patriot., historian, journalist, Ireland, A60. Osborn, Slierard, explorer, admiral, A53. Stanhope, Earl of, Philip H., Lord Mahon, historian, A70. "Wilkinson, Sir John G., Egyptologist, ATS. Willis, Robert, physicist . mechanician, A75. 1876 * * Bosworth, Joseph, lexicographer, A88. Eadie, John, 1'res. clergyman, author, A62. Lane, Edward William, orientalist, A75. Lewis, John F., painter, A71. Lough, John G., sculptor, A72. Martineau, Harriet, author, A74. Napier, Robert, eng., shipbuilder, Scot., A85. Walker, Frederick, painter, A36. CHURCH. 1875 June 14. Parliament: The Bish- ops' Resignation Act is passed. June 29. The bishopric of St. Albans is created, and dioceses of London, Win- chester, and .Rochester are re-arranged by Act of Parliament. July 1. The Public "Worship Regu- lation Act, for suppressing ritualism in the Church of England, goes into opera- tion. The case of Eev. C. J. Kidsdale is the first tried; the judgment of the ec- clesiastical court is given against him, because of ritualistic proceedings. [1876. Jan. 6. A new court at Lambeth Palace under Lord Penzance decides in his favor.] July 19-22. London. A Pan-Presby- terian Congress is held ; 50 bodies, British and foreign, agree to form an "Alliance of Presbyterian Churches." Sept. * Dublin. A synod is held at May- nooth College, condemning mixed edu- cation. July 28. A statue of Richard Baxter the Non-conformist, is unveiled at Kid- derminster (Worcester), by Mrs. Phil- pott, wife of the bishop of Worcester. Sept. 7. The Marquis of Ripon becomes a Roman Catholic. Oct. 3. A large convent at Bourne- mouth, in connection with Church of England, is opened. Nov. 30. The Albert Memorial Chapel, on the site of Wolsey Chapel, at Windsor, is opened. * * * The Parochial Missions to the Jews Fund is founded. ±* * Sees established : Niagara. [1877, Trnro, Transvaal, Lahore, and Rangoon; 1878, North Queensland; 1 1879, New Caledonia. British Columbia, New Westminster, and Tranvancore and Cochin.] * * Henry Edward Manning, arch- bishop of Westminster, is consecrated a cardinal priest. * * The Ladies* Committee of the Lon- don Missionary Society is organized. * * Ire. The Protestant Dissenting min- isters give up their allowance from the Government in response to the senti- ment of the people. * * Scot. The Central Committee and Church Women's Association for For- eign Missions of the Scottish Episcopal Church is formed. * * Bishops elected : R. S. Copleston for Colombo, Ceylon, and Samuel Thornton, for Ballarat, Australia. [1876, H. Hutton Parry for Perth, Australia, E. R. Johnson for Calcutta, and Louis G. Wylne for Bombay; 1878,31. Berardi for Ve- rapoli, Asia, Edmund Craig Stuart for Wai- apu, N. Z., Thomas Legh Claughton for St. Albans, Anthony Wilson Thorold for Roches- ter, and John 11. Selwvn for Melanesi, N. Z.; 1878, Henry B. Bousneld for Pretoria, South Africa, Llewellyn Jones for Newfoundland, William Parkenham Walsh for Ossory, Wil- liam D. Maclagan for Lichfield, Robert Sam- uel Greg for Cork, and G. H. Stanton for North Queensland ; I MM, Joseph Barber Light- foot for Durham, William Ridley for New Caledonia, A. W. Sillitoe for New West- minster, Arthur Sweaton for Toronto, Wil- liam B. Bond for Montreal, and Elzear Tor- regiani for Armidale, Australia.] 1876 Mar. 3. H. C. A Burials Bill, to permit the ministers of Dissenters to officiate at funerals in churchyards, is rejected. Vote, 248-279. June 13. The Presbyterian Church of England is reconstituted at Liverpool in union with the United Presbyterian (Church of Scotland). July 4. London. Christ Church, re- placing Surrey Chapel, and the school adjoining, costing £60,000, are dedicated. July 16. London. The Passionists Monastery, Highgate, is solemnly blessed by Cardinal Manning and opened. July 24. A meeting of bishops and Dis- senting ministers is held at Lambeth Palace to consider the progress of irre- ligious thought. July 27. A league in aid of Christians in Turkey is formed. Aug. 5. The Church of England "Work- ing Men's Society is established at St. Alban's, Holborn. Aug. 20. John Sugden is consecrated bishop of the Free Church of England in Christ's Church, Lambeth. Aug. * The Chester Cathedral is re- opened after restoration. Dec. 17. Rev. A. H. Tooth, vicar of St. James at Hatcham, a ritualist, is inhibited from officiating in the parish. Disobeying the inhibition, he is imprisoned. * * The Young Men's Foreign Missionary Society is organized by members of the Young Men's Christian Association. Also in London the Association for the Free Distribution of the Scriptures is organized. LETTERS. 1875 July * London. The Education Society is formed. Oct. 18. Wewnham College, Cam- bridge, for women, is opened. * * The Anglican Church Quarterly He- view is issued. * * Durability in Art, by William Noy Wilkins, appears. AND IRELAND. 1875, May 28-1876, * *. 981 * * A Course of Practical Instruction in Elementary Biology, by Huxley and H. N. Martin, appears. * * Fated to be Free, by Jean Ingelow, appears. * * Trumpet Calls to Christian Energy, by Charles Haddon Spurgeon, appears. [1882, Farm Sermons.] * * Thrift, by Samuel Smiles, appears. 1876 Jan. 14. Tlie first annual con- ference of teachers is held. Feb. 21. The Purcell Society is founded. Aug. 11. London. The Hour suspends. Sept. 6. Horrors in Bulgaria, by "Wil- liam Ewart Gladstone, appears. Sept. 10. The University College at Bristol is opened. Oct. 26. Cavendish College, Cambridge, established to give cheap university education to young persons in short time, is opened. Nov. 14. London. The first "Working Lads' Institute is opened at White- chapel. * * London. The Whitehall Review is is- sued ; also the Daily Recorder of Com- merce and the Mind. * * Weather Charts and Storm Warnings, by R. H. Scott, appears. * * Scot. Shadow of the Sword, by Robert William Buchanan, appears. [1881, God and the Man ; 1882, Ballads of Life, Love, and Humour; 1885, Alone in London.] * * Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay , by Sir George Otto Trevelyan, appears. SOCIETY. 1875 May * - Aug. * Warwickshire miners strike. July * -Aug. * Strikes occur at Oldham. Aug. 3. Parliament : The Employers and Workmen Act is passed. * * The Sunday Society is established to promote the movement for opening mu- seums and art galleries on Sunday. * * London. Bicycle clubs are formed. * * A Home for Incurable Children is established at Maida Vale. * * The Society for the abolition of vivi- section is established. 1876 Mar. 30. Ire. Agrarian outrages continue. [July 25. Mr. Bridges and party are fired on in daylight, the coach- man'killed ; several wounded at Mitchels- town, Cork. Crowe convicted of murder.] Oct. 2, 10, 20. London. Dr. Henry Slade, a Spiritualist medium, and Geof- frey Simmons, his assistant, are tried on charges preferred by Prof. E. Ray Lan- kester and others, with unlawfully using certain subtle and crafty means and de- vices to deceive. [Oct. 31. Simmons is discharged, but Slade is sentenced to three months' imprisonment with hard labor. On appeal the sentence is quashed on a technicality.] * * An international association for the total suppression of vivisection formed. Oct. 5. Lords Blackburn and Gordon are created peers for life. Nov. 25. Victoria, third child of Prince Alfred Ernest, is born. Nov. 28. Ire. John, Duke of Marl- borough, is appointed lord-lieutenant. Dec. 8. London. A national confer- ence against war to defend Turkey is held in St. James's Hall. * * London. Sir Thomas White is elected lord mayor. Apr. 21. British Women's Temperance Association is founded by a conference of ladies at Newcastle-on-Tyne. It aims to effect a federation of all women's temperance organizations based on total abstinence. Apr. 17. Fenian prisoners escape from West Australia in the American ship Catalpa. [Aug. 19. Arrive in New York.] June 30. The House of Lords appoints a commission to inquire into the preva- lence of drunkenness. [Report re- specting alcohol neutral.] Aug. 11. Parliament: A Medical Act is passed permitting the registration of medical women. Aug. 24. Sixteen hundred Bolton mi- ners strike against 15 per cent reduction in wages. i Sept. 18. London. A public meeting is Parliament is prorogued, held at Mansion House respecting atro- Aug. 19. E. I. The royal title, " Em- cities in Bulgaria, press of India," is announced by the Sept. 22. A society to promote legisla- viceroy, tion for the control and cure of habitual Sept. 13. China. A convention is drunkards is formed. signed with China at Chefu. STATE. June 1. H. L. It is decided that rail- way companies are responsible for neg- ligence in conveying persons and goods, although they disclaim it on tickets. June 24. The Government appoints a commission, of which Viscount Cardwell and Prof. T. H. Huxley are members, to inquire into the practise of vivisection. Aug. 2. Parliament : A new sinking- fund is established. Aug. 11. Parliament: The Sale of Food and Drugs Act, repealing all adul- teration Acts, is passed. Aug. 13. Parliament: An Act is passed giving further powers to the Board of Trade to stop unseaworthy ships. Also the Agricultural Holding Act and Land Transfer Act for England are passed. Parliament is prorogued. Oct. 29. Mary, second child of Prince Alfred Ernest, is born. Nov. 1. The Supreme Court of Judi- cature becomes operative. Nov. 25. George A. F. Cavendish Bentinck is made judge-advocate-gen- eral. Nov. * Sir Richard Baggallay is made lord justice. * * London. William James Richmond Cotton is elected lord mayor. 1876 Feb. 8. Parliament is opened. Apr. 27. Parliament: The Royal Titles Bill is passed. It adds to the titles of the queen that of " Empress of India." Apr. * H. C. Mr. Dixon's bill for uni- versal school boards and compulsory education is rejected. Vote, 281-260. May 1. London. The queen is pro- claimed " Empress of India." June 14. H. C. The Permissive Pro- hibitory Bill is introduced for the eighth time [and rejected. Vote, 299-81]. June 24. Parliament : A "Wild Birds' Protection Act is passed. June 30. Parliament: The Trades' Union Act is amended. Aug.* Parliament: The Elementary Education Act is passed. Aug. 11. Parliament: The Act giving power to unite counties for the purpose of winter assizes for more speedy trials of prisoners is passed. Aug. 15. Parliament: The Merchants' Shipping Act is passed. Parliament: The Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act is MISCELLANEOUS. 1875 July 10. The Metropolitan Rail- way is extended to the Great Eastern. Aug. 16. Scot. The new Victoria wet dock, Dundee, is opened by Lord Strath- more. Aug. 24, 25. Capt. Matt. Webb swims from Dover to Calais in 23f hours. Aug. 28. Railway collision at Kild- wick, Yorkshire ; seven persons killed. Aug. 31. A new exchange at Leeds is opened. Aug. * London. The drainage -works are completed. Total cost, £4,500,000. Nov. 15. Thames overflows, causing great damage and distress ; the Wool- wich arsenal is Hooded. Total rise, 29 feet. Nov. 25. The khedive's shares in the Suez Canal are bought by the British Government. Nov. 30. The new poultry-market, Smithfield, is inaugurated by Lord Mayor Cotton. * * London. Spelling-bees are intro- duced (from U. S. A.). * * Oysters become scarce ; dredging and deep-sea fishing are restricted. 1876 Jan. 21. Two collisions occur on the Great Northern Railway, near Huntingdon ; 14 persons are killed. Feb. 17. The Glasgow steamer Strath- clyde collides with the Franconia in Dover Bay ; 17 persons perish. Feb. 23. London. Direct cable line to New Zealand is completed. Feb. 26. The first steam ferry-boat on the Thames, Jessie May, is launched. 1876 Mar. 2. The great amphithea- ter at Leeds is burned ; loss, about £30,000. Mar. 29. London. The Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, is opened by the queen. Mar. 6. London. Edward P. "Weston begins his walk of 500 miles in Agricul- tural Hall. [Mar. 11. Has walked 450 miles. Apr. 22. He walks 111 miles in 24 hours in Mumlies- ter. Dec. 18-23. He walks 4(30 miles in six days in Agricultural flail. 1879. June 16. He walks 550 miles, and wins the Sir John Astley belt. 1883, Nov. 21-1884, Mar. 15. Walks 5,000 miles in 100 days on teetotal principles.] May 24, 25 . A great fire occurs at Bris- tol ; loss, £80,000. May * About 500 animals from India are presented to the Zoological Society by the Prince of Wales. June 27. The Canadian national game lacrosse is played before the queen at Windsor by 13 Iroquois and 14 Cana- dians. Aug. 7. A collision occurs on the Som- erset and Dorset Railway, near Bath ; 14 persons are killed. Aug. 12+. The Great Queensland sails for Melbourne loaded with patent and other gunpowder, with 569 persons aboard. [She is supposed to have ex- ploded ; wreckage found.] * * The Pneumatic Despatch Company suspends through insufficient support. * * A. Baltazzi's Kisber wins the Derby race. 982 1877, Jan. 1-1878, GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1S78 Mar. 24. The war-ship Eurydice is lost near the Isle of Wight ; 300 men perish. July 8-20. The National Association for rifle-shooting meets at Wimbledon ; Private Ray, 11th Stirling, wins the queen's prize. [1879, July 14-26, Corporal Taylor, 47th Lancashire; Ihso, .lulv 12-iM, Alexander Fer- guson, 1st Argyll; 1881, .lulv 11-23, Thomas Beck, 3d Devon ; 1882, July 10-22, Sergt. Lawrence, 1st Dumbarton; 1S83, July 9-21, Sergt. Markav, 1st Sutherland; 1*84, July 14- 26, Private Gallant, 8th Middlesex.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1877 Jan. 1. A statue of William liathbone, merchant, is unveiled at Liv- erpool. Jan. 25. Scot. A statue of Robert Burnsis unveiled in St. < ienrge's Square, Glasgow. [Apr. 3. New Stock Exchange opened.] Feb. 17. London. The 400th anniver- sary of the discovery of printing is celebrated. Mar. 15. Egy. One of the obelisks erected by Thothmes III. is offered to the British Government by the khedive. May 1. London. Grosvenor Gallery, for the exhibition of modern pictures, is opened in Bond Street. May 7. London. The "Wagner Festi- val is held at Royal Albert, Hall ; Wag- ner is present. May * London. The African Explora- tion Fund is founded by the Royal Geo- graphical Society. Aug. 23. Bell's telephone is exhibited before the British Association, Plym- outh. Sept. 6. The "Walker Art Gallery, Liv- erpool, the gift of Andrew Walker, cost- ing above £30,000, is opened by the Earl of Derby. Sept. 19-22. A musical festival is held at Leeds. Oct. 14, 15. A violent gale does great damage to property on land, and destroys shipping, with loss of life. Dee. 28. Scot. A statue of Thomas Campbell is unveiled in St. George's Square, Glasgow. * * London. A statue of Sir Robert Peel at Parliament Square is unveiled. * * London. The Institute of Chemistry is founded. Also the Library Associa- tion and the Index Society. 1878 Jan. 1. Ire. A grand iron bridge is opened over the Foyle at Londonderry. Jan. 14, 15. Bell's telephone is ex- hibited. Feb. 14. The statue of Sir John Cordy Burrows at Brighton is unveiled. Mar. 28. London. Electric light is tried at Westminster Palace. June 26. Greatest heat at Notting- ham ; 05° in the shade. July 3. The Midland Counties Art Mu- seum, Nottingham, is opened by the Prince of Wales. July 4. A Polar expedition in the Vega under Prof. Adolf Eric Nordenskjold starts, seeking a northeast passage. July 27. Edinburgh. A statue of Dr. Chalmers, by Steell, is unveiled. * *Boxer's life-saving, rope-carrying rocket, for communicating with stranded vessels, is described. Sept. 13. London. The Egyptian ob- elisk is finally placed on the Thames embankment. Nov. 11. Edison's loud-speaking tele- phone conveys conversation between London and Norwich, by 115 miles of ■wire. Nov. 13. Sir Frederick Leighton is elected president of the Royal Academy. Dec. 13. London. The Jablochkoff sys- tem of electric light is set up for trial on the Thames embankment, north side. Nov. 28. Dublin, Edward McCabe is consecrated (Roman Catholic) arch- bishop of Dublin. [* * Ire. Michael Logue, archbishop of Armagh, and Bar- tholomew Woodloek, bishop of Ardagh.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1877* * Bagehot, Walter, essayist, journal- ist, author, A51. Bain, Alexander, logician, philosopher, author, Scotland, A59. Belcher, Sir Edward, naval officer, arctic navigator, A78. .Tames, Sir Henry, engineer, inventor, A74. Kavanagh, Julia, Irish novelist, A53. Marshnian, John Clark, historian, A83. Norton, < 'arolme K, poet, novelist, A69. Talbot, William H. F., discoverer of photog- raphy, A77. Warren, Samuel, jurist, novelist, A70. Wright, Thomas, antiquarian writer, A67, Wyatt, Sir Matthew 1>., architect, A57. 1878* * Bark, Sir < it-urge, arctic navigator, A82. Chelmsford, Lord, F. T., jurist, states., A84. Creasy, Sir Edward S., historian, A66. Cullen, Paul, cardinal, archbishop of Dub- lin, A75. Uoran, John, editor, author, A71. Duff, Alexander, Scutch missionary, cl., A72. Gill, William, clergyman, missionary, A65. (irant, Sir Francis, artist, Scotland, A75. Lewes, George II., pliil. and mis. writer, Alii. Russell, Lord, John, statesman, A86. Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William, sc. au., A60. CHURCH. 1877 June 8. Parliament : The Sun- day opening of museums and art gal- leries is again refused. Vote, 87-229. July 2-9. Edinburgh. A Pan-Presby- terian conference is held. Aug. 9. The Duke of Westminster and 95 other peers address the archbishop of Canterbury against auricular confes- sion. Sept. 30. London. The Mormon Con- ference is opened. * * A reformed Episcopal secession from the Free Church of England takes place. * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- lic) : William Fitzgerald for Ross, Ireland, Peter Pace for Gozo. [1«7«, I'anl tioetlials, arch- bishop of Calcutta; 1*79, Fdward lsley for Birmingham, Edmund Knight for Shrews- bury, Richard Lacy for Middlesborough,and Clement Pagnani for Kandy, Ceylon.] 1878 Mar. 4. Scot. The Koman Cath- olic Hierarchy is restored by Pope Leo XIII. [Apr. 13. Protestants protest against it.] May 1. Dublin. Christ Church Cathe- dral, after being restored at the cost of £250,090, is reopened. June 13. London. The British and For- eign Unitarian Association is founded to promote XJnitarianism. July 2-27. The Pan-Anglican Con- gress meets at Lambeth. Aug. 16. Parliament: The Bishoprics Act is passed. It authorizes the endowment of four new bishoprics, Liverpool, Newcastle. Wakefield (York), and Southwell (Can- terbury), without increasing the number of bishops in Parliament. [1878. Wake- field is established. 1882. Newcastle.] Sept. 29. London. A Carmelite eon- vent is opened at St. Charles Square, Notting Hill. Sept. * Free libraries are opened on Sundays at Manchester and other places. [Also the Grosvenor Gallery and other collections in London.] LETTERS. 1877 Feb. 28. London. The Senate of the University of London votes to grant degrees to women. [May 8. The Convocation votes against it.] Mar. 28. The National Education League is dissolved. Mar. * London. The Nineteenth Century is issued. Aug. 10. The Universities Act is passed. Sept. 3. Scot. The weaving-school, Glasgow, is opened. Sept. 27. The "University college build- ings, Nottingham, are founded. Oct. 2. London. Library Association of the United Kingdom is founded at a conference of librarians at the London Institute. [1878. Oct. 1-3. First meet- ing held.] * * London. The Index Society is founded. * * Observatory , a monthly review of as- tronomy, is issued. * * The Refe, sued ; als'o Truth. sporting paper, is * * A copy of the Chinese Cyclopaedia of 0,019 volumes is bought for the British Museum. * * Literary and Social Judgments, by William liathbone Greg, appears. * * Proverbs in Porcelain, by Henry Aus- tin Dobson, appears. [1885, At the Sign of the Lyre.] 1878 Jan. 15. London. The Univer- sity of London Convocation votes for a supplemental charter granting de- grees to women. [Mar. 28. Charter granted.] Feb. 11. Weekly Weather Report is is- sued. Aug. 16. The Education Act for Scot- land is amended, and the Intermediate Education Act for Ireland is passed. Oct. 27. London. The new city library and museum are founded near Guildhall. 3STov. 11. London. The City and Guilds of London Institute for the advancement of Technical Education is constituted. 1877 Jan. 16. Wm. Lawrence is sen- tenced to three months' imprisonment for receiving money as a spiritual me- dium. Mar. 2. London. The Rev. Josiah Henson (colored), the original " Uncle Tom" of Mrs. Stowe's novel, is received by the queen at Buckingham Palace. May 29-June 12. About 12,000 North- umberland miners strike. [Dec. 15- 1878,Feb. * AboutS.OOOniinersare locked out.] May * -June * The Birmingham Liberal Federation is formed. May * -Oct. * Scot. A great strike and lockout of about 10,000 shipwrights and others occur on the Clyde. The case is submitted to arbitration ; the arbitrator, Lord Moncreiff, decides against the men. July 31. London. The masons strike for increased waives and shorter hours. [Sept.20±. Some firms yield. 1878. Mar. 14. Ended.] Sept. 1±. The Bolton cotton-workers strike. [Strike ended by agreement.] Sept. 14^22. Ire. A strike occurs on the Great Southern and Western Rail- AND IRELAND. 1877, Jan. 1-1878, * * 983 1878 Jan. 1. The Imperial Order of the Crown of India is instituted. Jan. 15. The Indian Famine Relief Fund amounts to £503,000. Jan. * -Sept. * Ire. Davitt and other Fenian prisoners are released. Feb. 10. London. The Blue Ribbon movement begins with a conference of temperance workers. Apr. 2. The Earl of Leitrim, his clerk, and driver are shot dead near his lodge, Manor Vaughan, Donegal. Apr. 18-June 17. About 120,000 spin- ners in Lancashire strike against a 10 per cent reduction of wages. [Unsuc- cessful.] May 14, 15. A cotton strike and lock- out causes riots at Blackburn, Burnley, Accrington, Preston, and other places. May 27. Parliament: The Matrimo- nial Causes Act is passed. A magis- trate may grant judicial separation with maintenance to a wife suffering from a husband's violent usage. July 3. Parliament : The Habitual Drunkard's Act is passed. Aug. 16. Parliament: An Act is passed closing- public houses in Ireland on Sunday. Sept. * London. John B. Gough lec- tures. [1879. Oct. * Lectures again.] Oct. 11. Ire. RiotsbreakontatCallan; a chapel and house are attacked ; 28 men are arrested. A false alarm of fire causes a panic at the Colosseum Theater, Liverpool ; 37 persons are killed. . Oct. * -Dec. * A partial strike and lock- out of laborers takes place in Kent and Sussex. Nov. 25-Dec. 28. Cotton-workers at Oldham strike unsuccessfully against a 5 per cent reduction in wages. Dec. 12. Edward Byrne Madderne, a lunatic, is arrested for threats to attack the queen in letters to the Home Office. [1879. Jan. 13. Pronounced insane.] * * The Zetetical Society is established ; also the Folk-Lore Society. * * The Girls' Friendly Society, to pro- vide homes and assistance for working girls, is founded. STATE. 1877 Feb. 8. Parliament is opened by the queen. Feb. 9. Ire.. George Augustus Chiches- ter May is made chief justice. Apr. 30. The Government proclaims its neutrality in the Russo-Turkish war. May 31. The National Liberal Fed- eration is formed at Birmingham. June 12. H. C. Mr. Gilpin's proposal for the abolition of the death penalty is rejected. Vote, 155-50. [187S. Mar. 13. Again rejected. Vote, 293-64.] July 2, 3. H. C. The Commons are in session over 15 hours ; cause, obstruc- tion by Irish members. July 27. H. C. A temporary resolu- tion to check obstructiveness by abuse of the power of moving the adjourn- ment of the house is passed. Vote, 282-32. Aug. 7. William Henry Smith is made first lord of the admiralty. Aug. 10. Parliament: The Fisheries Act is passed. It forbids the sale of deep-sea oysters between June 15 and Aug. 4, and the sale of others bet we«m Ma v 14 and Aug. 4. Parliament: The Universities Act, uniting Trinity College and the Catholic College of Dublin, is passed. Aug. 14. Parliament : The County Of- ficers and Courts Act for Ireland is passed. A lso the Supreme Court of Judicature Act for Ireland is passed. Oct. 16. London. Sir John Bennett, thrice elected alderman, is rejected by the court of aldermen ; third time. Ed- gar Brethtt is elected by the court of aldermen. * * British North Borneo is ceded to the British North Borneo Company. * * S. Afr. The Transvaal is annexed. * * Sir Henry Cotton is elected lord justice. * * London. Thomas Scambler Owden is elected lord mayor. 1878 Jan. 1. The fee for registered letters is reduced from id. to 2c/. Jan. 17. Parliament meets. [Aug. 1C. Prorogued. Dec. 17. Adjourns.] Jan. 24. Lord Carnarvon resigns on account of the policy of the ministry. Mar. 28. The Earl of Derby resigns Apr. 2. Parliament: A message is is- sued by the queen respecting calling out the reserves. [It is adopted.] May 15. H. C. A bill for reducing the Irish borough suffrage to one pound rating is rejected. Vote, 232-26. June 4. A secret convention is formed with Turkey. England agrees to aid Turkey in de- fending her dominions against Russia, the sultan promising reform in his Gov- ernment. June 13. Ger. The Berlin Congress meets. [July 13. The Berlin Treaty is signed.] (P. 831.) Aug. 3. H. C. After a debate on the Berlin Treaty, in which Mr. Gladstone delivers a great speech, the motion against the Government is defeated. Vote, 338-195. Aug. 16. Parliament: The Irish Sun- day closing liquor-saloon bill is passed. Also the Irish Intermediate Educa- tion Act, and the Territorial "Waters Jurisdiction Act. Parliament: The Bishoprics Act, al- lowing the erection of sees at Liverpool and Newcastle, is passed. Sept. 1. Alexandrina, fourth child of Prince Alfred Ernest, is born. Dec. 5. Parliament meets on account of the Afghan war. (See Afghanistan.) Dec. 10. H. L. A motion of censure on the Government is defeated. Vote, 201-65. Dec. 14. H. C. The motion of censure is defeated. Vote, 328-227. * * The term "Walking-Sticks is applied to candidates for Parliament nominated by political associations, and subject to them in their votes. MISCELLANEOUS. 1877 Jan. 15±. The ship Cairo from Australia, carrying gunpowder, disap- pears. Jan. 18. The Southeastern and Lon- don, Chatham and Dover Companies are amalgamated by a vote of the former. Feb. 4. TheTayBridgeismuchinjured by a gale. Feb 8-10. Leon, a Mexican, rides 505 miles in 49 hours, 5U minutes. [July 15. Hides 100 miles in four hours, 57 minutes, using six mustang horses.] Feb. 24. The Avonmouth Dock at Bristol is opened. Mar. 18-23. London. O'Leary wins the first prize of the 17 pedestrians at Agri- cultural Hall ; distance traversed, 520 miles. Mar. 25. The Scotch express jumps the track near Morpeth ; five lives lost. July 9. The Rotunda Theater at Liv- erpool is burned. Aug. 14. The fear of the Colorado beetle invading Britain leads to an order for its destruction ; few speci- mens arrive. Aug. 26±. London. Wm. Gale walks 1,500 miles in 1,000 consecutive hours at Lillie Bridge. Sept. 11. The emigrant vessel Avalanche collides with the Forest off Portland ; all lives lost but 12. Sept. 13. Scot. Freedom of the city of Glasgow is presented to Gen. U.' S. Grant, ex-president United States. Sept. 18. Scot. The new Queen's Dock at Glasgow is opened. Sept. 26. London. A live whale from Labrador, measuring nine feet, six inches, is placed in the Westminster aquarium. [It dies soon after.] Oct. 15. The steamer Knapton Hall is sunk by a collision with the Lochfyne ; nine lives are lost. Dec. 6. The steamer Mizpah is sunk by collision with unknown vessel ; six lives _ lost. Oct. 22. Scot. An explosion in a col- liery near Glasgow causes 232 deaths. * * Lord Falmouth's Silvio wins the Derby race. 1878 Jan. 2-14. Temple Bar is re- moved. Jan. 20. London. The Egyptian obe- lisk, presented by the khedive to Eng- land, arrives. Feb. 17. The steamer CM. Palmer col- lides in the fog with the Ludworth near Harwich ; 1-1 lives lost. June 7. Eng. A colliery explosion near Wigan kills 200 miners. , July 23-Aug. 10. John Rankin walks from Kilmarnock to London and back with stoppages. Aug.* London. The Great Eastern Street is opened. Sept. 3. The Princess Alice is sunk by a collision with the By well Castle, near "Woolwich, on the Thames; about 900 lives lost. Sept. 11. Jr. A colliery explosion in Ebbw Vale kills 286 persons. Sept. 26. Ire. An engine is derailed at Cuna, Marquis of Breadalbane, Earl of Iddesleigh, Viscounts of Oxenburg and Wolseley, ami Barons Huhl muse, Monks- well, Lingen, Northington, Elphinstone, Montagu of Bealieu, I'owerscourt, Revel- stoke, Rothschild, Colville of Culross, Dera- more, Esher,\Vaniaur, Ilulslmrv, Ashbourne, and St. Oswald.] 1881 Jan. 12-Feb. 21. About 40,000 miners strike. Jan. * There are 439 agrarian outrages reported. [Feb.* 170 more ; Mar* 146; Apr.* 293.] Feb. 3, 4. Ire. Michael Davitt is ar- rested, and committed to prison. Mar. 10. Dublin. Many agitators are arrested, and 23 lodged -in the Kilmain- ham jail. London. The Municipal Reform League is founded. Mar. 16. London. An unsuccessful at- tempt is made to blow up part of Man- sionHouse; a box containing40 pounds of gunpowder is found in a window. [1882. May 12. Another attempt is made.] Mar. * Ire. The Clan-Wa-Gael Secret Society is formed to replace that of the Fenians. May 1. Ire. Outrages aud cruelties are perpetrated ; Dublin city is proclaimed. May 2. John Dillon, M. P., a Land Leaguer, is arrested. May 24. Prince Leopold George is created Baron Ark low, Earl of Clarence, and Duke of Albany. June 2. Ire. Eviction riots occur at Scariff , County Clare ; some persons are killed and many injured. June 5, 6, 7. ire. Much rioting occurs in the County of Cork. June 9. The centenary of George Ste- phenson's birth is celebrated in many places. June 10. Two Fenians are convicted of plotting to blow up the town hall, Liverpool. [Aug. 2. James McGrath is sentenced to penal servitude for life and James McKnivett to 15 years' imprison- ment.] July * Infernal machines are discov- ered in steamers Malta and Bavaria at Liverpool. July * The South African Association is established. Aug. 1. London. An International Pharmaceutical Congress, with an exhibition, is opened. 1880 Aug. 26-27. H. C. Irish af- fairs are discussed continuously for 21 hours. Sept. 7. Parliament : The Employers* Liability Act and the Wild Birds' Protection Act are Nov. 26. Lord Coleridge is made lord chief justice. * *Census taken; population of the United Kingdom, 34,468,000. * * The receiving of postage stamps in savings-banks in lieu of small sums is generally adopted. * * The Patriotic Association is formed ; it aims to aid in upholding the honor and interest of the British Empire. 1881 Jan. 6. Parliament meets. Jan. 14. H. C. Mr. Parnell's Irish Amendment to the address is defeated after a debate of eight days. Vote, 57- 435. Jan. 20. H. C. Mr. Dawson's and Mr. O'Kelly's Irish Amendments are re- jected. Vote, 36-274 and 34-178. Jan. 24. H. C. Mr. Forster introduces his bill for the Protection of Life and Property (Coercion Bill) in Ireland. Jan. 26. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's motion for urgency for the Irish Coercion Bill is carried after an all-night sitting. Vote, 251-33. Feb. 2. H. C. Debate on the first read- ing of Mr. Forster's Irish Coercion Bill is summarily closed by the Speaker, in vi- olation of the rules, after the House has been sitting continuously since Jan. 31. Feb. 3. H. C. On the motion of Mr. Gladstone, 36 Irish members (Mr. Par- nell and his followers) are suspended for the sitting for disregarding the au- thority of the chair. Feb. 0. H. C. New rules of debate authorizing closure by the chair are laid on the table by the Speaker. [Feb. 21. New closure rules are modified and adopted.] Feb. 25. H. C. The Irish Coercion Bill is read a third time, and passed. Vote, 281-36. [Mar. 2. Passes the Lords. Mar. 3. Receives royal assent.] Feb. * A manifesto is issued byMr.Par- nell, and a counter one by Mr. Shaw. Mar. 1. H. C. The Irish Peace Preser- vation Bill (Arms Bill) is introduced. [Mar. 11. Passed. Mar. IS. Passes Lords. Mar. 21. Receives royal assent.] Mar. 14. H. C. A motion by Mr. Glad- stone for urgency with the supplies is lost. Vote, 212-296. Mar. 26. The Irish National Land League of Great Britain is formed, with Justin McCarthy as president. Mar. 29. H. C. AshtonW. Dilke's mo- tion for the adoption of the decimal system is defeated. Vote, 108-2S. Apr. 7. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is introduced in the Commons by Mr. Gladstone. Apr. 9. Mr. Bradlaugh is reelected M. P. for Northampton. Apr. 26. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh's offer to take oath is refused, and he is forcibly expelled. [May 10. He is again forcibly "] Apr. * The Duke of Argyll resigns as lord privy seal, and is succeeded by Lord Carlingford. May 1. Dublin. The city is proclaimed under the Coercion Act. May 5. Parliament: The Irish party is divided on the Land Bill ; Mr. Parnell opposes it. May 20. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is read a second time. Vote, 352-176. June 1. Penny postage stamps begin to be used for receipt stamps. June 22. H. C. A motion by Mr. Pease to abolish punishment by death is de- feated. Vote, 175-79. June 27 . Fi ve j udges decide that parents must pay school fees in advance or ask pecuniary aid, and that non-payment must be taken as non-attendance. July 5. Parliament: The New Parlia- mentary Oath's Bill is discharged. July 29. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is read the third time. Vote, 220-14. [Aug. 3. The second time in the Lords. Aug. 8. The third time in the Lords with amendments.] Aug. 3. A treaty is signed with the Transvaal, recognizing the indepen- dence of that country, subject to suze- rainty of the queen. H. C. Police prevent Mr. Brad- laugh from entering. The House rejects a motion to rescind the resolution of May 10. Vote, 191-7. Aug. 11. H. C. Some of the Lords' amendments to the Irish Land Bill are rejected. [Aug. 12-15. The differences between Lords and Commons are ad- justed by compromise. Aug. 23. The bill becomes law.] It establishes a court of commission to fix fair rents in Ireland on application of tenants, rents fixed to hold for 15 years. MISCELLANEOUS. 1880 Sept. 8. A colliery explosion near Durham causes 164 deaths. Dec. 10. W. An explosion occurs at Pen-y-grage colliery ; 100 persons killed. * * Dublin. The Hawkins Street Theater is burned. * * The Duke of "Westminster's Bend Or wins the Derby. [1881, Mr. Lorillard's Iroquois wins ; 1882, Duke of Westmin- ster's Shotover; 1883, SirF. Johnstone's •St. Blaise ; 1884, J. Hammond's St. Ga- tien; and Sir J. Willoughby's Har- vester.] 1881 June 2. London. An Interna- tional Woolen Exhibition is held at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham ; opened by the Duke of Connaught. June * The Dover and Deal Railway is opened. June * Ire. The census report shows a decrease of one-ninth in the popula- tion in 10 years. July 16±. London. An International Sanitary Exhibition is held at Royal Albert Hall. July 20. A storm sinks 10 fishing-boats off the Shetland Isles ; 48 lives lost. July 26. Scot. The new dock at Leith is opened by the Duke of Edinburgh. 1881, Aug. 22-1882, July 15. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1882 June * -Sept. 14. Egypt. War with Arabi Pasha. Arabi Pasha heads a revolt against foreign interference in Egyptian affairs, England and other European powers having taken control in the regulation of the Egyptian public debt ; riots break out in Alexandria, and Europeans are massacred in the streets (p. 65S). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1881 Aug. 24. London. An Interna- tional Horticultural Exhibition is opened. Aug. 26-85 Jan.* Schaeberle's comet is visible to the naked eye. Aug. 31. The British Association sits at York. [1882, Aug. 23, at .Southampton ; 1883, Sept. 19, at Southport ; 1884, at Montreal ; 1885, Sept. 9, at Aberdeen.] Oct. 3. The Social Science Association meets at Dublin. [1X82, Sept. 20, at Not- tigham ; 18S3, Oct. 3, at Huddersfield; 1884, Sept. 17, at Birmingham.] Oct. 4. TJenning's comet appears. Oct. 10. London. The Savoy Theater is opened. Oct. 10-19. A violent hurricane causes great destruction of life and property ; houses are demolished, and trees torn up by the roots; 130 wrecks. [Nov. 26,27. e!ungeii, in four parts < Rheingold, Walkiire, Sieg- fried, and Gotterdammerung), are given. May 11. The British circumpolar ex- pedition departs. May 29. The Abbey Park, Leicester, is opened by the Prince of Wales. June 10. Mr. Simmons ascends in a balloon, and goes from Maldon, Essex County, to Arras, France, 140 miles, in one hour and 20 minutes. June 17. London. A statue of Row- land Hill at the Royal Exchange is un- veiled by the Prince of Wales. June 22. The Hope sails in search of the Eira in polar regions. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1881 * * Borrow, George, wr., traveler, A78. Beaconsneld, Earl of, Benjamin Disraeli, statesman, author, A76. Burton, John H., historian, Scotland, A72. Carlyle, Thomas, hist., phil., au., Scot., A86. Gould, John, naturalist, A77. Mcliale, John, archbishop of Tuam, scholar, author, Ireland, A90. Starley, James, inventor of bicycles, dies. Street, George E., architect, A57. CHURCH. 1881 Sept. 6±. London. An Ecumen- ical Methodist Conference is held at City Road Chapel ; 400 delegates, minis- ters and laymen from all parts of the world, represent nearly 4,000,000 others. Oct. 6. London. The American Evan- gelists, Moody and Sankey, arrive. Oct. 19. Ire. Archbishop Croke censures the Land League for ordering the non- payment of rent. [Oct. 30. Archbishop M'Cabe's pastoral against the Land League manifesto is read in the churches of Dublin.] Oct. 25. The Evangelical Alliance meets at Liverpool. [1883, Oct. 16, at Norwich ; 1884, Aug. 30, at Copenhagen ; Oct. '28, at Brighton ; 1885, Oct. 7, at Glasgow; 1886, Sept. 21, at Ryde ; 1888, Sept. 25, at Plymouth.] Nov. * The principal entrance to West- minster Abbey, after designs by Gil- bert Scott, is repaired at a cost of £20,000. 1882 Mar. 27. Dublin. Archbishop McCabe is created a cardinal priest. June 3. London. St. Paul's principal bell, the Great Bell, is dedicated. June * The Catholic League is formed (Church of England). LETTERS. 1881 Oct. 28. London. The Browning Society is founded. Nov. * Scot. A mining library and £1,000 are bequeathed to the University of Glasgow by Mr. Macdonald, M.P. * * London. Knowledge is issued; also the People, and the Hellenic .society Jour- * * London. The Examiner suspends. * * Legible Shorthand, by Pocknell, ap- pears. * * Reminiscences of Carlyle, by Froude, appears. [1882, Life of fhomas Carlyle.} * * Progress : its Law and Course, by Her- bert Spencer, appears. [1882, The Phi- losophy of Style; 1884, The Man versus the State, and The Coming Slavery ; 1887, The Factors of Organic Evolution.] * * Aspects of Poetry, by John Campbell Shairp, appears. * * Movement in Plants, by Darwin, ap- pears. * * Essays on the Floating Matter of the Air in Relation to Putrefaction and Li- fer (ion, by John Tyridall, appears. '[1882, Free* Molecules and Radiant Heat.] * * Savonarola, by Alfred Austin, ap- pears. * * Poems, by Oscar Wilde, appears. [1882 Vera; 1888, The Happy Prince, and other Tales.] * * That Beautiful Wretch, by William Black, appears. 1882 Jan. 14. The University Col- lege, Liverpool, is inaugurated by the Earl of Derby. Mar. 31. London. The foundation is laid of the City of London College near Moorgate Street. SOCIETY. 1881 Sept. * About 2,000 French and Belgian singers and musicians meet at Brighton. Sept. 8. London. The National League for the unification and consolidation of the empire meets at Westminster. Sept. 17-19. Delegates from the Land League meet, and declare for the aboli- tion of landlordism ; the Land Act is denounced ; Mr. Parnell attends. Sept. 21-27. The court and the whole country are in mourning for the mur- dered President Garfield, U. S. A. Sept. * Ire. Boycotting increases ; shop- keepers suffer. Sept. * Bad weather prevails ; poor har- vest and much depression follow. Oct. 13. Dublin. Mr. Parnell is im- prisoned in Kilmainham jail for incit- ing to intimidation and non-payment of rent. Oct. 14-16. Ire. Sexton, O'Kelley, J. P. Quinn, Dillon, O'Brien, and other agitators are arrested. Oct. 15-18. Ire. Riots in Dublin and Limerick are suppressed ; more arrests are made. Oct. IS. Ire. The Land League issues a manifesto den. hi i icing the Government, and ordering ;i .strike against the pay- ment of rents. [Oct. 20±. Dublin and Limerick are quiet.] Oct. 23. London. About 40,000 persons meet in Hyde Park to protest against the arrest of Mr. Parnell and others ; Mr. O'Donnell is chief speaker. Oct. 30. Ire. The Land League hav- ing been proclaimed by the Government, the leaders declare for passive resist- ance. Nov. * Important decisions in favor of tenants are made by sub-coinmissionera at Belfast. "Nov. 8. Dublin. A Home-Rule meet- ing is held. "Nov. 25±. A strike occurs in the pot- teries; 70 firms and 30,000 men are con- cerned. Nov. 30. Ire. A strike against the pay- ment of rent in Limerick, and evictions, is ordered. Nov. * Ire. Murders and outrages con- tinue. Nov. * Dublin. A secret society, called the Irish Invincibles, is established. Dec. 20±. Ire. An association to sup- port the Land Law is organized. Dec. * Ire. Great increase of crime in Munster is reported. * * An association for the encouragement of -woolen manufactures is founded by the Countess of Bective and others. * * Ire. Number of agrarian outrages reported, 4,439. 1882 Jan. 2. Ire. Several lady Land Leaguers are arrested. Jan. 16. London. The Land National- ization Society is formed at Westmin- ster. Jan. 28. Ire. About forty suspects are arrested. [Apr. 1. Increased to 511.] Feb. 1. London. A great meeting at tho Mansion House denounces the cruelty to Jews in Russia as an offense to civi- lization. [May 19. For their benefit £72,000 is raised.] Feb. 2-June 9. Tron-workers strike at Hopton and Darlington. AND IRELAND. 1881, Aug. 22-1882, July 15. 989 Feb. 25. Dublin. Bailey, an informer against the Land League, is murdered. [Feb.*-Mar.* Ire. Many murders are committed.] Mar. 2. London. Robert McLean, aged 27, shoots at the queen in the Great Western Railway Station. Apr. 10. Dublin. Mr. Parnell is re- leased on parole for 10 days. [May 5. Also Michael Davitt.] Apr. 19. A riot occurs among miners at Wrexham. Apr. 19-Sept. * Scot. No-rent riots occur in Skye. Apr. 21. The income granted to Prince Leopold George is increased £10,000. Apr. 27. Prince Leopold George marries Princess Helene, fourth daugh- ter of the Prince of Waldeck-Pyrmont. Apr. * Committees are formed at Berlin and Dublin to receive money to help the emigration of persecuted Jews from Russia. May 6. Dublin. Phoenix Park mur- ders: Lord Frederick Cavendish, new chief secretary, and T. H. Burke, under- secretary, are stabbed by four men. [W. E. Forster, secretary for Ireland, ■was the intended victim. May 12. Many persons arrested.] (See State.) June 8. Ire. Walter Bourke and Cor- poral Wallace, his escort, are shot dead * by five men near Gort, Galway. June 17. London. Arms and ammu- nition are seized in St. John Street Road, Clerkenwell ; Thomas Walsh is arrested. [July 17. Committed for trial. Aug. 9. Sentenced to seven years penal servitude.] June 29. Ire. John Henry Blake, agent to the Marquis of Clanricarde, and his steward, Mr. Kane, are shot near Loughrea. July 4. Ire. Twenty-two persons are arrested at Loughrea. STATE. 1881 Aug. 27- Parliament : The Ve- terinary Surgeon's Act and the News- paper Libel Act are passed. Parliament is prorogued. Oct. 20. Ire. The Irish National Land League is suppressed by proclamation of the lord -lieutenant. The Irish Land Commission Court meets for the first time. Dec. * Mr. Shaw, being opposed to the Parnellites, secedes from the party. Dec. 13. A defense of Property in Ire- land Fund is established to uphold the rights of property against organized combination, to defend and to sustain freedom of contract and liberty of ac- tion. Dec. 27- A proclamation is issued against the possession of arms in Dublin. Dec. 30. Ire. Five special magistrates are appointed with extra powers in dis- turbed districts. Dec. * John E. Davison is appointed judge-advocate-general. * * H. C. The Commons by 42 majority approves of local option in granting liquor-licenses. * * Parliament : The Welsh Sunday Liquor Closing Act is passed. * * Sir Nathaniel Lindley is made lord justice. ; * London. John Whittaker Ellis is elected lord mayor. 1882 Jan. 15. A daughter is born to Prince Arthur ; she is named Margaret. Feb. 7. Parliament meets; Mr. Brad- laugh is again denied his seat in the Commons. Vote, 286-228. Feb. 13. H. C. Mr. Gladstone proposes new rules of procedure, including clo- ture and delegation of business. Feb. 21. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh re- peats the words of the oath, and takes his seat in the Commons, but withdraws when ordered. [Feb. 28. He is ex- pelled. Vote, 297-80.] Feb. 22. Ire. Michael Davitt is elected M. P. for the County of Meath. [Feb. 28. H. C. His election is an- nulled on the ground of his being a convict.] Feb. 27. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- duces a resolution censuring the Lords' appointment of a committee to inquire into the working of the Irish Land Act. [Mar. 10. Carried. Vote, 303-225.] Mar. 2. Mr. Bradlaugh is reelected for Northampton. [Mar. 6. The Com- mons reaffirms the resolution of Feb. 7 against him. Vote, 2SG-22S.] Mar. * H. L. The committee sit on the Irish Land Act. * Mar. 27. H. C. Mr. Forster admits that the Government policy in Ireland has failed; he blames the influence of se- cret societies. Mar. 31. H. C. Mr. Marriott's amend- ment to Mr. Gladstone's New Rule is rejected. Vote, 318-279. Apr. 4. Scot. A Home-Rule move- ment is started for Scotland. The Scotch burgh convention at Edin- burgh proposes a representative body to legislate lor Scotland, subject to the ap- proval of Parliament. May 2. H. L. It is announced that Lord Cowper has resigned the lord- lieutenantcy of Ireland, and that Earl Spencer is bis successor ; the resigna- tion of Mr. Forster as chief secretary for Ireland is announced in the Com- mons. Ire. Mr. Parnell and other Irish Home Rule M.P.'s are released from Kilmainham jail, where they have been imprisoned as suspects under the Coer- cion Law. Their release is said to be the result of an understanding with the Govern- ment that Mr. Parnell will use his influ- ence to aid in the "restoration of law and order " in Ireland ; this alleged agreement is popularly termed the Treaty of Kilmainham. May 5. Michael Davitt is released from, prison. May 6. Dublin. Lord Frederick Cavendish arrives as new chief secre- tary for Ireland. [May 6. Assassi- nated.] See Society. May 9. George O. Trevelyan is ap- pointed chief secretary for Ireland. Dublin. A reward of £10,000 is offered for the discovery of the mur- derers of Lord Cavendish and Mr. Burke. May 11. H. C. Sir W. V. Harcourt in- troduces a bill for the prevention of crime in Ireland (Coercion Bill). It proposes a new tribunal of three judges without jury; it increases the powers of police, and revises the Alien Act. [May 20. Read the second time. Vote, 383-J5.] May 24. H. C. The Arrears of Rent Eill for Ireland is read a second time. Vote, 269-157. July 1. H. C. After an all-night sit- ting on the Prevention of Crimes Bill, 25 Irish members are suspended — first 16 and subsequently nine. Vote, 126-27 and 128-7. July 3. H. C. Frank H. O'Donnell, Irish member, is suspended fur 14 days. Vote, 181-33; the Irish Home-Rule members withdraw from the House, declining to take further part in the Prevention of Crimes Bill debate. July 5. Newcastle receives a city charter. July 7. H. C. The Government is de- feated on an amendment Co the Pre- vention of Crimes Bill, which restricts police searches of houses at night. Vote, 207-194. [July 8. The bill passes. July 11. Passes the Lords. July 12. Receives royal assent.] July 13. Ire. Seventeen counties are proclaimed. July 15. ± John Bright resigns as ehaneellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. [July 25. Succeeded by the Earl of Kimberley. Dec. 28. By John George Dodson, Lord Monk Bretton.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1881 Aug. 22 ±. The new Atlantic Cable is laid by the Faraday. Aug. 30. The mail-steamer Teuton founders near Cape of Good Hope ; about two hundred lives lost. Sept. 10. London. The Royal Alex- ander Theater, Park Street, is burned. Oct. 8. The new Langton dock at Liverpool, named Alexandra, is opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales. Oct. 19. The Great Eastern is offered for sale for £30,000 ; not sold. Oct. 21. The steamer Clan Macduff founders off the Irish coast; 32 lives lost. Nov. 6. A railway collision at Desford,. near Leicester, causes loss of five lives. [Nov. 25. Another at Tayport, Fife ; four lives lost.] Nov. 27- The lighthouse, Calf Rock, in Bantry Bay, is destroyed. Dec. 10. Three trains collide in High- bury Tunnel, near Canonbury ; five per- sons are killed. Dec. 13. The new Corn Exchange, built by the Duke of Norfolk at Shef- field, is opened ; cost, £55,000. Dec. 24. An express-train runs into a freight-train at Slough ; 12 persons- killed. 1882 Jan. 26. The Servia sails from America to Liverpool (longest route) in seven days, eight hours, and 15 minutes- Jan. 28. Trains collide near Old Ford station ; six persons killed. Feb. 4. The steamer Bahama founders between Porto Rico and New York ; 20' lives lost. Feb. 16. A colliery explosion occurs at Triondon Grange, Durham ; 60 or 70 lives lost. Feb. 18. London. Jumbo, the large African elephant, six tons weight, is bought by P. T. Barnum. from the Zoo- logical Society, Regent's Park. Feb. 28. The steamer Livadia is sunk off Yarmouth ; 23 lives lost. Feb. * The steamer Kosmos sinks off Kilia ; 21 of the crew perish. May 18. The new Eddystone light- house is opened. May 31-June 6. The mail-steamer Alaska crosses the Atlantic in six days and 22 hours. 990 1882, July 21-1883, Oct* GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1882 July* Henry Leslie's musical choir is reorganized. Aug. 15. Dublin. A statue of Daniel O'Connell is unveiled. Aug. 22-24. Violent gales do much Sept. 17- A new comet is observed at Ealing. Sept. 26. The Sanitary Institute of Great Britain Congress meets at New- castle. Oct. 20. The Fine Art and Industrial Exhibition is opened at Manchester. Oct. 25. J. E. H. Gordon's great dy- namo machine is exhibited at Wool- wich. Oct. * A statue of Thomas Carlyle on the Thames embankment, Chelsea, is unveiled. Dec. 13. London. An International Electrical and Gaslight Exhibition, at the Crystal Palace, is opened. * * John Jones bequeaths an art collec- tion to the South Kensington Museum ; estimated value, £500,000. * * Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta, Iolan- the, appears. 1883 Jan. 10. Violent gales do much damage. [Mar. 6. More gales ; also Sept. 26 and Dec. 12.] Jan. 18. London. The Prince's The- ater, Coventry Street, is opened. Mar. 10. Electric tram-cars are first run from Kew to Hammersmith. Mar. 14. London. An Electrical Ex- hibition is opened at Westminster Aquarium. Apr. 19. London. Astatue of Beacons- held is unveiled in Parliament Square. May 7. London. The Royal College of Music, Kensington, is opened by the Prince of Wales. July 5. Thomas Henry Huxley is made president of the Royal Society. July 16. The Koyal Agricultural So- ciety meets at York. Aug. 13. A new Fine Art Gallery is opened at Manchester. Oct. 10. A monument surmounted by a statue of Shakespeare, including stat- ues of Shakespearean characters, exe- cuted by Lord Ronald Gower, is set up at Stratford-upon-Avon, and unveiled by Lady Hodgson (the mayoress). Oct. 17. Scot. The observatory erected on Ben Nevis is opened. 1882 * A73. BIRTHS — DEATHS. ' Darwin, Charles R.., naturalist, Miller, William, engraver, Scotland, A86. Pusey, Edward Bouverie, clergyman, writer (Puseyism), A82. Robertson, James C, cl., eccl. historian, A69. Roesetti, Dante G., painter, poet, A54. Tait, Archibald Campbell, archbishop of Canterbury, author, A71. Thomson, James, poet, A48. Trollope, Anthony, novelist, A67. CHURCH. 1882 Nov. 5. London. An encyclical letter of the Pope against heresy, so- cialism, etc., is read in all the Roman Catholic churches. * * Ire. Andrew Higgins is consecrated Roman Catholic bishop of Perry. * * London. The Church Army is con- stituted in imitation of the Salvation Army. 1883 Jan. * The Prayer-Book Revis- ion Society petition the archbishop of Canterbury for changes. Jan. * The Central Agency for Foreign Missions, under the patronage of the bishops (Church of England), is estab- lished. May 11. Ire. The Pope issues a circu- lar forbidding the bishops to encourage disaffection against the British Govern- ment, May 24. Edinburgh. St. Giles Church is reopened. July 4. London. The delegates to the Pan-Presbyterian Council assemble at Exeter Hall. July* London. The East End Juvenile Mission is established to reclaim desti- tute children. Aug. 13. London. The centenary of the establishment of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborg) Church is celebrated. LETTERS. 1882 Sept. 5. The foundation is laid by the Earl of Latbom of the Preston Free Library. Oct. 4. London. School of Dramatic Art, Argyle Street, is opened. Dec. 5. Boys' Public Day School Com- pany is formed. Dec. 12. London. The new City of London Schools, Victoria embank- ment, are opened by tbe Prince of Wales. * * Scot. A new university is founded at Dundee by Sir D. Baxter. * * Dictionary of Political Quotations ,hy Henry George Bohn, appears. * * A New Arabian Nights and Familiar Studies of Men and Books, by R. L. B. Stevenson, appear. [1S83, treasure Island and The Silverado Squatters; 1885, Prince Otto, The Dynamiter, Mom New Arabian Nights, :m<\ A Child's Gar- den of Verse.'] * * Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I., by Samuel Rawson Gardiner, appears. [1886, History of the Great Civil War.] * * Shorthand, by J. M. Sloan, appears. * * All Sorts and Conditions of Men, by "Walter Be.sant, appears. [18S4, Dorothy Foster: 1SS7, The World Went Very Well Then.] 1883 Feb. 19. The Technical Col- lege, Finsbury, is opened. Mar. * London. The National Review is issued. Oct.* London. English Illustrated Magazine is issued. SOCIETY. 1882 Aug. 2. Suspects in custody number 170. [Aug. 18±. Fifty are re- leased.] Aug. 17, 18. Ire. John Joyce and his ■wife, son, and daughter are shot by a band of men near Maamtrasnia, Galwny, for informing the police. [Nov. 15,17, 18. Patrick Joyce, Patrick ( 'asey, and Myles Joyce are convicted. (Dec. 15. All exe- cuted.) Nov. 21. Michael Casey, Thomas Joyce, John Casey, and Martin Joyce, having confessed, their sentences are commuted.] Aug. 18. Parliament: The Married Women's Property Act is passed. It makes their powers almost equal to those of single women, and increases their responsibilities in regard to debt, etc. Aug. 20. Ire. John. Leahy, an aged farmer of Scarteen, Killarney, is mur- dered. Aug. * Ire. Discontent and insubordi- nation of the constabulary at Dublin, Cork, and Limerick, are settled by firm- ness and judicial concessions. Sept. 1. Dublin. Several policemen are dismissed for holding a public meeting; all the police in the city resign ; this causes a riot which the military sup- press. [Sept. 2. Special constables are sworn in. Sept. 3. The police withdraw their resignation. Sept. 6, 7. Two hun- dred and eight are reinstated.] Sept. 5. London. A National Tem- perance Jubilee is held at the Crystal Palace ; 50,000 people present. Sept. 11. Ire. Francis Hynes is exe- cuted at Limerick for murdering John Doloughty. [Sept. 22. Also Patrick Walsh at Gal way for the murder of Martin Lyden.] Sept. 29. Ire. Michael Walsh is con- victed of the murder of Kavanagh, a policeman. Sept. * The Preston Guild Merchants' Festival is celebrated at Preston. Oct. 28. London. The sum of £108,759 is received to assist persecuted Jews to emigrate from Russia. Oct. * The National Smoke Abatement Institution is founded. Nov. 11. Dublin. A murderous assault is made on J ustiee Lawson by a returned convict, Patrick Delaney. Nov. * Ire. The Land Corporation is dissolved. Nov. 25. Dublin. A murderous assault is made on detectives ; Cox is killed, and his murderer, Dowling, severely wounded. Nov. 27. Dublin. Mr. Field, a juryman, £5,000 is offered for the appreht the assassin: the city is proclaimed un- der martial law.] Dec. 13, 16. Ire. Patrick and Thomas Higgins are convicted of the murder of Haddys at Lough Mask. [1883. Jan. 15, 17. Executed.] Dec. 16. The Home for Ancient Mar- iners is opened at Liverpool by the Duke of Edinburgh. Dec. 22. Ire. Michael Flynn is con- victed of murder. Sylvester Poff and James Barrett are convicted of murder at Cork. [1883. Jan. 23. Executed.] * * Ire. Great distress prevails in Don- egal in the northwest ; 3,433 agrarian outrages are reported in the year. * * London. The Metropolitan Public Garden, Boulevard, and Playground Association is formed. * * The Green and Blue Ribbon Armies of temperance workers are prominent. * * The nationalization of the land is advocated by the Trade Union Congress. * * The National Society of Professional Musicians is founded. * * London. An International Tem- perance Conference is held. 1883 Jan. 15-21. Scot. A strike oc- curs on the Caledonia Railway ; ended by compromise. Jan. 19-Feb. 17. Dublin. A plot to assassinate the members of the Govern- ment is discovered ; it is alleged that the Irish Invincibles would carry it out. AND IRELAND. 1882, July 21-1883, Oct. 991 Jan. 24. Ire. Michael Davitt, Thomas Healy, and P. Quinn are bound over for seditious speeches. [Feb. 6. They elect to be imprisoned. Feb. 8. Impris- oned. June 4. Released.] Feb. 3. Ire. Eight men are charged with complicity in the murder of Sir Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke. Feb. 7. Dublin. The Irish National League meets. Feb. 17. Dublin. James Carey, a sus- pect of the Phoenix Park assassins, confesses ; he accuses several persons, and implicates the Land League, espe- cially Thomas Brennan and P. J. Sher- idan. A number are held for trial. [Patrick Egan, treasurer of the Land League, flees to Paris ; Frank Byrne and other prominent Land Leaguers leave the city.] Mar. 15. London. An attempt is made to destroy the local Government office by dynamite. Mar. 22. A Royal Commission is ap- pointed to inquire into the condition of the crofters and cotters of Scotland. Mar. 28. Twelve members of the Patri- otic Brotherhood (established 18S1) are sentenced to penal servitude for con- spiracy to murder landlords. Apr. 3. London. Whitechapel mur- ders : A woman named Smith is mur- dered and mutilated. [Aug. 7. A woman named Tabran is the victim. Aug. 31, a woman named Nichols ; Sept. 7, a woman named Chapman ; Sept. 30, two women killed near Commercial Road and Aldgate ; Nov. 9, one -in Spitalfield.] Apr. 10. Jjondon. The Egyptian Ref- ugee Fund amounts to £21,000. Apr. 11. Dublin. The Phoenix Park murderers are tried. [Apr. 11-23. Jos- seph Brady is convicted ; Apr. 16-1S, Patrick Delaney and Daniel Curley ; Apr. 25-27, Michael Pagan ; May 2, Thomas Caffrey ; May 7-9, Timothy Kelly. May 14, Joseph Brady is exe- cuted ; May IS, Daniel Curley ; May 28", Michael Fagan ; June 2, Thomas Caffrey; June 9, Timothy Kelley.] Apr. 17-18. An anti-Irish riot occurs at Camborne, Cornwall ; a Roman Cath- olic church is destroyed. Apr. 23. The Order of the Royal Red Cross for ladies who have served as war nurses is instituted by the queen. May 12. About 8,000 Staffordshire col- liers strike. [Sept. 3. Ended.] May * Dublin. A conspiracy of the Vigilance murder organization is dis- covered. May * James FitzHarris, convicted of conspiracy to murder, is sentenced to penal servitude for life. July 5-24. South Staffordshire iron- workers unsuccessfully strike against a reduction of wages. July 29. S. Afr. James Carey, the informer, is ' shot dead by Patrick O'Donnell on board the Melrose Castle, near Port Elizabeth. [O'Donnell is ar- rested, taken to England, and tried. Dec. 1. Convicted. Dec. 17. Executed.] Sept. 14. The Trade Union Congress disapproves of the nationalization of land ; vote, 90-34. Sept. * Ire. The National League in- vades Ulster; resisted by the Orange- men, especially at Auchnacloy and Duu- gannon. Oct. * Fr. The center of Fenian organ- ization is discovered at Paris ; Frederick Allen is apprehended. STATE. 1882 July 21. H. C. The Arrears of Rent Bill passed. Vote, 285-177. [Aug, 10. It passes the Lords.] It aims to relieve tenants who have fallen greatly behind in rent because of bad crops. Aug. 18. Parliament: The Electric Lighting Act is passed. Also, the Prison Charities Act. Sept. 2. The Irish Coercion Act ex- pires, and all suspects are released. Oct. 17. The Irish National League is formed. Oct. 24. Parliament meets. ISTov. 1-2. H. C. Mr. Gibbon's amend- ment to carry cloture by two-thirds in- stead of a bare majority is rejected. Vote, 322-238. Nov. 10-11. H. C. The cloture rule is adopted. Vote, 304-260. Nov. * The Irish Land Commission re- port is issued. (See Feb. 27.) Dec. 16. Newministers appointed : Ed- ward, Earl of Derby (Colonies), the Earl of Kamberley (India), the Mar- quis of Hartington (War), Hugh C. E. Childers (Chancellor). Dec. * The Naval Intelligence Commit- tee is formed. * * London. Henry Edmond Knight is elected lord mayor. •* * Sir Charles S. C. Bowen is made a lord justice. * * Parliament : The Settled Land Act is passed, by which tenants for life ac- quire power to sell or lease and use the proceeds. * * Parliament : An Act suppressing the barbarous customs toward the bodies of suicides is passed. 1883 Jan. 13. Arthur Frederick, son of Prince Arthur, is born. Feb. 19-20. Parliament approves the introduction of an affirmation bill. Vote, 1S4-53. [May 3, 4. Bill rejected. Vote, 292-289.] Feb. 25. Alice Mary (first child) is born to Prince Leopold. Mar. * Scot. The Highland Land Law- Reform Association begins to work. Mar. 9. Earl Spencer resigns as lord president of the Council, and is suc- ceeded by Chichester S. Fortescue, Lord Carlingford. Apr. 4. H. C. E. T. Reid's bill to pro- hibit vivisection is talked out. Apr. 9. Parliament: The Grand Committee hold their first meeting ; Mr. Goschen is chairman. Sir Edward Fry is made a lord justice. May 4. H. C. The Commons refuses to permit Mr. Bradlaugh to take oath. [July 9. It again excludes him. Vote, 232-65.] July 31. H. C. Sir Stafford North- cote's resolution against De Lesseps' monopoly (Suez Canal) is negatived. Vote, 284-185. Aug. 3. Parliament: Loans amounting to £4,600,000 for public works are au- thorized. H. C. The sergeant-at-arms arrests Mr. Bradlaugh for attempting to enter the House. [Dec. 7. He brings action against sergeant-at-arms for arresting him. 1884. Feb. 9. Verdict in favor of the defendant.] Aug. 20. Parliament: The City of Lon- don Parochial Charities Act is passed. Oct. 5. Ire. A meeting of the National League at Ennis is prohibited. MISCELLANEOUS. 1832 Aug. 15. Dublin. The Exhibi- tion of Irish Arts and Manufactures is opened by Lord Mayor Dawson. [1883. Jan. 6. Closes.] Sept. 9. The iron ship Panama foun- ders off Yarmouth ; 20 perish. Sept. 18. ' The steamer Arizona, for New York, makes the passage in seven days, eight hours, and 12 minutes. Return passage in seven days, seven hours, and 48 minutes. Sept. * The telegraph to Panama is com- pleted. Nov. 16. The Winton is wrecked off Ushant ; 24 lives lost. Nov. 18. London. The Strand Theater (rebuilt) is opened. Nov. 29. The St. George is lost off Port- reath, Cornish coast ; 11 lives lost. Dec. 7. London. The Alhambra, Leices- ter Square, is burned. Dec. 8-10. London. Fire consumes a large block of buildings on Wood Street ; loss, nearly £2,000,000; one life lost. Dec. 13. The new Town Hall at Hove, Brighton, is opened. Dec. 15. The barque Lanqrigg Hall is wrecked off' Wexford ; 24 lives lost. 1883 Feb. 1. The steamer Kenmure Castle is wrecked in Bay of Biscay ; 30 lives lost. Mar. 6. Gales cause many wrecks in the North Sea ; 3S2 lives lost. Mar. 7. N~or. The Scotch steamer Na- varre is sunk near Christiansand ; about 745 lives lost. Mar. 17. The Dunstaffiiage is wrecked off Aberdeen ; 23 lives lost. Mar. * The steamer Wylcehain of Whitby founders near Lisbon ; 22 persons are drowned. Apr. 24. The British Commerce is sunk by collision with the County of Aberdeen, off Selsea Bill ; 25 persons perish. May 3. The Grappler burns near Bute Inlet (Vancouver Island) ; about 70 lives are lost. May 29.- Paris. The Suez Canal agree- ment (approved by the British Govern- ment Feb. 2,7} irf ratified after a protest by shareholders. June 3. London. The National Health Society opens an exhibition. June 30. Edinburgh. The Theater Royal is again burned. July 3. Scot. The Daphne heels over when launched ; 124 persons drowned. Ire. An Industrial Exhibition opens at Cork. July 7. London. An Irish lace exhi- bition opens at the Mansion House. July 14. The new municipal buildings and park at Dover are opened. Sept. 1, 2. A gale causes 79 wrecks on the coasts. Ire. The police become disloyal. 992 1883, Nov. 3 -1885, June 24. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1S83-84 The Sudanese War (p. 658). An insurrection in the Sudan, begun in 1881 under the leadership of Moham- med Ahmed of Dongola (the Mahdi), de- velops into a war against the Egyptian Government, with the object of expelling foreigners, the Mahdi having proclaimed himself a prophet with a mission to de- liver Islam from external enemies. oade Oct.* The Royal Military Tourna- ment is organized, with the object of developing in the army skill in the use of arms. 1884 July 24. The Elcho Challenge Shield is won by Ireland. [1885, July 23, by England ; 1SS6, July 1% bv Ire- land ; 1SS7, by England ; 1888, July 19, by Ireland.] Sept. 22. The gunboat Wasp is lost in the China Sea ; 52 men perish. Oct. 8. The iron-clad Rodney is launched at Chatham. [1885. Mar. 31, the corvette Mersey at Chatham ; June 15, the iron-clad Ben how at Black wall ; July 27, the Icarus at Davenport ; Sept. 29, the corvette Severn at Chatham, and the gun-vessel Swallow at Sheerness ; Nov. 24, The war-ship Camperdown at Portsmouth.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1883 Nov. * -Dec. * Intensely red sun- sets and afterglow, and very red sunrises, are seen in England and other parts of Great Britain. They are attributed to the volcanic dust projected by the erup- tions of Krakatua, E. I. Dec. 3. London. The Alhambra (re- built), Leicester Square, is reopened. Dec. 17. The first exhibition of the Institute of Painters in Oil Colors is opened. Dec. * Richard Newsham bequeaths his art collection, worth £70,000, to Pres- ton. * * London. The Seal Society is founded. 1884 Jan. 23-27. Violent gales cause destruction of life and property. Apr. 14. London. The Empire The- ater, formerly the Pandora, is opened. May 6. A new Museum of Classical Art and Archeology is opened at Cam- bridge. May 9. A statue of the queen, by Thomas "Woollier, is uncovered at Bir- mingham. May 29. London. A cable tramway is opened on Highgate Hill, the first in Europe. Nov. 8. The Preston Park, Brighton, is opened. * * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Princess Ida. [1885, The Mikado.] 1885 Apr. 10. Dublin. The founda- tion of the Museum of Science and Art is laid. June 9. London. A statue of Charles Darwin, by J. E. Boehm, paid for by universal subscription, is placed in the British Museum ; uncovered by Prof. Huxley. June 18. An earthquake is felt in Yorkshire. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1883 * * Bray, Anne E., novelist, A83. Chambers, William, editor, wr., Scot., A83. Collier, John P., Shakespearean critic, com- mentator, A94. Farr, William, statistician, A76. Inman, George, yacht, builder, dies. Moffat, Robert, Scotch-Afr. missionary, A88. Sabine, Edw aid. astronomer, A95. 1884* * Bonn, Henrv Georue, publisher, A89. Buccleuch, Duke of, Walter F. M. D. Scott, Scotch statesman, A78. Cowley, Earl, Henry Richard Charles "Welfesley, diplomatist, A80. Hayward, Abraham, author, A82. Home, Richard II., author, A81. Hullah, John P., musical composer, A71. Leopold Charles E., second Duke of Albany, born. Leopold George Duncan Albert, duke of Al- bany, son of Victoria, A31. Reade, Charles, novelist, A70. Sullivan, Alexander >!., Irish journalist, ora- tor, statesman, historian, A54. Smith, Robert Angus, chemist, A67. Wellington, Duke of, Arthur Richard, scholar, A77. CHURCH. 1883 Nov. 3-84 June 3. London. Moody and Sankey hold revival meet- ings. * * The Church of England School Com- pany is founded. [1884. Feb. 21. First annual meeting.] 1884 Apr. 25. London. The Church of the Oratory is opened at South Ken- sington. May * A new organ is set up at "West- minster. June 14. London. The "West End Cen- ter Salvation Army Building is founded. * *The Trinitarian Bible Society is or- ganized. * *The Hermetic Society, a mystical spiritual philanthropic association, based upon Christianity, is founded by Dr. Anna Ivingsford. * * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- land) : Samuel Shone for Kilmore, William Ben- nett Chester for Killaioe, and Lord Plunket, archbishop of Dublin; A. I. R. Anson for Qu'Appellc, [trtpcrlslaud, M. S. Baldwin for Huron, Can.. William Uoyil Carpenter for Ripon, George Kidding for Southwell, and Richard Young for Albabasca, Can. [1885, Edward H. Bi.-kersletii for Exeter, Charles Parsons Reichel for Meath, Ire., Charles Hamilton for Niagara, Can., Edward King for Lincoln, Fredcriek Temple for Loudon, John Wordsworth for Salisbury, W. T. T. Webber for Brisbane, Australia, and Lord A. Compton for Ely.] * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Cath- olic) : John Healy coadjutor of Clonfert; Abra- ham Browning, bishop of ( issory, also James Browne of Ferns, Thomas o'Callaghan of Cork. [188.% Apr. 2S, William J. Walsh, archbishop of Dublin; also John Butt for Southwark, William Smith, archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, and Nicolas Pagani, bishop of JIangalore.] * * The See of Southwell is founded. * * A penny Testament is published by the British and Foreign Bible Society. * * The Church of England Purity Soci- ety, or "White Cross Army, is formed. 1885 May 19. The revised version of the Old Testament is published. LETTERS. 1883 Nov. 29. London. The Society of Positivists meets in Newton Hall in Fleur-de-Lys Court, near Gough Square. Discourses on philosophy, morality, science, politics, etc., aredelivered, their object being to promote the perfection of man by means of education in its widest sense, aiming at the attaining of universal brotherhood independently of all professed religious sects. Nov. * Scot. The John Elder professor- ship of naval architecture at the Dun- dee University is endowed by Mrs. Elder to the amount of £12,500. * * The University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, at Cardiff, is. founded. * * Merry England Magazine is issued. * * The Parthenon, by James Fergusson r * * The Life, Letters, and Literary Re- mains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton, by Owen Meredith, appears. [1885, Glen- averil, or the Metamorphoses ; 1887, After Paradise.] * * The Art of England, by Puskin, ap- pears. [3884, Civil En arrant. The Pleas- ures of England and The Storm-Cloud of the' Nineteenth Century; 1SS5, On the Old Road ; Hortus Inclusus ; 1887, Dilec- ta, and Prseterita.] * * Dissertations on Early Laic and Cus- toms, by Sir H. J. S. Maine, appears. 1884 Jan. 23. The Teachers' Guild holds its first public meeting. Feb. 11. Leares from My Journey in the Highlands, by Queen Victoria, appears. Apr. 3. New Educational Codes come into force. Apr. 17. New municipal offices and pub- lic free library are opened at Leeds. Apr. 23. London. The new building for St. Paul's School is opened by ford Selborne. Apr. 29. A statute is passed admitting "women to examination at Oxford. May * London. The Society of Au- thors is founded. July 15. London. The British Com- mercial Geographical Society is founded at the Mansion House. Aug. 4. London. An educational con- ference is opened at South Kensington. Oct. 5. "Winchester College is opened by the Earl of Dalhousie. Dec. 3. Edinburgh. The Scottish Geo- graphical Society is inaugurated.. * * The Pipe-Roll Society, for printing all extant public records prior to the year a.d. 1200, is founded. * * Middlesex County Record Society is founded. * * London. New English Dictionary, Part I., edited by James Augustus Henry Murray, and' published by the London Philological Society, appears. * * Shakespeare 's Predecessors in the Eng- lish Drama, by Symonds, appears. * * Dawn and The Witch's Head, by Henry Eider Haggard, appear. [1885, King Solomon's Mines; 1887, She; 1888, Mal- wa's Revenge.] 1885 Jan.* The Manchester Geo- graphical Society is established. June 4. W. The University College of North Wales, at Bangor, is founded. June 10. Yorkshire Institute is opened by the Marquis of Lome. SOCIETY. 1883 Dec* 1884 Feb. 8. About 18,000 cotton-weavers in the northwestern dis- stricts strike against a reduction of wages ; they yield under certain condi- tions. Dec. 8. London. The Prince of "Wales is made grand master, past and pres- ent, of the Mark Masons. Dec. 17. Edinburgh. Terence M'Der- mott and nine others are tried at Edin- burgh for conspiracy to blow up build- ings in Glasgow; M'Dermott and. four AND IRELAND. 1883, Nov. 3-1885, June 24. 993 of the conspirators are sentenced to penal servitude for life, five others to seven years. Dec. 18. Dublin. James Poole is exe- cuted for the murder of John Kenny, the informer. * * Scot. Through the Improvement Act, great numbers of rookeries are re- moved from Glasgow, and houses replace them. 1884 Feb. 2. London. Portmanteaus containing dynamite and clockwork of American make, which had failed, are found at Charing Cross and Padding- ton stations. [Mar. 1. A similar satchel is found at Ludgate Hill station.] Mar.* Justice Stephens decides that cremation is legal. Apr. 4-8. A riot occurs at Kiddermin- ster. Apr. * Treasonable plans for the estab- lishment of an Irish. Republic are dis- covered in James F. Egan's garden at Birmingham. Apr. * London. The shoemakers strike. July 8. London. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children is founded. July 21. London. About 40,000 persons meet in Hyde Park to protest against the peers* rejection of the Franchise Bill, and to support the Gladstone Min- istry. July 22. A great Conservative demon- stration is made at Sheffield. July 26. Three great meetings are held in Manchester to support the Gov- ernment and the Franchise Bill. [Aug. 9. Demonstration by Conservatives.] July * A strike in the cotton-trade oc- curs. Aug. 1. London. A jubilee meeting at Guildhall celebrates the abolition of slavery in the British colonies. Aug. 4. A great reform demonstration is made at Birmingham. Oct. 13. A Conservative demonstration at Aston, in Birmingham, is prevented by rioters; many are wounded and much damage done. Oct. * Great distress is felt at Newcastle through want of employment. Nov. 28. Ire. An attempt is made to destroy by dynamite Edinburgh House, near Tralee, Kerry; no deaths. Dec. 23. The B arns ley coal-miners' long strike ends. * * The Church of England Purity So- ciety (White Cross Army) is established by Miss Ellice Hopkins. 1885 Jan. 7. The slave-trade is pro- hibited at a West African conference. Jan. 15. London. Mr. Bishop, themind- reader, is sentenced to pay £10,000 dam- ages to Mr. Maskelyne for libel in Truth of July, 1883. Feb. 16. London. The unemployed so- cial democratic federation hold a great meeting on the Thames embankment. Feb. * The Ladies' National Aid Soci- ety, for the relief of the sick and wounded in the Soudan and Egypt, is formed. Mar. 16. Two thousand miners in West Cumberland strike. [Apr. * -May * About half the colliers in Yorkshire strike.] Apr. 8. Dublin. The Prince of Wales June 16. London. The Holloway Asy- lum at Egham , for the insane , is opened by the Prince of Wales. STATE. 1883 Nov. 13. Ire. The meetings of the Orangemen and National Leaguers at Garrison, Fermanagh, are prohibited. Dec. 5.' Ire. Sir E. Sullivan becomes lord chancellor. * * Parliament: The Enclosure, Copy- hold, and Tithes commissions are united in one body. * * Parliament : The Agricultural Hold- ings Act is passed. * * Pa. L. A bill for prohibiting shooting pigeons rising from a trap, attended with cruelties, is rejected. Vote, 30-17. * * London. R. N. Fowler, M.P., is elected lord mayor. 1884 Feb. 11. H.C. Mr. Bradlaugh enters, and administers the oath to him- self ; he takes his seat, and the Commons votes to exclude him. Vote, 228-120. [Feb. 19. Bradlaugh is again reelected for Northampton. Feb. 21. The Com- mons again votes to exclude him. Vote, 226-173.] Feb. 26. H. C. Arthur Wellesley Peel is elected Speaker. Feb. 28. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- duces the New Reform Bill. Feb. * The name Fifth Party is applied to the advocates of temperance in the House of Commons. Feb. * A society to introduce propor- tional representation is formed. Mar. 5. H. C. A Parnellite land-law amendment bill is rejected. Vote, 235- 72. Apr. 11. James Francis Egan and Pat- rick Hogan are arrested at Birming- ham ; treasonable papers about an Irish republic are discovered in Egan's gar- den. Apr. 20. Beatrice (fifth child) is born to Prince Alfred-Ernest. June 15. The trial of Bradlaugh for voting without taking the oath begins in the Queen's Bench. [June 30. \er- dict is rendered for the Crown. 1885. Jan. 28. The Lords' justices disallow his appeal.] June 28. London. A Conference meets to discuss Egyptian affairs. Members : Earl Granville, foreign secretary ; Hugh C. E. Childers, chan- cellor of the exchequer ; and the follow- ing ambassadors : Count Karolyi (Aust.), M. Waddington (Fr.), Count Munster (Ger.), Count Nigra (It.), Count De Staal (Rus.), and Musurus Pasha (Turk.). July 10. H. L. The Women's Suf- frage Bill is rejected. July 19. Leopold Charles (second child) born to Prince Leopold. Aug. 14. Parliament : The Post-Office Protection Act is passed. Oct. 20. George Otto Trevelyan be- comes chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- caster. Oct. 24. Ire. H. Campbell-Banner- man is sworn in as chief secretary. Oct. 28. The Maamtrasma trial; the verdict is supported by the Commons. Nov. * E. I. The Marquis of Ripon, governor-general, dies, and is succeeded by the Earl of Dufferin. Wov. 3. H. L. Lord Petre, a Roman Catholic priest, takes his seat. !N"ov. 6. W. Afr. A British protectorate is proclaimed in K"ew Guinea. Nov. 18. George Shaw-Lefevre is ap- pointed postmaster-general. 1885 Jan. 24. H. C. A dynamite explosion takes place in the House, resulting in much damage ; three assist- ants are hurt ; greater damage is pre- vented by the courage of two policemen in removing blazing destructives. Feb. 11. The Earl of Rosebery is made lord privy seal. Feb. 24. H. C. It first applies new Pailes and Cloture ; it expels Mr. O'Brien. Feb. 27, 28. H. L. A motion of cen- sure on the Government respecting Egypt is passed. Vote, 189-58. H.C. It is rejected. "Vote, 303-288. Mar. 3. H. C. The proposal of the So- ciety for Proportional Representa- tion is rejected. Vote, 134-31. Apr. 14. London. Sir R. N. Fowler is reelected lord mayor. Apr. 25. Ire. John Naish is made lord chancellor. June 9. The Gladstone Ministry re- signs on account of minority in the Commons on the Budget Bill. Vote, 264-252. June 24. Robert Arthur Talbot Gas- coyne-Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury, forms a Ministry. Members : Marquis of Salisbury (For. Sec), Sir Stafford Northcote [Karl of Iddes- leigh], (L. Treas.), Sir Hardinge Giffard, Lord Ha'labury (L. Chanc), Gathorne Gathorne- Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (Pres. Council), Dudley Francis Stnai t Ryder, Earl of Har- rowby. Sir Richard Assheton Cross (Home Sec), Col. Frederick Arthur Stanley (Colo- nial Sec), Lord Randolph Henry Spencer- Churchill (Sec for India), William Henry Smith (Sec for War), [1886, Jan. 23, suc- ceeded by Viscount Cranbrook], Lord George Francis Hamilton (First L. of Adm.), Sir Michael Edward Hicks-Beach (Chanc Ex- cheq. ) , the Earl of Carnarvon ( L. Lieut. I re. ) , Edward Gibson [Lord Ashbourne], the Duke of Richmond (Pres. Board of Trade), Lord John Manners (P. M. Gen.), Edward Stan- hope (Vice Pres. Council), Henry Chaplin (Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster), Arthur J. Bal- four (Pres. Local Gov. Board), Sir William Hart-Dvke [Sf*\ Ire.), David Robert Plunket (Com. of Works), Sir Richard E. Webster (Atty.-Gen.), and John E. Gorst (Solicitor- Gen.). MISCELLANEOUS. 1883 Nov. 8. The Iris is sunk off Cape Villano ; 35 lives lost. Dee. 11. The steamer Auk is "wrecked at South Hendon ; 22 lives lost. * * London. The Metropolitan Railway reports 36,753,321 passengers carried in six months without accident. 1884 June 3. A railway train goes over an embankment between Brea- more and Downton ; five persons are killed and 41 injured. [July 16. Another at Bullhouse Bridge, near Peniston; 24 lives are lost.] June 4. London. Fire destroys the East End aquarium, menagerie, and wax- works at Bishopsgate. Aug. 2, 3. The steamer Dione collides with Camden and sinks near Gravesend ; about 17 are drowned. Nov. -1 . Scot . A false alarm of fire at the Star Theater, Glasgow, causes 15 deaths. 1885 Feb. 13. The Mersey Tunnel, Liverpool, is opened. June 18. A mine explosion at Clifton Hall, near Pendlebury, Lancashire, causes 177 deaths. 994 1885, June 25-1886, * * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1885 July 13-25. The National Asso- ciation for rifle-shooting meets at Wim- bledon ; Sergt. Buhner, 2d Lincoln, wins the queen' prize. [1886, July 12-24, Private Jackson, 1st V. B. Lincoln; 1887, July 11-23, Lieut. Warren, 1st Middles.-* rules; iHSS, July 9-21, Private Fulton, 13th Middlesex.] 1886 Feb. 22. The Duke of Edin- burgh assumes command of the fleet in the Mediterranean. Hobart- Hampden, Augustus Charles (Ho- bart Pasha), admiral, A64. Maas, Joseph, singer, A39. Maepherson, Sir Herbert Taylor, gen., A59. May, Sir Thomas Erskine, Jurist, hist., A71. Oliphant, Mrs. Laurence, Octavie L'Es- t range, author, A45±. Taylor, Sir Henry, poet, A8ti. Trench, Richard C, archbishop of Dublin, author, A79. Trevelyan, Sir Charles, publicist, A79. Tulloch, John, theologian, author, Scot., A63. Webster, Thomas, artist, A86. Aug. 16. Sham naval battles take place at Milford Haven, Aug. 23. The cruiser Orlando is launched at Jarrow-on-Tyne. [Nov. 25, the cruiser Undaunted at Jarrow-on- Tyne ; Dec. 15, the cruiser Narcissus at Hull ; 1887, Sept. 20, the turret-ram Trafalgar at Portsmouth. Nov. 9. The Distinguished Service Order is instituted for military and naval officers. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1885 Oct. 1. A statue of the Earl of Shaftesbury, Westminster Abbey, is un- covered. Nov. 30. London. George Gabriel Stokes is made president of the Royal Society. * * London. The Home Arts Associa- tion is established. 1886 Jan. * Three comets are visible, Brook's, Fabry's, and Barnard's. May 4. London. A Colonial and Indian Exhibition is opened at South Kensing- ton. July 15. London. The Thompson smoke-consuming furnace is success- fully tried on the Thames. Aug. 29. W. I. A solar eclipse is well observed and photographed at Grenada by a Government expedition. Sept. 4. A waterspout does much dam- age at Swansea. Dec. 8, 9. The south and west of Eng- land are visited by a destructive gale and storm. [Dec* 26, 27. A snowstorm does great damage in the west.] Dec. 15. London. A statue of Queen Anne, at the west front of St. Paul's Cathedral, is uncovered by the lord mayor. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1885 * * Abercorn, Duke of, James Hamilton, statesman, Ireland, A74. Cairns, Lord, Hugh MeCalmont, statesman, Ireland, A66. Fraser, James, bishop of Manchester, philan- thropist, A67. Cordon, Charles George (Chinese Gordon), major-general, traveler, A54. Halifax, Viscount, Sir Charles Wood, states- man, A85. Houghton, Lord, Richard Monckton Milnes, statesman, author, A76. MacCabe, Edward, cardinal, archbishop of Dublin, A69. Muirhead, John, engineer, inventor, A78. O'Hagan, Baron, judge, Ireland, A73. I'arkes, Sir Harry Smith, diplomatist, A57. Sartorius, Sir George Rose, admiral, A95. Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony A. Cooper, philanthropist, A84. . Shairp, John C, scholar, author, Scot., A66. Strathnairn, Lord, Hugh Henry Rose, field- marshal, A82. Veitch. John, author, Scotland, A90. 1886* * Anderson, Sir John, gun inventor, A72. Archer, Frederick James, jockey, A30. Caldecott, Randolph, artist, A40. Cardwell, Vise.i.nint, Kdward. states., A73. Churchill, Henry Adrian, diplomatist, dies. Collins, Frances, novelist, dies. Goddard, Bouverie, painter, A54. CHURCH. 1885 July 21. A Wesleyan Metho- dist Conference at Newcastle-on-Tyne opens. Oct. * Edinburgh. The Scottish Home Mission to Jews is founded. * * Scot. The Jewish Mission of the United Presbyterian Church is founded. 1886 Feb. 16. The House of Laymen first meets, a consultative body having 102 members, to assist the convocation of (Church of England) clergy. May 13. H. L. The archbishop of Canterbury introduces the Church Pat- ronage Bill to check sales, give rights to petitioners, etc. [18S7, Apr. 1. Passes the Lords.] May 28-June 4. London. The Inter- national Salvation Army Congress meets. June 29. Ire. The Unionist Roman Catholics present a Jubilee address to the queen. July * Ire. Monsignor Persico repre- sents the Pope in a visit to Ireland. Oct, 5. The Church Congress is held at "Wakefield. [1887, Oct. 3±. At "Wolver- hampton ; 1888, Oct. 1±, at Manchester.] Oct. 25. London. Rev. H. R. Haweis of St. James, Marylebone, is prohibited by his bishop from preaching in the City Temple. * * London. Churches of the city ; Church of England, 920 ; Dissenters, aboufc 700. LETTERS. 1885 Nov. * London. The Selborne Society is founded. [Dec, Bacon So- ciety ; later, Shelley Society.] * * Law Quarterly Review is issued. * * Six Centuries of Work and Wages, by James Edwin Thorold lingers, appears. [1887, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England.'] 1886 Nov. * Gr. The British School of Archeology is opened at Athens. Dec. 15. The new buildings of Sion's College and Hospital are opened by the Prince of Wales. * * The International Copyright Act is passed. * * London. The English Historical Ee- vieiv is issued. * * Locksley Hall, Sixty Years After, by Tennyson, appears. [1889. Demeterand Other Poems.] SOCIETY. 1885 July 16. About 3,000 cotton- weavers of Lancashire strike. [Sept. 2-17. 4,700 men at Elswick Iron "Works, Newcastle, strike.] July 23. Princess Beatrice marries Prince Henry of Battenberg, Sept.* Ind. Female suffrage is granted in the Madras presidency. Sept. * Ire. The Crimes Act expires ; boycotting and other outrages are re- newed. Oct. * Lre. The Cork Defence Union is formed by the landlords to oppose the Irish National League. [The Irish De- fence Union is formed to support the local Defence Unions.] Oct. * About 25,000 cotton- weavers at Old- ham strike against 10 per cent reduc- tion in wages ; the workmen compromise on a 5 per cent reduction. Nov. 13. Ire. Moonlighters unsuccess- fully attack Castle Farm, Molahiffe, to obtain arms. Nov. * The engineers at Sunderland re- turn to "work after having been on strike for two and a half years. Nov. * The Selborne Society, for the preservation of birds, plants, and pleas- ant places, is established. * * Ire. Agrarian offenses reported are 944. 1886 Jan. 6-Feb. 24. Shipwrights on the Tyne and Wear strike. Jan. 30. Northumberland miners strike. [May 23-28. Work resumed.] Feb. 9, 10. London. Riotous meet- ings are held in Trafalgar Square. [Mar. * Rioters are sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.] Feb. 11-16. A strike occasions rioting at Leicester ; quelled by police. May 14-Oct. 27. Engineers at Bolton strike ; the trouble is settled by concili- ation. May * Ire. Intimidation is practised by the House League upon owners of houses in Kerry and elsewhere, to secure a reduction of rent. June 3, 13, 21. Ire. Riots occur in Belfast between Catholic and Protestant workmen ; many lives are lost. [Aug. 9, 14. Rioting continues ; 11 killed. Aug. 15. Suppressed.] June* -July* Shropshire iron-workers successfully strike. July 14-16. London. The British and Colonial Congress meets, bishop of London, president. July* The "Woman's Suffrage Society holds its annual meeting. July * Scot. Riotous resistance is made to ejectments at Greenhill Farm, Isle of Tiree, Hebrides. 300 men repulse 50 police ; marines restore order. , [Dec. 14. Six crofters are sentenced to three months' imprisonment.] Aug. 19-22. About 1,000 delegates at- tend a convention of the Irish Na- tional League at Chicago, U. S. A. ; John Fitzgerald, president. Sept 1±. Ire. Occasional rioting occurs at West Belfast between Protestants and Catholics. Sept. 12. About 15,000 operatives in the wrought-nail trade of South Stafford- shire strike. Sept. 19. Riots occur at Liverpool. Sept. 26. Ire. Armed moonlighters are captured at Castle Island, in Kerry. Fatal riots occur at West Belfast ; two persons killed. Sept. 30. A riot occurs among coal- miners at Plas-Power colliery near Wrexham. Oct. 4. Ire. Two women who refuse to give up arms are shot by moonlighters near Williamstown, in Cork. Nov. 9. The Distinguished Service Order is instituted. AND IRELAND. 1885, June 25-1886,* *. 995 Dec. 8. Ire. The Fenian Brotherhood expels O'Donovan Rossa. Dec. 23. Dublin. John Dillon and five other Irish members of Parliament, and William O'Brien, editor of United Ire- land, are tried for illegal rent collect- ing. [1887. Jan. 11. They are commit- ted and bailed. Feb. 14. Trial resumed. Feb. 24. Jury disagree. Apr. 1. Pro- ceedings withdrawn.] * * London. The Socialist League is formed by William Morris, John Burns, H. M. Hyndman, and H. H. Champion. * * London. The National Conservative Club is organized. STATE. 1SS5 June 25. Parliament: The Re- distribution of Seats Act is passed. July 1. Parliament: Special postal trains are established. July 6. H. C. It refuses to permit Mr. Bradlaugh to take the oath. Vote, 263- 219. Aug. 14. Charles Henry, Duke of Rich- mond, is appointed secretary for Scot- land. Parliament: Lord Ashbourne's Act, granting £5,000,000 for the pur- chase of land in Ireland by tenants, to be paid by instalments, is passed. Parliament is prorogued. [Nov. 18. Dissolved.] Oct. 5. Ire. The first county conven- tion is held at Wicklow under Mr. Parnell. Oct. 7. The Royal Commission for in- quiry into causes of depression of trade holds its first meeting. Earls Id- desleigh and Dunraven, Mr. G. Sclater Booth, Prof. Bouamy Price, and 20 others present. [1887. Feb. * It reports the probable causes, — overproduction, the rise in the price of gold, and the fall in prices.] Nov. 23. -Dec. 18. General election: 333 Liberals, 251 Conservatives, 86 Par- nellites, are elected, Dec. * Sir Henry Lopes is made a lord justice. * * London. John Staples is elected lord mayor. * * E.I. The British settle in Upper Burmah. * * W. Afr. Niger districts are occupied by settlers. * * Ire. Population, 4,962,000. 1886 Jan. 12. Parliament meets. [June 26. Dissolved.] Jan. 13. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh takes the oath in the Commons. Jan. * Ire. "William H. Smith is chief secretary for a few days. Jan. 27. The Salisbury Ministry re- signs, being defeated in the Commons on an amendment to the address. Feb. 2. Ire. John Naish is made lord chancellor. Feb. 5. Ire. The Earl of Aberdeen is appointed lord-lieutenant. Feb. 6. Sir Charles Russell becomes attorney-general, and Sir Horace Davey solicitor-general. Lord Wolverton, George Grenfell Glyn, is appointed postmaster-general. Sir Farrer Herschel, Lord Herschel, is made lord high chancellor. The third administration of "William Ewart Gladstone is formed. W. E. Gladstone (L. Treas.), Sir Farrer Herschel (L. Cham', i, Karl Spencer (L. PreB. Council), Sir William V. Harcourt (Chanc. Excheq.), Huu'h Culling E. Cinlders (Home Sec), Archibald P. Primrose, Earl of Kose- bery {For. Sec), George Leveson-Gower, Karl Granville (Colonial Sec), John Wode- House, Earl of Kimherley (Sec. for India), Ilenrv Cainpbell-liannerman (Sec for War), Earl de Gray and Ripon (L. of Adm.), An- thony James Mundella (Pres. Board of Trade), Joseph Chamberlain (Pres. of Local Gov. Board) [Mar. 27, succeeded by James stansfeld], John Morlev (Sec for Ire.) [JJar. 24, succeeded bv John William 1 1 .unsay, Earl of Dalhousie], George Otto Trevelyan (Sec for Scot.), Edward Heneage (Chanc Duchy of Lancaster) [Apr., succeeded by Sir U.Kay - Sbuttlewortb], Albert Kdimmd Parker, Earl of Morley (Com. of Works) [Apr. 13, suc- ceeded by Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl of Elgin]. Feb. 10. London. A British Home Rule (for Ireland) Association is formed. Feb. 15. John W. Mellor is made judge-advocate-general. Mar. 5. H. C. The proposed abolition of the hereditary principle is negatived. Apr. 8. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- duces his Home-Rule Bill, " to make better provision for the government of Ireland." It proposes to establish a legislative body in Dublin, to consist of two orders: ( 1 ) 2S rep- resentative peers and To members elected for 10 years ; (2) the present 103 Irish members, and 101 additional ; the lord-lieutenant with a privy council to be independent of Great Britain \ the new body empowered to enact laws, and to impose and collect taxes, except the customs, but not to interfere with the army and navy, or foreign and colonial af- fairs, and not to enact any religious endow- ment; present legal and police arrangements to remain temporarily subject to the crown ; no Irish members to sit at Westminster. [Apr. 13, 14. The bill is read a first time in the Commons. June 7, H. Its second reading is rejected In the Commons. Vote, 343-313, the majority including 250 Tories and 93 Lib- erals. ] Apr. 16. H. C. The sale and purchase of the Land Bill (Ireland) is introduced by Mr. Gladstone ; the issue of 50,000,000 3 per cent stock from 18S7-90 is proposed. Apr.* London. Private posting-boxes are sanctioned. May 10. Lord Kedesdale, chairman of committees since 1851, dies, and is suc- ceeded by the Duke of Buckingham. May 11. H. C. Proposed abolition of the punishment of death is defeated. Vote, 117-62. May 14,15. Meetings of Conservatives and Liberals declare against Glad- stone's Irish policy ; over 70 Liberal M. P.'s desert their party; they and their followers become known as Lib- eral Unionists, or dissenting Liberals. June 18. Ire. Armagh and Tyrone are proclaimed under the Peace Preserva- tion Act. June 25. Parliament : An Act is passed giving the Scotch crofters fixity of ten- ure, enlargement of holdings, and state aid to fisheries. [1888. Amended.] June 26. Parliament is dissolved. July * General election takes place on the issue of Gladstone's Irish Home Rule policy. [316 Tories, 191 Liberals, 78 Liberal Unionists, and 85 Parnellites (Irish Home Rulers) are elected.] July 20. The Gladstone administra- tion resigns. July 21. . Ire. Belfast is proclaimed because of rioting between Catholics and Protestants. July 23. The United Kingdom Home Rule (for Ireland) League is formed. July 26. The second Salisbury admin- istration is formed. members: Marquis of Salisbury (Premier and Treas.), Lord Halsbury (L. Chanc), Vise. Cranbrook (1,.1'ivs. Conned), Lord Ran- dolph Henry Spent'tr-CImi'didl (Chanc. Ex* cheq.), Henry Matthews (Home See.), Staf- ford Henry Nortbeote, Earl of Iddesleigli (For. Sec.), Edward Stanhope (Sec. Colo- nies) [later, Sir Henry Thurstan Holland], Sir Richard Cross [ Viscount Cross] (See. for India), William Henry Smith (Sec. War\, Lord George F rum-is Hamilton (L. Admir.)', Edward Gibson, Lord Ashbourne (L. Chanc. of Ire.), sir Michael Edward Hicks-Beach (Sec. for Ire.), Lord John Manners, Duke of Rutland (Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster), and Sir Frederick Stanley, Lord Stanley of Preston (Pres. Board of Trade). George Henry Cadogan [Earl Cadogan] (L. Privy Seal), Charles Stewart Vane Tempest Stewart, Marquis of Londonderry (L. Lieut. Ire.), Arthur J. Balfour (Sec. for Scot.), C. T. Ritchie (Pres. of Local Gov. Board), Henry Cecil Raifees (P.M. -Gen.), David Robert I'lunket (Cum. of Works), Sir Richard Kvcrard Webster (Atty.-Gen.), Sir Edward Clarke (Solicitor Gen.). July * WilliamT. Marriott is made judge- advocate-general. Aug. 5. Parliament meets. [1892. June 28. Dissolved.] Aug. 27, 28. H.C. Mr. Parnell'a amendment to the address is nega- tived. "Vote, 304-1S1. Aug. * Ire. Gen. R. Buller is appointed to command in Kerry, Clare, and Cork, with civil plenary powers. Sept. 11. H.C. Mr. Parnell introduces his Tenants' Relief Bill ; it is rejected. Vote, 297-202. Sept. 25. Parliament is prorogued. Nov. 30. Ire. Sir Robert Hamilton, under secretary, resigns. [Gen. Buller succeeds him.] Nov.* Ind. Ocean. Socotra is acquired. Dec. 1. The British Home Rule Union is formed. Dec. IS. Ire. A proclamation is issued against the *• Plan of Campaign.** * * London. Reginald Hawson is elected lord mayor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1885 July * -Aug. * Ire. Fraud is dis- covered in the MunsterBank, and pay- ment is stopped. Sept. 16. The Puritan defeats the Ge- nesta in a yacht-race (p. 321). Sept. 18. The steamer Dolphin collides with the Brenda; eight lives lost. Sept.* The Merchantman is wrecked on Sands Head ; about 70 perish. Oct.* The Manchester Ship Canal Company is formed ; proposed capital, £8,000,000. Nov.* Edinburqh. The ancient cross is restored by \V. E. Gladstone. * * Lord Hastings's Melton wins the Der- by race. [18S6, Duke of Westminster's Ormonde wins ; 1887, Mr. Abbington's Merry Hampton; 1SS8, Duke of Port- land's Ayrshire, and 1889, his Don- ovan.] Dec. 23. IP". A mine explosion occurs at Mardy colliery, Pontypridd ; 200 per- sons are entombed, and 81 killed. 1886 Apr. * The permission to grow tobacco is granted with conditions by the Board of Trade. Aug. 26. The steamer Ferntower foun- ders near Saigon ; about 50 lives are lost. Sept. 11. The American yacht May- Jloiver outsails the Galatea (p. 325). 996 1886,** -1888, Jan. 30. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1887 Jan. 1. New array discipline reg- ulations are made, giving increased power to officers. Feb. 1. The Naval Intelligence De- partment is formed. Mar. 10. The torpedo-cruiser Serpent is launched at Devonport. [Apr. 9, the war-ship Victoria at Newcastle ; May 9, the war-ship Sans Pared at Blackwall.] July 23. A naval review is held at Spithead in honor of Queen Victoria's jubilee; 135 ships and over 20,000 men take part in the display. * *The Duke of Cambridge is made commander-in-chief by patent. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1886 * * The British Association meets at Birmingham. [1SS7, at Manchester ; 1888, Sept. 5, at Bath ; 1SS9, at Newcas- tle.] 1887 Feb.* A museum for Gen. Pitt- Rivers' collection of ancient weapons is presented to the Oxford University. Apr. 4. London. Anglo-Jewish an- tiquities are exhibited at the Royal Albert Hall. Apr. 20. About £10,000 of the Jubilee Fund is set apart for a colossal statue of Prince Albert. May 3. Tbe Royal Jubilee Exhibition of manufactures, science, and art, at Manchester, is opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales. [Nov. 10. Closed.] May 11. The Royal Mining, Engineering, and Industrial Exhibition at Newcastle, is opened by the Duke of Cambridge. [July 11. The Royal Agricultural Soci- ety's Exhibition is opened.] May 16. The Royal Jubilee Exhibi- tion at Liverpool is opened by the Princess Louise. London. A terrific storm destroys life and property. Sept. 26. London. An International Shorthand Congress is held at the Geological Museum ; 482 systems are noticed. Sept. * A new Art Union is established by the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colors. Oct. 22. A statue of Samuel Morley, M.P., is unveiled at Bristol. Oct. 31-Wov. 1. Gales occur on the south and west coasts. [Nov. 3. An- other gale on the southeast coast.^ Dec. 16. A statue of Gen. Earle, in front of St. George's Hall, Liverpool, is unveiled by Lord Wolseley. A statue of the queen at the Royal Holloway Col- lege is unveiled by the Princess Chris- tian. Dec. * JF. Gold is discovered in large quantities in Pritchar Morgan's mines, Gwynfynydd, Mawddach Valley, Merio- nethshire. * * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Ruddy- gore. * * Arrangements are made for transmit- ting telegraphic messages from rail- way trains in motion without contact with the ordinary wires. * * London. Josef Hofman, ten years of age, plays long classical pieces from memory at St. James's Hall. * * London. The Anatomical Society is founded. * *The symphonion, an improved mu- sical box, is invented. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1887 Jan. 12- Iddesleigh, Earl of, Sir Staf- ford Henry Northcote, states., author, A69. Jan. 19. Ballantme, \V illiam, lawyer, A75. Jan. 23. Wnitworth, Sir Joseph, mechani- cal engineer, A84. Feb. 5. Macgregor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, general, A47- Feb. 8. Wood, Mrs. Henry, author, A67. Mar. 24. Strangford, Viscountess, Emily Anne, philanthropist, A53. Apr. 10. Newdegate, Charles, politician, A71. May 5. Grant, James, Scot, novelist, A65. July 25. Mayhew, Henry, author, A75. Aug. 10. Lawson, James Anthony, jurist, Ireland, A70. Oct. 17. Hunt, Robert, scientist, A80. Oct. 20. Beresford-Hope, Alexander James, scholar, statesman, A67. Nov. 2. land, Jenny (Mrs. Otto Gold- schmidt), vocalist, A66. Nov. 6. Wolverton, Baron, George Gren- fell Glyn, statesman. A63. Nov. 17. Baker, Valentine (Baker Pasha), colonel, A62. Dec. 17. Farre, Arthur, surgeon, A76. Dec. 19, Stewart, Balfour, naturaliBt, A58. 1888 Jan. 8. Priee, Bonamy, economist, A80. Jan. 19. Garden, Robert Walter, politi- n, philanthropist, A87. Jan. 27. Godwin, George, architect, A73. Jan. 29. Lear, 1-Mwanl, author, dies. Jan. 30. Caird, James Tennant, ship- builder, Scotland, A71. Howitt, Mary, poet, A89. CHURCH. 1886 * * Bishops consecrated (Church of England) : John Dowden for Edinburgh, Charles Graves for Limerick, Charles Maurice Stack for Clogher, William Reeves for Down. Robert B. Knox, archbishop of Armagh, E. Bickersteth for Japan, G. W. H. K. Bruce for Bloemfontein, South Africa, Bramsby L. Key for St. Johns, South Africa, Edward T. Churton for Nassau, W. I.; and James Moorhouse for Manchester. [1887. W. C. Pinkham for Saskatchewan and Calgary, Hu- pertsland, J. Wareing Banlslev for Sudor and Man, G. F. P. Blyth for Jerusalem, T. E. Wilkinson for Central Europe, Charles E. Camidge for Bafhurst, Australia, Field Flowers Goe for Melbourne, Australia, and Henry J. Matthew for Lahore, Ind.] * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- lic) : Edward T. O'Dwyer for Limerick, Patrick McAlister for Dorm and Connor, and Pierce Power for Water ford and Lismore; also Mat- thew Gibney for Perth Australia. 1887 Aug. 9. The archbishop of Can- terbury receives an address from 96 peers, directed against auricular con- fession, priests in absolution, etc. Dec. 26. The British Special Mission presents the queen's Jubilee gift to the Pope. Dec. * The Duke of Norfolk is appointed envoy extraordinary from Victoria to the Vatican. [Dec. 17. He is received by the Pope.] * * Scot. The Mission to the Chinese Blind is formed by the zeal of William Murray. * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- lic) : George Porter for Bombay, E. I.; Francis Pozzi for Krishnagar, K. I. ; Alex. Kieeaz for Nagpur, E. L; Bernard Beiderlinden for Poona, E. I. ; Ferdinand Ossi for Quilon, E. I.; Jeremiah Dovle for Grafton, Australia ; and Vincent. Flnml, bishop auxiliary for Port of Spain; John J. Grimes for Christchurch, Australia. 1888 Jan. 25. London. The new Tere- dos at St. Paul's Cathedral is unveiled. Jan. 30. London. A solemn office, in memory of the Young Pretender, is celebrated at All Saints, Anglican Church, Lambeth. 1886 * * The Mayor of Casterbridge, by Thomas Hardy, appears. [1891. Tess of tlie &' Ubervilles.] * * Miscellanies, by Swinburne, appears. * * The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Kidnapped , by R. L. B. Stevenson, appear. [1887, Undenvoods, The Merry Men, and Other Tales, and Memoirs and Portraits ; 1889, The Master of Ballantrae.] 1887 Jan. 29. The Selden Society, for the study of English legal history, and publication of ancient MSS. and books, is founded. Mar. 26. The 500th anniversary of the laying of the first stone of New College, "Winchester, is celebrated. June 15. The foundation of Newcastle and Durham College of Physical Sci- ence is laid by Sir [Lord] William Arm- strong. [1888. Nov. 5. Opened.] * * London. The Philological Society advocates the use of Volapiik in diplo- macy and science. * * Books and pamphlets published dur- ing the year, 4,410. [1888, 4,960; 1S89, 4,694; 1890,4,414.] * * Practical Dictionary of Mechanics, by Edward H. Knight, appears. * * The Wolfe Expedition in Asia Minor, by J. R. Stillington Sterrett, appears. * * Paleolithic Man in N. W. Middlesex, by John Allen Brown, appears. * * The Revolutionary Movement of 1848- 49 in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Ger- many, by G. Edmund Maurice, appears. * * Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race, by Edmund \V. Blyden, appears. * * Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, by A. H. Sayce, appears. * * The Mammoth and the Flood, by Henry H. Howorth, appears. * * Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, . and Babylon, by Sir Henry Layard, appears. 1887-89 Essays, by Aubrey Thomas De Vere, appears. 1887-94 English Writers, by Henry Morley, appears. * * Springhaven, by Richard D. Black- more, appears. SOCIETY. 1886 * * A Thimble League is patron- ized by the queen ; tbe object being to provide employment for distressed needle-women. * * Parliament : The Shop Hours Reg- ulation Act for the protection of young persons is passed. * *The Recreative Evening Schools Association for boys who have left school is founded under royal patron- age. * * Titles created: Earl De Montalt, Viscount Cross, and Barons Hillingdon, Thring, Kensington, Hindlip, Stalbridge, Grinthorpe, Herschell, Hamilton, Brassey, and Burton. [1887, Earl of Londesborongh, and Barons Addington, Basing, Macnaghten, Cheylesmore, Conne- mara, Monckton, Armstrong, Bowes, St. Levan, Dp Ramsey, and Magherainorne; 1888, Marquis of Duffern and Ava, and Barons Knutsfordand Savile; 1889, Duke of Fife.] 1887 Jan. 29, 30. Ire. Rioting oc- curs in West Belfast. Feb. 8-10. Scot. Violent riots by Lan- arkshire miners occur at Hamilton, Air- drie, and elsewhere ; 74 men are arrested. Feb. 14, 15. Ire. Evictions are re- sisted with arms ; an " emergency " man dies of his wounds at Ballycar. Feb. * London. The London Postmen's Kest, Dover, is established by Lord Wolverton, late postmaster. AND IRELAND. 1886, ** -1888, Jan. 30. 997 Mar. 8. Ire. Bloody riots occur at Yonghai. Mar. 18. Father Keller is arrested for contempt of court in refusing to give evidence as a confessor in a bankruptcy case ; his course is approved by Arch- bishop Walsh. [Mar. 19. Imprisoned. Mar. 29. Father Ryan is imprisoned for a like offense. May 21-24. Both are re- leased.] Apr.* The National Prohibition Party appears. May 9. London. The queen receives the lord mayor and others with their jubilee address. [May 14. She goes to Mile End to open the People's Palace.] June 1. The Order of the Indian Em- pire is enlarged. June 20+. London. Queen Victoria's Jubilee is celebrated. A grand procession is witnessed by many thousands; a solemn thanksgiving service is given in Westminster Abbey, in the pres- ence of the queen, the royal family, the Kings of Denmark, Belgium, Greece, and Saxony; the Crown Princes of < iermany, Austria, Por- tugal, and Sweden; the Grand Duke Sergius of Russia, Amadens, Duke of Aosta, Prince L ud wig of Bavaria, the Maharajah Holkar, and many Indian princes, the Queen of Hawaii, also the dignitaries of the empire, and manv persons eminent in science, art, and literature. (June 22.) The women of Great Britain and Ireland make a jubilee offering to the queen of £75,000. About 26,000 elementary school children are entertained in Hyde Park, at the instance of Mr. Lawson of the Daily Telegraph. (June 23.) A citi- zens' thanksgiving service is held at St. Paul's, after a formal procession from Guild- hall. (June 24.) The queen issues a letter to the nation, expressing her profound grati- tude for the very kind reception of the vast multitude during her progress to and return from "Westminster Abbey. (June 27.) A great number of addresses from municipal •corporations, scientihc societies, and other bodies are received by the queen. (June 30.) East India chiefs are received and decorated at Windsor. (July 2.) The queen reviews 28,000 volunteers at Buckingham Palace. (July 4.) She lays the foundation stone of the Imperial Institute. (July 9.) She re- views about 60,000 men at Aldersnot. (July 23.) The grand naval review by the queen takes place. June* Ire. Evictions at Bodyke in Clare, on property of Col. O'Callaghan, are resisted. July 19. Ire. A great meeting is held at Cork to resist the Crimes Act. Aug. * -Sept. * An unsuccessful strike occurs on the Midland Railway ; about 2,713 drivers, firemen, and others go out. Sept. 4. Ire. Nationalists attempt to hold a meeting at Ballycoree after it has been proclaimed, and are dispersed by the Government. Sept. 9. Ire. Nationalists, led by La- bouchere and Dillon, hold a meeting at Mitchellstown in disregard of the Gov- ernment's proclamation ; two men are killed in a conflict with the police. Sept. 11. Ire. Constable Whelehan is killed and three others are wounded in defending T. Sexton's house near Lis- doonvarna, against moonlighters. [Dec. 10. Leary and four others are sen- tenced to penal servitude for life.] Sept. 20. Ire. The National League in Clare and several baronies, including 200 branches, is suppressed by procla- mation. Sept. 24. Ire. Nationalists O'Brien and Mandeville are sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Oct. 4-7. The Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants hold a Congress at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Oct. 9. Ire. Many suppressed branches of the National League hold meetings. Oct. 18, 19. The unemployed meet in Hyde Park, but are dispersed by the police after a fight. Oct. 29. Ire. The annual convention of the Irish National League of Great Britain meets at Cardiff. Nov. 23. Scotland. Park and Aline deer forests in the Island of Lewis are raided by 2,000 cotters. Dec. 2. Dublin. The Lord Mayor is sentenced to imprisonment for two months for publishing reports of sup- pressed meetings of the National (Irish) League. Dec. 3. Shoemakers at Northampton strike. [Dec. 24. Closed by arbitra- tion.] Dec. 19. Fr. Jem Smith and Jake Kil- rain engage in a prize-fight on an island between Paris and Rouen. The Beaconsfield Club at Salisbury is opened by the Marquis of Salisbury. Dec. 30. The women of England send a memorial to the Queen with over 1,130,- 000 names, praying for sympathy with the proposal to close public-houses on Sunday. * * The per capita consumption of dis- tilled spirits and wine in the United Kingdom is 0.93 and 0.38 gallons ; beer, 32.88 gallons per capita. * * The British Nurses' Association is founded. * * London. The National Union is or- ganized. * * London. The Poor Children's Aid Society is established. 1888 Jan. 9. The remains of Napo- leon TIT, are removed from Chiselhurst to Farn bo rough. STATE. 1887 Jan. 3. Ministerial appoint- ments: George J. Goschen (Chanc. Excheq.), "William H. Smith (L. Treas.). [Jan. 6. Edward Stanhope (Sec. War). Jan. * Marq. of Salisbury (For. Sec). Jan. 28. Parliament assembles. Feb. 1. The Naval Intelligence De- partment is formed. Feb. 11, 12. H.C. Mr. Parnell's amendment to the address is nega- tived. Vote, 352-246. Mar. 5. Ire. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach resigns the chief secretaryship. [Arthur J. Balfour succeeds him.] Mar. 7, 10, 14+. London. The Times publishes articles entitled Pamellism, and Crime, charging Mr. Parnell and other Irish members with having parti- cipated in or approved of crimes com- mitted against the Government in Ire- land and elsewhere. [Apr. IS. The Times publishes the facsimile of a letter alleged to be signed by Parnell (dated 1882, May 15), in which he is made to say, " Though 1 regret the accident of Lord Caven- dish's death, I cannot refuse to admit that Burke got no more than his deserts." Apr. 19. In the Commons, Parnell terms the letter an anonymous fabrication.] (See 1888, Oct. 22.) Mar. 16. H. C. The first and chief closure rule is adopted. Vote, 220-120. Mar. 28. H. C. A new criminal law procedure (Coercion) Bill is introduced by Mr. Balfour. Apr. 11. London. A great demonstra- tion takes place at Hyde Park against the Irish Coercion Bill. May 4, 5. H. C. The Commons decides that an article in the Times of May 2, attacking John Dillon, M.P., is not a breach of privilege. Mr. Gladstone's motion for a committee is rejected. Vote, 317-233. May 21. London. A Parliamentary committee to inquire into charges of spending corporation funds to oppose municipal reform bill report the charge to be partially sustained. June * H. C. There is much opposition to Mr. Balfour's Coercion Bill; the Irish members retire from the House. [July 9. It passes. July 18. It passes the Lords.] July 23. Ire. Eighteen counties are proclaimed under the Coercion Act ; to- gether with Dublin and nine other cities. July 29. H. C. T. M. Healy is sus- pended for 14 days. Aug. 10. Ire. The National League is proclaimed. Aug. 23. Parliament: The new Irish Land Bill is passed. Aug. 31. Ire. A Nationalist meeting at Ballycoree, Clare, is proclaimed. Sept. 13 . H. C. C. Graham and E. Har- rington are suspended for speaking dis- respectfully of the House of Lords. Sept. 16. Parliament is prorogued. Oct. 15. Ire. Col. Sir Joseph "West Ridgeway succeeds Sir Redvers Buller as under secretary. Oct. 24. Paris. Conventions are signed relating to the Suez Canal and the New Hebrides. Dec. 8. London. A great Liberal-Union- ist Conference is held at Westminster Iron Hall. * * London. PolydoredeKeyser is elected lord mayor. 1888 Jan. 2. Dublin. Thomas Sex- ton becomes lord mayor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1887 Jan. 20. The Kapuvda collides with the Ada Gilmore and founders off Brazil ; 298 lives lost. Feb. 18. W. A mine explosion occurs at Ynyshie colliery, Rhondda Valley ; 39 lives lost. May 6. Edinburgh. An International Industrial Exhibition is opened by Prince Albert Victor. [Oct. 31. Closes after the admission of 2,740,000 visitors.] May 28. Scot. A mine explosion at Udston colliery, near Glasgo deaths. Sept. 2. The steamer Falls of Bruar sinks off Yarmouth ; 24 persons perish. Sept. 27. The American yacht Volun- teer outsails the Scotch Thistle in race for America cup (p. 327). Nov. 11. The first sod is cut for the Manchester Ship Canal at Tatton. Dec. 6. Fire does much damage in South Bermondsey. Dec. 29. London. The Grand Theater, Islington, is totally destroyed by fire. 1888 Jan. 4. The Royal Theater at Bolton is burned. 998 1888, Jan. *-1888, * * GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1888 Mar. * Asia. A British force captures the fort of Lingtu in Tibet. [Mar. 20. The natives hastily retire.] Mar. 27. The iron-clad Nile is launched at Pembroke. [May 12, Scot., the cruiser Magicienne at Govan ; June 9, the cruiser Medea at Chatham.] May 23. Asia. The Tibetans attack Gnatong, and are defeated by Col. Graham ; they lose 200 men. July 3. Orders for forming 95,000 vol- unteers into 19 brigades for home de- fense mobilization are issued. Aug. 23. Scot. The cruiser Marathon is launched on the Clyde. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1888 Mar. * London. Otto Hegner, 11 years of age, musical prodigy appears. Apr. 11. A statue of John Bright is unveiled at Birmingham. May 9. London. The new gallery for exhibiting modern pictures, Regent Square, is opened by seceders from Grosvenor Gallery. May 12. London. The Italian Exhibi- tion at West Kensington is opened by the lord mayor. May 14. London. The Anglo-Danish Exhibition at South Kensington is opened by the Princess of Wales. June 4. London. Lord mayors of Lon- don and Dublin open the Irish Exhibi- tion at Kensington. June 5. A monument to Sir Bartle Frere on the Thames embankment is unveiled by the Prince of Wales. June 16. A tablet in memory of war correspondents who died in the Soudan is unveiled in St. Paul's Cathedral. Scot. A statue of Gen. Gordon is un- veiled at Aberdeen. July 19. Scot. A slight earthquake occurs at Annandale. July 27. London. A bronze tablet to Maj.-Gen. Sir Herbert Stewart is un- veiled in St. Paul's Cathedral ; also a medallion portrait to William E. Fore- ter in Westminster Abbey. Aug. 22. Scot. The queen opens the new Municipal Building at Glasgow. Sept. 12. Edinburgh. A memorial arch- way to Sir G. Harrison is accepted by the town council. Sept. 17-22. London. An International Congress of Geologists meets at Bur- lington House. Sept. 25. London. A statue of Gen. Gordon is unveiled in Trafalgar Square. Oct. 1. A statue of Lord Shaftesbury ia unveiled in Westminster Abbey. Nov. 5. The Durham College of Sci- ence at Newcastle is opened by the Princess Louise. Nov. 6. London. A statue of the Earl of Iddesleigh is unveiled in the Central Hall of the House of Parliament. Nov. 13. London. An equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington, with the figures of four Waterloo soldiers at the base, executed by Sir J. E. Boehm, is unveiled near Hyde Park Corner. * * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Yeomen of the Guard. Feb. SI. Badger, George Percy, oriental- ist, A75. Feb. 22. Kingsford, Anna, theosophist, A41. Feb. 36. Morison, James A. C, au., A57. Mar. 4. Rutland, Duke of, Charles C. J. ward Magannis for Kilmore, M. Comarford for Kildare, Patrick O'Donnell for Raphoe, John Lyster for Achonry. ■■ * The Colonial Missionary Society is formed by the Congregational Church of England. A74. Mar. 26. Chalmers, Robert, publisher, Scotland, A56. Mar. 27. Grey, Edmond Dwyer, journal- ist, Ireland, A 42. Apr. 15. Arnold, Matthew, poet, essay- ist, A65. Apr. 19. Crampton, Thomas Russell, en- gineer, A72. Apr. 30. Ryder, Sir Alfred P., adm., A68. May 3. Bright, Sir Charles T., electrician, A55. May 7. Levi, Leone, pol. economist, A67. May 13. Hewett, Sir William N. Wright?, vice-admiral, A54. June 8, Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings, scholar, author, A77. June 10. Harman, Edward R. King, col., statesman, A 50. June 17. Creswick, William, actor, A75. June 18. Trevor, George, canon of York, preacher, author, A79. July 9. Gleig, George R., clergyman, writer, Scotland, A92. Aug. 21. Richard, Henry, politician, A76. Aug-. 33. Gosse, Philip II., naturalist, ATS. Aug-. 25. Rose, Sir John, diplomatist, A 68. Sept. 12. Proctor, Richard A., astrono- mer, A54. Sept. 28. Parry, Thomas Ganibier, artist, A72. Sept. 30. Palgrave, William Gifford, trav- eler, diplomatist, A 62. Oct. 1. Keating. Sir Henry S., jurist, A84. Oct. 6. Venal »les, Ceorge s., jurist, A78. Oct. 9. Musgrave, Sir Anthony, pol., AGO. Oct. 16. Mount- Temple, Baron, William Francis Cowper-Temple, statesman, A76. Nov. 10. Lucan, Earl of, George C. Bing- ham, field-marshal, A38. Nov. 13. Baggallay, Milliard, lawyer, A72. Nov. 16. Duncan, Francis, col., pol., A.V2. Nov. 18. Devon, Earl of, "William R. Courtenay, A81. Nov. 24. O'Gorman, Purcell, major, poli- tician, Ireland, A69. Dec. 14. Redgrave, Richard, artist, A84. Dec. 33. Oliphant, Lawrence, traveler, author, A59. Dec. 24. Bollock, Sir "William Frederick, author, A73. Dec. 28. Shaw-Lefevre, Charles Viscount Eversley, statesman, A95. Cameron, Sir Duncan A., general, A80. Key, SirAstley ("coper, admiral, A66. Lalliany, Robert G., phys., ethnologist, A76. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1888 Feb. 3. Maine, Sir Henry James Sumner, jurist, author, A66. Feb. 7. Johnston, Sir Win., publisher, A85. Feb. 12. Walsh, John Hehrv, editor, au- thor, A78. Feb. 18. Peyton, Sir Thomas, major-gen- eral, A70. CHURCH. 1888 Feb. 2. Southwell Collegiate Church is opened as the cathedral of the new diocese. Apr. 20. Ire. The Pope condemns on moral grounds tlie plan of campaign and boycotting, and issues a rescript. May 20. Dublin. The Catholic mem- bers of Parliament meet, and resent the Pope's interference in political af- fairs. May* Ire. The papal rescript is ac- cepted by the (Roman Catholic; bishops. June 9-19. London. A congress of Protestant missions is held, Earl of Aberdeen, president. July 7-28. London. The third confer- ence of 145 bishops is held at Lambeth. July 21. London. The Church House Corporation holds its first annual meet- ing. July 24. The Wesleyan Methodist Conference is held at Camborn. [1889. July 23. At London.] Nov. 10. The English (Roman Catholic) bishops protest, in an address to the Pope, against Italian repressive legisla- tion respecting his temporal power. * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- lic) : Jan. 6. London. Archdeacon Matthew, bishop of Lahore; Feb. 24, Archdeacon Earle and Sir L. T. Stam.-r. bishops of Marlbor- ough and Shrewsbury; Nov. 30, Archdeacon Sumner, bishop of <;uildford; William T. Harrison for Glasgow. F. Courtney for Nova Scotia, Thomas Hayes for Trinidad, W. I., Francis John Javne for Chester, William Stubbs for Oxford, William Walsham Wakefield. LETTERS. 1888 Jan. * Handbook of Volapiik, by C. E. Sprague, appears. May 2. London. Mr. Gladstone opens the Gladstone Library at the National Liberal Club. May 15. London. The Universal He- view is issued. June 23. London. A School of Handi- craft is opened by Sir W. Hart-Dyke at Toynbee Hall, Whitechapel. * * A revised edition of Chambers's Ency- clopaedia, appears. * * Plain Tales from the Hills, byRudyard Kipling, appears. [1880, Soldiers Three, Story of the < iadshys. The Phantom Rick- shaw, and Other Eerie Tales; 1891, The Light that Failed, The Courtship of Dinah Shadd, Without Relief t of Clergy, and Greenhow Hill.] * * Fifty Years Ago and For Faith and Freedom, by Walter Besant, appear. * * The Strange Adventures of a House Boat and In Far Lochaber, by William Black, appear. [1890. The New Prince Fortunatus; 1891, Donald Ross of Heimra.] * * Essays in Criticism, by Matthew Ar- nold, appears. * * Robert Elsmere, by Mrs. Humphry Ward, appears. [1S92, David Grieve; 1894, Marcel-la.] * * The Holy Land and the Bible, by Cun- ningham Geikie, appears. * * Building of the British Isles, by A, J. Jukes-Browne, appears. * * Greek Life and Thought, by John P. Mahaffy, appears. * * A Study of Religion, by James Marti- neau, appears. * * The Truth about Russia, hy William T. Stead, appears. * * The English in the West Indies, by Eroude, appears. [1SS9, The Two Chief* of Dunboy; 1890, The Earl of Beacon s- Jield ; 1891, J>irorce of Catherine of Ara- gon; 1S92, The Spanish Story of the Armada and other Essays; 189-i," Life and Letters of Erasmus.] * * Scot. Lay Sermons, by John Stuart Blackie, appears. [1892, Love's Victory, Lyrical Poems.] SOCIETY. 1888 Jan. * About £20,000 towards the foundation of the National Pension Pund is presented by Gibbs, Hambro, J. S. Morgan, and Rothschild. Feb. 10. The Nationalists Pyne and Gilhooly, members of Parliament, are arrested at the House of Commons. Mar. 12. A 21 weeks' strike of engi- neers at Blackburn is closed by com- promise. Apr. 12. London. A woman is mur- dered and badly mutilated in the east end, the first of a series. [Aug. 8, sec- ond ; Aug. 31, third ; Sept. 8, fourth.] Apr. 28. Ire. Daniel Hayes and Daniel Moriarty are executed for the murder AND IRELAND. 1888, Jan. * -1888, * *. 999 May 7. Ire. James Kirby is executed at Tralee jail for the murder of Patrick Quirke, at Liscahane, Kerry, on Nov. 8, 1887. May * A Laborers* League is estab- lished to assist the laborers in the exer- cise of the rights given them by the Local Government Act. June 2. London. A great demonstra- tion is made in Hyde Park against com- pensating liquor-sellers whose licenses are unrenewed. July 5. London. Match-girls at Bry- ant and May's factory strike. Oct. 3. The mutilated remains of a woman are discovered in a vault near the embankment at "Whitehall. [Nov. 9, another.] Oct. 20. The Birchfield recreation grounds and lads* club at Manchester are opened by Prince Albert Victor. Oct. 22. About 30,000 coal-miners strike in southwest Yorkshire. [Oct. 27-31. The colliers' demands of 10 per cent increase are generally acceded to by the owners.] Hov. 6. London. An International Trades Union Congress is held; 79 English and 44 foreign delegates are present. Nov. * Ire. Edward Harrigan is fined £500 for contempt of court in an editorial in the Kerry Sentinel. * * Ire. A total of 87,582 cases of drunk- enness are disposed of by the police during the year ; one to every 54 of the population. * * London. The new Central Hospital at Holloway is founded. * *The Band of Hope Union of the United Kingdom, for temperance, is formed. STATE. 1888 Feb. 9. Parliament is opened. Feb. 10. E. I. Lord Dufferin resigns the vice-royalty. Feb. 15. Washington, U.S.A. The Fish- eries Commission signs a treaty and adjourns. Feb. 23. H. C. Mr. ParnelFs mo- tion denouncing the administration of the Crimes Act is rejected. Vote, 317- 229. Feb. 24-28. H. C. New Rules of Pro- cedure, changing the hours of session, are adopted. Limits, 3 p.m. to 1 a.m. They give the power of closure to a majority in the House of 100, and pro- vide for repressing disorder and waste of time. Mar. 2. H. L. The Lunacy Acts Amendment Bill is passed. Mar. 21. H. C. Mr. ParnelPs Arrears Bill, amending the Irish Land Law, is rejected. Vote, 243-328. Mar. 23. H. C. The National Debt Conversion Bill is passed. [Mar. 12. First reading. Mar. 16. Sec- ond reading. Mar. 22. Third reading.] Apr. 13. H. L. Lord Denman's "Wo- men's Suffrage Bill is rejected. Apr. 18. The Deceased "Wife's Sister Bill is passed. Vote, 239-182. [1889. May 9. H. L. Rejected.] Apr. 20. H. C. Mr. Ritchie's Local Government Bill is passed. [Mar. 19. Introduced. Aug. 13. Receives royal assent.] It establishes County Councils, to con- sist of councilors and aldermen elected for three years by Parliamentary voters, and male and female tax-payers. Apr. 25. H. C. The Nationalists' Irish Government Bill is rejected by a ma- jority of 87. Apr. 26. H. L. Lord Dunraven's bill to reform the House of Lords is de- bated ; the Government having an- nounced its intention to introduce a bill creating life peers, the bill is with- drawn. Apr.* Parliament: The Ministry intro- duces a Local Government Bill, which recognizes a vested interest in exist- ing licenses by granting compensation to liquor-sellers whose licenses are refused by local authorities. May 2. H. C. The Early- Closing Bill is defeated. Vote, 95-278. May 4. H. C. The Customs and In- land Revenue Bill is passed. H. C. The State purchase of the railways is negatived without a division. May 16. H. C. A Local Government (Electors) Bill is passed. May 28. The Birmingham Liberal Unionist Association is formed ; Jo- seph Chamberlain elected president. June 8. H. C. It is announced that the Government proposes to allow bor- oughs with a population of 50,000 to be treated as counties. June 12. H. C. Mr. Ritchie announces that the Government has decided not to proceed with the Licensing Clauses of the Local Government Bill. A motion for the reorganizing of public offices is adopted. Vote, 113-208. June 18. H. L. Marquis of Salisbury's bill for the creation of life peers, and the exclusion of those whom he termed black sheep, is introduced. [Dropped soon after.] June 22. H. C. Dr. Cameron's motion for the disestablishment and disendow- ment of the Church of Scotland is de- feated. Vote, 260-208. [1890. May 2. Again defeated. Vote, 256-218. 1892. Again. Vote, 265-247.] June 26. H. C. John Morley's reso- lution censuring the Government ad- ministration of Ireland is lost. Vote, 273-366. July 5. The Musical Compositions Copyright Act, restricting unauthor- ized performances, is passed. July 6. H. C. Mr. Parnell asserts that the letters attributed to him in Parnellism and Crime are forgeries, and the charges against him false. [July 9. The Government refuses Mr. Par- nell's request for a select committee to in- vestigate the charges. July 12. A Royal Commission of judges to examine the charges against Mr. Parnell is proposed by W. H. Smith. July 16-17- A bill for establishing a royal commission is introduced. Aug. 13. Passed. Members of Commission : Sir .Tames Hannen, president, Justice Day and Justice A. L. Smith.] Aug. 13. Parliament adjourns. [Nov. 6. Reassembles.] Aug. 30. A treaty for the abolition of sugar bounties is signed. Oct. 28-89 Nov. 22. London. The Special Commission meets to investi- gate the Times charges against Mr. Par- nell and other Irish members of Parlia- ment. Sir Charles Russell and Herbert H. Asquith are Parnell's chief counsel ; Sir Richard Webster, attorney-general, and W. Graham are chief counsel for the. Times. (Oct. 22-89, Feb. *) Examination of wit- nesses. (1889, Feb. 14-22.) Messrs. Soamea, solicitor, MaedoiLuM, manager of the Times, and Houston, to whom Richard Pigott had sold the letters alleged to have heen written by Parnell, are examined. Pigott, cross-ex- amined by Sir Charles Hussell, makes ■■on- mVting statements, tending strongly to crim- inate himself. He quits the country. Feb. 27. His confession that he forged some of the alleged letters and had given false evi- dence is read in court. Sir Uichard Webster, for the Times, apologizes lor the publication of the letters. (Apxl 12.) Sir Charles Rus- sell concludes a long speech in defense of Parnell. (Apr. 15.) Patrick IWalloy is sen- tenced to six months' imprisonment with hard labor for perjury before the Commis- sion. (Apr. 30-May 8.) Parnell gives evi- dence; he denies the charges against him. (Mat 8-31.) Archbishop Walsh, William O'Brien, and T. D. Sullivan testify. (Juke 18-Jult 5.) Thomas Sexton is examined. (July 12.) Secretary Houston, of the Loyal Patriotic Union, gives evidence. (July 15.) Parnell and his friends, with their counsel, withdraw from the proceedings. (Oct. 24- 31.) Michael havitt defends theLand League. (Oct. 31-Nov. 22.) Sir Henry .lames makes an address in defense of the Times. (1890, Feb. 13.) The Commission makes its report to Parliament. Nov. 29. H. C. A bill for the continu- ance of Lord Ashbourne's Irish Land Purchase Act of 1S85 is passed. Dec. 6. London. The new city of London Court is opened by the lord mayor. Dec. 24. Parliament: A new Libel Law is passed. Mr. Bradlaugh's Oaths Bill receives the royal assent. It substitutes an affirmation for an oath. * * London. James Whitehead is elected lord mayor. [1S89. Sir Henry Aaron Isaacs.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1888 Feb. 27. Ire. A railway built on the single-rail system is opened be- tween Listowel and Ballybunion. May 19. Scot. The International Ex- hibition at Glasgow is opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales. [Nov. 11. Closes with reported number of visitors, 5,748,379.] July 14. The Etruria reaches Queens- town from New York in six days, four hours, and 50 minutes. Aug. 6. Four persons are killed and 25 injured in a railway accident at Hamp- ton Wick. London. The L. and N. W. trains run to Edinburgh and Glasgow in eight hours. Aug. * A train on the London and North West Railroad runs 400 miles in seven hours and 52 minutes ; speed, 50.9 miles per hour, or 55.4 miles exclusive of stops. Aug. * London. The Great Northern and Northeastern Railway runs a train to Edinburgh, 392.5 miles, in 7.27 hours; speed, 52.7 ; exclusive of stops, 57.8. Sept. 7. A charter is granted .to the Imperial British East African Com- pany. * * Estimated annual consumption of tobacco is 138 pounds per capita. (Beau- lieu.) 1000 1889, Jan. 1-Nov. 1. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1889 Apr. 6. Sir A. Hoskins is ap- pointed commander of the fleet in the Mediterranean to succeed the Duke of Edinburgh. June 13. The cruiser Vulcan is launched at Portsmouth. July 8-20. The National Association for rifle -shooting meets at Wimble- don ; Private Reid, 1st Lanarkshire, wins the queen's prize. Aug. 6. The Black Prince and Invinci- ble collide off Spithead ; both are much injured. Oct. 7. The gunboat Enterprise is wrecked off Anglesea. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Feb. 10. A slight earthquake occurs in Lancashire. Feb. * London. An electric omnibus, invented by Radeliffe Ward, is first used. Mar. 8, 9. Destructive floods occur in middle and southwest England. Apr. * A column-printing telegraph, in which messages are produced resem- bling type-writing, is announced. May 8. A statue of the queen, by Sir J. E. Boehm, is unveiled by the Prince of Wales at the University of London, Bur- lington Gardens. May 22. London. Samson Fox donates £45,000 to the Royal College of Music. May 24. A statue of the queen, by L. J. Williamson, is unveiled at the College of Physicians, Thames embankment. May 30. An earthquake shock is felt in the Channel Islands. June 1. London. The Spanish Ex- hibition of Arts and Industries is in- formally opened with a fine display of pictures. June 7. A waterspout on Batcombe Hills, Dorsetshire, greatly damages the villages of Chatnole, Cerne, and Mintern. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889 Jan. 3. Halliwell-Phillipps, James O., Shakespearian scholar, A69. Jan. 19. Hueffer, Francis, musical critic, writer, A44. Feb. 24. Eastwick, William Joseph, capt., diplomatist, A80. Mar. 3. Wood, John Ceo., naturalist, A62. Mar. 16. <;iailstont j , Sir Thomas, politi- cian, A85. Mar. 18. Hall, Samuel Carl it, author, A88. Mar. 26. liuekinjrhain, I Hike of, R. P. C. T. N. B. C. Grenvilh', statesman, A66. Mar. 37. Bright, John, orator, statesman, A79. Apr. 6. Cambridge, Duchess of, Princess Augusta Wilhelmiua Louisa, A92. Ouselev, Sir Frederick (Jure, elergviiimi, musician, A64. Apr. 19. De la Rue, Warren, astronomer, physicist, A74. Apr. 29. Crossley, John T., educator, A89. May 9. Osborne, Lord, Sidney Godolphin, Howard Harris, statesman, A82. May 19. Glyn, Miss (Mrs. Isabella Dal- las), actor, A66. May 25. Sharp, Martin, journalist, A70. Aug. 16. Alberv, James, dramatist, A57. Aug. 28. Addington, Lord, John Gelli- brand Hubbard, [inamaer, A84. Sept. 5. Blanehard, Edward Laman, lit- terateur, A69. Sept. 16. Mackarness, John Fielder, bp. of Oxford, dies. Sept. 23. CollinB, Wilkie, novelist, A65. Sept. 24. Cook, Eliza, poet, A71. Oct. 11. Joule, James Prescott, natural philosopher, A61. Oct, 15. Gooch, Sir Daniel, engineer, A73. Oct. 16. Fitzgerald, Baron, John David, jurist, Ireland, A73. Oct. 21. Ball, John, explorer, Ire., A71. Oct. 23. Orkney, Earl of, George William Hamilton, Scotland, A62. CHURCH. 1889 Jan. 10. The jubilee of Cardinal Manning is celebrated ; the Pope sends a gold medal. Jan. 16. The Baptist Conference at Leeds agrees upon a union with the Par- ticular Baptists. Feb. 26. Scot. The Earl of Hopetoun is appointed lord high commissioner of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. May 20. Dtiblin. A meeting is held at Phoenix Park to protest against inter- ference of the Pope in political affairs of Ireland. June 3. Ire. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church meets in Belfast. June 10. London. The Conference of the !N"ew Connection Methodists meets. June ± * A guild of the King's Daugh- ters is formed. July 2. London. The World's Sun- day-school Convention opens. July 31. The first Sunday newspaper train is run in England to distribute the London edition of the New York Herald which contains reports of the royal wedding. Aug. 16. Ire. The shrine at Knock is visited by 40,000 persons. Sept. 28. The Congregational ministers in England form a league, — National Pastors' Koinonia. LETTERS. 1889 Jan. 10. Edinburgh. TheHeri- ot-Watt College is inaugurated. Mar. 20. London. The New Party is issued. Its object is the formation of a new party devoted to the cause of social reform. May 1. The queen lays the foundation- stone of a new building at Eton Col- lege. Sept. 28. The Conservatives offer to give an annual grant for higher educa- tion of Roman Catholics in existing colleges in Ireland without establishing any new institutions. [The offer is re- jected.] Nov. 1. London. The Saturday Review is bought by Frank Harris, late editor of the Fortnightly Review. SOCIETY. 1889 Jan. 1. Ire. John Finucane, an Irish IVT.P., is sentenced to four months' imprisonment, and J. D. Sheehan, M.P., of East Kerry, is found guilty of con- spiracy. Jan. 10. Ire. Irish members of Parlia- ment ignore summons to appear in court, and warrants are issued for their arrest. [Jan. 24. "Warrants are issued J. L. Carew, M. P. for North Kildare, and Dennis Kilbride, M.P. for South Kerry.] Father McCarthy is arraigned for in- citing a boycott at Clonakilty. Jan. 24±. Ire. Two serious riots occur at the trials of William O'Brien and Father McCarthy ; many persons are in- jured. [Jan. 25. O'Brien is sentenced to four months' imprisonment under the Crimes Act. Jan. 27. He eludes cap- ture, and addresses a tenants' mass- meeting near Castlerea. Jan. 29. He is again arrested at a meeting at Man- chester. Jan. 30. Sent to Clonmel prison. Jan. 31. Refuses to wear prison garb, and is roughly treated by the warder. Feb. 11. The escort taking William O'Brien from Clonmel to Ty- rone jail is stoned by a mob. Feb. 19. He is again sentenced to six months' im- prisonment for violating the Crimes Act.] Feb. 1. Scot. At Glasgow 3,000 seamen and firemen strike. Feb. 2. Ire. Father Marrman is sen- tenced to imprisonment for offenses against the Crimes Act, at Castle Con- nell. Feb. 3. Ire. Police Inspector Martin is killed at Gweedore, County of Done- gal, while trying to arrest Father Mc- Fadden. Feb. 4. Ire. Many indignation meet- ings are held to protest against the Government's ill-treatment of O'Brien. Feb. 7. Ire. Thomas Condon, M. P. for East Tipperary, is sentenced to two months' imprisonment for inciting boy- cotting. Feb. 21. Ire. James Lawrence Carew is sentenced to four months' imprison- ment for violating the Crimes Act. Feb. 24. Ire. Father Stephens of Fal- canagh is arrested for advising tenants not to pay their rents. [Mar. 4. Sen- tenced to six months' imprisonment.] Feb. 28. Ire. Father Clarke is arrested in Avoca, County Wicklow, for making speeches tending to incite the people to commit unlawful acts. Mar. 1. Richard Pigott, the forger of the so-called Parnell letter, commits suicide at a hotel in Madrid. Mar. 7. Ire. Dr. Tanner, M. P. for Cork, is sentenced to prison for three months for violating the Crimes Act. Mar. 20. W. Tithe collectors are at- tacked by mobs. Mar. 29. Ire. Thirteen tenants are evicted on an Irish estate, and 12 of their houses burned. [Many evictions.] May 7. London. The Road Woman's Hospital is founded by the Princess of Wales. May 29. A banquet to Sir Richard Webster is given by 400 solicitors, who present him with a complimentary ad- dress signed by 3,800 members of the bar. June 6+. Scot. Dock laborers in Glas- gow and Greenock, also in Belfast and Londonderry, Ireland, join the strike. The stevedores; in Glasgow also strike. June 8. Ire . The seamen and firemen's strike paralyzes the shipping business at Belfast. June 29. Ire. Wm. O'Brien and others are arrested at Cork for speaking at a prohibited meeting; a riot ensues in which the police fire. June 30. Ire. A mob stones the police at a Nationalist meeting in Cork ; Wm. O'Brien is arrested, and Patrick O'Brien, M. P., seriously injured. [July 28. Wm. O'Brien is taken to jail to serve out his sentence.] July 10. Scot. The Clyde shipbuilders give notice of a lockout. July 11. Ire. Matthew Harris gets £1,000 libel against the Irish Times at Limerick. AND IRELAND. 1889, Jan. 1-Nov. 1. 1001 July 12. The seamen's strike at Liver- pool ends by tlie men accepting the terms of the employers. July 17. London. Alice McKenzie is found in Castle Alley, Whitechapel, with her throat cut. [Sept. 10. Another victim is found.] July 18. London. Gen. Boulanger is visited by a body of 500 French sympa- thizers. July 21- Aug. 7. Mrs. Florence Eliz- abeth Maybrick is tried before Justice Stephen at Liverpool, charged with poisoning her husband, James May- brick, at Aigburth, on June G; she is convicted. [Aug. 22. Death sentence is commuted to penal servitude for life.] July 22. Ire. The Tenants' Defense League is declared to be formed to legally counteract landlord combina- tions for extorting unjust rent and ar- rears, and destroying the security of tenants in their holdings. July 25. The golden wedding of Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone is celebrated, and a reception given by the National Liberal Club. July 27. London. Princess Louise of Wales is married to the Duke of Fife at Buckingham Palace by the archbishop of Canterbury. The wedding presents are valued at £150,000. July 29. Dr. Tanner, M. P., is sen- tenced to one month's imprisonment for assaulting Police Inspector Steven in May last, and to three months' im- prisonment for contempt of court. Aug. 1. The Emperor William of Ger- many visits England. Aug. 26. Ire. Nationalists O'Brien and Gilhooley are sentenced respec- tively to two months' and six weeks' imprisonment. Aug. * London. The dock laborers strike for sixpence an hour and for a work-day of 12 hours. [Other trades join in the strike in sympathy. Soon 150,000 men are idle. Sept. 14. Cardinal Manning and the lord mayor, Sir John Lubbock, assist in bringing the strike to an end ; the employers submit to the de- mands of the workmen. Cost of strike, £2,000,000.] Sept. 6. The shipwrights in Cumberland strike for an advance of four shillings weekly. Sept. 8±. Four tenants are boycotted for paying rent ; and although at a pub- lic meeting they express contrition, the meeting refuses to remove the boycott. Sept. 21. Ire. William H. R. Redmond, M. P. for North Fermanagh, is sen- tenced to three months 1 imprisonment for offenses under the Crimes Act. Oct. 24. Ire. Irish Nationalists meet and organize the Tenants' Defense League, STATE. 1889 Jan. 14. Birmingham is created a city. Feb. 3. Sir Julian Pauncefote is ap- pointed minister to the United States in place of Sackville-West. Feb. 21. Parliament reassembles. Mar. 7. Lord George Hamilton asks for £21 ,000,000 to be spent on new warships. [Apr. 2-4. Money is voted.] Mar. 8. H. C. The proposal to expunge from the records the particulars of Mr. Bradlaugh's expulsion in 1SS0 is re- jected. Vote, 112-79. Mar. 21. H. C. The postmaster an- nounces that the Government will lay a submarine cable between Bermuda and Halifax. Mar. 22. An indemnity is demanded by the Government for massacre and pil- lage at Port MacKenzie factory, Cape Juby. [Mar. 25. The Sultan of Morocco gives satisfactory assurances to all de- mands of the Government.] Mar. 27. H. C. A Sunday-Closing Bill is read a second time. [Dropped.] Apr. 9. H. C. A bill to amend the Fisheries Act is passed. Apr. 13. London. The Court of Queen's Bench decides that women are ineli- gible to membership in the London County Council. The case of Lady Sand- hurst is to be appealed, as her election is declared void. May 7. London. The National Liberal Club becomes practically aGladstonian body ; Mr. Parnell is elected a life- member. May 14. H. C. Mr. Dillwyn's motion for the disestablishment of the church in "Wales is defeated. Vote, 284-231. May 17, 18. H. C. A proposal to abol- ish the Hereditary Principle is re- jected. Vote, 201-100. May 20. H. C. The bill providing for additional naval expenses is passed. [May 31. Receives royal assent.] H. L. A bill legalizing the election of two ladies for the London County Council is rejected. May 21. Parliament: The Government is authorized to purchase the sub- marine electric telegraph with France. May 29. Ire. Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Zetland, is appointed lord-lieutenant. [Dec. 1-4. He enters Dublin in state.] May* Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild is made lord-lieutenant of Buckingham- shire. June 19. H. C. A bill is passed pun- ishing parents who sendcbiklren out to Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone makes a great speech in advocacy of home rule for Ireland. beg June 25. H. L. The Land Transfer Bill passes by a majority of nine. June 26. H. C. The Employment of Children's Bill is passed. June 26±. England having declined to guarantee the evacuation of Egypt at the behest of France, the Egyptian Conversion scheme is dead. France demands the annulment of the Anglo- Turkish Convention of 1887. June 28. H. L. Lord Salisbury repu- diates all responsibility for the Turk- ish atrocities in Armenia. July 13. As the Haytian ports blockade is ineffective, the Government notifies Hayti not to molest British vessels visiting insurgent ports. July 22. Ire. The Tenants' Defense League is declared to be formed to le- fally counteract landlord combinations or exhorting unjust rent and arrears, and destroying the security of tenants in their holdings. H. C. The Commission on Royal Grants recommends that £9,000 oe added to the quarterly grant to the Prince of "Wales. Mr. Labouchere moves a rejection of the report. [July 26. Motion rejected. Vote, 898-116. A bill allowing the grant is passed.] sliips has been begun during the year— '20 in the Government dockyards and 32 in private yards. Aug. 22. H. C. The Irish law charges are adopted after a protracted Parnellite attack upon the coercion law. Vote, 103-61. Aug. 26. H. C. J. P. B. Robertson's Scotch Local Government Bill is passed. [Apr. 8. Introduced.] Aug. 29. The proposition of the Govern- ment to establish and endow a new Ro- man Catholic University in Ireland causes a split between the Parnellites, who favor it, and the Radicals opposing. Sept. 5. Henry Chaplin is appointed secretary of agriculture with a seat in the Cabinet. Sept. 6. Humphreys and Kierson, two islands in the Pacific, are annexed. Oct. 25. Fr. The agitators Dillon and O'Brien sail from Havre for New York. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 Jan. 11. The Umbria makes the passage between Sandy Hook and Brow Head in six days, two hours, and 45 minutes. Feb. 3. The steamer Nereid collides with the Scotch ship KUlochan off Dun- geness ; 23 lives lost. Feb. 6. The British bark Largo Bay is towed into Spithead in a sinking condi- tion, from colliding with an unknown steamer off Beachy Head ; all on board the latter sink. Mar. 13. An explosion occurs at Bryn- ally colliery, Wrexham ; 20 persons killed. Mar. 22. The losses resulting from the collapse of tbe copper ring are esti- mated at $30,000,000. Mar. 23. London. The great free steam ferry between North and South Wool- wich is opened by Lord Rosebery. Apr. 14. Dublin. A distillery syndi- cate, with a capital of £1,000,000, is or- ganized. Apr. 24. The steamer City of Paris reaches Queenstown from IsfewYork in six days, five hours, and 55 minutes. May 6. London. The great soap-works in Milton Street, and other buildings, are burned; loss, £250,000. May 21. Ire. The new dock at Belfast is opened by Prince Albert Victor of Wales. May 22. Ire. The foundation-stone of the Albert Bridge at Belfast is laid by Prince Albert Victor. June 1. The Berry Hill coal-mine at Hanley caves in ; 100 men are entombed. June 12. Ire. Excursion-trains collide near Armagh ; 72 persons are killed and over 100 injured. [June 21. The rail- road employees are convicted of man- slaughter in accident.] . June 24-29. The Royal Agricultural Society holds its jubilee show in Wind- sor Park. June 26. London. Police disperse a Salvation Army procession. July 8. The Valkyrie wins in the Royal Clyde Yachting regatta. July 23. The German Southwest Af- rica Company negotiates for the sale of all its African possessions to an Eng- lish syndicate. Oct. 28. The British ship Bolan, to Liverpool, founders; 33 lives lost. Nov. 1. Scot. A gable wall falls in Glasgow, killing;^) girls and women in Templeton's carpet factory. [Nov. 3. Twenty-nine bodies are recovered.] 1002 1889, Nov. 6-1890, July 14. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1889 Nov. 6. Ire. Gen. Sir Frederick Roberts takes command of the forces. Nov. 23. London. The cruiser Blake ia launched. July 12-16. The National Association for rifle-shooting meets at Bisley Com- mon, Surrey. Sergt. Bates, 1st "War- wick, wins the queen's prize. [1S91, July 13-24, Private Dear, Edinburgh, wins ; 1892, July 11-23, Maj. Pollock, 3d Renfrew ; 1893, July * Serg. Davies ; 1894, July * Peter Rene, 3d Lanark.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1889 Nov. 16. A statue of William of Orange is unveiled at Belfast. * * The Royal Agricultural Society meets at Windsor ; the queen acts as president. 1890 Mar. 4. Edinburgh. The great cantilever bridge across the Forth River is opened. Mar. * A memorial of Sir Erskine May is unveiled in the House of Commons. May 7. Ire. Gold is discovered in the western part of County Cork. May 12. The equestrian statue of Prince Albert at Windsor, jubilee offer- ing of the women of England, is un- veiled by the queen. May 17. A memorial to William E. Forster is unveiled at Bradford. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1889 Nov. 11. Hatch, Edwin, Bib. Bchol., A55. Nov. SO. Allinghaiii, William, poet, A61. Nov. 21. Blachford, Lord, Henry Rogers, statesman, A78. Nov. 29. Tupper, Martin F., poet, A79. Dec. 6. Plunkett, Thomas Oliver W., capt., politician, A71. Dec. 19. Dunbar, Sir William, states., A76. Dec. 21. Lightfoot, Joseph B., bishop of Durham, author, A61. Dec. 24. Mackav, Charles, Scotch poet, A75. 1890 Jan. 1. Sullivan, Sir Bartholomew J., admiral, A79. Jan. 4. Sladen, Sir Edwanl Iloge, col., A59. Templetown, Viscount, George F. Up- ton, general, A87- Jan. 5. Murstoii, \Wstlaml, ilramatist, A70. Jan. 1 1 . Littledale, Richard Frederick, clergyman, A60. Jan. i6. Napier of Mag-dala, Lord, Robert Cornells, field-marshal, A79. Jan. 21. Adler, Nathan Jlarcus, chief rabbi, A86. Jan. 31. Manisty, Sir Henry, jurist, A82. Feb. 7. Baring, ("'harles, litMit.-gen., A61. Feb. 12. Frome, Edward Charles, general, governor of Guernsey, A87. Feb. 16. Mallet, Sir Louis, politician, author, A66. Feb. 19. Biggar, Joseph G., Irish politi- cian, A72 ±. Feb. 25. Llptroth, John, peneral, A77. Feb. 26. Dacre, I'.aron, Thomas Crosble, W. B. Trevor, A81. Feb. 27. Auckland, Lord, William G. Eden, diplomatist, AG1. Mar. 2. Baines, Sir Edward (Leeds Mer- cury), A89. Mar. 5. Ingham, Sir James T., jurist, A85. Mackenzie, Alexander, inuj.-gen., A70. Mar. 8. Elphinstone, Sir Howard Craw- ford, maj. -gen., A 60. Mar. 9. Coats, Sir Peter, thread manufac- turer, A81. Mar. 14. Jleehan, Charles P., clergyman, poet, A77. Dowse, Richard, statesman, A65. Mar. 17. Herbert, John R., painter, A80. Mar. 19. Sweteuliain, Edmund, pol., A67. Mar. 21. Manchester, Duke of, William D. Montagu, politician, A66. Mar. 24. Cowan, Sir Edward P., pol., A48. Apr. 3. Normanby, Marquis of, George A. Constantine, statesman, A70. Apr. 7. Boyle, Mary LouiBa, novelist, A80. Apr. 8. Lloyd, Edward, publisher, A75. Apr. 13. Evans, Charles K. o-den, general, A66. Apr. 23. Glasgow, Earl of, George Fred- erick Boyle, statesman, A64. CoSBhani, Handel, politician, A66. Apr. 29. Hammond, Lord, Edmund, states- man, A88. Parish, Henry Woodbine, maj. -gen., AS9. May 2. Macaulay, Colinan P. L., pol., A41. May 7. Nasmyth, James, engineer, A82. May 19. Gordon, Sir Alexander H., gen- eral, A72. May 24. O'Donovan, Henry W. (the O'Donovan), A78. May 27. Filmore, Lewis, journalist, A74. May 28. Schmitz, Leonhard, educator, author, A 83. June 2. Burns, Sir George, shipowner, A95. June 16. Baber, Edward C, dip., A46. June 20. Brackenbury, Charles Booth, maj. -gen., A59. June 27. Magheraniorne, Lord, J. M. Hogg, politician, A67- June 28. Carnarvon, Earl of, Henry H. M. Herbert, statesman, A59. July l. Cole, Henry A., col., pol., A81. Crawford, William, politician, A57. July 3. Parker, William Kitchen, natural- ist, A67. July 5. Chadwlck, Sir Edwin, sanitary re- former, A 90. July 10. Seymour, Sir Francis, gen., A77. CHURCH. 1889 Nov. 22. Ire. Pope Leo orders the Roman Catholic clergy of New Koss, "Wexford, to be instructed to prohibit their people froni attending a meeting held for the purpose of expressing con- fidence in Mr. Parnell. Dec. 7. Ire. A letter from the arch- bishops and bishops, denouncing Par- nell, is read in all the (Roman Catholic) churches. * * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- land) : R. J. Crosthwaite, snffragan of Beverly; Charles John Corfe of Corea, Alfred George Edwards of St. Asaph, J. T. Hayes of Trini- dad, H. II. Montgomery of Tasmania, James Leslie Kaudiill, stiff ra^an of Beading, Henry Ware, suffragan of Barrow-in-Furness, Ed- ward Ash Were, suffragan of Derby. 1890 Feb. 4. The trial of bishop of Lincoln for alleged violation of the ritual begins. [Feb. 25. Concluded and judgment deferred. Nov. 21. Judgment : a part of the ritualistic; services condemned as illegal. 1891. June 10. Appealed to the Privy Council. 1892. Apr. 2. Decision upheld.] May 2. Mr. Gladstone votes for dises- tablishment. The Commons defeat a motion to disestablish the Scotch Church. Vote, 256-218. LETTERS. 1889 * * London. The New Review is is- sued. * * The Encyclopaedic Dictionary is com- pleted. * * Appreciations, by Walter Pater, ap- pears. [1893. Plato and PlaioismJ] * * Asolando, by Robert Browning, ap- pears. * * Wordsworth's Grave, by "William "Wat- son, appears. [1892. Poems and Lach- rymse MusarumJ] * * David Livingstone, by Thomas Hughes, appears. * * Natural Inheritance, by Francis Gal- ton, appears. * * Phmnicia, by George Rawlinson, ap- pears. * * The American Commonwealth, by James Bryce, appears. * * Literary Remains, by Percy Fitzgerald, appears. * * Study of Ben Jonson, by Swinburne, appears. [1894. Astrophet and Studies in Prose and Poetry.] * * Darwinism, by Wallace, appears. 1890 Jan. 4. London. The Daily Graphic (illustrated) is issued ; also The Speaker. Jan. 6. London. The Review of Reviews, edited by William T. Stead, is* issued. Apr. 25. London. Subjects of the Day,. a quarterly magazine, is issued. May 5. London. Henry M. Stanley receives the Royal Geographical So- ciety's medal at Albert Hall. June 9. Edinburgh. The library pre- sented by Andrew Carnegie (TJ. S. A.) is opened. July 14. Scot. Andrew Carnegie gives £10,000 for a library at Ayr. SOCIETY. 1889 Nov. 7. Ire. A Tenants' De- fense Convention meets in Brogheda, with 300 delegates present, including a large number of Roman Catholic priests. Nov. * London. A banquet is given to P. T. Barnum, the veteran American, showman. Lord Kilinorcy presides, and Lord Randolph Churchill', Lord Charles Beresford, Lord Rosebery, the Roth- schilds, Sir -John Fowler, and the secre- taries of the United States Legation are present. Dec. 4. Ire. The publisher of the Mini- sters sentenced to two months' impris- onment for reporting a meeting where boycotting was advocated. Dec. 15±. In Durham 2,000 colliers strike because of a dispute about wages. Dec. 23. Belg. Jem Smith and Slavin have 14 rounds in a prize-fight near Bruges ; Smith is defeated. Dec. 29. Wm. Gladstone receives 200- telegrams find 500 letters, congratulating him upon his 80th birthday. Dec. 30. W. Ten thousand miners re- sume work, the masters conceding an advance of 10 per cent in wages. Dec. * Several thousand gas-men and coal-porters in London and Manchester strike. Dec. * A National Liberal meeting at Manchester declares in favor of a direct popular veto of the liquor-traffic. * * London. Henry Quinn bequeaths £50,000 to charities. * * London. The patriotic volunteer fund is instituted by Lord Mayor Whitehead. * * Ire. Total number of liquor-licenses of all kinds. 24,574, being one to every 194 inhabitants of all ages and both sexes. 1890 Jan. 1. London. HobertErown- ing, the poet, is buried in Westminster Abbey. An anonymous donor gives £100,000 to found a Convalescent Home in con- nection with London hospitals. Jan. 7. London. More than 200 men em- Eloyed in the Fast India Dock tea ware- ouses strike. Jan. 10. The jubilee of penny postage is celebrated. Jan. 16. The New Victoria Hospital at Bournemouth is opened by the Prince of Wales. Jan. 17. Hammond, the fugitive land- lord connected with the West End scan- dal, is reported to be the head of a blackmailing organization to induce- men into his house, accomplices after- wards acting as witnesses against them. Jan. 29. Liverpool dock laborers' strike is spreading. AND IRELAND. 1889, Nov. 6-1890, July 14. 1003 Feb. 3. London. The Times compro- mises Parnell's libel suit by paying him £5,000. The paper will also pay Mr. Campbell, his private secretary, £200. Both suits are withdrawn. Feb. 5. Cashier Heilton, of the Oldham Branch of the Union Bank of Manches- ter, has absconded ; £10,000 are gone. The dock laborers at Newport strike, and paralyze commerce. Feb. 11. H. C. Lord Randolph Church- ill introduces a bill to regulate the liquor- traffic. Feb. 28. At Liverpool 2,000 dock labor- ers strike for higher wages. [Mar. 5. Their demands are granted, and the strike ends.] Mar 3. London. Ship-carpenters strike for an advance of sixpence a day. Mar. 9. London. "Working men make a great demonstration in Hyde Park to denounce the cruel treatment of Sibe- rian exiles. Mar. 19. At the Armstrong Gun Works at Elswick, 8,000 employees strike for an eight-hour working-day. Mar. 25. Scot. The Glasgow dockmen's strike collapses. Mar. 31. London. Ten thousand shoe- makers strike to destroy " sweating," by compelling masters to have work done in factories. Apr. 7. The annual congress of the La- bor Electoral Association is opened at Henley. Apr. 14. About 2,000 grain-porters strike in Liverpool for higher wages. Also 5,000 at Birkenhead to reduce the labor- day to eight hours. Apr. 15. In Northeastern England, 20,- 000 engineers demand shorter hours. Apr. 17. A great parade of 30,000 dock laborers, out on a strike, takes place in Liverpool. Apr. 17±. The Miners' Federation has inaugurated a general strike through- out Great Britain, owing to the masters' refusal to reply to the demands for an advance in wages. Over 100,000 men are out. [Apr. 19±, Settled ; the mine- owners agree to raise wages 10 per cent.] Apr. 18. London. The bootmakers' strike is amicably settled. Apr. 20. London workmen resolve to take May 1 as their holiday. Apr. 22. Prince George of Wales is invested with the Order of the Black Eagle. Apr. 25. Ire. A great strike of railway men begins. [May 3. Ends.] Apr. 26. London. Henry M. Stanley arrives from Africa. [May 2. A recep- tion is given him, in St. James's Hall, by the Emin Pasha Relief Committee. May 6. The Queen receives him at Windsor Castle. May 13. The freedom of Lon- don is conferred on him.] May 4. London. An assembly of 170,000 working men gather in Hyde Park, in favor of an eight-hour labor law. No disturbance occurs. May 7. London. About 6,000 tailors strike. May 23 ±. London. A title is conferred on Prince Albert Victor ; viz., Duke of Clarence and Avondale and Earl of Athlone. STATE. 1889 Nov. 23. Ire. The Government proclaims meetings in Kilkenny and "Waterford in honor of the Manchester martyrs. [Other meetings proclaimed.] * * Parliament : The Wavy Discipline Act is amended. 1890 Jan. *± England has a dispute with Portugal regarding African terri- tory. [Jan. 6. Lord Salisbury sends to Portugal a note threatening rupture of diplomatic relations. Jan. 9. Portugal sends a conciliatory note. England re- fuses to submit the question to arbitra- tion. Jan. 20. The Powers having re- fused to mediate, Portugal yields her claims under protest.] Jan. 30. The Government has assented to the separate right of Canada to legislate on questions involving the royal prerogative. Feb. 11. Parliament opens by Royal Commission. H. L. The address from the throne is moved by Lord de Ramsey, and seconded by Lord Stradbroke. [Feb. 12. Agreed to. H. C. Mr. Gladstone moves a reply to the Address. Feb. 17. A Home Rule for Scotland Amendment is re- jected. Vote, 307-240. Feb. 24. Ad- dress agreed to.] H. C. The question of the (Parnell) forged letters is raised, and a resolu- tion declaring the publication of them in the Times to be a breach of privilege is rejected. Vote, 260-212. Feb. 12. H. C. Mr. Parnell is reelected chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party. Feb. 13. Parliament: The Times-Par- nell Special Commission issues its re- port. It concludes— That the respondent mem- bers of Parliament are not guilty of conspir- ing for the independence of Ireland as a sep- arate nation, but that smne of them (Messrs. M. Harris, Dillon, W. O'Brien, W. Redmond, O'Connor, .1. Condon, and J. J. O'Kelly), to- gether with Michael Itavitt, established the Land Lengue mainly for that purpose. That the respondents [44] did conspire to promote agrarian agitation in Ireland, the non-pay- ment of rents, and the expulsion of the land- lords. That the facsimile Parnell letter printed in the Times is a forgery. That the charges of incitement to crime, except by in- timidation, and of payments for that purpose, are not proved. That t lie respondents made payments to compensate persons injured in the commission of crime. That the respond- ents did invite and obtain the cooperation of the physical force party in America, includ- ing the Clan-na-dael, and did not repudiate the action of that party. [Mar. 3. H. C. W. H. Smith moves the adoption of the report ; Mr. Gladstone moves a condemnatory amendment. Mar. 10. Gladstone's amendment is rejected. Vote, 339-268. The report is adopted. Mar. 21. H. L. .Report adopted without a division.] Feb. 21. H. L. A bill is introduced to amend the constitution of the Councils of India. Feb. 27. England and Italy agree to a treaty providing for concerted action on the west coast of the Red Sea. Feb. 28. H. C. Henry Labouchere ac- cuses the Government of shielding the accused in the Cleveland-Street scandal, West End ; during the discussion he calls Lord Salisbury a liar ; he is sus- pended for a week. Mar. 12. H. C. The Irish Tenure of Land Bill is rejected. Vote, 231-179. Mar. 21. H. C. Henry Labouchere moves the abolition of hereditary repre- sentatives in Parliament. Motion de- feated. Vote, 201-139. Mar. 24. H. C. Mr. Balfour introduces a bill to provide for the purchase of land in Ireland for the improvement of the poorer districts and for the estab- lishment of an Irish Land Department. [May 1. Second reading. Vote, 348-226. Nov. 29. Reintroduced. Dec, 3. Sec- ond reading. Vote, 26S-130. 1891. June 15. Read a third time and passed. July 14. H. L. Passed. Aug. 5. Receives royal assent.] Mar. 28. The Delagoa Railway claims between Portugal on the one hand and England and America on the other are settled. Apr. 14. Parliament reassembles. Apr. 18. H. C. Samuel Smith's motion to convene an international conference on the bimetallic question is rejected. Vote, 183-87. Apr. 30. Afr. Treaties are made with King Mwanga. May 9. Portugal agrees to submit the Delagoa Bay Railway question to arbi- tration. May 14. H. C. The Agricultural La- borers (Ireland) Bill is carried -without a division. ±. The conversion of the Egyptian debt is completed. May 25. Delegates present a protest from the Newfoundland Government against French encroachments. MISCELLANEOUS. 1889 Dec. 19. The Paper Trust, with a capital of £1,500,000, is organized. Dec. 31. London. The influenza num- bers Lord Salisbury and many diplo- mats among its victims. 1890 Jan. 1. The Forest Gate Indus- trial School is burned; 26 little boys are suffocated. Jan. 15. London. The Loan Exhibi- tion of Paintings is opened by the Prin- cess Louise. Jan. 18. A new public park at Poole is opened by the Prince of Wales. Feb. 6. W. An explosion occurs in the Llanerch colliery, near Newport; more than 170 deaths follow. Feb.* London. The closing performance of Barnum's circus is largely attended ; it has been visited by 1,500,000 people in this visit. Mar. 4. Scot. The Forth Bridge is opened by the Prince of Wales ; the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince George of Wales are present. Mar. 10. TV. An explosion in the Morfa coal-mine at Tarbac, Glamorgan- shire, causes 88 deaths. [Mar. 11. Four of the entombed miners escape. Mar. 12. An unlocked lamp is said to have caused the explosion.] May 1. Edinburgh. The Electric Ex- hibition opens. Industrial Exhibition is opened by the Duke of Edinburgh. [Nov. 1. Closes.] May 28. London. The Royal Agricul- tural Society's show in the Temple Gar- dens is opened by the Prince of Wales. July 4. The Duke of Devonshire makes a reduction of 15 per cent in the rentals on his Irish estates. 1004 1890, July 20-1891, Apr. 6. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1890 Sept. 16. Ire. Lord Wolseley becomes commander of the forces. [Oct. 1. He goes to Dublin to assume com- mand of the troops.] Oct. 13. The East Surrey Regiment mutinies against going to India, but finally embarks from Guernsey. Nov. 10. The torpedo cruiser Serpent is lost on the northwest coast of Spain ; three men only out of 276 are saved. 1891 Feb. 26. Two war-ships. Royal Sovereign and the Royal Arthur, are launctied at Portsmouth. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1890 Aug. 29. Dublin. The new Sci- ence and Art Muse um is opened by the lord-lieutenant. Oct. 21. A memorial of the defeat of the Spanish Armada is unveiled at Plym- outh by the Duke of Edinburgh. ~Nov. 24. Heavy gales along the South coast do much wreckage. [Dec. * An- other gale.] Dec. 18. A Btatue to the late Emperor Frederick of Germany is unveiled by the queen at "Windsor. Dec* The bones of a hippopotamus are found embedded in clay. 1891 Jan. 21. A landslide at Folkes- tone kills three persons. Mar. 10+. The heaviest snowstorm of the centurv occurs ; 70 lives are lost in the blizzard. Mar. 17. The first conversation by tele- phone between London and Paris takes place. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1890 July 20. Wallace, Sir Richard, art collector, A72. Davit-s, David, philanthropist, A72. Aug. 12. Newman, John Henry, cardi- nal, author, A 89. Aug. 17. Naisu, Lord, John, Irish jurist, A 49. Sept. 1. Ward, John, diplomatist, A85. Sept. 3. North, ^Marianne, artist, botanist, A60. Sept. 6. Rosslvn, Earl of, Robert Francis St. Clair Erskine, A57. Sept. 9. Llddon, Henry P., Canon of St. Paul's, author, A61. Sept. 12. Hardman, Sir Wm., jurist, A62. Sept. IS. Boucicault, Dion, actor, dra- matist, Ireland, A68. Sept. 21. Mar inn, Edward P. Mulhallen, Irish politician, A63. Sept. 24. Selons, Henry C, artist; A87. Sept. 25. Egertou, Alfred J. F-, pol., A36. Sept. 29. Barnard, George, landscape painter, A83. Oct. 4. Booth, Catherine (Salvation Army), A6I. ward, general, A69. Dumeld. Alexander.!., chemist, au., A68. Oct. 12. Sellar, William Young, classical scholar, author, A65. Oct. 13. Rogers, .James E. Thorold, politi- cal economist, A67. Oct. 20. Burton, Sir Richard Francis, orientalist, A69. Oct. 24. Scott, Wm. Bell, poet, painter, A79. Oct. 25. Graham, Sir Lumlev, col., A62. Oct. 27. Cox, John E., cl., writer, A78. Oct. 29. Barton, Joseph L. B., maj.-gen., A78. Nov. 12. O'Hagan, John, Irish jurist, A68. Nov. 13. Davis, Sir John F., Chinese scholar, diplomatist, A95. Nov. 15. Harris, George, jurist, au., A81. Nov. 27. Bell, George; publisher, A76. Litton, Edwiird Falconer, Irish justice, A63. Dec. 3. Cottesloe, Thomas Francis Fre- niantle, statesman, A92. Peacock, Sir Barnes, jurist, A86. Dec. 5. Huddleston, Baron, John Walker, jurist, A73. Dae. 9. Church, Richard William, dean of St. Paul, author, A75. Dec. 12. Boehm, Sir Jos. E., sculptor, A56. Dec. 25. Thomson, William, archbishop of York, A71. Gull, Sir William Witney, physician, A73. Lamington, Lord, Alexander D. B. Coch- rane, statesman, author, A73. Lucas, Margaret, first president of World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, A72. Thompson, Sir Augustus Rivers, administra- tor, A61. 1891 Jan. 2. Kinglake, Alexander W., historian, A80. Jan. 4. Keene, Charles S., comic artist, A68. Jan. 20. Sinclair, James Augustus, Earl of Caithness, A64. Jan. 22. Waring, Edward John, medical author, A72. Jan. 27. Bradlaugh, Charles, states., A58. Feb. 1. Plumptre, Edward Hayes, clergy- man, author, A70. Feb. 19. Beauchamp, Earl of, Frederic Lygon, politician, A61. Feb. 22. Albemarle, Earl of, George ThomaB, general, A92. Feb. 25. Green, Sir Wm. Kirby, dip., A55. Mar. 15. Bazalgette, Sir Joseph, civil en- gineer, A72. Mar. 20. Quick, Robert Herbert, educator, A60. Mar. 29. Lefroy, Edward Cracroft, clergy- man, author, A36. Mar. 31. Granville, Earl, George Leve- son-Gower, statesman, A76. Apr. 2. Baring, Thomas Charles, finan- cier, politician, philanthropist, A60. CHURCH. 1890 Sept. 30-Oct. 3. The Church Congress is held in Hull, Bishop of Durham presiding. Oct. 13. London. An unusual service of reconciliation is held in St. Paul's Cathedral after its defilement by sui- cide. Oct. 14. Peterborough Cathedral is reopened after repairs. Oct. 17. Archdeacon Farrar accepts the chaplaincy of the House of Com- mons. Nov. 12. Gen. Booth asks for £100,000 to begin his scheme for relieving the poor, Nov. 13. The Duke of Fife sends Gen. Booth £100 towards his poor fund of the Salvation Army. [Nov. 24. The Earl of Derby donates £1,000.] * * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- land) : Apr. 25, Edward Noel Hodges for Tra- vancore and Cochin, and Alfred Robert Tucker for Kastern Kmiatorial Africa; May 15, Brooke FOBS Westcott for Durham; Oct. 9, J. W. Festing for St. Albans; also George Rodney Eden for Dover, Daniel Lewis Lloyd for Bangor, John .lames S. Perowne for Worcester, .lames O'Sullivan for Tuam, C. Julius for Christchurch, N. Z., Jabez C. Whitley for Chutia Nagpur, W. Sfunnarez Smith for Sydney, Australia, and G. H. Stanton for Newcastle, Australia. * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- lic) : J. Keys O'Doherty for Derry, T. T. McRed- mond, coadjutor for Killala, and John Egan for Waterford and Lismore; also Oct. 20, Denis O'Connor for London, and William 1891 Jan. 2. The bishop of London sanctions the establishment of the Brotherhood of St. Paul for his dio- cese ; it is a society of Protestant monks, .who will enter all kinds of pa- rochial and mission work. Feb. 8. Ire. The Catholic primate's letter, condemning Mr. ParnelFs conduct, is read in all the (Roman Cath- olic) churches. Oct. 24. London. Darkest England and the Way Out is published by General Booth of the Salvation Army; the first edition is sold in three hours. * * The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar Wilde, appears. [1891, The Duchess of Padua; 1892, Lady Windermere's Fan; 1893, A Woman of No Importance and Salome.'] * * Light of the World, by Sir Edwin Ar- nold, appears. [1892. Potiphar's Wife and Other Poems.] * * Life, Letters, and Friendships of Rich- ard Monckton MUnes, First Lord Hough- ton, appears. * * When We Were Boys, by "William O'Brien, appears. * * The Bondsman, by Hall Caine, ap- pears. [1S91, The Scapegoat; 1894, The Manxman."] * * The Firm of Girdlestone, by Conan Doyle, appears. [1892, Adventures of Sherlock Holmes.] * * Beatrice, by Rider Haggard, appears. [1891, Eric] * * A Waif of the Plains, by Bret Harte, appears. * * Kit and Kitty, by Blackmore, appears. * * An Ocean Tragedy and My Shipmate Louise, by Clark Russell, appear. [1S92, A Strange Elopement.] * * Kersteen, by Mrs. Oliphant, appears. * * Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen, by Joseph Pen'nell, appears. * * Problems of Greater Britain, by Sir Charres Dilke, appears. * * Essays, Speculative and Assertive, by Symonds, appears. [1893, In a Key of Blue.] * * Principles of Economics, by Marshall, appears. * * The Journey of Sir Walter Scott from the Original^ Manuscript at Abbotsford appears. * * In Darkest Africa, by Henry M. Stan- ley, appears. 1891 Feb. 19±. London. One of Aris- totle's manuscript treatises on the Constitution of Athens is found in a collection of Egyptian papyrus now in the British Museum. Mar. 7. Dublin. The National Press is issued. SOCIETY. 1890 Aug. 24. Ire. A demonstration in Limerick by M0, 000 persons protests against Bishop O'Dwyer's attack upon John Dillon. [Aug. 25. The bishop withdraws his claim of dishonesty.] Sept. 1. The Trade Unions Congress meets in Liverpool ; 500 delegates are present ; the announcement is made that £1,000 have been raised for the Australian strikers, and subscriptions are coming. [Sept. 4. A resolution is passed f;m.irhig an eight-hour working- day. Sept. 6. Closes.] Sept. 2. London. A shipping union is formed to resist the working men. Sept. 6. The Prince of Wales forbids the sale of alcoholic liquors on the Sandringham estate. Sept. 8. Dock laborers, porters, sailors, and firemen strike. No trains pass into the docks except those carrying the Sept. 13. The Southampton strike is ended ; the firemen and seamen are con- ceded an advance in wages. Sept. 15. The lockout at Southampton begins ; work on the dock is entirely suspended. AND IRELAND. 1890, July 20-1891, Apr. 6. 1005 Sept. 18. Ire. John Dillon and William O'Brien are arrested for making speeches at Limerick and Tipperary, advising tenants not to pay rent. [Sept. 19. They are released on hail. Sept. 23. Patrick O'Brien, M.P., is also ar- rested.] Sept. 24. Edinburgh. The Scottish Home Rule Association holds a confer- Sept. 26. Ire. The trial of the Na- tionalists, Dillon and O'Brien, begins at Tipperary. [Oct. 9. They forfeit their bail, and sail for Cherbourg, France, to escape appearance at Tipperary on the 10th inst. Nov. 19. They are convicted of conspiracy, and sentenced to two terms of bix months' imprisonment.] Sept. 27. Edinburgh. The Annual Con- vention of the Irish National League of Great Britain opens. Sept. 28. Dock laborers, coal-porters, sailors, and firemen strike in Southamp- ton against the employ merit of non-union men. [Sept. 29. The strikers cause a riot, and in several encounters with the troops, many persons are injured.] Oct. 3. London. At Arm st rong ship- yard 1,000 men strike. Oct. 4. The wool-shearers' strike is de- clared off. Oct. 8. Corn-porters strike. [Oct. 10. They resume work.] Oct. 10. Bradford weavers secure their demands and resume work. Oct. 13. London. The funeral of Mrs. William Booth of the Salvation Army takes place ; 3(1,000 people attend. Oct. 22. London. The dock companies give notice that they will employ only free men, and ignore union leaders. Oct. 24. The laborers in the Royal Al- bert Docks strike. Oct. 27. Ire. Moonlighters murder a girl and her mother in County Clare. Oct. 28. London. The dock companies are notified that a strike will follow un- less non-union men are discharged. [Oct. 30. The dockmen order a strike. Nov. 3. London dockmen for the Allan Company return to their work.] Oct. 31. Ire. Michael Davitt's Demo- cratic Labor Federation is spreading throughout the southern counties. Nov. 7. At Wellingborough, 3,000 shoe- makers are locked out. Nov. 14. At Liverpool, 500 members of the Dockers' Union refuse to unload the White Star Steamer Germanic from New York. Dock laborers in Liverpool strike for more pay. Nov. 15-17. Capt. O'Shea brings an action for divorce against his wife, naming C. S. Parnell as corespondent ; the divorce is granted, and Mr. Parnell is ordered to pay $3,500 costs. Nov. 18. Dublin. The National League meets, and those present decide to stand by Parnell as leader of the Nationalists. Nov. 19. London. Mayhew, a solicitor, absconds, leaving $650,000 liabilities and $900 assets. Princess Victoria, second daughter of the Emperor and Empress Frederick, is married to Prince Adolphus of Schaumberg-Lippe. Nov. 21. in Durham, 25,000 colliers strike for higher wages. Nov. 24. A judgment for £160 is given against Miss Cobden for acting as a mem- ber of the London County Council, for which, being a woman, she was dis- qualified. Nov. 26. Ire. Mayor "Walsh of Wex- ford is sentenced to three months' im- prisonment under the Crimes Act for Dec. 6. Ire. Justin M'Carthy and 44 other members withdraw from meetings of the Irish Nationalists, and organize a separate body, with Mr. M'Carthy as chairman. Dec. 15. Dublin. The suppressed United Ireland, a paper published by the anti-Parnellites, reappears. Dec. 21. Scot. The railway servants at Glasgow decide to strike. [Dec. 22. About 4,500 strike. Dec. 23. The strike extends.] * * The title Baron Field is created. [1891, Barons Hambleden, iveagh, MacDonald, Masham, and Mount Stephen.] 1891 Jan. 8. Ire. The Balfour Irish Relief Fund reaches §10,000, besides contributions of clothing. Jan. 14. Edinburgh. A mass-meeting of railroad strikers is held. [Jan. 15. The strikers try to wreck a train near Greenock, and they are riotous at Perth. Jan. 29. Strike is ended.] Jan. 30. Gen. Booth of the Salvation Army begins to carry out his plan of social regeneration. Feb. 13. London. Another "White- chapel outcast is murdered. Mar. 10. Dublin. The National Fed- eration Convention opens. Justin M'- Carthy presides ; letters approving the course of the M'Carthvites :ire received from Archbishop Coke and from most of the bishops of Ireland. Mar. 17. London. A blue book is is- sued ; it discloses the fact that 152 peers of the realm are owners of places in which intoxicants are sold ; the number of drink-shops owned by them is 1,539. Mar. 22±. Ire. The priests still de- nounce Mr. Parnell from their pulpits. Parnell addresses a public meeting at Drogheda. Apr. 6. London. A sensation is caused by the rumor that Parnell has been privately married since the divorce proceedings, but not to Mrs. O'Shea. [May 26±. The divorce is made abso- lute.] STATE. 1890 Aug. 9. The formal transfer of Helgoland to Germany is made. Aug. 18. Parliament is prorogued. Aug. 22. The convention respecting East Africa, by England and Portugal, is published. It restrains the latter power from transferring African territory without the former's consent. Sept. 27. England offers to buy the fisheries rights of France in New- foundland at a price to be fixed by a board of arbitration. King George, of the Tonga Islands, is notified that his country is under British protection. Sept. 29. London. Joseph Savory is elected lord mayor. Nov. 4. An agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar, placing his dominions un- der the Protectorate of England, is gazetted. Nov. 8. Lord Salisbury accepts Portu- gal's proposal for a modus vivendi in regard to Africa. [Dec. 9. The modus vivendi is concluded.] Nov. 25. Parliament reopens; the queen's speech is read in both Houses. At a meeting of the Irish Home Rule members of Parliament, Mr. Parnell is unanimously reelected chairman of the Irish Parliamentary Party. A letter from Mr. Gladstone is pub- lished, saying that he cannot cooperate with Parnell. Nov. 27. Mr. Parnell issues his mani- festo to the Irish people, giving his rea- sons why he should continue in the lead- ership of the Irish Party. Dec. 2. The Irish members of Parlia- ment hold a session to consider the re- moval of Parnell; a motion to post- pone the question is rejected. Vote, 44-29. Dec. 9. The Municipal Council of the Irish National League formally calls upon Mr. Parnell to resign. Dec. 20. The charter of the South African Company is gazetted. Itembraces the vast tract of Central Africa north of the Zambesi Kiver ami west of the coast-line in Mozambique, to which it is now the policy of England to limit the Portu- guese. The company is bound by the condi- tions of the charter to oppose and discourage the slave-trade and the trade in ardent spirits. 1891 Jan. 9. An Anglo-Austrian convention is signed, allowing Austria to occupy the seaport of Salonica on condition that she will support the Brit- ish policy in regard to Turkey, Armenia, and Egypt. Jan. 22. Parliament reassembles ; Mr. Parnell assumes the Irish leadership. Jan 27. H. C. The resolution of 1880, forbidding Bradlaugh to take the oath or to affirm, is expunged from the House records. Feb. 3. H. C. An Act for the recovery of tithe-rent charge in England and Wales is passed. [Feb. 19. Passed. Mar. 26. Receives royal assent.] Feb. 20. H. C. The resolution favor- ing the disestablishment of the Church in Wales is rejected. Vote, 235-203. Mar. 13±. The proposed arbitration agreed on by England and France con- cerning Newfoundland is limited to the lobster fisheries and canning fac- tories. Mar. 18. H. C. The Welsh Local Option Bill is passed. MISCELLANEOUS. 1890 July 28. Scot. A railway acci- dent occurs at Milngavie Junction, near Glasgow ; about 30 persons are injured. Sept. * Ire. The potato crop is a failure in many places. Sept. 16. The new bridge over the Taff at Cardiff is opened by the Duke of Clarence and Avondale. Nov. 4. The electric underground railway from London to Stockwell is inaugurated by the Prince of Wales. Nov. 11. A collision occurs on the Great Western Railway at Taunton ; 10 persons killed and many injured. Dec. 20. London. A fire in Queen Vic- toria and Thames Streets near Black- friars Bridge causes a loss of £-100,000. * *Sir J. Miller's Sainfoil wins the Derby race. [1891, Sir F. Johnstone's Common; 1892, Lord Bradford's Sir Hugo; 1893, II. McCalmnnt's Isinglass; 1894, Lord Rosebery's Ladas.] 1891 Jan. 11. A collision in the Frith of Forth results in 13 persons drowned. Jan. 24. The first train crosses the Forth Bridge with directors on board. Feb. 22- 1 -. The great struggle between capital and labor still continues. Apr. 5. A big colliery trust is created in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire, and Staffordshire. 1006 1891, Apr. 10-1892, Jan. 21. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. .1891 Apr. 15. E. I. A British force is advancing upon the Manipuris, who are preparing to resist. Apr. 21. London. Part of Third Bat- talion Grenadier Guards refuse to turn out for parade. [Apr. 24. Four are sentenced to imprisonment for two years.] May 23. S. E. Afr. Portuguese troops and the British South African Com- pany's expedition engage in a serious conflict on the Pungwe River. May 28. S. E. Afr. British troops de- feat a Portuguese force on the banks of the Bemba River. [May 30. An at- tack by the Portuguese on the British camp is repulsed after a fight of two hours.] May * Three war-vessels and an armed force are sent to prevent the forming of the " Republic of the North " as contem- plated by the Boers. Aug. 18-21. The French fleet visits English waters, and is received with great ovations. [Aug. 21. The French and British fleets are reviewed by the queen off Spithead.] Oct. 28. Another mutinous demon- stration is made by the Third Battalion Grenadier Guards at Windsor. Dec. 11. Tibet. Hunza Niger tribes- men are repulsed by native troops under British officers near Gilghit, with heavy losses on both sides; the tribes- men capture Fort Chalt ; it is recaptured by British troops. [The British advance on Hunza.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 July 8. Scot. A statue of Rob- ertBurnsis unveiled, with Masonic hon- ors, at Ayr. July 10. London. The convention of the Theosophie ' Society opens, Mr. Olcott presiding. Aug. 10. London. The International Congress of Hygiene and Demography is opened by the Prince of Wales. [Aug. 17. Closes.] 1892 Jan. 3. W. Gold is discovered in Barmouth, Merionethshire. Jan. 6. London. Henry VIII. is pro- duced at the Lyceum Theater by Henry Irving. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891 May 3. Sullivan, Barry, Irish trage- dian, A66. May 5 . Magee, William Connor, archbishop of York, A70. May 6. Hare, Thomas, political wr., A85. May 8. Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna, leader of Theosophists, A60. May 15. Long, Edwin, artist, A52. May 18. Cavendish, Lord Edward, politi- cian, A53. Colquhoun, Sir Patrick, pn]., au., A76. May 22. Fowler, Sir Robert Nicholas, poli- tician, A63. May 26. Wyllie, Sir William, colonel, A89. June 2. Hawkshaw, Sir John, eng., A80. June 11. Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith, philanthropist, A64. June 16, O'Gorman Mahon, James Pat- rick, colonel, politician, A91. June 20. Hewett, Sir Prescott G., surgeon, A78. July 4. Gladstone, Wm. Henry, poh, A50. July 28. Fothergill, Jessie, novelist, A40. Aug. 21. Inglis, Lord, John, justice, A81. Cleveland, Duke of, Harry G. Powlett, A88. Aug. 24. Raikes, Henry C, postmaster- generai, politician, AS3. Aug. 26. Whicheote, George, gen., A97. Sept. 9. Theed, William, sculptor, A87. Oct. 6. Parnell, Charles Stewart, Irish leader, statesman, A 45. Oct. 7. Hennessey, Sir John Pope, states- man, author, A57. Oct. 15. A'Becket, Arthur William, drama- for North Queensland, William Day Reeve for Mackenzie River, Can., William Walsh for Mauritius, W. H. Yeatman, suffragan for Southwark, Augustus Legge for Lichfield. Nov. 12. Winmichl, Lewis, author, A49 Nov. 13. Suffleld, R. Rodolph, Unitarian clergyman, A70. Nov. 24. Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert (Owen Meredith), Earl of Lytton, states- man, poet, author, A60. Nov. 25. Goodwin, Harvey, bishop of Car- lisle, author, A73. Nov. 29. Power, Richard, pol., Ire., A40. Dec. 1. Thompson, Sir Matthew W., poli- tician, A72. Dec. 5. Flannlgan, Stephen W., jurist, Ire- land, A74. Dec. 13. Wells, William Gorman, drama- tist, A 67. Dec. 16. Bennett, Sir James Risdon, phy- sician, A82. Dec. 17. Browne, Edward H., bishop of Winchester, author, A80. Dec. 19. Hareourt, Edward W., pol., A66. Taylor, Peter Alfred, merchant, politi- cian, A72. Dec. 21. Cavendish, William, Duke of Devonshire, statesman, A83. Dec. 24. Chambers, Sir Thomas, jurist, A78. Dec. 28. Cellier, Alfred, composer, A47. White, Sir William, dip., A67. Dec. 30. Adams, W. H. Davenport, jour- nalist, author, A63. Dec. * Grantham, Richard B., eng., A86. Dec* Smith, William, architect, A 74. Smith, William Henry, statesman, A66. 1892 Jan. 1. Redhouse, Sir James, orien- talist, A81. Jan. 2. Airy, Sir George B., astron., A90. Jan. 6. Clifford, Sir Robert C. Spencer, colonel, A76. Jan. 10. Villiers, George, general, A44. Philpott, Henry, hji. of Worcester, A85. Jan. 14. Manning, Henry Edward, cardinal, archbp. of Westminster, au., A83. Albert Victor Christian Edward, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, son of Prince of Wales, A28. Jan. 1 5 . Kelly, Edward, rear-adm., A55. CHURCH. 1891 Apr. 21. A Glasgow woman be- queaths £70,000 to Gen. Booth of the Sal- vation Army. [May 8. Mr. Bell of Glasgow, £60,000 for same purpose.] May 13. Ire. A priest refuses to ad- minister the sacrament to Parnellites at Dunmore. June 5. W. The South "Wales Metho- dist Conference meets at Cardiff. June 14. London. Dr. Joseph Parker delivers a sermon at the City Temple in which he denounces the Prince of Wales (baccarat scandal). June 23. London. The Rev. Herman Adler is installed chief rabbi of the British Empire in Bayswater Synagogue. July 2. Ire. The Irish bishops reaffirm their declaration against Mr. Faraell as unfit to be a leader of the Irish people, and unworthy the confidence of Roman Catholics. July 10. London. The Theosophie So- ciety meets ; 246 branches represented. July 13-21. London. The Interna- tional Congregational Council holds its meeting. Aug. 15. Services in memory of James Russell Lowell are held in Westmin- ster Abbey, led by Canon Farrar. Oct. 6. The archbishop of Canterbury opens the Church Congress at Rhyl. * * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- land) : William C. Magee for York, later William I). Maclagan, It. F. L. Blunt, suffragan for Hull, Anthony W. Thorold for Winchester, Henry B. Bo'wlby, suffragan for Coventry, Randall Thomas Davidson for Rochester, W. H. Carter for Zululand, South Africa, Mandell Creighton for Peterborough, John Gott for Truro, Christopher George Barlow LETTERS. 1891 July 10. Dublin. TJie Nation suspends. Aug. 8. Scot. Andrew Carnegie lays the corner-stone of a public library at Peterhead, to which he had given £1,000. Sept. * Dub/in. The Freeman's Journal and National Press are united. Dec. 18. Dublin. The Daily Irish In- dependent (Parnellite) is issued. 1891-92 * * The Wrecker and Ballads, by R. L. B. Stevenson, appear. [1893, David Balfour, Island Nights' Enter- tainments, ('afriontt. and A Foot-mote to History; Eight Years of Trouble in Sa- moa; 1894, Ebb-Tide.) * * Essays on English Literature and Es- says on French Novelists, by George E. B. Saintsbury, appear. * * Peter Ibbetson, by George du Maurier, appears. * * History of Sicily, by Freeman, ap- pears. * * Memoir of Horace Walpole, by Austin Dobson, appears. * * Poems by the Way, by William Morris, appears. * * Daphne and Other Poems, by Frederick Tennyson, appears. * * One of Our Conquerors, by George Meredith, appears. [1894, Lord Ormont and his Aminta.] * * The Wages of Sin, by Lucas Malet, ap- pears. * * The Life and Letters of Robert Brown- ing , edited by Mrs. Sutherland Orr, ap- pears. * * Memoir of the Life of Laurence Oli- phant and of Alice Oliphant appears. * * Letters of Cliarles Dickens to Wilkie Collins, by Laurence Hutton, appears. * * The Little Minister, by J. M. Barrie, appears. [1893, Two of Them, An Auld Licht Manse, and A Tillyloss Scandal.] 1892 Jan. 16. The London edition of the New York Herald is discontinued. SOCIETY. 1891 Apr. 12. Ire. ThePlanof Cam- paign collapses on the Tower Hill es- tates in Limerick and Glensharold, thus ending a seven years' struggle. May 3. London. An immense labor meeting is held in Hyde Park. May 21. Queen Victorialays the corner- stone of an infirmary at l>erby. June 1-9. . London. The Baccarat Scandal : Sir William Gordon-Cumming sues Mr. and Mrs. Lycett Green and others for slander iu charging him with having cheated at a game of baccarat in the house of Arthur Wilson, Tranby Croft, near Doncaster, in September 1890. [June 4. Case is tried before Lord Coleridge of the Queen's Bench division ; Sir Edward Clarke is counsel for plaintiff ; June 9. He severely criticizes the Prince of Wales. Sir Charles Russell is counsel for defendants. The defendants are acquitted.] June 8. Scot. At Clydebank, 7,000 ship- workers strike against a 5 per cent re- duction in wages. June 10. Sir "Wm. Gordon-Cum- ming, the plaintiff in the baccarat trial. is married to Miss Florence Garner of New York. AND IRELAND. 1891, Apr. 10-1892, Jan. 21. 1007 June 12. London. The omnibus strike is ended ; the employers' offer of a 12 hours' work-day and a slight increase in wages is accepted. June 14. London. The laundresses, supported hy numerous trade societies, in all about 80,000 persons, hold a meet- ing in Hyde Park, to secure the benefits of the Factory Act. June 22. London. Another murder of a foreign woman occurs. June 25. The marriage of Mr. Parnell and Mrs. O'Shea at Steyning is an- nounced. June 29. The great- grand daughter of the queen, infant daughter of Duke and Duchess of Fife, is christened in the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace; archbishop of Canterbury officiates. July 4-14. Emperor William of Ger- many visits England. July 11. The United Kingdom brewers and license victualers form a strong combine to uphold their interests. July 17. London. A meeting of Chris- tian ministers is held in the City Tem- ple, in support of the formation of a federation of English-speaking people for international arbitration and uni- versal peace. July 20. London. The famous St. Paul's Cathedral reredos case, in litigation since 1888, is dismissed in the Court of Appeals, with costs against the appel- lants. July 30. Ire. Nationalists Dillon and O'Brien are released from their six months' imprisonment. July 31. Ire. The Freeman's Journal repudiates the leadership of Mr. Par- nell, and Mr. ParnelFs suggestion to Dillon and O'Brien for a reunion of their forces is rejected. Aug. 7. London. An aged woman is fatally stabbed in Whitechapel. Aug. 10. London. An International Congress of Hygiene and Demog- raphy is opened by the Prince of "Wales in St. James Hall. Aug. 15. W. About 1,000 miners strike. Aug. 19. The French fleet arrives off Cowes, and is received with honors. [Aug. 20. The queen entertains Adm. Gervais and his officers at the Osborne House. Aug. 26. The fleet leaves Ports- mouth.] Sept. 1. London. The Oriental Con- gress is opened. [Sept. 8. It favors an international eight-hour law.] Sept. 7. The Trade-Union Congress opens at Newcastle. Sept. 10. London. The Jewish Colo- nization Association is registered un- der the Companies' Act with a capital of £2,000,000 in £100 shares; Baron Hirsch holds 19,900 shares. Sept. 21. London. The London and Westminster Bank is robbed of bills valued at more than $750,000. Oct. 1. The liberal Federation Con- gress opens in Newcastle ; 3,000 dele- gates present. Oct. 11. Dublin. The funeral of Par- nell takes place, 40,000 persons having viewed the body. Oct. 21. An attempt is made to wreck an express-train on the Great Western Railway. Nov. 4. Ire. The Irish National Fed- eration is in session at Waterford ; mobs throng the streets, and 150 persons are injured. Dec. 9. London. Women's Labor Home is opened by the Duchess of Al- bany in Marylebone Road. Dec. 15. Ire. Election riots at Water- ford occur between Parnellites and anti-Parnellites. 1892 Jan. 20. The funeral of the Duke of Clarence and Avondale takes place in St. George's Chapel.Windsor. Jan. 21. The funeral of Cardinal Manning takes place at Kensal Green Cemetery. STATE. 1891 Apr. 10. Queen Victoria appoints a Royal Labor Commission, with the Marquis of Hartington at its head, to inquire into the relations existing be- tween capital and labor, the cause of strikes, and the best means of prevent- ing them. Apr. 13. H. C. The Intoxicating Liquors ( Ireland ) Bill, providing for entire Sunday closing over the whole of Ireland, and for earlier closing on Satur- day, is read a second time. [Withdrawn because of want of time to discuss it.] Apr. 22. H. C. A motion for the sec- ond reading of the bill to enable Dis- senters to acquire freehold rights to places of religious worship on payment therefor, thus placing them on equal footing with the Church of England, is passed. Vote, 218-110. [Dropped.] Apr. 23. H. C. Mr. Goschen proposes an annual grant of £2,000,000 for free or assisted education. Apr. 28. H. C. A motion to reduce the number of taverns, and to give local authorities larger control of li- censes, provided that publicans be com- pensated, is passed. Vote, 182-111. Apr. 30. H. C. Announcement is made that in future no treaty of commerce precluding the preferential arrange- ments between England and the Colo- nies regarding their respective products would be renewed. May 8. England has annexed a strip of territory on the western frontier of Bechuanaland, in order to prevent the threatened " trek" of Boers and Dama- ras. (Announced.) May 30. The Governor of the Bank of England is appointed a member of the privy council. June 5. H. C. A bill (introduced May 29), prohibiting British subjects from catching seals in Bering Sea for a cer- tain period, is passed. [June 8. H. L. Passed. June 9. An amendment pro- hibiting British ships from sealing in that sea for a limited period is adopted by both Houses. June 11. Receives royal assent.] June 11. Port. The Anglo-Portu- guese Convention, relating to the Eng- lish and Portuguese possessions in South Africa, is signed at Lisbon. June 18. H. C. The Factory and "Workshop Act, to improve the condi- tions under which operatives work in the textile industries, is introduced. [An amendment prohibiting children under 11 years of age from working is adopted. Vote, 202-186 ; this is a Government de- feat. July 19. A motion, that after 1892, July 1, children under 14 years of age shall not be employed except on half time, is defeated. Vote, 164-189; bill passed. July 13. H. L. Passed. Aug. 5. Receives royal assent.] June 22. Sir George Smj-th Baden-Pow- ell, M.P., and Dr. Dawson, of the Cana- dian Survey Department, are appointed British arbiters in the Bering Sea dis- pute ; Ashley Froude is appointed sec- retary of the British Bering Sea Com- mission. June 24. British subjects are forbidden by Order in Council to catch seals in Bering Sea until May 1, 1892. June 25. England annexes the island of Sabutan, which is claimed by Spain. July 22. H. C. Sixty thousand pounds is voted for the relief of Ireland's suf- fering poor. Aug. 5. Parliament: A new Element- ary Education Act, reducing or abol- ishing school fees, introduced June 8, is passed. [Sept. 1. In operation.] The Public Health ( London ) Act, amending previous statutes, is passed. Sept. 21. Sir James Ferguson has been appointed postmaster-general to succeed Mr. Eaikes, deceased. Sept. 22. The Government officially rec- ognizes the Provisional Government of Chile. Sept. 29. London. David Evans is elected lord mayor. Oct, 18. Arthur J. Balfour is ap- pointed first lord of the treasury. [Oct. 25. "William L. Jackson is appointed chief secretary for Ireland.] Nov. 17. London. Lord Salisbury noti- fies the Turkish ambassador that Eng- land is ready to reopen negotiations for a convention to regulate affairs in Egypt. Nov. 26. The Newfoundland Bait Act is pronounced unconstitutional. Dec. 11. The Marquis of Dufferin is appointed British ambassador at Paris. * * Census returns give population of England and Wales, 29,001 .018 ; Ireland, 4,704,750; and Scotland, 4,033,103. MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 May 11. A tank explodes at Newport, killing eight men and injur- ing 25. June 24. The Irish Campaign Fund's account is reported as follows : Col- lected: $634,385 ; expended: legal ex- penses, $36,100; to tenants, $382,090; housing, $68,405 ; building, etc. at New Tipperary, $147,760 — total, $632,385. July 7. The Manchester Ship Canal is opened. July 12. A dam in the Mersey, 250 feet wide, collapses at the mouth of the Union Canal. Aug, 24. Iron-works in the Cumberland district shut down ; 6,000 men are idle. Sept. 4. The steamer Furst Bismarck, for Hamburg from New York, breaks the record; time of passage, six days, 12 hours, and 58 minutes. Sept. 7. The steel-works at Belckow, Yorkshire, shut down; several thou- sand men are idle. Nov. 5. The chemical manufactures register under the name of the United Alkali Company; capital, £6,000,000. Nov. 14, 15. Commercial panic ; the Bank of England averts the suspension of the house of Baring Brothers. Nov. 29. The Cotton Employers' Asso- ciation of Oldham decides to raise wages 10 per cent. Dec. 26. A terrible panic takes place in the theater at Gateshead ; 10 persons are crushed to death. 1008 1892, Jan. 22 -1893, Feb. 9. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — NAVY. 1892 Jan. 30. The cruiser Grafton is launched at the Thames Iron Works. [Feb. 27. The Hepulse at Pembroke dockyard. Mar. 1. Scot. The war-ship Ramillies on the Clyde.] Apr. 2. E. I. The revolt of the Chins in Upper Burmah is announced. [The government troops defeat and inflict heavy tines upon the revolting chiefs.] May * E. I. Government troops capture Toniataba after a brave defense by the natives. Sept. 26. Life-guardsmen at Windsor cut their saddles as a protest against excessive drill ; several are arrested. [A court-martial sentences one offender to imprisonment for 18 months, and dis- missal from the regiment.] Dec. 2. Ind. The cruiser Rapid shells seven villages in Solomon Islands. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1892 Feb. 12. The Naval Exhibition in the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, is opened by Lord George Hamilton. May 18. An earthquake shock is felt at Cornwall. Aug. 18. Two earthquake shocks occur in Wales. Sept. 10. London. The new Trafalgar Square Theater is opened. Oct. 20. Nelson, Thomas, publisher, phi- lanthropist, A70. Nov. 9. Marlborough, Duke of, George Charles Spencer-Churchill, A48. Nov. 11. Trollope, Thomas A., novelist, historian, A82. Nov. 16. Sankey, William, general, A71. Dec. 15. Briggs, Willoughby L.,maj.-gen., A65. Dec. 17. Portarlington, Earl of, Lionel S. W. Dawson Darner, Crimean vet., A60. Smith, William S., admiral, A93. Dec. 18. Owen, Sir Richard, naturalist, anatomist, A88. Dec. 24. Howell, Richard A., vice-adin., A76. Dec. 29. Black, Fram-is, Scot. pub u A61. 1893 Jan. 15. Kemble, Fanny (Frances Anne) actor, A83. Jan. 23. Brooks, Phillips, churchman, orator, A58. Feb. 6. Brabourne, Lord Edward H. Knatchbull-HiiucsMen, statesman, author of books for children, A63. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1892 Jan. 22. Ramsay, J. D., commander, A86. Jan. 23. Jan. 25. general, A82. bert, Sir John, Btates., , A72. Jan. 31. Spuxgreon, Charles Had don, clergyman, author, A58. Feb. 3. Mackenzie, Sir Morell, physician, surgeon, A65. Feb. 10. Caird, Sir James, agriculturist, Scotland, A76. Feb. 11. Grant, James A., explorer, A64. Feb. 13. Wallls, Sir Provo Wm. Parry, Feb. 18. Campbell, Sir ileo., pol., 8 Mar. 6. Gregorv, Sir Wm. Henry, pol., A75. Mar. lO. Denbigh, Earl of, Rudolph W. B. Fielding, A68. Mar. 16. Freeman, Edward Augustus, historian, A69. Mar. 19. Russell, Sir William, lieut.-gen., politician, A69. Apr. 2. Murray, John, publisher, A83. Apr. 5. Lei trim, fourth Earl of, A45. Apr. 15. Edwards, A meliaB., novelist, A61. Apr. 22. Pelly, Sir Lewis, gen., dip., A67. May 9. Bramwell, Baron George W. W., jurist, A84. May 24. Butt, Sir Charles P., jurist, A61. May 26. Mayne, Richard Charles, rear- admiral, A57. June 18. Fytche, Albert, C- S. I., general, diplomatist, A71. June 20. Drogheda, Marquis of, Sir Henry F. Seymour Moore, A67. July 15. Cooper, Thomas, political agita- tor, poet, author, A87. Hardinge, Sir Arthur E., general, A64. July 16. Maegregor, John (Rob Roy), trav- eler, author, A67. July 19. Cook, Thomas, excursionist, A84. July 25. Claughton, Thomas Leigh, bishop of Rochester, A84. July 27. Sherbrooke, Viscount, Robert . Lowe, statesman, A81. Aug-. 2. Van Straubenzee, Sir Charles T., general, A79. Sept. 16. Howard, Edward, cardinal, lin- guist, A63. Sept. 22. Sutherland, Duke of, George Granville Leveson-Gower, A63. Sept. 27. Evans, Sir Thomas W., pol., A71. Oct. 5. Marriott, Haves, lieut,-gen., A 79. Oct. 6. Tennyson, Lord Alfred, poet. A 83. Elliot, Richard C, surgeon-gen., A75. Oct. 7. Pears, Sir Thomas Townsend, maj.- gen., A82. CHURCH. 1892 June 2. Peterborough Cathe- dral is reopened by the archbishop of Canterbury. Aug. 16. London. The pallium is con- ferred, for the first time since 155G, on Archbishop Vaughan (Roman Catholic) of Westminster. Oct. 4. The Church Congress meets at Folkestone, archbishop of Canter- bury presiding. * * London. Herbert Vaughan is conse- crated (Roman Catholic) archbishop of Westminster. * * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng.): Norman D. J. Straton for Sodor and Man, John W. Bardsley (tr.) Carlisle, Wm. Edm. Smyth for Lebombo, South Africa, Andrew H. Dunn for Quebec, H. Tully Kingdon for Fredericton, New Brunswick, Alfred Clifford for Lucknow, Charles Oliver Mules for Nel- son, N. Z., William Chambers for Goulburn, Australia, and Nathaniel Dawes for Rock- hampton, Australia; also John Bilsborrow for Salford, Theodore Dalhoff for Bombay, and N. Seluan for Cyprus. * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- LETTERS. 1892 Mar. 17. Scot. The University of St. Andrews opens the departments of theology, arts, and sciences to women. Oct. 1. London. The Pall Mall Gazette changes hands ; it will be no longer Rad- ical, out favor the Liberal-Unionists. Oct. 24. Mr. Gladstone delivers the first Romanese lecture at < >xford University on " Medieval Universities." Nov. 15. W. The new library at the Dec. 13. Victoria Buildings, Univer- sity College, Liverpool, are opened. * * Notes of an Englishman in Paris ap- pears. * * The Duchess of Powysland, by Grant Allen, appears. * * Man and Beast in India, by Kipling, appears. * * Elements of Politics, by Henry Sedg- wick, appears. * * Marah, by Owen Meredith, appears. [1893, King Poppy.] * * Fortunatus, the Pessimist, by Alfred Austin, appears. * * Life of William Cowper, by T. Wright, appears. * * Conversations with Carlyle, by Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, appears. SOCIETY. 1892 Feb. 9. London. The body of Rev. Charles H. Spurgeon is lying in state in his Tabernacle ; about 7,000 peo- ple pass the casket hourly. Feb. 10. London. About 8,000 coal- porters strike. [Feb. 12. Ends.] Feb. 12. The miners in Durham strike. [June 1. Ends by an agreement to 10 per cent reduction in wages.] Feb. 16. Ire. Moonlighters make raids in County Cork. Mar. 12. The great coal-miners' strike throughout England begins. [Mar. 14. About 350.000 miners are out, and 200,000 workmen of other trades are affected.] Mar. 18. The miners' conference de- cides that hereafter men should work but five days in the week. Apr. 30. The Salvation Army is mobbed at Eastbourne. May 6. The editor of the Commonweal \ an Anarchist paper, is convicted of in- citing to murder in his paper. May 9. A riot occurs at Castleden Col- liery, near Hartlepool. May 14. Ire. Riots occur at Cork be- tween Parnellites and anti-Parnellites j 40 persons are injured. May 22. ± The Khedive of Egypt is made a Knight of the Order of the Bath by Queen Victoria. May 24. The queen confers the titles Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, and Baron Killarney on Prince George of Wales. June 2. Ire. Michael Davitt is severely wounded in a faction fight at Navan, County Meath. June 17. Ire. The Ulster Conven- tion, in opposition to Home Rule, meets at Belfast ; 10,000 delegates attend. June 26. Ire. Faction fights occur in in Cork. [June 30. Dr. Tanner is wounded in an election riot.] July 4. Ire. An attempt is made to wreck a train carrying 300 Parnellites to a politic;i 1 meeting at I.isdeen, County Clare. July 8. Dublin. Rioting continues; the windows of John Dillon's house are smashed, and much stone-throwing takes place. [July 10. Election riots occur in many towns. Aug. 3. A fac- tion fight occurs at Limerick.] Aug. 16. The sum of £20,700 is collected, and a greater part is sent to sufferers by fire at St. John's, Newfoundland. Sept. 14. Ire. The Irish Privy Council revokes all proclamations made under the Coercion Act. Sept. 20. Ire. Eviction of tenants is resumed by many landlords. Oct. 18. Lord Kosebery is made a Knight of the Garter. Oct. 20. London. The unemployed hold a great meeting at Tower Hill. [Nov. 8. After a meeting they attack the office of the St. James's Gazette.'] Nov. 3. Lancashire cotton-workers strike against a reduction of 5 per cent in their wages ; 45,000 are out of work. Dec. 13. The British Union of Con- servative Associations holds its an- nual meeting in Sheffield. Dec. 23. Labor riots break out at Bris- tol. Dec. 24. Dublin. A dynamite explo- sion occurs in the detective office ; De- tective Synnot is killed. AND IRELAND. 1892, Jan. 22-1893, Feb. 9. 1009 * * Titles created : Barons Kelvin, Cromer t Newton, Ash- combe, Play fair, Roberts, Blythswood,Craw- shaw, Llangattock, Shand, Rookwood, Knightley, Hood, Dunleath, and Amherst of Hackney, Duke of Cranbrook. Earl of An- caster, and the Marquis of Zetland. 1893 Jan. 1. London. A procession of the unemployed goes to St. Paul's to hear tlie sermon by Canon Scott Holland. Jan. 2. Ire. Several houses in Kilrush are wrecked by Parnellites. Jan. 29. Dublin. A great demonstra- tion is made in approval of the release of the Irish, dynamiters from prison. Feb. 9. Irish pilgrims start for Rome to attend tlie Pope's jubilee celebra- tion. STATE. 1892 Feb. 1. E. Afr. Zanzibar is de- clared a free port by the British agent. Feb. 8. H. C. Joseph Chamberlain succeeds Lord Hartington as leader of the Liberal- Unionists. Feb. 9. Parliament reassembles. Feb. 12. H. C. An amendment to the address in favor of releasing treason- felony prisoners is rejected. Vote, 16S- 97. Feb. 17. H. C. A bill to assimilate the municipal franchise in Ireland to that in England is discussed, and read a sec- ond time. [Dropped.] Feb. 18. H. C. Arthur J. Balfour in- troduces an Irish Local Government Bill, which passes to its first reading. He asserts it would set up baronial and county councils elected for three years. So that minorities might 1m protected, cumula- tive voting would be adopted, and the right of traverse would be preserved. As a safe- guard against financial corruption or oppres- sion, any 20 cess-payers should have power to apply to a judge of assize for the removal of a baronial or county council on the ground of disobedience to t lie law, or of corruption or of malversation. If the council should be found guilty, it could he removed, and the lord-lieutenant would fill its place. In addi- tion to that, joint committees composed of seven nominees of the council, and seven nominees of the grand jury, with the sheriff, •an would be appointed, and their consent would Jfc be necessary for expenditure on works, etc. [May 24. Second reading. June 9. With- drawn.] Feb. 23. H. L. A resolution for dises- tablishment of the "Welsh Church is rejected. Vote, 267-220. The Eight- Hour Bill is rejected by majority of 112. Mar. 1. H. C. The Evicted Tenants (Ireland) Bill is rejected ; majority, 55. Mar. 3. Lord Salisbury refuses to renew the modus vivendi of last year, pending the Bering-Sea Dispute. Mar. 4. H. C. £20,000 is voted for the Mombassa Railway. Mar. 15. H. C. A bill to remove the disabilities imposed on Roman Cath- olics by the Relief Act of 1829 is brought up by Patrick O'Brien. [Dropped.] Mar. 16. H. C. The Tenure of Land ("Wales) Bill is rejected. Vote, 234-113. Mar. 19. H. C. A bill to give a second legislation to Scotland is introduced. [Dropped.] Mar. 23. H. C. The Miner's Eight- Hour Bill is rejected. Vote, 272-160. Mar. 25. H. C. The resolution in favor of the payment of members of £365 a year, offered by Mr. Fenwick, is rejected. Vote, 227-162. Mar. 29. H. C. A resolution favoring government working of telephone lines is rejected. Vote, 205-147. The bill to give Irish tenants more power to compel their landlords to sell their hold- ings to thein under the Land Purchase Act is defeated. Vote, 177-S6. Apr. 27. H. C. Sir A. Rollit's "Wo- men's Suffrage Bill is rejected. Vote, 175-152. May 7. The agreement in relation to the Bering-Sea question is ratified by both Lord Salisbury and United States Min- ister Lincoln. May 10. London. An order prohibiting Bering-Sea fishing until May, 1893, is gazetted. May 12. The Government declines to give its assent to the convention between the United States and Newfound- land. The Bering-Sea patrol is ordered to seize all vessels found sealing. June 16. Mr. Balfour confirms the state- ment that the British East Africa Com- pany had instructed their officers to abandon Uganda before the end of the year. June 27. H. C. The Small Agricultural Holdings Bill, the chief aim of which is to create anew the class formerly de- scribed as yeomen, introduced Feb. 22, The Education and Local Taxation Account (Scotland) Act and the Irish Education Act equalizing educational grants are passed. Parliament is dissolved. June 29. Final returns from the elec- tions give Mr. Gladstone a majority of 40. July 28. Parliament : The Shop-Hours Bill, to make permanent the Shop-Hours Regulation Act of 1S86, is passed. Aug. 4. The new Parliament opens. A. W. Peel, Speaker. Aug. 8. H. L. The queen's speech is read. Aug. 11. H. C. The House votes no confidence in the Ministry. Vote, 350- 310. Aug. 15. The Ministry resigns. Aug. 16. Fourth Administration of Mr. Gladstone. Cabinet: W. E. Gladstone (Premier and L. Treas.), Lord Herschel (L. Chanc), Earl of Kimberley (Pres. of C'oun. and Sec. for Ind.), Sir William Vernon Hareourt (Chanc. Exeheq.), Herbert Henry Asqulth (Home Sec), Earl of Kosebpiy (Foreign Sec), Mar- quis of Kipon (Colonial Sec), Henry Camp- bell- Jiaiineniiau (Sec. War), Sir George Otto Trevelvan i See. for Scot, and keeper of the Great Seal), Earl Spencer (L. Admir.), John Morley (Chief See. for Ireland), Arnold Morley (Post master-General), Anthony John Mnndella (Pres. Board of Trade), Henry Hartley Fowler (Pres. Local Gov. Board), James B. Bryce (Chanc. Duchy of Lancas- ter), George John Shaw- Lefevre* (First Com- missioner of Works), Arthur Herbert Dyke Acland (Vice-Pres. Coun.). Ire. Lord Houghton is appointed lord-lieutenant and Samuel Walker lord chancellor. Sept. 3. The Government places the Gil- bert Islands, in the South Sea, under a protectorate to protect British citizens. Oct. 2. The Government agrees to the evacuation of Uganda by the British East Africa Company in three months, after which a British commission will take charge of affairs there. Oct. 29. London. The Government de- cides to allow public meetings at Trafal- gar Square during times of political and social crises. Dec. 2. London. The English plan is rejected by the International Mone- tary Conference Committee. Vote, 7-6. 1893 Jan. 18. The Khedive of Egypt yields to the demand of Great Britain for the dismissal of the newly appointed Ministry, and promises to appoint Riaz Pasha, who is known to be friendly to British interests, as president. Jan, 31. Parliament is opened by royal commission. Feb. 3. H. L. The queen's address is agreed to. [Feb. 14. By H. C] MISCELLANEOUS. 1892 Feb. 4. London. The foot and mouth disease breaks out among im- ported cattle. Feb. 16. Ire. Relief works are made at an expense of §802,850, of which sum $228,235 is expended for wages. Apr. 30. Fire destroys the lace-mills at Nottinghamshire ; loss £100,000, and 1,500 hands idle. May 28. German emperor's Meteor wins the yacht-race from Southampton to Harwich. June 8. London. The New Oriental Bank fails for over $36,000,000. Aug. 5. The emperor's yacht Meteor is beaten in the closing race at Cowes. Aug. 6. London. California fruit ar- rives in good condition, hut brings low prices. Aug. 24. London. Rigorous precautions against cholera are taken. [Aug. 26. Two cases of cholera are found on a Hamburg steamer at Gravesend. Aug. 27. Scot. Two cases appear at Glas- gow. Aug. 30. It appears in London and Liverpool. Sept. 2. The cholera panic subsides.] Aug. 26. W. An explosion and fire in a coal-pit cause the death of about 150 miners. [Aug. 27. Forty-seven mi- ners rescued.] A disastrous explosion occurs at Yondu colliery, near Brecon ; 112 per- sons killed. Oct. 6. London. Three cases of chol- era, one fatal, are reported ; one death in Cork. Dec. 14. A colliery explosion in Wigan causes great loss of life. * * The Derby is won by Sir Hugo; time, 2.44 ; La Fleche is the second. 1893 Jan. 10. "Water rushes into a mine at St. Just, Cornwall, drowning 27 men. 1010 1893,Feb. 13-1894, Mar. 12. GREAT BRITAIN ARMY — WAVY. 1893 Mar. 4. It is announced that the Duke of Edinburgh has been made admiral of the fleet. [Aug. 24. Resigns.] Mar. 22. In the maneuvering of the Mediterranean fleet off Tripoli, the bat- tle-ship Victoria is sunk in a collision with the battle-ship Camperdown; 338 officers and men are drowned, including Vice-Adm. Sir George Tryon. [The find- ings of a court-martial blame Adm. Tryon.] Mar. 29. Vice-Adm. Sir Michael Culme Seymour is appointed successor to Vice-Adm. Tryon as commander-in- chief of the Mediterranean Station. July 29. " The Volunteers' Officers' Decoration," for officers serving 20 years, is instituted by Queen Victoria. Nov. 25. The gunboat Dryad is launched at Chatham. 1894 Jan. 13. W. Afr. The British troops in Sierra Leone defeat a force of 4,000 Sofas, killing '250. [Jan. 19. It surprises and defeats the Sofas, who have destroyed several native towns and slaughtered the inhabitants.] Feb. 23. W. Afr. An expedition of marines and bluejackets, operating against Fodi Silah, a native chief, near Bathurst, fall into an ambush on their return to the boats ,• 13 are killed and 52 wounded. [May 7. They have another engagement with slave-trading forces under Chief Fodi Silah; they seize and burn Bamjur, in Gambia, and capture Brikama, with much loss to the natives.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1893 May 2. W. An earthquake < June 14. A monument to Shelley, at University College, Oxford, is inaug- urated. Aug. 21. Edinburgh. A statue of Abra- ham Lincoln, a memorial to the Scottish- American soldiers of the War of the Rebellion (U. S. A.), is unveiled. Oct. 9. The South London Art Gal- leries at Camberwell, the gift of Pass- more Edwards, are opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke and Duchess of York. Nov. 18. Disastrous floods occur ; 144 wrecks reported, and much loss of life. Oct. 30. The Burke memorial at Bristol is unveiled. 1894 Mar. 6. A memorial to Phillips Brooks is placed in the wall along the south aisle of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. July 10. Nettleship, Henry, classical Bcholar, author, A 54. July 13. Lushington, Edmund L., Greek professor, A82. July SO. Chalmers, Charles D., maj.-gen., A56. July 21. Rae, John, arctic explorer, A79. Aug. IS. Hamley, Sir Edward li.,gen., A67. Horniman, John, Quaker philanthropist, A89. Sept. 9. Parke, Thomas Heazle, African explorer, Ireland, A3 6. Sept. 13. Daubeny, James, general, A66. Sept. * Moore, Albert, painter, A42. Oct. 7. Smith, Sir William, classical scholar, author, writer, A80. Oct. 9. Guion, W. H. (steamship line), d. Oct. 16. Birch, Charles 15. A. 11. A., sculp- tor, A61. Nov. 30. Clark, Sir Andrew, phys., A67. Dec. 1. Leinster, Duke of, Gerald F., A42. Dec. SI. Chambers, Walter, bishop, A69. Tucker, Miss (A. L. 0. E.), author, A72. Dec. 31. Vizetelly, Henry Richard, author, publisher, A74. 1894 Jan. IS. Parkyns, Mansfield, ex- plorer, A71. Jan. 17. Walker, Sir Charles P. Beau- champ, general, A76. Mar. S. McMurdo, Sir William Scott, gen- eral, A75. Mar. 5. Layard, Sir Austen Henry, archeol- ogist, A77. Mar. 12. Stephen, Sir James Fitzjanu-s, jurist, author, A65. Balfour, Sir George, gen., states., AS4. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1893 Mar. 19. Errington, Sir John S., diplomatist, A81. Mar. 33. Tryon, Sir Geo., vice-adm., A61. Mar. 34. Robinson, Sir Henry, states., A70. Apr. 19. Symonds, John Addington, critic, historian, A53. Apr. 31. Derby, Earl of, Edward Henry Smith-Stanb-y, slaU-smau, A66. Apr. * Crawley, Kirbanl, poet, A50. May 9. Panlet, Lord Wm., field-mar., A88. May 28. Pritelianl, Cbarb-s, ;istron., A84. May * Cowper, Edward Alfred, inv., A74. May * Romaine, W. G., administrator, A 68. June 3. Potter, G., trade-union leader, A61. June 33. Lockyer, Arthur, editor of the Graphic, A64. June 34. Shepstone, Sir Theophilus, politi- cian, A76. June * Pearson, Emma Maria, phUanthro- pist, author, dies. CHURCH. 1893 Mar. 29. London. Rev. Thomas Spurgeon is selected to succeed his father as pastor of the Tabernacle. Apr. 8. The 800th anniversary of the consecration of Winchester Cathedral is celebrated. Apr. 16. Ire. Methodist ministers sign an appeal to the Methodist ministers in England to oppose Home Rule on both religious and commercial grounds. May IS. Scot. The jubilee of the Free Church is celebrated. June 22. London. A mass-meeting is held to consider means of helping Ar- menian Christians. Sept. 20. Jews, numbering 5,000, meet in the Assembly Hall, Mile End Koad, and indulge in fasting ;uid wailing for 12 hours. Oct. 3. The Church Congress at Bir- mingham is opened by the bishop of Worcester. [Oct. 9. The Congress meets at Exeter, bishop of Exeter pre- siding.] Oct. 10. The Congregational Union meets at the City Temple, Albert Spicer presiding. * * London. Herbert Vaughan (Roman Catholic), archbishop of Westminster, is consecrated a cardinal priest. * * Ire. Michael Logue, archbishop of Armagh, is consecrated a cardinal priest. * * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- land) : John Sheepshanks for Norwich, W. W. Perrine for I'.ritisli Columbia, A. H, Baynes for Natal, William Procter Swaby for Gui- ana, Ceorge A. Ormsby for Honduras, and C. Phillips and I. Oluwole, assistant bishops for Western Equatorial Africa. * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- lic) : Frederick Richards Wynne for Killaloe, Ire., William Turner for Galloway, Scot., and John Carroll for Shrewsbury. 1894 Jan. 17. The English bishops issue an address against "Welsh dises- tablishment. LETTERS. 1893 Mar. 4. Central Free Library for Lambeth, at Brixton, erected by Henry Tate of Streatham, is opened. May 8. Mr. Gladstone otters to make John Ruskin poet laureate. May 10. London. The Imperial Insti- tute, South Kensington, is opened by the queen. 1893 Oct. 25. Dublin. The junior fel- lowship of Dublin University is opened to female as well as to male students. * * Essays upon some Controverted Ques- tions, and Evolution and Ethics, by Huxley, appear. * * The Foresters, Robin Hood and Maid Marian, The Death of (Enone, Akbar's Dream, and Other Poems, by Tennyson, appear. * * The Heavenly Tiuins, by "Sarah Grand," appears. * * Fleet Street Eclogues, and A Random. Itinerary, by John Davidson, appear. [1894, Ballads and Songs.] * * The Life and Work of John RusJcin, by W. G. Collingwood, appears. * * The History of Early English Litera- ture, by Stopford A. Brooke, appears. * * The Victorian Aqc of English Litera- ture, by Mrs. M. O. W. Olip'hant and F. K. Oliphant, appears. * * The Rebel Queen, by Walter Besant, appears. * * The Handsome Humes and Wolfen- berg, by William Black, appear. * * The Stickit Minister, and Some Com- mon Men, by S. K. Crockett, appears. * * Many Inventions, bv Kipling, appears. [1S94, The Jungle Book.] * * Unseen Foundations, by the Duke of Argyll, appears. 1893 Feb. 18. The striking cotton- spinners in Lancashire agree to a 24- per- cent reduction in wages. [Feb. 24. Also at Oldham.] Apr. 5. Riots occur at Hull ; 250 free- labor men are assailed by strikers in the docks. [Apr, 7. Police disperse rioters at docks.] Apr. 8. London. Total abstainers, with the adversaries of the Local Veto Bill, make disturbances in Trafalgar Square. Apr. 25. Ire. Rioting occurs in Dublin and Belfast. [Apr. 27. Riots at Belfast subdued by military,] Apr. 30. London. About 500 porters and stevedores at Victoria Docks strike because one firm employs Fede- ration laborers. May 1. Scot. In Dundee 10,000 mill- hands strike. [May 2. They are joined by 19,000 striking jute-workers.] May 5. The Miners' Federation and the Seamen's and Firemen's Union of Great Britain combine. May 7. London. Great demonstrations are held in Hyde Park in favor of the eight-hour movement; also in many other cities. May 10. Strikers at Hull attack free laborers ; suppressed by police. May 20. A heavy missile is thrown at Mr. Gladstone while in the compart- ment of a railway train ; it barely misses the Dean of Chester in the next compart- ment. May 21. London. About 250,000 people attend a demonstration of the Irish National League in Hyde Park. June 19. At Barnsley 40,000 miners pass resolutions in favor of Eight-Hour Bill. July 4. London. Princess Christian opens the Central Block of Worth Lon- don Hospital for consumptives. AND IRELAND. 1893, Feb. 13-1894, Mar. 12. 1011 July 6. London. The Duke of York and Princess May of Teck are mar- ried in tlie Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace. Enthusiastic crowds greet the •wedding procession in the streets, and three persons are killed, with over 1,500 street accidents, fainting-fits, etc. Aug. 31. W. Over 60,000 miners in Monmouthshire and South 'Wales return to work ; this ends the big strike. [Sept. 2. About 10,000 more return to work.] Sept. 7. Riots among coal-miners in Yorkshire, near Barnsley, are quelled by troops. [Sept. 22. Strikers are riot- ous at Hednesford, Staffordshire. Oct. 12. About 60,000 miners resume work at the old wages.] Oct. 1. The police stop an outdoor An- archist meeting at Manchester. Oct. 5. A dispute with joiners about overtime causes a lockout at the Clyde Shipbuilders' Association, which affects 7,000 men. Oct. 10. The Federation of Coal-Mine Owners meets in Derby, and offers to re- sume work at 15 per cent reduction in wages. [Nov. 11. They propose to end the wage dispute by giving seven shil- lings for staUmen and six shillings for leaders, thus abolishing the contract system. Nov. 17. The miners' coal- strike is settled. Nov. 30. The Fife mine-owners agree to concede 6\ per cent advance in wages. Dec. 6. The loss from the recent coal-strike amounts to £33,000,000, and more than 3,500,000 persons are destitute therefrom.] Oct. 17. Colliery riot occurs at St. Helena. [Oct. 18. One at Wigan.] Dec. 3. London. The police prevent Anarchists from holding a meeting in Trafalgar Square. Dec. 9. The Scotch miners' strike ends. 1894 Feb. 13. The National Liberal Federation closes its conference at Portsmouth. Feb. 15. Martial Bourdin, a foreign Anarchist, blows himself up in attempt- ing to wreck the Observatory at Green- wich. STATE. It gives Ireland a legislative council and a legislative assembly, with repre- sentation in the Imperial Parliament. [Feb. 17. Passes first reading. Apr. 21. Passes second reading. Vote, 347-304. Sept. 1. Passes third reading. Vote- 301-267. H. L. Introduced. Sept. 8. Re- jected. Vote, 419-41.] Feb. 27. H. C. Sir William Vernon Harcourt introduces the Liquor-Traffic (Local Control) Bill, to establish local control over the liquor-traffic. Read once and withdrawn. Mar. 1. H. C. The National Educa- tion (Ireland) Bill is rejected. Vote, 247-166. Mar. 7. H. L. A bill relating to the distribution of real property in cases of intestacy, instead of allowing it to go to the eldest son as at present, is re- jected. Vote, 61-56. Mar. 10. Dublin. A Parnellite Con- vention is opened. Mar. 15. H. C. The Liquor-Traffic Lo- cal Veto (Wales) is rejected. [Intro- duced Feb. 27.] Vote, 281-246. Mar. 16. The Ulster Defense League is formed, "not merely to continue the struggle for the Union, but to prepare to meet any emergency." Mar. 21. H. C. The Local Govern- ment (England and "Wales) Bill, to establish parish council, is introduced. [Nov. 7. Read a second time.] (See 1S94, Jan. 12.) Mar. 24. H. C. A resolution to pay members for their services ia passed. Vote, 276-229. Apr. 12, Paris. The Bering-Sea court of arbitration decides not to admit the British supplementary report as evi- dence at present. Apr. 25. H. C. The Employers' Lia- bility Bill, including all workmen ex- cept soldiers and sailors, is read a second time. [Nov. 23. Read a third time. Nov. 30. H. L. Read a second time. 1894. Feb. 13. Bill returned to Com- mons with amendments. Feb. 20. The order for the consideration of the amend- ments is discharged. Vote, 225-6.] May 5. H. C. It is voted to transfer the power of appointing Irish magis- trates from the lords to the lord-lieu- tenants of Ireland. May 11. The Earl of Aberdeen is ap- pointed governor-general of Canada. May 14. H. C. An Anglo-Russian sealing agreement is promulgated which prohibits sealing within 10 miles of the Russian coast, and within 30 miles of Robbin Islands. June 16. H. C. A resolution is passed favoring the settlement of international disputes by arbitration. June 30. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's reso- lution that the Home-Rule Bill should he reported by July 31, and should be closured in fovar sections, is adopted by a majority of 32. July 8. Parliament: Bimetallists pro- test against the closing of the Indian mints to the free coinage of silver. Aug. 15. Bering-Sea Arbitration: award in favor of England on the chief points (p. 436). Sept. 1. Private cards bearing an ad- hesive halfpenny stamp are henceforth permitted to he sent through the post. Sept. 6. H. C. It is voted to reduce the salaries of officers in the House of Lords. Vote, 103-95. Sept. 22. Parliament adjourns. [Nov. 2. Reassembles.] Sept. 29. London. George Robert Tyler is elected lord mayor. Nov. 16. H. C. The Ministry is de- feated on an amendment to the Parish Councils Bill, the amendment being carried. Vote, 147-126. Dec. 1. Dublin. V. B. Dillon is elected lord mayor. 1894 Jan. 12. H. C. The Parish Coun- cils Bill is passed. (Introduced 1803, Mar. 21). [Jan. 15. B. L. Passes first read- ing. Jan. 25. Second reading. Feb. 13. Third reading. Mar. 1. H. L. Passed. Mar. 5. Royal assent given.] Feb. 20. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's mo- tion to discharge the order of the day — the consideration of the amend- ments of the House of Lords to the Em- ployers' Liability Bill — passes. Vote, 225-6. The Conservatives take no part in the division. Mar. 2. Mr. Gladstone informs the queen of his intention to resign the premiership. [Mar. 3. The queen ac- cepts his resignation, and offers the premiership to Lord Rosebery, who ac- cepts. Mar. 4. Sir "William Vernon Harcourt consents to serve under Lord Rosebery, and will he the Government leader in the House of Commons. Mar. 5. Lord Rosebery has an audience with the queen, and several changes are made in the Cabinet. Lord Rosebery formally takes his office as premier.] Mar. 5. Parliament is prorogued. MISCELLANEOUS. 1893 Mar. 22. The Oxford crew wins the boat-race from Putney to Mortlake ; time, 18 minutes, 47 seconds. Apr. 11. W. Fire in the Great West- ern Colliery, Rhondda Valley, causes 53 deaths. Apr. 17. W. An explosion in a col- liery at Pontypridd ; 50 lives are lost. May 1. Second-class carriages are withdrawn from the London and North- western, the Caledonian, the Great Northern, and the Cambrian Railways. May 12. The Campania reaches Queens- town from New York in five days, 17 hours, and 27 minutes. May 14. The Countess Evelyn is sunk through colliding with City of Hamburg off the Cornish coast ; 25 lives lost. June 1. London. The vestibule train is introduced for service to Penzance. The Britannia, owned by the Prince of Wales, wins the Thames Yacht Club Race. July 1. London. The National Work- men's Exhibition at Agricultural Hall is opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales. July 4. An explosion occurs at Coombs colliery, near Dewsbury ; 130 lives lost. July 12. The Britannia beats the Vigi- lant on the Clyde. July 16. The Britannia outsails the Vigilant in the Royal Ulster yacht race regatta. July 20. The foundation-stone of the new harbor at Dover is laid by the queen. July 21. The Vigilant outsails the Bri- tannia in the 50-mile race off Kingston. [Aug. 10. The Britaimia wins the Meteor challenge shield.] July 22. Vestibule dining-cars are in- troduced on the Great Northern Railway to Scotland. Oct. 4. A public park at Stockton is opened by the Duke and Duchess of York. 1894 Jan. 1. The Great Eastern and Tilbury, and Southend Railways abolish second-class carriages in provinces. Mar. 17. Oxford wins the Univer- sity boat-race by three and one-half lengths ; time, 21 minutes, 39 seconds. 1012 1894, Mar. 12 -Dec. 17. GREAT BRITAIN. ARMY — WAVY. 1894 May 25. S.Cent.Afr. A British force completely defeats the slave-trad- ing chief Makanjira on Lake Nyassa. Aug. * S. Pacific. The British ship Cura- co and the German ship Bustard bom- bard the rebel stronghold in Samoa. Sept. 12. S. Pacific. The Samoan chiefs yield to the British demand, acknowl- edge submission to King Malietoa, and give up 100 guns. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1894 June 30. London. The new Tower Bridge, across the Thames, costing £1,000,000, is opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales. July 11. London. The Jackson-Harms- worth Polar expedition sails on the steamer Windward for Franz-Josef Land. Aug. 8. The British Association meets at Oxford ; Lord Salisbury presides. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1894 Mar. 19. Meade, Sir Richard, gen- eral, A73. Mar. 26. Cameron, Verney Lovett, capt., African explorer, A49. Mar. 31. Smith, William Robertson, clergy- man, orit- ntnlist, author, A48. May 20. Yates, Edmund H., journalist, author, A63. May 26. Noel, Roden Berkeley Wrlothea- ley, poet, AGO. May 29. Pearson, Charles Henrv, hist., A64. June 16. Marshall, William l 'alder, sculp- tor, A81. Aug-. 22. Jenkins, Robert, admiral, A68. Aug-. 30. Campbell, Charles W., man-gen., A58. Sept. 3. Veitcb, John, philos., critic, A65. Sept. 5. Inglefield, Sir Edward A., admiral, Inventor, author, A74. Oct. 10. Astlev, Sir. John, politician, sports- man, A65. Nov. 3. Walter, John (London Times), A76. Nov. 29. Swansea, Lord, Henry H. Vivian, politician, A73. Dec. 3. Coleridge, Baron, John Duke, chief justice, A74. CHURCH. 1894 June 1. London. The 13th Inter- national Young Men's Christian Associ- ation Conference opens in Westminster Abbey. * * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- land) : George Wyndham Kennion for Bath and Wells. Arthur T. Llovd, suffragan for Thet- ford, W. W. Elwes for Tinnevelli, Ind., Ven. W. L. Williams for Waiapu, N. Z., Cecil Wilson for Melanesia, N. Z., Arthur Vincent Green for Grafton and Armidale, Australia, A. G. S. Gibson for < ape Town, South Africa, H. Evington for K iushiu, South Japan, and Herbert Tugwell for Western Equatorial Africa. * * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- lic) : Thomas Whiteside, bishop for Liverpool, William R. Brownlow for Clifton, Theoph. Mayer, biBbop auxiliary for Madras, Godfrev Pelckmans for Lahore, P. J. Hurth for Dacca, and Anthony I'sse, vicar apostolic for- North Burma. * * Bishops consecrated : Ire. Joseph Ferguson Peacocke, bishop for Meath, and William Edward Meade for Cork. * * Ire. Robert Samuel Gregg is conse- crated archbishop of Armagh. LETTERS. 1894 * * Under the Red Robe, by Stanley J. Weyman, appears. * * Life's Little Ironies, by Thomas Hardy, appears. * * Odes and Other Poems, by William Watson, appears. * * Eighteenth Century Vignettes, second series, by Alfred Austin, appears. * * Ships that Pass in the Night, by Bea- trice Harraden, appears. * * The Prisoner of Zenda, by Anthony Hope (Hawkins), appears. * * The Industrial and Commercial His- tory of England, by J. E. T. Rogers, ap- pears. * * The Ascent of Man, by Henry Drum- mond, appears. * * The Claims of Christianity, "by William S. Lilly, appears. * * If Christ Came to Chicago, by William T. Stead, appears. SOCIETY. 1894 Mar. IS. London. A demon- stration is made in Hyde Park against the House of Lords. Apr. 16. London. Some 3,000 cab-drivers strike against the owners' terms of hire. May 15. London. Cabmen strike. [June 6. Settled by the intervention of the Home Secretary.] May 24. London. Rear- Admiral Erben, Capt. Mahan (U. S. N.), and the ( 'hicago's officers are entertained at a dinner. [June 18. The University of Cambridge confers the degree of LL.D. on Capt. Mahan. June 20. The Oxford Univer- sity confers on him the degree of D.C.L.] June 5. London. The National Re- form Union meets. July 3. London. The Salvation Army Jubilee gathers at the Crystal Palace ; 80,000 attend. July 28. A general strike of miners occurs in the Midlands, Lancashire, and North Wales. [Aug. 7. Miners' riots are suppressed.] July 29. Emperor "William arrives at Dover on the imperial yacht Sbhenzol- lern, and is heartily welcomed. [Aug. 6. Arrives at Cowes.] Aug. 26. London. The National League for the Abolition of the House of Lords makes a demonstration in Hyde Park. Dec. 17. London. A mass-meeting de- nounces the Armenian massacres by the Turks. STATE. 1894 Mar. 12. Parliament opens. H. L. The address in reply to the queen's speech is moved by Lord Swansea. //. C. Moved by Mr. "Warner. [Mar. 13. H. C. Henry Labouchere's amendment, recommending the aboli- tion of the House of Lords, is carried. Vote, 147-145. Mar. 14. The Govern- ment withdraws the address as amended on Mr. Labouchere's motion, and the Commons adopt a new address without division.] Mar. 29. H. C. The bill to provide for the carrying out of the Bering-Sea de- cision is introduced. [Apr. 5. Read a second time. Apr. 9. Third reading. Apr. 12. II. L. Second reading. Apr. 16. Passed. Apr. 23. Receives royal assent.] Apr. 3. H. C. A motion is approved to establish a legislature in Scotland for Scottish affairs. Vote, 180-170. Apr. 6. H. C. The Government is de- feated on a private bill. Vote, 228-227. Apr. 13. H. C. The Registration Bill, enlarging the rights of British voters, is introduced. [Aug. 7. Passed. H. L. Defeated. Vote, 249-30.] Apr. 19. H. C. The Evicted Tenants' (Ireland) Arbitration Bill is read for the first time. [July 19. Second read- ing. Vote, 259-222. Aug. 7. Passed. Vote, 198-167. Aug. 13. H. L. Second reading. Aug. 14. Bill thrown out. Vote, 249-30.] Apr. 26. H. C. Mr. Asquith introduces a bill for the disestablishment of the Church in Wales. [July 18. "With- drawn.] June 15. H. L. The Deceased "Wife's Sister Bill is defeated. Vote, 129-120. June 19. W.Afr, A British Protecto- rate of Uganda is announced. [Nov. 24. Proclaimed at Mengo.] June 20. The Anti-Lords conference is opened in Leeds, and resolutions are adopted demanding the abolition of the veto powers of the Lords. England's claim to the disputed strip in the African Congo State is re- nounced, which settles a difficulty be- tween England and Germany. July 2. Lord (Sir Charles) Kussell of Killowen is appointed lord chief jus- tice. July 17. H. L. Lord Salisbury's Alien Immigrant Bill passes second reading. July 20. Parliament : The Preven- tion of Cruelty to Children Act, amending previous statutes, is passed. Aug. 10. H. C. The Scotch Local Gov- ernment Bill is passed. Aug. 25. Parliament is prorogued. Oct. 3. London. Sir Joseph Renals is elected lord mayor. Oct. 17. The Government sanctions the coinage of a British dollar in Bombay for circulation in the Orient. Nov. 10. The Cabinet decides to give the anti-lords resolution the first place on the legislative program. Dec. 1. The Government warns Turkey against violating the Berlin treaty by permitting the slaughter of Arme- nians. Dec. 9. The British and other embassies in Constantinople negotiate with the Porte to institute an independent in- quiry into the Armenian atrocities. MISCELLANEOUS. 1894 Mar. 17. Oxford wins the annual boat-race with Cambridge by three and one-half lengths. Apr. 12. London. The Faraday sails with a new cable to be laid from Water- ville, Ire., to Nova Scotia; length of cable, 2,000 miles. [July 8. The steamer Britannia arrives at Heart's Content, Newfoundland, with 190 miles of cable on hoard — the shore end of the new Anglo-American cable.] Apr. 20. London. The Australian Joint- Stock Bank fails for £13,000,000 liabili- ties. May 21. The Manchester Ship Canal is formally opened by the queen. June 24. W. A mine explosion causes 250 lives to be lost. July 12. The Britannia outsails the Vigilant for the sixth time. Sept. 14. Baring Brothers' liabilities are reduced to £4,223,001. GREECE. c-1231 B. C. 1013 Modern Greece is a kingdom in southeastern Europe ; the government is an hereditary monarchy, with the executive power vested in a king and seven ministers, and the legislative power in a Chamber of Deputies called the Boule, whose members are elected for four years by manhood suffrage. The common language is modern Greek, and the prevailing religion is that of the Greek church, which is the church of the state, yet all religions are tolerated. Area, 25,041 square miles; population, 2,187,208. Historians are not agreed concerning the date of the arrival of the members of the Aryan family who first came from their Persian highlands to western Europe and poured into northern Greece. Kote. — The period in which Greece formed a part of the Eastern Empire is treated in these pages as forming a part of the history of Greece, thus making the record continuous from the beginning. The history of Macedonia is here included with Greece, although it formed no part of ancient Hellas. ARMY — NAVY. Mythical Period. * * * b. c. Revolt of the Titans ; war of the giants. 1383 * * b. c. Amphion and Zethos be- siege Thebes, and dethrone Laius. 1263 * * b. c. The Argonautic expedi- tion sails to Colchis to take the Golden Fleece. (1225. Erastosthenes.) It consists of one ship called the Argo, of 50 oars, manned by as many heroes, who are led by Jason ; it is the first naval expedition on record. 1231 * * b. c. The Amazons of Cau- casia are conquered by Theseus. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1764 * * b. c. The deluge of Ogygea lays the country waste for nearly 200 years. 1503* * b. c. The deluge of Deucalion. 1400+. * * b. c. The arch appears. * * * B. c. Cleanthes of Corinth invents painting. (?) 1383+ * *b. c. Athens. King Erech- theus teaches husbandry. * * b. c. Ceres arrives, and teaches the people the art of making bread. * * * b. c. The Doric order of architec- ture is invented by the Dorians. 1350+ * * b. c. The Ionic order of ar- chitecture is invented. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 16th Century, b. c. Cecrops, first King of AthenB, horn. 1388* * Helen, daughter of Jupiter and battle with the Elusi 1263± Hercules is born at Thebes. 1243 * * Musaus, Athenian poet. dies. 1035 * * wEgeus, King of Athens, father of 1773 * * b. c. Sacrifices to the gods are introduced by Phoroneus, King of Argos. 1556* * b.c. Athens. An altar is erected to Jupiter by Cecrops. 1521* *b.c. Pelasgus, King of the Ar- cadians, teaches his people to feed on acorns, as more nutritious than herbs, for which they honor him as a god. 1497 * * b. c. King Amphictyon is the first [who is known] to have drawn prog- nostications from omens. 1495+ * *b. c. The worship of Mi- nerva (Pallas-Athene) is introduced into Attica by Erechtheus, and its chief city named in her honor. 1493 * * b. c. Cadmus, a Pbenician, introduces the worship of Egyptian Phenician deities among the Greeks. 1453 * * b. c. The Olympic games are instituted in honor of Jupiter by the Idaei Dactyli [or by Pelops in 1308]. 1406+ * * b. c. The Isthmian games, in honor of Melicertes, a sea-god, are in- stituted by Sisyphus. 1356+ * * b. c. The Eleusinian Mys- teries — annual secret religious cere- monies in honor of Demeter (Ceres) — are instituted by Eumolpus [or Cadmus, 1550, or Erechtheus, 1399] ; any one who reveals forfeits his life. [They are the most celebrated of all religious cere- monies in Greece.] LETTERS. 1499 * * b. c. Cadmus, the founder of Cadmeia, brings the Phenician letters into Greece. 1383 * * b. c. Olen, the most ancient composer of hymns, nourishes. SOCIETY. 1554* *b.c. Matrimonial ceremonies are ascribed to Cecrops. 1530 * * b. c. The Lyceean games are instituted in honor of Pan at Arcadia. 1495 * * b. c. Athens. The Panathe- naean games are instituted. * * *b. c. Myths of the period, Europa, Minos, Daedalus. 1485 * * b. c. Danaus, the founder of Argos, arrives on the first ship ever seen in Greece. 1453 * *b. c. Olympic games. (See Church.) * * b. c. The game of quoits is first played at the Olympic games. 1425 * * b.c. The Feast of the Flam- beaux is instituted at Argos. It is in honor of Hypermnestra, who saved Lynceus,her husband, on his nup- tial night, while her 49 sisters, at the command of their father Danaus, sacri- ficed theirs. * * * b. c. The Nemean games, cele- brated in Achaia, are instituted in honor of Archemorus. 1406± * * b. c. The Isthmian games. (See Church.) [1234±. Keinstituted in honor of Neptune by Theseus. 60. Re- vised. 362 a.d. Revived.] 1276+ * * b. c. The myth of CEdipus ; he kills his father Laius in an affray, confirming the oracle foretelling his death at the hands of his son. 1266 * * b. c. CEdipus, the outcast son of Laius, King of Thebes, answers the Sphinx's riddle. 1263 * * b. c. The Pythian games are instituted by Adrastus. (?) 1235 * * b. c. .iEgeus, grieved at the supposed loss of his son Theseus, throws himself into the sea and is drowned; hence the name iEgean Sea. STATE. * * * Period of Fables and Heroes. 2080+ * * e. c. The kingdom of Sicyon is founded. [1S5G (1711?) Argos.] 2042* * b. c. Uranus arrives in Greece. 1910 * * b. c. Inachus is King of the Argives. 1796* * b. c. Ogyges reigns in Boeotia. 1710* *B. c. S. It. The colonizing of CEnotria [Italy] begins under (Enotrus [Magna Graecia], (See 1240.) 1556+ * *b.c. Cecrops arrives in Attica, and founds Athens with a colony from Africa. The land devastated by a deluge, is repeopled by them. Cecrops becomes the founder of Athenian civilization. (Hales, 1558; Clinton, 1433.) 1552 * * b. c. Triopas reigns in Argos ; Polycaon seizes a part of the kingdom, and names it after his wife, Messenia. [1506. Crotopas reigns.] 1520+ * *b. c. Ephyre [Corinth] is founded by Sisyphus. 1521 * * b. c. Pelasgus reigns in Arca- dia. 1507* * b. c. Athens. The Areopagus is instituted as a tribunal of justice. 1497* * b. c. Athens. Amphictyon reigns (Hales, 149!*). [1487, Erk-hthonios; 1308, Erechtheus ; 1347, Erechtheus is killed in battle ; 1308, Pandion.] 1493 * * b. c. (1366 ?). Cadmus, a Phe- nician, settles in Boeotia, and builds Thebes. 1490 * * b. c. (1509 ?) Sparta is founded by Laceda^mon. 1475± * *b. c. (1489?) Danaus, with his fifty daughters, arrives from Egypt; he becomes king of Argos. [1425. He is dethroned by Lynceus.] 1459 * * b. c. Hellen is King of Phthia [in Thessaly]. 1431 * *b. c. (1313 or 1282?) Perseus, King of Macedon, removes from Argos, and founds Mycense. 1406 * * b. c. Minos is King of Crete. 1350± * * b. c. Corinth is founded. [1259. Endemus reigns.] 1348* * b. c. Cecrops becomes King of Attica. (See 155C.) [1283, .-Egeus ; 1235, Theseus ; 1205, Menestheus.] 1344 * * b. c. The kingdom of Argos is divided by the brothers Acrisius and Proetus. 1289 * * b. c. (1274 ? 1258 ?) Eurysteus reigns in Mycenas. 1283 * * b. c. Pelops of Lydia, in Asia Minor, settles in Southern Greece (Pel- oponnesus). 1240 * * b. c. S. It. Magna Grsscia is colonized by Arcadians under Evander. (See 1710.) 1234+ * * b. c. Theseus collects his sub- jects into one city and names it Athens. [1182, Demophoon reigns ; 1149, Oxyares ; 1143, Sylvius ; 1137, Aphidias ; 1136, Thy- lnactes : 1128, Melanthus.] 1233 * * b. c. CEdipus becomes King of Thebes. [1198, Thessander.] 1014 1228 b.c-625, b.c. GREECE. ARMY — NAVY. 1225* *b. c. First Theban "War. War of the Seven Captains against Thebes. [1216. The Second Theban "War begins. [War of the Epigoni.] 1212. Thebes is besieged and taken.] 1224 * * b. c. Heracles captures and destroys Troy. 1193-84 b.c. AsiaM. The Trojan "War. [1316-07. The date given by W. E. Glad- stone; 1335, Duris; 1260, Herodotus; 1209, Parian Marble; lls;{, Krastothcnes; 1171, So- sibius; 1169, Ephorus; 1149, Clemens.] According to Homer, the confederate Greeks, consisting of 100,000 men and 1,200 ships, are led by their king, Agamemnon, King of Mycenae; brave Achilles, wise Odys- Beus, Nestor, and Ajax are conspicuous. Troy is taken and destroyed by the Greeks. [1178. After a war of ten years and a disas- trous voyage of nearly eight, Menelaus re- turns to Sparta with his wife Helen, whose abduction had caused the Trojan War.] 1124 * * b. c. IUyrians from the north- west invade Greece. [1104. The Hera- clidss invade Greece and seize Sparta.] 1102 * * b. c. The Lacedaemonians in- vade Arcadia, but are driven back by the women in the absence of their husbands. 1056+ * * b. c. Athens is unsuccess- fully besieged by the Dorians. 848 * * b. c. Charilaus, the Spartan, begins hostilities against Polymnestor, King of Arcadia. 800 * * b. c. Nicander, son of Chari- laus, is at war with the Argives. 776 * * b. c. History begins to be au- thentic. 743-724 b. c. The First Messenian "War is bloody and wasteful. The Spartans, under their kings, Alcame- nes and Theoainia, move against .-Vndrueles and Antiochus, kings of Messenia, in south- west Greece, because of violence done to some Spartan women while paying their de- votions in a temple common to both nations, and the killing of the King of Sparta while defending them. [After two indecisive bat- tles, the Messenians are driven to the fortress Ithome. 733. Ithome is taken in the third great battle, and razed. The Messenians who do not emigrate become vassals to Sparta. ] 703 * * b. c. Corinth constructs her first war-ships. 685-668 b.c. Second Messenian "War. The Messenians revolt, and league with Elis, Argos,and Arcadia against Sparta, but without success (648-631?). 685 * * b. c. Messenians under Aris- tomenes defeat the Spartans on the Plain of Stenyclerus [and Messenia is for a time free. 670. The Spartans sur- prise and capture Eira. 669. The Mes- senians defeat the Lacedaemonians in several battles. "668. The war ends in the Messenians submitting to the Spar- tans]. 683 * * b. c. The Messenians are de- feated through the treachery of an ally. 664** b.c. TheCorcyrseansflslandof Corfu) revolt; they have a naval battle with the Corinthians — the first sea- fight on record. 659* *b. c. Phigalia in Arcadia is cap- tured by the Spartans. 637 * * b. c. Asia M. War between Tjydia and Miletus ; Gyges, and after- ward Sadyattes, lead the Lydians. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1200* *-1000 b. c. The walls of Tiryns and Mycenae, Gate of the Lions, and ** The Treasury," or tomb of Atreus, are erected. 784+ * * b. c. (or 700). The Corinthians invent ships called triremes, having three banks of oars. 776 July 1. b. c. Chorcebus, the wrestler, wins the prize in the [first recorded]01ympic games [observed every fourth year]. The Epoch of the Olympiads is estab- lished, from which time is reckoned and dates are fixed by the Greeks and various other nations. This marks the begin- ning of authentic chronology. 700±* Samos 692 * * b. c. Glaucus is said to have dis- covered the art of welding iron. 662± * * b. c. Terpander of Lesbos adds three strings to the lyre, giving it the compass of the octave. 650 * * B. C. Potters flourish in Corinth. 640+ * * b. c. Olympus, the Phrygian, flourishes ; the greatest of his many inventions is that of the third system of music, the enharmonic. * *b. c. Phoecusof Samos invents the art of casting statues in iron and bronze. 640+-546+. b.c. Thales of Miletus makes the primary substance to be water; teaches the spherical form of the earth. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1 1 83 * * Priam, King of Troy, dies. * * Achilles (Trojan war), dies. 1068+ Codrus. last King of Athens, dies. 1044± Codrus Meilon, Hist an-hon, dieB. 907+ Homer, father of poetry, born. !>th Century. Lycurgus, Spartan legislator, b. 800 * * Hesiod, poet, horn. 753 * * Alcamion, archon of Athens, dieB. Sth Century. Archius, poet, born. Arion, poet, musician, born. 714 * * Arrhilochus, lyric poet of Paros, born. [676. Dies.] 680+ Terpander, poet, nius., born at Lesbos. 670+ Ak'inan, lvrir poet of Sparta, born. 668+ Tyrta'iis, poet, musician, dies. 662+ Aristomenes, Messenian warrior, pa- triot, dies. 660+ SitnonideB of Anmrgos, iambic poet, d, 650+ Pittacus of Mitvlene (Seven Sages), born. [570. Dies.] 7th Century. Catlinua of Ephesus, elegiac poet, born. Draco, Athenian legislator, born. 639 * * Thales (Seven Sages), founder Ionian school of phil., horn at Miletus. [543. D.] 638+ Solon. Athenian legislator (Seven Sages), born in Salainis. [559. Dies.] CHURCH. 940-850 b.c. "The gods of Homer are human beings with greatly magni- fied powers," "Their prime blessing is exemption from mortality." " Sacrifice and sup- plication are the chief forms of devo- tion." "The dead live as flitting shad- ows in Hades." 734+ * * b. c. Amphictyonic societies exist for common worship by offering of sacrifices ; the most common is the Delphic for the worship of Apollo. LETTERS. 1044+ * * b. c. The Iliad and the Odys- sey of Homer appear. (?) 886+ * * B. c. Homer's poems are in- troduced into (Greece. (?) 850+ * * B. c. Hesiod writes Work and Days and the Theogony. 765 * * b. c. Cinaethon, one of the Cy- clic poets, flourishes. 753+* *b.c. Alcman, the greatest lyric poet of Sparta, composes six books con- taining all kinds of melos, hymns, pagans, prosodia, parthenia, and erotic songs. 741+ ** b.c. Eumelus of Corinth writes a poem on bees, also other poemB. 685+ b. c. Archiloeus, lyric poet of Paros, introduces iambic verse. * * b. c. Tyrtaeus, an elegiac poet and musician, flourishes. 676+* * b. c. Terpander, "father of Greek music," flourishes. 670-440 b. c. Period of lyric poetry. 660+ * * b. c. Zaleucus, the lawgiver of the Epizephyrian Loerians, compiles his code of laws. It is the first collec- tion of written laws. * * b. c. Simonides of Amorgos, an iam- bic poet, flourishes. 659+ * * b. c. Epimenides, a Cretan poet and prophet, flourishes. 656+. * * b. c. Lesches, one of the Cyclic poets, writes the Little Iliad. 625+ * * b. c. Beautiful Sappho, " the tenth Muse," invents Sapphic verse. SOCIETY. 1228 * * b. c. Beautiful Helen is stolen by Theseus, King of Athens, but recov- ered by her brothers, Castor and Pollux. [1226. The princes of Greece demand her in marriage; she chooses Menelaus of Mycenae.] 1225* * b. c. AsiaM. Hercules arrives in Phrygia, and delivers Hesione from the sea-monster. 1204 * * b. c. Paris, son of King Priam, carries off Helen, a not unwilling pris- oner, to Troy. [It causes the Trojan War.] 1201 * * b. c. iEgisthus of Mycenre as- sassinates Atreus. 1183 * * n. c. In the absence of King Agamemnon, iEgisthus lives in adultery with the Queen Clytemnestra at My- cense ; on the return of the king, they assassinate him, and iEgisthus mounts the throne. [1176. Orestes of Mycenae kills bis mother and her paramour.] 884-50 B. c. Lycurgus establishes so- cial unions or compulsory clubs, whose members eat together. * * * b. c. Spartan children are brought up in common ; young Spar- tan warrior nobles dwell together. * * * b. c. The Crypteia, an organized guard over the Helots, is formed of young Spartans. [The hunting of Helots as an exercise is a myth.] * * * b. c. Lycurgus enacts sumptuary laws restraining excess in dress, eating, furniture, etc. * * * b. c. By the laws of, Lycurgus, the citizens exist for the state, instead of the state existing for the people. Eacb new-born infant is examined by a council of old men, who determine whether it shall l>e brought up or cast out to die; boys at seven an- taken from home and sub- jected to physical and mental training, wear- ing the same garments in summer and winter, and subsisting on a spare diet, which can be enlarged hv hunting or stealing, but if caught in the act of stealing, they are punished for awkwardness causing detection. 820 * * b. c. The Olympic games are raised to greater importance by the par- ticipation of the Spartans. (?) 776 * * b. c. The first Olympiad is cele- brated at Elis. [Elean Chorcebus i3 GREECE. 1228 B.c-625** b.c. 1015 the first recorded victor in the Olympic games. The official catalogues hence- forth records names of victors.] 733 * * b. c. The progeny of the Par- theniae of Sparta are sons of virgins. 720 * * B. c. The Olympic games are visited by hosts of people ; some come from Asia Minor to participate in the contests. 715 * * b. c. Aristoerates I., King of Arcadia, is put to death for offering violence to the priestess of Diana. 688 * * b. c. Boxing is added to the Olympic games. [GSO. Four-horse char- iot races are added. They become more brilliant and attractive. A victory is the highest honor known in Greece.'] 675 * * b. c. The Carnian festival is instituted in Sparta. 668 * * b. c. The Spartans greatly in- crease the number of their Helots by the conquest of Messenia ; [Helots comprise about four-fifths of the inhabitants]. 660 * * b. c. Egyptians educate their children in the language and manners of Greece. 660± * * b. c. The code of Zaleucus, the lawgiver of the Epizephyrian Locri- ans, ordains that no sober women shall go attended in the street by more than one maid, or wear either gold or em- broidered apparel. STATE. 1201 * * b. c. Agamemnon reigns in Mycenae. [He becomes King of Sicyon, Corinth, and perhaps of Argos.] 1200+ * * b. c. The Heraclidse, the mythical descendants of Hercules, are driven out of the Peloponnesus. 1179** B.C. Athens. A court of Ephe- tse is established by Demophoon for the trial of murder. [1178. The Prianepsse . is instituted.] 1170 * * b. c. The first Pyrrhus (Neop- tolemus) settles in Epirus. 1124± * * b. c. Bceotia is founded by jEolian fugitives from Thessaly. 1123* * B. c. Asia M. iEolian colonists build Smyrna and other cities. 1120* * b. c. The Thebans abolish royalty, and establish a republic. [Ages of obscurity follow.] 1109-1103 b. c. Return of the Hera- clidae, or the Dorian Migration. The Heraclidae, aided by the Dorians, and led by Temenus, Cresphontes, and Aristodemus, invade the Peloponnesus to recover the territory belonging to Hercules, of which he had been deprived by Eurystheus ; they overthrow the Achaian dynasties, expel or conquer the people, drive the Ionians into Attica, and divide the land among themselves and their allies. 1104* * b. c. Sparta is seized by the Heraclidae. [1100. The first hierarchy is established ; Eurysthenes and Procles are enthroned as joint kings by their father, Aristodemus ; 32 kings of Agidse dynasty reign ; 28 kings of Proclidae dynasty reign.] 1100+ * * b.c. Alliens. The mythical period gradually closes, and authentic history begins with the Dorian migra- tion. 1092 * * b. c. Athens. Codrus becomes king. [1069+. He voluntarily surrenders himself as a sacrifice for his country's deliverance from the Dorians.] 1070 * * b. c. Athens. Government by nobles instead of by kings begins. The Athenians choose perpetual archons as their chief officers ; Medon is the first. 1050-752 b. c, Athens is governed by a succession of archons without the name or dignity of king. 1040+ * * b. c. Asia M. The Iones, a Pelasgic race, come from Greece, and settle in lone and the adjoining islands, and found Ephesus and 12 other cities. 1033 * * b. c. Ixion reigns in Corinth. [99G, Agilus; 959, Prummis; 925, Bacchus.] 1032 * * b. c. Kings of Sparta. Agis I. (Agida?) and Sous (Proclidae) reign at Sparta. [1028, Eehestratus (Agida:) and Euripon (Proclidae.); 993, Lebotas (Agidse); 975, Prytanis (Proclidae); 956, Dorysus ; 927, Agesilaus (Agidae) ; 926, Polydectest (Proclidae-)]. 1024* * b. c. Athens. Acastus becomes archon. [966, Thersippus ; 928, Phorbus ; 898, Megaetes ; SOS, IHognatus; 840, Pbe- recles ; 823, Ariphron ; 820, Thespicus ; 795, Agamestor ; 777, iEschylus,] 1000 + * * b. c. S. It. The Grecians es- tablish their first colony at Cumae on the west coast. 1000 * * b. c. S. It. A Greek colony is established at Parthenope [Naples]. 1000-900± B.C. AsiaM. Greek colonies are planted along the coast and on the Asiatic islands, chiefly by iEolian, Io- nian, and Dorian people. 998 * * b. c. The Amphictyonic Coun- cil, established at Thermopylae by King Amphictyon about 500 years before, now becomes a federative tribunal for set- tling Grecian interstate difficulties. It is comprised of deputies who sit twice a year, in spring and harvest ; its decis- ions are final and sacred. 97 1 44 3 b. c. S. It. Greek colonies are established. 916* * b. c. The Rhodians originate the first laws of navigation. 889 * * b. c. Agelas reigns in Corinth. [859, Endemis ; 834, Aristodemus ; 799, Agemon ; 783, Alexander : 753, Telestes.] 884 * * b. c. Lycurgus rules in Sparta, and establishes the senate. He returns from several years of foreign travel, and enacts his singular code of laws and regulations by which he molds the pe- culiar character of the Spartans. He pro- vides for two kings as presiding officers, the Council of the Kldeis is elected tor life; it is to discns3 everything before it is given to the assembly of the people, and to have jurisdic- tion over capital crimes. [Various dates are assigned to the reign of the semi-mythical kings.] 883* * b. c. Archaelaus is King of Sparta (Agidie). [881, Charelaus (Proclidre) ; 823, Teleclus (Agidae) ; 821, Nicander (ProclidiPi; 733, Alcamenes (Agidae); 742, Polydorus (Agidae) ; 770, Theopompus (Proclidae).- 869 * * b. c. Phidon, tyrant of Argos, coins both gold and silver money. 814* * b. c. (796? 748?) Caranus, the founder of the first kingdom of Mace- donia, reigns. 757 * * b. c. The Ephori is established at Sparta by Theopompus ; it consists of five magistrates appointed to check the royal power. 753 * * b. c. Athens. Alcmaeon is ar- chon ; the last elected for life. 753-683 B.c. Athens. The archons are elected for ten years only; the first four are from the family of Codrus. 752* *B.c Athens. Cherops, the first decennial archon, rules. 750-550 b. c. Period of colonization. The Greeks migrate in swarms to the coasts of Sicily and Southern Italy. [710. Croton is founded. 708. Tarentum.] 747-657 b. c. The oligarchy of Bac- chiadae governs at Corinth. 746 * * b. c. Aristodemenes, the last king of Corinth, reigns for only one year. [For 90 following years, Corinth is governed by annually elected magis- trates, who are called prytanes. Auton- omes is the first.] 742 * * b. c. Athens. iEsimedes is ar- chon. [732, Clidicus ; 722, Hippomenes ; 712, Leocrates ; 702, Apsandrus.] 735 * * b. c. Sicily. The Chalcidians colonize Naxos. [690 (713? 680?). Gela is colonized by Rhodians and Cretans. The first Grecian settlement is founded. [599, Camarina ; 582, Agrigen- turn.] 734 * * b. c. Sicily — Corfu. The Corin- thian colonies of Syracuse and Corcyra are founded. 729 * * b. c. Turk. Pericles reigns in Macedonia. [684. Argeans.] 723 * * b. c. The Messenians become vassals of Sparta. (See Army.) 721 * * b. c. S. It. Sybaris is founded by an Achaean colony. [683. Locrians found Locria Epizephyrii.] 720* * b. c. Cyprus. The Greeks dom- inate the island. 718* * b. c. Zeuzidamus becomes King (Proclidae) of Sparta. [709, Eurycrates (Agidae) ; 6S6, Anaxidamus (Proclidae) ; 670, Anaxander (Agidae); 648, Archida- mus (Proclidae) ; 637, Eurycrates II. (Agidae). 714±* * b. c. Athens. Hippomenes the archon is deposed for his cruelty. All the nobility become eligible to the office. [692. Eryxias is the last decen- nial archon. 684. He dies.] 707 * * b. c. The Partheniae conspire with the Helots to take Sparta 685 * * b. c. The Messenians revolt ; Elis, Argos, and Arcadia join them against the Lacedaemonians. 684 * * b. c. Asia M. Chalcedon is founded by the Megarians. 683** b.c. Athens. The first reliable date of Grecian history. Nine archons are annually elected from this time on ; they are chosen from the Eupatridae. Creon is the first. 681* * b. c. Athens. Tlesias is archon. [671, Leostratus ; 669. Pisistratus ; 668, Autosthenes; 664, Miltiades ; 659, Milti- ades II. ; 644, Dropelus ; 639, Damasius ; 635, Epenetus.] * * b. c. Aristoerates II., King of Or- chomenus, is stoned, and an Arcadian republic is founded. 669 * * b. c. Sicily. The subjugated Messenians immigrate hither, and give their own name to the town [Messina]. 667 * * b. c. Constantinople. Byzan- tium is colonized by Megarians under Byzas. 660 * * b. c. S. It. Zaleucus gives laws to the Locri. 655 * * B. c. The Bacchiadae oligarchy is overthrown at Corinth by Cypselus, who acquires despotic power. [627. Periander rules.] 654 * * r. c. Stagira (Abdera) and Acan- thus (Lampsacus) are founded. 640* *b. c. (609?) Turk. Philip I. reigns in Macedonia. 631* *b.c. Afr. Battus of Thera founds Cyrene. 1016 625**b.c.-491 GREECE. ARMY — NAVY. 606 * * b. c. Athens is at war with Mitylene over the possession of Sigeum. * * b. C. The Athenians under Phyrnon defeat the Mityleneans under Pitta- cus ; hut Pittacus kills Phyrnon in sin- gle combat. [The war ends by the ceding of the disputed territory to Athens.] 602 * * B. c. Montenegro, ^iropus con- quers the Illyrians. 600-590 * * b. c. First Sacred "War against Crissa and Cirrha, to punish the robberyof the temple of ApolloatDelphi. The Amphictyones destroy both cities ; the inhabitants are enslaved and their lands consecrated to the Pythian Apollo. 560 * * b. c. Asia M. Croesus, King of Lydia, conquers in succession all the Grecian cities on the Asiatic coast. 547 * * B. c. The Spartans are at war with the Argives, who seek to recover territory; a battle between 300 cham- pions of each nation takes place. 637* * b. c. Pisistratusdefeats his Athenian enemies. 513 * * b. c. Turk. Macedonia is con- quered by the Persians. 510* *b. c. S. It. Kroton destroys Sybaris. 506* * b. c. Sparta at war with Athens. An expedition under Cleomenes and Demaratus, with Peloponnesian allies, is broken up by the withdrawal of the Corinthians and the disagreement of the two kings. * * b. c. The allies of the Spartans, the Boeotians and the Chalcidians from Eu- . hcea, are defeated by the Athenians, who hold part of Eubcea, and'divide 4,000 peasant holdings among Attic farmers. 604 * * b. c. JEgean Sea. Lemnos is taken by Miltia'des. 600-449 b. c. The Persian "Wars. 600-494 b. c. JEgean Sea. The Ionian Greeks unsuccessfully revolt against the tyranny of the Persians. The Persians defeat the Ionian armies and also their fleet at Lade, opposite Miletus. The assistance rendered the Ionians by Athens and Eretria, is the im- mediate cause of the Persian attempt to subjugate European Greece. 496* * b. c. Turk. Macedonia and Thrace are conquered by the Persians. 495 * * B. c. Persians under Artapher- nes besiege Miletus. [494. Taken, its men slain, and women and children sold.] 493-479 b. c. First Persian invasion. 493 * * b. c. Turk. The Persian army subdues the coast of Thrace, and the navy conquers the Island of Thasos. 492**b.c. Turk. The Persians under Mardonius are surprised, and suf- fer great loss by the Thracians. * * b. c. The fleet of Darius ia mostly destroyed by a hurricane, and the Per- sian expedition returns. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 620* vas< 601 May 28. b. c. (?) Thales' predic- tion of a solar eclipse is fulfilled ; it separates the Medes and Persians in battle [or 603 or 585. He teaches the true cause of lunar eclipses]. 600+ * *b. c. Thales marks out solstices and equinoxes. 600-200 b. c. The temple of Jupiter at Corinth is erected. 576± * * b. c. Dipcenus and Scyllis sculpture figures of the gods. 570-547 B. c. Anaximander invents the sun-dial, and discovers the phases of the moon ; he makes a map of the known world. 564± * * b. c. Susarion and Dolon invent theatrical exhibitions; they perform the first comedy at Athens on a wagon or movable stage having four wheels. 560+ * * b. c. The Zodiac is observed by Anaximander, who discovers its ob- liquity, names its twelve signs, and as- signs their situations. 555* * * B. c. Pythagoras maintains that the motions of the spheres must pro- duce delightful music, inaudible to mortal ears, which he calls "the music of the spheres." He notes changes <>f hind ami sea,earth- quakes, volcanoes, am! petrifying springs; he discovers that the earth moves, and that the morning and evening stars are the same ; he invents the monochord ; he discourses on sound-waves. 550* * b. c. The Doric temple of Athene at iEgina is erected. 544+ * * B. C. Asia M. The temple of Diana at Ephesns is begun by Ctesiphon. 540 * * b. c. Callimachus invents the Corinthian order of architecture. 536+ * * b. c. Thespis of Icaria, the in- ventor of tragedy, performs Alcestis at Athens, and is rewarded with a goat. He first intersperses hymns with the recitation. 500 * * b. c. Hecatseus writes on geog- raphy. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 625+ Sappho, poet, born. 619* * .SEsop. fabulist, horn. [564. Dies.] 612* * PiBistratus, Athenian tyrant, born. [527. Dies.] 610+ Anaximander of MiletuB, philosopher, born. [546. DieB.] 686 * * Periander, King of Corinth (Seven Sages), dies. 583* * Pythagoras, philoe., b. [500. D.] 663+ Anacreim, lyric poet, b. [478+. Dies.] 556* * Siiiioiu'lfs, lyric puet, horn. [467. D.] 6th Century. Alcsus, of Lesbos, poet, born. Bias (Seven Sages), born. Calltnuu-lins, sculptor, architect, born. Chilon of Spuria (Seven Su^es), born. Cleobolua, King of Lindus (Seven Sages), b. Ephnenides, poet, prophet, born. Glaucus, artist, inventor, born. Ibycus, lyric poet, born. Thespis. poet, dram., inventor of tragedy, 1.. 625 * * JEschylus. tragic poet, b. [456. D,] 522 * * Pindar, greateat of lyric poets, born. [443. Dies.] 619+ Cratlnus, comic poet, horn. [442. D.] 514+ Hipparcluis, Athenian tyrant, assassi- nated. Themistocles, general, statesman, orator, born. [460 or 447. Dies.] 612+ Bacchvlidcs, lyric poet, born. 510± Cimon, Athenian gen., b. [449±. D.] 504+ Critias, statuary, dies. 500 * * Anaxagoras, pliilo8.,bom. [428. D.] 498 * * Phidias, greatest sculptor statuary, born. [431. Dies.] 496+ Sophocles, a tragic poet, b. [405. D.] Pericles, Athenian orator, statesman, born. [429. Diea.] Zeno of Elea, philosopher, born. CHURCH. 613 * * b. c. The Feast of Nephalia is instituted. In it are offered sacrifices of sobriety — using mead instead of wine ; offerings are made to, the sun and moon, the nymphs, to Aurora, and to Venus. They burned any wood but that of the vine, the fig-tree, and the mulberry-tree, the esteemed symbols of drunkenness. 530 * * b. c. Anaximander of Miletus declares air to be a self- existing deity, and the first cause of created things. 528+ * * b. c. Pythagoras teaches the doctrine of metempsychosis, which as- serts the transmigration of the soul from one body to another. ±* *b. c. The school of Athens is closed, and the extinction of the Platonic theology follows. 500+ * * b. 0. Heraclitus teaches that the world was created from fire, which is a god omnipotent. 4th Century. B.C. Plato defines "vir- tue in man to be resemblance to God ac- cording to the measure of our ability." (Fisher.) Aristotle "in religion was a theist; but he is less spiritual in his vein of thought and more reserved in his utter- anceon this theme than Plato." (Fisher.) LETTERS. 610 * * b. c. Anaximander, a disciple of Thales, a Milesian philosopher, is horn. Metaphysician, mathematician, as- tronomer, and writer, he is the first to write on geography and to prepare a chart of the countries he knew. 600+ * *b. c. Thales of Miletus founds the Ionic sect of philosophers. It delights in abstruse speculations ; among its pupils are Anaximander, An- aximenes, and Anaxagoras, and Arche- laus, the master of Socrates. 600-564 b. c. The Fables of ^Esop ap- pear. (?) 600+ * * b. c. Poems, arranged in nine books, by Sappho, appear. (?) * * B. c. Alcseus, a poet of Mitylene, in Lesbos, nourishes. * *b.c. Chilo, the Spartan philosopher, flourishes. 590+ * * b. c. Thales of Miletus, Solon of Athens, Bias of Prienne, Chilo of Lace- dremon, Pittacus of Mitylene, Cleobulus of Lindus, and Periander of Corinth, known as the Seven "Wise Men of Greece, flourish. 580-500 B.C. Pythagoras teaches that the inner substance of all things is num- ber, and that- discipline of character is a prime object ; he is sparing in diet, pro- motes an earnest culture in which music is prominent, and gives rise to a school in which moral reform and religious feeling are connected with an ascetic method of living. * * *b.c. Pherecydes of Syros, teacher of Pythagoras, teaches the doctrine of the transmigration of souls, and main- tains that there are three principles,— aether, chaos, and time, — and four ele- ments, — fire, earth, air, and water, — from which are formed everything that exists. 580+ * * b. c. Solon is the first in Greece to pronounce a funeral oration. 570-478 b. c. Xenophanes, founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy, flourishes. He conceives the world as one sub- stance, and that the exhibitions of natu- ral phenomena, in all their variety and change, are unreal. 570-520 B.C. Anaximander main- tains that things spring out of a primi- tive stuff, without definite qualities and without bounds ; he makes astronomical calculations. 546+ * * b. c. Hipponax, iambic poet, flourishes. 544+** B.C. Athens. The first public library is founded by Pisistratus. 540+ * * b. c. Theognis, elegiac poet, flourishes. 530+ * * b. c. Anacreon, a lyric poet, sings chiefly the praises of love and wine- GREECE. 625 * *-491** e.c. 1017 .520-423 b. c. Cratinus, an Athenian comic poet, writes 21 plays, and is victor nine times. 510±* *b. c. Telesillaof Argos.alyric poet and heroine, flourishes. 504-460 b. c. Parmenides, an Eleatic, teaches that succession, change, the man- ifold form of things, is only relative to ourselves, being only our way of regard- ing the one universal essence. 503 ± * * b. c. Heraclitus of Ephesus, a philosopher, flourishes. * * b. c. Lasus, a lyric poet, flourishes. 500+ * * b. c. Pindar composes Epini- cia, and many other lyrics. "* * b. c. Simonides writes lyric poetry unrivalled for its tenderness and grace. [477. He gains his 56th prize at Athens.] * * b. c. Hecatseus of Miletus, a geogra- pher and historian, writes Periegesis. -500-456 b. c. .^schylus, the father of Greek tragedy, produces 72 plays. [Those extant are Eumenides, Prome- theus Vinctus, Agamemnon, Choephori, Seven against Thebes, Persse, and tho Supplices. 499. He makes his first at- tempt as a tragic poet. 484. He gains his first tragic victory.] SOCIETY. 594± * * B. C. The code of Solon pun- ishes an archon with a heavy fine for intoxication on the first offense, and in case of relapse, by death. 590* * b. c. The Pythian games in honor of Apollo are greatly enlarged [from this time]. 549+ * * B. c. Sicily. Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, is roasted in a brazen bull which he made for other victims. 540-420 B.C. Period of the most dis- tinguished victors in the Olympic games. 509* * b. c. Athens, Social reforms are effected under Cleisthenes, reducing the influence of the aristocracy. STATE. ■621* * b. c. Athens. The Athenians de- mand written laws instead of the arbi- trary will of their rulers. The nobles accede, but revenge their injured dignity by appointing Draco to prepare the code. These drastic laws are " written in blood ; " every offense is punished with death; idleness is dealt with as severely as murder ; he held that the smallest transgression deserved death, and a severer punishment could not be devised for more atrocious crimes. '615 * * b. c. Athens. Henochides is ar- chon. [605, Aristocles ; 604, Critias ; 599, Megacles.] 612+ * * b. c. Athens. Cylon, assisted by his father-in-law, Theagenes, tyrant of Megara, struggles for supreme power. He seizes the Acropolis, but is besieged by Megacles, captured, and executed. 612 * * b. c. Pittacus [one of the Seven Sages], leader of the aristocratic party, overthrows the tyrant Melanchus at Mitylene in Lesbos. [He is succeeded by Myrsilus, Megalagyrus, the Clean- actids, Alcasus, and Antimenidas.] 600 * * b. c. Fr. A Greek colony is planted at Massalia [Marseilles]. 597+ * * b. c. Solon recovers Salamis, which had revolted to Megara. 597 * * b. c. The Alcmaeonidse are found guilty of sacrilege by a tribunal of 300 judges, and sentenced to banish- ment from Attica. 595 * * b. C, The Amphictyonic Council decides to punish Cirrhafor the robbery of the temple of Apollo in Delphi. * * *b.c. Athens. Dissatisfaction with the government of the archons in- creases. The citizens form three parties, — the great land-owners of the plain, the peasants dwelling in the mountains, and the prosperous middle class dwelling by the seacoast. 594 * * b. c. Athens. Solon becomes archon for life ; he makes a code of laws. He, being appointed to negotiate be- tween the aristocracy and the people, devises the Seisaehtheia (removal of burdens), whereby (mortgaged) debts are reduced about 27 per cent by the intro- duction of a new standard of coinage, personal security for debts is abolished, and unpaid fines are remitted. The code of Draco is repealed. * * * b. c. Athens. Solon levies taxes. First-class citizens pay an Attic talent of silver [$275]. 589-579 b. c. Pittacus is tyrant at Mitylene in Lesbos; this just and able ruler prepares the way for republican government. 582 * * b. c. Psammetiehus is de- throned ; Corinth forms a republic. 570 * * b. c. Athens. Solon secures the oath of the people to maintain the con- stitution for 10 years, and departs for Egypt and Asia Minor. 570-554 b. c. Sicily. Phalaris, noto- rious for his cruelty, reigns at Agri- gentum. 560 * * b. c. The supremacy of Sparta is acknowledged by the Arcadians. [550. It is the most powerful of the states of Greece.] 560-527 B.C. Athens. Pisistratus, the tyrant, a nobleman, usurps the govern- ment, and rules with splendid success. He so manages that the people always choose archons who suit him. [559. He is expelled by a coalition of nobles and mode- rates. 553. He returns to Athens. 552. Again exiled. 543+. He returns with a powerful army, lands at Marathon. The Athenians send an army ;iuaiust him; he defeats it, and once more becomes ruler.] 560 * * b. c. Solon returns. 560+ * * B. c. JSf. Afr. The colony of Barca is founded. 546 * * b. c. Asia M. The Hellenic colonies are conquered by Croesus, King of Lydia. [549. He is dethroned by Cyrus, who soon subjects the Greek cities of Asia to Persian rule.] 544 * * b. c. Asia M. The contest be- gins between the Greeks and Persians for possession of Asia Minor. 540 * * b. c. Turk. Amyntas I. be- comes King of Macedonia. [510. The Macedonians deliver earth and water on the demand of the Persians.] 527-510 B. C. Athens. Hippias suc- ceeds Pisistratus, his father. [517+. Hippias sends Miltiades to take posses- sion of the Thracian Chersonesus ; he succeeds, and rules as tyrant.] 520 * * B. c. Cleomenes (Agidfe) and Demaratus (Proclidse) are kings of Sparta. 519* * b. c. The Platseans secede from the Bceotian union and place themselves under the protection of Athens. 514* *b.c. Athens. Hipparchus, one of the sons of Pisistratus, is assassinated by Harmodius and Aristogiton. 510* * b. c. Athens. Hippias is driven out by the exiled nobles, aided by a Spar- tan army under Cleomenes. The Pisis- tratida? are all expelled. Hippias takes refuge with Darius in Persia. * * * B. c. Athens. The place of holding the popular assembly is changed from the market-place to the rocky hill of the Pyx, and the president is chosen daily by lot from among the prytany. * * * b. c. Athens. The council is in- creased from 400 to 500 members. The four old Athenian tribes are substituted by ten new tribes, not having connected territory ; the influence of the aristoc- racy is reduced. * * * B. c. Athens. Celisthenes estab- lishes ostracism, by which the people may decree, by a secret ballot, the ban- ishment of any citizen deemed danger- ous to the public liberty. 508 * * b. c. Turk. Teres, King of the Edrys* in Thrace, retains his indepen- dence of the Persians. 507* *b. c. The nobles of Athens, led by Isagoras, revolt against Cleis- thenes ; they are aided by Spartans un- der Cleomenes ; Cleisthenes is driven out, and the city revolutionized. * * b. c. A counter-revolt of the popu- lace arises against Cleomenes, who makes a disgraceful capitulation, sur- rendering the Spartan arms, and leaders of the aristocracy, who are put to death. 506 * * b. c. Cleomenes, enraged by adversity, returns to Sparta, raises a large army, and advances against the Athenians. [The Corinthians and other allies refusing to assist in the restora- tion of tyranny in Athens, the army disbands.] 502 * * B. c. JEgean Sea. The Island of Waxos revolts; war between Greece and Asia follows. 500* * b. c. AsiaM. A democratic gov- ernment being established in Miletus, other Greek cities in Asia openly revolt against Persia. * * b. c. Turk. Alexander I. reigns in Macedonia. 499-494 b. c. The Ionians, led by Histieeus of Miletus and Aristagoras, un- successfully revolt against Persians. 495-490 b. c. Sparta becomes superior to Argos. 494 * * b. c. The Ionians are subdued, and the Milesians forced by Darius to settle about the mouth of the Tigris. 492 * * b. c. Mardonius, the Persian general, invades Europe, and conquers Macedonia. 491 * * b. c. The Great Persian "War. Cause: Sardis in Lydia is burned by the Ionians in retaliating the favor shown by Darius to Hippias, the ex- pelled Athenian tyrant, the Athenians being their ally. * * b. c. Heralds arrive from Darius to demand earth and water. [They are murdered by Athens and Sparta.] * * B. c. Leonidas (Agidse) and Leoty- chides (Proclidae) are kings at Sparta. 1018 490 * * b. c. -450 * * e. c. GREECE. ARMY — NAVY. 490 * * b. c. The second expedition of the Persians. Artaphernes, nephew of Darius, and. Datis the Mede, a more experienced gen- eral, with 100, infantry and 10,000 cav- alry in 600 transports, crosses the iEgean Sea ; 600 triremes reenforce the army. * * b. c. The Persians land in Euhcea, after destroying the city of Naxos. Ere- tria falls into their hands by treachery. * * b. c. The Persians, advised by Hip- pias, the Athenian exile, land in the vicinity of Marathon. * * b. c. The entire military power of Athens, comprising 10,000 men besides 1,000 Platasans, crosses the Unless us, and advances to meet the Persians. * * b. c. The Athenians wait in in- trenched camp face to face with the Persians for nine days, and cover the road to Athens. Sept. 12 b.c. Battle of Marathon; one of the decisive battles of the world. Athenians under Miltiades and Aris- tides defeat 100,000 Persians under Datis and Artaphernes ; Greek loss, 192; Per- sian loss, 6,400. Persians retreat to Asia. 489 * * b. c. Miltiades makes an ill- considered attack upon Faros ; he is condemned to pay the costs of the expe- dition, amounting to 50 talents. 485 * * b. c. The Athenians conduct an unsuccessful war with .ZEgina., a rival city ; they hire ships of Corinth. 483 + * * B. c. Themistocles persuades the Athenians to construct the harbor of the Piraeus. * * * b. c. A radical reform of the naval department is made. 481-480 b.c. Third Persian invasion. It is under Xerxes, son of Darius ; he is accompanied by Pisistratus, son of Hippias, late of Athens, and by Dema- ratus, the deposed King of Sparta. 481 * * B. c. Turk. The Persians, aided by the Thracians, open a canal at Acanthus to protect their fleet in time of storm. They bridge the Hellespont between Sestos and Abydos by the labor of Phenicians and Egyptians. * * * b. c. Asia M. Persian troops concentrate at Gritalla in Cappadocia. 480 Spring b.c. AsiaM. Xerxes de- parts from Sardis, about 900,000 strong, and marches through Mysia. Turk. The Persians cross the Hellespont during seven days. They traverse Macedonia, and send a fleet of more than 1 ,300 triremes, includ- ing 400 Grecian ships, from Asia Minor, through the canal at Acanthus. They receive symbols of submission from Thessalian and Boeotian cities, — only Platsea and Thespiee refusing. * * b. c. Xerxes enters Greece with the greatest army ever placed in the field. It comprises 1,700,000 foot and 80,000 horse soldiers ; servants, eunuchs, and women, amounting to 5,283,220 people. (?) July * b. c. Battle of Thermopylse. The pass is defended against an im- mense number of Persians by the Spar- tan king, Leonidas, with about 6,000 hoplites, among whom are 300 Spartans and 1,000 Lacedaemonians; 1,000 Pho- cians guard the footpath over (Eta. The Persians are guided by the traitor Ephi- altes ; Leonidas sends away most of his force, and perishes with 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians, who refuse to leave him. Aug.* b.c. Naval battle at Artemisium. First day: About 280 Grecian ships under Eurybiades, a Spartan, indecisively engage the Persians under Aehaunenes, whose fleet is much weakened by storms and also by an expedition of 200 ships. Second day: The Persians attack with their entire fleet, but gain no decisive results. The Grecian fleet sails away for Salaniis on re- ceiving news from Thermopylae. * * b. c The Corinthians engage in the Persian war. The Peloponnesian army begins the construction of a wall across the isth- mus, instead of coming to the aid of the Athenians. * * b. c Xerxes meets with no resistance in central Greece ; the Locrians and Do- rians submit to the Persians. * * b. c. The Persians ravage the land of the Phocians ; a thunder-storm aids in turning back a force sent to Delphi. * * b. c. Thespiae and Plataea alone are destroyed by the Persians, in Bceotia. * *-b. c. Athens. The Athenians aban- don their city, and send the noncombat- ants, together with their personal effects, to Salamis, iEgina, and Argolis j only a garrison remains in the Acropolis. * * b. c. Athens. Xerxes takes the Acrop- olis by storm ; the temples and the city are burned ; he enters, after having lost 200,000 of his troops. Sept. 20 b. c. The Grecians defeat the Persians in the Straits of Salamis. The Grecian fleet under Eurybiades, a Spartan, numbers 378 triremes and seven fifty-oared vessels ; the Persian fleet comprises 750 (?) vessels ; the Greeks lose 40 and the Persians 200 ships. Sicily. Gelon defeats the Cartha- ginians under Hamilcar at Himera. * * b. c. Xerxes retreats, leaving Mar- ■ donius in Thessaly with 260,000 men. Nov.* b.c. Xerxes retreating, ar- rives at the Hellespont. He suffers great losses through hunger and drought ; the bridge having been destroyed by a storm, his army em- barks in the fleet. * * b. c. The Grecian fleet neglects to pursue the Persians, as Themistocles ad- vises ; it unsuccessfuly besieges An- dros. 479 * * b. c. The fourth Persian ex- pedition led by Mardonius. The Persians enter Attica, and are re- enforced by troops under Artabazus, and by allies from northern Greece. * * b. c. Athens. The Athenians are again faithlessly abandoned by the Spartans, who again retire. * * B. c. The Persians retire before the whole Peloponnesian army, consisting of 30,000 hoplites and 60,000 light armed troops, it having crossed the isthmus, and taken a strong position in Bceotia. * * b. c The Greeks are reenforced by 10,000 Athenians, Platseans, and Thespi- ans ; Pausanias, the leader of the Spar- tans, has a great army, but no cavalry. * * b. c. The united fleets of the Pe- loponnesians, Athenians, and Ionic Greeks, conquer Byzantium, and acquire rich booty, Sept. 22 b.c. The Persians are routed at the battle of Plataea; the Greeks capture the Persian camp, and kill Mardonius and a great host. Sept. 22 (?) b. c AsiaM. Battle of Mycale. The Greeks under Leotychides the Spartan, and Xanthippus the Athenian, defeat the Persians under Mardontes, and burn his fleet. Two Persian armies are destroyed on the same day. * * b. c The Greeks appear before Thebes ; the leaders of the Persian party are given up and executed. 479-449 B. c. The Grecians conduct an offensive war against the Persians in aid of the Ionians. * *b. c. Cimon, son of Miltiades, the Athenian general, overruns all Thrace. 478 * * b. c. The fortifications of the Piraeus are completed. 477 * * b. c. The supremacy of the al- lied Hellenic fleet passes from Sparta to Athens. Aristides takes command. 476 * * B. c. Aristides succeeds in his first exploit, the capture of Eion on the Strymon from the Persians, and the re- duction of the pirates of Scyros. 472± * * b. c. The hegemony, or chief conduct of the war, is transferred from Sparta to Athens, owing to the offensive manners of Pausanias and the winning manners of Aristides and Cimon. 469 * * b. c. Cimon, the leader of the Hellenic league, drives the Persians from towns yet held by them on the Thracian coast. He chastises the pi- rates of Scyros. 467* *b. c. Cimon with the confederate fleet captures Naxos, which had re- volted from the League of Delos, and is punished by the loss of its independence. 466** B.C. AsiaM. Battle of Eurym- edon in Pamphylia. Two battles are fought in one day. The Greeks under Cimon with 300 gal- leys defeat the Persian fleet, and then attack and rout the land force. * * b. c. Turk. The war ends. Cimon punishes Thasos for seceding from the confederacy. [463. Subdued.] 464-456 B.C. Third Messenian "War. The Spartans seek to subdue the La- conians, Messenians, and Helots. 461 * * b. c. After imploring the help of Athens, the suspicions Spartans send back their unwelcome ally. The Athe- nians take offense, and form an alli- ance with the Argives. 460 * * b. c. Corinth decides to engage in war with Athens, having the Epi- daurians and iEginetans for allies. 460-455 b. c. The Athenians assist the Egyptian rebels, Inarus and Amyrtseus. 458 * * b. c. The Athenians are defeated at Argolis. * * B. c. The Athenians defeat the allied Corinthians, Epidaurians, and JEgine- tans in the Saronic Gulf ; they block- ade iEgina and defend Megara ; its occu- pation had offended the Corinthians. 457 * * b. c. Athens. Pericles begins the third wall connecting the Pirseus and Phalerum with Athens, thus enclos- ing the city and the ports with continu- ous fortifications. [456. Completed.] 457-451 b. c. The Spartans and Bceo- tians prosecute a war of jealousy against Athens. The Spartans as allies of the Thebans defeat the Athenians at Tanagra, in GREECE. 490 s.c. -450** b.c. 1019 Boeotia ; they then conclude an armis- tice, and return to Sparta. 456* * B. c. The Athenians under Myronides invade Bceotia, and defeat the Thebans at GEnophyta. * * b. c. JEgina surrenders to the Athe- nians after a long siege ; it gives up its ships-of-war and consents to pay tribute. 455 * * b. c. Egy. The Athenian fleet sent to aid the rebels in Egypt is de- stroyed by the Persians. * * b. c. The Spartans subdue the Helots in Ithome, and drive the Messenians out of Greece. * * b. c. The ^Jtolians join the Spar- tans against Athens. * * Pericles overruns the Peloponnesus. 451 * * b. c. An expedition of 200 ships under Cimon is sent against the Persians. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 490+ * * b. c. /Eschylus writes the mu- sic to his own tragedies. 485-486 b. c. Euripides paints pic- tures which are preserved in Megara. 484* * b. c. The temple on the river at Ilissus is erected. [481. One at Agri- gentum is begun.] 480* * b. c. Xerxes carries from Athens to Susa the bronze group by Antenor, representing the Tyrannicides, Harmo- dius, and Aristogitdn. 480-330 b .c. Athens. Architecture and other arts flourish. 473+ * * b. c. Athens. The temple of Victory is built. [469 ±. TheTheseum, the most perfect ancient edifice in the world.] 468 * * b.c. Sophocles gains the prize over JEschylus in tragedy. 466 * * b. o. An earthquake at Sparta destroys 30,000 lives. 464± * * b. c. Athens. Pericles and Cimon adorn the city. Cimon first in- dicates form under drapery. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 491 * * Cleomenes I., King of Sparta, dies. Mlltiades. Athenian general, dies. 485* * Gorgias, orator, sophist, b. [380±. D.] 484 * * Achffius, dramatist, horn. Herodotus, father of history, b. [424. I).] 481* * Protagoras, philosopher, b. (411. D.j 480± Agatharelms, inventor of perspective Bcenery, born. [420i. Dies.] Euripides, tragic poet, born. [406. Dies.] Leonidaa I., King of Sparta, dies. 500+ Myron, si-nlptor, born. 479+ Antiphon, Athenian orator, b. [411. D.] 471 * * Thucydides. historian, b. [401. D.] 470+ Chcerilusof Samos, poet, b. [399. D.] Socrates, Athenian phil., b. [399. Dies.] 468 * * Aristldes the Just, Athenian states- man, general, dies. 468+ Pauaanius, Spartan general, dies. 460* * Democritus, phil., born. [357. Dies.] Hippocrates, physician, father of medi- cine, born. [377. Dies.] 458 * * Lysias, Athenian orator, b. [380. D.] 439 * * Andocides, Athenian orator, born. 455-425 b. c. Xenophon writes The Anabasis, The Vyropxdia, The Hellen- ica, The Memorabilia, The (Economics, The Hipparchicus, The Agesilaus, The Hiero, The Symposium. 455 * * b. c. The Peliades, by Euripi- des, appears. [438, A/cestis; 431, Medea, Philocteles, Dictys, and Messores; 425, Hecuba ; 421, Supp/ices, Heracleidse ; 420- 417 ', Andromache ; 417, Iphigenia among the Tauri; 415, Troadrs, Alexander, Pa- lamedes, and Sissyphus ; 414, Electra; 412, Helena , 418, Orestes ; 406, Pacchse and Iphigenia at Aulis ; 392, Ecclesiazusse.] 5th Century b. c. Hellanicus writes a History of Argos, a History of Attica, and History of Persia. SOCIETY. 472 * * b. c. The Olympic games are extended to four days. STATE. 489* * b. c. Athens. Aristides and Themistocles are leading statesmen ; Themistocles " is the founder of the historic greatness of Athens." (Fisher.) [481. He urges the building of a fleet of 200 ships to resist the Persians.] 485* * b. c. Sicily. Gelon usurps power in Syracuse. [He develops com- merce on a grand scale.] 483 * * b. c. Athens. Aristides, the successful general, surnamed "The Just," is banished by ostracism through the influence of Themistocles, because of his influence over the people. [480. He is recalled.] 481 * * b. c. The heralds of Xerxes de- mand earth and water of all Grecian cities except Sparta and Athens. 480-477 b.c. A union of the Hellenic cities is founded. 480 * * b. c. Athens is burned. (See Army). [391. Dies.] LETTERS. 468-406 b.c. Sophocles produces more than 100 tragedies. [Among those extant are Antigone, Electra, Maidens of Trachis, (Ediptts Tyrannus, Ajax, Phil, octetes, and (Edipus at Colonus.] 468 * * b. o. Sophocles defeats iEschy- lus for the tragic prize. [441. He is de- feated by Euripides.] 466 i- * * B. c. Systematic rhetoric is in- \ onto 1 by Covax of Syracuse. Oct. * b. c. Athens. The Athenians return to their burned city. * *b. c. Several of the island cities, including Samos, Lesbos, and Chios, join the Hellenic league against the Per- sians. [Later the coast towns of Asia Minor join it.] * * * b. c. Athens is rebuilt and en- larged ; it is surrounded with strong walls, notwithstanding the objections of Peloponnesians. 479 * * b. o. The Athenians refuse a separate peace with the offer of inde- pendence. 477-407 b. o. Period of Athenian as- cendency in Greece. 477 * * b. c. Athens. The reforms of Aristides are made, and the real suprem- acy of the democracy begins ; state offices are open to all four classes alike. * * b. c. The chief conduct of the war is transferred from Sparta to Athens. A Hellenic confederacy is formed with Athens for its head; the smaller states furnish money only ; the larger ones furnish ships 471 * * b. c. Themistocles is banished for ten years by a vote of ostracism hy the Gimon party ; he retires to Argos. * * b. c. Pausanias is convicted of trea- son, and put to death at Sparta. * *b.c. Themistocles is driven from Ar- gos on suspicion of treasonable intrigues, and goes to Asia ; he is welcomed to a place in the Persian army, and receives a princely domain. 469* *b. c. Athens. Pericles first takes part in public affairs. 468 * * b. c. The Argives destroy the Grecian city of Mycense, and regain their superiority. 467 * * b. c. Athens. Cimon becomes the leader of the Athenian state ; he be- gins the two long walls, one to Piraeus and the other to Phalerum. * * b. c. Sicily. Thrasybulus succeeds Heiro at Syracuse, and is a rapacious, tyrannical, and cruel ruler. [466. The people revolt, and drive him out, and form a democratic government.] 465-429 b. c. Athens. Age of Per- icles, the most brilliant epoch in Athe- nian history. 465 * * b. c. Thasos secedes. [463. Is subdued and made tributary.] 464 * * b. c. Revolt of the Helots. * * * b. c. Athens. Cimon, the leader of the Aristocratic Party, and Pericles, son of Xanthippus, the leader of the democracy, are rivals. * * * b. c. The democratic party se- cure payment for citizens serving in the army or as judges, and the bestowal of alms upon the poor at festivals out of the public treasury. 461 * * b. c. Athens. Pericles secures the banishment by ostracism of Cimon, his hereditary enemy, for ten years. 460 * * b. c. Athens. The law of ephi- altes, in the interest of democracy, takes from the court of the Areopagus the censorship over the state, and restricts it to judicial functions. 459* * b. c. Athens begins to tyrannize over Greece ; it assumes to be the capital of the Grecian states, embracing a great coast and many islands. ± * * b.c. The treasury of the confed- eracy is removed from Delos to the Acropolis of Athens ; the contributions of the Hellenic League become tribute to the Athenians. * * b. c. Megara, being threatened by Corinth, ^Egina, and Epidaurus, finds a protector in the Athenians, who con- nect it with their port Nisa^a by walls. 457 * * b. c. The defeated Athenians recall Cimon from exile. 456 * * b. c. The Athenians replace the aristocratic governments in most cities of Bceotia with democratic rule. 454 * * b. c. Pericles and Cimon he- come reconciled. 452* * b. c. S.Jt. Thurii, orThurium, is founded as a Greek city. 450-400 b. c. Turk. Greek colonies are established in Thrace. 1020 450** b. c.-410**b.c. GREECE. ARMY — NAVY. 449 * * b. c. Double battle of Salamis, off Cyprus. The Athenians are victorious over the Phenician ami Cilieian fleets (Persian) ; also defeat the land force of the enemy. 449-448 b. c. The second Sacred War in Greece. The Phocians and Delphians struggle for possession of the temple of Delphi. The war emanates from an Amphictyonic decree, and is carried on by troops of different states. 447 * * b. c. The presumptuous Athe- nians are disastrously defeated by the Thebeans at Coronea. 446* *B. c. The Spartans aid the Eu- boeans in a revolt against Athens. Peri- cles secures their return by bribery, and then quickly subdues the rebels. 440 * * b. c. A revolt in Samoa is sub- dued by Pericles ; he razes their fortifi- cations, takes their fleet and hostages. 437 * * b. c. Athens. The fortifica- tions are completed by a third wall, par- allel with the first leading to the Pirxus. 435 * * b. c. "War arises between Cor- inth and its colony, Corcyra. [433. It unites in an alliance against Corinth.] 432* * b. c. The Corcyraeans, aided by Athenians, defeat the Corinthians at the battle of Sybota, off the Epirus coast. * * b. c. The Athenians under Callias defeat the Potidseans and their Pelopon- nesian allies near PotidSBa, and begin the siege of the town. 431 * * b. c. Thebans make a treacher- ous but unsuccessful attack on Platsea. 431* *^404 May 4 b. c. The first Peloponnesian War. Athens and her allies, against Sparta and her allies; it is the most famous of all the wars between the (ireeian states. Remote cause: the envy of the Dorian Confederacy at the power of Athens, and distrust of its great ambition, together with the discontent of herallies, who had beenreduredtosubjects. Its immediate cause is the interference of Athens with the quarrel between Corcyra and Corinth in relation to Epidamnus. " The most cruel and bloody war that ever stained the earth." (Timayenis.) 431-425 b. c. Five invasions of Atti- ca by the Peloponnesians are led by the Spartan King Archidamus. 431 * * b. c. The Helots are rewarded with liberty because of their bravery. 430 Apr. * b. c. Peloponnesians, under Archidamus, devastate Attica. Sept. * b. c. Pericles, in revenge for the invasion of Attica, enters Megaris with 10,000 men, and wastes the country. 429 * * b. c. Archidamus conducts the [famous] siege of Plataea, having a gar- rison of 400 citizens and 80 Athenians with 110 women. [427. Taken; its 225 survivors are executed.] * *B. c. Two invasions of Attica. * *b. c. Turk. Sitalces, Kingof theOdry- ssein Thrace, furnishes Amyntas an army of 150,000 men against PerdiccaB II. of Macedonia. 428 * * b. c. Asia M. The Athenians blockade Mitylene on the Island of Lesbos by land and by sea because of a revolt. [427. Surrenders.] 426 * * b. c. The Athenians and Acar- manians under Demosthenes severely defeat the Ambracians and Spartans at CEpai and Idomene. * * b. c. The Spartans under Agis enter Attica, and lay waste the country. 425 * * b. c. Demosthenes lands in Messenia, fortifies Pylus, and greatly annoys the Lacedaemonians. * * b. c. The Athenians besiege the Spar- tans on the little island of Sphacteria opposite Pylus, and compel them to sue for peace ; severe terms are rejected. * * b. c. The Athenians attack, defeat, and slaughter the Spartan faction in Corcyra. * * b. c. Cleon takes Sphacteria by storm, and takes 120 Spartans among the 292 captives. The Athenians threaten to put the prisoners to death whenever Attica is again invaded by the Peloponnesians. 424 * * b. c. The Athenians are utterly defeated at Deliuum by the Boeotians. * * b. c. Turk. A Spartan land expedi- tion under Brasidas invades Thrace and Macedonia to overthrow Athenian rule ; he persuades several towns to revolt against Athens. [Later he captures Am- phipolis. The Athenian Thucydides, who lay with a squadron at Thasos, is banished for neither preventing its capture nor attempting to retake it.] 423 Jan. * b. c. Athenians and Spar- tans agree to an armistice for one year. 422 Aug. * b. c. Turk. The Athenians attempt the recovery of their dependen- cies, and send an army under Cleon, who is disgracefully defeated by the allies under Brasidas at Amphipolis. Cleon and Brasidas are killed. 421 Spring, b. c. The war ends in the peace of Nicias. (See State.) 418 * * B. c. The Spartans under Agis invade Arcadia, and utterly defeat a large body of Athenians, Mantineans, and Argives, near Mantinea. 416 * * b. c. The Athenians send an ex- pedition against the Island of Melos, an ally of Sparta, and capture it ; its citizens are put to death, and its women and children sold into slavery. 415-413 b.c. An expedition is con- ducted against Syracuse. Egesta solicits help of the Athenians against Selinus and Syracuse; Alcibiades favors the petition, and 134 triremes, with 36,000 men.iiicludingn.lOO hoplites, 6ail for Sicily, under Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus ; Alcibiades is recalled. 413-404 b. c. The Decelean war be- tween Athens and Sparta — a part of the 414* * b. c. Sicily. Nicias Syracuse, having already gained some success. Lamachus dies. * *b. c. Sicily. The Spartans as allies of Syracuse send a small fleet under Gylippus. 413 * * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians storm Syracuse, but are repulsed ; sick- ness and want cause them great distress. * * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians are reen- forced by Demosthenes with 73 tri- remes and 5,000 hoplites. * * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians are de- feated in two naval battles near Syra- cuse, and their fleet surrounded. Mar. * b. c. Alcibiades having gone over to the Spartans in resentment of personal injuries, invades Attica, and fortifies the village of Decelea. Spring, b. c. The Spartans ravage all parts of Attica by forays under King Agis ; distress prevails in Athens. Sept.* b.c. Sicily. The remnant of the Athenian army attempts a retreat by land, but it is captured. [Nicias and Demosthenes are executed, and 7,000 prisoners are enslaved in the quarries.] 412 * * b. c. Asia M. A new Athenian fleet defeats the Peloponnesian fleet near Miletus; a squadron from Syra- cuse prevents the capture of Miletus. * * b. c. Asia M. The Athenian fleet is increased to 104 ships, which are off Samos ; Athenians send 128 additional triremes at intervals to Asia Minor. * * b. c. Asia. Alcibiades, suspected of treachery, and maligned by the Spar- tans, leaves them and goes over to Tis- saphernes, the Persian satrap, whose counselor he becomes, and whom he advises to assist the Athenian fleet. 411 July * b. c. Asia M. The Athe- nian fleet under Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus defeats the Peloponnesians and Persians under Mindarus and Phar- nabazus, at Cynossema, near Abydos. Sept.* b.c. Alcibiades defeats the Peloponnesians in a second naval battle near Abydos. 410 * * b. c. Alcibiades utterly defeats the Spartans at Cyzicus ; he captures their fleet, and kills Mindarus. Spring, b. c. Asia M. Alcibiades is taken prisoner by Tissaphernes, but es- capes, and rejoins the Athenian fleet. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 450± * * b. c. Anaxagoras notes the na- ture of the sun and moon eclipses and the movements of the planets. ± * * b. c. Athens. The Odeum The- ater is founded by Pericles. The Tem- ple of Neptune at Paestum is erected, and the Temple of Apollo Epicurus at Phigalia in Arcadia. 450+-438 b.c. Athens. The Parthe- non on the Acropolis is completed by Ictinus and Callicrates under Phidias. 444-440 B. c. The temple of Jupiter at Olympieum is erected by Libon of Elis. [508^09. At ^gina.] 442 * * b. c. Athens. The burning lens is used. 441± * * b. c. The battering-ram, in- vented by Artemon(?), a Lacedaemonian, is employed by Pericles. 438* * b. c. Athens. Phidias places his statue of Minerva in the Parthenon. 437 * * b. c. Athens. The magnificent Propylaea is begun on the Acropolis. 437-433 b. c. Phidias makes a colossal statue of Jupiter, in gold and ivorv (one of the Seven Wonders of the world) for the temple of Jupiter at Olympieum. 436+ * * b. c. Polygnotus and Panse- nus, eminent painters, flourish. * * * b. c. The great temple of Demeter at Eleusis, that of Athene at Su and of Nemesis at Rhnmmis, are I GREECE. 450b.c.-410**b.c. 1021 433± b. c. * * The temple of Apollo Epicurus, near Phigalia in Arcadia, is erected by Ictinus. The Phigalian Marbles are cut for it. These bas-reliefs represent the con- flicts of the Greeks and Amazons, the Centaurs and Lapitha? [and are reputed to be works of the earlier school of Phid- ias]. [1815. A. T). Purchased for the British Museum.] * * b. c. Athens. The golden number is discovered by Meton. 429-348 b. c. Plato teaches that ideas are" spiritual realities, intermediate be- tween God and the world, of which all visible things are the manifestation." (Fisher.) 428 + * * b. c. Democritus teaches that the Milky "Way consists of a profusion of stars. 425 b. c. * * An earthquake separates the peninsula of Eubcea from the main- land, thus forming an island. 424 * * b. c. Athens. An eclipse is ob- served. 422+ * * b. c. Hippocrates, the father of medicine, flourishes. 420 * * b. c. The vise, trolley, and other implements are invented by Archy- tas of Tarentum. [The invention is also claimed for Archimedes, 287-212.] * * Athens. The first Athenian theater, that of Bacchus, is built (or 340). BIRTHS — DEATHS. 450* * Alcibiades. statesman, orator, gen- eral, born. [-104. Dies.] 5th Century. Ageladas, sculptor, born. Agesander, sculptor, born. AnaximeneB of Miletus, philosopher, born. Antisthenes, philosopher, Mr. Cvnies, born. Aristippusof Cyrene, philosopher, born. ArchelauB of Miletus, philosopher, born. Aspaslaof Miletus, mistress of Pericles, b. Chcerilus, Athenian tragic poet, born. Gylippus, Spartan general, born. Empedocles, philosopher, born. Epicharnus, poet, born. Heraclitus, naturalist, born. Ictinus, architect, born. Ocellus, Lucanus, philosopher, born. Parmeniiles, philosopher, born. Polycletus, sculptor, born. Xantippe, wife of Socrates, born. Zeuxis, painter, born. 444* * Agesilaus II., King of Sparta, general, born. [361. Dies.] Aristophanes, comic poet, dramatist, born. [380. Dies.] 4S0± Apolloiiorus, Athenian painter, born. 436* * Isoerates. orator, born. [338. Dies.] 430* * Diuiivsius the Elder, tyrant of Syra- cuse, born. [367. Dies.] Plato, philosopher, born. [347. Dies.] Xenophon, philosopher, historian, poet, general, born. [357. Dies.] 425± Polygnotns, painter, A65+. 422 * * I'.rasidas, Spartan general, dies. Cleon, Athenian orator, politician, dies. 420± Scopaa, sculptor, architect, born. 418* * Epaminondas. Theban statesman, born. [362. Dies.] 418± Isams, orator, born. [34S+. Dies,] 413 * * Nicias, Athenian statesman, gen., a\ 413 * * Diogenes, cynic phil., b. [323. D.] CHURCH. 438+ * *b.c. Athens. The Parthenon is dedicated as a temple and to Minerva. LETTERS. 449-410 b. c. Eupolis produces 17 dramas. 446* * b. c. Athens. Herodotus re- cites portions of his historical work at the festival of the Panathenrea, and is rewarded with ten talents (§68,000). 440 * * b. c. Athens. Satirical come- dies are prohibited. 429+ * * b. c. The present text of the Iliad is written. (?) 428-389 B.C. Plato, the Athenian comic poet, flourishes. 427 * * b. c. The Banqueters, by Aris- tophanes, appears. [426, The Bab ij lou i- ans; 425, Acharnians; 424. The Knights; ■423, The Clouds; 422, The Wasps; 414, The Birds; 411, The Thesmojihoriazusm and the Lusistrata; 40S, First Plutus ; 405, The Frogs.] 423 * * b. c. The Flagon, by Cratinus, gains the first prize, triumphing over the Clouds, by Aristophanes. 421-401 b. c. History of the Peloponne- sian War, by Thucydides, appears. 417 * * b. c. Agathon gains the first prize in tragedy. SOCIETY. 415 May* b. c. Athens awakes, and finds all the statues of Hermes muti- lated by conspirators during the night. 413 Aug. 27. B.C. Sicily. The eclipse of the sun terrifies the Athenians and causes their defeat at Syracuse. STATE. 450 * * b. c. Sparta enters a five years' truce with Athens. * * * b. c. Athens is at the height of its power and prosperity; its decline commences. 447 * * b. c. A revolt against democ- racy breaks out in Bceotia; the Athe- nians send an army that aids in suppress- ing the aristocratic party. [But it is defeated, and :i general uprising of the enemies of Athens follows.] 446 * * b. c. Pericles subdues a revolt in Eubcea, and then makes a second as- signment of lands to the Athenians. Also another revolt in Megara. 445 * * b. c. A 30 years' truce between Athens and Sparta is agreed to. The Peloponnesian and Athenian leagues acknowledge each other as independent confederacies. 444* * b. c. Athens. Thucydides is the leader of the aristocratic party. It attempts to secure the banishment of Pericles by ostracism, but when the votes are counted it is discovered that Thucydides is banished instead. 444-429 b. c. Pericles, soldier, orator, and statesman, becomes the ruler of the Athenian commonwealth. Though never an archon , he directs the administration of the government by his influence in the Assembly; in his office as strategus and as superintendent of the finances, buildings and public works are erected. 443 * * b. c. S. It. Periclea sends out a colony to refound Thurii. 437* *b. c. Turk. Amphipolis is founded by the Athenians under Agnon. 432 * * b. c. The inhabitants of Potidaea revolt against the Athenian league, and are supported by Corinth. [429, submit.] * * b. c. A general meeting of the Pelo- ponnesian confederacy is held at Sparta, and the several states are ap- peased. "War against Athens is deter- mined. 428 * * b. c. Asia M. All Lesbos, includ- ing Mitylene, revolts against Athens. 427* * b. c. Athens. Cleon becomes the leader of the democratic party, and Nicias of the aristocratic. * * B. c. It. The Athenians begin to mingle in Sicilian affairs in response to the entreaty of the people of Leontini, who are pressed by the Syracusans. * * B. c. Asia M. Mitylene having sur- rendered to the Athenians, the Assembly decrees that all citizens shall be put to death ; the next day it decrees death to the aristocracy only, and 1,000 are killed, and the city razed. All Lesbos submits. 425 * * b. c. Athens. Spartan envoys make proposals of peace, which are re- jected at the instigation of Cleon. 424 * * b. c. Turk. By the capture of Acanthus and Amphipolis by Blasidas, the Athenian empire in Thrace is over- thrown. * * Turk. Seuthes becomes King of the Odrysae in Thrace, and prospers. 421 b.c. Spring. The peace of Wicias is concluded between A thens and Sparta for 50 years, with a mutual resti- tution of persons aud places captured, and an alliance offensive and defensive is formed. [War renewed in three years.] 420* * b. c. A treaty of alliance, which is to continue 100 years, is made between Argos, Elis, and Mantinse. 417 * * B. c. The aristocratic party in Argos makes peace with Sparta, and overthrows the democracy. 415-413 B.C. The disastrous Syracusan expedition. (See Army.) 413 * * b. c. Turk. Archelaus, the natural son of Perdiccas II., murders the heirs, and seizes the throne of Ma- cedonia. [He improves the country.] * * b. c. Spartans distress Athens. Great difficulty arises in the finances of the government ; the slaves become fugitives, and the influence of the aristo- cratic party revives. A new board often councilors is appointed, and prepara- tions are made for renewing the war. * * B. c. Chios, Erythrse, Clazomense, and Miletus revolt against the Athenians through the influence of Alcibiades. 412 * * B. c. The Spartans propose to abandon all the Grecian cities of Asia Minor to the Persians, and accept a subsidy. 411 Mar. * b. c. Athens. The aristo- cratic party suddenly overthrows the democratic constitution, and establishes an oligarchy. They establish the gov- ernment of the council of "four hun- dred " for four months, and negotiate with the Spartans for peace. The army refuses recognition of the revolution in Athens, and elects new leaders, * * b. c. The army recalls Alcibiades to lead it, but he refuses to retire from the contest with the Peloponnesian s to coerce the oligarchs of Athens. June 30+ B.C. Athens. The Council of "Pour Hundred" goes to pieces after four months, and the old Council of "Five Hundred" is reestablished. 1022 410 * * b. c-356 * * b. c. GREECE. ARMY — WAVY. 409 * * b. c. Asia M. Alcibiades sub- dues the coasts of the Hellespont and Propontis, and captures Byzantium. 408* *B. c. Asia M. The Athenians take Chalcedon and Selymbria. 407* *b. c. Asia M. Naval battle near Notium, in the Gulf of Ephesus. During the absence of Alcibiades, the Athenian fleet is defeated by Lysander the Spartan ; because of this misfortune Alcibiades is deposed. * * b. c. Asia M. The Spartans under Callicratidas surround the Athenian fleet under Conon, at Mitylene. [The Athenians soon fit out a new fleet, and send it to the assistance of Conon.] 406 July* B.C. Battle of Arginusse, near Lesbos. The united Athenian fleet under Conon completely defeats the Pelopon- nesians under Callicratidas, in a terri- ble fight near the islands of Arginusse. 405 * * b. c. Lysander the Spartan again commands the Peloponnesian fleet, though nominally under Aracus. Aug.± * B. c. The Athenian fleet under Conon is defeated by Lysander at JEgospotamos ; only eight ships out of 180 escape ; 3,000 prisoners are slaugh- tered, and Athens is ruined ; the Pelo- ponnesian war virtually ends. "Nov. * B. c. Lysander's whole army in- vades Attica and encamps near Athens. 404 Apr. * B. c. Athens. Lysander besieges the city by land and sea ; being nearly destroyed, and starvation imminent, it capitulates, and the Pelo- ponnesian war is ended. The walls of Piraeus and the long walls are destroyed ; the ships-of-war, with the exception of 12, are surrendered. 403 * * B. c. Thrasybulus, the Athe- nian admiral, unites the democratic fugitives in the Phyle, and defeats the troops of the 30 tyrants in the battle of Munychia, kills Critias, seizes Piraeus. 401-400 B.C. AsiaM. Retreatof the Ten Thousand Greeks. Cyrus the younger revolts against his brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, and marches against him with 100, 0i>0 Asiatics and 12,000 Greeks. Artaxerxes meets him at Cunaxa in Mesopotamia (401 Sept. *) with nearly 1,000,000 men. The Asiatics, under Cyras, are defeated; hut the Greeks are victorious, and Cyrus is killed. Artaxerxes entices the Greek generals into his power and kills them. The Greeks, under Xenophon, a volunteer soldier, retreat; they arrive in Greece after 215 days, having marched 3,465 miles. 401-400 b. c. Spartans invade and de- vastate Elis. [399. Elis submits.] 399-394 b. c. Asia M. "War between Sparta and Persia. The Spartans come to the relief of the Greek cities of Asia Minor which the Persian satrap Tissaplicnii'S attempts to punish for aiding the expedition of the younger Cyrus. The Spartans are led successively by Thi- bron, Dercyllidas, and Agesilaus. [399. Spring. The remainder of the Ten Thousand Greeks is incorporated in the army of Thi- bron, at Pergamos.] 396 * * b. c. Asia M. Agesilaus, King of Sparta, invades Asia with 10,000 men. [395. He defeats the Persians under Tissaphernes near Sardis.] 395 * * b. c. The Athenians and their allies defeat the Spartans under Ly- sander at Haliartus ; Lysander is killed. 394 * * B. c. Spartans under Aristode- mus defeat the allies near Corinth. Aug. * b. c. Asia M. Battle of Cnidus Athenians under Conon and Persians under Pharnabazus defeat the Spartan fleet under Pisander, who is killed. * * B. c. Battle of Coronea, in Bceotia ; the Spartans under Agesilaus severely defeat the allies. * * B. c. Conon and Pharnabazus plun- der the coasts of Laconia. * * * b. c. Asia M, The Spartan har- mosts in the Grecian cities are expelled. 393 * * B. c. Athens. Conon begins to restore the long walls, also the fortifi- cations of the Piraeus. 392 * * b. c. The Spartans under Agesi- laus ravage Corinthian territory. * * b. c. A Spartan mora is cut to pieces by the Athenians under Iphic- rates ; the Lacedaemonians lose 250 men. [The military reputation of Sparta suf- fers much by this defeat.] * * b. c. Asia M. The Athenians un- der Thrasybulus are defeated by the Spartans under Telurias at Aspendos ; Thrasybulus is killed. 390-387 b. c. A desultory war is car- ried on between Athens and Sparta. 390* * b. c. Asia M. Thibron the Spartan is defeated and slain by the Persian satrap S truth as ; the entire Spartan army of 8,000 men is lost. * * b. c. S. It. Invading Lucanians severely defeat the Thurians. 387 * * B. c. A peace ends the Pelo- ponnesian and Persian wars. 383* * B. c. Spartans seize the Cadmea, or Acropolis, in a time of peace, and make Thebes their subservient ally. 3S2-379 b. c. The Olynthiac War. 379-372 b. c. "War between Thebes and Sparta. Cause : the occupation of the Cadmea in Thebes by Phu-bidas, a Spartan, in re- sponse to tlie desires <>l tin-, aristocratic party in Thebes. [Dec. * The Theban refugee democrats from Athens, under Pelopidas, liberate Thebes.] * * B. c. Spartans under Cleombrotus and Agesilaus invade Bceotia, but are un- successful in taking Thebes. * * B. c. Spartans unsuccessfully attempt to surprise Piraeus. [War with Athens follows.] 376* *B. c. The Thehans enroll 300 men under Epaminondas and Pelopidas as a Sacred Band, and join Athens against Sparta. [375. Under Pelopidas it de- feats the Spartans at Tegyra.] * * B. c. Battle of Naxos : The Spartans lose their maritime supremacy, their fleet being totally destroyed by Timo- theus. 371 * * b. c. Peace between Sparta and Athens. (See State.) * * B. c. The Thebans under Epami- nondas completely defeat the Spartans at Leuctra. Cleombrotus is slain. This battle is Sparta's greatest disas- ter. [Epaminondas is the greatest general Greece ever produced, and he obtains "the most decisive victory in Grecian history."] (Thirlwall.) 370 * * B. c. The first invasion of the Peloponnesus by Thebans. Epaminondas and Pelopidas go to pro- tect the Arcadians in their revolt from Sparta. [Epaminondas, with 50,000 The- bans, unsuccessfully attacks Sparta.] 369 * * B. c. The Thebans ravage La- conia, and proclaim the independence of the Messenians. The Athenians as- sist the Spartans ; the Thebans retire. * * b. c. The Thebans invade the Pelo- ponnesus a second time. They are de- feated in an attack upon Corinth. [267. A third invasion.] 368 * * b. c. The Arcadians under Ly- comedes overthrow Spartan power in part of Messenia. * * B. c. Spartans under Archidamus win a "tearless victory" over the Arca- dians. * *B. c. The Thebans send several ex- peditions against the tyrant Alexander of Pherae for the release of Thessalians. * * b. c. Sicily. Civil war follows the death of Dionysius. 364 * * b. c. Pelopidas enters Thessaly against Alexander, and is slain at Cynos- cephalse, though his army is victorious. 362 * * b. c. The Thebans invade Pel- oponnesus for the fourth time to sup- port the Theban party in- Arcadia. June 17. b. c. Battle of Mantinea; The Thebans under Epaminondas defeat the Spartans and Mantineans under Agesilaus ; but Epaminondas is slain. * * k. c. General peace. (See State.) 359 ± * * b. c. Turk. The Macedonian phalanx is instituted during the reign of Philip II. as a standing army. * * b. c. Turk. Philip defeats the Pae- onians and Illyrians, and reduces them to subjection. [358. He takes Amphipolis ; war with Athens follows.] 358* * b. c. Tur. Athens conquers the Thracian Chersonese. 357-355 b. c. The Social "War. The Athenian league is arrayed against Athens. Iphicrates and Timotheus com- mand the Athenians, who are forced to acknowledge the independence of their former allies, and are much exhausted by the struggle. 356 * * b. c. Philip of Macedon seizes Pydna and Potidsea. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 410 * * b. c. Athens. The Erechtheum is rebuilt ; it is an Ionic temple of the Acropolis in honor of Erechtbeus. 400+ * * b. c. Eupompus paints a win- ner in the Olympian games. ± * * b. c. The structure of the human body is first studied and becomes a branch of medical education under Hip- pocrates ["The Father of Medicine." 390. He separates medicine from the priesthood.] ± * *b. c. S. It. The seven Eugubine tablets of brass are written with inscrip- tions relating to sacrifices. [1440. A. D. Found at Gubbio.] 399* * b. c. Catapultse, military ma- chines for throwing arrows, javelins and stones, are invented by Dionysius. 373 * * b. c. An earthquake swallows up IleliceandBura in the Peloponnesus. 370-336 b. c. Euphranor flourishes. He executes many statues in bronze and marble, and paints on the walls of the porch in the Ceramlcus at Athens pictures of the Twelve Gods, Theseus, With Democracy and Demos, and an En- yagement at the Battle of Mantinea; also several pictures at EpheBUS. GREECE. 410** b.c.-356**b.c. 10: 368 * * b. c. A celestial globe is intro- duced from Egypt. 367* * b. c. Athens. Aristotle becomes a pupil of Plato. 366± * *b. c. At he n s. Antisthenes the philosopher flourishes. He founds the school of the Cynics, who " looked with disdain, not only on luxuries, but on the ordinary comforts of life, and inured themselves to do with- out them. Their manners were often as savage as their mode of living." (Fisher.) 360-330 b. c. Aristides of Thebes, a painter, flourishes. 357± * * b. c. Aristotle discourses on the occultation of Mars, and asserts that the earth is round. 356 * * b. c. Asia M, The temple of Diana at Ephesus is burned. [It is re- built by Dinocrates and Scopas.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 406 * * Aristocrates, general, dies. 404* * Critias, Athenian politician, tyrant, d. Theramenes, Athenian politician, dies. 402* * riuM'ion, Athenian general, states- man, born. [317- Dies.] 401 * * ciearrlins. Spartan general, dies. 5th or 4th Century. Timanthea of Cythnos, painter, born. 396 * * Dionysius the Younger, tyrant of Syracuse, born. Lysander, Spartan general, statesman, dies. Xenocrates, philosopher, horn. [314. Dies.] 392 h Conon. Athenian general, dies. 390* * Thrasvlmlus, Athenian gen., states., d. 389* * JEsehines, Athenian ora., b. [314. D.] 334* * Aristotle, philosopher, founder of Peripatetic school, born. [322. Dies.] 382* * Philip II.. of Macedon, b. [336. D.] Antigonus, general, born. [301. Dies.] 331 1 Demosthenes, Athenian orator, b. [322. Dies.] 380* * Pvrriio, philosopher, b. [270. Dies.] 374i Throphraslus. phil., b. [287. Dies.] 364 * * Pelopidas, Theban general, dies. 360* * Euinenes, general under Alexander, born. [316. Dies.] Lvsimachus, general under Alexander, born. [281. Dies.] 357 * * Chabrias, Athenian, general, dies. 356* * Alexander the Great, Kingof ilace- don, born. [323. Dies.] LETTERS. ■410-1- * * b.c. Antiphon, the great Athenian orator and politician, dies. [He is regarded as the inventor of pub- lic oratory ; 15 of his orations are extant.] 408± * * B.C. The History by Herodotus appears. 403-392 b. c. Socrates composes 60 ora- / tions [of which 21 are extant]. He is the father of ancient moral phi- losophy, and the greatest heathen moral- ist that ever lived. 390-353 B. c. Isebus writes judicial ora- tions for others. [Eleven are extant.] 387 * * b. c. The JEolposicon and Coca- luSy by Araros, son of Aristophanes. 388 * * b. c. Athens. Plato founds the Academy. 388-347 b. c. Plato composes the dia- logues, Protagoras , Phzedrus, Symposium, Gorgias, TJiesetetus, Republic, Timseus, Philebus, Sophist, Politicus, Parmenides, Cratylus, Laws, Critias, Meno, Euthy- d emus, Apology, Crito, Lysis, Charmides, Laches, Lesser Hippias, Euthyphro, Menexenus, (?) and Ion. (?) 380 * * b. c. The PanegyHcus, by Isoc- rates, appears. [365," The Evagoras; 364, The Archidamus, On the Peace, and the Aeropagiticus : 353, The Antielosis; 346, The Philippus.] 366+ * * b. c. The Cynic school of phi- losophy is founded by Antisthenes. 360* * b. c. Eudoxus discourses on the movements of the planets. SOCIETY. 406 * * B. c. Athens. Six of the victo- rious Athenian generals from the great battle of Arginuste are sentenced to death and executed for having aban- doned shipwrecked troops in a storm, and not burying the bodies. 401± * *b. c. Asia M. A fermented beverage from barley [like beer] is . made by the Armenians. 399* b.c Athens. Socrates is accused of impiety and of corrupting the Athe- nian youths, and is condemned to death. He drinks a cup of hemlock, and dies in the midst of bis disciples. * * b. c. Turk. Archelaus, the usurper in Macedonia, is murdered by a favorite. 370 * * b. c. Jason, the tyrant of Pherje and Tagus, Thessaly, is assassinated. 359+ * * b. c. Alexander, tyrantof Phe- rae, is murdered. STATE. 408 * * b. c. Pausanias comes to the throne of Sparta. 407 June * b. c. Athens. Alcibiades returns from exile after his brilliant victories. The Athenians repeal his sentence of banishment, and give him supreme command by land and sea. 405 Sept. * b. c. Lysander the Spar- tan receives the submission of the Athenian cities, and establishes oligar- chical governments everywhere. * * b. c. * By the naval disaster at iEgos- potami, the great military power of Athens is completely destroyed. * *B. C. Sicily. Dionysius usurps the government. 404-371 Second period of supreme command by Sparta. 404* * b. c. Lycophron of Pherje makes himself master of Thessaly. Apr. * -403 Apr. * b. c. Athens. The Thirty Tyrants rule. Lysander places the government in the hands of .;<> odious and cruel men ; all but 3,0l)(! of the citizens are disarmed and disfranchised ; 1,500 are put to death without trial. 403 Apr. * -Sept. * b.c. Athens. Dem- ocratic government is restored. Patriots under Thrasybulus, with the assistance of Thebes, Megara, and other cities, overthrow the Thirty Tyrants. * * B. c. Athens. The government is re- arranged by the revision of the laws of Euclides. 398* * b. c. Agesilaus II. succeeds Agis as King of Sparta. 395 * * B. c. The Athenians, Thebans, Argives, and Corinthians, influenced by Persian gold, enter into a league against Sparta. [War follows.] 394 * * b. c. Turk. Pausanias reigns in Macedonia. [Amyntas reigns after killing Pausanias.] 392** b.c. Turk. The Illyrians enter Macedonia, and expel Amyntas, and re- store the throne to Argteus, the brothers of Pausanias. [390. Amyntas recovers it,] 387* * b. c. The Peace of Antalcides ; the Peloponnesian and Persian wars. The weak condition of the Greeks com- pels them to abandon all the Greek cities in Asia, together with the islands of Clazomense and Cyprus, to Persia ; the other Grecian cities and states to remain independent except Lemnos,Imbros, and Scyros, which go to Athens. 386* *b. c Platsea is rebuilt, and many of its former citizens brought back by Sparta, aiming to annoy Thebes. 382-379 b. c. At the request of the Macedonian king, Sparta sends an army which destroys the Olynthiac Confed- eracy — a league of independent Mace- donian and Grecian cities. 382 * * b. c. Turk. The King of the Odrysse in Thrace disputes with the Athenians respecting the possession of the Thracian Chersonesus. 379* * b. c. Thebes is freed from Spartan rule by Pelopidas. * * b. c. The Athenians enter an open alliance with Thebes against Sparta. * * B. c. Asia M. All the Greek cities are oppressed by Persia. 378 * * b. c. Athens heads a confede- racy [of 70 cities] against Sparta. 376* * b. c. The Boeotian cities submit to Thebes, which becomes the head of the new Boeotian League. 374 * * b. c. Jason, the tyrant of Phe- rse, rules in Thessaly. 371 Spring. B.C. A congress in Sparta forms the treaty of Callias, making peace among all the states of Greece except Thebes and Sparta. 371-362 b.c. Period of Theban lead- ership in Greece under Epaminondas. 370 * * b. c. Megalopolis in Arcadia is founded. 369* *b. c. Turk. Alexander II. reigns in Macedonia. [367. He is assassi- nated. 364. Perdiccas reigns. 359. He is killed in battle.] * * b. c. The Messenians are restored to independence by Epaminondas ; Mes- sene is founded. 367* * b. c. Sicily. Dionysius the younger succeeds his father in Syracuse. 361 * * b. c. General peace prevails between Grecian states, with the excep- tion of Sparta, it being unwilling to acknowledge the independence of Mes- senia ; all parties are in the same posi- tion as before the war. * * b. c. Agesilaus the Spartan goes to Egypt to assist the rebels under Tachos, whose fleet is commanded by Chabrias, an Athenian. 360 * * b. c. The Grecian republics be- gin to decay. 359-336 b. c. Turk. Macedon rises to power. 359** b.c. Turk. Philip II. becomes Kingof Macedon. [357. Founds Philippi.] 358* * B. c. Athens. The second period of Athenian greatness reaches its height. 357± * * b. c. Chios, Cos, Rhodes, and Byzantium successfully revolt against Athens. 356 * * b. c. Sicily. Dion is welcomed to Syracuse, and Dionysius is expelled. [346. Restored. 343. Exiled.] * * b.c. Turk. Alexander [the Great] is born in Macedon. 1024 356** b. c.-311**b.c. GREECE. ARMY— NAVY. 356-352 b. c. Philip of Macedon con- quers Thrace, Ulyria, and Thessaly. 355-346 B.C. The third Sacred "War ; Phocians and Delphians contend for possession of the temple at Delphi. The Amphictyonic Council laid a heavy fine on the Phocians because they cultivated land consecrated to the Delphian god, and thereby devoted to lie waste forever ; the Phocians resist payment. They plunder the temple, and with its gold hire mercenary troops ; their leaders are Philomelus, Onomar- chus, Phayllus, and Phaliecus. 352 * * b. c. The Phocians are de- feated by Philip II. near the Gulf of Passae, and Onomarchus is slain. 348 * * b. c. Turk. Philip II. captures Olynthus by treachery before the arrival of the Athenian allies, and sells the in- habitants. Nearly all the towns of the Olyntniac confederacy are subdued. 346 * * b. c. The Sacred "Wars are ended by Philip, who takes all the cities of the Phocians, and razes their walls. 344 * * b. c. Hung. Philip of Macedon conducts a successful expedition into Illyria; he subdues Thessaly. * * b. c. Philip offers to protect the Messenians, Megalopolitans, and Ar- gives against the Spartans. 344-342 b. c. Turk. Philip invades Thrace, and captures Cersobleptes. 341 * * b. c. "War breaks out between Philip and Athens. 340 * * b. c. Turk. Philip lays siege toPerinthus and Byzantium, to close the Black Sea against the grain supply of the Athenians. The fear of starvation forces the Athenians to declare war, and send a fleet to relieve three cities. [339. Pho- cion forces Philip to raise the siege.] 339-338 b.c. The fourth Holy "War. The Amphictyonic Council decrees the punishment of the Locrians of Amphissa for desecrating ground consecrated to Apollo ; the infliction is entrusted to Philip, who is appointed general-in-chief. * * b. c. Athens. The Athenians, urged by Demosthenes, prepare a fleet and army to resist Philip ; they secure The- ban allies. 338 Aug. 3 b. c. Battle of Chaer- onea. The Athenians and Thebans are de- feated by Philip, whose son Alexander decides the battle by annihilating the Theban Sacred Band. [This places the whole of Greece at the feet of Philip.] * * b. c. Philip places a garrison in the Cadmea at Thebes. 335 * * B. c. Alexander, son of Philip, subdues the revolting Thracians ; also the Getse and Illyrians. The Thebans revolt on receiving a false report of the death of Alexander. He levels Thebes to the ground, sparing only the house of Pindar, and sells the inhabitants as slaves. Athens is ter- rified, and submits to Alexander. * * b. c. The Greeks appoint Alexander general of their armies. 334-331 b.c Alexander leads the Greeks and Macedonians to the con- quest of Persia, having 30,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry. 334 May 22 b. c. Asia M. Battle of the Granicus; a rivulet in Troas. id 20,000 horse. 1 * b. c. Asia M. Sardis surrenders to Alexander; he also takes Halicarnas- bus and other cities. * * b. c. Asia. Alexander subdues Asia. He enters Babylon. [330. Spring. He begins the pursuit of Darius into Media. Darius is dethroned and murdered by his satrap, Bessus. The Greek mercenaries leave the Persians and join Alexander. 329. Bessus is taken and executed. Parthia, 320-317 b. c. Asia. Antigonus, the ally of Cassander, defeats Eumenes, the ally of Polysperchon, in several en- gagements, and kills him. (316). 318* * b. c. Polysperchon invades Greece, and unsuccessfully attempts to capture Athens and Megalopolis. Media, and other countries the armies of Alexander. Thalestris, queen of the Amazons, visits him. He crosses the river Jaxartes into Russia, and defeats the Scythians. He again crosses the Oxus into Turkestan, and takes the fortress, Sog- dian Rock. He returns to liaetria, Afghan- istan, and prepares for the invasion of India. He crosses the Indus, into India, by a bridge of boats. Battle of Hydaspes; Alexander defeats and captures the India prince, Poms, who loses 12,000 killed and 9.000 prisoners. Nov.* Alexander begins the descent of the Hydaspes River to its mouth.] * * b. c. The Spartans unsuccessfully revolt against Alexander. * * b. c. Battle of Megalopolis ; Antip- ater, the vice-regent of Alexander, to- tally defeats the 5,000 Spartans under their king, Agis II., who is killed. 333 * * b. c. Memnon, a Greek in the service of the Persians, with a fleet of 300 ships, ravages the Cyclades Islands. Nov.* b.c. Asid M. Darius is de- feated at Issus in Cilicia. Darius has 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse; 6.000 infantry and 10,000 horse- men are slain, and 40,000 made prisoners. 332 July* b. c. Asia M. Alexander on his way to Egypt lays siege to Tyre. [After seven months it is destroyed and 8,000 people massacred ; Damascus is taken; Gaza surrenders after a siege of two months, and 30,000 people are sold.] * * b. c. Palestine. Alexander marches on Jerusalem, and prostrates himself before the high priest, who meets him wearing the sacred breastplate. 331 Oct. 1 B. c. Assyria. Alexander totally defeats the Persians at Arbela. Their army of more than 1,000,000 men and 40,000 cavalry is routed by Alexan- der with 40.000 foot and 7,000 horse. [The capture of Susa, Perscpolis, Babylon, and other important cities follows.] * * b. c. Egypt welcomes Alexander aB the enemy of Persia. 327 t- B.C. Nearchus, Alexander's admiral, sails from the Indus to the Euphrates ; he explores the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. 326 Autumn b. c. Persia. Alexan- der marches across the desert toward Persepolis ; many soldiers perish dur- ing 60 days of sultry marching. [325. Spring. Alexander again arrives at Susa. 324. July* He quells a mutiny among the Macedonians.] 323-222 b. c. The Lamian "War. The Greek cities, under the leadership of Athens, unsuccessfully attempt to throw off the Macedonian yoke (322, Aug. 7). Antipater, the regent, reen- forced byCraterus, co-ruler, defeats the revolters near Crannon in Thessaly. 323-276 b. c. "Wars of the succes- sors of Alexander. 321 * * b. c Egy. Perdiccas, one of Alexander's generals, invades Egypt with the object of dethroning Ptolemy. He is defeated in several battles, and murdered by his discontented soldiers. * * B. c. Cassander's fleet, under Nica- nor, totally defeats a fleet of Polysper- chon under Clitus, in the Hellespont. 317* * B. c. Turk. Olympias, mother of Alexander, and Polysperchon un- successfully invade Macedon. [Olym- pias is captured and killed by Cassander ; Polysperchon retires to iEtolia.] * *B. c. Turk. Lysimachus makes himself master of the lieutenancy of Thrace. 315-301 b. c. "War of Alexander's generals against Antigonus. Antigonus attempts to bring all Asia, Greece, and Egypt under his rule ; Ptol- emy, Seleueus, Lysimachus, Cassander, and the other generals oppose him. 311 * * b. c. A general peace follows several years indeoisiveiighting between the various contestants. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 345 * * b. c. An earthquake buries Du- ras with all its inhabitants; 12 cities in Campania, Italy, are also buried. 340± * * b. c. Theophrastus studies botany. 336 * * B. c. Athens. Callippus the as- tronomer first calculates eclipses. 335+ * * b. c. Encaustic painting is in- vented by Gasias. * * Athens, Aristotle returns from Mace- donia. [334 ? He founds the Peripatetic school of philosophy.] 332+ * * b. c. Apelles of Colophon, Ionia [the most celebrated of Grecian painters], paints portraits of Philip V.of Macedon and Alexander the Great y and the picture Venus Anadyomene. 330 * * b. c. Aristoxenus discovers the difference between major and minor tones. 328+ * * b. c. Praxiteles makes silver mirrors. 325± * * b. c. Aristotle first mentions the use of diving-bells. [320+ He writes the first treatise on mechanics.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 350* * Euphranor, Corinthian sculptor, d. 4th Century. Abasias of Ephesus, sculptor, b. Anaxanhus, philosopher, born. ApelleB, painter, born. Archytas of Tarentiim, math., gen., states., b. Arlstobulus, historian, born. Callippus of Cyzi.-us. astronomer, born. Callistratus, Athenian orator, born. Chares, Athenian general, born. Euclid of Alexandria, geometer, born. Lysippus. sculptor of 1,500 statues, born. Nearchus, admiral, voyager, born. Parrhasius of Kphesus, painter, born. Praxiteles, sculptor, born. Theodorua of Cyrene, pbiloeopher, born. Zoilns, critic, grammarian, born. 345 * * Demetrius Phalereus, Athenian ora- tor, statesman, born. [284. DieB.] 344+ Herophilus, physician, born. 342* * Epicurus, philosopher, founder Epi- curean school, born. [270. Dies.] Zeno, philoa., fdr. Stoic school, b. [270. !>.] 341* * Menander, poet, dram., b. c^O. 1>.] 337* * Timoleon, general, statesman, libera- tor of Syracuse, dieB. 336 * * A nt i phi Ins, painter, born. Crates, of Thebes, Cynic philosopher, born- GREECE. 356** b.c. -311b. c. 1025 335 -i: Demetrius Poliorcetes, King of Mace- don, born. [283. Dies.] 328 * * Clitus, Macedonian general, dies. 333 * * Leosthenes, Athenian general, killed. 321 * * Craterus, Macedonian general, dies. Perdiccas, Macedonian general, dies. 319* * Antipater, general, regent of Mace- donia, dies. 318* * Denial's. Athenian orator, states,, d. 318± Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, b. [272. D.] 316* * Arcesilaus. phil., born. [241. Dies.] LETTERS. 355 * * b. c. Demosthenes delivers ora- tions against Leptines and Androtion. [354. He speaks against the projected ex- pedition to Eubcea; he also dissuades the Athenians from making war on the Persians. 353. He writes his oration against Meidias, and Pro Meanlopolittoxis, favoring the de- fense of Megalopolis against the Spartans; also his speech against Aristocrates and Timocrates. 352, His First Philippic, at Athens, against the encroachments of Muce- don; 351, For the Rhodians auanist Midi tin ; 349, The First and Second Olvnthiac; 348, The Third Olvnthiac; 346, Sept., On the Peace; 344, The Second Philippic; 343, On Halonesus (oration of Hegesippus ?) ; also On the Embassy; 341, The Third Philippic, On the Chersonese; 330, On the Crown.] 345 * * B. c. iEschines delivers a Speech against Timarckus. [343, On the Em- bassy; 330, Against Ctesiphon.] 343 * * b. c. Aristotle is made tutor of Alexander the Great, son of Philip of Macedon. [334-322, He maintains a school at Athens. His collection of books is the first private library. He writes Topics, Analytics (Prior and Posterior) , Sophistical Refutations, Rhetoric, Metaphysics, Politics, Poetics, On Animals, On Parts of Animals, On Genera- tion of Animals, On the Soul, On Locomo- tion of Animals, Mi'teorofoyics, Mcomachean Ethics.] 335* * b. c. Alexander destroys ThebeB, but spares the house of Pin- dar the poet. SOCIETY. 336 * * b- c. Turk. Philip II., of Mace- dun, is assassinated by Pausanias at -Egse, during the celebration of thegames in honor of his daughter's nuptials. 330 * * b. c. Alexander tortures and kills Philotas, son of Parmenion. [In a drunken revel he kills with his own hand his friend Clitus. 328. He marries Roxana, a Bactrian of surpassing beauty. Calisthenes, the historian, is put to torture for refusing to pay divine hom- age to Alexander. {?)] 329 * * b. c. Alexander executes his friend Parmenion on a false (?) charge of treason. * * b. c. Thalestris, Queen of the Ama- zons, visits Alexander. 328 * * b. c. Hermolaus, Calisthenes, a pupil of Aristotle, and others, conspire to murder Alexander. [Their plot is discovered, and they are put to death.] 325± * * b. c. Persia. Alexander re- quires his subjects to worship him as a divinity, he being the successor of Darius, the great king. * * b. c. Alexander marries Barsine, daughter of Darius, the late Persian king. Eight Macedonian officers marry Per- sian ladies of good families, and, stimu- lated by rewards offered by Alexander, 10,000 Macedonians take Persian wives. 324-311 B.C. Turk. Horrors abound ; every member of the royal family of Alexander perishes, mostly by murder. STATE. 354-330 b.c. Speeches of Demos- thenes. (See Letters.) 354* * b. c. Athens. Demosthenes, 27 years of age, becomes the political coun- selor of the people. 353 * * b. c. The ambitious designs of Philip LT., King of Macedon, excite the attention of Greece. * * b. c. Sicily. Dion is assassinated, and succeeded by Callippus. 352 * * b. c. Turk. Philip LT. becomes master of Thessaly by the defeat of Phocians. * * b. c. Demosthenes becomes the leader of a national opposition to the ambition of Philip II. 347 * * b. c. Philip II. makes the whole Chalcidic peninsula a province of Mace- donia. 346 * * b. c. Athens. A Macedonian party is formed, with iEschines as leader and the chief opponent of Demosthenes. ± * * B. c. Philip LT. is elected to the Amphictyonic Council in place of the Phocians. * * B. c. The Athenians make a shame- ful peace with Philip II., which is ne- gotiated by Philocrates, and leaves all conquests in the hands of the king. * * b. c. All the cities of Phocis except Abse are destroyed by Philip II. * * b. c. Athens. Demosthenes lodges a complaint against ..Eschines, who is de- clared not guilty. * * b. c. Turk. Thrace is made tributary to Macedon ; Philippopolis is founded. 340 * * b. c. "War is declared against Philip II. because of his aggressions on the Bosporus. * * b. c. Turk. Alexander, 16 years of age, is regent while Philip II. is in the Byzantium campaign. 339± * * b. c. Demosthenes goes to Thebes to form an alliance against Philip II. 338* *b. c. Philip II. takes from Sparta a large part of its territory, and distributes it among the Messenians, Argives, and Arcadians. * * b. c. Peace of Demades ; Philip II. grants favorable terms to Athens; Greece is practically a province of Macedonia. 337 * * b. c. Macedonian leadership. The National Assembly is gathered at Corinth, with Spartans alone absent; Philip causes himself to be chosen leader with unlimited power to conduct the Grecian forces against the Persians. 336 * * b. c. Philip LT. is assassinated at JEgse by Pausanias. 336-323 b. c. Turk. Alexander LEI., the Great, succeeds his father as king of Macedon and ruler of Grecian states. He forces the Greeks to transfer to him the leadership of the states, and to give him command against the Persians. 334± * * b. c. Alexander proclaims the freedom of Grecian cities in Asia Minor from Persian rule. 332 * * b. c. Egypt. A Macedonian dy- nasty rules. Alexandria is founded as the commercial exchange of the eastern and western worlds (p. 651). 330* * b. c. The Spartans revolt against Alexander, and are put down by Antipater, his vice-gerent. 328 * * b. c. Alexander adopts Orien- tal clothing and customs. 325 * * b. c. Demosthenes is exiled. 324 Jan. * b. c. Asia. Alexander re- turns from India to Babylon. He discloses his great plan of uniting the victors and vanquished intoaworld- wide Macedonian -Persian empire, with Babylon for its capital, and intro- ducing Hellenic customs into the East. 323 June 28 b. c. Asia. Alexander dies at Babylon after a debauch, * * b. c. The anti-Macedonian party carries all before it, seeking to restore the liberties of Greece. * * b. c. Alexander's dominions are di- vided among his generals. Perdiccas receives the regency of Asia for Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidrous, and his posthumous son by Roxana; Antip- ater and Craterus together receive the re- gency of the west. Ptolemy receives the lieutenancy of Egypt; Antigonus that of Pamphylia, Phrygia, and Lycia ; Eume- nas, Alexander's secretary, that of Paph- lygonia and Cappadoeia— to be subdued; Cassander that of Caria in Asia Minor ; and Leonnatus, part of Syria. * * B. c. The Athenians and their allies rise against Macedonia. Demos- thenes is recalled from banishment. 322± * * b. c. Perdiccas, who had mar- ried Alexander's sister, having planned to make himself king, the other generals form a league against him. 322 * * b. c. Alexander's remains are transported to Alexandria, and buried by Ptolemy Soter [King of Egypt]. * * b. c. Greece once more receives a dis- astrous blow in the battle of Crannon ; Antipater compels each state to sue for peace separately. Oct.* b.c. Athens. Demosthenes flees to Calauria. [Oct. 7. Disdaining to give up to the tyrant, he poisons himself.] 321 * * b. c. Antipater is declared re- gent after the death of Perdiccas. He retains Macedonia and Greece, and makes a new partition of the provinces, giving Babylon to Seleucus. 319 * * b. c. Polysperchon, favored by Antipater, ascends the vacant throne, and proclaims liberty to the Grecian cities. [War follows with Cassander, the son of Antipater, over the regency.] 318* * b. c. Athens. Cassander rules as chiliarch ; noble Phocion is executed by a mob on a false charge of treason. 317-307 b. c. Athens. Demetrius Phalereus is governor for Cassander. 316* * b. c. Eumenes is put to death by Antigonus. (See Army.) 315* *b. c. Cassander rebuilds Thebes. 312 Oct. 1 b. c. Asia. Seleucus re- covers dominion over Babylon. 311 * * b. c. Cassander marries Thessa- lonica, a half-sister of Alexander, and founds the city of Thessalonica. * * b. c. A hollow peace is concluded. The Greek cities are to be indepen- dent ; but each general is allowed to keep what he has gained, and Cassander is to be regent of Macedonia till Alexander IV. shall be of age. 1026 311b.c.-179**b.c. GREECE. ARMY — NAVY. 310-308 b. c. Ptolemy breaks the peace, and unsuccessfully Invades Greece. 307 * * e. c. Antigonus sends a suc- cessful expedition, under his son Deme- trius Poliorcetes, to drive Cassander and Ptolemy out of Greeoe. [306. He sends Demetrius to seize Cyprus, who with a large fleet and army defeats Ptolemy's brother, whom he shuts up in Salamis.] 306 * * b. c. Cyprus. Great naval bat- tle of Salamis. Ptolemy and his allies, with 140 vessels and 10,000 troops, are completely de- feated by Demetrius, losing 120 of their ships and 17,000 prisoners. 305-304 b. c. Asia M. Demetrius un- successfully besieges Rhodes. [303. He drives Cassander out of Greece. He is appointed general of the states of Greece.] 301 Aug.* B.C. Asia M. Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia. Antigonus and Demetrius, with 70,000 foot, 10,000 horse, and 75 elephants, are completely defeated by Seleucus. and Lysimachus, with tUji(H> foot, 10.500 horse, 400 elephants, 120 armed chariots ; An- tigonus is killed. 291 * * B. c. Turk. War between Pyr- rhus, King of Epirus, and Demetrius. 287** B.C. Egy. Ptolemy sends a pow- erful fleet against Greece, while Pyr- rhus and Lysimachus invade Macedon. 281* * b. c. "War, occurs between Ly- simachus and Seleucus. * * b. c. Asia M. Battle of Corupe- dion in Phrygia ; Lysimachus is defeated and killed ; all his Asiatic dominions are seized by Seleucus. 280* * It. Pyrrhus invades Italy with an army of 26,000 men and 20 elephants to assist the Tarentines against the Ro- mans. He defeats the Romans under Lsevinus at Heraclea. [279. Again at Asculum.] * * b. c. Turk. The Gauls under Bel- gius invade Macedonia, defeat and kill Ptolemy Ceraunus, nearly annihilating his army. [279. Sosthenes drives them out.] 279 Spring, b.c. The Gauls, led by Brennus, invade Greece with an army of 150,000 foot and 61,000 horse. He dislodges 20,000 Greeks from the Thermopylae Pass by following the secret pass over the mountain, used by the Per- sians 200 years before. 278 * * b. c. Sicily. Pyrrhus assists the Syracusans against the Carthagin- * * b. c. The Gauls, 40,000 strong, under BrennuB, are defeated near Delphi by 4.000 Delphians, and compelled to leave Greece. 275 * * b. c. It. Pyrrhus is completely defeated by the Romans at Beneven- tum [and compelled to return to Greece]. 273 * * b. c. Turk. Pyrrhus invades Macedonia, and defeats Antigonus Go- natas. [272. He invades and ravages the Peloponnesus. He is killed at Argos.] * *b. c. Turk. The Gauls invade Mace- donia the second time. * * b. c. Athens. Antigonus, King of Macedonia, takes Athens after a long siege. 263**b.c. Athens. Claucon and Chremonides lead the last attempt to throw off the Macedonian rule. [It fails. After a war of three years, Athens re- mains tributary to Macedonia.] 255 * * b. c. Afr. Xanthippus the Spar- tan, commanding a Carthaginian army, defeats Begulus. (See Italy.) 243 * * b. c. Corinth is captured by the Achaean league under Aratus. 229**b.c. Corfu. The Romans capture Apollonia and Epidamnus. 228+ * * B. c. Athens. The fortress of the Athenaeum is built. 241-225 * * b. c. Cleomenes HI. is at war with the Achaean League. (226.) He defeats it at Mt. Lycaeum and Leuctra. [222. He takes Megalopolis.] 221 * * b. c. The Spartans under Cleo- menes are totally defeated by the AcIub- ans and Macedonians under Antigonus Doson at Sellasia in Laconia ; Sparta is captured and Spartan power is at an end. 219-217 b.c. The Social "War. The Achaeans contend with the iEtolians ; the Peloponnesus is horribly ravaged. 219* * b. c. The Achreans under Aratus are defeated by iEtolians at Caphyee. * * * b. c. The camp of Philip V. of Macedonia is surprised by Valerius ; and Philip is forced to burn his ships, and retreat in haste. 215-205 b. c. First war with Rome. (215.) Philip prepares a large fleet, with which he watches the Romans. (214.) It unsuccessfully besieges the Roman town of Apollonia in Illyria. 212* * b. c. Sicily. Syracuse is cap- tured by the Romans. (See Italy.) * * b. c. The Athenians become the al- lies of the iEtolians against Macedon, and send to Rome for assistance. [211. Athens. A Roman fleet arrives.] 210 * * b. c. The Romans capture Za- cynthus, Nesos, and Cenida% Anticyra in Locris, and the Island of iEgiiia, and present all to the iEtolians. 209* *b. c. Philopoemen, the general of the A cine an League, invades Elis in concert with Philip, to keep out the Ro- mans, but be is defeated by Sulpicius. 208 * * b. c. The JEtolians are defeated by Philip at Zania in Elis. 207 * * b. c. Philopoemen defeats the Spartans under their tyrant Machani- das, at Mantinea, leaving 4,000 dead with their leader. 202 * * B. c. Philip wars successfully against the Rhodians. [201 His fleet is signally defeated off Chios.] 200-197 b.c. Second war with Rome. The Romans declare war against Philip because of his aggressions upon their allies in Greece. 197 * * b. c. Philip is defeated by the Romans under Flamininus, at Cynos- cephalae, in Thessaly. [Peace between Philip and Rome follows.] (See Italy.) 192 * * b. c. The iEtolians stir up an- other war with Rome, having a new ally in Antiochus the Great, of Syria. 191* *b.c. Antiochus invades Greece, but Is completely defeated at Ther- mopylae by the Romans under the consul Glabrio, and forced to return to Asia. 190 * * b. c. Asia M. A great battle at Magnesia in Lydia proves the power of Rome over the iEtoliau league ; Anti- ochus is defeated by Scipio Asiaticus. 188* * b. c. Sparta is captured by Phil- opoemen to suppress insubordination to the League. 183 * * b. c. Philopoemen, "the last of the Greeks," is defeated by Dinocrates, King of Messenia, and executed. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 310 Aug. 15. b. c. The eclipse of Agathocles is observed. 308± * * b. c. Athens. Zeno founds the school of the Stoics. Zeno teaches that man's supreme hap- piness consists in living in harmony with nature and agreeable to the teachings of reason, that the feelings should be sub- jugated, and that God is the soul of the world. 300+ * * b. c. Dissection, previously confined to animals, is first applied to men by Herophilus and Erasistratus. 283* *b. c. Turk. A great earth- quake nearly destroys Lysimachia. 280 * * b. c. Euclid discourses on light traveling in straight lines. 255± * * b. c. Eratosthenes of Cyrene invents the armillary sphere, and at- tempts to determine the length of a degree. 236± * * b. c. The screw- cylinder for raising water is in vented by Archimedes. [212±. He demonstrates the properties of the lever.] 230± * * b. c. Eratosthenes lays down the first parallel of latitude ; he also attempts to measure the magnitude of the earth. 224 * * b. c. The Colossus of Rhodes is thrown down by an earthquake. 200± * * b. c. Ultramarine is known. BIRTHS — DEATHS. SOO± Cleanthes, Stoic, au., b. [220. Dies.] 3d or 4th Century. Bion, mathematician, b. g97* * Cassander, Macedonian prince, dies. 287+ * * Archimedes, mathematician, born. [212. Dies.] 3811 Ptolemy Ceraunus, King of Macedon, dies. 280 * * Chrysippus, Stoic phil.,b. [207. D.] 276* * Eratostlienes, geometer, b. [196. D.] 271 * * Aratns of Sicvon, stiitesinan, general, born. [213. Dies.] 252* * Philopoemen, general, statesman, born. [182. Dies.] 3d Century. Aratus of Soli, poet, born. Aristarchus, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, born. Aristfdes of Thebes, painter, born. Callimaclms, poet of Alexandria, born. ChareB, statuary in bronze, born. Cineas, Thessalian orator, negotiator, born. Heron, or Hero, mathematician, writer, born. Theocritus, pastoral poet, born. Timanthes, painter, born. Zenoilotus, uraniinariaii, born. 235* * Philip V., of Macedon, b. [179. D.] 225 * * Aristophanes of Alexandria, gramma- rian, critic, born. 220 * * Cleomenes III., King of Sparta, dies. 213* * Carneatles, philosopher, orator, f dr. New Academy, born. [129. Dies.] 204* * Polybius. hist., born. [123. Dies.] 200* * (or 300), Cleomenes, Athenian sculp- tor, born. LETTERS. 306 * * b. c. Athens. Epicurus opens a school. [306-270. He writes about 300 volumes, only fragments are extant.] 300-250 B.C. Egy. The Septuagint ver- sion of the Scriptures is written at Alexandria. GREECE. 311b.c.-179**b.c. 1027 300-288 B. c. History of Plants, Ethical Characters, and other works, by Theo- phrastus, appear. 270± * * b. c. Theocritus writes 30 poems called Idyls. 233 * * b. c. The Athenians lend to Ptolemy the original manuscript of jEschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, on a pledge of 15 talents. 222-205 b. c. Apollonius Pergseus writes on Conic Sections in eight books, and other geometrical works. 198± * * b. c. Asia M. Books with leaves of vellum are introduced. 194* * b. c. Apollonius of Rhodes writes Argonautica and other poems. 2d Century B. c. The Battle of Frogs and Mice appears. SOCIETY. 294 * * b. c. Turk. Demetrius Polior- cetes, son of Antigonus, murders Alex- ander, son of Cassander, and seizes the crown of Macedonia. * * * b. c. An agrarian agitation arises at Sparta ; the movement is put down. 220 * * b. c. Egy. Cleomenes, King of Sparta, kills himself in Egypt. 213* *B. c. Aratus, the statesman, a former friend of Philip, is slowly pois- oned by order of the king at JEgium. STATE. 311* *b.c. Cassander kills Roxana and her son, the last of Alexander's family, and becomes master of Greece. 308** B.C. Turk. Cleopatra, the last survivor of the royal house of Macedon, is assassinated by order of Cassander. 307* * b. c. Athens. Demetrius I., Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, expels Demetrius Phalerius, and restores to power the democracy. 306 * * B. C. Antigonus and his son De- metrius assume the title of king. [Their example is followed by Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander.] 301 * * b. c. Asia M. After the battle of Ipsus, a third and final division of the empire of Alexander is made. Seleucus and Lysimachus share be- tween them the possession of Antigo- nus, who was killed at Ipsus. Demetrius becomes a fugitive. 296 * * b. c. Turk. Cassander dies, and is succeeded on the throne of Mace- donia by his eldest son, Philip TV. 295 * * b. c. Epirus is ruled by Pyr- rhus, the greatest soldier of his day. * * b. c. Turk. Philip IV. dies, and his brothers, Antipater and Alexander V., dispute for the throne. 294 * * b. c. Turk. Demetrius I., Po- liorcetes, murders Alexander V., and seizes the crown of Macedon. He also reigns over the greater part of Greece. [287. Forced to abandon Macedonia.] * * b. c. Antipater II. is put to death by Lysimachus. 293* *b. c. Asia. Seleucus divides his empire, and gives his son Antiochus all lying east of the Euphrates. 287 * * b. c. Turk. Pyrrhus becomes King of Macedon. [231. Ptolemy Ce- raunus. 286* * b. c. Turk. Lysimachus is king of Thrace j he drives Pyrrhus out of Macedonia. 281 * * b. c. The empire of Alexander for a few weeks seems about to unite again under Seleucus after the battle of Corpudion. 280 * * b. c. Turk. Seleucus is assas- sinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who thereby gains Thrace and Macedonia. Ptolemy is killed by the Gauls. ± * * b. c. The Achaean League is es- tablished, or revived. Four cities — Dyme, Patrse, Tritsea, and Pherse — unite in a confederation against Macedonian domination. [In a short time they are joined by most of the principal cities of Greece.] The JEtolian League is founded. iEtolians and other tribes of northern Greece confederate ; and although their object is national unity, the League often takes sides with Macedonia or Rome, against the Achaean League. 279± * * b. c. Turk. Sosthenes, ruler of Macedonia, dies, and anarchy follows. 278-246 B.C. Turk. Antigonus Gon- atas, son of Demetrius, gains permanent possession of Macedonia. * * * B. c. The vast empire of Alexander is under three governments ; Egypt is ruled by the descendants of Ptolemy Soter, Asia by the Seleucidae, and Mace- donia by the Antigonidre. 277 * * b. c. A triangular league is formed between Athens, Sparta, and Egypt. 273 * * b. c. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, having defeated Antigonus the second time, is proclaimed king. 272 * * b. c. Turk. Antigonus is re- stored to the throne of Macedonia. * * * b. c. Athens ceases to have any political influence in Greece ; it contin- ues the seat of learning and culture. 255 * * b. c. Athens. Antigonus libe- rates the Athenians. 251 * * b. c. Aratus liberates Sicyon. 250* *b. c. Asia. Arsaces revolts against Antiochus II., King of Syria, and founds the Parthian monarchy. 245 * * b. c. Aratus of Sicyon is first elected general of the Achaean League. [It very soon rises to national impor- tance. 243. He captures Corinth, and It immediately joins the League.] 244 * * b. c. Agis TV. attempts to re- vive the laws of Lycurgus, and the ancient virtue in Sparta. [241. He fails, and is killed.] 243 * * b. c. Leonidas H. vacates the throne of Sparta, and becomes a fugitive. [241. Recalled ; becomes sole sovereign.] 241 * * b. c. Sicily. AU the Grecian colonies pass under Roman rule ex- cept Syracuse. 239 * * b. c. Turk. Antigonus Gona- tas, King of Macedon, dies. Demetrius LT. is king. [229. Philip V., eight years of age, succeeds his father. Antigonus Doson, his uncle, is regent.] 236 * * b. c. Cleomenes HI. becomes King of Sparta. [225. He carries out the reformation attempted by Agis. 219. Agesipolis and Lycurgus reign.] * * b. c. The Athenians join the Achse- an League. 228 * * b. c. Sparta and the j3ijtolian League join forces against the Achaean League. * * b. c. Roman ambassadors are first received at Athens and Corinth. [225±. A second embassy is received.] 225+ * * b. c. Antigonus Doson of Macedonia is elected general of the Achaean League. [221. He enters Sparta, and restores the oligarchy, and forces an alliance with the Achoean League.] 220± * * b. c. Turk. Macedonians at- tain supremacy in the Achaean League. * * b. c. Antigonus dies, and his nephew, Philip V., succeeds him. 215 * * B. c. Turk. Philip V. of Mace- don concludes a treaty with Hannibal against Rome. 211* * b. c. The iEtolian League forms an alliance with the Romans against Philip V. [198. Against the Achaeans.] 209 * * B. c. The Achoeans, being hard pressed by the iEtolians, call in the aid of Philip V. 208 * * b. c. Philopcemen, " the last of the Greeks," is elected general of the Achaean League. 205 * * b. c. The Romans make peace with Philip V. 204 * * b. c. Philip V. makes a treaty with Antiochus the Great for the parti- tion of the Egyptian dependencies, by which he receives Thrace and western Asia Minor. [This leads to war with Attalus of Pergamus and Rhodes.] 198 * * b. c. The Achaean League enters an alliance with the Romans, and de- serts Philip V: 197 * * b. c. Philip V., being defeated at Cynoscephahe, is compelled to abandon all the Greek cities which he held, either in Europe or Asia, and pay a large war indemnity. 196 * * b. c. Athens. The Romans sol- emnly proclaim liberty. 192 * * b. c. Sparta joins the Achsean 190 * * b. c. The entire Peloponnesus is under one government — the Achsean League. [1S3±. Its power declines.] 189 * * b. c. The iEtolians are defeated by the Romans, and obtain peace on humiliating terms ; their League is prac- tically crushed. * * b. c. The Romans declare the free- dom of Epirus. 188 * * b. c. The laws of Lycurgus in Sparta are abrogated by Philopcemen. 183 * * b. c. The Messenians withdraw from the League, and war follows. 179 * * B. c. Turk. Philip V. dies, and is succeeded by his son, Perseus [the last king of Macedonia]. 1028 171* * b.c. -a. d. 394, Sept. 6. GREECE. ARMY — NAVY. 171-168 b. c. Turk. Third war with Rome. Cause : Perseus, son of Philip V., seeks revenge, and desires to regain the former boundaries of Macedonia. The war ends in the destruction of the monarchy, and in the annexation of Macedonia as a prov- ince of Rome. (168 Autumn.) Perseus defeats the Romans in Thessaly. 168 June 22. b. c. Turk. Battle of Pydna. The Romans under L. iEmilius Pau- lus utterly defeat Perseus, killing 20,000 and capturing 11,000 Macedonians. [Im- mense spoils are taken to Rome. Paulus receives a splendid triumph.] 148-146 Fourth war with Rome. (See Italy.) 146 * * b. c. The Achaean "War. It is incited by the anti-Roman party ; the Achaean League attacks Sparta, and Romans come to its aid. * *b.c. Turk. The Achseans under Crito- laus are defeated by Quintus Csecilius Metellus, the Roman general at Scar- phea, in Locris. * * b. c. Battle of Leucopetra. Diaeus summons all on the isthmus -who can bear arms, and enlists 12,000 slaves, but he is defeated by Romans under L. Mummuis. * * b. c. Corinth falls without a blow ; its art treasures are sent to Rome, and its people made slaves. 88 * * b. c. The Athenians obtain assis- tance against the Romans from Mithri- dates, King of Pontus ; Archelaus, his general, makes himself master of Athens. 86 Mar. 1. b. c. Athens, long be- sieged, is forced to surrender to Sulla. * * B. c. The Roman general Sulla, with 30,000 to 40,000, defeats Archelaus with 110,000+ at Chseronea and Orchomenos. [Peace follows between Rome and Mith- ridates.] 78-67 b. c. Rome is at war with the pirates, who sail 1,000 ships. Crete is seized as their ally. 72 * * b. c. S. It. Thurii, a Greek city, is captured by Spartacus and compelled to make heavy contributions. 42 * * b. c. Turk. The battle of Phil- ippi in Macedonia. The republicans under Brutus and Cas- sius are defeated by Octavius and Mark Antony ; the fate of the republic is here decided. 31 Sept. * b. c. Battle of Aetium. The combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra are defeated by Octavian, who thereby secures supreme rule over the Roman realm. 211-217 a. d. The Germanic troops invade Greece. [244-249. Devastating hordes of Germans appear. 249-251. Turk. Goths and Germans ravage Thrace and Mcesia.] 249 * * Turk. A great battle is fought near Philippi ; the city is taken, and the Romans defeated by barbarians ; 100,000 inhabitants are put to death. 251* * Bulgaria. (?) The Romans are de- feated in a battle with the Goths, near Abricium on the Danube ; the Emperor Decius and his son are killed. 256* * The Goths make piratical expe- ditions into Greece. [267, They ravage southern Greece without hindrance, and 267 * * Two Roman armies destroy or expel the Goths. 269 * * Turk. A great host of 320,000 Goths invade Greece, but are defeated by Claudius II. ; they settle in Thrace, or are drafted into the Roman legions. 314 * * Indecisive hostilities occur be- tween Constantine and Licinius, his col- league. Peace follows. 323 July 3. Turk. Constantine com- pletely defeats Licinius near Adriano- ple. 367 * * Many Goths perish in a naval engagement with the Romans near the Hellespont. 378 Aug. 9. Turk. The emperor Va- lens is defeated at Adrianople by the Goths ; he and most of his generals are killed. 382 * * Turk. Theodosius enrols the Goths in the Empire. 388 June * Aust.-Hung. Theodosius the Great defeats and kills Maximus Magnus, at Aquileia ; but nearly anni- hilates his own army in the struggle. 394 Sept. 6. Aust. Eugenius, the usurping emperor of the West, is de- feated and killed by Theodosius at Fri- gidus, near Aquileia. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 160-125 b.c. Hipparchusof Nicasa, in Bithynia [first and greatest of Grecian astronomers], flourishes. He founds scientific astronomy, cata- logues the stars, invents the planisphere, calculates eclipses, and discovers the eccentricity of the solar orbit, some of the inequalities of the moon's motions, and the procession of the equinoxes. 105 * * B. c. (106?) Four cities in Asia, two in Greece, and two in Galatia are overturned by earthquakes. 22 * * b. c. Borne. Pantomime plays are introduced on the Roman stage by Pylades and Bathyllus. 17 * * A. D. Asia M. Ephesus is nearly destroyed by an earthquake. 67 * * The Emperor Nero despoils Cor- inth of its treasures in art ; he projects a canal across the isthmus. 170* * Galen, an eminent surgeon, flourishes. 262 * * Asia M. The hordes of Goths destroy the famous temple of Diana in Ephesus, having 120 pillars and con- taining masterpieces of art, the chief of which are the works of Praxiteles. 340 * * Many Grecian cities are destroyed by earthquakes. 346-379 Athens. Hilarius, a painter, arrives from Bithynia. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 160 * * AriBtarehiis of Samothrace, gram- marian, critic, born. [88. Dies.] 2d Century. Apollodorus, Athenian gram- marian, born. Hipparchus of Nierca, founder of science of astronomy, born. 135 * * Posidonius, Stoie phil.,b. [51- Dies.] 2d or 1st Century. Dioaeorides, phy., wr., b. 74 * * Damascenes, Nicolaus, historian, phi- losopher, born. 70* **DionyBius of HalicarnassuB, hist., b. 1st Century. Andronicus of Rhodes, Peripa- tetic philosopher, born. Asclepiades Hithynus, physician, born. IHodorus Siculus, historian, born. MenippuB, poet, Cynic philosopher, born. 63 * * Strabo, geographer, b. [24 a. d. D.j 4 * * Apollonius Tyanseus, Pythagorean phi- losopher, born. [97 a. d. Dies.] 46 a. d. * * Plutarch, biographer, philoso- pher, born. [120. Dies.] 50* * Archelaus, sculptor, born. [117. Dies.] 1st Century. Apion, grammarian, hist., born. 60+ Epictetus. Stoic philosopher, born. 95 * * Dionysius the Areopagite, Christian bishop, dies. 100 * * Arrian, historian, born, [170. Dies.] 103 * * Justin the Martyr, Christian Father, born. [165. Dies.] 104 * * Herodes, Tiberius Claudius Atticus, Athenian orator, statesman, b. [180. D.l 120 * * Lucian. mis. wr., b. [210. Dies.] 129* * Aristides. ora., sophist, b. [185. D.] 130 * * Iremrtis, Saint, bishopof Lyons, born. [202. Dies.] 131 * * Galen, Claudius, phys., au., phil., b. 2d Century. JElian, Claudius, rhetorician, b. Alcephron, epistolary author, born. Athenaus, grammarian, born. Athenagoras, philosopher, born. Aquila Poni'ieiiB, translator, born. Cleomedes, astronomer, born. Dionysius of By/antium, poet, born. Hermogenes, rhetorician, born. Marcion, t;reek heresiareh, born. Jloschus, poet, born. Oppian, poet, born. I'ausainas, traveler, writer, born. 155 * * Dion Cassias, historian, born. 175± Philostratus, biog., b. [245+. Dies.] 2d or 3d Century. Alexander of Aphrodiaias, philosopher, born. 233 * * Porphyry, N'eoplatonic philosopher, anti-Christian writer, horn. [304. Dies.] 3d Century. Diogenes Laertius, hist., phil., b. Herodian, historian, born. 250 * * Alexander, first bp. of Cappadooia, d. 256+ Arius, fdr.Arianism, It. [336. D.] .265 * * Dionysius of Alexandria, Saint, bp., d. 266* * Eusebius. bishop of Osaria, histo- rian, born. [349. Dies.] 272 * * Constantine the Great, emperor,, born. [337. Dies.] 273 * * Longiiius, IMonvhium Cassius, phil., d. 280 * * Uexippus, Publius H., hist., gen., d. 318 * * Epiphanms. bp., au., b. [403. Dies.] 326* * liasil. Saint, a Father of the (..reek Church, born. [379. Dies.] 332 * * Gregory, Saint, bishop of Myssa, Greek Father, born. [390±. Dies.] 347 * * F.unapius, physieian, Bophiet, born. Chrysostom, .lohn, arehbishop of Constanti- nople, writer, born. [407. Dies.] 4th Century. Arnobius, rhet., apologist, b. Ileliodorus, bp. of Kmessa, romance wr., b. 370* * Hypatia, phil., math., b. [415. D.] 375 * * Eutyches, heresiareh of Eastern Church, born. [454. Dies.] 390* * Marcianus, emperor, born. [457. D.] Theodoret, bp. of Cyprus, hist., b. [457. D.J CHURCH. Note. — For the list of popes see Italy. 52 * *a.d. St. Paul visits Philippi, Thes- saloniea, Keren, also Athens and Corinth. [57. He returns to Corinth. 58. He visits Philippi. 63. He visits Macedo- nia. 67. He visits Kicopolis.] (See It.) 150+ * * The Christian apologists flourish. 312* * Turk. Constantine the Great professes the Christian religion. Oct. 29. Turk. Constantine, by edict, restores the civil and religious rights. 319+ * * Immersion is practised among the Eastern Christians, while sprinkling is practised in the Western churches. + * * Egy. Alexander, bishox* of Alexan- dria, investigates the Arian heresy. [321. Arius is excommunicated. 336. Recalled from exile.] * * * Athanasius defends the doctrine of the Trinity. 324+ * * Asia M. Constantine restores religious liberty to the Christians. 325 June 19-Aug. 25. Asia M. The second general Council, of 318 bish- ops, is held at Nice, the Emperor Con- stantine presiding. The Arians are con- demned. 328* * Egy. Athanasius is made pa- triarch of Alexandria (p. 654). GREECE. 171** b.c.-a.d. 394, Sept. 6. 1029 330+ * * Constantinople. Constantino and his court favor the condemned doc- trine of Arius. He orders the heathen temples to be destroyed. 341± * * Constantinople.. Macedonius, a semi-Arian, is made bishop of Con- stantinople : his followers are called Macedonians ; much bloodshed follows his appointment. [360. He is expelled.] 361 Nov, 3. Julian the apostate be- comes emperor. [He opposes Chris- tianity, and attempts the restoration of heathen worship.] * * * Asia M. Basil the Great and Gregory the Theologian, two of the Fathers, flourish in Cappadocia. 370* * Constantinople. Archbishop Eusebius (organizer of the Arians)dies, and Basil succeeds him in the Metro- politan See ; he strongly supports the orthodox doctrine against Arianism. 379 Jan. 1. Constantinople. Bishop Basil dies, and is mourned by all,— pagans, Jews, and Christians. 380 * * Constantinople. Tlieodosius, by edict, proclaims the Athanasian doc- trine of the Trinity as orthodox, brands as heretics its opposers, and turns over the churches of Constantino- ple to the exclusive use of the Trinita- rian minority. 381 July 9. Constantinople. The third General Council is convoked by Tlieodosius to determine the catholic doctrine regarding the Holy Ghost. It is attended by 150 orthodox bishops and 36 semi-Arians (Macedonians). The Macedonians, Arians, Eunomians, Eu- doxians, and others are condemned, and the resolutions of the Council of Nice are confirmed. The bishop of Constan- tinople is assigned the second rank, next to the bishop of Rome. * * Nectarius is elected bishop of Con- stantinople. LETTERS. 145-122 B. c. A History of Rome in 40 books is written by Polybius. 90i * * b. c. Athens. Apellicon, a Peripatetic philosopher, makes a great collection of books. 84 * * b. c. Athens. The libraries are removed to Rome by Sylla the Dictator. 79 * * b. c. Athens. Cicero is a student here. [42. Horace also.] 58 * * *b. o. Andronicus, the Peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, flourishes. 10 * * B. c. Historical Library, in 40 books, is written by Diodorus Siculus. 7= * * b. c. Dionysius of Halicarnas- sus writes a history of Rome and other historical, rhetorical, and critical works. 46 * * Plutarch, the biographer, philoso- pher, moralist, is born in Boeotia. He writes Parallel Lives of 60 eminent Greeks and Romans [46 of which are ex- tant]. Several other biographies, also various philosophical, ethical, and other works. 52 * * St. Paul writes the First Epistle to the Tkessalonians from Corinth. T53. The Second Epistle to the Thessaloni- ans from Corinth; 57, First Epistle to the Corinthians from Kphesus and the Second from Macedonia, and Ej>i.e to the Galatia/is from Corinth; M, Epistle to the Itomarts from Corinth; 62, Epistle to Philemon, Epistle to the Colossili,000 in. ii in its dciVnsc. 1540±. They take Achaia. 1574. Cyprus. 1669. They besiege ami rapture Candia; 200,000 people perish during the blockade.] 1685 * * Francesco Morosini leads the Venetians and the German mercenaries under Konigsmark to the conquest of Morea ; this marks the beginning of the rescue of Greece from the Turks. 1686 * * Argos, the most ancient city, is taken by the Venetians. [1687. Corinth is taken ; Athens is devastated. 16S9. Morea is also taken from the Turks.] 1715 * * The Venetians are driven out of Morea by the Turks ; Corinth falls. 1716 * * The Turks are defeated by the Venetians under Count J. M. Schlen- burg, who holds Corfu. 1769 * * The Russians send an expedi- tion under Orloff to the Peloponnesus in aid of the Greeks. 1799 Mar. 3. Corfu captured from the French by a Russian and Turkish fleet. 1803 * * Suliots unsuccessfully rebel. 1821 * * "War for independence. Mar. *-June * Roumania. Prince Alex- ander Ypsilanti leads a Grecian revolt in Moldavia and Wallachia ; he is de- feated, and flees to Austria, and is de- tained for six years. Apr.* An uprising in Morea occurs. June * Successful. * * Distressing reports of Turkish cru- elty to Christians in Constantinople, Adrianople, and other cities are circu- lated ; 20,000 Greeks are murdered. Oct. 5. Tripolitza is stormed by the Greeks ; they commit dreadful cruelties, [Nov. 21. Missolonghi is taken.] 1822 Jan. * Turks besiege Corinth. Apr. 11. The Turks bombard and cap- ture Scio; about 40,000 peaceful inhabi- tants are massacred, and others sold into slavery. [Civilized Europe is thrilled with horror.] July 13. The Greeks defeat the Turks at Thermopylae. * * Cyprus. The Turks commit a ter- rible massacre in suppressing an insur- rection. Sept. 16. Corinth is taken by the Turks. [1S23. Retaken by the Greeks.] * * Constantine Canaris, a Greek ad- miral, burns a part of the Turkish fleet, and puts 3,000 Turks to death. 1823 Apr. 20. Marco Bozzaris is killed at Carpenisi. * * Civil war prevails among the Greek partisans [for two years]. * * Athens. The Greeks unsuccessfully besiege the Turks in the fortress. 1824 Jan.* Lord Byron joins the Greeks at Cephalonia. [Apr. 19. He dies at Missolonghi.] Aug. 16. The Capitan Pasha is de- feated at Samos. * * The Turks commit terrible atroci- ties in the islands of Kasos and Ipsara. * * Jean Gabriel of Geneva devotes him- self to the cause of Greek independence. * * Civil war again breaks out. [Brief.] 1825 * * Mehemet Ali of Egypt, and ■ his stepson Ibrahim, invade Greece. [Apr. 27. Ibrahim begins the siege of Missolonghi. May 18. He takes Nava- rino. June 30. He takes Tripolitza.] June * The Greek fleet defeats the Cap- itan Pasha. 1826 Apr. 26. Ibrahim Pasha as- saults and captures Missolonghi. * * Volunteers come from Europe and America in aid of the Greeks. * * Argos devastated by the Turks. [June 2. Rescind Pasha takes its citadel.] 1827 Oct. 20. The Egypto- Turkish fleet is annihilated at Navarino by the united British , French , and Russian fleets, under Vice-Adm. Codrington. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1687 * * Athens. A Venetian bomb de- stroys the roof and most of the walls of the Parthenon. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1204 * * Alexius TV., emperor, dies. 1220* * Aern 1 .r>]it;i,Kt:ites.,liist.,l>. [1282. D.] 1224 * * Michael VIII., PaheologuB, em- peror, born. [1282. Dies.] 1330 * * Cbumnus, Xicephorus, author, d. 1348 * * Manuel 11., Palseologus, emperor, born. [425. Died.] 14th Century. Nicephorus Gregoras, hist., b. 1390 * * Bessarion, John, cardinal, patriarch "f < 'onstani inople, born. [1472. Dies.] 1400* * Gaza, Theodore, scholar, b. [1478. P.] 1403 * * Constantine XIII., Paheologus, em- peror, born. [1453. Dies.] 15th Century. I Micas, Michael, historian, b. 1518* * Karbarossa, or Horuc, Greek-Al- gerine pirate, dies. 1535* * Larcaris, Andreas Joannes, schol., d. 1602 * * Fuca, Juan de, navigator, dies, 1636 * * Mavroeordatos, Alexander, physi- cian, statesman, scholar, b. [1709. Dies.] 1748* * Coray, Adamantios, poet, patriot, born. [1833. Dies.] 1768 * * Miaulis, A ndrcas Vokos, patriot, ad- miral, born. [1835. Dies.] 1770* * Christopulus, Athanasios, poet, born. [1847. Dies.] 1776* * Capo d'lstria, Count John, president of Greece, born. [1831. Dies.] 1790 * * Bozzaris, Marco, patriot, born. Canaris, or Kanaris, Constantine, admiral, statesman, born. [1877. Dies.] 1791 * * Mavi'Oi-ordatos, Alexander, states- man, born. [1865. Dies.] 1792* * Ypsilanti, Alexander, patriot, born. [1827. Dies.] 1793 * * Ypsilanti, Demetrius, patriot, born. [1832. Dies.] 1801 * * Bulgaria, IMmitri, statesman, born. [1878 Jan. 10. Dies.] 1810* * Kizo-Khangahe, Alexander, poet, orator, staesman, b. [1892. Jan. 10. D.] 1815**Ottho I., Otto Friedrich Ludwig, king, born. [1867. July 26. Dies.] 1823 Apr. 20. Bozzaris, Marco, patriot, A33. CHURCH. 1205 * * Roman Catholic missions in Greece are opened. 1215* * Rome. Church Council (p. 670). 1245 June 28. Church Council (p. 672). 1274 May 7-June 17. Fr. The 15th Church Council (p. 672). A temporary- union of the churches is effected. 1277± * * The Greek Christians are per- secuted by the Roman Catholic party. 1285+ * *The Greek and Roman Churches again divide. 1307+ * * Constantinople. The Emperor Andronicus opposes union with the Roman Church, and imprisons the pa- triarch for advocating it. [Andronicus is excommunicated by the Pope.] 1311 Oct. 16+. Fr. The 16th Church Council (p. 672). 1363-76 The Emperor John VI., Pahe- ologns, and three patriarchs reenter communion with Home. 1414* * Baden. The 17th Church Council (p. 676). 1431 July 23. Switz. The 18th Church Council (p. 676). 1438* *John VIII., distressed by the Turks, solicits help from "Western Eu- rope, and submits to the Pope. 1439 July 5. It. The Council of Florence having agreed to the union of the Greek and Roman Churches, the Pope signs the decree. [Entirely repu- diated by the Greeks.] 1453 * * With the fall of Constantinople every trace of union with the Western Church disappears. 1456+ * * Mohammed grants to the Chris- tians personal security, and the free ex- ercise of their religion. 1460* *The patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria declare in fa- vor of union with the Roman Church. [Fruitless.] 1628 * * Christianity is reestablished in Greece. [1643. The Greek orthodox confession of faith appears.] GREECE. 1203, May 9-1828, Feb. 2. 1035 1760i * *Syria. The Albanians change their religion, and profess Mohamme- danism. 1774 July 21. Peace of Kutchuki Kai- nardji, between Russia and Turkey ; the Greek Church is to be protected. 1819 * * The Ionian Bible Society is or- ganized at Corfu. LETTERS. 1450-1500 On the Deeds of the Great Commander of the Romans, by Georgias Limenitis, appeal's. 16th Century. The Erotocritos, by Vin- cenzo Conaro, a Cretan, appears. 1726 * * The printing-press is intro- duced into Turkey from Paris. ISth Century. Great revival of educa- tion; schools established in every city. 1811-21* * 'O Adyto? 'Eppifc is issued at Vienna by Anthimos Gagi. 1822 * * A university is established at Corfu for the Ionian islands. SOCIETY. 1204 Jan. 28. Alexius IV. is murdered by Alexius Ducas, the usurper. 1822 Apr. 11. The Turks massacre 40,000 people in the Greek insurrec- tion on Isle of Chios [Scio]. STATE. 1203-04 Constantinople. Alexius IV. reigns for six months. He is put to death by Alexius Ducas. 1204* * Constantinople. Alexius IV. being unable to fulfil a compact made with the Crusaders, — to secure the union of the Greek and Roman churches, be- sides raising a large sum of money for their deliverers from the Turks, — the Crusaders, urged by the Pope, attack and capture Constantinople. * * Crete is ceded to the Venetians. 1204-61 Constantinople. The French or Latin emperors reign. May 9. Baldwin I., Count of Flanders, is elected emperor by the Latins. [* * He confers the kingdom of Salonika on Boniface, Marquis of Montferat.] 1204-61 Asia M. Greek emperors reign at Jtficea. [1204-22. Theodore Lascaris I. reigns. 1222-55, John Vatatzes (son-in-law); 1255-59, Theodore Lascaris; 1259-60, John Lascaris ; 1260, Michael Palseologus be- comes joint emperor.] 1205 * * Athens is acquired by Otho de la Roche, who makes it a dukedom. William of Champlitte organizes Achaia (Greece) into a principality. 1206-16 Constantinople. Henry I. of Hainault reigns. 1208 * * Theodorus Angelus, Comne- nus, seizes Epirus and .ZEtolia, and erects them into a kingdom. [1222-30. Em- peror.] 1210* * Geoffrey Villehardouin he- comes ruler of Achaia. [121S, Geoffrey II. ; 1246, William, his brother.] 1221-28 Constantinople. Robert de Courtenay, brother-in-law of Henry I., reigns. 1228-61 Constantinople. Baldwin II., brother of Robert, a minor, reigns. John de Brienne, of Jerusalem, becomes re- gent and associate emperor. 1230 * * Theodorus is defeated, cap- tured, and deprived of his eyes by the Bulgarians. His brother, Manuel, claims the succession; but Theodorus regains his liberty, and succeeds in deposing the usurper. John, his son, succeeds. 1246-1430 Achaia is a fief of Naples. 1261 July 25. After 57 years, the Greeks under Michael Pala^ologus re- cover Constantinople, and put an end to the Latin empire in the East. 1261-82 Constantinople. Michael, having deposed John Lascarius, reigns alone. 1268 * * Syria. Antioch is captured by the Sultan of Egypt. 1277* * Isabella succeeds William, Prince of Achaia. [1311. Maud, her daughter, becomes princess.] 1282-1328 Constantinople. Androni- cus II., PalEeologus, the Elder, reigns. He is deposed by Andronicus his grand- son. 1299 Asia M. Othman, the Turk, in- vades Nicomedia, and founds the Otto- man Empire. 1324 * * Maud, Princess of Achaia, after being thrice married, is forcibly mar- ried to John de Gravina, and dies in prison. 1328-41 Constantinople. Andronicus III., the Younger, reigns. 1330 * * Asia M. The Turks conquer Nicea. [1346. Also the Morea.] 1341 * * Constantinople. John VI., Pa- lssologus, aged nine, succeeds his father, with John Gantacuzenus as guardian. 1342 * * The councilors and guardian of the young emperor quarrel, and Canta- cuzenus escapes death on a charge of high treason by declaring himself em- peror, and, with the assistance of the Turks, maintains his claim. [Greece is desolated by civil war for five years.] 1347-55 Constantinople. John "V., Cantacuzenus, reigns as sole emperor. [Weary of the disorder of the empire, abdicates, and retires to a monastery.] 1353* * Turk. The Turks settle on the coast of Thrace. 1367 * * The Greeks are compelled to pay a heavy tribute to the Turks. 1371* * The Sultan Amurath, by treaty, takes a large part of the Greek emperor's territory. 1390 * * Greeks surrender Asia Minor to the Turks. 1391-1425 Constantinople. Manuel II., Paheologus, reigns. He succeeds his father, having been associate ruler since 1372. 1400 * * The emperor visits the courts of England and France, and solicits aid against the Turks. Dissension and civil war distress the Greeks. 1401 * * Athens. A Turkish pasha is established. 1402 * * The empire is saved from the Turks by the timely invasion of Ti- mur, who defeats the Sultan Bajazet at Angora, takes him prisoner, and dis- members his empire. [The Greeks be- come his allies, and pay him tribute.] 1403-12* *I>issension among the Turks prevents the fall of Constanti- nople. 1413 * * Manuel II. aids Mohammed I. [the Great] to become Sultan. 1425 * * Constantinople. Peace is made between the Greeks and Turks. 1425-48 Constantinople. John VII., Palseologus, reigns. The throne is claimed by his three brothers ; he appeals to the Latins for aid against the Turks, and makes a reconciliation with the Roman Church to secure it. 1448-53 Constantinople. Constantine XTTI., Palaeologus, the last emperor,, reigns. The empire has been reduced to a small state. 1453 Constantinople. The Greek Empire falls. (See Army.) * * All the Latin principalities in Greece are swept away by the conquest of the Turks. 1663 * * The Turks hold all Greece, ex- cept the Ionian Islands, which are held by the Venetians. 1685 * * The Venetians begin to invade Greece, and overthrow the power of the Turks. [1689. They take Morea. Ex- pelled by the Turks.] 1699 Jan. 26. Aust. Morea is ceded to Venetians (p. 513). 1718 July 21. Servia. PeaceofPas- sarowitz; Morea ceded to Turks (p. 513). 1770+ * * Gr« 1774 * * Peace is made between Russia and Turkey. 1797 Oct. 17. It. The Ionian Isl- ands are ceded to France (p. 519). [1799. Capitulate to the Russo-Turkish fleet.] 1800 Mar. 21. The Ionian Islands are formed into the republic of the Seven United Islands, under Russia and Turkey. [1807. July 7. They are restored to France- (p. 717). 1809. Oct. 3-12. Taken by the Eng- lish. 1815. Nov. 5. Formed into an inde- pendent state under a. British protectorate, Sir Thomas .M ait-land lord hiidi eoininissioner. 1817. July 11. A constitution is ratified.] 1S03 * * Turk. The Suliotes unsuccess- fully rebel against the Turks. 1815 * * The Hetaeria Philike is estab- lished at Odessa, as a secret political society for the liberation of Greece. [1820. Glioses Prince Alexander Ypsi- lanti leader.] 1821 Mar. * Independence is de- clared; Greece revolts against Turkey- Alexander proclaims » genera-] uprising against the Turks. Gemarios, arch- bishop of Patr;e,and Theodorus Koloko- tronis are leaders of the patriots. 1822 Jan. 27. Independence is pro- claimed. 1823 Apr. 10. A National Congress meets at Argos. * * Kolokotronis is made commander in the Peloponnesus ; civil war prevails [for two years]. 1824 Oct. 12. A provisional govern- ment is set up. [1825. July * It invites- the protection of England.] 1826 * * Sympathy for the Greeks is widespread in Europe. 1827 July 6. The powers agree in re- quiring Turkey and Greece to accept their mediation that peace may be re- stored in the East (p. 943). 1828 Jan. IS. Count Capo d'Istria is elected president for seven years, through the influence of the Russian party ; Greece is nominally a republic. Feb. 2. The Grand Council of State is established. [Feb. 14. Athens. Th& National Bank is founded.] 1036 1828, June 9-1894, Dec. 15. GREECE. ARMY — WAVY. 1828 Oct. 6. Patrae, Navarino, and Modon surrender to a French force. Oct. 28. The Turks evacuate the Mo- rea. [Tripolitza is given up to the Greeks. 1S29. May 16. Also Missolonghi.] 1850 Jan. 18. The harbor of Piraeus is blockaded by a British fleet under Adm. Parker to force the Greek Gov- ernment to pay moneys due to British subjects, and to surrender the islands of Sapienza and Caprera. [Mar. 1. France interposes her good offices, and the blockade is discontinued.] 1853 Nov. 30. The Turkish fleet of 11 vessels near Sinope is attacked by a Russian fleet of 11 vessels under Adm. Nachimoff, and destroyed. 1877* *The "Sacred Band," origi- nally formed by Epaminondas in 377 B. c, is revived. 1878 Jan. 28. An insurrection breaks out in Thessaly against the Turks. [Mar. 23, 29. Engagements oc- cur at Macrinitza.] Feb. * Turk. Thessaly is occupied by 10,000 Greeks who have captured the frontier. [They retire at the armistice.] Apr. * The insurgents are driven out at Macrinitza by the Turks. [May 6. Suppressed by British intervention.] 1882 Aug. 27, 28. Greek troops en- ter the ceded territory, and have two battles with the Turkish garrison re- maining there. [The powers procure an armistice ; the Turks finally retire.] 1886 Jan. 23+. Increased warlike demonstrations are made, but interven- tion is supported by the great powers. May 7, 8. The Greek troops are or- dered to the front. May 8. The blockade of Greek ports is enforced by the powers. [June 7. Raised.] May 20, 21. Fighting occurs at the outposts near Nezfres ; 200 arc killed and wounded. [May 24. An armistice.] 1889 Aug. 6. A Cretan insurrection is spreading. Greece asks the powers to assist in re- storing order on the island. Aug. 7. The Greek fleet is assembling in the harbor of Salamis. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1840 Oct. 30. Ionian Isles. Great earthquakes occur at Zante, where many persons perish. [1853. Aug. 18. Thebes iB nearly destroyed by an earth- quake. 1858. Feb. 21. Corinth is de- stroyed. 1861. Dec. 26. The Pelopon- nesus is shaken. 1867. Feb. 4. One in Argostoli and Cephalonia destroys 50 lives. 1870. The Grecian Archipelago is shaken ; Santorin is nearly destroyed.] 1874 Mar. * Dr. Schliemann, by exca- vating, discovers the supposed site of Mycenae. [Reported.] 1875 Oct. 4. The Germans begin ex- cavations at Olympia. [Important discoveries are made.] 1878 Nov. 28. Dr. Schliemann an- nounces the discovery of the tomb of Agamemnon and others, besides many treasures, at Mycenae. 1883 * * The foundations of the Temple of Jupiter at Dodona, Epirus [with other relicB], are discovered. 1886 * * Athens. A great discovery of statuary is made near the Acropolis. 1888 Sept.* Dr. Schliemann makes discoveries in excavations at Myceme. 1889 Jan. 3. Athens. The American School of Archeology resumes ita sessions. Jan. 22. Earthquake shocks are felt at Athens, Megara, and elsewhere. [Apr. 11. In Epirus. Air;. 26. Again.] 1893 Jan. 19. A hurricane causes much damage. Jan. 30. An earthquake occurs on the island of Zante ; villages are destroyed, many persons killed, and 100 injured ; 10,000 persons are homeless. [About 300 shocks occur within five months.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1845 Dec. 24. George I., son of Christian IX. of Denmark, King of the Hellenes, b. 1889 Feb. 11. Prokopios, Monsignor, pa- CHURCH. 1828 June 9. The sultan appoints a patriarch whom the Greeks reject. * * Athens. The Protestant Episcopal Church of IT. S. A. opens a mission; also the American Board (Cong.). 1831 * * The American Board (U. S. A.) opens a mission at Xenos. [1834. An- other at Argos. 1S37. Abandoned be- cause of interference by the Govern- ment. One opened at Areopolis.] 1836 Dec. * The Baptists (IT. S. A.) open a mission. [Abandoned by the Ameri- cans after 19 years of moderate success.] 1S64 Nov. 16. Athens. The National Assembly repeals the article of the con- stitution requiring Roman Catholic priests to be Hellenic subjects. 1867* * Athens. A Danish mission is opened. [1S6S. Abandoned.] 1868 * * It. The Pope invites the Greeks to attend the approaching General Council. [Declined.] 1871 * * The Baptists (U. S. A.) resume mission-work after suspension for 15 years. [After struggling for 16 years ag;i.inst the restrictions of the Govern- ment, it is suspended.] 1873* *The Southern Presbyterian Church (South, U. S. A.) assumes the care of the Greek Evangelical Church. [1874. It opens a mission in Salonica. 1885. The native church withdraws.] 1S74 * * Prokopios, the archbishop of Messenia, is elected metropolitan of Attica, and president of the Holy Synod. 1876 * * The synod of the church im- poses an interdiction for three years on the archbishops found guilty of simony. (See State.) LETTERS. 1831 * * Alyivaia is issued at ^gina. 1833 * * 'Ipi? is issued. 1834 * * 'AvdoAoyia is issued at Corfu. * * The journal, Savior is issued. 1837* *The University of Athens is founded. 1842-55 Hellenic Antiquities, by Alex- ander Rizo-Khangabe, appears. [1867, Literary History of Modern Greece.] 1850-72 ILaMpa is issued. SOCIETY. 1831 Oct. 9. Count Capo d'Istria, is assassinated by the brother and son of a Mainote chief whom he had impris- oned. [1831. Oct. 39. The assassins are immured within brick walls closely built around them as high as their chins ; here they are fed till they die.] 1857 Oct. 27. The king marries the Grand Duchess Olga of Russia. 1868 Aug. 2. Constantine, Duke of Sparta, heir to the crown, is born. [1869, June 25, George, Prince of Greece; 1870, Aug. 30, Alexandra; 1872, Feb. 9, Nicholas ; 1876 Mar. 3, Maria.] 1870 Apr. 11. NearXigrattionaband of 20 brigands capture Lord and Lady Mucaster, Count de Boyl, and five other persons, and hold them for a ransom — £25,000 ; the ladies are released. Apr. 21. The brigands, being closely pressed by Greek troops, murder all four of their prisoners. [Seven of the brigands are soon captured and decapi- tated. Later, five more.] May+ * Influential citizens are charged with connivance at brigandage. 1889 Oct. 27. Athens. The crown prince of Greece and Princess Sophie of Prussia are united in marriage. 1891 Apr.* -May* Anti- Jewish riots break out in the Ionian Islands. May 1. A riotous and fatal encounter occurs between Greek Christians and Hebrews at Zante; the Christians are the aggressors. May 12. In Corfu the Christians at- tack the Jews; two are killed. [A state of siege is declared at Corfu. The Jews are confined within their houses at Corfu for weeks, and suffer for food.] May 16. Ionian Isles. The anti-Sem- itic riots break out in Corfu. 1894 Aug. 8. A bomb explosion in Corfu City kills seven persons in the Hebrew quarter. Sept. 2. A newspaper is wrecked by soldiers for unfavorable comment on army. Dec. 15. Armenian refugees make their way to Athens. STATE., 1829 July 23. The National Assem- bly commences its session at Argos. Sept. 14. Turkey acknowledges the in- dependence of Greece. 1831 Oct. 9. President Capo d'Istria rules with severity, and is assassinated ; anarchy follows. * *A Senatorial Commission conducts the government. 1832 May 7. Otto of Bavaria, son of Lewis, is made king of Greece. A con- vention is signed by which definite limits are assigned the new kingdom by the powers. 1834 * * Athens becomes the capital. 1835 Jan. 1.-62 Oct. 20. Otto I. reigns. A regency of three Bavarians is selected by his father. 1843 Sept. 14. Athens. The constitu- tion being ignored, a new constitution is established by a bloodless revolution ; it provides for a responsible and repre- sentative government. 1844 Mar. 16. King Otto dismisses his Bavarian Ministers, and accepts the new constitution. 1854* * Greece sides with Russia against Turkey in the Crimean "War. Jan. * The Ministry favors the insur- rection in Thessaly and Epirus against Turkey. [Mar. 28. Rupture of diplo- matic relations with Turkey.] May * The English and French troops which arrive at the Pirams force the observance of neutrality, and a change of policy respecting additional terri- tory ; a change of Ministry ensues. GREECE. 1828, June 9-1894, Dec. 15. 1037 1856 * * The three protecting powers appoint a commission to investigate Grecian finances. [1860. Report; their management is condemned.] 1860 Sept. 15. An assassin, Aristides Dosias, fails in an attempt to assassi- nate the queen as a patriotic duty. Oct. 18. Great Britain, France, and Russia remonstrate with the Greek Gov- ernment respecting its debts. 1861 Mar.* The Ionian Islands agitate for annexation to Greece ; the Parlia- ment declares in favor of it. 1862 Feb. 12. A mili tary revolt oc- curs against the usurpation of the king. The insurgents demand reforms and a new succession. [Apr. 20. Subdued.] Sept. 23. Athens. The king prorogues the Chamber he cannot silence, and con- tinues an oppressive administration. Oct. 17. An insurrection arises at Pe- trse and Missolonghhi. Oct. 20. Athens. King Otto abdi- cates, having lost power and influence. Oct. 23. A provisional government is formed ; Demetri Bulgaris, president. [It is generally accepted.] * * A general election is held, and Prince Alfred of England is chosen king by 230,016 out of 241,202 votes. But the agreement entered by the three powers forbids the elevation of a prince of either power to the throne. Dec. 4. Athens. The Provisional Gov- ernment decrees a modification of the Constitution of 1843; universal suf- frage is introduced, and the executive department of government reorganized. 1863 Feb. 21. A military revolt oc- curs against Vulgaris, president of the council, and Rufos, minister of finance. [They resign.] Mar. 30. The National Assembly pro- claims George I. the king of Greece. (Son of Christian IX. of Denmark.) May 27. London. Great Britain, France, and Russia sign a protocol declaring the throne of Greece vacant. [June 5. ■ They sign a treaty relative to the acces- cessiou of Prince William.] July 3. The Powers, by an identical note, inform the Assembly that they will quit Greece if order is not restored. July 9. Athens. A military revolt is suppressed. Oct. 18. The Ionian Parliament votes that the protectorate of England shall cease immediately, and the islands be forthwith annexed to Greece. [1364. June 2. The protectorate ends.] Oct. 31. Athens. The king takes the oath of fidelity to the Constitution. Nov. 14. The protecting powers and Austria sign a treaty relative to the Ionian Islands. 1864 July 30. Athens. Ionian repre- sentatives to the Assembly first arrive. Oct. 21. Athens. The Constitutional Convention provides for a Council of State. The legislative authority is vested in a single chamber called the Boule, hav- ing 207 delegates elected for four years by universal suffrage. Nov. 1. Athens. The Convention, in spite of the opposition of the king, adopts a new Constitution. [Nov. 28. The king takes the constitutional oath, and the convention is dissolved ; Count Sponneck, a Dane, is his chief adviser.] 1865 Sept. 25. Athens. The king sur- renders one-third of his civil list to re- lieve the strain on the treasury. Dec. 1. Count Sponneck, the Danish adviser, yields to the popular opposition, and retires from Greece. 1866 Aug± . A popular agitation favors the Cretan insurrectionists who desire annexation with Greece. [1867. Apr. * Greeks aid the revolting Cretans.] 1868 Dec. * Turkey and Greece come to an open rupture, caused by Grecian intervention in Crete. 1869 Jan. 9 -Feb. 18. Pans. The European Conference proposes an amicable adjustment of Cretan difficul- ties acceptable to Greece and Turkey. 1875 * * The king gives great offense by his unconstitutional methods; they force a change in the ministry. 1876 * * Greece assumes neutrality in the Servian war. Sept. * Great Britain unites with Turkey in remonstrating with Greece for arm- ing against Turkey. 1878 Jan. 22. Athens. The popular demand for war with Turkey causes the Ministry to resign. [President Com- oundouros forms a new one.] Jan. 31. Athens. The Chamber empow- ers the Government to take military measures against Turkey. Vote, 121-6. [The minority proposes the armed occu- pation of Thessaly, Epirus, and a part of Macedonia, to protect Greek citizens.] July 24±. The Sultan proposes the rec- tification of the frontiers. [Aug. 8. The claims of Greece are rejected.] Aug. * Athens. The Greek Government requests the powers to bring about a settlement of the Eastern Question. 1879 Jan.* The Turco-Grecian Com- mission, appointed under the Berlin Treaty to rectify the frontier boundaries between Greece and Turkey, meets. 1880 June 15-f-. Berlin. A confer- ence of plenipotentiaries of the powers unanimously agree upon a new line of demarcation between Greece and Turkey. Greece receives 8,500 square miles, and 535.000 population. Greece rejoices. Turkey resists. [Unexecuted.] July * Greece prepares for war in exe- cution of the Berlin Conference. 1881 Feb. 7- Athens, The Government calls out the National Guard, also the Reserve, — 80,000 men. Feb. * Constantinople. A new line of demarcation is agreed to by the pow- ers ; Turkey accepts, Greece opposes it, amid intensest excitement. It cedes to Greece 265 square miles. Apr. 7. Athens. The Ministry accepts the new line of demarcation. May 24. Constantinople. The Porte and the powers sign a convention respect- ing ceded territory; Thessaly is ceded to Greece : territory. 5,142 square miles. [July 2. Signed. July 6. Effectuated.] * * The burdensome revenue tax of one- tenth in kind of all agricultural prod- ucts is abolished. 1885 Oct. 11. Athens. A decree is issued calling out the reserves; 30,000 fftieu are enrolled within five days. 1886 Jan. 11. The six great powers by an identical note call on Greece, Bul- garia, and Servia to disarm. [Jan. 26. A collective note declares that in absence of cause, no naval attack on Turkey will be permitted. Jan. 31. Another declares that the powers will take action against either state that breaks the peace.] Mar. 15±. Athens. The Government calls out two more classes of reserves for the army, raising its nominal strength to 100,000 men. Apr. 26. A collective note conveys to Greece the ultimatum of the powers ; it demands demobilization within one week. [Apr. 29. The French Minister makes a special intervention. Greece proposes a gradual disbanding.] May 6. The powers demand of Greece a specific statement of the time required. The representatives of the powers leave Athens, and a pacific blockade of the coasts of Greece is declared. May 24. Athens. The king signs a de- cree for a speedy disarmament. June 24. Athens. The Chamber passes the Electoral Reform Bill ; it reduces the number of deputies from 246 to 150 by enlarging the constituencies. 1889 Aug. 6. The Ministry sends a circular letter to the powers, demand- ing that they take action for the resto- ration of order in Crete. Oct. 27. Prince Konstantinos, Duke of Sparta, heir apparent, is married to Princess Sophia of Prussia, the sister of the German emperor. 1890 Apr. 3. Athens. A charter is granted for the completion of the canal across the Isthmus of Corinth, its French promoters having abandoned it ; $4,000,- 000 are voted for its completion. Oct. * The Young Greek Party tri- umphs in the election. 1893 Jan. 1. The national debt is 569,220,353 drachmai payable in gold, 161,758,822 payable in paper, and 11,000,- 000 issued as treasury warrants. Nov. 26. Greece announces that she is temporarily unable to keep her finan- cial engagements with foreign powers. MISCELLANEOUS. 1869 * * The first railroad is opened be- tween Piraeus and Phalerum, distance less than one mile. [1872. The rail- road between Piraeus and Lamia is begun.] 1882 May 5. The cutting of a canal across the Isthmus of Corinth is begun. [1893. Aug. 6. Opened.] 1884 May 4. A fourth railway, from Volo to Larissa, is opened by the king. [1885. Apr. 15. A railway is opened between Athens and Corinth.] 1038 876, **-1774, CREENLAND. Greenland is a continental island, lying in the North. Polar Sea, entirely unconnected with any portion of Europe or America. It belongs, for the most part, to Denmark, and is ruled by a governor appointed by the crown. Estimated area, 512,000 square miles ; population in 1890, 10,500±, chiefly Eskimos, and including about 300 Europeans. CHURCH. - 1121* *Eric Gnupsson appointed bishop (p. 11). [1124 * * Bishop Arnold. 1540. The last bishop dies.] 1686 Jan. 31. Norway. Hans Egede, the "Apostle of Greenland," is born. [1721. Arrives in Greenland. 1723. Founds Good Hope Mission. 1723-36. Converts Eskimos. 1740. Becomes super- intendentof missions. 1758. Nov. 5. D.] 1708* * Norway. Paul Egede, author, is born. [1734-40. Paul Egede, mission- ary superintendent. 1789. Dies.] 1725 Jan. 1. Frederick Christian, the first convert of the Danish mission- aries, is baptized [becomes a teacher]. 1728 * * Godthaab becomes a Danish mission-station. 1733 May 20. Moravian mission- aries from Herrnhut, Saxony, first ar- rive at Godthaab. [1738. Kajarauk is MISCELLANEOUS. 876* * Greenland is discovered by Gunnbjorn. [985i. Eric Kande] (p. 11). 1135 Apr. * Greenland is visited by Scandinavians. 1235 * * Colonists penetrate as far as 73° north latitude. 1261 * * Republican government is abol- ished, and Greenland is incorporated with Norway. 1342 * * The Eskimos appear. [1350. They distress the settlers.] 1393(1394?) July* Greenland is visited by Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian. 14lh-15th Centuries. Black death, foreign enemies, and the attacks of the Eskimos, decimate the settlements. [1490± . Colonization appears to have ceased.] * * * Greenland is neglected— almost forgotten — for 200 years. 1396+ * * Antonio Zeno, a brother of Nicolo, explores the coast."' 1418 * * Settlements of Norsemen are destroyed by natives, and the foreigners reduced to slavery. 1578 * * Sir Martin Frobisher, while seeking a Northwest Passage, takes pos- session of the west coast for Queen Eliz- abeth, and calls it West England. 1733-34 Smallpox destroys many thousands of people, nearly depopulat- ing some of the villages. 1750 * * A Greenland Danish-Latin Dic- tionary, by Paul Egede, appears. 1756, A Greenland Catechism; 1760, A Green- land Grammar; 1766, New Testament in the Greenland tongue; 1877, a transla- tion of Thomas a Kempis.] 1774 * * The Danish crown makes trade with Greenland a strict monopoly. GUATEMALA. Guatemala is a republic of Central America, having its executive power vested in a president, and its legislative power in a ^National Assembly, representing 22 political departments. The chief religion is Roman Catholic, but other faiths are tolerated. Area, 46,800 square miles ; population in 1890, 1,460,017. ARMY. 1827* * Guatemala. The Salvadoreans attack the city after the assassination of Vice-President Flores, and are re- pulsed. [1829. Apr. * They attack and capture it. 1840. Mar. 18. Carrera, the revolutionist, defeats them.] 1851 * * Carrera defeats the Hondurians and San Salvndorians at La Axada, near Chiquimula, and expels them. 1854-56 Filibusters. (See State.) 1863 June 16. The Salvadorians severely defeat the Guatemalans at Coatepeque. [A truce follows. Guate- mala secures Nicaragua and Costa Rica as allies, and San Salvador is captured. Peace follows.] .1871 May* Miguel Garcia Granados invades Guatemala from Chiapas, and defeats and deposes President Cerna. 1876 * * "War with Honduras and San Salvador follows BarYios's attempt to form a confederation of the Central American republics. 1885 Apr. 2. Barrios invades Salva- dor, is defeated ; killed at Chalchuapa. 1890 July 17. A Guatemalan army invades San Salvador, but is defeated with heavy loss. July 27+- Both Guatemala and San Sal- vador mass their troops; the former has 40,000 and the latter 10,000 under arms. [Aug. 6. The revolutionists de- feated. Aug. 15. Hostilities resumed.] 1892 Feb. 23. Gen. Enriquez and several companions are killed by a Guatemalan force near Jacapa. STATE. 1820 * * Guatemala begins to shake off the Spanish yoke. 1821 * * Independence is declared. 1822-23 The people support the Mexi- can patriot Iturbide. [1823. Guate- mala withdraws from the Mexican Con- federation.! 1824 * * A confederation of Central American states is formed, and a demo- cratic convention established. The United States of Central America consists of Guatemala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, aud Costa llica. 1826 Sept. 6. President Barrundia having been imprisoned, Cerilo Flores becomes acting president. [Oct. 13. Flores is assassinated.] 1829 * * The Salvadorians establish Gen. Morazan as President. (See Army.) 1847 Mar. 21. A new declaration of independence is made ; allegiance to Spain is altogether withdrawn. 1848 * * Rafael Carrera is elected pres- ident. [Reelected for life.] * * A new Constitution is promulgated. 1854-55 American filibusters under Kenny and William Walker make an unsuccessful invasion. 1863 * * Rivalry between Carrera and Barrios, the president of San Salvador, leads to open war. 1865 May 3. Gen. Vicente Cerna is made president for four years. [1871. June 29. Deposed by Granados.] 1870+ * * The Liberal party begins to rise in influence. 1871 * * The archbishop of Guatemala and the Jesuits are exiled as political intriguers favoring the clerical party. May * -73 June 4. Granados rules as provisional president. 1872 Mar. * An alliance is entered with Honduras against San Salvador. [1873. With San Salvador.] * * The Jesuit order is proclaimed ex- tinct and its property confiscated. 1873 June 4. Justo Rufino Barrios is elected president. [Successively re- elected till his death in 1885.] 1876 * * President Barrios invites other republics to a Confederation Confer- ence. [The Conference is broken up by quarrels, and war follows in which Guatemala is victorious.] 1881 * * The United States of America is requested to settle the disputed boundaries with Mexico. [Mexico de- clines the mediation. 1884. Definitely traced.] 1885 Feb. 28. President Barrios is- sues a proclamation for the union of the five Central American republics. Nicaragua and Costa Kica refuse, and declare war against Guatemala. [Hon- duras alone favors the union.] Apr. 16. Gen. Barillas succeeds Bar- rios as president. [Peace follows.] 1886 May 25. A law is passed pro- hibiting torture as punishment. 1889 Oct. 30. Another revolution breaks out. [Nov.* Insurrectionists attack the Mataes-ciuntla barracks, and seize the arms. Nov. 3. Order prevails.] 1890 Mar. 27. Guatemala enters the union of the Central American States. Aug. 20+ . Salvador and Guatemala ac- cept the mediation of the United States. [Aug. 21. Peace is concluded. Aug. 27. Signed. Nov. 16. The final treaty of peace signed. 1891. July 25. Ratified.] Aug. 28. Gen. Martin Barrundia, the revolutionist, is shot down on board an American steamer. 1891 July 12. Disorder prevails. Sept.* Another revolt breaks out ; Gen. Barillas declares himself dictator ; hun- dreds are killed in a fight between sol- diers and insurgents in the streets. 1892 Jan. 16. Dr. Lainfiesa is elected president. [Over 60 persons are killed and 100 wounded in election riots.] Feb. * A revolt headed by Gen. Enri- quez is suppressed. 1894 Oct.* The president declares him- self dictator. MISCELLANEOUS. 1730 * * Guatemala. The cathedral is erected. 1773 June 7. An earthquake de- stroys Santiago and all its inhabitants. 1774* * Old Guatemala is destroyed by the Volcan de Agua. 1779 * * Cerilo Flores, acting president, born. [1826. Oct. 13. Dies.] GUATEMALA. 1730,* *-1893, Jan. 23. 1089 * * Jose Francisco Barrundia, president, born. [1854. Aug. 4. Dies.] 1814 * * Rafael Carrera, revolutionist, president, born. [1865. Apr. 14. Dies.] 1824 * * Slavery is abolished. 1834+ * * Justo Rufino Barrios, presi- dent, born. [1886. Apr. 2. Dies.] 1862 Dec. 19. Guatemala. An earth- quake destroys 150 buildings and 14 churches. [1874. Sept.* Old Guatemala is much damaged.] 1868* * A telegraph line is collected from the capital to Amatillan. 1875 * * A railroad from San Jose to Es- cuintha begun. [1380. June 18. Opened.] 1882 * * Guatemala. The Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., establishes a mission. 1884 * * Work is commenced on the In- teroceanic Railroad. [1885. Dec. 27. Also on one to connect La Antigua with the Central Railroad of Guatemala.] 1886 Jan. 6. A telegraph line is laid between Jocotun, Guatemala, and Santa Rosa, Honduras. 1889 Dec.* Guatemala. Cholera 1,200 deaths. Sept. 23. The Government closes the ports as a quarantine against cholera. 1893 Jan. 23. The British Legation is attacked by rioters. GUIANA. Guiana is a country lying on tbe north coast of South America, and divided into three colonies. British Guiana, in the w f est, consists of the three united British colonies of Berbice, Demerara, and Fssequibo ; capital, Georgetown ; area (claimed), 109,000 square miles; population in 1S91, 288,324. The people are chiefly negroes, mulattoes, East Indians, and Chinese. The religions are numerically represented in the following order : Hindus, Moravians, Reformed and Lutherans, Roman Catholics, Mohammedans, Jews, and Buddhists. Dutch Guiana, in the center, is a colony of the Netherlands, with Paramaribo for its capital ; area, 46,000 square miles ; population in 1890, 5G,S73. French Guiana, in the east, is a colony of France, having Cay- enne for its capital. The boundary on the east is in dispute with Brazil. Area (claimed), 46,858 square miles ; population, 25,796. ARMY— STATE. 1580 * * Dutch settlers appear on the Pomeroon. 1613+ * * £. G. A colony of Zealanders flourishes on the banks of the Essequibo. 1614* *Neth. Holland grants four years' monopoly to any Dutch citizen discovering any harbor or place of com- merce in this region. [1627-67. D. G. Dutch colonists arrive.] 1626-43 D.G. French colonists settle on the Sinnamary and on the Surinam. 1630 * * D.G. English colonists settle in Surinam. [1652. KeturntoParamaribo.] 1634 * * F.G. French traders settle in Cayenne. [1664. Taken by the French.] 1662* *Eng. Charles II. grants the whole colony to Lord "Willoughby. 1664* *D.G. Many Jews remove from Cayenne to the Surinam district. 1666* * I). G. Zealanders take the English settlement by storm, and 100,000 pounds of sugar are exacted as a ransom. 1667 * * By the Peace of Breda, the Dutch are formally recognized as the masters of Guiana. [1674. Confirmed to them by the Treaty of Westminster.] 1674 Dec. 21. F.G. The French at- tack Cayenne. [1677. Capture it.] * * F. G. The colony passes under the direct control of the crown. 1682* * Neth. The Dutch "West India Company receives Guiana by charter from the States-General. [16S3. It cedes one-third of their territory to the city of Amsterdam, another third to Cornelius Vac Aerssens, Lord of Sommelsdijk.] * * * Neth. The new company incorpo- rate themselves as the Chartered So- ciety of Surinam ; Sommelsdijk is the governor. [1688. He is massacred in a mutiny. His claim is purchased after a time by Amsterdam.] 1712 * * D. G. The French under Cas- sard attack the Dutch, and exact a con- tribution of Paramaribo. 1732 * * B. G. Berbice receives a con- stitution from Holland. 1760 * * D. G. Peace is made with tbe Aukan negroes. [1762. With Sara- maceans.] 1763 * * D. G. An insurrection of ne- gro slaves breaks out. [Suppressed.] 1764 * * F. G. Many French colonists arrive. 1772 * * D. G. The Maroons, bush ne- groes, revolt. [1776. Suppressed.] 1776 * * I). G. The Bonni tribe of In- dians attack the colonists. 1781* * D. G. Adm. Rodney takes possession for Great Britain. [17S3. Re- stored to Holland. 1796. Regained by England. 1820. Restored to the Dutch.] 1786* *D.G. Indians become pacified. 1795 * * D. G. The Chartered Society is dissolved, and Surinam is committed to a committee of 21 members. * * D. G. The College of Electors com- missions some of its members to act with the court in financial matters. 1799 * * D. G. Tbe English assume a protectorate over the colony. [1815. The Dutch authority restored.] 1800* *F. G. "Victor Hugo is appointed governor, and the colony prospers. 1803 * * British Guiana is finally ac- quired, and its separate history be- gins; Sir Charles Green, governor. [1814. Formally ceded by the Dutch. It consists of the three colonies, Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice. 1831. July * Three colonies consolidated.] 1809* *F.G. The Portuguese and Brit- ish invade the territory. 1814 * * F. G. Authority is nominally restored to the French. 1817 * * F. G. The Portuguese finally restore the country to the French. 1828* * D. G. Surinam and the "West Indies are placed under a common gov- ernment. [1845. Separated.] 1848 * * F. G. France sends many po- litical prisoners to Cayenne. 1868 * * B. G. John Scott becomes gov- ernor. [1874, James Robert Longden ; 1876, G. C. H. Cortright ; 1*82, Sir Henry T. Irving ; 18S7, Dec. * Viscount Ger- mans town.] 1870± * * B. G. The organized impor- tation of Chinese is prohibited. 1891 May 13. D.G. A serious revolt breaks out. MISCELLANEOUS. 1498 * * The coast is discovered by Co- lumbus. [1504. Vasco Nunez lands. 1531. Diego de Ordas makes discoveries.] 1596 * * Sir "Walter Raleigh makes ex- plorations. [1G07, 1617. Explorations.] 1643 * * F. G. The Compagnie du Cap Nord is formed in Rouen. 1645 * * F. G. The Compagnie de la France Equinoxiale is established. [1652. The second compagnie is established.] 1664 * * F.G. The Compagnie des Indes Occidentales is chartered. 1683+ * * D.G. The canal of Sommels- dijk is constructed. 1735+ * * D. G. The Moravians estab- lish mission-stations at Paramaribo, Clevia, and other places on the Surinam. 1807* *D. G. Slave-trade is abolished. 1819 * * Gold is first discovered. 1842 * * B. G. Slavery is abolished; but by way of compensation to owners, the negroes are to be worked as appren- tices without pay until 1863. [1863. Ac- tually abolished.] 1852 * * F. G. More than 8,000 convicts are sent out by France as a penal colony. 1870 Apr. 24. B. G. The waterfall Kaieteur (822 feet) is discovered. 1877 Dec. 31. B. G. The estates em- ploy 22,500 East Indian emigrants working under a five years' indenture. 1878 * * B. G. The Church of Eng- land claims 90,000 members. * * B. G. The Moravians establish missions at Graham's Hall and Beter- verwagtung in Demerara. * * Roman Catholics report several churches and mission-stations. HAITI. Haiti is, next to Cuba, the largest of tbe "West India group. It is politically divided into the Republic of Haiti in the west, and the Republic of Dominica in the east. Area of the Republic of Haiti, 10,204 square miles ; population, 572,000, only one- tenth are whites. The government is republican in form ; the executive branch is vested in a president elected for a term of seven years ; the legislative branch is vested in an Assembly comprising a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. Its capital is Port-Au-Prince. The popular language is debased French, and the nominal religion is Roman Catholic. 1040 1492, Dec. 6-1894, Mar, HAITI. STATE — SETTLEMENT. 1492 Dec. 6. Columbus discovers the island (of Haiti), which he names His- paniola, and lands at St. Nicolas Mole. 1496 * * Santo Domingo is settled. 1505 * * Negro slaves are introduced. 1517* * Sp. The importation of 4,000 African negroes yearly is authorized. 1632 * * French buccaneers arrive. 1674* * Bertrand Denis d'Ogeron de la Bouere, an adventurer, plants a colony. 1696 Sept. 30. The western part of the island is ceded to France hy the Treaty of Ryswick. [1795. July '^2. By theTreaty of Basel, called Saint Dominique.] 1722 * * The restrictions on trade being removed, the languishing French colony becomes prosperous. 1790* * "Vincent Oge, a mulatto, edu- cated in France, having 300 followers, leads a revolt. [Quickly suppressed.] 1791 May 15. Fr. The National Con- vention gives to free-born nmlattoes citizens' rights. [Sept. 24. Repealed.] Aug. 25. The plantation slaves rise against the oppressive whites. [Tous- saint L'Ouverture fights the Spanish Dominicans. Sept. 11. The whites yield, and grant civil rights.] 1793 Aug. * The abolition of slavery- is proclaimed to conciliate the uncon- querable mulattoes. Sept. * A British force invades Haiti. 1794 Feb. * Ft. The National Con- vention guarantees universal freedom to all in the French colony. * * Toussaint deserts the Spanish and joins the French, whereby the latter gain ascendency. 1798 * * Toussaint, the leader of the blacks, aiding the French, drives the British from the island, after they had conquered the whole western coast. 1799 * * Gen. Rigaud, a mulatto, fa- voring the British, is defeated by Tous- saint, who thereby acquires control of the western part of the island. 1801 July* Toussaint, the real ruler of the entire country, adopts a constitu- tional form of government, and pro- claims the independence of Haiti. 1802 Feb. * A French army under Gen. Leclerc, 30,000 strong, lands to re- store slavery. May * A truce is agreed to. Toussaint capitulates, and is pardoned. [Yellow fever makes French army powerless.] July * Toussaint is arrested, charged with conspiracy. [Sent to France.] 1803 Nov. 30. The French army, S,000 strong, capitulates to a British squadron under Gen. D ess alines. 1804 Jan. 1. The Haitians formally declare their political independence ; the aboriginal name of Haiti is revived. * * Gen. Jean Jacques Dessalines, the successor of Toussaint, is declared gov- ernor for life. [1S05. June 16. He pro- claims himself emperor, and is crowned with great pomp, Jacques I. 1S06. Oct. 17. He is assassinated by military con- spirators. Several chieftains then di- vide authority, and the east part of the island is repossessed by Spain.] 1807 * * Christophe, the leader of the blacks in the north, is appointed gover- nor for life. [1811. He changes his title from emperor to that of King Henry I.] Mar. 10. Alexander Sabes Potion be- comes governor in the southern part., [1818. May * He dies. Jean Pierre Boyer succeeds him.] 1820 Oct. * Christophe commits sui- cide. [Boyer becomes practical dictator of the whole island.] 1821 Nov. 30. The Haitians in the west throw off the Spanish yoke, and proclaim an independent republic. 1322 * * Boyer invades the disturbed dis- trict, annexes it, and calls the new gov- ernment the Republic of Haiti. 1825 * * France agrees to recognize the independence of Haiti on the payment of an indemnity of 90,000 francs. 1842 * * A revolution breaks out. 1843 * * President Boyer is an exile. 1844 Feb. 27. The Dominican Re- public is formed in the east (p. 643). Apr. 9. President Herrard Riviere fails to subdue the revolting Dominicans. * *Gen. Guerrier becomeB president. [Pierrot and Gen. Riche follow. 1847. Faustin Soulouque. He attempts to subdue the Dominicans in the east.] 1849 Apr. 21. The Dominicans un- der Gen. San tana defeat the Haitians at Las Carreras. Aug. 26. Soulouque assumes the title of Faustian 1., emperor, and appoints a court and a nobility. [1859. He flees before an uprising of the people.] 1859 * * The Republic of Haiti is again proclaimed ; Fabre Geffrard, president. [1867 He flees before an insurrection, and Sylvestre Salnave succeeds him.] 1868 May 10. An insurrection breaks out against President Salnave. [June 3. He defeats the insurgents. Aug. * Proclaims himself emperor. Dec. 18. Heisfinallydefeated,andflees. 1870. Jan. 15. Captured, tried, and shot.] 1870 Jan. * It is proposed to sell Sa- mana Bay to the United States. [Pro- ject dropped.] May 15. Gen. Nissage Saget is inaugu- rated president. 1873 Oct. * Gen. Ganier d'Aton is elected president. [1874. June 14. Mi- chael Dominique.] 1876 Mar. 7±. Louis Tanis heads an insurrection. [Apr. * Dominique is defeated, and flees. July 19. Boisrond Canal is elected president. 1879. July 17±. Deposed, by revolutionists. Oct. 22. Succeeded by Gen. Salomon. 18S6. July 14. Salomon is reelected.] 1883 Mar. 25. A revolution breaks out. [Mar. 31. Government troops are de- feated. May * Rebels blow up a bridge, killing 2,000 persons. June * Insurrec- tion is quelled ; amnesty proclaimed.] 1888 Aug.* Gen. Salomon is deposed by a revolution. [Sept. 19. Gen. Tele- maque and 300 others are killed in an attack on the Palais Kationale at Port- au-Prince. Oct. * Civil war prevails between north and south Haiti.] Oct. 22. Gen. Legitime is elected president. Dec. 7. Cape Haytien is bombarded. [Dec. 21. Gens. Hyppolite and Legitime engage in an indecisive battle.] 1889 Jan. 1. President Louis Mondes- lin Florvil Hyppolite is installed at Haitian. Jan. 29. Legitime is defeated by Hyp- polite. [Feb. 20. Gen. Hyppolite is de- feated. Apr.* Dessalines is captured. June 1. Gen. Legitime is defeated, and Gen. Hyppolite becomes provis- ional president. Oct. 14. Elected pres- dent. Oct. 15. Inaugurated. 1890. May 15. Again elected for seven years.] Oct. * The Constitution is revised, and modeled after that of the United States. 1894 Mar. * An insurrection breaks out. [Oct. 1. Suppressed.] HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. This group of islands lies in the North Pacific Ocean, and was formerly called the Sandwich Islands ; its government republican in form, and Honolulu is its capital ; the inhabitants are chiefly Hawaiian natives, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese Americans, British, and Germans. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1789 * * The earliest recorded volcanic eruption of Kilauea occurs. [1832. Mauna Loa is active ; lava flows on several sides. Kilauea is also in a state of eruption. 1843. Mauna Loa dis- charges three great streams of lava from five to six miles wide, and moving from 20 to 30 miles long. 1851, 1852, 1855. Again active. 1859. Streams of lava flow to the sea. 1868. More discharges, with attending earthquakes. 1877. Feb.* A stream of lava flows for six hours.] 1894 Dec. 3. Hawaii is severely shaken by an earthquake. CHURCH. 1819-20 By a spontaneous movement the idols and temples are destroyed by natives. 1819 * * The first missionaries reach Honolulu ; the people, having already cast away their idols, are ready to re- ceive Christian teaching. 1821* *Kamehameha II. abolishes idolatry. 1820 Mar. 31. The first missionaries of the American Board arrive. 1824 * * The principal chiefs agree to recognize the Sabbath, and adopt the Ten Commandments as the basis of 1827 * * A prefecture-apostolic (Roman Catholic) is established. [1841. A vica- riate -apostolic is created.] 1847 Oct. 31. Louis D. Maigret is conse- crated vicar- apostolic for the Islands. 1850 * * The Hawaiian Missionary So- ciety, composed of native Christians, is formed for extending the gospel. [1851. It opens a mission in Micronesia.] 1852 * * The natives, with the aid of the American Board, take the gospel 3,000 miles to the Caroline, Marshall, and. Gilbert Islands. 1853 * * Two native missionaries and their wives are sent to the Marquesas by the society at Hawaii. 1861 * * An English bishopric is erected. 1862 Aug. 18. Dr. Thomas Staley is consecrated (English^ bishop for the Islands. [1870. Aug. * Resigns.] 1863 * * The mission-work of the Amer- ican Board is transferred to the Ha- waiian Evangelical Association. * * The Hawaiian churches report 20.000 communicants and the islands Chris- tianized. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1542,* *-1894, Aug. 8. 1041 1872 Feb. 2. Bug. Alfred Willis is consecrated bishop for the Islands. 1881 Aug. 21. Hermann Koeckmann is consecrated (R. C.) vicar- apostolic. SOCIETY. 1779 Feb. 14. Capt. Cook is mur- dered by the natives. 1824 * * The king and queen visit Eng- land, where both die of the measles. 1856* * Kamehameha IV. is married to Miss Emma Rooker. 1866 * * Population, 62,000. Honolulu about doubles its population during the whaling-season by the influx of transient seamen, who bring many evils with them. 1890 * * The natives are steadily de- creasing in numbers, owing to the vices introduced by foreigners. It is found necessary to resume mission-work to cor- rect these evils. STATE. 1542 * * Gaetano, a Spaniard, discovers these islands. [1756. Lord. Byron, Eng- lish navigator. 1778. By Capt. Cook.] 1784-1819 Kamehameha I. reigns. [1819-24. Kamehameha II.] 1792 * * Vancouver visits the islands. 1812+ * * Kamehameha I. consolidates the government of the largest islands hy subduing his rivals. 1822 * * The Hawaiian language is re- duced to writing. 1824-54 Kamehameha III. reigns. 1834 Feb. 9. Kamehameha IV. (Alex- ander Liholiho), king, born. 1836 Nov. 16. KalalauaI.,king,born. 1840 * * The islands are declared an in- dependent kingdom. A written con- stitution recognizes < hristianity as the foundation of the government. 1844 * * The independence of the isl- ands is guaranteed by the United States of America, Great Britain, and France. 1852* *The Constitution is revised by the king and slightly liberalized. 1854 Dec. 15. Kamehameha IV. succeeds his father. [Dies Nov., 1863.] 1864 Aug. 20-72 * * Kamehameha V. reigns. [1S72. Dec. 11. Dies.] 1573 Jan. 8. Prince William C.Luna- liloisking. [1874. Feb. 3. Dies.] 1574 Feb. 12. David Kalakaua is elected king by ballot, there being no heirs. Queen Emma is bis rival. 1875 * * A reciprocity treaty is made with the United States. 1876 Dec. * The king visits the United States. [1881. July * He visits Eng- land. 1884. Feb. * He is crowned.] 1882 * * Junell Maigret (V. A.) dies. * * Titus Coan, missionary, dies, A82. " He had received into the church 11,960 persons." 1887 June 25. The people rise against a corrupt ministry. July 7. The king grants a more liberal Constitution. 1889 Apr. 10. Father Damien, "leper priest of Molakai," dies at Kalawa. 1891 Jan. 30. Kalakaua, king, dies at Sau Francisco. * * Liliuokalani becomes queen. Feb. 4. A plot to capture the Govern- ment is discovered. Feb. 28. A new cabinet is selected. Sept. 2. The new queen daily grows more unpopular with the natives, and republicanism is spreading. 1892 July 28. The cabinet resigns. [Nov. 16. A new cabinet is formed.] A bill to establish a lottery in Hono- lulufor 25 years, at Snou.OOn a year, is in- troduced in the legislature ; the lottery to be exempt from taxes and license fees, and to have free use of the mails. 1893 Jan. 15. Queen Liliuokalani at- tempts to force the cabinet to ap- prove a new Constitution, extending her power, and limiting that of foreigners. Jan. 17. A Committee of public Safety deposes the queen, and forms a provisional government, with Sanford B. Dole as president. Jan. 18. The Provisional Government has a strong force of men under arms, and the palace is strongly fortified. Jan. 28. Revolution ; the queen is de- throned, and the new Government seeks annexation to the United States. Feb. 9. The American Minister estab- lishes a protectorate by proclamation. July 4. The Hawaiian Republic is proclaimed, with Sanford B. Dole as first president. July 21±. The new Republic is gener- ally recognized by the various consuls. July 24±. The ex-queen sends aprotest to Washington against recognition. Aug. 31±. In Honolulu a royalist dy- namite plot is frustrated by Adm. Sker- rett cooperating with the Provisional Government. Nov. 20±. Wash. President Cleve- land (U. S. A.) takes steps for reinstat- ing the Queen, and condemns Minister Stevens, who encouraged the revolution. Dec. 14. The Provisional Govern- ment has given notice to Minister Wil- lis that any attempt to restore the queen will be resisted by force. 1894 Aug. 8. V. S. A. President- Cleveland recognizes the Republic. HONDURAS. Honduras is a republic of Central America ; capital, Tegucigalpa. The executive is a president ; the legislative authority is vested in a Congress composed of a single house; the religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 46,400 square miles ; population, 3S0,000±. ARMY — NAVY. 1523 * * Conquered by the Spaniards. 1871 May* "War with San Salvador. [1872. May* Renewed.] 1873 Aug. 19. The British ship Niobe bombards Omoa to redress injuries. 1890 Nov. 17. The insurgent Sanchez is shot. 1892 June 1. Therebeltroopsoccupy Puerto Cortes. [Sept. 5. The capture of Gen. Miller ends the rebellion.] 1894 Feb. 19±. The Honduras troops are defeated in a fight with Nicaragua concerning the boundary line. 1502* * Columbus views the high mountains of Honduras. [Aug. 14. Lands at Cabo de Honduras, and takes posses- sion for Spain.] 1540 * * Large cities flourish. * * Alfonso de Caceres, one of the lieu- tenants of Alvarado, founds the [capital] city of Comayagua. 1824 * * Honduras throws off the Span- ish yoke, and joins the union of theCen- tralAmerican States. [1S39. Dissolved.] 1825* *The "Wesley an Methodists open a mission. 1832 * * The publication of papal bulls is prohibited throughout Central Amer- ica, and religious freedom proclaimed. 1854 * * Congress proclaims religious freedom. 1855 * * President Cabanos is exiled. [1856, Feb. 1, Gen. Guardiola is presi- dent; 1864, Gen. J. M. Medina; 1869, reelected.] 1856 * * Peace with Guatemala. * * By the terms of a convention, England abandons her claim to a portion of the Mosquito Coast. 1859 Nov. 28. Great Britain cedes the Bay Islands to Honduras. 1862 * * An insurrection arises. 1865 * * A new Constitution is adopted. [1870. The Constitution limits the suf- frage to those who can read or write.] 1872 Dec. * C. Arias is provisional president. [1875, P. Leiva is president; 1877, May 29, M. A. Soto ; 1883, Nov. 27, Gen. Lewis Bogran ; 1887, reelected ; 1S91, Oct. 10, Ponciano Leiba. 1894, Feb. * Polycarpo Bonilla.] 1891 May 7. An insurrection arises. [May 10. Quelled. 1892, Aug. 1 ; 1893, June 6. Others end.] Sept. 18. The assassination of ex-Presi- dent Bogran is reported. 1892 July 22. The Government closes its coast to foreign commerce. ICELAND. This island of the North Atlantic Ocean lies 160 miles east of Greenland, and belongs to Denmark. The language is Ice- landic, and the religion Lutheran. The executive is a governor-general appointed by the king of Denmark ; an Assembly legis- lating for local interests has two chambers. Capital, Reikiavik. Area, 39,756 square miles ; population in 1S90, 70,927. 860 * * Iceland is discovered (p. 11). 870-890 Ingolf, Hajng, Skalla-Grim wegian noblemen, settle in the west with a colony. 1042 875, * *-1882, * *. ICELAND. 875+ * * The commonwealth founded (P- 11). 890-900 Queen Aud, widow of Olaf, the king of Dublin, and many others arrive from Ireland. 900-930 Another large colony arrives from Norway. 930 * * The Althing begins (p. 11). 964 * * The reforms of Thord Gellir settle a fixed number of local moots and chieftaincies, dividing the island into quarters. 1056* * Christianity introduced (p. 11). 11th Century. Iceland nourishes learn- ing (p. 13). 1096 * * Tithes are established. 1100 * * The population is 50,000. 1133-1296 Benedictines establish sev- eral religious houses. 1 168-1300 The Augustinians establish several religious houses. 1208-22, 1226-58 Civil wars devas- tate the land. They are caused by disputes about the jurisdiction of the clergy, and questions of patronage and rights over glebe and mortmainland. 1215+ * * The Heimslcring la written (p.13). 1241 Sept. 22. Snorro Sturleson is murdered (p. 13). * * * The people are remarkable for their moral qualities. 1262-64 Iceland is conquered for the King of Norway by Gigur. 1264 * * Iceland has well-developed lit- erature (p. 13). 1264 * * The republican independence is lost, and Iceland becomes subject to Hakon, king of Norway. (1280 ?) 1271 * * The old common law is re- placed by the new Norse code, 1362 * * Iceland suffers from volcanic eruptions. [1389, 1783, 1S75, Mar. 29, Again.] 1477 Feb.* Visited by Columbus (p. 12). 15th Century. The period of decadence begins. Art, science, letters, and in- dustry are neglected ; all remembrance of the commonwealth utterly perishes. 1550 * * Bishop Jon Aaronson is exe- cuted. 1579-1627 English, Gascon, and Alger- ine pirates cause widespread panic and devastation. 1707 * * Smallpox destroys one-third of the population. 1721 * * Eggert Olaf sen, the naturalist, is born. He writes An Historical Ac- count of the Nature and Consolidation of Iceland, and poems in Latin and Danish. [1770+,Dies. A49+.] 1753-54 The failure of crops causes famine; thousands perish. [1759. An- other occurs, causing 10,000 deaths.] 1872 * * Icelanders emigrate to "West Canada. 1874 Jan. 5. The king signs a new Constitution. [Aug. 1. Effective ; it gives home rule.] Aug. 1. The 1000th anniversary of the colonization of Iceland is celebrated at Reikiavik. 1882 * * Iceland suffers from a terrible famine. [Relief is sent by England.] INDIA. The empire of British India includes Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Sind, Aden, Assam, Berar, Ajmere, Central Provinces, Coorg, Northwest Provinces, Oudh, Punjab, Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Andamans, Quetta, and Bolan. The capital is Calcutta ; the administration of government is vested in a secretary of state for India with a council of 10+, all resident in England ; also a governor-general appointed by the crown, resident in India ; for administrative purposes India is divided into presidencies and provinces under the governor-general, governors, lieutenant-governors, and chief commissioners. Three-fourths of the people are Hindus in religion, and over 50,000,000 are Mohammedans. Area, 964,992 square miles ; popu- lation in 1S91, 221,172,952. Besides the states above mentioned, there are many feudatory states, having an area of 595,167 square miles, and a population in 1891 of 66,050,479. Authentic history begins about the middle of the 14th century. The history of the crown colony of Ceylon is here combined with that of India. It has an area of 25,3G4 square miles, and a population in 1891 of 3,00S,466. ARMY — NAVY. 625 + * * e. c. A Scythian horde over- runs India. 327 * * B. c. [The Punjab] is traversed by Alexander the Great. [326. He de- feats Poms on the banks of the ( Jhelum) Hydaspes. He traverses Sind.] 256-150 B.C. The Greco-Bactrian kings from the northwest send invading hosts into the Punjab. 57± * * B. c. Vikramaditya drives the Scythians beyond the Indus. 78+* *A. D. King Salivahana rises against the Scythians. [Indian dynas- ties continue the struggle for 300 years.] 664 * * The first Mohammedan inva- sion. * * History becomes credible. 1001 * * Mahmud, Sultan of Ghazni, on the first of 17 invasions, defeats the rajah of Punjab. [1010. He subdues Gliur. 1024. On his 16th invasion he conquers Gujarat.] 1030 * * The Hindus reconquer all India except Lahore. 1151 * * The Ghuro capture Ghazni. 1176* * Mahmud of Ghur takes Mul- tan and Uchch. [1186, Ghaznivides ; 1186, Lahore. 1191. He is routed at Thaneswar in the Pun- jab while advancing on Delhi. 1193. He renews the advance. 1199. Conquers Bi- har. 1203. Also lower Bengal.] 1219 * * Genghis Khan, the Mongol con- queror of Persia, invades India. 1284 * * Burma. Invading Chinese destroy the city and dynasty at Pagan. 1294 * * Ala-ud-din, makes extensive conquests in Southern India. [1297. He defeats Mogul invaders at Delhi. 1297. Reconquers Gujarat. 1300. Captures Rintunbur from the Jaipur Rajputs. 1303. Takes the fort of Chittur. Begins the conquest of Southern India. 1304-05. Defeats four Mogul invasions.] 1398-99 Tamerlane invades India. He takes Delhi, and massacres the people for five days ; desolate cities. 1519-26 Baber the Mogul conquers India. [1526. Apr. 21. He defeats the (Afghan) sultan of Delhi at Panipat. 1527. Mar. 1. An army of the Rajputs of Chitor at Kanweh. 1539* * Shere Shah Soor conquers Delhi. [1556. Akbar dethrones him at Panipat ; soon subdues most of India.] 1564 * * The Moguls take Agra. [1565. They sack Bijanagar.] 1565 * * Battle of Tilikot. The Hindu power in South India is broken. ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 3101* * B.C. "(or 3348). The Hindu Era begins. 2000-1500 b. c. The Big-Veda, a col- lection of hymns, appears. 1400+ * * B. 0. The Sama-Veda, Yajur- Veda Athar-Veda, collections of sacred literature, appear. 244 * * b. c. The Tripitaka is prepared by the council of Patna. These sacred writings of the Southern Buddhists con- sist of Aphorisms, Discourses for the Laity, Discipline for the Order, and Met- aphysics. 430+ * * A. d. Buddhac/hosa's Parables, a commentary on the Dhammapada, or Buddha's Pat/is of Virtue, appears. 700+ * * Parsee priests from Persia in- troduce the Zend-Avesta [of which three out of 21 are extant]. 800+ * * The caves of the Ellora rock- cut temples are made. 1206+ * * The Kutab minar, a lofty column, is erected at Delhi by the Mus- sulmans in memory of their decisive victory over the Rajputs in 1193. 1439 * * The Jaya Sthamba, a tower of victory, is erected by Khumbo Rana to commemorate the defeat of Mohammed of Malwa. (?) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 250+ * * Kalidasa. Hindu poet, dramatist, b. 967 * * Mahmud, SuHun of (ilia/.ni, Moham- med conqueror, born. [1030. 1).] 1150+ * * Mahmud II., conqueror, b. [1206. Dies.] 1162 * * Genghis Khan. Mongol conqueror, born. [1227. Dies.] 12th Century. Chund, or Chand, Hindu poet, born. Javadeva, Hindu poet, born. 1246* * Mahmud II., Sultan of Delhi, born. [1266. Dies.] 1316 * * A lah-ud-din, conqueror, dies. INDIA. 3101 b.c. ** -a.d. 1565, * *. 1043 1333* * Tamerlane (Timour), Tartar con- queror, born. [1405. Dies.] 1360* *Malimud IV., emperor, b. [1394. D.] 1406* * M ah mud V., emperor, b. [1443. D.] l.'Hh Century- Kabir, Hindu author, born. 1483 * * Bauer, Zaheir Adin, Mohammed, conqueror, born. [1530. Dies.] 1508* * Humayun (Hoimiayoun), emperor, born. [1556. Dies.] 1543* * Akbar, Mogul emperor, born. [1605. Dies, A63.] CHURCH. 1400+ * * it. c. Brahmanism is intro- duced. 800± * * b. c. Hinduism is established. 500± * * b. c. The Buddhist creed, based on the Brahman religion, appears. 543± * * b. c. Gotama Buddha dies, aged 81. [Bv the chronology of the Tibetans he • lived 2214 to 2134 ; the Japanese place his birth at 1027 ; European scholars, 624± to 643.] 244 * * b. c. Asoka, King of Madodha or Bihar, becomes a convert to Buddhism. He convenes the third Buddhist Coun- cil at Patna. It adopts the Pali text of the Little Vehicle, constituting the Buddhist scriptures. 307 * * b. c. Ceylon becomes the seat of Buddhism, where it is established by Mahindo as the national faith. depend on the mortification of the body, that God is to be sought amid the enjoy- ments of life. 1542 May 6. The Jesuit, Francis Xavier, " the Apostle of India," lands in Goa. [1606. A Jesuit mission is he- gun in Madura.] STATE. 1500± * *b. c. The Hindus, having en- tered India from the northwest, settle in the Valley of the Ganges. 543* * b. c. Ceylon. Vijaya, an Indian prince, lands, and becomes sole ruler. 315 b. c-450 a. d. The Gupta dy- nasty reigns in the Valley of the Ganges. [315-291. Sandrocottus is the first. 263- 226. Asoka, his grandson.} 126±* * B. c. The Su tribe of Scythians drives out the Greek dynasty from Bactria (Afghanistan.) 40* *a. n. Kanishka, the Scythian, becomes the royal founder of Northern Buddhism. He convenes the fourth and last great Buddhist Council of Elders. 410* * Burma. Buddhist missionaries arrive. 410-430. The holy books of Buddhism are rendered into Pali. 430* * Ceylon. The Dhammapada, or " Path of Holiness," is written by Buddhaghosa. 634* * Siladitya convenes a general council for the extension of Buddhism. 640 * * The Brahmans regain power. Sth Century. Kumarila, the Brahman apostle of Berar, begins to preach. Sth or 9th Century. Sankara Acharya founds the philosophical Sivaite sect, and popularizes the Vedanta philosophy into a national religion. 711* * The Mohammedans, led by Casin, appear in the Indus Valley. 800 ± * * Brahmanism gradually be- comes the ruling religion. 997 ± * * M a h m u d introduces Moham- medanism. [1194. Dominant.] 1045 ± * * The Vishnu Purana, contain- ing the Vishnuite doctrines and tradi- tions, is written. 1050+ Kamanuja, a Brahman (S. Ind.), appears as a Vishnuite reformer; he teaches the unity of God under the title of Vishnu, the Cause and Creator of all things. 1300-1400 Ramanand, a Vishnuite, teaches the masses (N. Ind.). [1380- 1420. Kabir, his disciple, spreads the reformed doctrine in Bengal.] 1487-1525 Chaitanya is the incarna- tion of Vishnu; he works signs and wonders in Bengal and Orissa. 1498 * * Roman Catholic missionaries land at Calicut. 1520 * * Vallabha-Swami, preaching a religion of pleasure (N. Ind.), teaches that the liberation of the soul does not 226 * * a. d. The Indo-Scythic empire is founded. [375. It is divided into Yeta (Northern) and Indo-Scythic kingdom proper (Southern.)] 3 19-470 The Gupta kings reign in Mag- adha, and introduce an era. [465-470. Overthrown by "White Huns (Tartars) from the northwest.] 480-772 The Valabhis dynasty reigns in northwestern Bombay, Cutch, and Maliva ; overthrown by Arab invaders. 524-544 The Scythians and Huns de- part. 828 * * The Hindus regain power in Sind. 838 * * Ceylon. The Tamils establish a kingdom at Taffra. 1001-1186 House of Ghazni; Turki. [1001-24. Mahmud reigns. 1001. Annexes part of Hindustan. 1024. Enthrones Vallabha of Gujarat. 1030, Bhoja, raja ; 1048, Mahichandra Rantore.] 1118-1565 Bijanagar is a Hindu king- dom (S. Ind.). 1176-1206 Mahmud of Ghur rules the frontier. [1186. Occupies Lahore.] 1205 * * The Pathan (Afghan) kingdom is founded. [1206. Falls.] 1206-90 The slave kings, chiefly Turki, reign. 1206* *Kutab-ud-din, slave of Mah- mud of Ghur, becomes sultan of Delhi. [1211. Altmush reigns ; 1236, Empress Pazya; 1245,Nassr-ed-din : 12(50, Balban; 1287, Kaikohad; 1290, Tallah-ud-din, a ruler of Khilji.] 1290-1320 TheHouseofKhiljireigns; capital, Delhi. 1205 * * Alla-ud-din, viceroy of Oudh, obtains the throne of Delhi. [1299-1300. He reigns ; subdues rebellious relatives.] 1316-20 Khusru Khan, a low-caste renegade Hindu, is sultan. 1320-25 Ghiyas - ud - din - Tughlak leads a revolt, and overthrows Moham- medan rule. [1325-51. Mahmud Tughlak.] 1320-1414 The House of Tughlak reigns, Turki ; capital, Delhi. 1338-51 The provinces revolt, and throw off the Delhi yoke. 1340 * * Lower Bengal becomes inde- pendent of Delhi. [1336-1573. Ruled by Afghan kings.] * * Authentic history begins. 1347-57 The Alla-ud-din dynasty, Bahmani, reigns in the Deccan (S. Ind.). [1351. Firuz Shah Tughlak reigns ; 1388, Geias-ud-din ; 1389, Abubekr ; 1390, Nassr-ad-din.] 1371* * Gujarat (TV. Ind.) becomes an independent Mohammedan kingdom. [1391-1575. A Mohammedan dynasty reigns at Ahmadabad.] 1398 * * Tamerlane overthrows Tugh- lak dynasty [hut leaves no permanent results. Anarchy prevails for 15 years]. 1405* * Mahmud Tughlak regains Delhi. 1414-50 House of the Sayids reigns ; they hold Delhi and a little more. (1414), Sayid Khiz Khan reigns in the name of Tamerlane. (1421), Mubaric ; (1435), Mahmud ; (1446), Aladdin. 1450-1526 House of Lodi reigns, Af- ghans. Its power is feeble and the inde- pendent states multiply. 1450* *Beloli reigns at Delhi; he founds Lodi, and enlarges the realm. [1488. Sekander Lodi.] 1480 * * The Bahmani Empire in the Deccan falls. [Five independent kingdoms divide it between them. 1484. The Imad Shahi dynasty of Berar. 1489-1686. The Adil Shahi dynasty ; capital, Bijapur. 1490- 1636. The Nizam Shahi dynasty ; cap- tal, Ahmadnagar. 1492+. The Barid Shahi dynasty; capital, Bidar.] 1498"* * Vasco da Gama discovers a pas- sage to India. [1524. Returns to India.] 1500 * * The Portuguese send Pedro Alvarez Cabral. [1503. Alfonso d' Albu- querque sails. 1505. Dom Francisco de Almeida sails with 22 vessels and 1,500 men. He lands at Colombo, Ceylon. 1505-09. Is Viceroy. 1509-15. Albu- querque is viceroy at Goa, conquers Goa, Malabar, Ceylon, the Sunda Isl- ands, and Malacca. 1517. Portuguese settle in Ceylon. 1520. They discover Pegu, Burma.] 1512-1687 The Kutab Shaih dynasty, founded in the Deccan by a Turkoman adventurer, reigns ; capital, Golgconda. 1517* * Ibrahim Lodi reigns at Delhi. 1526-1857 House of Tamerlane ; In- dia is a Mogul empire. 1526-30 Baber, the grandson of Tam- erlane, founds the Empire; capital, Delhi ; Kabul and Kandahar annexed. [1530-56. Humayun, son of Baber.] 1542 * * Shere Shah, the Afghan gov- ernor of Bengal, revolts, and Humayun flees to Persia. [1556. Humayun restored.] 1556-1605 Akbar I., the great Mogul emperor, reigns. He rules a larger portion of India than any one before him ; his reign is a series of military conquests, and the divided country becomes united. 1560 * * Akbar rejects the regency and assumes authority. [1561-68. He sub- dues the Hindu Rajputs.] 1565 * * The five kingdoms of the Dec- can combine, and crush the Hindu kingdom of Bijanagar (S. Ind.). 1044 1566, * *-1793, Nov. 10. INDIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1566**Akbar defeats Hakim, his rival brother from Kabul. [1568. He conquers Ajmir. 1570. possesses Oudh and Gwulior. 1572. Ex- pels Afghans from Bengal. 1572-73. Conquers the Mohammedan dynasty of Gujarat. 1578. He obtains Orissa. 1581. Kabul. 1586. Subdues the Valley of Kashmir. 1592. Conquers Sind and re- volting Kashmirs. 1593. Also revolt in Gujarat. 1594. Subdues Kandahar. 1595. Sends an expedition against Ahmadna- gar. 1599. Captures the town, but fails to subdue the people.] 1592 * * The Portuguese repulse Mizam Shah in Choul. [1615. They defeat the English off the Bombay coast.] 1602 * * Ceylon . The Dutch land on the east coast. [1638-39. They raze the Portuguese forts. 1644. They capture Negombo. 1656. Also Colombo. 1658. Expel the Portuguese.] 1617 * * Shah Jehan revolts. 1637 * * The Mahrattas at Ahmadnagar revolt against Mogul rule. [It finally breaks down the Mogul empire,] 1658-83 Aurungzebe's ge: war against the Hindus. 1662 * * Mir Jumla invades Assam. 1662-65 Sivaji rebels. [1663. Pillages Surat. 1664. Defeated at Surat by Sir George Oxenford. 1670. Ravages Khan- desh and the Deccan. 1672. Defeats the emperor's troops.] 1677-81 Aurungzebe unsuccessfully attempts to subdue the revolting Raj- put states. [1681-1707. Mahratta war.] 1680-89 "War arises between the Hindus and the Portuguese settlers. 1686-88 The Mogul army conquers Bi- japur and Golconda. [1686-90. Also the Deccan. 1672-1700. The Carnatic. 1699. It defeats the Mahrattas, and captures Ginji. 1702. Also the forts of Satara and Mahratta. 1702-05. The Mahrattas recover their forts. 1706. The emperor retreats. 1707. He dies.] 1710 * * Bahadur Shah crushes the re- volting Sikhs — an oppressed sect of Hindus. 1716. The Sikhs are extermi- nated.] 1718* * Balaji enters Delhi with an army to support the two Sayids, Husain Ali and Adullah, the " king-makers." 1739-61 Persian and Afghan hosts in- vade the empire. 1739 * * Nadir Shah plunders Delhi of £32,000,000 sterling, and massacres a multitude of people. He conquers Sind. 1740-49 War between the English and French. [1746. Sept. 14. Madras surrenders to a French squadron under Adm. Bernard Francois Mahe de La Bourdonnais. 1749. Restored. 1751-54. Another war. 1754. Peace.] 1746-48 British war in the Carnatic. 1747 June 16. French fleet taken (p. 700). * * Shah Durani, the Afghan, invades the empire. [1751-52. Second invasion ; conquers the Punjab. 1756. Third inva- sion ; he sacks Delhi.] 1748 * * The French at Pondicherry re- pulse Adm. Boscawen and a land force under Maj. Stringer Lawrence. 1751 * * English capture Arcot (p. 700). 1752 * * Afghans conquer Kashmir. 1755 * * Clive conquers Orissa. Bengal. 1756 June 22. Calcutta is captured by Surajah Dowlah. It is taken by an army of 70.000 and 400 elephants. Of the British prisoners, 146 are crowded into the "Black Hole prison," a room about 18 feet square with two small windows. Only 23 are alive the next day. 1757 June 23. [Lord] Clive with 3,200 British defeats 50,000 natives of Ben- gal at Plassey, 85 miles from Calcutta. 1758 Dec. 12. The French under Gen. Thomas Arthur de Lally besiege Madras. [1759. The French lose nearly all their power in India (p. 702). 1760. July 2. Col. [Sir Eyre] Coote decisively defeats the French under Gen. Lally at Wan- dewash, and invests Pondicherry. (1761. Jan. * It capitulates. 1763. It is re- stored. Later, the French surrender the hill fortress of Ginji to Col. Coote. Brit- ish ascendency is confirmed.] 1764 Oct. 23. Maj.HeetorMunrowith 7,000 British totally defeats 40,000 na- tives under Shah Alam at Baxar, and becomes master of Oudh. [He blows 24 mutineers from the cannon's mouth.] 1776 * * Wepaul is conquered by the Goorkhas. 1778 Oct. * The British take Pondi- cherry from the French. [17S3. Re- stored. 1793. Aug. 23. Taken by the ~' J British. Later, restored. 1803. Again, als wage 1816. Restored to the French.] 1779-81 First Mahratta war. (Inde- cisive.) Caused by the English, who attempt to enthrone Kaghuba as peshwa :it Poona. [1779. Mar* Gen. Arthur Wei lesley marches for Poona.] 1780 Sept. 10. Hyder-Ali overruns the Carnatic. [Oct. 31. He takes Arcot.] 1781 July 1. At Porto Novo, Sir Eyre Coote with 9,500± men defeats Hyder-Ali with 80,000. British loss, 587 ; Hindoo loss, 10,000+ . 1782 Feb. 18. Ceylon. The British fleet defeats the French off Trineo- malee (p. 704). [Apr. 12, July 6. French defeated.] 1789-90 Tippoo Sahib attacks the raja of Travancore, an ally of the British, causing the second Mysore war. 1790-92 Second Mysore war. 1791 Jan. 29. Lord Cornwallis assumes command. [Mar. 21. Captures Ban- galore from Tippoo. May 15. Defeats him at AriUnra, S'-ringnpatani. Dec. 21. TakeSeverndroogis. 1792. Feb. 6. Corn- wallis storms Seringapatam, Tippoo is conquered.] ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 1600 * * The Portuguese introduce the tobacco plant. 1628-58 Taj Mahal is erected at Agra by Shah Jehan, in honor of his wife. 1737 Oct. 11. Hundreds of vessels are wrecked by a storm and 30,000 people perish. [1782. Apr. 22. A storm de- stroys 7,000 lives in Surat.] 1781 * * Calcutta. The Calcutta Ma- drasa, or Mohammedan college, is founded. [1801. Calcutta College. [1X20. Bishop's College. 1824. Calcutta Col- lege of Sanskrit. 1835. Calcutta College of Medicine.] 1784* * Calcutta. The Asiatic Society is founded. 1790 * * The Calcutta Monthly Kefjisteris issued. [1830. Calcutta Literary Gazette. 1844. Calcutta Literary lievieio.] 1791* *TheSanskrit College, Benares, is founded. [1827. The Agra CoUege.] * * * The literature of Buddhism chiefly comprisea the teachings of Gotaina, con- sisting of brief aphorisms. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1618* * Aurungzebe. Mogul emperor, born. [1707. Dies.] 1627* * Sivaji, Mahratta, chief, born. [1680. Dies.] 1661 * * Ortvinda siuuh, chief of Sikhs, born. [1708. Dies.] 1666 * * Shah-Jehan, Mogul emperor, dies. 1685* *Iuahnnul XIII., emperor, born. [1718. Dies.] 1688* * Nadir Shah, conq., b. [1747. D.] 1700* * Mahmud XIV., Mogul emperor, horn. [1748. Dies.] 1711* * Alompra, King of Burma, born. [1760. Dies.] 1713 * * HuliLnlnr Shah, Mogul emperor, d. 1713 * * .b'hauilrr Shah, Mogul emperor, d. 1718 * * Hyder-Ali. Sultan of Mysore, born. [1782. Dies.] 1749 * * Tippoo Sahib, Sultan of Mysore, born. [1799. Dies.] 1757 * * Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, dies. 1773 * * Ahmed Shah el Abdali,conq., A50±. 1774* * U;imimiliim Hoy, theistical reformer, born. [1833. Dies.] • 1780* * ltunjeet Singh, Sikh conqueror, born. [1839. Dies.] 1783 * * Jeejeebboy, Sir Jamsetjee, Parsee merchant, born. [1859. Dies.] CHURCH. 1617 * * Ceylon. The Portuguese intro- duce Christianity. 1706 * * The Danes open a Protestant mission in Tranquebar, the Bay of Ben- gal, the first field for mission-work in India. [1758. In Calcutta.] 1728 * * Gudalur, Madras, becomes a Halle mission. 1793 Nov. 10. Calcutta. The Eng- lish Baptist missionaries, William Carey and John Thomas, arrive. [1800. Carey baptizes his first Hindu convert.] STATE. 1573 * * Akbar annexes Gujarat (W. I.). [1576. Also Lower Bengal. 1581. Gu- jarat revolts. 1592. He annexes Sind. 1593. Gujarat is subdued. 1595. He con- solidates the Mogul empire in all of North India. 1601. Annexes Khandesh, removes capital from Delhi to Agra.] 1579 * * Thomas Stephens is the first Englishman to appear in India. 1600 Dec. 31. Eng. [TheEastlndia Company] chartered (p. 877). [1611. It establishes an agency at Ma- sulipatam. 1612-15. Also a factory at Ahmadnagar, Bombay, and agencies at Gogra, Ahmadabad, and Cambay. 1612. It trades at Calcutta and Cranga- nore, Madras. 1620*. Trades as far east as Patna, Bengal. 1626. Opens a factory at Armagaon, Coromandel Coast.] 1602 Mar. 20. TheDutchEastlndin Company is founded by amalgamating several private companies. [1619. Founds Batavia as a seat of government.] 1604 * * The first French East India Company is founded. [1611, the second ; 1615, the third ; 1642, the fourth by Richelieu; 1644, the fifth by Colbert; 1754, Suspended. 1790. Abolished.] 1605-27 Akbar's son, Jahangir, is Mo- gul emperor. 1612 * * The first Danish East India Company is formed. [1616. Danes settle at Tranquebar and Serampur, Bengal. 1845. Company ac- quired by the English. 1870. The second Danish Company formed.] 1621 * * The Persians wrest Kandahar. [1653. Finally lost to the empire.] 1647 * * The Dutch begin trade at Sadras (S. E. Ind.). [1652. Open their first fac- tory in India, at Palakolla, Madras.] INDIA. 1566, * *-1793, Nov. 10. 1045 1627-80 The powerful kingdom of the Mahratti is formed by tlie union of the Hindu tribes in the Deccan under Sivaji. 1628-58 Shah Jehan is Mogul em- peror ; Agra, the capital. [1657. Au- rungzebe, his son, rebels.] * * * The Golden Age of the Moguls. 1634 * * The English trade in Bengal, where they gain the seaboard. [1640. Open a factory at Hugh. 1642. Another at Balasor.l 1635-50 Eng. Courten's Associa- tion (Assad a Merchants) is established. [1650. Combined with the London Com- pany.] 1639 * * The English, led by Francis Day, buy a site at Madaraspatam, Ma- dras. [1640. Build Fort St. George, found Madras. 1563. A presidency.] 1645 * * The English obtain exclusive trade privileges. 1650 * * The great Hindu revival com- mences [and develops the Mahratta Confederacy ; it finally overthrows the Mogul power]. 1657 * *Bareli is founded by the Hindu raja. 1658* * Bengal is placed under the government of Madras. [1681. Sepa- rated.] * *Aurungzebe deposes his father. [1658-1707. He reigns. Obtains all India.] 1660* * London. The East India Company is incorporated (p. 891). 1661 * * Bombay is ceded to England (p. 891). [1665. Transferred. 1668. Ceded to the East India Company for £10 paid annually.] 1664 * * Sivaji, the Mahratta raja, de- clares his independence of the Moguls. [1665. Makes submission ; he escapes.] 1666* * Sivaji revolts against the Moguls. [1667. He makes peace, and obtains more territory in Southern India.] 1672 * * The French settle in Pondi- cherry. 1674 * * Raja Sivaji crowns himself an independent sovereign at Raigarh. 1677 * * The Rajput states combine (N. W. Ind.) against the Mogul emperor. [1679. Aurungzebe's son, Akbur, rebels, and joins the rebellious Mahrattas.] 1680 * * Sivaji dies ; his son Sambhaji reigns. [1689. Executed by Aurungzebe.] * * Calcutta is founded by the English. 1687 * * The seat of the English govern- ment is removed from Surat to Bom- bay. [1708. Bombay is a presidency. 1753. It is subordinate to Calcutta.] 1689 * * Eng. The East India Company resolve " to make us a nation in In- dia ; " Sir John Child is appointed gov- ernor-general and admiral of India. 1692 * * The Mogul power is at its height; revenue, £32,000,000. 1695 * * Scot. The Scotch start an un- successful East India Company. 1698 * * Eng, The New East India Company is chartered (p. 901). 1700 * * Calcutta is purchased by the English. [1707. Made a presidency.] 1707 Feb. 22. Aurungzebe dies ; the Mogul power rapidly declines. 1707-12 Muazzim, son of Aurungzebe, a puppet, reigns as Bahadur Shah. 1709 * * The Sikhs in Lahore, Punjab, organize as a politico-religious commu- nity against the oppressionof theMoguls. 1712-13 Jehandar Shah is Mogul em- peror ; capital, Delhi. He is dethroned. 1713-19 Farokhsir revolts against his uncle, and gains the throne. He is mur- dered by the two Sayids. [1719. The Sayids nominate two boy emperors, who soon die. 1720. Sayids overthrown,] 1719-48 Mahmud Shah, a boy, is Mo- gul emperor ; capital, Delhi. 1719 * * Fr. The Company of the Indies is forme'd by the union of four companies. the 1723 * * Aust. The Ostend Company is formed. [1727. Charter suspended. 1784. Bankrupt.] 1730 * * The Mahratta families, Holkar and Sindian, become important. 1731 June 13. Swe. The Swedish Company is chartered. [Unsuccessful.] 1732-42 Oudh becomes practically in- dependent of Delhi. 1735-51 The Mogul empire declines under the invasions from without and the revolts within. [1736-48. The Dec- can is independent. 1738. Kabul. 1743. Malwa ceded. 1751. Also Orissa.] 1740-61 Balaji Baji, peshwa of the Mahrattas, terrifies the Mogul empire. 1747 * * Sind is transferred to the em- pire of Delhi. 1748-54 Ahmed Shah is Mogul em- peror. The emperors are only puppets. * * The rivalry of the French and Eng- lish in India is at its height. 1750 * * Prus. An East India Company is formed. [Short-lived. 1753. Another.] 1750+ * * The Mahratta power in cen- tral and western India is at its height. [1751-1S53. The Bhonslas dynasty reigns at Nagpur (C. Ind.).] 1753 * * Burma. Rangun is founded by King Alompra. 1754-59 Alamgir II. is Mogul emperor at Delhi. 1756-65 The British acquire Lower Bengal. 1757 June 23. The British Empire in India begins with the victory of [Lord] Clive at Plassey. (See Army.) * * The British exact compensation of the nawab of Bengal for losses, demand- ing £2,697,750 ; only one-half the demand can be satisfied. He grants the East India Company landholders* rights over 882 square miles around Calcutta. [1759. He grants the land-tax to Lord Clive.] 1758-1858 British governors rule in India under the East India Company. 1758-60 Col. [Lord] Clive is governor. [1760. J. Z. Holwell officiates. 1765-67. Clive again.] 1759-1806 Shah Alam II., a British pensioner, titular emperor ; capital, Al- lahabad. [1771. Goes over to the Mah- rattas.] 1760-64 H. Vansittart is British gov- ernor. [1764. John Spencer officiating.] 1761-65 Fall of the Mogul Empire; Europeans become supreme. 1761 * * The British dethrone Mir Ja- far, their nawab of Murshidabad, and enthrone Mir Kasim ; they receive thereby a grant of three districts, Burd- wan, Midnapur, and Chiltagong. [Mir Kasim revolts. 1764. They dethrone Kasim, restore Jafar ; secure donations.] * * Hyder-Ali dethrones the maharaja of Mysore. [1763-64. Hyder usurps author- ity. 1765. Subject to the British. 1766. British-Mahratta league against him. 1799. The British sue for peace.] 1763 * * Ceylon. Intercourse with the British begins. 1765-67 [Lord] Clive is again British governor. 1765 * * The treaty of Allahabad is signed. Lower Bengal, Bihar, and the greater part of Orissa pass to the British. * *A system of dual government is adopted. The English receive the revenues of Bengal, Bihar, aud Orissa, and under- take to maintain the army while the nawab holds the criminal jurisdiction. 1766 Nov. 12. The British make a treaty with Nizam Ali, the usurper of Mysore, and obtain the Northern Circars (Districts). [Feudatory to the British.] 1767-69 Harry Verelst is British gov- ernor. [1769-72. John Cartier.] 1771 Sept. * Sir R. Hartland is gov- ernor of Madras. [1776. Lord Pigot; 1781, Lord Macartney ; 17'J'J, Sir C. Oak- ley ; 18S0, Oct. 11, W. P. Adam; 1881, June* M. E. Grant Duff; 1886, Robert Bourke [Lord Connemara.] 1772-74 Warren Hastings is British governorof Bengal. (Apr. 13.) Assumes office. [1774-85. Governor-general.] 1773 * * Hastings sells Allahabad and Korea to the Emperor Shah Alam. He refuses £300,000 tribute to Delhi. * * Eng. The Regulation Act is passed ; the governor of Bengal is raised to the rank of governor-general, and with a council of four members controls the governments of Madias and Bombay. 1779 * * Conflicting French and English alliances, with different claimants for the office of peshwa, bring on the first Mahratta war with the British. 1782 Dec* Tippoo Sahib succeeds his father, Hvder-Ali, a Hindu rebel, as sul- tan of Mysore. [1784. Mar. 11. He forces the British to sign an ignoble peace.] 1784* * Eng. India Bill passes (p. 923). 1785 Feb. 1-86 Sept.* Sir John Macpherson is British governor-gen- eral. [17S6-93. Earl Cornwallis.] 1786 July * Straits Settlements. Capt. E. Light receives Penang as the mar- riage portion of his bride, the daughter of the raja of Kedah ; he makes the first British settlement. [1798. Sir George Leith purchases [Province Wellesley] opposite Penang for £400. 1806] Penang is a British province. 1788 * * Eng. Trial of Hastings (p. 925). 1791* * British-Ghourkhas treaty is signed at Nepaul. [1801. Another. 1779. Dec. 31. Treaty with Mahrattas for a pro- tectorate. 1815. Dec. 2. WithNepaulese.] 1792 Mar. 19. The English make a definitive treaty with Tippoo Sahib. He loses half of his dominions, and pays £3,000,000 indemnity ; his two sons are hostages. [1794. Mar. 29. Restored.] 1793 Oct. 28-98 * * Sir John Shore (Lord Teignniouth) is governor-general. [1798, Sir Alfred Clarke, officiating.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1770-71 A famine in the Bengal presi- dency ; one-third of the people perish. 1775 May 30. Accusations are made against Warren Hastings for receiving a bribe from a concubine of Mir Jaf- fier. [1776. Mar. 11. Nuncomar, a Brah- man, accuses him of accepting bribes. 1781. Sept. 19. He makes a treaty with the nawab of Oudh, and is accused of receiving a bribe of £100,000.] 1046 1796,* *-1855, July INDIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1790 * * Third Mysore war. Caused by Tippoo's intrigues with the French, and his refusal to adhere to a new sub- sidiary system. Apr. 5. Gen. Harris arrives before Se- ringapatam. [May 4. Maj.-Gen. Baird storms the palace", and Tippoo Sahib is killed ; the city is taken, and the sultan's dominions are divided among Nizam, the Mahrattas, and the English.] 1802-04 The second Mahratta war. Sir Arthur "Wellesley commands in the Deccan, and Gen. Lake in Hindustan. 1802 * * Jeswunt Rao, son of Tukaji Holkar, Prince of Indore, defeats the united forces of Sindhia and the Mah- ratta peshwa at the battle of Poona. 1803 Feb. 20. Ceylon. The British take Kandy. [June 23. Disease com- pels the British to capitulate.] Apr. 19. Gen. "Wellesley captures Poona. [Sept. 8, Gen. Lake defeats the Mahrattas near Delhi. Sept. 23. At Assaye 9.500 British under Wellesley de- feat 50,000 Mahrattas, losing 1,800 men. Nov. 1. Gen. Lake with 4,000 troops defeats 9,000 Mahrattas at Laswari ; later, he captures Delhi. The war ends.] 1805 * * Gen. Lake is repulsed at the siege of Bhartpur. [1827. Taken.] 1807 'Nov, 21. Cumoona surrenders to the British. 1803 July 10. Madras sepoys mu- tiny at Vellore. [Suppressed after 800 sepoys are killed and 200 wounded. 1814 Nov. 1-15 Apr. 27. Warwith Ghurkhas of Nepaul, caused by the na- tives terrorizing British subjects. 1817 * * War with the Pindaree. The Pindaree send out plundering bands from Malwa; Lord Hastings col- lects an army 120,000 strong, and speedily suppresses them. 1817-18 Third Mahratta war. Nov. * * The Mahrattas at Poona, Nag- pur, and Indore separately rise against the British. Nov. 26. The raja of Nag- pur is defeated, and Nagpur is taken by the British. Dec. 21. The Mahrattas under Holkar are completely defeated atMehadpur ; the Mahrattapmverisfor- ever broken. [1818. Jan. * Peace is con- cluded.] * * Ceylon. The natives unsuccessfully revolt. [1S43, 1848. They revolt.] 1819 * * The Sikhs conquer Kashmir. 1824-26 First Burmese "War. Caused by encroachments upon British districts in Bengal. (1824 May 5.) Rangun is taken by Sir Archibald Campbell. (Aug. 30.) A Bur- mese attack on Rangun is repulsed with great slaughter. (Later.) The fort and pagoda of Svriam are taken by the Brit- ish. (1825. Dec. 25.) Gen. Campbell de- cisively defeats the Burmese near Prome. 1827 Jan. 18. Lord Combermere storms Bhartpur citadel. 1839-42 "War with the Afghans to advance British interests (p. 4). 1848-49 Second Sikh war. The Sikhs assassinate two British officers at Multan ; a general rising in the Punjab follows. (June 18.) Lieut. Edwardes joins Gen. Courtland, and defeats the Sikhs under Mookaj. Gen. \Vhish besieges Multan Ken- nyree. (Sept. 2.) Compelled to raise the siege. (Dec. 3.) Gen. Thackwell attacks Shere Shing ill Sadoolapore. (Dec*) Mul- tan is again besieged by Gen Wliish. (1849. Jan. 4.) Surrenders. (Jan. 13.) Gen. Gough, with 22,0)10 troops, loses _. ion in an indecisive battle at Chillianwalla. (Feb. 22.) Tlie cita- del of Multan surrenders, Gen. Gough, 25,000 strong, defeats tiii.niiil Siklis at Gujarat. (Mail 14.) Shere Shing surrenders unconditionally. 1852-53 Second Burmese war. It is caused by the ill-treatment of British merchants at Rangun, and in- sults offered a British captain. (Apr. 5.) Martaban is taken by the British. (Apr. 14.) Gen. Godwin captures Rangun. (Mat 19.) Basse in is stormed. (Ji:ne4.) Also Pegu. ( Jv ly 9. ) Capt. Tarleton captures Prome. (Nov. 21.) Pegu again captured. (Dec. 21.) Annexed to the empire. 1855 July * The Sonthals of Bengal revolt ; [1856. May * Suppressed.] ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 1819 June 16. Earthquakes cause Cutch to sink, burying 2,000 persons. * * The Journal of Literature and Science and the Oriental Magazine and Indian Hurhu are issued at Madras. 1833 * * The Religious and Theological Magazine is issued at Colombo. 1836 * * Hoogly Madrasa is founded. 1847-55 Straits Settlements. The Jour- nal of the Indian Archipelago is issued. 1854 * * A system of education is de- veloped ; universities are established at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras ; all other schools (private, government, and church) are to be affiliated with these universities and lead up to them. 1845+ * The first Sikh war. (Dec 14.) The Sikhs, 60.000 strong, cross the Sutlej River, and attack the British at Ferozepur. (Dec. 18.) Sir H. Harding- reaches Mudkee ; the Sikhs (20,000) make an attack ami are defeated, losing their guns. (Dec. 21.) Sir Hugh Goush defeats them at Ferozeshah, in the Puniab; P-ritisli loss, 2,415 killed. (1846. Jan. 28.) Gen. Sir Harry Smith defeats them at Aliwal. (Feb. 10.) At Sobraon, Gens. Smith and Gough totally defeat Them; British hiss, U.oiio killed ; Sikh loss, 13,000 killed. (Feb. 20.) Gen. Gough occupies the citadel of Lahore. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1815* * Jung-Bahadur, NepauleBe BOldier, born. [1871. Dies.] 1824+ * * Nana-Sahib, inciter of sepoy mutiny, born. [1860±. Dies.] 1844 * * Scott-Sid dons, Mrs., actor, born. CHURCH. 1798 * * Calcutta. The London Mis- sionary Society sends a missionary to Calcutta. [He enters the interior.] * * The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel opens a mission in Nazareth, Madras. [18*20. In Calcutta. 1829. In Tinnevelli, Madras.] 1799* *The English Baptists send four missionaries to Serampur, India, — Ward, Grant, Hrunsdon, and Marshman. [Enter 14 miles above Calcutta. 1812. Open a mission in Ceylcjn.] 1804 * * The London Society opens a mission in Vizagapatam, Madras. [1805, In Madras; 1809, Nagarkoil; 1810, Peliary, Madras; 1815, Surat, Bombay; 1816, Calcutta; 1*20, Bangalore, Mysore; and Be- nares; 1821, Quilon in Travancore; 1824, Ber- hampur and Salem, Madras; 1828, Neyoor in Travancore; 1830, Coimhatur, Madras.] 1807* * Burma. English Baptists make the first attempt to plant a Prot- estant mission. [1808. The London So- ciety sends out two missionaries.] 1812* * The Church Missionary Soci- ety (Eng.) opens a mission in Agra. [1814, In Madras; 1815, Calcutta; 1817, By Daniel Corrie in Benares; Cochim, S. Ind. ; Cottavam, Madras, also in Ceylon; 1818, Kandy, Ceylon; 1820, Bombay; Tinnevelli, Madras; 1827, Dohnavur.] Feb. 12. V. S. A. Adoniram Judaon and others sail for India as missionaries of the American Board. [1813. June 17. Arrive in Calcutta.] 1813 * * The first Christian mission is opened in Bombay by Gordon Hall and Samuel Nott. July* The bishopric of Calcutta is erected. [1837, Of Bombay; 1845, Of Colombo, Ceylon; 1877, Of Rangun, Burma.] July 13. Burma. Adoniram Judson and wife, being the second time expelled from India by the Company, arrive at Rangun, where they establish a mission. 1814* * Ceylon. Five Wesleyan Methodist missionaries settle at Jaffna and Batticaloa for the Tamil work, and at Matura and Galle for the Cingalese work. [1815. The American Board sends four missionaries to the island.] 1816 * * The English Baptists open a mission in Dacca, Bengal. [1829. They found Serampur College. 1846. A college in Cuttack. 1857. Open a mission in Poona, Bombay. 1868. In Natale, Ceylon, and in MacMillanpatna, Orissa.] 1817 * * The English Wesleyans open a mission at Madras. 1819 June* Burma. Dr. Judson bap- tizes his first Burmese convert. After three years of preparatory work, Dr. Judson preaches his first sermon in Burmese. [1823. He is, forced to remove to Ava, and suspend work at Rangun. 1824. Opens at Ava, hut soon suspended by war. 1826. At Amherst. 1828. Mis- sion opened at Tavoy by George Dana Boardman and wife ; Dr. Judson has his first Karen convert, Kothah-byu, who- becomes the " Karen apostle."] 1823 * * The Scottish Missionary So- ciety opens a mission in Bombay. [1835. Transferred to the Free Church.] 1829 Dec. 4. The burning of widows is prohibited by law. * * Scot. Alexander Duff departs as a missionary to India for the Established Church of Scotland. [1830. July 12. Dr. Duff opens his first school in Calcutta under a banian-tree with five young men. 1834. Returns to Scotland. 1839. Returns to India.] * *A high-caste Brahman, Eammohun Roy, founds a reformed Brahman mono- theistic church (Brahmo SomajJ. [1842. Revived by Debendra Nath Tangore.] * * Burma. The Bible is translated. * * The Free Church of Scotland opens a mission in Poona. [1845. In Nagpur.] 1831* * Burma. American Baptists open missions in Mergui and Maulmain. [1832. A Karen station in Maulmain. 1833. Ava reopens Rangun and Maubee. 1835. Mission opened in Arakan.] * * The American Board, U.S.A. , opens a mission in Ahmadnagar. [1834, in Madura; in Singapore, Straits Set- tlements; ( 1844, removed) ; 1836, in Madras, chiefly as a publishing establishment; 1853, in Arcot; 1851, in Mandapasalia, Madura; 1864, in Manamadura, Madras; 1876, in Mo- lung, Assam ; 1878, in Kohiiua, Assam; 1887, in Myngyan and in Thayetmayo, Burma.] * * The Church Society (Eng.) opens a mission in Krishnagar, Bengal. [1832, in Benares; 1839, in Krishnagar, 900 converts arc baptized in one service; 1841, in Telugu; 1847, in Kotgur; 1849, in Padre-Polli; 1850,in Karachi, \V. Ind.; lK54,in Haidarahad, Sindh; 1854,in .lahaljuir, Cent. Prov. ; also Kangra in the Punjab, and Kuniiankulam, Madras; 1856, in Multan ; lsr.ii, ni Allahabad, N. W. Prov.; 1860, For Kols, on the Upper Godavari; 1863, in Faizabad, OudhO INDIA. 1796,* * -1855, July 1047 1834 * * The Evangelical Missionary Society of Basle begins mission-work on the west coast. [1836, Opens a mission in Combaconum, Madras; 1872, in Karakal, Madras. J 1835 Feb. 14. Mna. Rev. Dr. Corrie is appointed first bishop of Madras. * * The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel opens a mission in Nega- patam, Madras. [1838, In Ceylon; 1840, Sikandarabad; 1841, in Cawnpur; 1842, in Ahmadabad, Bombay; 1852, in Delhi; 1353, in Tungu, Burma; 1855, in Karnul, Madras; 1858, in Pudukat- tai, Madras; 1859, in Burma and in Bom- bay; 1868, in Upper Burma; 1869, receives the Chutia Nagpur mission witli 17,000 Kol converts from Pastor Gossner ; 1870, in Ahmadnagar; 1871, in Rurki, Punjab; 1878, in Nangur, Madras, 1887, in Tolligunge, Bengal.] * * Burma. American Baptists organ- ize a native missionary society in Tavoi. [1836, open a mission in Assam; in Bassein, Burma, among the Telugus; 1837, in Bas- sein Sgau, committed Karen converts in a few days. Its 2,000 converts suffer terrible persecutions without a single apostasy; 1840, they open missions — English, Tamil, and Telugu stations in Burma, also in Sihsa^or; 1841, in Nowgong, Assam; 1843, in Gauhati, Assam; 1844, in Salongs, Burma; 1847, great ingathering of converts in Assam.] 1836 * * The Presbyterian Church (North), TJ. S. A., opens a mission in Sa- bathu in the Punjab. [1838, in Futtehgurh; 1843, in Mynpuri; 1844, in Furrukhabad; 1846, in Jaliindliar; 1848, in Umballa; 1849, in Lahore; 1853, in Kothapur; 1863, in Etaantoo, Bengal; 1886, in Vinuconda.] 1838 * * Straits Settlements. St. An- drew's (Cathedral), Singapore, is con- secrated. [1861, present building erected; 1870, made the cathedral.] 1840* * Calcutta. The cathedral is founded. * * The Welsh Calvinistic Methodists open a mission in the Khasi Hills. [1841, in Assam ; 1870, in Jiwai.] 1841 * * The Irish Presbyterians open a mission in Rajkot. [1844, at Gogo; 1846, receive Surat from the London Society; 1*60, in Borsad, Bom- bay; 1861, in Ahmadabad, Bombay; 1877, in Anand, Bombay; 1887, in Broach, Bombay.] * * The "Welsh Presbyterians open a mission in Cherrapooujee. [1846, at Jiwai ; 1787, in Sylhet.] * *The Evangelical Lutherans, TJ. S. A., open a mission in Guntur, also Palnadu, Madras. [1849, in Palnadu ; 1861, in Samuleotta, Madras.] 1846* * Burma. Roman Catholics open a mission in Rangun. [1853, in Tungu.] 1847 * * The Leipsic Evangelical Lu- therans receive the Tranquebar mission. [1855, open one in Cuddalore, Madras ; 1859, in Manikraramain, Madras; 1864, in Kegapatam, Madras.] 1849 * * The American Baptists open a Karen mission in Pwo. [1852, Reopen one in Rangun, Burma; 1853, in Tungu, Burma; 1854, in Prome, Burma; 1855, in Tbongze, Burma; 1861, Ava, Burma, is abandoned; 1*H6, tor the Shans, Burma; 1870, in Ongole 916 converts are baptized in one year; mission opened in Ramapatam. Bengal; 1876, in Pwo Karen, Burma; 1S77, in Ralimo, also in Tura, Assam; 1879, in Maubiu, Burma; IhhO, in Maubin and Tha- tone, Burma; 18S5, in rdayagiri, Madras; 1886, in Mandalay, Burma.] 1851 June * The State allowance to the temple of Juggernaut is withdrawn. * *TheEvangelicalLutherans,U.S.A., receive the North German mission in Rajamahendri, Madras. [1SS6, open a mission in Kotapad, Cent. ind. ; 18S7, in Jeypur.] 1853* *The Reformed Church, TJ. S. A., opens a mission in Arcot, Ma- dras. [1854, in Chittra, Madras; 1858, it receives the ArcotMission from tin- American Board; 1863, opens in Madanapalli, Madras.] 1854 * * The Associate Church, U.S.A., opens a mission in Sialkot, Punjab. STATE. 1796 * * Ceylon. The British seize the Dutch settlements. [1S02. The whole seaboard becomes a British possession.] 1798 May 17-1805 * * The Earl of Mornington [Marquis AVellesley] is gov- ernor-general. 1799 June 22. Mysore is divided. (See Army.) 1801 * * Treaty of Lucknow; the Mogul emperor cedes more of the territories of Oudh to the British. ± * *• The British annex the Carnatic (S. E. Ind.) by conquest. 1802 * * The Mahratta Holkar refuses to receive a British force according to the treaty, and the second war follows. [1805. Dec. 24. Peace is signed.] 1803 * * The Mahratta power is over- thrown. [1809. Holkar signs a treaty.] * * Gwalior (Cent. Ind.) is placed under British protection. 1805 July 30. Eng. Marquis Corn- wallis again becomes governor-general. [Oct. 5. He dies. Oct. 10-1807. Sir George Barlow is acting governor. 1807, July, 3-1S13, Lord (Earl of) Minto.] 1806-37 Akbar U. is Mogul emperor under British protection. 1813 July* Eng. The East India Com- pany's charter is renewed for 20 years, but its monopoly of trade is abolished. [1814. Apr. 10. Operative. 1833. Re- newed for 30 years.] Oct. 4-23 Earl of Moira [Marquis of Hastings] is governor-general. [1823, John Adam, officiating governor.] 1815 Mar. 2. Ceylon. By treaty with the chiefs the sovereignty of the island passes to the British. 1819 * * Ghazee-ud-deen becomes the king of Oudh. * * Straits Settlements. Sir Stamford Raffles founds a- British factory in Singa- pore. [1824. The island is purchased from the Sultan of Johore for £13,500 and a life annuity of €5,400 ; Malacca is ceded to the British by the Dutch, and with Singapore is incorporated with Penang. 1S32. Singapore the capital.] 1820 * * Eng. George IV. becomes king. 1S23 Aug. 1-28* *Lord [Earl] Am- herst is governor-general. [1828, Mar. 18, Wni. Butterworth, officiating.] 1826 Feb. * A treaty of peace is made with Burma. 1826-52 Lower Burma annexed (p. 943). 1828 July -4-35 Lord "William Cav- endish Bentinck is governor-general. He abolishes suttee (widow-burning), and exterminates the roving gangs of tbugs. [1835-36. Sir Charles Metcalf (Lord Metcalf) is temporary governor.] 1829 Feb. 24. Peace is made with Burma ; it agrees to pay an indemnity of £1,000,000, and cedes a great extent of territory. 1830-37 Eng. William IV. king. * * Mysore is taken under British ad- ministration. [1734. Apr. 10. Coorg, Madras, is annexed.] 1834 May 1. Natives are admitted to the magistracy. 1836 Mar. 4-42 ** Lord [Earl] Auck- land is governor-general. Dec. * Aden. A wrecked British ship is plundered at Aden by Arabs. [The sultan agrees to cede Aden to Great Britain as compensation. His son hav- ing repudiated tbis agreement, Great Britain sends an expedition. 1S39. Ta- ken by Capt H. Smith. Annexed.] 1837 * * Eng. Victoria becomes queen. 1837-42 Mahmud Ali, nawab of Oudh. 1837-57 Mahmud Bahadur Shah is titular Mogul emperor. 1839* * China. Hongkong taken. [1842. Aug. 29. Ceded (Pp. 616, 617).] 1842 Feb. 28. Lord [Earl of] Ellen- borough is governor-general. [1844. July 23-1848, Sir Henry Hardinge.] 1843 Mar.* Sind is conquered and an- nexed. Area, 54,12.''. square miles ; popu- lation [recent], 2,542,976; Sir Charles Napier, governpr. 1845 * * The English purchase the Da- nish possessions. * * A part of Lahore is annexed by con- quest from the Sikhs. 1847-56 WaudAli Shah rules in Oudh. [1856. Eeb. 7. Deposed by British, and territory annexed.] 1848-56 Earl [Marquis] of Dalhousie is governor-general. 1849 Mar. 29. The Punjab is an- nexed by j>r< x-lumation. [Satara lapses to the British, it having no direct heir. 1853. Dec. 11. Nagpur lapses.] 1852 Dec. 20. Burma. Pegu and Ran- gun are annexed by proclamation. 1853 Jan. * Burma. The king of Ava is deposed by his younger brut her. [June 20. Peace with Great Britain.] * * Lord Elpbinstone is governor of Bom- bay. [I860, Sir R. G. Clerk ; 1862, Sir Henry Bartle Frere ; 1866, "W. R. Sey- mour Fitzgerald ; 1872, Sir Philip Wode- house ; 1880, Sir James Fergusson ; 1884, Lord Reay.] * * Straits Settlements is made a sepa- rate dependency under the governor- general of India. [1866. Aug. 10. Sep- arated ; made a crown colony. 1867. Apr. * Effective. Sir Harry St. George Ord, governor ; 1873, Sir Andrew Clarke.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1837-38 A terrible famine in north- west India destroys 800,000 lives. 1851* * Chohan chiefs agree to resolu- tions against the killing of female infants. 1853 Apr. 16. The first railway is opened, from Bombay to Tannah ; dis- tance about 25 miles. 1854 * * The Ganges canal is opened. 1048 1855, * *-1894, Jan. 8. INDIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1857-58 The sepoy rebellion. Alleged cause : requiring men to use cartridges greased "with lard and cow's tallow, the cow being a sacred animal and the hog abhorred. The native ar- mies of Madras and Bombay remain loyal to the British. (Mab.*) The troops at Barrackpur mu- tiny. (Mat 10.) At Meerut, near Delhi. (May II.) The helpless Europeans at Delhi blow up the magazine. Gen. Anson, com- mander-in-i'lijt'f, marches on Delhi. (May 27.) He is killed. (May 30.) The sepoys at Lucknow join the mutiny. Sir Henry Lawrence fortifies and provisions the resi- dency. (June 3.) The mutiny is suppressed at Benares. (June 6.) At Allahabad the native soldiers rise and massacre 17 officers and all the women and children they can find. Nana Sahib of Cawnpurmutinies,and is pro- claimed peshwa of theMahrattas. (June 8.) The siege of Delhi begins; 30,000 men besiege 8,000 at the maximum. (June 27.) About 450 Europeans an' treacherously massacred by Nana Sahib, chierty women and children; only four men and 125 women escape death. (JUNE*) Sir Henry Barnard succeeds Gen. Anson (deceased). (July 2.) Sir Henry Lawrence, with a weak regiment, and the Europeans of Lucknow are besieged in the residency; he is wounded. (July 4.) He dies. (July 5.) Maj.-Gen. Reid succeeds Sir Henry Barnard, deceased. (July 12.) Gen. Nicholson defeats rebels at Sealcote. (July 15.) Gen. Havelock defeats Nana Sahib and recaptures Cawnpur. (July 18.) The mutiny is suppressed at Haidarabad. (July 19.) Also at Bithoor. (July 20.) At Lahore. (July 22.) Sir Archdale Wil- son assumes command at. Delhi. (July 27.) The mutiny breaks out at Dinapur; British repulsed at Anak. (July 29-Al o. 15.) Gen. Havelock., by prodigious effort, wins many victories over the rebels, although a sufferer from disease. (Aug. 15.) Rebels defeated atPandooMuddee. Gen. Nicholson defeats them at Nuguffgur. (Sept. 14.) The Brit- ish assault Delhi. (Sept. 20.) The entire citytaken. (Sept. 21.) The Mogul emperor Bahadur Shah is captured at. Delhi. (Sept. 23.) Col. Hodson kills with his own hand the son and grandson of • Bahadur. Gen. Nicholson dies. (Sept. 25.) Gen. Havelock relieves the besieged residency at Lucknow. (Sept. 26.) Rebels defeated at Boland- shhar. (Sept. 29.) AtMolaghur. (Oct. 5.) At Aligarh. (Oct. 10.) At Agra. (Nov. 3.) Sir Colin Campbell [Lord Clyde], com- mander-in-chief, arrives at Cawnpur. (Nov. 13.) Cawnpur is taken. (Nov. 16.) Camp- bell takes Sikandarabad. (Nov. 18-25.) He and Gen. Havelock rescue the besieged residency at Lucknow by hard fighting. (Nov. 27.) The rebels at Cawnpur repulse Gen. Windham. (Nov. 28.) Campbell re- captures Cawnpur. (Dec. 6.) He defeats the Gwalior contingent. (Dec. 14, 17, 27.) The rebels are defeated at Seat on. (Dec. 27.) At Gorakhpur. (1858. Jan. 2.) At Futtigarh. (Jan.*) The rebels still hold and fortify Lucknow. (Jan. 29.) Sir Hugh Rose relieves Sagar. (Feb. 31.) He enters. (Mar. 8.) Sir Colin Campbell besieges Lurk- now. (Mar. 19.) Lucknow surrenders; 50, 000 rebels hastily retire. (Mar. 30.) Gen. Roberts takes Kotah. (Apr. 4.) Sir Hugh Rose takes dhansi. (Apr. 13.) Azimgarhis relieved bv Sir E. Lugard. (APR. 19.) Gen. Whitelock takes Budaun. (May 7.) The British recapture Bareli. (May 11.) Sir Hugh Rose defeats the rebels at Kooneh. in 10 years. Western Sicily becomes the first Roman province; the smaller eastern part continues under Syracuse, an ally of Home. 241± * * b. c. Rome. A democratic reform is made of the constitution of the centuries. 240 * * b. c. Spoletium. TJmbria, is col- onized by Romans. 238 * * b. c. Afr. An insurrection of the mercenaries and Libyan subjects against Carthage is utilized by the Ro- mans to extort the cession of Sardinia by the Carthaginians. [231. It becomes the second Roman province. Corsica is added.] 234± * * b. c. Ravenna, founded by Greek colonists, is annexed by Rome. 228 * * b. c. The first Roman embassy is sent to Greece. C. Flaminius proposes an Agrarian law. (232?) 220+ * * B. C. Romans found Placentia. [219. Cremona, Lombardy, and Emilia.] H i054 218 b.c-147 ITALY : ARMY — NAVY. 218 * * b. c. Hannibal conducts a re- markable expedition from Africa to Italy through Spain. He crosses the Pyrenees with 50,000 foot, 9,000 horse, and 37 elephants ; he advances through Gaul toward Italy, He captures Taurasia [Turin], * * B. C. The consul Publius Cornelius Scipio fails to intercept Hannibal so as to prevent hiB crossing the Rhone. * * b. c. Aitst. Hannibal advances up the Rhone to Vienna, thence eastward to the Alps, forcing his way by hard fighting. Hannibal crosses the pass of Little St. Bernard, and finally enters the valley of the Dora Baltea, Piedmont, with about 26,000 soldiers and a few elephants. Rome can muster 700,000 men. Sept. * b. c. Hannibal defeats Publius Scipio on the Ticinus, near Pavia (?). * * Lombardy. Hannibal is reenforced by 60,000± revolting Gauls. Dec* B.C. Consuls Scipio and Tiberius Sempronius Longus are defeated by Hannibal at Trebia. 217-211 Sp. Scipio enters with the main army to expel the Carthaginians remaining there. The Romans defeat Hasdrubal on the Iberus [Ebro]. 217 * * B. C. The Romans send two new armies against Hannibal ; one under Cneius Servilius advances by the Via Flaminius, and the other under Caius Flaminius by the Via Cassia. * * b. c. Hannibal having released all prisoners from the Roman allies without ransom, all Italy is incited to desert Rome. * * b. c. Hannibal flanks the Romans by crossing the Apennines and entering the region of the Arno [in Tuscany] with severe fighting ; he himself loses an eye. Apr. * b. c. Hannibal annihilates an army of 30,000 men at the Trasimene Lake; Flaminius is killed by Dusarius, the Gaulic leader, in single combat. * *B. c. Rome. Terror prevails be- cause of the near approach of Hannibal and the loss of an army. Preparations are made for the defense of the city ; the bridges over the Tiber are destroyed. * * Hannibal fails in an attempt to sur- prise Spoletium, and passes on to Pi- cenum on the Adriatic, where he opens communication with Carthage. * * B. c. Hannibal passes through Sam- niuin, thence to Arpi in Apulia, followed at a discreet distance by the Roman army under Fabius Maximus, who avoids a pitched battle, but provokes many skirmishes. * *b. c. M. Minucius has a fortunate skirmish with the enemy, and is given command of half the army as a second dictator, by the populace of Rome. He attacks Hannibal, and is saved from an- nihilation by the first dictator. 216* *b. c. L. iEmilius Paulus and Caius Terentius Varro are elected con- suls to crush Hannibal with a force of 86,000 Romans and allies. Aug. 2. b. c. Varro's army is annihi- lated by Hannibal at Cannae, with 50,000 men. Eighty men of senatorial rank fall, also the Consul Paulus. Incompetent Varro, with only a small force, escapes. Three bushels of rings are taken from the hands of Roman knights and sent to Carthage. Hannibal's loss is 4,500 men. * * B. C. The legion sent to Cisalpine Gaul ia almost entirely destroyed. * * b. c. The Romans levy a new army from the young and old of all classes and including slaves. Marcus Claudius Marcellus commands. The dictator M. Junius is given a second army. * * B. C. The Romans successfully de- fend Naples, Cumte, and Nola. * * b. c. Hannibal enters winter quarters at Capua, Campania. 215* * b. c. Three Roman armies are led by the two consuls, Maximus and Ti- berius Gracchus, and the proconsul, M. Claudius Marcellus. * * b. c . Turk. Philip V. of Macedonia enters an alliance with Hannibal. [214. The King of Syracuse becomes his ally.] 215-206 b. c. The Romans engage in the first Macedonian war (p. 1026). They prevent Philip V., an ally of Han- nibal, sending reenforcements into Italy. * * b. c. Marcellus defeats Hannibal at Nola ; but he retires to Apulia. 214-212 b. c. Sicily. The Romans carry the war into Sicily, and besiege Syracuse. [212. Marcellus captures and plunders the city after a vigorous de- fense by Archimedes.] 214 * * b. c. Aust. Philip V. fails at Apollonia(p. 1026). [211. He is diverted by Grecian complications.] 212 * * b. c. Hannibal gains Tarentum through treachery, and besieges the cit- adel. * * b. c. Hannibal defeats two Roman armies in Lucania and Apulia, and re- tires to Tarentum. * * B. c. Sp. The Carthaginians and their ally, Masinissa of Numidia, defeat and kill both of the Scipios ; the Ro- mans retreat across the Ebro. 211 * * b. c. The Romans repulse Han- nibal at Capua, Campania. Hannibal marches upon Rome, and encamps within a mile of the city ; Rome is prepared to resist, and he returns. * * b. c. Capua surrenders to the Ro- mans, and is terribly punished. Fifty-three citizens are beheaded, many are sold into slavery, and all de- nied the right of sell-government; au- thority is reestablished in many cities. 210 * * b. c. Publius Cornelius Scipio, 24 years of age, is sent into Spain with pro- consular powers. He captures New Carthage. * * b. c. Cneius Fulvius is defeated by Hannibal at Herdonia. * * B. c. Sicily. The Romans take Agri- gentum, kill the Carthaginian garrison, sell the populace as slaves, and subju- gate the whole island. 209 * * b. c. Hannibal defeats M. Mar- cellus ; the next day Marcellus defeats Hannibal. Marcellus is killed in a cavalry skirmish at Venusia [Potenza]. 208 * * B. c. Sp. Scipio fights an inde- cisive battle at Bsecula with Hasdru- bal, who escapes across the Pyrenees to join his brother Hannibal in Italy. 207 * * B. c. N. It. Hasdrubal arrives, and incites the Gauls to arms. Great endeavors are made by the Romans to prevent his union with Han- nibal, who advances toward him from South Italy. The consuls, M. Livius Salinator and C. Claudius Nero, are sent against Hannibal with a great army. * * B. c. Q. Fabius Maximus captures Tarentum, and sells 30,000 people as slaves. Hanni bal retires to Metapontum. * * B. c. Indecisive battle of Grumentum ; Hannibal escapes from Nero toward Apulia, and encamps at Canusium. * * b. c. The two consuls decisively de- feat Hasdrubal, near the River Me- taurus, south of Rimini, and nearly annihilate his army ; Hasdrubal is killed, and his head thrown into Hannibal's camp ; Hannibal retires to Bruttium. * * b. c. Sp. Scipio defeats the Car- thaginians at Bsecula. He conquers Gades [Cadiz], and expels the Cartha- ginians from Spain. 205* *b. c. Mago, the youngest brother of Hannibal, lands at Genoa. He brings from Spain the remnant of the Carthaginian army, and incites the Ligurians to rise against the Romans. The Romans levy three armies to defeat this cowardly commander. 204* * b. c. Afr. Scipio crosses over from Sicily into Africa. He has only small volunteer force, but he is joined by Masinissa, King of Nu- midia, who had been driven from his throne by the Carthaginians. 203 * * b. c. Afr. Scipio makes a suc- cessful attack and threatens Carthage. * * B. c. Scipio and Hannibal make fruit- less negotiations for peace. * * B. c. Calabria. The Carthaginians recall Hannibal and his brother Mago from Italy to protect Carthage. Hannibal massacres the Italian sol- diers who refuse to go with him to Africa, and embarks at Croton for Leptio. 202 * * B. c. Afr. Scipio [Africanus] an- nihilates Hannibal's army at Zama, 85 miles from Carthage. 200-191 b. c. The Cisalpine Gauls and Ligurians are suppressed, and Upper Italy is again subjugated after a ter- rible struggle. 200-197 b. c. Second Macedonian war. Caused by King Philip's interference by furnishing mercenaries to fight against the Romans at Zama; Rome is also entreated to become the ally of the King of Pergamus and the citizens of Rhodes and Athens against oppres- sions of Philip. 200 * * b. c. Aust. P. Sulpicius Galba lands at Apollonia in Illyria. His fleet guards Piraeus and threatens Euboea. * * B. c. Via iEmilia is constructed aB a military road from Ariminum [Rimini] to Placentia (N. It.). * * b. c. Placentia is nearly destroyed by the Gauls. * * b. c. Gr. Philip V. is repulsed by the Romans before Athens, and driven out of Central Greece. 199 * * b. c. Gr. The ^Etolians and the Achseans join the Romans against the Macedonians. 198 * * B. c. Gr. Flaminius takes com- mand of the army and subdues Epirus. 197 * * b. c. Philip V. routed (p. 1026). Philip gives up all possessions beyond Macedonia, and agrees to pay 1,000 tal- ents ($1,250,000) in ten years, and to limit his army to 5,000 soldiers, and to retain only five ships of war. Thereby Macedo- nia is degraded to a second-rate power. 196 * * b. c. The Insubres, north of the Po, are subdued. ROMAN EMPIRE. 218 * * b.c-147 * * b.c. 1055 192-189 b. c. War with Antiochus HE. of Syria. He refuses to restore the Egyptian provinces to Rome. The Achaean League supports the Romans, who also hud allies in the Macedonians, Eumenes II., King of Pergamus, and in Rhodes. 191 * * b. c. Antiochus defeated (p. 102G). * * B. c. Consul Manius Acilius Gla- brio lands in Epirus, and marches into Thessaly. * * B. C. The Romans conquer the Boii, of Cisalpine Gaul ; 32,000 are killed. * *b.c. Gr. The iEtolians are surprised and defeated by Marcus Procius Cato in a mountain pass. Later besieged in Naupactus [Lepanto]. Also again de- feated in a naval battle near Chios. [190. They submit.] 190 * * b. c. Asia M. The Rhodian al- lies defeat the fleet of Antiochus III., commanded by Hannibal the Carthagin- ian, at the mouth of the Eurymedon. * * b. c. Asia M. The combined fleets of Rhodes and Koine under L. -<£milius defeat the Syrian fleet commanded by Antiochus III. at Myonnesus. * * B. c. Asia M. The Romans are vic- torious at Magnesia (p. 1026). 171-168 b.c. Third Macedonian war (p. 102S). * *b. c. Turk. The Romans make three unsuccessful campaigns against Per- seus, son of Philip V. 168* * B. c. Turk. Lucius /Emilias Paulus obtains command, restores dis- cipline, and drives back Macedonians. June 22. b.c. Battleof Pydna(p. 1028). * * b. c. Turk. Samothrace is taken by Paulus ; the conquest of Macedonia is completed. * * b. c. Aust. The Romans subdue Genthius, King of Illyria, an ally of Perseus, and divide his kingdom. 154£-140± b. c. Sp. "War with the Lusitanians. 150* * b. c. Asia. Demetrius Soter is defeated and slain by Alexander Balas, the usurper. 149-146 b. c. The third Punic war. It is caused by the Carthaginians mak- ing an attack on Masinissa, the King of Numidia, an ally of Rome, who seized their territory. Carthage is destroyed. 149 * * b. C. Afr. Two Roman armies land at TJtica, 25 miles from Carthage. The Carthaginians deliver up their arms and war-ships, but refuse to aban- don their city, and establish a new town 10 miles from the sea. With patriotic ardor they proceed to manufacture arms and prepare for war ; all ranks and ages and both sexes unite in the struggle. * * b. c. Having constructed a new fleet, they repel an attack of the Romans in the harbor. The Romans besiege Car- thage. 148-146 b. c. Fourth Macedonian war. The Macedonians, led by Andriscus, the alleged Philippus, brother of Per- seus, revolt against the Romans. 147-139 b. c. Sp. War in Lusitania against the brave chief Viriathus; it ends in his betrayal and death. 147* *b. c. Afr. Publius Cornelius Scipio JEmilianus Africanus Minor, the adopted son of P. Cornelius Scipio Afri- canus and son of jEmilius Paulus, as- sumes command against Carthage. [14G. Captured and burned ; survivors, slaves.] * * b. c. Asia. Alexander I. (Balas) is defeated by Ptolemy Philometor (p. 652). ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 216* * b. c. A water-organ is invented by Archimedes. 212 * * b. c. The Liudi Apollinares are instituted as a fourth festival. 204 * * b. c. Home. A fifth festival, in honor of the " Great Mother," is insti- tuted. 173* *b.C. Rome. The games in honor of Flora are instituted. (238?) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 203 * * Fabius, Mazimus, Cunctator, consul, dictator, general, dies. 186* * Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, pa- triot, born. [133. Dies.] Scipio, P. C. S. E., Africanus Minor, gen- eral, born. [129. Dies.] Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, comic poet, born. [159. Dies.] 157* * Marius. Caius, gen., b. [86. Dies.] LETTERS. 210+-184 B. c. AmphitruOy Adularia, Captivi, Mensechmi, Miles Gloriosus, lin- dens, and many other comedies, and the T'rinummus, by Plautus, appear. 200+-169 B. c. Annates and a number of comedies and tragedies, by Ennius, appear. 184+-149 B. C.' Be lie Rustica,the Ori- g'mes, and a collection of apophtbeg- mata, by Cato the Censor, appear. 169* *B.c. Thyestes, a tragedy, by Quin- tus Ennius, appears ; he writes the An- nates. 167 * * b. c. Rome. The first library is brought from Macedonia. 166 * * b. c. The Andrice, by Terence, appears; also [165, the Hecyra; 163, the I-Feautmi-timoroumtnos; 161, the Eunu- chus and Phormio; 160, the Adeiphi.] SOCIETY. 215± * * b. c. Gladiatorial fights take place at festivals. 211* * b. c. Gracchus massacres 2,000 Capuans who favor Hannibal. 201 * * b. C. Rome. Scipio Africanus celebrates his triumphs with a splendor never before seen. 168 * * b. c. The Romans plunder and destroy 70 towns in Epirus , and sell as slaves 150,000 of the people. 167 * * B. C. Polyhius, and 1,000 other Achasans of high standing, arrive for examination [and are detained in Ital- ian cities under surveillance, but with- out trial, for 16 years]. STATE. 217* * B. c. Rome is terrified ; Q. Fabius Maximus is appointed dictator. The Samnites, Lucanians, and many cities of lower Italy secede from Rome. [The Stales of Magna * Ira'fia are ruined by siding with Hannibal.] 216* * B. c. Sicily. Hieronymus he- comes ruler of Syracuse [and an ally of Carthage, which creates a rupture with Rome]. 211 * * b. c. Hannibal having failed in his attacks upon Rhegium and on the citadel of Tarentum, he is abandoned by his Italian allies. 207 * * B. C Hasdrubal succeeds in in- citing the Cisalpine Gauls to arms against the Romans. 206 * * b. C. Scipio, the conqueror of Spain, enters a secret alliance with Mas- inissa, and returns to Rome. 205* * b. c. Scipio is elected consul, and prepares an African expedition. [201. He is named Africanus.] * * b. c. Spain is regarded hereafter as a Roman province. [197. Two provinces are made — Hispania Citerior and His- pania Ulterior.] 202 * * b. c. Rome. The last dictator is nominated for municipal business. 201 * * b. c. Carthage makes peace. Terms : (1) She abandons her possessions in Spain and in the islands of the Mediterra- nian, but retains her territory in Africa in- tact; (2) transfers the kingdom held by Syphax to Masinissa; (3) assumes an indem- nity of 10,000 talents in 50 years (£l'50,00iij ; (4) surrenders all her ships but 10, and her elephants; (5) is to undertake no war with- out the consent of Rome. They are in part required to rede large por- tions of their territory, also in part are sub- jugated to Rome. Eastern Sicily is united with the western part as one province. ± * * b. c. Numerous Roman colonies are founded in lower Italy. 198* *b.c. Rome. Titus Quinctius Fla- minius becomes consul. 196 * * B. c. Gr. Flaminius proclaims the decree of the Senate declaring the Greek states free and independent. [194. Roman troops withdraw.] 195 * * B. c. Afr. A democratic reform of the Carthaginian constitution is carried out through the influence of Hannibal, who is defamed before the Roman senate by the oli- garchs and his snrrender demanded; Hanni- bal becomes a fugitive in the East. 192 * * b. c. Syria. Interference of Anti- ochus III. with Grecian affairs and of Ro- mans in Asiatic polities causes war in Syria, where Hannibal has been received. 191* * b. c. Cisalpine Gaul is formed into a fifth Roman province. 190 **b.c. Antiochus III. makes peace with Rome* He surrenders all his European territories and Asia Minor as far as the Taurus; agrees to pay an indemnity of 15.0011 Euha-an talents (J!19,125,00t)), and to give up Hannibal to the Romans; but [the Carthaginian escapes]. 183 * * b. c. Matina [Modena] becomes a Roman colony. [177. Luca, Tuscany.] ISO * * b. c. The lex annalis of the trib- une, L. Yillius, is established, a military service of 10 years is prescribed, and a fixed age for all the curule officers. * * * b. c. The higher offices, especially that of senator, gradually become the especial privilege of the nobility. 168 * * b. c. Aust. Illyria is subdued and divided into three tributary districts with federal constitutions. It is made the sixth Roman province. * * b. C. Egypt formally acknowledges the suzerainty of Rome. 167 * * b. C. Asia M. The Romans pun- ish their unfaithful allies, Eumenes of Pergamus, and Rhodes, and take all their territory on the mainland (p. 1029). * * b. c. Rome. The Senate, as guardian of both powers, interferes in a war between Egypt and Syria; C. Popillius Lamas, the Roman ambassador, arrogantly orders Antio- chus IV., King of Syria, to abandon the march on Alexandria (p. 652.) 155 Jan. 1. b.c. Rome. Consuls henceforth enter office on this day, pay sacrifice to Jupiter Olympus, afterwhich the Senate convenes in solemn session. 1056 146 * * b. c.-84 * * b. c. ITALY : ARMY -WAVY. 146 * * b. c. Turk. Metellus defeats the revolting Macedonians, led byAn- driscus, an alleged son of Perseus, in two battles, and takes him prisoner. [Twice defeated. Corinth falls.] (P. 1028.) * * b. c. Greece is completely subju- 143-31 b. c. Rome. Civil wars. 143-33 b. c. Sp. War with the Celti- berians, called Numantines ; it ends in the destruction of Numantia. 143* * B. c. Sp. Q. Csecilius besieges the fortified city of Numantia in vain; he is succeeded by less competent generals. 135-132 b. c. First servile war. The terribly maltreated slaves of Sicily rise against the Romans. 134* *b. c. Sp. Publius Cornelius Scipio iEmilianus Africauus Minor as- sumes command of the besiegers. 133 * * b. c. Sp, Scipio starves the Numantines into submission. 132 * * B. C. Sicily. Eunus, leader of the slaves, is captured, and dies in prison. 125-113 b. c. The Romans conquer the southeastern portion of Transalpine Ganl. 119* * B. c. Aust. The Teutones and Cimbri defeat the Romans in Illyria. 113-101 B.C. Invasion of Northern tribes. Romans are at war with the 300,000 in- vading Cimbri, Teutones, and Gauls. [113. The army of Consul Cneius Pa- pirius Carbo is overwhelmed and annihi- lated near Noreja. 109. They defeat the Romans under M. Junius Silanus, near the Rhine.] 111-106 B. C. Afr. The Jugurthine war in Numidia. 110-109 B.C. Afr. Jugurtha, the usurper, defeats a Roman army under Aulus Posthumius, and sends it under the yoke ; he dictates a peace which is rejected by the Senate. 109 * * B. c. Afr. Quintus Metellus as- sumes command of the "Romans, and is more successful ; he defeats Jugurtha in Numidia. ["107. Again defeated.] 108-63 b. c. Asia M. The Mithrida- tic war between Rome andMithridates, King of Pontus. He had attacked Paphlagonia, Cappa- docia, and Bithynia, which were client states of Rome, and massacred the people. 107 * * b. c. Afr. Marius conquers the Gaetulians in Numidia. He repulses a combined attack of Jugurtha and Boc- chus, king of Mauretania, his ally, at Cirta. Bocchus I. treacherously deliv- ers Jugurtha up to Marius. 107 * * b. c. Switz. The Tigurini de- feat Consul Lucius Cassius Longinus on the Garonne, and destroy his army. 105 Oct. 6. B. c. Fr. The hordes of Germans and Helvetians defeat and an- nihilate two large Roman armies in southern Gaul; one under Q. Servilius Cfepio and M. Mallius Maximusat Arau- sic [Orange] on the Rhone. 104 * * b. c. Fr. Consul Marius reor- ganizes his army in the Provincia Nar- bonensis [Provence], and prepares for a struggle with the barbarians. 103 * * b. C Ger. The Cimbri, with the Teutones and Helvetian tribes of Germany, invade Italy in two bodies. 103-99 b. c. Sicily. Second servile insurrection under Tryphon and Athe- nion ; put down by Nepos Aquillius. 102 * * b. c. Fr., Marius covers the two military roads (Pass of the Little St. Ber- nard and the shore road). * * b. c. Barbarians defeated (p. 662). * * b. c. Marius crosses the Alps to reen- force Quintus Lutatius Catulus against the other band of invaders. 101 July 30. b.c. Battle of Vercel- l£e [Raudine Plains]. Marius and Catulus join their forces in Lombardy, and overwhelm and anni- hilate the Cimbri, who lose 90,000 killed and prisoners. 92 * * B. c. Asia M. Sulla, the procon- sul of Cilicia, attacks Mithridates VI., and reinstates the king of Cappadocia. 90-89 b. c. The Social War. Rome is at war with the Marsi and other Italian allies in Central and South- ern Italy, who are denied the privileges of Roman citizenship. 90 * * b. c. Marsius defeats the Marsi and other Sabellians. * * b. c. Cneius PompeiusStrabo defeats the Marsi, after first suffering defeat himself. 89 * * b. c. The Romans triumph in the north, and the war ends ; Sulla succeeds in the south, capturing Bovianum. [88. War nearly ends in the south.] 38-82 B. c. Borne. Civil war between the rivals Sulla and Marius. 88* *B.C Demagogues use the populace to dismiss Sulla from chief command of the army, and give it to Marius. Sulla gathers an army in Campania of dissatisfied Italians, liberated slaves, and others ; Rome surrenders, and his enemies are given up to slaughter, plun- der, and outrages for live days; Marius escapes to Africa. 88-84 b. c. First Mithridatic war. It is caused by the encroachment of Mithridates VI., King of Pontus, the ruler of Thrace, Bithynia, Macedonia, and Greece, as well as by the rashness of Roman officials. Pontus has an army of 250,000 infant rv , lo.Olio cavalry, besides a fleet of 400 vessels (p. 1028). 88 * * B. c. Asia M. Mithridates routs Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, on the River Amnias. He defeats OppiuB, Cas- sius, and Aquillius. 87 * * b. c. Sulla assumes command in the Mithridatic war. * * b. c. Rome is besieged by four armies, — those of Marius, Cinna, Carbo, and Sertorius, — and taken by them. 86 * * b. c. Gr. Mithridates "VI. de- feated (p. 1028). * * b. c. Sulla defeats Archelaus (p. 102S). * * B. C. Asia. The democratic party sends an army to Asia under Consul Flaccus ; it defeats the younger Mithri- dates in Nicomedia. It goes over to Sulla. 85 * * b. c. Asia M. Sulla defeats Ar- chelaus again at Orchomenus ; nego- tiations for peace follow. 84 * * b. c. Athens. Besieged and cap- tured (p. 1028). * * b. c. Asia M. Sulla fines the Gre- cian cities of Asia Minor 20.000 talents ^25,000,000). and leaves a force under Lu- cullns to collect it ; he repairs to Italy. * * b. C. The army under Marius muti- nies at Ancona ; Marius dies. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 146 * * B. c. Consul L. Mummius sends the art treasures of Corinth to Rome. BIRTHS— DEATHS. , states- 140* * Crassus, Lucius Licinius, man, born. [91. Dies.] 138* * Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, dictator, b [78. Dies.] 123 * * Gracchanus, M. Junius, historian, d. 121 * * Sertorius, tjuinlus, gen., b. [72. D.] " Terentius, author, lie* born. [28. Dies.] 115 * * Crassus, Marcus Licinius, consul, d. 110* * Lucnllus, Lucius Licinius. general, born. [57. Dies.] < 108* * Catiline, Lucius Sergins, politician, conspirator, born. [62. Dies.] 106 * * Cicero. Marcus Tullius, orator, born. [43. Dies.] Pompey. Cneius Ponipeius, general, bom. [48. Dies.] 105* * Crassus, Dives Marcus Licinius, gen- eral, statesman, born. [53. Dies.] 10O July 12. Ceesar. Julius, general, states- statesman, born. [46. Dies.] Lucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus, poet, born. [44. Dies.] 86 * * Rail n si, Cains Cnspus, historian, born. [34. Dies.] CHURCH. 104 * * B. c. Home. The comitise re- ceive the power to elect the priests. [82. The power to fill vacancies in the priesthood passes to the prieBtly col- LETTERS. 133^-102 b. c. Lucilius invents and develops the poetic satire. 130±-80zc b. c. Afranius writes come- dies in imitation of Menander. 130+-80+ b. c. The Annals, Brutus, and other dramas, by Accius, appear. 88± * * b. c. Bhetorica, by Cicero, ap- pears. [81, Rept. * He delivers the oration, Pro- Quintico; 80, Pro 'Sexto Bosew Amerino ; 76, Pro Q. l\v.. 768). 31-30 b. c. Gr. War of Actium. 31 Sept. 2 b. c. Gr. Battle of Ac- tium (p. 1028). 30* * b. c. Syria. Octavian advances through Syria into Egypt. Antony, being deserted by his troops, commits suicide, and Cleopatra poisons herself. [Oct. 1. Octavian captures Al- exandria.] 29* *B. C. Bulgaria.+ Mcesia is sub- jugated. 27-25 b. c. Sp. Augustus leads an expedition against the Cantabri and As- tures ; because of sickness he surrenders to his legates. 25 * * b. c. The Salassi, an Alpine tribe, are finally subjugated. * * b. c. Arabian expedition (p. 483). 22-21 B. c. Afr. Petronius, the pre- fect in Egypt, subdues the Ethiopians. 20 * * B. C. Asia. Augustus conducto a campaign against the Parthians. Phraates, tbeir king, is alarmed, and restores the Rninan standards and pris- oners taken from Crassus (53 b. c). 19 * * b. c. Sp. The Cantabri and As- tures and all Spam are finally subdued. * * B. C. Tyrol. + Raetia and Vindelicia are conquered. [15. Rsetia and Nori- cum are subjugated by Drusus.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 46± * * b. c. Jio buildings ; 45 * * b. c. The Roman year is again corrected by Julius Csesar ; he makes it 365 J days. 27 Feb. 14. b. c. The Augustan era begins, 727 years after the foundation of Rome. [27. Pantheon built.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 43 * * Ovid, I'uluius Ovidiua Naso, poet, born. [17 or 18 A. D. Dies.] * * Cicero, Marcus Tullius, orator. A63. 42 * * Tiberius, Claudius Nc ro, emperor, born. [37 a. d. Dies.] 38* * Drusus (Icrmanicus, Claudius Nero, general, born. [9. Dies.] 34* * Galba, Scrvius Sulpii'Uis,enii>eror,born. [69 J Di< LETTERS. 42-37 B. c. The Eclogues, by "Vergil, appear. [37-30, The 'Georgics; 30-19, The JEneid.} 35 * * B. c. The first book of Satires, by Horace, appears. [29, second book ; 24±, The first three books of the Odes; 13, fourth book ; also Epistles and Epis- tles to the Pisos, or Ars Poetica.] ROMAN EMPIRE. 49* * b.c.-17**b.c. 1061 31 b. c.-14 a.d. Golden Period of Roman literature. 29± b. c-17 A. d. Annates, by Livy, in 142 books, appears. 25* * b. c. Cynthia, by Propertius, ap- pears. [24+ -16± Syntaxis.] 25-24 b. c. The first book of poems by Tibullus appears. SOCIETY. 46 Feb. 5. b. c. Marcus Cato kills himself. 45 * * b. c. Egy. Cleopatra marries Mark Antony. (Or 41.) 44 Mar. 15. B.C. Julius Csesar is as- sassinated. (See State.) 40 * * B. c. Octaviauus Csesar, at Peru- sia, orders 300 Roman senators and other persons of distinction to be sacrificed to the manes of Julius Caesar. 31* * b. c. Egy. Cleopatra abandons Mark Antony in battle. 29 * * b. c. Octavian celebrates three triumphs in Rome. * * b. c. Home. The temple of Janus is closed for the third time in Roman history. [25. Also for the fourth time.] 17 * * B. c. Rome. Caius Caesar and Lu- cius Csesar are adopted by Augustus, and designated as his successors. STATE. 49 Jan. * b. c. Rome. The Senate de- clares Cassar an enemy of the Repub- lic if he fails to disband his army within a given time. * *e.c. Caesar marches toward the capital; his friends among the tribunes of the people flee to him at Ravenna. * * b. c. Rome is alarmed. The tidings of Cassar's crossing the Rubicon with his army, which Roman generals were forbidden to do, is re- ceived. Pompey and many senators flee from Rome to Brundusiuiu. * * b. c. Rome. Cassar arrives, and re- lieves the apprehension of cruelty by his magnanimity toward his foes. 48-44 b. c. Rome. Caesar is dictator. He is proclaimed dictator by the pre- tor, Marcus iEmilius Lepidus, during his absence in the army. 48 * * b. c. Rome. Caesar abdicates the office of dictator after 11 days. He secures the office of consul with Publius Servilius. The fugitive part of the Senate prolongs the term of Pompey and of all officials of the previous year. * * b. c. Rome. Caesar receives distin- guished honors. He is given the consulate for rive years, the tribunate for life, and the dictator- ship for one year. He begins to bear the title of imperator. * * b. c. Csesar visits Alexandria, and decides between the regal claims of Ptolemy XII. (10 years of age) and his sister Cleopatra (16 years of age); this occasions war with Egypt (p. 653). 4:6 * * b. c. Afr. Cresar conquers and unites a part of Numidia [Algeria] as a -province, and gives the remainder of his conquest to Bocchus, King of Eastern Mauritania [Morocco]. * * b. c. Rome. Cresar returns, and is honored with four triumphs, for Gaul, Egypt, Pharnaces, and Africa. * * B. c. Cassar is appointed dictator for 10 years, and censor without a colleague for three years. [45. He causes the Sen- ate to appoint him consul for 10 years. 44. It appoints him dictator for life.] 44* * b. c. Rome. The Senate again be- comes only an advisory council. * * B. c. Caesar reorganizes the military system ; also the financial system of di- rect taxes, which substitute tax-farming. His veterans receive Italian lands. * * b. c. The colonization of the prov- inces is promoted, for the purpose of Latinizing their populations, and reliev- ing Rome of some of its proletarians. Mar. 15. b. c. Rome. Caesar is assas- sinated in the senate-house by Marcus Junius Brutus, Caius Cassius Longinus, and others. About 50 republican senators are in the conspiracy, and he falls with 23 wounds at the foot of Pompey's statue. * * b. c. Rovie. The Senate rewards the conspirators. M. Brutus receives the government of Macedonia, C;issius that of Syria, Deci- mus Brutus that of Gallia Cisalpina. * * b. c. Rome. Usurpations of Mark Antony. Antony, one of the two consuls, obtains possession of Caesar's papers and makes an unscrupulous use of them, and aspires to supreme power, pretending to execute the will of Cassar. * * B. C. Antony receives from the peo- ple the province of Gallia Cisalpina, which the Senate refused to give him. Apr. * b. c. The Senate seeks to regain power by entering negotiations with Caius Octavius [Octavian], the grandson and heir of Julius Csesar, 18 years of age. [43. Antony, the usurper, is de- clared an enemy of the republic] Sept. 2. b.c. Rome. Cicero delivers his first philippic against Mark Antony. 43 * * B. c. Rome. Hirtius and Pansa are consuls. Hirtius is killed in the battle of Mutina. Pansa dies of wounds. * * b. c. Rome. Octavian marches to Rome, and compels his own election as consul, also the repeal of the amnesty granted the conspirators against Caesar, and sentence for their punishment. Nov. * b. c. The second triumvirate is formed by Mark Antony, Octavian, and Marcus .-Emilius Lepidus, against Marcus Brutus and other republicans. Their rule is ratified for five years by the people ; a reign of terror " follows. Hundreds of senators and J, 000 equites are outlawed, and property confiscated. [Dec. 7. Cicero is proscribed and killed.] 42 * * B. C. Rome. P. Ventidius Bassus is elected consul. * * b. o. The republicans are over- thrown by the defeat at Philippi. 41 * * B. c. Octavian makes the prom- ised allotments to veterans in Italy, and proceeds to crush Pompey. Antony re- stores order in the East. Feb. 5. b. c. Octavian [Augustus] is saluted by the laurel-crowned senators as the father of his country. 40 * * b. c. Octavian, having obtained supreme authority in Italy, assumes the administration of Gaul and Spain, giv- ing Marcus ^Emilius Lepidus only the government of Africa. Antony ap- proaches Italy to secure his rights. * * B. c. Civil war is threatened, but prevented for a time by a truce agreed to at Brundusium. Antony marries Octavia, the sister of Octavian, Fulvia his former wife being dead. Octavian governs the West, An- tony the East, and Lepidus, Africa. 39 * * b. c. Sextus Pompeius, son of Mark Antony, having created a naval empire and mastered Sicily, obstructs the grain supplies for Rome, and thereby compels the triumvirs to enter the treaty of Misenmn, by which he receives Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica (?), and Peloponnesus. * * b. c. Antony goes to the East; he remains chiefly with Cleopatra (p. 653). 38 * * b. C. Menas, the admiral of Sex- tus, treacherously surrenders Sardinia with fleet and troops to Octavian ; this provokes war. 37 * * B. c. Octavian and Antony meet atTarentum, and settle differences ; the triumvirate is renewed for five years. * * B. c. Rome. Marcus Vipsanius Agrip- pa is elected consul. 36 * * b. c. Lepidus is ejected from the triumvirate. Octavian assumes the administration of Africa, and is sole ruler of the West. Great honors are showered upon him. 34± * *b.c. Egy. Antony proclaims Cleopatra" Queen of Kings," and gives to her and her sons Roman provinces ; it is also announced that Caesar ion, her natural son by Julius Caesar, is Caesar's true heir (p. 653). 31* * B. c. Rome. Octavian obtains a decree from the people dismissing; An- tony from his command, and declaring war on Cleopatra. 31 (30?)b. c — 476 A. d. The Roman Empire. 31 b. c. -14 a. d. [Augustus] Cassar Octavius rules the Roman world ; tbe first of the emperors. 31* * b. C. Octavian makes Egypt a Roman province. [It becomes the granary of Rome.] 27 Jan. 1. b.c. Octavian restores the republic under his own presidency. [Jan. 13. The transfer of the govern- ment is completed. The Senate bestows on him the title Augustus.] 28* * b. C. Rome. Augustus is made " princeps senatus." [23. He causes the Senate to give him the * ( tribunician power," and the proconsular imperium for life. 12. Becomes pontifex niaxi- 27-19 b. c. The Roman provinces are redivided into senatorial and imperial. The senatorial provinces comprise the paci- fied provinces of Africa, Asia, Achaia, Illyri- cum, Macedonia, Sieilia, t'reta, with Cyren- aica, II itliynia, Sardinia, and II ispaniaBcctica. The imperial provinces require an army to sustain the legates, who govern in the name of Augustus, and comprise ilispania Tarraco- nensis, Lusitania; the Gaulish provinces of Narbonensis, Lugdunensis, Aquitania, and Belgica; Germanic Superior et Inferior, Mce- sia, Syria, t'ilicia, Cyprus, and /Egyptus. 25 * * b. c. Asia M. New provinces established in Galatia and Pamphylia. Africa and Numidia are united. 23-13 B.C. AsiaM. M. Vipsanius Agrippa commands in the East. 19* * b. c. Spain submits. 18-17 b. c. Augustus makes reforms in government, society, and morals. 1062 17 * * b.c.-a. d. 83, * * ITALY : ARMY — WAVY. 16 * * b. c. Fr. The Siganibrians and other German tribes invadeGaul, and de- feat the Romans under Marcus Lollius. 13-6 B. C. Ger. Claudius Nero Dru- sus extends Rornan rule (p. 768). 12-9* * b. c. Aust.+ Tiberius subju- gates Pannonia. [8-7. He compels some of the Germanic tribes on the right bank of the Rhine to recognize the supremacy of Rome. 5. He marches against the Suevi.] 1 * * A. D. Asia. Caius Cassar, the pro- consul, makes peace with the Parthians. 6-9 * * Bohemia+. Tiberius attacks the Suevian kingdom of Marbod. He finally subdues the revolting Illyr- ian and Pannonian tribes. 6 * * Ger. Quintilius Varus commands. 9* * Ger. Roman defeat at Teutoburg. The Germans under Arminius (Her- mann) [the national hero], an ex-Roman soldier, surprise and annihilate three legions of Romans in three days. Varus kills himself. Rome accepts the Rhine as its frontier. 14-16 Ger. The Romans under German- icus revenge the Teutoburg disaster in three successful campaigns. 16 * * Arminius is defeated on the Cam- pus Idistaviso [on the Weser], 17* * Borne. Tiberius, being jealous, re- calls Germanicus, and sends him to conquer Cappadocia. [19. Germanicus defeats the Marcomanni.] 39-40 Fr. Caligula leads a military- expedition to the Gallic coast, which ends with a collection of mussels. 43 * * Eng. The conquest of Britain begins under Claudius (p. 839). 58-63 Asia. War with the Parthians and Armenians; Artazata is taken. 61 * >< * * Eng. Kevolt in Britain (p. S39). 65-70. Judea. The Jewish war against Rome. [G7. Vespasian goes to suppress the revolt. 69. He transfers his com- mand to Titus, his son, and returns to Rome.] 69 * * Discipline is restored in the army. * * Cremona, Lombardy, is destroyed by 69-71 Ger. Batavians revolt (p. G62), 70 Sept. 8. Judea. Titus takes Jeru- salem after an heroic defense. The city, ravaged by factions, pesti- lence, and famine, is leveled to the ground. Many thousands of Jews, assem- bled at the Passover, perish, and many are taken captive to Rome. 73 * * Vespasian sublines Lycia, Rhodes, Thrace, Cilicia, Byzantium, and Samos. 77* * Asia. The Parthians revolt. 78-84 Eng.-h Julius Agricola conquers Britain. [83-84. Subdues the Caledo- nians.] (P. 839.) 81-96 Ger. Domitian erects a boun- dary wall (p. 768). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1 Jan. 1. A. d. The Christian era com- mences with the traditional date of tbe birth of Christ. (4 (?) e. c.) Tbis occurs in the middle of the fourth year of the 194th Olympiad, the 753d year from the founding of Rome, and the 4,717th year of the Julian period. * * Rome. "Water-mills are in operation. * * * Pliny, born in 23 and reputed the most learned man of his age, devotes his leisure to scientific studies, and writes a Natural History in 37 books [which are still extant]. 30 * * Augustus becomes a patron of art. 38+ * * Seneca notices gravitation as an innate power ; also the attraction of tides by the moon. 40+. * * Rome. Numerous male and fe- male choristers sing in the tragedies. 41-54 Rome. Claudius constructs his aqueduct, and the conduit connecting the Lake Pucinus with tbe River Laris. 50± * * Seneca mentions the magnifying power of convex lenses ; also concave mirrors, and the prismatic colors. 64± * * Rome is rebuilt on a grandscale. Nero erects a magnificent golden palace which encloses green lawns. 694. * * Home. Vespasian erects the Col- osseum. 70 * * Rome. Titus* Triumphal Arch is erected. 75 * * Rome. Vespasian erects a temple to peace. 79 Aug. 24. The first recorded erup- tion of Vesuvius occurs ; the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum are over- whelmed ; 200,000 lives are lost. * * Theaters are found in the chief cities of Italy. Glass windows are used. 80+ * * Rome. The Laocoon group is produced. Splendid paintings adorn the baths. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 13 * * Agrippina, mother of Caligula, born. [33 a. d. Dies.] lO* * DrnsuB Caesar, gen., b. [23 a. d. D.] 4. * * Apollonins of Tyana, philosopher, born. [97 a. D. Dies.] Seneca, Lucius Anna- us, philosopher, states- man, born. [65 a. d. Dies.] 9 * * a. d. Vespasian us. Titus Flavins Sabi- nus, emperor, born. [70. Dies.] 12* * Caligula. Cains . The Fasti, Tristia, and Ex Ponto, by Ovid, appear. [2, Ars Amatoria, and Remedia Amoris ; 8 A. D. Metamorphoses.] 8±* * A. D. The fables of Phsedrus ap- pear in elegant Latin iambics. 20+-65 Orations, Natural es Questiones, Satire on the Death of Claudius, Dia- logues, On Benefits, Letters to LucUius, and several tragedies, by Seneca appear. [56, De dementia ad Neronem ; 41-19, Consolatione ad Helviam.'] 42± * * Lucius J. M. Columella writes De Re Rustica. 49-64 The Epistles of St. Raul are writ- ten. (See Turkey.) 41-54 Quintus Curtius writes a History of Alexander the Great. 50+ * * Aurelius Cornelius Celsus writes an encyclopedia of farming, medicine, ROMAN EMPIRE. 17 * * b.c.-a. d. 83, * * 1063 military art, oratory, jurisprudence, and philosophy. 54-68 Persius writes his six Satires. 70-79 Caius "Valerius Flaccus writes Argonautica. 70-79 Pliny writes his Natural History. 83* * Rome. Philosophers are expelled, nd their schools suppressed, hy Domi- STATE. cessor instead of hisownsonBritannicus, by Messalina, his tirst wife. [54. She poisons Claudius to enthrone Nero.] tian. SOCIETY. 17* *B.C. Asia. Herod the Greatspreads Roman luxury and licentiousness over Palestine ; he claims to be a Jew. 10± * * b. c. Julia (the elder), daughter of the first emperor, is banished to Pau- dataria because of her excesses. 5 * * b. c. The temple of Janus is closed for the fifth time in Roman history be- cause of universal peace. 4(?)* * b. c. Judea. Jesus Christ, " the Prince of Peace," is born at Bethlehem. 9 * * A. D. Julia (the younger), grand- daughter of Augustus, is banished. 19 * * Syria. Germanicus is poisoned by Piso. (?) 23 * * Rome. Sejanus poisons Drusus. 29 * * The elder Agrippina, the mother of Nero, is banished. 32± * * Sicily. The runaway slaves captured on the defeat of Sextius Pom- peius are cruelly punished ; 6,000 are crucified, and 30,000 returned to their masters. 41 * * Rome. Caligula is murdered by a tribune. ± * * Rome. Claudius is ruled by bis favorites, the freedmen Narcissus and Pallas, and by his sbameless wife, Messa- lina, until he causes her to be killed ; and afterward by hiB wife Agrippina, the ambitious and horrible mother of Nero. 47 * * Rome. The Secular games are celebrated. Claudius abolishes the fu- neral games, which include horse-races, dramatic representations, processions, and mortal combats. 48 * * Rome. Messalina, wife of Clau- dius, vicious and shameful, goes through the form of marriage with one of her lovers, and is executed. 49 * * Rome. Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, is elevated to be imperial consort. [Full of intrigue and perfidy, she removes from her path all whom she 53 * * Rome. Nero marries Octavia. 55* * Rome. Nero poisons Britannicus, son of his predecessor, and step-brother by adoption. He is fascinated by the freedwomanActe. [58. He is enslaved by the charms of cruel Poppsea. He vainly begs his friend Otto to divorce his young wife, that he himself may have her.] 59 * * Rome. Nero orders the death of Agrippina, his mother. [60. Executed. 62. He orders the execution of his wife Octavia ; marries Poppa?a. 64. He ap- pears on the stage as an actor at Naples ; also as chariot-driver in the races.] 64 * * Rome. Nero burns the city to the ground, and charges the crime to the Christians. * * Rome. Nero detects a conspiracy against his life, and many eminent per- sons are killed. 65 * * Seneca, the moralist and philoso- pher, and Lucian an eminent Christian, are put to death by Nero. 68 * * Rome. The Apostle Paul is be- headed. 69 Dec. * Aulus Vitellius is put to death. 15 * * b. c. Raatia is made a Roman province, together with Gallia Belgica, Vindelicia and Norirum. [14 AlpesMari- timae. 6+ Mcesia Superior.] 12 * * b. c. Ger. Treviri [Treves] is a prosperous city in Rhenish Prussia. 6 * * b. c. Tiberius is vested with the tribunician power, and sent to Armenia. 4 * * a. d. Rome. Tiberius is adopted by Augustus, and invested with the im- perium and tribunician power. [13. He is authorized to take the census, and is joint administrator in the provinces.] 6 * * Asia. Judea is made a separate (Syria Palestina) province. 9 * * Ovid the poet is banished to Tomos. * * Ger. Arminius revolts (p. 7G8). 10 * *3ung. Pannonia is made a Roman province.' 14-37 Tiberius (Claudius Nero Caesar) reigns. Augusta, the empress-mother, shares the power with her son. 14* * Tiberius sends Germanicus. his nephew, to pacify the revolting legions in Germany. * * The laws permit the sovereign to exile any person he deems dangerous to the state. Rewards are given to informers. Trifling offenses are legally high treason. 15 * * The formal right of ratifying the laws is transferred from the comitix to the Senate. 17 * * Asia M. Cappadocia is made a Roman province. [Ger. Also Germania Superior and Germania Inferior.] 23-31 Rome. Sejanus, the confidant and favorite, becomes the infamous in- strument of Tiberius's cruelties. [He lays the foundation of the power of the pretorians of later times by uniting their cohorts in one camp near Rome.] 26-37 Tiberius retires to Caprese [Capri]. * * Ger. The Druids appear. 31 * * Rome. Sejanus is disgraced, and put to death for his cruelties. Macro, a terrorizer, is in power as the favorite. 37-41 Caligula (Caius Caesar Germani- cus) reigns. (41. Jan. 14.) He is mur- dered by a tribune. 40 * * Provinces are formed in Maure- tania Tingitana, and Mauretania Cassa- riensis. 41-54 Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Nero) reigns. He is ruled by his favor- ites and wives ; weakness and stupidity are conspicuous. 41* * All Palestine is a dependent king- dom ; Herod Agrippa, procurator. 43 * * South Britain and Lycia become Roman provinces. [44. Judea is again a province. 46. Thracia. 54± AlpesCot- tise.] 48* * Rome. The census reports a total population of 6,944,000. 49 * * Eng. London is founded(?). [50. Ger. Cologne (p. 769).] * * Agrippina rules her husband. She persuades him to adopt her son, L. Domitius (Nero), and make him suc- 54-68 Nero (Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus) reigns. He prospers under the good influence of the prefectus praetorio, A f rani us Burrus, and his teacher, L. Seneca; later, becomes a human monster. * * * A law against informers corrects a great abuse. 59 * * Nero murders his mother. [62. Also Octavia, his divorced wife.] * * Eng. Britons revolt (p. 839). 62 * * Tigellinus and Poppaea become the advisers of Nero. 63 * * Turk. Armenia is annexed. The Parthian prince, Tiridates, is placed on the dependent throne. [81± Moesia In- ferior is made a province.] 64 July 18 1. Rome is burned; six days the fire continues, and consumes a large part of the city. Soon after an- other fire burns for three days. 64-78 Rome is rebuilt. 65 * * Rome. The conspiracy of C. Cal- purnius Piso, the popular patrician, against Nero, is discovered. * * Judea. The Jews revolt. * * Rome is smitten with pestilence. [80. Another plague ; 10,000 perish daily.] 67 * * Gr. Nero visits Greece (p. 1029). 68 * * Revolts break out against Nero in Gaul, Spain, and among the legions on the Rhine. Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania, is proclaimed and acknowl- edged imperator. [June 9. Nero es- capes execution by committing suicide.] 68 * * Fr. Galba proclaimed (p.663). 68 June * -69 Jan. * Rome. Galba (Servius Sulpicius Galba) reigns. He is hated for his avarice, and is assassi- nated by the revolting pretorians. 69 Jan. * -Apr. * Otho (Marcus SalviuB) kills Galba, and reigns. He is defeated by Vitellius, and commits suicide. * * Vitellius (Aulus), elevated by bis army, reigns eight months. He is de- feated by Vespasian, and put to death. 69-79 Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespa- sianus) reigns. The legions on the Rhine proclaim as emperor their leader, an able general of humble origin. He moves the frontier camps near the Danube. [69-71. Ger. The Batavians revolt. Most of the Gallic tribes join it p. 662.] 70* * Vespasian visits Greece. It is again reduced to a Roman province. 79-81 Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Ves- pasianus), son of Vespasian, reigns. [81, Assassinated.] 79 * * Pliny is appointed questor of Anda- lusia, Sp. [Celer, legate in Tarragona.] 81-96 Domitian (Titus Flavius Domiti- anus Augustus), brother of Titus, reigns. (84.) Envious of Agricola's success, he recalls him from Britain. (96. Sept. 18.) Murdered by Stephauus, with the ap- proval of Domitia, his wife(self-defense). 1064 83,**-237, ITALY ARMY — NAVY. 83 * * Ger. The Chatti war. Domitian returns without seeing Ms powerful foe, but indulges in a triumph. 86-90 Transyl.'r A Dacian war. Domitian is defeated by king Dece- balus, who compels him to pay yearly tribute. 101-107 TransyL*- A Dacian war. (101) Trajan reduces Dacia, and forces Decebalus to cede territory. 102 * * Asia. Trajan defeats the Par- thians. 105-107 Transyl.-\- A Dacian war. Trajan builds a stone bridge across the Danube, crosses over, and conquers the country. 115-117 Asia M. A Parthian war. The Romans drive Chosroes into Ar- menia, and hold his territory. 116* * Asia. Trajan seizes Ctesiphon, after conquering SeU-uicia; lie sails down the Tigris to the Persian Gulf. 118 * * Rus. War with the Roxolani be- tween the Don and Dnieper. 121 * * Eng. Hadrian's wall is built (p. 839). He also completes the defen- sive wall extending from the Rhine to the Danube in Germany (p. 768). 132-135 Judea. The Jews revolt. [135. Subdued.] 145 * * Antonius' armies are victorious over the Moors, Germans, and Dacians. 162-165 Asia. A Parthian war. The dissipated Lucius Yerus, in nomi- nal command, carries on the war by his legates, who conquer Artaxata, and de- stroy Seleucia and Ctesiphon by fire. 166' * * War with the confederacy of Ger- man tribes. Marcus Aurelius resists their attacks (p. 769). They besiege Aquileia [and burn Opitergium. ISO. Bought off]. 166-167 Asia. A vidius Cass i us con- cludes the Parthian war. X74 * * The « Thundering- Legion " make their escape from the invading Marcomanni, after prayers have been offered by Christians. * * Transyl.+ Marcus Aurelius defeats the Goths in Dacia ; after three great battles they sue for peace. 175 * * Rome. Aurelius subdues the re- bellion under Avidius Cassius. 189 * * Asia. The Saracens are success- ful in the East. 194 * * Turk. Severus besieges Byzan- tium; he overthrows Niger, his rival, at Issus. [197. Albinus also (p. 662).] 197 * * Asia. War with the Parthians. 214* * Bavaria. The Alemanni revolt, but are subdued by Caracalla. 217 * * Asia. Macrinus is signally de- feated by the Parthians at Nisibis. [21S. June * Again near Antioeh by the par- tizans of Elagabalus.] 226 * * Mutinies occur because of the emperor's strictness with the soldiers. 230 * * Asia. Parthians invade Syria. 232 * * Asia. The Romans are at war with the Persians. Alexander Severus defeats their army at Palmyra. 236* * Fr.± The Alemanni cross the Rhine. [238. They are driven back by Maximinus Thrax.] * * The invasion of the northern barba- rians begins ; the Goths, Vandals, Alani, and Suevi attack the empire. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 84 * * A Roman fleet circumnavigates Britain, and discovers that it is an is- land. 114 * * Rome. Trajan's Pillar, 127A feet high, is executed by Apollodorus. * * Trajan's Arch at Beneventum is erected. 115* * Trajan builds a bridge across the Danube ; length, 4770 feet. 117-138 Rome. Adrian erects the double temple of Venus, a temple to the goddess Roma, the Athenseum, and the magnificent villa at Tibur. 120+ * * Period of the Roman mosaics. 140+ * * The Ptolemaic system of as- tronomy is introduced. It fixes the earth in the center of the universe with the heavenly bodies re- volving round it. 175± * * Rome. The equestrian statue to Marcus Aurelius is erected. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 86* * Antoninus Pius. emp.,b. [161. D.J 100 * * Clement I., bishop of Rome, dies. 103+ * * JuBtin. St., "the Martyr," philoso- pher, born. [165. Dies.] 115+ * * Ignatius, St., Theophorus, bishop of Antioeh, martyred. 121 * * Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, em- peror, born. [180. Dies.] 136* * Pertinax, lieivius, emp., b. [193. D.] 145 * * Papinian, /Emilias, lawyer, born. [212. Dies.] 146* * Severus, Liu-ius Septimus, emperor, born. [211. Dies.] 150* * Tertullian, Quintus Septimus Flo- rens, church father, author, b. [230+. D.] 2d Century. Cadius, Aurelianus, physician, b. Celsus, 1'latoniHl. philosopher, architect, b. 158* * Gordianus I., Marcus Antonius, em- peror, born. [238. Dies.] 161 * * Commodus. Lucius JEliUB Aurelius, emperor, bor-n. [192. Dies.] 173* * Maximums, emperor, born. [238. D.] 175 * * Avidius, Cassias, general, dies. 188* * Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoni- nus, emperor, born. [217- Dies.] 189 * * Get a, I'uhlius Septimius, emperor, b. [212. Dies.] 193* * Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius, em- peror, born. [238. Dies.] 200 * * Tacitus, Marcus Claudius, emperor, born. [276. Dies.] 205 * * Alexander Severus, Marcus Aurelius, emperor, born. [235. Dies.] 313* * Aurelian, Claudius Lucius Valerius Domitius, emperor, born. [275. Dies.] 314 * * Claudius, Marcus A ureli us, emperor, born. [270. Dies.] 333* * Cams, Marcus Aurelius, emperor, born. [283. Dies.] 224* * Gordianus III., Marcus Antonius Pius, emperor, born. [244. Dies.] 230 * * Cecilia, St., martyr, dies. 333* * Gallienus, I'uhlius Licinius, emperor, born. [26*. Dies.] CHURCH. 95 * * Rome. Second persecution of Christians, under Domitian. [98. Tra- jan prohibits their assemblies.] 100* * Rome. Third persecution. Trajan persecutes Christians under an edict issued against secret societies. 102 * * Pliny the Younger, proconsul in Bithynia, sends Trajan an account of the Christians. 110+ * * Christians first sign with a cross to distinguish believers from pagans. 1 18 * * Rome. Persecution again breaks out. Hadrian continues the persecution of Christians. 120± * * Holy water is used by Chris- tians. (?) 130± * * Lent is observed as a fast for 40 days. 131 * * Judea. The Jews, led by Baro- chab, revolt against Hadrian. [132+. About 580,000 are killed and the remain- der banished.] 135 * * Pope Sixtus I. first erects altars in the churches. 146 * * Rome. Antoninus introduces the worship of Serapis. 150 * * Rome. Justin Martyr presents his Apology for Christians to Antoninus. [152. Their persecution ceases.] 152+ * * The Canon of Holy Scripture is fixed. 154+ * * Rome. Bishop Hyginus is the first to appoint sponsors (godfathers) at baptism. (?) 158 * * The Church is agitated by violent disputes respecting the time for observ- ing the Easter festival. 161-177 The fourth persecution; Christians suffer under Aurelius. 167* * Rome. [St.] Anicetns is pope. [175, [St.] Soleras; 182, [St.] Klatherius; 193, [St.] Victor I.; 203, [St.] Zephyrinus; 221, [St.] Cahxtus L; 227, [St.] Urban I. ; 233, [StOPontianus; 2:i*,[St.J Anterius; 240,[St.] Fabian; 254,[St."j Cornelius; 255, [St.] Lucius I.; 257, [St.] Stephen I.; 261), [St.] Sixtus II.; 261, [St.] Dionvsius; 272, [St.] Felix 1.; 275, [St.] Kutycluaiius; 2s^, [St.] Caius.] 169i * * The festivals of the martyrs are instituted. 171 * * Asia M. The heresy of Monta- nus, respecting two Holy Ghosts, arises. * * * Ft. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, re- fers to each of the Gospels by name. 196 * * Rome. Severus favors the Jews. 197-202 Fifth persecution of Chris- tians by Severus. 202* * Afr. Tertullian, a heathen, em- braces Christianity, and becomes aMon- tanist ; he is a prolific writer. ± * * Clement of Alexandria, a Chris- tian father and teacher, flourishes. * * Fr. Irenaeus is martyred (p. 662). * * Rome. The authority of the bishops astical orriees are instituted. 214+ * * The churching of ■ gins by returning thanks after child- birth. 226 * * Maximinus kills many Chris- tians, including Leonidas, Victor, Per- petua, and Fehcitas. 235-238 Sixth persecution of the Christians, under Maximinus. LETTERS. 93 * * (or 94) Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus, appears. 98 * * The Ulpean library is established. * * * Education is diffused in Roman provinces by public schools. 100± * * Martial writes 14 books of epi- + * * The Satires of Juvenal appear. + * * Ignatius, bishop of Antioeh, author of epistles, flourishes. + * * Lucilius writes satires. 130+ * * Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia, writes Exposition of the Ora- cles of the Jsord. + * * Ptolemy devises the circles and epicycles that distinguish his system. 228+ * * Athena^us 1 Deipnosophistse, or Banquet of the Learned, is compiled. ROMAN EMPIRE. 83, -237, 1065 SOCIETY. 86 * * The Capitoline Secular games are celebrated with great magnificence ; 10,000 gladiators appear in contests. 90± * * Rome. Domitian adds gold and scarlet to the colors green, blue, red, and white, which distinguish the factions in the circus. 92 * * The vestal Cornelia Maximiliana is charged with incontinence, andburned. 103* * Rome. Trajan celebrates his tri- umph over the Dacians ; 1,000 gladia- tors fight for 123 days. 105+ * * Rome. Trajan establishes or- phan houses. 115 * * Afr. The Jews, headed by one Andras, put to death 100,000 Greeks and Romans in and near Cyrene. 175* * Rome. Marcus Aurelius cele- brates a triumph. 176 * * Commodus orders his wife Cris- piana to be put to death, and takes in her place Marcia, a concubine. He re- quires his subjects to offer homage to him as Hercules. 193 * * Pertinax is murdered, after a reign of two months, by the pretorians who enthroned him. 212 * * Caracalla murders his royal as- sociate and half-brother Geta in his mother's arms, while she attempts to save him ; he also kills thousands of his adherents. He massacres many citizens in Egypt. 218+ * * Elagabalus surrenders himself to debauchery and cruelty ; he is mur- dered by the pretorians because of his enormities. STATE. 90± * * Ger. The Romans are constrained to pay tribute to German tribes (p. 769). 96-98 Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva) reigns by authority of the Senate ; he is upright, but enfeebled by age (64). 97-117 Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Tra- janus) reigns. He subdues and annexes Dacia. (* * *) Pontus becomes a prov- ince. (105. ) Arabia- Petrse a. The empire is extended to its largest limit, and comprises Arabia, Armenia, Asia mi- nor, Britain, Caucasus region in part, Cor- sica, Crete, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Dacia, Dal- matia, Egypt, < iaul, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Mauretania, Ma-sia, Nuriniiii, N uraidia, Pan- nonia, Ka-tia, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Syria, Thrace, Tunis, Western Germany. 98 * * Eng. Severus is military ruler. 101 * * Trajan refuses to pay further tribute to the Dacians, and war follows. 107 * * Aust.+ Dacia is made a prov- ince. Many Roman colonists enter [Ro- manians]. (107.±) Pannonia divided. 114* * Asia. Armenia is made a Roman province. [115. Mesopotamia and As- syria.] 117 * * Trajan dies in Cilicia while re- turning from the Parthian war. He is succeeded by his nephew. 117-138 Hadrian (Publius JSlius Ha- drian us) reigns. He spends 13 years inspecting the prov- inces, reforming abuses, and rebuilding cities. He abandons some of the new provinces, leaving the Euphrates as the eastern boundary of the empire. 120 * * Fr. Hadrian begins his progress through the Roman provinces by visit- ing Gaul (p. 663). * * Rome. Salvius Julianus, the jurist, commences the collection of the edicts of the pretors. 132 * * Hadrian's perpetual code is pub- lished, and jurisprudence is improved. * * Rome. Hadrian adopts T. Aurelius An- toninus, subject to a condition requiring Antoninus to adopt in place of a son, M. Annius Verus, under the name of Marcus Aurelius. and also adopt L. Commodus, son of the deceased Ca'sar, L. iElius Verus. 138-161 Antoninus Pius (Titus Aure- lius Antoninus Fulvus Boionius Arrius) reigns. 138* * Scot. Lollius Urbicus is gover- nor of Caledonia. [140. He enlarges the Roman dominions. 161. Culphur- nius Agricola is governor. 197. Vivius Lupus. J 158 * * A terrible plague spreads over the known world. [165. Plague in Na- ples ; 400,000 people die within six months. 166. Plague and famine at Rome. 189. Rome again smitten.] 160 * * Antoninus sends an embassy to China. 161-180 Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) reigns. He repels the 'barbarian invaders. Lucius Verus, his brother by adoption, is coregent until 169. 165+ * * Asia. A part of Mesopota- mia is again made a Roman province. 175 * * Syria. Avidius Cassius, gov- ernor, revolts, and claims the imperial throne. 180* *Aust. The virtuous Marcus Aure- lius dies at Vindobona [Vienna], and is succeeded by his degenerate son. 180-192 Commodus (Lucius iElius Au- relius) reigns. He payB tribute to the Germans for peace, and intrusts the government to his favorite Perennis and others ; he abandons himself to dissipation. * * Aust.i- The Goths enter Dacia; Commodus purchases peace. 181+ * * Aust. Aquileia is colonized by the Romans. 183 * * Rome. Oleander, the corrupt prime minister, once a Phrygian slave, obtains great power. 189 * * Sp. The revolution of Mater- nus is defeated by Caius Pescennius Niger. 192 Dec. 31. Rome. Commodus is strangled by the athlete Narcissus, tool of Marcia, the emperor's mistress, and the favorites Laatus and Eclectus. 193-284 Period of the imperators, who are chiefly elevated by the soldiers, and also usually killed by them. 193 Jan. 1.+ HelviusPertinaxreigns. This venerable soldier is proclaimed by the pretorian guards. [193. Mar. uy lue pi ei'Ui i.m guaiu: 28. Murdered by them.] 193 Mar. * -June * Julianus (Didius Salvius) reigns. He is opposed by the legions, but buys the empire of the pretorians. He is the highest of several bidders. Put to death by the Senate. 193-211 Severus (Lucius Septimus) reigns. He is favored by the Illyrian guards, and is recognized by the Senate, though opposed by his rivals, Caius Pescennius Niger in the East, and Clodius Albinus in the West (p. 663). (194.) He crushes Niger. (197.) Overthrows Albinus. 196* * Niger, the pretender, is pro- claimed emperor. 203 * * Papinianus, the pretorian pre- fect, improves the administration of justice. 208* * Eng. Caracalla rules (p. 841). * * Scot. Severus extends his conquests. 211 * * Eng. Severus dies at Eboracum (York), and is succeeded by his two sons. 211-284 The empire is disturbed ; 23 emperors come to the throne ; 20 of them die violent deaths at the hands of muti- nous soldiers, one dies in battle, one i:i prison, and another of pestilence. 211-217 Rome. Caracalla (Marcus Au- relius Antoninus Bassianus) reigns. (211) He murders Geta, his half-brother and coregent, with thousands of his friends. He inspects the provinces bor- dering on the Danube. He makes the vilest persons his chief magistrates. * * Roman citizenship is conferred upon the inhabitants of all the provinces, be- cause of the increased revenue arising from higher taxation as citizens, and other sources. 212± * * Asia. Palmyra (Tadmor) be- comes a Roman colony. 216± * * Asia. Caracalla leads a plun- dering expedition into Parthia. [217. Apr. 8. Killed by one of his soldiers.] 217 * * Rome. Macrinus (Marcus Ope- lius) reigns. As prefect of the guards he instigated the assassination of Caracalla, and is confirmed by the Senate ; he purchases peace of the Parthians. [218. He is killed by his soldiers in Cappadocia.J 218-222 Elagabalus reigns. A priest of the sun-god at Emesa in Syria^ and the alleged son of Caracalla (his first' cousin), is proclaimed imperator, when 14 years of age, by the soldiers. The govern- ment is conducted by the emperor's mother and grandmother, while be surrenders him- self to infamous debauchery and cruelty. Murdered by the pretorianB. 222-235 Alexander Severus (Marcus Aurelius) reigns. He rules under the excellent counsel of two distinguished jurists, Domitius Ulpianus and Julius Paullus. (235) He is assassinated by soldiers on the Rhine. 222 * * The Romans pay the Goths an annual tribute for exemption from their incursions. 235-238 Maximinus Thrax (Maximin Caius Julius Verus), a Thracian, reigns. He is elevated by the soldiers, and noted for his great size and strength. (238. May *) He is assassinated by his soldiers near Aquileia. 237-238 Six emperors perish during the course of a few months. 237* * Afr. Gordianus revolts agianst the cruelty of Maximinius. 237-238 Rome. Gordianua I. (Marcus Antonius) reigns for two months. He is proclaimed by the legions in Africa in opposition to Maxiininus, ami is confirmed by the Senate; he appoints his son, Marcus Antonius Gordianus II., coregent. The son is defeated and lulled in battle and the father commits suicide. 1066 237,* *-312,* ITALY : ARMY — WAVY. 237 * * Afr. The prefect Capellianus, governor of Mauretania, defeats Gordi- anus I. and his son in battle. 238 * * Fr. The Franks ravage Gaul (pp. 663, 768). 244 * * Asia. Gordianus HI. defeats the Persians under Sapor. 244-268 The Alemanni and Franks sweep over Gauland Spain, and descend on the coasts of Africa (p. 76S). 244 * * Ger. The Franks are repulsed at Mogautiacuin [Mentz]. 249 * * Philip is defeated and killed by the revolting legions in Verona. 250 * * Goths invade the empire (p. 76S). 251 * * Turk. Decius defeats Goths. * * West Goths and East Goths ravage Germany (p. 768). Macedonia (p. 102S). 253 * * Asia M. The Goths make more destructive raids ; ravage seaports. 254 * * Valerian and his son defeat the Franks in Gaul, the Alemanni in North- ern Italy, and the Goths on the Danube. 260* * Asia. Persians under King Sapor defeat the Romans at Edessa. Valerian is taken prisoner, his body used as a horse-block. [He is flayed alive.] 261 * * Sapor captures Antioch, Tarsus, and Coesarea; he penetrates Europe as far as Ravenna, Italy. [263. He is driven back by Odenathus.] 262 * * Gr. The Goths take Athens. [Corinth, Argus, and Sparta are sacked.] * * Sp. Posthumus defeats the Franks. 267 * * Gr. Goths and Scythians are defeated by Cleodamus and Athenians. 268 Mar. 24. Claudius II. defeats the Alemanni of Southwest Germany, and becomes Germanicus. 269 * * Servia. Claudius II. utterly de- feats an immense army of 320,000 Goths and Alemanni at Naissus [Nish], Moesia ; 50,000± Goths perish. * * Home. Aurelian begins the erection of the new wall, which includes the en- larged imperial city. [276. Completed.] 272 * * Asia. Aurelian defeats Queen Zenobia at Antiochia and Edessa, and carries her to Rome. [273. He conquers Tadmor [Palmyra], and executes Lon- ginus, Greek philosopher and minister to Zenobia. He reconquers Egypt.] 274 * * Aurelian reduces to obedience France, Spain, and Britain. He captures Tetricus, the pretender and usurper in Chalons, France. 275* * Asia M. Tacitus defeats the Alani, invaders of Pontus. 276 * * Probus defeats Florian. He re- pulses a raid of Franks and Alemanni. 278-285 Fr. Probus conducts cam- paigns against the German tribes. He kills 400,000, and recovers 70 towns. Hedrives hack the Franks, Burgundians, Alemanni, and Vandals, across the Rhine ; he strengthens the wall between the Rhine and Danube (p. 769). 280* * Probus enrolls many German mercenaries, and employs soldiers in planting vineyards, building roads, draining marshes, and making canals. 283 * * Asia. Carus defeats the Sarma- tians, and afterward captures Ctesiphon. 292 * * Egy. Achilleus leads a revolt. [298. Diocletian takes Alexandria, and the revolt is subdued.] 296 * * Eng. Constantius I. defeats the Ficts, and restores Britain to Rome. He defeats the Alemanni in Germany. * * Asia. Galerius Valerius Maximums is defeated by the Persians. [297. He defeats the Persians under N arses.] 306 * * Constantine [the Great] defeats invading Franks and Bructeri. [310. Again.] 310 * * War occurs between the rival emperors, Maxentius and Constantine. 312 * * Constantine defeats Maxentius at Susa, Turin, and Verona. Oct. 27. Constantine defeats Augustus Maxentius at Saxa Rubra, near Rome, having the sign of the cross on his ban- ners, " In hoc signo vinces." * * The pretorian guard is broken up by Constantine because of its lawless violence and political abuses. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 280+ * * Diocletian builds a palace at Spalatro. 291 * * Home. An eclipse of the sun causes total darkness at midday. (Livy.) 306 * * Rome. The original St. Peter's Church is erected by Constantine. 312 * * Home. The Appian "Way com- menced by Appius Claudius Cseus con- nects with Capua. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 245 * * Diocletian, Cains A ureliua Valerius, emperor, born. [313. Dies.] 250 * * Constantius I., Flavius Valerius Chlo- rus, emperor, burn. [306. Dies.] 251 * * Deeius, Cains Messius (juintUB Tra- janus, emperor, dies. 253 * * Gallus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus, emperor, dies. 258 * * Cyprian, Thascius CffiCilius, bishop of Carthage, dies. 269 * * Valerian, Publius Aurelius Licinius, emperor, dies. 272 Feb. * Constantine I., the Great, Fla- vius Valerius Aurelius, emperor, born. [337. May 22. D.] 282± * * Probus, Marcus Aurelius,emperor, d. 296± * * Altranasius. patriarch of Alexan- dria, born. [373. D.] 303+ * * Agnes, St., martyr, A 13. Maximianus, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, em- peror, dies. 311 * * Galerius, Caius Valerius Maximianus, emperor, dies. 312 * * Constantine II., Flavius Claudius, emperor, born. [340. Dies.] CHURCH. 244± * * Dionysius, patriarch of Alex- andria, is elected. 248* * Afr. St. Cyprian is chosen bishop o*f Carthage. 249± * * Rome. The Emperor Philippus becomes a Christian (?) in secret. 249-250 The seventh persecution ; Decius is more bloody than his prede- cessors ; Pope Fabian is martyred. 250± * * Monasticism appears in the re- tirement of Paul Thebias to the deserts of Egypt to escape persecution. + * * The doctrine of purgatory becomes conspicuous. * * Sp. Churches are established at Leon, Elvira, and other towns. 251 * * Rome. Novatian becomes the first anti-pope. He is a strict disciplinarian, and founds the Novatians, who deny restoration to believers who have lapsed during perse- cution. * * The churches of Rome and Africa dis- pute respecting the baptism of heretics. 253±* * Egy. Origen, a presbyter of Al- exandria, " the greatest luminary of the age in which he lived," is martyred. 257-260 Eighth persecution ; Valerian destroys Christians. Pope [St.] Sixtus II. and [St.] Laurence suffer death. 260 * * Sabelliusof Africa is condemned as a heretic. He teaches but one person in the god- head, having three different names. * * Paul of Samasata is made bishop of Antioch. His followers are called Paulians ; they deny the divinity of Christ and the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. 261 * * Pers. The Manieheans arise. Manes teaches the two principles of light and darkness, rejects the Old Tes- tament, and approves dogmas taught by ancient fire-worshipers. [277. He is burned alive by the King of Persia.] 270 (Feb. 14.) Rome. [St.] Valentine, a Roman bishop (or presbyter), is be- headed by Claudius. Noted for his love. 274 * * Ninth persecution ; Aurelian briefly persecutes the Church. 283+ * * Religious ceremonies in the churches increase. Many pagan rites are imitated. 284 Aug. 29. The Age of Diocletian "begins ; called the Era of the Martyrs. 286± * * The Thebean Legion, com- posed of Christians under [St.] Maurice, submits to martyrdom rather than to sacrifice to the gods. ± * * Egy. The heresy of Hierax pre- vails ; his followers are called Absti- nents. 296 * * Monks abound in Spain and Egypt. * * Rome. [St.] Marcellinus is pope. [304, [St] Marcellus I. ; 309, [St.] Eusebius, 311, [St.] Mfb-luadea; 314, [St.] Sylvester I.; 337, [St.] Marcus; 341, [St.] Julius I.; 352; [St.] Liberius; 3i>3, [ St. ■ Felix II.; 366, [St.] Damasus; 3K4, [St.] Siricius; 3»9, [St.] Anas- taaius.] 300 * * Controversies occur concerning the use of images in worship. ± * * Armenia. The Greek church is es- tablished. 302-313 The tenth and last persecu- tion occurs ; it is the severest of all. Diocletian issues an edict against Christians ; he prohibits divine worship ; houses are filled with Christians and burned. Many are cast into the sea. * * * Afr. Arnobius, a Latin father and eloquent apologist, flourishes. 304* *Egy. An edict is issued against Christians and Jews. 305* * Egy. [St.] Anthony is the founder (?) of a regular monasticism. Monks inhabit caves and desolate places. * * Sp. The provincial council of Elvira forbids the nuptial intercourse of priests after consecration. 306 * * Constantius stops persecution. 311 * * Immersion is practised (p. 1028).. 311± * * Egy. Arius of Alexandria is ordained a priest. [He becomes the founder of Arianism,. a heresy denying the divinity of Christ,. creating the greatest schism of the Church before the Reformation. 321. ROMAN EMPIRE. 237, **-312, 106T Excommunicated. 325. Views condemned by the Council of Nice.] * * Afr. The Donatists arise at Carthage as opposers of the extreme reverence paid to the relics of martyrs ; they claim to he the only true church. LETTERS. 280± * * The first treatise on optics is written by Euclid. 290± * * The Gregorian and Hermo- ginian codes are published. 310+ * * iElius Spartianus, Julius Capi- tolinus,Vulcacius Gallicanus/Xrebellius Pollio, iElius Lampridius, and Flavius Volpiscus write The Augustan History. SOCIETY. 248 * * Rome. The Secular games are restored by the Emperor Pbilippus. 249 * * Philip is assassinated by his own soldiers ; his son Philip is murdered at the same time while in his mother's arms. 251 * * Hostillius and his son Volusianus are both killed by mutinous soldiers. 302 * * Valentinian is murdered by Ar- bogast, one of his officers. STATE. 238 * * Home. The Senate elects two senators, Pupienus Maximus and Caslius Balbinus, as augusti in opposition to Maximinus. The Senate adds soon after the young (13) grandson of Gordianus I. at the demand of the people. 238 * * Home. The pretorians murder the two augusti, leaving the grandson of Gordianus I. to reign alone. 238-244 Rome. Gordianus LEI. (Mar- cus Antonius Pius) reigns. 240 * * Afr. A revolt arises. 242 * * Fr. Vandals appear (p. 663). 243* * Rome. The emperor accepts Philip the Arabian as coregent on the demand of the soldiers. [244. Gordi- anus III. is murdered.] 244-249 Rome. Philip, the Arabian (Marcus Julius Philippus), reigns. * * Peace is made with the Persians under Sapor. 249 * * The army revolts against Philip. 249-251 Decius (Caius Messius Quintus Trajanus) reigns. He is compelled by the Mcesian and Pannonian legions to assume the purple, and march against Philip I., when sent by Philip to quell their mutiny. 250± * * Ger. The East Goths appear (p. 768.) [251. They kill Decius. 252. Invade Greece.] (P. 1028.) 251-253 Rome. Gallus (Caius Vibius Trebonianus) reigns with Hostilianus, son of Decius, as his colleague. He (?) causes the death of Hostilianus (p. 1029). 251 * *The Huns appear near the Cas- pian Sea. 253* * Rome. JEmilianus, the conqueror of the Goths, deposes Gallus, reigns four months, and is killed by soldiers. 253-260 Rome. Valerian (Publius Au- relius Licinius Valerianus) reigns. The legions in Gaul and Germania make him emperor. (253.) He appoints his son Gallienus his colleague. (260.) Captured by the Persians. (268±.) Exe- cuted. 255 * * Prus. Gallienus holds his court at Treviri [Treves]. 259+ * * Fr.+- Posthumus establishes a provincial empire in Gaul. [272. Ends.] 260-268 Rome. Gallienus (Publius Licinius Valerianus Egnatius) reigns alone. Numerous aspirants and many pre- tenders claim the throne ; central au- thority is paralyzed, and confusion abounds in all provinces ; period of " the thirty tyrants." 267-274 Tetricus in Gaul and Spain maintains some pretensions to imperial authority. * * Gallienus recognizes Odenathus, Prince of Palmyra, as colleague for the East, after having driven the Persians out of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Asia Minor. 266 * * Asia. Queen Zenobia is regent in Palmyra after the murder of Odena- thus, for her young son Vaballathus. She receives the province of Egypt. 268 * * Caius Aureolus, the usurper, is put to death. Gallienus is murdered by Claudius. 268-270 Rome. Claudius II. (Marcus Aurelius Claudius Gothieus) reigns. He is enthroned by the soldiers. 270-275 Rome. Aurelian (Claudius Lucius Valerius Domitius Aurelianus) reigns. He is enthroned by the army in Illyr- icum ; Quintillus is elected emperor by the senate. The Danube becomes the boundary of the empire. He is a great soldier. 270i * * Bulgaria. +- Roman colonists of Dacia are transported to Mcesia. 271-274 Aurelian reconquers the East, Egypt, and subdues Gaul, Spain, and Britain. The Senate calls him the restorer of the Koman Empire. 273* * Syria. Firmus revolts, seizes Alexandria, and assumes royal power. 275 * * Turk. Aurelian is murdered near Byzantium. An interregnum of six months follows. Sept. 25-276 Apr. 13. Rome. Tacitus (Marcus Claudius) reigns. He is en- throned by the army and election of the Senate. (276.) Dies at Tarsus, Cilicia. 276 * * Rome. Florian (Marcus Flori- anus), the brother of Tacitus, makes a fruitless effort to secure the throne ; he is killed by his soldiers. 276-282 Rome. Probus (Marcus Au- relius) reigns (p. 769). (282.) Killed by mutinous soldiers who are required to serve as laborers (p. 1029). 282-283 Rome. Carus (Marcus Aure- lius) reigns. A prefect, enthroned by the army, ap- points his sons, Carinus and Numeri- anus, cassars, and later augusti. (283.) He is billed by lightning (?) and is suc- ceeded by his sons. 284 * * Rome. Marcus Aurelius Nume- rianus and Marcus Aurelius Carinus reign. Numerianus is an orator and a poet ; he is murdered by his father-in- law (?) when returning from the East. Carinus is compelled to yield to Diocle- tian, who is chosen by the army in Asia. 284-305 Diocletian (Caius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) reigns. He establishes an oriental form of government, having an hereditary mon- archy, and with csesars nominated as co- rulers. He . divides the empire into eastern and western. (285.) He rules the East from Nicomedia. (286.) He makes Maximian his colleague to rule the West from Mediolanum [Milan]. 285± * * Diocletian sends ambassadors to China. 286-305 Rome. Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus) Hercu- lius reigns. Resigns. [306-308. Resumes.] 287 -r * * Eng. Marcus Aurelius Valerius Carausius leads a successful revolt for seven years. * * Barbarians attack the empire in the north. Tyrants usurp several of the provinces. Pranks from Thrace settle in Gaul. 291* * Fr. The Franks assume au- thority in Batavia and Flanders. 292 Mar. 1. Partition of the empire. Diocletian appoints two more colleagues as cresars. (1) Cotistantius Chlorus receives the government of Gaul, Britain, and Spain; capital, Treves. (2) Maximum, his father- in-law, has Italy, Africa, and Sicily; capital, Milan. (3) Galerius, son-in-law of Diocle- tian, receives lllyrieum and the Danubian countries, including Macedonia and Greece ; capital, Sirmium. (4) Diocletian has Thrace, Egypt, Syria, and Asia; capital, Nicomedia. 293 * * Sp. Galerius Valerius Maximin visits Spain. 292 * * Egy. Egyptians revolt (p. 655). * * The Romans reconquer Armenia, Mes- opotamia, and Assyria. 296* * Eng. Britain is restored to Rome by Constantius. 297* * Asia. Galerius extends the boundary of the empire to the Tigris- 305-323 Period of internal conflict. 305 * * Diocletian compels Maximian to resign ; he also abdicates. Constan- tius and Galerius become augusti. * * Rome. Severus and Maximinus are appointed to the rank of csesars ; the first having Italy and Africa, and the other having Syria and Egypt. 306 * * Eng. Constantius dies at York. 306-312 Constantine [the Great] be- comes ca9sar, having the government of Gaul, Spain, and Britain. 306-312 Rome. Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius Valerius) reigns. He is chosen imperator by the preto- rians ; bis father, Maximian, reassumes the dignity of coregent or augustus. The empireis now under six rulers, three augusti, Galerius, Maxentius, and Max- imian, and three ca^sars, Constantine, Severus, and Maximinus. 307 * * Severus is put to death by Max- entius at Ravenna. * * Galerius appoints Licinius (Caius Fla- vius Valerius Licinianus) as colleague and augustus to fill the vacancy. Con- stantine (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) assumes the title augus- tus, making six rulers of that dignity. 310 * * The rival rulers struggle for su 7 premacy, and Maximian is defeated in Massilia. Because of defeat in a con- spiracy against Constantine his father- in-law, Maximian commits suicide. [313^ Galerius, defeated, perishes in the flight.) 1068 312,**-401, ITALY ARMY — NAVY. 314 Apr. * Asia M. Licinius, the em- peror of the East, decisively defeats Maximin at Heraclea. 315 Oct. 8. Turk. Constantine defeats Licinius, the rival emperor in Thrace, and compels him to cede Illyricum, Ma- cedonia, and Achaia to the Western Em- pire. [323. July 3. Again decisively (p. 1024). Sept. IS. Asia M. Again de- feated at Chrysopolis. He surrenders in Nicomedia, and is cruelly murdered.] 331 * * Asia. Sapor II. renews the war, and is defeated by Constantine. 334 * * S. Rus. The revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian slaves is suppressed. [They are scattered over the empire.] 340* * Aust. Constantine II. is defeated by Constans, and falls near Aquileia. 350-359 Fr. Julian conducts war in Germany against the Alemanni and Ri- puarian Franks (pp. 502, 662). 351 * * Aust. Constantius II. defeats Magnentius, the usurper, on the Drave [he escapes capture by suicide]. He also crushes Vetranio. another usurper. 4th Century. Apulia is conquered by the Romans. 362-363 Asia. War with Persia. (363.) Julian leads an expedition against Sapor II., and is defeated, (June 26.) Killed by an arrow. 366 * * Asia. The army of Valens, led by Sallust, defeats and kills Procopius, his rival. 367 * * Turk. The Goths are defeated near the Hellespont (p. 102S). 368-370 "War with the Goths. It ends in an agreement not to cross the Danube. 371 * * Ger. Valentinian I. and Severus defeat the Alemanni, and strengthen the frontier against the Huns and Alani. 378 Aug. 9. Turk: A horde of Goths, revolting under Frithigern, defeat Va- lens. [They ravage the country, and ad- vance to Constantinople.] (P. 1028). 382± * * Theodosius I. makes a success- ful campaign among the West Goths. 383 * * Fr. Maximus removes his army from Britain to Gaul (p. 662). 388 June* Aust. Theodosius I. de- feats Maximus. Also Eugenius (p. 1028). * * Fr. The Franks, having utterly de- feated Quintinius, follow up their victory by invading Gaul. 394 * * Alaric, King of the West Goths, first appears in history. [395. Desolates Macedonia. 396. Takes Athens. He is driven out of the Peloponnesus by Fla- vius Stilicho (p. 1030).] * * Aust. Theodosiusl., aided by Alaric I., defeats Arbogast and Eugenius, two usurpers, at the Frigidus, near Aquileia ; he becomes sole emperor. 400 ± * * Aust. Alaric first invades Italy, bringing the families, wagons, and treasures of his people. He wins a vic- tory at Aquileia, and crosses the Po. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 330-900 Home. The Basilicas are erected. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 320* * Constans I., Flavius Julius, emperor, born. [350. Dies.] 321* * Valentinian I.,emp.,b. [375. Dies.] 328* * Helena, Flavia Julia, St., dies. Valens, Flavins, emperor, b. [378. D.] 330* * Aminianus, Maroellinus, historian, b. [375. Dies.] Jovianus, Flavins Claudius, emperor, born. [364. Dies.] 340± * * Ambrose. St.. bishop of Milan, au- thor, born. [397. Dies.] Jerome. St., church father, b. [420. D.] 346* * Theodosius, Flavius, emperor, born [395. Dies.] 354 Nov. 13. Augustine. St., Christian father, born. [430. Aug. 28. Dies.] 359* * Gratian, emperor, born. [383. D.] 371+ * 'Valentinian II.. einp.,b. [392. D.] 394 * * Arbogast or Arbogasles, general, d. 396 * * Aetlus, general, born. [454. Dies.] CHURCH. 312+ * * Constantine [the Great] is con- verted. The vision of the shining cross appears : " In hoc signo vinces." [He becomes the protector of Christians.] * * Egy. The Coptic Bible is written. 313 Jan. * Constantine and Licinius stop the persecution of Christians. Christianity is favored by the state at the expense of paganism. (1028.) 314 * * Constantine makes gifts of land to Pope Sylvester I., laying the founda- tion of the temporal power. ("Apoc- ryphal," Cyc. Bib. Literature.) * * Asia M. The provincial synod of An- cyraallows marriage to deacons (priests) only when stipulated before ordination. * * The bishops of York and London, England, are appointed. * * Fr. A council of the Church meets at Aries to suppress the Donatists. * * The Donatian controversy respect- ing the fallibility of the Church is very bitter. * * Surplices are first worn. 316 * * Afr. Donatus is elected bishop of Cartliage by the Donatists. 318* *The Greek Church is founded in Georgia or Iberia. 321 Mar. 7. Constantine I. issues the first civil law for the observance of Sunday, combining it with that of the seventh day and other festivals. 325 June 19-Aug. 25. Asia M. The first (?) ecumenical council at Nice (p. 1028). The Nicene (Anti-Arian) creed is adopted. The celebration of Easter is ordained. The title metropolitan is given to certain bishops. Celibacy of priests is rejected. (The latter is disputed.) * * Judea. The Empress Helena erects a cruciform church at Bethlehem to mark the place of the Saviour's birth. 328 May 28. Jerusalem. The Empress Helena claims to find the true cross. (?) Pilgrimages begin with her journey. 330 * * Heathen temples are destroyed (p. 1028). 335 * * Council of Tyre ; the doctrine of Athanasius is considered. 337 * * Fgy. Athanasius (Anti-Arian) is restored (p. 654). 341. Again deposed, he goes to Rome. 342. Declared inno- cent. 349. Restored. 353-355. Con- demned by council. 363. Restored. 337± * * Christians invoke saints, rever- ence the cross, and burn incense in wor- ship. 339* * Constantinople. Eusebius, a lead- ing Arian, is elected bishop. 340* * Egy. Pachronius builds a large monastery on an island in the Nile. [Others soon follow.] 341* *Ulfilas is consecrated Arian bishop of the West Goths. ± * * Constantine forbids pagan sacri- fices. Macedonius is elected bishop ; bloody opposition occurs (p. 1028). ± * * Public churches are erected. 342* * Rome. Pope Julius calls a synod, and declares Athanasius' innocence. [Athanasius introduces monasticism.] 346* * Abyssinia. Frumentius preaches to the natives. 347 * * Asia M. The council at Sardis, Lydia, is attended by 370 bishops ; it condemns the Arians. 351 * * [St.] Cyril is chosen bishop of Jerusalem. [35S. Deposed. 380±. Re- stored.] 353 * * Constans persecutes the Jews. 355* * Constantius II. enthrones Felix II. as anti-pope, after having exiled Liberius. [Felix restored.] 4th Century. The Apostles' Creed is formulated. The cathedral of Ravenna is founded. * * * The heated Nestorian controversy respecting the dual nature of Christ pushes the orthodox to increase the hon- ors given to the Virgin Mary. 356+ * * Rome. [St.] Hilary, bishop of Rome, claims preeminence for his see. * * * (?) The Athanasian Creed is formu- lated, declaring the procession of the Holy Ghost from both the Father and the Son. [Author unknown.] 359 * * The Council at Rimini, having 400 bishops present, adopts a new confession of faith. * * Constantinople. The [first] church of St. Sophia is dedicated. * * Jerusalem. Julian [the Apostate] fails in an attempt to rebuild the temple. * * Fr. The first convent (p. 6G2). 361± * * The Emperor Julian renounces Christianity. [3G3. He favors the Jews.] 366± * * Beads are used in reckoning prayers. * * The emperor favors the Arians ; the orthodox Christians suffer opposition. * * Rome. Ursicimas is anti-pope. * * Agapae, or love feasts, are forbidden by the Council of Laodicea because of disorderly conduct. [390. By the Coun- cil of Carthage.] 370 * * Asia M. [St.] Basil [the Great] is elected bishop of Caesarea. 372 * * The Bible is translated into lan- guage of the Goths by Ulfilas. 374_397 [St.] Ambrose is archbishop of Milan. 379* * Rome. The prerogatives of the Holy See are greatly enlarged. * * Theodosius, having recovered from ill- ness, zealously supports the Orthodox Church. 380 * * Sp. A church council is held at Saragossa. 381 July 9. Constantinople. Third general council (p. 1029). ROMAN EMPIRE. 312, 401, 1069 384 * * Home, The Senate discusses the comparative merits of Christianity and paganism, aud decides in favor of the former. [St.] Ambrose pleads for Chris- tianity, and Symmaehus for paganism. ± * * Home. [St.] Jerome collects and prepares the Vulgate Bible. 385 * * Fr. Priscillian, a Spanish eccle- siastic, founder of Priscillianists (gnos- ticism and Christianity), is beheaded as a heretic at Treves by the emperor. * * Pope Siricius uses title of pope (papa). He decides that priests are not allowed to marry. Celibacy is established. 389* * Egy. Christianity is supreme (p. 654). * * Constantinople. Theodosi us abolishes the holy Eleusinian Mysteries. 390i * * [St.] Jerome introduces the use of hallelujah and amen in Christian worship. * * Augustine (?) and Ambrose (?) com- pose Te Deum as a song of praise. * * The Emperor Theodosius is expelled from the church for his cruelty by Am- brose, the archbishop of Milan. 392 * * Theodosius issues an edict for the suppression of idolatry. 394± * * The mass is first celebrated. (?) 396* * Tunis. [St.] Augustine is chosen bishop of Hippo, Africa. 397 * * Constantinople. [St.] Chrysos- tom is chosen patriarch (p. 1030). 400± * * Litanies are first (?) used in processions. * * Rome. Pelagianism, rejecting origi- nal sin and foreordination.is introduced by Pelagius, a Briton. [418. Banished from Italy.] LETTERS. 367 * * Epiphanius, bishop of Constan- tius in Cyprus, writes Panarium, against 1 Heliodorus, bishop of Tricca in y, writes JZthiopica, relating to the loves of Theagenes and Charicleia. [It is the first known romance.] SOCIETY. 323* * Constantinople. The splendor of the court of Constantine I. exceeds the cost of the legions. 324* * Constantine, I. puts to death his eldest son Crispus, and one of his nephews , thro ugh the plotting of Fausta, his wife, who is herself executed at last. 325 * * Constantine I. in the East sup- presses gladiatorial combats in pub- lic theaters. 334* *A revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian slaves is suppressed. 362 * * Gr. The Emperor Julian revives the Isthmian games. * * Rome. Hospitals for travelers, the indigent, and the sick, are founded hv Julian. 364 * * Rome. Marriage is forbidden in Lent. 387 * * Rome. The Capitoline games are instituted. 393 * * Polygamy is forbidden by the Emperor Arcadius. 394* * Constantinople. The festival of the Olympic games is abolished by Theodosius. 313 * * Constantine and Liciniua (who married Constantia, the emperor's sis- ter) enter an alliance. 313-323 Constantine and Liciniua rule the empire ; the former in the East, and the latter in the "West. 323-337 Constantine sole emperor (p. 1029). 323-353 The empire is again united under a sole ruler. 330 May 11. Turk. Byzantium (Con- stantinople) is dedicated by Constantine as the new capital of the empire. The empire is rearranged, having four great prefectures, Oriens, lllyricum orientate, Italia, Gallia ; these are divided into 13 dio- ceses, and these again into 116 provinces. 337 * * Partition of the empire. Constantino's three sons divide the empire between them as augusti, and his two nephews as eassars. 337-340 Constantine H.(Flavius Clau- dius Constantinus) reigns over Britain, Gallia, Spain, and a part of Africa. 337-350 Constans I. (Julius Flavius) reigns over the prefectures of lllyricum orientale, Italia, and a part of Africa. 337-361 Constantius (Julius) reigns in the East. 340 * * Constantine II. is defeated and lulled by Constans, his brother, at Acjui- leia. The Eastern and Western Empires are reunited under Constans. 350 * * Sp. Constans I. is killed while hunting near llliheris, by emissaries of Magnentius. 350± * * Russia. The Huns, a Mongo- lian race, cross the Volga, moving west- ward ; they drive back the Goths. 351-361 Constantius reigns alone; the unity of the empire is restored. 351* *Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus, nephew of Constantine I., is made caesar and ruler of the East. [354. Executed for his tyranny.] 355* * Constantius makes Julian, his cousin, caasar, and sends him to rule in Gaul, Spain, and Britain ; capital, Paris. 361 * * Fr. The army in Gaul, under Julian, proclaims him emperor. * * Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his 361-363 Julian (Flavius Claudius Juli- anus), the Apostate, reigns (p. 769). 363 June 26. Constantinople. Julian being killed in battle, Jovian (FlaviuB Claudius Jovianus) reigns. He is enthroned by the army. He buys peace with the Persians by ceding live Roman provinces beyond the Tigris to them. [364. Feb. 17. Jovian dies.] 364-375 Milan. Valentinian I. (Fla- vius Valentinianus) reigns in the West ; capital, Milan. He is elected by the army at Nicsea ; boundaries, Caledonia in the West to Mount Atlas in the East. 364-378 Constantinople. Valens reigns in the East; capital, Constantinople. He is made associate emperor by Val- entinian, his brother ; boundaries from the lower Danube to Persia (p. 1029). 364-394 The Roman Empire is again divided. 367-383 Gratian (Gratianus) reigns in the West as colleague of his father, rank of augustus. (375.) He succeeds his father with Valentinian II. as joint augustus. 369+ * * The "West Goths are admitted into the Roman territories on condition of their rendering military service. 370 * * Scot. Valentia made a province. 375-392 Milan. Valentinian II., son of Valentinian I., only four years of age, reigns in the West as joint augustus. [3S3-392. As colleague of Theodosius.] 375 * * Beginning of the migration of the Teutonic tribes. 376 * * The Goths revolt. ± * * The Huns invade Pannonia [Hun- gary], and expel the Goths (p. 769). 378-395 Constantinople. Theodosius [the Great] rules in the East as joint augustus by the choice of Gratian. - 383 Aug. 25. Fr. Gratian is captured by Maximus at Lyons, and killed (p. 662). * * Eng. Maximus (Magnus) is pro- claimed emperor by his army. 383-388 Treves. Maximus Magnus Clemens reigns in Gaul, Spain, and Britain as colleague of Theodosius. 386 * * Maximus attempts to oust Valen- tinian II. from Italy and Africa. [388. Theodosius crushes Maximus.] (See Army.) 392 May 15. Fr. Valentinian II. is strangled (p. 663). * * Eugenius, a tyrant, is proclaimed emperor by Arbogast. [394. Crushed by the Theodosians.] 393 * * Sp. Theodoric establishes the East Goth kingdom in Spain. 394-395 Theodosius [the Great, the last] sole emperor of both the Eastern and Western Empires. 395 Jan. 17. Theodosius dies at Milan. * * The empire is permanently divided between the sons of Theodosius. 395-1453 The Eastern or Grecian Em- pire. (See Greece.) 395-408 Constantinople. Arcadius reigns in the East. 395-423 Rome. Flavius Honorius, 11 years of age, reigns in the West ; capi- tal, Rome. (402.) Ravenna becomes the imperial residence. The Vandal Stilicho becomes the guardian and chancellor of the king. 395* * Constantinople. Rufinus is mur- dered by Gainus, commander of the . Gothic mercenaries. Eutropius becomes the guardian of Arcadius. 398 * * Gr. — Servian. Alaric, King of the West Goths, is made ruler of East lllyricum by Arcadius. 5th Century. The Western Empire is grad- ually disintegrated by the incursions of Goths, Franks, Vandals, Burgundians, Angles, and Saxons, and the Huns. 401± * * (402) The "West Goths overrun Europe ; under Alaric they invade Italy. 1070 402, **-568,** ITALY ARMY — NAVY. 402 * * Alaric is repulsed at Polentia by Stilicho. He is compelled by disease, hunger, and desertion to abandon tbe invasion of Italy. 404-406 German hosts under Rada- gaisus invade Italy, but are defeated by Stilicho at Fsesulse, and tben annihilated byconstantfighting, disease, and hunger. 406-409 Bands of Vandals, Suevi, and Alani, from the region of the Danube, cross the Rhine, and successfully with- stand the Franks. (409.) Invade Spain. 408-409 Alaric again crosses the Alps, and invades Italy ; he is bought off with a ransom. [410. Aug. 24. He takes Rome and sacks it ; later dies at Cosena.] 410-415 Fr. Atawulf invades Gaul. -410 * * Eng. The Romans retire (p. 840). 413 * * Heraclian unsuccessfully in- vades Rome from Carthage. •415 * * Sp. Atawulf, the brother-in-law of Honorius, conquers Barcelona from the Vandals and Suevi. 418+ * * WaUia, Kingof the West Goths, fights for the Romans. 420 * * War with Persia. 425 * * Ravenna is taken by Aspar, the first of the Patricians, and John the usurper is defeated. 428 * * Fr. Franks and Goths defeat the Roman general Ae'tius (p. G62). 429 May * Afr. Vandals under Gen- seric invade Africa. ■435-55 Fr. Goths and Alemanni are defeated by Ae'tius. 439 Oct. * Afr. GenBeric captures Carthage, and makes it his capital. 440± * * Sicily. The Vandals invade the island, and capture Palermo. 448 * * Aetius defeats the Huns ; he in- vades and ravages Gaul. 451 * * Fr. Ae'tius, 'aided by the West Goths, defeats Attila (pp. 662, 768). 452 * * Lombardy is overrun, and Pavia is taken by Attila. He threatens Rome ; it is saved from conquest by Pope Leo. * * Aust. Attila destroys Aquileia. He sacks Milan. 455 July 15 K Rome is taken and pillaged by the Vandals under Genseric for 14 days ; the empress and many other captives are taken away. * * Alsace. The Alemanni capture Ar- gentoratum [Strasburg]. 456 * * Romans under Ricimer defeat the Vandals in a naval battle off Corsica. 457 * * War with the Goths. 468 * * Rome. An expedition is sent against the Vandals. 476 * * Rome is taken by Odoacer, leader of the Heruli ; the city is sacked. * * Pavia, Lombardy, is taken by Odoacer. 4=86* *Fr. Clovis defeats Sygarius (p. 662). 488-493 Theodoric [the Great] sub- dues Italy (p. 1030). 533-535 Afr. Belisarius, Justinian's general, overthrows the Vandal power (p. 1030). £36-540 Belisarius defeats the East Goths. [536-537. He conquers Southern Italy, and delivers Rome, 540. Vitiges surrenders Ravenna.] (P. 1030.) 538 * * Invasion of Franks. 539 * * Goths destroy Milan ; they rav- age Lombardy. 544-549 Belisarius returns (p. 1030). 543 * * Totila takes Naples. [552. Re- taken.] 546 * * Totila takes Rome. He plunders the city, and reconquers the greater part of Italy, while Belisa- rius is fighting in Persia. 547 * * Rome is recovered, and King Vitiges captured. [549. Rome taken by Totila. 552. Retaken by Narses.] 552 July * Narses defeats the Goths, and mortally wounds Totila in battle at Tadinze. [553. Defeats the Goths at Mons Lactarius.] 554 * * Narses defeats the Alemanni and Franks at Casilinum [Capua]. ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 440 * * Gr. The computation of Olym- piads ceases with the 305th. 472 * * Vesuvius is in a state of erup- tion ; the illumination is seen in Con- stantinople. 493 ± * *Theodosius introduces into Italy the superior architecture of Greece. 516 * * Dionysius Exiguus, a monk of the Western Church, introduces the chro- nology of the Christian Era, by dating events from the birth of Christ. He erroneously begins his dates from three to six years late. 543 * * An earthquake is felt in many countries. 555± * * Belisarius (?) invents water- mills for grinding corn. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 408 * * Stilicho, Flavins, general, dies. 419* * Valentinian III. (Flavius Placidus Valeiitinuuius), emperor, born. [455. D.J 420 * * Pelagrius, fdr. of Pelagianism, dies. 434* * Odoacer, Kingof Italy, b. [493. D.] 455* * Theodoric the Great, East-Goth, King of Italy, born. [526. Dies.] 468* * Cassiodorus, Marcus A melius, states- ■ man, historian, born. [560. Dies.] 473± * * Anthemius, emperor, dies. 475 * * Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, philosopher, born. [524. Dies.] 476* * KoiuuluH Au.mistinius, lastemperorof the "West, dies. 480 * * Benedict, St., founder Benedictine order, born. [543. DieB.] 496* * Gelasius 1., pope, dies. [498.Anasta- eius II. ; 526. John I.; 530, Felix IV.; 535. John II.] 540* * Gregory I., the Great, pope, born. [604. Dies.] CHURCH. 402 * * Rome. [St.] Innocent I. is pope. [417, [St.] Zosimus; 418, [St.] Boniface I.; 423, [St.] Celestine I.; 432, [St.] Sixtus III.] 404 Jan. 1. Rome. Telemachus, an Asiatic monk, rushes into the arena and tries to separate the gladiators; he is stoned to death by the people. [Con- tests are soon abolished.] 412+ * * Scot. [St.] Ninian founds the church in Galloway. * * Egy. [St.] Cyril is bishop (p. 654). 415 * * Asia M. The Council of Ephesus condemns Pelagianism. [530. Also the Council of Carthage.] 420* * Syria. Theodoret is chosen bishop of Antioch. ± * * Syria. Simeon [Stylites] becomes a "pillar saint." He spends his last thir- teen years on a pillar nearly 50 feet high. 431 June 22. Asia M. The general Council of Ephesus meets. It condemns Kestorianism and Pela- gianism , favors the original Nicene Creed, and regards the worship of the Virgin as heretical (p. 1030J. * * Crosses are used in churches and chambers. 432* * Ire. [St.] Patrick arrives (p. 840). 440 * * Rome. [St.] Leo the Great, pope. [461, [St.] Hilary; 468, [St.] Simplicius; 483, [St.] Felix III.; 492, [St.] Gelasius; 496, [St.] Anastasius II.] 448* * Constantinople. A synod con- demns the doctrines of Eutyehes, who teaches that Christ had only one nature. [449. Bishop Eusebius of Dorylaeum/his prosecutor, is deposed.] 449 Aug. 8. AsiaM. The [Robber] Council of Ephesus meets. Dioscorus, bishop of Alexandria, employs intimida- tion and force ; many bishops are wounded. 450+ [Aug. 6.] The Feast of the Transfiguration is celebrated. ± * * Asia. The Monophosyte sect is founded, and teaches the single will of Christ. 451 Oct. 8^. AsiaM. The Fourth Ecumenical Council is held at Chal- cedon. It declares the union of the divine and human natures in Christ, condemns the heresies of Eutyehes and the Monopho- sytes, and gives the patriarch of Con- stantinople equal authority, but not equal honor, with the Pope at Rome. 457± * * The Church is dominated by an oligarchy of ambitious, self-seeking bishops, including those of Rome, Con- stantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria. 482 * * Constantinople. The Emperor Zeno issues the Henoticon, a decree of union, for merging the Monophysite and orthodox bodies. II. 484 * * Huneric, King of the Vandals, persecutes the Christians. * * Schism divides the Greek and Roman churches (p. 1030). 487 [Sept. 29]. Michaelmas, the Feast of St. Michael, the guardian of the Cath- olic Church, is instituted. 498 * * St. Symmachus is pope. [514, St. Hormisdas ; 523, St. John I. ; 526, St. Felix IV. ; 530, Boniface II., 532, John II. ; 535, St. Agapetus I.; 536, St. Sylverius; 538, Vigilius; 555, Pelagius I.] 511± * * Gcr. [St.] Fridolin, an Irish- man, goes as an apostle to Germany. 518 * * Turk. Arians deposed (p. 1031). 529 * * [St.] Benedict founds the Bene- dictines. (Or 615.) He establishes his first monastery at Monte Casino. [541. Benedictines enter Sicily. 543. Enter France. Later, they monopolize nearly all the science and learning of Europe.] 533 * * Constantinople. The Greek em- peror first acknowledges the Pope's su- premacy. ROMAN EMPIRE. 402, 568, 1071 542 * * The Feast of the Purification, in honor of the Virgin's visit to the Temple, is ordered by the Pope ; its procession hears wax tapers (Candlemas). 550 * * The second Talmud is completed by Rab Rabina, after the labors of six compilers for 123 years. 553 * * Constantinople. The sixth gen- eral council meets (p. 1031). 554 * * Asia. A synod of Armenian bish- ops at Thevin, or Tihen, called by Patri- arch Nierses II., separates the Arme- nians from the Greek church. [629. An attempt at reunion is made by the synod of Garin, but they soon divide.] 560 * * John m. is pope. [574, Benedict I.; 578, Pelagius II.; 590, St. Gregory I. the (Ireat; 604, Sabinianus; 607, Boniface IT I.; (His, St. Boniface IV.; 615, St. Adeodatusl.; tili), Bunifu.-e V.; 625, Ho- norius I.] LETTERS. 498+ * *TheGemara,orTahnudofBaby- lon, is published. 520± * * Bcethius writes De Consolatione Philosophe. 529 * * The schools of Athens are sup- pressed (p. 1031). STATE. 404 * * Rome is placed under the By- zantine exarch, or governor, with Ra- venna the capital of the Empire of the West [until 476]. 406 * * Romans permit Vandals and Burgundians to settle in Gaul and Spain (p. 663). 408* * Alaric, being refused the assign- ment of lands in Northern Italy for the permanent settlement of Goths, marches on Rome [and compels the Senate to appoint Flavius Priscus Attalus, the prefect of the city, emperor. [410. Rome taken ; burned.] * * Stilicho, the guardian of Honorius, is killed by Heraclian by order of the emperor, to whom he had been defamed.^ * * Theodosius II. , son of Arcadius, seven years of age, is emperor of the "West. Athenius is his minister; his sister Pulcheria and his wife Eudocia largely control him. 410 * * Atawulf, a brother-in-law of Al- aric I., leads the West Goths into Gaul. [412. He makes peace with Honorius.] 411 * * Vandals in Spain. * * Atawulf succeeds Alaric I. ; he evacuates Italy. [412. He conquers Aqui- tania, Gaul. 414. The West Goths con- quer and extirpate the Alani, and ex- tend their rule into Spain] (p. 663). 413 * * Fr. The Burgundians settle on the Saone. [443. The Alemanni extend over Alsace (p. 769).] 414 * * Pulcheria becomes regent. 415-507 Fr. The West Gothic kingdom of Tolosa [Toulouse] is founded by King Walja. It soon becomes independent. 418 * * Sp. The West Gothic kingdom is established (p. 663). 420 * * Scot. The Romans withdraw. 423 Aug. 27. Honorius dies at Ra- venna. [John, the secretary of Hono- rius, usurps the throne. He is conquered by Theodosius II.] 425-455 Valentinianm. (Flavius Pla- cidius Valentinianus), 16 years of age, reigns in the West. Placidia, his mother, is regent. 428 * * Afr. Count Boniface rebels ; in- vites the Vandals to come from Spain. 429-439 Afr. The Vandal kingdom is established by Genseric ; capital, Carthage. 433 * * Attila, the Scourge of God, rules an immense empire, extending from China to the Atlantic. [445-^50. He ravages the Eastern Empire. 451. He invades Italy, but soon retires.] 435 * * Afr. A treaty cedes territory to the Vandals. 437 * * The Western Empire acquires, from the Eastern, Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Noricum. 439+* * Afr. The Vandals under Gen- seric take Carthage , and plunder Italy by the use of their numerous fleets. 441 * *The Huns, Persians, and Saxons invade the Roman territories from vari- ous directions. 446 * * Britons invoke aid against the Picts (p. 840). 452 * * Venice is founded by families from Aquileia and Padua, who flee before Attila. 453 * * The monarchy of the Huns falls with the death of Attila ; the German tribes and the Slavic people become free. 455 * * Pretonius Maxim us reigns a short time in the West. Aug. 15-456 * * Ravenna. Marcus Msecilius Avitus, the usurper, reigns in the west for 14 months. He obtains the throne by the aid of Tbeodoric II. [Deposed by Ricimer, the leader of the German mercenaries in the army.] July 15+. Borne. Eudocia calls in the Vandals after the murder of her hus- band, Valentin! an ; they plunder the city. 456 * * The Vandals take Sardinia. 457^461 Ravenna. Majorain (Julius Majorianus) reigns in the West by the appointment of Ricimer. (461.) Mur- dered by the order of Ricimer. 461-465 Libius Severus reigns in the West by the appointment of Ricimer. [465. Deposed and poisoned by Ricimer.] 465-467 Interregnum. Ricimer is in power, and conducts the government without even a royal figurehead. 467-472 Anthemius reigns in the West. He is nominated by Emperor Leo, and confirmed at Rome through the agency of Ricimer. * * Trial by peers becomes an estab- lished principle in courts of justice. 472 * * Olybrius reigns in the West. He is enthroned by Ricimer. Aug. 18. Ricimer dies. Olybrius dies. 473 * * Glycerius reigns in the West ; he is appointed by Leo I. 473-475 Julius Wepos reigns in the West ; he is appointed by Leo. He is deposed by his general, Orestes, to make place for Orestes' son. 475^476 Romulus Augustulus reigns in the West. 476 * * Odoacer, chief of the Heruli and other German bands, captures Rome, and dethrones Augustulus ; he rules Italy as Patrician, and is nominally the vicar of the Eastern Emperor Zeno. The title of emperor is extinguished. [403. Mar. 5. Odoacer is killed by Tbeodoric] * * About 1228 years after the founding of Rome, the empire falls in consequence of domestic revolutions, and not by con- quest. The provinces, long occupied by barbarians, have no tie to bind them into one political body. 489 * * Pavia is developed by Tbeodoric. 493-555 The kingdom of the East Goths in Italy is founded by Tbeodoric after overthrowing Odoacer. (493. Eeb. 27.) They enter a treaty of peace at Ravenna. Odoacer is to be only the military subordinate of Theo- donc. 555. The East Goths as a nation vanish from history. 526 * * Athalaric, grandson of Theod- oric, is King of the East Goths in Italy. [534, Theodates ; 536, Vitiges ; 540, Hilde- bald ; 541, Totila ; Eraric ; 552, Teias.] 543 * * Naples becomes the capital of a duchy. [568(572?). It is subject to the Eastern Empire. 593. This is nominally much extended.] 553 * * Rome is recovered from the Goths by Narses, and annexed to the Eastern Empire as an exarchate. 553-567 Narses rules Italy as duke ; Italy is under Greek exarchs ; capital, Ravenna. The Senate is abolished. 566 * * The Gepidas are incorporated with the Lombards. 568-774 The Teutonic kingdom of [Lorn- bardy]. [573-774. Pavia is the capital.] It is formed by Alboin, and becomes supreme in most of North and Central Italy. A part of Italy is yet attached to the Eastern Empire. MISCELLANEOUS. 414 * * Atawulf, the leader of the West Goths in Gaul, marries Placidia, the sister of Honorius, while held as a hos- tage in Narbonne. [415. Atawulf is murdered.] 425 * * Valentinian III. is murdered at the instance of his £ 467 * * Anthemius, the emperor, is mur- dered by Ricimer. 500 * * Gladiatorial contests are sup- pressed in the West by Theodoric. 528 * * Civil oaths are taken on the Gospel. 536 * * King Theodates is assassinated. [540. Theodebald(Hildebald) is assassi- nated. 573. Alboin, king of the Lom- bards, is poisoned by his wife Rosa- munda, for compelling her to drink wine out of a cup formed of her father's skull. 575. King Cleoph is assassinated. 591. King Autharis is poisoned. 625. Also King Adaload. 653. King Rodoald is assassinated.] 539 * * Pestilence and famine. [558. Again. 816. Again.] 1072 568, ^-1028, ITALY. ARMY — NAVY. 568-774 The [Lombards] under Alboin, with. 20,000 Saxon allies, cross the Alps, and enter the plain [of Lombardy]. Pavia is taken. The Longobardi conquer and hold Northern Italy until subdued by Charle- magne. [577. They defeat the Romans under Baduarius. 591. Their king, Autharis, resists the invading Greeks and Franks.] 600 * * Italy ia ravaged by the Slavo- nians [from Hungary]. 712 * * King Llutprand (Lombard) cap- tures Ravenna from the Greek exarchs. [749. Aistulf captures Ravenna. 750 . He attempts to take Rome, but is driven away by Pepin.] (P. 664.) 830-878 Sicily is conquered by the Saracens. [842. They settle at Bari.] 844 ± * * Wars with the Saracens. [SIS. They destroy the Venetian fleet at Cro- tona.] 848-852 Rome. Pope Leo encloses and fortifies the Leonine City. 896 * * Rome. Axnulf takes Rome. 899 * * Successful invasion of Huns and Sardinians. 923 July 29. P.erengar I. is decisively defeated by Rudolf at Fiorenzuola. 934 * * The invading Huns burn Pavia. 951* * Otho invades Italy (p. 772). [961-966. Again.] (Pp. 772, 774.) 964 * * Romans revolt (p. 775). 980-983 Wars in Italy (p. 774). * * Otho II. claims Apulia and Calabria by his marriage of Theophano, and cross- ing the Alps, enters Rome, and defeats the Greeks in Southern Italy. 1003+ * * Henry II. leads three expedi- tions into Italy (p. 774). 1004-39 Civil wars respecting tenures. 1011-17 The Normans in South Italy expel the Saracens. 1026 * * Conrad's expedition into Italy (p. 774). [1036. Another.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 650± * * The glazing of windows be- comes common. 800± * * Marcus Graecus makes gun- powder. 807 Mar. 17+. A large spot on the sun is observed. 1000+ * * The application of escape- ments to clocks is devised by Gerbert (Pope Sylvester II.). 1022 * * Guidod'Arezzo, a monk, invents the system of musical notes. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 573 * * Alboin, King of the Lombards, dies. John III., pope, dies. 690* * Pelaglus IL, pope, dies. [619. Adeo- datusl.; 638, HonoriusL; 64S, John IV.; 649. TheodorusL; 655, Martin 1. ; 656. Eugenius I.; 677, Adeortatus II.; 684. Leo II.; 701. Sergius I.; 705. John VI.; 707. John VII.; 752, Zachary ; 767. Paul I.; 795, Adrian I.] 800* * Nicholas I., the Great. St., pope, born. [867. Dies.] 816* * Leo III., pope, dies. [834, Paschal I.; 827. Eugenius II., Valentine; 847. Sergius II]. 9th Century. Angello, Andrea, abbot and his- torian of Ravenna, born. 855 * * Leo IV., pope, dies. [882. John VIII.; 884. Martin II.; 898, Theodore II.] 1'ith Cert hint. Maro/ia, infamous woman, ii. 900 * * John IX., pope, dies. [903, Leo V. ; 913. Anastasius III., Sergius III.; 914. Lando.] 920* * Lintprand, Lombard historian, born. [972. Dies.] 928 * * John X., pope, dies. [929. Leo VI. ; 936. John XL; 939,LeoVIL; 965, Leo VIIL; 972, John XIII. ; 985. John XIV.; 996, John XV. and John XVI.] 990+ * * Guido d'Arezzo, monk, inventor of gamut of music, born. [10S0±. Dies.] 998* * Damiani, Pietro, card., b. [1072. D.3 999* * John XVII., pope, dies. 1002* * Leo IX., pope, born. [1054. Dies.] 1003* * John XVIII., pope, dies. [1O09, John XIX.; 1012. Sergius IV.] 1015* * Guiscard, Robert, first Duke of Calabria, born. [1085. DieB.] 1020 * * Gregory VH., St. HUdebrand,pope, born. [1085. May 25. Dies.] CHURCH. 568 * * Crosaes adorn church spires. 572 * * Alleged miracles multiply. 590-604 [St.] Gregory the Great en- throned ; he takes the title of Universal Bishop. He is a great statesman as well as church- man; be builds schools and (.'hurt-lies, sends out missionaries to many lands, increases the numbers and wealth of the Church, and lays the foundation of the great power of the papacy. Gregory appoints Quinquag-eBima Sun- day. He introduces the idea of purgatory as a burning away of sins, and makes it a dogma. AIbo, the invocation of the Virgin Mary and the saints in worship. Also the Gregorian modes, as musical scales. He revises the Missal or Mass Book. 590+ * * King Autharis accepts Chris- tianity. 596 ± * *The first (?) Christian burial- place is established. 602 * * Borne. Pope Gregory introduces church music. 604i * * Relics are common and highly esteemed. Candles are burned by day in worship. 606 * * Pope Boniface III. obtains the exclusive title of pope (p. 1031). 608 * * Rome. The Pantheon is dedi- cated as a Christian Church. 609* * Syria. The Jews of Antioch massacre the Christians. 612 * * Arabia. The Koran appears. 615 Sept. 14. Asia. The Emperor Heraclius defeats King Chosroes of Per- sia, and recovers part of the true cross, which the Persians had taken in plun- dering Jerusalem. 626± * * Monks and monasteries mul- tiply. 640 * * Severinus pope ; later, John IV. [642, Theodorus I. ; 649, St. Martin 1. ; 655, St. Eugenius I.; 657, St. Vitalianus; 672, Adcodatus II.; H7H, Ituiuis I.; 678, St. Aga- thon; 682, St. Leo II.; 6*4, St. Benedict II.; 6H5, John V.; 686, C'onon; 687, St. Sergius I.; 701, John VI.; 7ns, Sisinnius, later, Con- Btantine; 715, St. Gregory II.; 731, St. Greg- ory III.; 741, St. Zaeharv; 752, St. Stephen n., later, Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768, Stephen IV.] 642 * * Pope Theodorus assumes the title Sovereign Pontiff. Sept. 14. The festival of the exaltation of the cross is established. 649+ * * Rome. Pope Martin I. ordains the celibacy of the clergy ; it creates disturbances. 649* *A Church Council is held; it condemns the mnnothelitic doctrine. 680-681 Constantinople. The seventh general council ; 281 bishops present. The Council of the Church in the Trullan palace enacts that bishops may observe celi- bacy, yet presbvters and deacons may live with their wives. Pope Honoriiis and several bishops are anathematized. [Rejected by Roman Catholic Church.] (p. 1031). 682 * * Rome. Pope Leo II. usurps the right of investiture. ± * * Rome. Holy water is introduced into the churches. 687 * * Sergius I. is the first to change his name when elected pope. 690± * * Pope Sergius I. establishes the Feast of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. 710 * * Constantino introduces the cere- mony of kissing the Pope's toe as a sign of respect from the secular power ; Justinian II. pays this honor. 715 * * Gregory II. sends [St.] Boniface t the Germans. 726 * * Controversies concerning images occur (p. 1032). 745 * * Adelbert condemned (p. 664). 755* *The temporal power of the popes begins (p. 664). 761 * * Constantino V. forbids his sub- jects becoming monks. [770. He dis- solves the monasteries.] 771 * * Rome. Adrian I. becomes pope. [795. [St.] Leo III.] 774 * + Charlemagne annexes the con- quered kingdom of Lombardy to the dominions of the Pope. 786 * * Rome. Pope Adrian I. generally introduces surplices. 787 Aug. 17. Asia M. Council of Nice (p. 664). [Sept. 24. Reconvened. 794. Counter synod at Frankfort, Ger.] 799 * * Rome. Leo III. is driven out [and restored]. (P. 770.) * * * Masses said for money. 800 * * Leo III. becomes supreme bishop of the Western Empire. It is separated from the Eastern. He introduces indulgences as an absolute pardon of sin, rather than a mitigation of punishment. 813 * * The Feast of the Epiphany is established to celebrate the appearance of the Star of Bethlehem. * * Bishoprics and monastic institutions rapidly multiply. 816 * * Stephen V. becomes pope. [817, St. Paschal I.; 824, Eugenius II.; 827 Valentius; S27, Oret;orv IV.; K44, Sergius II.; 847, St. Leo IV.; 855, Benedict III.; Win, Nich- olas I. the Creal; W7, Adrian II.: 872, John VIII.] 817 * * The college of cardinals ap- pears in embryo. 824 * * Mysticism introduced into Italy. 840 * * St. Mark's church at Venice is erected. [902. The campanile is com- menced. 976. The basilica is rebuilt. 1052. The basilica is given its superb de- finitive form.] * * Gregory IV. institutes the Festival of the Holy Trinity. 844 * * Stephen V. is excommunicated (p. 1032). 858* *Pope Nicholas I. is the first of the popes to be crowned. Temporary schism (p. 1032). 864 * * The Scriptures are translated into the Slavonian tongue. 869* * Constantinople. Council (p. 1032). 882 * * Rome, Marinus I. becomes pope. [884, Adrian III.; 885, Stephen VI.; 991, Forinosiis. ami S. -ruins, anti-pope; S%, Boni- face VI. ; 897, Stephen VIII.; 898, Romanus, Theodorus II., and .John IX.; 9110, LVnediet IV.; 903, Leo V. and Christopher; 904, Ser- eins III.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913, Lando; 915, John X; 928, Leo VI.; 929, Stephen VII. ; 931, John XL; !)3fi, Leo VII.; 939, Stephen IX.; Marinus IL; 946, Agapetus IL; 956, John XII.] ITALY. 568,** -1028, 1073 898 * * Saints are commonly venerated, and a general passion for relics prevails. 963 * * The Romans are compelled to promise never to elect another pope without the consent of the emperor. 964 * * Pope John XII. is deposed by a synod for adultery and cruelty. Leo VIII., the anti-pope, is elected. * * Rome. Benedict V. is elected pope by a council of Romans. [965, John XIII. becomes pope; his crimes and scandals cause bis banishment. 972, Benedict VI.; 973, Donus II. j 974, Benedict VII.; 984, John XIV.; 985, Boniface VII., John XV.; 996, John XVI., Gregory V.; 999, Sylvester II.; 1003, John XVII.; later, John XVIII.; 1009, Sergius IV.; 1012, Benedict VIII.; 1024, John XIX.; 103:], Benedict IX., aged 10 years; 1044, Gregory VI.; 1046, Cle- ment II.; 1048, Damasus 11.; 1049, St. Leo IX.; 1055, Victor 11.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058, Benedict X.; 1059, Nicholas II.] 993 * * Borne. Saints are first canon- ized. 999* *Otho III. expels Pope John XVI. * * * The papal crown is the object of almost constant contention; force, fraud, and bribery are employed to gain it. * * * The doctrine of transubstantia- tion, or the conversion of sacramental elements into the real body of Christ, is commonly accepted. 1000 * * A wide-spread belief prevails that the end of the world is near and the kingdom of Christ to be ushered in with great glory ; many pilgrims visit Rome. 1009 * * The monasteries are reformed. * * Simony and corruption prevail (p. 774). * * Rome. The confirmation of German prelates becomes costly (p. 774). 1013 * * The church San Miniato al Monte at Florence is rebuilt. 1028 * * The cathedral of [Fiasole] is founded. LETTERS. 580 * * The Latin ceases to be a spoken language in Italy. 636 * * The Italian language begins to assume definite form. STATE. 568 * * The Lombards overthrow the municipal system of the Romans, and the federal system takes its place. * * Rome gradually becomes indepen- dent. [600±. At its lowest state.] 569 * * Milan is included in the kingdom of the Lombards. 573 * * Cleoph, a Lombard, is King of Italy. He extends the conquests of the Lombards in Lower Italy. 675 * * Antharis is Lombard King of Italy. [580, Clutlmris; 591, Amlnlph; 615, Adaload; 625, Arioald; 636, liotli:ins; 652, Kodoald; 653, Aribertl.; 661, Bertharit and Codebert; 671, Bertharit restored; 6«6, Ourril».;rt; 700, Luit- bert;701,Ragimbert; ArihertII.,his son; 712, Ansprand; Luitpranrf, a great prince, and friend of the Church.] 662 * * Grimoald, as Duke of Beneven- to, violently usurps the throne, and completes the conversion of the Lom- bards. 700+ * * Rome. The Eastern empe- rors cease to exercise their authority ; the popes become the guardians of the city. [723±. It becomes independent.] 718± * * Calabria and Sicily are confis- cated to the Eastern Empire by Leo III. 720-740 Saracens possess Sardinia. 737 * *Orso,thedogeof Venice.is killed; the magistrate is appointed annually. [742. Diodato is doge. 777. Maurizio Galbaio and his son Giovanni.] 744 * * Hildebrand is King of Lombar- dy, Italy; later Rachis. [749, Aistulf; 756, Desiderius is the last king.] 752 * * The Lombards subdue Ravenna. [754, It is surrendered to Pepin, King of France. 755. He gives it to Pope Stephen, founding the Papal States.] 774 * * Charlemagne conquers Lom- bardy, and annexes it to the dominions of the Pope. 800-1806 Period of the Holy Roman Empire. It is called holy because of the inter- dependence of Church and State (p. 666). 800-814 Charlemagne reigns as em- peror. 800. Dec. 25. Charlemagne is crowned (p. 666). . [Also others at Rome until 1452.] 800-887 The Carolingians rule North- ern Italy. The Eastern emperors rule most of Southern Italy. 803 * * The Republic of Venice is com- pletely founded. [811. Rialto is the capital. 9th Cen- tury. The first permanent settlement is made on the site of Venice.] 814 Jan. 28. Fr. Charlemagne dies ; his son P£pin is made regent of Italy, which becomes a separate kingdom. 814-840 Louis I., emperor. [840-855. Lothaire.] (P. 667.) 850+ * * Under the aristocratic feudal system, the hereditary nobility and the clergy rule the State. 855-875 Louis II., son of Lothaire, is king and emperor. [877-887. Charles HI., the Fat. 887-899. Arnulf .] (Pp. 667, 773.) 884 * * Italy is again a part of the em- pire of the Franks. * * The barons increase in independence ; Roman and common law are gradually introduced. 887 ± * * The people of Italy eagerly de- sire an Italian king. 888-924 Berengar I. is King of Italy. He is Duke of Friuli and grandson of Louis le Debonnaire. Guido, Duke of Spoleto, is a rival ; Rudolf I. of Burgundy is set up by the nobles. [S94. Berengar I. and Lamlet reign. 924. Berengar is assassinated.] 895± * * The chief towns of Lombardy are fortified, and become republics. 896 * * Arnulf, King of the East Franks, takes Rome. He is crowned emperor. [Anarchy for 60 years.] (P. 773.) 899 * * The Huns and Sardinians se- cure the government. [They hold it for 30 years.] 901-905 Louis III, is crowned king by the barons. [905. Berengar puts out Louis' eyes.] 901 * * Louis I., son of the King of Aries, is King of Italy. 910* * Theodora "the Younger" and the profligate Marozia are in power at Rome. 915 * * Berengar I. is restored. [921. Berengar I. and Rudolf of Burgundy are kings. 926. Hugh of Provence is king. 936. Hugh cedes his conquests in Italy to Provence. 947. Expelled by Berengar.] 950-61 Berengar II. and Adelbert his son are kings. 951 * * Otho I., King of Germany, is crowned at Pavia as King of Lombardy. [952. Berengar II. submits to Otho I. as a feudatory ; later rebels.] 962 Feb. 2. The imperial office re- newed. The crown of Italy passes from the descendants of Charlemagne to the sov- ereigns of Germany. Otho I., the Great, is crowned emperor at Rome. * * Rome. Pope John XII. attempts to free himself from imperial protection by joining Otho's foes. [Otho marches against Rome, and the Pope flees.] 964 * * Berengar II. is deposed by Otho I., who adds Italy to the German Empire (p. 773). 966-67 Othol. invades Italy. [973. He causes his son Otho II. to receive the im- perial crown at Rome. 983. Dec. 7. Otho II. dies.] 983-1002 Otho III. is emperor (p. 775). 990 * * Rome. Crescentius, son of Theo- dora, proposes a republic. Frustrated by Pope Gregory and Otho III. [1001,. Anti-German revolt (p. 774+).] 997 * * Venice becomes independent of the Eastern Empire ; the doge ac- quires Dalmatia and Istria; he takes the title Duke of Dalmatia. 1000 * * Genoa becomes a free city ; Pisa is already free. [1022. The Geno- ese posses Sardinia.] 1002 * * Ardoin is king (p. 775). 1004-39 Civil war is caused by conten- tions respecting tenures. 1005 * * Henry II. of Germany is King of Italy. [1014. Emperor.] (P. 775.) 1016* * Adventurous Normans first settle at Aversa, near Naples. [1036+ The elder sons of Tancred de Hautville arrive.] 1026* *Conrad II. becomes king. [1027. Emperor.] (Pp. 774, 775.) MISCELLANEOUS. 659 * * The Lombards first employ trial by combat. 8ih Century. Ignorance, poverty, and profligacy abound. 800+ * * Charlemagne encourages both agriculture and horticulture. 808 * * The Lombard Jews start the first bank in Italy. 847-855 Leo IV. founds the Leonine City. 1014 July 29+. The Emperor Basil II. blinds 15,000 prisoners at Zelunium, except one in a hundred, to whom he leaves one eye. [Basil dies of grief.] 1074 1032,* *-1239, ITALY ARMY — NAVY. 1036± * * The Norman colonists defeat the Greeks, and occupy Apulia. 1040 * * Sicily is temporarily taken by the Christians. 1046- * * Expeditions of Henry III, into Italy (p. 774). 1058-90. Sicily. Roger I., the Nor- man , drives out the Greeks and Saracens. [1061. He takes Messina. 1090. Malta.] 1070-1284 Genoa has frequent wars with Pisa, her rival. 1070 * * Robert Guiscard, the Norman, conquers a part of Sicily from the Sara- cens ; he takes Bari. [1072. He takes Palermo. 1077. Salerno. 10S0. Con- quers South Italy. 1081. Defeats Alex- ander Comnenus at Durazzo, Turkey. 1082. Takes the city.] 1083 * * Home. Gregory VII. is he- sieged (p. 776). 1084 Mar. * Rome is taken by Henry IV. after a siege lasting two years. 1113 * * The Pope confirms the organiza- tion of the Knights of Malta. 1119-30 "War between Pisa and Genoa. 1124* * Asia. The Venetians aid in the capture of Tyre, receiving a third part of the spoils. [1125. They ravage the islands of the Greek archipelago.] 1125± * * The Venetians obtain many victories over the Eastern emperors. 1135-37 The emperor Lothair conquers the Normans of South Italy. 1136=: * * Naples is taken by the Nor- mans after a long siege. 1140+ * * The wars begin between the Guelfs and Ghibellines. (See State.) 1154-77 Wars with Frederick I. (p. 776+). 1155 * * The Greeks subdue Apulia and Calabria. 1176 May 29. Defeat at Legnano (p. 778). 1183 June 25. Peace of Constance (p. 779). 1194 * * Henry VI. wins Sicily (p. 778). 1198-1215 Civil "Wars prevail (p. 778). 1202 * * The Venetians supply the Cru- saders with men, horses, and ships. [Nov. 24. Venetians capture Zara, Dalmatia, by the aid of French Crusaders.] 1210 * * First war between Genoa and Venice. [1218-32. Frequent wars.] 1236-50 Frederick and the Lombard League are at war; he aims to make Italy and Germany one empire, and con- quers Lombardy (p. 780). 1249-50 "War with the Pope (p. 780). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 11 th Century. The cathedral of Aqui- leiais founded. 1032* *The cathedral of Bari is founded. [Later, remodeled.] 1067 * * The cathedral at Pisa is begun. 1078. t * * Tide-mills are in use at Venice. 1084 * * The cathedral of San Matteo at Salernum [Salerno] is dedicated. 1130± * * Sicily. Silk culture is intro- duced. [1146. Sicilians 6pin and weave silk.] 1137 * * Sicily. An earthquake in Ca- tania destroys 15.0(H) lives. 12th Century. The plays of Ceres are instituted ; ladies clad in white hear torches as if searching for Proserpine. 1169 * * An earthquake ruina Catani. 1174* *The campanile of Pisa is be- gun ; it leans 13 feet, eight inches. 1186 Sept. * One of the cities of Cala- bria is Bwallowed up in the Adriatic. 1220+ * * The four bronze horses by Lysippus, brought from Constantinople, are placed at St. Mark's, Venice. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1033 * * John XX., pope, dies. 1036 * * Anseliii", St., bishop of Lucca, born. [1086. Dies]. 1047 * * Clement II., pope, dies. 1066 * * AriaMus, archdeacon of the Church of Milan, dies. 1090* * Innocent II., pope, b. [1143. D.] 1096* * Roger I., King of Sicily, b. [1154. D.] 1099 * * Urban II., pope, dies. 1100* * Arnold of Brescia, religious re- former, politician, born. [1155. Dies.] 1105* * Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice, born. [1205. Dies.] 1118* * Paschal 1 1., pope, d. [1124, Calix- tusll.; 1153. Eugenius III.; 1154. An- astasius IV.; 1159, Adrian IV., Nicholas Breakspere.] 1119 ** Gelasius II., pope. [1119. Dies.] l'-'th Cent/try. llassianus, jurist, born. (iratian, canonist, born. 1 161 * * Innocent III., pope, b. [1216. D.] 1182* * Francis of Assisi, St.. founder Franciscans, born. [1226. Dies.] 1187* * Urban III., pope, dies. [1191. Clement III.] 1195* * Anthony. St.. of Padua, Francis- can monk, born. [1231. Dies.] 1206± * * Pisano, Niccolo, sculptor, archi- tect, born. [1278. Dies.] 1220* * Charles of A njou, King of Naples and Sicily, born. [1285. Dies.] 1221* * IWmavrntiira, St., theologian, born. [1274. Dies.] 1324+ * * Aquinas, St. Thomas, theolo- gian, born. [1274. Dies.] 1228 * * Boniface VIII., Cardinal Benedetto Gaetani, pope, born. [1303. Dies.] 1230* * Crescenzi, Pietro de, writer, born. [1307+. Dies.] 1231* * Manfred, King of Naples, born. [1266. Dies.] CHURCH. 1038+ * *A Benedictine abbey is founded by John Gualbert at Vallom- brosa, Central Italy. 1042* *The Emperor Henry III. ap- points three popes (p. 774). 1044 * * Rome. Pope Benedict is again dethroned, and followed by Sylvester III. as anti-pope. Gregory VI. is also pope. 1046 * * The emperors receive the right to nominate the popes (p. 774). 1048-49 Rome. [St.] Leo IX. is the first pope who provides himself with a regu- lar army. 1048 * * Leo IX. reforms the Church ; simony and incontinence are punished ; piety and discipline improve. (Hilde- brand is the practical ruler of the Church.) 1050 * * Rome. The cardinal bishops arrogate powers not previously claimed. (Contested.) 1053 * * Leo IX. is defeated and taken prisoner by the Normans. * * Damasus is the first pope to wear a crown or papal cap. 1054 * * The Greek Church becomes in- dependent. 1059 * * Rome. A conclave of cardi- nals first elects a pope. + * * German emperors and popes quar- rel respecting investitures and nomi- nations to the papal throne. The Pope claims clerical exemption from civil ju- risdiction, and calls the emperor to ac- count (p. 774). 1061 * * The papacy is at the summit of its power; it claims supreme dominion, temporal and spiritual, over every Chris- tian state. * * Rome. Alexander II. is pope. [1073, St. Gregory VII.; 1087, Victor III.; 1088, Urban II.; 1099, Paschal II.] 1066 * * The Pope deposes Harold U., King of England, and gives the kingdom to William of Normandy. 1073 * * Rome. [St.] Gregory (Hilde- brand) is elected pope ; he is a vigorous reformer (p. 774). 1075 * * Pope Gregory sends legates to the various courts of Europe as his rep- resentatives. 1076 * * The emperor's diet deposes the Pope; the Pope excommunicates the emperor and his adherents. Henry final- ly submits. Quarrel renewed and pro- longed (pp. 775, 776+). 1077 * * Matilda of Tuscany, ruler of the greater part of Italy, makes the Pope a present of Tuscauy and Genoa (p. 776). 1084 * * Carthusians founded (p. 776). 1095 * * A Church council meets at [Piacenza], North Italy. It finally es- tablishes the celibacy of the clergy. [1132. Another council meets.] 1096 * * Pope Urban II. (?) restricts the laity to bread alone in the Lord's Supper. * * The Crusade led by Peter the Her- mit and Walter the Penniless is com- posed of an immense rabble ; 300,000 perish before their pilgrimage begins. 1096-99 First Crusade (p. 668). 1099 * * The Knights of St. John are instituted. 1107 * *The cathedral of Cremona is begun. 1109 * * Henry Y. makes the Pope a prisoner. 1116 * * [St.] Bernard reforms the Ben- edictine monks. 1118 * * Rome. Gelasius II. is pope. [1119, Calixtus II.; 1124, Honorius II.; 11U0, Innocent II.; 1143, ('destine II.; 1144, Luciusll.; 1145, Eugenius III.] 1123 Mar. 18-Apr. 5. Rome. First Lateran Council (p. 669). 1139 Apr. 20+. Rome. Second Lat- eran Council (p. 669). The recovery of the Holy Land is con- sidered ; the preservation of ecclesiasti- cal temporalities is the chief issue. * * The cathedral of San Sisto at [Pia- cenza] is consecrated. 1143-55 Arnold of Bresica attempts a revolution. He preaches against clerical corruption, temporal power, and cleri- cal wealth. [1146. Driven out. 1155. Burned.] (P. 776.) 1147* * Second Crusade. St. Bernard leading agitator ; unsuccessful (p. 669). 12th Cent. The cathedral of Perugia is erected. ITALY. 1032,**-1239,* 1075 1153 * * Rome. Anastasius IV. is pope. [1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.; 1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.; 1187, Gregory VIII. ; later, Clement III.} 1155* * The Emperor Frederick pays reluctant homage to Pope Adrian by holding his horse's stirrup while he mounts, and by loading his palfrey. 1159** Some. Schism (p. 77G). Victor IV. is anti-pope. * * The order of Carmelite monks is in- stituted. 1164-88 Paschal and Calixtus are anti- popes. 1170 * * Fr. The Waldenses (p. 670+). 1179 Mar. 5-19. Third Lateran Council (p. 670J. It confirms the Truce of God. 1187 * *Pope Clement III. sells indul- gences for money. 1189-92 * * Third Crusade (p. 778). 1191 * * Some. Celestine III. is pope. [1198. Innocent III.] 1199± * * Innocent III. ordains that marriages shall be celebrated in churches. [1200. He grants ecclesiasti- cal dispensations.] 1200 Jan. * Philip II. of France is ex- communicated (p. 670). 1202-04 Fourth Crusade (pp. 670, 77S). 1204 * * Auricular confession is intro- duced. 1208-29 Fr. Persecution of the Albi- genses (p. 670). 1210 * * The monastic order of Francis- can friars is instituted. (1208 or 1206?) * * Innocent III. excommunicates the Emperor Otho IV (p. 778). 1212 * * The Children's Crusade; thousands of children perish or become 1214 * * Innocent III. declares King John of England an usurper (p. 852). 1215 Nov. 11-30. Some. Fourth Lateran Council (pp. 670, 778). It accepts the term transubstantiation, and tacitly adopts it. Auricular confes- sion is regularly enjoined. * * The Dominicans are organized with the approval of Innocent III. [Char- tered as an independent order by Hono- rius III.] 1216 * * Some. Honorius III. is pope. [1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243, Innocent IV.] 1227± * * Some. Gregory IX. perfects the organization of the Holy Office [In- quisition], and commits its work to the Dominicans. 1228-29 Fifth Crusade (p. 780). 1229 * * Some. Gregory decrees a bell is to be rung as a signal for the people to adore the host. He prohibits the reading of the Scriptures by the laity. * * Fr. The Inquisition established (p. 670). [1249. In Venice.] LETTERS. 1100+ * * The University of Salerno, Naples, is founded, as ;i school of medi- cine, by Robert Guiscard, the Norman. 1113+ * * Irnerius commences his lec- tures on civil law at Bologna. 1116* * The university of Bologna is founded. [1200+. The faculties of medi- cine and philosophy are formed ; 10,000 students are in attendance.] 12th Century. Ciullo d' Alcamo writes Contrasto and other poems. 1145+ * * University degrees are insti- tuted at Bologna. (Student guilds pre- cede the university.) 1150+ * * Decretum Gratiani, by Gratl- anus, appears. 1204 * * The University of Vicenza is formed by the migration of students from Bologna. 1215 * * Arezzo is a center for the study of civil laws. [1255. It receives its first statutes. 1338. Becomes important. 1377. Declines. 1470+ . Closes.] 1222 * * The University of Padua is founded. [1225. The University of Naples. 1231. The faculty of medicine is withdrawn by the emperor. 1258. Restored. 122S+. The University of Ver- celli is founded. 1241 + . The Univer- sity of Sienna is commenced. 1257. Char- tered. 1408. Charter confirmed. 1248. Feb. 6. The University of Piacenza is chartered. 139S. Reconstructed by Ga- leazzo Visconti. A brilliant period follows.] STATE. 1037 May 28. Milan forces Conrad to acknowledge by a constitution the hereditary character of all Italian fiefs. 1039-56 Henry III. is emperor. (1046. Dec. 25.) Crowned at Rome. (1046.) He invests Drogo the Norman with Apulia (p. 775). 1050 * * Sardinia and Corsica are taken from the Saracens by the Genoese and Pisans. 1054 * * The Normans wrest Apulia and Calabria from the Pope, and form a duchy. 1057* * Robert Guiscard becomes leader of the Normans in Apulia. [1059. The Pope confirms his title as duke of Apulia and Calabria.] 1071-90 Roger I., the Norman, is Count of Sicily and Calabria. [1101. Suc- ceeded by Roger II., his son.] 1073-85 Pope Gregory VII. (Hilde- brand) has great power in affairs of state. 1076-1115 Matilda reigns as countess in Tuscany and other parts of northern Italy. [1077. Makes revisionary grants of all her vast dominions to the popes. 1102. Renewed.] 1085 * * The Normans are supreme in all southern Italy. 1101* * Milan becomes an independent republic. 1102 * * Matilda bequeaths the south- eastern part of Tuscany to the Pope. 1120+ * The free cities of Genoa, Ven- ice, and Pisa rise to importance. 1127 * * Civil law is restored. (Blair.) * * Sicily. Roger H. is king. [1130. Crowned. He forms a great Italian dominion. Sicily and southern Italy are united.] 1130+ * * Normans under Roger II. subjugate Naples, after Lombards, Franks, and Germans had failed in their attempts. As first King of Naples and Sicily he is crowned by the anti-pope. + * * Naples becomes the capital of the kingdom of Naples and the Two Sicilies. 1140+ * *TheGuelphsandGhibellines arise in Germany, later in Italy (p. 777). 1143-55 Arnold of Brescia, a religious reformer and political agitator, advo- cates the deposition of the Pope, and the restitution of the ancient republic. (1155.) Executed (p. 776). 1154-66 "William, son of Roger II., is King of Naples. [116G-89, "William II. ; 1189-94, Tancred ; 1194-97, William III. ; succeeded by Constance (p. 779). 1197- 1250, Frederick II. of Germany ; 1250-54, Conrad ; 1254-58, Conradin ; 1258-66, Man- fred ; 1266-82, Charles of Anjou.] 1155 * * Some. Frederiekl. is crowned emperor (p. 777). 1158+ * * Venice becomes a great mari- time power. [1172. The Great Council is established with 450 or more members. 1204. Venice purchases Crete.] 1165 * * Pisa possesses Sardinia. 1167 Apr. 7. The Lombard League arises (p. 779). [Dec.l. Another league.] * * Milan rebuilt (p. 779). 1177 June 23. Peace signed (p. 779). * * The Pope gives to Venice dominion over the sea, " as a wife under the do- minion of her husband." 1183 June 25. The Peace of Con- stance is signed (p. 779). 1191 Apr. 15. Henry VI. crowned emperor. [1193. Crowned at Palermo.] (P. 779.) 1194-1266 The German house of Ho- henstaufen rules Naples and Sicily as an inheritance received by marriage of Constance to Henry VI. (p. 779). 1196* * Sp. Peter II., King of Aragon, renders his kingdom tributary to the Holy See, and receives from the Pope the title of Catholic. 1201 Mar. 1. Some. Otho I. is ac- knowledged emperor (p. 779). 1202 * * Zara, Dalmatia, revolts from Venice. [Soon subdued.] 1204 * * Therepublicof Venice becomes one of the great commercial powers ; Genoa is a rival city. [1238. Peace made by the mediation of the Pope.] 1212* *King Frederick H., anti-em- peror (p. 779). [He struggles with the successive popes.] 1226 * * Another league of cities is formed against Frederick II. (p. 780). MISCELLANEOUS. 1054 * * Godfrey the Bearded marries Beatrix of Tuscany. 1077 * * Matilda of Tuscany marries "Welf V., son of the Duke of Bavaria. 1101 * * Venice is burned. 1106* * The Crusaders enrich Venice, Genoa, and Pisa. 1140 * * The ducat is first struck in Apulia. 1157* * The Bank of Venice is founded. [1407. The Bank of Genoa.] 1177 * * The doge drops a ring into the sea at Venice, thereby ■wedding the city to the sea. CThe ceremony is re- peated annually.] 1076 1239 **-1387, ITALY. ARMY — WAVY. 1241 Apr. * Battle of Meloria (p. 7S0). 1258 * * Naval war between "Venetians and Genoese. [It lasts with intermis- sions till 1299.] 1263 * * Gr. The Venetians defeat the Genoese in the JEgean Sea, near Negro- pont. 1266 Feb. 26. Battle at Benevento (p. 672). 1268 Aug. 23. Conradin defeated (p. 780). 1282* * Sicily. Messina revolts against Charles of Anjou ; finds an ally in Peter of Aragon, whose fleet defeats the French. 12S4 Aug. 6. The Genoese totally de- stroy the Pisan fleet off the island of Meloria. [1293-99. Venice at war with Genoa. 129S. Sept. 8. The Genoese de- cisively defeat the Venetian fleet in the Adriatic] 1296 * * Lamba Doria, with 78 Genoese galleys, terribly defeats Andrea Dan- dola, off Curzola, burning 6Q Venetian vessels, and capturing 18 others with 7,000 prisoners. 1302 * * Matteo V i s c o n t i defeats the Torriani party, and drives their leader out of Milan. [1324. Galeazzo Visconti defeats a papal army aided by Crusa- ders at Milan.] 1327 * * Louis IV. invades Italy (p. 782). 1330* * John of Bohemia conquers Lombardy. 1339 * * The Condottieri appear ; they are bands of soldiers ready to serve those who pay the most. 1346 July 1. Aust. The Venetians defeat Louis of Hungary at Zara. [1348. He invades Naples (p. 506)]. * * Venice and Genoa are again at war ; Venice has Pedro IV. of Aragon and the Greek emperor as allies. [1352. Feb. 13. The Genoese defeat the allies near Constantinople ; enormous losses on both sides.] 1350 * * Venice and Genoa at war. 1353 Aug. 29. The A'enetians defeat the Genoese, and break their naval power, off Sardinia. 1354 Nov. 3. The Genoese reorganized navy defeats the Venetians in the Gulf of Sapienza. [1355. Peace.] 1356-73 Venice and Hungary at war. 1362 * * Pisa and Florence are at war. 1377 * * Venice and Genoa begin a des- perate war. [1378. May* The Genoese are defeated off Antiuin. 1379. May 2S). The Venetians are decisivelv defeated off Pola. Aug. 16. The Genoese force the port of Chioggia, thus opening the canals to the city. 1380. June ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1260 * * The pulpit of the cathedral of Niccola Pisano is erected. ± * * Madonna with Angels is painted by Giovanni Cimabue, at Florence. "The Father of Modern Painting." 1272 ± * * Marco Polo travels in the East as far as Peking, and adds much to European knowledge of the Chinese. 1280 * * Stucco-work is invented by MagarHone, 1285+ ** Spectacles are invented by Alexander di Spina (?), a monk at Flor- ence. [1300±. Ascribed to SalvinusAr- matus of Pisa.] 1288 * * Borne is embellished by Pope Nicholas IV. 1300± * * Looking-glasses are made only at Venice. 1308 * * Majesty is begun by Duccio di Buoninsegna in Sienna. 1320 * * The Campanile at Florence is begun. 1338 * * The musical notes are per- fected [and arranged as in modern use], 1340 * * A paper-mill is established near Fabriano ; linen paper is made. 1350± * * Gold wire is first made. 1354 * * The Doge's Palace in Venice is begun [the present building]. 1365 * * Agnolo Gaddi paints a double series of frescoes, the Virgin and the Sacred Girdle, at Prato. 1377 * * Home. The Pope first resides at the Vatican, a palace with 700 rooms. [Finally 11,000 (?) rooms, chapels, etc.] (Originator uncertain.) 1243± * * Innocent TV. has a struggle with the Emperor Frederick II. 1245 * * Church council (p. 672). * * The sect of Flagellants appears. [1260. Established at Perouse ; they lash them- selves while in procession.] (P. 674.) 1248-50 Sixth Crusade (p. 672). 1250 * * The church of Santa Maria Novella at Florence is begun. 1254* * Home. Alexander IV. is pope. [1261, Urban IV.; 1265, Clement VI.] * * Pietro de Murrone [Pope Celestine V.] founds the Celestines as a monastic order. 1256* * Home. The Augustinian order of monks is established, * * * The monastic orders secure great influence by their wealth and rigid dis- cipline, as well ;is for the assistance ren- dered to the popes. 1265 * * The Pope, having obtained the dominion of Italy, places Charles of An- jou on the throne of Naples. 1268+ * * The papal throne is vacant 33 BIRTHS — DEATHS. painter, born. 1340 * * Cimabue. [1302. Dies.] 13th Century. Guido della Colonne, Sicilian historian, born. 1250i: * * Abano, Pietro di, philosopher, b. [1316. Dies.] Visconti, Matteo, the Great, Lord of Milan, born. [1322. Dies.] 1254* *Polo, Marco. Venetian traveler, born. [1324. Dies.] 1264 * * Urban IV., pope, dies. 1265 * * Dante Alighieri. poet. h. [1321. D.J 1268 * * Clement IV., pope, dies. 1270 * * Pisano, Andrea, sculptor, horn. [1349. Dies.] 1276* * Giotto, or Giotto di I tondone, painter, architect, sculptor, born. [1337. Dies.] 1277 * * .John XXI., pope, dies. 1278* * l-'alien, Marino, doge of Venice, born. [1355. Dies.] 1280* * Villain, Giovanni, historian, born. [1348. Dies.] 1285 * * Martin IV., pope, dies. 1300 * * Gaddi, Taddru, Kloivntine architect, born. [13t5fi. Dies.] 1304 * * Petrarch. Francesco, poet, born. [1374. Dies.] 1313* * Boccaccio, Giovanni, poet, novel- ist, born. [1375. Dies.] Rienzi, Coladi, patriot, born. [1354. Dies.] 1314* * liartnlus. jurist, born. [1357. D.] 1329 * * Orcagna (di Cioiie>, Andrea, painter, sculptor, architect, born. [1368. Dies.] 1333* * Gaddi, Agnolo, painter, b. [1396. D.] 1334* * .John XX 11., pope, dies. 1340+* * Zeno, Nicolo, Venetian navigator, born. [1395. Dies.] 1348 * * Barlaam, Bernard, monk, contro- versialist, dies. 1352 * * Clement VI., pope, dies. 1369* * Brnni, Leonardo, historian, human- ist, born. [1444. Dies.] Chrysoluras, Manuel, Greek scholar, horn. [1415. Dies.] 1370 * * Urban V., pope, dies. 1372* * Uoseaii, Kraneeseo, doge of Venice, born. [1457. Dies.] 1378* * Kiesole, Giovanni Angelico da, painter, born. [1455. Dies.] Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Florentine sculptor, painter, born. [1456. Dies.] Medici, Cosmo, or Cosimo de, the Elder, banker, statesman, born. [1464. Dies.] Urban VI., pope, dies. 1379* * Brnnelleschi, Filippo, architect, sculptor, born. [1444. Dies.] 1386* * ('apistiano, Giovanni da, preacher, born. [1456. Dies.] Donatello, sculptor, born. [1466. Dies.] CHURCH. 1239* *Frederick II, excommuni- cated (p. 780). 1241 * * Rome. Celestine IV. dies 18 days after his election and before conse- cration. [Papal throne vacant 19 months.] Qths. 1270 * * Seventh Crusade (p. 672). 1271* * Home. Gregory 5. is pope. [1276, Innocent V., later Adrian V., later •Toll i \ \ i . :.,;. Nicholas 111.; 12*1, Mar- tin IV.; rj«5, Iloiioi'ius IV.; 12SR. Nicholas IV.; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later Boniface VIII.] * * Home. The conclave for the election of popes first appears. 1272 * * The cathedral of Naples is begun by Charles of Anjou. 1274 May 7-June 17. Fr. The union Council of Lyons (p. 672). 1275 + * * The Pope orders the knee to be bent at the mention of the name of Jesus. 1277 * * The Eastern and Western Churches are again separated. [1235. Again.] (P. 1034.). 1276 * * Pope John XXI. encompasses the papal cap with a crown. [1295. Boniface VIII. adds a second crown. 1335. Benedict III. (?) adds a third.] 1284 * * The church of San Michele at .Florence is begun by Arnolfo. 1292 +- * * Home. The Holy See is va- cant 27 months. [1302. Vacant one year. 1304+ . Two years. 1314. One year.] 1294 Dee. 10. The Santa Casa, the veritable house of the Virgin, is alleged to have been brought by angels from Palestine to Dalmatia. [Later brought to Loreto, and visited by pilgrims.] * * The church of Santa Croce at Flor- ence is begun by Arnolfo, 1296 * * The [present] cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore at Florence is be- gun. [1420. Erected to the base of the dome. 1446. The dome, 138£ feet in di- ameter, completed ; apex, 387 feet high.] * * * The controversy between realists and nominalists agitates the Church. 1303 * * Philip IV. seizes the person of the Pope (p. 672). * * Benedict XI. is pope. rl305. Clement V.; 1316, John XXII.] 1307-08 Fr. The Knights Templars are suppressed, (p. 672). [1312. Order abolished by a Church council.] 1309-77 Fr. The popes reside at Avi- gnon — " Babylonish captivity " (p. 672). 1311-12 Council of Vienne (p. 672). 1313 * * Avignon. Clement V. offers in- dulgences at public sale. [1314+ The Holy See is vacant two years, the car- dinals being unable to agree.] ITALY. 1239,**-1387/ 1077 1316* * Nicholas V., the anti-pope, is nominated by Louis IV., who holds his court at Rome, where he is seized by Pope John and imprisoned. 1324* * Louis IV. excommunicated (p. 7S2). [1328. Louis sets up as anti-pope, Nicholas V.] 1334 * * Rome. Benedict XTI. is pope. [1342, Clement VI.; 1352, Innocent VI.; 1362, Urban V. ; 1370, Kr.-uorv XI.; 1378, Ur- ban VI.; 1389, Boniface IX.; 1401, Innocent VII.; 1406, Gregory XII.] 1338 * * Ger. The temporal power is denied (p. 782). 1348 * * Flagellants increase. * * Fr. Avignon passes into the posses- sion of the popes. 14th Century The cathedral of Genoa is begun. The cathedral of [Rimini] is erected. 1372 [Nov. 21.] The Feast of the Pre- sentation of the Virgin is instituted by Gregory XI. 1378-1447 The Great Schism of the "West (pp. 674, 784). The anti-popes reside at Avignon ; the popes at Rome. 1387 * * The Cathedral of Milan is be- gun. [Length, 486 feet ; breadth, 252 ; transept, 288 ; height of vaulting above the floor, 153; height of spire, 355.] LETTERS. 23th Century. Sulla Natura d'Amore, by Guido Cavalcanti, appears. Cantico del Sole, by Francis of Assisi (?), appears. Devozioni del G/oredi e Venerdi Santo, appears. Tesoretto, by Brunetto Latiui, appears. Del Reggimento e dei Costumi delle Donne, anil Documenti d' Jmore,'by Fran- cesco da Barberini, appear. Composizione del Mondo, by Ristoro d'Arezzo, appears. Cento Novelle Antiche appears. Intelligenza appears. The Chronicle of Dino Compagni ap- pears. Di un Monacho die andb al servizio de Dio appears. 1264 * * University of Ferrara is founded. [1391. Chartered.] 1272 * * Thomas Aquinas teaches the- ology in the University of Naples. 1280-87 Guido delle Colonne, the Sici- lian poet, writes Historia Destructionis Trojans, and Historia de regibus et rebus Anglise. 1300± * * The Eccerinus, by Albertino Mussato, appears. 1300+-18 Divina Commedia, by Dante, appears. [1307, Vita Nuova; 1310, De Monorchia; 1320, De Aqua at Terra.'] 1303 * * The University of Rome is founded by Boniface VIII. [1318. It is restricted to faculties in the canon and civil law. 1308. The University of Perugia is chartered by Clement VIII., after having been recognized by the civic authorities for two years. 1355. Receives new privileges. 1318. The University of Treviso is chartered by Frederick the Fair. 1326. The College of Brescia is founded at Bologne, for poor foreign students, by "William of Brescia.] 1327 Apr. 6. Petrarch meets Laura in the Church of St. Clara of Avignon. [1327-48. The sonnets of Petrarch to Laura appear. 1351, Epistle to Posterity ; 1358, Remedy Against Either Extreme of Fortune; 1353, De Otio Religiosorum.] 1341+ * * Filcopo and Teseide, by Boccac- cio, appear. [1341-44, Ameto and L'A- morosa Visione; 1334±, UAmorosa Fiam- metta; 1353, The Ihmmeron; 1363-73, De Genealogia Deorum Libri.~\ Apr. 8. Petrarch, the first and greatest lyric poet of Italy, is crowned. 1343 * * The University of Pisa is founded. [1348-49. All the universities suffer from the prevalence of the plague. 1349. May 31. The Univer- sity of Florence is chartered. 1388. Feb. 14. It adopts statutes. 1437. Enlarged.] 14th Century. Pecoroni, in imitation of the Decameron, by Ser Giovanni Fioren- tino, appears. Franco Sacchetti writes a large num- ber of sonnetti, canzoni, ballati, madri- galli, etc. Bindo Bonichi, Arrigo di Castruccio, Cecco Nuccoli, and others excel in comic poetry. 1360 * * Innocent VI. recognizes the University of Bologna as a place of theological education for all students. [1364. The Spanish College is founded.] 1361 * * The University of Pavia is chartered byCharles IV. [1404±. Trans- ferred to Piacenza. 1412. Oct. * The lectures are resumed in the University of Pavia. A brilliant period follows.] 1364 * * The University of Florence obtains the grant of imperial privileges from Charles IV. [1472. The students are removed to Pisa.] STATE. 1239 * * Venice forms an alliance with the remaining cities of the Lombard League against Frederick II. 1254 * * Piacenza conies under the sway of the family of the Scotti. 1260+ * * Italy is ruled by despots. * * King Charles of Anjou is ambitious for the sovereignty of Italy. 1268 Oct. 29. TheHohenstaufensin Italy are overthrown in the death of Conradin, beheaded at Naples (p. 780). 1270+ * * The Doria and Spinola fam- ilies gain ascendency in Genoa. 1277± * * The Visconti family gain as- cendency in Milan. 1282 Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Ves- pers: massacre of the French (p. 673). Sicily revolts against the Angevins ; the Spanish house of Anjou holds su- premacy. 1282-1442 Naples and Sicily are separate kingdoms. [1442-58. Reunited. 1458-1504. Separated. 1504-1861. Ke- united with brief interruptions.] 1282-85 Charles I. of Anjou is King of Naples. [1285-1309, Charles II. ; 1309-43, Robert the Wise; 1343-62, Joanna I. with Andrew her husband; 1343-45, with Louis of Tarento, her husband ; 1349-82, Alone. (1382. May 22. She is put to death by the usurper Charles III.) 1382, Charles III.; 1385-86, Louis I. ; 1386-1414, Ladislaus; 1414-35, Joanna II.] 1282-85 Peter I. (HI.), of Aragon, is King of Sicily. [1285-95, James I. (II.); 1295-1337, Freder- ick II.; 1337-42, Peter II.; 1342-55, Louis; 1355-76, Frederick III.; 1376-1402. Maria and Martin her husband; 1402-09, Martin I. ; 1409- 10, Martin II.; 1410-16, Ferdinand I. ; 1416-35, Alfonso I.] 1282 * * Florence adopts a new system of government by members of a guild. 1284 Aug. 6. Pisa ceases to be a naval power. 1288* *Matteo Visconti is chosen " Captain of the People " at Milan for five years. [He gains sovereign power.] 1288-1796 Modena is governed by the House of Este. The last male of this House is expelled by the French. 1296 * * Sicily is separated from Ara- gon, Spain. [1412. Keunited.] 1298 * * The Great Council of Venice ceases to exist. 1302* * Alberto Scotto is overcome, and Placentia is united with Milan un- der the sway of the Visconti. 1309* * Robert the "Wise, King of Naples, aspires to the sovereignty of Italy. 1310* * Venice is governed by the Council of Ten. [1313. By Matteo Visconti. 1319. By an oligarchy.] 1316* * Castrucio-Castracana by a revolution becomes master of Lucca and Pisa; he drives out the Guelphs. 1322 * * Galeazzo (I.) Visconti is lord of Milan. [1329, Azzo Visconti ; 1339, Luc- cbino Visconti ; 1349, Giovanni Vis- conti.] 1328-1708 Mantua is ruled by the Gon- zagas family. 1339 * * The dogate is established at Genoa ; Simon Boccanegra is the first doge. [1344. Set aside by the nobles. 1356. Reappointed.] 1343* * Venice enters a commercial treaty with the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. 14th Century. Lombardy sides with the Ghibellines, and comes under the rule of the Visconti. 1345 Sept. 18. Andrew of Hungary, husband of Joanna 1., is murdered. 1347 May 20. Rome. Cola di Rienzi leads a revolution, overthrows the aris- tocracy, reforms the government, and becomes the tribune of the people. [Be- comes arrogant and visionary. 1347. Dec. 15. Expelled. 1354. Oct. S. Killed in a riot.] 1353 * * Rome. The dominion of the Pope is restored. * * Marino Falieri becomes doge of Ven- ice. [1355. He is beheaded for conspir- ing against the republic] 1358 * * Hungary takes Istria and X)al- matia from Venice. 1370 * * Lucca becomes a: republic. 1377 * * The Medici family in Florence rise to power. Sylvester de Medici is chosen chief magistrate against the nobility. 1387 * * Venice acquires Corfu. MISCELLANEOUS. 1252 Apr. 6. An accused gonfalonier murders [St. J Pietro da Verona, an in- quisitor who burned heretics. 1282 Mar. 20. Sicily. Sicilian Ves- pers (p. 673). [French expelled.] 1312 Apr.* Rome. Pope Clement V. abolishes the order of Knights Tem- plars. 1315 * * The golden book of the nobil- ity of Venice is issued. 1355 Apr. 14. Marino Faliero's con- spiracy to exterminate the tyrannical nobility of Venice on the next day is discovered. 1078 1389, * *-1503,* * ITALY. ARMY — NAVY. 1404 * * Venice obtains Padua and Ve- rona by conquest. 1405-06 Florence besieges and con- quers Pisa. 1413 * * Rome is sacked by Ladislas, King of Naples, who attempts to unite all Italy under bis rule, but is opposed by tbe Pope, whom he expels. 1424 * * Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan, is at war with Florence. 1425 * * Venice takes Brescia from Mi- lan. [1430-36. War renewed.] 1463-79 Venice is at war with the Turks with intermissions ; it loses Eu- bcea, Lemnos, and Morea. [1466. The Venetians take Athens. 1477. Cyprus.] 1492 * * The period of invasions begins. 1494 * * France invades Italy (p. 678). 1499 * * The Turks take Lepanto, Plos, Modon, and Coron from Venice. * * The French, aided by the Venetians, Bubdue the revolting Milanese, and take Duke Ludovico Sforza captive to Paris (p. 678). 1501-03 France and Spain conquer Na- ples and Sardinia, and then quarrel (p. 678). 1503-13 Pope Julius II. conquers Bomagna, Bologna, and Perugia from Cesare Borgia. Takes Urbino (p. 680). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1390 * * The Virgin and Child is painted by Taddeo. [1395, The altar-piece, Ma- donna with Saints ; 1403, Descent of the Holy Spirit.] 1400± * * Delftware is made by Luca della Robbia at Florence. 1402 * * Charles VI. licenses the per- formance of a sacred drama. 1410-24 Donatello (Donato di Niccolo di Betto Banli) executes statues of the Campanile at Florence. 1413 * * The Palazzo di Mendicita at Lucca is begun. • 1420i * * Plane charts and the mariner's compass come into use. 1423* * Rome. Gentile da Fabriano paints Adoration of the Magi. [1426. A fresco of the Madonna at Orvieto.] 1440 * * The Academy of Naples is es- tablished. 1444 * * The seven Eugubine Tablets, of brass, probably made in 400 b. C, are discovered at Gubbio. * * Finiguerra Masso is the first artist to engrave on copper in Italy. 1456 Dec. 5. An earthquake at Na- ples destroys 40,000 lives. 1457 * * The Cambio, or Hall of the Money Changers, is built at Perugia. 1464 * * St. George and the Dragon is painted by Andrea Mantegna. 1466 * * Andrea Verrocbi is tbe first to take casts from the face. 1472 * * Piero Delia Francesca paints the Duke and Duchess of Urbino. 1473 * * Antonello da Messina of Venice introduces tbe use of oil for painting. 1478* *Sandro fSotticelli paints Allegory of Spring. [1480+, The Adoration of the Magi; 1481, Coronation of the Virgin.] 1480± * *Leonardo da Vinci makes water-mills and river-locks. [1483±, He paints St. Jerome; 1484, Temptation of Christ.] 1481 * * The Plazzo Vendramin-Ca- lergi at Venice is built. 1482 * * The cathedral of Lucca is commenced. 1484 * * Franehino Gaf urid of Milan opens the first public school of music. 1488-94 Michelangelo executes a bas- relief of the Battle between Hercules and the Centaurs; he paints Disposition from the Cross, and Madonna with Angels, at Florence. 1488 * * Giovanni Bellini paints Madon- na and Doge Barberigo at Venice. 1492* * Christopher Columbus, a Genoese, discovers America (p. 13+). 1493 * * La Spienza, at Pisa, is com- menced. 1496-1500 Borne. Michelangelo sculptures tbe Pietd da San Pietro. [1495. An Angel for St. Dominique's altar. 1502-04. He paints the Holy Family at Flor- ence. 1504. Completes the statue of the grea.tDandoft/tc Sigtioria. 1506-07. Bronze statue of Julius II. at Rome. 1508-12. Deco- rates the Sistine Chapel. 1520. Begins the Sacristy of San Lorenzo and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici. 1529. Leda. 1535-41. He paints the Last Judgment. 1542- 49. He paints the frescos of the Pauline Chapel. 1547. Jan. 1. He is appointed ar- chitect of St. Peter's.] 1496* *Fra Bartolommeo paints the portrait of Savonarola. [loOS, Madonna with Saints; also, Cod the Father with Saints; 1509±, Holy Family ; 1512, Ma- donna with Saints; 1515, The Annuncia- tion; 1516, The Assumption.] 1497 * * John and Sebastian Cabot, Venetians, make discoveries in tbe New World. 1498 * * Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper at Milan. 1499 * * Amerigo Vespucci makes dis- coveries in America. ± * * Francia paints Madonna with An- gels and Saints ; also The Nativity. 1500 * * Lorenzo Lotto paints St. Jerome. * * Sanzio (or Santi) Raffael paints the Crucifixion. [1503, Coronation of the Virgin ; 1504, Spo- sahzio : 1504 r, St. G'-orge and th" Dragon ; also, The Marr/aae of the Yiraiu ; 1504-05 (?) The Three Graves ; 1506, The Holy Family of the Palm; also, The Holy Family with the Beardless Joseph ; 1507, Holy Family — Bel Cordero ; 1507-08, The Entombment ; 1508-11, Dispute of the Sacrament ; 1MW, Tornariva ; [1510-15, The Cartoons in the Vatican; 1511, Madonna di Foligno ; also, Gregory Promul- gating the Decretals ; I.'ilii, The Expulsion of 'Heliodorus, in fresco; 1512-13, The Holy Fam- ily of Loreto; 1513-14, God Appearing to Noah, in fresco; also. Dream- of Jacob ; 1514, Madonna del Pesce ; also, Galatea, in fresco; 1516-17, Madonna del Sedia ; lull. History of Psyche; also, Holy Family — Bel Lagarto (?) ; lhYl±,Holy Family — La Perla ; 1517-18, Holy Family ; 1MH, Hohi Fannin of Francis I.; 1519-20, The Transfiguration ("The greatest pic t are m the w.nl'il," I'oussin) ; 1519, Madonna di San Sisto; also, History of Venus and Cupid.} BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1390-t * * Castagno, Andrea del, painter, b. [1451. Dies.] Cariiiagnola, Francesco, gen., b. [1432. D.] 1398* * Nicholas V., pope, b. [1455. Dies.] 1400* * Robbia, Luca della, Florentine sculptor, born. [1482. Dies.] 1401 * * Albiz/.i, Knrlolonnnco, Tuscan wr., d, Masaccio, Tommaso Guidi, painter, born. [1429. Dies.] Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, born. r 1466. Dies.] 1402* * Lippi, Filippo, painter, b. [1469. D.] 1404 * * Alberti, Leon Battista, architect, born. [1472. Dies.] Boniface IX., pope, dies. 1409 * * Barbiano, Alberico, Count, com- mander, dies. Rene", Duke of Anjou, King of Sicily, born. [1480. Dies.] Sextus IV., pope, born. [1484. Dies.] 1418* * Accolti, Francesco, jurist, born. [1483. Dies.] Paul II., pope, born. [1471. Dies.] 1419* * John XXIII., pope, dies. 1430* * Siena, Ouido da, painter, born. [1495. Dies.] 1437* * Bellini, Gentile, painter, born. [1507. Dies.] 1438* * Bellini, Giovanni, painter, born. [1516. Dies.] 1431 * * Alexander VI., Rodrigo Borgia, pope, born. [1503. Dies.] Martin V., pope, dies. 1433 * * Cadamosta, Luigi da, navigator, born. [1480. Dies.] Pulci, Ltiigi, Florentine poet, b. [1487. D.] 1433 * * Farcino, Marsilio, Platonic philoso- pher, born. [1499. Dies]. 1435 * * Calepino, Ambrogio, lexicographer, born. [1511. Dies.] 1439* * Pius III., pope, born. [1503. Dies.] 1443 * * Julius II., pope, born. [1513. D.] 1444* * Bramante, Donato Lazzari, archi- tect, born. [1514. Dies.] 1445 * * Sangallo, Giuliano da, architect, born. [1516. Dies.] 1446 * * Columbus, Christopher, discov- erer of America, born. [1506. Dies.] Perugino, Pietro Vanucci, painter, born. [1524. Dies.] 1447 * * Botticelli, Filipepi Sandro, painter, born. [1515. Dies.] Eugenius IV., pope, dies. 1448 * * Medici, Lorenzo de, " the Magnifi- cent," Prince of Florence, b. [1492. D.] 1449* *Manutius, Aldus, painter, born. [1515. D.] 1450* * Francia, Francesco Raibolinl, painter, born. 1451 * * Vespucci, Amerig-o, navigator, b. 1453 * * Colonna, Prospero, general, born. Savonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer, orator, born. Vinci, Leonardo da, Florentine painter, b. 1454* * Politian, Angrelo, poet, humanist, born. [1494. Dies.] 1458 * * Calixtus III., pope, dies. Sannazaro, Jacopo, poet, born. 1459 * * Adrian VI., pope, born. Credi, Lorenzo di, painter, born. 1460 * * Agnolo, Baccio d , architect, borm Emilio, Paolo, historian, born. Oggione, .Marco, painter, born. 1463 * * Aehillini, Alessandro, physician, b.. Pico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola, philoso- pher, born. [1494. Dies.] 1468 * * Doria, Andrea, statesman, born. 1469 * * Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio, card., b. Machiavelli, Niccolo, statesman, au., b. 1470* * Benibo, [Metro, cardinal, scholar, b. Bibbiena, Bernardo, cardinal, born. Inghirami, Tonnuaso, scholar, born. 1473 * * Eliae, Levita, scholar, born. 1474 * * Albertinelli, Mariotto, painter, b. Ariosto, Lodovico, poet, born. 1475 Mar. 6. Michelangelo (Buonarrotti) sculptor, painter, architect, poet, born. Leo X. , pope, born. Painiondi, Marc Antonio, engineer, born. 1477 * * Giorgione, II Giorgia Barbarelli, painter, born. 1478 * * Borgia. Cesare, cardinal, states- Titian. Tiziano Vecellio. painter, born. 1480 * * Bandello, Matteo, bp., novelist, b. Borgia, Lucrczia, sisier of Cesare Borgia, b. Palma, Jacopo, painter, born. Verrazzano, Giovanni, da, navigator, born. Vida, Marco Girolamo, poet, born. 1481 * * Garoialo, P.cnvenuto Tisio, paint., b. Peruzzi, Baldassare, architect, born. 1483 * * Guicciardini. Francesco, states- man, historian, born. 1483 * * Giovio, Paolo, historian, born. Eaffael, Sanzio d'Urbino, painter, born. 1484 * * Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, paint., born. Ferrari, Gandeimo, painter, born. Scaliger, Julius Cii'snr, philosopher, born. 1485 * * l'ionibo, Sebastian del, painter, b. Rainusio, Giovanni, author, born. 1486* * Beccafumi, Domenico de Pace, painter, born. Sarto, Andrea del, painter, born. 1487 * * Julius III., pope, born. 1490 * * Colle, Hall'aellino dal, painter, b. Colonna, Vittona, poet, born. Pescara, Marquis of, Ferdinand Francesco d* Avalos, general, born. 1493* * Aeonzio, Giocomo, Protestant au.,b. Aretino, Pietro, satirist, born. Giulio, Romano, pander, born. 1493 * * Firenzuola, Agnolo, poet, born. Tasso, Bernardo, poet, born. 1494* *Correggio, Antonio Allegri da,, painter, born. Riecio, Domenico del, painter, born. ITALY. 1389,* *-1503, 1079 1495 * * Alamanni, Luigi, poet, born. Caldara, Polidoro, painter, born. 1498 * * Eerni, Frain-e.sco, burlesque poet, b. Gelli, Giovanni Battista, born. Savonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer, pulpit orator, A46. 1499 * * Pius IV., pope, born. 1500 * * Alessi, Galeazzo, architect, born. Baschl, monk, born. Campi, Giulio, painter, born. Castello, Giovanni Battista, painter, born. Cellini, Benvenuto, sculptor, born. Peter Martyr, Protestant theologian, born. 1501 * * Cardan, Jerome, phys., math., b. 1503 * * Bordone, l'aride, painter, born. CHURCH. 1389 * * The Festival of the Immacu- late Conception is appointed [for De- cember 8], 1399 * * Penitents of both sexes, called Bianchi, travel through Italy clothed in white. [1400. Suppressed.] 1409 Mar. 25. Council of Pisa (p. 784). * * Rome. Alexander V. is pope. [1410, John XXIII.; 1417, Martin V.; 1431 Eugenius IV.; 1447, Nicholas V.; 1455, Ca lixtus III.; 145H, Pius II.; 14G4, Paul II 1471, Sixtus IV.; 1484, Innocent VIII.] 1414-18 Switz. Anti-Hussite Council of Constance (pp. 676, 784). 1414 + * * The papal throne is vacant for nearly three years after two popes are deposed by the 17th Council. 1417* * Clement VIII., anti-pope of Avignon, resigns ; the great schism ends. 1425 * * The Church of San Lorenzo, Florence, is begun by Brunei leschi. [Michelangelo decorates the interior.] 1431 * * Council of Basel (p. 784). 1436 * * Francis de Paula founds the hermit monks — Fratres Minimi. 1439 Feb. 9. Council of Florence. It sets forth the doctrine of purgatory (pp. 785, 1034). 1440 June 24. Borne. Felix V. enters as anti-pope. [1449. Resigns.] 1445 * * The emperor opposes reforms (p. 785). 1446 * * Concordat of Vienna (p. 785). 1450-1626 Home. St. Peter's is erected. (1506.) Active work begins. 1455* * Ger. The Bible printed (p. 785). 1465 * * Anti-Hussite Crusade (p. 50S). 1466 * * The La Badia Monastery of Fiesole is built. 1478 * * Rome. The Pope's bull revives the Inquisition. [14S4. Nov. 29. " In- structions" promulgated.] 1484 * * Rome. Innocent VIII. issues a bull against witchcraft, of which thou- sands are accused and killed. 1488 * * The Conceptionists become an order of nuns. 1492 * * Rome. Alexander VI. is pope. [1503, Pius III.; later, Julius II.; 1513, Leo X.] 1493 May 3, 4. Bull of demarcation issued (p. 14). 1494+ * * Girolamo Savonarola leads the reformation in Italy. [1497. Excom- municated. 1498. May 23. Strangled and then burned..] 1496 * * Pope Alexander VI. revives the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher. LETTERS. 1404 * * The University of Turin is 1415 * * History of Florence, by Leonardo Brum, appears. 1445 * * The University of Catania is founded. 1448 * * Pope Nicholas "V. founds a library at the Vatican. 15th Century. Mambriano, by Francesco Bello of Ferrara, appears. Rispetti Ballate, Orfeo, and Stanze,per la Giostra, by Poliziano, appear. The Sacra Rappresentazione are given in Florence. San Panunzio and Abranio ed Isac (drama), by Maffeo Belcari, appear. Savonarola writes Italian sermons, hymns (laudi), and ascetic and political treatises. 1460-92 San Giovanni e Paolo (drama), by Lorenzo de Medici, appears. Ambra, Caccia del Falcone, and Kencia da Barberino, by Lorenzo de Medici, ap- pear at Florence. 1481 * * II Morgavde Maggiore, by Luigi Pulci, appears at Venice. 1482 * * The first printed edition of Euclid's Elements appears at Venice. [1505. The first printed translation is published at Venice by Bartholomew Zambert. 1569. Another translation.] 1485 * * Epistles, by Francesco Filelfo, appears. [1497. Latin Odes; also La Sforziade.] * * De Re JEdijicatoria, by Leon Battista Alberti, appears. 1495 * * Orlando Innamorato, by Matteo Maria Boiardo, appears. 1500± * * Ambrose Calepini, a Venetian friar, writes in Latin [the first known] polyglot dictionary. STATE. 1391 * * Pisa becomes subject to Gian Galeazzo Visconti [Duke of Milan]. 1394* * Disorder abounds in Genoa; many doges are appointed. [1396. Genoa comes under the protection of France. 1410, Under Naples ; 1419, Under Milan.] 1395 * * Gian Galeazzo Visconti takes the title of Duke of Milan. [The title continues. 1447. The Visconti line ends.] 1398 * * Rome. Pope Boniface IX. over- throws the republican privileges of citi- zens by suppressing municipal liberties. 1405 * * The Venetians seize Padua. 1406 * * Florence rules Pisa. 1408 * * Home is ruled by Ladislaus. 1416 Feb. 19. Sigismund erects Savoy into a duchy ; Count Amadeus III. is made duke. 1421-1512 Genoa loses and regains freedom. 1421 * * Venice is at the height of its power. Dalmatia, Greece, and the Le- vant are its outlying possessions. [1423-57. Francesco Foscari is doge. He enlarges Venetian territory.] 1431* * Sigismund is King of Italy. [1433, emperor ; 1437, deposed.] (P. 785.) 1434 * * The M edici family, led by Cos- mo de Medici (elected chief ruler 1426), becomes paramount in Florence. 1435 * * Alphonso V. of Aragon seizes TJaples on the death of Joanna II. ; she had bequeathed her dominions to Re- gnier of Anjou. 1440 * * Frederick III. emperor (p. 785). 1442 * * The kingdom of the Two Sici- lies is restored. 1447 * * Placentia revolts from Milan, but is subdued with great cruelty. 1450-1535 The duchy of Milan is ruled by the House of Sforza. 15th Century. Count Thomas acquires Piedmont. 1454* * Three "inquisitors" exercise government with despotic power in Venice. 1458 * * Genoa is ruled by the French. * * Naples and Sicily are separated. 1458-79 Sicily. John of Aragon is king. [1479-1503. Ferdinand the Catho- lic of Spain.] 1458-94 Ferdinand I. is King of Na- ples. [1494-95. Alfonso II. He abdi- cates. 1495-96. Frederick I. 1496-1501. Frederick II. ; expelled by the French.] 1464-69 Piero (I.) de Medici is the un- titled chief of the Florentine republic. 1466-76 Galeazzo Maria Sforza is Duke of Milan. [1476. Assassinated.] 1469-92 Francisco de Medici, "The Magnificent," rules. [1492-1519. Alessandro de Medici rules as the first duke of Florence. 1493. Ex- pelled. 1512. Restored. 1527. Expelled. 1531. Restored. 1537. Jan. 5. Assassi- nated.] 1474 * * The duchy of Urbino is created. [1502. Urbino, the capital, is treacher- ously seized by Cesare Borgia.] 1476i-99 Ludovico Sforza rules as usurper in Milan. (1500.) The Milanese revolt (p. 679). , 1478 * * Jacopo Pazzi with others forms a conspiracy in the name of liberty against L. de Medici at Florence. It fails. 1479* * ILlyria. Albania Scodra [Scu- tari] is taken from the Venetians by the Turks. 1483 * * Venice joins the league against Naples. 1489 * * Venice acquires Cyprus by the gift of Catherine Cornaro, widow of James II., its last king. 1494-98 Florence is again a theoretical republic under Girolamo Savonarola, after overthrowing the Medici. 1494 * * Charles VIII. of France claims and enters Naples (p. 679). 1498* * Piccolo Machiavelli is ap- pointed official secretary at Florence. [1527. June 22. Dies.] * * Pisa becomes independent under the protection of Charles VIII. of France. 1499-1526 The possession of the duchy of Milan is disputed with France; Louis XII. claims it as an inheritance from his grandmother, Valentine Visconti. 1501-40 The French and Spanish con- tend for power in Italy. 1501* *Sicily and Naples are con- quered and unsuccessfully divided (p. 678). [1503. Annexed to Spain.] 1503-16 Ferdinand in. of Spain is King of the Two Sicilies. [1516-56, Charles I. (V. of Ger.) ; 1556-98, Philip I. (II. of Sp.); 1598-1621, Philip II. (III. of Sp.); 1621-55, Philip III. (IV. of Sp.); 1655 I7IHI, ('hurl.'sU. ?.,by Maehiavelli, is com- pleted. [1515±. Discorst mil primo libro delle decile de Tito Livio ; 1520, I sette Libri dell ' Arte di Guerra and Vita di Castrnccio ; 15*24, Mandraqola; 1524 h, CliziaJ] 1516* * Orlando Furioso, by Ariosto, appears in 40 cantos. [1534. Complete in 46 cantos.] * * On the Immortality of the Soul, by Pietro Pomponazzi, appears. 1518* * The first Rabbinical Hebrew Bible, containing the Masorah,Targums, and comments, is printed at Venice. 1519 * * History of the War between Fer- dinand I. and the Duke of Anjou, by Giovanni Pontano, appears. 1520 Mar. 21. Leo X. permits the publication of the Complutensian Poly- glot, a magnificent edition of the Bible. ± * * Italia liherata dai Goti, by Gian- Giorgio Trissiiio of Vicenza, appears. [1524. Sofonisba.] 1520-23 The Talmud Babylonicum, in 12 volumes, and the Talmud Hierosoly- tanum, in one volume, are printed at Venice. 1525 * * Rosmunda, by Giovanni Rucel- lai, appears. [1539. Api.} 1528 * * II Cortigtano, by Baldassare Castiglione, appears. 1536+ * * The Gazetta appears at Venice. 1541 * * Francesco Berni produces a modification of Boiardo's Orlando In- namorata. [Writes also Rime Rurlesche.'] 1542 * * University of Pisa revived. 1543 * * Copernicus' system is pub- lished. 1547 * * Dialogue on the Infinity of Love, by Tullia d'Aragona, appears. 15th Century. Vitedi Uomini Ilhistri,hy Vespasiano da Bisticci, appears. Reali di Francia, by Andrea da Bar- beiino, appears. 1552* * History of Venice, by Pietro Bembo, appears. 1554-73 Tales, by Matteo Bandello, ap- pears. 1557 * * Sonetti, by Benedetto Varchi, appears. [1570, L' Ercolano; 1721, His- tory of Florence.] 1558* * Galateo, by Giovanni dellaCasa, appears. * * Exercitationes, by Julius Caasar Sca- liger, appears. [1561, Poetices.] 1561-64 Storia d 'Italia, by Guicciar- dini, appears. 1562 * * Rinaldo, by Torquato Tasso, ap- pears. [157.'J, Aminta; 1574, Gfrusolvmme Liherata (1580, published) ; 1586, Torris- mondo]. 1563+ * * Palestrina writes the Misra Papas Marcellt at Trent. 1576 * * Giustiniani publishes a polyglot psalter. STATE. 1503 * * Cesare Borgia destroys the in- dependence of the republic of San Ma- rino for a brief time. [1504. He receives Urbino.] 1504 * * The French expelled from Naples by the Spaniards. [1525. From Milan.] 1508 Dec. 10. League of Cambray rises against Venice (p. 681). [1509. Ven- ice despoiled of its Italian possessions.] 1509 * * Pisa, conquered by the Floren- tines, loses its independence. 1511 Oct. 9. The Pope's League rises against France (p. 681). 1512* *Bologna is united with the States of the Church. [1513. Piacenza united.] 1516* *The duchy of Urbino is given to Lorenzo de Medici (Second). [1522 Recovered by Duke Francesco. 1621, Annexed to the Papal States.] 1526 Jan. 14. France resigns Milan and Naples (p. 681). 1527 May 6. Rome is taken (p. 680). 1528 * * Andrea Doria liberates Genoa from the French ; the republic is rees- tablished. 1529+ * * Period of Spanish-Austrian ascendency. Aug. 5. The Ladies* Peace of Cambray is signed (p. 681). 1531 Jan. 5. Ferdinand L, brother of Charles V., is elected King of the Ro- mans by the electoral college. 1531-37 Alessandro de Medici is duke of Tuscany. [1532. Duke of Florence. 1537-74. Cosimo de Medici is duke of Tuscany.] 1535* * Milan passes to the rule of Spain. [1556. It becomes an appanage of the Spanish crown. 1559. Spain is supreme in Italy.] 1536-62 The French occupy Turin. [1562. Recovered by Savoy.] 1540 * * The Emperor Charles V. gives Milan to Philip, his son (p. 791). 1545 * * Pope Paul III. gives Placentia [Piacenza] with Parma as a duchy to Peter Louis Farnese, and it is united with Parma. 1547 Jan. 2. John Lewis Fiesco, leader of a conspiracy against Andrea Doria at Genoa, is drowned. 1558 * * The province of Bari is an- nexed to Naples. 1569 * * Tuscany becomes a grand duchy in the Medici family (Cosimo de Medici, 1569-74) ; Florence is historically merged with it. [1574-87, Francis I., grand duke; 1587-1608, Ferdinand (1.) de Medici; Hi».s-21, Cosimo II.; 1621-70, Ferdinan,otiO perish.] 1709+ * * Bartolomeo Christofori of Flor- ence makes a pianoforte. 1714* *An observatory is erected at Bologna. 1719 * * The Royal Academy of Savoy is established. 17224: * * Luca Giordano paints Hercules and Omphale. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1580 * * Agresti, Livlo, historical painter, tl. Allegri, Gregorio, composer, born. TremeliuB, Emmanuel, orientalist, A70. 1581 * * Badulocehio, painter, born. Donienichlno, Domenico Zampieri, arch., b. 1583 * * Carissimi, Giovanni, composer, b. 1584* * Borroineo, Carlo, count, cardinal, A 46. Vanini, Lueilio, philosopher, born. 1585* * Cambiaso, Luca, painter, A58. 1586 * * Allalins. Leo, scholar, born. Aromatari, Giuseppe degli, physician, born. 1587* * Ceechi, < iiovanni Maria, comic poet, lawyer, A70. 1588 * * Bordone. Paride, painter, A78. Cagliari Paolo, painter, A 60. 1589* * Ciampoli, Giovanni Battista, lyric poet, horn. 1590* * Benedetti,GiovanniBattista, mathe- matician, dies. Clrcignano, Nic.-olo, painter, A74. Costanzo, Angelo di. historian, A84. Corenzto. Belisario. painter, born. Urban VII., pope, dies. 1591* * AloysiUB, St., or Luigi Gonzaga, Jesuit, devotee, A23. 1592* * Ainnianati, liartoloimneo, arch., A81. Bassano, Giacomo da Ponte, painter, A82. Farneee. Alexander, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, general, A45. Muziano, Girolamo, painter, A64. 1594* * Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da t composer, A66. 1595 * * Pellegrini, I'ellegrino, painter, archi- tect, A68. Neri, Filippo de, St., founder " Priests of the Oratory," A80. Tasso, Torquato. poet, A51. 1596* *Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da, painter, born. 1597 * * Barberini, Francesco, cardinal, b. 1598* * Bernini, Giovanni, painter, sculptor. Cenci, Beatrice, Koinan girl famous for beauty, A19. 1600 * * Bruno, Giordano, philosopher, A52. Claude Lorrain (Claude Gelee), painter, b. 1602 * * Alganli, Alessandro, sculptor, born. Caracci, Agostmo, painter, A44. 1604 * * Socinus, Faustus, rationalist, A61. 1605 * * Aldrovandi, or Aldrovandus, Ulys- ses, naturalist, A83. Clement VIII., pope, dies. Leo XI., pope, dies. 1607* * Baronius, Cesare, cardinal, hist, A69. Fontana, Domenico, architect, A64. Pallavicino. Si'orza, historian, born. 1608 * * Bartoli, Daniele, Jesuit historian, b. Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, philos., math., h. Monteeuculi, Count Ualmondo, general, b. John of Bologna, sculptor, A78. 1609 * * Caracci, Annih;de, painter, A49. Caravaggio, Michelangelo Amerighi da, painter, A 40. 1610* * Bella, Stefano della, engraver, born. 161 1 * * Innocent XL, Benedetto Odescalchi, pope, born. 1612* * Bargagli, Scipione, writer, dies. Barocci, Fiori Fedengo d' I'rhino, painter, A 85. Guarini, Giovanni Battista, poet, A75. 1613 * * Poussin, Caspar, painter, born. 1615 * * Hosa, Salvalor, painter, born. 1616* * Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, painter, born. Dolci, Carlo, painter, born. 1617* * Bahli, Beniavi lino, scholar, mathe- matician, A 64. 1618 * * Fahrctti, Barfael, antiipiary, born. 1619* * Caracci, Ludovieo, painter, A64. 1621 * * Bellarmino. Roberto, cardinal, au- thor, A 79. Courtois, Jacques, painter, born. Paul V., pope, A69. 1622* * Masaniello. Tommaso Aniello, in- surgent, born. [1647. Dies.] Viviani, Vincenzo, mathematician, born. 1623 * * Sarpi, Paolo, historian, A71. 1624* * Baldiniicci, Filippo, art critic, born. Osuna, Duke of, Pedro Tellez y Giron, Vice- roy of Naples, A45. 1625* * Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, ast., b. Maratti, Carlo, painter, born. 1626 * * Aselli, Gasparo, anatomist, A46. Kedi, Francesco, pod, naturalist, phys., b. 1628 * * Cignani, Carlo, painter, born. Malpighi, Marcello, anatomist, born. I'alnia, Jacopo, the Younger, painter, A84. 1629* * Giordano, Luca, painter, born. 1631* * Borroineo, Fcclcrigo, cardinal, arch- bishop of Milan, A67. Iiographer, born. 1635* * Bahlovini, Francesco, poet, born. Bartoli, Pietro Santi, artist, born. 1637* * Chiabrera, Gabriello. poet, A85. 1638* * Carduccio, Vincenzo, painter, A70. 1640 * * Cesarl, Ciusei>pc, historical painter, A75. Mancini, Hortensia, Duchess of Mazarin, b. 1641 * * Arnaud, Henri, Waldensian clergy- man, patriot, born. Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri, arch. ,A60. 1642* * Balducci, Francesco, Sicilian poet, dies. Filicaja, Vincenzo da. poet, born. Guido, Keni, painter, A67. Galilei, Galileo, astronomer, A78. 1643* * Monteverde. Claudio. composer,A77. 1644 * * Urban VIII., pope, A76. 1646 * * Stradella, Alessandro, composer, b. 1647 * * Badaloeehio, painter, A66. Cavalier i, Bonaventura. mathematician, A49. Torricelli, Fvangclista, physicist, A39. 1648 * * Cantarini, Simone, painter, A36. Francescbini, Marcantonio, painter, born. 1649 * * Clement XL, pope, born. Stradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, violin- maker, born. 17th Century. Tonti, Lorenzo, banker in France, born. 1650 * * Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, geog., b. Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, poet, born. ITALY. 1580,**-1724,* 1083 1652 * * Allegri, Gregono, musician, A72. Clement XII., pope, born. Valle, Pietro della, traveler, A66. 1654* * Algardi, Alessandro, sculptor, A52. 1655 * * Frescobaldi, Girolamo, organist, composer, A59. 1658 * * Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, nat., b. 1659 * * Scarlatti, Alessandro, composer, b. 1660* * Albani, Francesco, painter, A82. 1663* * Bianchini, Francesco, philosopher, mathematician, born. 1663* * Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria, poet, born. 1664 * * Bella, Stefano della, engraver, A54. Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo, jurist, born. 1665 * * Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, painter, b. 1666 * * Balestra,Antonio, Veronese paint., b. Guercino, Giovanni Francesco B a r b i n i, painter, A76. Valsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist, born. 1667 * * Pallavicmo, Sf.>rz;i, historian, A60. Victor Amadeus II. (I., King of Sardinia), Duke of Savoy, born. 1668* * Bentivoglio, Cornelio, cardinal, art patron, born. 1669 * * Clement, IX., pope, dies. 1670* * Castiglume, Henrietta, painter, A54. 1672 * * Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, arche- ologist, born. 1673 * * Rosa, Sal valor, painter, A59. 1675* * Benedict XIV., I'rospero Lamber- tini, pope, born. MafEei, Francesco Scipione, author, born. Poussin, Caspar, painter, A63. 1676* * Cavalli, Pietro Francesco, com- poser, A77. Clement X,, pope, dies. Courtois, Jacques, painter, A55. Giannone, Pietro, historian, born. 1679* * Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, philoso- pher, mathematician, A71. 1681 * * Astorga, Kmanuele d', composer, b. Montecuculi, Count Raimondo, general, A72. Stradella, Alessandro, composer, A36. 1682* * Claude Lorrain (Claude Gelee), painter, A82. Facciolati, .lacopo, philologist, born. Morgagni, Giovanni I'.attista, anatomist, b. 1684 * * Durante, Francesco, composer, b. 1685 * * Ilartoli, Paniele, Jesuit hist., A77. Salvi, Giambattista. painter, A80. 1686* * Dolei, Carlo, Scripture painter, A70. Marcello, Benedetto, composer, born. Porpora, Nicolo, composer, born. 1688* * Fonvllini, Kgidio, lexicographer,!). 1689 * * Bottari, Giovanni Gai-tano, sch., b. Innocent XI., Benedetto < Mcscalehi, pope, A78. 1692* * Tartini, i.iuseppe, violinist, born. 1693* * Clement XIII., pope, born. 1694* * Malpigln, Marcello, anatomist, A66. 1696* * Baldinucei, Filippo, art critic, A72. Foscarini, Marco, statesman, author, born. Liguori, Alfonso Maria de, St., theologian, founder Kcdcinptorisis, born. 1698* *Metastasio (Pietro Antonio Do- menico Bonaventura Trapassi), poet, born. 1699* *Mancini, Hortensia, Duchess of Mazarin, beauty, A59. 1700* * Bartoli, Pietro Sand, artist, A65. Fabretti, Kaii'ael, antiojiarv, A82. 1703* * Caffarelli, Gaetano Majorano, so- prano singer, born. Galuppi, Baldassare, musician, l>orn. 1704* * Bellini, Lorenzo, physician, anato- mist, A61. Viviani, Vincenzo, mathenmlician, A86. 1705 * * Clement XIV., pope, born. Farinelli, Carlo, singer, born. Giordano, Luca, painter, A73. 1706 * * Cignaroli, Giovanni Bettino, paint., born. Martini, Giovanni I'.attista, composer, born. 1707* * Filieaja, Vincenzo da, Florentine poet, A65. 1710* * Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, com- poser, born. 1711* * Bassi, Laura Maria Catarina, au., b. Boscovich. Kuggiero Giuseppe, physicist, b. 1712* * Algamtti, Francesco, author, born. Cassini, Giovanni Iiomenico, A87. Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, lyric poet. A62. 1713* * Gozzj, Count Gasparo. essayist, b. 1714* * Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, as- tronomer, born. Jomelli, Niccolo, composer, born. Magliabecchi, Antonio, bihliog., schol., A81. 1716 * * Baldovini, Francesco, poet, A81. 1717 * * Pius VI., pope, born. 1718 * * Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, math., b. Coronelli, "Marco Vincenzo, geographer, A68. 1719* * Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, writer, born. Cignani, Carlo, Count, painter, A91. 1720* * Carli, Giau liidaldo, antiquary, b. 1721 * * Arnaud, Henri, Waldensian clergy- man, patriot, A80. 1721 * * Clement XL, pope, A72. 1723 * * Felice, Fortunato, Bartolommeo, a thor, born. Valsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist, A57. 1724* * Innocent XIII., pope, A69. CHURCH. 1580 * * [St.] Carlo Borromeo intro- duces Sunday instruction of children at Milan. (Haden.) 1585 * * Rome. Sixtus V. abolishes all persecuting statutes against the Jews which were issued by his predecessors. 1594* * Fr. Jesuits are expelled. [1G03. Recalled. 1764. Nov. 26. Expelled.] 1600 Feb. 9. Giordano Bruno, a philosopher, is burned at Venice as a teacher of heresy. 1607 * * The Jesuits are exiled from Venice as anti-republicans. [1707. Nov. 3. From Naples.] 1608 * * The chapel of St. Janarius at Naples is erected. 1619* * Ambassadors from Japan visit the Pope. 1620 July 19. Protestants are mas- sacred at Valtelline, North Italy. 1621* * Rome. Gregory XV. is pope. [1623, Urban VIII.; 1644, Innocent X.; 1655, Alexander VII.; 1667, Clement IX.; 1670, Clement X.; 1676, Innocent XL; 1689, Alexander VIII. ; 1691, Innocent XII.; 1700, Clement XL; 1721, Innocent XIII.; 1724, Benedict XIII. ; 1730, Clement XII. ; 1740, Benedict XIV.; 175*, Clement XIII.; 1769, Clement XIV.] 1622 June 22. Rome. The Congre- gatio de Propaganda Fide is estab- lished by Gregory XV. 1626 Nov. 18. Rome. St. Peter's is dedicated. 1634 * * Fr. Sisters of Charity organ- ized (p. 6SS). 1682* * * Fr. Louis XIV. quarrels with the Pope (p. 692). 1699* * Rome. Innocent XII. condemns Quietism. 1713 Sept. 18. Bull " Unigenitus " is- sued (p. 697). LETTERS. 1582 * * History of the Kingdom of Na- ples, 1250-1489, by Angelo di Costanzo, appears. * * History of Florence, by Jacopi Nardi, appears. 1583 * * History of His Own Times, by Giovanni Battista Adriani, appears. 1584* * Spaccio della Bestia tHonfante, Bella Causa, I'rincipio e Uno, and Del/' Infinito Universo e Mondi, by Bruno, appear. 1591 * * Philosophy Demonstrated by the Senses, by Tominasco Campauella, ap- pears. [1617, Introduction to Philosophy ; 1623, Real is Philosophia Epilogistica aiid Civitas Soils.) 1605 * * History of Venice, by Paolo Pa- ruta, appears. 1616 * * On the Admirable Secrets of Na- ture, the Queen and Goddess of Mortals, by Lucilio Vanini, appears. 1622 * * Rape of the Bucket, by Alessan- dro Tassoni, appears. 1623 * * Rome receives the famous li- brary of the Palatine at Heidelberg. * * Ad one, by Giovanni Battista Marini, appears. [1633, La Strage degli Inno- centi.] 1627 * * On the Lacteal Veins, by Gas- paro Aselli, appears. 1632 * * Dialogue on the Two Chief Sys- tems, by Galileo, appears. [1638. Dia- loghi delle Nuove Scienze.] 1651 * * Trattura Delia Pittura, by Leo- nardo da Vinci, appears. 1653-63 Two volumes of Scritton d'lta- lia, by Mazzuchelli, appear. 1688-90 Giornale de' Letterati is issued by Bacchini at Parma. [1692-97. Also at Modena.] 1690 * * The Academy of Arcadia is founded by Giovanni Maria Crescim- beni and Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina. 1696 * * The Galleria de Minerva is is- sued at Venice. 1708 * * De ratione studiorum, by Gio- vanni Battista Vico, appears. [1721, De constantia jurisprudent-is ,- 1725, Princi- ple d' una Scienza jS'uova.} 1710 * * Giornale de' Letterati, by Apos- tolo Zeno, appears. [1752, Dissertazioni J^ossiani.] 1713* * Merope, by Francesco Scipione Maffei, appears. [1731, Verona Illua- trata.] 1716 * * Diario di Roma is issued. 1721 * * Gli Orti Esperidi, by Metastasio, appears. [1724, Didione Abbandonata.} 1723-38 Rermn Ltalicarum Scriptores, by Ludovico Antonio Muratori, appears. [1738, Antiquitates Ltalicse Medii JEvi.~\ STATE. 1597 * * Ferrara is annexed to Rome. 1607 * * Venice contemptuously disre- gards the Pope's interdict. 1618* * Tbe conspiracy of Bedmar, the Spanish ambassador, to deslroy the republic and subjugate Venice to Spain, is suppressed by banging many conspirators. 1631 Apr. 6. France loses and Spain acquires increased influence in Italy (p. 689). 1647 July* Tomaso AnielloMasaniello leads a revolt in Naples against oppres- sive taxes. [Oct. * Don John of Austria leads a revolt.] 1648 Apr. * Henry II., Dukeof Guise, lands at Naples, and is proclaimed king. [Soon imprisoned.] 1669* * Venice surrenders Crete to the Turks. Peace follows. 1683-99 Or. Venetian authority is restored in part of the Morea. [1715-39. Again overthrown.] 1684 * * Venice, Poland, and the Roman Empire join in an alliance against Turkey. 1699 Jan. 26. Gr. The Morea is given to Venice bv the Peace of Karlowitz (p. 513). 1707 * * The Austriane possess Sicily and Naples. They are abandoned by Spain. 1708 * * The Emperor Joseph I. seizes the duchy of Mantua. 1713 Apr. 11. Sicily ceded t<> Savoy (p. 697). 1714 * * Milan, Naples, and Sardinia are ceded to Austria (p. 515). 1718 June 22. Peace with Turkey (p. 515). 1720 Mar. * Amadeus II. of Savoy ex- changes Sicily for Sardinia (p. 697), and receives the title king. Sardinia becomes a kingdom ; it includes Astoa, Montferrat, Piedmont, Genoa, and Sardinia. 1720-30 Sardinia. Victor Amadeus II.„king. [1730-73. Charles Emmanuel I. (III. of Savoy), king.] 1084 1725,**-1813, ITALY. ARMY — NAVY. 1734 May 25. The Spaniards under Gen. Montemar defeat the Austrians at Bitonto ; Spain obtains the kingdom of Naples. June 29. Battle near Parma (p. 698). 1744* * The French and Spaniards oc- cupy Savoy. 1745 Sept.* The English bombard Genoa. [They take Parma, Milan, and Piacenzia. 1746. Genoa taken by Im- perialists.] 1746 * * "War in Italy between Spain, France, and Austria. June 16. Battle of Piacenza (p. 700). * * Sardinia captures Savona. [Restored to Genoa.] 1792 * * Fr. The French capture Nice. [1814. Restored to Sardinia.] 1793 * * The lazzaroni of Naples are enrolled as pikemen; several thousand unite in the interest of the court party. 1796 Apr. 12-97 Sept. 17. Bona- parte's first Italian campaign (pp. 518, 712). * *Pavia is seized by the French. [1798. Turin. 1799. Turin recovered l»v Austrians. Mar. 28. French enter Florence. July 30. Lose Mantua; later, lose Milan.] 1800 * * Napoleon's second campaign in Italy. * * French retake Rome. Nice is taken by Austrians under Michael von Melas. 1806 Feb. 6. A French force subdues NapleB. f-Tuly 4. Defeated at Maida (p. 716). 1807. The French again occupy Tuscany. 1808. Occupy Rome.] ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 1726 Sept. 1. Sicily. An earthquake destroys 6,000 lives in Palermo. [1732. Nov. 29. Another at Naples destroys 1,940 lives.] 1760* * Rome. Niccolo Piccini's La Lu- ona Figliuola is presented. 1767 Aug. 8. A destructive eruption of Vesuvius occurs. [1794. June* An- other destroys Torre del Greco, 5,000 acres of cultivated land ; the top of Vesuvius falls into the crater.] 1775 * * Cleopatra, by Alfieri, is per- formed at Turin. [1782, Saut.] 1783 Feb. 5. An earthquake devastates Calabria, and destroys towns in Sicily; 40,- 000 persons perish. [ 1789. Sept. 30. At Borgo di San Sepolcro l,lli)0 persons and houses are swallowed up. 1805. July 26. In Naples; 20,000 persons perish. 1819. Thousands per- ish in Genoa, Rome, Palermo, and other towns. 1823. Another in Sicily.] 1789 * * Luigi Galvani experiments with electricity at Bologna [galvanism]. By the twitching of a frog's legs he lays the fouudation of the galvanic battery. 1792 * * [Voltaic] or chemical electri- city is discovered by Alessandro Volta ofComo. [1S00. The Voltaic battery in- vented.] 1801 Jan. 1. Giuseppe Piazzi discov- ers the planet Ceres, 160 miles in di- ameter. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1725* * Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio, anatomist, born. Scarlatti, Alessandro, composer, founder of modern opera, A66. Victor Amadeus HI. [II., King of Sar- dinia], born. 1727 * * Guglielmi, Pietro, composer, born. .1728 * * Bartolozzl, Francesco, engraver, b. Creacimbeni, Giovanni Marin, poet, wr., A65. Franceselnni, Marcantonio, hist, paint., A80. Galiani, Fernando, political economist, born. Piccini, Niccolo, composer, born. 1729* * Abergati, Capacelli Francesco d' dramatist, born. Parini, Giuseppe, poet, born. 1730 * * Benedict XIII., pope, dies. Cesarotti, Melchiore,poet, born. Gabrielle, t'atarina, singer, born. Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, naturalist, A22. 1731 * * Denina, Giaeontaria, historian, born. 1732 * * Bentivoglio, Cornelio, cardinal, art patron, A64. Fabroni, Angelo, biographer, born. Lanzi, Luigi, writer on art, born. Victor Amadeus II. (I., King of Sardinia), A66. 1733 * * Caprara, Giovanni Battista,card., b. 1736* * Astorga, Emannele d', composer, A55. Bergolesi, Giovanni Battista, composer, A26. 1737* * Galvani, Alvisio, physicist, physiol., born. Stradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, violin- di, author, born. 1739* * Maiveilo, Benedetto, composer, A53. I'ignotte, Lorenzo, fabulist, historian, born. 1740 * * Clement XII., pope, ASS. Meli, Giovanni, Sicilian poet, born. 1741 * * Baisiello, Giovanni, composer, born. 1742 * * Bondi, Clemente, poet, born. Bins VII., pope, born. 1743* * Cagliostro, Count Alessandro di (Giuseppe Balsamo), adventurer, born. 1744 * * Vico, Giovanni Battista, p!iilos.,A56. 1745 * * Volta, Alessandro. physicist, elec- trician, born. 1746 * * Piazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, born. 1747 * * Crcspi, Giuseppe .Maria, painter, A82. Scarpa, Antonio, anatomist, born. 1748* * Breislak, Scipione, geologist, born. Caraeeioli, Francesco, Briuee, admiral, born. Gianuone, [Metro, historian, A72. 1749 * * Alfieri, Vittorio, poet, born. Azuni, Domenieo Alberto, author, born. Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet, born. Lamballe, .Marie There.se Louise de Savoie- Carignau, Princess de, born. 1750 * * Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, arche- ologist, A78. Salie.ri, Antonio, composer, born. 1751 * * Ferdinand 1. (IV. of Naples), King of Two Sicilies, born. 1752 * * Carpani, Giuseppe, dramatic poet, b. Clementi, Muzio, composer, born. Filangieri, Gaetano, publicist, born. Zingarelli, Niccolo, composer, born. 1753 * * Monti, Vincenzo, poet, born. 1754* * Appiani, Andrea, painter, born. Maistre, Joseph Mane de, statesman, born. 1755 * * Cimarosa, Domenieo, composer, b. Durante, Francesco, composer, A71. 1756 * * Landi, Gasparo, painter, born. 1757 * * Canova, Antonio, sculptor, born. Concalvi, Freole, cardinal, statesman, born. 1758* * Benedict XIV., pope, A83. Dandola, Vincenzo, Count, chemist, born. Fonseca, Eleonora l'iuienlel, Marchioness de, heroine, martyr, born. [1799, D.] Morghen, Kafl'aelo S,, engraver, born. Rosmini, Carlo, historian, born. 1759* * Ahamonti, Giuseppe, statesman, b. Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, born. 1760* * Cherubim, Maria Luigi Carlo Z. Sal vat ore, composer, born. Fra Diavolo (Michell Pezza), bandit, born. Leo XII., pope, born. 1761* * Bins VIII., pope, born. 1762 * * Aldini, Giovanni, natural philos., b. Cagnola, Luigi, Marquis, architect, born. Geinmiani, Francesco, composer, A82. 1763 * * Foscarini, Marco, statesman, au- thor, A67. 1764 * * Algarotti, Francesco, author, A52. 1766* * Rassi, Luigi, singer, born. Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo, hist., born. I'orpora, Niecola, composer, A80. 1767 * * Cicognara, Conteda, Leopoldo, anti- quarian, born. 1768* * Forcellini, Egidio, lexicographer, A 80. 1769 * * Bosio, Francois Joseph, Baron, sculptor, born. Clement XI IT., pope, A76. Crescentini, Girolamo, singer, born. Facclolati, Jaeopo, philologist, A77. 1770 * * Albrizzi, Isabella Teotocbi, Countess of, author, born. Cignaroli, Giovanni Beftino, painter, A64. Tartini, Giuseppe, violinist, A78. 1771 * * Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, anat- omist, A89. 1772 * * Inghirami, Francesco, archeol., b. 1774* * Clement XIV., pope, A69. Giordani, Pietro. critic, born. Jomelli, Niccolo, composer, A60. Mezzofanti. Giuseppe Gaspardo, cardinal, linguist, born. 1776 * * Lambrnschini, Luigi, cardinal, born. Rosini, Giovanni, author, born. 1777 * * Bossi, Giuseppe, painter, poet, b. Foscola, Ugo, poet, born. 1778 * * Bassi, Laura Maria Caterina, au- thor, A67. 1781 * * Beccaria, Giovanni Battista, physi- cist, A 65. Borgbesi, Bartolommeo, Count, numis., b. 1782 * * Ballu, Adnano, geographer, born. Farinelli, Carlo, singer, A77. Mai, Angelo, cardinal, librarian, scholar, b. Metastasio, Pietro Antonio Domenieo Bona- ventura Trapassi, poet, A84. 1783* * Caffarelh, Gaetano Majorano, so- prano singer, A80. liossetti, Gabriele, poet, born. 1784* * Amici, Giovanni Battista, optician, astronomer, physician, born. Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio, Count, linguist,!). Manzoni, Alessandro, Count, writer, born. Martini, Giovanni Battista, composer, A78. Paganini, Nicolo. violinist, born. 1785 * * Carafa, Michele, composer, born. Galuppi, Baldassare, musician, A82. 1786 * * Gozzi, Count, Gasparo, essayist, A73. 1787* * Boscovich, Kuggiero Giuseppe, phy- sicist, A76. Galiani, Ferdinando, political economist, A69. Liguori, Alfonso 51 ana, St., theologian, fdr. Redemptorists, A91. Rossi, Pellegrino Lnigi Odoardo, Count, statesman, born. 1788 * * Filangieri, Gaetano, publicist, A36. Bellico, Silvio, poet, born. 1789* * Balbo, Cesare, Count, statesman, writer, born. Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, writer, A70. Cicogna, Emmanuele Antonio, author, born. Felice, Fort una to Bartolonnneo, author, A66. Laugier, Comte de, Cesar de Bellecour, gen- . eral, author, born. Tenerani, Pietro, sculptor, born. 1791 * * Grossi, 'I'omniaso, poet, born. 1792* * Codaz/.i, Agoslmo, geographer, b. Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie- Carnignan de. Princess, A43. Piue IX.. pope, born. Rossini, Gioacdnno Antonio, composer, b. 1793* * Forest 1, F. Felice, patriot, born. tronomer, A80. Lablaehe, Luigi, singer, bom. 1795* * C'agliostro, Count Alessandrodi(Giu- seppe Balsamot, adventurer, A52. Carli, Gian Ridaldo, Count, antiquary, A75. Rubini, Giovanni Battisla, singer, born. 1796 * * Raeini, ( iiovanni. composer, born. Victor Amadeus III. (II., King of Sar- dinia), A71. 1797 * * Mercadante, Saverio, composer, b. Panlzzi, Sir Anthony, bibliographer, litera- teur, born. Roeuiini, Serbati. Antonio, cl., philos., born. 1798 * * Berry, ] nichesse de, Caroline Ferdi- nande Louise, of Naples, born. Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, born. Donizetti, Gaetano, composer, born. Galvani, Alvisio, physicist, physiologist, A61. Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, poet, born. Pasta, Giuditta, Ringer, born. Sclopis, Federigo, Count, historian, born. 1799 * * Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, mathema- tician, A81. Caraeeioli, Francesco, I'rlnce, admiral, A57. Parini, Giuseppe, poet, A70. Pius VI., pope, A82. 1800* *Azeglio, MasBimo Taparelli d', etatesman, born. Bandini, Angelo Maria, writer, A74. Piccini, Niccolo, composer, A72. Rosellini, Ippolilo, antiquarian, born. 1801 * * Cimarosa, Domenieo, composer, A46. Gioberti, \'incenzo, philosopher, states., b. Melloni, M;ic,-doiuo, savant, born. 1802 * * Bellini, Vincenzo, composer, born. Brofferio, Angelo, author, born. Cibrario, Luigi, historian, jurist, born. Calamatta, Luigi, engraver, born. Mamiani, Terenzio della R., philosopher, b. 1803 * * Alfleri, Count, Vittorio, dram., A54. Fabroni, Angelo, biographer, A7L 1804 * * Caetani, Michelangelo artist, au., b. Guglielmi, Pietro, composer, A77. Manin, Daniele, patriot, statesman, born. 1805 * * Cantu, Cesare, nov., poet, hist., b. Guerrazi, Francesco ]>omenico, pol., an., b, Marochetti, Carlo, Baron, sculptor, born. 1806 * * Amari, Michele, historian, states., b. Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal, states., b. Fiorentmo, IMer Angelo, author, l>orn. Fra Diavolo (Michele IVzza), bandit, A37. Gozzi, Carlo, Count, dramatist, A86. ITALY. 1725,**-1813, 1085 Ricasoli, Uettiiin, Huron, statesman, born. 1810* * Capraia, Giovanni lialtista, cardi- nal, A77. Gavour, Count di, Camillio Benso, states- man, born. Costa, Sir Michael, composer, born. Rattazzi, Urbane., statesman, born. Curci, Carlo Maria, theologian, born. Ferrari, Luigi, sculptor, born. Lanzi, Luigi, writer on art, A78. Leo XXXI., pope, born. Mario, Giuseppe, singer, born. 1811* * Cialdlni, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta, general, diplomatist, born. Ferrari, Giuseppe, philosopher, born. 1812 * * Andrea, Utmlauio u', cardinal, born. Giudtci, I'aolo Emiliain, author, born. Matteucci, Carlo, physiologist, born. Pignotti, Lorenzo, fabulist, historian, A73. 1813* * Bartolozzi, Francesco, engrav., A85. Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio, anato- mist, A88. Denina, Giacomaria Carlo, historian, A88. Depretis, Agosiinu, statesman, born. Lagrange, Joseph Louis, mathematician, A77. CHURCH. 1732* *The Eedemptorists are founded by Alfonso Maria di Liguori in Scala. [1749. Feb. 25. Approved.] 1739 Jan. 14. The Pope interdicts as- semblies of Freemasons under penalty of rack and condemnation to the galleys. 1757 June 13. Pope Benedict XIY. issues a decree prohibiting the use of of any version of the Bible in the com- mon language of the people. 1759 Feb. 28. Pope Clement XIII. permits the Bible to be translated into all the languages of the Catholic states. 1773 July 21. Rome. Jesuits abol- ished (p. 804). [Aug. 16. The bull an- nounced.] * * Rome. Clement XIV. abolishes the ceremony of kissing the Pope's toe. 1775-99 Rome. Pius VI. is pope. [1800- 23, Pius VII.] 1781 * * Tolerance granted by the em- peror (p. 805). 1787 * * The Inquisition is abolished in Lombardy and Tuscany. 1798 Feb. 20. Rome. Pius VI., 80 years of age, is forced by the French to retire, stripped of his temporal posses- sions. [He is conveyed to Florence.] 1801 July 15. Home is restored to Pius VII. (p. 715). 1809 May 17. Fr. Napoleon abol- ishes the temporal power. [June 10. Pius VII. excommunicateB Napoleon and his abetters. July* -1814. The Pope is deposed and held a captive.] (P. 719.) LETTERS. 1734 * * Belisario, by Carlo Goldoni, ap- pears. [1761, Una del Sere di Carnevale.] 1 740-70 The Novelle Letterarie is issued by Lami. 1750 * * The Booh of_ the Mazorah, the Hedge of the Law, is first printed at Florence. 1761 * * Amove delle Ire Melarance, by Carlo Gozzi, appears. [1768, Osservatore Veneto.] 1763 * * II Mattino, by Giuseppe Parini, appears. [1765.7/ Mezzogiorno ; 1797±, II Vespro, and La Notte.] 1763-65 Frastra Letteraria is issued at Venice. 1764 * * Frattato die Deilttl e delle Pene, by Cesare Beccaria, appears. 1771 * * A Giomale is issued at Pisa. 1780* * The first volume of Scienza della Legislazione, by Gaetano Filangieri, ap- pears. 1785 * * Arhtodemo, by Vineenzo Monti, appears. [1793, Lassevilliana.] 1797 * * Tleste, by Ugo Foscolo, appears. [1800+ , Latere de Jacopo Ortis; 1807, / Sepolcrl; 1S26, Discourse on the Text of Dante.} 1806 * * Giomale Enciclopedico is issued at Naples. 1806-09 Vocabolario della Crusca, ed- ited by Antonio Cesari, appears. 1809* * Guerra dell' Indipendenza Ame- ricana, by Carlo Botta, appears. [1824, History of Italy 1789 to 2814.] 1811 * * Poligrafo is issued at Milan. STATE. 1730 * * Corsica revolts against Genoa. [1735. Independent.] * * Victor Amadeug abdicates the throne of Sardinia m favor of ins son. Charles Emman- uel (III. of Savoy). [1732. He fails in an attempt to recover it, and is imprisoned.] 1734+ * * Spain rules Sicily and Naples by conquest. 1735-59 CharlesIV.ail. of Sp.)is King of the Two .Sicilies. [175;>-1S0o. Ferdinand IV-] 1736 * * Sardinia acquires territory from Milan. 1738 Nov. 18. Tuscany is ceded to Francis, Duke of Lorraine Milan and Mantua to Austria, the Two Sicilies to Spain (p. 701). 1739* * San Marino becomes subject to the Pope. 1748 Oct. 7- Austria cedes to Spain Parma, Piacenza, and Gustalla (p. 515). [1748-97. Austria rules Lombardy.] 1754 * * Corsica revolts against Genoa ; it is led by Pasquale di Paoli. [1768. Ceded to France by Genoa. 1794. To England by Paoli.] 1773-96 Sardinia. Victor Amadeus II. is king. [1796-1802. Charles Emman- uel II. 179S-1S14. Kings reside in Sar- dinia.] 1790 * * Leopold I., Grand Duke of Tuscany, becomes emperor (Leopold II.) of the Holy Roman Empire. 1792* * Fr. TTice is seized, and annexed to France. [1814. Ceded to Sardinia.] 1796 * * Bonaparte forms the Trans- padane republic (Lombardy). May * Savoy and Nice ceded to France (p. 713). June 30. Milan is seized by the French. [1796. Genoa is transformed into the Ligurian republic] 1797 Feb. 19. The Pope cedes terri- tory to France (p. 713). May * Bonaparte forms the Cisalpine republic, with French control. It includes the possessions of Milan, Mantua, Modena, Bergamo, Ferrara, Bologna, Ravenna ; capital, Milan. It absorbs the Cispadane and Transpadane republics. [1798. Sept. * It receives a new constitution. 1799. Abolished. 1800. Restored.] Oct. 17- Venice and Venetia are ceded to Austria (p. 519). 1798 Feb. 15. Rome. Insurrectionists proclaim a republic [They adopt a constitution imitating that of France. 1799. Nov. * Suppressed by the allies and the Neapolitans, and the Pope re- stored.] Mar. 20. Rome. The French enter, and proclaim the Roman Republic re- vived. [1799. Sept. 30. The Neapoli- tans recover the city. 1801. Restored to the Pope.] 1799 Jan. 1. The French take pos- session of Turin and the strong places in Piedmont, and force the king tc remove with his family to Sardinia. Jan. 23. The French establish the Par- thenopian Republic at Naples. [June * Overthrown.] 1800 * * The French expel the grand duke, Ferdinand III., from Tuscany. They organize Mont Blanc (Savoy) as a department. 1801 Feb. * Napoleon dispossesses the grand duke of Tuscany, and forms the kingdom of Etruria (Tuscany), and makes Louis I., Duke of Parma, its king. [1803. Louis II. king.] 1802 Jan.* The Italian Republic is formed (p. 715). May 31. The French regain Milan. 1802-05 Victor Emmanuel I. is king of Sardinia. [1802. June 4. He abdi- cates. 1814-21. Restored. 1821. Mar. 13. Abdicates.] 1805 Mar. 18. The Cisalpine Republic- is merged into the kingdom of Italy. It comprises the Cisalpine Republic,. Venetia, Valtelline, the bishopric of Trent, and the march of Ancona ; capi- tal, Milan. Napoleon I. is proclaimed king. [May 26. Crowned at Milan, the capital. 1S14. Abdicated.] June 4. Genoa is incorporated with France. * * Napoleon makes Eugene Eeauhar- nias his viceroy of Italy. Dec 26. Venice ceded to Italy by Aus- tria (p. 519). [1806. Jan. 1. Ratified.] 1806 * * The kingdoms of Naples and Sicily are separated. Feb. 6. Joseph Bonaparte is crowned King of Naples anie!e, statesman, patriot, A53. 1858 * * Foresti, E. Feline, patriot, A65. Lablanche, Luigi, singer, A67. Orsini, Felice, ennspirator, A37. 1859* * Codazzi, Agostino, explorer, geog- rapher, A67. 1860 * * Borgheai, IJartolommeo, Count, nu- mismatist, A79. 1861 * * Cavour, Count di, Camillo Benao, statesman, A 51. 1863 * * Ainici, Giovanni Battista, physicist, A79. 1864" * Florentine,, Pier A ngelo, author, A58. 1865 * * Pasla, Giuditta, singer, A67. 1866* * Azeulio, M.issimo 'japaielli d', states- man, A 66. r.rotlerio, Augelo, author, A64. 1867* * Pacini, ( iiovauni, composer, A71. 1868* * Andrea, (.iirolamod', cardinal, A56. C'ierogna, F.mmanurle Antonio, author, A79. Maoehetti, Carlo, sculptor, A63. iWatteucci, Carlo, physiologist, A57. Rossini, Gioacchimt A ntonio. composer, A76. 1869 Nov. 11. Victor Emmanuel, Ferdi- nand, son of Prince Humbert, born. 1870 * * Berry, Ihichesse de, Caroline Ferdl- nande Louise, of Naples, A72. Cibrario, Luigl, historian, A68. Mercadante, Saverio, composer, A73. 1871* * Belgiojoso, Princess of, Christina di Trivulzio, patriot, author, A63. Laugier, Comte de Cesar de Bellecour, gen- eral, author, A82. 1873* * Giudici, Paolo Emiliano, hist., A60. Mazzini, Giuseppe, patriot, A64. 1873* * Donati, Giovanni Battista, astrono- mer, A47. Fagimni, Giuseppe, portrait painter, A 54. Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenieo, politician, author, A68. Manzoni, Alessandro, Count, writer, A 89. lialtazzi, I'rbano, statesman, A63. 1876* * Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal, statesman, A86. Ferrari, Giuseppe, philosopher, A65. 1878 Jan. 9. "Victor Emmanuel (II. Of Sardinia), first King of Italy, A58. Plus IX., pope, A86. Secchi, Pietro A ngelo, cl., astronomer, AGO. CHURCH. 1860 Mar. 26. Home. Pius IX. ex- communicates all abetting the rebel- lion of the Papal States. [1861. June 9. Issues a severe allocution against the Italians.] * * Home. Methodist mission opened. 1862 * * A declaration against temporal power is signed by 2,000+ priests. 1864 Dec. 8. Pius IX. issues a sylla- bus censuring 80 errors in religion, phi- losophy, and politics. [1865. Sept. 30. Also an allocution condemning secret societies.] 1866 Mar. 19. Protestants are mas- sacred at Barletta, Naples. July 7. A bill to suppress monasteries and confiscate certain Church properties is passed. 1867 June 26. The canonization of 25 martyrs is attended by 599 bishops and thousands of priests. * *The Presbyterian Church South, V. S. A., opens a mission in Naples. 1869 Apr. 11. Rome. Pius IX. cele- brates a jubilee. 1869-70 Borne. The Vatican Council. (Dec. 8.) It opens: present, 6 archbish- op-princes, 49 cardinals, 11 patriarchs, 68D archbishops and bishops, :■* abbots, 29 gene- rals of orders. Total. 803. (1870. Apr. 24.) New canons are issued. (July 18.) The infallibility of the 1'ope is promulgated as a doctrine of the Church. 1870 Jan. 12. Rome . Pius IX. by de- cree condemns the Fenians. [Sept. 11. He refuses the proffered sovereignty of the Leonine City as a compromise. Nov. 23. He excommunicates all per- sons who have aided in the annexation of Rome to Italy.] 1871 June 25. Rome. The Pope's jubilee is celebrated after 25 years of dominion. 1873 Jan. 25. - Rome. The American Protestant Church is dedicated. [Oct. 25. An Anglican Church.] * * The Methodist Episcopal Church (U. S. A.) opens a mission in Bologna. Also in Florence. [1874, in Milan ; 1875, in Perugia ; Lee, in Rome.] 1875 Feb. 9. Rome. Pius IX. again appears at St. Peter's after an absence of four years. * * The First Synod of theltalian Catho- lic Church meets at Naples. 1877 Feb. 20. Rome. Leo XXTI. is elected pope. [1878. Mar. 3. Crowned.] 1878 Dec. 28. Rome. Leo XIII. issues an encyclical condemning communism, socialism, and nihilism as fruits of the Reformation. LETTERS. 1855 * * Gazelta del Popolo is issued at Turin. 1857 * * Rome. The ancient Vatican Codex of the Old and J\'ew Testament in Greek is published. 1866 + * Nuova Antologia is issued. 1867 * * Annali di Mathematica is issued . 1869 * * Nuova Giornale Botanico issued. 1871 * * Archivio Veneto is issued. 1874 Jan. * The Academy of San Luca is replaced by a new academy. * * Archivio Storico Lombard o is issued. 1876 * * II Filangioni is issued. * * Annali di Statiscica is issued. STATE. 1857 Apr.* Rupture between Auttria and Sardinia. [War follows.] (P. 525.) 1859 Apr. 27. Peaceful revolution at Florence. A provisional government is formed in Tus- cany, with the King of Sardinia dictator, in ITALY. 1855, * *-1878, Dec. 28. 1089 consequence of the grand duke's refusal of an alliance with Sardinia. [Apr. 30. Dicta- torship declined; command of the Tuscan army accepted. July 21. The grand duke abdicates.] May 3. Peaceful revolution at Parma. [June 15. At Modena. June* Insur- rections break out in Romagna, at Bo- logna, Ferrara, and Modena.] May 22-60 Sept. 6. Francis II. is King of tlieTwo Sicilies. [18G0. Deposed.] June 11. The fugitive, Francis V. of Modena, establishes a regency at Ve- rona. [June 13. Abolished, and a pro- visional government is set up.] July 12. Rome. The Pope appeals to Europe against Sardinia. Preliminaries of peace are signed with Austria (p. 525). Sardinia gains Lonibar- dian territory. [The cities of Italy are greatly agitated by the terms of the peace, which restore Austrian author- ity.] July 21. Ferdinand IV. becomes grand duke of Tuscany. July * Marchese Alfonso Ferrero di La Marmora is prime minister. [1S64^GG- Again.] * * The states of Tuscany, Modena, and Parma, with the papal state of Ko- magna, implore Victor Emmanuel to an- nex them to his kingdom. Opposed by the Pope. Nov. 10. Switz. Peace of Zurich signed (p. 525). Dec. 7. A new constitution for Sardinia is proclaimed. Dec. 24. The province of JEmilia is formed by uniting Iiwinagna, Modena, and Parma. [1860. Mar. 14. They vote by universal suffrage for union with Sardinia.] Mar. 16. Tuscany votes for union with Sardinia. [Mar. 22. Decreed.] 1860 Mar. 24. Nice and Savoy an- nexed to France (p. 735). Mar. 28. Rome. The Pope excommu- nicates all concerned in the rebellion of his states. Apr. * Sicily. Insurrections against oppressive government break out in Pa- lermo, Messina, and Catania. May 18. The Sardinian government pro- fesses disapproval of Garibaldi's ex- pedition for the deliverance of Sicily. [June 3. A provisional government is formed at Palermo.] June 26. Francis II. of Naples, alarmed by the revolutionists, proclaims amnesty and promises a liberal minis- try. [July 2. Proclaims the reestab- lishment of the constitution of 1848.] July 30. The Neapolitans agree to evacuate Sicily, only retaining the for- tress of Messina. Aug. 3. Sicily. A new constitution is proclaimed. Sept. 6. Francis II., the last King of Naples and Sicily, is deposed. [Sept. 8. Garibaldi assumes the dicta- torship. Oct. 21. The Two Sicilies by universal suffrage vote for union with Sardinia. Vote, 432,054-667. Nov. 7. Vic- tor Emmanuel enters Naples as king.] Sept. 7. The people of Fossombrone ap- peal to Sardinia for relief from the papal troops, by whom they have been subdued. Sept. 28. Rome. The Pope issues an allocution against France and Sardinia, and appeals to Europe for prelection. Nov. * The Marches vote for annexation to Sardinia. * * Urbino, Bologna, and Ravenna are united to the kingdom of Italy. 1861 Feb. 18. The first Italian Parli- ament meets. [Mar. 17. It confers the title King of Italy on Victor Emmanuel, King of Sar- dinia. Apr. 15. The Pope protests against the kingdom.] Mar. 31. England recognizes the kingdom of Italy. [June 24. Recog- nized by France. Oct. 1. By Portugal. 1862. Mar. 1. By Prussia. July 3. By Russia. 1865. June* By Spain.] Oct. 13. The Italian kingdom is divided into 59 prefectures. 1S62 July 19. Sicily. Garibaldi calls for volunteers under the watch-cry, " Rome or death." Aug. 19. Sicily. Garibaldi organizes a provisional government in Catania, although opposed by the king. [Sept. 28. Garibaldi appeals to the English people for aid, in the name of liberty. Oct. 5. Amnesty is granted to him and his followers.] 1863 Mar. 24-64 Sept. * Marco Min- ghetti is prime minister. [1873-76. Again.] 1864 Jan. * The moderate party are victorious in the general election. Sept. 15. France agrees to withdraw her troops from Rome (p. 737). Dec. 11. Florence is decreed to be the capital of Italy. [Temporary.] 1865 Nov. 7. The Bank of Italy is established. Nov. 18. The new Parliament meets in Florence. Dec* -66 Jan.* Rupture with Russia. 1S66 May 12. An alliance is entered with Prussia. June 18. War is declared against Austria (p. 526). July 3. Austria cedes Venetia to France. [Oct. 11. Transferred by France to Italy. Oct. 21. Plebiscitum, 641,758 votes for annexation, 60 against it.] Oct. 3. Aust. Italy and Austria sign the Peace of Vienna. [Oct. 12. Rati- fied.] Oct. 11. Austria restores Mantua to Italy. Nov. 7. The king enters Venice. 1867 May-b * The kingdom suffers financial embarrassment; the king . surrenders a part of his civil list for its relief. Oct. 27. Florence. The king issues a proclamation against the Garibaldian invasion of the Papal States. Riots break out in many cities. [Oct. 30. The revolution is suppressed. Dec. 5. Am- nesty proclaimed at Florence.] 1868 Apr. 4. Florence. The Deputies adopt the grist-tax after a debate last- ing 21 days. [June * Adopted by the Senate.] 1870 Mar. 24+. Republican upris- ings in Pavia and other towns are sup- pressed. July 18. Florence. Neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war is proclaimed. Sept. 11. The Pope refuses to com- - promise. The king offers the Holy See the sov- ereignty of the Leonine City, containing the Vatican, the Castle of St. Angelo, and the Borgo district, with the retention of his income. Sept. 26. Rome. Cardinal Antonelli is- sues a protest against the Italian occu- pation of the Holy City. Sept. 22. Rome. A provisional gov- ernment is formed by 10,000 people assembled in the Colosseum. Oct. 2. Plebiscite of the Papal States : 133,G81 votes for union with Italy, 1,507 against it. Oct. 9. United Italy is accomplished ; Rome and its territories are united to the kingdom. [Oct. 19. Decree issued.] Dec. 5. Rome. The Parliament meets; Rome is declared the capital city. [1871. July 1. The government is removed to Rome. July 3. Inaugurated.] 1872 Mar. 27. San Marino enters a convention with Italy. 1876 Mar.* -79 * * Agostino Depretis is prime minister. [1881-86. Again.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1859 Jan. 30. Prince Napoleon Jerome marries the Princess Clotilde. Mar. 7. Poerio and 66 companions rise when being conveyed as exiles to North America, seize the vessel, and sail for Cork, Ireland. [The English subscribe £10,000 in their aid.] 1860 * * Sicily. Secret terrorists called Mafia commit many murders ; the so- ciety becomes prominent. 1862 Mar.-Apr.* Garibaldi makes a triumphant progress through Italy; he establishes many rifle-clubs. Sept. 27- The Princess Maria Pia by proxy is married to the King of Por- tugal. 1865 May 14. A Dante festival is opened at Florence by the king. 1865 June 21. A cable telegraph line is opened between Marsala, Sicily, and La Calle, Algeria. 1S68 Feb. 20. The order of the Crown of Italy is instituted. Apr. 22. Prince Humbert is married to his cousin, Margherita at Turin. Apr.+ * Brigands abound in South Italy. [1872. Revived.] June 15. The railway over Mont Cenis is opened ; length, 48 miles. [1871. Oct. 16. Opened for traffic.] 1870 Dec. 31. Much suffering is caused by an inundation of the Tiber. [1872. Also by the inundation of the Po.] 1874-75 The Government makes vigor- ous efforts to suppress the disorderly Mafia and their enemies, the Ca- morra. [1875. Oct. 2. Capraro, the chief of brigands, is killed.] 1877 Mar. * The work of improving the Tiber and making a new port is commenced. June * -Nov. * The brigands are nearly exterminated. [1878. Revived in South Italy. 1 1878 May 31. The draining and plant- ing of the Campagna is authorized. Nov. 17. Giovanni Passanante, an in- ternationalist, attempts to assassinate the king, whom he wounds. 1090 1879, * *-1894, Dec. 27. ITALY. ARMY — NAVY. 1887-94 War with Abyssinia (p. 2). 1890 Sept. 20. A new ironclad launched, the largest in the navy. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1883 Jan. 21. Rome. An International Exhibition of Fine Arts opens. [1887. May 2. Another at Venice.] 1889 June 9. A statue of Giordano Bruno (burned in 1600) is unveiled in Venice. 1890 Sept. 20. A statue of Victor Emmanuel is unveiled at Florence. 1892 Sept. 28. A statue of Mazzini is unveiled at Carrara. BIRTHS— DEATHS. 1879 * * Fanfanl, Pietro, philologist, A64. 1880 * * Ricasoli, Bettino, Baron, statesman, A71. 1881* * Pepoli, (iioachino, MarquiB, politi- cian, A56. 1882 * * Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriot, Alh. Lanza, Giovanni, statesman, A61. 1883* * Mario, Giuseppe, singer, A73. Giuliani, Giauibattista, srholar, A66. 1885 * * Mamiani, Terenzio della Rovere, Count, philosopher, A83. Vera, AuRusto, philosopher, A68. 1886 * * -Minchetli, Marm, statesman, A68. 1887 July 29. Depretis, Agosto, prime minister, A79. 1889 * * Amari, MU-hele, historian, A83. Patti, Carlotta. singer, A49. Tamberlik, Enrico, singer, A 69. 1891 June lO. Curci, Carlo Maria, theolo- gian, A81. Sept. 9. Peruzzi, UbaMino, statesman, A70. 1892 Jan. 14. Simeoni, Giovanni, cardi- nal, statesman, A76. Sept. 8. CiaUlini, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta, general, diplomatist, A81. Dec. 27. Francis II., last King of Naples, or the Two Sicilies, A48. Alboni, Marietta, Binger, A71. CHURCH. 1888 Jan. 1-5. Rome. The Pope's grand jubilee is celebrated by masses at St. Peter's ; present, 48 cardinals, 233 archbishops and bishops, and 30,000+ laymen. 1891* *The Evangelical Alliance holds its ninth anniversary in Florence. 1892 Jan. 4, Leo XIII. accepts the terms proposed by France for concilia- tion between the Vatican and the king- dom. 1894 Dec. 17. Rome. Leo XIII. cele- brates mass ; 15,000 persons present. LETTERS. 1879 * * Nuova Revista inter yiazionale is issued. 1880 Jan. 1. Rome. Aurora, a papal daily newspaper is issued. June * New Italy and old Zealots, by Rev. Carlo Maria Curci, appears. 1881 * * La Ressagna Italiana is issued. 1882 * * Archivio Trentico is issued. 1883 * * Giomale storio della Letter atur a Italiana is issued. * * Giornale degli Eruditi is issued. * * Annuario di Giurisprudenza is issued. * * Revue Internationale is issued. 1884 * * Revista storica Italiana is issued. * * La Natura is issued. STATE. 1881 Dec. * The suffrage is extended to all who can read and write ; minority representation is provided for. 1884 Nov. 28. Twenty-one new mem- bers are added to the Senate. 1887 Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance for defense is signed with Austria-Hungary and Germany (DreibunU). Aug. * -91 Feb. 1. Francesco Crispi is prime minister. 1888 June * Capital punishment is abolished by the Chambers. 1889 May 8. A treaty is signed with Abyssinia (p. 2). [Nov. 11. A protecto- rate is declared (p. 3)]. 1890 May 5. The Senate passes the Charities Bill, providing for church ex- penses, and averts the resignation of the Ministry. Nov. 30. Rome. A general amnesty is promulgated. 1891 Feb. 2-92 May 6. Marquis A. di Hudini is premier. Mar. 15. Rome. The Baron de Fava, minister to Washington, is instructed to earnestly protest against the action of the anti-Italian mob in New Orleans. [Mar. 16. President Harrison's regrets are received.] June 29. The Triple Alliance (Drei- bund) is renewed for six years ; it guar- antees the integrity of each nation. 1892 Apr. 16. Baron de Fava is or- dered to resume his diplomatic post at Washington. May 10. Signor Giollitti is premier. 1893 Jan. 20. Rome. Premier Giol- litti presents a report to the chamber of Deputies respecting the bank scandal. [1894. Flees to escape arrest.] Nov. 23. Many prominent men are in- volved in the bank scandal, which is re- ported to the Assembly by a commission. [Nov. 25. The bank scandal causes the resignation of the Cabinet.] Dec. 15+. Rome. Francesco Crispi is premier. 1894 Jan. 4. A state of siege is de- clared in Sicily because of the anti-tax agitation. [Jan. 17. Also in Carrara and Mussa de Carrara.] Feb. 18. Rome. A democratic con- gress meets, having 67 delegates, who oppose governmental despotism. July 11. Rome. The Chamber passes a bill to suppress theoretical propaganda of anarchy. [July 16. The Senate.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1881 Mar. 23. A fire panic occurs in the opera-house at Nice ; 70± lives are lost. 1882 May 21, 22. The St. Gothard railway,between Lucerne and Milan, is opened. 1883 Jan. 31. Rome. An international Fine Arts Exhibition ia opened. 1884. Jan. 5. Rome. Victor Emman- uel's body is removed to the Pantheon. * * The Asiatic cholera appears in Italy. [1S86. Again. 1893. Again.] 1889 Feb. 8+. Rome. Hioters destroy an immense amount of property ; 30 per- sons are injured. 1890 Apr. 18. The Italian East Africa Company is organized. 1891 Mar. 17. The Utopia sinks after a collision in Gibraltar Bay ; 500 Italians are drowned. May± * Testimony in a trial at Bari shows that the Mala Vita brigands sen- tence persons to death and execute them. May 15. The police arrest 16 anar- chists, having plans for the pillage and destruction of banks and other proper- ties. May 31±. The International Peace Congress meets at Milan. [1892. Nov. 3. At Rome.] 1893 Jan. 19. Rome. Dynamiters twice attempt to blow up a hotel crowded with people, causing only slight damages. Apr. 22. Rome. The 25th anniversary of the king's marriage is celebrated with general festivity. July 12. Over 200 Senators and Deputies are charged with complicity in the Banca Romana scandal. [Oct. 23. An investigating committee reports to the Deputies, and criticizes many prominent men ; 13 nobles and 30 Deputies arc implicated, also Premier Giollitti. 1894. May 2. Trial begins.] Oct. * Sicily. The Government declares martial law for extermination of bri- Nov. 30. Rome. The Credit Mobilier suspends payments; a panic follows. [Dec. 13. The Banca Bomana suspends.] Dec. 18. Sicily. Anti-tax riots break out. [Dec. 24. 1894. Jan. 3+. Again.] 1894 Mar. 8. Rome. A bomb explo- sion injures eight persons. June 16. Rome. An anarchist fires two bullets at Premier Crispi while riding, both missing the mark. July 20. The prisons are full of anar- chists awaiting trial. JAPAN. The empire of Japan consists chiefly of four islands, Honshu, Yesso, Shikoku, and Kiushiu, with about 4,000 near-by islands, and the mere remote Liukiu and Kurile and Bonin groups ; capital, Tokyo. The government is a limited monarchy, with the legislative power lodged in a Parliament composed of two houses, a House of Peers and a House of Representatives. Shinto and Buddhism are the chief religions. Area, 147,655 square miles. Population in 1891, 40,453,461. ARMY — NAVY. civil war. [1156-59. War for the posses- sion of the emperor's person.] 1150-85 a. d. The Minamoto clans 1274-81 Mongols attempt to conquer nearly annihilate the Taira clans in a Japan. (1274.) A Chinese expedition of 10,000 nen is repulsed. (1281.) An expedition of 100,000 Chi- lese and Koreans i JAPAN. 660**b.c.-a.d. 1853, July 7. 1091 1331 * * A revolt, caused by the ill-treat- ment of the mikado by the Hojd ; it is led by Kusunoki-Masashige and Nitta Yoshisada, descendants of the Mina- moto clan. [1336. Kioty is taken.] 1333 * * Nitta Toshisada attacks and de- stroys Kamakura. 1560 * * Ota Nobunaga defeats Yoshi- moto in a feudal war. 1570 * * The united forces of Nobunaga, Sokugawa, Iyeyasu, and Yoshiaki defeat Yoshikage at the battle of Anagawa. 1592 * * The Koreans utterly defeat a Japanese invasion. [1597. Another in- vasion defeats a Chinese fleet, but soon evacuates Korea.] (P. 614+ . See Korea.) 1600 * * Battle of Sekigahara ; Iyeyasu decisively defeats and subdues his ene- mies. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1108* *Isono Zenji, "the mother of the drama," flourishes. [1624. The first theater in Japan is opened at Yeddo.] 1703 * * Yeddo is almost ruined by an earthquake; 200,000 lives lost. [1855. Nov. 11. Again.] CHURCH. 552 * * Buddhism is introduced from Korea. 1549 * * Francis Xavier carries the gos- pel to Japan. [1553. More Roman Catho- lic missionaries arrive. 1582. Perse- cution begins.] 1582 * * Japanese Christians number 200,000, with three baptized daimios. 1585 * * Tbe Japanese Christians send a mission to the Papal See, headed by three noblemen. [1590. General perse- cution of Christians begins. Four Franciscan monks arrive.] 1593 * * Hideyoshi seizes nine mission- aries, and burns them at Nagasaki. [1597. Feb. 5. Six Franciscans, three Jesuits, and 17 other Christians are cru- cified. 1598. Christianshavearespite. 1600. Iyeyasu decrees the expulsion of foreigners. 1610, 200 missionaries and 2,000,000 converts are reported.] 1611* *Persecution again begins ; Christians exalt their religion by their fortitude ; princess, nobles, men, women, and children suffer heroically. 1614* * Thousands of native Christiana flee to China and Formosa. 1624 * * Father Sotelo, papal legate, is put to death. 1637 * * Revolt at Shimabara. Thousands of Christians and others seize and repair an old castle in Kiushiu, and there withstand the siege of the armies during two months; 27,000 prisoners surrender, most of whom are sent into exile, but many hundreds are executed by decapitation and drowning. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 1280* *a. d. Japan is visited by Marco Polo, the Venetian traveler. 1533* * Ota Nobunaga, nobleman, war- rior, born. 1535* * Japan is visited by Mendez Pinto, a Portuguese. [His countrymen soon obtain permission to make a set- tlement.] 1600* *The Dutch first trade with Japan. [1612. The English come. 1690. EngelbertKampfer, the German trav- eler, comes.] 1717-44 During the reign of Yoshimune, a free hospital is established at Yeddo. The sugar-cane is introduced. 1805* *Takato Ogi, minister, born. [1877. Dies.] 1829 * * Juzammi T. Okubo, statesman, born. STATE, 660-585 B.C. JimmuTenno, the first mikado, reigns ; he leads hither invaders from Asia, and establishes a dynasty [which continues till now]. 97-30 B.C. Sujin, the 10th mikado, reigns. He promotes civilization, and opens intercourse with Korea. 71-130 A. r>. Keiko reigns. 131* * Yamato-Dake reigns; annexes Koanto. 201* *Chinai, the 14th mikado, dies, and is succeeded by his wife, Jingu-Kog< >. She subdues Korea, and enters diplo- matic relations with China. 270-310 Ojin, a warlike mikado, reigns. 500+ * * History becomes authentic. 603 * * The government is divided into eight great administrative departments and a number of smaller ones. [The court nobility conduct the departments.] * * * The people are divided into two classes, the agricultural and the military. * * * The Fujiwara nobility gradually acquire all the civil offices ; the Hei and. Gen families (Taira or Minamoto) fill the military offices. 8th-12th Century. The Taira and Mina- moto clans struggle for supremacy ; the emperors are puppets of the dominant faction. 794 * * Kyoto becomes the capital. 1160-81 Taira no Kiyomori is prime minister. 1160± * *The exiled Minamoto estab- lish a realm under Yoritomo and Yoshit- sune in the Koanto plain ; Kamakura, capital. 1181* * Kiyomori dies; the rival clans renew civil war. 1185-1219 Minamoto supremacy. 1192* * The Mikado Takahira appoints Yoritoma generalissimo of the empire. He extends the realm by conquests, and makes Kamakura the metropolitan city [and later the capital]. 1199 * * Yoritomo dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Yoriiye~ and Sanetomo. [1219. The death of Sanetomo closes the main line of the Minamoto family.] 1225-1575 The Hojo family, favoring the Minamoto line, hold the military administration ; the office of shogun, or general, is conferred on various mem- bers of the Fujiwara family. 1250+ * *The shoguns become the "Mayors of the Palace,'* who conduct the military and civil government, while the mikado serves in spiritual functions. 1319-38 The Mikado Go-Daigo reigns. 1331-92 Two rival courts, the northern and southern, dispute the succession. (See Army.) It is settled by an agree- ment that the mikados shall be taken alternately from each house. [The north- branch at Kyoto survives only a few 1336-1573 The Ashikaga shoguns rule Japan. 15th Century. Civil wars devastate Japan. 1510+ * *The Later Hojd family rule for four generations; capital, Odawara. 1558-88 Oki-Machi reigns as mikado ; Nobunaga,Hideyo8hi,andTogugawariae to power as great men. 1560+ * * Yoshiake is shogun. [Dis- possessed by Yoshikage. Reinstated by Nobunaga.] 1573-82 Nobunaga is shogun. He favors Christianity and opposes Buddhists, capturing their fortified temples. (1582.) Revolt. Nabunaga com- mits suicide. 1582-92 Hideyoshi, the shogun, (?) subdues the revolt. [1582-98. He is shogun. 1588. He de- crees the expulsion of the Jesuits (inop- erative).] 1598* * Hideyoshi dies; Tokugawa Iyeyasu is regent for his infant son. [1603. Iyeyasu becomes shogun. He favors education and foreign intercourse, and removes the capital from Kamakura to Yeddo. 1614. He decrees the isola- tion of Japan from the world.] 1603-68 The Tokugawa shoguns rule. [Some of the shoguns assume the title Tai-kun, or Tycoon, " High Prince."] 1605 * * Iyeyasu resigns his title to his son Hidetada [but retains power till death, in 1616. He leaves a code of laws]. 1620 * * Hidetada sends a messenger to Europe to study Christianity. [The sho- gun opposes his favorable report of it, and forbids its introduction.] 1630^43 Too-Fuku-no-in, daughter of the Mikado Go-mino-o, and the daughter of the shogun Hidetada, succeed to the throne as Miosho-Tenno. 1653 * * Iyemitsu becomes shogun. He opposes Christians and closes Japan against foreigners ; only the Chinese and the Dutch are allowed to trade at Na- gasaki. [1649. He dies.] 1637 * * The Christians at Shimabara revolt. (See Church.) 1650-81 Iyetsuna is shogun. Yeddo in- creases in importance. 1681-1708 Tsunayoski is shogun. He is a scholar, and favors learning. 1717-44 Yoshimune is shogun, and rules with great ability. The criminal code is revised. Hygienic information is distributed throughout the empire. 1744 * * Population, 26,080,000 people. 1763-70 An empress is on the mikado's throne. 1763-86 Iyeharu is shogun. 1780-1816 Kohaku is mikado. The Dutch gain great commercial in- fluence j the Russians fail in attempting to gain intercourse. 1787-1838 lyenori is shogun. [1838-53, Iyeyoshi ; 1853-59, lyesada. 1859. Sept. 16. Dies.] 1817^16 Ninko is mikado. [1846-66, Komei-Tenno.] 1853 July 7. Com. Perry, U.S.N., enters the harbor of Yeddo with four vessels, and is favorably received after using his big guns. 1092 1859, July *-1894, Dec. 20. JAPAN. ARMY — NAVY. 1863 July 15-19. Some English, French., and American vessels bombard the forts and ships of the Prince of Negato, in retaliating an attack on Nov. 15-19, 1862. 1868 * * -69 June * "War between the mikado and Keiki, the ex-shogun. (1868. Jan. 26-30.) Rebels defeated. (May 10-17.) Rebels victorious at Fu- shimo, near Yeddo. 1883 July 23. Korea. Anti-Japanese riots (p. 1094). 1894 Feb. * -Apr. * The anti-Korea party makeB an unsuccessful insurrec- tion. Aug. 2-95 Mar. * "War with China (p. 626). July 23. Korea. The Chinese faction fire on the Japanese guards at the capi- tal ; the Japanese occupy the palace and oust their enemies. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1888 July 15-18. A volcanic erup- tion destroys 400 lives at Sho-Bandai- San. [1889. Apr. 13-14. Another oc- curs on Ishima Island: 170 persons are killed.] 1889 June 2. Chang Ping and Ping Yueng districts are flooded by a water- spout ; 6,000 lives are lost. Aug. * The town of Kumamoto is de- stroyed by an earthquake ; nearly 38,000 lives are lost. Aug. 19. The Kinogawa River bursts its banks in the province of Kii ; 15,000 lives are lost. Aug. 30. Floods in Wahayama destroy 10,000 lives. Sept. 11. Besides terrible floods and landslides, a typhoon sweeps over Yoko- hama. In Wakayaina alone 1,238 lives are lost: 82,777 persons are immediately de- pendent on charity. 1891 Oct. 28. An earthquake on the Nippon islands kills 10,000 people. [Dee,. 6. Several rivers are choked by land- slides caused by an earthquake.] 1893 Nov. 13. Floods drown 1,500 per- sons. 1894 Oct. 22. Several villages are de- stroyed by lava from the volcano of Galoengong, in the Preang district. CHURCH. 1859 Nov.* Presbyterians (!'. S. A.) open amission at Kanagawa, near Yokohama. [1862. Removed to Yokohama. 1869. One at Kanagawa.} Dec. 29. The Reformed (U. S. A.) mission- aries arrive. [1872. Organize a church at Kaigan.] 1860 Apr. 1. American Baptists arrive. [1872. At Yokohama open a mission. 1873. Organize a church there. 1874. Open at Tokyo. 1876. Organize a ■■hureh there. 1881. Open at Kobe. 1**4, At Sendai; 1886, At Shhnonoseke; 18H7, At Merioka.] 1861 * * The London Society open a hospi- tal at Nagarkoil. 1869 Nov. 29. Missionaries of the Amer- ican Board arrive. [Open work at Kohe. 1872. Mar. 10. There forma church; open in Yokohama. 1873. Formfhurehesat Kobe and Osaka. 1875. Nov.* At Kiota. 1883. Open at Niigata.) * * Tokol Heishiro. counselor of the mikado, is suspected of holding "evil opinions" (Christianity), and assassinated. * * Missionaries of the (Eng.) Church Society the Bible in Japanese. [1880. The New Testament. 1884. The entire Japanese version of the Bible appears.] 1872* * The Government abolishes the de- partment of religion having Shinto as its especial care. 1873* * The Methodist Episcopal Church (U. S. A.) begins mission-work. [1874, at Hirosaki; 1H76, at Nagasaki; 1884. Bible wo- men's training-school, Yokohama, founded, 1885. Philander Smith's Biblical Institute and Theological School at Tokyo founded.] * * Tokyo. The first native church is formed. * * The Methodist Church of Canada opens work at Shidzuoka. * * The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel opens work at Tokyo. 1874 * * " The United Church of Christ in Japan " is formed by the union of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Pres- byterian Church (North) U. S. A., with the Keformed Church of Japan. * * The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland opens a mission at Tokyo. * * The Chinese Missionary Society opens a mission at Hokodato. 1876 * * The Evangelical Association (U. S. A.) opens mission- work. 1877* * The Cumberland Presbyterians (U.S.A.) begin mission-work. 1887. Open a mission at Nagoya. * * The Society for the Promotion of Female Education in the East enters Japan. 1879* * English Baptists send missionaries to Japan. * * The Reformed (German) Church (TJ. S. A.) sends missionaries to Japan. [1884. May * Forma chureh at Nihon liashi. 1885. Open at Sendai.] 1880 * * The Methodist Protestant Church (U. S. A.) sends missionaries to .Japan. [18K3. Also the Disciples of Christ. The Christian Society open at Akita and Sponai.] 1884 Aug. 11. The Government disestab- lishes the national religion ; promises tol- eration for all religions. 1885 * * The Society of Friends begin mis- sion-work. Also the Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.). [1887. They open at Kochi and Nagoya.] * * German pastorB arrive to preach " liberal theology." 1886 * * The Southern Methodlsts(U. S. A.) open at Kobe. 1887* * The Christian Church (U. S. A.) opens missions at Tokyo, Ishinomoki, and Ichisokaki. 1888 * * The Wyclif College mission of Canada opens. The American Unitarians begin work. 1889 * * The Roman Catholics at Kiushiu number 40,538. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 1859 July * Certain ports' are opened to foreigners. * * Yokohama is an insignificant fishing- place. 1862 June 27. Foreign Ministers transfer their residence from Yeddo to Yokohama. 1866 Nov. 26. Yokohama and much of the European settlement are de- stroyed by fire. 1867 Apr. 25. TheGovernment opens Yeddo and other places to trade. 1872 June 12. The first railway is opened ; it connects Yokokama with Tokyo. [Oct.* Extended to Shinogawa.] * * A public library is founded at Tokyo. 1873 * * The University of Tokyo is es- tablished. 1874 Jan. 1. The Gregorian calen- dar is adopted. 1S78 May 17- Okubo, the Minister of the Interior, is killed by six men who are actuated by political motives. 1880 * * One year's production of alco- holic liquids : ordinary sake, 200,603,360 gallons ; turbid sake, 2,519,760 gallons ; white sake, 60,000 gallons ; sweet sake for corking, 1,542,760 gallons ; liquor, 144,600 gallons ; spirits, 3,348,320 gallons. 1882 * * The Government has established 53,760 primary schools; compulsory education has been established. 1884 Jan. *- Sept. * Cholera causes 37,000 deaths. Sept. * A new order of hereditary no- bility is instituted. 1885 * * A Japanese dictionary in Ro- man characters appears. * * Alphabetical writing in place of ideo- graphic is adopted through the agency of the Roma-ji-Rai, or Roman Alphabet Association. 1887 Dec. 6. Shimadju Saburo, ex- Prince of Satsuma, dies. 1889 Apr. * The mikado opens the In- ternational Exhibition at Yokohama. 1887 * * "Western dress and habits are introduced by the Count Ito, the prime minister. 1S89 Feb. 14. Viscount Arm or i, Minister of Education, is assassinated at Tokyo by a fanatic. 1890 May * The mikado institutes the Order of theOolden Falcon, in commem- oration of the 2555th coronation of J mi- ni u Tenno. June* The failure of the rice crop causes thousands of people in Tokyo and other large cities in Japan to suffer for the want of food. One nobleman is feed- ing 1,000 people a day at his own expense. 1891 May 11. At a resort near Kyoto the Czarewitch of Russia is attacked by a native with a sword and slightly injured. 1894 Mar. * The Japanese begin to re- gard Sunday as a day of rest. The clos- ing of government establishments inau- gurates the custom in Japan. Business is nearly suspended in Tokyo on the Sabbath. Dec. 14. Four hundred dynamite bombs are seized at the homes of three alleged rebels, arrested at Kyoto. STATE. 1854 Mar. 31. A treaty is made with the United States (p. 175). [Oct. 14. An- other with Great Britain. 1855. Jan. 26. "With Russia and France. 1858. Aug. 19. Another for unrestricted com- merce with Russia.] 1859 * * A reaction occurs against the treaties made with foreigners ; the court at Tokyo and the mikado oppose them ; the shogun is assassinated. 1859-66 Iyemochi is shogun. [1866. Sept. * Dies.] 1860 May 14 < . An embassy visits the United States. [1862. Apr. 13+. An- other visits Paris and London.] 1863 June 24. It is announced that the ports opened according to treaty terms will be closed. Aug. * Japan isforced to pay $100,000in- demnity for outrages committed by na- tives on foreigners. 1864 Sept. 4-6. The combined Amer- ican, Dutch, and French fleets make a successful naval demonstration to force Japan to abide by the treaties. [Japan pays an indemnity to the foreign powers amounting to S3,O()0.<)0(), of which >;785,0()0 goes to the United Slates. 1883. Feb.* U.S.A. The House of Represen- tatives votes to repay the indemnity.] 1865 Nov. 25. Japan ratifies treaties with England, France, United States, and other powers. JAPAN. 1859, July *-1894, Dec. 20. 1093 1866-68 Keiki is [the last] shogun. [1868. Nov. 19. He resigns.] 1867 Feb. 13. Mutsu Hito succeeds his father as mikado. * * Treaty with China. 1868 Jan. 1. Osaka and Niogo are opened to commerce. Jan. 3. The dual government by mi- kado and shogun is ended by a procla- mation ; the mikado resumes entire au- thority. [A prolonged rebellion follows.] 1869 Nov. * The capital is transferred from Kyoto to Yeddo, and the name of the city changed from Yeddo to Tokyo. 1870* * Mutsu Hito welcomes for- eigners to Japan. 1871 * * Feudalism is abolished. The titled nobility become private cit- izens, a code of criminal law is issued, postal service established [and railroads and telegraphs follow]. * * Embassies are sent to the United States and to Europe. 1874 Aug. 18. China demands that the Japanese withdraw from Formosa, and threatens war. [Japanese with- draw under British persuasion. Oct. 31. A treaty is signed.] * * Japan annexes the Liukiu Islands. 1875 Apr. 14. The mikado decrees a new constitution, providing for two chambers and other reforms. [June 20. He opens a parliament of state officials, nominated by himself.] 1877 Feb. * -Oct. * Rebellion of the Satsuma clans. The daimios are effectually over- thrown. Money is provided by the issue of irredeemable paper currency. 1878 * * Local elective government is extended. The elective franchise is ex- tended to all male citizens 21 years of age who pay a land tax of $5.00. 1881 * * Japan negotiates with treaty powers to secure a higher tariff and the abolition of the privilege afforded for- eigners of living under the jurisdiction of courts of their own countries. 1883 * * Japan decides to open all its ports to foreign trade, with mixed tri- bunals. 1889 Feb. 11. The mikado promul- gates a new constitution. It provides for a House of Peers and a House of Commons of 300 members. Suf- frage is limited to men 25 years of age who pay $25 in taxes. Liberty in religion and freedom of speech are provided. June 6. Japan enters atreaty with Mex- ico. [Aug. 8. "With Russia.] Oct. 9. Nine non-treaty ports are opened to commerce. 1890 Apr. 21. A new civil code is formulated. July 9. First election for the House of Peers ; 22 farmers, 15 merchants, and only one noble are elected. Nov. 29. Tokyo. The first Japanese Par- liament opens. 1891 Dec. 29. Tokyo. An imperial de- cree dissolves the Parliament because of Its opposition. [1892. May 6. Anew- one meets. 1803. Dec. 31. Dissolved by decree.] 1893 Apr. 11. Spain is excited over the seizure of the Pelew Islands by Japan. 1894 Aug. 3. "War is declared against China. It grows out of the occupancy of Korea by both parties ; the Chinese faction op- pose the introduction of reforms in Korea. Aug. 25. Japan ratifies a new treaty with Great Britain. [Sept. 11. It signs a treaty of alliance with Korea.] Oct. 19. Parliament meets in special session to consider the war question. [Oct. 21. One hundred million yen are appropriated for the war.] Nov. 22. A new treaty is made with the United States. Nov. 29. Japan declines to receive any Chinese envoy, except one directly credited by the government. Dec. 20. China sends an envoy to Japan to sue for peace. Japan demands the cession of the conquered territory and four hundred million yen. KONGO FREE STATE. This State lies chiefly in the interior of Africa, but connects with the coast by a strip of country on the left hank of the Kongo. All nations and religions have equal privileges. An administrator at Boma conducts the government for the King of Belgium, who is the sovereign of Kongo State. Estimated area, 900,000 square miles ; estimated population, 14,000,000. STATE -MISCELLANEOUS. 1816* * James H. Tuckey's English expedi- tion explores the Zaire River [Kongo] as far as the highest rapids. [1826. Capt. Owen's English expedition surveys 25 miles of the [Kongo]. 1841. The Portuguese discover the mouths of (he Kimtjo. ami i. Win. Butler. * * The Southern Presbyterians (IT. S. A.) open a mission at San Luis Potosi. [1881, Tampico.] * * Presbyterians (IT. S. A.) open a mis- sion at Zacateeas and San Luis Potosi. [1876, San Miguel del Mezquital; 1884, at Guerrero and at Saltillo.] 1873-75 Roman Catholics persecute Protestants; some are murdered. 1886 * * The Cumberland Presbyte- rians (U. S. A.) begin mission-work. [1888. Open a mission at Aguas Ca- lientes.] STATE. 1828 * * Manuel Gomez Pedraza is elected president. [Annulled. 1832, Dec. 26-33 Apr. 1. Again president.] 1829 Jan. 12. Vicente Guerrero is elected president. [Dec. 23. Deposed by Gen. Santa Anna.] Mar. * The expulsion of the Spaniards is decreed. Dec. 4. A revolution arises. Anastasio Bustamente becomes acting president. [1833. Banished.] 1832 * * Santa Anna overthrows Busta- mente. 1835 * * Santa Anna makes himself dic- tator. 1836 Dec. 28. Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico. 1837-41 Bustamente is again president- [1841. Oct. * Forced to resign.] 1841 Oct. * -45 * * Santa Anna is pres- ident. [1845. Deposed and exiled. 1846. Dec. * Reinstated.] 1843 June 12. A new constitution is proclaimed; Santa Anna is practically dictator. 1846 May* A boundary dispute causes war with the United States (p. 163). 1851 Jan. 15-53 Jan. 6. Mariano Arista is president. [Resigns.] 1853 Apr. * -55 Jan.* Santa Anna is again elected president. [He assumes dictatorial powers. Abdicates.] 1855 Jan.* -55 Dec* Gen. Carer a is president. [1855. Dec. * Juan Al- varez; later, Ignacio Comonfort.] 1857 Feb. 5. A new constitution is proclaimed. 1858 Jan. 11. The church party over- throws the constitution, and forces President Comonfort to retire. Jan. 21-26. Gen. Zuloaga, a reactionist, assumes authority. [1859. Feb. 2. Abdi- cates.] Feb. 11. Benito Pablo Juarez, presi- dent of the Supreme Court, is declared president by succession. 1858-60 Civil war. 1859 Feb. 2. Gen. Miguel Miramon is declared president by the reactionist faction. [Apr. 10. He obtains posses- sion of the capital. I860. May 1. De- posed by Zuloaga, who assumes the office himself. May 9. Arrested by Miramon. Sept. * His injustice and tyranny cause foreign Ministers to retire.] 1861 Jan. 19-65 Nov. 30. Juarez is president. [June 30. Dictator by author- ity of Congress. Dec. 15. Receives full powers.] Oct. 31. The British, French, and Span- ish governments agree to a convention for intervention in Mexico for the re- dress of outrages and the payment of bondholders. 1862 Feb. * The British and Spanish governments disapprove of aproject for establishing Maximilian of Austria on the throne of Mexico. Apr. 16. France declares war against 1S63 May 31. The republican capital is removed to San Luis Potosi. [1864, Apr. 3. To Monterey.] July * An imperial government is formed by the opponents of Juarez. July 6-10. An assembly of notables un- der French influence agree to offer the crown to Maximilian. [1864. Apr. 10. He accepts it. June 2. Arrives at Mex- ico.] 1864 Feb. 27. Gen. Santa Anna re- turns from exile and accepts the empire. [Mar. 2. Dismissed by the French.] 1865 Apr. 10. A new constitution is promulgated. Oct. 2. Maximihan decrees that all re- sisting the empire shall be taken as ban- dits and shot. [Very unpopular.] Nov. * -Dec. * The United States, evolv- ing from the Civil War, protests against the French occupation of Mexico. [1866. Feb. 12. It demands the with- drawal of French troops. Apr. * Napo- leon III. assents.] 1866 July 30. Maximihan, by a con- vention, agrees to transfer the receipts of custom to France. Sept. * -Oct. * Three rival presidents, Juarez, Ortega, and Santa Anna, are supported by their factions. [1867. Three rivals again.] 1867 June 19. Maximilian is shot. (See Army.) June 21. The Republic is reestab- lished. [Juarez acts as provisional president.] Dec. 25±. Mexico. Juarez, being elected president, is inaugurated. [1871. Oct. * Reelected.] 1868 Jan. * -Feb. * Yucatan and other provinces revolt against Juarez. [1869. At Puebla; suppressed.] 1871 Aug. * -Oct. * Insurrections. 1872 July 18. Juarez dies. Sebastian Lerdo di Tejaday, president of the Su- preme Court, succeeds to the presidency. [1876. Dec. * Retires.] MEXICO. 1825,**-1894, Dec. 14. 1097 1876 Mar. * Gen. Diaz leads an insur- rection. [Nov. 20. Assumes office as provisional president. 1877. Feb. IS. Gen. Iglesias makes rival claims.] 1877 Feb. 18. Gen. Porfirio Diaz is elected president. [May 5-80 Dec. 1. Rides. 1884-88. Again. 1888-92. Re- elected ; rules.] 1880 Dee. 1-84 Dec. 1. Manuel Gonzalez is president. 1884 Oct. * A federal constitution is adopted. 1892 Feb.i * Gen. Garcia revolts. 1894 Dec. 14. The Government adopts severe measures against dueling. MISCELLANEOUS. 1865 * * Emperor Maximilian institutes the order of the Mexican Eagle. 1873 July 23. A railway connecting Mexico and Vera Cruz is opened. 1886 Jan. 23. A. K. Cuthing, a Texan editor, is imprisoned for libel. [Aug. 23. Released.] 1889 Apr. * Mexican women at Socono organize a branch of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. May * The ruins of a great city are found in the forest near Palenque ; buildings five stories high are well preserved. June 6. Cave-dwellers are found in Chihuahua having stone hatchets. * * Mexico. Street-cars introduced. 1890 Apr. 12. Four men are shot for attempting to kill President Diaz. * * A great influx of Chinese alarms labor- ing men. 1891 Feb. 8. Tin ore is found. Oct. 10. A concession is granted for a railway connecting Mexico with the Pacific coast. 1893 * * Coal is discovered in three states. Dec. 31. Popocatepetl is in violent eruption. MONTENEGRO. Montenegro is a principality of Southern Europe, slightly bordering the Adriatic Se hereditary prince, who is practically absolute. The religion is that of the Greek Churcl population, 200,000±. Capital, Cettinje. Estimated area, 3,( t is ruled by an ) square miles ; 1467* * Invasion of Turks. [1623. Again. 1714. Again ; the country wasted. 17GS. Again.] 1516* *A theocratic government is established under a prinee-hishopelected by the people. [1697. Ends.] 1697* * Petrovicht Nyegush is en- throned ; to nominate his successor, subject to popular approval. 1796 * * The Turks are defeated, and Montenegrin independence is virtually established under Pietro I. [1830. Oct.* Pietro II. rules. 1851, Danilo 1; 1860, Nov. 8, Nicolas.] 1820* * Invasion of Turks. [1832. Again. 185'2. Distracting skirmishes.] 1834 * * The press is introduced. [1870. The first newspaper issued.] 1851 * * Only one school in Montenegro. 1852-53 War with Turkey (p. 000). [185S. War renewed.] 1S53 Feb. 15. Peace by mediation. 1S76-78 Russo-Turkish war. 1878 Mar. 3. Independence by treaty. (See Turkey.) July 13. Montenegro made indepen- dent. A seaport given by Treaty of Berlin .] 1748* * Eynden, Roland van, artist, histo- rian, born. [1819. Dies.] 1750 * * Marum, Martin van, physicist, born. [1837. Dies.] 1756* * Bilderdijk (Bilderdyk), Willem, poet, born. [1831. Dies.] 1757* * Bellamy, Jacobus, poet,b. [1785. D.] 1760* * Verhuel, Carel Hendrik, admiral, born. [1845. Dies.] 1765 * * Chasse, David Heindrick, baron, gen- eral, born. [1849. Dies.] 1767 * * Helmero, Jan Frederick, poet, born. [1813. Dies.] 1770± * * Temininck, C. J,, naturalist, born. [1858. Dies.] 1772 Aug. 24. William I., Frederick Wilhelm, king, born. [1843. Dies.] 1774* * Lennep, David Jacob van, jurist, poet, horn. [1853. Dies.] 1776 * * Kampen, Nikolaus Godfried van, historian, born. [1839. Dies.] 1778* * Bonaparte, Louie, king, born. [1846. Dies.] 1784* * Kessels, Matthias, sculptor, born. [1836. Dies.] 1791 * * Aa, Christian Peter Robide van der, poet, born. [1851. Dies.] 1792 Dec. 6. William H., king, born. [1849, Mar. 17. Dies.] 1793 * * Eeckhout, Jacob J., painter, born. CHURCH. 1603 * * Arminius assails t Calvinistic theology while professor of theology at Leyden. The upper classes embrace Arminianism. The hulk of the clergy, peasantry, town populace, and army, with. Maurice at their head, support Calvinism vigorously. * * Jews are favored. 1607 * * An English Baptist Church is formed by John Smyth. [The first recorded ; for fear of discovery their meetings have been held in private houses.] 1610* * The Remonstrants (Armenians) formulate their creed in five articles. 1610-19 Dissensions occur between the Arminian and Gomorist parties. 1618 * * The Synod of Dort favors the Calvinists ; the persecution of Ar- minians follows. [1621. They fly to Holstein and elsewhere.] 1640 * * Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, intensifies controversy by the publication of Augustinus ; he advocates free grace. [1642. It is condemned by the Pope.] 1708 * * The Jesuits are expelled. LETTERS. 1609-21 Gafathea, the Maechdenplicht, and Sinne en Minne Beelden, by Jakob Cats, appears. 1611 * * Roderickand Alphonsus, drama- tized by Gerbrand Adriaanssen Bre- derroo, appears. [1615±, Farce of the i^ow; 1618±, Jerolimo, the Spanish Bra- banter.'] 1612 * * Fenwis the Boor, by Dr. Samuel Coster, appears. 1620 * * Jerusalem laid Desolate, by Joost van der Vondel, appears. [1625, Palamedes, or Mun/cred Innocence; 1638, Jan. 3, The tragedy, (hishrvqht van Aems- UlJ] 1621 * * Batava Tempe, by Sir Constan- tijn Huygens, appears. 1625 * * Friesche Lustliof, by J a.n Janssen Starter, appears. * * Otiorum Libri Sex, by Huygens, ap- pears. 1637 * * Batavicin Arcadia, by Johan van Heemskerk, appears. 1639 * * Rooselijus Cochjens Ontleed, by Jan Luiken, appears. 1641 * * Aaron and Titus, by Jan Vos, appears. [1665, Medea.] 1647 * * Oogentroost, by Huygens, ap- pears. 1648 * * Johanna Cray, by Joachim Ou- daen, appears. 1654 * * The tragedy Bucifer, by Von- del, appears. 1671* * Ijstroom, by Johan Antonides van der Goes, appears. 1675± * * Mirandos, by Nikolaes Hein- sius, appears. 1677 * * The Art of Poetry Expounded, by Andries Pels, appears. 1691-93 Betoverde Wereld, by Balthasar Bekker, appears. 1692-1708 Boekzaal van Europa is is- sued. [Also 1715^18.] 1697-1702 Thesaurus Antiquitatum Grsecorum, by J. Gronovius, appears. 17th Century. Masquer of the World, by Adriaen Poirters, appears. 1710-48 BepublijJc der Geleerden is is- sued. 1711-12 Misanthrope is issued. 1728 * * Falkener's Journal appears. 1731-35 Hollandsche Spectatoris issued. 1741* * Gevallen van Friso, by "Willem van Haren, appears. 1761 * * Vaderlandsche Letteroefeni7igen is issued. 1780+ * * Letters on Divers Subjects, by Betjen "Wolff and Aagjen Deken, ap- pears. 1782 * * Sara Burgerhart, by the ladies "Wolff and Deken, appears: [1785, Wil- lem Leevend; 1792, Cornelia U ildschut.] 1783* * Julia, by Rhijnvis Feith, ap- pears. 1786* * Elias, by "Willem Bilderdijk, appears. 1788 * * A/gemeene Kumsi'en Letterbode is issued. 1792 * * The Grave, by Rhijnvis Feith, appears. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. J.602 * * The Dutch East India Com- pany is formed. [1607. The Dutch are the leading traders of the world.] 1607 * * The Bank of Amsterdam is founded. [1635. Bank of Rotterdam.] 1619 May 13. Maurice stains his bril- liant record by the infamous trial and execution of the illustrious statesman, Jan van Olden Barneveld, a Remon- strant, 70 years of age. 1648 * * The imposition of toll on the MUnster greatly injures the trade of Amsterdam. 1672 Aug. 20. John and Cornelius De Witt are torn in pieces by a mob. 1699 * * Two-thirds of the population of Leyden perish by fever. STATE. 1609 Apr. 9. Spain acknowledges the independence of the United Provinces, and signs a truce (p. 541). 1616 * * Maurice favors the Calvinists, and aims at kingly power. [1618. He becomes Prince of Orange. 1623. His tyranny provokes a conspiracy ; 16 per- sons are executed.] ± * * E. Tnd. The Dutch rule is estab- lished. 1625-47 Frederick Henry, a brother, succeeds Maurice. 1635 * * Holland enters an alliance with France (p. 689). 1647-72 "WiUiam II. becomes stad- holder. 1648 Oct. 24. The independence, is recognized by Europe (pp. 541, 689). 17th Century. Period of greatest pros- perity. 1651 Oct. 9. Eng. Anti-Dutch Navi- gation Act passes (p. 889). 1653-58 Jan De "Witt is grand pension- ary of Holland. [1658-63, 1663-68, Re- elected.] 1654 Apr. 5. Peace with England. 1659 May 21. Treaty of The Hague. England, France, and Holland unite in an alliance to preserve the equilibrium of the North. 1665 * * Eng. The Navigation Act is renewed against Dutch commerce ; war follows. [1665. Treaty of peace.] 1667 * * The Perpetual Edict is passed ; it is averse to the House of Orange. 1668 Jan. 23. Triple alliance against France (p. 691). 1672-1702 "William III., Prince of Orange, is stadholder. [1677. He marries Mary of England, daughter of the Duke of York, later James II. 16S9-1702. He is King of England.] 1686 July 9. Ger. League of Augs- burg (p. 799). William III. heads the auti-France movement. 1689-1702 The Netherlands are allied with England as a part of the realm of William III. 1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Kyswick (p. 695). 1702-47 John "Willialm, nephew of William III., is stadholder. 1713 Apr. 11. Peace of Utrecht; the Spanish Netherlands are united to the United Provinces (p. 697). 1715 Nov. 16. Barrier treaty (p. 543). * * * Holland is of small importance in European politics. 1747-61 "William Henry is stadholder. 1748 Oct. 18. Peace of Aix-Ia-Cha- pelle (p. 515). 1793 * * Holland joins the first coali- tion against France (p. 709). 1794-95 Frenchconquerorsrule(p.710). 1795-1806 The Netherlands are formed by France into the Batavian Kepublic. [1805. Apr. 26. The republic receives a new constitution.] 1795 May 9. Utrecht is annexed to France. 1102 1795, July *-1893, Jan. 20. NETHERLANDS. ARMY — NAVY. 1795 July* Luxemburg is surrendered to the French, after a siege of seven months. [1814. May * Retaken by the allies.] 1797 Oct. 11. Defeat at Camper- down (p. 928). 1799 Aug. 30. The British take the Dutch fleet (p. 928). Sept. 9. Sir Ralph Abercromby repulses the French under Brune at Zuyper Slays. [Sept. 19. Allies defeated.] (P. 712.) 1804 July 28.-Dee. 23. The Wa- tcheren British expedition against the French. (Aug. *). It takes Flushing, fails to take Antwerp, and retires. 1813 Nov, * The Hague. Evacuated by the French. 1830 Oct. 27. The Belgian troops en- ter Antwerp, and a dreadful conflict ensues with the Dutch garrison (p. 542). 1832 Dec. 4. The French bombard the citadel at Antwerp. [Dec. 23. It is surrendered by Gen. Chasse\] 1838 Aug. 3. Holland declares war with Belgium. 1873 Apr.* -79 Mar. * Sumatra. Suc- cessful war with the Achinese. [1882. A second war ; Dutch victorious.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1844± * * Gerard Andreas Mulder intro- duces the term protein for the basis of albumen, tibrin, and casein. 1879 May 6. The Willem Barentz sails for arctic explorations. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1798* * Da Costa, Izaak, poet, b. [1860. D.] Thorbecke, Jan Rudolph, states., b. [1872. D.] 1802 * * Lennep, Jacobus van, novelist, born. [1868. Dies.] 1803* "Koekkoek, Bernard Cornelius, painter, born. [1862. Dies.] 1808* + Pottfieter, Kwrliunl Johannes, poet, critic, born. [1875. Dies.] 1809* * Hammerieli, Freilrrik lie der Adolf, author, born. [1877. Dies.] 1811 * * Scholten, Johannes Heiulrik, clergy- man, author, born. [1885. Dies.] 1812 * * Toussaint, Anna Luize Geertrinde. novelist, born. [1886. Dies.] 1817 Feb. 19. William UX, king, born. [1890, Nov. 23. Dies.] 1821 * * Ppzoomer, Carolus Wilhelmus, phi- losopher, born. [1892, Aug. 23. Dies.] 1826 * * ('aland, Pieter, engineer, born. 1829* * Genestet, Peter Anton de, poet, born. [1861. Dies.] 1832* * De Haas, Maurice F. H., painter, born. [1880. Dies.] 1877 June 3. Sophia, queen, dies. 1879 Jan. 13. Henry, prince, brother of William III., A58. 1880 Aug. 31. Wilhelmina, queen, born. 1797 * * The Netherlands Missionary Society is organized at Rotterdam. 1815 * * The Netherlands Bible Society is or- 1839 * * The Christian Reformed Missionary Society is organized at Leyden. 1840* * Amsterdam. The Mennonite Mis- sionary Society is founded. 1853 Mar.* The Roman Catholic hierarchy is reestablished. 1856 * * Pastor Witteveen founds the Ermelo Missionary Society at Ermelo. 1859 * * The Utrecht Missionary Society is founded. * * Amsterdam. The Dutch Reform Mission- ary Society is founded for the conversion of the Jews in heathen countries. 1861 * * Amsterdam. The Netherland So- ciety of Israel is formed by a union of two societies in Amsterdam and The Hague. 1875 * * The Christian Reformed Mission among the Jews is founded by the Free Church of Holland. 1891 July 24. Amsterdam. A memo- rial tablet in honor of the Pastor John Robinson, of the Pilgrim Fathers, is unveiled in St. Peter's Church. Aug. 12. Amsterdam. The 12th Inter- national Convention of the Young Men's Christian Association opens with 300 delegates. LETTERS. 1800± * * Charlotte van Bourbon, by Adriaan Loosjes, appears. 1803 * * Becensent is issued. 1807 * * The Disease of the Learned, by Bilderdijk, appears. 1812 * * The Dutch Nation, by Helmero, appears. 1816 * * Gedenkschrift van Nederlands Herstelling , by Johannes Henricus van der Palm, appears. 1818 July 11. The use of the French language in judicial proceedings is abol- ished with a proviso. 1819 * * A Winter in Nova Zembla, by Hendri Tollens, appears. 1820 * * Ondergang der eerste Wereld, by Bilderdijk, appears. ± * * Poems, by Antoni Christian "Winand Staring, appears. 1835 * * Jochebed, by Adrianus Bogaers, is printed. (It had been in existence for more than thirteen years.) * * Nederlandsch Museum is issued. 1836 * * Voyage of Heemskerk to Gibral- tar, by Adrianus Bogaers, appears. [1846. Romances and Ballads.] * * Camera Obscura, by Nicolaes Beets, appears. 1837 * * The Gids is issued. 1840 * * Truth and Dreams, by Johannes Pieter Hasebreek, appears. 1848 * * Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie is issued. 1855 * * Nederlandsch Spectator is is- sued. 1857 * * The Tijdstroom is issued. 1867 * * Theologisch Tijdschrift is issued. 1877 * * Amsterdam. A new university is opened. 1889 Dec. 6. Free State education is abolished except for paupers ; grants in aid of denominational schoola substi- tute free schools. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 1815+ * * The Society of Beneficence for colonizing indigent people is unsuc- cessful. 1825 * * The North Holland canal, con- necting Amsterdam and the Helder, is opened; length 51 miles. 1849-51 Haarlam Lake is drained. 1854* * Amsterdam. A society is formed for advancing the welfare of working- people. 1859 * * Free and penal colonies are formed 1865+ * *A canal is dug connecting Amsterdam with the North Sea. [1876. Nov. 1. Opened.] 1873 Sept. 8. A new port at Flush- ing is opened. 1879 Jan. 23. The 300th anniver- sary of the union of the Seven United Provinces is celebrated at Utrecht. 1883 May 1. Amsterdam. An inter- national exhibition is opened. 1889 Sept. * Bock laborers at Rotter- dam strike. [Oct. 2. Compromised.] 1892 Aug. 4. The canal connecting Amsterdam and tbe Rhine is opened. Sept. 26. Tlie Hague. Cholera appears. 1S93 Jan. 20. Amsterdam. The un- employed become riotous. STATE. 1806 June 5. Holland is made a king- dom under the rule of Louis Bona- parte. [1810. July 1. Abdicates.] 1810 Apr. 9. Annexed to France (p. 543). [1813. Nov. 17. Restored to the House of Orange.] 1815 Mar. 23. Holland and Belgium united to form the kingdom of The Netherlands (p. 543). [Dec. 6. Luxem- burg annexed. 1830. Part given to Bel- gium.] 1815-40 "William I. is king. 1830 Oct. 4. Revolution: Belgium separates (p. 542, 543). 1831 June 18. William [III.] weds So- phia of Wiirtemberg. 1839 Apr. 19. Treaty with Belgium signed (p. 545). 1840-49 "William II. reigns. 1848 Apr. 17. William grants a con- stitution. 1849-89 "WiUiam III. reigns. [1879. Jan. 7. Weds Emma of Waldeck-Pyr- mont.] 1853 Sept. 8. The Lower Chamber en- acts religious liberty. Vote, 22-16. 1863 May. 12. A treaty is signed for capitalizing the Scheldt dues. 1867 May 7+. Luxemburg Confer- ence (p. 971). 1870 * * Capital punishment is abol- ished. 1871 July 7. The Chambers vote to cede Dutch possession in Guinea to Great Britain. 1875 Aug. * A new penal code is pro- mulgated. 1887 Nov. 30. The revised constitu- tion is promulgated. 1889 Mar. 25. The queen becomes temporary regent, the king being inca- pacitated. [Apr. 3. The regency is es- tablished by the Parliament. May 5. The king resumes the government.] 1889+* * "Wilhelmina, daughter of William III., reigns. NEWFOUNDLAND. 1347, * *- 18 9 3, Dec. 10. 1103 Newfoundland is a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, nearly opposite the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It is a crown colony of Great Britain ; capital, St. John's. The government is conducted l>y a governor, Executive Council, Legislative Coun- cil, and a House of Assembly. Area, 42,200± square miles ; population, in 1891, 197,934. 1347 * * Norwegian sailors arrive (p. 12). 1497 June 25. John Cabot arrives in the harbor of St. John's (p. 14). 1500± * * Cod-fishing begins. 1577 * * The fisheries have become im- portant to the Catholic countries of Eu- rope ; hundreds of fishing-vessels arrive. 1616 * * Lord Baltimore plants a col- ony on the southern peninsula. [He is driven away by the French.] 1621 * * The English make the first im- portant settlement under Sir George Calvert in Avalon. [1633. It is removed to Maryland.] * * King Charles makes a grant to Sir David Kirke, who establishes himself on the island. 1625 * * Pish are taken in great quan- tities to the markets of Spain, Portugal, and Italy. [1674. Nearly 11,000 English seamen are employed.] 1697 * * Peace of Ryswick ; the French are to occupy certain parts of the coast, with Placentia for a capital (p. 695). 1702 * * The French possess almost the entire island. 1713* * Treaty of Utrecht; the island goes to England (p. 59). 1832 * * Representative government by a legislature is granted by the crown. [1855. Responsible government estab- lished. 1894. Still in force.] 1852* *The Newfoundland Electric Telegraph Company is chartered. [1858. Aug. 5. Atlantic Cable laid (p. 185).] 1857 Jan. 14. French fishery privi- leges are exchanged for others. [Much dissatisfaction follows.] 1869 * * Newfoundland declines to enter the union with Canada. 1870 * * Sir Stephen J. Hill is governor. [1883. Sir John H. Glover. 1886. Sir G. Wm. des Voeux.] 1877 Jan. 13. Nets of United States fishermen are fixed at Fortune Bay, contrary to local regulations, and forci- bly removed. [An international dispute follows. £15,000 compensation awarded by arbitrators.] Nov. 23. Halifax Fishery Commis- sion award (p. 297+). 1882 Sept. 9. The French flag is run up at Cumberland Stage. 1886 Feb.* The long dispute with France respecting the fisheries is set- tled. [1SS8. Again revived.] 1889 Jan. 25. Claims for damages are presented to the Government because of damage done to nets in St. George Bay by the French. Mar. 4. American fishermen are de- nied the right to buy bait. 1890 Apr. 28. The Bait Law vexes American fishermen on the Banks. May 29±. French marines land, and destroy nets ; the people refuse to pay taxes without protection. 1891 Mar. 12. A new modus vivendi is decided on for Newfoundland. Apr. 20. The enforcement of the Bait Law provokes a riot at Fortune Bay. Dec. 9. Retaliation duties are levied on Canadian goods. 1892 July 8. St. John's is nearly de- stroyed by fire ; loss, $20,000,000+. [The British Government bestows £14,400 to sufferers.] 1893 Dec. 10. A financial crisis oc- curs at St. John's. [Great destitution.] NEW ZEALAND. New Zealand is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, the largest two being North Island and South Island. It is a Brit- ish colony of nine provincial districts, with "Wellington for a capital. The government is conducted by a crown governor and a General Assembly of two houses, the Legislative Council and the House of Representatives. Area, 104,471 square miles ; popu- lation in 1891, 668,651, including 41,993 natives. 1642 Dec. * Discovered by Abel Jans- zen Tasman, a Dutch navigator, and named Van Diemen's Land. 1814 * * A missionary settlement is made. [1822. Wesleyan mission opened.] 1839* * Eng. The New Zealand Com- pany is organized ; it founds a settle- at Wellington. 1840 * * Auckland is founded. [Later it has a college and a cathedral. 1841. Nelson is founded ; also New Plymouth. 1848. Otago. 1850. Canterbury.] 1852 * * Representative government is established. 1893 Sept. 8. The Legislative Council passes a bill granting the franchise to women. 1894 Oct. 28. The steamer Wairarapu is wrecked on the coast ; 134 lives are lost. [Nov. 1. Another wreck ; 78 lives lost. NICARAGUA. Nicaragua is one of the Central American States ; capital, Managua. The chief executive authority is lodged with a presi- dent elected for nine years, and the legislative authority with a Congress of two houses ; estimated area, 40,000 square miles ; estimated population in 1894, 360,000. 1502* * Columbus views the coast. [1521-22. Gil Gonzalez Davila first ex- plores the country from the Pacific coast.] 1524-25 Francisco Hernandez de Cor- dova founds Granada. [The country becomes a province of Guatemala dur- ing the Spanish colonial history.] 1550 * * A revolt against Spain fails. 1610* *Leon is founded. [Later, a cathedral city. 1685. Sacked by William Dampier, the English freebooter.] 1821 Sept. 21. A declaration of in- dependence is issued. 1824-39 A State of the Central Amer- ican Federation. 1826 * * A ship canal route is partly surveyed. [1837-38. Again. 1872-73. Again, by the U. S. Government.] 1840-94 Period of Revolutions. .1847 Dec. * Great Britain seizes San Juan del Norte, the only seaport on the Atlantic coast. [1848. Jan. * The Brit- ish guard at San Juan are dispersed ; restored by war-vessels.] 1847-48 Boundary dispute with Great Britain. 1848 * * Moravian missionaries arrive. [1849. Mission at Bluefields ; 1853, atMag- dala ; 1860, at Ephrata ; 1889, at Kama.] 1849 * * Concessions made to Americans for the construction of a ship canal. [1880. Again. 1858. To a Frenchman.] 1850 Apr. * The United States and Great Britain mutually agree not to enter or interfere in Central America. 1855 * * The country is divided chiefly by two parties, who engage in civil war. [the democrats invite the aid of William Walker (American filibuster). Oct. 13. He takes Granada. 1856. July* Forced out; he burns the city. 1857. May 1. The united armies of the Confederated States of Central America drive Walker out of the country.] 1856 Feb. 10. President Rivas decrees the annexation of the entire Mosquito Coast. (Claimed by Great Britain.) July * Dissensions enable "Walker to se- cure his election as president. 1858 May 1. Nicaragua and Porto Rico appeal to Europe for protection. 1859 * * T. Martinez is elected president. [1863. Reelected. 1867, Mar. 1, Fer- nando Guzman ; 1871, Feb. 1, Vincenti Quadra; 1875, Feb. 1, Pedro Joaquin Chamorro ; 1879, Mar. 1, Joaquin Zavala; 1883, Jan.* Dr. Adam Cardenas; 1886, Dec. 16, Sefior Carazo ; 1889, Dr. Roberto Sacaza ad interim; 1890, Nov. * Again.] 1860 * * England cedes the protectorate of the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua, which agrees to pay £1,000 yearly for ten years to its chief. [1864. Refuses to recognize the succeeding chief.] 1885 * * A. G. Menocal surveys a ship- canal route connecting the two oceans, for the United States Government. 1887 * * Concessions for 100 years are granted to the Nicaragua Canal Com- pany. [Transferred to the Maritime Canal Company.] 1104 1889, May 4-1894, July 5. NICARAGUA. 1889 May 4. The Maritime Canal Company is organized di<> ; 1863, Knngs- Fmnerne; 1866, Brand ; 1S67, Peer Gynt ; 1869, He Unges Forbund; 1871, Lyrical Poems; 1873, Kejser <>q Galileeer; 1877, Sam fund, Is Sloth -r : 1ST!), El Dukkehji-m ; 1881, Gjengangere ; 1883, En Folkejiende.] 1850-53 Poems, by Jb'rgen Moe, appear. 1851-66 Illuslreret Ny hedsbl ad is issued. 1852 * * En Fjeldbygd (A Mountain Par- ish), by Nicolai Kamm Ostgaard, appears. 1853 * * Norske Folkeviser, or Norwegian folk-songs, by Magnus Brostrup Land- stadt, appears. 1855 * * Amtmandens Dbttre {The Gov- ernor's Daughters), by Jacobine Camilla Collet, appears. * * Tidsnorn erne , by Henrik Hermann Foss, appears (The Noras of the Age). 1856-60 Norsk Maanedsskrift is issued. 1857 * * Eii Erindr'ing, by Peter Andreas Jensen, appears. * * Synnove Solbakken, by Bjornstjern Bjornson, appears. [1358, Ante and Halle Hulda : 1859, Mel Inn Slaqene; 1861, Konq S verve ; 1862. Sigurd S/e'mbe ; 1863, Maria Stuart i Skat/and; 1865, He Ay- gifte; 1868, Fiskerjenten ; 1873, Brudes- t da-ten and Siqurd dorsal far ; 1875, He- daktoren and En Fall it) 1877, Kongen and Maqnhild ; 1879, fh-t Nye System and Leonardo; 1883, Over uEvnes and En Hanske.) 1865* * Fraa Byqdmn, bv Kristoffer Janson, appears. [1867,./in, poet, born. [1221. Dies.] 1125* * Iiiiad-edlhn, Mohammed Al-Kateb. poet, born. [1201. Dies.] 1165 * * Abd-el-Kader-<;iiilanee. religious writer, dies. 1190 * * Sadi, poet, born. [1191. Dies.] 1200+ * * Amvari, lyric poet, dies. 1201 * * Nassir-ed-Din, astronomer, born. [1274. Dies.] 1282 * * Ahaka Khan, Mongol king, dies. 1300+ * * Harlz, Mohammed Shems-ed-Din, poet, born. [1390+. Dies.] 1414* + .laiiiec. poet, horn. [1492. Dies.] 1433* * .Mirkliond, historian, b. [1498. D.] 1557* * A bhas the Great, king, b. [1628. D.] 1560+ * * I'Vnahtah Mohammed-Kasha, his- torian, born. [1626+. Dies.] 1688* * Nadir Shah, or Kuli Khan, born. [1747. Dies.] 1711* * Althen,,fehan,orJean,b. [1774. D.] 1785+ * * Abbas Mirza, shah, b. [1833. D.] 1831 * * Xassr-ed-Din, shah, born. CHURCH. 1000+ * *b.c. Zarathushtra, or Zoroas- ter, a philosopher, becomes the founder of the order of priests called Magi. They worship an invisible God, and re- gard fire as the emblem of his power and purity. (Date conjectural.) 1+ * * A. d. Buddhism is introduced in Cashmere, Persia. 90i * * Christianity is introduced. 227 * * The new government restores the old religion of Zoroaster, and perecutes Christians. 272 * * Hormisdas I. favors the Mani- chees. 273 * * Varanes I. persecutes both the Manichees and the Christians. 326 * * Sapor II. proscribes the Chris- tian religion. [330-60. Terrible perse- cution of Christians continues ; 250 clergy, and 16,000 others suffer martyr- dom.] 410* *TheCouncilofSeleuciainChal- dea meets to reestablish ecclesiastical discipline in Persia and Mesopotamia. 418-468 Christians are persecuted. 421 * * Christians are persecuted under Varanes V. 638 * * The Parsees, followers of Zo- roaster, are driven out of Persia into India by the Arabs. PERSIA. 1000** B.c- a. d. 1845, Dec*. 1107 652 * * The religion of the Magi is super- seded by Mohammedanism. 661 * *TheShiiteorFatimite Mohamme- dans make Persia the seat of their power. Christians are persecuted, and many are driven into exile, while the great mass of the people apostatize to the Mohammedan faith. 1811* * Henry Martyn attempts to carry the gospel to Persia. [1812. J une * He completes his Persian translation of the Testament.] 1838* *Rev. William Glenn, D.D., a Scotch missionary, enters Persia. 1844 * * The American Board opens a mission at Tabriz. 1845 Dec. 19. A Christian revival be- gins in Urumiah. * * Mirza Ali Mahmoud, an enthusiastic youth of Shiraz, announces a new revela- tion and himself the Bab (Door) of true religion. Hence the sect called Bahi or Babist have their origin. 1845-46 Persia. Revivals prevail in the missions of the American Board to the Nestorians. [1849. Again. 1871. The missions are transferred to the care of the American Presbyterians.] STATE. 1000± (?) * * b. c. Zoroaster, king of Bactria ("Western Persia), reigns. 600 ± * * B. c. The ancient Persians come from Par sua. [549. They overthrow As- 538-529 b. c. Cyrusthe Great reigns. [538. (?) He overthrows the Medo-Baby- lonian empire, and annexes it. [536. He subdues all the East.] 529-521 b. c. Cambyses, son of Cy- rus, reigns. [521-485, Darius Hys- taspes; 485-465, Xerxes; 465-425, Ar- taxerxes Longimanus ; 425, Xerxes II. ; after a few months he is assassi- nated by Sogdianus, his half-brother, a usurper, who is deposed by Ochus Da- rius II., Nothus. 405, Artaxerxes II., Memnon ; 359, Artaxerxes III. ; kills all his relatives. 338. Arses, sou of Arta- xerxes III., is placed on the throne by Bagoas, the king's murderer. 336. Ba- goas kills Arses, and enthrones Darius III., Codomanus.] 328+ * * b. c. Alexander the Great founds the Greco-Persian monarchy. 312-306+ b.c. Seleucus Nicator reigns in the provinces east of the Euphrates. 250 b. c.-250± a. d. Persia is partly taken from the Greeks, and is ruled by the Partbians, who establish a mon- archy. (226) Artaxerxes, a common soldier, raises himself to eminence, revolts, de- feats and kills Arsaces XXVIII. (Arta- banus IV.), King of Parthia ; he annexes Parthia to Persia. * * Sapor I. reigns. [258. He recovers Armenia by conquest. 260. He repels the Romans, and kills the Emperor Va- lerian.] 272* *Hormizdasreigns. [273, Varanes I. (Bahram) ; 277, Varanes n.; 293, Va- ranes III. ; 294, Narses ; he resumes the war with the Romans.] 293+ * * VaraneB HI. is successful, and resists the Romans for a time, but is de- feated by Galerius, who destroys his army, and oonquers Mesopotamia, As- syria. Peace follows. 301** or 303. Hormizdas reigns. [310- 380 (381?) Sapor II. ; he is brutal and proud. 363. The Romans surrender the captured provinces to Sapor. 365. Sapor annexes Armenia. 366. He annexes Iberia. 372. He makes peace with the Romans.] 303± * * Ormuz, on the Gulf, is founded. 380± * * Artaxerxes II. reigns. [384- 389. Sapor III.] 386 * * Armenia and Iberia become in- dependent. [428. Armenia is again annexed.] 390* * Varanes IV. reigns. [404. Yezde- gerd I. ; he concludes a peace of 100 years with the Romans. 420, Varanes V. ; 440, Yezdegerd II. ; 457, Hormizdas III. ; 458, Feroze; 484, Pallas; 486, Kobad ; 497, Kobad again ; 497, Jamaspes.] 458-684 Civil war. 531± * * Chosroes I., the Great, reigns. He engages in long wars with the Ro- mans. 590± * * Hormizdas IV. reigns. [591. Chosroes II. ; he renews the Roman war with success. 614-616. He subdues Egypt and Asia Minor.] 629 * * Artaxerxes III. reigns. [630, Purandokt, the daughter of Chosroes ; 631, Shenendeh, her lover; 631, Arzem- dokt, her sister; 631, Kersa ; 632, Fe- rokhdad; 632, Yezdegerd III.] 642* * Arabs rule. 651 * * The last of the Sassanides dies. 661 * * Persia becomes the seat of the Smite or Fatimite sect of Mohamme- dans. 813-S72 The Mohammedans set up the Taherite dynasty. [872-902. The Sof- faride. 902-999. The Samanide.] 1037-50 Togrul Beg and the Seljuk Turks subdue and rule Persia. [1194. Driven out by the Kharesmians.] 1194-1220 The Kharesmians reign. 1220* *The Mongol Tartars, under Genghis Khan, subdue Persia. [125S. Occupy Bagdad. 1345. Make it the capital.] 1387 * * Tamerlane ravages Persia. 1468* *The Turkomans conquer Persia. 1499* * The Shiite Mohammedans drive out the Turkomans, and set up the Sufi dynasty under Ismail. 1499-1796 The Suffavean dynasty. 1499-1536 Ismail I., Sufi, reigns as shah. [1576-77, Ismail II., Meerza; 1577-86, Mo- liammed Meerza; civil strife abounds. 1586- 1623. Abbas I., the Great; he has a glorious reign. 1628. Jan. 27. He dies. 1628-41. Shall Sufi; he is barbarous. 1641-68. Abbas II., son of Sufi; he is tolerant of all religions, but a drunkard. 166R-94. Shah Sufi II. (Sulaiman) succeeds his father. 1694-1722. Husein; he prohibits the use of wine; de- posed by his 1590 * * Ispahan becomes the capital. [1796. Teheran.] 1722-25 Mahmoud, the Afghan, gains the throne by conquest, and reigns like a savage. [1725-30. Ashraff, the cousin of Mahmoud, the usurper, reigns. 1730-32. Tahmasp II. defeats the usurper and recovers the throne. 1732-36. Abbas III., infant son of Tahmasp II; Nadir Kuli is regent. 1736. The regent causes himself to be proclaimed as Shah Nadir. 1736-47. Nadir Shah. 1737. Subdues Afghans. 1747. Assassinated at Khorassan.] 1747-73 Afghanistan. Ahmed Khan throws off the Persian yoke, and sets up the kingdom of Afghanistan. H© founds the kingdom of Candalahar. 1747-51 Shah Rukh reigns. [1751. Inter- regnum; anarchy prevails. 1759-79. Karim Khan; three rivals contest for supreme power. 1779-94. Many rivals claim the throne, and assassinate their enemies and devastate the land. ] 1783* * Georgia revolts, and is an- nexed to Russia. 1795+ * * Kajar dynasty. * * Aga-Mahmoud I. obtains sole au- thority, and founds the Turkoman dy- nasty; capital, Teheran. [1797. He is assassinated. 1798-1834. Fatah Ali Shah; rebellions are subdued. 1834-48. Mahumud Shah, grandson of Fatah ; two rivals are subdued.] 1827 * * Russia annexes Persian Ar- menia by conquest. MISCELLANEOUS. 465 * * b. c. Xerxes is murdered in his bed by Artabanus. [425. Xerxes H. by Sogdianus.] 359 * * b. c. Artaxerxes III. kills all his relations when he becomes king. [338. He is assassinated by Bagoas, his minister.] 336 * * b. c. Arses, the king, is mur- 1 dered by his father's murderer. * * B. c. Bagoas, the minister and mur- derer of two kings, is himself murdered. 330 July * b. c. Darius III. is assas- sinated by Bess us (who is torn in pieces). 312 Oct. * b. c. The Seleucidan Era begins ; its chronology dates from the recovery of Babylonia from Antigonus. [At one time in general use in the coun- tries of Central and "Western Asia.] 260 * * Sapor I. flays alive the Roman Emperor Valerian, his prisoner. 628 * * Chosroes II., the Great, is put to death by his son Siroes. The fratri- cide also murders his brothers. 632 June 26. The beginning of the Yezdegerd or Persian Elra, with the election of King Yezdegerd III. [For- merly of universal use in Persia, and now used by the Parsees in India.] 1079 Mar. 15. The Persian Calendar is reformed by a conference of Eastern astronomers, and called the Gelalean Era. 1747 June 20. Persia. Nadir Shah is assassinated by the meli whom he de- signed to assassinate the next day. 1755 June 7. An earthquake in Ka- schan destroys 40,000 lives. [1784. An- other near Ezeroum buries 5,000 people. 1893. Nov. 26. Another at Kushan kills 1,200 people.] 1795* *Agha Mahmoud massacres captured people in Karman ; 70,000 eyes are brought to him on platters. 1804 June 4. Vaccination for the cowpox is successfully introduced. 1840 * * The printing-press is set up in Urumiah by the missionaries. 1108 1856, * *-1891, Nov. 9. PERSIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1856-57 "War with India. 1S56 Nov. 1. England declares war against Persia for taking Herat (p. 5). [1S57. Gen. Sir James Outram defeats the Persians at Kooshab. Mar. 26. Cap- tures Mohammerah.] 1880 Oct.* Savage tribes of Kurds ravage Persia, [Nov. * Subdued.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1891 Nov. 9. Khain, Ameer of Khorassan, CHURCH. 1848 Sept. 10. Nassr-ed-Din, son oi Mabmoud Shab, is enthroned; be sub dues two insurrections. [1873, 1878, 1879 He visits Europe.] 1856 * * The English Church Society opens a mission at Julfa (Ispahan). 1862 * * The Westorians and the mis- sionaries meet in their first church council. 1869 * * Dr. Bruce opens a Church of England mission. [1875. Mission adopted by the Church of England Society. 1871. Dr. Bruce distributes £16,000 among the starving Persians.] 1872* * The American Presbyterians open a mission at Teheran. [1873, at Tabriz; 1881, at Hamadan ; 1886, at Salinas.] 1885 * * The celebration of the jubilee of Persian missions is followed by re- vivals. 1889* * The Reformed Evangelical Church reports many missions. STATE. 1853 Sept. 9. The government is reor- ganized. 1857 Apr. 14. Teheran. Peace with Great Britain is ratified. July 27. Persia gives up Herat to Af- ghanistan. 1881 Dec. 22. The shah signs a treaty with Russia. 1888 Sept. 9. The shah issues a de- cree opening the river Karun to the commerce of all nations. MISCELLANEOUS. 1865 * * Railways are begun. [1873. Sept. 11. Opened at Resht. 1888. June 25. Opened between Teheran and Shah- Abdul- A zim.J 1867* * Electric telegraph is intro- duced. PERU. Peru is a republic of western South America ; capital, Lima. It is politically divided into 18 departments. The chief exec- utive is a president, and the Congress is composed of two houses. The common language is Spanish, and the chief religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 463,747+ square miles ; population, 3,000,000±. ARMY — NAVY. 1533-34 Spanish conquest (p. 18-(-). 1775 * * Peru assumes its modern limits (p. 489). 1815 Mar. 12. First struggle for inde- pendence. The Spaniards defeat the patriots at Umaehiri. 1817-24 "War for independence. 1817 Jan. 17. Gen. San Martin, with 4,000 men, starts for the coast ; be crosses the Andes 12,300 feet high. [Feb. 12. Defeats the Spaniards at Chacabuco. 1818 Feb. 19. Defeats Cancha Rayada. Apr. 5. Expels the Spaniards from Chile. 1821. July 9. Occupies Lima.] 1824 Aug. 6. The Peruvians defeat the Spanish at Junin. Dec. 9. The patriots utterly defeat the Spanish army at Ayacucho, and liberate Peru and Chile. 1827 Mar. * The Colombian troops leave Peru. 1829 * * Disastrous warwith Colombia. 1855 * * Civil war for six months. 1856 Dec. * -58 Mar. * Gen. Vivanco's insurrection is subdued. 1865 Feb. 28. A formidable revolt arises against President Pezet. [Oct.* The insurgents declare war against Spain.] 1866 "War with Spain ; Peru and Chile are allies. May 2. Adm. Nunez attempts to bom- bard Callao, and is repulsed. [May 10. The Spanish squadron withdraws from Peruvian waters.] 1874 Dec. 3. Insurrectionists led by Nicolas de Pierola are defeated by Presi- dent Prado at Sorota, nearTarata. [1876. Oct. * Pierola rises again.] 1879-83 "War of the Pacific. Chile defeats Peru and Bolivia (p. 550, 606). (1879. Sept. 1). The allies capture Calama. (Sept. 19.) Peruvians are de- feated at San Francisco, Peru. (1881. Jan. 17.) Chileans enter Lima. (Oct. 23.) Evacuated. 0882. Feb. 20±.) Pe- ruvians burn Pasco on the coast; many people are killed. (1883. Oct. 20.) Peace. 1885 MaySi. The Governmentdefeatsln- surrectionists at Ayacucho. [May 28+. Insurgents defeated ;it Iluaneayo, Oct. 16. Again defeated. Nov. 19+. Again at Jania. Dec. 2. Victorious at Lima, defeating Presi- dent Iglesias.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1054 (?) * * Manco Capac, founder of Peru, dies. 1471 * * Pizarro, Francisco, discoverer, born. [1541. June 26. Assassinated.] 1583 * * Henriquez, the viceroy, dies. 1797* * Castilla, Don Ramon, pres., born. [1867. Dies.] 1826* * Prado, Mariano Ignacio, Peruvian president, born. 1836* * Ilerniudez, Cen. Ramijio Morales, president, born. [18i)3. Apr.l. Dies.] 1839* * Pierola, Js'iculasde, Peruvian soldier, STATE. 470± * * b. c. The Pirua dynasty be- gins. (?) (For early history, see p. 184.) 1533 * * a. d. Spanish rule begins. 1780 Nov. * Tupac Amaru, apretended Inca, leads a rebellion for the redress of injuries. [1781 Mar." HLs 00,000 followers are suppressed. The Spaniards proceed to exterminate the Indians ; 80,000 per- ish.] 1814 Aug. 3. Chief Mateo Garcia Pa- macagua leads a rebellion of Indians. 1821 July 28. Gen. Jose de San Martin proclaims the independence of Peru. 1823 Sept. 1. BolivargoestoPeru,and is made dictator. [1826. Sept. 3. Be- jected ; leaves the country.] 1824 Nov. 38. Gen. Mariano Prado is chosen president. [1845, Kamon Castilla; 1851, Apr. 20, Jose Rutino Eehenique; 185-1, June 1, Castilla auam pmvisiunal president in Southern Peru, "1855, July 14, ret'ularpn-si- dent again ; 1862, Oct. 24, Marshal San Ro- roon; 1863, Aug. 5, (Jen. .1 nan Antonio Pezet; 1866, Aug. 2, Mariano Ignacio Prado; 1867, Gen. La Puerta, a few months; 1868, Aug. 2, Jose Balta; 1872, Aug. 2, Manuel Pardo; 1876, Mariana I. Prado; 1879, Dec. 23, Nicolas de Pi- erola, dictator ; 1881, Mar.* Francisco Gnu-ia deCalderon, provisional president. 1882. Adm. Lizardo Montero assumes (lie presidenev, Calderon being held by Chileans. 1883. Mi- guel Iglesias does the same. 1886, July 3, Andres Avelino Careres; IWM), Aug. 8, Re- mijio Morales Bermudez; 1894, May 10, Gen. A. Caceres again. ] 1828 Mar. 21. A new constitution is approved. [1856. Another. 1860. Modi- fied.] 1829 Feb. 28. Peace is signed with Colombia. 1853* * Revolt against Eehenique. [1855 Jan. * Defeated by Castilla and exiled.] 1864 Apr. 14. Spain seizes guano Isles to force a settlement of claims. [1865. Chincha Isles restored.] 1S65 Jan. 27. Pezet agrees to the Spanish claims for indemnity. * * Revolt against Pezet because of his temporizing with Spain. [Oct. * Insur- gents assume authority, and declare war against Spain.] 1866 Feb. * Peru joins Chile, and de- clares war against Spain. 1867 Jan. * Insurrectionists force Prado to resign. [1872 July * Tom as Gutierrez raises an insurrection against Balta. July 26. Hanged to a lamp-post by the people. 1874. Another revolt against Prado.] 1879 Apr. 2. Peru joins Bolivia in de- claring war against Chile. Dec. 22. Lima. Revolution. [1881 . Apr. * Anarchy.] 1883 Oct. 20. Iglesias signs a peace with the Chileans, ceding valuable terri- tories. [Oct. 26. Arequipa is surren- dered, also Arica and Tacna till 1893. 1884. Mar. * Ratified by the Senate.] Dec. 11. Treaty with Chile and Bo- livia ; all the coasts of Bolivia and Tara- paca in Peru are surrendered to Chile. 1893 Oct. 24. The Lower Rouse pro- vides that only Peruvian silver coin will be legal tender. 1894 Aug. 24. The President is clothed with dictatorial power. MISCELLANEOUS. 1598 * * The University of San Antonio Abad is founded at Cuzco. 1791 * * The Mercurio Peruana begun at Lima. [It was completed in 11 voIumeB in 1891, and contains many valuable ar- ticles on scientific subjects. 1792. A medical school is established. 1794. a nautical school at Lima. 1862, Gcof/rajra del Peru, by Dr. Don Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan, appears. 1868, Historia del PERU. 47 0, * * b. c-1894, Aug. 24. 1109 Peru Independiente, by Dr. Don Mariano 1867 Apr. 15. Lima. Religious tole- 1871 Oct.* Gold is discovered at Hu Felipe Paz Soldan ; 1877, BiccionaHo ration Provokes riots. geografico estadistico del Peril, by Dr. 1868 Aug. 13-15. Eartbquakescause 1892 Sept. 10 in w ■ i? v t> n. 1 the loss of 25,000 lives and $300,000,000; two accomplici Don Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan.] 1846 * * Guano is first exported. lAma. A priest and i are sentenced to long prisonments for burning to death an Indian girl charged with witchcraft. PORTUGAL. Portugal is a kingdom in southwestern Europe; capital, Lisbon. It is politically divided into eight provinces, and gov- erned by a constitutional hereditary monarchy, with the legislative power vested in a Cortes comprising a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. The language is Portuguese, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 38,034 square miles ; popula- tion in 1881, 4,708,178. Its foreign possessions have 704,718 square miles, and a population of 4,985,200±. ARMY — NAVY. 713 * * The Moors conquer the Alains and West Goths. 716 * * The Saracens capture Lisbon. [900. The kings of Asturias subdue some of the Saracens.] 1095 * * (1094?) Portugal is connected with Castile as a feudatory countsliip. 1139 July 26. Alfonso [I.], Count of Portugal, defeats five Moorish kings at Ourique ; the country is thereafter called the kingdom of Portugal. [1147. Oct. 25. Aided by Crusaders he takes Lisbon.] 1189* *Sancho I. takes a 'part of Al- grave from the Moors. 1415 * * John I. invades Africa to fight the Moors. ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 1200 * * Concordantise Morales and In- terpretatio Mistica, by St. Anthony of Lisbon, appear. 13th Century. Loenda de Santa Iria and the Cancao do Figueiral appear. 1290 * * The University of Coimbra is founded. [1309. Receives its charter. 1537. Permanently attached to Coimbra.] 1400+ * * Amadis de Gaul turned into prose by Vasco de Lobeira. 1419-30 Many maritime discoveries are made. 1425 * * A code of laws is digested. 1448 * * The Azores are discovered. 15th Century. Dom Eurives and Branccu- Flor appear. Satyra da felice e infelice Vida ap- pears. Visao, by Duarte de Brito, appears. Fingimento de Amore, by Fernao Brandao, appears. Book of the Chase, written for John I. f appears. Chronicles of Fernao Lopes appears. 1460 * * The Cape de Verd Islands are discovered. 1497 Nov. 20. Vasco da Gama makes the first passage to the East Indies by rounding the Cape of Good Hope. 1499 * * Discovery of the Brazils (p. 15). 1500 * * Inez Periera, by Gil Vicente, appears. 1533 * * The University of Evora Is founded (or 1451). 16th Century. Eufrosina, by Jorge Ferri- era, appears. Palmeirim d' Inglaterra appears. The Eclogues of Bernadin Ribeiro ap- pears. Cancioneiro Geral, by Garcia de Re- sende, appears. Conquest of the Indies, by Joao de Barros, appears. Fabulas de Narciso and Fenix Renas- cida, by Jacinto Freire de Andrade, ap- pears. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1350+ * * Almeida Ilrites, d'," Joan of Arc," born. [1386. Dies.] 1355 * * Castro Inez,de, wife of crown prince ;*edro, a [1433. Dies.] 1360* * Lobeira Vasco, de author, born. [1403. Dies.] 1394 * * Henry the Navigator, b. [1460. D.] 14=37 * * Abrabanel, Isaac, Rabbi, born. [1508. Dies.] 1445* * Diaz Bartolomeu, navigator, born. [1500. Dies.] 1446± * * Fernandez, Diniz, navigator, b. D. 1450 * * Cortreal, Gaspar. navigator, born. [1501. Dies.] Covilhao, or Covilham, Pedro da, explorer, born. [1540. Dies.] ± Gama. Vasco da, navigator, born. [1524. Dies.] 1453 * * Albuquerque. Alfonso de, Albo de, conqueror of India, born. [1515. I>.] 15th Century. Cam, Diogo, navigator, born, 1460* * Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, navigator, born. [1526. Dies.] 1469* * Emmanuel Manoel, king, born. [1521. Dies.] 1470+ * *Gil Vicente, dramatist, born. [1557. Dies.] 1480+ * * Alvarez, Francisco, traveler, born. [1545+. Dies.] + Magellan, Fernando, navigator, born. [1521. Dies.] 1492 * * Nuiiez, Pedro, mathematician, boru. [1577. Dies.] 1496* * Barros, Joao de, hist., b. [1570. D.] 1500* * C:ist.:uibeil;i, Fernao Lopez de, his- torian, born. [1559. Dies.] Castro, Joao de, navigator, b. [1548. Dies.] 1503 + * * Galvao, or Galvan, Antonio, mili- tary captain, writer, born. [1557. Dies.] 1505 * * Gouvea, Antonio de, jurist, born. [1565. Dies.] 1510+ * * Pinto, Fernao Mendez, traveler, born. [1583. Dies.] 1530* * Cambens, Luis de, poet, b. [1580. D.] Alonteniavor, .lorge de, poet, novelist, born. [1561. Dies.] 1525 * * Gomez, Estevan, explorer, dies. 1528* * Andrada, Diogo Payva d', clergy- man, born. [1575. Dies.] Ferreira, Antonio, poet, born. [1569. Dies.] 1554* * Sebastian, king, born. [1578. D.] 1560 * * Queiros, Pedro Fernandez de, navi- gator, born. [1614. Dies.] STATE. * * * The country is inhabited by Celtic tribes. [140. Finally subjugated by the Romans.] 5th-Rth Centuries. Country is overrun by "West Goths. [713. By the Moors. 8th-llth Centuries. They hold it.] 900 * * The kings of Asturias subdue the Saracens in part. 1095 * * Alfonso gives a part of the coun- try to Henry of Burgundy as a mar- riage portion with his daughter Theresa. 1095-1112 Henry, Count of Portugal, reigns. [1112-85, Alfonso I. (son); Theresa, queen ; 1128, Alfonso I, alone.] 1139 July 25-85* * Alfonso [I.] Henriquez, Duke of Portugal, having defeated the Saracens, is proclaimed king by his army. * * Dominion of Moors overthrown. July 27. A monarchy is established. 1175 * * Portugal a fief of the Holy See. 1185-1212 Sanchol., son of Alfonso, is king ; he extends the area and enlarges prosperity. [1212-23, Alfonso II. (Cras- sus); 1223-45, Sancho II.; 1245, deposed by the Pope ; 124S-79, Alfonso III.] 1279-1325 Dionysius I., father of his country, reigns ; he builds 44 cities or towns. [1325-57, Alfonso IV. ; 1357-67, Pedro ; 1367-85, Ferdinand I.] 1385-1433 John I., the Great, the ille- gitimate son of Pedro I., reigns ; he re- pels the invading Castilians, and invades Barbary, and (1420) acquires Madeira and (1432) the Azores. [1433-38, Edward reigns; 1438-81, Alfonso V.; 14S1-95, John II., the Great ; 1495-1521, Emmanuel.] 1420 * * Madeira. The grape-vine and sugar-cane are planted. 1433+ * * Lisbon becomes the capital. 1521-57 John HI. reigns. He makes great efforts for the colonization of Brazil. 1542 * * A commercial treaty is made with Japan. Commerce with the East Indies and South America is very pros- perous. LiBbon is the chief market of the world. 1557-78 Sebastian reigns. He becomes king when only three years of age, and is trained by the Jesuits. He leads quixotic expeditions against the Moors. Dies without heirs. [1578-80. Henry the cardinal (uncle) reigns. 1580. Anthony, prior of Crato.] MISCELLANEOUS. 900* *AlonzoIII. establishes bishops. 1481 * * The Kongo and Angola slave- trade begins. 1493 * *Jew8 numbering 150,000 ar« banished. 1519* * Ferdinand Magellan sails around South America (p. 18). 1526 * * The Inquisition is established. 1531 Feb. 36. Lisbon. An earthquake destroys 1,500 bouses and kills 30,000 persons; Beveral neighboring towns are engulfed. [1755. Nov. 1. Another occurs; in eight months 50,000 people are engulfed. The cities of Coimbra, Oporto, and Braga Buffer, and St. Ubes is wholly overturned. The earth- quake extends a distance of 5,000 miles.] 1110 1569,* * -1894, April 27. PORTUGAL. ARMY — NAVY. 1578 Aug. 4. Dom Sebastian invades Morocco, and is killed at the battle of Alcazar Kebir (Al-Kasr-al Kebir). 1580 * * Philip II. of Spain conquers Portugal. 1640 * * Revolution. 1665 * * The invading Spaniards are de- feated at Villa Viciosa; a long war terminates. 1704 Mar. 7. Lisbon. An English army, 10,000 strong, arrives under Lord Galway and the Archduke Charles. 1717 * *Thekingsendsafleet againtthe Turks, at the bidding of the Pope. 1762-63 The Spaniards and French invade Portugal ; Braganea and Almeida are taken ; England aids in their ex- pulsion. 1801 Mar. 3. War with Spain. 1807* * France invades Portugal. [Nov. 30. Marshal Junot enters Lisbon ; Eng- land aids in its liberation (p. 934).] 1808-14 The Peninsula "War (pp. 718, 934). 1820 * * Revolutionary outbreak. 1832 July* -33* * Dom Pedro arrives from Brazil with 7,500 men, and besieges Oporto. [Oct. 11. Count Sartorius de- feats the fleet of Dom Miguel.] Sept. 19. Dom Miguel's forces are re- pulsed at Oporto. [1833. July 24. They evacuate Lisbon.] 1833 July 5. Adm. Napier captures Miguel's squadron off Cape St. Vincent. [1834. May 26. Miguel capitulates.] 1846 Dec. 22. The Marquis of Sal- danha with a Pedro force defeats Count Bonfinn at Torres Vedras. 1847 June 26. The junta at Oporto capitulates to the Pedro army. 1890 Apr. 13 ±. A force is ordered to be sent to the Shire district, East Af- rica. [1891 . Jan. 31. More troops sail.] 1891 Jan. 31. The regiments at Oporto revolt and proclaim the republic; sup- pressed by loyal troops. ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 1569 * * Creacaode Homen, by Andre Fal- cao, appears. 1572 * * The great epic poem, Lusiad, by Imiz de Camoens, appears. 1600 * * Monorchia Lusitana, by Ber- nardo de Brito, appears. 1650 * * Palmeirin de Oliva, by Francisco de Morales, appears. * * Life of D. Joao de Castro, by Jacinto Freire de Andrade, appears. 1700 * * An adaptation of Pilgrim's Prog- ress appears in the Portuguese. 18th Century. Hyssope, by Antonio Diniz da Cruz e Silva, appears. 1772 * * The University of Coimbra iB entirely reconstituted. 1779-1806 Jornal Enciclopedico is is- sued. 1800 * * Researches in Portuguese Chro- nology, by Joao Pedro Ribeiro, appears. 1812-20 Jornal de Coimbra is issued. 1814* * Oriente, by Jose Agostino de Macedo, appears. 1836-57 The Panorama is issued. 1841-53 Revista Universal Lisbonense is issued. 1853 * * Institute is issued. 1868 * * Voz Femenina is issued (con- ducted by women). 1869 * *Jardimdo Ceo, by EloideSaSoto- maior, appears. 1880 Sept. 20. Lisbon, The Interna- tional Literary Association meets. 1889 * * 82 per cent (including infants) of the population are illiterate. 1890 Mar. * The Government, by a de- cree, restricts the liberty of the press. Apr. 7. A special Ministry of Education is created to watch over and restrict public meetings and entertainments. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1 590 * * Faria-v-Sousa, Manvel de, historian, poet, born. C1649. Dies.] 1591* * Ai-osta, rrk'l, author, b. [1647. D.] 1593* * I.oho, Jeroniino, miss., b. [1678. D.] 1595 * * 'IVlliv., lialtlui/.ar, historian, horn. 1611 * * Melo, Francisco de ^lanuel, author, born. [1666. Dies.] 1699* * Pomhal, Sebastiao de, Marquis, statesman, born. [1782. Dies.] 1708* * Aveiro, Don .lose de Mascarenhas, Duke of, born. [1759. Dies.] 1724+ * * Garcao, or Garcam, Pedro Anto- nio Correa, lyric poet, born. [1772. Dies.] 1734* * Manuel, or Manoel, Francisco, poet, horn. [1819. Dies.] 1745 * * Almeida, Nicolao Tolentino, poet, born. [1811. Dies.] 1750* * Correa de Serra, Jos6 Francisco, botanist, horn. [1823. Dies.] 1754* * Araujo d'Azevedo, Antonio, states- man, born. [1817. Dies.] 1765* * Itoccaiie, Manuel Muria liarbosa du, poet, born. [1805. Dies.] 1769* * John [VI]., king, born. [1823, Mar. 10. Dies.] 1784* * Abrantes, JoBe, Marquis of, born. [1827. Dies.] 1786 * * Pedro de. Souza-Holstein, Duke of Palmella, prime minister, born. [1864, Apr. 2. Dies.] 1791* * Saldanha, Oliveria e Daun, born. [1876. Dies.] 1792* * Sousa, Antonio Jose: de, Duke of Terceira, born. [1860. Dies.] 1798* * Dom Pedro, king's brother, horn. [1834, Sept. 24. Dies.] 1799* * Alnieida-Carrett, Joao Baptista Leitao de, born. [1854. Dies.] 1802 * * Miguel, Dom Maria Evariato, rival of Don Carlos, prince, b. [1866, Nov. 16. D.] 1803* * Costa Cabral, Antonio Bernardo, Duke of Thomar, states., h. [1889. D.] 1819 * * Maria II., queen, born. [1853. D.] 1837* * Pedro V., king, born. [1861. D.] 1838 * * Louis, king, b. [1889, Oct. 19. D.] 1846* * Srrpa -I'mto, Alexander A. daRocha, explorer, born. [1811. Dies.] 1863 Sept. 28. Dom Carlos, heir to the the throne, born. 1885 Dec. 15. Ferdinand, queen's con- sort, A69. 1887 Mar. 21. Louis Philippa, prince, b. STATE. 1580 * * Philip II. of Spain seizes Por- tugal ; it is also claimed by the Prince of Parma and the Duchess of Braganea. 1580-1640 Portugal is annexed to Spain. A disastrous period. The Dutch, Eng- lish, and French prey on the colonial possessions. 1598-1621 Philip III. reigns over Spain and Portugal. [1621-40. Philip IV.] 1602-20 The Dutch seize the Portu- guese possessions. 1640 * * Independence of Spain. House of Braganea. Dec. 1. The Portuguese throw off the oppressive yoke of Spain, and make John, Duke of Braganea, king ; it proves a bloodless revolution. [Dec. 18. Crowned at Lisbon.] 1640-56 John IV. reigns. [1556-57. Al- fonso VI., a hoy; his mother is regent. 1662. He suddenly declares himself of the government. 1667- 83. Pedro, the brother, is regent. 1683- 1706. Pedro II. reigns as king.] 1697-1828 The Cortes does not meet. 1703 Dee. 27. Lisbon. The [famous] Methuen treaty is signed, relating to English, importations. 1706-50 John V. reigns. A long peace ensues. 1737 * * Amicable relations are restored between Spain and Portugal. 1750-77 Joseph Emmanuel reigns. After marriage with his niece, Donna Maria, they reign jointly as Maria I. and Pedro III. Many claimants afflict Por- tugal. The Marquis of Pombal, prime minister, institutes social and agricultu- ral reforms. [1777. Maria I. reigns alone. 1792. Insane.] 1763 Feb. 10. Peace is made with Spain. 1793-1816 John [VI.] , son of Maria I., is regent ; he joins the first coalition against France. 1800 * * France insists on Portugal's abandonment of the English alliance, and the closing of its ports toEnglandand the opening of tbem to France, and a cession of a part of Portugal to France. [Kejected.] 1804 * * Napoleon insists on Portugal's declaring war against England. [1807. He aims to annihilate Portugal.] 1807 Nov. 27- The French conquer Portugal. [Owing to the French inva- sion of Portugal, John withdraws to his Brazilian dominions, leaving Portugal in care of a council of regents.] Nov. 29. A treaty is signed between France and Spain for the conquest and division of Portugal into three parts. 1807-21 Brazil. The royal house re- sides at Rio de Janeiro. 1808 * * Hise of the Portuguese. They welcome the invading French republi- cans. Feb. 1. Marshal Junot proclaims that the house of Braganea has ceased to reign. 1814* * Portugal cedes Guiana to France. 1815-22 Portugal and Brazil are one empire. 1816-26 John VI., the ex-regent f reigns. 1820 Aug. 29. The revolution be- gins in Oporto ; the people, wearied by the absence of the court, rise almost unanimously and without bloodshed. [Oct. 1. The constitutional junta is established.] 1821* *A liberal constitution is adopted. [1823. June 5. The king amends the constitution.] 1822 Oct. 12. Brazil. Independence of Brazil; the prince regent, John VI.. is proclaimed emperor, and the two countries are separated. 1824 May 1-9. Lisbon. Disturbances arise ; Dom Miguel, head of the absolu- tist party, is expelled. [1828. Feb. 22. He becomes regent. 1828-34. Usurper. 1834. May 26. Deposed.] 1825 Aug. 29. A treaty is made with Brazil. PORTUGAL. 1569, * *-1894, April 27. 1111 1826 * * Pedro IV. reigns. [May 2. He grants a constitutional charter contain- ing the basis of moderate parliamentary government. He abdicates the regency in favor of the Infanta Isabel Maria, seven years of age, who becomes queen, and retains the throne of Brazil.] 1826-5 1 The darkest period ; disorders abound. 1826-28 Maria U. [da Gloria] reignB. 1826 Dec. 2. Portugal solicits aid of Great Britain against disorders. 1828 Apr. 28. The British force leaves Portugal. [May 3. The foreign Ministers also withdraw.] July 4. The regent Dom Miguel assumes the title of king. [July 12. He dis- solves the three estates of the realm, and civil contentions increase.] 1830 Mar. * The Duke of Palmella, a parliamentarian, is appointed regent. 1832 Apr. 2. Dom Pedro proclaims himself regent at Terceira. 1833 * * The constitutional monarchy is restored. July 24. Lisbon. Maria II. is pro- claimed queen. [Sept. 22. She arrives. 1834. Sept. 18. The Cortes declare her of age (15 years). Party struggles con- tinue.] 1836 Jan. * Maria II. weds Prince Fer- dinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, nephew of Leopold of Belgium. Aug. 9. Lisbon. Revolution. [Sept.* The reestublishinenfc of the constitution of 1822 is proclaimed. Nov. 8. Another uprising.] 1837 Aug. 18. The Duke of Terceira successfully proclaims the restoration of Pedro's charter. 1846 Apr. 20±. The northern province revolts, caused by the unpopularity of the ministry of Costa Cabral, Duke of Thorn ar. Oct. 31. The Duke of Palmella, one of the commanders of the constitutional army, resigns. [Nov. 26. Banished.] 1847 May 21. London conference; England, France, and Spain agree to as- sist Queen Maria II. to terminate the civil war. June 11. Sa da Bandiera, a partizan of Dom Pedro, submits. 1850 June 22. An American squad- ron arrives in the Tagus to enforce claims for damages in the war of 1S12. July * "War claims of the United States are refused ; the minister (TJ. S. A.) leaves. 1851 Apr. * Insurgents in Oporto de- clare for the fugitive Duke of Saldanha. [Apr. 29. Arrives at Oporto. May 23. Made prime minister.] 1852 * * The charter, modified by the Cortes, is sanctioned by the queen. 1853 Dec. 19. The king-consort, Dom Ferdinand II., assumes the regencyfor his son, Dom Pedro. 1853-61 Pedro V. reigns. [1855. Sept. 16. Inaugurated.] 1857 * * The king weds the Princess So- phia Stephanie of Hohenzollem. Oct. 13. Napoleon IH. sends an ulti- matum. He demands compensation for the con- fiscation of the French slave-ship, Charles et Georges, and the imprisonment of its captain in Mozambique. [185S. Oct. 13. Restored.] 1861 Nov. 11. Pedro V. dies of the cholera plague ; succeeded by Dom Luis, Duke of Oporto. 1861-69 Luis I. (brother) reigns. 1862-65 Ministry of the Due de Louie". 1862 Jan. 3. The succession is changed to favor the king's sisters. Oct. 6. Lisbon. The king by proxy weds Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Victor Emmanuel. 1865-69 Ministry of the Marquis Sa da Bandiera. Constitutional privi- leges granted to the colonies. 1867 * * An extradition treaty is made with Spain. 1868 * * Complete amnesty is granted to all political offenders. 1870 * * Insurrection. May 19. The Duke of Saldanha heads a coup d'&tat, seizes the royal palace, and forms a new Ministry. 1871 Sept. 13. Fontes Pereira de Mello, the leader of the " regenerador party," forms a new Ministry. [1871-77. Prime minister. 1S78-83+. Again.] 1878 * * The House of Peers is changed from a hereditary assembly to one of life peers. 1883 Oct. * A circular to the powers is issued defining Portuguese rights over the Kongo coast district. 1884 Feb. 8. Lisbon. The Govern- ment Bill for reform of constitution is adopted by the deputies. 1889 July 27. The king dies. Oct. 19. Carlos I. (Duke of Braganca) assumes the government. [Dec. 28, 29. Proclaimed at Lisbon.] 1890 Jan. 19. Portugal demands Ger- man mediation in the African dispute with England. May 2. Portugal accepts arbitration in the Delagoa Bay question, provided that some impartial nation shall first affirm that that is a proper question for arbi- tration. [Affirmed.] June 14. Lisbon. The Cortes formally declares the king's son, Louis Philippe', heir to the throne of Portugal. Aug. 29. Portugal protests against the incorporation of the Lunda and the Muatayamoo territories by the Kongo State. Sept. 17. The Portuguese Cabinet re- signs, owing to the popular dissatisfac- tion over the African treaty with Eng- land. 1894 Apr. 16. Portugal asks Eng- land's good offices in bringing about a reconciliation with Brazil. MISCELLANEOUS. 1647 * * The first fleet of the Brazil Company sails (pp. 61, 71). 1714* * Lisbon. The Royal Academy of Sciences is founded. 1736 * * Dom Guzman first makes a bal- loon inflated with hot air. 1758* * Joseph I. tortures to death some of the first families, in order to dis- cover and punish would-be assassins. 1759 * * The Jesuits are expelled, 1760 * * Joseph I. obtains a papal dispen- sation, permitting his daughter to marry her uncle. 1761 * * Lisbon. Gabriel Malagrida, a Jesuit, is burned at the stake by inquis- itors. 1776 * * Trial by torture is abolished. 1777 * * Prince John of Brazil marries Maria Franeesca, his aunt. 1809 * * Methodism is introduced. 1S34 June 9. Massacres occur. * * Abbeys are suppressed and Jesuits expelled. * * The Oporto "Wine Company is abol- ished. [1838. Apr. 7. Reestablished.] 1836 * * Dee. 10. The queen of Por- tugal decrees the abolishment of the slave-trade in her realm. 1854 Dec. 30. The slaves on the royal domains are emancipated. 1856 Oct. 26. The first railway is opened ; it connects Lisbon and Santa- rem. [1881. Oct. 8. Another connecting Lisbon and Madrid.] 1862 * * California grape-vines are in- troduced. 1865 Sept. 18. An International Ex- hibition opens at Oporto. 1867 * * Capital punishment is abol- ished. 1872 June 13. Lisbon. Great fire. 1876 Aug. 19-24. Financial crisis. 1887 * * About one-half of the vineyards suffer from phylloxera. 1889 Mar. 24. The Portuguese Anti- Slavery Society is founded. June 17. Parliament presents the king with $750,000, as a token of loyalty and love. 1890 Jan. 24. Lisbon. A NationalDe- fense Fund is started ; the king sub- scribes $45,000; thequeen$20,000,andthe queen dowagerthesame. Feelingtoward Great Britain is very bitter because of British action in tin' Portuguese dispute. [Sept. 15. Englishmen are mobbed in Lisbon.] 1891 Jan. 22. The Mozambique Com- pany is authorized to extend its terri- tory from Sabi to the Zambesi. May 11+. Financial panic; the Gov- ernment grants 00 d:tys' delay in paying obligations. Gold disappears from circu- lation. 1893 Aug. 27- A new cable, connect- ing with the Azores, is opened for busi- ness between Portugal and the AzoreB. 1894 Apr. 27. Cholera is prevalent. PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA (MOZAMBIQUE). This dependency of Portugal was formerly known as Mozambique, and now called Estado d' Africa Oriental ; capital Mozam- bique. The government is administered by a Portuguese commissioner. Area, '201,700 square miles ; population, 1,500,000. 1498 * * Vasco da Gama arrives at the 1842 * * Missionaries introduce Chris- 1883 island. [1560. Conquered by Tristan da tianity into Gallaland. Cunhaand Albuquerque. 1508. Settled.] The American Board opens a mission at Inhambane. [Also at Kam- bini and at Makodweni.J 1112 1498,* * -1892, Mar. 3. PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. 1886 Oct.* The natives revolt; sub- dued. [1887. Feb. * War with Zanzi- bar over territory. Feb. 16. Portuguese storm Tungi. Mar. * War ends.] 1889 Jan. * Bonga revolts ; subdued. May 21 + . The Portuguese cease to ob- struct the passage of British mission- aries en route for Lake Nyassa. June * Work is commenced on the Dela- goaBayrailway by the English. Portu- guese stop the work, claim, and forcibly occupy the port of Tungi.J Aug. 19. The government decrees the formatibn of a Roman Catholic coloniza- tion mission at Mponda, Lake Nyassa. Dee. 5. Portuguese officers haul down the British flag at the headquarters of the British South African Company. [1890. Mar. 14. Capture their steamer, Dee. 14±. Maj. Serpa Pinto attacks and partly subdues the Makoiolo people. * * The government makes a contract for the completion of the Delagoa Bay Railway to the frontier lines. England contests the Portuguese rights in the Shire River valley. * * A line of trade steamers is organized for the Shire and Zambesi rivers. * * The Primitive Methodists (Eng.) open a mission on the Zambesi River. [The Universities Mission opens a mission ou the east shore of Lake Nyassa at Chitesi.] 1890 Mar. 17. The British consul raises a British flag in the Shire dis- trict. [Diplomatic complications with Portugal follow.] Aug. 20. The Anglo-Portuguese agreement is signed. The Portuguese to hold the territory of An- gola hinterland from ll£ degrees south to the German sphere on the north; Great Britain westward from Lake Nyassa, witJi free pas- sage between its northern and southern colonies. Oct. 8. British gunboats enter the Zambesi Kiver in spite of Portuguese protests. 1891 Apr. 20. The Portuguese fire on a British steamer ascending thePungwe River with the Willoughby expedition. June 11+. A native chief and 4,000 fol- lowers revolt against the Portuguese, and go over to the British. 1892 Mar. 3. Quilimane is besieged by 6,000 natives. RUMANIA. RrjKLANiA is a kingdom of southeastern Europe, formed by the union of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Dobrudja ; capital, Bucha- rest. The government is a constitutional monarchy under a king and a Legislature of two chambers. Rumanian is the common language, and the dominant religion is Greek Catholic, but Jews and Roman Catholics are numerous. Area, 48,307 square miles ; population in 1S92, 5,500,000±. ARMY — NAVY. 1397 ± * * Turks under Bajazet lay waste Wallachia. [1402. Timour captures Ba- jazet.] * * * Internecine strife of the sons of Bajazet. 1475 Jan. 17. Stephen the Great de- feats 120,000 Turks at Lake Rakovietz, with great slaughter. 1476 * * A Turkish army fails to regain prestige in Moldavia. 1484 * * Stephen withdraws before Ba- jazet, and saves his army. 1487 * * Stephen repels an invasion of 80,000 Poles. 1522 * * The Wallachiaus, with allies, de- feat Mohammed Bey at Grumatz. 1594-97 "War against Turkey. (1594. Nov. 13.) The Wallachians and Moldavians suddenly rise and mas- sacre the Turkish guards. (1595.) Mi- chael the Brave wins a great victory over the Turks at Man tin ; their army is annihilated. The sultan sends 100,000 men to in- vade Wallachia, and the patriots retire to the mountains. The Wallachians assume the offensive, storm Bucharest, cut to pieces the sul- tan's rear guard, and capture enormous booty. 1599* * Michael the Brave, in league with an imperial force, defeats Andreas Bathori in Transylvania, and seizes the reins of government. 1824 * * The Turks evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia. 1885 Sept. 3. Rumanian troops invade Silistria, and seize territory. STATE. 1330* * Wallachia. Hungarian su- premacy is broken. [1344. Restored. 1367. Again temporarily broken.] 1383-1419 Wallachia. Mircea reigns. 1458 * * Moldavia. Stephen the Great develops a formidable principality. [1504. He dies.] 1504* * Moldavia. Bogdan (son) reigns ; he pays increased tribute to Turkey. 1512 * * Wallachia. Nagul Bessaraba reigns. [1521. It sinks into a Turkish pashalic] 1524* * Wallachia. The sultan is forced to recognize Iiadul as prince. 1561* ^Moldavia. The impostor Jacob Basilicus succeeds in seizing the gov- ernment. [1563. The people rise, and murder Basilicus.] 1591 * * Wallachia. Alexander ob- tains the government by purchase from the Turks. 1593-1601 Wallachia. Michael the Brave becomes the deliverer from the oppressive Turks. 1597* * The sultan submits to the choice of the Wallachians, and appoints the victorious Michael as prince. 1599 * * Michael, by conquest, obtains Transylvania. 1600 * * Michael annexes Moldavia to his " Grand Dacian" realm. [1601. He dies.] * * * Wallachia. A succession of princes buy their appointment of the Turks. 1618* * Moldavia. The sultan recov- ers Moldavia. 1G33 * * Comparative prosperity re- turns under the rule of Mathias Bessa- raba. 1634 * * Moldavia. Vasilje Lupul rules with ability and success. * * * Wallachia. Serban Cantacuzene becomes prince. [1688. He dies.] 1688+ * * Wallachia. Constantine Brancovan is elected prince, and his coronation constitutes an historical landmark. [1714. Apr. 4. The sultan proclaims his deposition. Beheaded soon after.] 1711* * Moldavia. Demetria Cante- mir, rendered desperate by Turkish ex- actions, agrees to become the vassal of Russia. [The arrangement miscarries.] * * * The office of waywode, or hospodar, is sold by the sultan to the highest bidder. 1747* * Constantine Mavrocordato decrees the manumission of the serfs. 1769 * * Wallachia. The bishops and the clergy take an oath of fidelity to the Empress Catherine of Russia, when overawed by a Russian army. 1774* * Treaty of Kutchuk-Kai- nardji; Russia returns Wallachia and Moldavia to Turkey, but guaranteeing a large measure of liberty. [1783. Russia secures a new agreement defining the liberties of Moldavia and Wallachia.] 1777* * Moldavia. The province of Bukowina is ceded to Austria by the Sultan. * * * The Porte disregards its agreement and governs arbitrarily ; exciting revolt. 1802* * Russia forces the sultan to agree to a veiled protectorate of the czar over the principalities. 1808 * * Bussia is at war with Turkey, and occupies the principalities and forms a government. ■ [1812. Restored under liberal conditions.] 1821 Moldavia. Unsuccessful revoltof the Hetserists is followed by Turkish oc- cupation. [1822. Withdrawn by influ- ence of the powers.] 1829 * * The sultan having confirmed the privileges of Moldavia and Walla- chia, Russia guarantees them by the Peace of Adrianople. [1834. The Porte ratifies the peace ; Russians evacuate the two principalities.] 1S39 * * Prince Charles [I.] is born. 1848 * * Moldavia. A revolutionary movement occurs. 1849 + * * A joint Russo-Turkish dic- tatorship restores the organic law, and appoints Barbii Stirbeifl as prince of Wallachia, and Gregoria ( ihika for Mol- davia. 1853-54 * * Russian and Austrian occu- pation ; the hospodars flee to Vienna. [1854. The Russians withdraw.] 1857 Sept. * The representative coun- cils of Wallachia and Moldavia vote to unite the principalities under the name of Rumania. [1858. The powers object, and provide a central commis- sion. 1S62. Abolished.] 1859 Jan. * Alexander John Cuza is chosen prince. * * A new conference at Paris ratifies the election. 1861 Dec. 23. The union of the two principalities under the name of Ru- mania is proclaimed at Jassy and Bu- charest. 1862 Feb. 5. A single assembly and a single ministry are formed to meet in Bucharest. 1864 May 2. Difficulties between the Government and the aristocrats of the General Assembly cause its dissolu- tion by Cuza ; and a new constitution is submitted to universal suffrage, grant- ing greater authority to the prince, and creating a Chamber of Senators, besides 1 the Deputies. [May 28. It is adopted.] Aug.* A law is passed enabling peas- ants to own land. * * Capital punishment is abolished. RUMANIA. 1330, * *-1892, Dec. 27. 1113 1865 Aug. * The people of Bucharest revolt. [Aug. 15. Suppressed.] 1866 Feb. 22. Revolution at Bucha- rest. The vices of Alexander are so offensive he is forced to abdicate. A provisional government is estab- lished. Apr. 20. Prince Charles of Hohen- zollern-Sigmaringen is elected Prince of Rumania by a popular vote. [May 22. He is welcomed at Bucharest. Oct. * He is recognized hereditary hospodar by the sultan.] 1877 May 21. The Senate approves a declaration of independence, and de- clares war with Turkey. 1877-78 Rumania is an ally of Russia in the war with Turkey. 1878 Mar. 3. Rumania is declared in- dependent by the Treaty of San Stefano. June 13- July 13. The Treaty of Ber- lin declares Rumania independent, it receiving Dobrudja in return for ceding Bessarabia to Russia, 1881 Mar. 26. Charles I. is nomi- nated king. [May 13. Charles I. and Queen Elizabeth are crowned.] 1889 Mar. 26. Prince Ferdinand, King Charles's nephew, is proclaimed crown prince. June 11. The gold standard of cur- rency is approved by the Chamber of Deputies. June 6. The czar protests against the Rumanian Government erecting forti- fications. 1891 May 16. Jean Bratiano, the statesman, dies. 1892 Dec. 27. The Senate adopts com- mercial convention with Great Britain. MISCELLANEOUS. 1680 * * The first printing-press is set up at Bucharest. 1775+ * *An evangelical church is erected at Jassy. 1840 * * The Uacia Liter aria is issued. [1841, Archiva Pomanesca ; 1S45, Maga- sinal istorica peutru Dacia.] 1862 June 20. M. Catargi, President of the Ministerial Council, is assassi- nated near the Chamber of Deputies. 1866 July± * The Jews are persecuted at Bucharest. 1890 * * The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (Eng.J opens a mission in Bucharest. 1891 Aug. 14+. A cordon of troopB lines the frontier to keep out Jews exiled from Russia. RUSSIA. Russia is an empire of eastern Europe, having vast possessions in northern and central Asia, and two capitals, St. Peters- burg and Moscow, the latter being the coronation city. The empire is politically divided into 68 governments, or provinces, besides the Asiatic departments. The government is vested in the czar as an hereditary absolute monarch ; he is assisted in its administration by the Council of the Empire, the Senate, the Holy Synod, and the Imperial Ministry. The chief language is Russian, and the state religion is that of the Greek Church. Area of European Russia, 1,902,092 square miles ; and the population, 88,665,796. Including Russian Poland and the Duchy of Finland, the area is 2,095,504 square miles ; and the population, 99,531,929. Area of the entire empire, 8,660,282 square miles ; population, 117,561,S74. ARMY — WAVY. 376 * * Invasion of Huns. 707* * Arabs subjugate Samarcand. [1220. Taken by Ghengis Khan.] 883 * * Oleg, the regent, takes Smolensk. [907. He invades Constantinople.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 3d Century. Florian, patron saint of Poland, 552 * * Totila, King of the Ostrogoths, dies. 7th Century. Demidoff, Nikita, serf, capital- ist, born. 879 * * Rurlk, founderof Russian Empire, d. 969+ * * Olga, Saint, wife of Igor, Prince of Kieff, dies. 1015 * * Vladimir, Saint, the Great, Grand Discourse to the Brethren is written by Luke Zhidiata, bishop of Novgorod. Pouckenia (Instructions) are written by Theodosius. The Chronicle of Nestor is written. Bishop Cyril of Turoff writes Sermons. CHURCH. 850 * * Cyrillus, the apostle of Thaza- ria [the Crimea], preaches Christianity. 884 * * Christianity is tolerated. [940±. Sviatoslaf introduces Christianity.] 955+ * * Constantinople. Olga, widow of Duke Igor, is baptized, and lays the foundation of the Russian Church. 965 * * Poland. Mieeislas I. becomes a Christian. [980. He establishes Chris- tianity by law. 986. Vladimir I., the Great, is baptized.] 1114 * * The Jews suffer persecution. LETTERS. 1018-54 Russkvaia Pravda, a codifica- tion of Russian laws, is written by Ya- roslav. 1056-57 The Ostromir Codex, a Russian recension of the Slavonic Gospels, is written. 1073-76 The Izbomik (Miscellany) of Sviatoslaf appears. 12th Century. Discourse concerning the Old and Neio Testament is written by Bishop Ilarim, of Kieff. SOCIETY. 988 * * Vladimir the Great marries Anne, sister of the Emperor Basil II. 1079* * Poland. Boleslas II. murders St. Stanislaus, bishop of Cracow, with his own hands. [1174. Andrew I. is murdered. 1296, Premislas ; 1598, Feo- dor I.] STATE. 500± * * b. c. The Crimea is colonized by the Greeks. 469i * * b. c. Tiflis is built by Vakh- tang. 476 * * a. d. Slavs and "Wends occupy the northeast of Europe. [500. They spread from the Vistula to the Dnieper.] 550 * * Poland becomes a duchy under Lechus, or Lesko, I. 600 * * Obotrittii, Wilze, and Pomerani- ans inhabit the shores of the Baltic Sea. 680 * * Kahazarenes subdue the Bulgari- ans and Hungarians westward to the Theiss. 700* * Poland. Crascusl. is duke. [Later Lechus II., deposed ; 750, Vendal, who drowns herself ; 760, Premislaus, named Lescus, or Less; 810, Lechus III.; 815, Popiel I. ; 830, Popiel II.] 826* * Normans and Danes inhabit the West. The Swedes conquer the Slavs, among whom they settle. 842± * * Poland. Piastus, a peasant, is elected duke. [861, Ziemovitus, son of Pi- astus, is duke ; 892, Leskoor, or Lechus, IV. ; 913, Ziemomislas, son of Lechus ; 965, Mieeislas I.; he becomes a Chris- tian.] 862 * * Rurik, the leader of the northern pirates, being invited by the Novgorodi- ans to help them, founds the Russian monarchy by becoming grand duke of Kieff. [879. He is succeeded by Oleg.] 869 * * Oleg is grand duke of Kieff. [913, Igor; 945, Olga, widow, is regent; 955, Svaitoslaf.] 970 * * Svaitoslaf divides the kingdom among his three sons. [973. Jaropolk I. is duke. 980. He seizes Novgorod.] * *Vladimir I., the Great, becomes grand duke. [1015, Swiatopolk ; 1018, Jaraslaw I. ; 1054, Isialaw I.] 992* * Poland, Boleslas I. becomes duke. He obtains the title of king from the emperor Otho III. [He is succeeded by Mieeislas II.] 1034 * * Poland. Richense, consort of Boleslas I., is regent ; she is driven from the government. [1037. Anarchy pre- vails.] 1041* * Poland. Casimir I. is en- throned. [1058, Boleslas II. 1059. Red Russia is added to Poland. 1081. Ladis- laus I.] 1072 * * "Wsewolod drives Isialaw from Kieff; he solicits aid of Henry IV. of Germany. 1078* * "Wsewolod I. is duke. [1093. Swi- atopolk II.] 1102* * Poland. Boleslas III. is en- throned. [1138, Ladislaus, his son ; 1146, Boleslas IV.; 1173, Mieeislas III., de- posed ; 1177, Casimir II. ; 1194, Lechus V., abdicated ; 1200, Mieeislas IV.] 1 1 13 * * Vladimir becomes duke of Kieff. [1125, Mitislaw ; 1132, Jaropolk II. ; 1138, Wiatschelaw; 1139, Wsewolod II. ; 1146, Isialaw II. and Igor II. ; 1149, Jurie, or George, I. ; 1153, Rostislaw.] 1114 1156,* *-1760,* RUSSIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1223+ * * The Golden Horde of Tartars makes extensive conquests. 1237 * * The Polowzes and Petchingans are exterminated. » * * Baty, the grandson of Ghengis, invades Bulgaria and Russia. [1240. He burns Kieff.] 1240 * * Mongols sack Kieff. 1241 * * Tartars invade Poland. 1380* * "War with the Tartars. Dimitry defeats Mamai the Don. 1382 * * Tamerlane plunders and burns Moscow. [1451-77. Plundered by Tar- tars.] 1449 * * The Moscow princes renounce their claims to Smolensk. [Yet Moscow and Lithuania constantly contend for its possession. 1514. Russians dominate it. 1G11. Sigismund III. of Poland holds it. 1G54. Russians retake it. 1686. Rus- sians definitely annex it.] 1470* * Ivan takes Kasan, and subju- gates Novgorod. 1479 * * Hosts of Tartars invade the country. [1481. Ivan's general, Svenigorod, breaks their power. 1482. Lithuania is invaded, also Poland. 1541. Another invasion.] 1505-23 Russia wages a successful war with Poland. 1521 * * Tartars capture Moscow ; soon expelled. [161 1. Ravaged by Ladislaus of Poland.] 1531 * * The Poles drive out the Walla- chian invaders. 1544 * * Ivan conquers Kasan. 1568 * * The Strelitz is organized as a royal body guard. [1704. Abolished.] 1571 May 15. Moscow is burned by the Tartars. 1575 * * Stephen organizes Cossacksinto a militia. [1671. Cossacks subjugated.] 1656 July 28-30. The Swedes defeat the Poles at "Warsaw. 1700 Nov. 30. Charles XII. of Sweden (20,000) totally defeats Peter the Great (60,000) at Narva; 18,000 Russians are killed and 30,000 taken prisoners. [1703. "Warsaw surrenders to Charles. May 1. He defeats Augustus II. at Pultusk (p. 1134).] 1705 Sept. 4. Russians take Mitau. 1709 July 8. Defeat of Charles at Pul- towa (p. 1134). * * "War with Turkey. [1773-74. Again.] 1711 June* Peter crosses the Pruth, and is surrounded by the Turks. The Russians escape after hard fighting with great difficulty ; Catherine obtains a truce. 1741-43 "War with Sweden. 1748 * * The Swedes commence the for- tifications of Sweaborg. 1757 Aug. 13. The Russians are de- feated at Norkitten. [1758. Allies of Austria (p. 516).] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1367 * * The Kremlin is founded at Moscow. [1816. Rebuilt.] 1690 * * Kamchatka is discovered by Morosco, a Cossack chief. 1697 * * Peter the Great visits Holland and England, and works in the dockyard at Deptford, Eng., to learn the art of shipbuilding. 1725* * St. Petersburg. The Observa- tory is erected. 1736 * *Thegreatbellof Moscowismade; weight, 25 tons. 1756* * St. Petersburg. The first theater is built. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1 3 1 9 * * Alexander Nevski, hero, saint, born. [12K3. Dies.] 1233* * Kadlubek, Vincent, bishop of Cra- cow, historian, dies. 1260* * Ladislaus I., King of Poland, born. [1333. Dies.] 1 309 * * Casimlr III. . the Great, King of Po- land, born. [1370. Dies.] 1326* * Ivan II., Grand Duke of Moscow, born. [1359. Dies.] 1340 Mar. 31. Ivan I., Kalita, Grand Duke of Moscow, dies. 1348* * Ladislaus II., King of Poland, born. [1434. Dies.] 1424 * * Ladislaus III., King of Poland, born. [1444. Dies.] 1473 * * Copernicus. Nicholas. Polish as- tronomer, born. [1543. Dies.] 1488 * * Tarnowski, Jan, Polish general, born. [1561. Dies.] 1495* * liitlski, Man-in, Polish historian, born. [1576. Dies,] 1499 * * Alasco, John, Polish reformer, born. [1560. Dies.] 1505 Oct. 27. Ivan m., the Great, Grand Duke of Moscow, dies. 1530 Aug. 25. Ivan IV., the Terrible, czar, born. [1584. Mar. 18. Dies.] 1532* * Iialhon, Stephen, King of Poland, born. [1586. Dies.] 1541 * * Zamoiski, Jan, Polish statesman, general, born. [1605. Dies.] 1552* * Gudoonof, lioria, czar, b. [1605. D.] 1557 * * Feodor I., czar, b. [1598. Dies.] 1567* * Bzowski ( K/.ovius), Abraham, Polish theologian, born. [1637. Dies.] 1593 * * Ohmielnirki, Bogdan, Cossack chief, born. [1657. Dies.] 1595* * Ladislaus IV., King of Poland, born. [1648. Dies.] 1606 May 17. Demetrius I., usurper, dies. 1610 Dec. 11. Demetrius I L, usurper, d. 1611* * Hcvclius (Hewel), Johannes, Polish astronomer, born. [1687. Dies.] 1635±* * Sobieski, John III., King of Po- land, born. [16%. Dies.] 1628* * Polotzki, Suiieon, poet, author, born. [1680. Dies.] 1639* * Alexis, Michaelovitch, czar, bom. [1675. Dies.] 1633 * * GalliUin, Vasslli, prince, siaiesman, born. [1713. Dies.] 1644* * Mazeppa, Ivan, adventurer, born. [1709. Dies.] 1645* * Romanof, Michael, czar, founder of reigning Russian dynasty, dies. 1656* * Lefort, Kran<;oiB, Swiss general in Russia, born. [1699. Dies.] 1657 * * Cruys, Cornelis, naval officer, born. [1727. Dies.] 1660* * Pat kul, Johann Reinhold, Livonian patriot, born. [1707. Oct. 10. Dies.] 1661 * * Burlier, Claude, grammarian, phi- losopher, author, born. [1737. Dies.] 1666 Aug. 27. Ivan V., czar, bora. [1696. Jan. 29. Dies.] 1667* * Dolgornki, Vassili Vladimirovitch, field-marshal, born. [ 1746. Dies. ] 1670* * Augustus L, Frederick, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland, b. [1733. Dies.] 1672 June 9. Peter I., Alexievitch, the Great, czar, born. [1725. Jan. 28. Dies.] Menscbikov, Prince Alexander Danilovitch, general, statesman, born. [1730. Dies.] 1673* * Cantemir, Demetrius, historian, orientalist, born. [1723. Dies.] 1674* * Gallitzin, Mikhail Mikhailovitch, general, born. [1730. Dies.] 1677* * Stanislaus I., Leszcynski, King of Poland, born. [1766. Dies.] 1683 * * Feodor II., czar, dies. 1685± * * Catherine I., empress, wife of Peter I., born. [1727- Dies.] 1690* 'Alexis, Petroviteh, prince, son of Peter I., born. [1718. Dies.] 1693* * Nestushefi-Riumtn, Alexis Petro- viteh, count, diplomatist, b. [1766. Dies.] 1701* *Zaluski, Josef Andrew, Polish bishop, bibliophile, born. [1774. Dies.] 1705 * * Midler, Gerhard Frederick, histo- rian, born. [1783. Dies.] 1709* * Cantemir (Kantemir), Antioclms, prince, poet, diplomatist, born. [1744. D.] Elisabeth-Petrovna, empress, b. [1762. D.J 1711 * * LomonoHMif, m ddia.il, poet, gramma- rian, born. [1765. Dies.] Richmann, Georg Wilhelm, naturalist, born. [1753. Dies.] 1714 * * Peter II., czar, born. [1730. Dies.] 1716± * * Zamoiski, Androej, count, Polish Btatesman, born. [1792. Dies.] 1718* *Khilkof, Andrei Vakof Levitch, prince, historian, die6. 1727* * Sumarokoff, Alexander, dramatist, born. [1777. Dies.] 1738* * Peter III., czar, born. [1762. Dies.] 1729* * Catherine II,. empress, wife of Peter III., born. [1796. Dies.] Suvarov, Alexei Vasilievitcb, count, field- marshal, born. [1800. Dies.] 1732* * Stanislaus, Augustus, king of Po- land, born. [1798. Dies.] 1733 * * Kheraskoff, Mikhail, poet, born. [1806. Dies.] .Naruszewirz, Adam Ktanislaw, Polish histo- rian, poet, born. [1796. Dies.] 1734* * Krasicki, Ignatius, Polish poet, born. [1801. Dies.] Orloff, Grigori, gen., pol., b. [1783. Dies.] 1736+ * *Potemkin, Gregori, A., field-mar- shal, born. [1791. Dies.] 1737 * * Platon, Lefsbin (Leffschin) arch- bishop of Moscow, author, b. [1812. D.] Orloff, Alexei, count, admiral, horn. 1739 Nov. 6. Dolgoruki, Ivan Alexeio- vitch, nobleman, executed. 1740 Aug.24. Ivan VI., czar, born. [1764. Dec. 5. Dies.] Dec. 29. Ann, czarina, dies. 1743* * Bou'danovilrb, Ippolit F., lyric poet, born. [1803. Dies.] Derzhavin, cabriel R., poet, states., born. 1744* * DashkoH, Yekaterina, Romanova, princess, born. [1810. Dies.] Novikoflf, Nikolai Ivanovitch, author, born. 1745 * * Benningsen, Levin, general, born. Cbemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovitch, fabulist, born. [1784. Dies.] Kutuzoff, Mikhail, general, born. 1746* * Kosciusko, Thaddeus. Polish pa- triot, born. 1747* * Pulaski, Casimir, count, Polish pa- triot, born. [1779. Dies.] 1754 * * Paul I., czar, born. 1755 * * Barclay de Tolly, Michael, gen., b. Dombrowski, Jan llenryk, Polish gen., born. 1757 * * NeiiH-Pwic/., .Julian Ursin, au., b. 1760* * Dmitrief, Ivan Ivanovitch, poet, politician, born. Martos, Ivan P., sculptor, born. 1157 * * Henry, bishop of Upsala, an Englishman, introduces Christianity into Finland. 1326 * * The Cathedral of Assumption at Moscow is built. [1328. The Cathe- dral of the Transfiguration.] 1563 * * Poland. The Socinians estab- lish a church at Rakow, and make pros- elytes in Tr an syl vania. [1574. The Rakovian Catechism is published.] 1582 * * The patriarchate of Moscow is established. [1762. Suppressed.] 1643 * * A Confession of Faith is com- posed by Mogila, metropolitan of Kieff. [This is the present standard of the Russo-Greek church.] 1654* *The cruelties of the Patriarch Nicon cause a revolt and a schism. [The revoltefs, calling themselves*' Old Believers," profess to adhere to the old reading of the Slavonian sacred books. 1G58. They are expelled from Poland.] 1718* * The Jesuits are expelled. 1724 * * Poland. The Protestants are persecuted at Thorn. LETTERS. 1200+ * * The Expedition of Igor against Polotzk appears. 1497 * * Sudebnik, a code of laws, is is- sued by Ivan III. [1550. Another by Ivan IV.] 1533-84 The Domostroi (Book of House- hold Management), by Sylvester, and Chetii-Minei (Book of Monthly Read- ings), by Macarius, appear. RUSSIA. 1156,** -1760, 1115 1553 * * A printing-press is set up at Moscow. [1564. The first book, Apostol, is printed.] 16th Century. Stepennaya Kniqa (Book of Degrees) appears ; also the Life of the Czar Feodor Ivanovitck, by the patriarch Job. 1581* *The first Slavonic Bible is printed at Ostrog in Volhynia. 1596 * * Slavic Grammar, by Tzitzania, appears. 1610+ * * Chronograph, by Sergius Ku- basoff, appears. 1632 * * The University of Dorpat is founded by Gustavus Adolphus. [1802. Reconstituted by the Czar.] 1640 * * Finland. The University of Helsingfors is founded at Abo. [182G. Removed to Helsingfors.] 1670± * * Vienetz Vieri (The Garland of Faith), The Prodigal Son, Nebuchadnez- zar, and other works, by Simeon Polot- zki, appear. 1700-18 History of Russia, by Andrei Yukof Levitch, appears. 1702 Dec. 16. Moskovskia Wiedomosti is issued at Moscow. 1714 * * St. Petersburg. The Imperial Library, principally consisting of spoils of Poland, is founded. 1725 * * The Russian Academy of Sci- ence is opened by Catherine I. 1739 * * Ode on the Taking of Khotin from the Turks, by Mikhail' Vasilievitch Lomondsoff. [Later, the Petriade.] 1755 * * The University of Moscow is founded. 1755-64 Yejem'yesyatrhnuja Sotchine- nuja, (Monthly Works) are issued by Muller. 1759* * Trudolyubivaya Ptcheld (Indus- trious Bee) is issued by Smnarakoff. SOCIETY. 13th Century. Poland. The custom of killing old men when unable to labor, and such children as are born imperfect, is practised. 1498 * * Poland. The Wallachian inva- ders capture 100,000 Poles, and sell them to the Turks as slaves. 1605 June 13. The czar is overthrown in a riot in Moscow [and murdered]. 1606 * * Otrefief , a young Polish monk and impostor, gains the throne. [May 2. Exposed and killed, with his adhe- rents. " Matins of Moscow."] 1718 July 7. Prince Alexis, son of Peter the Great, charged with rebellion, is found dead in prison. STATE. 1156 Apr. 30. Moscow is founded by Duke George I. [12th Century. Vladi- mir founded.] 1157 * * Andrew I. becomes first grand duke of Vladimir. [1175. Michael I. ; 1177, Wsewolod III.; 1213, Juri, or George, II. ; '1217-18, Constantine.] 1157-1328 Vladimir is the capital of a grand duchy. 1193* * The Genoese settle in the Crimea. 1202* * Poland. Ladislaus III. is en- throned ; retired. [1206, Lesko V., re- stored, assassinated; 1227, Boleslas V., an infant ; 1279, Lesko VI.] 1206-27 Tartary is held by Genghis Khan. 1223 * * The " Golden Horde " of Tar- tars conquers extensive territories. 1235 * * Moscow becomes the capital on the occupation of South Russia by the Tartars. [1237. They invade Novgorod.] 1238 * * Jaraslaw III. becomes grand duke of Vladimir. [1245, Alexander Nevski; he pays tribute to the Mon- gols. 1252. He becomes the grand duke of Russia.] 1242+ *TheempireoftheKhanofKapt- sehak is established by the Tartars. 1263 * * Jaraslaw II. is enthroned grand duke of Russia. [1270. Vasilii 1., or Basil I. ; 1275, Dimitri I. ; 1821, Andrew II.; 1294, Daniel Alexandrovitch is grand duke; 1303, June, or George, III., deposed; 1305, Michael 111. ; 1320. Vasilii, or Basil, II. ; 1325, Jurie, or George, III., restored ; 1327, Alexander II.] 1289 * * Poland. Anarchy prevails. 1295* * Poland. Premislas is enthroned as king : assasinated. [1296, Ladislaus III. (IV.) reigns ; 1300, "Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia, abandons Poland ; 1304, Ladislaus IV., the Short.] 1328 * * Ivan I., or John 1., is enthroned as the first grand duke of Moscow. [1340, Simon is duke ; 1353, Ivan, or John, II. ; 1359, Dmitri IL, prince of Susdal ; 1382, Dmitri III. (Douskoi) ; 1389, Vasilii III., or Basil III. (Tenmoi); 1425, Vasilii IV., or Basil IV. 1433. He is banished, but soon returns to the throne.] 1333* * Poland. Casimir III., the Great, is enthroned ; he amends the laws. [1370, Louis, King of Hungary ; 1382, Maria and 1384, Hedwige, daughters of Louis, together with the latter's consort Jagello, Duke of Lithuania, styled Lad- islaus V.; 1399, Ladislaus II. (V.) alone; he annexes Lithuania ; 1434, Ladislaus III. (VI.), son. 1440. Succeeds a king of Hungary. 1444. Short interregnum, fol- lowed by accession of Casimir IV.] 1462 * * Ivan Basilovitz, or John III., is enthroned as grand duke of Moscow. [1478. He conquers Novgorod. 14S0. He frees himself from the suzerainty of the Tartars. 1482. He takes the title of Czar of Muscovy.] 1474* *The Crim Tartars expel the Genoese from the Crimea. 1492 * * Poland. John (Albert) I. is en- throned. [1501, Alexander, prince of Livonia ; 1506, Sigismund the Great ; 154S, Sigismund II. , Augustus's son ; he annexes Livonia.] 1505 * * Vasilii, or Basil, V. is enthroned as Czar of Muscovy ; he receives the title of emperor from Maximilian I. [1533, Ivan TV. ; 1584, Feodor, or Theo- dor, L, and his son Dmitri, both mur- dered by the successor. 1598. Throne usurped by Boris-Godonof .] 1566 * * Poland. The diet is removed from Cracow to Warsaw. 1569 * * Poland. Lithuania is annexed. 1573 * * Poland. Henry de Valois, duke of Anjou, brother to the King of France, is the first elected monarch. [Later he ascends the French throne. 1575, Stephen Bathori, prince of Tran- sylvania; he establishes the Cossacks as a' militia. 1586. Interregnum. 1587. Si- gismund LTI., son of the King of Sweden, is elected in exclusion of Maximilian of Austria.] 1581 * * Siberia is conquered by the Rus- 1606 * * Dmitri (Otrefief), the impostor, claims to be the murdered Prince Dmi- tri, and is made czar. Vasilii Choniski, or Zouinski, succeeds. [1610, Ladislaus of Poland ; 1613, Michael-Feodorovitch of the house of Romanoff.] 1617 Mar. 9. Gustavus Adolphus compels Russia to cede to him Kexholm, Karelia, and Ingermanland. 1632 * * Poland. Ladislaus IV. (VII.), A r asa, son of Sigismund III., is en- throned. [1648, John II., or Casimir V.] 1645 * * Alexis, " Father of his Coun- try," is enthroned as czar. [1676, Feo- dor, or Theodor, II. ; 1682, Ivan V. and Peter 1., brothers of Feodor; 1689, Peter I. [the Great] alone.] 1655* * Poland is conquered by the Swedes. [1660. Independence recovered.] 1668* * Poland. John Casimir abdi- cates, and retires to France. [1672. He dies. An interregnum follows. 1669. Mi- chael Koributh-Wiesnowiski ; in thiB reign the Cossacks join the Turks, and ravage Poland. 1674. John III., So- bieski, the last independent king ; he wins great victories over the Cossack Turks and Tartars. j 1672 * * Poland cedes to the Cossacks the vast fertile plain of Ukraine. [1682. Transferred to Russia.] 1683 Mar. 31. The alliance of War- saw is entered by Austria and Poland against Turkey. 1689 * * Poland. "Warsaw becomes the capital. 1697 * * Poland. Interregnum. Frede- rick Augustus I., son of John George, elector of Saxony, Is enthroned. [1704. Deprived of his crown; Stanislaus I., Leszcynski ; he is deposed in 1709, and Frederick Augustus restored.] 1698 * * Peter is recalled from England by a rebellion of the Strelitz, which he cruelly punishes ; 2,000 are tortured, and killed. 1700 Jan. 1. This date begins the new year, but the old style is retained. 1703 Mar. 27. Peter the Great founds St. Petersburg. [1711. Becomes the capital.] 1715 * * Peter travels in Germany, Hol- land, and France. 1721 Oct. 22. Peter I. [the Great] as- sumes the title of emperor. 1725 * * Catherine I., wife of Peter I., is enthroned. [1727, Peter II., grand- son of Peter I., deposed; 1730, Anne, Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ivan V. ; 1740, Ivan VI., an infant, grand- nephew of Peter the Great, imprisoned in a dungeon for 18 years (1764, mur- dered); 1741, Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great ; she reigns during Ivan's captivity.] 1733-63 Poland. Frederick Augustus IL, son of Frederick Augustus I., reigns. 174 8 * * Russia becomes the ally of Aus- tria and France against Prussia. 1759 * * The Baltic Sea is declared neu- tral for commerce by a treaty with Swe- den. MISCELLANEOUS. 1699 * * Peter the Great reopens the an- cient gold-mines. 1736 * * St. Petersburg. A fire destroys 2,000 houses. [1780. Another destroys 11,000 houses. 1837. Dec. 29. The "Win- ter Palace is burned.] 1116 1762, Jan. 5-1846, Nov. 16. RUSSIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1769-84 Russia successfully invades the Crimea. 17 74-75 A rebellion of Cossacks under Pugatcheff is suppressed. 1787-92 "War with Turkey. 1787 * * Count Suvarov defeats the Turks at TCinhnrn. [1789. At Fokshani and Rymnik. 1790. Dec. 22. He takes Is- mail by storm, and puts the garrison (30,- 000) to death ; 6,000 women are massacred ; Russian loss, 20,000.] 1794 Apr. 17. The Russian garrison is expelled from "Warsaw with the loss of 2,000 killed, 500 wounded, and 36 cannon. Oct. 10. Poland. After many successes, Kosciusko is finally defeated and cap- tured by the Russians at Maciejovice. [1796. Dec. 25. Released.] Nov. 4. Count Suvarov defeats the Poles at Prague near Warsaw ; 30,000 Poles are killed, and the town is sacked. [Warsaw is also taken.] 1797 ± * *The Poles enter the French army. 1799 * * Count Suvarov helps the Aus- trians to check the French in Italy. 1806 Dec. 26. Napoleon wins at Pul- tusk (p. 716). 1809 Sept. 26. Bulgaria. The Turks defeat the Russians near Silistria. 1812 June * War with France (p. 718). 1826 * * War against Persia. 1828-33 War with Turkey (p. 000). (1S28. Apr. 26.) War is declared. July 15. Turk. Russians under Paske- vitch take Kars. Aug. 24. Battle of Akhalzikh in the Caucasian region. 1829 June 11. The Russians defeat the Turks at Kuleftseha. [June 30. Silistria surrenders to the Russians. July 2. Armenia. Gen. Paskevitch takes Erzerum. Aug. 20. Russians advance on Adrianople. Aug. 29. Armistice.] 1830 Nov. 29. The Poles rise against Russia for independence. 1831 Feb. 5. Russians (160,000) enter Poland at several points. [Feb. 19-20. The Poles (45,000) are victo- rious at Grochow, near Prague ; Russian (70,000) loss, 7,000; Polish, 2,000. Feb. 25. Gen. Giemsar is defeated at Prague by the Poles ; Russian loss, 4,000 killed, 6,000 prisoners, and 12 cannon. Mar. 31. The Poles under Skrzynecki decisively defeat the Russians at Warsaw ; Russian loss, 12,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000 prisoners; Polish loss, small. Apr. 10. The Poles are victorious at Seidlice, tak- ing 4,000 prisoners. May 26. The Poles retain the field after a bloody battle at Ostrolenka, Poland. June 19. The Poles are defeated at Wilna, Poland. Sept. 6, 7. Russians capture Warsaw after two days' fighting. The insurrection is sup- d.] 1846 * * War with Hungary. Feb. 23. Poland. Insurrectionists (40,- 000) march on Cracow, but are defeated. [Nov. 16. Austria seizes Cracow, and its independence ends.] ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1799 * * Siberia. An entire mammoth, with flesh and bones intact, is discov- ered. 1811 * * St. Petersburg. Sugar is made from starch by Kischof. 1828* * Von Baer's law of embryo- logical development appears. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1763* * Poniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Po- lish general, born. 1764* * PozzodiBorgo Carlo, Andrea, dip., b. Dolgoruki, Ivan Mikhail ovitch, poet, born. [1823. Dies.] 1765 * * Bagration, Peter, prince, general, b. Karamsin, .Nikolai, historian, born. Rostoptchin, Feodor, count, general, born. 1766 * * Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von, po- litical economist, born. 1768 * * Randtke, Samuel, Polish hist., born. Kriloff, Ivan Anclrievitch, fabulist, born. 1770* * Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, prince, Polish statesman, born. Gallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, miss., born. Krusentern, Adam Johann von, navigator, admiral, born. 1771 * * Fischer, Gotthelf, naturalist, born, Lnxle, Samuel Bogumil, lexicographer, born. 1772 * * Chlnpicki, Joseph, Polish general, b. Nperanski, Mikhail, count, statesman, born. 1774± * * Cancrin, Georg, count, Btates., b. 1776* * Golovnin, Yasili, navigator, born. 1777 * * Alexander I., Pavlovitch, czar, b. 1779* *Constantine, Pavlovitch, grand duke, born. 1780+ * * Krasinski, Waleryan, count, Po- lish author, born. Nesselrode, Karl Robert, count.diplo., b. 1782* * Grabowski, Ambrose, Polish arche- ologist, born. Paskevitch, Ivan Feodorovitch, general, b. Vorontzof, Mikhail, prince, field-marshal, b. 1783* * Zhookovsky, Vasilii Andreievitch, poet, born. 1785* *Bludoff, Count, Dmitri Nikolaye- vitch, statesman, diplomatist, born. Diebitseh, Hans Karl F. A., marshal, born, 1785 J- * * Lieven, Dorothea, princess, dip.,b. 1786 * * Lelewvl, Joachim, historian, born. 1787 * * Batuskof, Cunstantine, critic, born. Kotzebue, Otto von, navigator, born. Orloff, Alexei, count, general, diplomatist, b. 1788 * * Glinka, Keodur, poet, born. 1789 * * Menschikov, Alexander Sergel- vitch, prince, general, born. Zagoskin, Mikhail, novelist, born. 1790* * lierg, Fried rich Wilhelm Rembert, count, field-marshal, diplomatist, born. Buturlin, Dmitri Petrovitch, general, born. 1791 * * Bern, Jozef, Polish general, Turkish pasha, born. Dembinski, Henryk, Polish general, born. 1793 * * Adlerberg, Vladimir, count, general, statesman, born. Mooravief, Mikhail, general, born. 1794* * Griboiedoff, Alexander, poet, born. [1829. Dies.] Sjogren, Andreas Johann, Finnish philolo- gist, born. 1795± * * Bestusheff, Alexander Alexandro- vitch, novelist, born. Choris, Louis, painter, born. Eichwald, Edward, naturalist, born. Gortsehakotf, Michael, prince, general, born. Wrangell, Ferdinand von, explorer, born. 1796* * Nicholas I., czar, born. Polevoi, Nikolai, author, born. 1797 * * Brunnow, Philipp von, count, diplo- matist, born. 1798 * * Gortschakoff, Alexander, prince, statesman, born. Mickiewicz, Adam, poet, born. 1799 * * Pushkin, Alexander, poet, born. Wysockl, Peter, patriot, born. 1800 * * Baratynski, Eugenij, poet, born. Chodzko, Leonard Jacob, Polish hist., born. Pogodin, Mikhail, historian, born. 1801 * * Paul I., czar, A47. 1802 * * Dahl, Vladimir I vanovitch, novel., b. Lonnrot (Loennrot), EliaB, Finnish philol.,b. Zaleski, Bohdan Joseph, Polish poet, born. 1804 * * Chodzko, Alexander, Polish poet, b- 1805 * * Gurowski, Adam, count, Polish pa- triot, author, born. 1806 * * Garczvnski, Stephen, Polish poet,b. Ivanoff, Alexander Andreyevitch, painter, b. 1807* * Dolgoruki, Peter Vladimirovitch, author, born. Libelt, Karol, Polish author, born. 1808* * Czajkowski, Michael, novelist, gen- eral, born. Orloff, Alexei, count, admiral, A7I. Trentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phil., b. 1809 * * Gogol, Nikolai, author, born. Wysocki, Joseph, Polish patriot, born. 18lO* * Chopin, Frederic F., Polish pianiat, musical composer, born. Pirogof, Nicholas, surgeon, born. 1812 * * Bagration, Peter, prince, gen., A47±. Hertzen, Alexander, political agitator, au- thor, born. 1813 * * Castren, Matthias Alexander, Fin- nish philologist, born. Kutuzoff, Mikhail, general, A67. Poniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Polish gen- eral, A 52. 1814 * * Bakunin, Mikhail, nihdist, born. Gagarin, Ivan, Jesuit, author, born. LermontofT, Mikhail Yurievitch, poet, born. Mieroslaw ski, Ludwig, Polish revolut., b. 1815 * * Bielnskl, critic, journalist, born. [1848. Dies.] 1816 * * Derzhavin, Gabriel, poet, A73. 1817* * Kosciusko, Thaddeus, Polish pa- triot, A71. Kostomaroff, Nicholas I vanovitch, fiisto- Tolsto'i, Count, Alexis Konstantin ovitch, novelist, dramatist, born. 1818 * * Alexander II., Nicolaevitch, czar, Barclay de Tolly, Michael, general, A63. Dawison, Bogumil, Polish actor, born. Dombrowski, Jan Henryk, Polish gen., A63. Kaufmann, Konstantin Petrovitch, gen., b. Novikoff, Nikolai I vanovitch, author, A74. Todlenen, Franz Eduard, military eng., b. Topelius, Zacharias, Finnish novelist, born. Turgeneff, Ivan, novelist, poet, born. 1319 * * Struve, otio "tt'ilhelm, astron., b. 1820* * Chw olson, Daniel, antiquary, born. 1821 * * Nekrasoif, Nikolai, poet, born. 1822* * Dosluyefsky, Feodor, novelist, b. Grigoroviich, Nicholas, novelist, born. Jackmann. Edouard K. E., admiral, born. Ledochowski, Mieci.sias Ilalka, cardinal, b. 1823 * * Tolstoi, Count Dmitri, politician, b. 1824* * Fadeyev, Paliskiv, general, au., b. 1825 Dec. 1. Alexander 1., Pavlovitch, czar, A 48. 1826 * * Benningsen, Levin August Theopml, count, general, A80. Karamsin, Nikolai, historian, A61. Loris-Melikuh, Mikhail Tarielovitch Tainow, count, genera!, statesman, born. Eostoptchin, Feodor, count, general, A61. 1827* * Constantine, Nikolayevitch, grand duke, born. Sboovalof, Peter, count, statesman, born. 1828 Aug- 28. Tolstoi, Lyeff, or Lyofl, Nikolaievich, novelist, born. Choris, Louis, painter, A33. Gourko, JoBeph Vladimirovitch, count, gen- eral, born. Tchernyslievsky, Nikolai, novelist, born. 1830* * Rubinstein, Anton, composer, pianist, born. 1831* * Constantine, Pavlovitch, grand duke, A52. Dlebitsch, Hans Anton, count, fleld-marahal, A 46. Nicholas, grand duke, general, born. 1822* * Golovnin, Vassili Mikhailovttch, navigator, A 56. Tgnatieff, Nikolai Pavlovich, diplomatist, b. 1833 * * Garczynski, Stephen, Polish poet, A27. Martos, Ivan P., sculptor, A75. 1835 * * Bandtke, Jerzy Samuel, Polish his- torian, A67. Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von, political economist, A69. 1837* * Bestuscheff, Alexander, novelist, A42. Pushkin, Alexander Sergeievich, poet, A38. Dmitrieff, Ivan Ivanovitch, poet, pol., A77. Wysocki, Peter, Polish patriot, A38. 1839+ * * Speranski, MikhaU, count, states- man, A67±. 1840 * * Gallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, mis- sionary, A 70. 1841 * * Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, Polish author, A84. 1842 * * Vereschagin, Basil, painter, born. Zukertort, Johannes Hermann, chess-player, 1844 * * Baratynski, Eugenij, poet, A44. Fedchenko, Alexis, explorer, born. Kriloff, Ivan Andrievitch, fabulist, A76. Modjeska, Helena, Polish actress, born. 1845 Mar. 10. Alexander III., czar, b. Cancrin, Georg, count, statesman, A71. Skobeleff, Mikhail Dimitryevitch, gen., b. CHURCH. 1812 * * The Finnish Bible Society Is or- ganized at Abo. Also the Russian Bible RUSSIA. 1762, Jan. 5-1846, Nov. 16. 1117 Society at St. Petersburg. [1826. The Kussian Bible Society suspends its work by an imperial ukase.] 1819 * * Siberia. Selinginsk becomes a mission-station of the London Society. [1841. Suppressed. 1869. Resumed.] 1821 * * The Evangelical Missionary So- cietyat Basel sends missionaries to south- ern Russia. 1831 * *The Russian Evangelical Bible Society is organized at St. Petersburg. 1832 July 31. Many convents are abolished. 1835 Aug. 23. The German mission- work is suspended by an imperial ukase. 1838 July 24. St. Saviour's Cathe- dral, built in Moscow to commemorate the retreat of the French in 1812, is founded by Nicholas I. [1883. June 7. Consecrated.] 1839 * * The czar issues a ukase permit- ting the title of citizen of the first class to be held by worthy Jews. LETTERS. 1766 * * Wiedomosti is issued at Moscow. 1784 * * Ode to God, by Gabriel Romano- vitch Derzhavin, appears. 1802* * St. Petersburg. Courrier de V Eu- rope is issued. * * V'yestnik Evropi is issued by Karam- ein. * * A translation of Gray's Elegy in a Country Churchyard, by Vasilii Andrei- evitch Zhookovsky, appears. [Later, The Poet in the Camp of the Russian War- riors.'] 1803* *The University of Kieff is founded at Vilna. [1833. Removed to Kieff.] 1804 * * The University of Kazan is founded. A lso the University of Khar- kov. 1808 * * Russkoi Vyestnik is issued. 1809-11-16 Fables, by Ivan Andrie- vitch Kriloff, appears. 1812 * * Sin Otc/'-husfra is issued. 1815 * * Invalide Russe is issued. 1816-19 History of the Russian Empire, by Nikolai Mikhailovitch Karamsin, appears. 1819 * * St. Petersburg. The university is founded. 1821 * * Ruslan and Liudm'da, by Alex- ander Sergeievieh Pushkin, appears. [1822. Prisoner of the Caucasus ; 1824, The Fountain of Bakhtchisarai. Later, Eugene Onegin, the Gypsies, Poltava, Boris Godoonof, and History of the Iron Mask.] 1822 * * Severnoi Arkhiv is issued. 1829 * * The Young Muscovite, by Mi- khail Zagoskin, appears. 1830 * * Poland. Pamietnik Uarszawski is issued. 1834 * * Biblioteka dVya Ichtemia (Li- brary of Reading) is issued. 1837 * * On the Death of Pushkin, by Mi- khail Ivanovitch Lermontoff, appears. [Later, The Demon, The Novice, and Hadjii Abrek ; 1840, A Hero of Our Time.] 1840 * * Dreams and Elves, by Nikolai Alexievitch Nekrasoff, appears. [1R63. Red-nosed Frost; later, Russian Women.} 1841* * Finland. Suomi is issued (writ- ten in Swedish). 1842 * * Dead Souls, by Nikolai Vasilie- vitch Gogol, appears. 1843 * * Life of Peter the Great, by Niko- lai Polevoi, appears. 1845-57 Memoirs of a Sportsman, by Ivan Sergyevitch Turgeneff, appears. [1855, Rudine ; 1858, A Nest of Nobles ; 1876, Virgin Soil ; later, Poetry in Prose, and Clara Milich.] SOCIETY. 1767 * * Catherine II. abolishes capital punishment, except for treason. [1796. She abolishes the torture of criminals.] 1775 Jan. 17. Poland. Nine old women are burned as witches, charged with making lands of Kalisk unfruitful. 1801 Mar. 24. Paul, son of Catherine the Great, is murdered. 1831 July 19. Alexander II. murders (?) the Princess Dolgoruki. 1841 Apr. 29. Alexander II. marries Mary, Princess of Hesse. 1842 * * Nicholas I. abolishes slavery in the imperial dominions. STATE. 1762 Jan. 5. Peter HI. , Duke of Hol- stcin-Gottorn reigns. [July 9. Deposed by his wife, Catherine, Princess of An- halt-Zerbst, and soon after murdered. She is enthroned as Catherine II.] May 5. The Peace of St. Petersburg be- tween Russia and Prussia (p. 517). 1764* * Poland. Stanislaus IT., Augus- tus Poniatowski, is enthroned. 1766± * * Poland. Equal rights with the Roman Catholics are granted, at the re- quest of Russia and Prussia, to the dissenters, adherents of the Greek Church, and Protestants. [The oppo- nents of tliis measure form the Con- federacy of Bar, which fails in an attempt to abduct the king. Civil war follows. 1768. Feb. 24. Russia signs a treaty at Warsaw, agreeing to support Poland against the confederacy. The Turks are allies of the confederacy. The Russians are successful.] 1772 * * Poland. Civil war so weakens the kingdom that it falls an easy prey to Russia, Austria, and Prussia. July 25. Poland. First partition treaty. [Aug. 5. The public partition treaty is signed. Sept. 18. Enforced.] (P. 803.) 1774 July * The treaty of Kutchuk Ivainardji is signed; the independence of the Crimea and the freedom of the Black Sea are secured to Russia. [1791. Further secured.] 1780 Feb. 14. A manifesto is issued announcing "armed neutrality," on the basis that free trade makes free 1791 May 3. Poland. Anewconsti- tution is granted by the king. 1792 * * Poland. The Russians enter the kingdom on various pretexts. 1793 * * Poland. The second partition treaty is signed (p. 807). July 17. Poland. The crown revenue is sequestered by order of the Russian ambassador. 1794 Mar.* Poland. An insurrection under Thaddeus Kosciusko breaks out. 1795 Nov. 25. Poland. Stanislaus resigns his crown at Grodno ; the third partition (p. 807). 1796 Nov. 17. Catherine dies. She is succeeded by her son. 1796-1801 Paul I. reigns. [1800. He becomes insane. 1801. Mar. 24. Assassi- nated.] 1799-1800 Russia joins the coalition against France (p. 713). 1801-25 Alexander I. reigns. 1801 June 17. A treaty with England (p. 931). * * Tiflis is made the capital of the Trana- caucasian provinces. * * Georgia is annexed. 1805 Sept. 8. Coalition against France (p. 715). 1807 Mar. 8. Russia declares war against England because of its attack on Copenhagen (p. 933). July 7. Treaty with France (p. 717). 1812 Mar. 24. St. Petersburg. A treaty of alliance is signed by Berna- dotte, prince royal of Sweden, and Alex- ander I. ; the former becomes an ally against France, in return for which Sweden is to receive Norway. June * Poland. A general diet is held at Warsaw. 1813* * Russians overrun Warsaw; a Russian viceroy makes it Ms residence. July 8. Coalition of Russia and Prus- sia against France (pp. 521, 811). 1815 Apr. 30. Poland. The central provinces are united to form the king- dom of Poland, with Alexander I. ns king. * * The Holy Alliance against France is formed (pp. 521, 721). 1820 Sept. * Poland. The Diet is opened. 1822 Jan. 26. The Grand Duke Con- stantino renounces the right of succes- 1825 Dec. 1. Alexander I. dies, and is succeeded by his brother. 1825-55 Nicholas I. reigns. (1826. Sept. 3.) Crowned at Moscow. Dec. 26-29. Pestal's conspiracy against Nicholas I. is detected and punished, and an insurrection of troops at Moscow is suppressed. 1828 Feb. 22. Peace with Persia. 1829 Sept. 14. Peace of Adrianople (See Turkey.) 1830 Nov. 29. Poland. A revolu- tion at Warsaw breaks out ; the army favors the people. [1831. Jan. 25. The Diet deposes the emperor as king. Apr. 3. An insurrec- tion occurs in Wilna and Volhynia. Oct. 5. Suppressed. 1332. Feb. 26. A ukase issued by Nicholas I. reduces Poland to a province of the empire. 1847. May * Declared a province.] 1848 Feb. 22-27. An unsuccessful revolution occurs in Austrian Poland. Nov. 16. Poland is blotted from the map of nations (p. 521). MISCELLANEOUS. 1770 * * Poland. Pestilence destroys 250,000 lives. 1796 June * Firedestroys a large mag- azine of naval stores and 100 vessels. 1118 1846,* *-1879, Apr.* RUSSIA. ARMY - NAVY. 1850 Aug. * Seven men in each thou- sand of the population of Western .Russia are enrolled in the army by an imperial decree, adding 180,000 men. 1853 * * War with Turkey respecting possession of the holy places in Pales- tine. (June 13.) Asia M. The English and French fleets, sent for observation, arrive in Besika Bay. (Sept. 14.) Enter the Dardanelles. (Nov. 2.) Enter the Bos- porus. (July 2.) Rumania. Russians under Gen. Luders enter Moldavia. (Oct. 8.) Turk. The Sultan declares war against Russia. (Oct. 23.) The fortress of Issaktocha opens fire on a Russian flotilla— the first act of war. (Oct. 28- Nov. 3.) The Turks cross the Danube from Widdin and enter Kalafat. (Nov. 2, 3.) Rumania. Osman Pasha occupies Oltenitz ; the Russians are repulsed with the loss of 9,000 men. (Nov. 4-14.) Asia. The Turk? are defeated at Bayandur, Atskur, and Aehaltzik. (Nov. 30.) A Turkish fleet is destroyed at Sinope, on the Black Sea. 1854-56 Crimean war (p. 958±). 1861 May* Poland. The' presence of 80,000 Russian soldiers causes a reign of terror in Warsaw. 1863 Jan. 14. Poland. A severe mili- tary conscription is ordered without notice. [Jan. 22-24. This causes the breaking out of an insurrection.] [Feb. 23. Louis Mieroslawaki's band ie defeated and dispersed. Mar. * -Apr. * The Poles conduct a successful guerrilla warfare. July 1. The Poles make an unsuccessful invasion of Volhynia under Wysocki and Horodycki. 1S64 Jan.* -Apr. * Numerous skirmishes and many executions of Poles occur ; the insurrec- tion is subdued.] Mar. 31. The Russians win a great vic- tory over the revolting Oubykhs in the Caucasus. [Apr. * Many tribes emigrate to Turkey.] May * -Nov. * War with Bokhara ; in- decisive conflicts. [18G8. May 26. Rus- sians are victorious, ami occupy Samar- cand.] 1870 Nov. 16+ . The reorganization of military reserves is decreed. [1871. Jan. * The reorganization of the army.] 1872 Apr.* Cent. Asia. .Russians at- tack Dzoungaria. [July 4. The Sultan Abel Oghlan is compelled to surrender to Gen. Kolpakoviski.] Aug. * The ironclad Peter the Great is launched at St. Petersburg. 1873 Feb.* Russian expeditionis sent to Khiva, seeking redress for outrages. [June 10. Khiva surrenders uncondi- tionally.] July 25-27. The Jumuden Turkomans are defeated at Tsychandyr. 1875 Sept. 4-Oct. * Asia. War with Khokand. (Sept. 4.) Gen. Kaufmann defeats 30,- 000 men, and advances on Khokand. (Sept. 21.) He defeats a force of 5,000. (Nov. 28±.) The people massacre the Russian garrison. (1876 Jan. 30.) Thev are totally defeated at Assake, and the revolt is subdued.] 1877 Apr. * -78 Mar. * Turko-Rus- sian war (pp. 565, 566.) BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1846 * * Kotzebue, Otto von, navigator, A59. Krusenstern, Adam Johann von, navigator, admiral, A76. Miehlueho-Maelay, Nikolas, explorer, born. Polevoi, Nikolai, author, A50. 1847 * * Linde, Samuel Bogumil, Polish lexi- cographer, A 76. 1849* * Chopin. Frederic Francois, Po- lish A39. 1850 * * Bern, Joaef, Polish general, Turkish pasha, A 55. Buturlin, Dmitri Petrovitch, general, A60. 1852 * * (.'astren. Matthias Alexander, Fin- nish philologist, A38. Gogol, Nikolai, author, A43. Za.^skin, Mikhail, novelist, A63. Zhookovskv, Yasilii, poet, A69. 1853* * Fischer, Cutthelf, naturalist, A82. 1854* * Chlopicki, J., Polish general, dic- tator, A82. Batiuskof, Constautine, critic, poet, A68. 1855 Mar. S. NicholaBl.. czar, A59. Krasinski, Waleryan, count, author, A75. Mickiewicz, Adam, Polish poet, A57. Sjogren, Andreas J., Finnish philologist, A61. 1856* * Paskevitch, Ivan F., general, A74. Vorontzo, Mikhail Seminovitch, prince, fleld- marshal, A74. 1 85 7 * * L i e v e n, Princess of, Dorothea, diplomatist, A72±. 1858 * * Ivanoff, Alexander Andreyevitch, painter, A52. 1861 * * C/.artoryski, Adam J., prince, Po- lish statesman, A9I. dortscliakolf, Mikhail, prince, general, A66. Lelewel, Joachim, Polish historian, A75. Orloff, Alexci, count, cencral, iliplu., A74. 1862* *Nesselrode, Karl ltobert, von, count, diplomatist, A 82. 1864* *Bludoff, Dmitri Nikolayevitch, statesman, diplomatist, A79. Dembinski, Henryk, Polish general, A73. 1865 Apr. 24. Nicholas, ezam\vitch,dies. 1866* * Gurowski, Adam, count, Polish pa- triot, A61. Mooravieff, Mikhail, general, A72. 1868* * Dolgoruki, Peter Vladimirovitch, author, A61. Grahowski, Ambrose, Polish archeol., A 86. Pirogof, Nicholas, surgeon, A58±. 1869 * * Menschikov, Alexander Sergeie- vitch, prince, general, A80. Trentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phil., A61. 1870* * Hertzen, Alexander, political agita- tor, author, A58. Wranu'cll, Ferdinand von, navigator, A75. 1871 * * Chodzko, Leonard .Jacoh, Polish his- torian, A71. Shamyl, Caucasian leader, A74. 1872* * Dald, Vladimir, novelist, A70. Dawison, Bogumil, Polish actor, A54. Fedchenko, Alexis, explorer, A29. 1874* * Berg, Friedrich Wilhelm Remhert, count, lield-niarshal, diplomatist, A84. Wysocki, Joseph, Polish patriot, A65. 1875 * * Bronnow, Philipp von, count, diplo- matist, A78. Pogodin, Mikhail, historian, A75. Tolstoi, Alexis Konstantinovitch, count, noveliBt, dramatist, A58. 1876* * F.iehwuM, Edward, naturalist, A81. 1877 * * Nekrasoil, Nikolai, poet, A56. Lilielt, Karol, Polish author, A70. 1878* * Bakunin, Mikhail, nihilist, A64. Mieroslawski, Ludwig, Polish revolutionist, A64. CHURCH. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1861 May* InundationsoccuratKieff, Moscow; 615 houses are submerged. -1871 Nov. * An electric telegraph be- tween St. Petersburg and Nagasaki, Japan, is completed. 1854 Apr. 23. The czar issues a mani- festo declaring that lie will combat only for the faith and Christianity. 1857 June 18. Finland celebrates the 700th anniversary of the introduction of Christianity. 1859* *Finland Mission Society is founded. 1861 Oct. 17. Poland. Military ar- rests occur in the churches of Warsaw ; the priests close the doors. [Dec. IS. Archbishop BialobzesUi is tried and sen- tenced to death as a rebel for closing the churches ; he soon dies.] 1862 Jan. 26. Increased political priv- ileges are granted to the Jews. [June * Also in Poland.] Feb. 15. Poland. The new Archbishop Felinskiof Warsaw exhorts the Poles to submission to Russia. [1863. July* He is banished. 1 1863 Dec. 28. Poland. The Abb 6 Machiewicz, a patriotic priest venerated as a martyr, is hanged by the Govern- ment. 1864 July 30. Poland. The Pope promulgates an encyclical letter ad- dressed to the Polish church. Nov. * Many Roman Catholic convents are abolished for participating in the insurrection. 1865 May 23. Poland. The Abbe* Stanislas Bioski and his lieutenant are captured and executed. 1866 Jan. 9. Poland. The Govern- ment appropriates the church property and provides for the pay of the clergy. Jan. * -Feb. * A rupture occurs with the Pope, who resents severity to the Polish clergy. 1867 Aug. 2. St. Petersburg. A Ro- manist college, to replace the authority of the Pope, is established. 1868* * St. Petersburg. The Imperial Russian Bible Society is organized. LETTERS. 1846-54 History of Russia till the Inva- sion of the Mongols, by Mikhail Petro- vitch'Pogodin, appears. 1846 * * The Village, by Grigorovitch, appears. [Later, The Fisherman and The Emigrants.] * * Poor People, by Dostoyefsky, appears. [1858. Letters from the Bouse of the Dead.} 1847 * * Suometar is issued at Helsing- fors. * * Whose Fault, by Alexander Hertzen, appears. [1856. He publishes in Lon- don, Eng., the newspaper Kolokol (The Bell).] 1853-55 Sevastopol, by Count Lyeff W. Tolstoi , api iears. * [ 1 «(i r »-68, War and Peace ; 1875-78, Anna Karenina ; 1886, The Cossacks, Ivan Ihjltch; 1885, Two Pilr/rims ; Chih/hood, Pot/hood, and Youth; My Religion; 1890, My Confes- sion; A Commentary on the Gospel; Life; The Kreufzer Sonata; 1892, War.) 1861 Oct. 6-9. The University of St. Petersburg is closed because of the stu- dent riots. [Oct. 24. Reopened.] * * Prince Seribrany, by Count A. K. Tol- stoi, appears. [1807. Death of Ivan the Terrible; 1S68, Czar Feodor ; 1870, Czar Boris.] 1861-66 Dictionary of the Living Rus- sian Tongue, by Vladimir Ivanovitch, appears. 1862 June* The Government sup- presses many educational institutions. 1863 * * The statutes of all the univer- sities are remodeled. 1864 Sept. 11. Poland. A decree is issued for recognizing education at War- saw ; it provides for a university. [1865. The University of Odessa is founded.] 1865 Sept. 13 ±. The censorship of the press is relaxed. 1867 July 7. A decree orders the use of the Russian language in the Baltic provinces. [1868. July * Polish lan- guages interdicted in public places. 1876. June * Prohibited generally in courts of law and public offices.] 1869 Jan. 13. St. Petersburg. The Government Messenger, an official jour- nal, is issued. 1870 Jan. * The Government detects a secret conspiracy among Socialist stu- dents; it is led by Sergius Netshajew. The informer is assassinated. 1872 * * The Great Russian Encyclope- dia is undertaken by Prof. Beresina. RUSSIA. 1846, * *-1879, Apr. * 1119 1878 Dec. * St. Petersburg. College students present an address to the czare- vitch concerning grievances. [Dec. 11. They are attacked and punished by the police and Cossacks.] SOCIETY. 1858 July 2. The czar decrees the par- tial emancipation of the serfs on the imperial domains. [1861. Mar. 3. He decrees the total emancipation of all the 23,000,000 serfs throughout the empire. 1862. Feb. 19. Becomes effective.] Apr. 8. Poland. A great meeting is held at Warsaw to protest against abol- ishing the Agricultural Society. The military charges the crowd, killing or wounding 100 people. May * -June * An impostor in South Russia asserts himself to be a descen- dant of Peter III. Many peasants who engage in disturbances are shot or July * Poland. The Government issues oppressive regulations respecting dress. [1863. Oct. 27. The Poles at Warsaw- are forbidden to wear mourning. Nov. 3. Forty-one ladies are arrested at night for wearing it.] Oct. 25. Poland. General Gerstenzweig, the military governor, is killed by an 1862 Sept. 20. The 1000th anniversary of the foundation vf the empire by Duke Rurik is celebrated at Novgorod. 1864 Sept. 28. The Czarevitch, Alex- ander IIJ., is betrothed to the Princess Dagmar [Mary] of Denmark. [1866. Nov. 9. Married.] Dec. * Serfdom is abolished in the Trans- caucasian provinces. 1866 Apr. 16. Karakozow attempts to assassinate the czar. [Sept. 15. He is executed. 1867. June 6. Paris. The czar again escapes from Berezowski.] Nov. 11. All state serfs in Poland who had not participated in the rebellion are emancipated. 1867 Sept. * St. Petersburg. Many So- cialists, implicated in a conspiracy, are condemned to imprisonment. 1874 Jan. 23. The Grand Duchess Ma- rie is married to the Duke of Edinburgh. Nov. * Mitrophania, the mother abbess of Serpouchow, Moscow, is tried, con- victed, and sentenced to exile for 14 years, for fabricating commercial bills. 1877 Oct. 31. Nihilists are tried for propagandism. [1878. Feb. 9±. About 160 are sentenced to hard labor ; about 90 acquitted.] 1878 Apr. 12. The young Vera La- sulitch (or Sassulitch) is acquitted by a jury of firing at Gen. Trepoff, prefect of St. Petersburg, on Feb. 5, for outrages inflicted on prisoners, although she had acknowledged the offense. Aug. 5. Riots follow the conviction of Nihilists at Odessa. Aug. 16. St. Petersburg. General de Mesentzoff, chief of police, is assassi- nated by Nihilists in the street. 1879 Feb. 21±. Prince Demetrius Krapotkin is assassinated at Kharkov. Mar. 25. Alexander Solovieff, a school- master, attempts to assassinate the czar at Drentelen. [June 7. Solovieff is con- demned. June 9. Executed.] STATE. 1853 Mar. 9. Palestine. Rival claims for the holy places. (See Turkey.) [War follows.] Oct. 5. Turkey declares war. (See Turkey.) Dec. 5. Peace with Turkey (p. 959). 1854-56 The Western powers unite against Russia (p. 525). The war is caused by Nicholas I., who revives old Russian plans of conquest in expectation of an effective alliance with Austria and Prussia, and believing it im- possible that England and France could unite as allies against him. He proposes Russian protection for several of the smaller states of Europe, which should he independent, and also to occupy Con- stantinople provisionally with Russian troops while Crete and Egypt were prizes awaiting England. 1854 Feb. 27. The ultimatum of France and Great Britain is sent to the Czar (p. 959). Apr. 20. A treaty is made between Austria and Prussia. They declare the passage of the Bal- kans by the Russians an act ot war, and soon require them to evacuate the prin- cipalities (p. 525). 1855 Mar. 2. The Emperor Nicholas dies, and is succeeded by his son. 1855-81 Alexander II. reigns. (1856. Sept. 5.) Crowned at Moscow. Apr. 29. Alexander Gortschakoff is appointed foreign minister. Dec. 12. Austria makes proposals of peace which are sent to St. Petersburg. 1856 Feb. 25. An armistice till Mar. 31 is agreed to. Mar. 30. The Peace of Paris is agreed to (p. 733). 1861 Apr. 7. Poland. The Govern- ment arrests agitation by promising certain reforms and the reestablishment of Poland as a separate kingdom. Nov. * The nobles petition the Govern- ment for a political constitution. June * Poland. A new 7 administrative council is appointed. Oct. * Poland. Fresh disturbances break out; Warsaw is put in a state of siege by the Government. 1862 Apr. 29. Poland. The Govern- ment grants amnesty to 89 political prisoners. Sept. 20. The 1000th anniversary of the founding of the Russian monarchy at Novgorod is publicly observed. Sept. * Poland. Count Zamoyski, a loyal Pole, is exiled by the Government for presenting the report of a meeting of the nobles at Warsaw. Oct. 14. The Government decrees the reorganization of the department of jus- tice ; trial by juries is promised. [186G. Aug. 8. Begun.] 1863 Jan. 22-24. Poland. An insur- rection breaks out. The Poles kill many Russians ; Poland is put in a state of siege. [Feb. * The insurrection spreads ; landowners favor it. Mar. IS. Margan Langiewicz be- comes the dictator of Poland. Mar. * The secret central committee assumes supreme authority. Apr. 12. Poles re- ject offers of amnesty.] Feb. 2. Poland. The secret provisional government issues its first proclama- tion. June * Poland. European powers make a fruitless attempt at intervention. Oct. * Poland. Russia executes many prominent Poles. [The Government grows more rigorous.] 1863-82 Prince Alexander Gortschakoff is chancellor. 1864 Aug. 5. Poland. Bomuald Traugott, formerly a Russian colonel and late head of the provisional govern- ment, and five others, are hanged. Sept. 21. Poland. The secret provis- ional government announces that 50,- 000 Poles have been killed and 100,000 exiled to Siberia, yet summons the pa- triots to enter a national war. Dec. * A new judicial system is promul- gated. 1865 Jan. 24. The nobles unite in a request that the czar establish two houses of representatives. [He refuses.] Feb. 14. Cent. Asia. The province of Turkestan is formed. 1866 July * -Nov. * The Polish exiles in Siberia revolt. [Suppressed; many are put to death.] 1867 Jan. 1. Three decrees are issued which completely abolish the remains of Polish nationality. Mar. 30. Russian America is sold to the United States. [May 15. Ratified.] (P. 257.) May 5. A congress of Slavs meets at Moscow. May 31. Poland. The Government pro- claims amnesty for political offenses. [1867. Jan. 6. Again. 1868. Jan. * Poland is named the Vistula province.] 1871 Jan. 17. London. A conference of the Powers meets to consider the Russian claims respecting the Black Sea. [Mar. 13. The Black Sea clauses of the treaty of March 30, 1856, are abro- gated.] 1873-74 Khivans revolt against Rus- sian aggressions. 1873 Oct. 13. Part of Khiva is an- 1876 Jan. 29. The Baltic provinces are incorporated with the empire. Feb. 29, Cent. Asia. Khokand is an- nexed as Ferghana. 1877 Apr. 24. "War is declared against Turkey (pp. 565, 566). 1878 Mar. 3. Treaty of San Stefano (p. 566). June 13-July 13. Berlin Congress held (pp. 566, 831). 1879 Apr. * A ukase is issued abolish- ing the poll-tax. MISCELLANEOUS. 1851 Sept. 1. The railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow is opened. [1851. The St. Petersburg and Warsaw Railway is begun by the Government. 1856. Ceded to Great Russian Railway Company. 1862. May 5. The railway to Berlin is opened. 1888. May * The Central Asian (Transcaspian) Railway is opened.] 1862 Sept. 20. The czar inaugurates a national monument at Novgorod. 1120 1879, Apr. *-1891, Jan. 22. RUSSIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1880 Dec. 24. Gen. Skobeleff leads an expedition into Central Asia to subdue marauders. [Jan. 14. He has conflicts with the Tekke Turkomans. Jan. 24 He captures Geok Tepe, and subdues the country.] 1882 * * Gen. Tchernaieff is appointed to command in Central Asia. 1884 Feb. 14±. Vent. Asia. The sur- render of Merv to Russia is effected by Gen. Komaroff. 1886 May 18. The ironclad Tckesme is launched at Sebastopol. 1889 Jan. 7. A flotilla of war- vessels is placed on the Vistula River. Nov. 9. The Lebel rifle and smokeless powder are adopted for the army. 1890 Jan. 14. Several officers of the czar's body-guard kill themselves. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1884 May 4. St. Petersburg. Produc- tive gold-fields are discovered in the valley of the Djolgute River. [1889. Feb. 28. Siberia. A peasant discovers gold near Irkutsk.] July 12. Djarkend is half destroyed by an earthquake. [Aug. 28. An earth- quake buries 129 people alive.] 1890 May* Troopsareordered to Trans- caucasia to fight the swarms of ravaging grasshoppers. June 5. A silver lode is discovered in southern Russia. Sept. 30. An expedition is organized to explore the desert of Gobi, in Central Asia. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1880 * * Glinka, Feodor, poet, A92. Mary of Ilessr, czarina, dies. 1881 Mar. 13. Alexander U., czar, A63. Dostoyefsky, Fedor, novelist, A69. 1882* * Kaufmann, Konstantin FetroYitch, general, A64. Lutke, Ffiiur i'etrov.tdi, traveler, A85. Skobeleff, Mikhail Pimitryevitch, gen., A37. 1888 * * Gagarin, Ivan, Jesuit, author, AG8. Gortschakoff, Alexamlt-r, prince, states., A85. Turgeneff, Ivan Sergyevitch, novelist, poet, A65. 1884 * * Adlerberg, Vladimir, count, general, statesman, A^i. Lonnrot (Loennrot), Elias, Finnish philol., A82. Todleben, Franz Fduu.nl, military eng., A66. 1885 * * Kostomaroff, Nicolas Ivanovitch, historian, A68. , Orloff, Nicholas, prince, diplomatist, A58. 1886 * * Zaleski, Bo^han Joseph, Polish poet, A84. 1888 June 20. Zukertort, Johannes Her* mann, chess-player, A 46. Loris-Melikoff, Mikhail Tarielowitch Tainoff, count, general, statesman, A62. Nichailovitch, Nicolai, explorer, A49. 1889 Mar. 22. Schoiivalntr, < 'ountPeter, d. May 7. Tolstoi, Count, Dimitri,polit., A66. Oct. 29. Tehernyshcvsky, -Nikolai, au., A61. Dec. 28. Karageor^cvitcli, prince, dies. CHURCH. 1879 * * The Stundists, a puritan sect in South Russia, suffer cruel persecu- tions from the bigoted peasantry of Vossnessensk in Kherson. 1880 * * Finland. The Swedish Mission Union begins its work. The Finland Seamen's Mission Society at Finska is organized. 1881 May* The Jews are severely persecuted in South Russia. [1882. In St. Petersburg and other towns. 1884. Continued. 1888. Apr. * The Govern- ment decrees the expulsion of Jews from Odessa and Finland.] 1883 Oct. 16. St. Petersburg. A me- morial church is founded by the czar at the place where Alexander II. was as- sassinated. 18S4 * * The Government prohibits the circulation of many religious books. 1SS6 * * A Seventh-day Baptist Church is organized in the Crimea. 1889 Jan. * Bishop Alban Dunajewski is made a prince of the empire and pri- mate of Poland. Sept. 9±. At Yilna 8,000 Czechs leave the Roman Catholic Church, and join the Greek Church. Oct. 10. A convention with the Vati- can is signed, whereby the Propaganda appoints five Russian bishops. Dec. 17. The governor of Kieff closes 20 Roman Catholic churches. 1890 Mar.* The Minister of the Interior assumes the right to dismiss Lutheran pastors and to control pastoral confer- ences. July 27. The Minister of the Interior orders the prevention of foreign mis- sionaries from working among the Jews to the detriment of the exclusive right of conversion possessed by the orthodox church. July 30. The Government decides to enforce the edicts of 1S82 against the Jews. [Aug. 9. The czar orders the applica- tion of the anti-Jewish laws to be post- poned for one year. Aug. * Many emi- grate to Brazil and Jerusalem. Sept. 1. The government of the Transcaspian territories orders all Jews to quit the country within a month. Sept. * -Nov. * About 300,000 Polish Jews emigrate to Brazil. Dec. 13±. The Government in- creases its energy in persecuting the Jews, as a defiant response to the pro- tests of opinion outside of Russia. A new edict forbids the flews buying or holding mortgages, or taking in pledge any landed property. Dec. 15. Stringent orders are sent to the officials in the Cau- casus for the expulsion of all Jews not authorized to live there.] Aug. 9. Fin/and. The authorities for- bid the Salvation Army carrying on its propaganda work in this country. [1891. Nov. 9. Stringent measures are adopted at Helsingfors.] Oct. 31. The Procurator of the Holy Synod advises the czar to suppress all foreign worship except in the Baltic provinces, where Lutheranism will be barely tolerated. 1891 Jan. 9. The Minister of the Inte- rior orders the expulsion of all Jews in the Terek regions of tbe Caucasus. [Jan. 24±. The Senate decides that He- brews are not entitled to acquire or hold real estate beyond five versts from the district or provincial courts. Feb. 6. The Minister of Finance obtains a sus- pension of further repressive measures against the Hebrews. Mar. 10±. The anti-Jewish penal laws are enforced with increased severity ; because of this 100,000 of the poorest Hebrews profess Russian orthodoxy. Apr. 14. Another ukase against the Hebrews is issued which will expel 14,000 from Moscow. Apr. 29. A decree is issued to enforce the expulsion of Hebrews from St. Pe- tersburg. May 6. It is suspended. May 17. The Government orders immediate steps to be taken in all the provinces to compel the removal of Hebrews to the quarters in which they are permitted to live. May * The Government suspends the expulsion of the Jews long enough to allow one year's grace to Jews who do not own real property, and two years grace to those who do.] Jan. 21±. Roman Catholic churches are being closed, despite earnest pro- tests. [Dec. 26. Ordered closed in Vol- d is lav and Buzski.] LETTERS. 1879 Apr. * Land and Liberty, a Nihil- ist newspaper, is freely yet surrepti- tiously circulated. Nov. * -Dec. * Will of the People, a rev- olutionary paper, is freely circulated. * * History of Russia, by SergiusSolovieff, appears. 1880 Oct.* Russia, a new national daily paper, is issued. 1884 Oct. 27+ . The NihiliBt journal Xarodnaia Volia reappears. 1887 Nov. * The czar accepts Baron Hirsch's offer of £2.000,000 for the estab- lishment of primary Jewish schools. Nov. *-Dee. * Governmental restrictions on the courses of study cause rebellion of students. The universities of Mos- cow, St. Petersburg, Odessa, and many other institutions are closed. [1888. Feb. * Many are reopened. 1889. June 10. Forty-one students of the Cracow University are sentenced to three days' imprisonment and to pay a fine of 500 florins for singing Polish songs while on * * Transportable schools in railway-cars tarry at stations in Central Asia to fur. nish instruction in destitute villages. Dec. 22. St. Petersburg. The Imperial Academy of Arts decides to exclude Jews from membership. * * Number of books ptiblished during the year, 8699. 1890 Mar. * The students in Moscow, Kieff, and St. Petersburg engage in riot- ous demonstrations which are suppressed by the police. The university and the Col- lege of Husbandry at Moscow are closed by the Government on account of these disorders. [Apr. 2. Stringent measures are adopted to suppress student agita- tion. Apr. 4. The czar resolves to close the universities. Apr. 8. Twenty- eight students are expelled from St. Petersburg for rioting. Apr. 11. Scores of students are sent home or expelled from the universities.] May* Finland. The use of the Russian language in the schools has been made compulsory. Nov. 24. The authorities forbid news- papers publishing a petition asking that Jews be placed on a civil equality with other classes in Russia. * * Number of periodicals issued, 694. SOCIETY. 1879 May * -Aug. * There are many convictions and executions of Nihilist's at Kieff and Odessa. Nov. 27, 28. Leon Mirsky is sentenced to die for attempting to assassinate Gen. Drentelen, chief of police. Dec. 1. An unsuccessful attempt to as- sassinate the czar by wrecking a train is made near Moscow. [Dec. 12. St. Peters- burg. A Nihilists' plot to blow up the Winter Palace is frustrated.] 1S80 Feb. 17. St. Petersburg. Nihil- ists explode dynamite and gun-cotton under the dining-room window of the Winter Palace; the czar and family es- cape through being delayed in coming to dinner; 11 soldiers art; killed and 47 wounded. [Nov. 10. Kviatofski and four others are condemned to death, eight men and three women to imprisonment. Nov. 16 Kviatofski and Priessnakoff are hanged.] Mar. 4. Hippolyte Molodzoff , a converted Jew, attempts to shoot Gen. Loris-Mel- ikoff. [Mar. 5. Hanged.] RUSSIA. 1879, Apr.*-1891, Jan. 22. 1121 Aug. 7±. At Kieff 21 extreme Nihilists are convicted. [Capital sentences are remitted.] Oct. * The czar's marriage to the Prin- cess Dolgoruki is announced. 1881 Mar. 13. A Nihilist assassinates the czar (Alexander II.) by throwing a bomb at him while sleigh-riding. [Mar. 15±. A mine of the Nihilists is discovered in the center of St. Peters- burg. Mar. 23. Sophie Peroffskaja and other Nihilists are arrested. Apr. 8. Risakoff, Sophie Peroffskaja, Jelaboff, Jessie Heljmann, Kibaichick, and Mi- chailoff are condemned to death, Apr. 15. Risakoff and others are hanged, and Heljmann is reprieved. 1882. Peb. 28. St. Petersburg. Ten Nihilists are sen- tenced to death. Mar. * Commuted to penal servitude.] May * A supplementary ukase for eman- cipating serfs and remitting payments to many peasant proprietors is issued. June * The czar is closely guarded by armed men ; he lives in close seclusion. 1882 Mar. 30. Gen. Strelnikoff, the public prosecutor, is assassinated at Odessa by two Nihilist students. [Apr. 3. Executed.] Apr. 15 + . A Nihilists' mine is discov- ered under the cathedral at Moscow ; 80 workmen are arrested. [1883. Mar. 20±. St. Petersburg. Arrest of 200 Nihilists. Apr. 19±. Tried; sentenced. Oct. 19±. sixty-four are sentenced to Siberia. Dec. 28, 29. Lieut. Sudeikin, the chief of the secret police, and his nephew, M. Sa- dovsky, are assassinated by Nihilists. (?) Oct 11. A secret court-martial convicts 14 Nihilists ; eight aresentenced to death. Oct. 18. Two men are executed.] 1884 Jan. * Thirty-seven students at Moscow are arrested. Sept. 11+. Maria WassilieonaKaliouch- naia is tried at Odessa, and sentenced to 20 years' hard labor, for attempting to shoot Col. Katensky. 1886 Apr. * Military officers are ar- rested for plotting against the life of the czar. 1887 Mar. 13. Students are detected with, dynamite and other explosives in a plot against the czar ; 200 are arrested. [Mar. 31. Three are executed. May 1. Seven are sentenced to death, and the rest to imprisonment. May 16. More arrests ; five executions.] 1839 Jan. 19. The czarina is insane. Feb. 7. Polish tradespeople are forced by the Palm Vitua to sign a declaration that they will not speak Polish among themselves or their customers. Mar. 27. Several persons are arrested for complicity in a plot against the czar's life. Apr. 3. Poland. An extensive Nihilist printing establishment is discovered in "Warsaw, and many persons arrested. Apr. 19. A Nihilist plot to blow up the czar with dynamite is discovered ; sev- eral arrests are made. [May 27. Two enormous bombs are found beneath streets of Odessa which royal visitors traverse on their way to the palace. [Aug. 5. Eighty Nihilists are arrested at Khar- kov. Sept. 24. St. Petersburg. A box of dynamite explodes at the station just previous to the czar's departure for Co- penhagen. Dec. 13. Several arrests are made for plotting to kill the czar. Dec. 31. Another Nihilist plot against the czar is discovered. 1890. Jan. 10. M. Salotouchine, chief of the secret police, is shot and killed by a woman, while raiding a Nihilist club ; the woman com- mits suicide. Mar. 2. Another Nihilist plot is discovered, with headquarters at Basil Island.] May 12. St. Petersburg. A conspiracy to assassinate the czar is discovered among military officers. June 16. The Grand Duke Paul Alexan- drovitch is married to Princess Alex- andra of Greece at St. Petersburg. Sept. 10. All the judges in the District and Circuit Courts at .Riga are under arrest for using the German language, after having been ordered to use the Russian. 1890 Feb. 11. Outrages in Siberia on Russian exiles continue. Mar. * A noble Russian lady is exiled to Siberia for sending the czar a petition for liberty, justice, and redress of wrongs for the Russian people. Apr. 14. A grand duke is arrested for being connected with revolutionary progaganda. Apr. 19. An artillery staff-officer com- mits suicide on account of a plot to se- cure plans of the fortresses. Apr. 21. Anti-Jewish riots in Bessa- rabia are suppressed by the authorities. [June 14. Also in Lithuania atLohojsk.] May * Petitions are pouring in upon the czar from England, Prance, America, Germany, and other countries, asking for reforms in the treatment of Siberian exiles. [June 1. The- czar promises a strict inquiry into Siberian scandals.] June 16. The imperial palace at Gats- china is undermined ; a widespread con- spiracy against the czar's life is discov- ered, and several arrests are made. [Aug. 1. St. Petersburg. Another Nihilistic plot against the czar is discovered ; two Russian officers of high rank commit suicide. Sept. 27. The governor-general of Nijni-Novgorod is shot at by a young man, who is at once arrested. Oct. 27. Another attempt is made to kill the czar ; Nihilists wreck a train on which. he is supposed to be traveling.] Sept. 25. Solitary confinement is substi- tuted for corporal punishment for female prisoners in Siberia. Sept. * A band of political exiles on the way to Siberia revolt against their guards ; 20 of the prisoners are killed and 12 wounded. Oct. 12. The Grand Duke Nicholas be- comes insane. [Nov. 2. Becomes para- lyzed.] Oct.± * Anumberof educatedand wealthy Russians found a colony at Vishni Vo- lotchok, intending to practise the doc- trines of Tolstoi. Dec. 9. St. Petersburg. The body of the captain of the secret police is found stripped, mutilated, and tied to a tree in the forest near Sharnoff. Dec. 13. Madame Kartner is found in her elegant Moscow residence with her head nearly separated from her body. Dec. 17. Another plot is discovered to kill the czar. [1891. July 29. St. Peters- burg. Another plot is discovered ; seven Nihilists are killed in an attempt to ar- rest them.] Dec. * It is announced that 3Q0 persons have been transported to Siberia during the year. 1891 Jan. 22. The first strike is or- dered ; 2,000 miners at Sosnowice go out. 1879 Apr. 17. Martial law is de- clared for the provinces of St. Peters- burg, Moscow, Kieff, Odessa, and War- saw. 1880 Feb.* Nihilists terrorize the gov- ernment. Melikoff becomes practical dictator of all Russia. Aug. 18. Count Loris-Melikoff be- comes minister of the interior. Oct. 25±. Melikoff's scheme for admin- istrative reform is adopted. 1881 Mar. 13. Alexander m. suc- ceeds his father. Mar. 22. Nihilists by manifesto offer peace to the Czar if he grants a legisla- tive assembly, universal suffrage, and a free press. Mar. 31±. A representative council for St. Petersburg is elected. Apr. * A treaty of peace is made with China. 1882 June * The gradual abolition of the poll-tax, imposed by Peter the Great, begins. [1883. June 8. The tax is abolished for the poorest. 1884. Jan. 1. It is reduced for others.] June 12±. Gen. Nikolai Pavlovitch Ig- natieff, Minister of the Interior, resigns, and is succeeded by Count Dimitri Tol- stoi. [1889. May 11±. M. Durnova ; he opposes the reforms.] 1883 May 27. The czar and czarina are crowned at Moscow. 1885 Feb.* The Russian advances toward Herat cause a diplomatic dis- cussion with England respecting the Afghan boundaries. [1885. Sept. 10. Settled.] 1886 July * Russia declares Batum not to be a free port, in opposition to the terms of the Treaty of Berlin. Sept. * -Dec. * Russian interference in Bulgaria (p. 567). 1889 June 22. The law forbidding heirs to the throne contracting mar- riages with persons not members of the Greek Church is again enacted. Oct.± * The Government abolishes the Provincial Council of Nobles of the Baltic provinces, and substitutes ordi- nary assemblies, colleges, and private committees, whereby the independent aristocracy will be suppressed. 1890 Jan. * The Government decides to abolish the autonomy of Finland. Apr. 4. Payment of war indemnity ia pressed on Turkey. [May 18. Renewed. The Porte makes no response.] May 15. Owing to the refusal of the Rothschilds to negotiate the Russian loan, orders are issued to enforce the anti-Hebrew laws. Sept. 15. The Government makes apro- vision of 22,000,000 roubles for the relief of the distress occasioned by the failure of the crops. MISCELLANEOUS. 1885 Feb. * The ship-canal connecting St. Petersburg and Cronstadt is com- pleted. [May 27. Opened.] 1888 * * Estimated annual consumption of tobacco per capita is 182 pounds. (Beaulieu.) 1889 Feb. 12. The Government grants a concession for 81 years to a company having 85,000,000 francs capital, which proposes to join the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov by a canal 72 miles long. Dec. 5-9. Influenza appears at St. Petersburg. [1891. Aug. 8. It reappears in Moscow.] 1122 1891, Mar, 10-1894, Dec. RUSSIA. ARMY — NAVY. 1891 Oct. 19. The Government is for- tifying Vladivostok, on the Pacific, expending 7,000,000 roubles to make it almost invulnerable. Nov. 19. RussiantroopsenterthePamir territory at two points. ± Government orders 40,000 soldiers to the Polish frontier. "Nov. 20. Three new war-ships are launched. 1892 Mar. 9. An ironclad of 9,000 tons is launched at Sevastopol. 1893 Sept. 25. The Russian monitor Roosalka, with all on board, is lost in the Gulf of Finland. Also 60 lives lost by the burning of the steamer Alphonse Zeevecke. Oct. 29. The recent annual conscrip- tion adds 252,592 men to the army, of which 70,948 are married ; and the He- brew recruits equal one in sixteen. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1891 Sept. 5. Immense coal-oil fields are discovered in the region of the Cas- pian Sea. 1892 Mar. 22. An enormous aerolite falls near the peninsula of Apsheron, in the Caspian Sea. 1893 Jan. 29. Five villages are de- stroyed by earthquake in Transcaucasia. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 189 1 Apr. 24. Nicholas, grand duke, field-marshal, A60. July 2. Dolgoroukoff, prince, governor of Moscow, A80. 1892 Jan. 25. Constantino, Nikolayevitch, grand duke, A64. Feb. 13. Junker, Wilhelm, explorer, A51. May 11. Grosser, general, prefect of St. Petersburg, A59. 1 893 Apr. 3 1 . Alexeieff , M. Vassili, mayor of Moscow, assassinated. 1894 * * Yadrintsef, Nikolai M., author, pub- licist, dies. Nov. 1. Alexander HI., czar, A49. Nov. 20. Rubinstein, Anton Gregor, pianist, A63. CHURCH. 1891 Apr. 25. Protestant religious services are invaded, and the worship- ers persecuted. June 5. The Chief of the Holy Synod issues regulations providing that stu- dents of all religious denominations must attend lessons in the orthodox catechism. July 7. Hebrews leave Lithuania in preference to joining the Greek Church, as they are commanded to do if they remain. [July 19. St. Petersburg. Harsh meas- ures toward the Jews arerelaxed. Sept. 22. An order is issued at Odessa prohib- iting Jews from giving Christian names to their children. Oct. 24. Peasants at- tack Hebrew residents of Starodreb, pil- laging and burning their houses and shops. 1892. May 30. The Cabinet de- cides that Hebrews, desirous of emigrat- ing, shall be provided with permits free of charge, and be relieved of military service. Dec. 17. The Senate promul- gates a law that Jewish artisans shall only reside in places where official boards of trade exist, of which there are only 10 in Russia.] Sept. 8±. The Holy Synod claims to have possession of the holy coat in the cathedral at Moscow, and says that it is the genuine garment, and that the coat at Treves is a spurious copy of it. Dec. 3. The czar urges vigorous action against the Stundists, a Protestant sect numbering over 1,000,000 members, who are alleged to be injuring more and more the faith of our fathers. 1892 Jan. 6. Numerous Methodists cross the Prussian frontier, intending to make their homes in America. 1893 May 19. A new ukase is issued expelling the Hebrews from the Asiatic provinces. [1S94. July 4. The Govern- ment orders closed all Hebrew syna- gogues near Russian churches in War- saw.] Nov. 30. Twenty persons are killed and 100 wounded in a Roman Catholic church in Krosche by troops sent to close the church. 1894 Jan. 1. The czar, "responding to Pope Leo's autograph letter, promises that peace shall be observed toward Catholics throughout the empire. LETTERS. 1891 June 27. The Government noti- fies all teachers in German schools that unless they pass an examination in the Russian language by September, they will be suspended. [Oct. 10. The Gov- ernment closes the University of Kieff, and arrests 500 students.] SOCIETY. 1891 Mar. 10. The anti- Jewish penal laws are being enforced with increased severity. [June 28. Serious anti-Semitic riots occur at Kherson. 1S91. Aug. 5. Also at Yelizavetgrad, in which some are killed, their dwellings looted, and the au- thorities doing nothing to defend them.] Aug. 28. Hungry peasants revolt at Vitebsk, attack the Hebrew grain-deal- ers, also the railroad officials, and are fired upon by troops, several being killed. The peasants of Central Russia emigrate in large numbers. [Sept. 10. Distress leads to disorder ; jails are crowded with prisoners who commit crime to escape starvation. Oct. 15. The czarina gives 20,000,000 roubles from the privy purse for the relief of the destitute.] Sept. 26±. Seven thousand Jews leave Berditcheff for the Argentine Republic. The exodus continues from Odessa, Kieff, and Kishineff. Oct. 12. A conspiracy against the czar's life is discovered in Kieff; many arrests are made. [Nov. 2. St. Peters- burg. A new Nihilist society is discov- ered with branches in Kharkoff and Odessa.] Oct. 22. Owing to peculation, it is dis- covered that there is no reserve grain with which to supply the starving and destitute people; many prosperous peo- ple are found receiving help, while those needing it most are unsupplied. Dec. 3. A number of grain-dealers in Riazan and Kazan mix fine earth with thin flour, and then sell it to the poor; each is sentenced to one week's imprisonment. 1892. Jan. 3±. The sufferings of the peasant* in the famine districts increase, notwithstanding the measures taken to afford relief. Jan. 26. Thousands of starving peasants in Siberian towns are huddled in rough sheds without fires to protect them from the cold, and without help in prospect.] Nov. 13. Sixty persons are arrested, charged with complicity in a plot for the establishment of a representative assembly. Nov. 16. St. Petersburg. A central committee is appointed to supervise the entire machinery for the relief of the . famine sufferers. 1892 Jan. 25. The centenary of the partition of Poland is celebrated by total abstention from pleasurable resorts at Warsaw. [Feb. 16. For this offense many are sent to Siberia without trial.] Mar. 4. The Council of the Empire orders that two grain-depots shall be established to every 300 peasant-huts, from which seed-corn shall be distributed in the spring. Mar. 16. The famine relief steamer Indiana, from Philadelphia, U. S. A., reaches Libau. Mar. 18. Another plot against the czar's life is discovered. [May 15. St. Peters- burg. Another plot is discovered against the czar ; mines are found under the Gaschina palace. Dec. 27. A wide-spread conspiracy against the czar is discovered; many arrests.] June 12. Poultney Bigelow, an Amer- ican traveler and writer, is expelled from Russia. Sept. 7. A dynamite bomb explodes in an orthodox Greek church in Warsaw, killing the man who threw it. Dec. 4. Twenty-three persons, concerned in the cholera riots in Saraloff , are sen- tenced to death. Dec. 29. The Russian Minister of Jus- tice decides to stop flogging; women convicts in Siberia. * * Hebrew persecutions continue. [1893. Mayl9±. A ukase expels the He- brews from Russian Asiatic provinces.] 1893 Jan. 20. The centennial of the second partition of Poland is ordered to be celebrated, and leading Polish nobles are commanded to attend a ball given in honor of the occasion. Several Poles are arrested for singing patriotic hymns. June 2. Two princes are killed in a duel in Pultava. June 4. Valuable plate and money are stolen from the Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin, Moscow ; loss estimated at 2,750,000 roubles. Sept. 16. An imperial ukase, abolishing the use of the knout by Russian police, is issued. Nov. 20. Poland. Eighty anarchists are arrested in Warsaw. 1894 Jan. 12. A Nihilist plot is dis- covered against the czar. [Apr. 10. St. Petersburg. Bombs are found near the imperial palace, and many arrests are made. May 11. Many Nihilists are ar- rested ; the prisoners belong to the higher classes. May 13. A large num- ber of students are arrested. May 18. Four bombs are found near the imperial palace, and many arrests are made.] Feb. 13. Col. Gregorioff is hanged at Odessa for betraying military secrets to Austria, receiving from that power 25,000 francs annually for his services. July 25. A riot occurs at Scharnow over an attempt to bury persons, dying of cholera, in the town cemetery. Aug. 6. Grand Duchess Xenia is mar- ried to Grand Duke Alexander Michail- ovitch in the imperial palace at Peterkof . STATE. 1892 Jan. 12. The Russian treasury appropriates 65,000,000 roubles for the relief of famine sufferers. June 16. The attempt to establish a zollverein between Russia and Finland fails. July 23. The czar personally receives Dr. Talmage of U. S. A., and through RUSSIA. 1891, Mar. 10-1894, Dec. 1123 him extends thanks to the American people for their aid to the famine suf- ferers. Oct. 15. China. A telegraphic treaty between Kussia and China is signed at Peking. 1893 Mar. 23. The coinage of silver roubles is suspended. June 13. The authorities enact a law to more severely punish sealing poachers in Bering Sea — 16 months* imprison- ment and confiscation of vessels with cargo and tackle. 1894 Feb. 13. A widespread conspir- acy to accomplish the freedom of Po- land is discovered by the police. Aug. 7. Russia threatens to interfere in the Japan-Chinese war if her trade suffers too severely. Nov. 2. Nicholas U. is proclaimed Em- peror of Kussia, Czar of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland. Dec. * Paris. The Rothschilds receive subscriptions to the new Russian loan of $75,000,000. MISCELLANEOUS. 1891 June 1. The czarevitch opens a part of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and lays a memorial tablet. Aug. 25. Peasants in the province of Kazen are starving. The destitution is wide-spread. Sept. 15. The crops in thirteen prov- inces are reported complete failures, and partial failures in eight ; the dis- tress is intense. Nov. 3. St. Petersburg. A great rye corner is forcing up prices. 1892 Jan. 26. In one Siberian town there are 14,000 peasants fever-stricken and starving. Apr. 3. The steamer Missouri, bearing food from New York to starving Rus- sians, is welcomed at Libau. July 10. Cholera is spreading. [July 17-21, 14,839 cases, 2,590 deaths ; Aug. 9, 4,000 are dying daily ; Aug. 22, 3,313 deaths ; Sept. 1,4,.s59(mh*'s, 2,529 deatlm Sept. 2, total number of deaths, 150,000 Sept. 10, 4,679 new cases, 2,358 deaths , Sept. 6, St. Petersburg reports 103 new cases, 39 deaths; Sept. 11, 2,337 new cases, 1,869 deaths ; Sept. 28, St. Peters- burg reports 18 new cases and three deaths ; Oct. 12, 14 cases and two deaths ; Oct. 19, 13 cases, five deaths.] 1893 Jan. 30±. Cholera still rages. [Mar. 17±. 305 cases in the province of Podolia. Aug. 27. Several thousand cases, 1,750 deaths. Aug. * -Dec. * The epidemic increases.] SALVADOR. Salvador is a centralized republic of Central America, bordering the Pacific Ocean on the south coast ; capital San Salvador. The government is vested in a president, and a Congress of a single house. The common language is Spanish, and the dominant religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 7,255 square miles; estimated population in 1S91, 777,895. 1524-26 Pedro de Alvarado conquers the country for Spain. [1528. Conquests made by Jorge de Alvarado.] 1821 * * Independence of Spain is pro- claimed. [1842. Independence consum- mated.] 1822 Dec. 2. Congress decrees the an- nexation of San Salvador to the United States, to escape annexation to Mexico by reactionists. [Iturbide of Mexico falls before acceptance, and the state is restored to the Central American Union.] 1824-39 A state of the Central Amer- ican Union till it is dissolved. 1S53 * *A constitution is adopted. [1S59. Jan. 24. Established. 1854 Apr. 16. San Salvador is de- stroyed by an earthquake. [1873. Mar. 10. Nearly destroyed ; 50 lives are lost. 1891. Sept. 9±. Towns destroyed.] 1856 * * The title of republic is assumed. Gen. Santin del Castillo president. [1858. Compelled to abdicate by Gen. Gerardo Barrios.] 1860 Feb. 1. Gen. Barrios is appointed president. [1863. Oct. 1. Forced to flee the country ; 1865, Apr. * Gen. Duenas, president ; 1872, Feb. 1, Gen. Gonzalez ; 1876, May * R. Zaldivar ; 1885, June * Gen, Francisco Menendez ; 1887, Mar. 1, Menendez reelected ; 1S90, Sept. 11, Gen. Carlos Ezeta; 1894, June 5, Gen. Gu- tierrez.] 1865 Aug. * Nicaragua surrenders ex- President Barrios, and he is tried and executed. 1887 Sept. 6-10. Revolutionists rise and are suppressed. [1890. Jan. 1±. Again. June 22. Successful revolution ; Menendez is deposed ; Ezeta is provis- ional president. July 31. Gen. Jose" Maria Rivas rises. Aug, 1. Captured, shot.] 1890 July 20. San Salvadorians under Gen. Antonio Ezeta defeat Guatema- lans in battle. [Sept. 22. Peace with Guatemala ratified.] 1894 June 3. Rebellion : Gen. Ezeta and Government troops are utterly de- feated. [June 26. A provisional gov- ernment is formed.] SERVIA. Servia is a kingdom of southeastern Europe ; capital, Belgrad. The chief authority king,' and the legislative power in the Skupshtina. The common language is Servian, o Greek Catholic. Area, 19,050 square miles ; population in 1891, 2,162,759. s vested in a constitutional hereditary Illyrian, and the dominant religion is 640+ * * Christianity is introduced. 7th Century. The Serbs, or Croats, drive out the Avars, and occupy the land. 1150± * *The Greek Emperor Manuel subdues the Serbs. [1180. Independence 1334+-56 Stephen Dushan enlarges the realm by annexing Macedonia, Al- bania, and other territory. He assumes the title of emperor. 1389 Aug. 27. Turk. The Turks un- der Amurath I. defeat and overthrow the Servians and their allies under King Lazarus. The authority of the sultan is established. 1442* *Amurath besieges Belgrad. [1456. Again besieged by Mohammed II. 1521. Again by Solyman II., who takes and annexes it. 1688. Besieged and taken from the Turks by the elector of Bavaria. 1690. Besieged and taken by the Turks. 1717. Also by Prince Eugene. 1789. Also by Austrians. 1791. Restored to the Turks.] 145»+ * * Servia is subdued by Moham- med II. and annexed. 1718-39 Austria annexes the greater part of Servia. [1739. Sept. * Restored to the Turks by the Peace of Belgrad.] 1788-90 Servians aid Austria in the war with Turkey. 1804 * * George Czerny (Kara George) leads an uprising which expels the Turks. 1807-11 George Czerny, aided by Russia, establishes a government. [1813. expelled. 1817. July* Murdered.] 1813 * * Reconquered by Turks. 1817 * * Milosch Obrenovitch, an in- surgent peasant, having gained several victories over the Turks, is elected ruler. [1827. He becomes prince. 1829. Aug. 15. Recognized by the sultan. 1839. June 13. Oppressive, and forced to ab- dicate.] 1839-40 Michael II. (son) reigns. [1840- 42, Michael III. ; 1842-59, Alexander, son of George Czerny; 1859-60, Milosch Obre- novitch again; 1860-68, Michael IV. (son); June 20, Assassinated; 1868-89, Milan IV. (nephew) ; 1877, Bee. 22, De- posed by the sultan.] 1860± * * The struggle against Turkey for independence begins. 1862 Oct. 7. Concessions made by the sultan, under the pressure of the powers, are accepted. [1867. Mar. * Turkish garrisons evacuate.] 1875 Oct. 17. Prince Milan weds Na- talie Keshko. [1888. July 18. She dis- agrees ; gives up the crown: separates. Oct. * Divorced against her protest.] 1876-77 Unsuccessful war with Tur- key. [Dec. 24±. Complete subjection averted by the powers meeting at Con- stantinople.] 1124 1877, * *-1894, * *. SERVIA. 1877-78 Servia sides with Russia in the Turko-Kussian war. (1878. Mar. 3.) Absolute independence acquired by the Treaty of San Stefano (p. 566). (Aug. 28.) Independence proclaimed. 1882-89 Milan I., King of Servia. [1SS2. Mar. 6±. Proclaimed by the Assembly.] 1885 Nov. * -Dec. * Unsuccessful war with Bulgaria (p. 566). 1889 Jan. 2. A new constitution is enacted. Vote, 494-73. Mar. 6. Milan I. abdicates in favor of hisyoungson. [1S91. Nov. 16. Renounces all his legal and constitutional rights in Servia.] + * * Alexander I. reigns by regents. [1891. Mar. 7. Officially proclaimed.] 1891 May 5. Ex-Queen Natalie (pro- Russian) is expelled. [1892. Jan. 20. Reconciled with Milan. Feb. 2. Divorce pronounced void. 1894. Mar. 8. An- nulled by the Synod at Belgrad.J 1893-94 The government is reaction- ary in spirit. (1894. Apr. 14.) The king arrests the regent and ministers at a banquet, and assumes the government. (Apr. 21.) He overturns the constitution, and revives one approved 25 years ago. (May 21.) He executes another coup d'itat, restor- ing the old constitution, thereby abol- ishing the secret ballot, freedom of the press, the right of public meetings, and the electoral system of scrutin de liste. SI AM. Siam is a kingdom of southeastern Asia ; capital, Bangkok. A king and council conduct the government. Buddhism pre- vails. Area, 200,000± square miles ; population, 5,000,000+. 1340 * * The Siamese invade Cambodia, take Angkor, and secure 90,000 captives. 1350 * * Ayuthia is made the capital. [1555. Taken by the Burmese and Pe- guans. 1782. Sacked by the Burmese ; capital removed to Bangkok.] 34th and 15th Centuries. Frequent inva- sions of Burmese and Peguans. (1555.) Subject to Burma. (1590±.) Recovers independence. 1511± * * The Portuguese rediscover Siam ; establish intercourse. [1604. The Dutch. 1612. The English first appear.] 1560± * * FhraNaret, the national hero, delivers Ayuthia, and invades Pegu. 1580± * * France begins intercourse ; receives a Siamese envoy. [1585. Inter- course stopped.] 1592-1632 Japanese traders and set- tlers arrive. [1632. Massacred through jealousy of their thrift ; survivors ex- pelled.] 1683* * Constantine Phaulcon, a Cephalonian Greek adventurer, becomes foreign minister, and opens communica- tions with France. 1685 * * Louis XIV. sends [The French Jesuits introduce Chris- tianity, and intrigue for a French pro- tectorate, which arouses persecution.] 1687 * * France sends another embassy, also 500 soldiers, who occupy the fortress of Bangkok. [1690. Expelled.] * * Agents of the East India Company attack the Siamese for employing Eng- lishmen who are not connected with its service. [1719. Attacked by the British governor of Madras.] 1731 * * Gold is discovered in Malacca. 1745 * * Dutch and English traders cease their visits. 1760 * * The Burmese waste the coun- try. 1764* * The Siamese take Mergui and Tavoy. 1782 * * [The present] dynasty is founded by Phaya Chakkri. 1786 * * The British occupy Penang. 1811± * * The Siamese twins are born. [Exhibited in Europe and America.] 1822 * * A treaty is made with the East India Company. [1825. Another. 1833. "With United States of America. 1855. With England.] 1828 * * Protestant missions are intro- duced. [1833. Established.] 1831 * * The American Baptists open a mission under John T.Jones. [1833. To the Chinese ; mission removed to Bang- kok. 1836. At Macao. 1882. Among the Karens in Northern Siam. 1885. At Lakawn. 18S9. At Bangkok.] * *The AmerieanBoardopensamission at Bangkok. [1S50. Efforts relinquished because of difficulties.) 1840 * * The American Presbyterians open a mission at Bangkok. [1867-68. At Chung-Mai, Laos.] 1851 * * Two kings are enthroned. 1857 * * Ambassadors are sent to Eu- rope. [1861. Again.] 1868 Oct. 1-K Khoulalonkornl. reigns. 1873 Nov. 16. Aconstitutionde- creed. 1883 July 14. A telegraph line to France is opened. 1887 Jan. * The inferior king dies, and the office is abolished. 1893 July 19. France sends an ulti- matum in resentment for alleged out- rages (p. 765). SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC. The Republic is a country of South Africa; capital, Pretoria. It is politically divided into 18 districts, and the govern- ment is republican in form, and administered by a president and ministerial council ; the legislative power is held by the two Volksraden, each having 24 members. The chief religion is Dutch Reformed. Great Britain holds a nominal suzerainty over the republic. Area, 113,642 square miles ; estimated population is 487,457, including 368,329± natives. 1836 June 15. The American Board opens a mission at Mosiga [Pretoria]. ± * * Disaffected Boers begin to immi- grate from Cape Colony. 1852 Jan. 17. Independence is de- clared. [1848. Feb. 13. A constitu- tion is proclaimed.] 1857 * * The Herrmansburg Society (Ger.) opens a mission at Bethanien. [1889,AtEntombeandRamaliane ; * * * at Cana, Harmshope, Hebron, Ebenezer, Ekombela, Emoyati, Mahunaim, Manu- ane, Melorane, Mosetta.] 1864 * * The Berlin Evangelical Lu- therans open a mission at Makhabertf. [1861, at Khalatlolu; 1865, at Ga Mat- lale ; 1866, at Leydenburg and at Pre- toria; 1867. at Mo«linM>lle,or Waterberg, and at Malokong; 1869, at Walmanns- thal ; 1873, at New Halle ; 1874, at Tsa Koinaj 1875, at Heidelberg; 1877, at Georgenholz, at Lobethal ; 1880, at Taba Mossegu ; 1881, at Medingin ; 1884, at Woyenthin.] 1870* * The Finns send 10 missionaries to Oden. [1879. At Elim.] * * *The Wesleyan Methodists (Eng.) open missions at Bloemhof, Klerksdorp, Polfontein, Pretoria, Waterberg, Zoul- pansburg. * * * The London Society opens a mis- sion at Molepolole. 1875 * * The Free Church of French Switzerland opens a mission among the Gwamba negroes. 1876 July +■ -79* * The Boers and Kafirs, under King Secocoeni, are at war. The Amazwasirs aid in repulsing the Kafirs. (1878. Nov. 28.) Sir Gar- net "Wolseley captures the Kafirs' strong- hold. (Dec. 2.) Their king surrenders. 1877 Apr. 12. Sir Theophilus Shep- stone proclaims a state of anarchy, and the country is annexed to Great Brit- ain for protection. [May 30. He takes the oath as administrator. 1889. Mar. * Sir William Owen Lanyon, British gover- nor. 1879. May * Sir G. Wolseley.] 1879 Dec* The Transvaal is pro- claimed a British crown colony. Dec. 30. The Boers issue a declaration of independence [three signers are ar- rested by the BritishJ. 1880 Dec. 17. The Boers establish the South African Republic with S. J. . Paul Kruger, president. [Dec. 30. The Republic is proclaimed.] * * The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (Eng.) opens a mission at Wakkerstroom. [1887, at Heidelberg; * * at Wakkersoom.] SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC. 1836,* * -1890,* * 1125 Deo. 20-81 Mar. 14. "War with the British. [Mar. 21. Boers accept Brit- ish terms of peace,] 1881 Aug. 8. Convention agreed to ; self-government is restored. The territory is given up to " The Transvaal 1884 * * British control is restricted. State," subject to British suzerainty. 1890 * * Small portions of Swaziland 1883 May 9-88 Apr. 30. Stephen and Amatongaland are annexed by J. Paul Kriiger, president. [1888, May agreement. 8-1893, May 12, again ; 1893, May 12+.] SPAIN. Spain is a kingdom of southwestern Europe ; capital, Madrid. It is politically divided into 47 mainland provinces, and two insular, the Canaries and Balearic Islands. The government is an hereditary monarchy, having the legislative power vested in the Cortes, which comprises a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. Its foreign possessions since 1S98, have been limited to the Carolines, Ladrones, and some other islands, and small possessions in Western Africa. The common language is Spanish, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 197,670 square miles ; population in 1887, 17,550,246. ARMY — NAVY. 238 * * B. c. Hamilcar, the Carthagin- ian, leaves Africa and invades Spain. [219. Takes Saguntum ; because of this the Romans declare war against Carthage. 218. Hannibal enters Italy (p. 1054).] 218+- 212 B. c. Scipio carries the war into Spain. (210.) Romans drive out the Carthaginians (p. 1054). 154+-140+ b. c. Romans are at war with the Lusitanians (p. 1055). 143-133 b.c. JKTumantine war (p. 1056). 105 * * b. c. The Cimbri invasion. 97* *b. c. The Celtiberians under Ser- torious revolt. [72. Subdued by Pompey.] 61 * * b. 0. Julius Caesar makes con- quests (p. 1058). [46-45. He defeats the sons of Pompey (p. 1060).] 27-25 B.C. Augustus retires (p. 1060). 262 * * a. d. Posthumous defeats the Franks. 395* * "West Goth invasion. [416. Goths expel the Alani.] 415 * * Atawulf takes Barcelona (p. 1071). 419 * * Vandals conquer Galicia. [470l Goths take Saragossa. 572. Cordova.] 528 * * War with Childebert. 586 * * Recared I. expels the Franks. [588. War renewed.] €56 * * Recesuinto subdues the Basques. 675 * * Wamba, the West Goth, defeats the invading Saracens. 710 * * The Saracens invade Spain. 711 July 26. At Jerez de la Frontera the Saracens under Tarik and Muza utterly defeat the West Goths under Roderic. [712. Capture Gibraltar. 712- 713. Subdue the country.] 777-778 Charlemagne's campaign (p. 664). [800. He defeats the Saracens.] 787 * * Hixem proclaims a " holy war." [812. Truce with Charlemagne.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 38 Jan. 1. B.C. The Spanish era commences ; this is the next year after the conquest of Spain by Augustus. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 5th Century, a. d. Orosius, Paulus, presbyter, historian, born, dies. 560+ * * Isidorus Hispalensis (Isidore of Se- ville), bishop, author, born. [636. Dies.] 711* * Rodme, \V>s! Cothic king, dies. ' 757 * * Pelayo, first king of Astiirias, dies. 788 * * Abd-er-Rahnian I , , Ommeyade sultan, dies. CHURCH. 69 * * a. d. Jews settle at Merida. 250 * * Christian churches are estab- lished at Leon, Elvira, and other towns. 305 * * A church council meets at Elvira. 372± * * The Priscillianists arise. 589 * * Council of Toledo ; the West Goths accept the Catholic faith. 275 * * Jews are expelled. [1492. Perse- cuted.] 786 * * The Great Mosque [church] of Cordova is founded by Abd-er- Rahman. 800± * * The Western bishops are author- ized to punish spiritual offenders with death; auto-da-fS, or an act of faith, is introduced. [1484. The first at Seville.] LETTERS. 471* *The laws of Hispania are first written. 588 * * The Latin language displaces the Gothic. 773-j. * * Abd-er^Rahman I. founds acade- mies. STATE. 1000± * * b. c. The Phenecians found Cadiz. [800. The Rhodians plant colo- nies in Catalonia.] 480 * * b. c. Carthaginians are at- tracted by the rich silver mines. [360. They settle in Spain ; 242, Found New Carthage (Cartagena).] 238-233 e. c. Hamilcar of Carthage extends his dominion into Spain. 205 * * b. c. Scipio Africanus annexes New Carthage to Rome. [206. All Spain is under the Romans.] 142 * * b. c. Fabius Servilianus makes peace with the Celtiberians and Lusi- tanians. [152. Romans found Cordova.] 78-72 b. c. Sertorius revolts; subdued by Pompey (p. 1058). [67. By Julius Caesar.] 60-50 b, c. Pompey is governor. (?) 48-47 d. c. The rapacity of Crassus incites a revolt. 38 Jan. 1. b. c. The conquest by Au- gustus begins. 27 * * b. c. Csesarea Augusta (Salduba) [Saragossa] is founded. 256 * * a. d. The Pranks ravage the country. 256-409 Roman governors rule. 409+ * * The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi overthrow Roman rule. 409-425 Vandals rule: Gunderic and Genseric. [427. Genseric with his peo- ple pass over into Africa.] 411-415 Atawulf rules the West Goths. 418-711 The West Goths rule (p. 663). [420-451. Theodoric reigns ; 451-452, Thorrismund ; 452-466, Theodoric II. ; 466-483, Euric, the first monarch of all Spain. The Gothic power reaches its highest point. 483-506, Alaric II. ; 506- 511, Gesalric ; 511-531, Amalaric ; 531-548, Theudis; 548-549, Theudisela ; 549-554, Agita ; 554-567, Atanagildo. He makes Toledo his capital. 567-568, Liuva I. ; 568-586, Leuvigildo, co-ruler; 572, sole king; 586-601, Recared I. 587. He expels the Franks. 601-603, Liuva II. ; 603-310, Vitericus ; 610-612, Gundemar ; 612-621, Sisebut ; 621, Recared II. ; 621-631, Suin- tila ; 631-636, Sisenando ; 636-640, Chin- tella ; 640-642, Tulga ; 642-649, Cindasu- into ; 649-672, Recesuinto, coruler ; 653, sole king ; 672-682, Wamba ; 680-687, Er- vigius ; 687-698, Egrica ; 698-710, Witiza, coruler ; 701, sole king.] 710± * *Roderic becomes the [last] king of the West Goths in Spain. The people, oppressed by his cruelty, invite the Arabs to enter Spain. 711-712 The Saracens are established at Cordova, Toledo, and Saragossa [and all over Spain. 713. They subdue Murcia]. 714-1238 Mohammedans rule. 714-755 Emirs rule in Cordova; Abd-el- Aziz is the first; Yussuf-el-Tehri, the last. 718-737 Pelayo reigns in Asturias and Leon. He is the founder of the monarchy of Asturias ; first sovereign of Christian Spain ; he overthrows the Moors, and checks their conquests. [737-739, Astu- rias and Leon. Favila reigns ; 739-757, Alfonso the Catholic ; 757-768, Froila I. ; 768-774, Aurelius ; 774-788, Mauregato, the Usurper; 7SS-791, Veremundo (Ber- muda); 791-842, Alfonso II., the Chaste; 842-850, Ramiro I. ; 850-866, Ordofio II. ; S66-910, Alfonso III., "the Great."] 755-1238 Cordova is the capital of Mohammedan Spain, Abd-er-Rahman I. is the first king, and Abu Ali the last. 1126 844,**-1513,** SPAIN. ARMY — WAVY. 844 * * Danish invasion. 845 * * Ramiro kills70,000 Saracens in one battle. 861 * * Salamanca is taken from the Sar- acens. [913. Talavera taken. ] 866-910 Alfonso conquers the Moors. (901.) At Zamora. 938 Aug. 6. The Spaniards defeat the Moors at Sunincas. 1060 * * Mohammed Almuatid conquers Cordova. 1070-90 The Cid Rodrigohas engage- ments with the Moors. 1085 Mar. 25. Alfonso VI. captures Toledo. 1091 + * * The Saracens are aided by the Moors in resisting the aggressions of the Christians. [1095. Henry of Be- sancon defeats the Saracens.] 1109 * * Urraca of Castile attacks her sister Theresa, Countess of Portugal. 1126* * Alfonso VII. of Leon captures Saragossa. [1144. Defeats the Moors in several battles.] 1162* * Alfonso of Aragon conquers Provence. 1184* * Port. The Almohades besiege Santarem ; defeated. 1190 * * The Moors sack Madrid. 1195* * The Moors defeat the Castil- ians at Alarcon. [1197. Take Madrid.] 1212 July 16. The allied Christian forces of Spain win a great victory over the Almohades under Mohammed at IsTavas de Tolosa (S. Sp.). [The break- ing up of the Moorish empire follows.] 1229 * * James I. of Aragon takes Ma- jorca from the Moors. [Minorca, Va- lencia, Murcia, also taken,] 1233-48 Ferdinand of Castile and Leon takes away from the Moors Cordova, Toledo, Seville, and Santiago de Com- postela. [1240. Also Murcia.] 1247 * * The first Spanish war-fleet ap- pears at the conquest of Seville. 1278 * * Alfonso is defeated at Algeci- ras. (?) [1344. (?) Taken from the Moors by Alfonso XL of Castile.] 1282 * * Peter III. conquers and an- nexes Sicily. 1285 * * Sancho TV., the Brave, defeats the Moors at Tarifa. 1308 * * Ferdinand takes Gibraltar from the Jews. [1332. Taken by the Moors. 1462. Taken from Moors by Guzman.] 1327 * * The King of Granada is aided by 200,000 Moors. [1340. Alfonso XL de- feats, with great slaughter, the Moors under Abool-Hassan at Tarifa.] 1369 * * The Moors assist Pedro the Cruel against the invading Henry II. of Castile. [Mar. 14. Pedro is defeated and captured at Montiel by his brother Henry of Tastamare. Mar. 23. Killed.] 1381 * * John I. of Castile invades Por- tugal. 1395 * * Martin, King of Aragon, defeats the Genoese. 1410 * * "War: Castile against Aragon. 1492 Jan. 2. Gonzalvo Hernandez de Cordova, " the Great Captain," takes Granada, and breaks the power of the Moors. 1512 * * Navarre. Ferdinand II. con- quers and annexes the greater part. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 920+ * * A medical school is founded at Cordova. 1150+ * * The Moors introduce the study of chemistry. 13th Century. The Moorish kings found the Alhambra, above Granada. 1200+ * * The Moors introduce astron- omy into Europe. 1253± * * The Alphonsine astronomical tables are composed. 1486-1512 Discoveries of Columbus and Vespucci (p. 12+). 1499+ * * Vincent Pinzon and Alonzo de Ojeda make discoveries [Brazil], (P. 15.) 1500 * * Kodrigo Bastides and Juan de la Cosa make discoveries (p. 15). 1513 * * Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean (p. 16). BIRTHS — DEATHS. 9th Cen tu-ry. Bernardo del Carpio, hero, b., d. 852 * * A bd-er- Rahman II., sultan of Cor- dova, dies. 913 * * Abdallah-Ibn-Mohammed, sultan of Cordova, dies. 913 * * Alhakem II., calif of Cordova, born. [976. Dies.] 939 * * Al-Mansur, Spanish-Moorish states- man, born. [1002. Dies.] 958* * Garria, Kintf of Navarre, b. [1001. D.] 961 * * Abd-er-Rabman III., calif of Cordova, dies. lOOO? Ferdinand I., tbe Great, King of Cas- tile, Leon, and Galicia, born. [1065. Dies.] 1016 * * Abbad II., King of Seville, born. [1069. Dies.] 1035 * * Cid, hi Campeador, Rudriffo or Ruy Diaz, Castilian bero, born. [1099. Dies.] 1039* * Abbad III., King of Seville, born. [1095. Dies.] 1043* * Abbad I., Moorish Kingof Seville, d. 1092 + * * Aben-Kzra, Abraham, Jewish com- mentator, born. [1167. Dies.] 1105 * * Abdallah- lbnool- llijaree, Spanish- Moorish lii.stL.rian, born. [1195. Dies.] 1109 * * Alfonso I., King of Castile, dies. 1110+ * * Abool-1-Kasim, Spanish- Arabian surgeon, author, dies. 1135 * * Mannonides, Moses, Jewish rabbi, philosopher, writer, born. [1204. Dies.] 1143+ * * Aboo- 1 - K usi in, Spanish -Moorish ■ author, born. [1194. Dies.] 1157 * * Alfonso II., King of Castile, dies. 1160* * Aboo-Voosuf-Yakoub, Moorish sul- tan, born. [1198. Dies.] 1170* * Dominic de Guzman, St., founder of Dominicans, born. [1221. Dies.]. 1314* * Alfonso VIII., Kingof Castile, d. 1331* * Alfonso X., King of Leon, born. [1284. Dies.] 1335* * Lully, Raymond, phil.,b. [1315. D.] 13th Century. Esclol, Denial,, Catalan chroni- cler, born, dies. 1356* * Abuo-ilavvan, Spanish-Moorish au- thor, born. [1344. Dies.] 1358* * Guzman, Alfonso Perez de, com- mander, bom. [1309. Dies.] 1300 * * Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carilla, arch- bishop of Toledo, card. , states., b. , [1367. D. ] 1304* *Ba too tab, lbn, Spanish-Moorish traveler, born. [1378. Dies.] 1311 * * Alfonso XI., King of Castile, born. [1350. Dies.] 1333* * Ayala, Pedro Lopez de, historian, poet, born. [1407. Dies.] 1334 + * * Pedro tbe Cruel, King of Castile, born. [1369. Dies.] 1396 * * Alfonso of Cartagena, historian, b. [1456. Dies.] 1411 + * * Mena, Juan de, poet, b. [1456. D.] 1420* * Tonpieinada, Tomas de, inquisitor- general, born. [1498. Dies.] 1428 * * Albo, Jose", rabbi, writer, dies. Mendoza, Pedro Gonzales de, the "grand cardinal," statesman, born. [1495. Dies.] 1435 ? * * Columbus, Christopher, discoverer, born in Genoa, It. [1506. Dies. ] 1436 * * Ximenes, Francisco, cardinal and statesman, born. [1517. Dies.] 1441 * * Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, navigator, born. [1493. Dies.] 1443 * * Cordova. Gonsalvo Hernandez de, "the great captain," gen., b. [1515. D.] 1451 Apr. 23. Isabella, " the Catholic," queen, patron of Columbus, born. [1504, JSov. 24. Dies.] 1453 Mar. lO. Ferdinand V., King, "tbe Catholic," born. [1516. Jan. 23. Dies.] 1460 * * Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, navigator, born. [1524. Dies.] Ponce de Leon, J uan, discoverer of Florida, born. [1521. Dies.] 1464± * * Carvajal, Francisco de, com- mander, born. [1548. Dies.] 1465+ * * Ojeda, Alonzo de, adventurer with Columbus, born. 1471± Pizarro. Francisco, conqueror of Peru, born. [1541. Dies.] 1474 * "Casus, Burlolome de las, missionary, born. [1566. Dies.] 1475 ± * * Almagro, Diego, adventurer in Pern, born. [1538. Dies.] Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, adventurer, born. [1517. Dies.] ± Cordova, Francisco Hernandezde,explorer r born. [1526. Dies.] 1478 * * Oviedo, or Oviedo y V aide's, Gonzalo Fernandez de, historian, b. [1557. Dies.] Philip, King of Castile, born. [1506. Dies.] 1480* * Narvaez, I'amnlo de, commander, born. [1528. Dies.] 1483* * Catherine of Aragon, Queen of Henry VIII. of England, b. [1536. Dies.] 1484 * * Toledo, Pedro de, viceroy of Naples, born. .[1553. Dies.] 1485 * * Alvarado, Pedro de, explorer, born. [1541. Dies.] Cortez, Hernando, or Fernando, conqueror of Mexico, born. [1547. Dies.] ± Leo AfrK'unus, A 1- Hassan lbn M., Moor- ish traveler, born. [1526±. Dies.] 1487 * * Mendoza, Don Pedro de, discoverer, born. [1536 + . Dies.] 1490+ * * Nunez, Alvar,explor.,b. [1564. D.] Orellana, Francisco de, explorer of the Ama- zon, born. [1546. Dies.] Padilla, Don Juan Lopez de, patriot, born. [1521. Dies.] 1491* * Loyola, Ignatius de, founder of Jesuits, born. [1556, July 31. Dies.] 1493 * * Vives, Juan Louis, scholar, writer, born. [1540. Dies.] 1495+ * * Alvarado, Pedro, adventurer in Mexico, born. [1541. Dies.] Contreras, Rodrigo de, explorer, b. [1557- D.] 1496 +* * Boseah Almogaver, Juan, poet, b. [1544. Dies.] De Soto, Fernando, explorer, discoverer of Mississippi River, born. [1542. Dies.] 1498+ * * Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, soldier,. author, born. [1593. Dies.] 1500+ Feb. 24. Charles I. (V.),K. of Sp., Emp. of Ger., born. [1558, Sept. 21. Dies.] Alarcon, Hernando de, explorer, born. Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, soldier,. born. [1542+. Dies.] 1502+ * * Bobadilla, Francisco de, political administrator, dies. Espinosa, Don Diego de, cardinal, statesman, born. [1572. Dies.] Vargas, Luis de, painter, born. [1568. Dies.] 1503* * Carranza, Bartolome de, archbishop. of Toledo, writer, born. [1576. Dies.] 1503+ Gaivduso de la Vega, poet, b. [1536. Dies.] Mendoza, Hurt ado Die no de, author, diploma- tist, born. [1576. Dies.] 1506* * Xavier, St. Francis, missionary, born. [1552. Dies.] 1508* * Alva, Duke of, Fernando Alvarez, general, born. [1582. Dies.] 1509 * * Servetus, Michael, theologian, born. [1553. Dies.] 1510i; * * Valdivia, Don Pedro de, conqueror of Chile, born. [1559. Dies.] CHURCH. 1088 * * The archbishop of Toledo is made the primate of Spain. 1170± * * The Order of Santiago, or St. James, is founded. [1223. An Order of Mercy. 1202i* * The rosary is invented. 1280 * * The Holy Office (Inquisition) is reestablished. SPAIN. 844/ 1513, 1127 1485-93 Columbus and Church (p. 14-f-). 1499-1502 Mohammedans persecuted LETTERS. 1150+ * * Mystery of the Alagian Kings appears. 12th Century. (?) Pvema del Cid and the Crdnica runada del Cid appear. 1200 * * Jiasos de Trobar, by Ramon Vi- dal, appears. 1209± * * The University of Valencia is founded. [1239. Removed to Salamanca. 1254. The University of Seville.] . 1250± * * Euganos £ Assay amientos de las Mugeres (the Seven Sages) appears. ± * * Kalila and Dimna, translated from the Arabic, appears. 1250-95 Libro de tos Castigos y Docu- mentos of King Sancho IV. appears. 13th Century. Los Siete Partidos appears. Also Libros de Astronomica ; Historia de Espana; Appolonio; Miracles, by Gon- zalo de Berceo, appears ; also Praises of the Virgin. Alexandra appears. A\so Life of St. Mary the Egyptian ; Lapadario. 1300+ * * Lo Desconort, by Raymond Lully, appears. * * The University of Lerida is founded. [1346. University of Valla- dolid. 1354. University of Huesca.] 1300-50 Libro de las Cantigas, or de los Cantares, by Juan Manuel, appears. Also El Conde Lucanor, and Libro de los 1320-50 A poem on buen amor, by Juan Ruiz, appears. 1350+ * * Amadis de Gaula appears. 1350-69 Proverbs Morales, by the Jew Santob, appears. 14th Century. Facetus appears. Also De- bate between Soul and Body; General Dance of Death; Grant Crdnica de Es- pana and Grant Crdnica de los Conqueri- dores ; Crdnica General de Espaiia. 1400+ * * Rimado de Palacio, by Pedro Lopez de Ayala, appears. 1415 * * The University of Salamanca is founded. [1450. The University of Barcelona.] 1438 * * Histories £ Conquestes del Re- yolme d'Arago, by Pere Tomich, appears. 1440-50 A cancionero, compiled by Al- fonso de Baena. 15th Century. Libre de les Danes, by Jamne Roig, appears. Also Leys d'Amor, by Gillaume Moliner. Adoration of the Three Kings ,■ Crdnica General ,■ Chro- nicle of Pedro Nina, by Gutierre Diez de Gamez; El Labarinta and other poems, by Juan de Mena ; Corbacho, by the arch- priest of Talavera ; Trabajos de Hercules. 1480-90+ Carcel de Amor, by Diego de San Pedro, appears. 1483-84 Crestid, by Francesco Ximenes, appears. 1490 * * Tirant lo' Blanche appears at Valencia. 1492 * * La Celestini appears. 1499 Oliveros y Artus appears. * * The University of Toledo is founded. 1502-14 The Complutensian Polygot, in six vols., is printed at Alcala (Com- plutensis). [1522. The first edition costs 250,000 ducats.] 1511 * * Cancionero General appears at Valencia. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 1337 * * a. d. Private revenge is pro- hibited in Castile. 1401* *The Barcelona bank is founded. [Now existing.] 1481 * * In Andalusia 3,000 persons are burned, and 17,000 are otherwise pun- ished, by the Inquisition. 1498 * * Black substitutes white as the color for mourning. 1504+ * * Isabella of Castile founds a hospital for lepers. STATE. 873* * Navarre. The kingdom is founded by Sancho IHigo. [873-8S5, He reigns; 885-905, Garcia I.; 905-924, San- cho Garcia I.; 924-970, Garcia II., the Trembler; 970-1035, Sancho II., "the Great." 1026. He becomes King of Cas- tile through his wife,] 910-914 Asturias — Leon. Garcia reigns. [914-923, Ordofio II.; he recov- ers Valladolid from the Saracens ; 923- 925, Froila II.; 925-930, Alfonso IV., the Monk of Leon ; 5)30-!)r>0, Kamiro II. ; 950- 955, Ordofio III.; 955-956, Ordofio IV.; 950-967, Sancho I., the Fat ; 967-983, Ra- miro III.; 9S3-999, Veremundo II. (Ber- muda), the Gouty ; 999-1027. Alfonso V. ; 1027-1035, Veremundo III. (Bermuda).] 1000 * * Valencia becomes the capital of a Moorish kingdom. 1035-54 Navarre. Garcia III. reigns. [1054-76, Sancho III.; 1076-94, Sancho IV. ; 1094-1104, Peter of Aragon.] 1035-65 Aragon. Ramiro I. reigns. [1065-94. Sancho Ramirez (IV. of Na- varre); 1094-1134, Alfonso I., the "War- rior, King of Navarre.] 1035-65 Leon — Castile. Ferdinand the Great reigns. [1065-72, Sancho II., the Strong, son of Ferdinand ; Alfonso in Leon and Asturias. and Garcia in Gali- cia ; 1072-1109, Alfonso VI., the Valiant, King of Leon.] 1037 * * Leon and Asturias are united to Castile. 1090 * * Abdallah-Ibn-Balkeen, the last sultan of Granada, is dethroned. 1091+ * * The Saracens, being unable to resist the Christians, invite the aid of the Moors from Africa, who seize the dominions they came to protect, and subdue the Saracens. 1094-1144 Cordova. The dynasty of the Almoravides reigns. 1104-34 Navan-e. Alfonso I. reigns. [1134-50. Garcia IV., Ramirez; 1150-94, Sancho V., " the Wise ; " 1194-1234, San- cho VI., "the Infirm."] 1109-26 Leon — Castile. Uraca and Al- fonso VII. reign. 1226* * Galicia— Castile. Alfonso, King of Galicia, defends Uraca, his dis- solute mother, against her husband, Al- fonso VII. ; he acquires Castile on her death ; the two kingdoms are united. 1126-57 Castile. Alfonso VII., Ray- mond, reigns. [1157-5S, Sancho III. ; 1158-8S, Alfonso VIII. ; 1183-1214, Al- fonso IX.] 1134-37 Aragon. Ramiro II., the Monk, reigns. [1137-63, Petronilla and Ray- mond, Count of Barcelona. 1144-1225 Cordova. The dynasty of the Almohades reigns. It takes its name from the North Afri- can Almoahedun sect. 1157-88 Leon is separated from Cas- tile under Ferdinand II. 1163-96 Aragon. Alfonso II. reigns. [1196-1213, Peter II. ; 1213-76, James I. ; 1276-85, Peter III. ; 1285-91, Alfonso III., the Beneficent ; 1291-1327, James II., the Just.] 1214-17 Castile. Henry I. reigns. [1217- 52, Ferdinand III., the Saint. Leon and Castile are permanently united by him. 1252-84, Alfonso X., the Wise; 12S4-95, Sancho IV., the Brave ; 1295-1312, Fer- dinand IV.] 1233-48 Cordova, Toledo, and Seville are annexed by Ferdinand III. 1234-53 Navarre. Theobald I., third Count of Champagne, reigns 1253-70 Theobald II. ; 1270-74, Henry Crassus ; 1274r-1305, Joanna, she marries Philip the Fair, of France.] 1238* * Granada. The Moors begin the kingdom ; it is their last refuge from the aggressive Christians. 1240 * * Murcia is subdued by Ferdi- nand of Castile. [1305. Divided between Castile and Aragon.] 1274 * * Navarre. The crown passes to the royal family of France. 1305-16 Navarre. Louis Hutin reigns. [131 6, John ; 1316-22, Philip V. , the Long, of France; 1322-28, Charles I., the IV. of France; 1328-43, Joanna II., and Philip, Count d'Evreux ; 1343-49, Joanna alone; 1349-87, Charles II., the Bad; 1387-1425, Charles III., the Noble.] 1312-50 Leon— Castile. Alfonso XI. reigns. [1350-69, Pedro the Cruel. He is deposed, but reinstated by his ally, Edward, the Black Prince, of England ; killed by his natural brother and suc- cessor. 1369-79, Henry II., the Gracious. Poisoned by a monk. 1379-90, John I. He unites Biscay to Castile. 1390-1406, Henry III., the Sickly ; 1406-54, John II. ; 1454-74, Henry IV., the Impotent; 1474- 1504, Isabella.] 1327-36 Alfonso IV. reigns. [1336-87. Peter TV., the Ceremonious; 1387-95, John I. ; 1395-1410, Martin ; 1410-12, in- terregnum.] 1412-16 Aragon — Sicily. Ferdinand, the Just, reigns. [1416-58, Alfonso V., the Wise; 1458-79, John II., King of Navarre, brother of Alfonso.] 1425-79 Navarre. Blanche and her husband, John II. (King of Aragon), reign. [1479, Eleanor: 1479-83, Francis Phcebus de Foix ; 1483-1512, Catherine and John d'Albret.] 1469 Oct. 18. Ferdinand [II. of Ara- gon] marries Isabella, of Castile. 1479-1504 Aragon— Castile. Ferdi- nand II. and IsabeUa reign. [1492. He annihilates the power of the Moors.] 1504 * * Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand II. and Isabella, and Philip I. of Austria, rule jointly in Castile. [1506. Philip dying, and Joanna becoming imbecile, Ferdinand II. reigns as regent in Cas- tile ; he unites Castile with Aragon.] 1512 * * Ferdinand II. becomes Ferdi- nand V., the Catholic ; he conquers Na- varre and Granada, and becomes king of all Spain. 1128 1513,**-X766/ SPAIN. ARMY — NAVY. 1521-30 "War with France (p. 680). [1556-59. Again (p. 682+). 1635-59. Again.] 1538 * * U.S. A. Conquest of Florida. 1564^1648 2Teth. The Netherlands throw off the yoke (p. 540+). 1571 Oct. 7. Victory at Lepanto (p. 1080). 1588 * * Philip II. prepares the '* Invin- cible Armada'* for the conquest of England. It is destroyed (p. 876). 1589 * * Adm. Drake and Sir John Mor- ris attack and burn Vigo. [1596. Sept. 15. Cadiz burned (p. 876).] 1607 Apr. 25. The Dutch defeat the Spaniards in the Bay of Gibraltar. [1640. Again in the Downs ; fleet destroyed.] 1640 * * Port. The Portuguese revolt. 1643 May 19. Fr. Defeat at Hocroi (p. 688). 1650-59 "War with France (p. 690, 691). [1673-78. Another (p. 693).] 1663 * * Defeated by Portuguese at Es- tremoz. [1665. Again at Villaviciosa by Gen. Schomberg.] 1673-78 War with France (p. 540, 541). 1691 * * The French invade Aragon. [1694. They besiege Barcelona; it is relieved by Adin. Kussell (Eng.).] 1697 * * The French pillage Cartha- gena. (Value of treasure, §6,000,000.) 1701-14 "War of the Spanish succes- sion; it aims to prevent the union of the crowns of Prance and Spain (p. 694+). 1704± * *TheBritishoccupyTarragona as a naval station. 1705 * * The allies unsuccessfully be- siege Badajoz. 1710 Aug. 20. Charles III. (VI). takes Saragossa [and marches to Madrid]. Dec. 10. Gen. Ven do me defeats the Aus- trian Marshal Starhemberg at Villa- viciosa; this decides the struggle for the Spanish crown in favor of Philip V. 1714* *The Duke of Berwick (Ft.) storms and captures Barcelona. 1719* * "War with France. * * Lord Cobham (Eng.) takes Vigo. [Re- leased by contributions. Aug. 19. St. Sebastian taken (p. 698).] 1734-35 It. Campaign of Charles, son of Philip ; he defeats Austria, and sub- dues Naples and Sicily. 1739-48 War with Great Britain (p. 910). 1762-63, again ; 179G, again (p. 927) ; 1S04, again (p. 933). 1740* * Colombia. Victory at Cartagena (p. 910). 1756 July* Minorca taken (p. 912). [1763. .Restored. 1782. Taken from the British. 1798. Nov. 15. Taken by Gen. St. Stuart without losing a man.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1516 * * Diego Miruelo makes discover- ies (p. 17). 1517 * * Fernando de Cordova discovers Yucatan (p. 17). 1520 * * The Spaniards bring chocolate from Mexico. 1553 * * Michael Servetus makes public the discovery of the circulation of the blood through the lungs. 1557* * Madrid. Philip II. lays the foundation of the Escurial. 1558 * * Tobacco is introduced by Her- nandez. 1600i: * * Merino sheep are introduced. 1617 * * A flood in Catalonia drowns 50,000 people. 1629+ * * Los Borrachos is painted by Velasquez. [1644, Queen Isabel of Bour- bon ; 1649, The portrait of Innocent X. ; 1656, Las Meninas and Las Hilanderas.] 1655 * * St. Isidoro is painted by Murillo. [1670, Holy Family.] BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1513* * Morales, Ambroeio de, historian, born. [1591. Dies.] Toledo, Francisco de, administrator, born. [1584. Dies.] 1615* * Theresa, St., nun, mystic writer, born. [1582. Dies.] 1516±* * Solis, Juan Diaz de, navigator, d. 1517* * Oranvelle, Cardinal de, Antoine de Perrenot, statesman, born. [1586. Dies.] 1520± Becerra, Gasparu, painter, sculptor, born. [1550. Dies.] ± Moya y Contreras, Pedro de, archbishop of Mexico, administrator, b. [1591. D.] Chacon, Pedro, elerg., scholar, b. [1607. D.] 1525* * Coronado, .Uian Vasquez de, admin- istrator, born. [1565. Dies.] Henrique/, Almansa Martin de, administra- tor, born. [1583. Dies.] 1526* * Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, compan- ion of Cortez, dies. Cano, Juan Sebastian del, navigator, d. 1527 May 27. Philip II., king, bora. [1598, Sept. 13. Dies.] Grijalva, -Juan de, navigator, born. 1528 * * Jeanne d'Albret, or Juan, Queen of Navarre, born. [1572. Dies.] Ponce de Leon, Luis, lyric poet, b. [1591. D.] ' de, cardinal, 1532* * Toledo, Fr statesman, born. [1596. Di 1533* * Ereilla y Zuniga, Alonzo de, poet, born. [1594. Dies.] 1535* * Molina, Luis, Jesuit, theologian, born. [1600±. Dies.] 1536±* * Boabdil, last Moorish king of Granada, dies. Mariana, Juan de, historian, born. [1623. D.] 1538± * * Fernandez, Juan, navigator, bom. [1602+. Dies.] 1539 * * Aoosla, J us«d\ Jesuit, author, born. [1600. Dies.] „ 1540± * * Figuema, Francisco de, poet, born. [1620+. Dies.] ± Perez, Antonio, courtier, b. [1611. D.] ± TJHoa, Francesco de, discoverer of Cab,d. Vega, Gareilaso inea de la, historian, born. [1616. Dies.] 1647 Oct. 9. Cervantes Saavedra, Mi- guel de, poet, novelist, 1). [1616, Apr. 23. D.] 1548* * Kuarez, Francisco, Jesuit, theolo- gian, born. [1617. Dies.] 1549 * * Galvez de Montalvo, Luis, poet, born. [1610. Dies.] Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio, historian, born. [1625. Dies.] 1550± * * Alderete, Bernardo de, linguist, b. Espinel, Vicente, poet, novelist, b. [1634. D.] ± Victoria ( Yiloiia), Francisco, theolo., d. 1556* * Calasanzio, Jose St. de, founder of Pauline Congregation of the Mother of God, born. [1648. Dies.] 1558 * * Castro, Vaea de, magistrate, dies. 1560± * * Cerda, Juan Luis de la, Jesuit, critic, born. [1643. Dies.] Fuentes, Pedro Henriquez d'Azevedo, count, general, born. [1643. Dies.] 1561* * Gnngora v Argote, Luis, poet, born. [1627. Dies.] 1562* * Lope de Vega Carpio, Felix, poet, dramatist, born. [1635. Dies.] 1563± * * Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de, lyric poet, born. [1613. Dies.] Guevara, Luis Velcz, painter, dies. 1566* * Argensola, Bartolomeo, poet, his- torian, born. [1631. Dies.] 1569 * * Castro, (.luilleni de, dramatist, born. [1631. Dies.] Spinola, Ambrosio de, marquis, general, born. [1630. Dies.] 1570± * * Aduarte, Diego, historian, born. [1637. Dies.] Tellez, Ga I. riel, dramatist, b. [1648. D.] 1571 * * Pacheco, Francisco, painter, writer on art, born. [1654. Dies.] 1574 * * Guevara, Luis Velez, novelist, born. [1646. Dies.] 1576* * Chinchon, Countess of, Ana, intro- ducer of Peruvian bark, born. [1638. D.] Herrera, Francisco de, " the Elder," painter, born. [1656. Dies.] 1577+ * * A vila, Gil Gonzalez de, clergyman, historian, born. [1658. Dies.] 1578* * Philip III., king, born. [1621. D.] 1580* * Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco de, satirist, humorist, novelist, b. [1645. D.] dramatic poet, born. [1639. Dies.] Spagnoletto, painter, born. [1656. D.] 1589* * Kscohar v Mcndoza, Antonio, casu- ist, born. [1669. Dies.] 1596* * Villegas, Fslcban Manuel de, lyric poet, born. [1669. Dies.] 1598* * Zurharan, Francisco, painter, born. [1662. Dies.] 1599 * * Velasquez, Diego Eod. de Sivay, painter, born. [1660. Dies.] 1600* * Calderon de la Barca. Pedro, dramatist, born. [1681. Dies.] 1601 * * Cano, Alonzo, painter, h. [1664. D.] 1602* * Montalvan, Juan Perez de, drama- tist, born. [1638. Dies.] 1605 Apr. * Philip IV., king, born. [1665, Sept. *. Dies.] 1610* * Aleman, Mateo, novelist, dies. Henriquez de Rivera, Payo, archbishop of Mexico, administrator, born. [1684. D.] Solis, Antonio de, hist., dram., b. [1686. D.] 1614* * Carreno de Miranda, Don Juan, historical painter, born. [1685. Dies.] 1615i: * * Vizcaino, Sebastian, navigator, d. 1617* *Antonio, Nicolas, bibliographer, critic, born. [1684. Dies.] 1618* * Moivio y Cabana, Don, dram., born. [1669. Dies.] Murillo, I'.artolonie Fsteban, painter, born. [1682. Dies.] 1620* * Iriarte, I gnacio, painter, b. [1685. D.] 1621 * * Coello, Claudio, painter, born. [1693. Dies.] 1627* * Moloms, Miguel de, mystic, born. [1695. Dies.] 17th Century. Atondo y Antillon, Don Isi- doro, admiral, explorer of Lower Cab, b.,d. Bonet, Juan Pablo, teacher of deaf mutes, born, dies. Contreras, Hieronimo de, poet, hist., b., d. Enrique/,, (iuinez Antonio, poet, born, dies. 1653* *Palomino de Velasco, Acislo, painter, born. [1726. Dies.] 1660± * * Abarca, Maria de, portrait painter, dies. 1664* * Alberoni, Guilio, cardinal, states- man, born. [1752. Dies.] 1683 Dec. 19. Philip V., king, born. [1746, [1773. Dies.] 1702* * Luzan, Don Ignacio, poet, critic, born. [1754. Dies.] 1707* * Qmroga, Jose, Jesuit, explorer, born. [1784. Dies.] 1716* * I'lloa, Antonio de, scientist, naval officer, born. [1795. Dies.] 1718 * * Aranda, Count of, Don Pedro Pablo Abarca y Bolea, dip., states., b. [1799+. D.] 1720* * Campoman e s, Pedro Rodriguez, count, states., author, born. [1802. D.] Clavigero, Francisco, historian of Mexico, born. [1793. Dies.] 1728* * Florida, Blanca, Count of, Jose Mofiino, statesman, born. [1808. Dies.] 1741 * * Cadalso, Jose de, painter, satirist, born. [1782. Dies.] 1742 * * Capmany, Montpalan y Antonio de, philologist, historian, born. [1813. D.] 1743* *Abascal, Jose Fernando, com- mander, born. [1821. Dies.] 1744* * Jovellanos, Gaspar Melcbior de, poet, born. [1811. Dies.] 1745 * * Cavanilles, Antonio Jose", clergy- man, botanist, born. [1804. Dies.] 1746* * Azanza, Miguel Jose de, states., b. [1826. Dies.] - Azara, Don Felix de, nat., born. [1811. D.] 1749 * * Cean-Berniudez, Juan Angustin, writer, born. [1830. Dies.] 1750* * Ainat, Felix, clergyman, historian, born. [1824. Dies.] Iriarte ( Yriarlc), Toinas de, poet, b.[1791. D.] Miranda, Francis, revolutionary general, born. [1816. Dies.] 1753* *Carvajal, Tomas Jose" Gonzales, author, born. [1834. Dies.] 1754* * Martini, Vincenzo, musical com- poser, born. [1810. Dies.] Melendez-Yaldez, Juan Antonio, poet, born. [1817. Dies.] 1755* * Castafios, Francisco de, Duke of Baylen, general, born. [1852. Dies.] 1756* * Llorente, Don Juan Antonio, his- torian, born. [1823. Dies.] 1757 * * Villaneuva, Joaquin Lorenzo de, au- thor, born. [1837. Dies.] 1760* * Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de, dramatist, born. [1828. Dies.] 1764* * Cevallos, Pedro, dip., b. [1828. D-] Cient'uegos, Nicasio Alvarez de, poet, born. [1809. Dies.] SPAIN. 1513,**-1766,** 1129 1 765 * * Clemenein, Diego, statesman, author, born. [1834. Dies. J ±Conde, Jose" Antonio, orient., l>. [1820. D.] Navarrete, M. FenKui randa, etc., by Jaime Balmez, appears. 1843-48 History of Granada, by Modesto Lafuente, appears. 1866 Oct.* Public instruction is placed under the clergy. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 1781 Nov. 7. At Seville a woman is burned; she is charged by the inquisi- tors with making a contract with the devil. 1802 Apr. 14. Lorca, in Murcia, is in- undated by a bursting reservoir; 1,000 persons are drowned. 1803 Sept.* The yellow fever appears. [1814. Again at Gibraltar. 1819. Again at Cadiz.] 1817 * * The slave-trade is abolished. 1851 Feb. 9. The Madrid-Aranjuez railway is opened for traffic. 1854 Mar. 31. At Barcelona 15,000 ar- tisans demand that the authorities re- duce the price of provisions and increase 1863 Dec. 8. During the celebration of a feast the illuminated church of the Campania, at Santiago, burns down, and 2,000 worshipers lose their lives. 1865 Apr. 10. Madrid. Student riots cause the death of several persona. STATE. 1782 Mar. 24. Spain acknowledges the independence of the United States. 1783 Sept. 3. Treaty of Paris (p. 97). 1793 * * Spain joins the first coalition against France (p. 709). 1802 Mar. 27- Minorca restored (p. 715). 1807 July 25. The Prince of Asturias conspires against his father. Oct. 27. Treatyof Fontainebleau(p.717). 1808 Mar. 19. Charles IV., spurred by a revolution, abdicates in favor of his son. [May 6. He is forced to renounce his throne in favor of Napoleon. 1808-13. Ferdinand is imprisoned in France.] 180S-33 Ferdinand VII. reigns. (?) May 2. Madrid. Popular revolution; the French are massacred. [May 3. Asturias revolts. May 25. Napoleon meets the notables at Bayonne.] July 12. Madrid receives Joseph Bo- naparte as King of Spain. [July 29. He retires.] 1812 May 8. The Cortes grants adem- ocratic constitution. [Abolished by Ferdinand VII.] 1813 Dec. 8. Fr. Treaty of Valen- cay. Napoleon restores Ferdinand VII., un- der an agreement to preserve the integ- rity of the kingdom. 1817 * * Spain abolishes the slave-trade for a compensation. 1819 Feb. 22. Spain cedes Florida to the United States (p. 127). 1820 Jan. 1. Rafael del Riego y Nufiez leads a revolution for the restoration of the constitution of 1S12. [Mar. 29. Restored.] 1S23 Mar. * The Cortes removes the king to Seville. [Later to Cadiz. Oct. * The king again becomes despotic. Nov. 7. Riego executed. * * The' constitu- tion is abolished again by French inter- vention.] 1828 Dec. 11. Ferdinand VII. marries Maria Christina of Naples. 1830 Mar. 29. The Salic law of 1700 is abolished. [Carlist and Christina parties are formed.J 1832 Oct. 25. The queen is appointed regent during the illness of the king. 1833 Apr. 29. Don Carlos declares himself successor to the king. Sept. 29. King Ferdinand VII. dies ; Maria reigns as governing queen dur- ing the minority of her daughter, Isa- bella II. Don Carlos is proclaimed king by the Absolutist party. 1833-70 Isabella H. reigns. 1834 Apr. 25. The anti-Carlist treaty (p. 727). June 4. Don Carlos leaves for England. [July 10. He returns to Spain. Aug. 30. The peers vote his exclusion. 1839. Sept. 14. He seeks refuge in France. 1845. May 18. Resigns in favor of his son, Don Carlos.] 1841 Apr. 12-43* * BaldomeroEspar- tero is regent. 1843 June 11. The revolutionary junta assumes power again at Barcelona. Nov. 8. The Cortes declares Isabella H., 13 years old, to be of age. 1845 * * The Cortes adopts a reaction- ary constitution. 1846 Oct. 10. Queen Isabella is mar- ried to Don Francisco d'Assisi,Duke of Cadiz. 1851 Dec. 11. The queen pardons the American filibusters taken in a descent upon Cuba (p. 632). 1852 Aug. 28. Troops escort Dofia Maria Christina, the queen mother, to Portugal, much against the will of the people. [1S54. Aug. 28. She is im- peached. 18G4. Sept. 26. She returns.] 1853 Jan. 2. A stringent law is passed to restrain the press. [Jan. * Ex-Pre- mier Ramon Maria Narvaez is exiled.] 1854 June 28. A military insurrec- tion breaks out near Madrid ; Gen. Es- partero is leader of the movement. Bar- celona and Madrid favor it. July 19. Madrid. Baldcmero Espar- tero is welcomed with great enthusiasm on his return as premier. July 31. Madrid. The queen presents herself on a balcony while 3,000 revolu- tionists from the barricades defile before the palace. 1855 Jan. 13. A new constitution is proclaimed. 1861 May 19. The annexation of Santo Domingo is ratified. Dec. 8. Spain intervenes in Mexico. 1863 Jan. 8. Don Juan de Bourbon renounces his claim to the throne. 1864 Apr. * A rupture occurs with Peru. (See Peru.) [Dispute with Chili (p. 607). 1865. Jan. 27. Peru pays in- demnity ; peace.] Aug. 13. Gen. Juan Prim is exiled as a conspirator. 1865 May 5. Santo Domingo is relin- quished by a decree. June 10. A conspiracy formed at Va- lencia, to reunite Spain and Portugal, is suppressed. 1866 Jan. 3. Gen. Prim leads an in- surrection at Aranjuez. Aug.+ * Freedom of the press is abol- ished. Dec. * Taxes for 1867 are collected in advance. 1868 Jan. 23. A general amnesty is proclaimed. July 6, The Duke and Duchess of Mont- pensier are arrested. [Exiled. July 10. Also Marshal Serrano, Gen. Dolce, and others.] Sept. 17. Gen. Prim, leader of the Progressist party, arrives at Cadiz ; in- surgents rise for the overthrow of the, government. Sept. 19. Gen. Prim announces a pro- visional government. [The Ministry resign. Isabella II. is deposed and ban- ished. Sept. 29. Madrid favors the pro- visional government. The queen leaves in haste. She is declared deposed.] * * Emilio Castelar becomes a republi- can leader. Oct. 3. Don Juan, son of Don Carlos, renounces his hereditary claim to the crown in favor of his son Carlos. Oct. 5. Madrid. Gen. Francisco Ser- rano y Dominguez, Gen. Prim, and Sa- lustiano de Olozaga assume the govern- ment. 1132 1868, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 17. SPAIN. ARMY — WAVY. Dec. 5. Cadiz revolts. [Dec. 12. Sur- renders to Gen. Caballero de K-oda.] Dec. 31. Uprising at Malaga. [Insur- rectionists subdued with cruelty.] 1S69 Mar. 16. Anti-conscription riots. Sept. * The military suppresses republi- can uprisings iu many places. [Oct. 4. Republicans defeated at Reus. Oct. 16. They surrender Valencia.] 1870 Aug. 27, 28. Carlists unsuccess- fully invade Navarre. The Basque prov- inces are declared in a state of siege. 1872 * * Carlist uprisings occur in Na- varre, Leon, and other parts. [May 2. Marshal Serrano, witli 40,000 men, enters Navarre ; Don Carlos enters. May 4. Utterly defeated at Oroquieta by Gen. Moriones with 2,000 men. May 13-20. Carlists suffer several defeats.] Oct. 11. A Republican uprising occurs at Ferrol. [Oct. 17. Defeated insurgents disperse or surrender.] 1873 Feb. 22, 23. Carlists appear, and hold part of Catalonia. [Mar. * -Apr. * Many conflicts with Carlists oc- cur in the provinces.] Apr. 23. Don Alfonso de Bourbon re- tires to France. June 7. Carlists besiege Iran, near the French line. [June 26. Defeated at Cas- tanon. July 11. Don Alfonso takes Igua- lada in Catalonia.] 1873-74 Insurrection of the radical party, called Intransigentists. July 11±. Internationalists rise at Alcoy, and kill the mayor and others. July 26- Aug. 8. TheGovernment troops take "Valencia. [Aug. 4. Cadiz sur- renders to Gen. Pavia. Aug. 10. Insur- gents advancing on Madrid are defeated at Chinchilla. Nov. 22. Cartagena is besieged by the Government troops.] Aug. 25. Carlists take Estella. [Sept. 19. Repulsed at Solosa. Sept. 27. De- feated in Navarre.] Sept. 26. Germans surrender the Span- ish ironclads Almanza and Vittoria, taken from the rebels. [Sept. 28. The intransigentists bombard Alicante with their ironclads Numancia and Mendez Nunez.'] Oct. 6. Republicans and Carlists fight an indecisive battle at Puenta de la Reyna, in Navarre. [Oct. 8±. Carlists are repulsed at La Junquera, Catalonia.] Oct. 11. The Intransigentists' vessels are repulsed in attempting to break the blockade at Escombrera Bay. Oct. 21. The insurgents are repulsed in a sortie at Cartagena. [Oct. 25. Carlists defeated at Salamanca. Nov. * Cartagena is bombarded. 1874. Jan. 12. Captured]. 1874 Jan. 31. The Government an- nounces the blockade of the coast. [Mar. 2. Raised.] Mar. 8±. Marshal Serrano assumes command of the Government forces. Mar. 15. The Carlists claim a victory at San Felice in Burgos, f Mar. 25-27. Defeated at Somorrostro, near Bilbao. May 2. Fight- ing renewed ; Carlists retreat. May 20. Re- pulsed at Ramales. June 6i. At Gondesa. June 25-27. Repulse KrpuUi.-an.s at Estella. Victorious at Pefia Mura. July 13. Tate Cuenca. July 17. Massacre 86 Republican prisoners at Valfogona, Aug. 12. Defeated (?) at Oteiza. Aug. * -Sept. * Besiege Puy- cerda. Sept. 9±. Defeated near Mora. Sept. 25+. Also near Tafalla. Oct. 11±. Defeated (?) at Fortuna in Murcia. Dec. 7, 8. Re- pulse Republicans near Tolosa. 1875. Feb. 3. Defeat Royalists at Lucar. July 31. De- feated. Aug. 26. Surrender the citadel at Urgel. 1876. Jan.* The stronghold at Tolosa is surrendered by Carlists. Feb. * Defeated at Estella, Vera, and Tolosa. Feb. 18. Car- lists surrender Estella. Feb. 27. Don Carlos and five batalions surrender at St. Jean Pied de Port.] 1878 Feb. 21. W. I The end of the insurrection in Cuba is announced. 1883 Aug. 4-6. A military insurrec- tion occurs at Badajoz in favor of Re- publicans ; insurgents retire to Portugal. 1885 Nov. 4, 5. A military insurrec- tion at Cartagena is suppressed. [18S6. Jan. 10, 11. Another.] 1886 Sept. 9. Madrid. The garrison (300) revolt; suppressed. 1892 June 12. A state of siege is pro- claimed at Barcelona. 1893 * * Morocco. Troops are sent to Melilla to dislodge the hostile tribes- men. [1894. Jan. 2+. Rapidly withdrawn.] 1894 Jan. 8. Santiago is declared in a state of siege. July 22. Philippine Isles. Battle with Malays at Mindanao; Spanish loss, 14 killed, 47 wounded; Malays U'ave27dead. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1869* * The Spanish M, appears. [1811, Svea; 1820, The Children of the Lord's Supper; 1822, Axel; 1825, Frith- jofs Saga.'} 1810-13 Phosphorus is issued. 1810-12 Polyfem is issued. 1813 * * Poems, by Lars Hammarskold, appears. [1817, Hellvin och Elvina ; 1818, Swedish Literature; 1821, Histori- cal Remarks on the Progress and Develop- ment of Philosophic Studies in Sweden.] 1819 * * National Hymn-booh of Stveden, by Johan Olof Wallin, appears. 1820 * * Poems, by Erik Sjoberg, ap- pears. * * Poems, by Adolf Iwar Arwidsson, ap- pears. * * The Argus is issued by Johannson. * * Poems, by Julia Christina Nyberg, ap- pears. 1823-79 ** Narratives from Swedish History, by Anders Fry'xell, appears. 1829 * * Book of the Thorn Pose, by Karl Jonas Ludwig Almqvist, appears. [Later, Gabriele Mini an so, Amalie Hillner, Ara Minta May, Kolumbine, and Marjam.] 1830* * Poems, by Johan Ludvig Runeberg, appears, [1S32, The Elk Hunters ; 1X38, More Poems; 1S36, Hanna; 1841, Christmas Eve ; 1843, More Poems; 1844, King Fjalar ; 1848-60, Ensign St&l's Stories; 1853, Minor Writings.] * * Faderneslandbladet is issued by Cru- senstolpe. * * Aftonbladet is issued by Hjerta. 1831 * * Columbus and the Discovery of America, by Frans Michel Franzen, ap- pears. 1832 * * History of the Swedish Nation, by Eric Gustaf Geijer, appears. [1834, Peyniniscences; 1X3*1," sketch of the Condi- tion of Sweden; 1844, Life' of Charles XIV.] 1833 * * History of Swedish Literature, by Peter "Wieselgren, appears. 1833-37 Skandia is issued. 1833-34 Swenska Argus is issued. 1834 * * History of Stveden, by Anders Magnus Strinnho'lm, appears. * * Statistics of Sweden, by Karl Gustaf af Forsell, appears. 1835-57 Biographical Dictionary of Em- inent Swedes, by Vilhelm Fredrick Palm- blad, appears. [1846, Aurora Konigs- marlc] 1837 * * The First Years of Gustavus IY., by Magnus Jakob Crusenstolpe, ap- pears. [1838^10, Positions and Relations ; 1840-44, Morianen.] 1838-40 Literaturbladet is issued. 1840± * * The Neighbors, by Fredrika Bremer, appears. [1843, TheHome; later, The President's Daughters, The Diary, The H. Family, Strife and Peace, Nina, and Brothers and Sisters; 1853, The Homes of the New World; 1856, Hertha.] 1841 * * The Seers and Poets of Stoeden, by Peter Daniel Atterbom, appears. * * Waldemar Klein, by Emilia Flygare Carl^n, appears. [1844, The Professor and Thistle Island; 1850, Home in the Valley.] 1846 * * Erik XIV., by Johan Borjesson, appears. 1850* * TidsskriftforLitteratnrisissued. 1852 * * Norsk Tidsskrift is issued. 1856 * * Poems, by Karl Vilhelm Botti- ger, appears. 1858 * * The Man of Family and the Man from the People, by Maria Sophie Schwartz, appears. [1859, Work En- nobles a Man ; 1860, The Nobleman's Daughter; 1863, The Organ-Grinder's Son and Gold and Name ; 1873, A Child of the Time.] * * Revue Su6doise is issued. 1859 * * The Last of the Athenians, by Abraham Victor Rydberg, appears. 1861 * * Little Poems, by Carl Johan Snoilsky, appears. [1862, 1869, More poems ; 1871, Sonnets; 1881, Neio Poems.) 1876 * * Poems, by Karl David Wirse'n, appears. SOCIETY. 1847 Oct. 9. Sweden abolishes sla- very in its dependencies. 1855 * * The police arrest 11 persons for every 100 of the population. [1886. Aver- age annual consumption of distilled spirits, 2.47 gallons.] 1857 June 6. Oscar H. is married to the Princess Sophia of Nassau. 1869 July 28. The Princess Louisa is married to Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark. 1881 Sept. 20. Prince Gustavus is married to Victoria of Baden. 1888 Mar. 15. Prince Oscar is mar- ried to Ebba Munck of England. STATE. 1809-18 Charles XLTI. reigns. (1S09. June 7.) He decrees a repre- sentative constitution. (Sept. 17.) Fin- land is ceded to Russia. (1812. Jan. 9.) Napoleon I. seizes Swedish Pomerania. (1813. Mar. 13.) Joins the alliance against Napoleon I. (p. 521). 1814 Jan. 14. Denmark cedes Nor- way to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel (p. 639). [Nov. * Transferred.) ;- 1815 * * Prussia obtains Stralsund and the Island of Rugen. 1818-44 Charles XTV. (Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, and crown prince), formerly a French general, reigns. 1844-59 Oscar I., son of Berdanotte, reigns. 1859-72 Charles XV. reigns. 1864 Jan. 1. Free trade begins. Dec. 4-8. The Chambers adopt a new constitution. Dec. * Stockholm. The National Scan- dinavian Society is formed to advance the confederation of the three kingdoms, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. 1870 Aug. 4. Neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war is announced by proclamation. 1872 Sept. 8. Oscar H. succeeds his brother. [1873. May 12. The king and queen are crowned. 1884. Mar. 10. The crown prince is made viceroy of Nor- way.] 1893 July 22. The Storthing reduces the king's aUowance from 336,000 to 256,000 kroner. SWITZERLAND. 643,**-1781,**. 1137 Switzerland is a federal republic of central Europe ; capital, Bern. It contains 22 confederated cantons, which are largely independent in local government. The legislative power is vested in an Assembly of two chambers, the State Council having two members from each canton, and the Chamber of Representatives having 147 Deputies. The joint session of both constitutes the Federal Assembly, which elects the executives of the Federal Council and its president, who is also the president of the Swiss Confederation for a term of one year. The principle of the referendum is also employed in legislation. Religion, three-fifths Protestant, two-fifths Roman Catholic; language, German, French, Italian, and Romansch. Area, 15,976 square miles ; popula- tion, 2,933,334. ARMY — NAVY. 1315-1446 Important Battles. (1315. Nov. 15.) Morgarten (p. 504). (1386. July 9.) Sempach (p.7S4). (13SS. Apr. 9.) Nafels(p. 784). (1444. Aug. 26.) St. Jacob (p. 7S4). (1446 * *) Ragaz (p. 784). 1386-89 "War with Austria, caused by its oppressive rule. [1394+ . Another war. 1412-62. Another.] 1436-50 Civil war between Zurich and Schwyz, caused by territorial disputes. (1443.) Zurich troops are defeated at St. Jacob on the Sihl. (1444.) Zurich is 1440-46 War with Frederick III. of Austria (p. 784). 1458 * * "War with Sigismund. 1476 Mar. 3. Battle at Granson (p. 786). [June 22. At Morat (p. 786). 1477. Jan. 5. At Nancy (p. 786).] 1512 * * The Swiss in Milan (p. 7S6). 1513 June 6. JV. It. The Swiss defeat the French at Navara (p. 680). 1515 Sept. 13, 14. &. It. The Swiss power is broken by the defeat at Mele- gnano (p. 680). [1516. Peace follows.] 1529-31 "Wars of Kappel. Protestant and Roman Catholic can- tons in conflict. [1531. Oct 11. The Protestants are defeated at Kappel; Zwingli, their leader, is killed.] 1602 *« The escalade;" Charles Eman- uel of Savoy is repulsed at Geneva, after scaling the walls and entering the town. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. LETTERS. 1459 Nov. 12. The University of Basel is founded by a papal charter.- 1557 * * The Geneva Bible, printed by Rowland Hart, appears. 1565± * * Gesner writes a History of An- imals; makes a classification of plants. 1621 * * A Lexicon Hebraicum, by Johann Buxtorf , appears. 1667 * * The Universal Lexicon, by Jo- hann J. Hoffman, appears. 1696 * * Ars Critica, by Jean le Clerc, appears. 1703-15 Nova Literaria Helvetica is is- sued at Zurich. 1728-34 Bibliotheqne Italique is issued. 1752 * * The screw ship-engine is in- vented by Daniel Bernoulli. 1758 * * The Death of Abel is painted by Salomon Gessner. 1770 * * The Lover's Present is painted by Sigmund Frendenberger. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 14th Century. Tell, William, legendary pa- triot, born. 1386 * * "Winkelried, Arnold von, patriot, d. 1484* * Zwin.gli, ULric, reformer, born. 1647* * Merian, Maria Sjhvlla, artist, nat- uralist, born. [1717. Dies.] 1654* * Bernoulli, .facqiies, mathematician, born. [1705. Dies.} 1657* * Le Clerc, Jean, clergyman, critic, born. [1756. Dies.] 1667 * * Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician, born. [1748. Dies.] 1671 * * Turretini, Jean Alphonse, theolo- gian, born. [1737. Dies.] 1694 * * liurlaniaqui, Jean Jacques, jurist, born. [1748. Dies.] 1698* * I'.oilnier. Johann Jakob, journalist, born. [1783. Dies.] 1700* * Bernoulli, Daniel, mathematician, physicist, born. [1782. Dies.] 1707* *Euler, Leonhard, math.,b. [1783. D.] 1708* * Haller, Albrecht yon, physiologist, born. [1777. Dies.] 1714 * * Vattel, KimmTic de, publicist, born. [1767. Dies.] 1720* * Bonnet, diaries, naturalist, philoso- pher, born. [1793. Dies.] 1727* * Berthoud, Ferdinand, inventor of marine clocks, born. [1807. Dies.] Deluc, Jean Andre, geologist, b. [1817. D.] 1728* *Tissot, Simon Andre, physician, born. [1797. Dies.] Zimmermann, Johann von, physician, born. [1795. Dies.] 1735* * Claviere, Etienne, financier, born. [1793. Dies.] 1 740 * *Delolme, Jean Louis, political ■writer, born. [1806. Dies.] Saussure, Horace Benedict de, naturalist, born. [1799. Dies.] 1741* * Hess, Johann Jakob, Protestant theologian, born. [1828. Dies.] Kauffmann, Maria A., painter, b. [1807. D.] Lavater, John Caspar, Protestant clergy- man, physiognomist, born. [1801. D.] 1746* * Festulozzi, Johann Heinrich, edu- cator, born. [1327- Dies.] 1750* * Huber, Francois, naturalist, born. [1831. Dies.] ISth Century. Arsjand, Aime\ chemist, inven- tor, born. [1805. Dies.] 1759* *Dumont, Pierre Etienne Louis, scholar, author, born. [1829. Dies.] 1771* * Felh-nbcru, Philippe von, education- ist, born. [1844. Dies.] "1778* * Candollt', Augustin P. de, botanist, born. [1841. Dies.] CHURCH. 643* * Irish missionaries introduce Christianity. 1431 * * Council of Basel (p. 784). 1519 * * Ulric Zwingli begins the Ref- ormation at Basel. 1523* * The Anabaptists appear. [1525. Fined by the Senate. 1526. Decree of death passed by the Senate. 1527. Felix Mantz executed by drowning. 1529. Become numer- ous. 1671. 700 expelled from Bern.] 1536 * * John Calvin, from France, set- tles in Geneva. 1553 May 27. Michael Servetus hav- ing denied in print the divinity of Christ, and condemned, is burned in Geneva. 1586 Oct. 5. The seven Roman Catho- lic cantons of the Confederation form the Golden League for the maintenance of their faith in these cantons. 1231* * Henry, son of Frederick II., grants a charter to Uri. [1240. Freder- ick II. grants one to Schwyz. 1297. Adolf confirms both.] 1275 * * The Landsgemeinde of Uri first meets. [1294. That of Schwyz. 1309. June 3. Henry VII. confirms the charters of both cantons.] 1291 Aug. 1. The Swiss confedera- tion begins in the Everlasting League for self-defense, formed by the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Nidwalden [TJnter- walden]. [1315. Dec. 9. Renewed at Brunnen. 1316, Confirmed by Louis IV.] 1309 * * Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden form a confederation. [1315. The con- federates conclude alliances with Glaus, Urseren, Art, and Interlaken for protec- tion against Austria.] 1332* * Lucerne joins the League. [1351, also Zurich ; 1352, Glarus and Zug ; 1353, Bern.] 1386-89 Lucerne revolts against the oppression of Austria. [1389. A seven years' peace is signed. 1394. July 16. Extended for 20 years ; 1412, for 50 years.] 1400-19 The Caddee, or League of God's House, unites the Grisons to resist domestic tyranny. £1424. A second league. 1436. League of the Ten Juris- dictions.] 1410-26 N. It. Much territory is ac- quired by conquest. 1440-46 Zurich an ally of Austria. 1446* * Peace with France. [1450. Zu- rich makes peace with the Confederates. 1452. Alliance with France.] 1474 Mar. 30. The Everlasting Com- pact is signed at Constance ; Sigismund renounces all Austrian claims on Con- federates' lands. 1481 Dec. *The" Compact of Stanz" is formed. Freiburg and Solothurn join the Confederation. [1501. Basel and Schaffhausen join. 1515. Appenzell.] 1516* * The Confederacy is acknowl- edged by several powers ; peace with France. 1531 Nov. * The warring Protestants and Catholics make a peace; neither to attempt to convert the other by whole- sale. 1544 * * The Grisons leagues become Confederate allies. [1584. Also Geneva.] 1648* * Treaty of Westphalia; inde- pendence recognized (p. 797). 1712 Aug.* The religious wars end in the Peace of Aargau. 1781 * * The aristocratic and democratic parties in Geneva quarrel until France interferes. thor, born. [1575. Dies.] 1541* * Bauhin, .fean,hotanist, b. [1613. D.] 1620* * Hottinger, Johann H., orientalist, theologian, born. [1667. Dies.] 1623* * Turretini, Francois, theologian, born. [1687. Dies.] 1032 * * Helvetia is subject to the Ge 1171 * * Freiburg is founded. 1191* *Bem is founded. [1218. B comes an imperial city.] MISCELLANEOUS. 1345* *TheBankof Genevaisfounded. 1515 * * In three months 500+ persons are burned in Geneva as witches. 1138 1787, * *-1894, July 9. SWITZERLAND. ARMY — NAVY. 1799-1802 Switzerland is the seat of the war between the Second Coalition and Napoleon I. 1811 Aug. 24. Switzerland furnishes 6,000 men in aid of France. 1847 Nov. * Civil war begins. 1871 Feb. 1. The French are driven by the Germans across the line (p. 744). BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1787* * Diifoivr, Guillaume Henri, general, born. [1875. Dies.] Orelli, Kaspar, philologist, born. [1849. D-] 1794* * Merle d'Anbigne, Jean Henri, his- torian, born. [1872. Dies.] 1797* * Vinot, Alexandre Kodolpbe, author, born. [1847. Dies.] 1801 * * De La Kive, Ausjuste, natural phi- losopher, born. [1873. Dies.] 1810* *Calame, Alexandre, artist, born. [1864. Dies.] „ 1811 * *pesor, Edouard, scientist, born. [1882. Dies.] 1812* * Thalbcrg, Sigismnnd, pianist, born. [1871. Dies.] 1820* * Tschudi, Friedrich von, zoologist, born. [188G. Dieo.I 1822* * luiba, .Jaltob, states., b. [1819. D.l 1829* * Vautier, Henhunin, painter, born. 1889 Feb. 33. Mermillod, Gaspar, cardi- nal, A(i8. 1893 Apr. 4. Candolle, Alphonse L. P. P., botanist, A87. Aug. 14, Ruchonnet, M. L., statesman, d. 1894 Feb. 2. Ilerzog, Hans, general, A76. 1806 Sept. 2. A landslide on the Ross- berg Mountain causes SOO deaths. 1816* * Blblinthvque Universelle issued. 1824 * * Auguste de la Rive invents a galvanometer. [1843. Advances the principal of the telephone.] 1830 * * Education is made independent of the clergy by law. 1838 * * Revue Suisse is issued. 1839 * * Christian F. Schonbein discov- ers ozone at Basel. [1845. Guncotton and collodion.] 1848 Oct. 7. The attempted introduc- tion of Jesuit teachers in the Catholic cantons leads to a revolution. 1853 * * Lake dwellings of a prehistoric race are discovered. [1882. Mar. * At Constance.] 1857 Aug. 31. The Mont Cenistun- nel is begun (p. 1088). 1872 * * Prof. Kopp of Lucerne demon- strates that the popular stories concern- ing "William TeU are myths. [1890. Aug. * Ordered by Government to be expunged from school-books.] 1889 Oct. 6. The Council of State for Freiburg votes $2,250,000 to found a Ro- man Catholic University. 1891 July 11. An avalanche on the west side of Mont Blanc causes a flood ; nearly 200 lives are lost. 1893 Sept. 13. The erection of an ob- servatory on Mont Blanc is completed. CHURCH. 1804-19 Bible societies are organized. (1804.) The Basel. (1812.) The Zurich. (1813.) The Coire. (1814.) The Lausanne and the Geneva. (181G.) The Neuchatel. (1819.) The Glarus. 1830 * * The Society of Israel's Friends is organized at Basel. 1839* * Methodism is introduced. [1849. American Methodists introduce amission. 1886. Conference organized.] 1S40-I- * * The Protestants and Catholics struggle with the education question. [1846. A league of cantons is formed to support education by Jesuits. 1847. Sept. 3. -The Diet orders the expulsion of the Jesuits ; civil war follows.] 1847 Nov. 29. The Jeusits expelled, and the monastic property confiscated. 1861* *The Evangelical Alliance meets in Geneva. [1872. Sept. 23-2S. Again. 1878. Sept. 2. At Basel.] 1872 Feb. 17. Consignor llermlllod, the papal nuncio, refusing to submit to the civil authorities, is expelled. [1874. Sept. 5. The Government deprives l!) Koman Catholic priests of '.heir parishes because they will not take the constitutional oath.] 1874 June* The Swiss National Church is organized. 1879 Aug. 17. Old Catholics meet at Bern. [1880. May 23. At Geneva.] 1883 * * The Salvation Army begins work. [1884. Sept. 2-r. Persecuted by authorities at Bern. 1890. Jan. 28. The Bundesrath decides the Army is en- titled to state protection.] STATE. 1794 July 19. A revolution breaks out at Geneva ; it is led by two resident commissioners of the French revolution. 1798 Mar. * The French occupy Swit- zerland; the Confederation is dissolved. [Mar. 29. The Helvetic republic is proclaimed. Apr. 12. Geneva is an- nexed by France (p. 713). Uric and Vaud secede from the republic] 1803 Feb. 19. The Confederation is restored- by the " Act of Mediation." The cantons of St. Gall, Grisons, Aar- gau, Thurgau, Ticino, and Vaud join it. [1813. Dec. 30. Also Geneva, Valais, and Neuchatel.] 1806 * * Neuchatel is ceded to France. 1815 Aug. 1. A new constitution is adopted. [1839. Those of the cantons are revised.] 1847 * * The Diet is at war with the " Sonderbund " on the Jesuit education question. 1848 * * The new constitution central- izes the government more than the old one. [1874. It is revised.] 1857 * * Neuchatel is freed from Prus- sian claims. 1891 July 6. A plebiscite favors a new- law empowering 50,000 citizens to sub- mit the text of bills to the Chambers, and compelling their consideration. 1894 July 9. A referendum defeatB a proposal to insert in the constitution a declaration of the right of every male citizen to labor. MISCELLANEOUS. 1787 * * A savings-bank is opened at Bern, the first one established. [1792. Another at Basel.] 1845 Dec. 5. The Fraternal Order of Templars of Honor and Temperance is organized. 1S61 May 3. Glarus is destroyed by fire. 1CG7 Sept. 2. The Workmen's Inter- national Congress opens at Lausanne. Sept. 9-12. An International Arbitra- tion and Peace Congress is in session at Geneva. 1868 June 15. Mont Cenis tunnel opened (pp. 1088, 1089). Sept. 9-12. An International Peace and Liberty Congress opens at Geneva. [Sept. 22-26. At Bern.] 1871 Dec. 18. The Alabama Claims Arbitration Commission meets at Ge- neva (pp. 275, 279). 1872 * * The St. Gothard tunnel is be- gun, 9J miles long (p. 1090). Aug. 18. The ex-Duke of Brunswick dies, bequeathing £764,000+ to the city of Geneva. 1874 * * Capital punishment is abol- ished by referendum, 17 out of 21 cantons favor. [1879. May * Restored. Vote, 191,197-177,263.] 1S75 May 23. The civil marriage and registration law is approved by a referen- dum. Vote, 212,854-204,700. 1887 May 16. By a two-thirds vote of the people, the manufacture, importa- tion, and sale of spirits becomes a gov- ernment monopoly. 1891 June 14. A broken bridge on a railway causes 150± deaths. 1892 Aug. 22. Bern. An International Peace Congress opens. 1893 Aug. 1. The 600th anniversary of the Swiss nationality is celebrated. TRIPOLI. Tripoli is a vilayet of the Turkish Empire, on the northern coast of Africa ; capital, Tripoli. Area, including its dependen- cies, Fezzan and Barca, 144,500+ square miles ; population, 1,000,000+. 7th Century. Conquered by Arabs. 1146* * Tripoli is taken by Sicilians [1184. Retaken by Yakoub. 1510. Ta- ken from Tunis by Ferdinand of Spain. 1551. Sultan Solyman takes the citadel, and annexes Tripoli to Turkey.] 1551 * * The Turks make Dragut the first governor. [1553. Corsairs Dragut and Sinan expel the Knights of St. John. The pirates terrorize seamen.] 1683* * The French bombard Tripoli to suppress piracy ; the pasha professes submission. 1714* *The Moors successfully rebel against the Turks, and acquire indepen- dence. Ahmed Caramanti is the first pasha elected by the people. 1801-05 War with the United States (p. 110). Peace (p. 113). 1813* * Mohammed el-Senusi comes from Algiers. [His austere doctrines are enthusiastically received and many thousand adherents gained.] TRIPOLI. 1146, * *-1889, July 4. 1139 1816 * * The British force the bey to 1881 Nov. renounce piracy (p. 938). -, 1835 * * Tripoli reconquered by Turkey. -t- Ahmed Kassini is pasha. 1889 July 4. A decree is issued abol- A mission opened at Tripoli. ishing the slave-trade. TUNIS. Tunis is a French protectorate in Northern Africa ; capital, Tunis. The government is nominally conducted by a native hey, who is controlled by a French resident. The Mohammedan religion prevails. Area, 45,000 square miles ; population, 1,500,000±. 509 * * b. c. Carthage makes a treaty with Rome. [348. b. c. Utica is an ally of Carthage.] 264-242 b. c. Carthage at war with Rome (p. 1052-1053, 1055). 247 * * b. c. Hannibal, general, born. [183. b. c. Dies.] 229 * * b. c. Hamilcar, general, dies. 29 * * b. c. Carthage is recognized as a Roman city by Augustus. 200 * * a. d. Carthage is a Christian bishopric. [218±, 251, 252 and 253, 254, 255 and 256, 330, 397-398, 401, 408, 411 or 412, 416, 418, church councils are held.] 258 * * Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, dies. 439± * * Conquered by Vandals. [7th Century. By Arabs.] 533 * *Belisarius takes Carthage for the Greek emperor. [697. Carthage is de- stroyed by Saracens.] 700+ * * Utica flourishes greatly. 1050+ * * The Fatimites send hordes of Bedouins from Upper Egypt to ravage Tunis. 1148 * * The Zihite dynasty is extin- guished by Roger I. of Sicily ; Norman authority is established. [1160. The Almohade Caliph Abd-al-Mu'min ends their rule in the capture of Mahdiya.] 1267-70 Crusade of Louis IS. of France against the Moslems (p. 672+). 1336* * Abu Zakariya, Prince of Tunis, proclaims independence of the Almo- hades' decayed rule ; founds a dynasty. 1390* * The Duke of Bourbon conducts an expedition to Tunis. 1525* * Disputed succession; Khair-ed- Din Barbarossa, urging a pretext, claims it for the sultan of Constantinople. [1536. Barbarossa talces Tunis for the Sultan Solyman.] 1537* * The expedition of the Emperor Charles V. conquers Tunis, and releases all Christian slaves. 1570 * Algerines under Ali Pasha take Tunis. [1573. By Don Juan of Spain. 1575. Talten by the army o^ the Sultan Selim II. ; he appoints the first bey, who rules as a.Ti' kish province ; it becomes a piratical state, and a terror to seamen.] 1603-1702 The office of bey is heredi- tary in the house of Murad. 1655 * * Adna. Blake reduces Tunis for refusing to surrender British captives. 1702-05 Ibrahim reigns, the last of the beys. 1705+ * * The Hussein dynasty reigns. 1813 * * „- collective note from the pow- ers causes the abandonment of piracy. 1856 * * The bey promises constitutional reforms. [1859. Mohammed-es-Sadok, takes the constitutional oath.] 1871 Oct. 25. The sultan decrees that Tunis is a part of the Turkish Empire. 1879 Jan.* Dispute with France; [settled by the bey ] (p. 10). 1881 Apr. 30. A French force bom- bards and captures Eizerta in redressing alleged predatory incursions into Alge- ria. [Oct. 10. The French occupy Tunis. Nov. * The French army, 20,000 strong, suppresses resistance.] May 12. The French sign a treaty with the bey, which guarantees his security of person and dynasty but virtually an- nexes Tunis to France (p. 753). May * The Sultan protests. [1884. Jan. 1. French courts of law set up.] 1882 Oct. 28+. Sidi Ali Pasha is bey. 1884* * Tunis. The North African Mis- sion (Eng.) opens a mission. 1889 May 27. Cardinal Lavigerie lays the foundation of pro-cathedral. TURKEY. Turkey is an empire having territory on three continents, — southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa ; capi- tal, Constantinople. The government is an absolute monarchy under a sultan, and administered by a grand vizier and cabinet. The population comprises Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Syrians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Jews, Egyptians, and Arabs. The chief religion is Mohammedanism, but many others are tolerated. Total estimated area, 1,147,578 square miles ; population, 27,698,000+. Turkey in Europe, area, 126,013 square miles ; population, 8,987,000+. Note. — Dates of Biblical events marked by an S follow McClintock and Strong ; by W, follow Prof. Owen C. Whitehouee ; by a star, fol- low Conybeare and Howson. , No attempt has been made to harmonize the contradictory ancient dates assigned by the various authors whose works have been used in this compilation. ARMY — NAVY. 3750+ * * e. c. Babylonia. Sargon is a fighter ; he attacks Elam, conquers " the westland," also the " four regions." ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * * b. c. Armenia. (?) Adam is a hor- ticulturist in Eden. (4004, Usher.) [3875+. Abel a shepherd; Cain is an agriculturist.] * * * b, c. Lameeh is the head of a fam- ily of inventors. [Tubal, his son, in- vents wind and stringed instruments of music. " The father of all such as han- dle the harp and the organ." Tubal- Cain invents a method of forging iron and brass weapons. Jabal is the first to erect a tent, and to possess cattle as property.] (3875, Usher.) 3761 + * * b. c. The era of the Jews begins. 3750 + * * Babylonia. Sargon is a great builder. [3700+ Naram-sin, his son, builds a temple to the sun at Sippar, containing records found 550 B. C. by Narbonidus.] CHURCH. : * * B. c. Armenia. (?) Adam created ; the church a theocracy. Fall of Adam and Eve ; Saviour promised. (4004, U.) : * * b. c. Animals are offered in sacri- fice by Abel ; the " fruit of the ground " is offered by Cain. (3875, Usher.) ' * * B. C. Seth becomes the preserver of true religion. (3874, Usher.) ' * * B. c. Enoch is translated at the age of 365 years. (3185, S. ; 3017, Usher.) : * * B. C. Because of the wickedness of the antediluvians, the Deluge is sent for their destruction, and continues 377 days. (3154, Hales ; 2516-2515, S.; 2348, U.) SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. * * * B. C. Asia. The family is insti- tuted. (4004, Usher.) fc * * b. c. Asia. Polygamy is intro- duced by Lameeh, who takes two wives. (3130, Usher.) STATE. * * * b. c. Theocracy in Eden ; Adam and Eve. (4004, Usher.) * * * b. c. Cain builds Enoch, the first city. (3875, Usher.) 3750 * * b. c. Babylonia. Sargon, the first historic king, reigns in the north. [3700+. Naram-sin reigns. 2200. Ur-Bahu consolidates the kingdom. 2287-32. Ham- murab, the sixth king, reigns. 2232-2 I 1)7. Samsu-Iluna reigns.] 2700 (or 2800) * * Babylonia. Ur is an important ruling city. (The oldest kings of Ur, Ur-Gur and Dungi, are mentioned as kings of Sbumer (Shinar) in the South, and Akkad (Accad) in the North. 2400. Gungunum is King of Ur, and thefounder (?) of the second dynasty. 2300. Nur- Kamman and Sin-ldinnam are kings of Larsam in South Babylon.) 2400* * Babylonia. Sumu-Abi founds the first dynasty in the list of Babylonian kings. 1140 b.c. -1350± TURKEY. ARMY — NAVY. 2280±**b. c. Babylonia. Elamite invasion from the east. Babylon, the capital, is conquered. 2250 * * B. c. Babylonia. Hammurabi defeats Rim Sin. 2000+ * * b.c. Asia Minor is the bat- tle-field of the world. * * *b.c. Assyr. Chedorlaomer, King of Elam, and allied kings capture the cities of the plain of Sodom ; Lot is taken. Abraham defeats the four kings and rescues Lot. (1912, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Ishmael becomes an archer. (1892, Usher.) 1600+ * * B. c. Pal. The Hittites are defeated by the Egyptians at Megiddo (p. 648). [1300+ . Barneses II. defeats them at Kadesh on the Orontes.] * * * b. c. Pal. Moses sends 12 spies to Canaan. (1490, Usher.) * * * B. c. Pal. The Israelites defeat the Ammonites under King Sihon and take three cities. Joshua defeats the Midi- anites, exterminates the women, and takes great booty. (1452, Usher.) [He defeats the second confederacy of Ca- naanite kings and their allies. Rahab receives Joshua's spies at Jericho. He kills the King of Jerusalem. Israelites defeat Og, King of Bashan ; capture Jericho. Defeat men of Ai. Also de- feat confederacy of kings. (1451, Usher.) The Canaanites use cavalry in battle. (1450, Usher.)] * * * B. c. Pal. Israel nearly extermi- nates Benjamin. (1406, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Deborah, the proph- etess, and Barak, the captain, defeat Sisera, and deliver Israelites from their third bondage. (1396, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Othniel delivers Israel- ites from rule of Cushan-Kishathaim. (1567, S.; 1394, Usher.) * * * B. c. Pal. The Israelites are de- feated, and serve Eglon, king of Moab. [Ehud delivers Israel; 10,000 Moabites arekilled. ( 133G, I'sher.)] ( l-".09, S. ; 1354, Usher.) 1350± * * b. c. The Assyrians are gen- erally victorious in many battles with Babylonians. [1300± Bel Kudur-uzur gains much land from the Assyrians. Assyrians under Tukulti-Adar conquer Babylon. 1153 Askur. Dan I. of As- syria defeats the Babylonian king Za- mama-sum-iddina.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. * * * b. c. Armenia. (?) The Ark is com- menced by Noah. (2468, Usher.) The cubit is used for measurements. Calk- ing with pit oil employed, and doors and win- dowsused. [234M. Ark is completed. " Length about 540, breadth 90, and height 54 feet." (Murphy.)] 2349 Dec. 7. b. c. Armenia. (?) The DNToachian deluge begins. It continues 377 days. (Blair.) [2348. May 6. Noah's art rests on one of (he mountains of Ararat. (Blair.) Dec. 18. Noah and fam- ily leave the Ark.] + * * b. c. Armenia. " Noah plants a vineyard, and drinks of the wine and is drunken." (2347, Usher.) 2287-2232 b.c. Hammurabi builds the great canal and many temples. 2286 * * b. o. Chaldea. King Urukh builds numerous temples. * * *b. c. Babylon. Tower of Babel is built, of bricks and mortar, as a means of escape in time of flood. (2247, U.) 2234* * b. c. Babylon. Astronomical observations are made by the Chal- deans. [Calisthenes, the Greek philos- opher, is present when Alexander the Great takes Babylon ; he finds in the tower of Babel calculations of eclipses for 1,903 years preceding.] 2232-2197 b. c. Samsu-iluna builds a great canal. * * * b. c. Pal. Oil lamps are used in the days of Abraham. (1921, Usher.) * * *b. c. Pal. "Wells are dug by Abra- ham. (1892, Usher.) [By Isaac. (1894, Usher.)] 1700 * * b. c. Phenicia. Alphabetical writing is discovered. 1494* * b. c. Europe. "Writing is taught to the Latins by Europa, daughter of Agenor, King of Phenicia. (Thucydides.) * * * b. c. Arabia. Manna is sent for the sustenance of the Israelites while journeying through the wilderness. Ar- tisans are inspired for the production of the Tabernacle. (1491, U.) LBezaleel and Aholiab build the Tabernacle of Moses in the wilderness, and make all the vessels and ornaments.] fc * * b. c. Joshua commands the sun and the moon to stand still while he fights the Canaanite confederacy. (1451, U.) fe * * b. c. The plow is in use. " Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together." * * * b. c. The sling is used in battle with great skill by the Benjamite Blingers. (1406, Usher.) CHURCH. fc * *B.c. Noah erects an altar ; the first mentioned in history. (2347, Usher.) fc * * B. c. Armenia. Abram departs from Haran. (20SS, S. ; 1921, Usher.) fc * * B. c. Pal. Abram receives the bless- ing of Melchizedek, after delivering Lot from the four kings. b '.* * b. c. Abram sends away Ishmael and Hagar the concubine. [Ishmael be- comes the progenitor of the Arabs.] (1913, Usher.) [ * * b. c. Pal. The rite of circum- cision is instituted as the seal of God's covenant with Abraham. (2064, S. ; 189S, Usher.) 1 * b. c. Pal. The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are destroyed by fire ; the vale of Sodom becomes a part of the Dead Sea. [ * * B. c. Judea. Abraham intention- ally offers up his son Isaac. (1872, U.) : * * B. C. Judea. Esau sells his birth- right to Jacob for a mess of pottage. (1805, Usher.) ' * *B.c. Judea. Jacob flees from home; has a ladder-vision in Bethel. (1927, S. ; 1760, Usher.) ' * * B. c. Armenia. Jacob departs from Laban. He wrestles with the angel for a blessing. His name is changed. (1907, S. ; 1739, Usher.) c * *b. c. Job, the patriarch, flourishes. (1520+ ; 720+ ; 1730, Usher.) 1 * * (?) b. c. Judea. Joseph is sold by his brothers. (1395, S. ; 1729, U.) [He in- terprets the Egyptian prisoners' dreams. (1885, S. ; 1718, U.) He becomes gover- nor of Egypt under Pharaoh. (1883, S. ; 1715, U.) The sons of Jacob visit Egypt, seeking food. (1875, S. ; 1707, U.) Jacob's family migrates to Egypt by the invita- ion of Joseph and Pharaoh. (1750, W. ; 1784, S. ; 1706, U.)] : * * B. c. Egy. The Israelites are per- secuted by Barneses II. Miamum. (1573, U.) [* * * Their male children are cast into the Nile. 1571, Usher (p. 648).] : * * B. c. Egy. Moses, the Hebrew child, is adopted into the royal family. (1571, Usher.) r* * * He renounces Pharaoh's court, kills an Egyptian oppressor, and flees for his life toMidian in Arabia. (1698, S. ; 1531, Usher.) He beholds the burning hush in the wilderness near Sinai, and receives his commission to deliver Israel. (1491, Usher).] : * *B. c. Egy. The ten plagues. The river is changed to blood ; frogs ; lice ; flies ; murrain of cattle; boils and blains; hail; locusts ; darkness ; death of the first-born. (1491, Usher.) r * *B. c. Egy. The Passover, the most solemn festival of the Jews, is instituted to commemorate their escape from the land of bondage ; the destroying angel passed over their homes. (1491, U.) ■ * * B. c. Egy. The Exodus. (1320, W.) [A pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night lead Israel all the way from Egypt to Canaan. Pharaoh and the Egyptians drown in the Red * * * B. c. Arabia. Israelites mu because the waters of Marah are hit- ter. (1491, Usher.) * * * B. c. Arabia. The Sabbath is sanc- tified in the omission of the fall of manna. ["Water issues from the rock of Horeb when Moses smites it with a rod. Moses and Aaron are forbidden admission to Canaan for speaking unadvisedly. The glory of God seen on Sinai; 50 days after leaving Egypt, it is displayed to the eyes of men. The voice of God ut- ters the Ten Commandments in hear- ing of all the people at Sinai. Moses and 70 elders ascend Sinai to meet God ; Moses remains 40 days. The Israelites worship the golden calf ; 3.000 idolaters are killed. Moses breaks the two tables of stone in his indignation ; he mediates for Israel; beholds the glory of God from a cleft in the rock ; he spends another 40 days with God on Sinai ; returns with new tables of stone. Contributions are made for the erection of the Taber- nacle at Sinai. (1658, S.) Israelites de- sire flesh food. Quails are sent in over- abundance, and the plague follows. El- dad and Medad prophesy in the camp, unforbidden by Moses. The Tabernacle at Sinai is dedicated. (1657, S.) Aaron and his sons are consecrated for the priesthood. Wadab and Abihu offer strange fire. Animals are separated into clean and unclean classes. Laws of purification after childbirth and sani- tary laws are given. The yearly day of atonement is instituted at Sinai. Pro- hibitions are announced. The Sanhe- drin is instituted as the highest council of jurisdiction. Pal. The Israelites ar- rive at Kadesh, murmur, and are sent hack to wander in the wilderness.] (1490, Usher.) : * * B. c. Korah and his rebellious com- pany of 250 chief men are swallowed by an earthquake. Aaron's rod buds and blossoms. (1471, Usher.) * * B. c. Aaron dies ; Eleazar suc- ceeds his father in the office of high priest. (1619, S. ; 1452, U.) The brazen serpent is set up. Balaam, the sooth- sayer, attempts to curse Israel, and blesses them instead ; he is reproved by an ass. TURKEY. b.c. -1350 ± 1141 * * *b.c. Pal. The Jordan is divided ; Israel passes over dry shod, and enters the land of Canaan. The manna ceases. (1618, S.) The captain of the Lord's host appears unto Joshua in Canaan. Cir- cumcision is renewed after a lapse of 40 years. Jericho is destroyed ; R-ahab is preserved. Joshua commands the sun and moon to stay their course while he fights the Canaanite kings. Achan sins in taking of " the accursed thing." Moses prays that he may enter the promised land, hut is denied. He writes the Pentateuch. (?) He dies. (1451, U.) * * * B. c. Pal. Forty-eight cities are as- signed to the Levites. The Tabernacle is established in Canaan at Shiloh [near Jerusalem]. The Israelites erect an al- tar west of the Jordan. The land of Canaan is divided by casting lots. (1444, U.) * * * B. c. Pal. The Israelites worship Baal ; also Ashtoreth, a Phenician god- dess of the Venus type. (1406, S. ; 1425, U.) * * * b. c. Judea. The Benjamites are nearly destroyed by their brethren. Micah, the Danite, has a Levite for a priest ; also household gods. Eleazar, the high priest, dies ; Phineas is his suc- cessor. (1406, U.) [Abishua; ** *Bukki; 1255. Uzzi.] 1402-1095 b. c. Pal. Judges rule Is- rael. (1567-1093, S. ; 1425-1095, Usher.) LETTERS. * * *B.O. A Speech of Lamech [the old- est poetry extant.] (3874, Usher.) * * * B. c. A confusion of tongues oc- curs at the Tower of Babel. (2347, Usher.) 1700 * * b. c. Accadian or Chaldean li- braries are formed. (?) * * * B. c. The song of deliverance and the passage through the Bed Sea is writ- ten. 'The Ten Commandments were written on two tables of stone. (1491, U.) * * * b. c. An Amorite poem is written. (Num. xxii.) (1452, Usher.) * * * B. c. The Israelites commanded to set up great stones, with the "words of the law written upon them. (1451, Usher.) * * * b. c. The Song of Moses is written. (Deut. xxx.) (1451, Usher.) SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. * * *b.c. Asia. Licentiousness and violence precede the Deluge. (2468, U.) * * * B. C. Armenia. Noah, a vineyard- ist, becomes intoxicated. (2347, Usher.) 2007 * * B. c. Assyr. Eunuchs are mentioned ; Queen Semiramis employs them. * * * b. c. Pal. Gold and silver money are first mentioned; Abraham buys a burial-place. (1920, Usher.) * * * b. c. Jerusalem. Salem is first mentioned. (1913, Usher.) * * *b.c. Pal. Civil oaths are taken by Abraham. (1892, Usher.) * * * B. c. Judea. Esau grieves his par- ents by marrying two Hittite wives. (1796, Usher.) * * *B.c. Judea. Jacob uses a base stratagem to secure his aged father's blessing, and then flees for his life from Esau, his wronged brother. (1767, U.) * * * B. C. Armenia. Jacob marries his two cousins, Leah and Rachel, for whom he serves 14 years. (1760, Usher.) * * * b. C. Judea. The 10 sons of Jacob sell young Joseph, their brother, the favorite of their father, to the Ishmael- ites as a slave. (1729, Usher.) * * * B. C. Egy. Joseph's property is distributed by a last will. (1689, U.) * * * b. c. Arabia. Moses accepts the counsels of Jethro, his father-in-law. Miriam and Aaron murmur against Moses because of his Ethiopian wife. (1491, Usher.) * * b. c. Pal. Usury from strangers is permitted, but forbidden of brethren. Jewish law requires a man's brother to marry his widow, if she is without children. The Jews are forbidden to mar their beards. Criminals are com- monly stoned. Adultery is punishable with death. The year of Jewish Ju- bilee is appointed. Lands revert to ori- ginal owners ; the land rests ; bondsmen are set free. * * * b. C. Pal. Phineas the priest thrusts a man and woman through. Israelites destroy the Midianites on the plains of Moab, but spare the licentious women. (1452, Usher.) * * * B. C. Arabia. Jews are forbidden to wear garments of wool and cotton mixed together, or those of the oppo- site sex. Elogging is limited to forty stripes. "Wilful murder is punishable with death ; accidental homicide is not, but the killer may abide in one of the cities of refuge until the high priest dies. King Og, a giant, has a bedstead nine cubits long (13£ feet). (1451, Usher.) 1433 * * B. c. Babylon. Atossa, daugh- ter of Belochus, introduces the custom of selling marriageable females annu- ally to the highest bidder. * * * b. c. Pal. The tribe of Benjamin is nearly annihilated for defending beastly criminals, (1390, Usher.) STATE. 2287-2232 B.C. * * Babylonia. Hammu- rabi reigns ; he drives out the last of the Elamitic invaders, restores the union of Simmer and Akkad, and makes Babylon the capital city. [The kingdom lasts 2,000 years.] He saves the land from de- vastating floods by a regular system of irrigation and a wall along the Tigris. He built the great Hammurabi -Canal. 2250+ * * b. c. Phenicia. Tyre is built. 2232-2197 * * B. C. Babylonia. Samsu- iluna reigns ; he is son of Hammurabi. * * * b. c. Dispersion of Noah's grandsons. (2247, Usher.) Sons of Shem: Elam to Persia; Ashur to Assyria; Arphaitad, ancestor of the Jews; Lud to Lydia; Aram to Syria. Sons of Ham: Cush to Babylon; Misraim to Egypt; Phutto Libya; Canaan to Phenicia. Sons of Japheth: Gomer, the Indo-Ger- manic races; Magog to northern Asia; Madai to Media; Javan to the land of the Greets or lonians, France, Home, Spain, etc. ; Tubal to Tartary; Meshech to Muscovy (?); Tiraa to Thrace. * * * b. c. Armenia. Haik, a fugitive from Assyria, arrives, ami becomes ruler. [1827. Aram reigns, and founds [Cffisarea] in Cap- padocia. 1715. Ruled by Assyria.] 2094-1726 Babylonia. First dynasty.' [1700±. The Kossaic invasion occurs, and the invaders are absorbed without in- jury to the Semitic character and civili- zation.] J2048 * * b. c. Ire. Partholani lands, and founds a Phenician colony. (?) 2000 (?) * * b. c. The Assyrians have become a people separate from the Babylonians. » * * * b. c. Armenia. Abraham leaves Padan-Aram for Canaan. (1921, Usher.) [1918. He visits Egypt.] (2S76±, Wilkin- son.) * * * b. c. Syria. Damascus is already a city. (1913, Usher.) [1702. Altades reigns.] * * * b. c. Jerusalem. Salem founded. (?) (1913, Usher.) 1840±-70± B.C. Assyr. Ismi-dagon reigns. 1726-1150 Babylonia. Second dynasty. Kings are mostly Kossaic. An indepen- dent Assyrian kingdom is founded dur- ing this dynasty. 1723 * * b. c. Babylonia. Dynasty of Assyrians. (Kawiinson.) * * * b. C. Egy. Joseph, the ex-slave, is governor. (1715, Usher.) [1706. (?) His father and brethren migrate to Egypt-] * * * b. c. Egy. Sesostris (Hameses II. ?), King of Thebes, extends his do- minions by the conquest of Arabia, Per- sia, India, and Asia Minor. * * *B. c. Egy. Moses, the Hebrew, is adopted into the royal family by Pha- raoh's daughter. (1531, Usher.) 1518-1273 B.C. Babylon. Dynasty of the Arabs. (Rawlinson.) * * *b. c. Egy. The Exodus; 600,000 Israelites, besides the children, escape. (1491, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. The 12 spies report gi- ants in Canaan (1490, Usher) ; the Isra- elites rebel [and wander 38 years in the * * * B. c. Pal. Korah, Dathan, and Abiram mutiny against Moses. (1471, U.) * * * b. c. Pal. Reuben and Gad so- licit an inheritance east of the Jordan. Balak, King of the Moabites, is intimi- dated. (1452, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Joshua succeeds Moses, (1451, U.) [He leads Israel into Canaan, where the journey of 40 years ends.] * * *b. c. Pal. The Gibeonites deceive Joshua, and obtain a treaty of peace. He makes them "hewers of wood and drawers of water." [Joshua partly di- vides the land of Canaan among the tribes of Israel. (1445, Usher.) He dies, and the elders of the people rule Israel.] (1593, S. ; 1443, Usher.) 1480 * * b. c. Chaldea. Kara-in-das reigns. [1445, Purna-puriyas; 1405, Kara-Khar-das; 1401, Nayibugas; 1400, Kurri-Galzu; 1300, Tiglathinin.] * * * B. c. First bondage of the Israel- ites, under the King of Mesopotamia. (1575, S. ; 1402, Usher.) * * * B. c. Othniel judges Israel. (1567, S. ; 1394-54, Usher.) [Ehud (1509, S.; 1336, Usher) ; Shamgar (1429, S.) ; Debo- rah and Barak (1409, S. ; 1296, Usher),] 1374* * B. c. Mysia. Tros reigns in H- lium [Troy] , Phrygia. [1260 ; Leomedon.] 1142 1345± ** b.c.-888±** b.c. TURKEY. ARMY — NAVY. * * *b. c. Pat. Shamgar kills 600 Phil- istines with an ox-goad. (1320, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Deborah and Barak de- feat Sisera and deliver Israel. (1409, S. ; 1296, Usher.) * * *B.c. Pal. Gideon and 300 men sur- prise the vast camp of Midianites in the night, and create a panic hy torches and trumpets. (1262, S. ; 1249, Usher.) 1240 * * b. c. Mysia. The Argonauts capture Troy. [1194-1183. Siege of Troy.] (P. 1014.) 1200-1150 Assyr. Asur-dan I. conquers many cities. * * * b. c. Pal. Jephthah defeats the Ammonites. (1143, Usher.) * * * B. c. Pal. Samson slays a thou- sand Philistines with the jawbone of an ass. (1185, S. ; 1140, Usher.) * * * B. c. Pal. Samuel defeats the Philistines at Mizpeh. (1121, Usher.) 1120 * * B. c. Babylonia. Nebuchad- nezzar is defeated in a campaign against Ashur-res-isi. [Nebuchadnezzar becomes famous as a warrior ; he conducts a cam- paign against the Elamites ; conquers the Kulubaer, the westland, and the country north and east of Babylon.] 1120-1100 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pile- ser I. is a warlike king ; he fought 42 countries and their kings. Assyr. Tiglath-Pileser I. conquers Musku (O. T., Mesech) and Babylon ; he conquers and attaches 42 lands. * * * B. C. Pal. Saul delivers Jabesh- Gilead from the Ammonites. (1084, S. ; 1037, W. ; 1095, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Saul forms a standing army; Jonathan defeats the Philis- tines. (1077, S.; 1093, Usher.) [Jonathan with his armor-bearer smites the Philis- tines. (1087, Usher.)] * * * b. c. Pal. Saul with 200,000 men defeats the Amalekites, and disobedi- ently spares King Agag and the spoil. (1070, S. ; 1079, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. David kills Goliath, the Philistine giant. - King Saul defeats the Amalekites in South Palestine. The Israelites rout the Philistines at Ephes- dammin. (1063, S. ; Usher.) * * * B. c. Pal. David defeats the Amal- ekites after they have taken Ziklag and much spoil. (1056, Usher.) * * *b. c. Pal. The Philistines defeat King Saul at Mount Gilboa ; he com- mits suicide. (1055, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Jerusalem is taken by David. (1044, S. ; 1048, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. David subdues the Phil- istines in two pitched battles. (1045, S. ; 1044, Usher.) [The Ammonites and the Syrians. (1043, Usher.) He subdues the Moabites. (1040, Usher.)] * * *b. c. Syria. Damascus is taken by David, but soon surrendered. (1040, U.) * * * b. c. Judea. Absalom rebels against David his father. [Defeated in the woods of Ephraim by Joab ; being caught in a tree, he is killed. (1023, S. ; 1023, Usher.)] 966+ * * b. c. Judea. Invasion of Shi- shak, King of Egypt ; he captures Je- rusalem, and plunders the Temple. (969, Usher ; 932, Kent.) * * * b. c. Pal. Abijah defeats Jero- boam, who loses 500,000 men. (958, U.) 932* * b. C. Judea. Invasion of Zerah, King of Ethiopia, with a million men ; he is defeated at Mareshak by King Asa. (941, Usher.) * * * b. c. Samaria. Benhadadl., King of Syria, besieges Samaria, but is re- pulsed by Ahab aided by Jehoshaphat. (901, Usher.) [He defeats the allies at Ramoth Gilead. (853, W. ; 897, U.)] 900+ * * b. c. Judea. Asa establishes a standing army. (955, Usher.) * * * b. c. Judea. The Moabites, Am- monites, and other invaders through dissensions destroy each other ; great spoil is taken by the tribe of Judah. (896, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Jehoshaphat, with al- lies, invades Moab; its king offers the heir-apparent in sacrifice. (895, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Samaria besieged and delivered from Syrians. (891, Usher.) ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 1120-1100 b. c. Tiglath-Pileser is a great builder. 1100+ * * b. c. Phenecia. Architec- ture is cultivated hy the Tyrians. The Phenicians trade [with England] for tin. * * *b. c. Judea. Files are used. (1093, Usher.) [* * * Armor is used in battle by Goliath. (1063, Usher.)] * * *B. c. Pal. David commands the use of the bow to be taught to the He- brews. (1055, Usher.) 1011-978 B. c. Jerusalem. David's "house of cedar" is built by me- chanics sent from Tyre. 978-938 B.C. Jerusalem. Natural his- tory is studied by Solomon. 975 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Solomon com- mences the erection of the first Tem- ple. [Completed in seven and a half years, and dedicated by a layman — the king. 588. Summer. Burned by Nebu- chadnezzar]. 937 * * b. c. Breastplates are invented by Jason. 890 ± * *b. c. Pal. Year of the Moabite stone. CHURCH. * * * b. c. Ruth and Naomi dwell to- gether. (1312, Usher.) [Deborah is prophetess. (1296, Usher.)] * * * b. c. Pal. Gideon overturns the altar of Baal built by his father. The Israelites lapse into idolatry after his death. (1362, S. ; 1249, Usher.) 1171 (?) * * b. c. Pal. Eh becomes high priest of Israel. [His wicked sons min- ister in the priest's office. (1165, U.)] * * * b. c. Pal. Jephthah makes a vow and devotes his daughter. (1143, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. The child Samuel is called. (1171, Usher.) [The Israelites are distressed in battle with the Philistines, and bring the Ark of God into the camp and lose it ; 30,000 Israelites are killed ; Eli is shocked by the tidings, and dies. (1125, S. ; 1141, Usher.) The god Dagon falls before the Ark of God ; 50,000 Phil- istines are smitten with a plague.] * * * B. C. Pal. Beth-shemeshites are smitten of God for looking into the Ark. It is taken to Kirjath. (1140, Usher.) [Returned, drawn by two fresh milk cows.] * * *b. c. Pal. The Israelites repent at Mizpeh; they are delivered from the Philistines. (1105, S. ; 1120, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. King Saul offers the burnt offering in the absence of Samuel. Rejected as king. (1093, Usher.) * * *b.c. Pal. Ahitubl.ishighpriestof the Israelites. (? 1125-1085, S. ; 109*3, U.) 1037±**b. c. Pal. Saul spares Agag and the best of the spoil. (1070, S. ; 1079, Usher.) 1014+ * *b.c. Jerusalem. David brings up the ark with great joy ; 30,000 men accompany it, singing the 68th Psalm. The Ark of God is placed in the taberna- cle of David, after resting 98 years in Gibeah. Uzzah is smitten with death for laying hands on the ark ; it rests with Obed-Edom. (1043, S. ; 1042, Usher.) 1012+ * *b.c. Pal. Nathan is prophet in Israel ; he prophesies of the Messiah as the Son of David. (1042, Usher.) 1005± * * b. c. Judea. David sins with Bathsheba ; her husband is killed. (1035, S. ; Usher.) [9S7. He sins in numbering the people ; pestilence follows. (1023, U.)] 975 * * b. c. Jerusalem. The Temple. (See Art.) [967+ Dedicated with great magnificence.] (1003, S.) 950+ * * b. c. Jerusalem. Solomon is seduced into idolatry by his heathen wives. He builds temples for profane rites on the Mount of Corruption. (985, Usher.) * * *b. c. Ahijah is prophet in Israel. (980, Usher.) [Hanani; Azariah in Ju- dah. (941, Usher.)] 937 * * b. c. Samaria. Jeroboam I. sets up two golden calves, and establishes idolatry as the state religion of the ten tribes of Israel. 932 * * b. c. Judea. Shishak captures Jerusalem, and carries the sacred ves- sels of the Temple to Egypt. 917+** B.C. Judea. Asa reforms reli- gion, and rebukes the idolaters. (953, S.) [941+ Asa imprisons Hanani, the re- proving seer.] 900+ * *B.c. Samaria. Jehuis prophet in Israel. (930, Usher.) LETTERS. * * * b. c. Deborah's song of triumph over Sisera is written. (1296, Usher.) * * * B. c. Parable of the ambitious bramble, by Jotham the Israelite ; the oldest fable extant, " as beautiful as any made since." (Addison.) (1209, Usher.) * * * B. c. The first enigma; Samson's riddle. (1141, Usher.) 1060+ * * B. c. The Psalms are writ- ten. (?) 990+ * * b. c. Nathan's fable of the poor man is declared. 977+ * * B. c. The Book of Ecclesiastes is written. (200?) 960+ (?) * * B. c. The Song of Solomon is written. (586-520 ?) 950+ (?) * * b. „c. Solomon collects the Psalms of David. [Others are added later.] ± * * b. c. The Book of Proverbs is com- piled or written by Solomon. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. * * * b. c. Judea. Ruth, the Moabitess, is married to Boaz, the Bethlehemite. Boaz gives his reapers vinegar to drink. (1312, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Abimelech kills his 70 brothers. (1236, Usher.) * * * B. C. Judea. Samson destroys the vineyardsof thePhilistines. [1120. He is ensnared by Delilah. He is the first Jewish suicide. (1195, Usher.)] TURKEY. 1345 ± * * b. c. -888 ± * * b. c. 1143 1143 * * b. c. Lydia. The temple of Diana at Ephesus is burned by Amazons. * * * b. c. Judea. Samuel's degenerate sons become corrupt judges. (1120, U.) 1020± * * b. c. Judea. David becomes a courtier; be plays tbe harp. * * b. C. Judea. David marries Michal, daughter of King Saul. [1017±. He mar- ries Abigail, the widow of Nabal the Carmelite. Also Ahinoam of Jezreel. 992±. Also Bath-sheba, the widow of Uriah.] * * * b. c. King Saul consults the witch of Endor. (1056, Usher.) 1020+ * *b.c. Judea. David hides in the cave of Adullam. " Every one that was in distress, ... in debt, . . . and dis- contented, gathered themselves unto him." 980+ * * B. c. Judea. Absalom causes Amnon, his half-brother, to be assassin- ated because of his incest with Tamar. 970± * *b.c. Judea. Rizpahwatch.es by the bodies of the seven sons of Saul, who have been slain by the Gibeonites. 960±(?)* *b.c. Judea. Solomon mar- ries the daughter of the King of Egypt. 888+ * * b. c. Samaria,. Zimri assassin- ates King Elah " while [the king was] drinking himself drunk.'* STATE. * * * b. c. Pal. Second bondage of Israelites, under Eglon. (1527, S. ; 1354- 36, Usher.) [Ehud delivers Israel by as- sassinating Eglon.] 1345+ * * Assyr. Ramman-Ni rari I. reigns. 911-890. Ramman-Ni rari II. reigns. * * * b. c. Pal. The Israelites' third bondage, under Jabin. (1429, S. ; 1316- 1296, Usher). Delivered by Deborah and Barak.] 1306 * * b c. Pal.+ The Hittites are a powerful people. 1302+ * * B. c. Assyr. Tukulti Adar I. reigns. He makes conquests in the northwest, and brings Babylonia alto- gether under Assyrian rule. 1300+ * * B. c. Assyr. The kingdom rises. (Rawlinson.) (1330). Shalman- eser I. reigns. [He builds (modern) Nimrud. He plants an Assyrian colony about 45 miles west of Nineveh. He brings the Lulumi and the Musri under his rule.] 1298 * * B. c. Babylonia. The Assyr- ian dynasty — of which little is known. 1270-625 b. c. Babylon is obscured by Assyria; its political life is sus- 1257 * * B. c. Phenicia. Tyre is built the second time. * * * b. c. Pal. Fourth bondage of Israelites, under Midianites. (1369, S. ; 1256-49, Usher.) [Delivered by Gideon. (1362, S.)] * * * b. c. Pal. Gideon judges Israel. (1249-09, Usher.) [Abimelech usurps the government. (1209-06, Usher.) Tola, (1206-1183, Usher); Jair (12S3+, Usher.)] 1224* * b. c. Mysia. Priam, the laBt, reigns in Troy. [1084, Dercyius.] 1221-716 B.C. Lydia. The Heraclidee dynasty reigns. Heracles is founder. (Partly fabulous.) [1223. Argon reigns.] 1220-930 b. c. Assyr. Again indepen- dent. (1210.) Bel-kudur-ujur reigns; (1205.) Adarpalesara. (1200-1150.) Asur-dau I. reigns. 1182* *b. c. It. tineas the Trojan lands in Italy, and founds Livinium. (Legendary.) * * * b. c. Pal. The fifth bondage of Israelites, under Ammonites. (1274, S. ; 1161-43, Usher.) Sixth bondage, under Philistines. (1225, S.; 1161-21, U.) Deliv- ered by Samuel at Mizpeh. (1105, S.)] * * * b. c. Pal. Jephthah breaks the yoke of the Ammonites, and judges a a part of Israel. (1135-37, Usher.) EH judges a part of Israel. (1181-41, Usher.) [Ibzan, (1137-30, Usher); Elon, (1130-20, Usher); Abdon, (1120-12, Usher).] 1140-1120 Assyria. Ashur-res-isi * * * b. c. Pal. Samson judges part of Israel. (1136-20, Usher.) Samuel. (1120- 1080, Usher.) 1120-1100 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pile- ser I. reigns ; he conquers territory from Mt. Zagros to Syria. 1115-06* * b. c. Babylonia. Marduk- nadin-achi reigns. 1100+-850 b. c. Assyr. Carehemish, the capital of the Hittites, is a city of great splendor. [850. Subjected by Shalmaneser II. 717. By Sargon, and placed under a governor.] 1050 * * b. c. Phenicia. Tyre becomes preeminent. 1050+ * * b. c. Babylonia. Eourth dy- nasty ends. 1043+ ** b. c. Lydia. Ephesus is founded by Ionians. 1040+ * * b. c. Aegean Sea. Ionia and adjacent isles are colonized by the Ionians. 1037-937 b. c. Pal. The undivided Hebrew monarchy erected. 1037-17 b. c. Pal. Saul is the first king of the Israelites ; the government is changed from a theocracy to a mon- archy to assuage popular discontent. 1011 (?)* *b. c. Phenicia. Hiram of Tyre is king. [991, Baleazar ; 984, Ab- dastartus ; 63, Arstartus.] 1010-977 b. c. Pal. David succeeds Saul as King of Israel. (1010-1003, he is King of Judah ; 1003-977, King of Israel and Judah (1053, W. ; S.) Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, is proclaimed king by Abner, and reigns over a part of the Is- raelites about seven years. 1004+ * * b. c. Pal. David flees from Saul's court. [1003+. Saul hunts for David. David spares Saul. 1000+. David finds refuge from Saul among the Philis-' tines, and dwells at Ziklag.] 1003* *b.c. Pal. David anointed king the third time, to rule all the tribes of Israel. (1046, S.)^ He makes Jerusalem his capital, " City of David." (1044, S.) [He subdues the surrounding nations. The kingdom is at its maximum, extend- ing from the Red Sea to Lebanon on the north, and to the Euphrates on the east.] 995+ * * b. c. Syria. Damascus is an- nexed to Israel. 978+ * * b. c. Judea. Absalom rebels against David, liis father ; is proclaimed king at Hebron, and supported by a great multitude. David flees from Jerusalem. (1023, S.) 977+ * *b. c. Jerusalem. Sheba, a "man of Belial," leads a second rebellion against David. [940. Adonijah com- petes for the crown.] 977-937 b. c. Solomon reigns over all the tribes of Israel. * * * b. c. Pal. Solomon prosecutes ex- tensive schemes of commercial policy, sends a navy to the east, and founds Palmyra. (995+, Usher.) 980 (?) * * b. c. Syria. Liberated from Persia by Rezin I. [who is succeeded by Hezion, Tabrimmon. 910-870. Benha- dad I. and II. reign]. 966+ * * B. c. Judea. Invasion of Shi- shak. (See Army.) 960* * B. c. Assyr. Anaku-Merodach reigns. [955, Ophratseus (?) ; 950+-930, Tiglath-Pileser II. (?)] 951* * B. c. Phenicia. Aserymus reigns. (?) [912, Phales.] 941 * * B. c. Judea. The invasion of Zerah, the Cushite (Osarkon), is re- pelled. 937 * * b. c. Pal. Solomon dies, and the kingdom is divided. Two tribes, Ju- dah and Benjamin, form the Kingdom of Judah ; the 10 remaining tribes se- cede, and form the kingdom of Israel. 937-915 b. c. Israel. Jeroboam I. reigns. 937-920 b.c. Judea. Behoboam reigns. 934* * b. c. Assyr. Ephecheres reigns. [930-911, Asur-dan II., Ophratseus. 930+-626+. Brilliant epoch. 911-890, Ramman-Nirari II. reigns ; 890-884, Tik- lat-Adar II.] 920-917 b. c. Judah. Abijah reigns. [917-876. Asa. He makes a league with Benhadad I. of Syria.] 920-880 * * b. c. Pal. International war between Judah and Israel. 916± * * B. c. Rhodes. The island is peopled from Crete. [The Khodians are great navigators.] 915-914 b. c. Israel. TJadab reigns. [914-890, Baasha ; (914-901, "W.) ; S90, Elah ; (901-900, W.) ; 889, Zimri ; 889-887, Omri (900-875, "W.), the chief captain, and Tibni, rival kings. 885. Tibni is killed.] 910+ * * b. c. Syria. Damascus is the capital under Benhadad and his succes- sors. 889* * b. c. Israel. Zimri conspires, and assassinates Elah, and obtains the throne for seven days. (900, W.) 889+ * * b. c. Pal. Samaria is built by Omri ; it becomes the capital of Israel. 1144 887±**b.c.-626, ; TURKEY. ARMY — WAVY. * * * b. c. Judea. Invaded by Philis- tines and Arabians ; Jerusalem is plun- dered. (888, Usher.) 886 * * b. c. Syria. Phenicia is con- quered by Sardanapalus. [His military expeditions visit Zagros, Armenia, and (860) Babylonia, as well as Syria.] * * * b. c. Samaria. Jehu revolts, and subverts to himself the throne of Is- rael. (.884, U.) [Subjugated by Shalman- eser II., who also defeats Hazael (842, Usher.)] 854 * * b. c. Syria. Invaded by Assyr- ians. [850, 847, 842, 839, again invaded.] 853 * * b. c. Shalmaneser U. defeats a confederacy of western kings at Karkar on the Orontes (854, Kent). Ahab, King of Israel, and Beiili;nl;nl, King of Syria, were among the defeated. [852. He in- vades Babylon, and kills King Marduk- bel-usati.] * * * B. c. Judea. Hazael is diverted from an invasion by the gift of the sa- cred utensils and treasures of the Temple. Invaded by Syrians, who are defeated three times by Joash. (840, U.) 839 * * B. C. Shalmanezer H. enters Da- mascus, conquers four cities, which are forced to pay tribute. * * * b. c. Jerusalem. Captured by Is- rael under Joash. (S26, Usher.) * * *B. C. Pal. Idumeans i defeated by Amaziah. (827, Usher.) * * * b. c. Pal. Jeroboam H. recovers most of the territory lost by former kings ; he captures Damascus, and sub- dues the coasts of Syria. (825, Usher.) 813 * * B. C. Assyr. Samsi Ttamman II. punishes the king of Chaldse as an ene- my of Babylonia. [814. Babylonians, Elamites, and Chalda^ic tribes are allied against Assyria, but are defeated.] 811-782 Assyr. Ramman Nirari con- ducts 18 campaigns ; he subdues a Baby- lonian uprising for independence ; he also captures many cities. 803 * * b. c. Syria. Ramman-nirari III., King of Assyria, defeats Benhadad TTT .j King of Damascus. (797, Kent.) 782-772 Assyr. Shalmaneser HI. con- ducts six campaigns against Armenia. (773.) One against Damascus ; (772) One against Chatarika (O. T. Hadrach). 745-727 * * b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pi- leser TTT . (Phul) invades Israel, but departs without fighting. [744-737. He invades Elam. 743-735. He makes sev- eral expeditions to Babylonia against King Urartu. 741. Captures Arpad near Aleppo. (740.) He takes Damascus, but is forced to return to establish his rule. (738.) Subdues part of Hamath.] 742 * * b. c. Judea. Eezin H. t King of Syria,. harasses Judah. 741* * b. C. Jerusalem. Besieged by Pekah ; 120,000 men of Judah are killed in one day. 740* * b. c. Judea. Uzziah is defeated by the Assyrians. 735 * * B. C. Pal. Pekah and Rezin, Kings of Damascus and Syria, unite against Ahaz, King of Judah. [734- 732. Tiglath-Pileser HI., the ally of Ahaz, overthrows them near the Eu- phrates ; many captives are taken from Samaria and Damascus to Assyria.] 730-721 b. c. Pal. Hosea solicits Sha- bak, King of Egypt, to assist him against the Assyrian oppression. 727-722 B.C. Syria. Shalmaneser IV., "King of Assyria, again subdues a revolt. 723* *B.c. Samaria. Shalmaneser IV. besieges Samaria for three years. [722. It is captured by Sargon, the successor of Shalmaneser, who takes away many captives.] 720 * * B. c. Assyr. Sargon sends an ex- pedition against Hamath. [717, against the Hittites, and takes Carchemish their capital ; 711, against Ashdod.] * * B. C. Sabaco, King of Egypt, defeats Sargon, King of Assyria (p. 651). * * B. c. Syria. Siege of Tyre. [712. Shalmaneser abandons the siege.] 712 * * B. c. Judea. Invasion by Sen- nacherib ; his army of 185,000 is de- stroyed by pestilence. (701, W. ; Peck.) 702 * * B. c. Judea. King Sennacherib takes Ashdod. 702+ * *b. c. Assyr. Tirhakah of Ethiopia defeated by Sennacherib (p. 650). 701 * * b. c. Babylonia. Sennacherib conducts his great western campaign. [689. He captures and destroys Babylon. 691. Defeats Elam at Halule. 681. In- vades kingdom of Judah.] 685-668 b. c. Greece. The second Mes- senian war. 680-631 b. c. Lydia. Sardis is taken by the Cimmerians during the reign of Ardys. [503. It is burned by the Athe- 671* *b. c. Egy. Esarhaddon makes conquests in Egypt, and defeats Tarku (Tirhakah) at Memphis. [653. Egypt successfully revolts under Psarnmetic us.] 662 * * b. c. Egy. Invasion of Ashur- banipal. 647 * * b. c. Phraortes subdues Persia and Armenia. 637** B.C. Lydia. "War with Miletus. [635. The Cimbri besiege Sardis.] 633 * * b. c. Assyr. Cyaxares, King of Media, attacks Nineveh. 632+ * * b. c. Media. The Scythians repel an attack by the Medes. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 875-853 B. c. Pal. Ahab, King of Is- rael, builds a " house of ivory" at Jez- reel [Samaria]. 810+ * * b. c. Pal. Angling is prac- tised (Amos iv. 2). 781 * * b. c. Greek exact chronology begins with the first Olympiad of 776 B. c. 763 June 15. b. c. Nineveh. Eclipse is recorded on tablets, (Rawlinson.) 721 Mar. 9. b. c. The Chaldeans at Babylon record the eclipse of the moon. 668-626 b. c. Assyr. Assyrian art is at its height. CHURCH. 887+ * * b. c. Samaria. Ahab practises idolatry. (918+ , Usher.) 880+-860± B. c. Samaria. Elijah is prophet and reformer in Israel. (910- 896, Usher.) (876±.) He foretells afamine. (872+.) Prayer test on Mount Carmel. (860± .) Translated. 876+ ** b. c. Judea. Jehoshaphat sends princes, priests, and Levites to teach the people. (915, Usher.) 862+ * * B. c. Sidon. Miraculous in- crease of the widow's oil, enabling her to redeem her children. [Elisha raises to life the Shunamite's dead child. (895, Usher.)] 860+-790+ b. c. Samaria. Elisha is a prophet in Israel. (852-842, W. ; 896-838, Usher.) 858± * * b. c. Samaria. Naaman, the Syrian captain, comes to Elisha to be healed of leprosy. (894, Usher.) 855* *b. c. Samaria. Micaiah is prophet in Israel. 842 * * b. c. Jehu exterminates idol- atry in Israel by a conspiracy. Jeze- bel, the widow of Ahab, who perverted the religion of Israel, is thrown over the walls of Jezreel. 814* *b. c. Judea. Athaliah, the idol- atrous mother of Ahaziah, endeavors to extirpate the race of David, and usurp the throne of Judah. (8S4, Usher.) 810 * * b. c. Samaria. Jehoahaz, hav- ing forsaken God, is subdued by Hazael, King of Syria. (849, Usher.) 810-760 b. c. Judea. Joel is a prophet of Judah. (800+ , Usher.) [764+-742+. Amos. (787, Usher.) 760+-738+, Hosea. (7S5-725, Usher.) 736+-6S3+, Isaiah. (760-798, Usher.) 720+-680+, Mi can. (750-710, Usher.)] 801+ * * b. c. Jerusalem. The Temple is despoiled to purchase peace with Ha- zael. Jehoash falls into idolatry, and kills Zechariah the priest for reproving him. (S40, Usher.) * * * * b. c. Samaria. Another corpse re- vives when thrust into the sepulcher of Elisha. (838, Usher.) 791 * * b. c. Jehoiada is high priest in Israel. (878, Usher.) 791+** b.c Jerusalem. Jehoash re- pairs the Temple, which had been dam- aged by the sons of Athaliah. (S56, U.) 775+-745+ b. c. Samaria. Jonah is prophet in Israel. The Ninevites re- pent at the preaching of Jonah. (825- 785, W. ; 862, Usher.) 735-f* * b. c. Jerusalem. Ahaz profanes the Temple ; he introduces an altar after a Damascus pattern, and remodels the furni- ture; he maki's liin son pass through the fire "like the heathen." (739, Usher.) 722 * * b. c. Babylon. Tiglath-Pileser takes many Jews into captivity. 715+ * *b.c. Jerusalem. Hezekiah cleanses the Temple ; he restores the worship of God, and destroys idolatry ; keeps the feast of the Passover with unusual solemnity. A Jewish revival follows. 687±* *b. c. The Boole of Esther is written. 686-641 * * b. c. Judea. Manasseh, the wicked son of good Hezekiah, sur- passes all his predecessors in evil doing ; he restores idolatry, and persecutes the faithful. 650+-630+ * * b. c Samaria. Nahum is a prophet of Israel. (713, Usher.) * * * B. c. Samaria. The Israelites cause their sons and daughters to pass through the fire like the idolaters. (721, Usher.) 638+-603+ * *b.c, Judea. Habakkuk is a prophet. 635+-612+ b. c. Judea. Zephaniah is a prophet in Judah. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 875+* *b.c. Samaria. Israel suffers by drought and famine as predicted by Elijah. [850+. Another famine ; deliv- erance by four lepers.] TURKEY. 887±**b.c.-626,**b.c. 1145 796± * *b.c. Judea. Amaziah avenges his father's death. *I37± * * B. c. Samaria. Shallum, the con- spirator, murders Zachariah. Menahem murders Shallum. 733± * * b. c. Samaria. Pekah murders King Pekahiah. 700± * * b. c. Babylon. Egibe's bank ia mentioned. 639± * *b.c. Judea. King Amon is mur- dered in his own house. STATE. 887-884 b. c. Israel. Ahab ia viceroy. [884-855. Ahah reigns prosperously a8 king. (875-853, W.)] 884-860 B. c. Assyr. Ashumazirpal reigns. [860-824, Shalmaneser H. ; 854-842. Syrian invasions. 824-811. Sham- shi-E-arnman II., who had overthrown a revolt. 811-782, Ramman-Nirari III. ; he captures Damascus, and enforces tribute from Samaria and Philistia, Tyre, Sidon, and from Jehu, King of Israel. His wife is Semiramis.] S76-S51 b. c. Judea. Jehoshaphat reigns. (875-852, "W.) [853. Jehoram is first appointed viceroy. 852, Second appointment. 851-843. He reigns.] * * * B. C. Judea. The Philistines and Arabians pay tribute to Jehoshaphat. 876-848 b. c. Media. Arbaces, the founder of the Median empire, gov- erns without the title of king. (747 ?) 876 * * b. c. Israel and Judah unite in an alliance against Syria. 871-824 B. c. Pkenicia. Pygmalion reigns. [850. Phenicia is conquered by Syria.] 860±**b.c. Samaria. Hazael, King of Syria, oppresses Israel. 860± * * b. c. Syria. King Benhadad II. ia sick, and Hazael, his minister, hastens his death and ascends the throne. 855-854 b. c. Israel. Ahaziah reigns. [854-842, Joram ; 842-814, Jehu ; 814-791, Jehoahaz.] 854 * * b. c. Idumea. The Idumeans revolt against Ahaziah. 852-840 B.C. Babylonia. Marduk- nadin-strum reigns. 842* *b.c. Judea. Ahaziah H. reigns. (S43-842, W.) [842-836. Athaliah usurps the government. 836-796, Jehoash, or Joash, reigns.] 839 * * b. c. Assyr. Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos are forced to pay tribute. S27 * * B. c. Assyr. Shalmanezer's old- est son leads a revolt ; 27 cities join the rebellion. [Subdued after six years.] 821* * b. c. Media — Assyr. Arbaces reigns after taking Nineveh. 800± * *b. c. Syria. Benhadad HI. reigns, [770±. Damascus recovered by Jeroboam II. 754. Syria is annexed to AssyTia.] 796-782 b. c. Judea. Amaziah reigns over Judah. (797-777, W.) [782-737, Uzziah (Azariah) ; 751-737, Jotham as regent ; 737-735, Jotham as king ; 751-735, Ahaz as regent ; 735-715, Ahaz as king <735-726, W.).] 791-781 b. c. Samaria. Jehoash reigns over Israel (798-782, W.). [781-740, Jero- boam II. is regent and later king ; 740, Zachariah; Shallum; 740-737, Mena- hem ; 737-735, Pekahiah ; 735-733, Pe- kah.] 782-772 b. c. Assyr. Shalmaneser IH. reigna. [772-754, Asurdan III. ; 754- 745, Asur-nirari.] 747 Feb. 26-733 B.C. Babylonia. Na- bonassar reigns, and the Nabonassa- rian Era begins, a period of native rulers. The second empire of Babylon is commenced. [733,Nadius; 731, Porus (Chinzirus) ; 726, Jugasus ; 721-705, Sargon, or Merodach-Baladan II. (Berodach-Bal- adan ?). The Tartar usurps the throne of Assyria, and consolidates the empire ; the Babylonians revolt.] 745-727 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pileser HI. (Phul) the usurper, reigns. (738.) He dominates 19 districts of Hamath. The Assyrian empire is divided into the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Median kingdoms. (741.) Judah becomes trib- utary. (740+.) Syria. (736.) He invades and subdues Israel. (735±.) He aids Ahaz, King of Judah, against the Edo- mites. 744* *b.c. Cappadocia. Pharnaces (?) founds the kingdom. 743 * * b. c. Phenicia. King Aram re- volts from Assyria. * * B. c. Armenia. Baroir achieves in- dependence of Assyria. 735* *B.c. Lydia. Candaules(orMyr- eilus) reigns. 733-722 b. c. Samaria. Hoshea reigna over Israel. The kingdom of the ten tribes of Israel ends by the captivity : Shalmaneser TV., King of Assyria, sub- dues Israel, and removes the king and principal inhabitants, soldiers, and ar- tisans (27,290 people) to the River Cha- boras (Chebar) in Assyria. A colony of Cutheans and others is planted in de- populated Samaria. 729* * b. C. Babylonia. Independence of Assyria achieved. 727-722 b. c. Assyr. Shalmaneser IV. reigns ; he subdues the revolting cit- ies of Phenicia, and subjugates the King of Israel. [722-705. Sargina (Sargon) reigns. He builds Khorsavad, and re- ceives tribute from Arabia, Egypt, and the Island of Cyprus.] 727* * b. c. Phenicia. Elultrous revolts against Assyria. 726 * * b. c. Samaria. Hoshea rebels against Assyria. [725. He is imprisoned. 724. Again revolts.] 720± * * b. c. Lydia. The Lydians dis- possess the Ma?onians. 717 * * b. c. Sargon, King of Assyria, ends the independence of the Hittites ; takes Ashdod from Judah. [711. Sends an embassy to Hezekiah at Jerusalem. 710. Subdues a revolt in Babylonia and annexes it.] 716-546 B.C. Lydia. Lydian Empire founded ; Mermnadse dynasty reigns ; period of greatest prosperity. 716-678 B.C. Lydia. Gyges.thefounder, kills Candaules, marries his queen, and usurps the throne, and makes great con- quests. [678-629, Ardys reigns ; 629-617, Sadyattes.] 715-686 b.c. Judea. Hezekiah reigns over Judah. (726-697, "W".) 710**b.c. Media. Dejoces revolts against Assyria ; the war of indepen- dence follows. [The Medes subdue Asia Minor ; several tribes are under self- government for seven years. 709+-656. Dejoces reigns.] 709* * b. c. Babylonia. Archianes. brother of Esarhaddon, reigns. [702. Be libus reigns. 704. Hagisa reigns 30 days, after killing the preceding Assyrian vice- roy. Marmaduk reigns for six months Interregnum. 699. Apronadius reigns Babylon is again subdued to Assyria.] 701-681 b.c. Assyr. Sennacherib reigns at Nineveh. [681-668. Esarhad- don reigns. He builds the southwest palace at Nimrud.] . 701+ * * b. c. Judea. Invasion of Sen- nacherib. 693* * B. c. Babylonia. Regibulus reigns. [692, Mesesimordacus ; 688, a second interregnum.] 686-641 b. c. Judea. Manasseh reigns. (697-641, W.) [641-639, Amon ; 639-609, Josiah.] 686 * * b. c. Bithynia. Chalcedon is founded by Megariana from Central Greece. 681-668 B. c. Babylon — Nineveh. Ruled by Esarhaddon the Assyrian. (676.) He destroys Sidon ; invades Judea. (673.) He subdues the Kings of Tyre, Judah, Edom, and Moab. (671.) He conquers and practically annexes Egypt and Ethiopia. 680-668 B. C. Syria. Baal is King of Tyre ; he revolts from Sardanapalus. 680 * * B. c. Phenicia. Abdi-Milkut, King of Sidon, revolts from Esarhaddon. * * * b. c. Assyr. The empire is at its zenith. Esarhaddon plants colonies in Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Sepharvin, and the cities of Samaria. [671. Egypt re- volts. 668-626. Asurbanipal (Sardanap- alus EL), O. T. as Asenapper. 662. Egypt invaded ; 660. Thebes falls.] 667 * * B. c. Babylon. Samas-sumu- kin reigns. [626-607, Nabopolassar as viceroy. He founds the new Babylonian empire. (Chaldse.)] 658 * * b. c. Turk. E. Byzantium is founded by the Argives. 656-635 B.c. Media. Phraortes reigns. He conquers Armenia, subdues Persia and other neighboring countries, and invades Assyria, where he is slain. [640 (or650±). Media revolts. 635-584. The warlike Cyaxares I. He is the founder of Media's greatness.] 626* * B. c. Assyr. Asur-etil-ilani- ukinni. [Sin-shar-ishkun , or Sarcos of the Greeks. He builds the south-east palace at Nimrud.] 1146 625,**b.c.-331 i **b.c. TURKEY. ARMY — NAVY. 615-610 b. c. Lydia. War with Media. 609 * * b. c. Judea. Pharaoh-Necho, King of Egypt, defeats and kills King Josiah in the battle of Megiddo ; the first captivity follows. He makes con- quests in Phenicia (p. 650). 607 * * b. c. Assyr. Cyaxares, King of Media, in alliance with Nabopolassar, Viceroy of Babylon, captures Nineveh, and overthrows the Assyrian Em- pire. 605 * * b. c. Syria. Nebuchadnezzar invades Syria. [59S. He captures Jeru- salem, and carries away many captives to Babylon. 5S6. Again conquered. It is the beginning of the captivity- proper.] 605 * * b. c. Pharaoh-rTecho defeated at Carchemish (604, Peck). (P. 650.) 604+ * *b.c. Assyr. Nabopolassar the usurper, being defeated, burns himself in his palace. 589-588 b. c. Jerusalem. Besieged. (588-587.) The Babylonian army is be- fore Jerusalem. (587.) City taken and destroyed, the people massacred, the Temple burned, and the walls razed. The survivors are carried into captivity. 586 * * b. c. Asia M. Crcesus conquers extensive territory. 585-573 b. c. Syria. Nebuchadnezzar besieges and takes Tyre. 681-568 b. c. Egy. Nebuchadnezzar invades and conquers Egypt. 559 * * b. c. Media. Cyrus [the Great] commands the Medes against the Per- sians. [548. He defeats the confederate army aiding Croasus at Tliymbra. 546. Lydia. He takes Sardis. 548±. He con- quers Ionia. 544. Ephesus. 638. He takes Babylon after a siege of two years. 537. He conquers Syria.] 546* * b. c. Lydia. Harpagus takes Xanthus for Cyrus. The inhabitants buried themselves in the ruins. 544 * * b. c. The contest between Greeks and Persians for possession of Asia Minor begins. 518**b.c. Babylonia. A revolt is sub- dued by Darius. 508 * * b. c. Turk. E. Darius crosses the Bosporus. 504 * * B. c. Lydia. The Greeks take and burn Sardis ; this occasions a Per- sian invasion. 602-470B. c. Persian wars with Greece. 499± * * b. c. hydia. The Ionians re- volt; Sardis burned. 498* * b. c. Lydia. Cyrus conquers Ionia ; Miletus desjfoyed. 466 * * b. c. Pamphylia. Battle of Eu- rymedon (p. 1018). 440-430 B. c. Bithynia. Dydalsus re- volts, and reigns in Bithynia. 363 * * b. c. Pontics. Ariobarzanes II. invades Pontus. 351* * b. c. Syria. Phenicians revolt against Persia. Ochus, Artaserxes III., besieges and destroys Sidon. 350 * * B. c. Pal. Ochus takes Jericho, and carries many Jews into captivity. 334± * * b. c. Musia. Alexander [the Great] near the (Jranicus fp. 1024). [331. Battle of Arbela (p. 1024). Alexander besieges Tyre, and marches on Jerusa- lem.] 331* *b. c. Syria. Alexander mas- Bacres 8,000 Tynans, and crucifies 2,000 more for refusing to surrender Tyre. ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 600± * * b. c. Chaldea. A chart of the heavens is made, in which 1,400 stars are correctly described. 585 May 28. B.C. Almost total eclipse of the sun occurs, which had been pre- dicted long before by Thales of Miletus ; it interrupts a battle on the river Halys (Asia Minor). 570± * * b. c. Babylon. The hanging gardens and many beautiful works of art are constructed by Nebuchadnezzar. 544 * * b. c. Lydia. The temple of Di- ana at Ephesus [built seven times] is planned by Ctesiphon. 534 Spring, b. c. Jerusalem. The sec- ond Temple is commenced by Jews under thepatronitge of Cyrus ; Phenician workmen are employed. [516. Winter. Completed; 37 walls are injured when the city is stormed by Herod the Great.] 500 * * b. c. Afr. Phenician sailors round the Cape of Good Hope. 413* * b. c. A total eclipse of the moon is observed at Sardis. (Thucydides.) 376-335 B.C. Pergamus. KingAttalus offers 100 talents for the Dionysius of Aristides. 356 * * b. c. The temple of Diana at Ephesus is set on fire by an obscure in- dividual named Hertostratus, who con- fesses on the rack that the sole motive was the desire of transmitting his name to future ages. 353 * * b. c. The Mausoleum at Hali- carnassus is erected. 345 * * b. c. Circa Ephorus of Ephesus is the first master of Apelles. 336 * * b. c. The temple of Diana at Ephesus is re-erected. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 661 * * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldean King of Babylon, dies. 638 * * b. c. Darius, tlie Mede, dies. 486* * b. c. Darius Hystaspes, King of Medo-Persia, dies. 480+ * * b. c. Artemisia, Queen of Halicar- nassus, born. Dies. 365 * * B. c. Callisthenes, Thracian histo- rian, rhetorician, born. [328. Dies.] 350± * * B. c. Artemisia, consort of Manso- lus of Caria, nourished. CHURCH. 624* * b. c. Judea. Huldah the proph- etess foretells the destruction of Jeru- salem. 623 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Josiah keeps the feast of the Passover with unusual solemnity ; Jewish revival attends it. 622±-530± * * B. c. Judea. Jeremiah is a prophet. 621 * * B. c. Jerusalem. King Josiah repairs the Temple, destroys idols, and burns dead men's bones on their altars. The original Book of the Law is dis- covered by Hilkiah, the high priest ; Josiah reads it to all the people ; a great reform begins. 605 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Daniel, a He- brew youth of rank, is taken to Babylon as a captive. [600-535. He prophesies, and is made president of the kingdom of Babylon. 602. He interprets Nebu- chadnezzar's dream of the golden-headed image.] 594 July* B.C. Ind. Gotama Sid- dartha, having retired from the world disgusted with Brahminism, begins to preach a new and better religion (Buddhism). 586* *b. c. Jerusalem. Ezekiel, a He- brew youth, is taken to Babylon as a captive. [586±-540±. He prophesies.] * * B. c. Jerusalem. Taken by Babyloni- nlans ; city destroyed. 685-570±B. c. Judea. Obadiah prophe- sies. * * *B. C. Babylon. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed-nego, the Hebrew youths, are cast into a fiery furnace. (587, U.) * * *b. c. Babylon. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar's second dream ; the king loses his reason. (569, TL) [He re- covers. (562, U.) Vision of the ram. (558, Usher.) Vision of the four kingdoms. (555, Usher.)] 570-540* *b. c. Deuteronomy writ- ten. (?) 660* *b. c. Gr. Temples are first erected. * * * b. c. Babylon. Daniel is cast into the lions' den. (537, Usher.) [536. King Cyrus issues an edict in favor of the Jews. He returns the holy vessels which were taken from the Temple by Nebu- chadnezzar. Many Jews return.] 534 * * b. c. Jerusalem. The building of the Temple begins at the command of Cyrus. [522. The building stayed on the appeal of the hostile Samaritans.] 636-456 b. c. The Booh of Ezra is written. 530±-520±* *b. c. Pal. Haggai proph- esies. 530±-510±. Zechariah prophesies. 521 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Haggai and Zechariah obtain permission to com- plete the rebuilding of the Temple. [515. ' Completed.] 517* *B. c. Jerusalem. Dedication of the second Temple. [515. Apr. 18. The Passover celebrated.] 494* * b. c. Jerusalem. Joachim is the high priest of the Jews. 480-460 B.C. Jerusalem. The prophecy of Malachi is uttered (440 ?). 463 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Eliashib is high priest. 459 * * B. c. Babylon. Ezra the priest leads back to Palestine the second expe- dition of 6,000 Jews. [446. He surren- ders his commission to Nehemiah.] 452 * * b. c. Persia. Haaman aims to destroy all the Jews ; defeated by Esther. 446-434+ (?) b. c. Book of Nehemiah written. 433* *b. c. Babylon. Nehemiah, the courtier, is commissioned by Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem, and rebuild its walls. [425. He is strongly opposed by SanbaUat the Arabian ; he corrects abuses, and restores the observance of the Sabbath. He returns to Persia. 422. He returns to Jerusalem.] * * b. c. Ezra the priest writes the Books of Chronicles. 419* * b. c. Jerusalem. Jehoida is high prie3t. [382, Johanan ; 351, Jaddua; 321, Onias I. ; 314, Simon I., the Just.] 412 * * b. c. Samaria. The Samaritan Temple is erected at Gerizim. 382± * * b. c. Jerusalem. Jeshua, the high priest, is killed in the inner court of the temple by Johanan ; a heavy fine is therefore laid on the daily sacrifices. [Remitted by Ochus.] 373+* * b. c. Jerusalem. The govern- ment of Jewish affairs is committed to the high priest by the governors of Syria, after the death of Nehemiah ; ambitious and ava- ricious men disgrace the office, and bring disaster to their nation. TURKEY. 625, B.c.** -331,** b.c. 1147 333 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Alexander the Great is informed of the prophecies of Daniel. 332 * * e. c. Jerusalem. Alexander is deterred from destroying the city ; he sacrifices in the Temple ; he grants great privileges to the Jews. LETTERS. 662 * * b. c. Lydia. The wise men of Greece resort to the court of Croesus. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 669± * * B. c. Babylon. Nebuchadnez- zar is troubled because of a dream. [568. Second dream.] 499 * * b. c. Lydia. Sardis is burned. 377 * * b. c. Carta. Artemisia marries her own brother, Mausolus. 356 June 6. b. c. Lydia. Herostra- tus fires the great temple of Diana at Ephesus, for the purpose of immortaliz- ing his name. STATE. 625* * B. C. Lydia. Alyattes expels the invading Cimmerians; they settle in Galatia. [624. Scythian invasion. 620. They invade Media. 612. Expelled.] 617-560 B.C. Lydia. Alyattes II. reigns. [560^-546. Crcesus. He con- quers Asia Minor.] 609* * b. c. Judea. Jehoahaz II. reigns. [609-597. Jehoiakim. 598. Je- chonia or Jehoiachin, as vassal of Baby- lon ; hereigns three months and 10 days.] 608 * * b. c. Syria. Phenicia is sub- dued by Pharaoh Necho (p. 651). [605. Annexed to Babylon.] 607 * * b. c. Assyr. Nineveh is taken and destroyed by the Medes and Babylo- 607-562 b. c. Babylon. Nebuchad- nezzar, son of Nabopolassar, reigns. (607.) He returns with captives and the spoils of Jerusalem. (602.) Palestine is coerced. (600.) Babylon is rebuilt. 605* * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar as viceroy annihilates Egyptian power in Asia (p. 650). He invades Judea, and exacts tribute. 606-538 b. c. Babylon. The new em- pire. Babylon and Media are the rival nations of the East. 598 * * b. c. Judea. First general de- parture of Jews. King Jehoiakim revolts, and is sent to Babylon with 10,000+: captives, and the spoils of palace and Temple. Daniel [the prophet] is among the captives. The Euphrates di- vides Assyria between the Medes and Baby- lonians. 597-586 B.C. Judea. Zedekiah reigns as vassal. [587. He revolts, and makes an alliance with the King of Egypt. Neb- uchadnezzar again takes Jerusalem. Zedekiah is blinded, and taken to Baby- lon in the second deportation of cap- tives to Babylon. The kingdom of Judah falls.] 596* *B. c. Media. The Scythians are expelled. [595. Astyages reigns.] 589-536 b. c. Judea. A province of Babylon. 586-536 Pal. Period of Babylonian exile. 585* *E.c. Judea. Gedaliah is appointed governor. 582* * b. c. Judea. Third general de- portation of captives to Babylon. 670* *b.c. Judea. Idumeans join the Chaldeans against Judah. (See Psalm 137.) 565 * * B. c. Armenia. Tigranes reigns, and restores the prestige of Armenia. * * * b. c. Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar recovers his reason and his throne, and then imprisons his son, Evil-Mero-dach, for maladministration during his illness. (563, Usher.) 562-560 b. c. Babylon. Evil-Mero- dach reigns. He releases King Jehoia- chin. [Killed. 560-556 Nerigissar ; Na- bonidus.] 558-529 b. c. Pers. Cyrus reigns. [525-521. Cambyses III. ; 521-486. Da- rius I. ; 487^166 Xerxes I. 479. Esther becomes queen consort. 474. Mordecai is advanced to honor and power in the court. Haman plots against the Jews.] 556-538 * * b. c. Afedia. Cyaxares II., or Darius, reigns. 553* * b. c. Babylon. Labynetus (Bel- shazzar) reigns. [First as viceroy under Darius, and later as an independent prince.] 551* *b. c. Media. Conquered by Cyrus, and its king deposed. [546. He forms the great Medo-Persian empire. 544. He subdues Asia Minor.] 546 * * B. c. Lydia. Conquered and made a province of the Persian empire. 544 * * b. c. Asia M. The contest for possession begins between the Greeks and Persians. 539 * * b. c. Ft. Phenicians colonize Massilia [Marseilles] in Gaul. 538 * * b. c. Babylon. Laborosarchad, the Belshazzar of Daniel, reigns nine months, and dies at his feast. 538-311 b. c. The Babylonian empire ends. Babylon is taken by Cyrus. [538- 333 b. c. Persian rule in Palestine.] 537 * * b. c. Phenicia. Conquered by Cyrus. 536 * * B. c. Pal. The first caravan of Jews (42,300 in all) returns under Zer- ubbabel from Babylonian captivity. 525 * * b. c. Egy. Conquered by Per- sians, and annexed as a province for 100 years. (527 ?). 518* * b. c. Babylon. Kevolt against Persia ; it is taken by Darius Hystaspes. 515 * * b. c. Cappadocia. Invaded by the Huns. 504 * * b. c. Aegean Sea. The Ionians revolt, and are subdued by the Persians. 502* *b. c. Bosporus. The kingdom is founded. 501 * * b. c. Lydia. Ephesus revolts against Persia. 494 * * b. c. Judea. The High PrieBts become subrulers. (See Chronicle.) 487 * * b. c. Pontus. Artabazus is en- throned by Darius Hystaspes. 466-425 b. c. Persia. Artaxerxes Longimanus reigns. [425. Xerxes II. Sogdianus.] 459 * * B. c. Babylonia. A second de- cree is issued for the return of the Jews ; Ezra arrives at Jerusalem with 6,000 Jews. 449* *b. c. Armenia. Divided by treaty between Pome and Persia. 446 * * b. c. Persia. Nehemiah goes to Jerusalem and views the ruins. [435. Returns to Persia. He is sent to Judea as governor. Proceeds to rebuild the walls.] 438-431 B.C. Bosporus [Circassia]. Spartacus I. dispossesses the Archea- nactidse from power, and reigns. [431- 407. Seleucus reigns. 407-353, Satyrus ; 353-348, Spartacus II. ; 348-304, Pary- sades ; 304-286, Eumelus.] 425-406 B.C. Persia. Darius XT., No- thus, holds sovereignty over Palestine. [406-359, Artaxerxes II., Ochus ; 401, Cy- rus the Younger revolts. 359-338, Ar- taxerxes III. ; 338-336, Arses ; 336-330, Darius III.] 419 * * Pal. Menasseh withdraws to Samaria. 408* *b. c. Rhodes. City founded. 400± * * b. c. Pontus. Ariobarzanes is betrayed by his son Mithridates to the Persians. [383. Mithridates I. reigns.] 387 * * b. c. Aegean Sea. Ionia again becomes subject to Persia. The Greek cities of Asia Minor pay tribute to the Persians. 378 * * b. c. Bithynia. Botyras reigns. [376, Bas, or Bias.] 363-337 b. c. Pontus. Ariobarzanes H. reigns. He is the real founder of the kingdom. [362. He revolts from Arta- xerxes. 337-302, Mithridates II. ; 302-266, Mithridates III. ; 266-240±, Ariobarzanes III. ; 240+-190, Mithridates IV.] 362 * * B. c. Asia M. The Persian gov- ernor of Asia Minor revolts. 360 * * b. c. Sp. The Phenician colo- nies are successfully planted on the coast. 334 * * b. c. Asia M. Alexander [the Great] declares the Grecian cities free from Persian rule. [333. He annexes Syriaand Phenicia. He advances through Palestine into Egypt without opposition. 332. Lydia and Assyria are conquered. (Alexander in Asia, p. 1024).] 333 * * b. c. Egy. Many Jews settle in Alexandria. * * b. c. Syria. The Greeks receive Damascus from the Persians. 331* * b. c. Babylonia. Mesopotamia and, later, Babylonia are traversed by Alexander. Oct. 1. b. c. Persia, Revolution ; de- struction of the Persian empire by Alex- ander. (Battle of Arbela, p. 1024.) [He is proclaimed master of Asia.] 1148 330, B.c.-13(V TURKEY. ARMY — NAVY. .328 * * B. C. Bithynia. King Bas, or Bias, repulses the Greeks. [223. Pru- Bias defeats the Gauls, and takes many cities.] •322* * b. c. Cappadocia. Conquered by Perdiccas. [291. Conquered byMithri- dates.] 320 * * b. c. Turk. E. Antigonus de- feats Eumenes in Thrace. * * b. c. Judea. Ptolemy Soter Lagus captures Jerusalem, and takes 100,000 Jews to Egypt. 312 * * b. c. Babylonia. Seleucus Ni- cator retakes Babylon. 301 * * b. c. Syria. Battle of Ipsus (p. 1026). [275. Antiochus I. defeats the Gauls. 262. The Gauls defeat him in Lydia.] 281* * b. c. Phrygia. Lysimachus, King of Thrace and Bithynia, is de- feated and killed at Cyropedium (Corns). 252* * B. c. Pontus. The Gauls besiege Mithridates IV. in his capital. [219. Mithridates attacks Sinope, but is obliged to raise the siege by the Bho- dians.] 247 * * b. c. Asia M. Ptolemy Euer- getes III., King of Egypt, makes many conquests. 219* * b. c. Syria. Antiochus HI. subdues Palestine. 517* *B.c. Pal. Antiochus III., King of Syria, conquers Palestine, but is to- tally defeated at Raphia bv Ptolemy Philopator(p. 652). (219, Peck.) [205. He returns from his eastern expedition. 198. The Jews assist him in expelling Scopas and the Egyptian allies from Jerusalem. He conquers Palestine and Ccele-Syria.] 192 * * b. c. The ^tolians invite Anti- ochus III, of Syria to join them and the King of Maeedon against the Ro- mans. [Defeated (p. 1026). 190. At Eu- rymedon and .Myonessus (p. 1055).] 187 * * B. C. Bithynia. King Prusias employs the fugitive Hannibal as gen- eral. 183 * * b. c. Pontus. Parnaces I. sub- dues Sinope. [131-129. Mithridates V. assists the Romans in the third Punic war.] 172 * * b. c. Judea. Antiochus IH. sacks Jerusalem ; he plunders and pro- fanes the Temple. [167. The aged Mat- tathias leads a revolt.] 166* * b. c. Syria. Judas Macca- beus routs the army of Apollonius at Beth-horon; he succe'ssfully wars against Syria. 166** B.C. Syria. Battle of Ashdod; the Jews rout the army of Gorgias. 165* * b. c. Armenia. Antiochus Epiphanes invades Armenia. 163 * * b. c. Lysias besieges Bethsura with 100,000 men. [162. Judas defeats Nicanor at Capharsalama. 161. Nica- nor is defeated and killed in Adasa. Battle of Eleasa ; Judas is defeated and killed.] 159 * * b. c. Syria. Jonathan Macca- beus, son of Judas, conducts the war. [147. He defeats Apollonius, governor of Coele Syria, at Azotus.] 153 * * b. c. Syria. Alexander Balas defeats and kills Demetrius. 137 * * b. c. Judea. Simon offers to aid Antiochus VII. against the usurper Try- phon, but his offer is declined ; war with Syria follows. Simon's sons, Judas and John, defeat the Syrians at Jamnia. .135* * b. c. Jerusalem,. Antiochus VII. besieges the city. [133. Captured.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 283 * * b. c. Pergamus. Philetaerus is a noted patron of art. 227± * * b. c. An earthquake occurB at Rhodes. The Colossus is thrown down. 219* * b. c. A total eclipse of the moon is observed in Asia Minor. (Polybius.) 198 * * b. c. Attalus, founder of the monarchy of Pergamus, invents parch- ment. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 323 * * b. c. Alexander the Great dies at Babylon. 320 * * b. c. Athemon, Thracian encaustic losopher, born. [207. Dies.] Seleucus I., Nicator, King of Syria, dies. 3d Century, b. c. Erasistratus, Syrian phy- sician, born. Dies. 237± * * b. c. AntiochuB the Great, King of Syria, born. [150. Dies.] 166 * * b. c. JIattatliias, dies. 164 (?) * * b. c. Anti'H'hus Epiphanes mur- dered. 160 * * b. c. Judas Maccabeus, patriot, d. Eumenes II., King of Pergamus, 150* * dies. Hipparchus. Bithynian founder of 299 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Simon the Just repairs the Temple, and encloses it with a double wall. 291 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Eleazar is high priest. (292, W.) [276. ManasBeh. (292, W.) 250. Onias n. (292, W.) He refuses to pay tribute to Ptolemy III. 219. Simon n. (240, W.)] 284 * * B. c. Jerusalem. The sect of the Sadducees begins to appear. 283-274 b.c. Egy. The Septuagint is written (p. 652). 237 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Ptolemy Phil- opator, King of Egypt, attempts to enter the Most Holy Place in the Temple, but is prevented. He cruelly requires the Jews to renounce their religion, but they refuse. He kills 40,000 at Alexan- dria. 199 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Onias HI. is high priest. (198, "VV.) [175. Onias is banished, and Jason purchases tlitMiilH't- for 350 talents. The gymnasium is erected for young Jews. 172. He is defeated by Menelaus, who out- bids and supplants him.] 198* * B. c. Jerusalem. The Jewish Sanhedrin is first mentioned. 175 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Heliodorus ar- rives to obtain the Temple treasures. 172 * * b. c. Judea. Menelaus sells the Temple vessels to the Tyrians in order to bribe Andronicus, governor at Anti- och. Onias, his accuser, is murdered. [168. Deposed by Jason.] 170* *B. c. Jerusalem. Antiochus Epiphanes plunders and defiles the Temple. He attempts to abolish the Jewish religion, and kills 40,000 inhab- itants : 40,000 more he sells as slaves. [He sets up an altar to Jupiter in the Temple, and compels the Jewish priests to immolate swine. [168. He takes Je- rusalem again and persecutes the Jews.] 167 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Matthias is high priest. He rises against the Syrians who sup- plant the worship of Jehovah in the Temple. 164 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Judas Macca- beus purifies the Temple, and restores the recaptured holy vessels and the Jew- ish worship after expelling the Syrians. The Temple is rededicated, and the Feast of the Dedication established. (166, W.) 161 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus is high priest. (162, W.) * * B. c. Judas kills Nicanor, who is succeeded by Jonathan. [153. He es- tablishes the line of Asmonean priest- princes.] * * b. c. Jerusalem. Judas Maccabeus falls in battle while rescuing the Tem- ple from Antiochus Epiphanes. 159* * b. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus orders a profane alteration in the Temple. [154. Jonathan Maccabeus is his suc- cessor. 143, Simon Maccabeus; 131, John Hyrcanus. (133, W.) He quarrels and turns Sadducee. 107, Judas (Aris- tobulus I., usurper, W.) ; 106, Alexander Jannaeus; 78, Hyrcanus H.] 142 * * b. c. Jerusalem. The Tower is purified and entered. LETTERS. 298 * * b. c. The Septuagint transla- tion is made. 233 * * b. c. Pergamus. The library at the death of Attalus III. comes into the possession of the Romans. 197± * * b. c. Smyrna. Eumenes II. collects a great library. 180± * * b. c. Ecclesiastes is written by Jesus Sirachides. (Or 977±). SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 320* * b. c. Pal. Ptolemy conveys 100,000 Jews to Egypt. 309* * b. c. Bosporus. Eumelus kills all his relatives. 300-200 b. o. Bhodes is a flourishing city. 297 * * b. c. Syria. King Seleucus di- vorces his queen, Stratonice, in order that his love-sick son may marry her. 162 * * b. c. Syria. Demetrius Soter murders Antiochus IV., and seizes th© throne. STATE. 330 * * b. c. Persia. Alexander is en- throned, and the empire is annexed to Maeedon ; Susa, the capital. 323 June 28. b. c. Babylonia. Alex- ander dies- at Susa; the capital. * * b. c. Armenia. A Greek governor rules. [317. Ardoates breaks the Gre- cian yoke.] * * b. c. Caria. Cassander rules. Al- exander's empire is divided among his generals (p. 1025). TURKEY. 330,** b.c. -130, B.C. 1149' * * b. c. Judea becomes a province of Syria. 324* * b. c. Jerusalem. Onias the high priest issubrulerunderPtolemy I. [310. Simon I.] 323-247 b. c. Egy. Many Jews mi- grate to Alexandria and receive unusual favors. 322* * b. c. Judea. Jerusalem is taken by Ptolemy I., Lagi ; Judea is subjected to Egypt. [322-142. Subject to the Greek- Egyptian and Greek-Syrian monar- chies.] * * b. c. Cappadocia. Subdued by Per- diccas, regent of Macedon. [315. Inde- pendent. 315-322, Ariaratb.es II. reigns. * * *AriarathesIII. ; 220-162, Ariarathes IV. ; 162-130, Ariarathes V. ; 15S. Holo- f ernes. 155-130. Ariarathes regains the throne. 130-96. Ariarathes VI. reigns successfully.] 321 * * B. c. Babylon, Given to the sa- trap Seleucus by Antipater. * *b. c. Asia. Antipater succeeds Per- diccas (murdered) as regent of the Mace- donian empire. [319. Dies.] 317 * * b. c. Armenia. Revolt against Macedon ; Ardvates elected king. 314 * * B. c. Pal. Wrested from Egypt by Antigonus. [310. Again subdued by Ptolemy.] 312* *B.c. Syria. The Syrian (Seleu- cidse) monarchy is founded by Seleucus I., Nicator ; Seleucia, the capital. [312- 280. He reigns 300+ . A part of Syria is erected into a kingdom by Seleucus ; An- tioch, the capital.] 310-219 b. c. Pal, Egyptian rule. 309 * * B. c. Bosporus. Prytanis reigns ; soon murdered by his brother, Eumelua, who succeeds him. [304. He is killed.] 301* * B.C. Phrygia. Antigonus falls in the battle of Ipsus, and his son De- metrius becomes a fugitive and a pi- rate. 300± * * b. c. Asia M. Seleucus I., Ni- cator, Grecian king of Persia, builds Antioch, Edessa, and Laodicea. 295 * * b. c. Cyprus. Taken by Egypt (p. 653). 291 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Eleazar is the Jewish high priest. [276, Manasses; 250, Onias H.] 286* * b. c. Bithynia. Ruled by Lysim- achus ; Thrace also. 285 * * b. c. Bosporus. Conquered by Scythians. 283 * * b. c. Lydia. Annexed to Per- 280± * * B. c. Pergamus. The kingdom is founded by Philetcerus. [280-263. He reigns. 263-241, Eumenes I. ; 241-197, At- talus I.] * * b. c. Babylon. Seleucus Nicator dies, after transferring the government from Babylon to Seleucia, Syria. 280-261 b.c. Syria. Antiochus I., Soter, reigns. This king of Upper Asia succeeds Nicator, and rules the East. [261-246, Antiochus U.,Theos. ; 246-226, Seleucus Callinicus ; 226-224, Seleucus Ceraunus.] 279± * * b. c. Galatia. Swarms of Gal- lic invaders who settle here give the name. 278 * * b. c. Bithynia. Zipastes dies ; Micomedial., the eldest son, succeeds his father. [He invites the Gauls into Asia. 250+. Zelas reigns. 228-180, Pru- sias I. ; 180-149, Prusias II.] 264-1- * * b. c. Palestine is the battle- ground between Egypt and Syria. 261-264 b. c. Syria. Antiochus II. is unable to hold the provinces in subjec- tion. The Parthian and Bactrian kingdoms begin. 241-197 b. c. Pergamus. Attalus I. reigns over a powerful state. 224-187 B.C. Syria — Baby Ionia — Me- dia. Antiochus III., the Great, reigns. [218. He seizes most of Palestine. 217. He is forced to cede Ccele-Syria, Pheni- cia, and Palestine to Ptolemy Philopa- tor. 187-175. Seleucus IV., Philopator.] 219* * B. c. Jerusalem. Simon II., the Just, is high priest and subruler. 202* *b. c. Syria— Judea. Taken by Antiochus HI. [193. He gives Pales- tine to Ptolemy V.] 199 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Onias HI. is Jewish high priest. Note. — Dates respecting the high priests be- come more trustworthy. * * Pal. Egyptians are supreme. [198. The Jews, aided by the Seleucid*, throw off the yoke of Egypt, and become sub- ject to Syria.] 197-159 b. c. Pergamus. Eumenes II. reigns. [159-138. Attalus II., Philadel- phus. Philadelphia is founded. 138-133. Attalus III., Philometor.] 190± * * b. c. Pontus. Pharnaces I. reigns. [183. He makes Sinope his capi- tal. 156±-120. Mithridates V- ; 120-163. Mithridates VI., the Great. The kingdom has its greatest power. War with the Romans.] * * b. c. Asia M. The Greek kings dom- inate after the defeat of Antiochus the Great by the Romans (p. 1055) ; Ar- menia is divided into Major and Minor. Artaxius, the Roman governor, pro- claims Armenia Major independent. ± * * b. c. Pergamus. Attains its largest extent, and includes Mysia, Phrygia, Lydia, Laconia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia. 188 * * b. c. Asia M. Surrendered by Antiochus III. to the Romans (p. 1055). 176 * * b. c. Pal. Again becomes a Syr- ian province. 175* * b. c. Jerusalem. Jason pur- chases the office of high priest. [172. Menelaus buys it.] 175-164 b. c. Sijria. Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, reigns. Romans interfere (p. 1055). 172. Devastates Jerusalem. [164- 162, Antiochus V., Eupator; 162-153, Demetrius Soter.] 167-63 b. c. Jerusalem. The Jewish princes called Maccabees rise, and de- liver their country. 167 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Mattathias, the founder of the Maccabees, rises against the Syrians who profane the Temple. [166. Judas succeeds.] 163* * b. c. Eleazar Maccabeus is killed in battle. [160. John is killed by Arabs.] * * b. c. Judea. Antiochus V. acknowl- edges the independence of the Jews. * * b. c. Syria. Antiochus V. is mur- dered by Demetrius Soter, who usurps the throne. * * b. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus is rejected by the Jews as high priest, because of his perfidy; the Syrians invade Ju- dea in consequence. [161. Reinstated by force.] 161** b.c. Pal. The Jews make their first recorded treaty with the Romans. 160-143 b. c. Jerusalem. Jonathan Maccabeus succeeds his brother Judas as Jewish ruler ; his stronghold at seat of power is at Michmash. (153.) He in- augurates the line of Asmonean priest- princes. The Jews are partizans of Alexander Balas, and reject the over- tures of Demetrius Soter. 159+ * *b. c. For Rulers of Judea, see high priests. 158* * b. c. Judea. Peace is made with Syria. 153 * * Jerusalem. Jonathan Macca- beus is nominated Jewish high priest. [147. He resists Demetrius. 145. He goes over to him. 144. Declares for An- tiochus. 143. He is decoyed into captiv- ity by the usurper, Tryphon, and killed. 143-135. Simon Maccabeus succeeds him as prince. He rules the country from Tyre to the Egyptian border. 135- 103. John Hyrcanus, the Maccabee.] 153 * * b. c. Syria. Alexander Balas usurps the throne. He is favored by the Jews. [146. Killed in battle. Deme- trius H., Nicator, reigns. Becomes a captive. 144-142. Antiochus VI., The- os, after overthrowing Demetrius by the aid of Tryphon. 142-138. Diodotus; Tryphon kills Antiochus, and succeeds him. 138-128. Antiochus VII., Sidetes.] 149 * * b. c. Armenia. Valarsaces, or "Wagharshag I., establishes the dynasty of the Arsacidae. [127, Arsaces ; lH t Artaxes.] 144* * b. c. Judea. Antiochus VI., Theos, confirms Jonathan in his au- thority. [143. Jewish embassy sent to- Rome.] 142 * * b. c. Judea. The Jews are freed from paying tribute by Demetrius. [141. The Jews confirm the rule of Simon III., and enjoy a period of prosperity and peace.] 135 * * B. c. Ptolemy treacherously as- sassinates Simon and his two sons, Judas and Mattathias. 133 * * b. c. Ionia. Annexed to Rome. * * b. c. Pergamus. Bequeathed to the Romans (p. 1057). * * b. c. Syria. Antiochus VI. grants peace to the subdued Jews, and placates the Romans. 130 * * b. c. Judea. John Hyrcanus, the high priest, completely delivers Judea from Syria, and subdues Idumea. 1150 130, * * b. c.-26, * * a. d. TURKEY. ARMY — NAVY. 130 * * B. c. Persia. Antiochus VU. is defeated iu Parthia. [129. He invades Parthia ; subdues and incorporates Idu- 111* *b. c. Pontus. Mithridates makes extensive conquests in Scythia, Bosporus, Colchis. [108-63. Mithrida- tic war (p. 1056).] 108 * * b. c. Pal. Hyrcanus destroys Samaria. 97 * * b. c. Cappadocia. Mithridates enters Cappadocia. Gaza, in Judea, is captured. 04 * * b. c. Syria. Antiochus is de- feated by Seleucus. Moab and Amnion are subdued. 88-84 b. c. Mithridatic war (pp. 1028, 1056). [83-81, second : 74-63, third.] (P. 1058). 80 * * b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI. conquers Bosporus. 73 * * b. c. Pontus. The fleet of Mithri- dates VI. defeats the Romans under Lueullus in two battles. [68. He de- feats Fabius. SG. Defeated by Pom- pey (p. 1058).] 70 * * B. c. Judea. Aristobulus II. de- feats Hyrcanus II., the rival king, and captures Jerusalem. [69. The king of the Nabatheuns .supports Hyrcanus with 50,000 men. defeats Aristobulus, and be- sieges him in the Temple at Jerusalem.] 69* * b. c. Armenia. Lueullus defeats Tigranes, at Tigranocerta, and takes the city (p. 1058). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 65 * * b. c. Bosporus. An earthquake destroys several towns. 63 * * b. c. Syria. Scaurus, the Roman prefect, builds a marble theater of great magnificence ; capacity, 30,000 peo- ple. 60* *B. c. -24* *A. D. Strabo dis- courses on earthquakes and volcanoes. 21* * B. c. Jerusalem. Herod the Great commences the third Temple, the sec- ond yet standing. [Finished in one and a half years by an army of workmen. Entirely completed eight years later. Additions and changes follow for many years.] 17 * * a. d. Devastating earthquakes : 17. Ephesus and 1 1 other cities. 19. In Syria 115, 341 , 458, 707, 708, 325, 326, in A ntioch, Syria ; 115, Nicomedia, 1L'6, Nicomedia, Nicea, and Ca'suroa. 157. In Asia, Pontus, and Macedo- nia, 150 towns and cities. 341, In Syria; 25H, Mii'omedia, inhabitants buried in ruins. 55S, 936, 1509. In Constantinople. 566. Beyrout destroyed. 742. Syria, Palestine, and Asia Minor shaken. 1114. Antioch and many towns. 1158. Syria (2,000 lives). 1268. In Cilicia (60,000 lives). 1688. July 10. In Smyrna. 1752. July 29. Adrianople isnearly destroyed. 1759. Oct. 30. In Syria (20,000 lives). 1778. July 3. In Smyrna. 1784. July 23. In Armenia (5,000 lives). BIRTHS — DEATHS. 72 * * B. c. Herod the Great, King of Judea, b. [4 a. D. D.] SO (?) * * b. c. Philo Juda-us, Greek philoso- pher, born. [50 a. d. Dies.] 5 (?) * * b. c. John the Baptist, born. [30 a. d. Dies.] 1* * a. r>. HerodAgrippal... King of Judea, born. [44. Dies.] 10 (?) * * Paul, St., Apostle of the Gentiles, born. [66(?) Dies.] 67 * * b. c. Judea. Hyrcanus, the de- posed high-priest, appeals to Pompey, who takes Jerusalem and restores him. 65* * b. c. Armenia. Tigranes sub- mits to Pompey, who enters Syria, and dethrones Antiochus XI. ■63 * * B. c. Judea. Aristobulus finally surrenders Jerusalem to Pompey, but the Temple continues resistance for three months longer, till 12,000 Jews are killed (p. 1058). 48 * * b. c. Armenia. Artivosd.es as- sists Pompey against Julius Caesar. Pompey is killed. [36. He assists the Parthians against Mark Antony. 34. The king is taken and sent to Egypt (p. 1069). 47 * * b. c. Bosporus. Julius Cassar defeats Pharnaces II. (p. 1060). 42 * * b. c. Gr. Battle of Philippi (p. 1028). Antony ravages Asia; Cleopa- tra meets him (pp. 653, 1060). [36. Par- thian war.] 40 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Taken by Par- thians. 37 * * b. c. Judea. Herod [the Great] takes Jerusalem, after a siege of six months and killing a great number of Jews. Bosporus. Conquered by L8 * * a. d. Armenia. Reconquered by Germanicus, son of Augustus. [58. War.] (P. 1062.) CHURCH. 130 * * B. c. Samaria. The Samaritan Temple is destroyed by Hyrcanus. He builds the tower [of Antonia] at Jeru- salem. - (109 "W.) 86 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Alexander Jan- naaus cruelly suppresses a rebellion of Pharisees. 70 Sept. 8. b. c. Jerusalem is lev- eled to the ground by Titus, a Roman. 69 * * B. C Jerusalem. Aristobulus II. de- poses his brother, and enters the high priest- hood himself. [65. Pompey restores Hyr- canus to the throne of Judea, and carries King Aristobulus II. captive to Rome. 63. Pompey enters the Holy oi Holies.] 54* *B. c. Jerusalem. Crassus plunders the Temple of 10,000 talents. 41* * b. c. Jerusalem. Antigonus is high priest. [37, Ananeel ; 35, Aristobulus ; later, Jesus I. ; 23, Simon IV. (22, W.) ; 5 Mat- thias; 4 b. C.-4a. D. Jozar.] 17-11 B. c. Jerusalem. Herod, son of Antipater, rebuilds the Temple. 5 Feb. * b. c. Judea. Birth of John the Baptist. 4 (?) Aug. (?) * b. c. Judea. Birth of Jesus Christ at Bethlehem, four years before the vulgar era. (6 b. c, Strong ; 5 B. C., Kent; 4 B. c.,W., and commonly accepted date.) Sept. (?) * B. c. Jerusalem. The infant Christ presented in the Temple, to be legally redeemed. * * B. c. Jerusalem. Two leading rabbis are burned alive for hostility to the Roman eagle, which had been placed over the Temple gate. 3 July (?)* B.C. Judea. The Magi visit Christ at Bethlehem. Joseph flees with the babe and Mary into Egypt. Aug. (?) * b. c. Herod massacres the Bethlehem infants. 1 Apr. (?) * a. d. Galilee. Joseph re- turns from Egypt, and fixes his home in Nazareth. Ishmael I. (15, W.); 22, Eleazar III. (16, Kent); 23, Simon V. (16, "W.; 17, Kent); 25, Joseph I., Caiphas (17, W.; 26, Kent).] 8 (?) Apr. 9. Jerusalem. The boy Jesus, 14 years of age, first visits the Temple with Joseph, in the celebration of the Passover ; he is accompanied by his mother. 26 * * Judea. John the Baptist begins to preach. [29. Beheaded by Herod.] Aug. * Judea. Christ is baptized by John in the river Jordan. (27, "W. ; 26 or 27, Kent.) 26 (?) -30 (?) Pal. Period of the Minis- try of Jesus Christ. Sept. (?) * -Oct. (?) * Christ's tempta- tion in the wilderness. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 130* * b. c. Cappadocia. Queen Laodice poisons five of her sons. 124 * * B. c. Syria. Queen Cleopatra murders her son Seleucus with her own hand. [12S. She is poisoned.] 123 * * b, c. Pontus. King Mithridates V. is assassinated in the midst of bis court. 115 * * B. c. Lydia. King Mithridates marries Laodice, his own sister. [112. She attempts to poison him, and is killed.] 88 * * B. c. Asia M. The Roman men, women, and children throughout Asia are murdered by order of King Mithri- dates. 43 * * b. 0. Judea. Antipater is poi- soned. 26 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Herod builds a theater [also an amphitheater at Jeri- cho. Games are appointed in honor of the Emperor Augustus], STATE. 129 * * b. c. Syria. Demetrius IX, Ni- cator, returns from captivity, and recon- quers Syria. 128 * * b. c. Syria. Antiochus "VT. is defeated and slain in Parthia. The Jews recover independence of Syria. 128-122 b. c. Syria. Alexander II., the Pretender, is set up. [125-96. An- tiochus VHI., Grypus, son of Cleopa- tra, reigns. 114. Damascus becomes a separate kingdom. 112. The kingdom is divided between the two brothers Grypus and Cyzicenus. 112-96. Antio- chus IX., Cyzicenus, reigns over Ca^le- SyriaandPhenicia; capital, Damascus.] 125* *b. c. Pal. John Hyrcanus subjugates the country east of the Jor- dan, and endeavors to incorporate the people with the Jews. TURKEY. 130,** B.C.-26,**A.D. 1151 108 * * ii. c. Pal. Samaria is destroyed by Hyrcanus. [25. Rebuilt.] 107-105 b. c. Judea. Aristobulus I. (J udas Hyrcanus), high priestof the Jews, assumes the title of king. [104-78. Alex- ander Jannseus. 92. The Pharisees re- bel, and drive him out of Jerusalem, but he soon returns in triumph.] 97 * * b. c. Cappadocia. Conquered by Mithridates VII. He sets up various pretenders. [92-63. Ariobarzanes I. reigns by the favor of the Romans. 63. Ariobarzanes II., Philopator, reigns. 51. Ariobarzanes III., Eusebes.] 96-94 B.C. Syria. Antiochus X., Euse- bes, succeeds Antiochus Cyzicunes. [94- 86. Demetrius Eucerus. S6-S3. Anti- ochus XI., Dionysius. Deposed by Pom- pey. 70. Possessed by the Romans.] 91-74 B. C. Bithynia. Nicomedes III., Philopator, reigns. 91. Expelled by Mithridates. 90. Restored by the Ro- mans. 88. Expelled by Mithridates. 84. Restored. 75. He bequeaths his kingdom to Rome. War follows (p. 1059). 89 * * b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI. ; also reigns over Thrace, Bithynia, Mace- donia, and Greece (p. 1059). [63. Phar- naces II. ; he revolts against tbe Ro- mans, but is subdued by Csesar. 39. Darius reigns. 36. Polemon, son of Zeno.] * * b. C. Armenia. Tigranes I. reigns. [55. Artavasdes reigns with his father. 36. Alone. 30. Artaxes II. 20. Tigranes II.]. 84 * * b. C. Pontus. Peace with the Ro- mans (p. 1029). 83-69 b. c. Syria. Tigranea I. an- nexes Syria to Armenia by the gift of Antiochus XII. [69. Conquered by- Romans (p. 1058).] 79 * * b. c. Judea. Alexandra, the widow of Janna^us, governs. 75± * * b. c Syria. Antiochus XIII. solicits aid of the Romans. [69. They set him up as king. 57. Gabinus is proconsul.] 69* *B. c. Jerusalem. Aristobulus H., son of Alexander, reigns as king and high priest. [65. Hyrcanus II., his brother, is a rival claimant, supported by the Pharisees. 30. Executed by Herod.] 66* * b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI., de- feated by Pompey (p. 1058). [65. Pontus becomes a Roman province. 63. Phar- naces reigns ; reduced by Pompey to the former limits.] 64 * * b. c. Syria. A Roman province is formed after the victories of Marcus Scaurus, Pompey's lieutenant, who de- poses Antiochus XIII. [Damascus is also annexed. 64. Pompey establishes his court at Damascus. Hyrcanus is sup- ported by more than 1,000 Jews, who have been bribed by Antipater. Pompey finally favors him, but Aristobulus re- sists at Jerusalem. Hyrcanus is restored to nominal authority. 62. Marcus Scau- rus is the Roman prefect.] * * B. C. Armenia Minor. Seized by Dei- otarus, King of Galatia. 63 * * B. c. Judea. Pompey forces the Jews to pay tribute to Rome. His vic- tories make Judea a Roman province. 56* *b. c, Judea. Divided into five districts; its government is an aristoc- racy. [49. Caesar releases Aristobulus II., who is murdered by the partizans of Pompey. 47. Csesar appoints Antipater the Idumean, and father of Herod the Great, his lieutenant, having aided Cae- sar in his Egyptian war. Hyrcanus is appointed ethnarch.] 54* * b. c. Syria. Crassus becomes proconsul. [53. He is overthrown by the Parthians (p. 105S).] * * b. c. Armenia. Artabarzes reigns. He deals treacherous] y with the Romans. 47 * * b. c. Bosporus. Asander is ap- pointed governor by Pharnasus. The Romans give the throne to Mithridates of Pergamus. [He usurps the crown ; confirmed by Augustus.] * * b. c. Jerusalem. Hyrcanus is re- stored to power, and the aristocratic government ended. 46* * b. C. Pal. Antipater appoints his son, Herod [the Great], governor of Galilee. [42. Herod marries Mariamne, a granddaughter of Hyrcanus, the high priest, and daughter of Alexandra. An- tipater appoints Phasel, another son, governor of Jerusalem.] 43 * * b. c. Syria. Casius Longinus is proconsul. [Proconsuls are succeeded by legati as rulers.] 40 * * b. c. Judea. The Parthians take Syria; capture Jerusalem, and enthrone Antigonus, the last of the Asmoneans, as king and priest. 37* *b. c. Pome. Herod [the Great] is appointed king of Judea by a decree of the senate, and inaugurated in the capital. He is promoted by the favor of Octavian and Antony. * * b. c. Jerusalem. Ananel is high priest. [33. Jesus, and later Simon.] 36 * * b. c. Antony grants Phenicia, Cyrene, and Cyprus to Cleopatra. 34* * b. c. Armenia. Made a Roman province by the victories of Ptolemy. [30. Artaxes II. revolts, expels the Ro- mans, and rules as king. 20. Put to death by Armenians. 27. Syria a province, ruled by a prefect as legatus Csesaris.} 30* * B. C. Judea. Octavian establishes Herod in his kingdom. [29. Herod puts Mariamne to death.] 27 b. c.-14 a. n. Pome. Augustus Oc- tavianus emperor. 25 * * b. c. Pal. Samaria is rebuilt by Herod the Great. 23 * * b. c. Jerusalem. "Walls are re- built by Antipater. 22 * * b. c. Pal. Csesarea Philippi is rebuilt or enlarged by Philip the te- trarch. 21 * * b. c. Asia M. Augustus makes a visit. [20. Meets Herod in Syria. 16. Agrippa is again legatus.] 20 * * b. c. Syria. Tigranes II. is en- throned by the Romans. He governs Syria also, later Tigranes III. [6. Ar- tavasdes. 5, Tigranes restored; 12, Queen Erato.] 18 * * b. c. Judea. Herod [the Great] visits Rome and brings back his two sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, who had been sent there six years before. [16. He invites Agrippa into Judea. 11. He accuses Alexander and Aristobulus be- fore Augustus, but becomes reconciled. 6. The two sons are condemned by the Council, and strangled. Antipater en- ters into a conspiracy against Herod, and goes to Rome. 4. Herod orders his ex- ecution.] 14 * * b. c. Turk. E. A rebellion of the Vologams in Thrace is quelled. 9-8* *b. c. Syria. C. Sentius Satur- nius is legatus. 7 * * b. c. Pal. The Romans take a cen- sus. 6-2 b. c. Rhodes. Residence of Tibe- rius. 5 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Matthias is high priest. * * b. c. Judea. Taxes are levied by Cyrenius the governor. * * B. c. Syria. Varrus is appointed governor. [4 A. D. Volusius Saturninus, legate; 5, Sulpicius Quirinius; ll,Aulus Creticus Silanus.] 4 Mar.* b.c. Herod the Great dies from a loathsome disease after suicidal attempts. His dominions are distributed by Augustus Cresar among his three sons. [3± B. c-7 A. d. Archelaus has Judea, Samaria, and Idumea. He bears the ti- tle of ethnarch. 6 A. d. He is banished to Gaul for misrule. 4 B. C.-34A. D. Philip rules as tetrarch of Iturea and Trochonitis (N. E. Palestine). 4 B. c- 39 A. n. Herod Antipas rules Galilee and Persea as tetrarch. 39. Exiled to Spain.] 2 * * A. D. Armenia. Ariobarzanes, a Parthian, is enthroned by the Romans. [4. Artavasdes III. 5. Queen Erato. Interregnum.] 6 * * Judea. Augustus banishes Arche- laus. Judea a province (p. 1063). Copo- nius is procurator. [9. M. Ambivius ; 12, Annius Rufus ; 15, Valerius Gratus.] 11 * * Rome. Tiberius is associate em- peror. [14-37. Sole emperor.] 16* * Armenia. Subject to Parthia; Venones, a Parthian, is king. [17. In- terregnum. 18. Zeno of Pontus (Artax- ias) ; Tigranes IV- ; 35, Arsaces II. ; Mithridates of Iberia; 51, Rhamdam- istus.] 17 * * Cappadocia, A Roman province [47±. Thrace also.] * * Syria. Cn. Calpurnius Piso is gov- ernor. \W, Sexlns Snturnimis; 20, ^Elius Lammia; 34, Vitellius rules as legatus. 39. P. Petronius.] 26-36 Judea. Pontius Pilate is procu- rator. [36. Deposed, and succeeded by Marcellus. 41. The Jews have the right of Roman citizenship.] 1152 27, Mar. 22-246, * TURKEY. ARMY — NAVY. 47 * * Jerusalem. The walls are rebuilt. 65 * * Judea. The Jewish wars begin (p. 1062). 70 Sept. 8. Jerusalem. Titus takes the city, sacks and burns the Temple ; 1,100,000 Jews perish (p. 1062). 71* * Rhodes. Taken by Vespasian. 116* * Syria. Trajan takes Seleucia. [162. Parthian invasion.] (P. 1064.) 194* *AsiaM. Battle of Issus (p. 1064). 217 * * Syria. Parthian war (p. 1064). 246 * * Syria. Persian invasion. [397. Invaded by Saracens. 502. Again. 629. Again. 607. Invaded by the Per- sians. 609. They conquer Asia Minor.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 33 Mar. 19. Pal. A general eclipse of the sun is observed. (Seyffarth.) 190± * * Carta. Eunielus flourishes ; his picture of Helen adorns the Roman Forum. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 37 * * Herod Agrrippa, Syrian king, born. [100. Dies.} 28 (?) * * Berenice, Jewish queen, favorite of Titus, born. [70+. Dies.] 36+: * * Stephen, St.. first Christian martyr, stoned. 37* * Josephus. hist., warrior, b. [95. D.] 1st Century. Cerinthus, Syrian heresiarch, founder of Cerinthians, born. Dies. Herod Antipas. tetrarch of Galilee, b. D. Shammi, Jewish ilodor, born. Dies. 1st, 2d Century. Hyrcanus 1-, II., high priests, born. Die. 100* * John, the Kvan^clist, born. DieB. 107 * * Ignatius. St., bishop of Antioch, d. 115 * * Gamaliel, tin- younger, dies. 136* * Bareoehba, Jewish impostor, dies. 2d Century. Akiba Ben Joseph, Jewish in- structor, born. Dies. 168 * * Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, dies. 232+ * * Afrieanus, Sextus Julius, Christian historian, dies. 233 * * Porphyry, Syrian Neo-Platonic phi- losopher, born. [304. Dies.] 245± * * Famphilus, St., Syrian martyr, born. [309. Dies.] CHURCH. 27 Mar. 22. Christ attends his first Passover (27, W.; 27, Apr. * Kent), and expels traders from the Temple. Mar.* John's testimony of Jesus; Christ obtains his first disciples, John (?) and Andrew ; he performs his first miracle, water is changed into wine ; he visits Capernaum. The first year of Christ's more pub- lic ministry begins. Mar. 22-28. Interviewed by Wicode- mus. Summer. Engages in public work west of the Jordan. Oct. 26. John the Baptist reproves Herod, and is cast into prison. Dec. * Christ converts the Samaritan woman at Jacob's well. Teaches in Galilee. 28 Jan. (?) * He heals the nobleman's son. He is rejected at Nazareth, and makes Capernaum his residence. He makes a miraculous draught of fishes, and calls into his ministry Peter and Andrew, and James and John. He re- stores a demoniac at Capernaum. Cures Peter's mother-in-law. .Feb. *-Mar. * Makes a preaching tour of Galilee. Heals a leper. Mar. (?) * Cures a paralytic. Apr. (?) * Calls Matthew. The second year of his ministry. Apr. 12. Attends his second Pass- over. Cures an invalid at the Pool of Bethesda. Apr. 26. (?) He cures a withered hand. May (?) * He chooses his 12 apostles. May (?) * He preaches the Sermon on the Mount. Cures the centurion's servant. Restores the widow's son to life. June (?) * Receives a message from John the Baptist. Receives the kind offices of a woman at a Pharisee's house. June * -Sept. (?) * Makes a second tour of Galilee [32]. Oct. (?) * Restores a demoniac, and is slandered. Teaches the multitudes. Stills the tempest on the sea. Cures two demoniacs. Nov. (?) * Attends a feast at Matthew's house in Capernaum. Resuscitates Jairus's daughter. Cures two blind men and a dumb demoniac. Dec. (?) * Is rejected the second time at Nazareth. 29 Jan. * -Mar. * He makes a third tour of Galilee, and sends forth his dis- ciples. Mar. * John is beheaded by Herod at Machserus. Mar. 25. (?) Christ feeds the 5,000. Mar. 25, 26. Meets his disciples by walking on the water. The third year of Christ's ministry. Mar. 28. He avoids attending the third Passover. Apr. (?) * Cures the demoniac daughter of a Syro-Phenician woman. May (?) * He feeds over 4,000 people. Cures a blind man. He predicts to his disciples his passion. He is transfig- ured on the mount ; Moses and Elijah visit him. June (?) * Again predicts his passion. Provides a sacred half-shekel from a fish's mouth. Sept. (?) * Gives the seventy disciples their mission. He takes his final de- parture from Galilee for Jerusalem. Sept. 21-28. Attends the Feast of Tabernacles at Jerusalem. Sept. 29. Pardons an adulteress. Oct. * The Seventy return, and report with rejoicing. Oct. (?) * He defines love to one's neigh- bor for a lawyer. Nov. (?) * He visits Mary and Martha. Nov. 27. He cures a blind man at Je- rusalem. Nov. 28. The Sanhedrin investigate the cure of the blind man. Nov. 30-Dec.7. He discourses in the Temple at the Festival of the Dedica- tion. (29, Dec. *, TV.) Dec. * He returns to East Bethany. 30 Jan. * (?) He restores Lazarus. The Sanhedrin decide to kill him. Jan. * -Feb. * He retires beyond the Jordan. Feb. (?) * He cures a female of spinal paralysis. Teaches in Perea, and jour- neys slowly toward Jerusalem. Mar. * He is visited by a rich young ruler. Mar. ll.(?) He predicts his passion the third time. Mar. * James and John make an ambi- tious request. Mar. * Two blind men are cured at Jericho. Mar. 12. (?) Zaccheus entertains Christ as a guest. Mar. 13. (?) Christ arrives at Bethany. (Mar. 30, W.) Crowds come to see Laz- Mar. 14. Heleaves Bethany, and makes a public entrance into Jerusalem, rid- ing on an ass over a road bedecked with palm-leaves. He sheds tears over Je- rusalem. He enters the Temple, and expels the tradespeople from the Gen- tiles' court. Mar. 15. He curses the barren fig-tree when returning to Jerusalem from Beth- any. Mar. 16. Again returns from Bethany, and teaches in the women's court of the Temple. He is questioned respect- ing tribute money, the resurrection, relative importance of the command- ments, discusses the paternity of the Messiah, denounces hypocrisy, prefers a widow's mite. Withdraws from the Temple, and prem onishes the catas- trophe of Jerusalem. Mar. 17. The Sanhedrin plot against the life of Christ. Judas purposes to betray him. He eats his last Passover, which closes with a hymn. He retires to the Mount of Olives ; enters the Garden of G-ethsemane, offers three prayers, agonizes, is betrayed, and ar- rested. Mar. 18. [Friday.'] He is brought be- fore the ex high priest ; Peter denies his Master ; is questioned by Hananiah. Is arraigned before the Sanhedrin in Caiaphas's palace. Accused before Pi- late. Tried by Herod ; uncondemned. Before Pilate again ; is declared inno- cent, yet sentence of death is extorted. Judas commits suicide. Christ is cru- cified in Golgotha. Buried in Joseph's tomb. (30, Apr. 6, W.) Mar. 19. [Sabbath.] His tomb guarded. Mar. 20. [Sunday.] (30, Apr. 8, W.) He rises from the tomb ; meets his disciples. Blesses bread at Emmaus. Salutes ten apostles in the evening. Mar. 27. Salutes eleven apostles. Thomas is present. Mar. 31. (?) Commissions his apostles. Apr. 28. Ascends from near Bethany. (May 17, W.) May 9. (?) Jerusalem. The baptism of the Holy Ghost falls on 120 disciples. Dec. 29. (?) Jerusalem. St. Stephen suf- fers martyrdom. (36, W. ; 34, Kent.) 31 May (?) * Damascus. Saul the per- secutor becomes a Christian. (37, W. ; 35, Kent.) [He returns to Jerusalem. (40, "W.)] 31 (?) * * Jerusalem. Christian church greatly prospers. 31 (?) * * St. Matthew writes his Gospel. 32 (?) * * St. Peter baptizes Cornelius and family at Cassarea. (40, W. ; Kent.) * * Philip preaches in Samaria. * * * Judea. The high priests purchase their places by bribes or services, and are commonly flagitious in their conduct. 36 * * Jerusalem. Jonathan, son of An- anus, becomes Jewish high priest. [37, Theophilus, bis brother; 42, Simon Cantlieras; 43, Matthias, son of Ananus (42, W.) ; 44, Elionams, son of Cantlieras (43,TV.) ; 48, Joseph, son of Kami (45, W.) ; later Ana- nias, son of Nebedrcus (49, TV.); 55, Ismael, Bon of Fabi <59, W.); 67, Theophilus; later, Pannius.J 37* * Jerusalem. St. Peter restores Tab- itha. The Emperor Caligula endeavors TURKEY. 27, Mar. 22-246, 1153 to place his statue in the Temple. The Jews are persecuted for refusing to worship him. 41* * Cyprus. Simon Magus founds the Simouians, the first society of heretics. 42 * * Syria. The disciples are first called Christians at Antioch. (38, Butler ; 40, Tacitus ; 41, W. ; 60, some others.) 44 * * Paul and Barnabas visit Cyprus. [45. They visit Antioch in Pisidia, Ico- nium, Lystra, Derbe, Pamphylia, and Perga, in Asia Minor.] (45, W.) 45 * * Assumption of the Virgin (as- cent into heaven) [according to the Latin and Greek churches]. 48-49 St. Paul's first missionary tour. (45-43, Kent.) 50 Spring. Jerusalem. The Council of Apostles is held. Gentile Christians are freed from the yoke of the Mosaic observances. (48, W. ; 51, Kent.) 51-54 St. Paul's second missionary tour. (49-50, W. ; 54, Kent.) 52 * * St. Paul writes the First Epistle to the Tkessalonians. (52, "W.) He visits Antioch in Syria, Tarsus, Derbe, Lystra, towns in Phrygia and Galatia, Pergamos and Troas in Asia Minor. (51, W.) He is called by a vis- ion into Europe, and visits Philippi, Berea,Thessalonica, Athens, and ( 5'-', W.) Corinth. He returns to Asia, visits Ephe- sus, and returns to Jerusalem. 53 * * St. Paul writes the Second Epistle to the Tkessalonians. (52, W.) - 54-58 St. Paul's third missionary tour. (54-55, W.; 55-59, Kent.) 56 * * St. Luke writes his Gospel. 57 * * St. Paul writes the Epistle to the Galatians. (52, W., or 57.) St. Paul writes the First (57, W.) and Second Epistles (57, W.) to the Corinthians. He is a prisoner, and pleads before Clau- dius Felix, governor of Judea and Csesa- rea. (60, Kent.) [60. He is sent to Rome for trial. 61. Spring. Arrives.] * * He visits Ephesus (56-57, W.), Macedo- nia, Corinth, Philippi, and Miletus. 58 * * Epistle to the Hebrews is written. * * St. Paul writes the Epistle to the Ro- mans from Corinth. (58, "W.) The Book oftheActs is written by St. Luke. (63, W), 60 * * St. Paul is shipwrecked at Malta 61-63 Home. St. Paul's first imprison ment. [He is acquitted (p. 1062).] 62 * * Rome. St. Paul writes the Epistles to Philemon, the Colossians, Ephesians, and Philippians. ± * * St. James writes his Epistle. (62- 63, W.) * * Rome. St. Peter is bishop of Rome. [He is crucified head downward ; St. Linus is his successor.] (Roman Catholic authorities.) Jerusalem. Herod's persecution. St. James beheaded ; St. Peter arrested and imprisoned. * * The apostles separate, and go into different parts of the world to preach the gospel. 64-65 Sp. St. Paul visits Spain. (?) (65, W.) 64-68 First general persecution of Christians by pagans (p. 1062). 64± * * St. Peter writes his first Epistle. [65. His second Epistle.] 67 * * St. Paul writes the First Epistle to Timothy from Macedonia, and the Epistle to Titus from Ephesus. He writes the Second Epistle to Timothy from Rome. * * St. Mark writes his Gospel. 68 * * Asia M. St. Paul is arrested at Nicopolis (?) as a conspicuous leader of Christians, and sent to Rome as a victim of Nero's persecution. [May (or June). He is beheaded.] 69 (?) Nov. 30. Gr. The Apostle An- drew, having refused to offer sacrifices to idols, is crucified on [St. Andrew's (X)] cross at Patrse. 70 ** Jerusalem. The Temple is burned by the Romans. 90 (?) * * St. John's Gospel is written. [A little later (?) his two Epistles and the Apocalypse.] 95 * * Persecutions (p. 1064). ± * * JEgean Sea. St. John is exiled to Patmos. 97 (?) * * Timothy is stoned. (?) + * * St. John returns to Ephesus from Patmos. * * * The Christian Church advances. (See Italy for later development.) 100 * * Persecution (p. 1064). 100-300 Armenia receives Christianity. 130 * * Jerusalem. Adrian builds a tem- ple of Jupiter on Mount Calvary, also a temple of Adonis over the manger at Bethlehem. 132 * * Judea. Adrian has slain 580,000 rebellious Jews, and banishes the sur- vivors. 135* * Asia M. Polycarp becomes bishop of Smyrna. [167±. Burned at the stake.] 150+ * * Syria. Septimius Severus builds a temple to the sun at Baalbec. 230* * A. d. The Mischna, called the Je- rusalem Talmud, is compiled by Jehuda Hanassi, and written at Tiberias. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 70 * * A. D. Jerusalem. A multitude of Jews destroy themselves after Titus takes the city. 165* * Syria. Cassius, a Roman general, puts to death 300,000 inhabitants of Seleucia. STATE. 33 * * Bosporus (Circassia). Polemon II. reigns. [41. Mithridates II. 49. He is taken to Rome as a prisoner. Cotys reigns.] 37-41 Rome. Caligula is emperor. [41-54. Claudius; 54-68, Nero.] 38-44 Pal. Herod Agrippa I., grand- son of Herod the Great, is tetrarch of Abilene, Balansea, Trachonitis, and Au- ranitis (N. E. of Palestine and Syria). [41-44. Judea and Samaria are annexed to his dominions. All Palestine his independent kingdom.] 40 * * Rome. A Jewish embassy visits Caligula. 44* * Judea. Again a Roman province, 45-47 Judea. Cusplus Fadus is procura- tor. (44, W.) [47-4U, Tiberina Alexander. (46, AY.); 4!l-S;i, Ventidius Onmanus (48. W.); 53-55, Antonitis Felix (51, W.); 55-62, Forcius Festns (60, AV. ) ; 62-65, Albinus; 65- Gessius Florus (62, W.) 45 * * Judea. Theudas leads a revolt, and is killed. [51. Quadratus, the le- gatus of Syria, deposes Cumanus, and sends Ananias, the high priest, in bonds to Rome to answer for quarrels with the Samaritans.] 48 * * Herod Agrippa II., son of Herod Agrippa I., is made prince of Chalcis. [52-91 (93). He is king of Northern Pal- estine. (52.) He pleads at Rome for the Jews.] 58± * * Armenia. Erovant, a usurper, rules the kingdom. 63 * * Armenia. Annexed to Rome. [65. Tiridates II. reigns.] 65 * * Judea. Revolt against the Ro- mans. [68. Invasion by Vespasian.] 68* * Rome. Galba is emperor. [69, Otho; 69 * * Jerusalem. Three Jewish parties contend for supremacy. [70. Destroyed. (See Army.) The Jewish policy and nation terminate.] 71* * Judea. The Romans put Basseua in charge. 93± * * Syria. Chalcis is annexed, Agrippa II. (deceased) having sided against the Romans. [105. Arabia Pe- trtea, a Roman province. 114. Armenia. 115. Mesopotamia and Assyria.] 112 * * Bithynia. Pliny, the younger, is imperial legate. [124. Nicomedia is restored by Adrian.] 115 * * Armenia. Trajan expels the Par- thian conqueror, and annexes the coun- try. [117. Adrian relinquishes authority.] 117 * * Cyprus. The Jews revolt. [132- 135. Again.] 132 * * Jerusalem. Revived by Adrian after being almost uninhabited for 50+ years ; he plants a Roman colony, and names it JElia. [The name Jerusalem is dropped for 200± years. The history is almost a blank until the era of Con- stantine.] 132-135 Jerusalem. Rebellion of Bar- cochba, the pretended Messiah ; he defeats the Romans. 135-136 Judea. Desolated by the Syri- ans. [175. Revolt against Rome.] (P. 1065.) 166* * Armenia. M. Aurelius breaks the power of Parthia, and reigns as king. [199. Julius Severus makes Vologarses III., the Parthian, king of part of Ar- menia. 232. Armenia becomes subject to the Persian empire. 2S6. Tiridates, the Parthian king, is enthroned by Dio- cletian. 294. Expelled by Narses. 298. Restored by Galerius. 342. Persians rule.]' 212 * * Palmyra becomes a Roman col- ony. [272. Conquered.] (P. 1066.) 1154 255,**-1375, ** TURKEY. ARMY— NAVY. 255 * * Thrace. Invasion by the Goths (pp. 1066-1068) . [395. Ravaged by Alaric. By Attila.] 261 * * Asia M. Sapor's conquests (p. 1066). 314* * Asia M. Constantine defeats Licinius three times (p. 1028). 365 * * Constantinople. Procopius seizes the city. 369 * * Armenia, Conquered by the Per- sians. [577-6S7. Conquered and recon- quered by the Greeks and Persians.] 603 * * Medea. "War with the Lydians. 614* * Jerusalem. Taken by Chosroes. [Itetaken by the Emperor Heraclius. 637. Taken by the Saracens.] 633 * * Pal. Calif Omar takes Joppa. [637. He takes Jerusalem. 638. Takes Syria.] 637 * * Armenia. Mohammedan inva- sion. [830. Invaded by the Emperor Theophilus. 914. Ravaged by Moham- medans.] 646 * * Cyprus. Seized by Arabs. 672-718* * Constantinople. Saracens resisted (p. 1030). 693-1067 * * Armenia. Conquered and reconquered by the Greeks and Mo- hammedans. 717 * * Cappadocia. Invaded by the Saracens. [876. The Emperor Basil recovers it. 1074. Captured by the Turks under Solyman.] 864 * * Constantinople. Resists the Rus- sians (p. 1032). [904. Again. 941. Again. 1043. Again.] 933* * Arabia. Al Mutassem, a Sara- cen calif, organizes a body-guard of Turkish prisoners. [903. Saracens and Eastern empire (p. 1032).] 970 * * Syria. Conquered by Fatimite Califs. [1034. Expelled. 1007. Revolt (p. 1032). 10GS+-. Turkish invasion (p. 1032). 1075. Turks take Damascus.] 1071* * Armenia. Arslan captures Ro- manus IV. (p. 1032). 1074 * * Jerusalem. Taken by the Arabs (p. 487). 1074-84* *AsiaM. Conquered by the Turks. 1078 * * Bithi/nia. rJicomedia surren- ders to the Seljukan Turks. 1081 * * Norman invaders (p. 1032). 1097 * * Turk. E. Crusaders' invasion (p. 1032). 1099 June 9. Jerusalem. Crusaders besiege the city. [June 12. Assault the city. July 15. Take it ; 70,000 infidels are put to the sword and anew kingdom is founded. 1099. They capture Joppa. 1124. Take Tyre.] 1150+1271* * Pal. Almost continuous wars with. Christians. 1166* * Syria. Conquered by Sultan Noureddin. 1187 July 3, 4. Pal. Saladin defeats Guy de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, near Tiberias. [Oct. 2. Captures Jeru- salem. 1193. Takes Jaffa.] 1203 May 9. Constantinople. Taken by Latins (p. 1034). 1204 * * Constantinople. Taken by the Crusaders, and Emperor Mourzoune put to death. 1217* * Jerusalem. Taken by the Turks, and Saracens driven out. [1228. Surrenders to Frederick II. by treaty.] 1235* * Armenia. Overrun by Mongols [for several years]. 1243 * * Jerusalem. Captured by Cru- saders. [1244. Taken by Mohamme- dans.] 1252 * * Pal. Louis IX. of France cap- tures Jaffa. 1259" *Syr Overrun by Tartars. 1291* * Jerusalem. Taken. [Sultan of Egypt expels Christians from Syria.] 1299 * * Bithynia. Othman invades Nicomedia. [1338. It surrenders to Or- chan and the Ottoman Turks.] 1330 * * The Ottoman Turks capture Nicsea. 1341-53 Turk. E. Thrace is conquered by Turks. [First war with Venetians.] 1346 * * Gr. Morea is conquered by Turks. [1355. Gallipoli, It.] 1361 * * Turk. E. Turks enter Thrace, and take Adrianople. 1362 * * Amurath I. organizes Jani- zaries. [HeconquersTlira.ee, and makes Adrianople his capital (p. 1034). 1363. He captures Philippopolis.] 1364 * * Crete. Rebellion subdued. 1373 * * Armenia. Overrun by Tamer- lane. [1400. He sacks lleliopolis ; over- runs Syria. 1401. Jan. * Destroys Da- mascus'. 1402. Invades Asia Minor, sacks Smyrna, destroys Sardis. Turks defeated.] (P. 1035.) ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 330-390 Syria. Gregory N the history of the Passion to dramatic music. 401 * * The Black Sea is frozen over for 20 days. [ 763, Oct. * -764. Feb. * Frozen 100 miles from the shore.] 406* * Pat. Swarms of locusts darken the air, and breed pestilence from their putrid bodies. 705 * * Syria. The mosque at Damas- cus is erected. 1191 June 22. Syria. A remarkable eclipse of the sun is observed. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 266± * * Eusebius. Syrian church historian, born. [342±. Dies.] S76± * * Zenobia. Qiiffii of Palmyra, dies. 300+ * * Hilarion, St., born. [372. Dies.] 300* * Eueebius, bishop of Eniisa, Syria, born. [360. Dies.] 310 + * * Meletius, St., bishop of Antioch, born. [381. Dies.] 315± * * Cyril. St.. of Jerusalem, archbishop, author, horn. [386±. Dies.] 325+* * Gregory Nazianzen, St., bishop of Constantinople, born. [390+. Dies.] 340 * * Asterins, bp. of Amuse of Pontus, b. Eusebius, Patriarch of Constantinople, b. + Nicholas, St., bishop of Myra, guardian of children, dies. 350+ * * Chry sostom, John, Syrian- Greek church lather, born. [407. Dies.] 353 * * Ashi, Rah., Jewish savant, author of Bab. Talmud, born. [477. Dies.] 362 * * Apollinaris, the younger, bishop of Laodicea, born. Dies. 3904;* * Simeon Stvlites, Syrian ascetic, born. [460. Dies.] Theodoret, Syrian bishop, church historian, born. [457. Dies.] 440+ * * Nestoriue, Syrian bishop, dies. 449 * * Flavian ub, bp. of Constantinople, d. G18 * * Flavianus, bishop of Antioch, dies. 565 * * Belisarius. general, dies in prison. 581 * * Omar I., calif, captor of Jerusalem, born. [644. Dies.] 610* * Moawiyah, Ommiad calif, born. [680. Dies.] 611* * Aysheah, favorite wife of Moham- med, bom. [677. Dies.] 700 * * Damascene, John, governor of Damascus, horn. [760. Dies.] 720 (?) * * AbU-1-Abbas-Abdallah, Abbassid calif, born. [754. Dies.] 786* * Mamoun, or Al. Mamun, Ab calif of Bagdad, born. [833. Dies.] 10th Century. Genesius, Josephus, Byzan- tine historian, born. Dies. 954 * * Anastasius, St., patriarch of Antioch, born. [1044. Dies.] 980 * * Avicenna, Mohammedan physician, philosopher, born. [1037. Dies.] 1030 * * Alp-Arslan, Seljuk sultan, born. [1072. Dies.] 1058* * Abu-Hamid-Alghazalee, Moslem clergyman, born. [111. DieB.] Baldwin I., King of Jerusalem, born. Gazzoli, Abu H., Mohammedan, b. [118. D.] 1116* * Nur-ed-din, Sultan of Syria and Egypt, born. [1173. Dies.] 1130* * Baldwin III., King of Jerusalem, born. [1163. Dies.] 1131* * Baldwin II., King of Jerusalem, d. 1135* * Amaury I., King of Jerusalem, born. [1173. Dies.] Maimonidt'S. Moses, rabbi, horn. [1204. D.] 1137* * Saladin the Great, sultan, born. C1193, Mar. 4. Dies.] 1160* * Baldwin IV., King of Jerusalem, born. [1186. Dies.] 1205 * * Amaury II., King of Jerusalem, d. 1226 * * Abulfaraj, Gregorius, Armenian bishop, historian, horn. [1286. Dies.] 1259* * Othman, or Osman, I., founder of Ottoman empire, born. [1326. Dies.] 1273* * AhultVda, geographer,!). [1331. D.] 1288* * Ertoghrul dies. 1347 * * Bajazet, Ottoman sultan, born. [1403. Dies.] 14th Century. Aladdin, organizer of Janiza- ries, born. Dies. CHURCH. 276 * * Armenia. St. Gregory converts Tridates II., and Christianity is adopted as the national religion. 314+ * * Asia M. A church council is held at Ancyra. 325 * * Council of Nice (pp. 1028, 1068). 370 * * Asia M. Gratian massacres 80 Christian Fathers at Nicomedia; they are put on board a ship, which is set on tire and driven to sea. 381 * * Constantinople. Council (p. 1092). 398 Feb. 26. Constantinople. Chrys- ostom is elected bishop (p. 1030). 428-431 rTestorians arise (p. 1030). 431 June 22. Council of Ephesus (p. 1030). 5th Century. Syria. Maronites arise. [676+. They begin to prevail.] 461 * * The Churches of Egypt, Syria, and Armenia separate from the Church of Constantinople because of the Monoph- ysite controversy (p. 1030). 532 * * Constantinople. Justinian founds the second St. Sophia. [537 and 560. Dedicated.] 533 * * Syria. The sect of Zanzalians arises. Water baptism is rejected, and bap- tism by tiir is applied with a red-hot iron. 553 * * Constantinople. Church coun- cil. [681. Another.] (P. 1031.) 554 * * Asia. Greeks and Armenians separate (p. i071). 634 * * Asia M. Mohammedanism ad- vances (p. 1031). 637 * * Jerusalem. The Mosque of Omar is founded. * * Armenia. Mohammedan invaders at- tempt to abolish Christianity. 690 * * Armenia. Paulicians persecuted (p. 1031). 726+ * * The iconoclastic controversy begins (p. 1032). TURKEY. 255,**-1375,**. 1155 Sth Century. The Karaites, or Readers, led by Anan-iien-David form a sect of reformers ■who adhere to the Scriptures, and reject the Talmud and traditions. 787 * * Council of Nice (pp. 664, 1072). 856 * * Armenia. Mohammedans mar- tyr King Semprad at Bagdad. 869 * * Constantinople. Council (p. 1032). 1054 * * The Greek Church becomes independent (pp. 1032, 1034). 1056 * * The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles is written. [1873. Discovered.] 1156+ * * Syria. The Carmelites, or White Friars of Mount Carmel, are founded by Berthold. 1182* * Syria. The Maronites join the Roman Church. 1329 * * Constantinople. Christian slaves are organized as Janizaries. 1330* * Armenia. The Church is recon- ciled to Rome. LETTERS. S55± * * Constantinople. A library is founded by Constantine. 1100 * * The Assize of Jerusalem, a code of laws, is established by Godfrey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 532 * * Constantinople suffers from the dissensions of religious parties. * * Constantinople is splendidly rebuilt by Justinian. [740-749. Deflated by the plague; 200,000 victims.] desolated by the 1112 * * Jerusalem. The Knights of St. John erect a hospital for travelers; it provides for 2,000 guests, also an infir- mary for the sick. 1148* * Cyprus. The sugar-cane is in- troduced from Syria. 1184* * Constantinople. Andronicus or- ders the massacre of the Latins. STATE. 284± * * Bithynia. Diocletian makes Uicomedia the capital of the Eastern Empire. 328 * * Constantine removes the seat of the Eastern Empire to Constantinople. [330. Dedicated.] (P. 1069.) (See Greece.) 334-376 Turk. E. Thrace is settled by Sarmatians. 4th Century. Cent. Asia. Turkish power is established in the Altai Mountains. 584* * Armenia. Made neutral by Rome and Persia. [442, Persian invasion ; 515, Pourzan reigns ; the Huns ravage the country. 637. By Arabs under Ab-der- Raham. 830. By Emperor Theophilus.] 560 * * The Turks become allies of the Greek empire in the Persian war. [580. Withdraw.] 614* * Jerusalem. Ruled by the Persian conquerors. «625 * * Asia M. Smyrna is rebuilt by Antigonus and Lysimachus. 636 * * Seleucia. The Arabs unite it with Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia). [Syria, Antioch, Cyprus, etc., are taken.] (Pp. 1031, 1033.) 637* * Jerusalem. Surrendered to Mos- lems under Calif Omar. [637-1000i. Under Moslen rule.] 717 * * Cappadocia. Invaded by the Sar- acens. 739 * * Greek Empire. Arab invasion (p. 1032). 859-1045 Armenia. The dynasty of the Bagratides; Aschod 1. reigns under the Arab title Prince of Princes. (914.) Rav- aged by Mahommedans. 860 * * Cent. Asia. The Turks migrate to Turkomania. 874 * * Asia M. Basil I. partly over- throws the Arabs. [876. Cappadocia re- covered.] 905 * * Egy. The Abbassids overthrow the Tooloonide dynasty. ©60 * * Pal. Passes from the califs of Bagdad to the rule of the Fatimite califs of Egypt. [1073. Dispossessed by the Turkomans ; later recovered by Egyptians.] 997-1030 Afgh. The Ghazni dynasty of Seljuk Turks is established at Ghazni by Mahmud. A * Seljuk leads the Turks from the Cas- pian Sea region into Bokhara, Central Asia. 1006* * Syria.. The Turks take Damas- cus from the Saracens. [1667. The emirs of Damascus revolt. 106S. Also emirs of Aleppo.] 1037 * * Togrul Beg, the grandson of Seljuk, is made sultan by election. 1045 * * Armenia. Constantine XII. ac- quires territory. 1063 * * Alp-Arslan, the nephew of Togrul, rules between the Gihon River, in Central Asia, and the Tigris ; he takes Syria and Palestine from Egypt. 1071 * * The Emperor Romanus Diogenes purchases peace with Alp-Arslan by ceding the greater part of Asia Minor. 1072-92 MalekShah succeeds Alp- Arslan, his father ; he has dominion from China to Constantinople ; the Sel- j ukian Turks have complete supremacy. 1097 * * Asia M. Iconium becomes the capital of the Seljuk sultanate. 1092* * Asia. The Seljuk dynasty is divided into Persian, Kerman, Damas- cus, and Iconium. 1099-1187 Pal. A Christian govern- ment rules ; Godfrey of Bouillon, " Ba- ron of the Holy Sepulchre," is the first king. [1100+-18, Baldwin I. ; 1118-31, Baldwin II.; 1131-42, Fulc of Anjou; 1143-62, Baldwin III. ; 1162-73, Amaury I. ; 1173-83, Baldwin IV. ; 1183-85, Bald- win V. ; 11S6-S9, Guy de Lusignan ; 1192, Conrad de Montferrat, appointed by Richard of England. (Assassinated.) 1198-1205, Amaury de Lusignan ; 1210-26, John de Brienne (crowned at Acre); 1229-39, Frederick II. of Germany.] 1150 * * The Seljuk dynasty of Turks at Iconium becomes dominant. * * Asia M. The Turkish Empire is con- solidated. 1171 * * Syria. Saladin overthrows the Fatimite dynasty. 1192* * Mohammed II. rules the Kha- rismian Turks. * * Cyprus. Richardl. of England gives Cyprus to Guy de Lusignan. 1198+ * * Jerusalem. King Amaury de Lusignan is unable to resist the Sara- cens. 1204-1461 Trebizond becomes the seat of an empire near the Black Sea, on the surrender of Constantinople to the Latins. 1206-61 Bithynia. After capturing Con- stantinople, the Crusaders establish a Latin empire at Nice. 1224* * Armenia. David II. recovers part of the territory from the Turks. 1228 * * Jerusalem. Surrendered to the Emperor-Frederick II. by treaty with the Saracens. [1243. Again surrendered to the Crusaders.] 1231* * Bithynia. The Oghusian Tartars arrive in force. [1234. They overrun Armenia.] 13th Century . AsiaM. The Turks, being harassed by other Tartar tribes, return to Asia Minor. [1250+. Salman Shah, chief of the Oghusian Turks, leads his tribes westward from Khorassan ; they enter the service of Aladdin, sultan of of Iconium.] 1261 * * Constantinople. The capital of the Greek Empire is moved here from Nice. 1280+-88 Ertoghrul, son of Salman, and Sultan Aladdin, unite in the country near the EuxineSea. [1288. Drowned.] 1288* * Othman I., son of Ertoghrul, becomes chief of the Turko-Ottoman Empire. 1299-1326 Bithynia. Othman I., the founder, reigns in the Ottoman Empire. He holds the title emir, but rules des- potically and successfully. 1309-1522 Rhodes. Rhodes is held by the Knights Hospitallers. 1326* * Lydia. Ancient Lydia be- comes a part of the Turkish empire. 1326-59 Ottoman Emp. Orkhan, son of Othman, reigns as sultan over the Ottomans. (1327.) He takes Prusa, and makes it the capital [until Constanti- nople is taken]. 1336 * * Asia M. The Turks become the allies of France. 1359-89 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Amu- rath I., son of Orkhan, reigns. (1360.) He occupies Adrianople ; he is the first sultan to cross into Europe. He an- nexes Cappadocia. (1382.) Also Ana- tolia in the interior of Asia Minor. (1386) He appoints the first grand vizier. 1375 * * Armenia. Taken by the Manie-. lukes. Leon VI., the last king, is taken prisoner, and carried to Egypt. The kingdom becomes extinct. [Partitioned between Persia, Turkey, and Russia.] 1156 1389, * *-1854, Jan. 14. TURKEY. ARMY — NAVY. 1389 * * Bajazet I. overruns the prov- inces, and takes the Greek possessions in Asia. [1390. Destroys Philadelphia. 1395. Invests Constantinople. 1396. De- feats Sigisniund of Hungary at Nicop- olis.] 1410* * Constantinople. Attackedby Musa Chelebi. 1415* * Bosnia. Conquered by Moham- med I. [1418. He conquers Wallachia.] 1422* * Constantinople. Besieged by Amurath I. 1424* *AsiaM. The Turks capture Smyrna. 1443* * Joannes Hunlades defeats Am- urath II. at Nish. [1444. Amurath n. defeats and kills Ladislaus of Hungary (p. 565). 144S. Defeats Huniades at Kos- sova (p. 508).] 1453 * * Constantinople. Conquered by Mohammed H. This ends the East- ern Empire. 1460+ * * Gr. Conquest completed (p. 1034). 1461* * Asia M. Mohammed EC. takes Trebizond, etc. (p. 1034). [1467. Turks defeat Bey Seanderbeg. 1480. Otranto, It.] 1493 * * War with Egypt. [1505. "War with Persia. 1514. Persians defeated at Kalderoon.] 1516 * * Egy. Gained by the defeat of Mamelukes. * * Armenia. Overrun by Turks. [They take Jerusalem. 1516-17. They con- quer Syria and Egypt.] 1521 Aug. * Solyman takes Belgrade. [1522. Dec* Captures Rhodes (p. 1034). 1526. Aug.* Defeats the Hungarians at Mohaes (p. 508). 1529. Oct. * He is re- pulsed before Vienna (p. 510). Also other cities (p. 1034).] 1534 * * Armenia. Overrun by Persians. 1547 * * The Turks defeat the Austri- ans. 1565 * * Malta. Besieged by Turks. 1569 * * First war with Russia. 1571* * Gr. Defeat at Lepanto (p. 1080). 1574* * Cyprus. Taken from the Vene- tians by the Turks. 1583* * Armenia. Overrun by the Turks. [1604. Subdued by Persians led by Shah Abbas.] 1585* * Persia. Shah Abbas drives out the Turks. 1590 * * The Janizaries revolt. 1596 * * The Turks defeat the Austri- ans at Cerestes. 1601-18 Disastrous war with Persia. 1606 * * The Persians defeat the Turks at Basra. [1621 . Turks defeated by the Poles.] 1638 * * Arabia. The Turks defeat the Persians, and capture Bagdad. 1659 * * The Dardanelles are fortified. 1661-64 War with Germany (p. 513). [1682-99. Again (pp. 512, 798).] 1664 * * Switz. Turks defeated at St. Gothard (p. 512). 1669 * * Crete. The Turks take Candia from Venice after a siege of 24 years. 1672 * * Pus. Kamienic is taken from the Poles. 1696 * * Pus. Peter the Great defeats the Turks and subdues Azov. [1711. lie- conquered by Turks.] 1709 * * War with Russia (p. 1114). 1714-18 War with Venice (pp. 514, 1034). 1734-35 Persia. The Turks lose their possessions. 1736-39 War with Hungary (p. 514). 1738-39 War with Germany; Russia aids Turkey (p. 514). 1739 * * Servia. Turks take Belgrade from Austria. 1745 * * Bus. The Turks are defeated at Ears. 1749 * * Arabia. Insurrection of the Wahabis. 1764* * Cyprus. Insurrection sup- pressed. 1770 * * Mgean Sea. The Russian and English fleets defeat the Turks near Scio. 1787-92 War with Russia (p. 1116). 1788-91 Disastrous war with Austria and Russia (p. 516). 1799 * * Syria. Napoleon's battles (p. 712). 1807 Jan. 7. War declared against Russia and England (p. 932). 1809 Sept. 26. Bulgaria. Turks de- feat the Russians at Silistria. [1811. Turks defeated at Rustchuk.] 1821-29 Gr. War with Greece (p. 1034). 1821 Mar. 6. Rumania. Moldavia and Wallachia revolt. 1822 Apr. 11. ^Egean Sea. Massacre at Scio (p. 1034). 1823* * Cyprus. The Greeks revolt; suppressed by a terrible massacre. 1824 Oct. 6. JEgean Sea. The Turks are defeated in a naval battle near Mit- ylene. 1826 May 29. A new Mohammedan army is organized. June 14-16. Constantinople. TheJani- zaries revolt, and are massacred. 1828-29 Unsuccessful war with Russia (p. 1116). 1828 * * Armenia. Overrun by Russians. Oct. 11. Bulgaria. Varna surrenders to Russia. 1831-32 Syria. Mehemet Ali rebellion (p. 656). [1833. May 6. The powers inter- vene. 1S39. He again revolts (p. 656).] 1634* * Cara-Mustapha, grand vizier, born. [1683. Dies.] 1639 * * Mustapha I., sultan of Turkev, d. 1658* * Hadji Khalfa (Mustapha Ben Ab- dallah), historian, dies. 1664* * Ecchellensis, Abraham, Maronite orientalist, dies. 1673* * Ahmed, or Achmet, III., emperor, born. [1739. Dies.] 1676 * * Mekhitar, Peter, Armenian monk, born. [1749. Dies.] 1686 * * Asscmain. Giuseppe Simone, Syrian orientalist, born. [1768. Dies.] 1696 * * Mahmoud, or Mahmud, I., sultan of Turkey, born. [1754. Dies.] 1735 * * Abdul-Hamid I., sultan, b. [1789. D.] 1740* * Mouradgea D'Ohason, Armenian historian, born. [1807. Dies.] 1761* * Selim III., sultan, born. [1808. D.] 1769 * * Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt, born. [1849. Dies.] 1785 * * Mahmoud, or Mahmud, II., sultan, born. [ 1839. Dies.] 1789 * * Ibrahim Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, born. [1848. Dies.] 1802 * * IVsh.-ril Pasha. Mustapha M., states- man, born. [1858. Dies.] 1805 * * Omar Pasha, general, b. [1871. D.] 1814* * Fund Pasha, states., b. [1869. D.] 1815 * * Ali Pasha, states., b. [1871. D.] 1817* * Dervish Pasha, soldier, states., b. 1822* * Hobart I'asha, admiral, born. [1886,. June 19. Dies.] Midhat Pasha, states., b. [1884, May 8. D.] Said Pasha Mohammed, viceroy of Egypt, born. [1863. Dies.] 1823* * Abdul Meiid, sultan, b. [1861. D.], 1830* * Abdul-Aziz, sultan, b. [1876. D.] 1843 * * Abdul-Hamid II., sultan, born. 1533± * * Constantinople. Andrew Palasologus becomes a Mohammedan. 1853 * * War with Russia (p. 1118). ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1800+ * * Destructive earthquakes : Sept. 26. At Constantinople and Roma- nia. 1822. Aug. * -Sept. * Aleppo destroyed (20,000 lives). 1837. Jan. 22. In Southern Syria (13,000 in Jaffa). 1840. July 27. In Armenia. 1855. P.roussa (Tur.) destroyed. 1856. Oct. 12. Candia (odd lives); Rhodes (lOOlives). 1859. June2-July 17. In Erze- rum (Asia M.). 1863. Apr. 22. At Rhodes (300 lives). 1875. Mav 12. In Syria (2,000 lives). 1880. Julv2!i, 30. In Smyrna. 1881. Apr. 3. In Scio 1 411(10 lives). 1883. Oct. 16±. Antalia; Isehesne i mo lives). 1894. July 11+. Constantinople (200 lives). 1839+ * * Assyr. Sir Austen Henry Lay- ard and others make discoveries on the site of Nineveh. [1854. Hormusd Kas- sam discovers an ancient palace. 1866. George Smith studies ancient inscrip- tions. 1845 * * Assyr. Paul Emile Botta and Layard discover ruins of cities. BIRTHS — DEATHS. 1389* * Amurath I., sultan, dies. 1393 * * Leon VI., King of Armenia, dies. 1404 * * Seuudei beg, Geo. Castriot, Albanian chief, born. [1467. Dies.] 1467* * Selim I., sultan, born. [1520. D.] 1496 ** Solyman II.. sultan, b. [1566. D.] 1545 ** Amurath III., sultan, b. [1595. D.] 1586 * * Courcelles, Etienne de, Armenian clergyman, eritir, burn. [1660. Dies.] 1610* * Amurath IV., sultan, b. [1640. D.] 1625 * * The Sultan Amurath IV. pro- hibits smoking as unnatural and irre- ligious, and affixes the penalty of death- 1757 * * Jerusalem. The Greeks are excluded from the care of the sacred buildings. 1808* * Jerusalem. The Holy Sepul- cher is partly burned ; it is rebuilt by the Greeks. 1815 * * The Church of Engrland opens a mission to the Mohammedans. [1841. At Jerusalem. 1878. At Gaza.] [1823. Reopened by three : , later merged with Syrian miss 1844. Abandoned because of the opposition of the government. Opened at Beirut. 1828. Abandoned. 1831. Opened at Constantino- ple by Dr. Goodsell. 1839. At Mardin; at Erzerum. 1840. At Nicomedia. W. Turk. 1848. At Salonica. 1856. Abandoned. 1850- Mar. 20. At Aleppo, N. Syria., where in 1851 a church is formed. 1854. At Ca?sarea. 1855. At Marash, Sivas, and Harpoot, Armenia. 1872. At Van. Apr. 23. Constantinople. Greek Chris- tians are persecuted, and their patri- arch killed. 1832* * Constantinople. The Ladies' Society of Boston (U. S. A.) opens a mission to the Jews. 1837 * * Crete becomes a mission-field of the Protestant Episcopal Church (U. S. A.). [1839. Moved to Constantinople.] 1839 Mar. 3. A patriarchal bull prohibits the reading of books published by missiona- ries. [The disobedient are sent into exile. Apr. 28. One anathematizes all who hold in- tercourse with missionaries.] 1839 * * Armenia. Persecution against mis- sionaries rages. [1840. Favorable reaction. 1847. Mission opened at Aintab; grows vig- orously. 1852. At Marsovan.] 1841 Sept. 7. Jerusalem. A Protestant bishopric is erected by treaty. [Nov. 7- S. M. S. Alexander eonseerah-d bishop. 1842. Jan. 28. The erection of the Anglican ca- thedral is begun. 1846. .Samuel Groat conse- TURKEY. 1389, * *-1854, Jan. 14. 1157 crated bishop. 1878. July 25. Joseph Bar- clay. 1887. Apr. * G. F.l'.Blythe appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury. 1887. Aug. 18. Formal announcement is made that the bishopric is dissolved.] 1842 * * Smyrna becomes a mission-field of the Danes. [1847. Abandoned.] 1846* * Cojistantii'Ojih'. Persecution forces the evangelical Armenians to organize a church. [Three others are soon formed]. 1849 June * Christians are admitted to office. 1850 Oct. 16. Syria. Mohammedans massacre thousands of Christians with- out interference from the pasha ; the property destroyed is worth millions of dollars. * * The Catholics and Greeks hotly press their rival claims to the Holy Sepul- cher ; a mixed commission is appointed to settle the dispute. [1852. Mar. 9. A firman supports the claims of the Greeks. 1353. France and Russia favor the Cath- olics.] 1853 * * A firman declares that Chris- tians and Mohammedans are equal be- fore the law. LETTERS. 1825 * * Smyrna. Spectator de l' Orient is issued. 1831 * * Constantinople. Monitextr Otto- man is issued. 1838* * Smyrna. Echo de I 'Orient is issued. 1848-53 Layard's Discoveries in Assyria is published. 1853 Le Spectator de I ' Orient is issued in French. SOCIETY - MISCELLANEOUS. 1554 * * Constantinople. Coffee-houses are first opened. [1606. A great fire oc- curs. 1611. The plague destroys 200,000 lives.] 1678 * * E. Syria. Englishmen discover the magnificent ruins of Palmyra. 1760 * * Syria is visited by a terrible plague. 1810* *Lord Byron swims across the Hellespont. 1822* * Albania. Ali Pasha and his two sons are executed, after surrendering under a promise of safety. 1826 June 14. Constantinople. The sultan provokes a revolt of the Janiza- ries, and massacres many thousands ; the organization is abolished. Aug. 30. Constantinople. Fire destroys 600 houses. 1852 Aug. * Constantinople. The Im- perial Order of Medjidi is instituted by the Sultan. 1854 Jan. 14. Turkey is designated as " The Sick Man" by Czar Nicholas. STATE. 1389-1403 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Ba- jazet I., Ilderim, reigns. Son of Amu- rath I. He conquers extensive territory in southeastern Europe and in Asia Minor (p. 1034h). 1403+-13± Ottoman Emp. Anarchy. 1403+-10+ Asia M. Solyman, eldest son of Bajazet I., is an independent ruler in Adrianople ; killed in battle. 1413-21 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Mo- hammed I., brother of Bajazet, reigns. His brother Moosa contests the throne, and is killed in battle. [1421-51. Amu- rath II., son of Mohammed I., reigns. He annexes Macedonia, and subdues the Korea.] 1443-67 Albania revolts against the Turks. [1478. Subdued.] 1451-81 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Mo- hammed H. , son of Am urath II . , reigns. He restores the empire, takes the Morea, Albania, Bosnia, "Wallachia, and the Crimea (p. 1034+). Disputes with the Venetians the rule of the sea. 1453 May 29. Constantinople. Mo- hammed II. takes the capital, and ends the Eastern Roman Empire (p. 1034+). 1456+ * * The Turks subdue all Greece (p. 1034+). [1463. Bosnia is annexed.] 1481-1512 Constantinople. Sultan Ba- jazet II., son of Mohammed II., reigns. He is the first of the unwarlike sultans. (1459-66.) Servia and Albania are an- nexed. (1475.) Crimea also. (1466.) Epirus. 1489 * * Cyprus. Catherine de Cornaro sells the island to Venice. 1503* * Peace is made with Venice. [1533. With Austria.] 1512-20 Constantinople. Sultan Selim I. reigns by favor of the Janizaries, after deposing Bajazet his father. (1516.) He annexes Phenicia, Syria, and Pales- tine ; later, Egypt also. 1520-26 Sultan Solyman I., " The Mag- nificent," son of Selim I., reigns. The empire reaches its zenith. He annexes Mosul, Bagdad, and part of Armenia, and a great part, of Hungary and Transylvania (p. 508). The Uarbary States submit. (1520.) Bosnia annexed. 1566-74 Constantinople. Sultan Selim U., son of Solyman I., reigns. (1571.) He conquers Cyprus. 1574-94 Constantinople. Sultan Amu- rath IH., son of Selim II., reigns; he murders his five brothers. [1588, Turks overrun Armenia.] 1595-1603 Constantinople. Sultan Mo- hammed III., son of Amurath III., reigns. [1603-17, Achmet I., son of Mo- hammed III. ; 1618-2-2, Otbman II., son of Achmet ; is strangled by the Janizaries ; 1622-23, Mustapha I., brother of Achmet I. ; deposed l>v dnnizark-s ; 1623-40, Amu- rath IV.; 1640-4S, Ibrahim II., brother of Mohammed IV. ; 1G91-95, Achmet II. ; 1695-1703, Mustapha II.] 1637 * * Mils. The Cossacks take Azov. 1656* * Mehemet Koprili becomes grand vizier. [16S9, Mustapba Koprili ; 1691 ±, Ko- prili- Fasil- A hrned. ] 1669 * * Crete. Annexed by conquest. 1696 * * fins. Peter the Great takes Azov from the Turks. 1699 Jan. 26. Peace of Karlowitz (p. 513). * * *The Turkish power declines. 1703-30 Constantinople. Sultan Ach- met IH. reigns. [1730-54, Mahinud I. ; 1754-57, Othman III. ; 1757-73, Mustapha III.; 1774, Jan. 21-89, Apr. 7, Abd-ul- Hamid I. ; 1789-1807, Selim III.] 1716 July 23. Bus. Peace of Pruth. A treaty is signed with Russia. Azov is ceded to Turkey ; Russian army relieved. 1718 July 21. Peace of Passarowitz (p. 515). 1718-39 Servia. Belgrade is held by Austria. 1739 Sept. 18. Servia. Peace of Bel- grade (p. 515). 1764 * * Cyprus. Insurrection arises. [1823. Insurrection against the Turks, subdued by a massacre.] 1774 * * Russia gains territory on the Black Sea by the Treaty of Kainarjii. 1784 Jan. * Turkey cedes the Crimea to Russia. 1788 * * Albania. Ali becomes pasha of Janina. [1803. He subdues the Suliotes. 1322. Feb. 5. Assassinated.] 1789 * * Turkey enters an anti-France league with England and Russia. 1791 Aug. 4. Oczacow ceded (p. 519). 1799* * Syria. Taken by the French. 1807-08 Constantinople. Sultan Mus- tapha IV., son of Abd-ul-Hamid, reigns. [1808-39. Mahmud II.] 1812 May 28. Bumania. Treaty of Bucharest. It establishes the Lower Danube as the boundary between Russia and Turkey. 1818 * * Ibrahim Pasha overthrows the "Wahabis. [They expand in Arabia.] 1823 * * The empire is apparently on the verge of ruin. 1829 Sept. 14. Turk. E. Treaty of Adrianople. Russia abandons almost all her conquests in Turkey ; Turkey cedes territory and for- tresseson (lie seacoast, tree trade to Russians, and free navigation of the Black Sea, Dar- danelles, and Danube, with control of apart of the left bank, and recognizes the inde- pendence of Greece. [1830. Apr.* Acknowl- edged.] 1830-40 Crete. Ceded and ruled by Egypt. [1840. Restored. 1S41. Insur- rections suppressed. 1858. Again by con- ciliation.] 1831-41 Mehemet Ali of Egypt re- volts. Syria is conquered and held (p. 656-r). 1833 May 14. Treaty with Egypt (p. 657.) July 8. Turkey enters a treaty of alli- ance with Russia. 1838 Mar. 30. The office of grand is abolished. 1839 July 1-61 June 25. Constanti- nople. Abd-ul-Medjid, son of Mahmud II., 16 years of age, reigns. He is pro- tected by the great powers from Me- hemet Ali. * * Egypt refuses tribute ; war follows ; Egypt is victorious. Nov. 3. Constantinople. The hatti-sherif of Giilhane, an organic statue for the refor- mation of government, and guaranteeing se- curity of life and property, is issued. [1840. Jan. 6. Again issued at Rhodes. 1844. Again issued.] 1841* *The Dardanelles is closed against foreign war-vessels by stipula- tions. July 15. Syria. Restored (p. 657). 1849 * * Bosnia. A rebellion against Turkey is quelled. [1851. Quelled by Omar Pasha.] 1852 Feb. 13. Turkey enters a treaty respecting places in the Holy Land. 1853 Feb. 28. Russia makes demands respecting the liberties of Greek Chris- tians. [Oct. 5. The sultan declares war. Nov. 1. Russia also. 1854-56. War fol- lows.] (P. 1118.) June 26. Russia issues a manifesto against Turkey. [1S54. Mar. 28. Greece sides with Russia, and diplomatic rela- tions are ruptured.] 1158 1854, * *-1894, Dec. 15. TURKEY. ARMY — NAVY. 1854-55 Russia. Crimean "War. The Western Powers and Turkey united against Russia (p. 95S+). 1857 * * Circassians revolt; subdued. 1858 * * War with Montenegro. 1860* * Syria. War between the Druses and Maronites. Subdued by the French and Turks. 1865 Dec. 30. Syria. The Maronites, led by Joseph Karam, rebel. [1866. Mar. * Suppressed. 1867. Jan. 31. Re- newed for a short time.] 1866-68 Crete rebels. [1869. Sup- pressed.] 1871* * Arabia. Yemenrevolts. [May *■ Suppressed.] 1875 May 1+. Bulgaria. A revolt is bloodily suppressed by the bashi-ba- zouks, who burn 65 villages and kill 15,000 people. 1876-78 War with Montenegro. 1876 July 1. Servia declares war against Turkey. [July 2. Montenegro does the same.] • 1877 Apr.* -78 Mar.* Turko-Rus- sian war. 1877. Apr. * "War declared. June 22. Rus- sians cross the Danube. .June 27. Their main army crosses at Shistova. July 17-19. Their advance takes the Shipka Pass. July 15. Tley take Nicopoli. July 20, 30. Thev are repulsed near Plevna. Aug. 23, Sept. 17. Su- leiman Pasha is repulsed at Shipka Pass. Sept. 7-12. Russians unsuccessfully storm Plevna and commence a sietje. Dec. 10. Cap- tured; Osman Pasha and 40,000 men surren- der. Dec. *— 1879. Jan.* Russians occupy Sophia. Jan. 16, 17. The Turks are defeated and Adrianople taken. Jan. 20- Occupied. In Asia. 1877. May * Russians invest Kars. Nov. 8. Storm and take Kars. Jan. 31. Turkey asks lor peace. 1879 Aug. * The Russians complete the evacuation of Turkey. 1881 * * Albania. A rebellion is sub- dued. 1889 * * Crete. Another rebellion. 1889 July 22. Cretan insurgents seize Varnes and Cydonia, drive out the au- thorities, and burn the archives. [Desul- tory fighting continues. Aug. 30. A Turkish army occupies the island.] ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 1866 * * Cyprus. Gen. di Cesnola, the American consul, discovers many an- cient ornaments. [In New York Mu- seum.] 1867-70 Jerusalem. [Sir] Charles Warren makes excavations. 1868* * Pal. The Moabite stone, hav- ing Hebrew-Phenirian characters of 900 (?) B.C., relating to Mesha, King of Moab, is discovered. 1870-82 Heinrich Schliemann (Ger.) ex- plores the site of ancient Troy. [1876. Explores MycenaB.] 1872-77 Pal. A systematic trigonomet- rical survey is made by Capt. Stewart, Eng., and Lieuts. Conder and Kitchener. 1873-74 Assyr. Geo. Smith of Eng. makes explorations. [1875-76. Again.] 1887 Feb. 26. Capt. Conder discovers the key to the Hittite inscriptions. CHURCH. 1854* * Assyr. The church at Diarbekir is reorganized and prospers. [1858. May* At Bitis and Mardin.] 1856 Feb. 18. Afirman authorizes the free exercise of religion. 1858 June 15. Mohammedans mas- sacre Christians at Jedda. 1860 * * The Druses and Maronites en- gage in bitter dissensions. [May 29-July 1. The Druses kill 1000± Maronites.] * * Crete. Christians are persecuted by Mohammedans. July 9-11. Massacre at Damascus. Mohammedans and Maronites massacre 3,000± Christians in consequence of a dis- pute between the Druses and Maronites; Abd-el-Kader, who held the citadel, rescues a great number from death. [Execution of 167 Moslems.] ± * * Syria. Reformed Presbyterians (IT. S. A.) open a mission at Latakia. [1867, at Aleppo; 1875, at Suadea; 1882, at Tarsus, Mersina, and Syria. 1862 Sept. 5. Russia, France, and Tur- key sign a convention for the preserva- tion of the Holy Sepulcher. * * Constantinople. Robert College, the mother of ni:iny others, is opened by the American Board. [1866. The Syria Protes- tant College.] 1863 Oct. 3±. Constantinople. The patri- arch declines the Pope's invitation to attend an ecumenical council in 1869.] 1869 * * The American Board founds a theo- logical school at Abeih. [1874. Transferred to Beirut.] 1870* * Syria. The American Board mis- sions are transferred to the care of the Amer- ican Presbyterian Church. 1872* * The American College for Girls is established at Scutari, Constantinople. 1875 * * The Russian and British ambassa- dors remonstrate against the ill-treatment of Christians. * * Syria. The Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland npcns a mission at Antioch. [1884. At Idlib, Syria.] 1879* * Constantinople. The Christian So- ciety (U. S. A.) opens a mission. 1881* * Constantinople. The Friends open a medical mission. 1882 Feb. 5. Constantinople. The new church of St. Sophia is consecrated. 1884* * Syria. The Scotland Jewish So- ciety opens a mission station at Tiberias. Oct. 13. Constantinople. Archbishop Dercos is elected Civek patriarch. [He is known as Joachim IV. '1886. Nov. * Resigns.] 1887 Feb. 4. The bishop of Adrianople is elected patriarch. 1889 Apr. 4, American pilgrims arrive at Jaffa on their way to Jerusalem. 1890 Jan. 28. The Porte orders the Ar- menian patriarch to dissolve the provincial council of Van, and depose the bishop of Feb. 28. The Armenian patriarch demands the immediate restoration of rights to the Armenian Church, and the execution of the reforms promised in the Berlin Treaty. July 2. Constantinople. Turkish soldiers abuse Armenians. [July 29. Armenians as- sault their patriarch ; Armenians and Turk- ish soldiers have a severe light; four soldiers and three rioters are killed. Aug. 1. The patriarch resigns. Recalled when the Porte concedes his demands.] Aug-. 2. Jerusalem. The Franciscan Fathers are expelled. Aug-. 3. Turks abuse and torture Christians in Alassona and Anaselitza to obtain their money. [Aug. 14. Armenia. The Christians are panic-stricken. Massacre at Moosh.J Aug. 14. Constantinople. The Armenian pa- triarch again resigns. [Aug. 16. The presi- dents of the two councils also resign.] Oct. 10. Constantinople. The Greek patri- arch orders all the Greek chinches in Tur- key closed. Nov. 6. The Porte, by order, forbids the holding of any meetings bv the Armenians. [Dec. 14. The trouble is settled.] LETTERS. 1869 Oct.* Constantinople. A system of compulsory education promulgated. 1890 Jan.* The Porte prohibits the use of the Greek language in the Cretan courts; neither lawyers nor judges can understand the Turkish language. Sept. 24. Turkish newspapers are offi- cially forbidden to comment upon the affairs of the Orthodox and Armenian Churches. SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 1854-55 Albania. Florence Nightin- gale of England with a band of nurses alleviates the sufferings of the Anglo- French army at Scutari. 1855 Feb. 28. Turk. A. Br us a is nearly destroyed by an earthquake. 1858 Sept. 19. Turk. A. The first Turkish railway is opened from Aidin to Smyrna. [1859. May * Telegraph line opened between Aden and Suez.] 1860 * * Syria. Mohammedans massa- cre many Christians. 1861 Sept. * The Imperial Order of Osmani6 is founded ; it includes both civil and military persons. 1865 Aug.+ * Constantinople. Cholera rages. [Sept. 6. Fire consumes 2,500 houses. 1870. July 11. Fire consumes 1,500 houses. 1871. June 7. Another ttre.] * * Syria is visited by a plague of locusts, also by cholera. 1866 Feb. 13. Constantinople. An international conference meets to con- sider the cholera question. 1869 Ttfov. 9. Jerusalem. Visited by the Emperor of Austria. 1870* * Railway and telegraph lines are rapidly promoted. 1873 June 17. Turk. E. The Rume- lia railway is opened between Con- stantinople and Adrianople. Aug. 19. Constantinople. The Shah of Persia arrives. 1874-75 Asia M. Famine. 1875* * Jerusalem. Sir Moses Haim Montefiore, an English Jew, greatly benefits the city, and aids the Jews. 1876 June 4. Constantinople. The Sultan Abdul-Aziz is murdered. [Mur- derers convicted, sentenced, and re- prieved.] June 15. Constantinople. Hassan, a disgraced officer, assassinates Hussein Avni, the war minister, Kaschid Pasha, the foreign minister, and others. [June 17. Hanged.] Aug. 9±. Bulgaria. Turkish barbarities and massacres occur. * * Syria. American colonists establish themselves at Jaffa. [Little by little it diminishes ; finally the remnant returns to America ] 1878 Sept. 6. Albania. Mehemet Ali Pasha is murdered near Scutari by ri- oters. 1883 Sept. 14. The sultan is made knight of St. Michael and St. George. Oct. 5. Constantinople. A Are consumes many homes. 1888 Aug. 12-14. Direct railway and steamer connection is made between Constantinople and London via Calais, Ft. ; time, 94 hours. 1889 July 19. The sultan contributes #500 to Johnstown (U.S.A.) relief fund. Dec. 12. Constantinople. Moussa Bey, late governor of Armenia, a Kurdish robber, is exiled to Syria. 1890 Apr. 4. Pal. Work is com- menced on the railway between Jaffa and Jerusalem. [1892. Sept. 13. Com- pleted.] TURKEY. 1891, * *-1894, Dec. 15. 1159 1891 Aug.* Brigands abound, and military escorts are needed between Constantinople and Adrianople. 1893 Feb. 16. Asia AT. A Moslem mob destroys the American Girls' College at Marsivan, without hindrance from the gov- Apr. 14. Syria. A Moslem mob terror- izes Csesarea, robbing hundreds of Ar- menians, and killing many. May 10. The Turks have imprisoned about 2,000 Armenians on suspicion of seditious conduct. 1894 Nov. 25+. Asia M. The sultan decorates the Mufti of Moosh, an offi- cial implicated in the outrages against Armenians. Dec. 15. Asia AT. Many new outrages against Armenians are reported. 1856 Mar. 30. Peace with Russia (p. 733). The integrity of Turkey is guar- anteed (p. 525). 1858 Nov. 8. Montenegrine bounda- ries are determined bv the powers. [War 1862. Sept. 23. Peace.] 1860 Aug. 3. Paris. England and France by convention agree to intervene in behalf of persecuted Christians in Turkey. [1861. June 5. French occupa- tion of Syria ceases.] Aug. 20+. Syria. Fuad Pasha executes 160 persecutors at Damascus, including the governor ; 11,000 are forced into the army. 1861 June 25±-76 May 29+ . Con- stantinople* Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz, sec- ond son of Mahmud II., reigns. He attempts to introduce Western civiliza- tion, which awakens dissatisfaction, and pro- duces his deposition. 1861 * * Constantinople. Fuad Pasha is made president of the council. [Nov. 22. Grand vizier.] Dec. * Montenegro rises against Turkey. 1866 June 5. Mohammed Ali Ruchdi supersedes Fuad Pasha as grand vizier. [1867. Feb. 11. Ali Pasha.] * * Rumania, A revolution breaks out in Bucharest. Sept. 2. Crete. The General Assembly abolishes Turkish authority, and de- clares for union with Greece. 1867 Mar. 31. Turkey declines to give up Crete, as recommended by the powers. [Sept. 4. Declines an international com- mission proposed by Russia. Dec. 11. The vizier grants the demands of Cretan delegates.] 1868 * * Constantinople. An insurrec- tion by the Young Turkey Party fails. * * Crete. The Christians rise against Turkey. Greece intervenes (p. 1037). Dec. 30. The provisional government sur- renders to Turkey. 1869 Dec. * Egy. The khedive ac- knowledges the Sultan of Turkey as his sovereign. [1876. The Bey of Tunis does the same ; Tunis annexed.] 1871 Sept. * Mahmud grand vizier. [1872. July 30±. Midhat Pacha. Dis- missed for favoring Austria. Oct. 19. Mohammed Ruchdi again. 1873. Feb. 15. Essad Pasha. 1874. Feb. * Hussein Avni.] 1875-76 Herzegovina. Insurrection against the Turks, and for freedom. 1875 Aug. 25. Mahmud Pasha grand vizier. [1876. May 10.± Mohammed Ruchdi.] 1876 Feb. 10. The joint note of the powers respecting reforms is agreed to. May * -Sept. * Bulgaria. Insurrection cruelly suppressed. May 29. The Ministers depose the sul- tan because he refuses to give up some of his treasure to save the nation. May 30-Aug.31. Constantinople. Amu- rath V., nephew of Abd-ul-Aziz, is Sul- tan. Deposed because of ill health. Aug. 31. Constantinople. Sultan Abd- ul-Hamid II. , second son of Abd-ul- Medjid, reigns. Dec. 23+. Conference of the powers (p. 566). 1877 Jan. 22. Constantinople. The National Council rejects propositions made by a conference of the powers re- specting Servia and Montenegro. Feb. 5+. Edhem Pasha is grand vizier ; he was educated in Paris, and favors re- forms. Mar. 19. Constantinople. The first Turkish Parliament opens, with 30 Senators and 90 Deputies. Apr. 24. Russia declares war against Turkey. Dec. 20±. Crete. Insurrection; pro- visional government formed. [1878. Feb. 11. Decrees union with Greece. Oct. * Pacified by Turkish concession of self- government.] 1878 Mar. 3. Peace of San Stefano (p. 566). Peace follows the Turko-RuBsian war. Russia receives extensive territory in the Cau- casian region, including Dobrudja, Kara, Batum. Rumania, Servia, and Montenegro declared independent. [1878. Revised by the congress of Berlin.] June 4. Cyprus. Given up to the ad- ministration of England. [July 3. Ceded. July 12. Possession taken.] July 13. Berlineonference(pp.529,566, 831). Turkey loses much territory, both in Europe and Asia. It cedes Kars, Ar- dahan, and Batum to Russia. * * Herzegovina is occupied by Austria. Oct. * Macedonia. Insurrection. [1879. Jan. 3. Suppressed.] Nov. 11±. Syria. Midhat Pasha is ap- pointed governor to institute reforms. Of the Berlin (Juiileience. Sept. 15±. The powers send a final collec- tive note demanding the rt'ssion of Mulcigno and territory to Montenegro. [Sept. * Pow- ers' war-vessels assemble at Ragusa. Nov. 26. Effected.] 1881 * * Rumania is made a kingdom. Mar* -Apr. * Constantinople. Conference of ambassadors; Turkey yields, and decides to transfer to (Jreere nmst of the territory in- dicated by the Berlin Conference. May 24. Turkey cedes Thessaly to Greece (p. 1037). 1882 June 23. Constantinople. A con- ference of the powers meets to consider the Egyptian question. Dec. 3. Said Pasha is made grand vizier. 1884 Feb. 8. Crete. Religious diffi- culties cause an insurrection. [Mar. 1. Christians appeal to the sultan for a Christian governor, and to the powers for mediation.] 1885 Sept. 18. Rumelia. A bloodless revolution occurs at Philippopolis, and reunion with Bulgaria is proclaimed. [Oct. 14. Condemned by a conference of ambassadors.] Sept. 2 4. Kiamil Pasha, grand vizier. 1889 May 37. Crete. The Assembly votes In favor of annexation to Greece. [Aug. 1. Anarchy prevails. Sept. 15. Martial law proclaimed. Sept. * Greece aids insurgents. Hbv. 11. Amnesty granted.] 1890 Jan. 26. Asia M. Erzerum re- volts. Armenians are killed. July 8. Turkey, by a note, demands of Great Britain ;i fixed date for the evac- uation of Egypt. July 19. The Porte ignores the wrongs suffered by Armenians, and two Min- isters resign their offices. Oct. 4. Constantinople. An Armenian revolutionary manifesto urges the op- pressed people to light the Turkish tyrants. Aug. 12. Kurds raid Armenia. 1891 Sept. 4. The sultan dismisses the Ministry hecause of its inefficiency in deal- ing with brigandage. 1894 Nov. 11±. The British ambassa- dor investigates the reported massacre of 8,000 Armenians by Turkish troops. Dec. 7. The Government explains the massacre of Armenians by alleging an uprising which was subdued by the troops. [Dec. 10. Diplomatic investigations are suspended pending an exchange of views by the treaty powers relative to joint action. Dec. 14±. The Porte consents that the con- suls of Great Britain, Itussia, and France may sit with the investigation commission. Dec. 24. The commission starts for Cassoon.] URUGUAY. Uruguay is a republic of southeastern South America ; capital, Montevideo. It is politically divided into 19 departments, and has a president for chief executive. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. The chief religion is Roman Catholic, and the language Spanish. Area, 72,172 square miles ; population in 1892, 728,447. 1512* * Arrival of Juan Diaz de Solis 17th Century. The Jesuit missionaries 1729* * Gen. Zavala establishes a Span- f ™F? ?P ai 5 5 he e , nt ? r . s the Parana-guazu. begill the rea i conquest of the country. ■ ish military settlement at Montevideo. [Military and commercial settlements of [1750. A provisional government.] [1515-16. Second visit ; killed.] 1603 * * Indians destroy a Spanish force under Gen. Saavedra. '1603-53. Three the Portuguese follow the missionaries, 1777* * Spaniards destroy the Portu- attempts to subdue the Indians fail.] and later those of the Spanish follow.] guese settlement at Colonia. 1160 1807, Feb. 3-1891, Oct. 12. URUGUAY. 1807 Feb. 3. Montevideo is taken by the British. [July 7. Repulsed at Buenos Ayres, they evacuate Montevideo.] 1814 * * Gen. Alvear takes Montevideo for Buenos Ayres. 1817+ * *The territory is joined to Brazil. "War with Buenos Ayres fol- lows. [1821. Brazilians occupy the country. 1825. Aug. 25. Uruguay re- volts, and declares its independence of the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres. 1828. Oct. 4. Independence recognized. Montevideo becomes the capital.] 1826-28 "War between Brazil and Buenos Ayres for the possession of Uru- guay. 1830 July 18. The constitution ia promulgated. 1838* * The University of Montevideo is founded. 1842-51 Gen. Juan Manuel Bosas, dic- tator of Buenos Ayres, and Gen. Oribe and his native partizans besiege Mon- tevideo. [1S45. It is blockaded by Eng- land and France.] 1842 * * Gold is discovered in Tacua- rembo. 1851 * * The Argentine provinces of Cor- rientes and Entre Rios join President Rosas ; he defeats Gen. Oribe. 1854-55 Gen. Venancio Flores is presi- dent. [1S56-60, G. A. Pereyra ; 1860-S4, Bernardo Prudencio Berro ; 1864-65, Gen. Aguirre ; 1865-66, Flores again (as pro- visional president) ; 1866-68, F. A. Vidal ; 186S-72, Gen. Lorenzo Battle ; 1872-75, Gen. Ellazio ; 1875-76, Pedro Varela (as provisional president) ; 1876-80, Col. L. Lalorre ; 1880, F. A. Vidal again (dies Mar. 17); 1882-86, Gen. J. Maximo San- tas ; 1886-90, Gen. Maximo Tages ; 1890- 94, Dr. Julio Herreray Obes ; 1894+ , Senhor Idiarte Borda.] 1863-65 Gen. Flores creates civil war. [1868-72. The Blanco party revolts. 1880-86. Gen. Arredondo revolts.] * * * The American Methodists (North) open a mission and plant stations at Montevideo, Colonia, Tacuarembo, and Trinidad. 1891 Oct. 12. Montevideo. A revolt [Oct. 13. Suppressed.] VENEZUELA. Venezuela is a republic of South. America, bordering the Caribbean Sea ; capital, Caracas. The chief executive is a president ; the legislative power is vested in a Congress comprising a Senate and a Chamber of Depu- ties. Language, Spanish. Religion, Roman Catholic, yet all religions arc tolerated. Area, 597,960 square miles are claimed ; pop- ulation, 2,323,526. 1498 Aug. 1. Beheld by Columbus (p. 14). [1-499. Visited by Ojeda (p. 15), and named Terra Firma.] 1520 * * Spaniards settle at Caraana. [1527, at Coro ; 1545, at Tocuyo ; 1552, at Barquisimeto ; 1555, at Valencia ; 1567, at Caracas.] 1515 * * The captain-generalcy of Cara- cas is erected. 1783 ** July 24. Simon Bolivar, " Father of his Country," is born. [1S30. Dec. 17. Dies.] 1810 * * The colony sides with the old Spanish dynasty, and against Joseph Bonaparte as king. 1811 July 14. Seven disaffected prov- inces revolt, and declare for indepen- dence. [1812-13. Partly suppressed.] 1812* * Treaty j3f Victoria; the colony renews its allegiance to Spain. Mar. 26. An earthquake at Caracas destroys nearly 12,000 lives. [1S94, May 9. Two cities, several villages, destroyed.] 1813-23 A T enezuela revolts under Boli- var ; the war for independence follows. [1813. Aug. 4. He captures Caracas.] 1814 * * Bolivar, having defeated the royalists, is made dictator, but is driven out of the state. [1816. Returns, and raises another army. 1817. July * De- feats Spaniards under Gen. Morillo at Angostura. 1821. June 24. Royalists are defeated at Carabobo (p. 628). 1819 Feb. * Bolivar resigns. [Dec. 17. He is elected president (p. 628).] 1829 Nov. * Venezuela withdraws from Colombia (p. 628). 1831-35 Gen. Jose 1 Antonio Paez. [1835- 36, Dr. Jose - Maria Vargaz, resigns ; 1336-39, Carlos Soubletfe ; '"1339-43, Paez again; 1843-47, S-mblette again ; 1S47-51, Jose" Tadeo Monagas ; 1851-55, rinse Gre- gorio Monagas ; 1355-58, Gen. J. T. Mo- nagas again ; 1858-59, Don -lose Castro, forced to resign; 1859-61, Dr. Pedro Gual (ad interim) ; 1861-63, Gen. Jose" Antonio Paez, dictator, chosen by the army, resigns ; 1863-07, Juan Crisostomo Falcon ; driven out by revolutionists. 186S. J. T. Monagas elected again ; he dies before he is sworn in. 1868-70. Gen. Pulger (provisional). 1870-77, Gen. An- tonio Guzman Blanco elected. 1S77-79, F. L. Alcantara; 1879-82, Guzman Blanco again ; 1882-S6, Gen. Joaquin Crespo ; 1S88-90, Dr. J. Pablo Rojas Paul; 1890- 94, Dr. Raimundo Andrezia Palacio ; 1S94, Mar. 14+-, Gen. Crespo again.] 1845 * * Spain recognizes the indepen- dence of Venezuela. 1846-70 Revolutions and wars with intermissions. 1S54 Mar. 24. The emancipation of slaves is enacted. 1864 Mar. 28. Federal constitution prepared. 1874 * * The Church bitterly opposes the action of the Government in legaliz- ing civil marriages. 1892 Apr. 1-Aug. * Rebellion under Gen. Crespo. 1890 May* A dispute arises with Great Britain respecting the old boundary question. WEST COAST OF AFRICA. Angola is a Portuguese possession lying south of the equator; capital, St. Paul de Loanda. Area, 490,000 square miles ; population, 2,000,000+ ; of these 6,000+ are whites. Ashanti is a nation on the Gold Coast ; capital, Kumassi. Dahomey is a kingdom on the Slave Coast ; capital Abomey. Area, 4,000 square miles ; population, 600,000+. French Kongo (Gabun) com- prises territory between the Kongo River and the Atlantic ; capital, Libreville. Area, 267,000 square miles ; population, 3,000,000+. Gold Coast is a British crown colony; capital, Akkra. Area, 15,000 square miles; population, 1,905,000+. Kaiherun is a German colonial possession lying a little north of the equator. Area, 130,000 square miles ; population, 2,000,000+. Lagos is a British settlement and island. Area, 1,071 square miles ; population, 100,000+. Liberia is a negro republic ; capital, Mon- rovia. Area, 14,360+ square miles ; population, 1,068,000+. Senegal is a French colony on the Senegal River ; capital, St. Louis. Sierra Leone is a British colony ; capital, Freetown. Area, 15,000+ square miles ; population, 180,000+. Togoland is a German protectorate on the Slave Coast ; capital, Little Popo. Area, 16,000+ square miles ; population, 500,000+. Yarriba is a kingdom on the Slave Coast, included in the British sphere of influence ; capital, Oyo. 1446 * * The Portuguese discover the West Coast. 1450+ * * The Moors begin the African slave-trade. 1460 * * Sierra Leone is discovered. [1786. Dec. 9. An unsuccessful com- pany of 400 negroes and 60 whites, chiefly disreputable in character, sail from Lon- don. 1787. They Bettle at Freetown. 1791. A successful colony is planted un- der the influence of Wilberforce and others. 1794. Sept. * Attacked by the French. 1802. Feb. * Attacked by na- tives. 1807. It becomes a crown colony, 1S14. The "Christian Institution" is founded on Leicester Mountain for the education of freed slave-children. 1827. Fourah Bay College is founded by the Church Society.] 1804. The Church of England opens a mis- sion on the liio Pongas. [1808. It becomes effective. 1815, at Gammer; 1816, at Free- town; at Sierra Leone : 1840, at Port Lokkoh (1850, closed; 1*75, resumed). 1843. Samuel Weslevans open a mission. 1879. at Fo riah near Kapto. 1842. The Union M ary Society (U. S. A.) opens i Mendi. 1883. Transferred to the United Brethren in Christ. 1855. The Codrington The African Methodists (U.S.A.) open a mission in Freetown. 1887. Also one by the American Wesleyans.] 1480 * * Angola. Discovered by Diego Cam, a Portuguese. [He also discovers the Kongo River. 1484+. Portuguese settle. 1578. They WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 1446,* *-1890, Mar. 3. 1161 found Loando. 1617. Manoel Cerveira (Port.) founds St. Felipe de Benguela. 1640-48. The Dutch attempt to expel the Portuguese from Angola. 1641. They succeed in occupying Loando. 1855. The Portuguese establish a settlement at Ambriz. 1858. Feb. * The English ap- point David Livingstone consul for the Portuguese settlements in Africa. 1877. Nov. * A water supply canal, 43 miles long, is contracted for the supply of Loando.] 1490 * * Fr. Kongo. Gonzalo de Sousa, with an embassy from Portugal, arrives. [1758. The Portuguese settle Encoye. 1S39. France authorizes Capt. Bouet to settle on the left bank of the Gabun. 1842. He establishes better positions on the right bank at Louis and Quaben. 1845. The French found their chief set- tlement, Libreville, and name it Le Pla- teau. 1862. The French extend their authority southward to the Ogowe River. 1871. They practically abandon Gabun because of the war with Germany.] 1842 * * The American Board opens a mission on the Gabun River. [1343. At Corisco. 1850. The American Presbyterians open a mission at Corisco. 1870. Missions trans- ferred to American Presbyterians North.] 1643 * * Gold Coast. The Dutch capture Cape Coast Castle from the Portuguese. [1637. The Dutch capture Elmina. 1661. Castle demolished by the British Adm. Holmes. 1C64. Taken by the Eng- lish. 1850. The Danes transfer their settlements to the English, 1S72. The Dutch cede Elmina and other posses- sions to the British. 1874. Dec. 17. Gov. Strahan proclaims the slave-trade of the Gold Coast abolished.] 1808* * The Danes send out missionaries. [1822. The missionaries join the Basel So- ciety. 1828. Germans open a mission. 1843. The British "Wesleyans open a mission at Lagos. 1852. Also the Church Society (Eng.). 1855. Also the Southern Baptists (U. S. A.).] 17th Century. Senegal becomes a French colony. [1854-K Much extended and developed.] 18th Century. Dahomey is first visited. [1732±. Trudo Audati reigns with great ability. Later, a succession of cruel kings foster the slave-trade. 1825. Refugees from towns ruined by slave- hunters establish an important town at Abbeokuta. 1829. It has become a strong walled town, inhabited by free negroes, and independent of the king. 1864. Mar. 16. The king is repulsed in an attack on Abbeokuta, and many Am- azons are killed. 1885. Oct. 7. Da- iiomey is placed under the protection of Portugal by request of the king. 1890. Feb. * The French repulse an attack of thekingatKotonou. 1890. Feb.* -Oct. 5. War with France (p. 758, 761). Mar. 18. The garrison is relieved by reenforce- ments. Apr. * France blockades the coast. Aug. 4. France demands the ces- sion of Kotonou and Whydah in an ulti- matum. Oct, 5. Treaty refused (p. 761). 1S91. Sept. * Second French expedition (p. 762). Later, King Behanzin is de- feated, but not subdued. 1892. Jan. 2. King Behanzin surrenders to Col. Dodds. Mar. 10. The king appeals to the civilized world against his treatment by France. May 2. He submits. Sept. * Col. Dodds leads a third expedition. Nov. 21. Enters Abomey.] 1807 * * Ashantee. The warlike Ashan- tees conquer the Fantee district, which includes British Coast Castle. [1831. Apr. 29. The British recognize by treaty the independence of the Fan- tees. 1864. Sickness defeats the British troops. 1S73-74. "War with England ; Sir Garnet "Wolseley in command ; he takes and burns Kuruasi, but fails to occupy the territory.] 1816 * * Liberia, Henry Clay and other Americans establish the American Col- onization Society (U. S. A.) for the colonization of negroes. [1822. A colony of emancipated slaves from America found the Republic of Liberia, with Monrovia for its capital. 1S26. Feb. 16. The Liberia Herald is first issued- 1S47. Becomes a republic, with a President, Senate, and House of Representatives. Aug. 24. Its inde- pendence proclaimed. 1859. The Liberia Conference Seminary opened. 1861. Rec- ognized by the United States. 1875. War with the aborigines at Cape Palmas.] 1844 * * The Basel Society opens a mis- sion at Akropong. 1847-94 Presidents : 1847-57, J. J. Rob- erts ; 1864-68, Daniel B. Warner ; 1868- 70, James S. Payne; 1870-71, E. J. Roy, 1871, Oct., deposed; 1872-74, J. J. Rob- erts again ; 1876-79, A. W. Gardner ; 1878-83, A. J. Russell ; 1883-84, H. R. W. Johnson ; 1884-88, H. R. W. Johnson ; 1888-92, Dr. Blyden ; 1892, Jan. 7+, J. J. Cheesman. 1880 Feb. * The kingdom of Medina is peaceably annexed. 1832 * * Danes open a mission at TJsu. 1820 * * American Presbyterians open amis- sion. [1833. At Monrovia. 1848. They con- stitute the Synod of West Africa. 1889. Open at Brewerville. 1821. American open a mission; Lot Cary, a slave who bought his own liberty, is the first mis- sionary. 1856. Mission suspended. 1884. One opened at Vey. 1820. American Meth- odists open a mission at Sherbro. 1833, Mar. 7. Melville B. Cox, their first foreign missionary, arrives. 1834. The Liberia Con- ference is organized. 1884. William Taylor is elected (U.S.A.) missionary bishop. He proceeds to organize self-supporting missions. 1827-28. The Basel Society opens a mission. 1830. Also the American Episcopalians in Monrovia. 1857. The Cumberland Presby- terians (U. S. A.) open The American Board opens a Cape Palmas ; 1844, removed to the Gabun River. 1860. Also the Evangelical Luther- ans (TL S. A.) at Muhlenberg. 1889. The Pentecost Band (U. S. A.) in Monrovia.] 1759 Aug. 19. Yarriba. The British fleet under Adm. Boscawen defeat the French fleet (p. 914). [1848. The Egba chiefs send thanks to Queen Victoria for rescuing many of their people from slavery. 1849. May* A great gathering of people receive presents from the queen. 1851-76. The King of Dahomey makes seven inva- sions. 1851. The British capture Lagos. 1861. Annex it. 1862. Dahomeans en- tirely destroy the town of Ishaga, and crucify the Christians at Egba.] 1850** The Southern Baptists ("U.S.A.) open a mission at Ogobomoshaw. 1841 Aug. 20. Eng. The great colo- nizing expedition sails for the Niger. [Sept. 28. At Iddah, 320 miles from the coast, it fails because of fevers.] 1857* * Niger River. The Church of Eng- land opens a mission on the Niger at Onicha. [1862. Destroyed by civil war. 1866, at Bonny; 1868, at Braso, in the delta; 1878, at Aenso; 1884, at Okrika.] 1844=* * Calabar. The United Presbyteri- ans open a mission at Creektown, Old Cala- bar. [1875. The Church of England opens a mission at New Calabar. 1888. One at Old Calabar by the United Scotch Church (U.S.A.).] 1866* * Senegambia. An English settle- ment is made at St. Mary's. 1881 * * Kamerun is made a German pro- tectorate. [1S84, Aug. * Dr, Kachtigal founds a colony. Oct. * Recognized.] 1858 * * English Baptists open a mission at Victoria ; they had been driven out of Fer- nando Po by Spanish persecution. [1886. Missions transferred to the Basel Society.] * * * Dutch Protestants open a mission.] 1884 * * Great JS r amaqualand and Dama- raland are made a German dependency, and called Southwest Africa. [1889. Oct. * The head chief of Damaraland orders all Germans to depart ; he seizes the missionaries.] 1885 * * Fr. Kongo. The Berlin Confer- ence recognizes the French territorial claims (p. 1093). 1890 Mar. 3. Germany and France sign an agreement for a uniform tariff. INDEX AND APPENDIX 1163 EXPLANATORY NOTES. The index lias been prepared with uncommon fullness of detail, so as to aid those persons who may turn in haste to find desired information ; also to give necessary information to those having none of the clews which a general historical knowledge affords. But it is anticipated that many readers who are familiar with the general trend of the history will commonly ignore the index altogether and turn at once to the text, where their search will be facilitated by its topical classification; then by glancing at the dates and the helpful locality words, which stand as double guide-posts before each item, they will speedily find the desired information. The index also contains some items which were omitted from the text. These are limited almost entirely to dates, -which are always enclosed in parentheses so that they can be distinguished from page numerals. The following rules which have been observed in preparing the index may aid the reader in its practical use. Abbreviations. Only a few arbitrary abbreviations have been used. See the full list facing page 1. Books. The titles of books are not indexed, but may be found by following the references under the author's name. CoDeges. The larger American and British colleges are indexed twice; once under the name of the city, and more fully under the name of the college or university. The smaller colleges and many foreign universities are only indexed under the name ■of the city of their location. Colleges connected with universities are only referred to under the name of the university to which they are attached, as, " Christ's College" is indexed under "Oxford University." Conventions. Commercial, political, and other conventions are indexed under the name of the body convened, and not under the name of the city. Exception : national conventions of political parties are important items in the history of cities, and they are indexed under the names of the cities where convened, as well as under the party name. Countries. Each country appears in the text as an abbreviated history, therefore it is not again abbreviated in the index. But items in foreign countries are cross-indexed under the name of the country to which they relate, to give a fuller history; if the items are duplicates of others, they are omitted in the index. Italics. Italics are used in the index as in the text, for the titles of books, magazines, and newspapers; also for titles of paintings, names of vessels and horses, and names of planetary bodies. Legislation. Acts of State legislation are indexed under the names of States ; those of the National Congress under the titles of the Acts. Local Events. Events of only local interest are indexed under the names of the towns or cities in which they occur, and also under the names of the persons directly connected with each occurrence. Names. The name of every town and city is indexed in its alphabetical order; every personal name is also indexed except those remotely or perfunctorily connected with an event. Newspapers, etc. The names of newspapers are commonly indexed under the name of the place of publication ; the denomi- national papers are indexed under the names of the denominations who publish them ; some others appear under their own name. Personal Names. Full personal names are commonly given in the index, but often abbreviated in the text, especially those of Europeans, Asiatics, and South Americans. Members of the British peerage are commonly indexed under their family names, these are often less familiar than the title name; but the former may be readily found by following the references given under the title name, as under " Palmerston, Viscount," may be found " See Temple, John Henry." Religious Assemblies. These are commonly indexed under the denominational name, as "General Assembly" under " Presbyterians." Church councils of world-wide interest are indexed under councils ; some unusual or very important national gatherings are indexed under their proper titles. Religious Denominations. Various religious denominations having a common family name are grouped in the index; under the general name, as " Cumberland Presbyterians " follow " Presbyterians." States. States forming a component part of a country> as Virginia, or Hungary, are quite fully indexed, thereby forming a skeletonized State history. These references may be much extended at the option of the reader, by turning to the references found under the names of important cities, as Albany, Buffalo, and New York City to obtain a fuller history of New York State. 1164 INDEX AND APPENDIX. Note. — The numerals enclosed with parentheses are year-dates; the ahbreviations are chiefly those in familiar use, but a full list may be found on the opposite page. Text figures denote page ; superior figures indicate column. Aa, Charlemagne's victory at, 770'. , Christian Peter Kol.i.'ie van der, b.-d., 110-1'. Aachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle, 773 1 . Aagaard, Niels, b.-d., 6362. Aagesen, Svend, b. 635 1 . Aahmes I.,b., 6503 ; patron of art, 6462-3 ; reigns ; marries ; war Hyksos, 649' . Aangeleken mission. 601' . Aarestrup, Carl Ludwig Emil, b., 6382 ; d., 6403. Aargau canton, joins Act Mediation, 113S2. , peace of, 11373. Aaron, consecrated, 11403 ; rod of, 11403 ; forbidden Canaan ; d., 11403. , Samuel, b. (1800) ; d., 347 1 . Aaronson, Bp. Jon, executed, 232, 10423. Aarssens, Frans van, b.-d. 10983. Aasen, Ivar Andreas, b., 1104' . Aba or Owen, king, 5032. , Samuel, d., 5022. Abaka Khan, emperor, d. 1106 3 . Abamonti, Giuseppe, b., 10842 ; d., 10862. Abancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph Fran- queville, b., 7023 ; d., 7082. Abano, Pietro di, b.-d., 10762. Abanzit, Firmin, b., 6923 ; d., 703' . Abarca, Don Joaquin, b.-d., 1130 2 . , Maria de, d., 11283. Abascal, Jose Fernando, b.-d., 11283. Abbad I., d., 11262. II., b.-d., 11272. III., b.-d., 11262. Abbadie, Antoine Thomson d', b., 719' . , Arnaud Michel d\ b., 7222. , Jacques, b., 6902 ; christian Rtliqion, 6903 ; d., 6982. Abbas the Great, b.-d., 11063 ; reigns, 11072. II., reigns, 11072 ; d. (1666). III., reigns, 11072 ; d. (1736). Mirsa, b.-d., 11063. Pasha, b.-d., 6563 ; reigns, 6573, 6613. Abbassides, dynasty, 4853, 6552. Abbassids, overthrow Tooloonide dynasty, 11552. Abbate, Niccolo de, II., b. (1512) ; d. 1081' . Abbatucci, Giacomo Pietro, b., 6982 , d., 7192. , Jacques Pierre Charles, born, 7082 ; d., 7322. Abbe, Cleveland, b., 1482. Abbendon, Edmund de', archbp., 8522. Abbeokuta, settled, 11612. Abbett, Leon, b. (1836) ; gov., 375' ; inaug. gov., 3193; nom.for.gov., 345' ; d.,470'. Abbeville redeemed, 679'; monument of Courbet, 760' . Abbey Craig, Wallace monument at, 972' . , Edwin Austin, b., 170' . , Fonthill, erected, 9262. Abbeys suppressed in Mexico, 10962 • in Port., 11113 ; in Spain, 11303. Abbo Cernuus, b., 6662 ; d. (923). Floriacensis, b.-d., 666 z . Abbot, Benjamin, b., 723 ; d., 166' . , George, b., 872' ; Archbp. Canter- bury, 8782 ; d. 8822. , H. (Almy), kills Miss "Warden, 3882; hanged, 4303. , Gorham D., b., 114' ; d., 2842. Abbots executed, 8683. Abbotsford Club founded, 949' . Abbott, Benjamin, b., 62' ; d., 106' . , Charles, b. (1757) ; speaker, 9313 • d. (1829). , L. Colchester, b.,9143 ; d., 946' . , , Baron Tenterden, b., 9162 ; chief justice, 9393 ; d. (1832). , Edwin Abbott, 9482. , Emma, b. (1850 ); d., 3742. , Evelyn, b., 9522. , Ezra, b„ 128' ; d., 3162. Abbott, Henry L., b., 1382 ; Col., 322' . , Jacob, b., 110= ; d., 3022. , Jo., M. C, b. 152' . , Joel, d., 134' . , John Joseph Caldwell, b. (1811) ; new Ministry, 5'J2 3 ; Premier, 593' ; resigns, 595' ; d., 596. , Stephens Cabot, b., 1122 ; works, 277' ; 2842 ; d., 2942. , T., envoy, 3513. , Joseph G. .electoral commission, 295' . , Lyman, b., 144' ; works, 2643 ; 2412 ; 26S3 ; 2803 ; 3163 ; 3503 ; 4203 ; 438' ; in Plymouth Church, 3463, 3521 . , Samuel, b., 62' ; d., 1182. Abbt, Thomas, b., 8002 ; d., 8023. Abdallah, revolts, 4852 ; ruler, 4882 ; d., 488'. ben Abd-el Mottalib, d. 483' . ebn Zobeyr, slain, 4853. Ibn-Balkeen, dethroned, 11272; d. (1073)*. Mohammed, d., 11262. Yasim, b., 9' ; founds Morabites, 9'; d.,4863. Ibnool Hijaree, b.-d., 11262. Abdalmelek, b. (645) ; reigns, 655 2 ; in Asia M., 10302 ; d., 4842. Abd-al-Mu'min, in Tunis, 11392. Abdastartus, king, 11432. Abd-el-Aziz, first emir, 11253. Azziz, sultan, 4873 ; d., 4863. Kader, b., 9'; revolts, 82; sub- mits, 83 ; at Mecca, 9' ; in Fr., 93 ; res- cues Christians, 1158 2 ; pilgrimage, 488 3 ; banished, 728'; released, 7332 ; d.,4863. Ghilanee, d., 11063. . — - Wahab, b.-d., founds Wahabis, 4863. Abd-er-Rahman, califate est., 4853 ; de- feated by Charles Martel, 485', 664'; d. (732). I., b.-d., 11252 ; King of Spain, 11253 ; founds academies, founds Mosque, 1125 2 . II., d., 11262. III., b. (891) ; calif, d., 11262. , ravages Armenia, 1155' . , poet, 53. Khan, b., defeats Shere Ali, 43 ; rebels, 52 ; in Kandahar, in Herat, 6 2 ; resists Russians, 6 3 ; Ameer, sole ruler, 7'; reorganizes government at Kabub, 72. Abdi-Milkut, revolts, 11453. Abdon, judges Israel, 11432. Abdoola Jan, the heir, 53 ; d., 43. Abdul-Assiz, b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 1159' ; murdered, 1158 3 . Hamid I., b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 11572. II., b., 11563 ; reigns, 11592. Abdul, Latif, died, 4863. Majid, b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 11573. Abdullah, sultan, 10492. College, 549' . Abdv, John Thomas, b., 9403. A'Becket, Arthur William, b. (1837); d., 10062. , Gilbert Abbott, b., 935'; Punch, or London Charivari; d. (1856). , Thomas, b.-d., 8482 • chanc, opposes k.,851' ; ambassador to Fr., 6712; Archbp. Canterbury, 8502 ; flees to Fr., reconciled to k.,851 2 -returns, murdered, 8512 ; can- onized, 8502 ; " a rebel," bones burned, 8683. Abed-nego, fiery furnace, 1146 3 . Abeel, David, b., 112' ; miss., 1363 ; d. (1846). Gustavus, president synod, 170 2 . Abeih, Theological School est., 11582. Abeille, M., shot, 7623. Abel, reigns, 637'; claims Schleswig; 1165 against archbp., 636' ; assassinates Eric- killed, 637'. Abel, shepherd, 1139' ; sacrifice, 11392. , Joseph, b., 5463 ; erance, 333' ; Gen. Convention, Mich., 354' . Adventists, Seventh Day, theory, 8822. (See Baptists.) Advertisements, duty abolished, 9592. jEgean Sea named, 10132. -^geus, King, 10133; drowned, 1013' , 2. iEgldius, King, 6633. J-'.gila, major-domo ; murdered, 771' . jEgiua, temple of Athene, 10162 ; block- aded, 10183 ; surrenders, 1019' ; temple of Jupiter, 10203 ; captured, 10262. JEgina, asteroid, discovered, 736' . jEgisthus, paramour of Clytemnestra ; as- sassinates Atreus, 10143. JEgle, asteroid, discovered, 7382. jEgospotamos, action at, 1022', 10232. .Elfric, b. (955 ) ; works, 8463. Society founded, 9523. ,9Elia, colony in Jerusalem, 11533. ^Elian, Claudius, b., 10283. iElla in Sussex, 8412. J 3Emilia, province formed, 1089' . JSmilianus, C. Julius, reigns, 10293, 1067'. iEmilius, Marcus, regent of Egypt, 653' . , Paulus, contest with Ger., 768' . , Lucius (Maeedoni us), b.-d., 1053' ; at Pydna, 1028' ; triumph, 10292. iEneas, settles in Latium, 1051' . , the Trojan, in It., 11432. JEncas founders, 9333. sEuehl, trans, by Thomas Phaer, 873' . JEnso, mission at, 11613. iEolpile, constructed, 652'. .Dpinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor Hock, b., 8002; d., 807'. ^qui defeated, 1050' . JEnolite, in Cal.,. Kan., 426'; near Ap- sheron, 1122' . iEropus, conquers Illyrians, 1016' . jEschines, b.-d., 1023' ; acquitted, 10252; orations, 1025' ; leader Macedonian party, 10252. jEschylus, b.-d., 10162; works, 1017'; writes music, 1019' ; manuscript, 1027' . iEsculapius, worshiped, 1053' . .Esernia, colony at, 10533. jEsop, b., 10162 ; Fables appear, 10163 ; printed, 8643. .Esopius, Clo.lius, b., 10583. JEthelwold, Rule of Monastic Life, 8443. JEthra asteroid discovered, 280' . jEtius, b.-d., 10682 ; at Lutchia (Paris), 6622; expels Franks, 6633; defeats Attila, 768', 1070'. , surgeon, flourishes, 10302. ^Etolia, against Athens, 1019'; seized, 1035'. iEtolian League, fnd., 1027 2 ; against Philip V. ; against Achaean League ; crushed, 10273. ^tolians, against Macedonia, 10543; de- feated in Greece, 1055' . Affirmation Bill introduced, 9912. Affre, Denis Auguste, b., 70S 2 ; archbp.; killed, 7312; d., 7302. Afghanistan, kingdom set up, 1107 3 ; partly annexed to Persia, 11072; bound- aries discussion, 11212. (See text, p. 4.) Afghans invade India ; expelled 1044' ; war with, 1046' ; war second, 10482. Afranius, Lucius, writes comedies, 1056 3 . , Nepos , surrenders at Ilerda, 1060'. Africa, Greek provinces conquered, 1030 2 ; coast devastated, 10523; Caesar's war against, 1060' ; united to Numidia, 1061 3 ; liquor traffic, 5463; Ger. expedition; Ger. obtains coasting trade, 8352, 8382 ; Ger. possessions sold, 8363; F r . expedi- tion, 753'; reenforcement funds, 767 2 ; By. Smythies cons., 9862 African Association formed, 924'; Co. chartered, Eng., 8773; A. excitement, Eng., 8622; A. expedition of Mungo Park by Henry Salt, 9322; A. and East India Co. incor., 9013; A. Institution fnd., 9352; A. exploration Fund (Eng.), 982' ; expeditions. (See Kongo Free State, p. 1093-1094.) African Meth. Epis. Ch. (See Methodist.) Travelers' Congress, 544' . Africanus, Sextus Julius, d., 1152' . Afro.-Am. League org., 359'; convention, 351' ; at Knoxville, 3872. Al'/.i'lius, Adam, b.-d., 11342. Afzul, Khan, Brit, resident, 7'. Agadir, Dutch trade at, 1097 2 . Agag, King, spared, 1142', 2. Aga-.Mahmaoud I., reigns; assassinated, 11073. Agamemnon. King, in Trojan War, 1014' ; reigns, 1015' ; assassinated, 10143. Atmiuemium. launched, 9S4'; lays cable, 1833. Agapetus I., St., Pope, 10703; d. (536). II., Pope, 10723; ,1. (956). Agar, Jean Antoine Michel, d., 7283. Agardh, Karl Adolf, b.-d., 11342. Agasias of Ephesus, b., 10243. Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, b., 114'; scientific expedition, 55(12; on glacial period, 814' ; on fishes, 814' ; d. 282' . Agatharchus, b.-d., 1019' . Agathias, b., 10303; d. (582). Agathoeles, eclipse, 10263; at Ecnomus, 1052' ; rules, 10532. Agathon, b. (447 ); prize in tragedy, 10212. , St., Pope, 10722. Ageladas, b., 1021'; d. (460 ). Agesander, b., 10211 . Agesilaus II., b.-d., 10211; invades Asia; leader, 10221; ravages Corinthian ter. ; invades Bceotis, 10222; at Mantinea, 10223; reigns, 10232; in Egypt, 10233. Agesipolis III., reigns, 10273; a. (219 B.C.). Agliadoe, bishopric est., 8403. Agha Mahmoud, captures Kerman, 1106 2 ; massacres captives, 11073. Aghrim, battle of, 898 ' . Agidic, dynastv, kings, 10151. Agicr Pierre Jean, !>., 70(13; u., 7242. Agilulph, King of It., 10731. Agincourt, battle, 676' . Agis II., iu Attica, 10202, 3; d. (398 B.C.). III., killed, 10242. IV., reforms, 10272; d. (240 B.C.). Agita, reigns, 11253. Agliardi, M., internuncio, 6242. Agnadello, battle, 680' . Agnes, of Poitou, Empress; regent, 7753; resigns, 7753; d. (1077). , St., d., 10662. Agnesi, Maria Gietana, b., 1083' ; d., 10843. Agnew, Cornelius Rea, b., 138' ; d., 330'. , David Hayes, b., 1262; d., 402' . Agnolo, Baccio d', b., 10783; d., 10803. Agobard, Archbp. of Lyons, b.-d., 6642, 3 ; Agoult, Marie de Flavigny d', b., 7142 d., 750'. Agra, taken, 10422; Taj Mahal erected, 10442; mission, 10462; rebellion, 1048'. Agram University, opd., 528 3 ; sovereign's visit, 529'; lives lost, 530'; Croatian Diet, 5312. Agrarian Law, proposed, 10533; reenact- ment, 1057'; effective in Rome, 1057' fails, 10572; Cicsar's, 10592. Agresti, Liviodo Forti, d., 10822. Agricius, Bp. of Treves, 7682. Agricola, Cnasius Julius, b.-d., 10622; commands Romans, builds forts ; at Grampians, 839'; in Britain, 1062'; rules, 8393; recalled f rom Britain, 10633. , Georg, b., 7862; mineral system of, 790' ; surveying, 7922; d., 792'. , Johann, b., 7S62; works, 791'; d., 7922. Agricultural College Act, 2093; 3631 ; 3721 . Colleges est. ; Pa., 211' ; Ky., 2423; est. Md.,Kv.,2f,<>2, 3; Mass., 2583; Me., N.H., Ore., 2623; la., 2662; Mo., 2733; Ala., 2782; O., Tex., 2(122; Miss., Ky., 3042; S. Dak., 3183; R.I., 3323; N.j., 3542; Utah, 3662; N. Dak., 3742; Okla., 3962. Congress, at Vienna, Aust., 3543; at Indianapolis, 2833. exhibition, 1173. experiment stations, 338 2 . Holdings Act passes, 9812, 9932. Institute, Belg., est., 5441 . Laborers' Bill passes, 1003 3 . Agriculture, Chilean, 605 1 . department fnd. ,2073; executive, 331' ; in president ial succession, 440 3 . Agrigentum, fnd., 1051'; temple, 1019'; Temple of Juno, 10502; taken, 10542. Agrippa, Heinrich C, b., 7862; ( j,. 7902. , Marcus Vipsanius, b.-d., 10583; con- 1168 Text Figures denote Page. IN L) it, ./v. Superior Figures indicate Column. Agri-Alar. sul, 10613; commander, 10602; defeats Sextus Pompeius, 10603; commands in East ; pontifexmaximus, 1061 3 ; legatus, 11512. Agrippina, Julia, b.-d., 10622; -wife of Claudius, 1063*; rules Claudius, 10632; banished; executed, 10631. Agrisola, Rudolph Roel, of Huysman, b.- d., 10982. Aguado, Juan, interviews Columbus, 153. Aguas, Calientes, mission at, 10962. Aguero, Joaquin de, b. (1816) ; leads revolt, 6323 ; d. (1S51). Aguesseau, Henri Francois d', b., 6903 ; work, 7032; d., 7011. Aguila, Don Juan del, in Ire., 8761 . Aguilar, Grace, b., 9382 ; d. (1847). ,Manuel, pres., b. (1800 •), 6303; d.(1846). Aguirre, Gen., Pres. Uruguay, 1160 2 . , Lope de, b. (1508) ; in Colombia, 223 ; d. (1561). Ahab, defeats Benliadad I., 11421; de- feated, 11441 ■ idolatry; builds house of ivory, 11142 ; viceroy ; reigns, 11451. Ahaz, alliance against, 11441 • profanes temple, 1144 3; reigns, 11452. Ahaziah, reigns ; revolt against, 11451 . II., reigns, 1145 1 . Ahem, Simon J., sentence, 4143. Aliijah, prophet, 11423. Ahinoam, marries David, 11431. Ahitub I., high-priest, 11422. Ahlwardt, Christian Wilhelm, b., 8023 ; d., 8142. , Theodor Wilhelm, b., 8141 . Ahmadabad, E. I. Co. agency, 10443 ; mission, 10471, 10481. Ahmadnagar, Mohammedan dynasty, 10433 j Mahrattas revolt ; expedition against ; captured, 10441 ; factory at, 10443 ; mission, 10463, 10471. Ahmed Caramanti, elected pasha, 1138 3 . , Ebn Saood, dynasty, 487 3 . , Ibn y Tooloon, reigns, 6552 ; d., 6542. Khel, attacked, 61 . , Rassim, pasha, 11392. , Ritshdi Pasha, cruelty, 488 1 . , el Abdali Shah, reigns, 10452, 51 ; loses Herat, 42 ; poet, 5 3 ; throws off Persian yoke, 11073 ; d., 43. , in power, 4871, Ahmes. (See Aahmes.) Ahn, Johann Franz, b., 8062; d., 8222. Ahnoob, mission, 6571 . Aholiah, builds tabernacle, 11402. Ahrens, Heinrich, b., 8083 ; d., 8281 . Aliuizotl, d., 16i ; king dedicates temple, 122 ; enthroned, 10952. Ai, defeated, 11401. Aibek-Azad-ed-Din, d., 6542. Aidan, St., Bp. Lindisfarne, 8422 ; d., 8421 . Aidin, railway to Smyrna, 115S 3 . Aieuebelle, Paul Alex, Neuve d', b., 7261 • d., 7501 . Aiguebere, John Dumas, b., 6942 ; d., 7022. Aigues-Mortes, riot, 7651 . Aiguillon, Due, d' (Armand Vignerot Du- plessis Richelieu), b., 6982 ; a., 7062. , Duchess of, fnds. Hotel Dieu, 5731 . Aiken, S. C, cavalry action, 2422 j race war, 2923. , Judge, limited divorces, 3891 . , Wm., b., 1122 ; gov. S. C, 1592 ; d. (1887, Sept. 7). Aikenhead, Thomas, executed, 9002. Aiken, Anna Letitia, b. (1781) ; Poems, 9192 ; d. (1864). . John, b., 9122 ; d., 9403. Aikms, James Cox, b. (1823) ; gov., 5833. Aillebout, M. d' gov. Can., 5732. Ailly, Pierre d', b.-d., 6742. Ailsa, Marquis of, title created, 9451. Ailsbury, Marquis of, title created, 9372. Aime-Martin, Louis, d., 7301. Ainmuller, Maximilian, b., 8083 ; d., 8262. Ainsley, John, lord mayor London, 9333. Ainslie, Hew, b., 1022 ; d., (1878). Ainsworth, F. C, com. col., 4001 . , Henry, b.(1571) ; Communion of Saints, 8803 ; d. (1622). , Robert, b., 8902 ; d., 9103. , Wm. Harrison, b., 9323 ; d. (1882). Aintab, mission at, 11563. Air, experiments by Boyle : Hooke, use of, 8921 . brakes, Westinghouse, 2641 . gun, invented, 7842, 7921 . pump, invented, 7962. snip, Prof. Campbell's, 3421; model Company pres., 9761 exhibited, 3661 ; travels, 3901 organized, 3841. Airdrie, miners' riots, 99G3. Aire, gains territory, 6933. Airlie, E. of, title created, 883' Airy, George Biddel, b., 9303 d., 10062. Aistulf, K. of Lombardy, 10732 ; captures Ravenna, 1027 1 . Ait Spokhman, action at, 1097 2 . Aiteliison, missionary, 6191. Aitken, David D., b., 174i . Aiton, "William, b., 90S2 ; d., 9262. Aix, colony at, 10571 ; archbp. fined, 7622 ; Univ. fnd., 6763. la-Chapelle, a capital, 665 3 ; sacred relics, 7323 ; crowning place, 7731 ; Con- gress at, 8133 ; treaty of, 433, 5153, 6913. Aiyonsh mission, 5842. Aizpuru, arrested, 3201 . Ajax, in Trojan war, 10141 . Ajnaere mission, 10483. Ajmir conquered, 10441 . Akaba, Moslem treaty, 4851 . Akbar, Mogul emp., b.-d., 10431 ; reigns, 10433, 10443 ; defeats Hakim, 10441 ; an- nexes Gujarat, 10443. II., Mogul emp., 10472. — — Khan revolts, 41 , 51 ; rules, 5 2 . Akbert, Archduke, at Mortara, 5222. Aken, Hein van, works, 10983. Akenside, Mark, b., 9062 ; w0 rk, 9111 • d., 9183. Akerheilm, Baron, resigns, 6423. Akerman, AniosTappan, resigns, 2752 ; d., 3043. Akers, Benj. Paul, b., 1322 • Pearl Diver, 1781; d., 1943. Akhalzikh, battle of, 11161 . Akhmeem, mission, 6563. Akiba, Ben Joseph, b.-d., 11521 . Akita, mission at, 10922. Akron, O., Buchtel Coll. org., 2782 ; stan- dard Oil Co.'s purchase, 3833. Akropong, mission at, 11612. Alabama, De Soto visits, 21 1 ; first settle- ment^ 2 ; French expedition, 621 , 641 ; ceded to G. B., 733 ; wa r with Sp., 902 ; Spaniards take Mobile, 901; ceded to "U.S.A. ,971 ; treaty with theChiekasaws, 991 ;Sp. evacuates Yazoo, HUM ; Miss. Ter. org., 1092; AV. Sargent, gov., 1093; W.C.C. Claiborne, gov. (Ter. lSDD;Ga. cedes Ter. to U. S., 1113 ; R. Williams, gov. (Ter.), 1133; first Bapt. church, 1143; D.Holmes (Ter.) gov., 1172; Spaniard* surrender Ft. Charlotte to Gen. Wilkinson (1813, Apr. 13) ; West Fla. occupied by IT. S. (1812-13; Creek war, 1203 ; first action on Burnt Corn Creek (1813, July 27) ; Creeks take Ft. Mims, 1203 ; defeated at Tal- luschatches, Talladega, Autosse, 1203 ; atEmucfau, at Horse-shoe, 1221 ; British at Ft. Boycr, 1222; Indians cede ter. (1814, Aug. 9) ; treaty with Indians, 1252 ; Ala. ter. org., 1253 ; Jackson subdues Semi- noles, 1261 ; Wm. W. Bibb, gov., first ter. legislature meets(18]8, Jan. ID); State ad- mitted ; yellow fever, 1273 ; Thos. Bibb, gov., 1292 ; first gen. assembly meets (1825, Oct. 19) ; Cahaba, capital ; bank (1820); Israel Pickens, gov., 1293 ; John Murphy, gov., 1333 ; Tuscalossa capital, Prot. Epis. diocese org., 1363, 1382 ; Ga- briel Moore, gov., 137 3 ; Spring Hill Coll. fnd., 1383; Univ. of Ala. org., 139 1; Sam. B. Moore, gov. (1831, Mar .-Nov.) ; John Gayle, gov., 13! 1 2 ; first cotton fac- tory at Mail ison (1832); ( 'reeks cede lands C[832) ; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1402 ; Cherokees and Seminoles cede lands, 1453 ; Clement C. Clay, gov., 1453 ; Hugh McVay, gov. (1837, July-Nov.) ; settlers leave, 1471 ; Arthur P. Bagby, gov., 149 2 ; Howard Coll. org., 1543 ; Benj. Fitzpat- rick, gov., 1552 ; Joshua L. Martin, gov., 1611 ; Montgomery the capital, 1613; Reu- ben Chapman, gov., 1633 ; Henry W.Col- lier, gov., 1671 ; John A. Winston, gov., 1743 ; Southern Uuiv. chartered, 1802 ; railroad lands granted, 181 3 ; Ala. Fe- male Coll. fnd., 1822; Andrew B. Moore, gov., 1832 ; Ala. Medical Coll. fnd. at Mobile (1859) ; Federal forts seized, 11HH ; State conven. for secession, 1903, 191 1; secedes, 1911 ; senators withdraw, 1912 ; Confederate Congress in, 191 3 (see Con- federacy) ; civil war items (see Text) ; Confederate capital removed to Va., 1973 ; 435,132 slaves emancipated (1863, Jan.), 2192 ; John G. Shorter, gov., 2032 ; Thomas H. Watts, gov., 2293 ; Mobile surrenders, 246i; governmental inter- regnum of two months (1865) ; Lewis E. Parsons, prov. gov., 2483 ; secession, war debt, and slavery abolished, 249 1 ; Con- stitution ratified; ratifies 13th Amend- ment , 2492 ; Robert M. Patton, gov. ,2511 ■ Meth. Epis. Conf. fnd., 2602; readmis- sion Bill ; ratifies 14th Amendment, 2633 ; annexation to, 2692; civil authorities govern (1868, July 14) ; North Ala. Meth. Epis. Conf. fnd., 2702 ; Wm. H. Smith, gov., 2652 ■ Immigration Convention, 266 2 ; political contest ; Robert B. Lind- say, gov., 2732 ; Polytechnic Coll. org., Univ. of Ala. reorg., 2742 ; new election law, 2773 ; Agricultural Coll. chartered, 2782; Birmingham fnd. (1871); Geo. Gold- thwaite, senator (1870, Dec. 7); qualified (1872, Jan. 15) ; election returns disputed, two legislatures ; David B. Lewis de- clared gov., 2793 ; Normal Coll. at Flor- ence, 2822 ; Labor Convention, 2831; Geo. S. Houston, gov., 2873 ; Constitutional Convention ; Constitution ratified, 2892 ; Congregational Association org., 2903 ; State debt fund, 2912 ; public school system est., 2922 ; biennial sessions est.,. 2932 ; Senator J. T. Morgaii presents cre- dentials (1877, Feb. 27); Selma Univ. fnd., 3002 ; Rufus W. Cobb, inaug. gov., 301 2 ; Pension Act Passed, 3031 ; Senator Geo. S. Houston qualities (1879, Mar. 18 ; d. Dec. 31) ; Senator Luke Pryor quali- fies (1880, Jan. 15) ; Senator James L. Pugh (1880, Dec. 6) ; Treas. Vincent ab- sconds, 313 1 ; State Normal School opd. at Tuskegee, 3082; Edward A. O'Neal inaug. gov., 3132 ; Normal Coll. forGirls est. , 3142; Normal Colleges atLivingstone and Jackson, opd., 3142 ; Agricultural Dept. est., 3153 ; Congress grants land for Univ., 3162 ; Soldiers' Monument, 3222 ; Thomas Seay, gov., 3252, 3332 ; Normal School at Tn »v,3282 ; S. uithern Interstate Conven., 3313 ; Academy for Blind, 3333 ; Mardi Gras, Good Friday, and Apr. 26 made holidays (1888-89) ;' cyclone, 3361, 3561; Mormons whipped, 35S 3 ; injustice to negroes ; coal miners strike, 3651 ; co- operative farm, 3703 ; Marshal Nickerson killed, 3723; Thomas g. Jones.gov., 3751 ; territorial gov. solicited, 395 2 ; Harvey Hintonlynelied,. , 5!i!)i ; train rohbery,417i : pension fund, 4211; negroes disfran- chised, 4251 ; white caps, 440 2 ; negro conference, 4521 ; miners' riot, 4583 ; Democrats elect, 4691 ; race fight, 4751; Wm. C. Oates, gov., 4793. Alabama launched, 2081 ; sails, 2102 • preys on commerce, 2143 ; eludes $3; d., 9701 . , — , b. (1826); captures Ramleh, 6581. , Wm, Pulteney, b., 9243. d. (1859). Aliwal, action at, 10461 . Alizais attack the British, 61 . Al Kabitz, philosopher, 4862. Kader, calif, 487' ; d. (1031). Kaher Billah, calif, 4871 . Kaim, calif, 4S7 2 . Kindi, d., 4862. Alkindius, astronomy, medicine, 4861. Alkmar, Henry von, b.-d., 7863. Allallabad, Bp. Pesci cons.,986 2 ; capital, 10452; sold to Shah Alain; treaty of, 10453 ; mission, 10463 ; Sepoy rebellion, 104S1 ; Indian mail congress, 10493. Allain-Targe, Francois Bene, b. (1832) ; minister, 7532, 7552. Allainval, Leonor J. C. S. d', b., 6943 ; d., 7011. Allan, David, b., 9103 ; d., 9283. , Sir Hugh, b. (1810) ; money rec'd, 5833; d. (1882). , Thomas, d., 9462. , William, b. (1782); Army of H. Vir- ginia, 4442 ; d. (1850). , William, b., 1)223 ; d., 9562. Allart, Mary Gay, b., 7003; d., 7223. Allatius, Leone, b., 10S22; d. (1669). Allatoona, Ga., abandoned, 2341 . Pass, Johnston occupies, 2331 ; battle Of, 2383. Alla-ud-din, dynasty, 10433 ; viceroy, 10432; d., 10423. Allectus rules, 8411 ; slain, 8401 . Alleghanies, forest fires, 3833. Alleghany, N. Y., Benaventura College org., 1863. Camp, W. Va., action, 2011 . Allegheny, Pa., Western Theological Sem- inary est., 1351 ; cemetery est., 1593 ; cures at St. Anthony's Church, 3403 ; fire, 3452; Carnegie Library dedicated, 3522; grip, 381 3 ; Hastings embezzles ; strikes, 4002; Wynian's extortion, 4003 ; visitors to F. Mollinger, 408' ; Jennie Buchanan killed, 4583 ; Armstrong Bri- bery, 4722. College organized, 1251 . Allegri, Gregorio, b., 10822; d., 10831. Allein, Joseph, b., 8822; d. (1668). , Bichard, b., 8782; d. (1681). Alleinet, Joseph, Sabbath instructor, 9151. Allemard, Zacharie Jacques Theodore, Comte, b., 7023; d., 7242. Allen, Bp., founds life assurance, 9022. , David O., b., 1082; d.,2251. , D. H., moderator, 1723. , Ethan, b., 642; a t Ticonderoga, 801 ; at Montreal, 803; in army,892; d., 100 1. , Grant, (Chas. Grant Blairfinde), b., 5801 ; Duchess, 10082. , G. W., World's Fair Com., 3633. , Henry F., resigns, 2473; d., 2521 . , H. N., missionary Korea, 10941. Allen, Horatio, d., 3481 . , Ira, b., 683; d., 1231. , John, politician, b., 9183. , John, patriot, b., 66=; d., 1122. , John B., b., 1581 ; senator, 4271 . , JohnM., b., 1622. , Joseph H., b. (1820) ; work, 4782. , Lee, captured, 3703. , Philip, b. (1785) ; gov., 1692; d. (1865). , Ealph, b.(1694) ; est. cross posts, 9073; d. (1764). , Bichard, ordained, 1083; bp., 1251; d., 1382. , Solomon, b., 683; d., 1301 . , Stephen, mayor New York, 1293. , Thomas, b., 642; d., 1162. , , b., 8682 ; d., 8822. , C, History V. S., 4782. , William, writer, b., 96 1 ; d., 2622. , , chemist, d., 9522. , , b. (1806) ; gov. O., 2873 ; candi- date for pres., 2931 ; d., 3022. , Francis, b. (18:50) ; Iloman people, 3743 ; d. (1889 Dec). , Ferneley, lord mayor, 9691. , V., b., 1622 ; long' speech, 4411 ; bond issue, 449 2 . , Henry, b., 961 ; d., 1211 . , Bev., duelist, 9231 . Allentowu, N.J., Sober Society find., 1131 ; bank robbery, 4183. , Pa., Muhlenberg College org., 2583; fire, 4413. Allerheim, battle, 6361, 7961. Alley, J. B., currency resolution, 2493. Alleyn, Edward, b., 8722; d., 8821 . Alliance, It. and Prus. against Aust., 5271 ; It. with Ger., 5312; Fr. and Milan against Venice, 6793; F r . and Sp. with Noyon, 6812; Fr. with Sp. and Sard., 6993; Aust. and Prus. against Fr., 7091; Fr. with Bus., Aust., and Swed.; Eng. with Prus., 8032; Ger. with Aust. and Italy; Eng. with Ger., 8332; Eng. with Fr., 8763, 8792; G. B. with Bus. and Aust., 9272 ; Holland witli Fr. against Eng., Bus., and Aust., 9273; G. B., Bus., and Fr. against Turkey, 9432. Alliance, built, 90) ; mutiny, 901 , 941 . Alliance, O., Mt. Union Coll., fnd., 1843. Allibone, Samuel Austin, b., 1242; work, 2771 ; d. (1888). Allier, Louis, b., 7031 ; d., 7242. Allington, William, b., 9423; d., 10021. Allioli, Joseph Franz, b., 8062; d., 8281. Allison, A., Chancellor, killed, 4763. , William B.,b., 1362; Monetary Conf., 4132; Bland Uill, 4533; speech, 4552. Allix, Pierre, b., 6883 ; d., 6971 . Airman, Geo. James, b., 9362. Allom, Thomas, b., 9323 ; d. (1872). Allori, Alessandro, b., 10803; d. (1607). , Christofano, b., 1081 1 ; d. (1620). Allouez, Claude Jean, b., 202; in Canada, 422; in Montreal, 5722,3; with Indians ; visits Catholic missions, 443; d., 502. All Souls' College fnd., 8623. Allston, Joseph, b., 912; gov . S. C, 1193 ; d., 1242. , Bohert Francis Withers, b., 1101 . gov. S. C, 1812; d., 2312. , Washington, b., 912 ; works, 1101 ; 1182, 1212, 1281 , 1683 ; d., 1561 . Allyn, Jack, Johuathan . . . Continent, 350 2 . Alma, battle of, 9581 . Coll. est. at Alma, Mich. (1887). Alinagro, Diego, b.-d., 11263; in Peru, 201 ; attacked, 202; governor, 213, 6051; in- vades Chile, 6041 ; executed, 202, 213. Al Mahdi Billah, calif, 4853 ; d. (785). Al-Mahmun, b. (789); favors literature, 4861; calif, 4863; d. (833). Almanac stamps abolished, 947 3 . Al-Mansur (Abn Jaffar Abdallah), b.-d., 1126 2 ; calif ; founds Bagdad ; favors learning, 4853; d. (775). Alnrauza, surrendered to Spain, 11321. Alraanza, battle at, 6961 . Alma-Tadema, Laurence, b., 5442. Almeida, captured, 9342 ; taken, 11101. , Dr. d'. gutta-percha, 9521. , Brittesd', " Joan of Arc," b.-d., 11092. , Francisco de, sails for India, 10433 ; d. (1500). Garrett, Joao Baptista Leitao d', b.-d., 11102. , Nieolao Tolentino, b.-d., 11102. Almenara, battle at, 6962. Almeras, Louis, b., 7032; d., 7242. Almira College founded, 111., 1782. Almodovar, Count of, Ildefonso Diaz de Bibera, b.-d., 11302. Almohades, dynasty, 92, 11272 ; besiege Santarem, 11261 . Al Moktader, calif, 4871 ; d. (931). Al Moktadi, calif, 487' ,2; d. (870). Al Moktafi, calif, 4871 ,2; d. (90S). Almon, John, b., 9102; d. (1805). Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno, b.-d., 10952. , Out., Gazette issued, 5823. Al Mootenabbee, d., 4862. Almora mission, 10471 . Almoravides. dynasty fnd., 92, 10971 ,11262; conquer Morocco, 10971 . Al Mortader, calif, 4872. Mostadhi, calif, 4872. Mostain, calif, 4871 . Mostakfi, calif, 4871 . Mostanjed, calif, 4872. Mostanser, calif, 4871,3. Mostarshed, calif, 4872. Motadhed. calif, 4871. . Motaki, calif, 4871 . Motamed, calif, 4871 . Motasseni, calif, 4871 ,3. Motawakkel, calif, 4871 . Motaz, calif, 4871 . Moti, calif, 4871 .. Almquist, Karl Jonas Ludwig, b.-d., 11342; works of, 11362. Alms Knights est., 8731 , Al Munsur. reigns (Egy.), 6552. Mutasem.org. bodvof Turk, prisoners, 11541. Almy, Frank. (See G. H. Abbott.) AINaser, calif, 4872. Alnwick, action at, 8501 . Alompra, K. of Burma, b.-d., 10443; fnds. Kangun, 10452. Aloysius, St., or Luigi Gonzaga, b., 1080 3 ; d., 10822. Alp-Arslan, h.-d., 11543; castle besieged, 8481 ; rules; takes Syria. Palestine, 11552; subdues Armenia, 10321 . Alpena lost, 3053. Alpes, Cottiie, Bom. province, 10632. Maritinne, Bom. province, 10632. Maritimes, ceded to Italy, 7352. Alpha Delphini, sextuple, 2S61 . Alphege, St., b. (954); Bp. of Winchester, killed, 6352,3, 8462. Alphonse, Sister, decision sustained, 348 2 . , opposed, Fr., 6702. Alphonse Zeececke burned, 11221 . Alphonsine tables composed, 4862, 11262. Alpine, Tex., cloud-burst, 4141 . , King, reigns, 8332; beheaded, 8451 . Alps, Bonaparte crosses, 518 2 . AlRadhi, calif, 4871. Al Bagel, philosophers, 4862. Al Baschid, calif, d., 4872. Alsace, battle in, 6621 ; united to Fr., 6893; Bismarck-Bohlen, gov., 7411; ceded to Ger., 745' ; merged in Ger. Emp., 7751; seized by Fr.. 71)63; guilds in govt., 7832; taken, 7973; annexation to Ger. opposed, 8272; annexed; Option day, 8273. Alsace Chronicle appears, 8322. Lorraine, laws abolished, 8371 ; pass- ports, 8352. Alsen, Prussia, Danes enter ; bombarded, 6402. Alsina, Valentine, gov., 491 1 ,2. Alsop, Bichard, b.,723; d.,1241. Alsted, Johanii H.,b.,7922; Encyclopedia, 7951 ; d., 7963. Aistett's frauds, 9311. Alstromer, Klaudius, b.-d., 11342. Altades reigns, 11413. •Altai) ualpa, d., 202. Al Tai, calif, 4871 . Altai Mts., Turkish power est., 11551. Altaroche, Marie Michel, b., 7191 ; d.,7541. Altdorf, Univ. of, 7892, 7931, 7951, 7991 ; unites with Erlangen, 8091 . Altdorfer, Albrecht, b., 7862; d., 7902. Altenburg, Saxony holds, 7833 ; assigned to Ernestine line, 7913 ; independent, 7933; divided, 7973 ; assigned to Saxe- Altenburg, 8133. Altenkirchen, Austrians defeated ; French defeated, 7121. Altgeld, John B., nom. for gov., 405 3 ; in- aug., 4471 ; protest against troops, 465 2 . Altham, John, E. C. Church, 322; d. (1641). Althammer, Andreas, b., 7863; d., 7922. Althen, Jehan, or Jean, b.-d., 1106 3 . Althing begins, 10421 . 1172 Text Figures denote Page. INJ_)Ji.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Alth— AlUCr, Althorp, Viscount. (See Spencer.) Alting, Heinrich, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. , Jacob, b., 7943 ; d., 7971 . Altmeyer, Jean Jacques, b., 5423 ; d., 5442. Altmush reigns, 10432. Alton, Can., inundated, 5893. , 111., collision, 4233 ; Lovejoy Day celebrated, 4322 ; R. C. diocese, 1802. Altona, Prus., a city, 7973 ; burned, 7981 ; Saxons enter, 6413; occupation protested, 8223. Altoona, Pa., Gardner absconds, 4682. Altranasius, b.-d., 10662. Alva, Duke of, Fernando Alvarez de To- ledo, b.-d., 11263 ; in Belgium, 5401 , 541 1 ; recalled,5412; persecution of tradesmen, 8733; fleet defeated; violates capitula- tion, 10981 ; tool of Philip II., 10983 ; re- gent ; tyranny, 10993 ; retires, 10981. Alva sinks, 4133. Alvanley, Lord Richard P., b., 9103. Alvarado surrendered, 1621. , Alonzo de, b. (1490) ; in Peru, 232 ; d. (1556). , George (Jor^e) de, subdues Indians, 212; conquests in Salvador, 11231. , Juan Bautista, gov. Cal., 147 2 . , Pedro de, b.-d., 11263 ; gov. ; invades Guatemala, 182 ; conquers Salvador, 11231 ; to Quito, 201 ; against Quito, 6441 . Alvarez, Diego, governor, 17 3 ; ship- wrecked, 5532 ; d. (1540). , Francisco, b.-d., 11092; in Abys- sinia, 1 1 . , Jos£, b.-d., 11302. , Juan, Gen., b.-d., 10952 ; at Molino del Key, 1622; at Montevideo, 11601; president, 10962. , L. H. Pinzon y, d., 11322. Alvensdorf, Herr von, nominated, 835 1 . Alvinczy or Alvinzi, -Joseph von, Baron, b., 5143 ; first coalition, 5182 ; d., 5202. Alvord, Lieut. -Gov., Constitu. Conv. ,4593. Alwar mission, 10483. Al Wathek. calif, 4871 ; d. (847). Alyattes expels Cimmerians, 11471. II., reigns, 11471. Alydan, defeat at, 42. Al Zaher, calif, 4873. Alzerreca, Gen., at Concon, 6063. Amadeus Ferdinand Maria, Duke of Aosta, b. (1845) , d., 11322. , D. of Aosta, proclaimed king ; re- signs, 11332. II. (Victor) of Savoy, exchanges ter- ritory ; receives title. 10833 ; reigns; ab- dicates, 10852 ; d. (1080+). III., D. of Savoy, 10792 ; d. (1148). Amadis de Gaula appears, 11271. Ainalaric, of Jerusalem, reigns, 11253 ; at ■war, 6541 . Amalric of Bene, d., 6702. Amalgam introduced, 9122. Amalgamated Association fmd., 3603,4611 . Society of R. R. Servants, Congress, 9971. Amalgamation of races, Brazil, 5543. Amalia discovered, 7561 . Amalie, Anna, Duchess of Saxe-"W"eimar, b., 8002 ; d. 8083. Amaliensrein mission, 5983. Amanda wrecked, 9513. Amari, Michele, b., 10843 ; d., 10901 . Amasis II., or Aahmes, b., 6503 ; reigns, 6512 ; erects Grecian buildings, 6502 ; d. (525 B.C.?). Amat, Felix, b.-d., 11283 ; Church, 11311 . , Manuel de, b. (1705 ■ 1 ; governor, 6053 ; d. (17S0±). Amateur Mechanical Soc. fmd.,9721 ; Am- ateur photographers meet, 3723. Amati, Antonio, b., 10803. Ajnatongaland annexed, 11253. Ainaury I., b.-d., 11543 ; K. of Palestine, 11552 ; defeated by Saracens, 11553. II., King, b.-d., 11543. Amaxosa, prophet, 5993. Amaziah, reigns, 1145' ; in Palestine, 11441 • avenges father's death, 11451. Amazon destroyed, 9342. Amazon burned, 9573. Amazons conquered. 10131. Amberg, battle at, 5181 . Ambergris found, 3421 , 2. Amberkeletus, King, assassinated, 8431 . Ambivius, rules in Judea, 1151 3 . Ambler, Jacob, tariff commissioner, 3111. Amboise, Georges, de, b.-d., 6782. Amboyna Island massacre, 8813. Ambringen, Catholic leader, 5122. Ambrister, Robert C, hanged, 1261 . Ambriz settled, 1161 1 . Ambroise, peace of, 682i ; plot of, 6833, Ambros, August Wilhelm, b., 5202 ; d., 5282. Ambrose, St., b.-d., 10682; Archbp. of Milan, 10683; composes Te Deum; pleads for Christianity, 10691. Ambrosia discovered, 750 1 . Ambrosius, King of Brit., 8412 ; d. (508). Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, b., 6983 ; d., 7191. Amelia, naval engagement, 936 1 . , Duchess of Saxony, b., 8062 ; d., 8262. , Princess, d., 9351 . Amelia Court-House, Sheridan at, 2451. Amelia Thompson wrecked, 9533. Amelot, de la Houssaye, Abraham Nicolas, b., 6882 ; d., 6962. Amendment, Constitutional (U. S. A.), 1-10 passed, 1012; llth rat hied, 10G2; r2th sub- mitted, 1131; ratified, 1132 r*13th pry- slavery proposed.1923, 1931 ; ratified by 111., 2032 ; 13th Anti-Slavery A. intro- duced, 2293, Cong, action, 2352, 2431, ap- proved, 2313, l.ith Anti-Slaverv A. intro- duced, 2413; ,-ati tied by R. I., Mich., N.Y., Md.,Mass.,Pa.,W.Va., Kan., Me., Minn., Va., Ind., Nev., Wis., Miss., Vt., Ark., Conn., N. H., Ivy., 2432, Tenn., 2453, 111., 2511, la., 2512, 'rejected by N. J., 2433, effective, 2493 ; 14th, Civil Eights A., submitted" to States, 2523, 2531, ratified by 111., Ind., Kan., Kv., La., Mass., Me., Mich., Minn., Md., Mo., Miss., Nev., N. Y., O., Pa., R. I., Wis., W. Va., 2572, Vt., 2592, la., 2013, Fla., Ga., N. C, Ala., La., becomes la w. 2633 by Tex., 2711; ratification rejected," 1ST. C., 2552, Va., 2572, Miss.. 2(51 1 , ratification withdrawn by N. J., 2612, o., 2633, p re s. Johnson's objections, 353 1 ; 15th A. resolution, 2653 ; approved, rejected, 2653, passed, ratified by Nev., La., 2663, Mass., 111., W. Va., Ky., Conn., S. C, 2671 , Ind., Fla., N. H., Vt., 2672, Va., Ga., Mo., R. I., la., Minn., Neb., Tex., Kan., Tenn., 2693, becomes law, 2711 , Ore. ratifies, 2811 , N. J. with- draws^ ratification, 2711, also Ga., 2692, debated, passed, House passes, submitted to States, 2531, States approve, 253 2 ; 15th passes, 2653, rejected, 3103, Bill, 3251, resolution, 4103. Amen-em-hat I., reigns in Egypt, 6471, 2. III., reigns, 6472 ; engineer- ing works, 6462. Amen-hotep, I. (Amenophis), reigns, 6491. II., reigns, 6492 ; takes Nineveh, 6481. III., reigns, 649 2 ; favors art, 648 1 ; feminine influence, 6482. IV., reigns; a heretic; intro- duces Semitic religion, 6482. Amen-meri-Pai-net'em II., reigns, 6503. Pa-inai, reigns, 651 1 . Pata-se-Bast, reigns, 6511. se-Bast-Shashanq, reigns, 6511 . Ameniritis, Queen, reigns, 6511. Am-en-set, regent (Kgy.), 6491. America built, 94 1 ; launched, 943 ; defeats Titania; wins "Cup of All Nations," 1693, 9573; Perpetual Challenge Cup; witb N. Y. Yacht Club, 1833; Dunraven's challenge, 3393. America, discoveries. (See text, p. 11 4-.) , papal benediction upon, 3502. American founders, 3052. American Academy of Arts and Sciences fnd., 931 . Academy of Medicine org., 2901 . Academy of Political and Social Sci- ence fnd., 3481 ; incorp.,3781 ; meets, 4221 . Antiquarian Soc. Library fnd., 1191 . Art Association buys Angelus, 3422. Art Union incorporated,' 3121 . Asso. for the Advancement of Sci- ence, 1521 ; f m d., 1581 , l(i22; inN.Y.,2441 , 3261; in St. Louis, 2981 ; in Toronto, 3442, 5881; in Wash., 3901; in Rochester, 4122; in Madison, 436i ; in Brooklyn, 4681 . Asso. for Deaf Mutes, 3862, 4102. Asso., cure of Inebriates, org., 2731 . Asso. Medical College org., 2901. Association Professional Base Ball Clubs fmd., 3091. -— — Association of Colonists, 792. Authors' Guild, 4751 . American Bankers' Association meets*. 3453, 3663, 3943, 4403, 4743. Baptist Publication Societyfmd., 1311^ Bible Department, 3102. Bar Association org., 3011; meets, 3662, 3903, 3963, 4142, 4362, 4091 , 4702. .Base Ball Association fmd., 3133. Bible Soc. org., 1243 ; Baptists with- draw, 1462; anniversary, 1523, 3822; erects Bible house, 1713 ; annual meet- ing, 3403 ; income, 3542 ; volumes, 3742. Bible Union fmd., 1662. Bimetallic League Conven., 4343. Board of Commissioners of F. M. ger- minates, 1142 ; constituted, 1163; mission school, 1263 ; 2 r >0societies,13()3 ; reports, 1343; Indian missions, 1343, 1351, 1353 1402, 1442, 1443, 1862; confined to Con- gregational Ch.,2722 ; anniversary, 3462. 3701; petitions Cong., 3702 ; meets, 4161; Buenos Ayres, 489 1 ; 52.H3; withdraws, 5523; eh. census, 598 2 ; India missions, 10463. Catholic Church fmd, 470' . Catholic Clerical Union org., 3622. Cath. Quarterly appears, 2922. Cath. Quarterly Jieview, 3562. cattle embargo, Ger., 475 3 . Cereal Company organizes, 3853. Chemical Society org., 2961; session, 4683,4781. Church Building Fund, est., 3042. Church Jit vie m appears, 1642. claims in Switz., 2752. • Climatological Association org., 3141. Coll. and Education Soc. fmd., 2863. Coll. of Musicians incor., 3241 , colonies, Porto Bello named, 162 j Nata, Panama, fnd.., 173 ; Panama fnd., 193 ; orthodoxy enforced, 28 2 ; Pilgrims in Mass., 293 ; popular govt, in Va., 293 ; duel in, 3112 ; anti-emigration, 351 ; civil govt, in Conn., 3T>3 ; commerce restricted, 391 , 413, 423 ; Commissioners' visit, 392; 753; commerce monopolized, 431 ; restric- tions relaxed, 432 ; postal system, 473 ; Fr. colonists in, 482 ; rivalry of Fr. ana Eng.; treaty of neutrality ; consolidated; royal dependence, 503 ; first Cong.; Ger. refugees, 513 • Post route est., 533 ; or- thodoxy protested, 543 ; population, 553. pitch-pine tree, for navy, 572 ; official corruption, 592 ; potatoes intro., 592 ; manufactures restricted, 593; protection, 60i; govt., 611; freedom of commerce, 652 ; prosperity, 653 ; suppressed by Pari. ; protection ; emigration, 673 ; Cong, at Albany, 672. 693 ; religion, 691 ; arbitrary instruction ; depots for home products, 692 ; population, 693 ; Ger. of- ficers assist, 70i; discontent, 712; Gov- ernors' Congress, 71 3, 5733 ; boundaries defined ; Eng. occupy Fr. posts ; taxa- tion, 733 ; population, 732 ; vessels con- fiscated ; taxation, 743 ; first Colonial Cong., 752 ; manufactures checked; irri- tation ; Custom House, 753 ; Contraven- tion Act resented, 77 1 ; tax on tea ; trade crippled, 772 ; no govt., 773 ; port Bill fast day, 783 : first Post Office est., 813 • troops mutiny at Pompton, N.J., 923; Peace with Eng.,951, 3. (See text, p.l4±.) Colonists' Congress, R. I., 5733. (See Congress.) Colonization Society fnd., 1251. Constitutional Union meets, 2832. Copyright League celebrates, 3803. Cotton-Mill celebration, 3693. Daughters of Revolution org., 93 3 . Derma tological Assoc iati* ui org., 290*. Dist. Telegraph Co. org., 2813. dollar standard est., 973. Economic Asso. Conv., 3731 , 4792. Elec. Light Asso. at Niagara, 5893. embargo on pork removed, Ger.,385 3 . Encyclopedia begun, 2291 . exhibit at Paris Exposition, 7593, Farmer issued, 1271. Federation of Labor, fmd,, 3251; at Detroit, conv., 3723 ; at Birmingham, 3971 ; at Phila., 4191; anti-strike, 4191; meeting, 4462 ; at Denver, 4763. Federation "Women's Clubs, 4063 ; session, 8453. Fine Art Society find., 3501 . Fisheries Society Conv., 4071 ,4601. Fisheries, treaty. 3293 ; Eng. assents,. 3311 ; in Senate, 3312. (See Fisheries.) fishermen, privileges, 5923. Amer-An. Text Figures denote Page. INUlliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1173 American Folk-lore Society, 4211 . and Foreign Bible Society org., 1463. Forestry Assoeiationmeers, 3971, 4691 . Gas Investment Co. at Trenton, 3033. Geological Soc. meets, 3481 , 3731 , 3991 . grain, duty removed, 3933. Gynecological Society org., 200 1 . Hebrew Rabbis, Cont'., 3X02, 4101, 4181. Historical Soc. meets, 3482, 3731 ,3971 . History Magazine appears, 2963. Home "Missionary Society, N. S. Pres- byterians, withdraw. 2023;' Educational Department added, 3062; meets in N.Y., 3403. Humane Soc. meets, 3703, 3931 , 4723. Independence, struggle for. (See text, pp. 783 to 972.) Institute of Architects, est., 260 1 ; conv. begins, 3703. Institute Christian Philos., 3642, 4102. Institute Electrical Engineers meets, 4082. Institute of Homeopathy meets, 408i . Instituteof Instruction meets, Narra- gansett Pier, R. I., 4101 , 4642. Inst, of Mining Engineers meets, 3681 . International Conference, 347 1 . Jewish Historical Soc. find., 4081 . Journal of Science and Arts, 1271 . Knights Sons of Liberty org., 239 2 . Knights' Supreme council meets, 340 2 . Ladies' Asso. collects funds, 1503. Laryngological Asso. meets, 3581 . Legion of Honor founded, 3011 . Library Association meets, 303 2 , 4042. Magazine published Phila., Boston, 651; at Phila., 712, 763. Mechanics, flags on schools, 3543. Medical Asso., anniversary, 3401 ; con- vention, 4621. Medical College Asso. org., 290 1 . Medico-Psychological Asso., 4601 . ■ Meteorological Soc. Conv., 4561 . Miss. Asso. find., 1603 ; Chinese mis- sions, 1722; in 1350, 1S02; leaves north- west, 1862; opens day-school for f reed- men, 2023; opens Avery Inst., 24S 3 ; ■opens colored Normal Inst., 2543; opens Talladega Coll.; opens Emerson Inst., ■3583; opens Burrill School, 2623; org., Dorchester Acad., 2763; receives Indian Missions, 3122, 3142; org. Bureau of "Woman's Work, 3142 ; conv., 3462, 4741 . Monthly Magazine est., 67i ; appears, 1271, 1423, 1443. Moslem Inst., repudiates Webb, 476i . Museum published, 1003. Museum of Natural History est. (1869) ; new wing opened, 416* ; Sunday opening, 4141 . Naturalist Magazine appears, 258 3 . Neurological Asso. org., 2901. Newspaper Publishers' Asso. Conven., 33G2, 3523, 3731 , 4003, 4242. Order United Workmen excludes sa- loonists, 3831 . Oriental Soc. Columbia Coll., 3471 . Ortological Society organized, 2643. Paper Manufs. Asso. meets, 3891. -Party rises, 1743; National Conven., 1772; Phila., 1792; slavery splits, 1772 ; conv. in Cincinnati, 177 2 - Patriotic League meets, 360 3 . Philological Asso. Conv., 3431, 3622, 3862. Philosophical Soc. fnd., 65 1 , 671 ; pub- lications, 76 1 ; anniversary, 1541 . Physicians and Surgeons' Congress, 3923,4601. pilgrims to Home, 2842, 3362. pork admitted in Austria, 535 2 ; im- portation, 6423, 7631 , 8352,3. Press, incorporated, 427 3 - prisoners aided, 89 1; k. at Dartmoor, 1231. Progressive Party org., 4631 . Protective League address, 4443. Protective Asso., 4501 , 4751 , Protestant Asso. meets, 385 2 . Prot. Church in Rome, 10883. Psychological Asso. meets, 4781 , 4792. Public Health Asso. fnid., 2811 . Quarterly Register appears, 1371. Railway Union, men dismissed, 4662. registry denied the Chinese, 4113. Review and Literary Journal, llli. Review of History and Politics, 1191. Revolution begins, 73 2 . riflemen at Bremenhafen, 8343. 4441. Saint Cecilia Society meets, 3642. salted meat in Italy, 3951 . — - Seaman's Friend Soc. org., 1351 ; sends missionaries, 1363. Secular Union, World's Fair, 4022. Shipping and Industrial League meets, 353 1 . Social Science Asso. fnd., 250i ; conv., 3441,3901,3,4142,4703. Society Authors organized, 3802. Soc. Civil Eng. org., 171 1 ; meets, 3762. Soc. Compar. Religions meets, 4601 . Soc. Electrical Engineers org., 3192. Soc. of Mechanical Engineers org., 2743, 3071 ; meets, 3852, 3951 , 4002. Soc. Microscopists meets, 3881 , Soc. of Naturalists meets, 3481 , 4461 . Soc. Prevention of Cruelty org., 2522. Soc. Promotion of Temperance, 135 2 . Soc. Railway Supts. meets, 393 2 . Society Religious Education, 456 2 . Sons of the Revolution meet, 4322. Stave and Cooperage Co. find., 4273. Steam Engineers oppose strikes, 4602. Strawboard Company formed, 3433. Street Railway Asso. meeets, 4171 . Street Railway Convention, 4171 . Sugar Refining Co. answers, 4621 . Sunday-School Union formed, 1323. Temp. Univ. est., Harriman (1892). Theosophists meet, 3383. Tract Society org. , 1333 ; named, 131 1 . colportage intro., 1542; American Mes- senger issued, 1631 ; Child's Paper, 1723. Unitarian Asso. (See Unitarians.) University of Wash, chartered, 3843. vessel around world, 993. Wheelman's League org., 3043 Whig Review appears, 160 3 . Whigs named, 77 2 . Whist Congress, 3883. Woman's Suffrage Asso. org., 2692; meets, 3991,4222. Americanists' conf. in Paris, 371 1, 7603. Americus Club org., 256 2 . Amerikanische Christliche Saengerbund meets, 4122. Amerling, Frederick, b., 5191 ; d.,530 2 . Ames, Adelbert, b., 144 1 ; Maj.-Gen. appt.; prov. Gov. of Miss., 2632; commands 4th dist.;266i; gov., 2873; resigns, 2913. , Edward Raymond, b., 1122 ; bp., 1702; d., 3002. , Fisher, b., 711; speech, Jay treaty, 1072; d., 1141. , Joseph, b. (1619); d., 2781 . , Mary Clemmer, b., 1502; d., 3162. , Oakes, b. (1804); Credit Mobilier con- tract, 2593; censured, 2812; d., 2802. , Oliver, gov. Mass., 3293. , Samuel, b. (1S06); d., 24S 2 . , la., Agricultural Coll. opnd., 2662. Amesbury, Mass., flannel mfd., 1321. Amfrye, Guillaume, EpUres, 695 2 . Amharic dictionary compiled, l 2 . Amherst, Earl, title created, 941 2 ; Baron, 10091. , Lord Jeffrey, b., 906 2 ; atLouisbnrg, 702; commander-in-general, 703; at Mon- treal, 5743; gov.-gen., 10473; d., 9283. William Pitt, Earl, b., 9183; dis- missed, 617 2 ; gov.-gen. India, 9413; d., 962 2 . Agricultural College opened, 25S 3 . , Mass., Amherst Coll. fnd., 1311; library fnd. ,1181 ; Merrill E. Gates, pres., 364 2 , 3862; gelatinous matter, 1261. Amherstburg, Can., The Eeha, 5823. Amhurst, Nicholas, b. (1697) ; d., 9103. Amicable Fire Insurance est., 90-33. Amici, Giovanni Battista, b., 10843 ; d., 1088 2 - Amidas, Philip, b., 8701 ; d. (1618+). Amiens, Peace of, 5973, 715 2 ; redeemed, 6791; taken, 6841; Germans repulsed; surrendered, 742. Amiot. or Am yot, Joseph, b., 6981; d., 7102. Amisus captured, 1058 2 . Amity College org., 182 2 . Amman, Paul, b., 7943; d., 798 2 . Ammanati, Bartolommeo, b., 10802; d., 1082 2 . Ammianus, Marcellinus, b.-d., 10682. Ammon, temple of, at Karnak, 6462; wor- ship of, 6463. Ammon, Christoph F. von, b., 8023 ■ d 8122. , R., robbed, 4343. Ammonites defeated, 11401; destroyed, 11422; subdued, 11501. Ammonius, Lithotoniuc, d., 6522. , Saccas, b. (170±) ; d., 652 2 . Amnesty, Cong, opposes, 225 2 ; excep- tional; proclaimed, 2473; second procla- mation, 2491 ; proclaimed, 253' ; general, 203 2 ; extended, L!f'>32 ; unconditional, 2591, 265 2 ; Bill, Universal, fails, 291 2 ; to se- cret societies, N. C, 283 1 ; Fr., granted, 7273 ; to prisoners, 7332 ; granted, 7333; 7352; Bill, 7512, 7513; favoted, 7511; granted, 753' ; granted ; refused commu- nists, 7531 ; granted, 7:^2; defeated, 2!j9 2 ; to strikers, 7611; refused rioters, 7633 ; Ger., granted, 7953; treaty, 819 2 ; in Prus., 827 2 ; G. B., in Eng., 8912; in i re ., 9293; to political exiles, 961 2 . promulgated (It.), 1090 2 ; to political offenders (Port.), 11112 ; to prisoners (Rus.), 11182; to Pules (Rus.), 11192; pro- claimed (Sp. 1, 11313; deeree issued (Sp.); to Carlists (Sp.) ( 11333. Amnon, assassinated, 11431. Amohades dynasty, reigns, 10971. Anion reigns," 11453; murdered, 11451. Amontons, Guillaume, b., 690 3 ; system of telegraphy, 6942; d., 6962. Amorite poem, written, 11411 . Amory, Col., at Trenton Bridge, 207 2 . Amos, prophet, 11443. Amours, tribe rebels, 101 . Amoy, flag fired on ; taken, 6161; mission, 617"i , 6183, 6191 , 6223; riots, 6251 . Ampella, asteroid, discovered, 748 1 . Ampere, Andre Marie, b., 7043; applies electro-magnetism, 722 2 ; d., 7262. , Jean Jacques, b., 714 2 ; Literary Hist, of France, 7283; d., 7362. Ampling, battle of, 5041 , 7821 . Amphictyon League rule ; prognostica- tions, 10131. Amphictyonic Council, est. at Thermo- pylae, 10152 ; flnes Phocians ; punishes Locrians, 10241 . societies flourish, 1014 2 . Amphion, besieges Thebes, 10131 , Amphipolis fnd., 10212 ; taken, 1020 2 , 10223. Amphitheater, Astley's, reopened, 952i . Amphitrite lost, 947 3 . Amphitrite, asteroid, discovered, 9582. Ampthill, Baron, title created, 9571 . . (See Russell.) Ampudia, Pedro de, at Monterey, 1601 . Amras, murderer, arrested, 538 2 . Anir-Ibn-El-As, invades Syria, 6551; d. (663). Amru-ben-el-Ass, b.(663i_-); at Alexandria, 4841; Mussulman; d., 4842, el-Kais, d., 4842. Amsdorf, Nikolaus von, b., 7S62; d.,7922. Amsler, Samuel, b., 8043; d., 8182. Amsterdam, Neth., Amstel Castle begun, 10981; founded; Eglantine est., 10991; recovered. 10993; Prussians enter, 11002; Fr. enter, 7101 ; Exchange and Stadhouse built ; surrendered to king, 11002; trade injured; bank fnd., 11012; Evan. Alli- ance held, 2602 ; Univ. opened ; Interna- tional Conven. Y.M.C. A.,; memorial to Pastor John Robinson, 11022; unem- loyed riotous, 11023; soc. for working- people fnid. ; International exhibition opened, 11023. Island, French possess, 7633. Netherlands Line est. in N.Y., 2873. Amurath I., b. (1319) ; in Servia, 11231 ; reigns, 1155 3 ; besieges Constantinople, 11561 ; org. Janizaries ; conquers Thrace ; captures Philippopolis, 10341 , 1154 2 ; takes Greek territory, 10352; d., 11562. II., b.-d., 11562; at Nish, 11561; reigns, 11572; at Verna, 5651. III., b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572. IV., b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572; sultan ; prohibits smoking, 11563. (Murad) V., b. (1840) ; armistice, 5281 ; reigns ; deposed, 11592. Amusements forbidden in Va., 283. Amyntas I., king of Macedonia, 1017 2 ; reigns ; expelled, 10232. Amyot, Jaques, b., 6802 ; d., 6842. Amyraut, Morse, 1)., 6842; d.,690 3 . Amyrtaeus (Egy.), rebel, 10183. 1174 Text Figures denote Page. INJDiiyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Anah— A , Ti g] r Anabaptists, death penalty for, 789'; in N.J., 502; i u Neth., 10983; insurrection incited, 7872; active, 7891 ; est. theocracy, 7903; at Swikau, 789 1 ; in Switz., 1372; in Hesse; beheaded, 7902; seize Munster, 7901 ; edict against, Ger. ; tortured, 7903; edict against, Sp., 11291; burned, 8743; in London, 8902. Anacletus, St.,Bp. at Koine, 10(523; d. (912). Anacreon, b.-d., 10162; poet, 10163. Anagawa, battle of, 10911 . Anahita, discovered, 326*. Anahuac, Aztecs, Chichimes enter, 132. Anak Sepoy rebellion, 1048 1 . Anaku-Merodach, reigns, 11433. Analytical Ma(/ar.ine issued, 1212. Aiian-ben-David, leader Karaites, 11543. Anand, Bombay mission, 10481. Ananeel, high priest, 11502, 11512. Ananias, son of Xebedams, high priest, 11523; in bonds, 11533. Anaquito, battle of, 221 . Anarchiad Papers published, 99 1 . Anarchism in army, 8361 . Anarchists, Aust., 5332, 5351, 5362; Arg. Rep., in Buenos Ayres, 4933; munitions of war, 5482; at Seraing, 5471 ; Belg., in Liege, 5481 ; F r ., insurrection, 7533; dem- onstration, Paris, 7552; fight Com- munists, 756 3 ; arrested at St. Denis, Paris, 7603; plot, Paris ; rout Boulan- gists, 7611 ; dynamite explosion in Paris, 7623; convicted at Liege, 763 1 ; League against, 7671 ; expelled, 7662, 3; in Mar- seilles, 7671; Ger., arrested, 8362; op- position to, 8372; it., arrested; fire at Premier Crispi ; suppression movement, 10903; g. B., meeting stopped, 1011 1; await trial, 10903; Sp., active, 11331; U.S.A., sentenced in Chicago, 3243; sen- tenced, 3272; plot in Chicago, 3591 ; cele- bration, 3711 ; demonstration, 3943; fined, 3951 ; Chicago May-day parade, 4063; monument in Chicago," 4161 ; memorial service, N.Y., 4183; meeting, 4331; Clans Timmerman sentenced, 4381 ; memorial, 4423; arrested, 4502; deportation of, 4691 ; monument, 432 ' ; pardoned, 4323. Anarchy in India, 10433; in Transvaal, 6013; 'in Fr., 7523, G752; treaty for sup- pression, 7611 ; League against anarchy, 7662; suppression treaty, 8352; in Per- sia, 11073; in Peru, 11083; in Poland, 11133, 11152. Anaselitza, Christians persecuted, 1158 2 . Anastasius, St., Pope, 10G63. II., St., Pope, 10703; d., 10702. III., Pope, 10723; ,[., 10721 . IV., Pope, 10751 ; d., 10742. , St., b.-d., 11542. I., emp., b.-d.; persecutes Catholics ; withdraws protection, 10303. I., reigns, 1031 2 ; corrects abuses, 10311 ; conspiracy charges ; killed, 1033 1 . II., reigns, 10331 j d., 10322. Anastatic printing invented, S16 1 , 9481 . Anatoli, annexed to Ottoman emp., 1155 3 . Anatomical Society, find., London, 9961 . Anatotius, patriarch, crowns Leo I., 10312. Anaxagoras, b.-d., 10162; notes eclipses, 10203. Anaxarchus, b., 10243. Anaximander, b.-d. ; theory of air, 10162; astronomical calculations, 10163; ob- serves Zodiac, 10162. Anaximenes, b., 10211 . Ancaster, Earl of, title created, 11103. Ancelot, Marguerite Virginia Chardon, b., 7082; d., 7501. , Jacques Arsene Franeoise Polycarpe, b., 7102; d., 7302. Ancenis, treaty signed, 6792. Anchor Line of steamships est., 1713. Anchorage, Ivy. Keform School, 2783. Anchorena, Tomas, foreign minister, 4923. Ancient Academy of Music find., 904* . — - Order of Foresters, statistics, 4462. Order of Hibernians find., 147i ; con- vention, 4621 . Order of United Workmen, 4463. Society of Germany, 7683. Ancients, Council of. (See Paris.) Ancillon, Johann P., b., 8023; d., 8143. Anckarstrom, Count, shoots Gustavus III., 11351 . Ancon, treaty signed, 6073. Ancona, Marins' army mutinies, 1056 2 ; captured, 6351 ; taken, 7801 ; capitulates, 7121 ; Fr. occupy, 7261 ; 10S72; taken, It., 5222; taken, 10881. Ancre, Marquis d\ Baron de Lusigny Con- cinio Coneini, people against, 6872; d., 6862, 6873. Ancus, Martius, reigns, 10511 . Ancyra, church council at, 11543. Andalusia, Inquisition in, 11272; upris- ing, 11301 ; bread riots, 11331 . Anderida. (See Pevensey, 8401 .) Anderlues, colliery explosion, 5473. Andernach, battle, 772 1. Andersen, Hans Christian, b., 6382; works, 9392; d., 6421. Anderson, Adam, b., 9001 . , Alexander, b., 823; d., 2682. , Alexander, l>., 8742; d., 8802. , A. A., Mrs., gift, 4183. , Andrew, books, S971 . , Bill, at Centralia, 2382. , Carl Johan, b.-d., 11361 . , Capt., inS.C, 901. , Capt., captured in China, 6201; knighted, 969i. , Charles, gov. of Ohio., 2511 . , Col. C. D., at Fort Gains, 2371 . , David, Washingtonian, 1511. , E. Ellery, K.K. director, 4473. , Geo. B., b. (1831) ; d., 2172. , Hugh J., gov. of Me., 1592. , Isaac, b., 931 ; d., 180* . , James, b., 9103; d., 9343. , John, gov. of N.J., 632, 633. , John, editor, issues Constitutional Gazette, 831. , John, Sir, b. (1314) ; d., 9941 . , Joseph, b. (1757); pres. senate, 113 2 ; d. (1837). , J. P., governor of Wash., 1832. , Mary Antoinette (Mrs. Navarro), b., 1842. , Percy, Sir, signs Agreement, 8352. , Richard C, b. (1750+) ; delegate, 1352; d. (1826). , Richard Henry, Gen., b. (1816) ; at Santa Rosa Island, 2001 ; at Kinderhook, 2103; at Cold Harbor, 2341; at Gettys- burg, 2241 ; at Fort Harrison, 2382; reen- forces Lee, 2382; d., 3002. , Robert, b., 1122; at Charleston, 1881; at Sumter, 1901 ; in Ky., 1993; d., 2741 . , Ruf us, b., 1061 ; d., 3041 . , Thomas, M., made col., 3221 . Anderson, Ind., mills closed, 4642. Anderson's Univ., founded, Glasgow, 9271 . Andersonville, Ga., Feds, imprisoned, 2302; prison, a park, 2733. Anderssen, Adolph, b., 8122; d., 8301. Andcrsson, Nils Johan, b.-d., 11361. Andilly, Robert d\ b., 6842; d., 6922. Andlan, Count !>', imprisoned, 7562. Andover, N.Y., oil discovered, 3381. Theological Seminary organized, Mass., 1143; Andover Case, 370'. Andrada, Diego Payva d\ b.-d., 1109 2 . , Gomez Freire-de, b.-d., 5542. Machado e Silva Antonio Carlos Ribeiro de, b.-d., 5542. e Silva, Jose Bonifacio de, b.-d., 5542; dismissal opposed, exiled. 555 2 . , Sp. Gen., at Seminara, 6782. Andrade, Ferd. Perez D\ Canton River, executed, 615 2 . , Jacinto Freire de, b. (1597) ; works, 11092, 1H02; d. (1657). Neves, Jose Joaquim de, b.-d., 5542. Andral, Gabriel, b., 7123; d.,'7501. Andrassy, Gyula (Julius), b., 5202; at Congress of Berlin, 831 1 ; premier, 527 3 ; resigns, 5311 ; minister, 5292; represen- tative, 5293; d., 5322; exiled, 5552. Andre, Father, at Lake Huron, 442. , John, Maj., Brit, spy, b. (1751) ; lands, 921 ; hanged, 92 1 , 931 ; remains exhumed, 1293; monument, 3021 . , St. Jacques d'Albon, killed, 6821. Andrea, Girolamo d', b., 10851 ; d., 10882. , Jakob, b., 7902; d., 7922. , Johann von, b., 7922; d., 7963. , Laurentius, b.-d.., 11342. Andreas, Valentine, Rosea- Crucis, 7951 . Andree, Karl T., b., 8083; d., 8281 . Andreossi, Antoine Francois, b., 7023" d., 7243. Andrew the Apostle, called, 11521; cruci- fied, 11532. I., Hung. K.; assassinated, 5022, 3. II., Hung. K., b.-d. ; fifth crusade, 5042; King, 5051. Andrew III., Hung. King, 5052; d., 5042. L, grand duke of Vladimir, 11151, murdered, 11132. II., reigns in Russia, 11152. of Hungary, murdered, 10773. , James Osgood, b., 1042; ordained bp. 1402; suspended, 1563; d. (1871, Mar.). , John, b., 662. , Albion, b., 1262; gov., 2032; calls for troops, 1953; d., 2582. Palseologos becomes Mohammedan, 11563. Andrews, ozone theory, 9641 . , A. T., World's Fail- Com., 3633. , Carrie, shot, 4502. , Chas. B., gov. of Conn., 3012, 3033. , Br., Dublin Observatory, 9222. , E. B., Pres. Brown Univ., 3411; de- clines Chicago Univ., 4482; Monetary Conference, 4132; in Brussels, 5491 . , Edward Gayer, b., 1322; consecrated bishop, 2763. , Ethan Allen, b., 981 ; d., 1841 . ■ , Geo. L., Col. b. (1S28) ; at Laurel Hill, W. Va., 1962. — — , Jedediah, Bapt. minister, 542. , Judson B., b. (1834) ; d., 4661 . , Lorrin, b. (1795) ; d., 2622. , missionary, 571 , 9191 . raiders, monument, 3841 . , Stephen Pearl, b., 1182; d., 3222. , "W. S., bribery, 4531 . Andrevi, Francisco, b.-d., 11302. Andrieux, Francois Guillaume Jean Stan- islaus, b. 11759] ; JCtmmlis, 70G3; d. (1833). , M., Panama Canal scandal, 7642, 3; duel, 7643. Andriscus, insurrection of, 1029 2 ; leader Macedonians, 10551. Androcides, b.-d., 1019 1'. Androcles, in Messenian war, 10141, d. (740 B.C.). Andromache, asteroid, discovered, 2961 . Andromache captures La Trove, 9361. Andronicus of Rhodes, b. ,10282; flourishes, 10291. I., Comnenus, b. (1110+) ; reigns, 1033 3 ; orders massacre Latins, 11551; d. (1185). II., b. (1259) ; struggle, 10341 ■ reigns; deposed, 1035 2 ; opposes church union, excommunicated, 10343 ; d. (1332). III., d. <1290) ; struggle, 10341 ; reigns, 10352 ; d. (1341). Andros, besieged, 10182. , Edmund, Sir, b., 341 ; g0 v., 453 ; est. authority, 461 ; at Boston ; gov. Am colony, 50 3 ; ;) t Hartford ; gov .-gen. Brit. Am. ; "in R. I. ; N.J. submits ; tyranny of, 511 ; recall ; in prison, 512; g uV '. Ya.,532 t d.,581. Anegenqe appears, 7783. Anesthetics (U.S.A.), introduced, 1622. Anethan, Julius Joseph, Baron d', 1>. (1803) ; ministry ; resigns, 5452. Angeli, House of, reigns, 10333. Angelina discovered, 7342. An'gell,JamesBurrill,b.(182IH; treaty ,6232. , Joseph Kinnicut, b., 1042; d., (1857). Angelo, Andrea, b., 10721 . Angels, Reliefs of, executed, 8541 . Angelus, exhibited in Fr. ; bought by Am. Art Asso. ; in N.Y., 3422; in Chicago, 3521 ; S old, 3701 ; i n Canada, 5901 . Angers, A. R., Minister of Agr., 595 2 . , University founded, 6723. Angevin line of counts est., 673 2 . Angibert, St., b. (740+) ; d., 6662. Angkor, taken, 11241. Angles, settle in Scot., 7712; enter Eng., 8401,3, S412; restore arts, letters, 8431. Anglesey, E. of, minister, 8933. , Marquis of, title created, 9372. (See Paget, Henry "William.) Anglican Church, est.. 8723; in Md., 542; in Rome, 10SS3; service; music, 8701. — — Church Quarterly Jterieu; est., 9803. clergy, restricted, 8883. Creed, articles, 8723. Angling, practised, 11442. Anglo-American Telegraph Co. org., 2533. Austrian con ven .; signed, 1005 3 . Continental Society formed, 9583. Danish exhibition in London, 9981 . Fr. agreement with Africa, 7611 . ■ Ger. agreement, 8352, 5613, 5633. Jewish Society incorporated, 9751 . Mexican treaty, accepted, 5011 . Norman, bursts boilers, 169 2 . Angl-Anti. text Figures denote Page. lrsijh.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1175 Anglo-Portuguese Congress, 10072 ; agree- ment signed, 11123. Saxon wrecked, 9673. Saxons advance civilization, 843 1 . Turkish Conven. annulment, 1001 2 . Angola discovered, 11611, Angora, action at, 1035 2 . Angostura, action at, 1160 2 . Angouleme, Cathedral erected, 6691; House of, enthroned, 6793. Due d', Chas. de Valois, b., 6922 • d. (1650). Due d', Louis Antoine de Bourbon, b. (1775) ; enters Sp., 7241 ; d. (1844). , Duchess nidenza issued, 1090 2 . Annuity Bill, D. of Edinburgh, 9773. Tax Abolition Act passes, 975 2 . Annville, Lebanon Valley Coll. org., 2583. Anointing at coronations, G. B.,S442,845 2 . Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, b., 6983 ; d., 7163. Anscarius, or Ansgar, b. (801) ; mission to Danes, 6351 ; introduces Christianity, 11333 ; d. (865). Anseline de Leon, b.-d., 668 2 . Anselm, St., Archbp. of Canterbury, b.-d., 8462 ; in monastery, 6682, 8463 ; conse- crated archbishop, 8483. Anselme, Antoine, b., 6902 ; d., 6983. Anselmo, St., Bp. of Lucca, b.-d., 10742. Anson wrecked, 3813, 9321 . Anson, A. I. R., cons, bishop., 9922. , Gen. George, b. (1797) ; Sepoy rebel- lion, 10481 ; d. (1857). , Lord George, b., 900 2 ; captures Fr. fleet off Finisterre, 700 i; admiralty, 9133 ; d., 916 2 . Ansonia, library dedicated, 4081. Ansorge, Charles, b. (1817); d. 2541 . Ausprand, King of Italy, 10731. Anster, John, b., 926.2 ; d. (1867). Antalcides, Peace of, 10232. Antalia, earthquake, 11562. Antananarivo, mission at, 10942. Antar, warrior, poet, 4831 ; d., 484 2 . Antarctic Continent discovered, 1501. expedition sails, 1481 . Antenor, bronze group, 10191; founds Padua, 10511. Anterius, St., Pope, 10643. Anthemius, reigns, 1071 2 ; seizes Constanti- nople, 11541 ; murdered, 10713 ; d., 10702. Authon, Chas., b., 1062; Classical Diction- ary, 1543; d., 2582. , translates Horace, 1391 . Anthony, Clement, King, 815 2 . , Geo. T., gov. Kan., 2973. , Henry Bowen, b., 1241 ; gov. R. I., 1671 ; Pres. Senate, 2671 , 2711 , 2733, 2753, 2773, 2792 ; d. (1884.) , St., b., 6522; fnds. monastieism, 10663 ; d., 6542. , ., of Lisbon ; works, 11091 . , ., of Padua, b.-d., 10742. , Prior of Crato, rules, 11093. , Col. at Kansas, Mo., 2003. , Susan Brownell, b., 1282 ; woman's suffrage, 2592 ; votes, 2783. , Ulric, Duke of Brunswick, 7992. , Yiscount Falkland, lord admiralty, 8992. Anthropological Institute fnd., 9741. Society org., 966 1 . Anti-Amusement Act passes, 8811. Anarchists Bill, passes S., 4692; H. non-concurring, 4692 ; Ger. Bill, 8372. Law, Fr., 7671; hill passes in France, 7673. manifesto issued, Fr., 7642. Antiburghers, reunite with Burghers, 9403. Anti-Catholic schools established, 8963. Chinese Bill passes S., 405i ; vetoed ; second bill passes, 3111 . riots in California, 2971 . Antichrist, drama, appears, 7763. Anti-Convict ; Society, Cape Colony,fmd., 5991 ; Labor Bill intro., 3491 ; passed, 3692. Corn Law League, find., 9493 ; reor- ganized, 9573. Anticyra captured, 10262. Anti-dancing socials, 9531 . Debris Convention, Cal., 3113. Dutch Navigation Act, 8S91 , 11013. Dynamite Bill, Fr., passes, 7633. Effeminacy Act passed, 8772. Episcopacy Bill, Eng., 8851 . Antietam, Battle of, Md., 2131; National Cemetery dedicated, 2593. Anti-Export Law passes, Eng., 9032. Gambling Association, fmd., 4731 . Antigone presented, 3801 . , asteroid, discovered, 2801 . Antigonidas rule Macedonia, 10272. Antigonish, Can., Casket, 5803. Antigonus, b.-d., 10231 ; regency, 1025 3 ; kills Eumenes ; war against, 10243 ; k. at Ipsus, 10261. Doson, at Sellasia, 10262 ; regent ; gen- eral Achsean League ; dies, 1027 3 . , Gonatus, against Gr. ; takes Athens, 10261 ; title of king, 10271 ; restored to Macedon ; liberates Athenians, 1027 2 ; gains Macedonia, 1027 2; in Thrace, 11481 ; takes Palestine, 11491 ; d., 10272. Antigonus, high priest, 1150 2 ; enthroned in Syria, 1151 2 ; rebuilds Smyrna, 11551 . Antigua discovered, 142 ; ceded to Eng- land, 433, 8932; bishopric est., 9483; Bishop Jackson consecrated, 9862. Anti-Hazing Bill, N. Y., signed, 4562. Heretics Law passes, Eng., 8602. Hussite Crusade, 10791. International Society Bill passed, Fr., 7471 ; manifesto issued, 7642; law abolished, 8343. Kellogg Convention at N. O., 2832. Kuklux Act, enforcement, 2751 . Antillia settled, 113 ; found on maps, 123. Anti-Liquor Bill, 9092. lords resolution, first, 10123. Lottery Bill, U. S., passed, 3671 , 3691 ; constitutional, 401 2 ; violated, 376 2 ; 4451 . Lottery League org., La., 3523, 3863. Minor laws, G. B., 9471 . Stamp Act, Congress meets, 75 2 . Antisthenes,b.(444 ■ B.C.); flourishes, 10231 ; fnds. Cynic school, 10232 ; d. (371 B.C.). Anti-Tammany, woman's movement, 4731 . Tax insurrection, Eng., 8661 ; riots break out, 10903. Tobacco Crusade, fnd., G. B., 9591 . Trust Bill introduced, U. S. A., 3483, 4272; passes, 3571,3591. Union Society meetings prohibited, Antioch built, 11491 ; capital, 11491 ; earth- quakes, 115(12; action at, 10641 ; captured, 10661; Christians massacred, 10722; taken, 10313, 10321, 10352, 11552; Chris- tian principality, 10333 ; mission, 11582. College org., 1723. Antiochus, K. of Messenia, in war, 10141 . 1., b. (323 B.C.) ; enlarges territory. 10271 ; reigns, 11491 ; defeats Gauls, 114S1 ; d. (261 B.C.). II., Theos, b. (300± B.C.); reigns, 11491 ; peace with Egy., 6521 ; d. (246 B.C.). III., the Great, b.-d., 11482 ; reigns, 11492 ; invades Greece ; aids iEtolians ; defeats Asiaticus ; at Magnesia, 1026 2 ; war with Rome; fleet defeated, 10551; fever, 10553 ; subdues Palestine; at Ra- phia; sacks Jerusalem, 114S 1 ; takes Syria and Judea ; defeated by Romans, 11402 ; defeated in Palestine, 6531. IV., Epiphanes, b. (200± B.C.), invades Armenia, 11481; plunders Temple; cru- elty ; sins ; war with Egy., 6521 ; reigns, 11492 ; murdered, 114S 2 , 3. V., Eupator, reigns, 11492 ; indepen- dence of Jews ; murdered, 11493. VI., Theos, reigns ; confirms Jona- than Maccabeus ; grants peace to Jews, 11493 ; s lain in Parthia, 11503. VII., Sidetes, reigns, 11493 ; besieges Jerusalem, 11481; defeated in Parthia, 11501 . VIII., Grypus, reigns, 11503 ; invades Armenia ; in Syria, 11501 . IX., Cyzicenus reigns, 11503. X., Eusebus, reigns, 11511 . XI., Dionysius, dethroned, 11501; reigns ; deposed, 11511. XIII., King of Syria; defeated by Romans, 11511 ; dethroned, 10592. Anti-Option Bill passes S., 4213, 4232 ; dis- cussed in S., 4223 ; put down, 4251 ; re- calendared, 411 2 ; laid over, 4131 ; killed, 425 2 ; debate, 453 2 ; substitute, 4632. Antioquia, federal state, 6291 . Anti-Papist laws, Eng., 881 2 . Antipater J., of Macedon, at Crannon ; at B. Megalopolis, 10242; compels peace; regent ; conquers Spartans ; territory, 10253 ; d., 10251 . appointed lieutenant ; rebuilds walls of Jerusalem, 1151 2 ; conspires against Herod, 11513 ; poisoned, 11503. fights for throne ; k., 10271 . of Tarsus, d., 1148 2 . Antiphilus, b., 10243. Antiphon, b., 10191 ; d., 10231. Anti-Polygamy Bill, constitutional, 3212 ; approved, 327 2 - Pooling Bill passes, 4772. Anti-popery Association, Eng., 9682. poverty meetings opposed, 376 2 . press law, Belg., 5432. Antiquarian Society fmd., suspended,874l. Society established, 936 2 . Antiquaries, revived, London, 9022, Antiquary Magazine issued, 986 2 . Anti-racing law, Eng., 911 2 , renters in ST. Y., 1571 , 1591 - Revolutionist Bill, Ger., 8372. 1176 Text Figures denote Page. IJNJJrlyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Anti-Arch. Anti-saloon League, Boston, 4042. saloon Republicans, national conv., 3252. Antiseptic surgery introduced, 9741 . Anti-slavery decision, G. B., 9192; ques- tion, G. B., 9332; Bill passes, Eng., 9333; Act, 947 2 ; conference at Paris, 7603; at Brussels; expedition, 5463; Act, 5472. slavery movement opposed, 583. slavery Society fnd., U. S., 1431 . slavery Society in Port, find., 11113. slave trade efforts, Eng., 9231 . sorcery law, Eng., S79 1 . Trust Bill passed, 3591 . Antium, Latin colony at, 1051 3 ; action near, 10761 . Antofagasta, Bolivia, occupied, 6961. Antoine do Bourbon, b. (1518) ; in Navarre, 6832; d. (1652). , Jacques Denis, b., 6983; d., 7143. Antonella, da Messina, b. (1414+) ; intro- duced oil in painting, 10781 ; d. (1493). Antonelli, Giacomo, b., 10843 ; cardinal (1847); pres. ministry, 10872; against oc- cupation Holy City, 10893; d., 10882. Antonia discovered, 7561 . Antonia, Tower of, built, 11502. Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, b.-d., 10642 ; reigns, 10292, 10652 ; victories, 10641 ; intro. worship of Serapis, 10643 ; eel. triumph, 1065 1 ; embassy to China ; repels invaders, 10652; persecutes Christians, 10643; statue, 10642. Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Axrius), b.-d., 10642; wall of, 8393; in Britain, 839 2 ; adopted by Hadrian; reigns, 10652; d., 6522. Antonio, Nicolas, b.-d., 11283. Antonius, Felix, procurator, 11533. , Gaius, commands army, 10582 ; in conspiracy of Catiline ; consul, 10592. , Lucius, war against, 1060 2 . Antony, Mark (Marcus Antonius), b., 10642; 1st triumvirate, 10592; usurpations of, 10612; at Mutina, 10602; 2d triumvirate, 10612; in Greece; in Asia, 10602; restores order in East, 10612; meets and marries Cleopatra, 10611, 6532; marries Octavia; warwithParthians, 10602; j n East, 10613; aidsOctavian, 10002; defeated, 052 1 ,0533; replaces library in Alexandria, 6523; dis- missed, 10613; suicide, 10603. Antozone discovered, 8201 . Antrim, Earl, title created, 9231 . Antwerp, Northmen take ; in Holy Roman Empire ; tournament celebration ; re- turned to Brabant ; prosperous, 5393 ; St. James Church erected, 5401 ; com- merce transferred, 10991; Notre Dame Cathedral completed ; the Exchange built, 5402,; 5441 ; Spanish take, 5401; de- clines, 5413; besieged, 1098 ! ; attempt to seize, 6841; truce of; concluded, llOOi; surrenders ; taken ; occupied by French, 11002 ; capital, 5432 ; annexation, 5432 ; Napoleon visits, 5433; occupied by Fr., 5421,2; Belg. troops enter, 1102' ; stokers strike, 546 2 ; besieged, 544' ; Bible Soc, fnd., 5442; Precaniear issued, 5443; Ex- change is burned, 5453; fortilications are ejected, 5441 ; fortifications destroyed ; Napoleon wharf burned, 5453; Fine Arts Fete, 5441 ; opening port, 5442; Leopold's statue, 5441 ; Due de Bordeaux arrives, 5452; religious riots, 5442; centenary of Rubens's birth, 545'; Plantin Mauretus Museum, 5441 ; Exhibition opened, 5473; riots,547i ; Temperance Cong., 546 2 ; dyna- mite explosion ; influenza ; first-class port, 5473; cholera, 5491 ,2; riots, 5481 ; in- surance swindle, 5482; Jesuit College burned ; World's Exhibition opens ; fire, 5493. Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', b., 6943; d.,7051. Anwari, d., 11063. Anzin, Fr., coal-mines opened, 6993. Apache Indians driven into Mexico, 3041 . Apaehme Apophis, reigns (Egypt), 647 3 . Apaczai, Joannes, d., 5123. Apalachicola, Fla., arsenal seized, 1911; surrendered, 2061 , Aparicio, Gen., at battle of Galte, 6432. Apelles of Colophon, paintings, 10243. Aphidias reigns in Athens, 10133. Apicius, Marcus Gabius, b.-d., 10621. Apinn, Peter, b., 7862; d., 7922. Apion, b., 10283. Apollinaris, b.-d., 11542. Apollo worship of , 10142; robbery of Tem- ple, 10161 ; Temple dedicated, 10503. Epicurus, Temple of, 10203; elected, 10211. Apollodorus, painter, b., 10211; executes Trajan's Pillar, 10642. , grammarian, b., 10282. Apolfonia, besieged; captured, 1026 2 . Apollonius Pergieus, geom. works, 10271. , gov., Syr. ; at Beth-boron; at Azotus, 11481 . of Rhodes, Argonautica, poems, 1027 1 . of Tyana, b.-d., 10622. Tyrannous, b.-d., 10283. Aponte, Gabriel Cano de, governor, 605 3 . Apostles' Creed, formulated, 10623, 10683 ; translated, 7702. Apostlestrasse missions, 6583. Apothecaries exempt, 905i . Apparel, statute of, 8651 . Appellants, appeal of, 6991 . Appellicon, library, 10291; sent to Rome, 10563. Appian, Hist or 11 of Home, 10292. Way, built, 10531 ; Capua, 10662. Appiani, Andrea, b., 10842; d., 10862. App'ms and Virginias issued, 8731 . Appledor, action at, 8441 . Applegath, Augustus, b., 9242; d. (1871). Appleton, Daniel, publisher, b., 962. , , colonel 7th Reg., 342i . , S., b. (1814) ; d., 3701 . , George Swett, b. (1821) ; d., 2982. , Jane Means, marries Pierce, 1451. , Jesse, b., 762; d., 1281 . , John, b., 1241 ; d., 2373. , Samuel, b., 741 ; d., 1722. , Thomas Gold, b., 1182; d., 3162. ,Wm, H., d., 2052. , Wis., Lawrence Univ. org., 1632. Appletoifs Xnr Am. Cyc. begun, 2291 ; Cyc. of Am. Biography , 3502. Appo, George, throat of, cut, 4722. Appomattox Court House, Va., Lee sur- renders ; light at, 2401 ; burned, 4013. Station, Va., Confeds. expelled, 2452. Apponyi, Count, Antoine-Rodolphe, criti- cises emperor, 5371 . Apportionment Bill passes Senate, 3771 . Apprentice Law in Transvaal, 599 1 . Library founded, 129 1 . Appropriation Bills. (See text U. S. A.) Appropriations for war, U. S. A., 161 1. Apraxin, Steven-Feodorovitch, Gen. Ste- fan, leader, 516 1 ; d. (1758). Apries (Pharaoh Hophra) reigns ; war with Babylon, 6512; attacks Syria, 6501 ; defeated ; dethroned ; captured, 6502. Apronadius reigns, 11453. Afisltvron, Asia, aerolite falls, 11221. Apsley, Lewis D., b., 1701 . Apula, reduced, 10:122 ; restored to Greece, 10333; conquered by Romans, 10681 ; oc- cupied; subdued, 10741 ; taken from Pope; ducat struck, 10753. Aquae Sextaj, battle at, 6621 . (See Aix.) Aquatinta invented, 6901 ; improved, 7022. Aquaviva, Claudius, Jesuit gen., 1081 1. Aqueduct, water introduced, Boston, 1113; Croton,N.y.,completed,1493, 1553, 1653; Washington begun, 1733 ; Ellesmere Canal opened, 9322. Aquia Creek, Va., McClellan arrives ; Rey- nolds reaches, 2121 . Aquidaban sunk, 5601. Aquila, ruined by earthquake, 10822. , Caspar, b., 7862; d., 7922. Ponticus, b., 10283. Aquileia, besieged, 10641 ; colonized, 1065 2 ; church council at, 5022 ; destroyed, 10701; refugees in Venice, 10712; Cathe- dral fnd., 10741 ; unites with Aust., 5072. Aquilius, Nepos, subdues Sicily. 10562. Aquilonia, action at, 10522. Aquinas, St. Thomas, b.-d., 10742 ; doc- trines, 8542; teaches, 10771 . Arab, coin issued, 0553; horses to Queen Victoria, 4833 ; insurrection, 101 ; tribes, allegiance, 4873. Arab, trotting record, 3273. Arabia Felix," conquered, 11061 . (Moslems.) (See text, pp. 483-488.) Petrtea, Rom. prov., 10G62, 11533. Arabi Pasha, at Alexandria; rebels against Fr.,658i; conspiracy against ; decorated by sultan ; declares "war, 6583; secretary of war; conspiracy; rebellion of, 6592 ; trial and sentence, 0583,6593; resigns; restored, 6592; wa r with Eng., 9881 . Arabic Bible, prepared, 4842. Arabic speed, 3113. Arabs, cultivate sciences ; Ahyssinians persecute, 4842; heroic period, 4841; conquer Bokhara, 5491; in Egy., 5541; explore Atlantic, 112 ; defeated on the Isly, 83; subdued, 101 ; starving in Alex- andria, 6593; in Turkish army, 4881; accept amnesty, 8382; dynasty of, 1101 1 ; in Eastern Empire, 10302 ; subdue Per- sia, 11062 ; rule Persia, 11072 ; ravage Syria, 10313; inMorocco, 10971 ; in Tunis, 11391; enter Spain, 11253; massacre in Kongo, 10933. Arad, battle of, 5223; executions, 5233. Arago, Dominique F.,b.,70Gi ; magnetizes needle, 7222; d., 7322; statue of, 7641 . , Etienne, b., 7143; mayor of Paris, 7412; d., 7621. , Francois J. D., Annates de Chimie, 7231 ; experiments in steam, 7222. , Francois Victor Emmanuel, b., 7192; d. (1855). , Jacques Etienne Victor, b., 7062; d., 7322. Aragon, French expelled, 6881 ; war against Castile, 11261 ; united with Cas- tile, 11273 ; conquers Sardinia, 10773 ; Kings of Aragon, 11272 ; invaded by French, 11281 ; insurrections, 11302. Aragone, war with, ends, 6721 , Arakan mission, 10463. Aram, rules, 11413; revolts, 1145 2 . , Eugene, executed, 9152. Aranda, Count of, Don Pedro Pablo Ab area y Bolea, b.-d., 11283. Aranjuez, insurrection at, 11313. , revolt at, 11302. Arany, Jomos, b., 520 2 . Araros, AZo/posicon and Cocalus, 10231. AratusofSi'-yon, b.-d., 10263; Gen. Achaean League, 10272 ; liberates Sicyon, 10272; captures Corinth. 10262; poisoned, 10271 . of Soli, b., 10263. Araucanians, assaults of, 22i ; war with, 6041 ; treaty with Spain, 6052. Araucano in navy, 606 1 . Araivjo d' Azevedo, Antonio, b.-d., 11102. Lima, Pedro de, b. (1793); regent, 5553 ; d. (1870.) Arbaces, governs Media ; reigns, 11451 . Arbela, battle at, 10242. Arbitration Court, Fr,, 4311; Brazil and Argentine Republic, 451 2 . , Congress of, 4763 ; Newfoundland dis- pute, 7612; clause ; adopted, 6581 ; E. Af. claims, 5632; A. and Peace Cong., at Geneva ; at Bern, 1138 3 ; A. of labor troubles, Aust., 5062 ; Boards of, Fr., 7551 ; Board of, G. B., 9403; Act passes, 977i, 9793; ministers' meeting, 10071; favored, 10112; Delagoa Bay, 11112. of American boundaries, 1353; treaty signed, 357 2 ; Sherman resolution, 3491 ; 4033; ratified, 405i ; Bering Sea commis- sioners, 4251 ; decision, 4361 . Arblay, Madame d\ Frances Burney, b., 9123'; works, 9211,9291; d., 9483. Arbo, Peace of , 11353. Arbogast, Louis Francoise Antoine, b. 7023; d., 7143. or Arbogastes, murders Valentian, 10671; d., 10682. Arboleda, Julio, b. (1817) ; alliance ; assas- sinated, 6291. Arbor Day. (See Am. States.) Arbueklei James, b., 9002; d., 9082. Mts., Indian Territory ,gold discovered, 3701. Arbuthnot, Adra. Marriot, b. (1711) ; de- feats Fr. fleet, 941 ; d. (1794). , Alexander, hanged, 1261. , Viscount of, title created, 8851 . , John, b., 8922; John Bull, 9051 ; d., 9082. , Gen., in Burmese war, 10482. Arc, emigrants on, land in Md. 322. Arc, Joan of. (See Joan.) Arcadia, invaded, 10202; acad. fnd., 10833. Arcadians oppose liberty of press, 7391. Arcadius, b. (383 or 377?); emp., 7693; reigns, 10312, 10693; appoints Alaric, 10693; forbids polygamy, 10791 ; d., 10312. Arce, Aiceto, Pres., 5512; k., 5503. , Gaspar Nunez de, works, 11323. , L. F. de Cordova y, governor, 605 2 . Arcesilaus, b.-d., 10251. Arch, used, 648 1 ; appears, 10131. Archarius, Erick, b.-d., 11342. Arch-Arka. Text Figures denote Page. l-NDrLyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1177 Arehdale, Gov. John, protects Indians, 531, 533; favors moderate party, 533; refuses official oath, 901 1 . Archelaus, rules Pal. ; banished, 11513. , b.-d., 10283; rules Macedonia, 10213; murdered, 10232. of Cappadocia, against Rome, 10573; masters Athens ; defeated, 10281 . Archemorus, games to, 10132. Archenholz, Johann W., b., 8003; Seven Years' War, 807*; d., 8102. Archeological Institute in Athens, 3442. Archer captures Caleb Cushing, 3232. Archer City, Tex., fire ; court house, 3793. , Frederick James, d., 9941 . , Scott, dis. collodion process in photography, 9562; d. (1857). , Stevenson, State-treas., shortage, 3553; sentenced, 3543. Archianes, reigns, 11453. Archias fnds. Syracuse, 1051 1 . Archibald, Adams George, b. (1814) ; gov- ernor, 5832; lieut-gov., 5833; d. (1892). Wm, E. of Eglington, lord-lieut., 9573. Archidamus II., King, invades Attica, 10201 ; defeats Arcadians, 10223. Archidockus, b.-d., 10142; iambic verse, 10143. Archimedes, b.-d., 10261 ; screw cylinder, 10263; defense of Syracuse, 10542; in- vents water-organ, 1055 2 . Archipelago, freedom of trade, 5522. Architecture, early, of G.B., 842' ; Gothic appears, 84S2, 854 1, 8582, 8662; revived, 9421 ; Grecian revived, 8801 ; cultivated, 11422; Royal School of Naval, est., 9671 ; Ionic ; Doric appears, 10131 ; Corinthian order invented, 10162. (See Cathedral.) Archius, b., 10142. Archiva Eomanesca issued, 11133. Archlvio Storico issued, 10871 . Storico Lombardo issued, 10S8 3 . Trentico issued, 10902. Veneto issued, 10883. Archone, early, govern, 10151, 2. Archytas of Tarentum, b., 10343; invents carpenters' tools, 10211. Areola, battle at, 5182. Arcon, Jean Claude Eleonore leMichaud, d', b.,6983; d., 7142. Arcot, E. I., captured, 7001; taken, 7031, 9141 ,10441 ,2; mission, 10463, 10472, 10483. Arctic collides with Vesta, 1773. Arctic Expedition, Cabot's ; Thorpe, 8662; Expedition, 870i ; Frobisher's 8741 ; Knight's Muscovy Co., 8781 ; Weymouth and Knight; Sir' Thomas Mutton, 878' ; Bylot's and Baffin's, H80' ; Luke Foxe's, 822'; Morris and Smith, sails, 9121'! leaves Phila., 683; Hearne's, 918' ; Capt. Duncan's; Mackenzie's, 9242; Captain David Buchan's ; Sir John Franklin's, 9381 ; Liddon's ; Parry's ; Franklin's sec- ond, 9382; Capt. Parry's ; Capt. Lyon's, 940i ; Capt. George Francis Lyon's ; Sir John Franklin's, 9421 ; Sir William Ed- ward Parry, 9422; return of ; Capt. John Ross, 946' ; Sir James Ross, 9541 ; Capt. Fitzjames ; Sir John Franklin's ; Capt. Crozier's, 9522 ; Sir John Franklin's, 9541 ; Kane's sails, 172 1 ; Kane's 2d sails, 1731 ; Hartstcin sails, 17G' ; Hall's sails, 2351 ; returns, 266i ; f 1VM1 <;<.,-., y^i ; sails from Norway, 11053; Lieut. Greely's Expedition starts, 306i ; penetrates, 310 1 ; Jeannette exp., 310' ; Peary Relief, 402' . Arctic sails to search for Kane, 1761 ; re- turns, 1781 ; sunk, 1673. Arcturus appears, 1523. Ardagb, bishopric est., 8403; see with Kel- more, 9462; Bp. Woodlock cons., 9S23. Ardahan ceded to Russia, 11592. Ardea conquered, 1050' . Arden, Edward, b. (1531) ; executed, 8752. Ardent burned, 926' . Ardeshir Babegan flourishes, 11062. Ardfelt, bishopric established, 8403. Ardilaun, Baron, title created, 987' . Arditi, Luigi, b., 10862. Ardoates breaks Grecian yoke, 11483. Ardoin, or Arduin, King of Italy, 7752, 10733; resists Henry II., 7752; defeated, 7741 ; resigns, 7752; d. (1015). Ardvates, reigns, Armenia, 1149'. Ardys, reigns, 11453. Arendtschildt, Gen., atLangensalza,824' . Arene, Jean Paul de Rome, b. (1689) : Le Chcvre d'Or, 7582; d. (1769). Areometer invented, 6502; used, 792'. Areopagus instituted at Athens, 10133. Arequipa surrendered, 1108 3 . Arete discovered, 5282. Arethusa in St. Lawrence, 594' . Aretin, Baron Johann Christopher Anton Maria von, b., 8041 ; d., 8123. Aretino, Pietro, b., 10783; d., 10803. Arezzo, study of civil laws, 1075 2 . . (See Guido d' Arezzo.) , Ristoro d', Ccmposizione del Monde, 10771. Arfastus, Bp. chaplain, 8473; d. (1084). Arfwedson, John A., dis. lithium, 11361 . Argseus, reigns in Maeedon, 10232. Argall, Capt. Samuel, b. (1572±), at Mt. Desert Island, 28 1; in Jamestown; de- stroys colonies, governor, 292 ; d. (1626). Argand, Aime, b.-d., 11372; lamp, 9222. Argeans, reigns, 10153. Argelander, Friedrich W. A. t b., 8063; d., 828'. Argens, M. Jean Baptiste de Boyer, b., 6962; d. (1773). Argensola, Bartolomeo Leonardo de, b.-d.; 11282. , Lupercio Leonardo de, b.-d., 11282. Argenson, M. d', governor, 5732. , Rene Louis Voyer, M. d\ b. (1694) ; Gouvernement de la France, 7033; d. (1757). Argentine Republic. (See text, pp.489-493.) Arginusse, battle of, 1022' . Argives at war with Spartans, 1016' ; de- stroy Mycenae, 10193. Argolis, action at, 10183. Argon, reigns, 11432, Argonautic expedition, Golden Fleece, 10131 . Argonauts in Troy, 11421 . Argos, kingdom founded ; Feast of Flam- beaux, 10132; kingdom divided, 10133; peace with Sparta ; democratic party overthrown, 10213; pillaged, 10282; taken, 10341; devastated, 10342. Argout,AntoineM.A.d',b.,705i; d., 7342. Arguedas, Gen., at Viacha, 550' . Arguelles, Augustin, b.-d., 11302. Arguello, Jose\ governor Cal., 1233. , Luis Antonio, b. (1784); gov. Cal., 1313. d. (1830). Argus captured by Pelican, 1203. Argus sacked, 1066' . Argyle seized, 6173. Argyll, sep of, erected, 852'; bishopric est., 9543; Bp. Macdonald cons., 984'; Bishop Chinnery-Haldane consecrated, 9862. , D. of, title created, 903'. (See Campbell.) Argyllshire, Scot., ravaged, 8842, Ariadne against Alfred, 882. Arialdus, d., 10742. Arianismfnd., 10663; controversy disturbs, 6623, 8402; in New England, 643. Arians favored, 10683 ; bps. deposed, 10303 ; condemned, 1029' , 10683. Ariarathes II., Ariarathes III., Ariara- thes IV., Ariarathes V., reign, 1149' . Arias, C, president, 10413. , Gen. A. R., commander, 6343. Aribert I., King of Italy, 1073' . II., King of Italy, 1073' . Arica, Peruvians arrive ; naval battle, 6O62 ; ceded, 6073 ; surrendered, 11083. Arichat, N. S., diocese est., 5783 ; changed, 5843. Ariel captured, 2162. Arikera, action at, 10442. Ariminum, colony at, 10533; British bps. at Council, 8402. Arioald, King of Italy, 1073' . Ariobarzanes I., reigns, 1151'; enthroned in Armenia, 11513; betrayed, 11473. II., reigns, 11473, 11511 ; invades Pon- tus, 1146'. III., reigns, 11473, 11511. Arion, b., 10142. Arion trots at Stockton, 3953. Ariosto, Lodovico, b., 10783; Orlando Fit- rioso, 10812; d.. 10803. Ariovistus in Gaul, 6621 , 6632. Arista, Mariano, b.-d., 1095 2 , at Palo Alto, 160' ; president ; resigns, 10962. Aristarchus, b., 10263. of Samothrace, b.-d., 10282. Aristides, commander, 10183; atMarathon; at Pharos, 1018' ; leading statesman ; re- forms, banished; recalled, 10192; d., 1019'. Aristides, orator, b.-d., 10283. —=- of Thebes, b., 10263; flourishes, 1023'. Aristippus, b., 1021'. Aristobulus, philosopher, b., 6522. , Gen., b., 10243. .high priest, 1150 2 ; surrenders Jeru- salem, 11501 ; King, 11511 . II., captures Jerusalem, 1150'; King of -Jerusalem, 1151' ; priesthood ; captive, 11502; released ; murdered, 11512. Aristocracy, British, 841'. Aristocrates I., killed, 1015' . II., stoned, 10153. Aristodemenes, last king., 10153. Aristodemus, leader, 1015'; at Corinth. 10222; d., 10231. Aristogoras, Ionian leader, 10173. Aristoraenes, Roman regent 3; Pope commands, 2102; negroes enlisted, 2103, 215 1 ; medals for soldiers, 2112; suspicious conduct in, 2192 ; Monongahela department fmd., 2222; Sheridan commands cavalry, 2311 ; march on Richmond, 2322; Burnside's corps incorporated, 2332; Comtede Paris with, 3703; 100,000 men called, 2233; draft of 300,000 men, 2253; army threatens Fr. in Mex., 225 2; 300,000 volunteers called out, 2273; negroes in, 2293; grade of lieut.-gen. revived, 2302; 500,000 men called out, 2312; draft of 200,000 men, 2313 ; army of Cumberland, Thomas commands, 2322; 500,000 men called out, 2373 ; army of the James, Butler com- mands, 2322 ; army of Ohio, Schofield, commands, 2322 ; army of Tenn., Mc- pherson commands, 2322; Department of South, Maj.-Gen. Foster commands, 2341 ; Gen. O. O. Howard commands, 236 3 ; Shenandoah army, Sheridan to command, 2371; bounty granted, 2S6i ; 300,000 more men called, 2413; reviewed at Washington, 2463 ; Sunday parades forbidden by President Harrison, 3401; recruiting stopped, 2462 ; drafting sus- pended, 2472; statistics of Civil War, 2463; discontinuance of corps ; reduced, 2481 ; peace establishment increased, 253 2 ; officers* pay increased, 2561 ; peace footing reduced, 271 2 ; headquarters at ; St. Louis, 2861 j restricted use of, 2992 ; Brevet Promotion Bill, 352 1 ,3541 ;nurse's pension bill passed, 3651; census, 444 1, expenses reduced, 4573; concentrated, 4701 ; army bill for enforcing laws fails ; 1811. (See Pension.) Army of France, est., 6762; leaves Naples, 6802 ; Turkish cavalry in army, 7261 ; Army Bill passes, 7381 ,7391 ; armiesunite, 7401,7571,7591; strength, 7661 . of Germany, reserves formed, 7402; first armed, 7861 ; weakened. 8191 ; budget agitation, 8231; service in, 8261, 8273, 8371; commission reduced, 8341; peace effective; strength, 8361; Bill rejected, 8371 ; passed, 833i. of Great Britain, first standing, 8441 ; strength, S863 ; army vs. Pari., 8861 , 8871,2,88!)' ; authority of maj .-gen., 8892; disbanded, X'.H 2.,x'.H) i ; Grenadiers; North- umberland Fusileers(Fifth); King's Own Regiment (Fourth) raised, 8961 ; Camero- nian regiment find., 8981 ; reduced, 9013; Hussars enrolled, 9141 ; artillery car- bine used ; percussion-musket used, 9501 ; rifle musket, 956 1 ; foreigners in, 9592; flogging restricted, 9621 ; abolished, 9861 ; strength, 10881; re-organized., 11181; death-rate reduced, 974 1 ; abolishing pur- chase, 9753; organization lawmade, 11193; Irish Arms Bill passes; assent, 9872; conscription, 11221. worm hi Wisconsin, 4661 , Arnaud, Francois T. M. de Baculard d\ b., 6981; d., 7163. , Gen., murdered by mob, 7432. , Henri, b., 6883; d., 6982. Arnauld, Angeliijue, b.,6863; reforms Port Royal des Champs, 687 1 ; d., 6923. , Antoine, orator, b., 6822; d., 6863. » , pliil., b., 6862; works, 6911; d., 6943. Arnault, Vincent Antoine, b., 7031 ; d.,7262. Arnd, Johann, b., 7922 ; works, 7931 ; d. r 7943. Amdt, Ernst Moritz, b.,8031 ; works, S083, 8103; d.,8202. Arne, Thomas Augustine, b.,9042; Arta- xerxes, 9161 ; d., 9203. Arnheim, The Tiro in performed at, 10982. , Johann G. von, b., 7922; d., 7962. Arnim, Elizabeth von Bettina, b., 8042; d., 8202. ■ , Harry Karl Kurt Eduard von, Count, b., 8123; arrested ; trial ; sentence, 8291 ; Quid Faciamus nos, 8303; against papal infallibility, 8262; d.,8301. , Johan Georg von, b. (1581); at Prague, 7942 ; d. (1641). , Ludwig Joachim (Achim) von, b., 8042; works, 8103; d., 8142. Arnohius, b., 9i , 10283; nourishes, 10663. Arnold of Brescia, Archbp., b.-d., 10742 ; preaches, 7763; revolution of, 10743; agi- tator, 10753; condemned, 6691; burned, 7763. , bp., cons., 122; d., 10381. , Abraham K., commis. col., 3741 . , Benedict, b.(1615); gov. R.I.. 412,451 , 473; d. (1678). , , Gen., b., 642 ; m Can., 803 ; a t Quebec, 803; captures Cedars, 822; on Lake Champlain ; at Crown Point, 842; commissioned maj. -gen., 86 2 ; quarrel- some ; at Fort Sehuvler, S7 1 ; at Saratoga battle, 872; commands in Phila., 883; charges against, 901 ; court-martialed, 911; resigns; treasonable correspond- ence, 90 2 ; acquitted, 911 ; at West Point, 92i; treason, 921,2; n Vulture, 922; sentenced, 2482; treason of; address, 933 ; commander-in-chief ; at Peters- burg, 94i ; jn Brit, army ; at Richmond, Va.,923; d., 1101. , Edwin, Sir, b. (1831); works, 10043 ; in New York, 3942, 3933; d., 99S2. , George, b. (1834); Jefferson Davis, 2503 ; d., 2482. - — , James, embezzler, 4502, , John, b., 9103; d. (1799). , Lemuel H., b. (1762) ; gov. R.I., 1393; d. (1852). , Marshall, b., 1581. , Matthew, b., 9403 ; works, 9551 , 9643, -9783, 9842, 9983 ; d., 9982. — — Samuel, plan to assassinate Lincoln, 243i; arrested, 2471. , , composer, b., 9103 ; d., 9303. Arno-Assa. Text Figures denote Page. INJJiLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1179 :; d. Hung., (See Arnold, Samuel, Green, b., 1301 ; a. (1880). , Thomas, b., 9263 ; d., 9502. , K., b., 9302 • History of Rome, 9491; d. 9582. Arnoldus, Villa Nova de, b.-d., 670 2 . Arnolfo di Cambio or di Lapo, b. (1232) ; begins San Miehele and Santa Croee at Florence, 10763 ; d. (1300). Arnot, Frederick S., missionary, 10942. Arnott, Neil, b., 9242; ventilator work, 9482; d., 9781. Arnoul, bp., d., 6702. Arnould, Ambrose Marie, b., 7003; d.,719i. Arnuf, Count, reikis (Neth.i, 10991. Arnulf, b. xford, fnd., 9431 . Ashmun, < Jeorge, I'- (1804) ; d., 2702. , Jehudi, b., 1042 ; d., 1361. , John Hooker, b. (1801) ; d., 1421 . Aslmeh mission, 6571 . Ashpitel, Arthur, b., 9331 ; d., 9722. Ashraif, reigns, 1107 2 . Ashrof Khaleel, takes Acre, 6542. Ashtabula Bridge, O., falls, 2933. Ashton, John, tried ; executed, 8993. , Robt. de, Sir, gov., 8593 ; d. (1834). Ashtoreth, worship of, 11411. Ashtown, Baron, title created, 9311 . Ashurnazirpal, reigns, 11451 ; invasion of, 11442. Asia Minor, possession contested, 1017 2 ; cities abandoned, 10213 ; retreat of ten thousand, 10221; subdued, 10242; earth- quakes, 1028 2 ; surrendered to Rome, 10292 ; subdued, 11062 ; 11072 ; Greeks surrender, 10352; conquered, 1106 1; world's battlefield, 11401 : conquered by Turks, 11541. Asia founders, 585 3 . Asia discovered, 9641 . Asinari, Federigo, b. (1527); d., 10811. Asinje Aziz Pasha killed, 565 2 . Askabad, Russians at, 71 . Aske, Robt., executed, 8681 . Askew, Anne, b. (1521) ; burned, 8691 , Asoka, a Buddhist, 10431 ; reigns, 10432. Aspar takes Ravenna, 10701 . Aspasia, captured by Volontaire, 1231. Aspendos, action at, 10222. Aspern, battle of, 5183. Asphalt discovered, 3441 , 3442. Aspinwall, Wm. H., fnds. Aspinwall, 6293. fnd., fire ; yellow fever, 6293. Aspy Bay, steamer wrecked, 5873. Asqnith, Herbert Henry, Parnell's coun- sel, 9993 : minister, 10092. Assake, defeat of garrison, 11181 . Assam acquired ; Eng. acquires, 9432 • mission, 10471 ; surveyors massacred, 10493; invaded, 10441. Assampur mission, 10483. Assas, Chevalier d\ Nicolas, d., 7023. Assassination, Lincoln's, 2482, 3. Plot, Eng., 9011. Assassinations, Abdul-Aziz, Sultan, 11833; Afire, Dennis, Archbp., 7312; Albert I., Emp.,7S23. Artaxerxes III., 11062, 11073; Beaton, Cardinal, 8692; Becket, Thomas a', 8512; Berry, Charles F., Due de,7233; Capo d'Istria, Count, 10362; Cassar, Ju- lius, 10612; Carnot, Pres., 7663. Charles 1180 Text Figures denote Page. IN L)Ji,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Assa-Atla. III. of Parma, 10873; Clayton, J. M., • candidate for Cong n-ss.:;:u 3; Darius III., 11073 ; Edmond, K., 815' ; Edward K., 8463; Edward II., Edward V., 8563; Fisk, James. Jr., shot by E. S. Stokes, 2772; Garfield, Pres., 3072; Gustavus HI., 1135' ; Harrison, Carter H., shot by Pen- dergast, 442' ; Hennessy, D. C, shot by Italians, 3703; Henry, Duke of Guise, 685' ; Henry III. of Fr., 6853; Henry IV. of Fr., 0872; James I. of Scot., 8632; James III. of Scot., 8672; John the Fear- less, 6773; Kotzebu, August F. F. von, 8132; Louis of Valois, D. of Orleans, 6763; Louis of Guise, 685'; Lincoln, Pres., 247' , 2482, 3 ; .Michael IV. of Ser- via, 11233 ; Marat, by Charlotte Corday, 7083; Murray, James, regent, 873 3 ; Paul I., Czar, 11173; Philip II., 1025'; Perce- val, Spencer, 937 2 ; Prim, Marshal, 11323; Richard, Earl of Mayo, 977' ; Rossi, Count Pellegrino, 10x73'; Strelin- koff, Gen., 1121' ; Villiers, George, D. of Buckingham, 883' ; William, Prince of Orange, 541 ' . (See the names of other victims in their alphabetical place.) Assaye, action at, 1046' . Asseli, Caspar, discovers lacteals, 10822. Assemani, Giuseppe Simone, b.-d., 11563. Assenede, Diderik van, Floris et Blanche- fleur, 10983. Asser, d., 8442. Assignatis issued, Fr., 7073, 7112. Assiout, mission station, 657 1 . Assis, reigns (Egy.), 6473. Assisi, Don Francis, D\ marries, 7292. Assisi, Francisco d., marries, 11313. Assize of Arms, Eim., 850' . Associate Reformed Church, Gen. Synod fmd. (1802); partial union with Presb. Church fmd., 95' ; secession, 142 2 ; mis- sion (1821); unites in forming United Presb. Church, 1842; work, 1403; Erskine College est., 151' ; Geneva College est., 1642; begins mission work, 290 2 . Associated Loyalists, Board of, 933. Press organized, 1643. Association, the, 18110, 1882. Bill discussed, Fr., 7632. ■ (See International.) for Free distribution of Scriptures, 9803. for Oral Instruction opd., 9763. for Prevention Poverty find., 973' . for Protection of Insane fnd., 307' . for Relief of Widows established, 911 2 . of Am. Authors, 4042. of Fine Arts founded, 946' . of Lay Helpers org., 9682. of Medical Sup. for Insane org., 273' . of Nobles, Ger., 7852. of Railroads formed, 3893. Associations wrecked, 9021. Assouan mission, 657' ; occupied, 660' . Assurance Societies established, 11272. Assyria, Rom. province, 1065' ; conquered, 10673, 11072; kingdom rises, 1143' ; inde- pendent, 11432, 11452; empire at zenith, 11453; in Egy., fortifications; war in Egy., 650' ; empire overthrown, 1146' ; divided, 1147'. Ast, George Anton Fried., b., 8042; d. ,816'. Astbury, John, b., 9892; d., 9103. Astell, Mary, b., 8922; d., 9082. Asterius, b., 11542. Asterodt, George A., plan to assassinate Lincoln, 243' ; sentenced, 24S 2 . Asteropherus, Magnus Olai ; Tlsbe, 11343. Astle, Thomas, !.., 90X2; d., 9322. Astley, John, Sir, d., 1012' . • Philip, b. (1742) ; amphitheater, 9182; d., 9363. Astolphns, cession to Pope, 7713. Aston, Arthur, Sir, massacred, 886 2 . Astor, John Jacob, b., 723; fnds. Astoria, 1173; fnds. library, 1663; opd., 174n; d., 164'. , , d., 3521 ; will probated, 3533 ; library, 3542; library improvements, 3023; bronze church doors, 356 2 . , Wm., estate bequeathed, 4073. , Wm. Backhouse, b. (1792) ; gift to Astor Library (1859) ; d., 2S8' . Place, riot, 1643. Astorga, Emamiele d\ b., 1083' ; d., 10842. Astoria, Ore., fnd., 1173; settled, 1192; sold, 1213. Astrolabe adapted, 12' . Astrological Society founded, Eng., 984' . Astronomer, royal, James Bradley, 9102; John Flamsteed, 894' ; Edmund Halley, 906' ; Nath. Bliss, 9111' ; Nevil Maskeline (1765) ; John Pond. 9343; George Biddell Airy (1835) ; Wm. H. M. Christie (1881). Astronomical Congress in Paris, 756' . Society of Fr., inaug., 7561 . Astronomy, early study of, 11461 ; Ptole- maic system, 10642; studied in Egypt, 6522; introduced: Alphonsine tables composed, 112G 2 ; Coperniean system of, 7902, 10S02; spectrum analvsis,'9642. Astrue, Jean, b., 6923; d., 7031 . Asturias, monarchy fnd., 11253; united to Castile, 11272. Astyages, reigns, 11471 ; overthrown, 11071 ; rulers of Ast arias-Leon, 11253, 11272. Asuncion fnd., 1105 1 , 4892; abandoned, 5561 ; mission in, 11062. Ashur-res-isi, reigns, 11432. Asurdan I., reigns, 11432; conquests, 11421 . -II., reigns, 11433. III., reigns, 11452. Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni, reigns, 1145 3 . nirari, reigns, 11452. Ata, reigns (Egypt), 6453. Atahualpa, b., 6443; rules Ecu. and Peru, 6431; 6441; usurper, 212, 644'; meets Pizarro, 644' ; captured, killed, 20' . Atala discovered, 748'. Atalanta discovered, 7481. Atalanta loses race, 3093. Atalanta lost, 984' . Atanagildo, reigns, 11253. Atawulf, King, in Gaul, 6633; reigns, 1071'; marries Placidia, 10713; takes Barcelona, 1125' ; rules West Goths, 11253; invades Gaul ; murdered, 10713. Atchinoff manifesto, Fr., 7563. Atchison, Kan., St. Benedict's Coll. org., 1822; Soldiers' Orphans' Home opd., 327' . R. R.; train robbers, 4163. , David R., b. (1807) ; pres. S., 1612, 3, 1632,1712,1732; leaves Kan., 181' ; d.,3222. , Gen., Mormons surrender to, 148' . Ate discovered, 2701. Aterdi, Peter, b.-d., 11342. Atet, reigns (Egypt), 6453. Atf -Haider mission, 6571 . Athabasca, Bp. Young cons., 992 2 . River, petroleum, 590' . Mackenzie, vicariate, 5802. Athalarie, King of E. Goths, 10713 ; d. (534). Athaliah, usurps govt., 1145'; against Judah, 11443. Athanasian Creed formulated, 10G83; modifications defeated, 9762. Athanasius, Saint, b., 0042, 10283; defends Trinity, 10283; doctrine, 10682; deposed ; at Rome ; restored, 10682; innocent ; est. monasticism, 10683; archbishop, 6543; exiled, 6543; d., 6542. Athelstan, b. (895); invades Scot., 8442; king of Wessex; mint regulations; league against, 8453; protector of princes; en- courages commerce, 845' ; killed, 8442. Athemon, d., 11482. Athenamm, Rome, erected, 1064 2 . Athriiivum Helffe, issued, 5443. Club founded, 187', 941'. Athemeus, b., 102X3; ISanqiut, 10643. Athenagoras, b., 10283. Athenas, Pierre Louis, b., 701' ; d., 7243. Athene, Temple of, 10102; begun, 10203. Athenion, insurrectionist, Sicily, 1056 2 . Athens, Ala., skirmish near, 207' ; Fed- erals defeated, 238 2 . Gr. fnd., Areopagus instituted, 10133; Prianepsa-, 11(15' ;b< ■sieged, 1014' ;archons elected, 10152; war with Mitylene, 1016' ; written laws demanded ; early archons, 1017'; architecture nourishes, 1019'; ascendency period of, 1019 2; war against, 10183 ; Parthenon completed, 10203, dedicated, 1021'; theater of Bacchus built; first theater, 11201; war with Sparta, 10222; league against, 10223; taken by Alaric, 1030'; Athens cap- tured, 10562; libraries removed, 1029'; surrenders to Sulla, 1028' ; Romans pro- claim liberty, 10273; Romans aid, 10262; Roman ambassadors received, 10273; fortress of Athenreum built, 10262; in Achaean League, 10273; liberated, 10272; pillaged, 10282; Athens taken, 1066' ; attempt to throw off Macedonian rule, 10262; no political influence, 10272; taken, 1026' ; in Triangular League ; 1027 2 ; democracy restored, 1027' ; school of Stoics fnd., 10263; surrenders, 10243; submits to Alexander, 1024' ; Academy fnd., 1023' ; height of greatness ; confed- eration against Sparta, 10233; restora- tions begun, 10222; taken by Alaric, 1068' ; rule of Thirty Tyrants ; rear- ranged; democratic govt, restored, 10232; besieged ; walls of Piraeus destroyed, 10221; power destroyed, 10232; Erech- theum fnd., 10223; council of Four Hun- dred; council of Five Hundred reest. ; oligarchy est., 10213; fleet increased, 10203; distressed by Spartans, 10213; prisoners in Sicily, 1020 3 ; terrified by eclipse; Hermes statues mutilated, 10212 ; builds walls Constantinople, 1030' ; ar- mistice -with Sparta, 10202; in Sicily af- fairs, 10213; war against, 10212; golden number discovered, 1021 ' ; Propylssa be- gun, 10203; fortifications completed, 1020'; satirical comedies prohibited, 1021', 2; Athenian league independent, 10212; revolt against, 1020', 10202; height of power, 1021 2 ; Odeum Theater fnd., 10203; fleet destroyed, 1019' ; long walls begun, 10183; tyrannizes Greece ; treasury in Acropolis ; law of ephialtes ; democratic rule, 10193; Theseurn built, 1019'; hegemony transferred to, 10183; Temple of Victory built, 1019'; suprem- acy of Hellenic fleet, 10183; heads Hel- lenic confederacy, 10192; abandoned; burned, 10182; burned ; rebuilt ; reinhab- ited, 10192; war against -Kgina ; military power against Persia, 101S1 ; nobles re- volt ; nobles murdered, 10173 ; social reform, 1017 1 ; ostracism est. ; political changes, 10173; public library (first), est. by Pisistratus, 10163 ; schools of ; suppressed, 10311 ; first comedy at, 10162; taxes levied ; dissatisfaction with govt. ; parties formed, 10172; victorious, 1016' ; archons of ; authentic dates, 10153 ; authentic history ; court of Ephetae est., 1015'; acquired; dukedom, 1035'; Turkish Pasha, 10353; captured, 10341 ; taken, 1078' ; devastated, 1034' ; Parthe- non destroyed; Turks besieged, 10342; bank fnd., 10353 • British School of Archeology opened, 9942. Athens, O., Univ. org., 113' ; troops, 4603. , Tenn., East Tennessee and Wes- leyan University organized, 260 2 . Atherstone, trains collide, 9653. Atherton, Alice, b., 1741 . , Charles Gordon, b. (1804) ; 3d " Gag- Law," 1493; d. (1853). , John, b. (1598) ; bp., d., 8823. Athlumney, Baron, title created, 9671. Athol, asteroid, discovered, 2901 . , Duke of, title created, 9031 . , Earl of, executed, 8632. Athothis, King, on anatomy, 6452. Atkins, Hiram, d., 416' . , John, lord-mayor, London, 9393. Atkinson, private, wins rifle prize, 974' . , A. M., pres. convention, 420 2 . , Edward, b., 1342. , Gen. Henry, b. (1782) ; against Black Hawks, 140' ; d. (1842). - — , Thomas.b. (1807) ; cons. P. E. bp., 1723 ; d. (1882). , Thomas Wm., b., 9283; d., 9642. , W. Y., nom. for gov., 4672. Railroad Bill, 2732. Atkinson's Casket appears, 131' . Atlanta, Ga., campaign, Sherman begins, 2322, 2363; Confed. conscripts flee to Feds , 2343 ; battle at, 236 1 ,2, 3 ; Sherman at Atlanta, 2363; burns. 2401 ; besieged, 2371 , 2381 ; Kilpatriek sent on raid, 2372; Hood evacuates, 2381; Sherman burns part of, 2401 ; constitutional conv. meets, 2593 ; made capital of, 261 1 ; Methodist Advocate, 2621 ; Atlanta Constitution issued, 262' ; Clark Univ. org., 2S63, 2962; Southern Medical Coll. opd., 3023; Inter. Cotton Exposition held, 3093; Gammon Theological School fnd., 3143; Southern Church Conf., 3163; Techno- logical School opd., 3303; capitol com- pleted, 3553; Nothern Soc. org., 3563; protests against Federal Election Bill, 3643; Direct Trade Conv. org., 3693; Grady monument. 394' ;fire,3953; Scotch- Irish Conv., 40112; mavor vetoes licenses, 3863; H. C. Brown arrested, 3883; bomb explosion, 461' ; Sherman leaves, 240'. Atlanta captured, 2223. Atla-Aust. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column, 1181 Atlanta sails, 3341 , 42S1 . Atlanta Univ. (non-sect.) org. (1S69). Atlantic balloon voyage, 2821 . Atlantic burns off Halifax, 2813. Atlantic collides witb Ogdensburg, 1713. Atlantic, explored, 112. and Pacific E. R., chartered, 2533. and St. Lawrence R. R., opd., 175 2 . Cable Co.; org., 1753; laying begun, 1831, 3; laying of, 5833; breaks, 1833; laid, 9602, 9621 ; 2d laying begins ; breaks, 2493 ; laying begun ; third completed , reorganized ; message from Victoria, 2533 ; ends at Brest, 7382 ; laid, 2833 ; 6th laid, 2853 ; N. T. to Ire., and New- foundland, 2393 ; Anglo-Amer. and Anglo- French Co. unite, 2693 ; break in, 3453 ; Fr. Atlantic cable, 7533 ; new laid, 9893. cable. (See Anglo-Am. Tel. Co.) Atlantic Magazine issued, 1323. (Sea) Hotel, corner-stone, 4633. wrecks, 9793 . Atlay, James, cons, bishop, 9663. Atmospheric pressure, experiments, 9501 . wave discovered, 2781 . Atomic theory announced, 9322. Aton, Gen. G-anier d', president, 10403. Atondo y Antillon,DonIsidoro,b.-d., 11283. Atossa, introduces sales of women, 11412. Atreus, assassinated. 10143. Atskur, action at, 11181 . Attalia Co., Miss., mob, 3951. , Mo., cyclone, 4793. Attalus, King, offer for Dionysius, 11462 ; invents parchment, 11482. I., reigns in Pergamus, 11491 ,2. II., reigns, 11492. III., Philometor, reigns, 11492. — — III., of Pergamus, bequeaths kingdom to Rome, 10571. , Flavins Priscus, Emperor, 1071 1 . Attar-Ferid-ed-Din, b.-d., 11063. Atterbom, Peter Daniel Amadeus, b.-d., 11342 ; works, 11362 ; fnds. Aurora For- bundet, 11351. Atterbury, Francis, b., 8902; arrested, 9062 ; condemned, 9073 ; d., 9082. Attica, entered, 10182 ; invasions, 10201 ,2, 10221 -ravaged, 10203. Attila, King of Huns, 6793 ; in it., 10701 ; empire of, 5023, 5031, 6622, 10712 ; rav- ages Thrace, 11541 ; invades Gaul, 7681 ; plunders Worms, 7693 ; destroys Aqui- liea; sacks Milan, 10701; besieges Con- stantinople, 10301 ; tributeref used, 1031 2 ; suffocated, 5033, 5021 . Attleboro, Mass., bicentennial, 4733. Attucks, Crispus, d., 761 . Attwood, T-, forms Political Union, 9452. Atwill, Edwin R., cons. P. E. bp. Mo. ,3701. Atwood, George, b., 9122. Atyens, ally of Argives, 10183. Aubanel, Joseph Marie Jean-Baptiste Theodore, Half Open Pomegranate, 7351 . Aube, Adm., minister, 7552,3. Auber, Daniel Francois Esprit, b., 7061 ; Muelte di Portici, 7241 ; d., 7461 . Auberlin, Jean Louis, b., 69S3 ; d., 7211 . -, Karl A., b., 8123 ; d., 8221. -, Thomas, on St. Lawrence, 163, 5711. Aubert, du, Bayet, Jean-Baptiste Annibal, b., 7023 ; d., 7123. Aubertin, Edmond, b., 6842 ; d., 6902. Auberville,F.L.dePounoyde 1', cons., 5751 . Aubery, Antoine, b., 6862 ; d., 6943. — — Louis, Sieur du Maurier, d., 6942. Aubigne\ Theodore Agrippa d', 6822 • works, 6843, 6871 ■ d., 6882. Aublet, Jean-Baptiste Christophe F., b., 6982 ; d., 7043. Aubrey, John, b., 8821 ; d., 9002. Aubry, Claude Charles, Comte d', b., 7042 ■ d., 7203. -, Gen. d', at Seminara, 6782. , Francois, b., 7003 ; d., 7142. Auburn, Ala., Polytechnic College org., 2742 ; Agricultural College opened, 2782, , Me., labor riot, 4383. , N. Y., prison opd., 1272 ; Theological Sem. org., 1283 ; first electrocution, 3651 ; centennial, 433 3 . Anburndale, Mass., LaselleSem.org., 2412. Auburn Park, 111., R. R. accident, 3453. Aubusson, Pierre d', b.-d., 6762. Auchmuty, Richard T., d., 4341 . , Samuel, b., 601 ; d., 891 . , Samuel, Sir, b., 9143 - Montevideo, 4891; d., 9403. Auckland, N.Z.,fnd.,11032 ; see est., 9722; Bp. Luek cons., 9862 ; Lord, gov. -gen., 9492, 10473. Auckland, Baron, title created, 9231 , 9252. (See Eden.) Auction sale, Eng., 901 3 . Aud, Queen, arrives, 10421. Auilati, Trudo, reigns, 11611. Audebert, Jean B., b., 7023 ; d., 7142. Audefroi, de Bastard, Belle Idione, 6711. Audenaerde, Robert van, b.-d., 5411. Audenreid, Pa., Molly Maguires, 2292. Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831 ; d., 10843. Audiil'ret, Marquis d', C. L. Gaston, b., 7062 ; d., 7502. Pasquier (Edme Arinand Gaston), Due d', b. (1823) ; Pres. Nat'l Assem. ; life senator, 7493 ; pres. Senate, 751 1 ; Me~moires, 7641 . Audiguier, Vital, b., 6823 ; d., 6882. Audiphone, invented, R. G. Rhodes, 3061. Audley, Thomas, b., 8661 ; at Blore Heath, S62i ; keeper, 8692 ; minister, 8693 ; d., 8682. Audouin, Jean Victor, b., 7123 ; d., 7282. Audran, Gerard, b., 6883 ; d. (1703). -, Jean, b., 6903 ; d., 7022. Audrein, Yves Marie, d., 7142. Audubon, John James, b., 931 ; works, 1391, 1403, 1441, 1523, 1603, 1863; d., 1682 ; monument, 4281 . Auenbrugger, Auenbrug Leopold, b. (1722) ; d., 5192. Auer, Anton, b., 8042 ; d., 8102. , John Gottleib, cons. miss, bp., 2802. Auerbacll, Berthold, b., 8102 ; works, 8152, 8263 ; d., 8302. Auersperg, Adolf, b. (1821) ; d., 5302. , Prince Karl William, b. (1814) ; new ministry, 5292 ; resigns, 531 1 . m Auerstadt, battle of, 7161 ,8081. Auerswald, Gen. Hans Adolf Erdmann von, b. (1792) ; killed, 8171 . Auffenberg, Joseph von, b., 8063 ; d. 8201. Auger,L'Abl>e,Athanase, b.,6983; d.,70S2. , Hippolyte Nicolas Just, b., 7123 ; d., 7522. , Louis Simon, b., 7042 ; d., 7243. Augereau, Pierre, Due de Castiglioue, b., 7022 ; at Areola, 5182 ; d., 7222. Augier, Guillaume, Victor Emile, b., 7223 ; works, 7303, 7333, 7502 ; d., 7582. Augsburg, Theological Sem. opd., 2663. , Ger., fnd., 7091 • Ger. defeated, 5021 ; peace of, 5103 ; ceded, 5193 ; breweries, 7782; Diet of, 7813; ribbon-workers est., 7S42 ; Diet at, 7902, 7912,3 ; Interim of, 7913 ; edict revoked, 7912 ; captured, 7921 ; peace of, agreed, 7923 ; League of, 7992 ; annexed, 809 2 ; prime ministers meet, 8232 ; Confed. Diet retires to, 8251 ; Diet dissolved, 8252 ; Diet, religious dis- putes settled, 5102 ; Confession, 11343. Auguis, Pierre Jean B., b., 7003 ; d., 7191 . Augur, Christopher Colon, b., 1301 ; de- fends R. R., 2391 ; against Indians, 2581. , Hezekiah, b. (1791) ; sculptor, 1281 • d., 1841. Augurs est., 10503. August Flower lost, 3353. Augusta in collision, 1893. Augusta marries William I., 8152. , Princess, d., 6421 . , rules with Tiberius, 10632. Victoria, b. (1858) ; marries, 8203. , Ga., fnd., 633 ; fort built, 621 ; taken, 901 ; besieged ; captured, 942 ; burned, 1373 ; arsenal seized. 1901 ; capital moved from, 2611; soldiers' monument inaug., 2982 ; fire, 4133 ; Exposition opd., 4433 ; Press Associations unite, 4453 ; Immi- gration Congress, 4603. , Ger. (See Augsburg, 7691 .) — ■ — , Ky., Confed. capture, 2141. , Me., State Library org., 1403. Augustan lira begins, 10603. Augustana College organized, 1863. Auguste, Alexandre, leader, 7432. Augusti, Christian J. W., b., 8031 ; d., 8161 . Augustin, Jean-Baptiste Jacques, b., 7023; d., 7201. Augustin-Thierry, Gilbert, works, 7641 . Augustine, St., b.-d., 106S2 ; composes Te Deum; Bishop of Hippo, 10691. , St., b., 91 ; in Britain, 8422 ; archbp., 8422 ; d., 8421 . Augustine's Oak, bishops meet, 8422, Augustines, arrive in Chili, 6051 . Augustinian age of literature, 6551 . Augustinian order of monks est., 10763. Augustulus, Romulus, reigns, 10713. Augustus I., Frederick, K. of Poland, b.,. 7963 ; d., 8002. I., Frederick, b.-d., 11142. II., at Pultusk, 11141 . III., election ; inherit., 5151 ,2. , Prince, married, 5381 ; , Caius Julius Ciesar Octavius, b.-d, 10583 ; fails in Ger., 7691 ; against An- tonius ; command of legions ; against Antony ; commands arm\ , 111602 ; Senate negotiates with, 1061 2 ; in second trium- virate, 10602 ; in Greece, 10602 ; consul - r action for Ctesar ; allotmentstoveterans ; against Pompey ; father of country ; su- preme in It.; govemsGaulandSp., 10612 ; governs West, 10613 ; orders for sacri- fices, 10611; in Sicily, 1060 2; conquest begins, 11252 ; sends 'legions to Antony, 10602 ; receives Sardinia ; meets Antony, 10613 ; campaigns along Save, 10603 ; reigns, 10613 ; inEgy. ; captures Alexan- dria, 10603 ; natron of art, 10622; cam- paign against Parthians, 10603 ; cele- brates triumphs, 1061 1 ; games in honor of, 11503 ; title bestowed, 10613 ; retires, Corvianus, in Syria, 11512. 11251 ; in Sp., 10G03 ; reforms, 10613. , D. of Brunswick, b. (KillO), 7953. , D. of Grafton. (See Fitzroy.) , D. of Oldenburg, b. (1783); 8152. , elector, b. (1526), 7932 ; d. (1586). Frederick, D. of Sussex, Pres. Royal Academy, 9441 ■ d. (1843). , Friedrich, b. (1773) ; d., 8162. , Friedrich Wilhelni Hcinrich, Prince of Prussia, b., 8042 ; d., 8162. Wilhelm, Pr., b., 8002 ; d., 8023. William, D. of Brunswick, 7992. Auk wrecked, 9933. Auldearn, action at, 8842. Aulich, Louis, b., 5191 ; d., 5223. Aulick, John H., b. (1789) ; d., 2802. Aulnaye, Francois Henri Stanislaus de P., b., 7002; d., 7261. Aulnoy, or Aunoy, Comtesse d', Marie Catherine (Jumelle de Berneville), b., 6883 ; works, 6951 ; d., 6962. Aulus Postumius, at Lake Regillus, 10501 ;. commands, 10561 . Aumale, Due d' (Charles de Lorraine), b. (1556) ; d., 6882. , Due d' (Claude II.), b., 6803; d., 6841. , Due d', Henri Eugene Philippe Louis d' Orleans, b., 7241 ; in Algeria, 83 ; letter to Nap., 7.353 ; j n Nat'l Assem., 7433; manifesto, 74">1 ; in Assem., 7453 ; council, 7472; exiled, 7. r >r,3; revoked, 7572. Aumont, Jean d', b., 6S03 ; d., 6842. Aurania and Alaska race, 4133. Auray, battle of. 6741 . Aurelian (Claudius Lucius Valerius Ddmi- tius Aurelianus), b.-d., 10642 ; Emperor, defeats Franks, 6622 ; defeats Zenobia, 6521 , 6533 ; reconquers East Egypt; sub- dues Gaul. Spain, and Britain; mur- dered, 10661, 1067 2 ; persecutes Chris- tians, 10363 ; abandons Dacia, 7692. law, passed, 10591 . Aurelius Ambrosius, monument, 8402. , reigns in Asturias, 1125 3 . (See Marcus Aurelius.) Aurellede Pa la dines, Claude Michel Louis, b., 7151 ; d., 7502. Auresperg, Coimt Anton A. von, b. , 808 2 : d., 8282. Auricular confession, intro., 10751; pro- tested, 9822. Auriesville, pilgrimage to, 3902, 4141 1 4681 . Aurifaber, Andreas G., b., 7863 ; d., 7922. , Johann, b., 7882. Aurora, N. Y., Wells College fnd., 2623. Aurora wrecked, 9333. borealis display, 1441 . 1431 , 2761 , 3101 , 4001 , 4521 , 8741 ; alarming, 9042. Forbundet fnd., IIS51 . Aurungzebe, b.-d., 10443 ; generals subdue Rajput states, 10441 j reigns ; rebels ; d., 10451. Ausoulta Fili, burned, 6733. Ausonia, asteroid, discovered, 10862. Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, h. (310±) : works, 6631 ; d. (394+). Austell, Ga., R. R. collision, 3213. Austen, Jane, b.,919 1 ; works,9352 ; d., 9382. Austerlitz, battle of, 7161 . Coll. org., Sherman, Tex. (1849). 1182 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Aust-Baca Austin, Alfred, b.(1835); works, 9783, 9882, 10082, 10122. , Horace, gov. Minn., 3732. , Jane Goodwin, b. (1831); Betty Alden, 3982 * d 454' . , Sarah Tayior, b., 9262 ; d., 9701. , Stephen Fuller, b. (1793) ; grant of Texas, 1313 ; d., 1401. , Miss., race riot, 2843. , Tex., M. E. eonf. fmd., 2903 ; legis- lature meets, 161 1 ; State convention meets, 2513, 2032, 2X!)2 ; State University org., 308' , 3143 ; Normal School opd., 3082 ; dam, 4313 ■ train robbery, 445' . Australia, bishopric est., 947 3 ; gold, 9573. (See text, pp. 493-501.) Australian voting system, 3332, 3363, 337' , 2, 339' , 2, 3492, 399' , 2. Austrea, satellite, discovered, 5282. Austria. (Seetext,pp.502^53S.) I launibal in, 1054'; Romans subdue, 1055'; Romans defeated, 1056' ; peace with Turk., 11572 ; Roman rule, 1062 ' ; (Joths invade, 10652; signs Peace of Vienna, 1089 2 ; Duchy reest., 7733 ; separated from Bavaria, 7773 ; acquires Tyrol, 7883 ; war with Switz., 1137' ; annexes Neth., 10992; Max- imilian I. possesses lands, 7X72, 3; defeated byTurks, 1156' ; peasant uprisings, 7893; annexes Tyrol, 7973; war with Fr., 7962; Peace of Radstadt. 6973 ; annexes Ser- via, 11232 ; war of Successi >n, X00' ; envy of Prus.,8013 ; Seven Tears' War, 8032 ; alliance with Prus., S072 ; war of Suc- cession, 910' ; peace of Leoben, 7132 ; empire find., 809' ; war against Fr., 8093, 8112, 7212 ; treaty with Eng., 9373 ; Lai- bach conference meets, 9412 ; compen- sation, 941 3 ; war with Hung. ; war with Sardinia, 816' : Slavonic Congress meets, 8172; revolts; Diet at ICremsier, 8173; in- fluence, 81X3; against Prus. alliance,819' ; disagrees with Prus.; old Confederation called; ultimatum, 8192 ; absolute govt, claimed ; treaty with Prus., 819 3 ; alli- ance against Rus.; signs concordat, 821 ' ; emperor crowned; liberal constitution, 8212 ; federal reform, 8213 ; proposal re- jected, 8222 ; secedes from protocol ; manifestoes issued, 8233 ; Austro-Prus. controversy, 8232, 3 ; Austro-Prus. war, 822' , 1088' ; allies named ; declines mediation; withdraws from Oxer., 825'; allies join Ger. Confederation, 825 2 ; em- peror in Berlin, 8263 ; treaty with It., 10902 ; treaty with Prus., 11193 ; Austro- Ger. treaty, 8353. Austria burned 963 3 . Autenrieth, Johann H. F. von, b., 803'; d., 8143. Autharis, King of Longobards, 1072' ; King of It., 1073'; Christian, 19722; d., 10713. Authors, Am. Soc. org., 3802, 475' . memorial to U. S. Congress, 147' . Authors' Club, Carnegie gift, 3562. An/oh'/oara/iki/ Mirhrlst, 7582. Auto-da-fe, 11252; bull-fights, 11293; in Pe- ru; inMex., 242. Autosse, Ala., battle of, 1203. Autran, Joseph, b., 7192 ; works, 7272, 7303 ; d., 7502. Auvelais cholera, 5493. Auvergne, Fr., mummy found, 7022. Lauranguais, Pr. de la Tour, 7392 ; foreign minister, 7392, 3. , Pierre, b.-d., 6702. Stephen, est. Grandmoiitines, 6683. Auvigny, Jean du Castre, d', b., 6963 ; d., 7002. Auvray, Felix, b., 7142 ; d., 7262. Auvrigny, Hvacinthe Robillard, d', b., 6923 ; d., 698' . Auzout, Adrien, b., 6882 ; d., 6942. Auzoux, Theodore Louis, b.,7123; d.,7522. Ava. Burmah mission, 1047 2 ; forts occu- pied, 10482. — -, colony planted, 1145 3 . Avalanche, Burke, Ida., 352' ; GreatNorth- ern R.R., 420' ; Rocky Mts., 448' ; St. Gervais-les-Bains, 762' ; Mont Blanc, 11382 ; Alps, 534' ; in Colo., 334' . Avalanche collides with Portland, 9833. Avalon Coll., Trenton, Mo., org. (1869). Avars, in Gaul, 664' ; in Hung., 503' ; in- vade Thuringia, 770' ; defeated, 502' ; expelled from Servia, 1123' ; devastate Or., 10302, 10312, 1032' ; subdued, 7713. Avaugour, M. de, gov. Can., 5732. Avaux, Comte d', Claude de Mesmes, b., 6842 ; d., 6883. Aveiro, Duke of (Jose de Mascarenhas), d.-d., 11102. Avellanda, Nicolas, b. (1836) ; pres., 4912 ■ d. (1885). Avellaneda, Ger. Gomez de, b.-d., 11303. Avempace, d., 4863. Avenar's, John E., Hebraicum, 793' . Avenger lost, 954' . Avensoar, d., 4863. Aventinus, Johannes, b., 786 2 ; d., 7902. Averell, Gen. Win. Woods, b. (1832) ; raids W. Va., 2262; raid, 228', 3; at Droop Mountain, 228' ; near Wytheville, 2323 ; at Lynchburg, 2343 ; at Stephenson's De- pot, 2362 ; at Hancock, 2363 ; at Moore- field, 237' ; at Berryville, 238' . Averroes, Ibn Roshd, d., 4863. Aversa, It., Normans settle, 10733. Avery, John, b., 146'. , Samuel P., library gift, 3622. , Waightstill, b., 662 ; d., 130'. Averyon, mine explosion, 7573. Averysboro, N.C., Confeds. defeated, 244' . Avic'ebron. (See Salomon.) Avicenna, b.-d., 11543. Avidius, Cassias, prefect of Egy., 653 3 ; revolts, 10652 (■') ; d., 10642. Avignon, besieged, 6702 ; University rec- ognized, 673' ; Holy See est., 6723; pope's residence, 7822, 8562 ; possession of Popes, 1077' ; papal residence, 10763 ; seized, 690' ; annexed, 709'. Avila, Gil Gonzalez de, b.-d., 11282 ; in Costa Rica, 630' . , Pedro Arias de, b. (1442) ; at Chira, 630' ; founds Panama, l»a ; d. (1531). Aviler, Augustin Chas., b., 6902; d., 6943. Avilez, v del Ficrro Gabriel de, b. (1745±); governor, 6053 ; d. (1810). Avitus, Alcim.-Ecdicius, b., 6623 ; d., 6642. , Marcus M;ecilius, reigns ; deposed, 10712 • d. (456). Avizard, Gen., governor Algeria, 92. Avon-by-the-Sea, N. J. Assembly, 3862. Avondale coal mine, fire, 2673. Avonmore, Viscount of, title created, 933' . Avricourt, Balny D\ at Hanoi, 480' , 2. Avrigny, Charles Joseph Loeuillard d', b., 7023 ; d., 7242. Avril, Jean Jacques, b., 7003 ; d., 726' . Axavcatl, leader, 12' ; enthroned, 132, 3 ; d., 122. Axes are manufactured, Conn., 134' . Axtell, Samuel B., b. (1819) ; gov. N. Mex. (Ter.), 295'; d.,388'. Ayaeueho, Spaniards defeated, 490'; bat- tle of, 550' , 643' . Ayala, Balthasar de, b.-d., 5403. , Juan de Dios de, gov., 6303. , Pedro Lopez de, b.-d., 11202 ; Rimado de Palacio, 11271. Ayesha, b. (611 i) ; slain, 4841 . Aylesford, E. of, title created, 9051 . Ayllon, Lucas V.de, b.(1475-) ; expedition, 191 ; catches slaves, 192, 3 ; d., 112S2. Aylmer, Baron, title created, 9051 . , Lord, gov.-gen., 579 2 . Avmar, Jacques, b., 6902 ; d., 6971. Ayolas, Juan de, in Parag., 213 ; d. (1538). Ayoob Khan, in Afg., 61,2,71. Ayrault, Pierre, b.', 6803 ; d., 6S62. Ayrenhoff, Cornelius Hermann, b. (1733) ; Der Postzug, 8032 ; d. (1819). Ayrer, or Ayer, Jacob, d., 7923. Ayres, Romeyn Beck, Gen., b. (1825) ; at Boydton ; at Five Forks, 2443. Ayseue, Sir George, d., 8923. Avsheah, b.-d., 11542. Aytoun, William E., b., 9363 ; d., 9681 . Ayiithia, capital Siani ; taken, 11241 . Azaimeh mission, 657' . Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe, b.,703' ; d.,7283. Azan bin Gheo, killed, 4883. Azanza, Miguel -lose de, b.-d., 11283. Azara, Don Felix de, b.-d., 11283. Azariah. (See Uzziah) ; prophet, 11423. Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli d', b., 10843 ; d., 10882. Azi, Pasha, killed, 5652. Aziin, in Afg., 43, 52. Azli Pasha, eommand, 566'. Azores,_14' ; Columbus voyage, 141 , 2. Azores cable to Portugal, llll 3 . Azotus, action at, 11481 . Azov, canal, 11213 ; taken, 11572. Aztec Club formed, 1632. Axtecs' migration, Chicomoztoc, 112 ; ar- rive in Anahuac, Mex.; new cycle : mi- gration of , 132 ; ferocious, 121 ; language, 151 ; spread, 172 ; city in Driz. dis., 402' . Azuni, Domenico Alberto, b., 10842 ; d., 10862. Azzarkal, math., astron, 486' ; d., 4862, Baader, Franz X. von, b., 8023 ; d., 816' . Baal, worship of, 1141 ' . , King of Tyre ; revolts, 11453. Baalbec, Temple to Sun built, 11532. Baan, Jan van, b.-d., 11003. Baaslia, reigns, 11433. Baba-Ali, d., 91. l'.abbage, Charles, b., 9262 ; d. (1871). Babbitt, Isaac, b. (1799) ; d., 2092. Babcock, John, vaccination lymph, 950' . , Joseph W., b., 168' . , Orville E., Gen., b. (1835) ; in whisky frauds, 2912 ; d. (1884). , Thomas S., Speaker Confed., 2393. Babek, Al Khorremi, d., 11062. Babel, Tower of, built, 1140' ; confusion of tongues, 1141'. Bab-el-Moluk, tomb excavated, 648' . Babenburg, House est.,503 2 ; extinct, 505' . Baber, the Mogul, b., 43 ; conquers India, 4'; finis. Finpire, KH33 ; reigns, 5' ; takes Kabul, 4' ; d., 43. , Edward C, d., 10022. , Zaheir Adin, b.-d., 1043' . Babeuf, Francois Noel, b., 703' ; leader, 713' ; d., 7123. Bahinet, Jacques, b., 7102 ; d., 746' . Babington, Anthony, b. (1561) ; conspiracy, 8752, 3 ; d. (1586). Babo, Franz M. von, b„ 8023 ; d., 8122. Baboo Keshub Chtnalcr Sen, tins. Brahma Somaj, 10483. Babylon, capital, 11412; conquered, 1140', 1142' ; destroyed, 11442 ; colony planted, 11453; rebuilt; new empire, 1147'; em- pire ends, 6:512,11472; siege, taken, 1106', 1146', 11472 ; revolt, given to Seleucus, 10253, 1149'; retaken. 652', 11481; war with Egy., 6501 ; captured, 0521 , 10242. Babylonia, dynasties of, 11413, 11431 ; pays tribute to Egy., 6492 ; under Assyria, 11431 ; annexed to Assyria, 1145 2 . Baccarat .scandal, 592 2, '10063. Bacchante launched, 9801 . Baechini, b. (1651), 10833 ; d. (1721). Bacchyliees, b., 10162. Baccioccbi, Felice Pasquale, b. (1762); d. ? 7282. Bach, Johann Christian, b., 7963 ; d.,7983. , Johann Christoph Friedrich, b.,8002: d., 8063. , Johann Sebastian, b., 7982 ; d., 8022. , Kail Philippe Emanuel, b., 7983; d., 8043. , Wilh. Friedniann, b., 7983 ; d., 8042. Bache, Alexander Dallas, b., 1122 ; Sani- tary Conimissioncr, 1971; d.,256'. , Franklin, b. (1792) ; d., 2312. , George M., b., 1521 . , Hartman, d., 2781 . , Sarah, b., 662 ; d., 114' . Bachelet, Jean Louis Theodore, b., 7223. Baehniaier, .Anton, dictionary, 825 1 . Bachman, John, b., 1022 ; d., 284' . Back, Sir George, b., 9283 ; Arctic expedi- tion, 946'; on Wager River, 918'; on Black River, 578' , d., 9822. Backer, A., arrested, 3892. Backus, Azel, b., 74' ; d., 1242. , Charles, b., 662 ; d., 1102. , Isaac, b., 602 ; at Middleborough, 71'; d., 1122. , Jay S., b., 1162. , J. Chester, moderator, 197' . , J. T., moderator, 2702. , William W., will, 4103. Bac-Ninh, Chinese defeated, 482' . Bacon, Alice Mable, Japanese, 3963. , David F., d.,2423. , David W., d., 286'. , Ezekiel, b. (1776) ; d., 272' . , Francis, Lord Verulam, b., 873' ; works, 877' , 8783, 8803 ; king's sergeant, 8792 ; heat as motion, 8x01 ; character, 881' ; titles ; bribery, 8812 ; d., 882' . , loelS., b. 110'. , John, b., 9103 ; Mars, 918' ; d., 9283. Baco-Bald. Text Figures denote Page. IJMJ-)JiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1183 Bacon, Leonard, b., 110' ; d., 3082. , "Woolsey, b., 138' ; works, 2803, 3123. , Nathaniel, b., 361 ; rebellion, 462, 47', 2; traitor, 47' ; sustained, 472; d., 462. Bacon, Nicholas, Sir, b., 866' ; chanc; min- ister, 8732, 8753 ; baron, 879' ; d., (1579). , Roger, b.-d., 852'; telescope, magic lantern, camera, spectacles. NT,!' ; works, 854' , 3 ; in p r ., 8543 ; gunpowder, 8562. — Society fnd., 9942. Bacone, Indian University fnd., 3043. Bactria, Scythians expelled, 1043 2 . Bactrian kingdom fnd., 11492. Badajoz, Sp., taken, 7182,9342 ; besieged, 1128' ; insurrection, 11322. , Hernan Sanchez de, fnd., 630' . Badalocchio, b., 10822 ; d., 10S23. Bad-Axe River, Indian wars, 140' . Bad-Debt Agency swindlers, 4522. Baden, explosion on, 836' . Baden-Baden, margrave of, Ludwig W., b., 6902 ; d., 6963 ; bridge blown up, 738' ; Lindolf , D. Swabia, 7733 ; Ernst, D. Swabia, 7752 ; Charles "William, mar- grave, 7973 ; treaty, 7993 ; Charles Fred- erick, margrave, 8012 ; acquired, 8033 ; receives territory, 809 ' , 2 ; Charles Fred- erick, grand D.f territory added, grand duchy, 809 3 ; Charles Lewis Frederick, D., 8111; constitutional monarchy, 811' ; leaves Confederation, 8112 ; new consti- tutions, 8113 ; Louis William Leopold, grand D., 8133 ; press suppressed, 815' ; Liberals' demands, 817' ; invaded, 818' ; republican insurrection, 817 2 ; autonomy granted, 820 2 ; political offenses, 821' ; concordat with pope ; ecclesiastical law, 8212; civil marriage, S25' ; peace with Prus., 8252 ; joins Tariff Union, 8253 ; universal suffrage, 827'; joins North Ger. Confederation, 827 2 ; gambling- , Jacob, b., 638' ; d., 6382. Hill, Saxons defeated, 840' . Powell, George, Sir, b. (1S47) ; arrives, 387'. , George Smyth, Sir, arbiter, 10073 ; commissioner, 593' . Badens, Col., at Nam-Dinh, 4802. Badger, George, Edmund, b. (1795) ; Sec. Navy, 1532 ; d. (1866). , Percy, d., 9982. , Joseph, b., 71' ; d., 1602. — , Oscar C, b., 1302. , Wm, b. (1779) ; gov., 1452 ; d. (1852). Badia y Leblich, Domingo (Ali Bey), b.-d., 1129'. Badius, Jodocus, b.-d., 540 2 . Bad Lands, S. Dak., lighting, 372' . Baduaris, commands Romans, 1072'. Baeda. (See Bede.) Baeker, Jacob van, b.-d., 10982. Baena, Alfonso de, Cancionen), 1127' . Ba-en-neter, reigns, Egy., 645 3 . Baer, Ernst von, on mammals, 814' ; law of, 11162. Baert, Baron, Alexandre Balthasar Fran- cois de Paule, b., 7003 ; d., 7242. Baez, Buenaventura, b. (1810) ; pres. Dom. Rep., 6432 ; overthrown, 6433 ; d. (1884). Baffin, William, b., 8742 ; arctic expedi- tion, 28' . SS0' , 570= ; d., 8802. Bay, dis., 570 2 , 3 ; monument, 123. Bafnnland, communion in, 570 3 . Bafoulahe, fort at, 753' . Bagaces, burned, 6302. Bagagem mission, 5563. Bagamoyo, massacre ; burned, 5623 ; Stan- ley's supplies, 563' ; war, 8383. Bag'as, Karl, d., 820'. Bagby, Arthur Pendleton, b. (1794) ; gov., 1492 - d. (1858). Bagdad, King Semprad martyred, 1155'; fnd., 4853 ; apothecary's shop, 4873; cap- ital, 487'; books burned, 4862; calif ate ended, 4873; Tartars take, 486'; taken, 1106 2 , 1155' ; occupied, 11072 ; annexed to Tur., 11572. , Mex., occupied by Am., 1096' . Salerno, medical schools, 4842. Bage rebellion, 560' . Bagehot, Walter, b., 9422 ; d., 9822. Baggalley, Sir Richard, b. (1816) ; lord jus- tice, 9812 ; d., 9982. Baggesen, Jens Immanuel, b., 638' ; Comi- cal Tales : Aluenlied; Labyrinth, 639'; d., 6382. Bagioli, Antonio, b. (1795) ; d., 272' . Bagley, John J., b. (1832); gov. Mich., 285' ; d. (1881). Baglione, Giovanni, b., 1081' ; d. (1650). Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, b., 10783 ; d., 10803. Bagnal, Lieut., in duel, 9372. , Edward, Sir, at Blackwater, 876' . Bagneux, attacked, 742' . Bagoas, assassinates Artaxerxes HI., 11073 ; killed, 11062, 11073. Bagore, mission, 6571. Bagot, Baron, title created, 9212. , Sir Charles, b., 9222; gov.-gen., 5793 ; d. (1843). P. auratides, dynasty of, 1155 2 . Bagration, Pr. Peter, b., 11162 ; a t Moho- low, 7162 ; at Smolensk, 7182 ; d., 11163. Bagshawe, Edward G., cons. R. C. bp., 9742. Bagshot, Royal Albert Orphan Asy., 9672. Bahadur Shah, b. 1642 ; crushes Sikhs, 1044' ; reigns, 1045' ; d., 10443. , killed, 1048' . Bahama wrecked, 3113. Bahamas, W.I., granted to S. C, 433 ; see of, est., 9583. Bahia discovered, 14 2 ; Portuguese colony 5532 ; Alvarez, gov. of, 173 ; gold, 5522 Jesuits, 5531; colony plundered, 241 taken, 301 ; army reembarks ; revolu- tion, 554'; royalty arrives, 555' ; Florida seized, 556'; mission, 5562; boycotting leagues, 5583, 2383. Hahiuani Empire falls, 10433. Bahnsen, Julius Fred. Augustus, d., 830'. Bahr, Johann Chris.Felix, b.,8063; d.,828' . Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich, b., 8003 ; d., 8062. Baie, St. Paul, typhoid fever, 5872. , Chaleurs R. R. Co. investiga., 593' . Barf, Jean Antoine de, b., 6S0 3 ; Mimes, 685'; d., 6842. Baihaut, M., minister, 755 2 ; Panama Canal Scandal, 7643. Baikie, William B., b., 9402 ; d., 968' . Bail, Charles Joseph, b. (1777) ; d., 7243. , Bennett G., surrendered, 242' . , Gamaliel, b., 114' ; d., 1842. , Jacob Whitman, b., 1162 ; d., 180' . , James Roosevelt, b., 123' . — — , Joseph, Lieut.-col., at Falls of Alex- andria, 232'; d., 256'. , Joseph C, com. colonel, 400' . , Joseph W., b., 229' , , Philip James, b., 9382 ; works, 9503, 9603. , Samuel, d., 9742. , Silas, b., 116' ; d., 2842. , Theodoras, 1122 ; d., 2941. , informer, murdered, 989'. Baillargeon, Charles Francis, cons., 582' ,2. Baillet, Adrien, b., 6883 ; d., 6962. Baillie, Joanna, b., 9162 ; d., 9562. , Matthew, b., 915' ; d., 9403. , Robert, b., 8762 ; d., 8902. Baillot, Pierre Marie Fram;ois de Sales, b., 7042 ; d., 7282. Baillou, Guillaume de, b., 6803 ; d., 6862. Bailly, leader of Feuillants, 707' . , Antoine, d., 7302. , M., works, 7292. , Jean Sylvain, b., 6983 ; d., 7082. Baily, Edward Hodges, b., 9242 ; paints, 9343,940'; d. (1867). , Francis, b., 9183 ; red flame, 9502 ; d., 9522. Bain, Alexander, b.,9382 ; electric clocks, 948' ; d., 9822. , Francis, d., 596' . Bainbridge, William, b., 78' ; at Tripoli, 110' ; captures Java, 118 2 ; captured, 122'; d., 142'. Barnes, Edward, jour., b., 9183 ; d., 1002' . , , polit., b., 9302 ; d. (1890). , Matthew Talbot, b., 9283 ; d. (1860). Bains, Albert, moderator, 170 2 . Baird, Absalom, b., 132' . , Charles Washington, b., 136'. , David, Sir, b., 9143 ; at Seringapatam, 1046' ; at Cape Town, 697' ; d. (1829). , George A., d., 426' . , Henry Martyn, b., 140' . , Spencer Ful'lerton, b., 1302 ; d. (1887). Bait Act, unenforced, 591 2 . Baius, Michael, b.-d., 5402. Bajada del Parana, capital, 5911 . Bajazet I., conquers Bulgaria, 565'; an- nexes, 565 3 ; defeats' Sigismund, 11341 . , Hderim, b.-d., 11543 ; reigns, 11571 ; overruns Turkey, 11561 ; in Wallachia ; strife of sons, 11121 ■ defeated, 10352. Bajazet II., defeats Hung., 5081 ; against Turks, 6542 ; reigns ; deposed, 11572. Baji Rao, reigns, 10452. Baker, Albert S., promoted captain, 3981 . , Conrad, gov. Ind., 2593 ; mobs, 2752. , David S., nom. for gov. R. I., 4272. , Edward Dickinson, b., 11102 ; speech, 18S3, 1991 ; at Ball's Bluff, d., 200' . , Frederick S., drowned, 4762. , G. F., Metropolitan Museum, 368' . , Gen., in Afg., 6' . , Harriett.' Newall Woods, b., 1262. , Henry, b., 9002 ; d. (1779). , Henry M., b., 1522. , Jacob, d., 2742. , John Gilbert, b., 9462. , John R., accused, 3723. , Joshua, gov. La., 2652. , Lafayette C, d., 262' . , Lewis, minister, 4473. , Nathaniel Bradley, b. (1818) ; gov. N. H., 1772 • d. (1876). , Osmon C., b. (1812) ; ord. M. E. bp., 1702 ; d., 2742. , Peter, b., 870' . , Sam. White, Sir, b., 9403 ; discovers lake, 9662 ; in Afr., 5603 ; expedition ; course, 658'; in Egy., 6583; expedition to Nile, 973'; d. (1893). Valentine (Baker Pasha), b. (1825); defeated near Tokar, 0f>s2 ; d., 996 2 . , William, b., 1382. , Wm. Mumford, b., 1311 ; d., 3142. , W. T., World's Fair, 4053. , invents canal engine, 11002. City, Ore., robbery, 4762. Univ., Kan., fnd., 1822. Bakersfleld, Cal., fire, 3433. Baki Mehemet Khan, rules Bokhara, 5492. Bakunin, Mikhail, b., 11163 ; d., 11182. lialaam curses Israel, 11403. Balahanow in England, 566 2 . Balnguer, Vittorio, b., 11303. Balaji enters Delhi, 1044' ; terrifies, 10452. Balak intimidated, 11413. Balaklava, occupied ; battle, 9581 , 9601 . Balambangan, English possess, 5111 . Balance wheel movement dis., 888 2 . Balard, Antoine J., b., 7143 ; d., 7501 . Balasor factory opened, 10451. Balban, reigns, 10432; d. (1286). Balbi, Adriano, b., 10843; d., 10863. Balbimonus, Decimus Cselius elected, augustus, 10671; k. (238). Balbin, Jose Antonio Lacayode, gov., 6302. , Lorenzo Antonio de Granda y, gov., 6302. Balbo, Cesare, Count, b., 10843 ; Speranze d'Jtalia, 10871; d., 10863. , Pietro hanged, 3043. Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, b.-d., 11263 ; lands, 10393 ; in Guiana; discovers Pa- cific, 163 ; beheaded, 173. Balearres, Earl of, title created, 8851. Balch, George B., b., 1301 . Balchen, Sir John, !>., S922 ; lost, 9101. Balde, Jacob, b., 7923; works, 7971; d 7963. Balderlc, Bishop, b.-d., 6683. Baldermus inv. anastatic printing, 8161 . Baldi, Bernardino, b., 10833 ; d., 10823. Baldinger Ernst Gottfried, b., 8002 ; d., 8082. Baldinucci, Filippo, b., 10833 ; d., 10831 . Bald Knob terrorists hanged, 3303 ; re- venge, 3311 ; robbed ; hanged, 3391 . Baldovini, Francesco, b., 10823 ; d., 10831 . Bahlucci, Francesco, d., 10823. Baldung, Hans, b., 7862 ; d., 792' . Baldwin I., Count of Flanders, d., 6662. II., Count of Flanders, founds Dun- kirk, 6673 ; Fourth Crusade, 6703. I., b. (1171) ; defeated ; prisoner, 1034' ; Emp. of Constantinople, 1035'. V., of Flanders, regent, 6692. 1., b. (1058) ; King of Jerusalem, 11552 ; d. (1118). II., K. of Jems., 11552 ; Emp., 1035' ; besieges Constantinople, 10341 ; d., 11543. in., b.-d., 11543 ; King of Jerusalem, 11552. IV., b.-d., 11543 ; King of Jerusalem, 11552. V., King of Jerusalem, 11552. , heir of Philip of Flanders, b., 5442. , Abraham, h. (1754) ; pres. senate, 1112 ; d. (1807). , E. P., Treasury Dept., 4472. , Henry, b., 912 ; d. (1844). 1184 Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DxLJK.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Bald-Bank. Baldwin, Henry Porter, b. (1814); gov. Mich., 2692. , John Dennison, b., 11G< ; d., 3141 . , Matthias Wm, b., 1061 ; d., 2541 . , Melvin R., b., 1482. , M. S., cons, bp., 9922. , Roger Sherman, b. (1793); gov. Conn., 1591; d. (1863). , Stephen L., missionary, 6203. , Theoron, b. (1801) ; d., 2702. , Thomas, b., 683 ; d., 1322. , Fla., captured, 2302. , Kan., Baker Univ. fnd., 1822. , Tenn., Beauregard at, 208 2 . Bale,Jobn,l>.(14!6) ; /('W/Vr.svS71i ; d.,8721. Balearic Islands under Rome, 10571 . Baleazar, King, 11432. Balechou, Jean Jos. Nich.,b.,697i ; d.,7031 . Balen, Hendrik van, b.-d., 5403. Bales, Peter, b. (1547) ; stenography, 8771 ; d. (1610). Balestier, Charles Wohott, b. (1861) ; VaM- lahka, 4203 ; d. (1891). Balestra, Antonio, !>., 1083' ; d. (1740). Balfe, Michael William, b., 9343 ; d., 9742. Balfour, Arthur James, b. (July 25, 1848) ; minister, 9933, 9953, !)'.)72; Land Purchase Bill passes, 10033; Irish Relief Fund, 10052; Irish Local Govt. Bill, 10001; lord treasurer, 10073. , Baron, title created, 8772. , George, Sir, d., 10102. , James, Sir, d., 8742. — -, John, leader, 8943. , Hattou, b., 9343 ; d. (1884). Balinhard, Baron, title created, 9651 . Baliol, Edward de, K. of Scot., 8573 ; de- feated, 858 1 ; in Eng.; made King, 859'; sells right, to throne, 8592; d. (1363). , John of, King, b.-d., 8542; contests crown, 855 3 ; reigns, X5i;3 ; surrenders crown; prisoner, 8571 ; d. (1269). Balize, Spaniards routed, 5641. Balkans, mission, 5652- earthquakes, 5693. Balkh, held by Shere AH, 52. Ball, Ephraim, b., 1182; d. (1872). , Hannah, est. Sunday-school, 9191. • , John, preaches, S58 2 ; insurrection- ist, 8611; d. (1381). , John, explorer, d., 10001 . , — — X., lord chancellor, 9793. ., Thomas, b., 1281 . Ballads, popular, 8623. Ballanche, Pierre Simon, b., 7043 ; d., 7301 . Ballantine, William, b., 9362 ; d., 9962. Ballantyiie, James, b., 9183 ; d., 9462. , James Kob., I). (1813) ; d., 9681. Ballarat, gold fields, 4961 ; insurgent mi- ners, 4972 ; l>;uik robbery; riots, 4963; dio- cese, 4982; see f, est., 9722 ; Bp. Thorn- ton elected, 9803; Bp. Moore cons., 9862; Home-rule meetings, 500 2 . Ballard, David W., gov. Ida. Ter., 2553. , John, in conspiracy, 875 3 . Balliiiahineli, action at, 9281 . Balhnamuck, Fr. defeated, 7122. Ballivian, Adolfo, b. (1831) ; pres., 5512 • d. (1874). , Jose, b. (1804;; pres.,6503- d. (1852). Balloon ascension, Prof. Wise, 841 ; at Phila., 1041; in army, 1993; in Boston, 4093; Atlantic voyage, 282' ; tirst made, 9222; first in Fr., 704' ; ascensions, 7433; hot air invented, 11113. Society fnd., 9861 . Ballot, first used, 302; i n N. Y., 3552. - Bill passed, Fr., 7572. box stuffed, Jersey City, 3591; of- fenders released, 421 1 . rejected, G. B., 9613. Ballou, Hosea, b., 762; a. (1852). , , b., 1061; Unitarian, 1062; views announced, 108 3 ; d., 1701. Balls, masked, prohibited, 1171. Ball's Bluff, Va., battle, 2001 ; Cong., 2013. Ballybay, Ire., riot at, 9432. Ballyeastle, coal mine discovered, 9181 . Balinaeeda, Jose Manuel, b. (1842) ; pres., 607 3 ; persecuting; bomb for, 6083; re- volt against, 60.sl ; manifesto; dictator, 6091 ; risings ; suicide, 6092. Balmerino, Arthur Elphinstone, Lord, b. (1688); executed, 9112. Balmez, Jaime L., b.-d., 11303; El Protes- tantisimo comparanda, 11311. Balo, invaded; punished, 6 3 . Balolo, mission at, 10943. Balonya riot, 5343. Baloza settlement threatened, 5642. Baloze mission, 5643. Balta, Jose, b. (1816) ; pres.,11082; d.(1872). Baltard, Victor, d., 748. Baltcheff, M., shot., 5682, 5693. Balthasar murders Wm. of Orange, 10993. , Theodor, b., 7983. Baltic, vessels pay dues, 6373 ; frozen, 6362 ; neutral for commerce, 6392, 11153 ; Ger- man ports blockaded, 7401 , Canal opened, 6393. — — fleet, Queen reviews, 9581 . , Ire., fishing-school est., 9961 . provinces incor. with Rus., 1119 3 . . (See Calvert.) Baltimore, Md. ; founded, 632 ; first Epis. Church, 643; Meth. Conf. at, 932, 951; umbrellas intro., 771 ; first theater, 891 ; 98i; streets lighted, 953; first Bapt. Ch., 982; R. C. see erected, 1002; St. Mary's Sem. fnd.; Baltimore Daily Repository; First Gen. Conf., M.E., meets, 1023; cen- sus; center of population, U. S., 1033; Constellation launched, 1061; mob, 1191; British attack, 1222 ; Tract Society org.; Portico issued, 1251 ; American Farmer, 1271 ; yellow fever ; First Savings Bank est., 127 3 ; Wm.Ellery Channingpreaches, 1282; Meth. reformers meet, 1322; fire- brick mfg., 1341 ; public school est., 1371 ; Meth. Prot. Ch. org., 1382 ; locomotive mfg. ,'1381 ;Nat. Republican Party meets; Anti-Masons meet, 1392; 1st Nat. Demo- cratic Conven. meets, 1411 ; Bank of Md., riot, 1452 ; Baltimore Transcript, 1463 ; Baltimore Snn issued, 1471 ; Mercantile Library Asso. fnd.; City Coll. fnd., 1503; Dem. Nat. Conven. meets, 1513, 1572,1651 , 1711,1882; 2792; Green Mount Cemetery dedicated, 151 3; telegraph to Wash. ,1561 ; WhigNat.Conyrn. meets, 1572, 1711, 1812; M d. Historical Library find., 15S3; Ladies' China Miss. Soc. org., 1642; Dem. Nat. Conven., 1651 , 1711 ; Whig Nat. Conven., 1711; R. R. collision, 1753; o. S. Pres., synod org., 1763; Know-Nothings riot; "Rip Raps" and "Wampanags" riot, 1803; Whig. Nat. Conven., 1812; R. R, to St. Louis, 1833; "Plug Uglies" rule, 1832; streetcars run, 1873; acquires Druid Hill Park, 1902; secession mob; Mass. 6th Regt. mobbed, 1941; troops again pass; Butler occupies, 1942 ; secession flag, 1943 ; troops excluded, 1951 ; John Merryman arrested; disloyalty in, 195 3 ; troops pass, 3031 ; martial law, 2232; Early moves on, 2351 ; Republican Nat. Conven. meets, 235 2 ; Rieketls arrives; Farly approaches, 2361 ; First Nat. LaborCong. meets, 2413; Lincoln obsequies, 2472; hail-storm, 2521 ; Peabody lust, fnd.; Centenary Bib- lical Inst, org.; Morgan Coll. and Dela- ware Conf. Acad, org., 2543; negroes cel- 15th Amendment, 2703; Coll. of Phys. and Surgeons. 2782; Nat. Dem. Conven., 2792; fire, 2833 ; Morning Herald, 2883 ; Johns Hopkins Hospital, 2913; Johns Hopkins Univ., 2922; IVabody Inst. Li- brary fnd., 2922; Methodists unite, 2942; Presbyterian Hospital opd.; mob stones troops, 2971 ; W. C. T. U., Nat. Conven. 3011; anniversary of founding, 3053; Charity organization Soc. fnd., 3071; aqueduct opd., 3093; G. A. it. meets, 3103; pier gives way, 315 3 ; R. C. Plenary Coun- cil, 3182; Public Library opd., 3231; Wo- men's Meth. Coll. fnd., 3332; Sub-Treas. thief dis., 3333; R. c. clergyholdservices, 3382; Sweet Potato Trust fmd., 3433; R. C. high-license mass-meeting; Archbp. Satolli arrives; Cong. R. C. laymenopens, 3463; Catholic Young Men's Soc. org., 3482; Morgan Coll. org., 3543; fire, Ma- sonic Temple, 3733; Corpus Christi Church con., 3742; highlicenselaw,375i ; Mass. Volunteers entertained. 3821 ; fire, 3853,4193; Sunday closing, 3931 ; Detroit launched, 3941 ; Montoomen/ launched, 3961; Nat. Prison Reform Asso., 4183; distillery seized, 4263; anniversary of Stamp Act, 4403 ; Southern Immigration Land Co., 4613. and Ohio R.R., corner-stone, 1353; opd., 1373, 1752; strikes, 1823; strike begins, 2963; extended. 3533; Co. circular, 361 1 . and Susquehanna Railroad opd., 1393. and Washington R. R.opd., 145 3 . and Wilmington R. R., opd., 1493. , Lord. (See Calvert, Cecil.) Baltimore, Pres. Harrison received on board, 366' ; resails for Sweden, 3661 ; a t San Francisco, 3981 ; to recapture Itata, 3821 ; sailors' outrage, 3951 , 3981 , 3992,3, 4003, 4011, 4021; sails from Valparaiso, 4181; to Korea, 4601 ; ordered to Taku, 4761. Balton, Baron, title created, 925 2 . , Ensign de, in duel, 9352. Baltzer, Johann B., b., 8082 ; d., 8262. , Wilhelm E., b., 8102 ; d., 8321 . Baluc, Jean de la, b., 6762 ; d., 6783. Baluchi ; population ; religion ; translated, 5393. Baluze, Etienne, b., 6882 ; d., 6981 . Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de, b., 6842 ; works, 6872, 0891 , 6903 ; d., 6902. , Honore de, b., 7142 ; works, 7252, 7271 , 72S3, 7303 ; d., 7302. Bamberg, Peace of, 7853. , bishopric, 7742 ; Diet of, 7791 ; taken, 7942 ; Univ. opd., 7971 ; faculty theology, 8011; Faculty of Medicine, 8032; sus- pends, 8091. Bamberger, Ludwig, b., 8122. Bamjur, (i:iinKi;i, liurned, 10101 . Bampton Theological Lectures, 921 1 . Ban of Croatia at Velencze, 5221 . Banana mission, 10943. Banat ceded, 615 1. Banbarre, Livingstone reaches, 5611 . BancaRomana suspends payments, 10903. Bancroft, Aaron, b., 711 ; d., 1502. , George, b., 1082 ; works, 1322, 1443 ; est. Annapolis Naval School, 1581 ; Sec- retary Navy, 1592 ; d., 3761 . , Hubert Howe, b., 1401 ; Utah, 3502. , John Chandler, b., 1301 . , Richard, b. (1544) ; archbp. Canter- bury, 8782 ; d. (161Q). Bancroft launched, 4061 . Band, Eng., permanent military, 8661 , • of Hope (Temp.), fmd., 9551 , 9611 . of Hope Union formed, 9991 . Bandel, Ernst von, b., 8063 ; statue of Her- mann, 8281 ; d., 8282. Bandello, Matteo, b., 10783 ; Tales, 1081 2 j d., 10803. Bandelli, Baccio, b. (1488) ; d., 10803. Bandiera, Attilio, 1.., 10862 ; shot, 10872. , Emilio, b., 10862 ; d., 00863, 10872. , Sada, submits, 1111 1 ; minister, 11112. Bandini, Angelo Maria, b. (1726) ; d., 10843. Bandmann, Daniel Edward, b., 8143. Bandits in Chile, 60S3 ; at Nfmes,7221 ; re- lease prisoners (Cuba), 6342.' Bandon, Earl, title created, 9311. Baiultke, Samuel, b., 11162. , Jerzy Samuel, b. (1768) ; d., 11163. Bane, Donald. (See Donald VII.) Baneda, Fr., Sanchez de la, gov., 6053. Baner (Banier), Johan G., b.-d., 11342 ; marshal at Wittstock, 5121 . Banffy, Baron, new ministry, 5383. Bang, Peder Georg, b., 6382 ; d., 6403. , Stephenson, Cliristianhe titan's Bes~ l.rifnelse, 11041 . Bangal Afghans expelled, 10441 . Bangalore taken, 9241 ; captured, 10442 ; Musore mission, 10462. Bangeolo, Lake, discovered, 5611 , 6003. Bangkok, capital Siam, 11241 ; Fr. troops in, 11242 ; mission, 11243, 6163. Bangor ; see erected, 8403. , Viscount, title created, 9231 . , Cal., hotel fire, 4093. , Eng. monastery burned, 8422. , Me., Theological Sem. cpd., 1243 j Democrat destroyed, 1991; mob, 1991; Reform Club, 2851. , N. W., Univ. College fnd., 9923. Bangs, Francis C, b., 1461 . , Heman, b. (1790) ; d., 2681 . , Nathan, b., 912 ; d., 2072. Banim, John, b„ 9283 ; d., 9502. Banionenvo, Fr., Fernando, bp., 6051 . Ban Jellachich, gov. of Hungary, 5213. Banjermassin, settlement at ; Sultan of ; appeal, 5512. Bank, opened for patriotic gifts, 932 first in Am., 952, 3 ; 2d est., 973 ; first U. S. enactment, 1032 ; second (1816-1836) ; it discounts, 1033; recharter vetoed, 1233. 1252, 1411; Jackson against, 1372; re- chartered, 1411 ; vetoed, 1411; "removal of deposits," 1432; not rechartered, 1433; incorporated at Phila., 1473, suspends, 1493 ; fails, 1613, 1553. , Fiscal Bill, 1532; passes ; vetoed, 1532;. second bill passed ; vetoed, 1532, 3. Bank-Bapt. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1185 Bank, Australian Joint-Stock fails, 10123. , Charitable, 6211. , first in It., 10733 ; of It., est., 10892. fnd. at Barcelona, 1127 1 . notes; Tax Repeal Bill debate, 4G1 3 ; suspended ; rejected, 4631 . of Amsterdam fnd., 1101 2 . of Copenhagen formed, 6393. of France established, 7153. of Eng., est., 9012 ; first stone, 9093 ; suspends cash payments, '.)2!)2, 3 ; contri- bution to govt., 9293 ; Alstett's frauds, 9311; forged notes on, 9392 ; specie for notes, 9393; completed, 9401 ; specie pay- ments, 9412 ; diminishes circulation ; monopoly broken, 9482 ; loss by forgery, 9451 ; rechartered,9472; Bill for renewal, 9532 ; gov. in privy council, 1007 2 . of Geneva founded, 11373. of Genoa founded, 10753. of Ireland instituted, 9233. of Rotterdam, 1101 2 . — of St. Petersburg founded, 11172. of Scotland founded, 9012. of Venice founded, 10753. robbery, U. S. : 3783, 4163, 4171 , 4183, 4222, 4443, 4542, 4602, 4603, 4702, 4723, 4743, 4762, 479I; at Balarat, Australia, 4963. Bankers drafts stamped. G. B., 9632. imprisoned, Ger., 8271 . save national credit, 1S93 ; loan U. S. money, 1992 ; loyalty, 1952. Bankke'ad, John II., b., 1541 . , John P., b., 1301. Banking bills pass, 2333. Bankrupt Act passes G. B., 9373, 9732. Bankruptcy Bill passes, 153 2 ; repealed, 1553, 2992; Bill, 3491, 3652, 4431, 4452; Ger., 8033. Bank scandal, Italian statesmen in, 1090 2 . Banks, Cape Town, suspend, 6033. , Eng., est., 9483 ; suspend, 9433. ', State, New York, est. ; Portsmouth, 1033 ; in Cincinnati, 1133 ; suspend, 1233; in Windsor, Vt., 1273 ; Savings, at Balti- more, 1273 ; of Md., riot, 1452 ; est. at Chicago, 1453 ; in N. Y., resume, 1493 ; Wild Cat currency issue, 1413 ■ specie payment suspended, 1-173 ; general bank- ing law passed, N. Y., 1492 ; Cal. B's. sus- pend, 1773 ; Boston est. clearing-house, 1793 ; State B. abolishment, 2013. , National, system approved, 2173 ; Na- tional B. Bill intro., 2192; currency dis- credited, 2293 ; Bills pass, 2333 ; tax of, defeated ; local taxation enacted, 2333 ; Tax Bill approved, 2352 ; National org, in Phila., 2373 ; State Bs. taxed, 2433 ; First National, est. at Portland, 2493 ; loans prohibited, 2053 ; circulation lim- ited, 2712; must restore capital, 2851; Owego suspends, 3593 ; Chicago Park B. suspends, 3013 ; ..Hirers, jury duty, N.Y., 3511; Western banks suspend, 4293,4333; resume, 4353; suspend, 4332; at St. Paul, Minn., 4353; time limit rule, 4353 ; re- sume, 4373 ; Southern close, 4333 ; Circu- lation Bill, Amendment, 437 1 ; swindle, Chicago, 4503 ; Bs. org. in 1863, 2293. , Joseph, Sir, b., 9103 ; pres. Boyal Society,9182 ; African Association, 9241 ; d., 9402. . Nathaniel P., b., 1242; M. C. speaker, 1791 ; condidate for v.-pres., gov., 1803 ; vote for v.-pres., 1812 ; Mass., 185=; in the Shenandoah, 1981 , 2051 ; crosses po- tomac, 2041 ; in army of Potomac, 2043 ; in Va., 2052; at Woodstock, 2052,3; near Winchester, 208 2 ; at Cedar Mountain, 2103; supersedes Butler, 2151 , 2162; sails for New Orleans, 216 2 ; attempt to assas- sinate, 2183 ; starts for Fort De Bussey, 2202; captures Opel< ntsas, 2203 ; arrives at Alexandria, 2221 ; at Port Hudson, 2222; retakes Brashear City, La., 2231 ; takes Port Hudson, 2242; at Sabine Pass, 2262; at Brazos Island, 227 1 ; at Alexandria, 2303 ; leaves Natchitoches ; at Pleasant Hill ; at Grand (Score, 2313 ; at Mata- gorda ; at Cane River Ferry ; to abandon Red River Expedition, 2321 ; succeeded by Canby, 2332; enrolls negroes, 2371; nominated for governor, 437 2 ; d., 4701 . , Thomas, b., 90.K2; ,\., 9323. Bannatyiie, George, b., 8681 ; d. (1608). Banneker, Benj., b., G2i ; d., 1122. Bannerman, Sir A., governor, 5792. Banner of Light issued, 1823. Bannister, Henry, d., 1183. Baiinoekburn, action at, 7561. Banquo, Thane, d., 8462. Bantry Bay, lighthouse destroyed, 9893. Banu Nadir, expelled, 4843. Banville, Theodore Faullain de, b., 7242; works, 7291 ,2, 7331 , 7363, 7371 , 7523; d., 7601. Baptism (Infant), upheld, 3G3; inconsis- tent with slavery, 57i ; anc. Gr., 10283. Baptists, in Am.; first Bapt. in Am., 262; in B. I., 262; church in Providence ; Williams a non-Baptist, 343; church at Newport; as heretics; church divided, 383; miscellaneous, 382, 422, 603, 742; fine, 763, 811,823; in Mass., banished, 342; persecuted, 303, 3S3, 102; tirstchureh, 422; miscellaneous, 522, 712,742,912, 1102, 1142, 1183; inN.Y., 402, 1023, 1251, 1281, loss, 3122; six Principle B. secede, 402, 763; in Va., 403, 422, 582, 663, 7S2, 823, 1143, 1511, 1523,. 3143, 3383; in Bos ton, 422, 482, 582, 651 , 742, 732, 4261 ; Seventh Day org.,422; in Me., 422, 1291 ; in S. C, 422,3, 542, 543, 023, 091, 1723, 1763; in N. J., 502, 571 , 711 ; i„ phila., 523, 542, 503, 603; i„ if. Y. City, 571, 5S3, 002, 723, 1232, 1542, 3022, 3«'42; in Pa., 582, 1631 , 1663, 2623; in Conn., 563, 571 , 623; in N. H., 5S3, 603, 932; i„ if. C, 603, 711 , 742, 1423, 1783, 1843, 2503, 3322; Gen. (Arminian), B., org., 603; in Md., 651, 663, 982; in Tenn., 742, 1443, 1043, 1003, 1703, 1723, 2803; Brown Univ. est., 742; in Vt., 762; j„ Miss., 932, 1123, 1703, 2023, 2063; Free Will, org., 932 ; in Ky., 951, 1391, 1762; number inU.S., 963, 1843, 2G23, 2823; Separate and Regular unite, 9S3; against slavery, 1002; i„ m. ( 1062, 1351, 1782, 2863; i n Ind., 1083, 1431; Bake Missionary Society find., 1142; Indian Missions, 1142, 1263; 1282, 1303, 1311, 1323, 1343, 1351, 1402,3, 1423, 1542, 1642, 1722, 1S43, 2452, 29S3; in Ala., 1143, 1543, 1822; in La., 1191 , 1731 , 2703; mis- sionary funds, 121 1 ; National For. Mis- sionary Soc. find.; Woman's Missionary Soc. find.; Triennial Convention fmd., 1232; Madison Univ. est., 1251 ; Christian Watchman, 1271 ; only For. Missions, 128 3 ; Hamilton Theological Institute; Colby Univ., Colgate Univ., 1291; Mrs. Judson returns ; Publication Soc, 1311 ; Newton Theo. Inst., 1323; Cnnipbellites disfellowshipped, 1343 ; Shurtleff Coll., 1351 ; Judson's gift; ZioiCs Advocate, 1363; GeorgotownColl.,1391 ; Home Miss. Soc. org., 1402; iicnnison Univ.; Baptist Weekly Journal, 1403; i n O., 1403, 32S3; Journal a ltd JIisseu3; pirates, 8' , 690' ; submit to Turk. 11572; wire trust fmd., 4013. pirates, 8' ; Fr. fleet against, 690' . Barbastro, Louis Cancer de, in Fla., 222, 232. Barbauld, Anna Letitia, b., 9102; d. (1845). Barbazan, Arnauld Guilhelm cle, d., 6762. , Etienne, Fables of the French Poets, 7032; d. (1770). Barbe, M., minister, 7563. Barber, Francis, b., 683; d., 96' . — — , Edward Altee, pottery and porcelain, 4783. , John Warner, b., 108' ; d., 3202. , Jonathan, missionary, 622. Barberini, Francesco, b., 10823; works, 1077'.; d. (1348). Barber ino, Andrea da, Reali di Francia, 10812. Barbers and surgeons unite, 868' ; corpo- rations, 9102. Barbes, Armand, leader, 7293; b. (18C9) ; d. (1870). Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques,!.. (1709); d.,7043. Barbey, M., minister, 7563,761'. Bill in Assembly, 7543. Barbeyrae, Charles, 'b., 686; d., 6943. , jean, b., 6922; d., 7003. Barbiano, Alberico, Count, d., 10782. Barbier, Antoine A., b., 703' ; d.,7242. , Charles, invents raised printing, 726' ; d. (1830 k). ,HenryAuguste, b., 71G3; Iambes, 727 ' ; d., 7522. Barbier, Paul Jules, b., 724' . Barbour, James, b., 823; gov. Va., 1193; pres. Senate, 1272; Sec. of War, 1333; d., 154'. , John, b., 8562; The Bruce, d.,-8602. , S., b. (1790) ; d., 406' . , Philip Pendleton, b., 96' ; speaker, 129' ; justice, 1472; d., 1522. Barbourville, Ky., Union Coll. fnd., 32S2. , W. Va., action at, 1962. Barbusse, Henri, Pleureuses, 766 2 . Barca, North Africa, founded, 10172. Barcelona. Sp., taken, 1125' ; Univ. of , fnd., 1127' ; treaty at, 6793; surrenders, 696' ; siege of, 902' ; captured, 1128' ; insurrec- tions, 1130' ; Progressist outbreak, 1131 2 ; revolutionary junta in power, 11313; ar- tisans' demands, 1131' ; mission ; exhibi- tion opens, 11323; besieged, 11322; Anar- chists disturb ; bomb in theater, 1133' ; martial law proclaimed, 11333; strikers' riots, 1133' . Barchou de Penhoen, Baron Auguste T. H., b.,7143; d., 7322. Barclay, Alexander, b.,8642; Ship of Fools, 8663; d., 870'. , George, Sir, org. Assassination Plot, 901'. , Jean, b., 6842; a., 6863. , John, Com. on Lake Erie, 1203. , John, b., 9082; d. 9283. , Jos., cons. Bp. of Jerusalem, 1157' . , Robert, d., 50 2 ; gov., 49 2 ; Quaker leader, 8863; d., 8982. deTolIv. Michael, b., 11143; d., 11163. , William, b., 86S2; d., 878' . Barcochba, rebellion, 1153 3 ; impostor, d., 1152'; 11533. Bares, Martin de, b., 6862; d., 6923. Bard, Samuel, b., 642; d., 130'. Bardeu-Dubourg, Jacques, b., 696 3 . Bardili, Christoph G., h., S023 : d., 8083. Bardolf, Lord, at Bramham Moor, 860'. Bardou, Joseph L., cons. R. C. bp., 9742. Bardoux, Agenor, b. (1829) ; minister, 751 2 . Bardsley, John, embezzler, 385' , 387 2 ; ju- risdiction, 3952; sentenced, 387' . , J. Wareing, cons, bp., 9962, 10082. Bardstown, Kv., raiders, 2143; outrage, 4423. , R. C. see erected, 1143. Bardwell, Ky., lynching, 433' . Barebone's Parliament assembles, 889'. Bareiro, Can. lido, ele.-ted president, 1106 3 . Bareli, fnd., 1045' ; Brit, capture, 1048' ; mission, 1048 3 , Barentz, Willem, explorer, 243; d., 10983. Barere de Vieuzac, Bertrand, b.,7022; d., (1841). Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, b., 1083' ; d., 10843. Barfield, Capt., at Merriwether's Landing, 2103. Barford, Paul Frederik, b., 6382. Bar^agli, Scipione, d., 10823. Barges, Jean Joseph, Lean.lre, b., 719'. P.arLdiasb rules Zanzibar, 5613. Bargiel, Woldemar, b., 814' . Barbara, Lord, lord admiralty, 9332. , Richard Harris, b., 9242; * Let/ends, 9503; d., 9542. Bar Harbor. Me., indictments, 3942. Bari, Saracens settle, 1072' ; Cathedral fnd.; taken, 1074'; annexed to Naples, 10S13. , leader, killed, 6833. Barillas, Gen., president, 10383. Baring, Lord Alexander Ashburton, b., 9183; signs treaty, 5793; d., 9542. Brothers suspensions, 1007 3 ; liabil- ities, 10123. , Chas., b. (1S07) ; bp., 95S3 ; d., 1002' . , Evelyn, Sir, b. (1841) ; comptroller- general, 6592. , Francis, Sir, b., 9103; d., 935'. , F. Thornhill, Sir. b. (1796) ; minister, 9492; lord admiralty, 9552: d. (1866). Gould, Sabine, b., 9462. , Thomas Charles, d., 10042. , George, minister, 9852. (Earl of Northbrook.) Barker, Fordyce, b., 128' ; d., 3842. , George Frederick, b., 44'. , Mrs., pres. W. C. T. U., 283'. , Thomas Jones, b., 9363 ; d., (1882). . , William Morris, Bp. Colo., 422'. Barkhusen, Hermann, works, 787' Barklv, Henry. Sir, I. .(1815); gov., 4972,601'. Barlaam. Bernard, d., 10762. Bar-le-Due, Prus. headquarters, 740' . Barlee, F. P., governor. 5643. Barletta, Protestant massacre, 10883. Barlow, Allan, endowment, 4702. , Chris. Geo., cons, bp., 10062. , C. G., installed, 5002. , explorer, 5743. , Gen. Francis Charming, b., 1422 ; near Rapidan, 232' . , Gen. Geo., gov.-gen. Ind., 1042, 9332. , Joel, b., 683; works, 1003, H03 1143; d., 1183. , John W., commissioned col. ,458' . , Peter, b., 9203 ; invents clocks and watches, 894' ; deviation of compass, 940' ; d., 9662. , Samuel Latham, b. (1826) ; library, 3542 ; d., 3422. , Wm., compass box, 878' ; d. (1625). Barmouth, gold discovered, 1006'. Barnabas, events of life, 1153' . Barnabite M.mks fnd., 1081'. Barnard, Lady Anne, b., 9122 ; d., 9422. , Baron, title created, 899 ' . of Ascania, Duke, 799' . , Charles, b., 144'. , Daniel Dewey, b., 1062 ; d., 1943. , D. M., d., 468'. , Edward Emerson, b. (1857) ; discovers comet, 326' , 330' , 414' . , F. A. P., will made public, 3443. , Frederick Augustus P., b., 116' ; d., 3381,2; will, 3443. , George, d., 1004' . , C., degraded, 2783. , Henry, Sir, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . , , b., 1162 ; com., 2562. , John Gross, b., 1241 ; d., 3102. , Judge, N. Y., decision ignored, 395 2 ; election case, 445' . - Barnard's comet visible, 994' . Barnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., b., 7023 ■ d., 7082. Barnburners withdraw, 165' ; Dem. con- ven., nom. Van Buren for Pres., 165' . Barnegat Inlet, men drowned, 4233. Barnes, Albert, b., 108' ; d., 272' . , Janies/b.(1809 -I; in Va.,2132; d. (1869). , Joseph K., b., 126' ; d., 3122. , Lyman E., b., 176' . , Thomas, b., 9242 ; d. (1841). , William, b., 9302 ; d. (1886). Barnesboro, miners' riot, 4682. Barnet, battle of, 864' . Barnett, Chas. R., commissioned major, 450'. , John,b. (1S02); Mountain ,SV»7i,946i ; d., (1890). Barneveld, Jan van Olden, b.-d., 10983, 11012. Barney, Joshua, b., 722 ; d., 1262. Barntiel.l. Richard, b., 8742 ; d. (1627). Barnham, Gen., k. at Fort Harrison, 238 2 . Barnier, Vicomte Henri de, academician, 756'. BarnsleyR. R. collision, 9753; coal miners strike, 993'. Barnum,HenryA., pensioned, 369' ; d.,400' ' , PhineasT.,b., 1162; museum burned,. 2493, 2613,3273; purchases Jumbo, 9893; banquet to, 10023 ; d., 380' . , William H., b. (1818) ; d., 3382. , Zenas, b. (1818); d., 2452. Barnwell, S. C, lynchers in, 351' . , Col. Robert, b. (1762); at New Berne. N. C, 58' ; d., (1814). , Robert Woodward, b. (1801) ; commis- sioner S.O., 1892 ; d. (1882). Barocci,Fiori Federigo d'Urbine, b.,1080 3 ; Descent fn mi Cross, 10802; d., 10823. Barochba', leader of Jews, 10643; 11533. Baroche, Pierre Jules, b. (1S02); minister of justice, 737'; d. (1870). Baroir, independence of Assyr., 11452. Barometer invented, 7962, 10822. Baron, Felix Platel, d., 7562. , H. F. von Stein, fnds. Society Ger. History, 813'. Laudon, Aust. leader, 516 2 . , Pierre, d., 686' . , Vincent, b., 6862; d., 6922. Baronets, hereditary, est., Eng., 879'. Baronius, Cesare, b., 10803 ; d., 10823. Barondess, Joseph, sentence, 4072. ■ Barons, rule Fr., 6673 ; war , Fr., 675' ; created, Eng., 8482 ; .■ensured, 8522 ; pos- sessions limited, 85:13 ; rule, 855 2 ; refuse king's demands, 857' ; rebellion, 857 2 ; independent, 10732. Baro-Bath. Text Figures denote Page, INJD1I.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1187 Barosa, battle at, 718' . Baross, Herr, minister, 5332. Barquisiineto, Venez,, fnd., 232; settled, 1160'. Barr, Matthias, b., 9442. Barraband, Pierre Paul, d., 719' . Barrackpur, troops rebel, 1048'." Barragan, Miguel, b.-d., 1095 2 . Barrande, Joachim, b., 7142 ; d., 754'. Barranquilla, insurrection, 628' . Ban-antes, Vicente, b., 11303. Barras, Count de (Louis), arrives in Am., 94'; puts to sea, 942. , Paul Jean Francois Nicolas de, b., 7022 ; commander in Paris, 7113; d.,7243. Barre, Antoine le Fevre de la, b. (1605±) ; gov. Canada, 5733 ; at Niagara, 48' ; d. (1688). , Col. Isaac, b. (1726) ; d., 9303. Barretter, Jacques, b., 6S62 ; d., 6922. Barreme, M., assassinated, 7543. Barres, Maurice, Le Citlte du Moi, 7622. Barret, Michael, convicted, 971' . Barrett, Capt., takes prisoners, 9342. , Col., defeated at Palo Pinto, 2463. , Elizabeth. (See Browning, 949' .) , James, convicted of murder, 9903. , Lawrence, b., 1482 ; d., 380' . Barrias, Felix Joseph, b. 724' . Barrie, Capt., burns French ships, 9342. , James Matthews, b. (1860) ; works. 10063. Barrier treaty, 515' , 543' ; signed, 11013. Barringer, John Walker, b. (1832) ; com- missioned colonel, 470' . Barrington, Viscount of, title created, 905' . , Dalnes, b., 90S' ; d., 9302. , George, b., 9123 ; transported, 9252 ; d., 9502. , Henry St. John, Viscount, b., 8942. , Jonah, Sir, b., 9163 ; d., 9462. , Win. Wildman, Lord, b. , 9042 ; d. (1793). Barrios, Gen. Gerrado, b. (1810±)j over- throws Pres. Castillo, 11232 ; appointed pres.; confederation; invades Salvador, 1038' ; rivalry, 10382 ; killed, 1038' . , Justo Ruhno, b.-d., 1039' ; president, 10382. Barristers, Eng., appointed, 8563. Barron, Charles, b., 1522. , Elwyn Alfred, The Viking, 3323. , James, b., 76' ; Com.; kills Decatur, 129' ; d., 1682. Barros, Joao de, b.-d., 1109 2 ; Conquest of the Indie*, 1109' ; captaincy, 5532. Barrosa, battle of, 9342. Barrot, Camille Hvacinthe Odillon, b., 7082 ; excluded, 7293 d. (1873), 746' , Barrow, Capt., massacre of, 604' . , Frances Elizabeth (Aunt Fanny), b. (1822) ; d., 458' . in-Furness, Bp. Ware cons., 10022. , Isaac, b. 8822 ; d., 8942. , John, Sir, b., 9162 ; d., 9542. , Washington, d., 254' . Barrowe, Henry, executed, 8763. Barrundia, Jose Francisco, b.-d., 1039'. , Gen. Martin, shot, 3773;' investiga- tion, 369' ; widow's claim, 3793. , imprisoned, 1038 2 . Barry, Alfred, bishop, 4982. , Beekman Du, War Dept., 3512. , Due de, assassinated, 7232. , Charles, Sir, b., 9263 ; d., 9642. , Edward Middleton, b., 9442 ; d., 9S6' . , James, b., 9103 ; d., 9323. , (Jeanne Becu), Comtesse du b. (1746 or 1743) ; influence, 7052 ; d. (1793). , John, b., 662 ; captures Edward, 862. d., 1102. , S.,b. (1785); gov. Mich. ,1572, 1692. , Martin, b., 9322 ; d., (1885). .William Fiirquhar, b., 13«2 ; d.,3022. , Taylor, P.M. Gen., b. (17S5\ 1372; d. (1835). ■, Judge, report on country, 987' . Barrymore, Maurice, b., 9542. Barsine, marries Alexander the Great, 1025'. Barstow, William, d., 2482. , A., b. (1811) ; gov. Wis., 175' . , John L., gov. Wis., 313 2 . Bar-sur-Aube, battle of, 7203. Bart, Jean, b., 6902; d., 6962. Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste du, b., 6803; ■works, 6843, 877' ; d., 6842. Bartelot, Maj., assassinated, 562' . Earth, Heinrich, b., 8122 ; d., 8222. Barthelemon, Francois H., b., 7002; de- posed, 7132; d., 7163. Barthelemy, M-, Aran! la /lasti/le, 754 2 . , Auguste .Marseille, b., 7123; d., 7362. , Jean J., b., 697' ; Anarcharsis, 7063 ; d., 7102. , St. Hilare, Jules, b., 7163; minister, 7532. Barthema, Lildovico, in Borneo, 551' . Barthez, Paul Joseph, b., 09X3; d., 7163. Barthold, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8063; d.,820'. Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste, b., 7262; Statue of Liberty, 754' . Bartholdt, B., b., 1722. Bartholdy, Jakob Salomon, b., 8042; d., 8123. Bartholin, Kaspar, b., 6362; d., 6363. , Thomas, b., 030 2 ; disc, lymphatics; double refraction, (it;tJ2; d., 6363. Bartholomew, Edward Sheffield, b., 130'; d., 184'. Bartholow, Boberts, b., 1382. Barthou, M., minister, 7672. Bartine, David W., b.. 114' . Bartlett.Chas. G., commissioned col., 356' . , Franklin, b., 1622. , John Bussell, b., 1122 ; g0 v., 2032 ; d. (1886). , R., commissioned captain, U.S.A., 398'. , Sherren, b., 1022 ; d. (1S63). ,iJosiah,b.,6l>2; gov.N.H., 105' ;d.,106' . , Sidney, d., 336'. , Wash. A., b. (1820±); gov., Cal., 3292; d. (18S7). , Wm., Francis, b., 152' ; d., 292' . , H., b., 9343; d., 9582. , H. C, b., 116'. Bartley, Mordecai, b. (17S3); gov. O., 1592; d., 2702. , Thomas W., gov. O., 1592. Bartol, Cyrus Augustus, b., 121'. Bartoli, Adolfo, b., 10862. , Daniele, b., 10823; d., 1083'. , Pietro Santi, b., 10823; d., 1086'. Bartolommeo, Fra., b. (1475); d., 10802; paintings, 10782, 1080' . Tiartolozzi, Francesco, b., 1084'; d., 1085'. Bartolus, b.-d., 10762. Barton, religious troubles, 5083. , Benjamin Smith, b., 74' ; d., 154' . , Bernard, b., 9233; d., 9542. , Clara, b. (1830); pres. Bed Cross Asso- ciation, 4242. , Joseph L. B., d., 1004' . , William, b. (1748); d., 1382. , Paul Crillon, b., 98' ; d., 178' . Bartram, John, b., 54'; botanist, 65 ' ; d., 89'. , William, b., 642; d., 1302. Bartseh.JohannA.I!.von,b.,!>143;il.,5202. , Karl F., b., 8142; d., 832'. Barye, Antoine Louis, b., 7102; d., 750' . Bas, reigns, 11473; repulses Greeks, 1148' . Basaiti, Marco, paintings, 1080', 2 . Basan, Pierre Francois", born, 698 2 ; died, 7113. Baschi, Malteo di, b., 1079' ; founds Order Capuchins, 1081'; d., 10803. Bascoin, John, b., 1342 ; works, 211' , 2683, 303' 30X3 323' . , HenryBiddleman, b., 106' ; bp., 1683; d., 168' . , Clay, nom. for pres., 4092. Bascon, Badenese troops defeated, 7422. Baseball, curve patching intro., 2693; Pro- fessional clubs, find., 309' ; Am. Asso. fnid., 3133. Basedow, Johann Berend, b., 8002; Orbis Pictus, 80S' ; d., 8043. Basel, Switz., Church Council at, 676 3 ; peace of, 7113; Univ. fnd., 1137' ; Refor- mation at, 11372; ozone discovered, 1138' ; Savings Bank opened, 11383; Society of Israel's Friends org., 11382. Bashford, Coles, gov. of Wis., 1792; d., 2982. Basil, Saint, b.-d., 10283. , heretic, 565 2 . 1., Emperor, b.-d., 10322 ; kills Michael III., 10332; overthrows Arabs, 11552; re- conquers Cappadocia, 1154' . II., Emperor, !>., 10322; subdues Bulg., 1032' defeats Bulg.,. r i(S',3 ; reigns, 10332; blinds prisoners, 10733; d. (1025). the Great, bp. of Caesarea, 10683; suc- ceeds Eusebius ; d., 1029' . Basilicas erected, 106S'. Basilicus, Jacob, impostor, k., 11122. Basin, Thomas, b.-d., 6762. Basing, Baron, title created, 9963. Basket ville, John, b., 9022; d., 919'. Baskewill, makes papier-mache, 910 2 . Baskin, Alonzo P., nom. for gov. Fla.,4113. Basking Ridge, N. J.; Lee captured, 843. Basnage dc lioauval, Henri, b., 6902; d., 6963. , Jacques, b„ 6902; d., 6982. Basque Provinces subdued, 1125' ; siege of, 1132'. Basra, action tit, 1156' . Bass, Edward, b., 602; bishop Vt., 1043; of Mass., 1063; d., 1102. , George, surveyor, 494' ; d. (1812). Straits discovered, 494' . Bassano, French victory, 7121. , Giacomo da Ponte, d., 10822. Bassanville, Comtesse de Ana'is (Lebrun), b., 7163. Basse, Jeremiah, governor, 55'. Bassein stormed, 1U402; mission, 1047' . Basseliu, olivie, b.-d., 6742. Bassett, Richard, gov. Del., 1093; d. (1S15). Basseus, in charge of Judea, 11533. Bassi, Laura .Maria Catarina, b., 1083' ; d., 10843. , Luigi, b., 10842 ; d. (1825). Bassiantts, Joannes, b., 10742. Bassini, Carlo, d., 272' . Bassompierre, Francois, b., 6842; d,, 6SS3. Bassus, Publius Ventidius, legate for An- tony, 10602; consul, 10612. Bast, Friedrich J., b., 803' ; d., 8102. Bastian, Adolph, b., 8123 ; a t San Salvador, 1093'. , Henry Charlton, b. (1837); Beqiuninqa of Life, 9763. Bastiat, Frederic, b., 7143; works, 7303; d., 7302. Bastidas, Rodrigo, in Venez., 15' ; New Granada, 162; discoveries, 11262; visits Colombia, 162. Bastide, Jules, b., 7142; d. (1879). Bastie, M. de la, tempering glass, 748' ; d., 752' . Bastien-Lepage, Jules, b., 7302; Joan of Arc, 73«i ; paintings, 7361 , 7501 ; d., 7541 Bastile, fall celebrated, 3643. (See Paris.) Bastwiek, Robert, fitted, 8831. Basutoland, war in, 5S93, 6021 ; under Brit., 5992; annexed, 6011; armistice, 6021; conflict of chiefs, 6022; peace; self-govt., 603'; punished, 11052. Batang Lupar, pirates, 552' . Batavia, seat of govt., 10443; Franks ex- pelled, 10673. , N. Y., Rowell acquitted, 315' ; Hoi. purchase commemorated, 4733. Batavian Republic fnd., 5432, 11013; rec- ognized, 5193; alliance, 7113; revolt, 768', 10633. Batbie, Ansclm Polycarpe, b. (1828); min- ister, 7473; d. (1887). Batchelder, Brig.-Cen. Richard N., in War Department, 4472, ;si3, 3621 . Batchelor, John, Aim of Japan, 446' . Batehford, Samuel, moderator, 1212. Bate, William B., gov., 3153; speech, 4392. Bateinan, Baron, title created, 945'. , Isabel, b., 174' . , John, settlement, 4953. , Kate Josephine, b. (1S42); appears, 9662. Bates, Almena, fnd. Soldier's Relief, 1923. , Edward, b., 1042; sustains Lincoln, 197 3 ; Atty.Gen., 193'; sustains habeas corpus, 2112; d.,266i. , Frederick, gov. Mo., 1332. , Gen., at Murfreesboro, 240 2 . , Henry Walter, b., 9422; d. (1892). , John C, com. colonel, 400' . , Joshua, b., 85'; d., 174'. , , b. (1864); d., 2392. — — , June, missionary, 5822. , Samuel Penniman, b., 1342. , Sergeant, arrives in London, 2793; wins rifle prize, 1002' . , Win., b. (1625); d., 9002. , W., 1'reas. Dept., 3512. , W. M., lynched, 4083. College organized, 2232. Batesville, Ark., Coll. organized, 2763. Bath, Eng., burned, 8493; Church Cong., 9742; r. r. collision, 9813; Brit. Asso. meets, 996' ; Bp. Kennion cons., 1012' . , Me., squadron at, 364'; Are, 451 3 ; steel ship launched, 451 3 . , N. Y., centennial, 4313; Soldiers' Home, 2923; Soldiers' Monument, 466'. 1188 Text Figures denote Page. J.JN Ull<.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Beli-Beat Batli, W. Va., Federals retire, 2021 . , E. of, minister, 8972. (See Pulteney.) , Manilas of, title created, 9232. and West of Eng. Soo. fnd., 9212. Beach, Dr. McUlynil's mass at, 4341. Bathori, Andreas, defeated, 11121 . , Stephen, b.-d., 1114=; Pr. of Transyl- vania; reigns in Poland, 1115 2 . Baths and Wash-house nuisance Act, 9552. Bathsheba marries David, 11431 , Bathurst, Earl of, title created, 915 2 . , Earl, Allen, b., 9S62; d., 9191 . , Earl, Henry, b. (1762); minister, 9433 ; d. (1834). , , b. (1714); lord chancellor, 9193; d. (1794). , Ralph, b., 8802; d., 9022. , Australia, see established, 9722. pastures, 4941; diocese, 4981; gold disc, 4942; Bp. Camidge cons., 996 2 . , West Africa, action at, 10101 . Bathyllus, introduces pantomime, 102S 2 . Batiuskof, Constantino Nieolacaviteh, b., (1787), d., 11182. Batoche, defenses carried, 584 1 . Baton Rouge, La., Louisiana Univ. org., 186 3 ; action at, 2103; Federals evacuate, 2111; Grover sent to capture, 2163 ; dis- cordant Repub. meet. 2791 ; capital, 301 3 . Batootah, Ibn, b.-d., 11262. Batory, Chi'istopher, grand prince, 511 2 . jSigismund, grandpr., 5112,3; d. (1613). , Stephen, b. (15J2i; Hungarian leader, 5081 ; d. (1586). Batseh, Admiral, sentenced, 8281 . Battalian, 91st org. in Can., 5881 . Battard, Victor, b., 7163. Battering-ram used, 10203. Battersea, London, Eng., Royal Masonic Institute fnd., 9252; Training-school fnd., 9503; Baron, title created, 9591 , Battery, electric, first constructed; nitric acid, constructed, 950i . Batteux, Charles, b., 6963; d. (1780). Batthyanyi, Pr. Karl von, b. (1697); leader, 5142; d. (1772). , Kasimir, b., 5191 ; d., 5242. , Louis, Ct.,b.(1809); gov., 5231 ; d.,5233. Batti, see created, S4S 3 . Battle, Lorenzo, Pres. Uruguay, 11603. Creek, Mich., Adventists' Conven., 3541; R. R. accident, 4413, 4651; street fight, 3641 ; B. C. College fnd., 2S63. Battlefotd, besieged, 5sii ; Indians hanged, 5851. Battle of Frogs and .Vice appears, 10271 . Battles', partial list of famous [see others in alphabetical place, naval battles are marked with a dagger] : Actium,-) 10281 ; Arbela,'10242; Agincourt, 676 1 ; Antie- tam, 2131 ; Atlanta, 2302 ; Auerstadt ; Austerlitz, 7161 ; Beaehy Headf, 6941 ; Benevento, 672 1; Blenheim, 6961; Bon- liomme Richard captures the Scra.pis,\ 903; Borodino, Rus., 7181; Bosworth Field, 8661 ; Boyne. Ire., 898 1 ; Bull Run, Va. (1st), 1963;' (2d), 2122; Bunker Hill, 802; Canme, 10541 ; Carthagena, Sp.,t 6942; Cedar Creek, 2391; Chalons. 6622; Champion'sHill, 2221 ; Chancellorsville, 2211; Chattanooga, 2282; Chesapeake captures Sloni, /<>n~< 1202; Chiekamauga, 2263; Cold Harbor, 2341 • Copenhagen.t 6381 ; Corinth, 2061 ; Crecy, 6741 ; Fon- tenoy, 7001 ; Franklin, Tenn., 2402; Get- tysburg, 2241 ; Cravelotte (Rezonville), 7401 ; Gnerrier, i Brit, i taken by ( Ymstitu- tion} (Am.} 1181; Hastings, s4i',i ; Holland Coast, Monk's Victorv.t 8921 ; Hornet de- feats PeacockJ 1201; Issus, 10242; Java taken by the Constitution^ 1182; j e - inappes,518i ; Kearsarqe sinks Alabama ,t 2343; Koniggratz, Bohemia, 8242; Leip- sic, 7942; Lepanto.t 1080 1 ; Lexington, 801 ; Lutzen, 5121 ; Magenta, 5241 ; Mal- plaquet,696i ; Marathon, loisi ; Marengo, 7141; Marston Moor, 8842; Mobile Bav,t 2371 ; Monitor and-b r emm«W,'.1'2043 ; Miin- da, 10602; Murfreesboro (Stone River), 2171 ; Naseby, ssf2 ; Nashville, 2402; New Orleans, 1223; Orleans, Fr., relieved by Joan, 6721 ; Peacock (Brit.) taken by Hornet (Am.),t 1201 ; Pharsalus, 10601 ; Philippi, 10281 ; Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., 2061; Plattsburg, N. Y., 1222; Plevna, 5652; Poitiers, Fr., 6741 ; off Portland, Eng.,f S881 ; Prague, Bohemia, 5161 ; p u l- towa, Rus., 11341 ; Ramillies, Belg.,5421 ; Rezonville, 7401 ; Rossbach, 7021 ; Sala- mis, Gr.,t 101S2; Salamis.Cvprus.t 10261 ; Saratoga, 872; Sedan, 7381; Shannon (Brit.) captures Cltesapeake (Am.),t 120 2 ; Solferino, 5241; Spanish Armada destroyed,! 8761; Spottsylvania, 2323; Teutoburg Forest, 10621; Torgau, 5162 ; Trenton, 851 ; Valmy, 7081 ; Wagiam, 51S3; Waterloo, Belg.', 5421; Wilderness, 2322; Worcester, Eng., 8881 ; Yorktown, 943; Zama, 10543. Batnrn, free port, 11213; ceded to Russia, 11592. Batuskof, Constantine, b., 11162. Baty invades Bulgaria and Russia, 11141. Baucis discovered, 7481 . Baudelaire, Charles, b., 7223; Flowers of Evil, 7331 ; d., 7362. Baudin des Ardennes, Charles, b., 7061; Vice-admiral ; d., 7322; body in Pan- theon, 7593. Baudouin, Prince, funeral, 5471 . de Sebourg appears, 6731 . Baudre, M., stone pianoforte, 7361. Baudrillart, Henri Joseph Leon, b., 7223 ; d., 7621 . , Jacques Joseph, b. (1774) ; d., 7261 . Baudry, Paul Jacques Ainie, b., 7243 ; d., 7542. Bauer, Bruno, b., S0S3; d., 8302. , Daniel, indictment, 43S 3 . , Ferdinand, b., 8003; d,, 8123. , Georg L., b., 8022 ; d., 8082. , Henry, indictment, 4143. , Willielm, b.,8122; d., 8281. Baugher, Henry L., b. (1S05±) ; d., 2602. Bauhin, Gaspard, b„ 6822; d., 6863. , Jean, b., 6803; d., 6862. , , b.-d., 11371. Bauldeloeqne. Jean Louis.b.. 7003 ; d.,7191. Baum, Friedrich, Col., at Bennington, 871 ; d. (1777). Baume, Antoine, b., 69S2; d., 7151. , Nicolas A. de la, b., 6SS2; d., 6971 . Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, b.,7983; works, 801i; d., 8023. Sigisniund Jakob, b., 7983; d., 8023. Crusius, Ludwig Friedrich Otto, b., 8043; d., 8162. , Hermann, b., 8123. Baumgartner, Karl Heinrich, b., 80G3. Baumstark, Reiiihold Ludwig, b., 8142. Baunbargar, Albert, murderer, 4331 . Baur, Ferdinand C, b., 8062; d., 8202. Bausset, Louis Francois de, b., 7003; d., 7242. Bautain, Louis E. M., b., 7123; d., 7362. Bautzen, Battle of, 7201 . Bauvais, A., governor La., 1873. Bavaillac, Francois, b., 6842. Bavaria, Ger., anti-Rom. revolt, 10641 • at- tacked, 5021 ; dispute settled, 5173; added toAust. ; revolt, 5031; i„ Moravia,5032; Pr. Elector dies, 5033; unites with Aust., 5043; attempt to reconquer, 5041 ; Tilly wounded, 5121; conquered, 5142 ; sur- renders claim, 5153 ; conquests restored, 5153; Austrians invade, 5182; new con- stitution, 81 13; constitutional monarchy; Louis I., King, 8133 ; enlarged, 5193 ; lotteries abolished, 8103; Louis 1. abdi- cates, 8171; Landtag find., 8171; Maxi- milian LL, King, 8171; Maximilian Jo- seph II., King, 8173; Imperial Constitu- tion ; signs treaty, 8191 , 5233; commerce conf., 8211 ; Louis II. , King, 8231 ; ce des territory to Prus., 8252; Ministry resigns. 8271 ; truce ; joins N. Ger. Confed., 8272; Popular Cath. Party find., 8293; centen- ary, S303; queen, d., 8321 : King drowns, 8322; Luitpold, regent, 8331; labor dis- turbances, 8:543; emperor visits, 5362; K. Otho opposed ; Luitpold supported, 837 2 . Bavaria, infernal machine in, 9871 . Evan. Luth. Asso. formed, 818 2 . Protestant Inst, org., 8131 . Volkesfest opened, 3663; king, ally of France, 7202; govt, of, 7712; margravaie est., 7713; loses Carinthia ; East Mark given to Luitpold ; restored to Henry, I Hike of Bav.uia.7751 ; restored to Henry the Lion, 7773; taken from Henry, 7791 ; French invade, 7961 ; allies expelled, 8001 succession; war in Ger., 8041 ; Aust. in, 8081 ; Aust. expelled, 8081 ; new con- stitution, 811 3 ; constitutional charter, 8133; clergy readmitted, 8322. Baxter, Andrew, b., 9862; d. (1750). , David, Sir, b. (17S1.ii; Park opud., 9662; University fnd., Dundee, 9902. Baxter, Elisha, 1>. (1827) ; gov. Ark., 2811; recognized gov. Kan., 2S5 2 . , George W-, nominated gov., 3671 . , James P., library, 3362. , Jedediah H., d., 372i. , Richard, b., 8301 ; works, 8803; re- fuses indulgence, 81163 ; imprisoned, 8971 ■ d., 8982; statue unveiled, 9802. Baxter's Springs, action. 2263. Bav, J. L., Ark., defaulter, 3902. City, Mich., fire, 4133. Bayaino, taken, 6321. Bayandur, action at, 11181 . Bayard, Chevalier de (Pierre du Terrail), b.-d., 6782; slain, 680 1 . , George D., b., 1441 ; at Dranesville, Va., 2003; d., 2172. , James Ashton, b., 741 ; Treaty of Ghent, 1233; d., 1241. , Nicholas, b. (1644=) ; mayor N. Y., 503; d. (1707). , Stephen, mayor N. Y., 653. , Thos. Francis, b., 1361 ; ambassador, 4473; candidate for Pres. nomination, 2931, 3051, 3173; Committee of Seven,. 2933; Electoral Commission, 2951 ; pres. Senate, 3092; minister, 3211 . , Truman H., b., 1441 . Bayazid, occupied, 5651 , Bayer, Adolf, b.,S143. , Gottlieb Siegfried, b., 7982; d., 8002. , Johann, b., 7922; d., 7963. Bayeux, captured, 6761 . Bayle, Pierre, b., 6883 ; Nowvelles de la. llepuMU/ue, 6932; d., 6963. Baylen, battle of, 7162. Bavlev, Lieut., killed, 9392. , James Roosevelt, b. (1814); d., 2961. Baylor, John R., at Fort Fillmore, 1981 . , Robert Euimett Bledsoe, b. (1793) ; founder of univ. ; d., 2841 . University org., 1631 . Bayly, Thomas Havnes, b.,9283; d., (1839). Baynan, William, b., 662. , ffm, d., 1231. Baynes, A. H., eons, bishop, 10102. , Thomas Spencer, b., 9403; d. (1S87). Bayonet invented, 688 2 . ring adopted, 9001 . Bavomie Decree issued, 115 2 . , N. J., fire, 3693. Bayou Cache, Ark., defeat Confed., 2101 . Chico, La., Bapt. church org., 1191 . Coteau, La., action, 2281 . Teche, La., action, 2203. Bay Psalm Honk published, 371 , Bayview, Wis., work resumed, 439 3 . Bazaine, Francois Achille, b., 7191; at Metz, 7381 ; at Vionville ; atb. of Grave- lotte,740i ; atColoinbey-Nouilly,army of Rhine, 740 1 ; at Noisseville, 7402; surren- ders Metz, 7423; army of Loire defeated. 7422; letter of, 7433; trial. 7481 ; d., 7562. Bazalgette, Joseph, Sir, d., 10042. Bazar issued, Ger., 8202. Bazotee, sect war with, 10482. Beach, Moses S., b. (1S26) ; d., 4122. Beaehy Head, naval battle, 6941, 8981. Beacon Light strikes iceberg, 3593. Beaconsfield mission, 5982. . (See Disraeli.) Club opened, 9972. Beads used ill prayers, 10683. Beale, Edward F.,"b. (1822) ; d.,42S1. Beall, John Y., b. (1835) ; hanged, 2422. Beams ville Auxiliary. Bean, John Wm., threatens Oueen, 9511. , Tarlton Hoffman, b., 1602. Bean's Station, Tenn., repulse, 2283 ; raid from, 2402. Bear ordered north, 4041 . baiting prohibited, G. B., 9471 . Beard, George Miller, b., 1502; d., 3121 . , James Henry, b. (1814) ; in Nat. Acad- emy Design, 2801 . , Wm. Holbrook, b., '1321; in Nat. Academy Design, 217 1 . Beardsley, Eben Edwards, b., 1141 ; d. (1891). , Lester A., b., 1461 . , Nelson, b. (1808) ; d., 4481. Beaslev, Frederick, b., 891 ; d., 1581. Beath, Robt. B., commander, G.A.R.,3151 . Beaton, David, b., 8662; d., 8701. , James, Card., b. (1494) ; assassinated, 8691,2. Beatrice, Neb., Inst, for feeble-m., 3271 . , Princess, b., 993 2 ; marries Prince Henry, 9942. Beat-Belg\ Text Figures denote Page. liNI DJl,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column 1189 Beatrix, asteroid, discovered, 10SG2. of Tuscany, marries Godfrey, 10753; d. (1076). Beattie, James, b.,908 2 ; works, 917': d., 9322. Beatty, Pa., St. Vincent's Coll. org., 2722. , Chas. C., moderator, 2172. , John, b., 1361 . , E. J., guilty, 4223. , D. of, title created, 9372. Beauehamp, Alphouse de, !»., 7031 ; d., 7261 . , Earl of, Frederick Lvgou, d., 10042. , Rich., E. of Warwick, Gen., b., S602 ; d (1439). Beaucharmais, Dctix Amis, 705 2 . Beauelerk, Topbam, b., 9103; d. (1780). Beaufort, Baron, title created, 8932. , Henry, b., 8382; cardinal ; d., 8633. , D., Duke of Somerset, prisoner, 8633; beheaded, 8641 . , Jane, marriage, 8632. , Louis de, d., 7103. , N C, Xaslicillr escapes, 2042; taken, 2052. Beaugency, taken, 7423. Beauharnais. Eugene de, b., 705' ; Viceroy of It., 7153; at Miiekern, 7183; defeats Aust. on Mincio, 7202; d., 7242. , Hortense Eugenie, 1)., 705 1 ; d., 7202. Beauharnois, P. Q., rebellion, 5781. , Charles de la Boisehe de, b. (1670±) ; Can. gov., 5752; d. (1749). Beaulieu, Capt. Morel, protection, 480 2 . Beaumanoir, Philippe de, b. (1250±) ; d., 6722. Beaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron de, b.,6983; works, 7033, 7052,7003; agent in Am., 833; d.,7142. Beaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la, b., 6982 ; d. (1773). Beaumont, Fr., Erench defeated, 7402. , Baron, title created, 8551. , Basil, b., S922; d. (1703). , Christophedc, Arclilip., b. (1763) ; per- secutes Jansenisls, 7011 ; d. (17S1). , Francis, b., S762; works of, 87S3; d., 8801. , de la Bonniere, Gustave Auguste de, b., 7143; d.,7362. , Jos., b. (1015) ; Psi/rhe, 8863; d. (1699). -, John G., b., 1301 ; d. (1882). , fm, b., 1061 ; d. (1853). • -Vassy, Vicomte de, Edouard F. de la Bonniere, b., 7222; d., 7501 . , Mr., operates railway, 8781. Beaunais and Binet, work, 7661 , Beaune, Elorimond, de, b., 6862; d., 6902. Beaune-la-lvolandc, Loiret, battle, 7423. Beaunus, St., bp., Banffshire, S46 2 . Beauplan, Guillaume Levasseur de, d., 6922. Beaupres, Abbey of, bull banged, 6791. Beauregard. Chas. Victor, b., 7031 ; a., 7191 . — — , Pierre Gustave Toutant, b., 126 2 ; at Charleston, 1921; proclamation, 1961; commands Confeds., 19I>1 , 2012; at Bull Run, Va., 1963; inTenn.,2051 ; at Shiloh, 12061 ; evacuates Corinth ; at Baldwin and Okolona, 2082; ,.,t Charleston, 2182, 2261 ; at Drury's Bluff, 2331 ; at Petersburg, 2343; at. Columbia, 2422; council with Davis, 2461; d., 4241. , Miss., cyclone, 3121 . Beaurepaire, Nicolas Joseph, b. (1740) ; Gen., executes ladies, N072; d. (1792). Eoban, Henri de, b., 7223. Beausobre, Isaac de, b., 6902; d., 700 2 . Beautemps-Beaupre, Charles Francois, b. (1766) ; d., 7322. Beauvais, siege. i',7si ; taken, 7403. , Charles Theodore, b., 7042; d., 7261. Beauzee, Nicolas, b., 6971 ; d., 7062. Beaver, James Adams, gov. Perm., b. (1837); 3293; Log College celeb., 3443; ship canal commission, 3473. Dam Creek, Va., repulse, 2092. Falls, Geneva Coll., org., 1643. , Pa., Coll. and Musical Inst. Ind., 1731 . Bebar, riots, 5351. Bebb, fm., gov., 1613. Bel.ee, Geo. Si., gov., 2032. Beber, falls, 6601 . Beccafuini, Domenieo de Pace, b., 1078 3 ; d., 10803. Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marquis di, b., 10842; work, 10852. , Giovanni Battista, d., 10843. Beeerra, Diego, explorer, 203; d. (1533). , Gasparo, b.-d., 11282. Becher, Johann J., b., 7943; pit-coal tar, 9221 ; d., 7982. Bechstein, Johann M., b., 8023; d., 8122. Bechuanaland, missionaries enter, 5972; freebooters, 6022; physical tests; mis- sionaries change society, 6023; Brit, pro- tectorate ; military govt. est. ; annexa- tion opposed, 6032; Customs' Union, 6043; settled, 9951 ; annexed, 10072. Beehuanas, physique, 0023. Beck, Christian D., b., 8023; d., 8142. , James Burnie, b. (1822) ; d., 3581 ; congressional obsequies, 3592. , Johann T., b., 8082; d., 8282. , John Broadhead, b., 1042; d., 1CS2. , Lewis 0., 1081 ; b.-d., 1722. , Queen, assaults George 111., 9212. , Theodric Komeyn, b., 1022; d., 1761. , Thomas, wins rifle prize, 9S21 . Becker, August, b., 8141 . , Ernst Albert, b., 8142. , Georges, b., 7283. , Jean, b., 8142. , Karl Ferdinand, b., 80S 2 ; d., 8282. , Nikolaus, b., 8121; works, 8152; d., S162. , Thomas A., cons. E. C. bp., 266 2 ; transferred to Savannah, 3223. , attempts to assassinate king, 8203. Beckford, 'William, b., 9143; d., 9522. Beekuiann, Johann, b., 8002; ,1., 810 2 . Beckwitb, A. C, senator, 4252. , John Watrous, b. (1831) ; cons, bp., 2602; d., 3721. Beekwith's Farm, Mo., action at, 2001 . Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond, b., 7223; d., 7602. , Antoine Cesar, b., 7062; d., 7502. Bective, Countess of, woolen mfg.,9883. Ued.Ioes, Thomas, b., 9143; d., 9343. , Thomas Lovell, b., 9322; WO rks, 9411 , 9563; d. (1849). Bede, Venerable, b.-d., 8421 ; History, 8431 . Bedel, Timothy, b. (1740) ; d., 98 1 . Bedell, Gregory Thurston, b., 1261; con- secrated bp., 18G2; d., 4021 . , Townsend, b., 1042; d., 1422. Bedford, Bunyan statue unveiled, 9781 . , D. of, title created, 8991 . (See Plan- tagenet, Eussell.) , D. of, statue, erected, 9343. , Gardner thank-offering, 4242. , Gunning, b. (1747) ; gov. Pa., 1073; d., 2702. . Bedingfield, V. L., robbed, 4282. Bedle, Joseph D., gov. N.J., 2912; d., 4741. Bedmar, Alfonso de la Cueva, b. (1572) ; conspiracy of, 10373; d. (1655). Bedouins, ravage Tunis, 11391 . Beilr , battle of,' 4841. Bee, Bernard E., b., 1321 ; d. (1861). , Gen. H. P., at Cane River Ferry, 2321 . Beecber, invents padlock, 7902. , Catherine Esther, b., 1082; d., 29S2. , Chas., b., 1241 . , Edward, b., 1102. , Henry "Ward, b., 1211 ; lectures, 15S3; works, 17.S3, isiis, -2,503. -jiU3, -_., 1081 ; N. Nation, 37S 1 . , Jacobus, b.-d., 1101 1 . , Joseph, b., 5S2 ; d., 1022. Bellarmino, Roberto, b., 10S03 ; d., 108 23. Bellay, Joachim du, b., 6831 ; works, 6S31 ; d., 6822. Belleau, Narcisse Fortunate, Sir, gov- ernor, 5832 ; d., 5941 . , Remi b., 6803; works, 6S31 ; d., 0S4i . Belle Fontaine established, 1673. Bellefonte, Pa., Agr. Coll., fnd., 2111 . Belle Isle, Can., Montreal wrecked, 5893. , Marshal, at Prague ; Fr. fleet captured, 7001 ; captured, 7021 . Plain, la., lire, 4673. Poule captured, 7041 ; remains of Na- poleon, 7292. Zane capsizes, 1593. Bellenden, John, d., 8701 . Belleroplam launched, 9681. Belleville, Frederick de, b., 72S3. , Can., Ontario; Intelligencer; Albert College, 5791 ; tires, 5S73 ;' leg jam, 5892. , 111., convent burned, 3173 ; R, c. dio- cese organized, 3282. , Paris, mission, 7462. Bellevue Med. Hospital, N. Y., opd., 1091. Bellew, Baron, title created, 9531 . Belliard, Comte, Augustin Daniel, b., 7042; d. (1862). Bellingham, Sir Edward, deputy, 8712 ; d. (1549). .Richard, 1>. (1592?); gov. Mass., 372, 393,422, 3 ; d. (1672). Bellini, Gentile, b.-d., 10783. , Giovanni, b.-d., 10783 ; paintings, 10782,10801. , Lorenzo, d., 10S31 . , Vineenzo, b. (1802); d., 10862. Bellman, Karl Mikael, b.-d., 11342 ; works, 11351. Bello, Francesco, Mambrlauo, 1070 2 . Bellona, worshiped, 10503. Bellot, Joseph Rene, b., 7242 ; d., 7322. , invents pereiission-eaps, 7222. Bellova-Vakarel 11. R., possession, 5682. Bellows, Albert F., b. (1*30); paintings. 2601 , 3001 , 3081 , 3161 ; d. (1883). , Henry W., b., 1231 ; sanitary commis- sioner, 197i; d., 3101. Belloy, Pierre Laurent Byrette de, b. (1727) ; Siege de t 'aleiis, 7033 ; d. (1775). Bellport, L.I., train-wreck, 4002 ; schooner ashore, 4453. Bells introduced, France, 6642. Bellwear, George, confesses, 4643, Belmont, Mo., battle of, 2002. , August, b., 1252 ; d., 3721 . Belmore, Earl, title created, 925 2 . , Earl of, gov., N. S. W., 4982. Beloit College, Wis., organized, 1631. Beloli reigns, 10433. Belon, Pierre, b., 10802 ; d., 6S42. Belot, Adolphe, b. (1S29) ; works, 7343, 7371 , 7432 ; d., 7601 . Belper, Baron, title created, 9591 . Belsham, Thomas, I)., 9122 ; d., 9441 . Belshazzar reigns, 1147 2 . Belton,Tex.,Bapt. Female Coll. fnd., 1783. Belts, The, frozen over, 6362. Beltzhover, Frank E., b., 1522. Be/ridere, Eng., appears, 8772. Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, b. (1778) ; ex- plorer in Egypt, 6563 ; d., 10862. Belzu, Gen., presiilent, 5503. Bern, Jozef, b., 11162 ; at Ilermannstadt, 5221; to Turkey. 5233; ,1., 5223. Benian, Nathaniel Sydney Smith, b., 962 ; moderator, 1402 j d. (1871). Bembo, Livingstone's letter, 5011. , Pietro, b., 10783 ; Venice, 10812 ; d., 10803. Bemis Heights, X. Y., fortified, 871 . Benanger coast line ceded ; 5631 . Benares. Sanskrit Coll. fnd. ; Agra Coll. fnd., 10442; mission, 10402,3, 10483; mutiny suppressed, 10481. Benavid'es, Ambrosio de, governor, 6053. Benbow, John, b., 888 2 ; at Cartagena, 6942 ; d.. 9022. Benbow launched, 9921 . Benburb, battle of, 8861 . Bencoolen wrecked, 9G73. Bendermann, Ednard, b., 810 2 ; Jeremiah, 82S1; d.,8321. Benedek, Ludwig von, b., 5191; com- mander, 8221 ; d., 5302. Benedetti, Giovanni Battista, d., 10821. , Vincent, request to William I., 7393. Benedict Institute fnd. at Columbia, 2771. , St., b.-d., 1070 2 j fnds. Benedictines, 10703. L, Pope, 10711. II., St., Pope, 10722. III., Pope, 107'J3 ; ad.ls crown, 10763. IV., Pope, 10723. V., Pope. 10731 ; deposed, 7722. VI., Pope, 10731 . VII., Pope, 10731. VIII., Pope, 10731. IX., Pope, 10731 ; simony, 7743; de- throned, 10742. X., Pope, 10731 . XI., Pope, 10763 ; d. (1304). XIX, Pope, 10771 ; d., 7832. XIII., Pope, KK12; prohibits lotteries, 10853; deposed, 7843; d., 10842. XIV., Prospero Lambertini, Pope, b., 10831; edict against Bible, 10851; d., 10842. , Julius, Sir, b., 8082 ; d., 8302. , T. E., gov't printer, 4473. , Voyat/e tie /Irene/an, 6691. , Md., British land at, 1222. Benedictines fnd. ; influence in Europe, 10703 ; begin Hhtoire lie la France, 0992; expelled front Fr., 7522 ; in Great Brit., 8422. Beneficent Asso. (Eng.) founded, 9671 . Benefices, quarrel respecting, 8543 ; for- bidden ebrgv l F.ng.), S602. Benefit of clerg\ abolished (G. B,) 9432. Beneke, Friedrieh, b., 8063 ; d., 8201. Benet, Stephen V., War Dept, 3512. Benevento, battle of, 6721 . Beneventmn, action at, 102G1 ; colony at, 10533 ; Trajan's Arch erected, 10642. Benevolences extorted (Eng.), 8603. Benevolent Asso. commenced, 929 3 . Fraternity organized, 1442. Order Elks ; statistics, 4463. Benezet, Anthony, b., 6963; d., 706' . Benfey, Theodor, b., 8083 ; d., 8301 . Bengal : G. B. rules, 9173 ; Relief Fund started, 9791 ; conquered, 10421 ; inde- pendent, 10432 ; annexed, 10443; English trade, 1045 1 ; Brit, acquire Lower, 10452; under Madras, 1045'; famine, 10453; cyclone, 10483. Bengel, .lohann A., b., 7992; d., 8022. Ben-IIabib, condemned, 4S62. Benhadad I., at Ratnoth Gilead, 11421 ; be- sieges Samaria, 11421 . LI. reigns, 11433; king of Damascus, 11451 ; d., 11451. in. reigns, 11451 ; defeated, 11441. Benham, Gen. Henry W.. b. (1817) ; at Mc- Coy's Mill, W. Va., 2003; at Secession- vil'le, 2091 ; d. (1884). , Com. Andrew E. K., b. (1832) ; rear- adm., 3641 ; course approved, 4511 ; gold medal, 4721 ; retired, 456' . Beni-Adi mission, 657' . Benicia, Cal., St. Augustine's College or- anized, 2583. Beni-IInssan, art patron, 6462. Mahdo, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . Merin pr. conquers Morocco, 1097' . Beniowsky, Moritz A., b., 5143; d., 5163. Beniscouf mission, 657'. Benjamin, Judah Philip, b. (1811) ; Atty.- Gen., 1913; Senator withdraws, 1913; d., 3162. , Park, b. (1809) ; d., 2392. Franklin, excursion boat, 1373. Benjamites, nearly destroyed, 1140' , 1141' . Bennet, Justice, names Quakers, 8S63. , A., b. (1750) ; Gold leaf electrometer, 9242 j d. (1799). , Henry, E. of Arlington, b. (1618) ; in Va., 452;' surrenders interest, 493. , Caleb P., governor Del., 1433. College founded, 2823. Chas. Wesley, b., 136' ; d. (1891). , James Gordon, b., 106' ; New York Herald, 14113; sends Stanley to Afr.,270'; Afr. expedition starts, 272' ; d., 278' . , , Jr., b. (1841) ; sends Arctic expedition, 302' ; d. (1879). , Risdon, Sir, b., 9343; ,1., 10062. , Jesse L., in Virginia City, 2822. , John, Sir, rejected by Aldermen, 9832. , Richard, governor Va., 393. , Thos. W., Col., b. (1831) ; at Gallatin, 2141 ; gov. Idaho, 2772. , , governor S. C, 1292. , Will. Stemdale, b. (1810) ; d., 9802. , , Sir, b., 9382. , W. W., Sergeant-at-arms, 4593. Law, against, 3582 ; divided by Rep., 3602; rescinded, 3703 ; indorsed by Welsh Presb., 3602. Bennett's Mills, action at, 1982. Benneville, George de, introduces Univer- salism, 651. Benningseii, Levin August Theophil, b., 11143 ; Gen. Fr. campaign in Plus., 7161 ; at battle Pultusk, 710' ; in Plus. ,7201 ; at Heilesburg, 8081 ; d., 11163. Bennington, battle of. S7 1 ; steel squares nianf., 128' ; Soldiers' Home. 32G3; anni- versary, 2973, 3002; monument, 3901. Benninq'tem launched, 3001; ordered to Braz., 446' . Benoit, Rene, b., 6803; d., 6862. invents miner's safety lamp, 7342. Benserade, Isaac de, b.,'6862; Job, 6S9'; d., 6942. Ben Sherrod, burns, 1473. Kensington, action at, 842'. Benson, Egbert, b., 002; d., 142'. , Henry Roxby, d., 1008' . , Ky., mail withdraws, 2743. Bent, Governor Charles, killed, 1632. Bentham, Jeremy, b., 9122; works, 725', 9211,925'; d.,946'. , Wm., Sir, d., 9582. Bentinck, Geo. A. F. Cavendish, judge- advocate-general, 9812. , Lord Wm. Cavendish, b. (1774) ; gov.- gen., 10473; d., 9482. , , Earl of Portland, b.-d., 11003. , Geo. Fred. Cavendish (L. Geo, Bentinck), b., 9303; d.,9542; statue, 954'. , Henry Cavendish, D. of Port- land, b., 91H3; 'minister, 9432,3; Premier, 9333 • ,1 9343 Bentivogiio, Cornelio, b., 1083' ; d., 10842. Bentlev, Richard, b., 8902; work, 9003; d., 9103. Bent-Berr Text Figures denote Page. IDi DiLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column 1191 Benton, Nathaniel S., b. (1792) ; d., 2662. , Thomas Hart, b., 95' ; d., 184' ; mon- ument, 2621 . Bentonville, battle of, 2441 . Bentzon, Th., Jacqueline, 7641 , Benzel, Erie, b.-d., 11342. Benzin discovered, 9421 . Benzoni, Geronimo, b., 10802. Benzonia, Grand Traverse College organ- ized, 2232; B. Coll. org. (1891). Beon, reigns (Egypt), 6473. Bequeathment law est., England, 849 2 . Beranger, Pierre Jean de, b., 7051 • So7igs, 7231; punished, 7252; d., 7322. Berard, Auguste, b., 7143 ; d., 7233. , Auguste Simon Louis, b., 7051; d. (1859). , Pierre Honore, b., 7123; d., 7342. Berardi, M., elected bp., 9803. Berbice, British Guiana, capitulates, 9313 ; constitution, 10392. Berceo, Gonzalo de, works, 11271 . Berchem, Nicholas, l>. (1<;l'4) ; d., 5403. Berchoux, Joseph, b., 703i ; d., 728 2 . Berchtesgaden, ceded, 519 3 . Bere, John Baghot de la, decision against, 9862. Berea, Africa, battle of, 10052. , O., Baldwin Univ. org., ISO 2 ; German Wallace Coll. org., 2352. Berengaria, marries Richard I., 8513. Berengar I., King, of It., 10732; defeated at Fiorenzuola, 10721 ; restored, 10733; re- signs; assassinated, 10732. II., rebels, in battle Fiorenzuola, 7722; King of It. ; submits to Otho, I. ; de- posed, 10733. accepts suzerain, 7733. Berenger, Alphonse H. M. F., b., 7061 ■ d., 7362. de Tours, b.-d., 6662. Berenice II., Queen; regal style; killed, 6523. in., reigns (Egy.), 6532. TV., reigns (Egy.), 6532; d., 6532. , Jewish queen, b.-d., 11521 . Beresford, Capt., at Lewiston, Del., 1201 . , Charles, Lord, at Barnum's banquet, 10023. , Gen., at Buenos Ayres, 9321 ; at battle Albuera, 7182. , Viscount Win. Carr, b.,9163 ; d., 9582. - — Hope, Alex. James, b. (1820); d., 9962. Beresina, France, passage of, 71S3. , Prof., Bus. Encyclopedia, 11183. Berezowski attempts assassination* 7371 . Berg, Albert W., b., 1322. ' , Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert, b., 11162; d., 11182. , Joachim von, b., 7882 ; d., 7922. , M., sentence of, 6423. Bergasse, Nicolas, b., 7011 ; d., 7262. Bergen, N. J., Dutch settle, 292 ; settled, 412; G. Du Bois installed, 71 1 . , Neth., allies defeated, 7123; Adres- secontors Eftirntuit/er, 11042; £) en Norsk Tilshher, 11042; Viking ship sails. 11053. , Prussia, skirmish at, S021 . op-Zoom (Neth.), taken, 7001; action at, 10981; saved, 1100 1. Bergenroth, Gustav, b., 8102; d., 8262. Berger, Jean Jacques, b., 7062; d., 7342. , Johann Eric, b.-d., 6383. , Ludwig, b., 8042; d., 8162. Bergerac, Peace of, signed, 685 z . , Savinien Cyrano de, b., Q&6^ ; works, 6891 ; d., 6902. Bergeret, Gaston, Cousin Baby las, 7582. Bergh, Henry, b., 1302; pres. S. P. C. A., 2522; statue, 3823; d., 3282. ' Berghaus, Heinrich, b., S063; d., 8302. Berghem, Nikolaas van Haarlaem, b.-d., 11003. Bergman, Torbern Olof, b.-d., 11342; ex- periments with air, 11341 . Bergnis Dictionnaire, 7231 , Bergsoe, "Wilhelm Jorgen, b., 638 3 . Berhampur mission, 10462. Berhtuald, archbp. Canterbury, S423. Bering Sea, decision ; seal killing, 3412 ; poachers punished, 11231 . . exp.,5762 ; speeches, 5872 ; Cong. action, 3363, 3633, 3753, 3803, 4552, 4593, 4772 ; sealers seized ; sealing persisted in, 5892; poachers, 5913; closed by proc- lamation, 3391 ; vessels numerous, 591 3 ; jurisdiction in, 591 1 ; arbitration session, 4272; Blaine's letter, 3832; controversy, 4031; Brit, vessels prohibited, 10072; Brit, restricted, 10072,3; Brit, agents ar- rive, 5932; complaints, 5933; districted, 389 2 ; commissioners meet, 389 2 ; negoti- ations ; Salisbury's communication, 3803 ; proclamation issued, 381 2 ; Pres. procla- mation, 385 3 ; sealing season, 387 2 ; Su- preme Court, 3753; treaty agreement, 3952; committee visit Alas., 3873; Atty.- Gen. Miller's decision, 3771 ; arbitrators appointed, 4012; arbitration treaty, 4031 ; 4051; controversy, 4031; arbitrators named, 407 2 ;eoiiespomlencepublic, 4031 ; court of arbitration, 7643; fisheries pro- hibited, 10092; Lord Salisbury's note, 403 3 ; modus vivendi approved, 405 2, 3; patrolled, 4041 , 10092; seal question dis- agreement, 4031 ; commissioners meet, 4252; Court of Arbitration argues, 4272, 4292, 4311,7653; court's decision, 4363, 4371, 447i, 4571, 4771,2, 10122; arbitra- tion ; refuses Brit, report ; award Eng., 10112; Cong, approves award, 455 2 ; fleet sails, 4573 ; illegal sealing prevented, 457 2 ; Russian treaty ratified, 4593; offi- cers report seals, 4693; vessels confis- cated, 4612. Strait, voyage, 9202. , Vitus. (See Behring.) Beriot, Charles Auguste de, b., 5423; d., Berkeley, CaL, Univ.of Cal. org.,2623, 2822. , Baron, title created, 8623. , Duke of, title created, 8932. , George, in R. I., 613. , , b., S962; works, 9043,9091, 9112; d., 9123. , James, Earl of, L. admiralty, 9031. , John, Lord, committed, 8851; lord lieutenant, 8932. , William, Sir, b., 281 ; gov. Va., 372; commission, 39 2 ; purchases land, 43 1 ; opposes education, 443 ; unequal taxa- tional ; d.,463. Berkman, Frick's assailant, sentenced, 4103. Berkshire, Earl of, title created, 8772. conquered, 8401 . and Columbia Miss. Soc. find., 1083. Berlepsch, Baron von, minister, 8372. Berliehingen, Gotz, or Gottfried von, b., 7862; d., 7922. Berlin, Conn., tinware rafg.,761. Ger., fnd., 7783; Academy of Sciences est. ; observatory erected, 7982; districts united, 7993; peace of, 8001,8013; burned by Russians, 5162; captured; burned, 8021,2; bank est., 8053; Berlin Monat- schrift, 8052; French enter, 7161, sosi ; conven. of, 9353; Berlin decree issued, 1151, 1172, 7172, 9332; Napoleon enters, Berlin decree issued, 809 2 ; Berlin decree opposed, 9333 ; conven. signed, 8093 ; Univ. est., 8103; Missionary Soc. find., 8131 ; Literarisrhi' Z> ifinui, 815 1 ; Russian troops enter, 7183 ; first Gen. Estates meet, 8171 ; truce of, signed, 6401 ; steam railroad opened ; siege of, 8I61 ; Work- ingmen's Union, 8163 ; Woman's Mis- sionary Soc. find., 8162; besieged, 8173; insurrection, 8163 ; anarchy prevails ; students' insurrection; troopsleave,8l71 ; Ger. Princes Congress, 5223, 8191 ; truce of, 8181 ; Industrial Exhibition, 8183 ; peaceful measures supported, 819 2 ; Democratic conspiracy, 8193 ; Evang, Alliance meets, 8202; military disagree- ments, 8213; R. R. opened, 11193; peace meeting, 8232 ; Berliner Bevue, 8202; Prussians enter, 8243 ; synagogue cons. ; Workmen's Congress, 8251 ; rejoicing, 8271 ; disarmament refused, 8271 ; armies enter, 826 1 ; Emp. of Aust. arrives, 8263; sovereigns meet, 8273 ; chancellors meet, 8292; Monument of Victory, 8281 ; Swe- den's K. and Q. visit, 8291 ; Imperial Bank opens ; Anti-Socialism Bill re- jected, 8293 ; Berlin Congress meets, 9832 ; treaty of, 11131 ; treaty debated, 9832; treaty signed, 5293; electric rail- way; new I':u'l lament House, 8301 ; Cong, of, called, 8311 ; conf. held, 8312; treaty ratified, 831 ] ; Hygienic Conf. (Internat.), 8313; conf., 10933; Internat. Art Exhi- bition, 8321; VoH:*-Ztilun. (1300) ; first doge of Genoa, 10773 ; d. (1363). Bocchoris reigns, 6511 . Boeehus 1., treachery, 1056 1 - Bochart, Samuel, b., 6861 ; d., 6903. Bockh, August, b., 9042 ; -works, 8131 , z d., 8243. Bocock, Thos. S., speaker, Confed. House; 2393; d., 3881. Bocskai, Stephen. Protestant leader, 5101 • 5113 ; prince, 5113 ; d. (1606). Bode, Johann Ehlert, b., 8003 ; d., S123. Bodel, Jean, works, 6711 . Bodenstedt, Friedrich, b., 8122 ; d., 8361 . Bodenstein, Andrew, b. (1480) ; friend of Luther, 7883 ; d. (1541). Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith, d., 10061 . Bodin, Jean,b., 68<)3 ; I!,'/>uMiaue ,d.,6843. Bodleian Library founded, 877 2 . Bodley, Sir Thomas, b., 8682 ; d. 87S2. Bodmer, Johann Jakob, b.-d., 1137 2 . Bodyke, Ire., evictions resisted, 9971. Boece, Hector, b. (1465) ; History of Scots, 8671; d. (1536). Bcehm, Henry, b. (1775) ; centenarian, d., 2902. , Jos. Edgar, statue of Darwin, 9921 ; of Wellesley,!)98i ; of Queen,1000i ; d.,10042. Boehme, Jacob, Aurora, 7931 . Boekzaal van Europa issued, 1101 2 . Boemia, George, anathema against, 5083. Boen, Baldor E., b., 1682. Boendale, Jan van, b. (12S0) ; Brabantsche Yeesten, 10991; d. (1365). Bosotia, fnd., 1015 1 ; Ogyges reigns, 10133 ; invaded, 10191, 10222" | revolt, 10212. BoerhaaveJIermaan, b.-d.; founds organic chemistry, 1100 3 . Boers, disaffected, new settlements, 599 2 ; defeat Zulus, D9S1 ; in Orange Free State, 11051,2; demand independence, 9861; suppressed, 6032; leave Cape Colony, 11241 ; W ar with Kaffirs, 11242 ; declara- tion of independence, 11243; formation disbanded, 10062. Butt hi us written, 666 3 . , Aniens Maul ius Sever inus, b.-d., 1070 2 . De Consolatione Philosophe, 10711 . , or Boec, Hector, b., 8641 ; d., 8681 . Boetie, Etienne de la, b., 6S03 ; contre un, 6812; d., 6822. Boetler, Alex. R., Tariif f'ommiss., 3111 . Boettcher, Herr von, Black Eagle, 8342. liog-aers, Adrianus, b. (1795) ; works, 11022; d. (1S70). Bogardus, Everardus, letter, 343; d.,381 . , James, b., 1082; d., 2S42. Bogatzky, Karl II., b., 7982; d., 8041. Bogdan reigns in Moldavia, 11121 . Bondanoviteh, Ippolit F., b.-d., 11143. Bogn-s. Charles Stuart, h., 1162. ,LiburnN.,b. (1798); gov. ,1472;d.(lS61). Bogota, Colombia. Belalcazar at ; capital, 6283; mission, 6293; captured, 6281 ; riot- ing, 62S2 ; Cong, meets, 6291 . B<>:j;i-an, Gun. Lewis, president, 10413. Bogue, David, b. (1750) ; d., 9422. forts, taken, 6161 ; destroyed, 6162. Boliemia, Slavs revolt, 7712; invaded, 5021 ; premysl rules ; Prague fnd. ; Bor- zivoj, D. ; dukes rule, 5031 ; Christianity in, 5022 ; Spitchney I., D., 5031 ; Vratis- lav, D., 5032 ; Christianity abounds, 7723 ; St. Ludmila murdered, 5023; Yac- slav, D. ; Boleslav, D. ; tribute ; resists Poland; Jaromir,D.,5032 ; surrendered, 7741 ; Oldric, D., 5032 ; Betislav I. con- quers, 502 1 ; conquered; Spitelmev II., D. ; Yrastislav II., D., 5033 ; Ger. influ- ence in, 7781 ; Yesovici massacred, 5023 ; Borzivoj, D. ; Vladislav or Ladislaus I., D. ; Sobieslaus L, D. ; Emperor resigns ; Yladislav II., D., 5033 ; Silesia restored ; kings rule ; Sobieslaus II. reigns ; Yladislav abdicates, 5051 ; bp.,of Prague rebels, 5042; KonradOtho reigns; Premysl Ottocar, 505 1 ; monks' schools, 5042; royal title; WenceslausI.,D., 505 1 ; Premysl Ottocar II. reigns ; acquires Austria, Styria, Carinthia" 505 2 ; Ottocar against Prus., 5041; truce; Wenceslaus II. reigns, 5052 ; Puknpis Kralndworsky, written, 5043 ; Wenceslaus' possessions, 5041 ; Wenceslaus III. reigns ; Rudolf reigns ; Henry reigns ; Blind John king, 505 3 ;' reign divided ; Charles I. reigns ; annexes Silesia and Lusatia ; Wences- laus, K., 507 2 ; Albert V- ; insurrection, 507 3 ; Hussites ravage, 5063 ; Sigismund reigns ; Hussite uprising, 5073 • Ger. re- pulsed; Hussite conquests; Sigismund repulsed, 5061 ; John of Prague attacked, 5062 ; Taborites annihilated, 5071 ; Com- pactata accepted, 5073 ; Albert I., D., 5091, 7853; oivil law, 7841; Ladislaus, K., 5092 ; Ladislaus III., K., 5091 ; elects native kings, 7872; Moravian brothers appear, 50H2 ; printing introduced; tol- eration, 5083 ; Pj'diebrad rules, 5091, 2 ; Hungarian war ends ; invaded ; Victo- rin invades Aust., 5081 ; oppression, 5092; serfs of soil; Albert X. reigns, 5091; Matthias acquires, 5092 ; literature flour- ishes, 5111 ; Louis, K. ; independent representative system, 5093; under Haps- burg rule, 7893; persecutions, 5103; Max- imilian, K.,5112; Sacramental cup sanc- tioned, 5103; Rudolph II. drowned,5112; Matthias, K.; ceded ; Diet org., 511 3 ; arts and science cultivated, 5111; adminis- tration changes ; Protestants revolt, 7951; Thirty Years' War ,511 1 ; Ferdinand II. crowned ; deposed ; Protestants re- volt,5113; subdued, 510 1 ; becomesCath- olic, 7952 ; Protestantism extirpated, 7943 ; Catholic invasion, 5101 ; subdued, books destroyed ; Ferdinand persecutes, 5131 ; leaders'exeeuted,5U>2; war against anti-Protestants, 5101 ; Benedictines im- ported, 513i ; Catholicism restored, 5123; new constitution, 5132 • persecutions, 5123 ; Protestants awed, 5132 ; Saxons in- vade, 7942; Saxons driven out, 5121; Peace of Prague, 5132 ; plague, 7961 ; Swedes leave, 796 1 ; Wr angel departs, 5122; Aust. secures, 5132; allied army in- vades, 5141; Pragmatic Sanction, 5151; taken by Charles Albert ; Maria Theresa, Queen, 515 2 ; tillies driven out ; Frederick II. invades, 5142 ; Ger. in schools, 5171 ; peasantry revolt, 5172 ; Frederick in- vades, 516 2 ; Diet curtailed, 5173 • peace negotiations at, 7211 ; Slavonic Cong. ; Czechs rise, 5231 ; Prus. enter, 5261 • evac- uated, 8243; Moravian Mission,52S2; self- government, 5291 ; floods, 5321 ; strikes, 5323, 5331 , 2; German-Czech Conf., 5333; floods ; waterspouts, 534 1 ; emancipation demanded, 5352; Czechs oppose Ger.; dis- order, 5362, 5371 ; collision in Landtag, 5371 ; tribute to Otho, 7733 ; conquered, 7741 ; struggle for independence, 7753 j royal charter granted, 793 3 ; arrested; executed; refuses allegiance to Emp., 7952 ; religious liberty, 7923. Bohemia, cholera aboard, 415 3 . Bohemian brothers banished, 5123. soldiers' monument, Chicago, 4061. Bohemond I., b.-d., 0682; Crusade, 6683. Bohlen, Henry, h. (1810) ; d., 2132. , Peter von, b., 8063; d., 8143. Bohler, Peter, b. (1712) ; d., 823. Bohm, Johann, b., 7963. , Theobald, b., 8082 ; d. (1881). Bohme,or Bohm, Jakob, b., 7922; tf., 7943. Bohmisch-Brod, battle of, 7841. Bonn, Henry George, b., 9283; work, 9611 ( 9902 ; d., 9922. , Johann, b. (1640) ; Prorerbs, 9623; d., 7983. Bohnenberger invents electroscope, 8121 , Boiardo,MaU;eo Maria, b. (1434) ; Orlando Jnnamorafn, 10792; 10S12; d. (1494). Boieldieu, Francois Adrien, b., 7043 ■ cl., 7262. Boies, Henry M., Prisoners, Paupers, 44.62, , Horace, nom. for gov., 3451 ;gov.,375i , 3S72, 4212, 4371 ; nom. for pres., 4092. Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas, b., 6882 ; works, 6911, 2,0931,6952; historiograph- ers-royal, 6932 ; d., 6963. Boiler manfs., meeting, New York, 3623. Bois, R. M., liuhin I)., 866' ; bp. of London; minister, 8713 ; d., 8722. .Robert, b., 132' ; Ledr/er, 1583; Scotch- Irish Cong., 4302 ; trotter ,s'«noZ, 3473. Bonnet, Charles, b.-d., 11372. , Mine., spy, sentenced, 7603. Bonneval, Claude Alexandre, Comte de, b., 6923; d., 7003. Bonneville, Benj. L. E„ b., 106' ; d., 2982. Bonney, explorer, Stanley meets, 562', , Samuel W., d., 6202. Bonnia, Leopold chums, 513 3 , Bonnier, Gen., killed, 10'. Bonn Island, Jesuit mission, 5703. Bonnivard, Fran v ois de, b.-d., 11371. Bonnivert, Seigneur de, leader, 7881. Bonny, mission at, 11613. l; lycastle, John, d., 9403, Bonpland, Aime, b., 7042 • explorer, 8062; d., 7342. Bonvouloir, M. de, sounds Congress, 813. Boocock, Murray, canoe journey, 593 a , Boodle's Cluii established, 9171 Book, first, in England, 8642 first printed in Ire., 871 1 . Bookof Common T'ruiii /Americanized, 1002; used, 1022 ; enriched. :;l<;2 ; first Eng.; 8702 ; in churches, 8722 , revised, 8903 ; alterations considered, 9762 ; Reforma- tion League, 9623. of Discipline, first in England, 8722, of Homilies published, Fug., 8702, of Mormon translated, 1391. of Psalms published, 6371. of Sports published, 88O2 ; burned, 8843 ; clergy refuse to read, 8823. of the Chase written, IIO91. of the Dead, 0453 ; copies, 6483. of the Law, original, 11463. Book's. (See publications.) Amer. publi- cations yearly. 3283, ;!322, 3502, 3743; costly, England. 8583 ; infected; magic, 8711; patents for, S771 ; auction sale, 8971 ; religious, prohibited, 11563. Booksellers, first, 8503 ; convention, 4683. Boomers driven out, Okla., 3361. Boone, Col., at Van Buren, 2143. , Daniel, b., 622 ; settles Ivy., 693, 761 ; explorations, 772, 791 builds fort, 802 ; captured, SS 2 ; repels Indians, 883 ; d., 1282. , Thomas, governor N. J., 732, , Wni. J., missionary, d., 6242. , , Jones, cons, bp., 1563 ; d., 6202. Court House, Va., action at, 19S2. , N. C, captured, 2442. Boonesboi-o. Ky., Indians attack, 862. Boonsborough, Cane Hill Coll. org., 1703. Boonville, Mo., action at, 1961 , 1982, 2101 . Booi-man, .lames, b. (1783) ■ d., 2501. Booth, Agnes, b., 4973. , Barton, b., 8942 ; d., 9082. . , Catherine, d., 10041. , Clifford, Sirs., arrives, 3941. , Edwin, b., 1421 ; in Boston, 1661 ; in N.Y., 2411 ; in London, 2541 ,2581 ; theater opd., 2641 ; birthday, 3712 ; d., 4301 . , George, Sir, insurrectionist, 8S81; Royalist leader, S893. , G. Sclater, Royal Commission, 9951. , John Wilkes, b., 1502 ; plan to assas- sinate Lincoln, 2431 ,2471; arrives at Dr. Mudd's, 2471; shot, 2472. .Junius Brutus, b., 9283; appears, 9381 ; in America, 1281; d., 9582. , Major, at Fort Pillow, 2311 . , Mary L., b., 13S2 ; d., 3361 . , Newton, b. (1825); gov. Cal., 281 1; nom. for president, 2931 ; d., 410' , , Samuel, d., 4741 . , Win., Gen., b. (1829); fnds. Salvation Army, 9682 ; fund for poor, 11)042 ; Dark- est England and the Way Out, 10043 ; social regeneration, 10052 ; renounced by Am. Sal. army, 334 ' ; arrives, 474' . , William, Mrs., funeral of, 1005' . Boothbay, schooner seized, 337 2 . Boothia, explored, 5802. , Felix, discovered, 944' . Boots and shoes, mfg. machine, 924' , 2. Bopp, Franz, 9043 ; works, S13' ; d., S243. Bora, Katharina von, weds Luther, 789'. Borbetomanus. (See Worms.) Borda, Jean Charles, b., 69S3 ; d.. 7142. Senhor Idiarte, pres. Uruguay, 11603. Borde, Andrew, b. (1500 ) ; named. 871' . Bordeaux, Fr., held by Eng. king, G712 ; capitulates; occupied, 678'; univ fnd., 6783; revolts, 6882, 7112; strike, 7603 ; occupied, 7203,7.18' ; banner raised, 7212. Line, steamers established, 3073. Borden, Andrew J., murdered, 4123. , Gail, b.( 1801); invents condensed milk, 166' ; meat biscuit. 168' ; d. (1870). , Lizzie, acquitted, 429'. Bord-Bost. Text Figures denote Page. Lis D.fc.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1197 Borden, Simeon, b., lOSt ; d., 1731 . Bordentown, N.J., Female Coll. opened, 1703; monument, 392 1 . Border Mission in Mexico, 10962. State Convention, 195 2 , 1971 . Bordes, Borgnis de, defeats pirates, 4S23. Bordeu, Theophile de, b., 6982 ; d. 7043. Bordone, Paride, b., 10791 ; d., 10822. Boreas, wrecked, 932 1. Borel, Jean Louis, b. (1819) ; minister, 7512; d. (1884). Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, b.,10S23; dis- covers planets, 7301 , 7481 ; d., 10S31 . Boreman, Arthur Ingraham, guv., 2293. Borges, Jose, in Calabria ; shot, 10881 . Borghesi, Bartolommeo, Count, b., 10843 ; d., 10882. Borghi-Mamio, Adelaide, b., 10862. Borgia, Cesare, b., 10783 ; loses provinces, 10781 ; subjects San .Marino; receives Ur- bino, 10813 ; d., 10802. , Francis, (1510 1) ; Jesuit gen., 10811; d. (1572). , Lucrezia, b., 10783 ; d., 10802. Borgne, Lake, La., Brit, fleet enters, 1223. Borgo de San Sepolero, earthquake, 10S41 . Borgono, Sefior, premier, 6093. Borica, Diego de, governor, 1053. Borie, Adolph E., b. (1S10+); sec. navy, 2671 ; resigns, 2672 ; d., 3022. Borinage district, strike, 5463. Boris introduces Christianity, 565 2 . Godonof, usurps throne, Rus., 1115 2 . Borivoy, Christian prince, 5022. Borjesson, Johan, b. (1790) ; Erik XIV., 11362 ; d. (1866). Borland, Solon, gov. N. Mex., 1743 ; d., 2312. Born, Ignaz von, b., 5143 ; d., 5191 . Borna, prince of Croatia, 5031 . Borne, Ludwig, b., 8043 • Writings, 8151 ; d., 8143. Borneo, dis., 5511 ; Christianity repelled; Spaniards favored ; Dutch, trade ; fac- tories, 5513; insurrection ; disturbances ; Dutch in ; piracy, 551 2 ; Dutch protecto- rate, 5521 ; Spanish ter., 5522 ; Brit, pro- tectorate fmd., 5523 ; civil administra- tion ; Brit. ter. enlarged, 5522. Bornhoeved, battle of, 6351 , 77S2. Bornu troops in Sudan, 6611. Borodino, battle of, 7182. Boron, Robert de, Saint Groal,8503. Boroughbridge, action at, S56i . Boroughs treated as counties, G-. B., 9992. Borreo, Dr., president Kc.uador, 6443. Borromeo, Carlo, b., 10803 ; Sunday in- struction of children, 10832 ; d., 10822. , Federigo, b., 10803 ; d., 10S23. Borrow, George, b., &323 ; d., 9882. Borsad, Bombay, mission, 10471. Bort de Teisserenc, Pierre, minister, 7512 ; d., 7G21. Bortel, English defeat, 7101 . Borthwick, Baron, title created, S63 1 . Borup, Capt. Henry, accomplice, 7631. Borussia conquers' Yenedi, 7683. Borussia.., sinks 5853. Borut, prince, 5031 . Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste George Marie, b., 7051 ; d., 7283. Borzivoj, duke, 5031 , 3. Bosanquet, commissioner, 9473. Bosboom, Mine. (Aimii Luize Geertruide Toussaint), b.-d., 11021 . Boscan, Almogaver, Juan, b.-d., 11263. Boscawen, Edward, b., 9042 ; Adm., takes Fr. ships, 9121 ; \ n battle, 9141 ; at Yarri- ba, 11613 ; at Pondicherry, 10441 ; d., 9151 . Bosch, or Bosco, Hieronymus, b.-d., 10982. Boscobel, Beecher's country place, 3493. Boscovicli, Ruggiero Giuseppe, b., 10831; d., 10843. Bose, Col., at Mupng, 4823. Bosio, Francois Joseph, Baron, b., 10S42 ; d., 10863. Boskowitz, lightning kills persons, 5321 . Bosnia, kingdom : Pannonian War, 10603 ; king defeated, 5072 ; joins Turkey, 5092 ; conquered by Mohammed I., 11561 ; capi- tal founded,*5093 ; Turks conquer, 511 2 ; ceded, 515 1 ; rebellion quelled, 5243; Herzegovinians revolt, 5262 ; rebellion, 5232 ; Austrians enter, 5281 , 5293 ; Turks aid, 5281 ■ against Turks ; revolts ; revolt subdued ; to Aust., 529 3; war ends, 5301 ; occupied ; quiet, 5311 j insurrection, 5312; avalanche, 534i ; annexed, 5352. Boso, Duke of Burgundy ; revolts, 6672. Bosporus, kingdom fnd., 11472 ; Eumelus kills relatives, 11483 ; Scythians conquer, 11491 ; conquered, 11501. Bosporus, earthquake, 1150 2 . entered, 11181. Bosquet, Pierre Joseph Francois, b., 719i ; d., 7342. Bosquillion, Edouard F.M.,b,,7003; d.,7222. Bosse, Dr. von, minister, 8363. , F. X., prefect, 5842. Bossi, Giuseppe, b., 10843 ; d., 10862. Bossuet, Jacques B.,h.,6863; works, 6931 ( 2, 6951; d., 6962. Bossut, Charles, b., 09S3 ; d., 7211 . Boston, Trimountain, fnd.; gen. court held, 331 ; first church, 322 ; school est., 343 ; commissioners opposed, 43 1 ; training- days, 441 ; secession church, 442 ; print- ing-press, 443 ; Castle destroyed, 453 ; slave traffic, 471 ; Savoy confession ap- proved, 463 ; church quarrel, 482 ; char- ter expires, 493 ; ] l nguenot fresh, church, King's Chapel erected, 50 2 ; capital of seaboard, 51i; Eng. revolution known, 512 ; Public Off urrenees suppressed, 503; Br. fleet arrives, 521 ; disease decimates, 533 ; Manifesto church est., 542 ;fire,473; population, 553, 633 ; antislavery, 551 ; Queen Anne proclaimed, 553; News-Let- ter, 571 ; great fire, 573 ; Bank of Credit, 593 ; deep snow, 58 1 ; sale of books, 583 ; Boston Gazette pub., 5S 3 ; New Eng. Courant, 603 ; inoculation controversy, 611; smallpox scourge, 613, 693; first Freemasons, 031 ; stage line, 7 1 ; eong. of govs., 713 ; smallpox, 093; Xviv Eng. Magazine, 792; fire, 733 ; taxation resisted; stamp agent resigns, 75 1 ; Liberty Tree, 75 3 ; Royal artillery in ; Bomney irritates, 741 ; Brit, officers impeded ; vexes Brit, sol- diers; citizens board schooner, 77 1 ; Gage invades, 76i ; riot, 743 ; Brit, troops in ; non-importation, 77i ; massacre; troops withdrawn, 76* ; conven. of delegates ; Castle William delivered; liberty pole cut, 773; Tea Party; Port Bill, 782, 791 ; 9193; funds for poor, 783; illuminated, 793. period of Revolution : siege of, 801 ,2 ; buildings for fuel, 813 ; delivers guns, etc.; blockaded, 80 1 ; conflicts in harbor, 802; The Neck fortified, 801 ; Putnam on Hog Island ; invaded, SO 2 ; attack pushed, 811; storm favors Am.; Brit, bombarded ; evacuated ; cannons protect, 821; churches destroyed, 851; conven. troops, 88 1 ; Constitutional Con- ven. at, 933 ; Am. Academy Arts and Sciences, 931 ; Mass. Sentinel; Republi- can Journal, 90 3 ; slavery decision, 97 2 ; First church organ, 982 ; tire, 99 3; mass said, 1001; Washington arrives, 101 3 ; first theater, 1021; census, 1033; prices- Current and Marine Inteli'u/eneer issued, 1043 ; Mass. Magazine, 1003 ; Meth. church opd., 106 2 ; Constitution launched, 1061 ; aqueduct water, 111 2 ; Female Soc. org., 1102 ; sheet copper mfd., lid ; Daniel Webster arrives ; ice-trade be- gins, 1133 ; Library, Athemeum fnd.; R. C. see, 1143 ; Park St. Church erected ; Mrs. Duff appears, 1161 ; Evan. Tract Soc. org., 11S3 ; Monthly Anthology, 1123 ; < 'hristian Disciple ; Daily Advertiser, 1212 ; Linnean Soc. org., 1231 ; corset pa- tented, 1241 ; B. Handel and Haydn So- ciety org., 1241 ; B. Soc. org., 1243 ; Meth- odist Magazine, 1251 : Handel's Messiah ; Haydn's Creation, 1261 ; Christian Exam- iner, 1273, 1323; Christian Register, 1291 ; B. Courier, 1312 ; gas used, 1313; Lyman Beeeher pastor, 1342 ; State Library fnd., 1351 ; lithographs made, 1353; tempera- ture in, 1361 ; Benjamin Franklin, the first steamboat, 1373; Seaman's Friend Soc. org., 1362; Ladies' Magazine, 1363 ; asy- lum for blind ; Globe, 1371 ; Daily Morn- ing Post; Liberator, 1391 ; Mount Auburn Cemetery dedicated, 1393 ; B. and Wor- cester R'.R., 1413, 1471; B. Daily Jour- nal; New Eng. Magazine, 1423 ; Benevo- lent Fraternity org'., 1442 ; Select Journal of Literature, 1423 ; indignation meeting, 1432; ice exported, 1433 ; Charlotte Cush- man appears, 144 1 ; B. & Providence R.R. opd., 1453 ; Christian Review, 1443 ; B. & Lowell R.R. opd., 1453 ; Transcen- dental Club fmd., 1471 ; B. Quarterly Re- view eat., 14X3; Wendell Phillips appears, 1491; singing in schools, 1481; dis. of printing eel., 1511; iron front building erected, 152 1 ; Dial, 1523 ; S.S. Union dis- solved ; City Mission Soc. org., 1542 ; B. and Maine R.R. , 1573; Littell's Living Age; New Eng. Hist. Soc. library fnd., 1583; Ainevirau Messent/' r ; B. Univ. fnd., 1631; -water intro.; Forest Hills Ceme- tery est., 1653 ; Edwin Booth appears, 1661; cholera at, 1673; Y.M.C.A. org., 1683 ; Woodlawn Cemetery est., 171 2 ; New Eng. Hist. and GeneoJot/ical Register ; library fnd., 1703 ; Treniont Temple burned, 1712; telegraphic fire alarm, 1713 ; Congregational Library fnd., 1731 ; rescue of Anthony Burns, 1742; B., Con- cord, and Montreal R.R., opened, 1752 ; Public Library erected, 1782 ; clearing house est.; B. and Cambridge Street R.R. opd., 1793 ; fire at; industrial exhibition opens, 1813 ; Dr. Hayes sails, 1881 ; New- ton Cemetery opd., 1893. Civil War Period: Oth'Regt. leaves, 1941; troops on Common, 1953"; tirst colored troops, 1961 ; Review, 199 1 ; Mason and Slidell ar- rive, 2003. 2012 : City I -I; iillslonelaid,2173; B. Coll.org.; Union Cluborg., 2642 ; 54th Regt. leaves, 2222 ; non-union mob, 2253; Somh End City Hospital, 2333; Horticul- tural Hall, 2493; Mass. Inst, of Technol- ogy opd.; Young Women's Christian Asso., 2502; Masonic Temple, 2573; New Eng. Conservatory of M usie est.; statue of Edward Everett, 258 1 ; Roxbury an- nexed, 261 3 ; Board of Missions fmd., 2642; Women's Club org., 2651 ; Univ. and Coll. of Liberal Arts fnd., 266 2 ; school fordeat',2603 ; Congregational Cluborg., 26S2; B. Univ. opd., 2763. Peace Peri- od : World's Peace Jubilee eel., 266 1 , 2781,3; G'A^/,2782; great lire, 2793, 2883; Sunday reading-room, 2S1 1 ; Mass. Nor- mal Art School fmd.; Beethoven Quintet Club find., 2821 ; enlarged, 2882; R. C. archdiocese, 2862; anniversary of Bunker Hill; aqueduct built, 2893 ; Jesse Pom- eroy arrested ; Winshiu forgeries, 2911 ; R.R. engineers strike, 2943; MarcellaSt. Home opd., 2971 ; Back Bay Park system est., 2973 ; Dorchester annexed, '2693 ; Museum of Fine Arts, 2701 , 3542 ; New Eng. Conservatory of Music meorp.,270 1 ; Literary World ; Old and New est.,270 3 ; Chinese school org.; Wide Awake, 2922 ; Prot.Epis. Church Cony., 2962,4761 ; first telephone, 2941 ; library repts., 2962 ;. Daily Evening Record , o(.)03 ; Associated Charities org., 3011; settlement eel., 3053; Symphony Soc. est., 3061; Nat. Conven. W. C. T. U., 3071 ; Law and Or- der League org., 310 3 ; Unit. Ministers- Monday Club org. 3142; Foreign Expo- sition opens. 3153; Algonquin Club org., 3231; statue of Win. L. Garrison un- veiled, 3241; Chamiing Club org., 3262; Unit. Nat. Bureau of Unity Clubs org., 3262 ; R.R. accident, 3273 ; State House enlarged, 3333 ; liquor licenses raised, 3362 ;'" schools and politics, .'3423; Nat, Guild Unit. Alliance org.. 3403; school history trouble, 3463; A m. flag on schools, 3471 ; Maritime Exhibition opens, 3473 ; squadron of evolution, 34S 1 ; cong. of churches, 3482; T. H. Hart reelected, 3491 ; fire, 3492 ; first electric street rail- road, 3513 ; Art and Science Inst, pro- jected ; Brewers' Syndicate, 3553 ; brick- layers' agreement, 3563 ; carpenters strike, 3583 ; Ancient and Honorable Artillery eel., 3601, 3.351 ; Bunker Hill anniversary, 3611; monument to Count Schwab, 3641; Meth. centennial, 3642, 3701; emancipation eel., 3683; Journal, change, 3862 : Irish members of Parlia- nienfin, 371 1 ; Nathan Matthews mayor, 3732 ; free coinage protest. 3763 ; strike, 3782 ; Xew Nation appears. 3781 ; Naval Order U. S. est., 387' ; Ucpubliean Press Club org., 3883 ; Kindling Wood Trust find., 3893; temperance petition, 3931; W. C. T. U. conven., 3943 ; Confed. bat- tle-flag returned, 4001; fire, 3933, 4213. 4273,4613; bank swindle, 3943 ; Burn- ham's gift, 3951 ; run on savings bank, 3953 ; New Chamber of Commerce, 4013 ; Maverick Bank directors indicted, 4023 ; negroes' mass meeting, 4082 ; balloon ac- cident, 4093 ; banquet to Dr. E. E. Hale, 1198 Text Figures denote Page. IlSl DKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Bost-Boyl. 4042; World Magazine, \'1(\2; Anti-saloon League fmd., 4042 ; Columbus statue, 4161, 4461 ; carriage-makers' strike, 4263; Tremout Temple burned, 4261 ; petitions Senate, 4411; trainmen attacked, 4442; low wages protested, 4432 ; lizard orna- ments, 4513; laborers demand work,4521 ; Patriots' Day, 457 1 ; jail-delivery, 4643 ; Elevated U.K. Bill. 4673 ; garment-work- ers strike, 4722 ; E. U. Curtis, mayor 477 2 ; Public Library Building, 478 1 ; Dennison Mfg. Co. anniversary, 4793. (See Massachusetts.) Boston, damaged, 3421 , Boston, B. of, title created, 0152. , Thomas, b., 8942 ; d. (1732). Bostrom, Baron, Minister of State, 6423. Boswell, James, b.,9103 ; Life of Johnson, 9251 ; d., 9263. , T.W.,surety for Jefferson Davis, 2563. Bosworth Field, brittle of, 8661. , Joseph, b., 9243 ; d., 9802. Soc., Royal, org., 9482. Botany Bay, felons transported to, 9251 ; settled, 9252. Gardens, Kciv, 9541 ; Oxford, 8801 . Botanists, journeys of, 8902. Botetourt, Lord Norbonne Berkeley, b., (1734+) ; gov.; dissolves Assembly, 77 2 ; d. (1770). Bothwell, Earl. (See Hepburn, James.) Bridge, action, 8941 . Botiller, Edmund le, viceroy, 8572. Botreaux, Baron, title created, 8591. Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Gugliel mo, b.,10S42; works, 10852; d., 10862. , Paul Emile, b., 7142 ; explorations, 7281; Monuments of Ninereh, 7302; dig- covers ruins of Assyria, 11562 ; d., 7382. Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano, b., 10S31 ; d., 10843. Bottcher, Johann Friedrich, b. (1681) ; Dresden China, 7982 ; d. (1719). Bottger invents matches, 8161. Botticelli, Filipepi Sandro, b.-d., 10783 ; works, 10781. Ib'.ttiger, Karl A., b., 8023 ; d., 8143. Vilhelm, b. (1807) ; Poems, 11363 ; d. (1878). Botts, John Minor, b., 1101 ; surety for Jefferson Davis, 2563 ; d., 2641 . Botume, Elizabeth EC., Contrabands, 446 2 . Botyras reigns, 11473. Bou Ameema, leader, 10 1 . Bouchain, Fr. gains, 6933 ; captured, 6962. Bouchardon, Iidme, b., 0943 ; d.,7033. Boucher, Jonathan, b., 9102 ; d.,9323. de Perthes, Jacques, b., 7062 ; d., 7382. Boucherville, M. de, minister, 593 2 . Bouchet, Claude Antoine, b., 7061; d.,7282. Bouchier, Thomas, Archbishop of Canter- bury, 8682 ; d. (1486). Boncicanlt, Dion, b., 9403 ; d., 10041. Bouck, William C, b. (1786) ; governor New York, 1553 ; d. (1859). Boudet, Paul, !>. (1800) ; minister, 737'. Boudinot, Elias, b. (1740) ; d., 1301 . Bouet invents pastel painting, 6861 . , Capt., on West Coast of Afr., 11611 . , Gen., at Hanoi, 4802 ; Black Flags, 4803 ; at Sontay, 4821 . Boutliers, Due de, Louis Francois, b., 6883; d., 6963. Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, b., 69S 3 ; Around the ll'ur/d, 7052 ; d. (1814). Boughton, Geo. Henry, b. (1836) ; in Nat. Academy, 2761 . Bouguer, Pierre, b., 6943 ; to Peru, 6981 ; he- liometer ; earth's density, 700 2 ; d., 7023. Bouguereau, "William Adolphe, b. (1825) ; Homer, 7481 . Bouhours, Dominique, b., 6863 ; works, 6931 ; d., 6932. Bouille, Francois Claude Amour, Marquis de, b., 7002 ; d., 7142. Bouillerie, M. de la, minister, 7473. Bouillon, Godfrey de, b.-d., 5392 ; Assises de Jerusalem, 6691 . Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, b., 6S22; d., 6863. Boulainvilliers, Comte Henri de, b., 6902 ; works, 6992, 7013 ; d., 6982. Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie, b., (1837); inTunis,754i ; minister, 7652,3; life exposed ; pronunciamento ; duel ; ar- rested, 7563, 7571 ; dismissed; trial, 7561 ; Invasion, No. 1, 7562 ; dispute in Cham- bers, 7571 ; demonstrations favor, 7572 ; greeting; indictment; manifesto; leaves Paris ; name erased, 75S 3 ; treason ; in- dictment ; prosecution of ; warrants for; trial, 7591 ; demands court-martial; man- ifesto ; sentence, 751)2; defeated; pub. letter, 7611 ; suicide, 747' ; visitors, 1001 1 . Boulanger, Bernet, minister, 767 z . Boulder, Colo., Univ. College org., 2962. Boule, M., minister, 7473. Boullougne, Bon. 1)., 6883 ; d. (1717), 6971 , Boulogne, Fr., taken, 6SO2 ; edict of, 6843; encampment at, 7141 ; pilgrimages to, 7342; captured, 8681 ; surrendered, 80113. Boulton, Matthew, b., 9081 ; est. Soho works, 9173 ; with J. Watt, 918i ; d., 9343. Bou Ma'za, Si Mohammed, b., 4882. Boundbrook, N. J., action at, 86 2 . llouutii, crew mutinies, 9241. Bounty, drafted men's, U. S. A., 2361. Bouquet, Henry, b. (1719) ; at Fort Du (..mesne, 702; against Indians, 741; d., (1766). Bourbaki, Charles Denis Ranter, b., 7222 ; at Nancy, 7381 ; arnivof Nortli; atTours, 7421 ; commands, 7423 ; at Dijon, 7431 ; at Belfort ; in Switzerland, 7441 . Bourbeau, Louis Olivier, b. (1811) ; minis- ter, 7392. Bourbon, Ind., church wrecked, 3903. , Alfonso de, retires to Fr., 11321 . , Cardinal de, proclaimed K., 6853. , Charles, b.-d., 6783, , Dukeof, Prime Minister; dismissed, 6993 ; banishment, 7092. , Duke of, in Tunis, 11392. family enthroned, 6853 ; reconciled, 7333; dethroned, 7172; from Sicily, 10872; restored, 7213, 7232. , Francois de Paule de, d., 7621 . , Jacques do, leadsagainst Pope; killed, 6801. , Juan de, renounces claim, 11313. Bourbonnais, St. Viateur's College (R. C.) organized, 2863. Boureet, Pierre Joseph, ]>., 6943 ; d., 7051. Bourdaloue, Louis, b., 0882 ; d., 6962. Bounleilles, Pierre liarntome lie, b. (1540); works, 6851 ; d. (1614). Bourdin, Martial, blows up, 10111. Bourdon, Isidore, b., 7123 ; d., 7342. , Louis Pierre Marie, b., 7142 ; d., 7322. , Sebastien, b., 6862 ; d., 6922. Bonrdonnaise, Adm. B. F. Make de la, b., (1699) ; commander, 10441 ; d. (1775). Bourgade, P., eons. R. C. bishop, 3202. Bourgainville, Louis Antoine de, d., 7211. Bourgas, insurrection, 5673. Bourgeois, Auguste, d., 746' , 7471 . , Leon, minister, 7611, 7632, 7651,2; resigns, 7652. Bourges : Church Council, 6703 ; Univer- sity of, founded, 6783. Bourget, Paul, Academician, 7561 ; works, 7602. Bourguet, Louis, b., 6923 ; d., 7002. Boungnon, Antoinette, b., 540 3 ; founder, 6903 ; d., 5422. Bourke, Capt., J. G., killed, 4183. , Richard, Sir, b. (1777); governor Aus- tralia, 4952 ; d. (1885). , Southwell, E. of Mayo, assassi- nated, 977' . , Robert L. Connemara, gov., 1045 3 . , Walter, shot, 989' . Bourmof, M., president, 5663. Bourmont, Comte Louis Auguste Victor, b., 7042 ; in Algiers, 82, 92 ; d., 7283. Bourn, Augustus O., gov. R. I., 3153. Bourne, Stuigvs, b. (176'.)) ; minister, 9432; d. (1845). , Vincent, b., 1698+) ; d., 7003. , William, mentions log, 874'. Bournemouth, convent opened, 980 2 ; New Victoria Hospital opened, 10023. Bournet, J.C. Ernest, cardinal priest, 7622. Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, b. (1769); d., 7262. Boursault, Edme, b. (1638); works, 6911, 6932 ; d. (1701). Bourse Taxation Bill passes, Ger., 837 2 . Boustield, Henry B., elected bishop, 9803. Bousmard, Henri J. B. de, b., 7003 ; d., 7163. Bousquet, M-, minister, 7563. Boussingault, Jean B. J. D., b., 7143 ; d., 7561. Bouteler, Alex. R., Com'tee of 33, 1891 . Boutelle, Charles A., b., 1502; onHawaiian question, 4471 ; resolution, 4491 . Bolltenvek, Friedricll, b„ 8023; d.,8141. Bouton invents diorama, 7241 , Boutwell, Geo. Sewall, b„ 1262; gov., 1692; Reconstruction Com., 2493 ; impeach- ment manager, 2612 ; gee. treas., 267'. Bouvain, Fr. Damien's monmnent, 5493. Bouvart, Alexis, b., 703' ; d., 7282. Bouvianum, action, 1052' ; captured, 10562. Bouvier, Hannah M., b., 1162. John, b., 981 ; d., 1682. Bouvines, battle of, 6701 , 8521 . Bow, use of, 11422. Bowden, Lemuel Jackson, b. (1815); d., 2311 . Bowditch, Nathaniel, b., 781 ; works, llli, 1371 ; d., 1482. , Thos. Edward, b., 9243 ; d., 9422. Bowdoin Coll. fn.l.. 1063; Library est., Ill' ; boat-race, 3173, 32)3, 3-53, 3273; centen- nial, 464' . , James, b., 602 ; d. (1811). , , b. t 6S 3 ; Articles of Confedera- tion, 973 ; governor, 991 ; d., 1022. Bowdon, Ga., B. College organized, 1822. Bowell, Sir Mackenzie, Min. Customs, 5931 ; Commerce, 5952 ; Premier, 5963. Bowel) mission, 5001. , Chas., Sir, S. C, lord justice, 9912. , Francis, b., 1162 ; Lowell lectures, 1663 ; Modern /7/<7o«y)//.i/, 2903 ; d. (1S90). • , George Fergusson, Sir, b. (1821) ; gov- ernor Australia, 4972, 49S3. , Henry, d.,3162. , John S., b. (1829) ; Gen. at Salem, Mo., 2003 ; at Port Gibson, 2211 ; d. (1863). , Nathaniel, b.,912 ; consecrated Prot. Epis. bishop, 1263 ; d., 1502. Bower, Hubert, consecrated bishop, 3022. , "William H., b., 1681 . Bowers, Mrs. D. P., b., 1381 . , Theo. S., b., 140'. , William "W., b., 1422; Bowes, Baron, title created, 9963. , Lord, lord chancellor, 9153. Bowlby, Henry B., cons, bishop, 10062. Bowler, R. B., Treasury Department, 4472. Bowles, Sam., b., 134' ;'work, 2083; d.,2982. , William Lisle, b., 9162 ; d., 9562. Bowlesby, Alice A., murdered, 2783. Bowling'Green, Ky., occupied, 1983; Con- fed, capital, 2012 ; Ogden Coll.org., 2963. Bowman, Samuel, b., 10S2 ; cons. Prot. Epis. bishop, 1842 ; d., 1983. , Thomas, b., 126' ; eons, bishop, 2763. Bowne, Anthony, lord may or London, 941 3. , Walter, mayor New York, 1372. Bowring, James, b., 926 2 . , Dr. John, b. (1792) ; British ntinister, 6193 ; d. (1872). Bowyer, George, Sir, b., 935' ; d. (1883). Box, copper-plate mill, 8761. Boxer, surrenders, 1203. Boxer, life-saving rocket, 982'. Boxhorn, Marcus Zuerius, b.-d., 11003. Boyce, mowing-machine, 9282. , James P., b., 1342. , W. W., on Committee of 33, 189'. Boycott, Capt., besieged, 9863. of merchants, 4602 ; paper mills, 4662 ; British goods, 55S3. Boycotting; brew erics, Chicago, 3003; legal decision, 4271, 2,4352 ; illegal, 4793; con- demned, 5002; advocated, Eng., 9863; increases, 9883 ; tenants, 1001 1 . Boyd, Andrew K. H., b., 1322 ; d., 2482. , Capt., killed, 9352. , Charles, killed, 9851 . , James, ineligible, 3832 ; governor Neb., 3991 ; decision, 4012. , John Parker; b., 70'; first. Presbvteri- an.563 ; at Chrvst let's Field, 1203 ; k., 90' . , Linn, b. (1800); speaker, 1692, 1732; d. (1859). , Thomas, attacked, 985' . , Vincent, consecrated bishop, 3342. .William, Lord Kilmarnock, executed, 9112. Boydell, John, b., 9062 ; Shakespeare's Works, 931'; d.,9323. Boyden,Seth,b., 11)01 ; patent loather,126i ; malleable castings, 136 ] ; d., 270' . BoydtonandWhitcl lak Koads,battle,2443. Boyer, Abel, b., 6903; d., 6983. , Baron Alexis, b., 7022 ; d., 7262. , Gen., meets Bismarck, 742' . , Jean Pierre, b., 85' ; succeeds Petion ; practical dictator ; exile ; invades dis- turbed dis. ; annexes, 10402 ; d. (1850). Boyesen, Hjalmar iljorth, b. (1848) ; Gun- liar, 2823 ; works, 2823, 2903, KD23, 3003, 3083,3123,3163. Boyle, Baron, title created, 903' . Boyl-Braz. Text Figures denote Page. I IN D Ji, -A. . Superior Figures indicate Column* 1199 Boyle, Bernardo, vicar W. I., 142. , Charles, b., 8942 ; d., 9082. , Father, sentenced, 5S91 . , George Fred., E. of Glasgow, d., 10022. , Henry, minister, 9032, 3 ; d. (1725). , Mary Louisa, d., 10022. , Richard, E. of (Jerk, l..(tr,5G); d.,8843. , , Great Earl, b., S722 ; d. (1643 or 1644). , Robert, b., SS2 1 ; experiments on air, 8921 ; electrical, 8941 ; institutes lectures, 8983 ; d. (1691). , Roger, b., 8S02 ; d., S942. Boylston, Nicholas, b., 5Si ; d., 762. , Zaodiel, b., 481 ; d., 741 . Boyne, battle of, S'J81 ; anniver., 3643, 5922. , Viscount of, title created, 9051 . Bozeman, capital of Montana, 3432. Bozman, Johu Leeds, b. (1757) ; d., 1302. Bozzaris, Marco, b.-d., 10343; killed, 10342. Brabant, taken from Sp.,0972; beer-brew- ing known, 10082; William of Orange en- ters, 5401 . Brabazon, Capt., captured, 6201 . , William, Sir, deputy, 8712. Brabourne, Baron, title created, 9871. (See Knatehbull-H ugessen.) , Theophilus, ou Seventh Day, 8822. Braccioliui, Francesco, b., 10803. Brace, Charles Boring, !>., 1341 ; Unknown God, 3743 ; arrested, 5243 ; d. (1890). , Julia, b., 1122 ; d. (1884). , Memorial Farm School opd., 4761 . Braeepeth, Baron, title created, 965 1 . Brachvogel, Albert Emil, b., S123;d. (1878). Brackel, Ferdinande von, b., S143. Brackenbury, Charles Booth, d., 10022. Brackenridge, Henry M., b. (17S6) ; Voyage to South America. 12S3; d. (1871). Hugh Henry, b. (1748) ; Modern Chiv- alry, 603; d. (1816). Bracket, Albert, Gallatin, b., 1362; col., near Village Creek, 2091. Bracket*, J. Q. A., gov. Mass., 3692, 3751 . Brackettville, Tex., silver mine, 4141. Bradburn, Mrs. Sainual, est. S. S., 9223. Braddell, John, shot, 9671 . Braddock, Pa., steel works reopen, 463 3 . Edward, b., 9042 ; leaves lid., 681 ; in Va., 681 , 2 ; effect of defeat ; at Fort Du Quesne, 68 2 ; on colonial taxation, 69 3 ; d., 9123. Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, b., 9482. Braden, John, b., 1341 . Bradenburg conquered, 5121 . Bradfield, reservoir breaks, 9673. Bradford, Eng., Nat. Asso. for Social Sci- ence meets, 9621 ; Br. Asso. meets, 9741 ; memorial to W. F. Forster, 10021 ; weav- ers' strike ends, I1H151 ; cholera, 10113. , Alex. Wartield, b., 1211 ; d., 2582. , Andrew, b., 642 ; publisher, 583 • d. (1742). , Duke of, title created, 937 2 . , John, d., 8702. , , N„ pres. Synod, 1232, 1263. , Joseph M., b., 1321 ; d. (1872). , Mai., at Fort Pillow, 2311 . , William, b. (15S8) ; governor Mass., 303,352,3,373; d. (1657). , , printer, b., 421 , 523.; issues al- manac, 483; Xew York Gazette, GO 3 ; d., 683. , , atty.-gen., b. (1755) ; d., 1061 . , , b., (1729) ; pres. Senate, 1091 ; d. (1808). , , b., 1342; paintings, 2901, 3021, 3121,3161,3181; d., 4041. , ,H.,b. (1800); d.,2023. , Pa., fire, 4273, 4613. Bradlaugh, Charles, b., 9102 ; loses elec- tion, 9792 ; refuses oath, 98.52 ; affirms; refuses to withdraw, 935 3 ; reelected ; expelled, 9872; police interference, 9873; denied in H.C.,'. is: 1 2 ; refused oath, 9912; arrested. 9913; administers oath to him- self; trial, 9932 ; oath H. C. ; refused oath, 9951 ; Oaths Bill, 9993 ; expulsion records, 10012 ; oaths resolution ex- punged, 10053 ; d'., 10042. Bradley, Edward, b., 9422 ; light of stars ; variation of axis, 90Si ; astronomer, 9102 ; d., 9162. , G. M., Koch's remedy, 3773. , James, b., 9001 ; d. (1762). , Joseph P., b., 1211 ; associate justice, 2731 ; Electoral! 'ommission,295l ; d.,4001 . , Louis R., gov. Nevada, 277 2 . , Martin, Miss, weds, 4283. Bradley,StephenR.,pres.Senate,1113,1153. , Thomas, explorer, 151 . , , shoots Mathes, 4423. , Warren Ives, b. (1847) ; d., 2621 . Bradshaw, John, b., 8781 ; pres. council, SS73; d., S9I12; disentombed, 8911. Mts., Ariz., cliff-dwellers, 4761 . Bradstreet, Anne, b., 261 ; Poems, 391 ; d., 442. , John, b., 562 ; at Fort Frontenac, 5743 ; d., 662. , Col. John, b. (1711) ; campaigns on Great Lakes, 741 ; d. (1744). , Simon, b., 26 2 ; governor, 47 3 ; re- stored to power, 512 ; d. (1697). Bradstreet's issued, 3023. Bradwardine, Thomas, Archbp. Canter- bury, b.-d., &-.12; works, 8533. Brady, James T., b., 1241 ; d., 2641 . , John, cons, bp., 3981 ; d., 380i . , Joseph, convicted, 9911. , Meziere, b. (1796) ; L. chancellor, 9533 ; 9632 ; chief justice, 9573. , Michael, dismissed, 4643. , Nicholas, Psalms, 900 3 . , Patrick, murderer, 393' . , T., street-ear robber, 4743. , Thomas A., resigns, 3073. , , J., indictments, 3103; acquitted, 3132 , Wm. V., mayor N. V. City, 1632. Bradyville, Tenn., action at, 2191 . Braga, earthquake, 1109 3 . Braganea taken, 1110 1 ; House est. ; Duch- ess claims Port. ; 11102 ; House ceases, 11103. Brueg, Braxton, b., 12G1 ; commands Con- feds., 1931 ; enters Ky., 2121 ; a t Frank- fort, 2142 ; at Munilordville, 2131 , 2163 ; at Murfreesboro, 217 1 ; in Tenn. ; at Shel- byville, 2231 ; pursued bv Kosecrans ; at Lookout Mt.,2262; atOhicauiauga, 22C3; at Chattanooga ; at Missionary Ridge ; at Tunnel Hill, 2282 ; Hardee supersedes, 2283; at Kinston, 2303, 2441 ; d., 2921 . , Thomas, b. (1810) ; gov. N.C., 1792 ; senator, expelled, 1973. , Walter L., Interstate Commissioner, 3512; d„ 3902., Braliam, John, b., 91S 3 ; first apj>earance, 9241 ; d. (1856). Brahe, Tycho, b.-d. ; astronomical discov- eries, 636 2 ; invents sextant, 7921 ; erects observatory ; system of astronomy, 11341 ; drawings, 10S02. Brahma Soma] of India formed, 10483. Brahmanism in India ; ruling religion ; reformers arise, 10431 . Brahmans regain power, 10431 . Brahms. Johannes, b., 8142. Braid, Spencer Fullerton, d., 3262. Braidwood, Thomas, opens Asylum for Deaf and Dumb, 9352; 9391. , 111., striking miners, 3401 . Braine, Daniel Lawrence, b. (1829) ; pro- moted rear-admiral, 3261 . Brainard, David, b., 58 1 ; d. (1747). Brainerd, John, b. (1720) ; missionary, 663; d., 662. , Gardiner Calkins, b., 1061 ; d., 1361. , Thos., b. (1S04) ; moderator, 2411 ; d., 2521. Braithwaite, John, steam fire-engine, 9441 . Bramah, Joseph, h., 9122 ; safety-lock, 920 2 ; hydraulic press., 9222; planing machine, 9302 ; d., 9363. Bramante, Donate Lazzari, b.-d., 10783. Bramlette, Thomas E., b. (1817) ; vote for vice-pres., 2812 ; gov., 2293; d. (1875). Bramham Moor, battle, 8601 . Brainpston, John, Sir, b. (1576) ; chief jus- tice, 8833 ; d. (1654). Braniwell, Baron George William Wil- shire, b. (180S) ; d., 1008'. Branra Flor appears, 1109'. Branch, John, b. (1782) ; sec. navy, 1372 ; objects to defense of Wash. .1923; d., 2191 . , Gen. Lawrence O'Brien, b. (1820) ; at New Berne, 2051 ; d. (1862). , William A. B., b., 1622. Brand, Henry Wm. Bouverie, Sir, b. (1814) ; Viscount Hampden, Speaker H. C.,9772. , John Henry, Sir, pres., d., 1105 3 . Brandao, Fernao, work, 11091 . Brande, William Thomas, b., 9242; d., 970'. Brandenburg, bishopric, 7723. 7741 ; est., 7772; mark of, attacked, 782' ; Louis, margrave, 7831 ; margravate sold, 7853 ; Albert III,, margrave ; John III., 7S7 2 ; incorporates Teutonic knights, 7892 • Joachim II., 7913; dukedom of Prus. annexed, 793 3 , 7951 ; Joachim Frederick, margrave ; John Sigismund, elector, 7933; invaded, 7942; Frederick III., elec- tor ; king ; powerful, 797 2 ; annexations ; annexes Magdeburg. 7973; sovereigns at, 8192 ; Herr, minister, 8353. Brandenburg, O., Morgan raids, 2242. Brandes, George Morris Cohen, b., 6403. , Otto, mobbed, 7642. Brandiez, battle of, 796'. Brandis, Christian A ugust,b.,8043; d.,8243 Brandon, Can., Sun, 5S43. , Miss., meteor falls, 4321 . , Baron, title created, 9031 . , Gerard C, gov. Mississippi, 135 3 . Brandreth, Jeremiah, insurrection, 939 3 . Brandt, Carl L., mem. Acad. Design, 2801 . , Count, beheaded, 6392. , Isabella, marries Rubens, 5411 . , Georg, b.-d., 11342; discovers phos- phorus, 7902; cobalt, 1134'. Brandy Co., Cal., org., 3433. Station, tight at, 2223, 2303. Brandywine, battle of, 87' . Brandywine bums, 1413. Brann'au, John M., b., 128' ; at Pocotaligo, 2143; d., 418'. Brant, Joseph, b., 642; Indian chief at Fort Schuyler, 87' ; raids N. Y., 883; in N. Y., 903; d., 114'. , Sebastian, b., 7862 ■ Ship of Fools, 787' ;■ d., 7882. Brantford, Can., Weekly Congregational Union', 5S82. Brantly.Wm. Theophilus. b., 1242; d. (1845). Brantc'mie, Pierre de Bourdeilles, b., 6803; d., 6862. Brascassat, Jacques Raymond, b., 716 3 . Brashear City, La., captured, 223' . Brasidas, commander ; k., 10202; d., 1021'. Brasilia discovered, 1060' . Braso, mission at, 11613. Brass mfg. from copper and zinc, 7902. Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etieune, b., 721'; d., 7482. Brassey, Baron, title created, 996 3 . Brasso, action at, 5222. Bratiano, Jean, d., 1113 2 . Bratton, Robert F., b., 158'. Braun, August E., b., 8083; d #J 820'. , Karl, invents nephoseope, 7382. Brauwer, Adrian, b.-d., 11003 ; makes broad- cloth, 892' . Bravais, Auguste, b., 719' ; d., 736' . Bravalle, battle of, 634' . 6353. Bravo, Gen. Nicolas, b.-d., 10952; at Cha- pultepec, 1622. Bray, Mrs. (Ann Eliza Kempe),b.,9302; d., 9922. , Rev. Dr., deposed, 3382. Braybrooke, Baron, title created, 9232. , Lord, experiment succeeds, 9392. Brayman, Mason, b. (1813); gov. Ida., 295'. Brayr, Baron, title created, 867 2 . Brawley, William H., b., 1522. Brazen, wrecked, 930'. Brazil. (See Text, pp. 552-560.) Cabral pos- sesses, 14 2 ; discovered; Amazon River dis., 15' ; navigated, 21' ; Rio de Janeiro Bay dis. ; Ojeda's second voyage, 162 ; colony at All Saints, 172; colonized, 173, 11093; divided, 212; gold dis., 22' , 232 ; bp. arrives ; first Plot, mission ; Jesuits arrive, 222; est. coll., 223; Jewish refu- gees, 222; important. 282; Prot. colony ar- rives, 232,3; colony divided; Veiga, gov. ; Prot. return to Fr. ; under Sp., 252; com- munism ; Jesuits in, 291 ; invaded, 312 ; raids for slaves, 322; marriage with na- tives ; toleration, 323; govt, est., 332; in- surrection, 361; slaves, 37 1; Port, pos- sess, 372, 393, 11103; insurrection; war of colonists, 38' ; against missionaries, 40'; gold mining, 533 ; diamonds dis., 573, 613, 653, 5541,2; Jesuits expelled, 723; 'Rio de la. Plata dis., 163; naval bat- tle, 1182, 1231 ; King of Port, in, 11103 ; separated from Port. ; independence, 11103 ; war with Buenos Ayres, 11601 ; Florida captured, 2383; representatives welcomed, 3531 ; miners out of work, 4273 ; Amnesty Bill passes, 5593 ; ac- cepted, 5lil> 3 ; Republic recognized, 6423; dispute with G. Br., 9672; war with Pa- raguay ; peace ; indemnity, 11062; recon- ciliation of Port., 11113 . 1200 Text Figures denote Page. INDH.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Braz-Brik. Brazil Company, Port., abolished, 61 ' . , Ind., strike, 317' . Brazilian wood introduced, S74' . Brazos Island, Banks lands, 227' : French steamers arrive, 2281 . , Santiago, Tex., Federals occupy, 216' ; Gen. Dana at, 227'. Bread and Cheese War, Neth., 1098' . making invented, 1013'. riots, in Versailles, 7073; Eng., 9272. Breadalbane, E. of, title created, 893 2 . , Marquis, title created, 9S7' . Breaker Island, N.Y., Are, 3S33. Breakspeare, Nicholas, fnds. bishopric of Drontheim ; arrives from Home, 1105 3 ; Pope Adrian IV. ; d., 10742. Breamore, England, It. It. accident near, 9933. Breathitt, John, b. (1789) ; goy. Ky., 1412 ; d. (1831). Brebeuf , Jean de, b. (1598) ; in Can., 302 ; tortured, 3S2. , Guillaume de, b. (161S) ; Pkarsalia, 6903 ; d. (1661). Brechin, see of, erected, 850 2 , 90S 3 . Breck, Samuel, commissioned col., 436'. Breckenridge, W. C. P., b., 148' ; Pollard Case, 4562; contest hitter, 4703. Breckinridge, Clifton It., b., 1602; speech, 4392; minister, 4473. , Desha, stahs Livingstone, 4722. , Henry M., b., 98'. , James, b., 723; d., 142' . , John, d., 1522. or Breckenridge, John Cabell. b.,130' ; nom. for vice-pres., 18IJ3, 1823 ; vote, 1812; nom. for pres., 1SS2; vote for, 1883, 1:>13; disloyal speecli, 109' ; joins Confed., 1993; expelled, 201 3 ; at Baton Rouge, 2103; at Murfreeslioro,217' ; atNe\vMarket,233' ; at Bull's Gap, 240'; driven back, 2402; d.,2881. •, Joseph C, brig.-gen., U. S. A., 334' . , N., in War Dept., 3512, 4472. , Robert J., b., 1082; moderator, 1542 ; Chairman Hep. Convention, 23.52 ;d., 2742. , William L., moderator, 1863. Breda, treaty of, 433; declaration of, 891' ; Mi/sttrtl performed, 10982 ; compromise of, 10993; taken, 1100', 2. Brederode, Hendrik, b.-d., 5403; compro- mise, 10983; petition to Margaret, 10993. Brederroo. Gerbrand Adriaanssen,b.(15S5); works, 1101', 2 ; d. (1618). Brcdow, Gabriel G., b., 804' ; d., 8102. Bree, Herbert, consecrated bishop, 9862. Breech-loaders in Brit, army, 974'. Breese, Kidder Randolph, b., 1382; d. (1881). Breffitt, Edgar, elected alderman, 9832. Bregeuze, league formed at, 8192. Brehm, Alfred Edmund, b. (1829) ; d.,8302. Breislak, Scipione, b.,10S42; d., 10862. Breitenfeld, Catholics defeated, 512' . Breithaupt, Johann A., b., 8043; d., 828' . Breitkopf, Johann Gottlob Emmanuel, b., 7982; musical notes, S022; d., 8002. Brember, Nicolas, executed, 8603. Bremen, fud., 7713 ; bishopric, 7703 ; free city, 7972 ; Danish rule, 7993 ; taken, 802'; sold to Hanover, 8012; independ- ence of, 8112; restored, 8113; new con- stitution, 819 '; Agr. Exhibition, 8293; Polish Jews in, 8:i5 3 ; statue of Einp., 836'; strikers, 835' ; cholera, 8373; ceded to Eng., 9072; ceded to Hanover, 11353. Bremenliafen, Am. riflemen at, 8343. Bremer,Fredrika,b.-d., 11343; works, 11302. , Gordon, Sir, in Opium War, 616'. Brviifla collides villi IM/ji/i'/n, 905 3 . Brendel, Karl F., b., 8102 ; d., 8243. Brenham, Tex., lynching, 395' . Breiman, W. I., trade tribunal, 410 3 . , T. F., consecrated bishop, 398 2 . , Thomas, arrested, 985' ; Phoenix Park murders, 991 ' . Brenner, Adolph, attempts murder, 4603. Brenneville, battle of, 668' . Brennus, invades Greece ; defeats Gauls, 1026'; sacks Rome, 10513. Brentano, Clemens, b., 8042; works, 813' ; d., 8162. Brentford, England, inundated, 950' . Brentius, founds Ubiquarians, 7903. Brenton, Samuel, b. (1810) ; d., 180' . , Wm., gov. R. I., 412, 433; d. (1674). Brentwood, Tenn., action at, 220' . Breogwine, Archbishop Canterbury, 843' . Brescia, stormed, 680' ; taken,5222; battle of, 784'; coll. fnd., 1077'; conquered, 1078' . Breslau, fnd., 7732; bishopric, 7743; capi- tal, 7783 ; burned, 780' ; Bohemia an- nexes, 7832; univ. fnd., 508 3 ; captured; peaceof',800 1 ; conquered, S012; battleof, 516' , 808' ; recov., 802' ; sur., 8112; univ. unite, 5203, 809' ; meat famine, 8353. Bressani, Francis Joseph, captured, 363. Bresse surrendered, 6973. Brest, Fr., cable laid, 2673; revolts, 712' . /Si-etar/tie, gold shipment, 423 3 . Brete'uil taken, 742'. Brethren sect appears, 9442; schools sup- pressed, 743'. Bretigny, peace of, 6753. Bretislav, conquests (Bohemia), 502' . Breton, E., bomb-thrower, 7663. Francois Pierre 11 ippolyte Ernest, b., 7192 750' ■, Jules Adolphe Aime Louis, h., 7243. — — , Lily le. (See Langtry.) , missionary at, 72S3. Bretsehneider.'llerr, lined, 833'. , Karl G., b., 804' ; d., S102. Brett, Jacob, Atlantic cable planned. 9522. , J. Watkins, Atlantic cable, 9522. , Philip M., d., 186'. , Sergeant, killed, 971 ' . Bretwahia L, leader of Saxons, 8413; con- verted L 8422. H., King, 8413. IV., christianized, 8422. Bretz, John L., b., 170' . Breughel, Abraham, b., 541' ; d. (1690). , Jan, b.-d., 5403. Brevet, promotion IT. S. A., 352' . Brevoort, J. K., Nat. Acad. Design, 229' . Brewer, David Josiah, b., 1482; \lecision, 3232 ; Associate Justice, 3433, 3513. , Leigh Richmond, b. (1S39) ; cons. bishop, 3042. , Thomas Mayo, b. (1814) ; d., 3022. Breweries, Eng. syndicates purchase, 3333, 3393, 3473, 3S33. Brewers' Association fmd., 2152, 297' ; fa- vors political action, 2503 ; session in Wash., 3593; in Boston, 407': coll., 3983. Cong, opposes Woman Suffrage, 309' . and Maltsters' Association define trade, 3163 ; conven.,407' . Brewerville, mission at, 11612. Brewster, Abraham, b. (1797) ; lord chan- cellor, 9712. , Benjamin Harrison, b. (1810) ; ap- pointed attorney-general, 3092. , Daniel, b., 9222 ; suggests kaleido- scope, 936 2 ; E'Jiithuriili 'Eiti'y,, 935 2 ; spectrum analysis, 9402 ; inv. stereo- scope, 9602 ; lit'hoscope, 9662 ; d. (1868), , James, b. (1788); d., 254' . , O. H., speaker La. House, 2772. Breusters, N. Y., P. O. robbery, 4743. Brialmont, Alexis Henri, b., 5423. Brian-Boroihme, King, at Clontarf, 846' ; assassinated, 8463. Briand, John Olivier, cons, bishop, 5763, Bribers punished, U. S. A., 3362. Bribery, remonstrance against, 57 2 ; Thos. de Weyland punished, 855' ; Wm. de Thorpe, hanged, 859'; in Eng. Pari., 889'; in H. C., 693' ; political, prevails, 9153 ; in Legislative Union of Ire., 9293; Mr. Swan, M. P., and Sir M. Lopez fined and imprisoned for, 9392 ; vitiates elec- tions in Derby, 9592; Yarmouth disfran- chised for, 9703; of Emp. Frederick III., 7872; New York aldermen punished, 3232± ; Jacob Sharp, convicted 327' . Brice, Benjamin W., b. (1809) ; d., 418' . , Calvin S., b., 158' ; chairman Dem. National Convention, 3412. , W. F., embezzler, 4763. Brice's Cross Roads, Miss., action at, 2342. Briceville, Term., miners' uprising, 388' ; convict labor, 3882, 391' . Brick, Mfgs. Association tight, 3G63. Brickner, Geo. H., b., 1422. Bricks, manufacture of, 28' ; first made in N. Y., 40' ; made by slaves, 6483. Br i da inc. Jacques, b., 6943 ; d., 703'. Bridewell Prison. (See London.) Bridge, Horatio, Natli. I law! home. 4783. Bridgeport, Cal., Indians murder, 385 2 ; Chinese-Indian feud, 387'. , Conn., soldiers' relief, 1923 ; strike, 4323, 4483; menagerie burned, 3273. , Tenn., Hooker at. 227'; Sherman's advance at, 228' . Bridges, Mr., killed, 981'. , RohL S., Overheard in Arcady, 4782. Bridges : Bridge of Sighs built, 1082' ; Bri- tannia Tubular, 954', 2; Caesar's over Rhine, 10582 ; East River B., 268', 3122, 3133, 316' 3833, 3873; East River, New B.,450'; Essex B., Dublin, 894'; Foyle B., 982' ; Fourth B., 10021 ; Hungerford suspension bridge opened, 9521, 9662; Kelso B., 9282 ; Lambeth anil Westmins- ter, 9661 ; London B., stone. 8502, 9441 ; Long B., Belfast, 8961 ; Menai chain sus- pension bridge elected, 9421; Minneapo- lis, 1761 ; .Memphis B., 4073 ; New Bruns- wick Bridge built, 940i ; Niagara Suspen- sion, 1761; Niagara Cantilever, 315 3 ; Niagara International, 2833 ; Queen's B., Dublin, 9172, 9501 ; Severn iron erected, 9202, :i2(;2 ; St. Louis Tubular, 2841 ; TayB.,9741 ; Tower Bridge opened, 10121 ; Trajan's, 10641 ; first chain over Tweed, 9401 ; Tyne B., 9741 ; Vauxhall, 9343; Victoria Tubular, Can., 5813; Wa- terloo, 9343, 9382 ; Westminster, 9102, 9122, 9661; Wire bridges inv., 9642; Xerxes, boats, 1018' . , Bill intro., N. Y., 4012 ; passes, 4573. Bridgewater canal opened, 9143. . (See Egerton.) , Eng., surrendered, S86'. , Mass., Indians attack, 462. , Treatises, 9443. Bridginan, Rev. D., enters P. E. eh., 3842. .Elijah C, miss., 1363, 6103 ; d., 6202. , Frederick Arthur, b., 1622 ; in Na- tional Academy of Design, 3081 . , Laura Dewey, blind-deaf-mute, b., 1362 ; d., 3401 . , Orlando, Sir, keeper, 8932 ; d. (1674). , William M ., made captain, 3981 . .School est., 6211. Bridie, Benjamin C, Sir, d., 9662. Bridport, Baron, title created, 925 s ; vis- count, title created, 9051 . (See Hood.) Brie, taken, 7423. , Matthaeus Z. van, h.,5422 ; d., 5442. , Philip Jacob van, b., 5422 ; d., 5442. Briel, Neth., seized, 10981 . Brienne, Fr. Archbp. de, minister, 7071 ; Gen. Bliieher repulsed, 720 2 . Brier Creek, battle of, 902. Brigandage of barons suppressed, JETr., 6683 ; extermination of, 10903. Brigandet, Paul A., cons, bishop, 9603. Brigands in It. ,10881 , 10893; inTurk., 11591 . Briggs, Mr., murdered, 967'. , Ansel, gov. la., 161 3 . , Dr. Charles Augustus, b. (1841); in- stalled prof., 376' ; pr< »test to Presbytery, 3S22 ; sends statement, 3842; replies to charges ; trial, 3923 ; rase appealed, 3942 ; trial for heresy, 4062, 4162; suspended, 4302; case reopened, 4321 ; case in Pres- bytery, 4321 ; charges dismissed, 4401 . , George Nixon, b., 1061 ; gov. Mass., 1611; d. (1S61). , Henry, b., 8721; completes loga- rithms, 8801; d.,8822. , John, d., 531 . , William, d., 5782. , Willoughby L., d., IOO82. Brigham, Charles Henry, b., 1282; d. (1879). , J. C, missionary, 489' . Young College opened, 3003. Bright, Charles T., Sir, d., 9982. , Jacob, M. P., 9711. , Jesse D., pres. senate, 177', 1792; expelled, 2033. , John, b., 935' ; leader anti-corn law league, 9493 ; in Pari., 9613, 9633 ; minister, 973', 9752, 9852; resigns as chanc.,9893 ; statue, 998'; d., 1000'. , Richard, b., 9243. — — , Timothy, works, 8763. Brighton, Colo., Coxeyites drowned, 4633. , Eng., chain pier completed, 940 2 ; rail- way opened, 9501 ; pavilion sold, 9553 ; second pier erected, 9093 ; Hastings rail- way collision, 9533; ,.)iiv falls, 9333; rail- way collision, 9053 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 9741 ; Social Science Asso. meets, 9741 ; church eong. at, 974 2 ; aquarium opd., inaugurated, 976' ; free library museum, picture gallery opd., 977J; Burrows' statue, 982' ; Hove Town Hall opened, 9913 ; Preston Park opd., 992'. , Mass., archbp. holds meeting, 3642; St. John's B. E. Sem. org., 3183. Brikaina captured, 1010' . Bril-Broo. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1201 Bril, Paulaus, b.-d., 5403. Brille captured, 540 1 . Brilliant, explodes, 1713. Brindley, James, b., 906 2 ; improves canal walls, 9143 ; builds tunnel, 9161 ; d.,9183. Brinton, Daniel Garrison, b., 1422; Races and People, 3962. Brinvilliers, Marquise (Mario d'Aubray), b. (1630?) ; executed, 6932. Brisacb, revolts, 6792. Brisay, Calbeck de, gov. Can., 577' . , Col. J. F. W. de., gov. Can., 577' . Brisbane, Charles, Si renins Curaeoa,9321 ; d. (1829). .Thomas MacDougal, Sir, b., 9183; gov. Can., 4951 ; d., 9642. , fnd., 4951 ; bishopric, 4962 ; first pari., 4972 ; floods, 5001 ; Arcbbp. Dunne cons., 9862 ; Bp. Webber cons., 9922. River explored, 4941 . t Brisbin, James S., d., 3981 . Brisson, Barnabe, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. , Henri, pres.; resigns, 7552. — -, Mathurin Jacques, 1.., 6982 ; d., 7163. , M., pres. Chamber, 753 2 . Brissot de Marville, Jean P., b., 7022 ; d., 7082. Bristed, Charles A., b., 1282 ; d., 2841 . Bristol, Conn., nickel-in-slot machines, 4631. , Eng., J. Cabot sails, 143; taken, 84S1 ; St. Mary's church built, 8502 ; rights f ranted, 8593 ; see erected, 8683 ; sassa- ras expedition leaves, 8793 ; Bapt. Ch. built, 8823; surrenders, S841, 8S61 ; hos- pital fnd., 9031; Bristol Times issued, 9043 ; rechartered, 9(152 ; new exchange built, 9113; bread riots, 9132; bridge built, 9153; Bapt. Theological Sem., 9191 ; riot,'927i , 945i ; S41 ; Pratt's gift to Institute, 3843; Beecber statue, 3861; Mazzini's birtbday eel., 3863; medical attendance free, 387' ; Bridge funds for both cities, 3S7 3 ; boy convict; female burglar, 3S92; chinamen ill-treated,:;:!:',' plans for dry-dock, navy-yard, 396 1 many licences, 4022; Larsen'o'utrage, 404 2 Excise Enforcement League find., 4083 youtbful burglars; railway franchise pro- tests, 4103; How, defaulter, 4123; fran- chise veto, 4133; shoemakers strike, 4142; Columbianeelehrationovereharges,4183; 4211, 4222, 4451, 4573- Dr. McGlynn's ovation, 4201 ; B. Institute, Raymond's gift, 4202 ; navy-yard land sale ; Hebrew Orphan Asylum 'ded.; Traction Co. lease R. R., 4213 ; overcharges legalized, 4223 ; anti-personal taxation organization, 4242; Bryce A. White embezzles, 4262; Chinamen ostracized, 4263 ; free trol- ley franchises, 4271; burglaries, 4282; Hebrew Charitable Soe. est., 4322; ex- cise moneys spent, 4342, 4.102; explosion, 4352; ice cream poisoning, 4:;." 3; Howloek suicide, 4362; Independent Com. of 100 meets, 4392; Hamilton statue, 4401 ; Beecher anniversary; bridge surveys, 459i ; counterfeiters; McKane trial (see McKane, J. Y.); brewers' investments, 4522; boxing stopped; Irish liag not on City Hall, 4531 ,4542, 4553; Anti-Compul- sory Vaccination League, 4571 ;house .col- lapses,!.^; Talmagepastoratecel.,458' ; bankwreckers indie ted, 45X2; Tabernacle burned, 4601 , 4613; anarchist murderer Sutherland sentenced; street railway strike, 4603; Japanese Soc. fmd., ,461 1 ; G-essner murder, 4642; Orangemen's parade forbidden, 4643; illicit still cap- tured, 46S 2 ; home for epileptics opd.; Huber suicide, 470 2 ; Standard Oil con- trols Gas Companies, 4713; German Hos- pital, 4742; Law Enforcement League org., 4751 ; Cath. Hist. Soe. est., 4761; thieves raid, 47G2; Kurth and Deterling bribery; consolidation carried, 4772; starvation; wharfage trust, 4773. Brooklyn Bridge. (See East River Bridge.) lirookhm blockades New Orleans, 2021 . Brooks, Charles T., b. (1813) ; d., 3122. , David, d., 3842. , Erastus, b., 1241 ; d., 3242. , Jas., b., 1162; nom. for speaker, 2492 ; protest, 2572 ; censured, 2x12 ; d., 2802. , John,b.(1752>;gnv. Mass. ,1252;|d., 1322. , A., nom. for vice-pres., 3311 . , Maria Gowen, b., 106'; works, 129', 1331; d., 1581. , ST. M., in P. O. Department, 4472. , Peter Chardon, b., 74'. , Phillips, b., 144' ; p. E. bp., 3822, 3923; d., 422'; memorial service, 4242; in Westminster, 1010' . , Preston Smith, b. (1819) ; assaults Sumner, 179'; indicted, 1803; d. (1857). , Wm. Keith, b., 164' ; The Oyster, 3963. , W. R., discovers comets, 3222, 330' , 334' 342' 994'. , Win. Thomas Harbaugh, b., 1282 ; dismissed, 2182 ; d., 2702. Brookshire, Elijah V., d., 178'. Broome, James E., gov. Florida, 1743. , JohnL., b., 132'. , Napier, Sir, gov. Australia, 499 2 . Brooms, broom-corn mfd., 102'. Brorson, Hans Adol, Psalm Hook, 6383. Brosius, Marriot, b., 156' . Brosses, Charles de, b., 6963; d. (1777). Brotas, mission, 5562. Brother Jonathan issued, 1212. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers at New Haven, 359' ; at Jersey City, 3923. Locomotive Firemen, strikes, 469' . of Philip and Andrew conven., 446' . of Railway Trainmen founded, 317 1 ; convention, 37113 ; statistics, 4463. of St. Paul established, 10042. of the Oratory org., 1081 2 . Brothers of the Cross org., 7602. Brotier, Gabriel, b., 6982 • d., 7062. Brough, John, governor Oliio, 2413. Brougham, John, b., 1162 ; d. (1880). Broughton, Bishop, arrival, 4942 ,Rhoda, b., 9502. , T., gov. S. C, 633. Brouncker, Lord, pres. Royal Soc, 890'. Broussa, earthquake, 11562. Broussa is, Franyois Joseph Victor, b., 704 2 ; d., 728'. Broussel arrested, 6893. Broussonnet, Pierre Auguste, b., 7023; d., 7163. Browal, Johan, b.-d., 11342. Brown, Aaron F., P.-M. General, 183' . , V enable, b. (1795); governor Ten- nessee, 161' ; d. (1859). , Albert G., 1572. , Benjamin Gratz, b., 134' ; gov. Mo., 2772 ; Liberal Rep. nominee for vice- pres., 3783, 3792 ; vote, 2812. , Blower, champion pedestrian, 985 3 . Brothers expelled, 32'. , Captain, at Arkadelphia, 2183. , Charles Brockden, b., 762 ; W orks, 1063, 1091,1103, 1111,113'; d.,1162. , D. Russell, nominated for gov. R. I., 4032, 4272, 4533 ; inaugurated, 4793. , Ethan A., b. (1776) ; governor Ohio, 1272 ; d. (1852). , Ford Madox, b., 9403 ; d. (1893). , Frank, inaug. gov. Md., 4212. , Frederick, killed, 181'. , General, at Springfield, Mo., 218' . , George Loring, 1>. (1814) ; Bay of New York, 1902; c', 7 „ 7 , SUOi ; Venice, 3121 ; d., 3402. , George, Captain, promoted, 3261. , George, Sir, b. (1790); d., 9681. , P., absconds, 3543. , Goold, b. (1791); d., 180'. , Harvey, b. (1795); d., 284' . , H. C, arrested, 3883. , Henry B., b., 146' ; justice, 3513, 3733. , Kirk, b., 123' ; statues, 1521 , 1581 , 1871 ; Washington, 1581 ; d., 3241 . , Horace, Col., on Lake George, 871 . , J. A., works, 2901 , 3081 . , Jacob, b., 823 ; defends Ogdensburg, 1182; Gen. at Sackett's Harbor, 1202; at Williamsburg, 1203; at Chippewa; at Fort Erie ; at Lundy's Lane ; burns Sackett's Harbor, 122'; major-general; commander of army, 124' ; d., 136'. , James M., at Garfield Park, 4143. , Jason B., b., 1502. , John and Samuel, est. Episcopal worship, 302. , , b., 1082; at Osawatomie, 180' ; in Va., 186'; seizes Harper's Ferry; con- victed, 187-' ; d., 1842, 1S63 ; monument, 296'. , , b. (1757) ; president Senate, 1131 , 2 ; d. (1837). , , clergy, b. (1784) ; d., 9622. , , Eng. el., b., 9042 ; d. (1766). , , moderator, 2942. , , physician, b., 90S2 ; d., 9243. , , Scot, 1:,., 9062 ; d., 9242. , Allen, b.,93l ; paints Sprine/litne, 318' ; Paleolithic Man, 9963 ; d., 27S2. , Calvin, b. (1827) ; governor Ten- nessee, 2772; d. (1889). , G., moderator, 2S62. , , George, b. (1831) ; member Na- tional Academy Design, 229' . . Henry Hobart, b. (1831); cons. P. E. bp., 2882; d., 330'. , Mason, lleyinninys of Ky., 3743. , Y., governor Kentucky, 399' . , Mrs. John Crosby, gift to' Museum, 338'. , Joseph Emmerson.b. (1821); gov. Ga., 1832; calls out militia, 236' ; withdraws troops, 238' ; d., 476' . , Morris, bp. African M. E. Ch., 1363. , Neil S., gov. Term., 1633 ; d. (1886). , Nicholas, b., 70' ; d., 1522. ■ , Robert, b., 870 1 ; conforms to estab- lished church, 8743 ; d., 8822. , , botanist, b., 918 3 . , Samuel, b., 9382 ; d., 9603. , Susan, gift to Princeton, 3602. , Thomas, governor Florida, 167'. , , b., 9203 ; ruling-machine, 9302 ; d., 9402. , , writer, b., 8902; d. (1704). , Thompson S., d., 176' . County of Indiana, gold (lis., 344'. Univ.,fnd., 742; boat-race, 3213; E B. Andrews, president, 341 ' . Browne, Baron, title created, 947' . , Bordon P., Phil, of Theism, 3323. , Chas. Fa rranAi'tenius Ward), b., 1422; Artemus Ward, His Book, 211' ; d., 256' . Browne, Edward Harold, b. (1811) ; elected bishop, 9742; d., 10062. , Felicia Dorothea, work, 937' . , George, archbp., in Reformation, 868 2 . , Horace, Col., at Manwyne ; retreats to Rangoon, 622'. , Isaac Hawkins, b., 9022; d. (1760). , James, b., 9262 ; consecrated Bp. Ferns, 9922 ; d. (1841). , J. Mills, Navy Department, 3512. , John M., d., 476' . , John Ross, b., 1262 ; d., 288' . , Maximilian Ulysses, b., 5123; in Sax- ony, 5142 ; wounded, 516' ; d., 5143. , Thos., Sir, b., 878' ; works, 8S51 ;d.,8962, , Thomas M., d., 3881 . , Wm., b. (1590) ; works, SS03 ; d. (1645). Brownell, Henry Howard, b. . 1282; d., 2781 . , Thomas Church, b., 912 ; cons, bp., 127' ; invited to Ala., 1383; d., 2422. Browning, Abraham, Bp. of Ussory, 9922. , Daniel M., in Int. Dept., 4472. , Elizabeth Barrett, b., 9343 ; works, 943',949', 9611; d., 9462. , Orville Hickman, b. (1810); secretary of interior, 2532; d. (1881). , Robert, b., 9362 ; works, 9463, 9603, 96S2, 9S43, 10022; d., 1002' ; buried, 10023. Society founded, London, 9882. Brownlee, John T., moderator, 3242. , Wm. Craig, b. (1784); president synod, 1502; d. (1S60). Brownlow, Duke of, title created, 937 2 . , Wm. Gaimaway, b. (1805); gov. Tenn., 251'; Unionist. 2253; proclaims martial law, 2653,; d. (1877). , Wm. R., cons. R. C. bp., 1012' . Brown-Sequard Edouard, b., 7223; elixir tested, 342', 3441 ; d., 7661. Brown's Ferry, Confeds. defeated, 2271 . Brownson, Orestes Auguste, b., HO 2 ; est. Boston Quarterly Periew, 1482 ; d., 290' . Brownstown, Mich., Indian victory, 118' . Brownsville, Kentucky, action at, 201'. , Tennessee, Female College founded, 1703; action at, 2102. , Tex., occupied, 192' , 216' , 22S' ; R, C. vicarate erected, 2862; raids of bandits, 390'. Bruce, Blanche K., b. (1841V colored sen- ator, 3012. , David, returns to Scot., 8592; d., 414' . , Dr., mission in Persia, 1108 2 . , Edward, crowned, 8572; invades Ire- land ; defeated; killed, 856' , 8562. , Frederick, Sir, b. (1814); English am- bassador, 6213; d. (1867). , George, b. H7S1) ; d., 252' . , G. W. H. K., cons, bishop, 9962. , Henry, General Houston, 3982. , Austin, minister, 973' . , James, b., 9082; in Abyssinia, 12,3 ; fired on, 620'; on Nile, 9162; d.,9263. , , E. of Elgin, b., 6763; gov.-gen., 5812, 10492; viceroy, 01X2, t',212, 10493; signs conven., 6212; Elgin marbles, 9302; embassy to China, 9613; at Peking, 9652; d., 5801 . , , moderator, 4461 . , J. W., nom. for gov. N. Y., 3912. , Michael, b., 9122; d., 9163. , Robert, contests crown, 855 3 ; at Loudon Hill; conquests, 8561; King of Scotland ; defeated ; dees. 857 1 ; murders Comyn, 8563, &571 ; d., 8573. , Thos., E. of Elgin, b., 9163; d., 9502. , Victor Alexander, minister, 995 2 . , William, moderator, 3023. Bruoke, Ernest W., d., 5342. Bruckner, Johann, b., 7922; d., 803'. Brudenell, James Thomas, Earl of Cardi- gan, b.,9283; d., 9722. Bruenn, anarchists arrested, 5362. Brueys, David Augustine de, Grondeur, 695'; Acoea/ Pathelin, G97' . , Admiral Francois Paul, b., 701' • k., 7122; d., 713'. Bruges, John, b.-d., 5392. Brugsch, Bey Heinrich K., b., 814' ; d., 661'. Bruinsburg, Miss.. McClernand at, 221' . Bruiser, collides, 9693. Brumidi, Constantine, b. (1805) ; frescoes dome of U. S. capitol, 250' ; d. (1880). Brummell, George Bryan (Beau), b.,9203; d.,9502. Brumov, Pierre, b. (1688) ; d., 7003. Brun, Charles Marie, minister, 7543. Brunanburh, battle of, 844 2 . Brun-Buff. Text Figures denote Page. 1JN D.C.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1203 Bruiick, Richard Francois Philippe, b., 6983; d., 7143. Brundisium seized, 1060 1 . Brundow, Baron, leaves England, 959 2 , Brune, Guillauine Marie Anna, b., 703*; general, 5182; at Bergen, 7123; d., 7222. Bruneau, Abbe\ guillotined, 676 1 . Bruneliilde, or Brunehaut, marries ; cruel- ty ; prisoner ; revenge on nobles ; flees ; forsaken ; punished, 7711 ; d., 6651 . Brunei, Sultan dethroned, 5511; treaty with, 551 2 ; Portuguese trade, 5513; agreement, 552 1 ; settlement at, 9993. Brunei, Marc Isambard, Sir, b., 91S2 ; d., 9542. ,Isambard Kingdom, Ik, 9323; Thames tunnel, 942 1 ; Great Eastern, 9G02 ; d., 9622. Brunelleschi, Filippo, b.-d., 10762; church of San Lorenzo, 10791 . Brunei*, Deputy marshal, killed, 4223. Brunet, Gilbert, b., 9042. , Jacques Charles, b., 7051 ; d., 7362. , M., minister, 7511 ; liquidator of Pa- nama Canal Company, 7573, 7593.- Brunetiere, Marie Ferdinand, b. (1849) ; Academician, 756 1 . Brunhilda, asteroid, discovered, 2781 . Bruni, Leonardo, b.-d., 10762 ; Florence, 10792. Brunn, siege ; abandoned ; 5122; Prussians enter, 526 1, strikers resume, 5323 ; siege of, 7961 ; occupied, 8242. , Henry, b. (1822) ; d., 8361 . Brunnow, Philipp von, b., 11162 ; d. (1S75). Bruno, Saint, b.-d., 6681 . , Giordano, b., 10803; works, 10832; burned, 10823, i0S32; statue, 1090'. , The Great, arohbp., counselor, 7733. Bruns, archbp., founds Brunswick, 7732. Brunswick, D. of (Charles Frederick Wil- liam), b. (1735); at Yalmy ; withdraws from Ft., 70Si ; manifesto, 7091 ; at Pir- masens, 710 1 ; at Auerstadt, 7161; op- posed, 8113; ,1. (1806); monument, 5461. , Duke of, Ferdinand, b., 7983; d.,80G2. , ex-duke, gift to Geneva, 1138 3 . , G-a., captured, 2042; mo b lynches ne- groes, 3782; cloud-burst, 4141; people leave, 4373; yellow fever, 4393. , Ger., fnd., 7732; nourishes, 7773; for- tified, 7791 ; Otho.tirst duke, 781 1; Henry I., D. ; "William I., D.; Henry II., D., 7853 ; Frederick ; William II. ; Henry III. ; Eric, 7872 ; Henry IV., 7873 ; Julius; Henry Julius, 7933 ; Frederick TJlric, 7951 ; Augustus, 7953; Danish kings de- feated, 5121; Rudolph Augustus, 7973; Augustus William, D. ; Lewis Budolf Charles, 7992; Ferdinand Albert, 8012; Seven Years' War effects, 803 2 ; Charles William Ferdinand, 8053 ; taken, 8081 ; William Frederick ; annexed to West- phalia, 8093; independence, S112; insur- rection, 8133; tariff convention, 8251. , Me., Bowdoin College fnd., 1063. , House of, 9053. < jubilee, Great Britain, 9372. Brunswiek-Bevern, Anton Ulrich, D., b. (1714) ; captured, 5161 ; d. (1714). Brunton, Mary Balfour, b., 9203; d., 9382. Bruselas founded, 630 1 . Brush, Charles Francis, b. (1849) ; invents dynamo and lamp, 2901 . , G. K., d., 4761 . , Mary, patent for corset, 1241 . , Run' Church, Disciples, org., 1163. Brusquet, b., 6S02 ; d., 6822. Brussels, Belg., St. GuduleCathed., 5392 ; capital; Prots. executed, 5412; Union pro- claimed, 10993; convent fnd.; Courrier V&ritable dr* Pa}/x-Eas,~>lli ; bombarded, 5421; taken by Fr., 5431,11002; upris- ing, 5421 ; taken, 7081 ; Gen. Boulanger ; International Penal Law Congress ; Afr. Conf. ; Shah visits, 5462 ; Anti-Slavery Conf. ; Cafe populaire ; Miners' Conf. ; Leopold rs. S tat 1 1 ey , 5463 ; dynamite car- tridge, 547J ; outbreak ; Nat. Cong. meets, 5433; National troops enter; Leopold enters, 5433 ; riots; Obsercafeitr; Philanthropic Conf., 5443 ; Czar visits, 545 1 ; Maritime Conf., 5453 ; statistical Cong., International Society ; Science Asso., 544 1 ; Cong, of Workmen, 5471 ; Royal Botanical Garden, 5441 ,5451 ; International Conf. held; Industrial Ex- hibition, 5453; Health Conf., 5451 ; elec- tion riots, 5442; vaccine used, 5441 ; in- dependent issued, 5443; Artistic Conven. ; patriotic fete ; temperance discussed, 5461; Petition of Radical Asso., 5463; Commercial Museum opnd. ; Inter. Rail- way Conf. ; Palace of Justiee opnd., 5473; riots, 5471 ; Suffrage Conf., 5463; Bou- langists warned ; Constitution revision, 5472; strikers, 5471 ; dock improvements ; fire, 5473; treaty rejected, 3793 ; ratified, 3992; Monetary Cong., 549 1 ; riots; So- cialists' riot ; cashier Ins. Co. absconds, 54S1 ; Fr. delegates expelled; Miners' Cong. ; mayor beaten, 5482 ; military disperse crowds, 548i ; Pr. Charles mar- ried; strikes, 54S 2 . Brute, Simon Gabriel, b., 912 ; d., 1502. Brutians subdued, 10522. Brutus, Decimus, at Mutina, 1060 2 ; re- ceives Gallia Cisalpina, 1061 2 ; killed, 10602. , Lucius Junius, leader insurrection, one of the first consuls, 10512; d., 10502. , Marcus Junius, b.-d, 10583; surren- ders at Modena, 10581 ; triumvirs against, 10602; receives Macedonia ; assassinates Caesar, 10612; at Philippi, 10281 . Br uy fere, Jeande la, b., 6883 ; Caracteres, 6951. Bruys, Pierre de, burned, 6G)i ; d., 6943. Bryan, Francis, Sir, deputy, 8712 ; i rd marshal, 8712; d. (1550). , Wm. Jennings, b. 1861 ; for Free Wool Bill, 403 2 ; against, silver repeal, 436 3 . Bryant, Henry G., Arctic exped'n., 4621 , , Jacob, b., 9042 ; d., 9323. , Wm. Cullen, b., 1042; works, 1271, 1311,2723 ; d., 29S2. Bryantown, Va., assassins in, 2471 . Bryant's Station attacked, 943. Brydges, Sir Sam.Egerton, b., 9162; d.,9482. Brydon, Dr., wounded, 5 2 , Brydone, Patrick, b. (1741+) ; d., 9383. ISubastis, Egv., capital, 6511. Bube, Adolph, b., 8082; d., 8281. Bubna, Littz, Ferd., Ct., b., 5163 ; d., 5202. Buccaneers, in Haiti, 10401. Buccleuch, D. of, title created, 8932. , D. of, d., 9922. Buch, Leopold von, b., 8041 ; d., 8201. Buchan, David, Polar exped., 9381 . , E. of, title created, 8643. .William, d., 9323. Buchanan, Claudius, d., 9363. , George, b., 8662 ; d., 8742. , , address on slavery, 1031 , ■ , James, b., 1022; ni , ni . for Pres., 1803; elected; vote, 181 2 ; inaug., 1823; message, 1S33; financial message, 1 ! 85 2; first cable- gram, 1853; resents inquiry, 1872; vetoes Preemption Bill, 1882; m .ii-coercive pol- icy, 1883; declines to reinforce Sumter ; appoints day of prayer, 1892 ; refuses to surrender Sumter; receives Confed. Com- missioners unofficially ; drops vacillating policy, 1893 ; Confed." Commissioners ig- nored ; decides to reinf< .ree Sumter, 1903 ; patriotic message, 1911 ; d., 2621 . , Jennie killed, 4583. , John P., gov. Tenn., 399: effigy, 4123. , Mclvean, actor, d.. 2762. ,Robt.C., succeeds* ;en. Hancock, 2601. , , W., Scotch poet, d., 950*. } , f arrested. 4(182, 4283. , Dr., sells false diplomas, 3071 . Biicher, Lothar, d., 3361 . Biichner, Friedrich, K. C. L., b., 8123. BiH'keley, Morgan G., gov. Conn., 3492. Buckingham, Dukes of. (See Stafford, Villiers, and Grenville.) , James Silk, b., 9242 ; d., 9603. , Lady, plays faro, fined, 9292. , William A., gov. Conn., 1852; memo- rial unveiled, 3161 . Buckinghamshire, Eton Coll. est., 8623. , Earl of. (See Sheffield, John.) Buckland, Frank Trevelyan, b., 9422. , William, b., 9223. Buekland's Mills, Va., action at, 2271. Buckle, Henry Thos., b., 9463; d., 9662. Buckley, Arabella. Burton, b. (1840) ; Moral Teachings of Science, 4203. - — , D. J., convicted, 4503. Samuel, Botsford, b., 1161 ; d. (1884). , William, assassinated, 4323. Buckminster, Joseph, b. (1751) ; d., 1183. , Joseph S., b., 96i ; d. (1812). Bucknell Univ. fnd., 1631; observatory est., 3281. hanged in Bucknell, Simon Bolivar, b., 1302; orders State, Guards, Ivy., 1902 ; a t Bowling Green, 19S3; address in Ky., 1993; at Fort Donelson, 2041 ; evacuates Knoxville and Kingston, 2l!G2 ; gov . Ky., 3293. Buckner, James F., d., 3422. , Simoii B., against Lincoln, 1993; sur- renders, 2041 ; gov. Ky., 3293. , Judge against lottery, 3771. Bueknill. A. C, works, 9583. Bucquio.Chas.de L.,Ct., b.,5102; d.,5123. Buckstone, John Baldwin, b., 9303 ; ap- pears in N. Y., 1521 ; d., 9841 . Buda, Synod of, 5042; Univ. (Of en) char- tered, 5071; captured, 50S2; library est., 5083; retaken, 5122; Catholics treaty, 5641; stormed, 798i; Turks lose, 7992. Budapest, Univ., fnd., 5131 ; steamboats, 5212; taken, 522i; Austrians recover ; captured, 52^2; execution of Batthyani, 5233; Francis crowned, 5253; emperor welcomed, 5263; crowned, 5273; stormed, 52S2 ; capital, 5292; R. R. accident, 5293 ; Socialists arrested, 5312; duel; Shah of Persia visits ; students arrested, 5323 ; anarchists; royal eel., 5351 ; Szapary shot; Honved " monument ; Kossuth's birthday eel., 5361 ; embezzlement, 5362; Marriage Bill ; mobs of students ; riots ; honors Kossuth, 5363, 5373 ; delegates meet, 5371 ; cholera ; Hygienic Congress, 5381; Religious Freedom Bill, 5382; Hy- gienic Cong, opd., 5383. (See Pesth.) JSitdaj/csfi Szrnilr at Hung., 5^12, Budaun taken, 1048 1 . Budd, James H., election contested, 477 • . , William, b., 9351 . Buddacus, Johann, b., 7963 ; d., 8002. Buddha, Gotama, b.-d., 10421, 3; fnds. Buddhism, 11462 ; bone of, 6123. Buddhaghosa writes Ijliamnwjiada, 10431. Buddhism fnd., 11462 ; Annam, 4S23;intro. in China, 6103; abolished, 6122; i u Tibet, 6123 ; favored, 6132 ; 6142 ; prohibited, 6143; Pali text adopted, 10431 ; intro. in Japan, 10911; opposed, 10913 ; intro. in Persia, 11063. Buddhist creed in India ; Council at Patni; missionaries in Burma, 10431. Buddhists banished, 6123; massacre, 6203. Bude, Guillaume, b.-d., 6782. Budgell, Eustace, b., 8962 ; The Bee, 9091 , Budington, Wm. Ives, b.,1241 ; d., 602, 3022. Buduan mission, 1048 3 . Budweis, R. R. connections, 5213. Bueil, Honorat de, The Bergeries, 6872. Buel, Jesse, b., 912 ; d., 1502. Buell, Don Carlos, b., 1262 ; at Nashville, 2042 ; at Pittsburg Landing, 2061 ; at Louisville, 2141 ; at Perryville, 3142. Buena Vista, battle, 1621 . Buenos Ayres, fnd., 201 ; destroyed, 231 ; reestablished, 23 1 ; colonized, 252 ; pros- perous, 253 ; bishopric, 2S2 ; gov., 293 ; capt tired, 9321 ; Spaniards attack ; taken; re-taken, 4891 ; Brit, repulsed, 11601 ; aid to Chileans, 600 1 ; separated, 11052; Con- stitution decreed, 4903 ; W ar against, 5541 ; mission, 4902; burned, 4892; block- ade; blockade raised; capitulates; in- vaded; Urqruza, 4901; Presb. mission, 4902; secedes ; refugees enter, 4911 ; civil war, 490 2 ; National Cong., 4912 ; mob, Jesuits, Coll. burned, 4913 ; separated from Peru, 4893 ; Bank closed ; Govt, exhibit ; amnesty bill, 4913; Theological Inst., 4903 ; bank deposits suspended; Custom House defalcations, 4922 ■ con- spiracy, 4921 ,3 ; financial panic ; immi- grants, -19-J3; legations abolished ; panic, 4922; revolution, 4921. Buffalo.N.Y., laid out, 1113 ; burned, 1211 ; Library fnd., 1463 ; R.R. to Rochester, 1553; gale, 156i; Nat. Liberty Conven., 1571; 0. S. Pres. Synod org., i563; R. C. diocese est-, 1623 ; Free Soil Convention, 1651; cholera, 1673 ; Forest Lawn Ceme- tery, 1693; street-preaching riot, 1742; St. Joseph's Coll. opd., 199 1? Society Nat. Sciences org., 201 1 ; Academy Fine Arts incorp., 2171; Historical Society org., 2191 ; Lincoln obsequies, 2472 ; Fenians gather, 2522 ; Orpheus Singing Society org., 2681; Canisius Coll. org"., 2722; park svstem begun, 2761 ; Normal school est., 2763; Insane Asylum, 2783; Interna- tional Bridge, 2821 , G pd., 2833 ; Evening News, 2823; tornadoes, 3321; fire, 3353, 3773 ; Free kindergartens est. ,3803 ; Army 1204 Text Figures denote Page. INDJc^.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Buff-Burn. Of Potomac reunion, 3871 : lithographers strike, 393' ; Home for Aged Men, 3943 ; Dem. mass-meeting. 405' ; Father Dent, Bp. Ryan slander-suit, 41102 ; Nat; Bank fails, 3083; strike; U. S. troops, 4121 ±, 414' ; R. R. open, 4133 ; State Arbitrators at, 4142 ; K.B. blockade, 4153 ; riot, 4163. School Protection League fmd., 4182 ; election frauds, 4192, 4423; Police Bill protest, 4282, 4092 ; tire, 4292, 4332, 4372; 4573,4773, 4793 • largest elevator, 4433 ; fresliet,446' ; li.lt. men strike,4643; Wm, Gipps, murderer, 4743. Buffalo Mills, Mo., action at, 200' . Buffet, Louis Joseph, minister finance; resigns, 739 2 ; pres. Nat. Assem., 747 3 , 749' ; minister, 749 2 ; resigns, 751 1 . Burlier, Claude, b.-d., 11142. Buffingt. m, AdelbertR., b. (1837); ordnance dept.,334'. Island, O., raiders captured, 225' . Buffon, Comte de, Georges Louis Leclerc ; b.,6962 ; Natural History, 7(102 ; d.,7062. Buffum, Arnold, pres. Abolition Soc, 141' . Buford, Col., massacred, 92'. , John, b., 134' ; Col. in Kan., 1792. , , b. (1825) ; Brig.-Gen. in court martial, 216' ; at Beverly Ford, 2223 ; d., 229'. , NapoleonBonaparte,b.,114i ; d.(1883). , Thomas, Col., acquitted, 303' . Bugeaud de la Pieonnerie, Thomas, Due de Tolly, b., 70G' ; in Algeria, 82, 93, 728' ; d., 7302. Bugenhagell, Joliann, b. (14S5) ; d., 7922. Bugge, Thomas, b., 038' ; d., 6382. Buhle, Johann G., b., 8023 ; d., 8122. Builder issued, 9503. Bukki, higli-priest, 1141' . Bukowina, Galieia acquires, 517 2 . province, ceded to Aust., 11122. Bulak,Egy., mission, (Ml' ; .Museum, 6563. Bulgaria, Romans in, 1028'; invaded by Gr., 10321 ;est. kingdom in Moesia, 10313; Christian powers defeated, 5061 ; Leopold claims, 5133 ; insurrection suppressed, 11592 ; Turkish barbarities, 11583 ; Rus- sian interference, 11213 ; reconciled to Ft., 7632. (See Text, pp. 5(15-570.) Bulgarians, invade empire, 1030' ; devas- tate Greece, 10302 ; invade Gr.; kingdom in Moesia, 10313 ; annihilate Gr. army; at war with Gr., 1032' . Bulgaria, Dimitri, b.-d., 10343. Bulger, Capt. A., gov. in Can., 5773. Bulkelev, M. J., gov. Conn., proclamation, 3763 ; refuses to resign, 3853 ; lawful ex- ecutive, 3992- gov., 399' . Bull Auseulta Fili, burned, 6733. , Edward, kills wife, 4603. , Henry, b. (1609); gov. R. I., 493, 5]3 ; d. (1693). , John, b. (1563) ; God Save the King, 8783 ■ a. (1625). — — , 01eBornemann,b.-d., 1104' ; appears, 156' ; at Peace Jubilee, 266' ; d. (1881). , Wm., b. (1710); gov. S. C, 653, 732 ; d. (1791). , Col., burns Inverness, 821 . of Demarcation, 153. Unam Sanctum issued, 6733. Unigenitus, dispute, 699'; issued, 697', 10832; elorgv forced to accept, 701' . Bullant, Jean, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. Bullark.lt uf us B., director U. P. R.R. ,3512. Bullen.Maj. J. !»., at Donaldsonville,2232. Buller, Charles, b., 9323 ; d. (1848). , Gen. R., commander in Pre., 995 3 . Bulletin de V Industrie issued, 5443. Bullets as currency, 352. Bullhouse Bridge, R. R. accident, 9933. Bulli collierv ; explosion ; 4993. Bullinger, Heinrich, b.-d., 1137' . Bullions, Peter, b., 1023 ; moderator, 1862 ; d., 2312. Bullock, Alex. Hamilton, b. (1816); gov. , Archibald, b. (1730±) ; gov. Ga., 853 • d. (1777). , Ruf us Brown, b. (1S34); gov. Ga., 2652; accused of fraud ; leaves. 2752 ; d., 310' . , William, murdered, 2772. , Wm. £.., b. (1813) ; web-perfecting press, 2212; do 2561. Bull Hun, Va., first battle, 1963; 2d, 2122. Bull's Ferry, Va., skirmish at, 921 . Gap, Tenn., Federal defeat, 2401 . Buhner, Gippsland mission, 4963. , Sergt., wins rifle prize, 9941 , Bulnes, Gen., b. (1799) ; president, 6072 ; d. (1866). Bulow, Count Friedrieb Wilbelm von, b., 8022; at b. Dennehitz; at b., Gross- beeren, 7201; d., 8121. , Hans Guido von, b., 8142 ; at Kolding, 8181; d.,8361. Bultbaup, H., Eine Xene Welt, 8362. Buluwayo, captured, 6041 , Bulwer, Sir H. E. G., gov. of Natal, 6013. , William Henry Lytton, Earle, b., 9323 ; d., 976' . Clayton treaty, 1672. E.G.E.L.. (See Lytton.) Jiunce, Francis M., b., 1461 . Bundy, Jonas M., d., 3902. Bungay, George W., d. 4101. Bunker Hill, Mass., battle of, 802; monu- ment, 132' ; completed, dedicated, 1541; anniversaries of, 28111 ; 3611; 432'. , W. Va., occupied ; vacated, 1963 ; Early at, 237', 2,3. Bun-Lan, b., 4813. Bunn, Benj. H., b., 1562. , Wm. N., inaug. gov. Ida., 3193. Bunsen, Chevalier ( 'hristian K. J. von, b., 8043 ; made life-peer, 8203 ; d„ 8202. , Robt. W. E., carbon battery, 816'. Bunting, Jabez, b., 9203 ; d., 9022. Bunyan, John, 8822; converted; preaches, 8882; in Bedford jail; refuses to conform, 8902 ; released, 8923, 8932 ; Pilgrim's Progress: Ilulti War, 8943 ; refuses indul- gence, S963 ; d„ 8982 ; statue, 978'. Buoi-Schauelisteili, Karl F. von, b., 519' ; d., 5262. Buoniiisegna, Duccio di, Majesty, 1076 2 . Bura destroyed, 10223. Burbage, Richard, Lord Chamberlain's company, 876 2 . Burbank, John A., gov. Dak., 2692. Burbeck, Henry, b., 683 ; d., 104' . Burbridge, Gen., at Bayou Coteau,228' ; at Cythiana; at Mount Stirling, 2342; at Abingdon, 2383; at Bristol ; atKingsport, 2402 ; relieved, 2422. , Stephen Gano, b., 138 2 . Burcbard. Dr. Samuel Dickinson, alliter- ation, 3192 ; d., 3932. Burckhardt, Johann K., b., 804' ; d., 8123. Burdeau, Auguste, minister, 763 3 , 765', 767'; d.,766'. Bni'dell, Dr. Harvey, murdered, 1803. Burden, Henry, b., 1022 ; d., 272' . Burdett, Robert Jones, b., 1562. , Sir Francis, b., 9183 ; in duel, 9332 ; in Tower, 9353 ; radical, 9393 ■ d„ 9522. , Baroness, Angela Georgina, b., 9363; made burghess, 9772. Coutts, Baron, title created, 975'. Bnrdelte, S. S., com. G. A. R., 3203. Burdon, J. Shaw, elected bp., 9742. Burdwan, grant of, 10452. Burger, Gottfried A., b., 8003; works, 8052; d., 8062. Burgess, Alex., b. (1819); cons, bp., 2983. , Edward, b. (1848) ; d. 386' . , George, b., 116' ; cons.Prot. Epis. bp., 1263: d. (1866). , John William, b., 1562. , Neil, b., 166' . , Thomas, b., 9143; elected bp., 9423 ; bp. of Salisbury ; d., 9482. , Tristam, b., 762; d., 1732. Burgh, Hubert de, regent, deprived of of- fice, 8533; defeats Fr. fleet, 670'; con- quers Galwav, 852' ; d. (1243). , Walter de, Earl of Ulster, 8552 ; d. (1271). Burghers, reunite with Antiburghers, 9403. Burgkmair, Hans, b., 7862; d., 7922. Burglary, capital crime, 9443. Burgo, Wm. Fitzalden de, viceroy, 8512. Burgos, Castle besieged, 936'. Burgoyne, John Gen., b., 9082 ; arrives in Am., 80' ; blockades Boston,823; inCan., S6' ; in N.Y.; at Crown Point, 862; at Fort Edward; at Hubbardtown ; meets Six Nations; takes Fort Ticonderoga ; proclamation ; at Whitehall. 863 ; leaves Fort Edward, 87' ; inN.Y., 872 ■ surren- ders at Saratoga, 88 1 ; army detained, 882; defence in Pari., S93, 9213; army in Va., 901 ; controversy, 913 ; d., 9262. , Sir John Fox, b.,'9223 ; d.,9761. Burgundians in Germany, 6662; settle near Worms, 7693 ; subdued, 7712. Burgundionuiu \ Burgundy), est., 6633. Burgundy, kingdom est., 5212, 6633, 7093 ; Maximilian acquires. 5092 ; conquered; tributary, 6652 ; p r . acquires, 6732; occu- pied, 6753 • united to Fr. crown, 6792 ■ occupied, 6913 ; united to Ger., 7313 ; fief of empire, 7733 ; acquired by Ger. Emp., 7872. Burgundy, House of, reigns, 1099 2 ; pos- sessions, 541 1 . , Louis, Duke of, b. (1682) ; at Ouden- arde, 6961; d. (1712). Burial Act passes, 986' ; Fr., 759' . Burials Bill rejected, 9783, 9803. Buridan, Jean, d., 6722. Burigny, Jean Levesque de, b., 6942 j d., 7061. Burke, Ida., avalanches destroy, 3521 . , N. Y., caterpillar plague, 3861 . , Andrew H., gov. N. Dak., 3992. , Daniel W., commissioned major ,4561 . , Edmund, b., 9082 ; agent of N. Y., 773, 9193 ; famous speech, 791 ; works, 9151 , 9191 , 9291 ; against Anier. taxation, 919 3 ; minister, 9232 ; moves Hastings's impeachment, 9233 ; Dagger Scene in H. C, 9272; d., 9283 ; memorial, 1010'. , Sir John Bernard, b. 9363; d. (1892). , Martin, arrested, 5863 ; committed, 58S3 ; sentence. 3482, 5891 . , M. F., cons. It. C. bp., 3262. , Richard, convicted, 9723. , Robert O'Hara, b., 940 3 ; explorer, 4962. , T. H., stabbed, 989' . , Thomas, M. A., bp. of Albany, 4641 . , N., b., 944' ; d. (1883). , (Fenian), sentenced, 9703. , murderer, executed, 9443. Burkersdorf, defeat at, 5162. Burkesville, Ky., Morgan's raid, 2242. Burkujanna, mission, 5002. Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, b.-d., 11372. Burleigh, Edwin C, gov. Me., 3991 ; 3492. , Lord William Cecil, b., 866' ; d., 8762. , Va., Bapt. church fmd., 582. Burlingame, Anson, b., 130'; special am- bassador, 2613 ; at San Francisco, 2613 ; Chinese representative, 6213 ; treaty, 2633,2653 ; d., 2701. Burlington, Ind., masked men, 4582. , la., Coll. fnd., 170 3 ; Association of Unitarian church org., 2942 ; tire, 4293. , N. J., Quakers meet, 48 2 ; Epis. church erected, 563; AVtr Jcrsei/ Gazette, 851; coll. fnd., 103'; It. It. accident, 1773. , Pa., air-ship Co. organized, 384' . , Vt., university fnd., 1023; northern army at, 1182; It. C. diocese est., 1723; Louis DeGoesbri and cons. bp., 1723,3642; St. Joseph's College est., 3183; home est. for children, 2552. Heights Can., Brit, repulsed, 1202. Burma, conquered, 614' ; invaded, 616' ; 942'; tribute mission, 625 2 ; province fmd., 9672 ; mission, 10462, 1047' ; treaty with ; king of Ava deposed ; peace ; Lower annexed, 10473; war; Queen's Ju- bilee, 10482; Brit., envoy rejected; Upper annexed ; submission ; natives rebel ; in Brit. India ; provisional govt, est., 1049 2 ; railway opd. ; Chins revolt, 1008' , 10493. Burinaiiiius, P., works, 8003. Burinudez, Edward E., b. (1832); d., 414' . Burmeister, Hermann, b., 8083 ; d. (1891). Burmese, in Siam, 11242; treaty withG.B., 9432; war, 1046' ; second war, 10462. Burn, John, patents machine, 9343. Burnap, George Wash., b. (1802); d., 1842. Burnand, Francis Cowley, b., 9482. Burnes, Alex., b., 9323; in Afghan., 5' ; at Kabul, 9493 ; d.,9502. , Daniel D., b., 1682. , James X., eulogized in Cong., 337' . , , Ld.Monboddo,b.,9(H2; d.,9283. Burnet, David G., b. (1789); pres. Tex., 1472, 153'; d. (1870). , D. S., moderator, 2642. , Gilbert, b., 8843; works, 8943, 907'; d. (1715). , Thomas, b., 8822; work; 8943; d.,9042. , William, b. (1688); gov. N.Y., trans- ferred Mass., 613; d. (1729). Burnett Creek, Indians assault, 116'. , Francis Eliza Hodgson, b., 1661; works, 2903, 2923, 3003, 3063, 3131 , 3243. , H. G, obstructionist, 2031. , Peter Hardeman,!). (1807); gov., 1671. , Mr., bequests of, 9231 . Bumev, Charles, composer, b., 9063. , , auth., b., 9143; d., 9303. Burn-Cabr. Text Figures denote Page. lNJJllX. Superior Figures indicate Colu 1205 Burnham, Carrie, admitted to bar, 3523. , James C, b. (1820+); d., 254 1 . , S. W., on Alpha Delphiiii, 286' ; an- nounces eclipse, 5501 ; resigns, 4081. , T. O. H. P., gift, 395' . Burning lens used at Athens, 10203. Burnington, Geo., gov., N. C, 63 2 . Burnley, riots, 983'. Burnouf, Eugene, b., 7143; works, 727', 7292,7363; d., 732'. Burns, Anthony, 1>. (1830±); rescue, 1742. , Francis, b., 116' ; bp., 1843 ; d., 2213. , George, Sir, d., 10022. , John, arrives, 4762; in Socialist League, 995'. , Robert, b., 9143; jm: ms, 925' ; d.,92S3; statue, 3001 , 982' , ain, 8783. Butterfield Claim arbitrated, 6423. , Daniel, G en., b.( 1851); presents medal, 3411 ; entertains Rus. officers, 4342. , John, b. (1783) ; d., 26S1 . ' , Ralph, gift, 4261 . odometers, 8941 . Butterworth, William, gov., 10473. mission, 597 2 . Buttman, Philipp K., b., 8023 ; d., 8142. Button, Sir Thomas, at Port Nelson, 5702; Arctic voyage, 8781 ; d. (1634). Butt,, ns manufactured, 8941. Buturlin, Dmitri Pelrovitch, b., 11162; d r 11182. Buxar, action at, 9161 , Buxton, Jedediah, b., 9022 ; d., 9183. , Thomas Fowell,Sir,b.,9242; d.,9522. Buxtorf, Johann, 1). 7922 ; Lexicon Hebrai- cum, 11371; d. 7943. Buyide dynasty founded, 487' . I'.u'zacott, Aaron, b. (1800) ; d., 4973. Buzzard's Roost, skirmish at, 2323. Byblis, asteroid, discovered, 302'. Byhlos, tribute to Assyr., 1145'. Byford, Wm. Heath, b., 126'. Byland, Aim., action with Fieldin, 920'. Bvles, Mather, b., 562; d., 100'. Bylot, Robert, explorer. 28' , 5702. Byng, Viscount, John, b., 9022; s hot, 912' ; d., 9143. Byng. (See Torrington.) B'ynuni, William D., b., 152'. Byrd, Gov., reelected, 367' . Byme.Chas. Albert, Drum.XetrsinA., 2863. , Frank, leaves Dublin, 991' . Byrnes, Thomas, appointed Police Supt., 405 3 ; charges against Parklmrst, 419' . Bvron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, b., 9243; "in duel, 917'; works, 933'. 937', 941'; joins Greeks, 10842 ; swims Hellespont, 1157'; d., 9122 ; statue, 984'. , Henry James, b., 9462; d. (1884). , John, h. (1692) ; d., 9162. , , Adm., b.. 906 2 ; commands Br. fleet, 883; d., 9242. , . stenography, 9162. , Baron, title eroded, 883'. , Lord, in Civil War, Eng., 884' . Bystrom, John Nils, b.-d., 11342. Bywell Castle collides Princess Alice, 903$. Byzantine rule, revolt against, 565 3 . Byzantium, colonized, 10153; conquered, 101S2 ; captured, 10221; revolts against Athens, 10233 ; siege, 10241 ; subdued, 10621 ; seized, 10041 ; capital empire, 10692. Bzowski (Bzovius), Abraham, b.-d., 11142. Caamans, Jose Maria Plaeido, b. (1838) ; Pres. Ecua., 6443. Cabal Ministry fmd., 8932. Cabnllero, B., elected pres., 11062,3. , Firm in Agosto, b.-d., 11302. Cabanel, Alexandre, b., 7241 ; d., 7562. Cabanis, Pierre Jean George, b., 7022 ; Bapports tin physii/ue, 7151 ; d., 7163. Cahannes, sentenced, S332. Cabanos, Pres., exiled. 10412. Cabarrus, Francois, b., 701' ; d., 719'. Cabat, Nicolas Louise, b., 7192. Cabell, Wm. H., gov. Va., 1133. , Gen., at. Mine Creek, 239'. Cabet, Etienne, b., 7062 ; Icaria, 729' ; d., 7322. Cabin Creek, Kan., Confeds. at, 2382. Cabinet officers, first, 1012, and see U.S.A., Mar. 4 in following quadrennial years ; opponents excluded, 1112; p. O. Gen., partof, 1372; quarrels in. 1392; Tyler's re- signs, 1533 ; in Tenureof Office Bill, 2563. Cabira, action at, 1058' . Cable, Geo. Washington, b., 1502 ; works, 303' , 3003, 3191 , 323' , 3323. 3503, 3743. Cable : Bermuda and Halifax ; purchase of Fr., 10012; between Eng. and Fr., 956'; Can., 5893. (See Atlantic Telegraph.) Red Sea, accelerates telegrams, 9622; to Ft. Monroe, 2033. Caboche, Simon, leader, 6763, 6772. Cabot, John, Arctic expedition, 8662 ; dis- coveries, 8662, 10782, 1103' ; commission at Cape Breton ; sails for Am., 143. , Sebastian, b., 8042 ; settlement, 4892; in Davis Strait, 570' ; discoveries, 570' ; 5711 ,8662, 141 ,3, 11051 ; Sp. service, 163 ; in Can., 171; explorations, 19' ; builds fort, 193; d., 8721. Cabot, attacked by Brit, sloop, 822. ,Geo., b., 683; se c. navy, 1092; d. (1S23). Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, b.-d., 11092; in Brazil, 142, 151 ; erects cross, 5523; sails for India, 10433; d., 5523. Cabrera, Antonio de Acuna y, gov., 605 2 . , Don Ramon, b.-d., 11303; Gen. ; re- tires to Fr., 11301. 1206 Text Figures denote Page. 1JN JL/X^-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Cabr-Cali. Cabrera, Senor, Bp. of Madrid, 11323. Cabrillo, Juan, explorer, 223; d. (1543). Caceres, Alfonso de, fnds. capital, 10412. , Andres, Avelino, in 1838); pres., 11082. Cachoeira, mission, 5563. Cadallac, Sieur de la Motte, at Detroit, 552; d. (1720). Cadalso, Jose de, b.-d., 11283. Oadamosta, Luigi da, b.-d., 10783. Caddee, formed, 1137 3 . Cade, John, insurrection, 8G2 1 ; at Seven- oaks ; in London ; killed, 7621 , 8622. Cadell, Francis, explorer, 4981. Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., b., 7042 ; d., 7223. , Louis Claude, b., G9S3 ; d., 7142. Cadillac, Antoiue de la Mothe, b.,i)203; d., 6971. Cadiz, fnd., 11252; conquered, 10543 ; Co- lumbus lands. 143; destroyed, 109S 2 ; ta- ken, 8761 ; burned, 11281 ; attacked, 696' bombarded, 11301 ; yellow fever, 1131 insurrection, 11301 ,2; surrendered, 724 revolts, 11321 : ce l. dis. Am., 1133'. Cadiz, wrecked, 9793. Cadmus, Cornelius A., b., 156 2 . , Phenician writer, 10132; worship of Bgyptian-Phen. deities, 10131; builds Thebes, 10133; picture of, 10263. Cadmus, takes Fr. ships, 9341 . Cadogan, D. of, title created, 9311 . -, Geo. Henry, b. (1840) ; minister, 9953. Cadoudal, Georges, b., 7042; d., 7151 . Cadwallader, D. Colden, mayor N. Y., 1272. , John, b.,642; fights duel, 892; d.,981 . Cadwallon, in Britain, 8421 . Cadwell's Manor, church find., 5763. Cady, Ernest, nom. for gov. Conn., 4731 . Cieeilian Musical Society fnd., 9222. Csecilius, Q., besieges ISTumantia, 10561 . Caedmon flourishes, 8431 ■ d., 8421 . Coadonian monarchy revived, 8412. Cselius, Aureliauus, b., 10642. Csscillia discovered, 760 1 . Caen, Fr., Trinity Ch. fnd., 6683; captured, 6761; Univ. fnd., 8763 ; retaken, 878'. Cge u inians, defeated at. Rome, 10501. Caapio, Q. Servilius, in South Gaul, 10561 ; denounced, 1057 2 . Cassalpinus, elassilies plants, 10821 . Caesar, Julius, b.-d., 10563; in conspiracy of Catiline, 10591; indebtedness, 105S3 ; pretorship, 10592 ; propretor ; in His- pania Ulterior ; first triumvirate ; agra- rian law ; consul, 1059 2 ; commander, 6631 ; conquers Gauls, etc., 10582, 11251 ; proconsul, 6632; subdues Sertorius, 11252; in Belgium, 539'; in Brittany; Gaul, 6621 ; triangular alliance, 1059 3 ; invades Britain, 839' ; proconsulship ex- tended ; alienated from Pompey, 10593 ; works; crosses Rubicon, 10583; compro- mise, 10593 ; war with Pompey, 10583 ; reinforced, 1060' ; at Brindisium ; su- preme ruler ; fleet against Pompey ; up- held by Sp. ; in It. ; army in Epirus ; transports captured ; at Dyrrhachiurn ; retires to Thessaly ; defeats Pompey ; at Pharsalus ; Alexandrine War ; fires Egyptian fleet ; against Pharnaces ; at Zela; warinAfr.; at Thapsus, 1060'; at Corduba ; at Munda, 10602 ; declared enemy ; marches toward Rome ; as dic- tator ; abdicates ; at Alexandria ; con- quers Numidia ; triumphs ; offices ; govt. reforms, 1061', 2; at Alexandria, 652'; rebuilds Corinth, 10292 ; corrects calen- dar, 10603; assassinated, 1060' ±. , Caius, adopted by Augustus, 1061'; peace with Parthians, 1062' . , Lucius, adopted by Augustus, 1061 ' . Csesarea, fnd., 11413 ; earthquakes, 11502 ; rebuilt, 1151 2 ; captured, 1066'; mission of Am. Bible Soc, 11563 ; mob, 11591 . Caasarion, Caesar's true heir, 10613. Cietani, b., 10843. Caffarel, Gen., scandal, 7563. Caffarelli, Gietano Majorano, b., 10831 : d., 10843. Cattery, Donelson, b., 1442; speech, 4372. Caflieri, Jean Jacques, b., 6982; d., 708 2 . Caffrey, Thomas, executed, 9911 . Cagliari, Paulo. (See Veronese.) Cagliostro, Alessandro di (Giuseppe Bal- samo), Count, b., 10842; d., 10843. Cagnola, Luigi, Marq., b., 10842; d., 10862. Caliirciveen, Ire., attack collapses, 970 3 ; Fenian outbreaks, 9712. Cahours, Auguste, b., 7203. Cahors, annexed, 6732; Univ. fnd., 6743; statue of G.'imbetta, 7541 ; seized, 684' . Caigniez, Louis Charles, b.,7023 ; d.,7282. Cailan, St., Bp. of Down, 8403. Caillaux, II., minister, 749', 3, 751'. Caille, L'Abbe, Nicolas L. de la, b., 6963 ; d., 7023. Caille, or Caillie, Rene, b., 7142; d., 728' . Caillet, Guillaunie, named Boiihomnie, b., 6743; d., 6742. Cailliand, Frederic, b., 7062; d., 7382. Cain, builds Enoch, 1139 3 ; agriculturist, 1139' ; offers fruit as sacritice, 1139 2 . , Auguste, d., 766' . Caine, Hall, works, 10043. Cainsville, Term., action at, 218 3 . Caird, Sir James, b., 9382 ; d., 1008' . , James Xennant, d., 9962. Cairnes, John Elliott, b., 9403 ; d., 9802. Cairns, Earl of, title created, 975' . , Hugh MacCalmont, Lord, b., 93S3; lord justice, 9693 ; l,,rd clianc, 9713; Land Transfer Bill, 9773; p. minister, 9792; lord chanc, 985' , d., 994' . , William W., gov. Australia, 4983, 499 ',5643. Cairn, blown up, 2162. Cairo, disappears, 9832. ,Egy..fiid.,054 ' ;eapitalFatimites,487' ; 6552; taken; earthquake, 6542, 6563; Mosque Amro ; Mosque Tooloon, 6542 ; Univ. fnd., 6551; taken, 6553, 6561 ; m is- - sion ; school lor Copts and Moliam., 6563; railroad opnd., 6573; Brit, occupy, 65S 2 ; Nile bridged, 6593; palace burned, 6613; revolt in, 7122; jy. capitulate, 7141 . , 111., levee breaks, 1841 ; occupied, 1941 ; Grant expedition, 1982, 20(12,2022 ; Stonewall burned. 2693 ; tish fall, 3681. , Ky., Grant leaves, 2022. Caithness, see erected, 850 2 ; tithe rebel- lion, 852' . , Earl of, title created, 863' . , Earl of, invents steam road-carriage, 964'. Caius, Cies.ar Gernianieus. See Caligula. , St., pope, 10643. Aureolas, put to death, 10672. Caixias, Duke de, pres. Brazil, 557 2 . Cajetan, Tommaso de Yio, b., 1078 3 ; in- terviews Luther, 7SS2; d., 10803. Calabar, Afr. See text, p. 1161. Calabria, b.-d., 10722. , reduced, 10322 ; restored to Gr., 10332; confiscated by Leo III., 10732; subdued, 1074' ; cities destroyed, 10742 ; taken from Pope, 1075 2 ; earthquake, 10822,10861 ; devastated, 1084'; insurrec- tion fails, 10872. Calais, capitulates, 674' ■ taken, G75' ; Eng. troops at, 6802; Eng. loses, 6832; taken, 682'; Sp. possession, 6S5 3 ; new harbor, 7593; strike, 7603; Eng. surrenders, 8733. and Dover steamboats est., 9413. Calama, battle at, 606 2 ; captured, 1108' . Calame, Alexandre, b.-d., 1138'. Calamy, Edmund, b., 8922; d., 8962. Calamattn, Luigi, b., 10843; d. (1869). Caland, Pieter, b., 1102' . Calas, Jean, b. (1698) ; executed, 7033. Calasanzio, Jose St., de, b.-d., 11282, Calatanmi, action at, 1088'. Calcinate, Imperialists routed, 696'. Calcutta, Black Hole tragedy ; taken, 914' ; bishopric est., 937' ; Bp. Goethals eons., 9822; captured, 1044' ; Asiatic Soc. fnd., 10442 ; Bp. Johnson elected, 9803 ; Literary Gazette est. ; Literary Review est. ; C. Mohammedan Coll. ; Bishops' C. Coll.; C. Coll. of Sanscrit; C. Coll. of Medicine, fnd. ; Monthly Register est., 10442 ; E. I. Co. agency, 10443 ; London missionary in, 10462; mission opd., 10443; Bp. cons., 5523 ; fnd. ; purchased, 1045' ; mission; univ. est., 10402; bishopric erected, 10463 ; Cathedral fnd., 1047' ; Cath. Mission Coll. opd., 10483; cyclone, 10482,3; legislative council, 10492 ; chol- era ; Defense Asso. f'md. ; Intemat. Exhi- bition ; marriage of Hindoo widow eel. ; railway completed, 10493. Caldani, Leopoldo, Marco Antonio, b., 1084' ; d., 1085' . Caldara, Polidoro, b., 1079' ; d., 10803. Caldas, Francisco Jose, b., 762. Caldecott, Randolph, d., 994'. Caldeira, founds Ilelem, 29 2 . Calder, Sir Robert, b., 9103; ta 932' ; d. (1818). Caldera, battle at, 60x2 ; reopened, 630 2 . Calderon, Bridge of, battle, 1095'. de laBarca, Pedro, b.-d., 11283 ; works, 11292. , Francisco Gracia de, pres. Peru, 11082. , Serafin, work, 1131' ; b.-d., 11302. Calderwood, Henry, b., 9442. Caldiero, battle, 5182, 3. Caldini, Gen., at Castelfldado, d., 734'. Caldwald, James, b., 622; d. (1781). Caldwell, Charles, b., 762; d., 1722. , John C, b. (1831), at Florida, 2102. , Joseph, b., 78' ; d., 1442. , Marv B., marriage, 361'. ■ , Tod R., gov. N.C., 2772. , Judge, decision, 4503. , Ma]'., gov. Can., 5773. Caleb, conquers Arabia, 1'; king, 13; kingdom, 4833. Caleb Ciis/iuifi, captured, 2232. Grimshaw , burns, 1673. Caledon, E. of , title created, 931 ' . Caledonia recaptures Albion, 120'. Caledonians, repelled, 839' ; in Scot., 8401 . Calef, Robert, d.,60'. Calendar, changed, Am., 692 ; in Braz., 5573; in Fr., 6S52; 70S' ; reformed, G. B., 8742; Gregorian adopted, G.B.,9122; New Style used, It ; Eng., 913 3 ; Gregorian regulated, 10821 . Calepino. Ambrogio, b.-d., 10783 ; polyglot dictionary, 10792. Calf Rock Lighthouse, destroyed, 9893. Calgary.N.W. Ter., The Herald, 5843; The Tribune, 5851 . Calhoun, John Caldwell, b., 951 ; leader in Cong., 1173; slavery agitation, 1291 ; Sec. War, 1253; ri!i2; vote for V. Pres., 1332, 3; 1372; inaugurated, 1333, 1372; opposes Jackson, 1373; resigns; senator; on re- moval of funds, 1412 ; nullification de- bate, 1413 ; see. State, 157 2 ; favors Texas, 1591 ; gov. S.C., 1692; d., 1681 . , Ga., Moonshiners, 456 3 . Calico imported, 8S33 ; prohibited, 901 1 ; printing begun, 9102, Calicut, f mi. . missionaries at, 10431 . Calieja at Cuantla, 1095' .» California, dis., 191 , 203 ; Lower Cal. set- tled, 213; Jesuits' land grant. 542; Diego de Borica, gov., 105 3 ; Presidios est., 791 ; Philippe deNeve.gov., 79 1 ; Missions est., 963, 1083 ; Pedro Fajes, gov., 953 ; JosS A. Roman, gov., 103 2 ; Dominican mis- sions est., 1123 ; Jose J. de Arrillaga, llli ; Pablo V. de Sola, gov., 1252; 1312; a part of Mex., 10953; Luis Arguello, gov., 1313; J. M. de Echeandia, gov., 1333 ; Jose Figueroa, gov., 1433 ; inde- pendence proclaimed, 1472, 1612; Mari- ana Chico, gov., 147 2 ; JuanB. Alvarado, gov., 1472; Rio Pico, gov., 1412, 1611; Manual Jlicheltorena, gov., 1553 ; Com. J. D. Sloat, gov., 1613; Am. flag raised, 1612; Military govt, est., 101 2 ; indepen- dent of Mex., 1612; Mormon Missiona- ries, 1623; annexation proclaimed, 1632; annexed U.S., 1632, 3 ; immigration to, 1652; gold dis., 1622; Mex. attempts tore- gain, 1602; (J. and Ore. Meth. Epis. conf. f'md., 1642 ; u. S. troops occupy, 1602 ; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; John C. Fremont ; Gen. S. W. Kearny ; Col. R. B. Mason govs., 163 3 ; Gold excite- ment, 165 2 ; Constitution adopted, 167' ; admission recommended ; State consti- tution fmd., 1671 ^admitted, 1672; p r ot. Epis. diocese org., 1682 ; State Library fnd., 168 3 ; Cliris/ian Adrocate, est., 1691 ; P. H. Burnett, gov., 167'; reprieved prisoner hanged, 169' ; John M'Dougall, gov., 1692 ; Vigilance Committee org., 1703 ; 179'; 1803; C. Meth. E.Conf. meets, 1722 ; telegraph line est., 1733; Gen. B. Riley gov., 1671 ; banks suspend, 1773 ; John Bigler gov., 1712 ; R. R. opened, 179 3 ; Insurrection in San Francisco, 180 3 ; Cong. Conference org., 1822 ; N. S. Pres- byterian synod org. 1821 ; J.Neely John- son gov., 1812; Judge Terry kills Brod- erick, 1871 ; John B. Weller gov., 1852 ; Japanese embassy, 1872; List, for Deaf Mutes, 1903; John G. Downey gov., 1903; Pony express est., 1933; daily mail route est., 1973; floods, 2011; becomes Rep., 2012 ; convicts escape, 2113 ; Leland Stanford, gov., 2173 ; M. S. Latham, gov., 1903; ratifies Kith amend., 2492 ; Conf. Afr. M.E.Ch. fmd., 2502; silk worm In- Cali-Came. Text Figures denote Page. IjN-D.ti.-X. Superior Figures indicate Column 1207 dustry, 260 t ; Chinese missions find., 2612, 2722; [Juiv. org., 2023; Fred. F. Low, gov., 2293 ; Southern R. E. chartered, 2693 ; earthquakes, 276 * ; Henry Haight, gov., 2652 ; Univ., located, 2822 ; Compulsory Educational law passed, 2863 ; death pen- alty, 2871; Newton Booth, gov., 281'; Southern Meth. Epis. Oonf. find., 2903 ; R. R. commissioners, 2913 ; O'Connor law passes, 2913 ; Soc. for Prev. Cruelty to Children, 2923 ; Workingman's Party org., 2972; Constitutional conven. meets, 2992; Dennis Kearnev, political orator, 2992; new Constitution effective, 3032; Wm. Irwin.gov., 29f2 ; Geo. C. Perkins, gov., 3033 ; Southern California Univ. opened., 3012 ; Big Bend mining Tunnel, 3113; EreeiIeth.Conf.org., 3122; Norm. School opd., 3123; Wash. Coll., Irvine, fnd., 3143; G. Stonemau, gov.,315' ; Lick Observatorycomplered,318i ; Pacific Uni- tarian conf.; Arbor Day est. ,3251 ; women vote for sch. commissioners, 3362 ; Con- gregational Gen. Asso. S. Cal. org., 3262; Univ., State tax, 3282; W. Bartlett, gov.; H. H. Markman, gov., 3292; 3671 ; 3991 ; Lick observatorv erected, 3301; earth- quake, 3321, 3521, 3711; women voting, 3362 ; Anti-Insurance Trust Bill, 337.1 ; Brandy Countyorg.,3123; gold inFeather River, 316 1 ; Veterans' Home, 350 3 ; Preston School of Industry fnd., 3503 ; filibustering, 3591 ; train talis, 3593; Fire in grain-fields, 3613; 10th anniversary eel., 3683; Big Trees Park, 3691 ; asylum for insane, 3723 ; Canneries organize, 3773; fires, 3933; World's Fair exhibit fund, 3791 ; Anti-Chinese Bill, 3811 ; De- sert Lake appears, 386 1 ; earthquake and tidal wave, 3881 , lull , 4501 ; bush fires, 3873, 3973, 4.H3 ; Scotchmen swindled, 3913;YumaIndianssentenced,395i ; fires, 3973; meteorite found, 4001 ; flour trust, 4133; admission anniversary, 4153; prize- fights prohib., 4262; Parole Bill; convicts release, 1263 ; Chinese immigration regis- ter test, 1291; outlaws encounter, 4322 ; Geo. C. Perkins, senator, 425 1 ; Curtis ac- guitted, 436 2 ; troops for Chinamen, 4363 ; hinese registration begins ; outlaw Evans sentenced, 4451; train robbery, ■450 3 ; six companies register, 451 3 ; wheat corner, 455 3 ; Chinese and Japanese houses looted, 4563; M. W. Estee nom. for gov., 163 2 ; labor outrages, 4563; Ital- ian distilleries, 1623 ; free silver, female suffrage, 163 2 ; Cannery Co. formed, 463 a ; strikerssubdued, 1612, 465 2 ; meteor, 4661 ; stage robbery, 470 3 , 1723 ; mammoth cav- erns dis., 4721 ; j. h. Budd, election con- tested, 4771 ; Coll. est. at Oakland (1872); Peninsula dis., 203; 213. Caligula, Caius Ca?sar, b.-d., 10622 ; emp., 7691; expedition, 8391, 6622, 10621; statue in Temple, 10623 ; visited by Jew- ish embassy, 11533 ; reigns, murdered, 10632. Calixtus, Georgius, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. I., St., pope, 10643 ; d. (223). II., pope, 10743 ; d., 10742. III., pope, 10791 ; d., 10783. , anti-pope, 10751. Calkins, W. H., d.,4501. Call, Richard Keith, b. (1757) ; at Wahoo Swamp,146> ;gov.Fla.,1472,1552;d.(1792). , Wilkinson, b., 1422 ; senator, 3972 ; speech, 4403. Callahan, John T., bribery, 4622. Callan, riots, 9831 . Callanan, James Joseph, d., 9441 . Callao, Peru, destroyed; earthquake, 502, 661 ; bombarded, 11081 ; blockaded, 6062; taken, 6063 ; occupied, 6073. Callaway, G., patents steam plow, 9541. Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall, b., 9203 ; d. (1844), 9522. , John Wall, b., 9163 ; d., 9403. , Maria Graham, b., 9242. Calleja, Gen. E., captain-general, 6343. del Rey, Felix Maria, b.-d., 10951; viceroy, 10953. Callendar, Elisha, ordained, 5S 2 . , Ellis, pastor, 542. Callet, Jean Francois, b., 7003; d., 713i . Callias, commander, 10201 ; treaty of, 10233. Callicratidas at Mitylene, 10221 . Callieres, Francois de, b., 6883 ; d., 697' . , Bonnevue, Louis Hector, b. (1639) ; gov. Can., 5752 ; d. (1703). Callimachus, poet, b., 10263 ; lives, 6523. , b., 10162; invents architecture, 10162. Callinicus conquers Saracens, 10302; in- vents Greek tire, 10333. Callinus, b., 10142. CallippusofCyzic us, b.; calculates eclipses, 10243. of Syracuse reigns, 1025 2 . Callisen,'AdolfIvaiiPader,b., 6382; d., 642'. , Hendrik, b., 6381 ; d., 6382. Callisthenes, b.-d., 11162; dis. in Tower of Babel, 1140' ; killed, 1025' . Callisto, asteroid, discovered, 52S 2 . Callistratus, b., 10243. Callot, Jacques, b., 6S42 ; d., 6882. Calmar, assembly at, 1105 2 . , Unionof Norway, Sw., and Den., 6372; dissolved, 6373. Calmels, Antoine Celestin, b., 724' . Calmet, Augustine, b., 6922 ; d., 7022. , Dom Augustine, works, 6972, 6991 . Calmon, Marc Antoine, b., 7222, 760' . Calo-Joannes, emp., b.-d., 10322. Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, b. (1734) ; comptroller, dismissed, 707' ; d. (1802). Caloric ship on Potomac, at N. Y., 172' . engine, Ericsson's, 180' . Calov, Abraham, b., 7923; d., 7982. Calprenede, Seigneur de la, Gautier de Costes, b. (1610) ; d., 6903. Calpurnius Agrieola, gov., 10652. Calpurnius, Bestia L., sells peace, 10572. Calthorpe, Baron, title created, 9252. Calumet. Mich., mine accident, 431 2 . Calverly, Walter, executed (1605), 879' . Calvert, Benedict C, renounces faith, 58 2 ; hereditary rights, 59' ; gov. Md., 61 a . , Cecil, b. 1 lik.15) ; l;mdgraut,333; plants colonies, 1103' ; d., 463. , Sir Charles, confirmed, 413; L.Balti- more, b. (1629); proprietor, 47' ; gov. Md., 593; d. (1714). , Dionisi, b.-d., 5403. , Sir Geo., b. (1580) ; in N. F., 1103' ; d. (1632). , George Henry, b., 1102; d. (1889). , Leonard, b., 26 2 ; sails, 333 ; gov., 36'; resigns, 373; d., 38'; monument, 3841. , Philip, gov. Md., 412. Calvin, John, b., 6802 ; preaches, 6803 ; drivenoutof Fr. ;works,681' ; in Geneva; exiled, 7903; d.,6822. Calvinism, est., protected, 1098 3 ; assailed, 11011. Calvisius, Sethus, b., 7922 ; d., 7943. Cam,Diego,b.-d.,11092; dis., Angoa, 11611. Camacho, Gen., stops revolt, 550 2 . Camagiiey, armistice agreed to, 6321. Camafia, Spaniards settle, 11601 . Camargo, Alonzo de, in Peru, 21 1 . Camarina, fnded., 10153. Cambaceres, Due de, Jean Jacques Regis de, b. (1753); consul, 7133; d., 7242. Cambahee River, S. C, raid, 2241 . Cambellsburg, Ky., Home Coll. fnd., 3143. Cambert, Robert, b., 6863; works, 6901, 6922; d., 6923. Cambiaso, Luca, d., 10822. Cambio, built at Perugia, 10781 . Camboa, Alonso de Anguciana de, gov- ernor, 6301 . Cambodia, invaded, 11241; Christianity, 4803; foreigners; Dutch in, 4813 ; Phara- Norodom king, 481 2 ; Fr. protectorate, 4831,7373; rebels, 4833. Camborn, Jules, governor Algiers, 10 : Camborne, anti-Irish riot, 991' Methodist Conf. held, 9982. Cambrai, League of, find., 6SI2 ; with- drawal, 7872 ; Ladies' Peace, 6813 ; cap- tured, 6921 ; Fr. gains, 6933 ; Fr. defeat, 7301 ; bombarded, 7441 . Cambreleng, Churchill, b., 981 ; d., 2073. Cambrensis, Giraldus, works; d., 8523. Cambria, races, 2713. , steamer, founders, 9753. Cambrian Archaeological Ass. find., 9541 . Cambrics first worn, 875 3 . Cambridge, Eng., burned, 8441 , 8461 ; plun- dered, 848' ; < 'imniicle issued, 9111 ; statue of Newton, 9122 ; railway to London opd., 9522 ; Clarkson statue, 988' . Heath, Eng., Fem. Refuge est., 9443. , Mass., Congregational Synod, fmd., 342; printing-press est., 343; general as- sembly meets, 35 3 ; gen. synod meets, 38' ; printing-presses limited, 422; 432; gen. court at, 77 2 ; provincial cong. at, 793; Union flag. 82' ; Literary Miscellany est., 113' ; General Repertory and Review est., 119'; sewing-machine inv., 154'; com- memoration day eel., 248 2 ; Washington centennial eel., 2893; John Harvard statue, 318' ; no license adopted, 3723; L. Wetherell, burglar, 385' ; great lens, 47S'. (See Harvard University.) Cambridge University fnd. ,843' ; restored, 8443; Franciscan teachers, 8523; Domin- ican teachers, 8543, s.,03, s<;03; Peter- house Coll.; Baliol (.'oil., fnd., S543 ; rec- ords burned, 8543, 8003 ; discipline re- formed, 8543 ; Triuilv Hall fnd.; Pem- broke Hall Coll., fnd.,' 8583, 881' ; "King's Scholars" fnd.; Michael house Coll., fnd.; King's Hall fnd., 8503; Clare Coll., fnd., 8.583; King's Coll.; Christ's Coll., fnd., S623; Univ. library, fnd.; St. Catherine's Coll. fnd., 8642; Divinity professorship, fnd. ; Christ's Coll. endowed, S663 ; St. John's Coll. endowed, 867' ; professor- ships est., 8691; Trinity Coll. endowed, 8703; chartered. 8723; Gonville and Caius Coll. enlarged. 8723; Emmanuel Coll. en- dowed, 8751; Sidney-Sussex Coll. fnd.; Pilgrimage ta J'ftr/taxsus .- Return to Par- nassus, acted, 8771,2; pari, represen- tatives, 8792 ; Arabic prof., 8823 ; Luca- sian prof, est., 8903 ; music prof., 8961; against king, 8903 ; chemistry prof. ; as- tronomy prof., 9023, yi'ji ; anatomy prof, est., 903' ; receives books, 9043; Downing Coll. fnd., 9063 ; 9303 ; Thos., D. of New- castle, chancellor, 913'; mathematical tripods inst., 912' ; Augustus Henry, D. of Grafton, chancellor of, 917' ; philosophy prof. fnd. 923' ; mineralogy prof., fnd., 935'; philosophical soc. est., 93S2,939'; observatory erected, U42' ; polit. econ. prof, est., 913' , 9663 ; Fitzwilliam Mu- seumest.,951' ; eominissionersuppointed, 961' ;newstatuteseoiiiirined,9032;Newn- ham Coll. opd., 9S03 ; Cavendish Coll. est., 981' ; Ridley Hall est., 9S12; Selwyn Coll. fnd., 9863; museum, Classical Art and Archaeology opd., 992' . platform submitted, 382; adopted, 833. , Adolphus Frederick, Duke of, b., 919' ; viceroy of Hanover, S113; d. (1850). — — , Augusta Wilhelmina Louisa, Duchess of, Princess, d., 1000' . , GeorgeWilliamFrcderiekCharles, b., (1819); commander-in-chief, 960', 9961; field-marshal, 9661 . Cambridgeport, Mass., Congregational, conf. org., 2512. Cambriels, Albert, at Chatillon le Due, 7422; d., 7621. Cambronne, Baron de Pierre J. Etiemue, b., 7012; d.,7282. Cambvses, conquers Egy., 11061; reigns, 11071 ; d., 11062. III., reigns, 11172; disasters, 6502; cruelty, 6oti3; conquests, 651 2 . Camden, collides -witli Diane, 9933. Camden, Australia, sheep-farming, 4951 . Comer, N. C, Bapt. church est., 60s. , Ind., oil-well, 4181 . , La., action at, 231 1 . , Me., fire, 4193. , N. C, confeds. defeated at, 2062. , N. H., public library opd., 336 2 . , N. J., steam ferry, 1213; burns, 1793; murderer punished, 3011; library opd., 3362;abduction,:;S83; riot, 1423; suicide, 4623; collision, 4713. , S. C, evacuated, 941. Historical society, fnd., G. B.,949i. Town, Loud., rebuilt, 9253; Veterinary coll. est., 9261 ; Cob-den statue. 9721 . , E. of. See Pratt, Charles. , Johnson N., d., 1361 ; speech, 4392. , Marquise of, title created, 937 2 . , William, b. (1551); BrUammia, 875' ; d.,8802. and Amboy Railroad opd., 1433; train derailed, 1773; surrenders rights, 2673. Camelon, builds castle. 8393; taken, 8441, 845'. Camera lucida invented, 854' , 9342. obscura invented, 10802. Camerarius, Joachim, b., 786 3 ; d., 7922. , , botanist, b., 7902; d., 7922. , Rudolf J., b., 7963; d., 7983. Cameron, Mo., action at, 200' ; Wesleyan Univ., fnd., 3283. , Angus, wins prize, 966' . , Dr., for disestablishment, 9992. 12C Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Came-CanU. Cameron, Sir Duncan A., b. (1S0S); d.,9982. , James Donald, b., 1421 ; committee Foreign Relations, 2733; speech, 4392. , S., pres. synod, 1282. , John, b., 8742; d., 8802. , , cons, bp., N. S., 5S22. , Richard, d., 8942. , Simon, b., 1082; nom. for president, 1873; S ec. war, 193' ; vs. R. E. Lee, 1941 ; resigns, 2032; d., 3402. , Verney Lovett, d., 1012' ; in Kongo, 1093' . , William E., gov. Va., 3132. Cameroon, Afr. Sec Ivaiuerun, text, p. 1161. Camidge, Chas. E., cons, bp., 9962. Camilla, asteroid, discovered, 9662. Camillus, Marcus Furius, takes Veil, 1050' ; expels Gauls from Rome, 10502; exiled, 1051 3 ; celebrates triumph, 1052'. Caminetti, Anthony, b., 174' . Camisards, suppressed, 696'; revolt, 697'. Camoens, Luis de, b.-d., 11092; Lusiad, 1110'. Camons, M., minister, 749' . Camoys, Baron, title created, 859'. Camp, Maxiine du, Academician, 752' . Campagna, draining begun, 10893. Campanile de 1S70, 7432. Camp Alleghany, W. Va., action at, 201' Campan, JeannieLouiseUenrietteGeneste, b.,701'; work, 7243; d., 734' . Campanella, Toininasco, b. (156S); many works, 10832; d. (1639). Cainpanha, Braz., church org., 5563. Campania, suluuits to Itome, 1052'. Campania, record, 4353,4432,4392,4692, 4713, 10113. Campanini, Italo, b,, 10S63; appears, 314'. Campbell, Pa., R. R. accident at, 1S1 3 . — -, A. J.,d.,476'. .Sir Alex., coin iiiissioner.f>8o 2 ;d., 594'. , , fnder., b., 100' ; immersed, 1183 ; est. Christian Baptist, 1312; expelled, 1343; moderator, 16S2±; d., 970' . .Allen, d.,454'. , Archibald, E. of Argyll, treason,8953 ; expedition sails; beheaded, 896'. , E. of Argyll, in civil war, S842; beheaded, 8913. , , Sir, Gen., b. (1739); gov., N. B., 5773 ; invades Burma, 941' ; 1046'. , Arthur, Col., b. (1742); at Augusta, Savannah, 90'; King's Mountain, 922; d. (1815.) , , Washingtonian, 151' . Bannerinan, Henry, chief secretary, 9932; minister, 9952; 1009'. , Bartley, b., 156' ; d. (1888). , Charles W., d., 1012' . , C. L., address, 4703. — -, Cleveland, J., b. (1836) ; d. 248' . , Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, b., 9262 ; gov. N. S., 5792 ; in Sepoy rebellion, 1048' ; d.,9662; statue, 972'. , David, gov. Va., 1492. , Donald, Sir, gov. (Ian., 5792. , Douglas, Puritans, 4203; , ,Geo., D. of Argyll, b., 9403; minister, 9593, 9633, 969', 973', 9852, 9873; works, 9702, lohjs. — -, Duncan, R., b. (1814); d., 248' . , Sir George, d., 1008' . , , b., 91)62 ; Jlhetoric, 921' ; d., 9283. , Helen Stuart, Anne Bradstreet, 3962. , Jabez Pitt, b., 124' ; d. (1891). , James, b. (1812) ; P. M.-Gen., 1732 ; d.,422'. , C, elected bp., 9583. . E., gov. O., 345', 375', 3873; nom. for Pres., 4092. , John, D. of Argyle, b., S942; d., 9103. , , Baron, b., 9203 ; lord chancel- lor, 9512 ; d., 9642. , , b., (1653); editor, 57' ; d. (1728). , , Rev., trial of, 5942. , Archibald, b., 1162; justice, 1743; in Coufed., 1952 ; peace commissioner, 243' ; paroled, 2491 ; d., 3382. — , , Nicholson, b. (1798); d., 2312. , J. H., on Com. of 33, 189' . , Niel, Lord, gov. N. J., 503. iN. ,84' •, Thomas, b., 9203 ; works, 9292, 9352 ; d., 9522 ; statue, 982' . , , b. (1763) ; seceder, 1143 ; im- mersed, 1183 ; d. (1854). , Cockburn, Sir, d., 5013. , AY., consecrated bp., 3842. , Timothy J., b., 1522. Campbell, Walter G., swims Niagara, 3453. , William, gov.S.C.,813, 83' ; d.(1778). , Henry, b. (1S0S); pres.synod, 1603. , W., disappearance, 4482. , W., Lord, gov. N. S., 5753. , Poneii, b.(lS07);gov. Tenn.,1692; d. (1867). , W. J., Nat. Republican Com., 4092. , Adjt., statue erected, 3861 . , Col., at Williamsburg, 2123 ; near Franklin, 221'. , Major, in duel, 9452. , Mr., libel suit, 1003' . , Prof., air-ship fails, 342'. Cauipbellites ( I lisciples of Christ) expelled by Baptists, 1343. Campbell's Station, Tenn., action at, 228'. Camp Creek, Ga., skirmishes near, 233' . Dick Robinson, Ky., org., 19S 2 . Douglas, conspiracy, 2413, 242' . Jackson, Mo., Capt. Lyon at, 1942. Camp-meetings, many, U. S., 3423. Campe, Joachim Heinrich,b.,S003; d.,8122. Campeachy wood introduced, 874' . Campeggio, Lorenzo, b. (1472) ; d., 10803. Campeiion, Francis Nicolas Vincent, b., 7042 ; d., 7282. , J. B. iM. E., Gen., minister, 7532, 755' ; resigns. 7552 ; d., 760'. Camper, Pieter, b.-d., 1101'. Cainpordown, E. of, title created, 945' . , Neth., naval battle, 92S' . Camperdovm launched, 992' ; collision, 10101. Canvpero, Marcico, b. (1815) ; Pres., 5512. Camphausen, Ludolf , b., S0S2 ; minister ; resigns, 8293 ; d. (1848). mine explosion, 8313. Campi, Giulio, b., 1079' ; d. (1572). Campinas, boarding-school, 5562. Campistron, Jean Galbert de, b., 6902 ; works, 695', d., 6982. Campo, Francisco, minister, 6443. Campobello, Me., Fenians gather, 2522. Campo-Forniio, peace of. u43 2 ,7132; treaty, 5182. Campomancs, Pedro Rodriguez, b.-d. ,11283. Campos, Gen. Martinez de, sent to Cuba; peace negotiations, 0321; commander; in Havana ;gov.-gcii.,i;3:i2; bombs, 11331 . , Braz., revolt, 5.581 , 5592. Campra, Andre, l>., 6902 ; d. (1744). Campuzano, Diego de Herrera, gov., 6302. Camus, Armand Gaston, b., 7002 ; d., 715'. , Chas. Etienne Louis, b., 0943; d., 7032. Cana, Cal., mission, 1124'. Canaan, land divided, 11413. Canada: see text, pp. ;>70-59G ; surrendered to British, 7033; Brit, colony, 9153 ; ac- quires Vancouver's Is., 923 3 ; divided, 9253 ; Lower C. rebels, 9492 ; Britannia Tubular Suspension Bridge, 9.542 ; govt, troops for, 9653; Dominion find., 971 2 ; legislative freedom, 10032; N. F. declines alliance, UO32. (See New France.) Canada, launched, 986' . Canadian, wrecked, 9U5 3 . Canadian Pacific It. It., 5873; strike, 5942. Canajobarie, N. Y., burned, 92'. Canal, first great. opd.,Eug.,9143; great ca- nal tunnel opd., 9182 ; Dismal Swamp Canal destroyed, 2063; EricC.opd., 1273; Bridgewater opd., 9143 ; Gloucester and Berkeley, 942'; water-tight walls, 9143. (See Panama Canal ; Suez Canal.) , Boisrond, president ; deposed, 1040 3 . , conservative leader, Colombia, 629' . deHaro, international boundary, 2792. du Midi, Fr., completed, 7353. Canals in 1831, U. S., 1413. Canandaigua, N. Y., burned, 90 3 . Canaris, or Kanaris, Constantine, b.-d., 10343 ; burns Turkish fleet, 10342. Canary Isles, naval battle, 118 2 . Canas, Juan Manuel de, gov., 6303. Canby. Edward Itichard Sprigg, b.,128' ; at Val'verde, 2042 ; at Fort Fillmore, 2103 ; at Dumfries, 2163; succeeds Banks, 2.132; enrolls citizens, 2363 ; besieges Mobile, 2442; at Spanish Fort and Fort Blakcly, 2422, 2452 ; 2d military district, 258' , 266' ; military gov., Va., 2672 ; massa- cred, 2801 , 2. Fr. vessels in, 7021 . iticrial, appears, 1109' . la defeated, 1108'. nrral, appears. 1127'. g, b., 11162 ; d., 11163. en, invades Egy., 653' . lie Ba Candahar, kingdom fnd., 11073. Candaules, reigns, 1145 2 . Candia, city fnd., 10332; taken, 1034', 1082' ; earthquake, 11562. Candlemas instituted. 1071'. Candle molds made, 8022. Candles devised, 8442; tallow used, 854'; wax, 8563 ; in worship, 10722. Candlesticks used, 8442. Candolle, Augustin P. de, b.-d., 11372. Candor, N. Dak.,Kreeders murdered, 4331 . Cane College, Mo., fnd., 2663. Hill, Ark., Confederates defeated, 2161 ; c. H. Coll., org., 1703. River, La., Confeds. defeated, 2311 . Ferry, La., action, 2322. Canesteo, N. Y., natural gas dis., 3382. Caiiete, Manuel, b., 11303. Canisius College, N. Y., org., 2722. Canmore, Malcolm, rebuilds castle, 849' . Cannae, action at, 1054'. Cannel engine invented, 11002. Cannes. Dom Pedro arrives at, 557'. Canning, Chas. John, Earl, b., 936 2 ; minis- ter, 9592 ; viceroy, Ind., 1049' ; d. (1862). , George, b., 9183 ; enters H. C, 9273 ; minister, 9332,3, 9412,3,8432; wounded, 9352 ; flees, 9432 ; d., 9422. , Samuel, knighted, 969'. , Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount, b.. 9242 ; d. (1S80). Cannon, Henry W., Monetary Confer- ences. 4132. , James Spencer, b. (1776); pres. Synod, 1212 ; d., (1852). , Jos. G., b. 146 2 ; on committee, 349' . , Marion, b., 1422. , Newton, b. (1781) ; gov. 1453; d. (1842). , Win., b.( 1809); gov. Del. ,2293; d. (1865). Cannons invented. 7821 , 8G81 ; brass made, SS2' ; from church bells, 7433 ; colonial factory, Phila., 8.33 ; plantat West Troy, 350' ; leathern fired, 9241 ; breech-load- ing, orders for, 984' . Cano, Alonzo, b.-d., 11283. , Juan Sebastian del, b. (1460); d.,1128i. Canog, Alexis, cons, bp., 954' . . Canon City, Colo., water-spout, 410'. Canonbury, collision in Tunnel, 9893. Canonicut Island, destroyed, 81' . Canoonan, Australia, gold dis., 496' . Canopus, Nathaniel, intro. coffee, S853. Canova, Antonio, b., 10842 ; d., 10862. Canrobert, Fninvois Certain, b., 719' ; com- mander, 95S1 ; at Chalons ; at Nancy, 738' ; council of war, 7472. Causey, Peter F., gov. Del., 179' . Canso, Me., fort destroyed, 64' ; 5742. , Strait of, new seaport, 5913. Canstein, Baron Carl Hilderbrand von, b., 7963 ; d., 7983. Cantarini, Simone, b. (1612) ; d., 10823. Cantemir, Antiochus, b.-d., 11142. , Demetrius, b.-d., 11142 ; becomes vas- sal of Rus., 11122. Canterbury, Eng., Cathedral fnd.; arch- bishopric est.; first choir service, 8422; churchbuilt,,S423; taken, 844' ,846' ; early bps., 8442,3, 84C2. 84,s3; archbps.of,8503, 8562 ; school by Theodore, 843' ; commis- sion for Am., 3*33; Cathedral begun, 8502. , N. Z., fnd., 11033; , Archbp., peers address, 9963. , Viscount of, title created, 945' . , . (See Chas. Sutton.) Canton, Ala.. Feds, capture, 2442. , China, fnd., 6113; Europeans in; Eng. factory, 6153 ; military expedition, 616' ; Brit, withdraw; earthquakes ; flood; for- eigners leave; ransomed, 6162; Napier ar- rives, 617 2 ; convention signed; tire; open to Brit. ; opium fired. 6173 ; bombarded; rebellion; siege of, 618', 2; blockaded; forts taken, 6IS2 ; mission, 6183, 619', 6203, 623' ; bombarded; robbers executed; massacre ; mob, 6192 ; restored to Chi- nese,0213 ; anti-foreign excitement, 6232; gold, 624'; coll. started, 6243 ; tire, 6273. , Mo., Christian Univ. fnd., 173'. , N. Y., St. Lawrence Univ. org., 1802. River overflows, 624' . , John, b., 9062; introduces amalgam, 9122 ; d., 91S3. Cantu, Cesare, b., 10843 ; works, 1087' . Canuleian law, passed, 1051'. Canusium, Hannibal's camp, 10543. Canute the Great, b.-d. ; conquers Norway, 6351,2; K. of Eng., 6352,3; pilgrimage, 6352 ; advances into Scot. ; battles with Canu-Carl. Text Figures denote Page. Lr% Dh,\. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1209 EdraundII.,8461 ; Christianized ; patron of church., 8402 ; banishes Jews, S463 ; prohibits slavery; reigns, 8471; holds council, 8472 ; killed, 8472, 8481 . Canute II., elected, 6352. III., enthroned, 6352 ; Canute IV., Canute V., Canute VI., enthroned, 6353. Erikson, reigns, 1135*. Canveau, Pierre J. 0., b., 5781 . Canz, Israel G,, b., 7982 ; d., S022. Caonabo captured, 141 . Capac, Huayna, reigns, 13 3 ; d M 182. , Inca Mayta, reigns, 13 2 . , Tupac, reigns, 133. Cape Ann, Mass., settled, 312 j naval bat- tle near, 1202. Breton, Am. continent dis., 143 ; fish- eries, colony, 571t; restored, to Fr., 5722 ; Eng. settlement, 5732 ; Eng. pos- sesses, 5743, 5753 ; restored to Fr., 5753; Highlanders in, 577 3 , 5792; reannexed, 5792; fires, 5941; coal-mines syndicate, Whitnev syndicate, 5952. Coast Castle, Air., taken, 8913, 1161 1 . Cod, Mass., Indians drive off Fr., 272; Pilgrims at, 293 ; colony, 31 2 ; Jason wrecked, 4453. Colony. (See Text, pp. 597-604.) deVerd Islands dis., 11091. Fear River, N. C. colonists, 431 ; block- ade-runners 2421 . Finisterre, Fr. fleet taken, 7001 . Girardeau, Mo., St.VincenfsColl.org., 1583 ; collision, 1633 ; action, 2121 ; 2203. Hatteras, Monitor founders off, 2171; General Lyon burned, 2443. Henry, Constellation ashore, 3401 . Lookout, lighthouse blown up, 231 1 . May, N. J., purchased, 332 ; against cigarettes, 371 1; President at, 3871; whales stranded, 4432. of Good I I"pe, Phenieians round, 11462; disc, 5973; taken, 9273; Eng. acquires, 9332; ceded, 9373; action at, 956 1 ; Par- liament opens, 6043. Palrnas, war, 1161 2 ; mission, 1161 3 . Race, Va., naval encounter, 681 . St. Roque, Vespucci at, 5531. St. Vincent, battle off, 1231 . Town, colony captured ; Royal Ob- servatory, 597 1 ; bishopric, 5972 ; Moffat in, 5971, 2; fnd., 5973 ; library inaug. ; So. African Coll. ; storm, 5981 ; bp. ap- pointed, 5 l JS 2 ; representative govt. est. ; first R. R., 5993; Cetewayo in; P. O. robbery, 601 2 ; Confederation debate ; responsible govt, est., 601 2 ; exhibition, first telegram ; harbor inaug.; R. R. ap- propriations ; telegraph open, G013; dele- gates conference refused, 6031 ; ministe- rial crisis ; Natal's offer declined, 603 2 ; Bank suspends ; Conference for Customs Union, 6033 ; Brit, influence defined, 6033; Bp. Gibson cons., 10121. York, explorers, 4961 . Capefigue,-Te:tn UaptisteHonoreRaymond, b., 7143; d., 7461. Capehart, James, b., 1623. Capel, Arthur, E. of Essex, b., 8822 ; lord lieut., Ire., 893 2 ; conspiracy, 8971; d. (1683). , Sir Henry, lord of admiralty, 8933 ; lord lieutenant, Ire., 9012. Capell, Edward, b., 9042 ; d., 9222. Capellen, TUeodorus Fredrik, b. (1760+) ; bombards Algiers, S2 ; d. (1S24). Capellianus, defeats Gordianus, 1066 1 . Capellu, Adm., defeats Algerines, 8 1 . , Bianca, b., 10S03 ; d. (15S7). Capers, Ellison, eons. bp. (S. C), 4341 . , William, b., 1022 ; bp., 1603 ; d., 1761 . Capet, Hugh, b.-d., 6662. Capetian dynasty reigns, 6673. Capes, Aust., gossips arrested, 5311 . Caphyse, battle at, 10262. Capil'las, Francis de, beheaded, 6I8 3 . Capistrano, Giovanni da, b.-d., 10762. Capital, issued, 2662. Capital punishment, abolished, 111., 2591; in N, Y., 4682 ; for train robbers, Ariz., 3362; re-est. in Maine, 3292; abolishment opposed, Belg., 5451 ; restored Fr., 7333; abolished, Gcr., 8173; within Prisons I Jill, G.B.,9731 ; abolished, Neth., 11023; abol- ished inlt., 1090 2 ; abolished, Roumania, 11123; abolished. Port,. 11113; abolished, Rus., 11172; abolished, Switz., 11383; Bill rejected, Fr., 7672. Capital Univ., Columbus, O., fnd., 1683 Capitan Pasha defeated at Samos, 10342. Capitation tax, Aus., 5133. Capito, Wolfgang F., b., 7862; d., 7902. (.'apitoline games eel., 10691. Capitolinus, Julius, Augustan Hist., 10671 . Capinany, Montpalan y Antonio de, b.-d., 11283. Capo d'Istria, Count John, b.-d., 10343 ; elected pres. Gr., 1035 3 . Cappa, Charles Albert, b. (1834) ; d., 4201 . Cappadocia subdued, 1149 1 ; conquered, 11481 ,11511 ; independent, 11491 ; ravaged, 11501 surrendered, 10292; Rom. province, 10632 ; annexed, 11553; Huns in, 11472, 11541 ; Saracens in, 1 1552; recovered, 1155 2 . Cappel, Louis, b., 6S42; d., 6902. Cappcronnier, Claude, b., 6922; d., 7003. Caprara, Giovanni Battista, b., 10842; d., 10851. Capraro, chief of brigands, killed, 10893. Caprivi, de Caprara de Monteeueoli, Georg Leo von, b., 8142; order of Black Eagle, 8342; chancellor, 835 1 ; Anglo-Ger. agree- ment, 835 2 ; decorations; defeated; in- fernal machine, 8363 ; gold standard ; resigns, 8371. Caprotti, Peter, cons. R. C. bp., 9S62. "Caps," disturb country, 11353. Captain, lost, 9741 . Captaincies, power revoked, Braz., 5533. Capua, diet, at, 781 1 ;taken, 10501 ; Romans annex, 1053 2 ; action; llaniiibalin, surren- ders, 10542 ; action, 10702 ; taken, 10881 . Capuchins sail for Am., 3462 ; released from vows, 7522; order fnd., 10811 ; C. of Hasbrouck, order dissolved, 7353. Capus, Alfred, Annies d' Adventures, 7662. Caque, Peru, Pizarro plunders, 201 . Carabobo, Venez., royalists defeated, 6281 ; action at, 1160 2 . Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, b.-d., 10642 ; massacre at Alexandria. 6531 ; rules in Brit., 8411 ; reigns, 10293 ; subdues Alemanni, 10641 ; murders rela- tives, 10651; cruelty; Parthian expedi- tion, killed, 10653. Caracas, Venez., Audiencia in, 233; fnd., 251 ; settled, earthquake, 1160 1 ; capt.- generalcy, 1160 1 . Caracas, steamship affair, 4151. Caracci, Agostino, b., 10803; d., 10S23. , Annibale, b., 10803 ; d., 10323. , Ludovico, b., 10803; d., 10S23. Caraccioli, Francesco, Pi\, b., 10S42; exe- cuted, 10S53. Caraetacus, King, prisoner, S391; leads Britons, 8393. Carafa, Michele, b. T 10S43; d. (1872). Caraffa, archbp., fnds, Theatines, 1081 1. Cara-Mustapha, b.-d., 11563. Caranus reigns in Maeedon, 10152. Caratheodori, Pasha Alex., at Berlin, 8311 . Carausius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, reigns, 10673 j Saxons aid 7692 ; rules Britain, 8411 ■ d., 8402. Caravaggio, Michaelangelo Amerighi da, b. (1569); d., 10823. Carazo, Seuor, pres. Nicaragua, 1103 3 . Carbery, John, Earl, pres. R. Soc, 8961 . , Baron, title created, 9051 . Carbo, Cneius Papirius, army lost, 10561 ; terrorizes Rome,1057 3 ; in Etruria, 10581 ; d. (119). , Papirius Marias, leads Dem. party, 10591 ; besieges Rome, 10562 ; d. (82 B.C.). Carbon Hill, Ala., race riot, 3761 , 2. ■ battery invented, S16i . Carbonari revolt, 10861,10872 ; increased, 10871. Carbondale, 111., Normal Univ. opd., 2S63. , Pa., miners rescued, 4733. and Honesdale R. R. trip, 1373. Carcassone, Fr., taken, 6701 ; sacked, 6741 ; bp. of, salary stopped, 7622. Carchemish, history of, 1143 2 ; battle of, 6501; taken, 11442. Car-couplerand butler, Miller patent, 2291 . Bill passes, 4243. Cardan, Jerome, b., 10791 ; d. (1576). Carden, Robert W., Lord mayor, 9612. , Walter, d., 9962 Cardenas, Adam, pres. Nicaragua, 1103 3 . , Cuba, Lopez lands, 032 1 ; Cubans land, 6322 ; sugar refinery, 6333. Cardiff, W., Univ. Coll., fnd., 9923 ; bridge opd., 10053 ; Meth. Conf. at, 10062. Cardillac, Antoine de la Mott, b., 621 ; in Detroit, 54i ; 552. Card-making machines invented, 7002. Cardonne, Dennis Dominique, b., 6982 • d., 705i. Cardoso, Francisco, kidnapped, 6342. Cardova, R. C. missionary, 6143. Cardoza, F. L., ex-treas., "convicted, 2971 . Car dross, Lord, in Port Royal, S. C, 493. Cards invented, 6762. Carduccio, Vincenzo, b. (1568) ; d., 10823. Cardwell, Edward, Viscount, minister, b. (1813), 9633, 9692, 9731; n vivisection, 9812; d.,994i. Careil, Comte, Louis S. F., d., 7601 . Carelia, annexed to Sweden, 11351,2. Careme, Marie Aaitoine A., b., 7061 ; d., 7262. Carera, Gen., pres. Mex., 10962, Carew, Baron, title created, Eng., 9451; Ire., 9471. , Bamfylde Moore, " king of beggars," b., 9001 ; d. (1770). , Sir Benj. Hallowell, b., 9143 ; d. (1S34). , Sir Geo.,b. (1555); besioge-s Spaniards, 8761; d. (1629). — — , J. L., warrant for, 1000 2 ; sentenced, 10003. , Thomas, b., 8762 ■ works, SS3i , 8S43 ; d., 8822. , , Sir, opposes royal treaty, 8713. Carey, Eleanor, b., 6063. , Henry, work, 9071 ; d. (1743). , Chas. b., 1042; d., 3022. , James, b. (1S45) ; confesses crimes, shot, 991 1 . , J. Brenton ; at Imbabani, 6002 ; sen- tence quashed, 601 1 . , Jos. M., b., 15»i ; Wyo. Bill, 3491 . , Matthew, b., 722; d., 1502. , Samuel F., electoral vote, 2952. , Thos., gov., 572 ; trial ; rebels, 573. , Win., b., 9151 ; fnds. Baptist Miss. Asso.; miss., 9263. , , bp. for Exeter, 9383 ; in Calcutta, 10443 ; J., 9462. Carford, Britons defeated, S401 . Carhart, Jeremiah, b. (1813); d., 2622. Caribbee Islands, discoveries in, 142. Cariboo Fly, explorations, 5861 . Carignan, Fr. repulsed, 7402. Carinthia, Aust-Hung., early princes and dukes, 5031 ,3; Frederick II. receives; Premysl Ottocar, D., 5051 ; Albert I., D. ; Imperial tief ; Menhardt Il..,D.;Rudolph, II., D. ; Ulrich III., D.,5052; inherited, 5072; Turks invade, 5081, 2 ; earthquakes, 5302, 5321 ; railway accident, 5341 ; made duchy, 7751. Carinus, Marcus Aurelius, appointed Au- gustus, 1067 2 ; reigns; subdued ; d, (285). Carissiini, Giovanni, b., 10822. Carlen, Emilia Smith Flygare, b.-d., 11361 ; works, 11362. Carleton, Baron, title created, 9232. , Sir Guy, b., 9062 ; gov., 772, 992; in Can., 821 ; 842 ; on Lake Champlain, 842; in n. York, 943; peace negotiations, 95 3 ; expels Americans, 5761 ; gov.-gen., 5771 , 2; L. Dorchester (1797) ; d. 9343. , G. W., Our Artist in Peru, 2551 . , Henry, b. (1785) ; d., 2213. , Thos., b. (1736) ; gov., 5772 ; d. (1S17). , Will, b., 1581 ; works, 2S23, 2903, 2942, 3143, 3231 , ;_;r,n3; ,i., 9283, 9702. Coll. est. at Northneld, Minn., 2722. Carli, Gian Ridaldo, Count, b., 10831; d., 10S43. Carlin, Thos., b. (1791) ; gov., 1512 ; d. (1852). , William Passmore, b. (1829); pro- moted brig. -gen., 4301 . Carling, John, b. (1828); minister Can., 5931,5952. Carlinglord, Baron, title created, 9751. Carlingford, L. (See S. Fortescue.) Carlisle, Eng., built, S49 2 ; see erected, 8483; surrenders. 886 1 ; taken, 9101 ; Bp. Bardsley cons., 10082. , Pa., Dickinson Coll. fnd., 963. School fnd., 1323 ; Gen. Ewell at, 2232 ; cavalry at, 224 1. , Sir Anthony, b., 9163 ; voltaic bat- tery, 930 1 ; d.,9502. , E. of, title created, 891 1 . (See How- ard.) , John Griffin, b., 1442; speaker, 3152, 3212, 3292; nom. for president, 4092; see. treas., 42 ( 1 , 423 1 ; bankers confer, 4292. , Lord, minister, 9113. Carlists put down, 7273; defeated, 11301; partyfmd., 11312; many conflicts, 11321, 2; amnesty offered, 11333. 1210 Text Figures denote Page. IJNlJJJiJv. Superioy Figures indicate Column. Carl-Case. Carloman I., king, in r feats Saxons, 771 ': 6642. II.. emp., d., 6672. Carlos I. (D. of Braganza), reigns, 11112. V., b.-d., 11302. VI., d., 11303. -VII., b., 11303. , Don, b., 11102; claims succession, in Eng., excluded from Sp., retires, pro- claimed K., 11312; in Navarre, 11321; surrenders ; enters Sp., 11332. Carlovingian, or Carolingian, dynasty reigns, 6653, 7712 ; kings reign', 607', 773', 10732. Carlow, Eng., castle erected, S50'; insur- gents routed, 92S 1 . Carlowitz, Baronne Aloise Christine, b., 7123; d., 736'. Carlsbad, Hoods, 534'; sovereigns at, S223. Carlstadt, Andreas, 1)., 7862 ; J., 7902. Carlton, Caleb H., commis. col., 400'. Carlvle, Jos. Dacre, b., 9143; d., 9323. , Thomas, !>., 9203 ; works, 9423, 94G3, 9563,9882; .1., statue, 990'. Society fnd., 9843. Carmagiiobt, Francesco, b.-d., 10782. Carman, Albeit, b. (1833) ; bp. Can., 5823. Carmaox, Fr., strike, 763' . Carmel Mission, fnd. by Moravians, 3223. , Mt., Pal., prayer test, 11442. Carmelite monks, order fnd., 1075' , 1155' ; expelled from Fr., 7522 ; convent in London, 9822. Car m ine, color produced, 1082'. Carmontelle, Louis Carrogis, !>., 697'; d., 7163. Carmoucbe, Pierre Frederic Adolphe, b., 7123; d., 7382. Carnahan, James, b. (1775) ; d., 1842. Carnarvon, Wales, besieged, 860' . ■ , D. of, title created, 9252. , E. of. (See Herbert.) Carnatic, Brit, war in ; conquered, 1044' ; annexed, 10472. Carnbome, Viscount, minister, 9633. Carneades, b.-d., 10263. Carnedes, Roman embassy, 10292. Carnegie, Andrew, b, (1835) ; rebuilds Johnstown library, 3443, 401! ' ; Pittsburg library, 3403, ;;,-,-2', 3..1X3; gift to Authors' Club, 3562 ; GosjkI of Utalth, 4002 ; H. brarygift, Ayr, library opd., 10023, , Mrs., library at Peterhead, 10063 ; at Music Hall, 3583. — — , Phipps and Co., navy contract, 3773. Carney, Thos., gov. Kan., 2032, Carnian festival instituted, 1015'. Oarnefax Ferry, W. Va., battle, 1982. Carniola, Aust.-Hung., to Frederick II., 505'; imperial th-f, r>05 2 ; Turks invade, 508' , 2, 510' ; peasant war, 5082 ; Ameri- can's suicide, 536' . Carnochan, John M., b., 126' ; d., 3262. 0arnot,lazareHippolyte,b.,7143 ; d.,7562. , Nicolas Marguerite, b., 701'; deposed, 7132; d., 724'. , Marie-Francois Sadi, b., 7262; min- ister, 7532, 7552 ; Pies, of Fr., 757' ; as- sassinated, 7591 ,71)63, 7072; inPautheon, 7593; funeral, 7663. , Carnwath, E. of, title created, 883' . Caro, Venez., German settlement, 193. — —j Miguel A., pres. Colombia, 629 2 ; de clines honors, 6292. Caroline, steamboat, attacked, 148'. Caroline, Immaculata, married, 538' . of Saxe-Meiningeii, marries, 9392. , Princess Amelia Eliz., weds, 927 2 , 3 ; investigation, 9332 ; acquittal, 941' ; re- turns ; riots ; divorce refused; trial, 9412; claim rejected, 9413; d., 9413. Isles, gospel received, 10403. Caron, Sir Adolphe, petitionsagainst, 5923 ; minister, 593'; corruption, 5942, post- master, 5952. , Francois, d., 6922. , Rene Edouard, b., 5762 ; gov. Can., 5832; d.,584'. CarondArt passes Island No. 10, 206' . , Mo., annexed to St. Louis, 2613. Carpani, Giuseppe, b., 10842; d. (1825). Carpenter, Chas. C, Rear-Adm., 448'. , Cyrus C, gov., la., 281' . , G. E., sentenced, 4083. , Gilbert S., commissioned maj., 450' . ■ , L. L., pres. convention, 3223. , Matthew Hale, b. ( 1824) ; pres. 2813, 2832, 2873; d. (1881). Carpenter, Peter, explorer, 493'. , Wm, Benj., b. 9363; d. (1885). , Boyd, cons, bp., 9922. Carpentier, Pierre, b., 0943; d., 703'. Carpet, machinery for, 158' . " Carpet Baggers," corruption, 2652; nick- named, 2772. Carpi, Lombardy, French defeat, 694'. Carpzov, Benedict, b., 7922; d., 7963. Carr, Caleb, gov. R.I. (1695). , Elias, inaug. gov. (N.C.); 4472. , Eugene A., Gen., b. (1830) ; near St. Charles, 235' . , Robt., b. (1589) ; made!), of Somerset, minister, S79 3 ; condemned, 879' ; d. (1645). , , Sir, gov. Pa., 423; d., 422. , Robt. James, elected bp., 9423. , R. S., gov. of W. Va., 3372. , Thomas, eons. R. C. bp., 9862. Oarranza, Bartolome de, b.-d., 11263. , Bruno, pres. Costa Rica, 631' . Carrara, It., Mazzini statue, lotto' ; siege, 10902. Carrasco, Fr. Antonio, gov. Chili, 6053. Carre, Michel, b., 7223; d., 7461 . Carregui, lien., killed, 1130'. Carrel, Nicolas Armand, b., 7142; d.,7262. Carrell, Geo. Aloysius, 1>. (1803) ; d., 264'. Carreno de Miranda, Juan, b.-d., 1128 3 . Carrera, Rafael, b.-d., 1039'; defeats Sal- vadoriaus ; vs. Revolutionists, 1038'; Barrios' rival; pres. Guatemala, 1038 2 . Carrere, Jos. B. F., b., 7002; d., 7143. Carriages mfg. in Am., 123' ; intro in Ger., 771' ; used in Fug., 872' , 8733. Carrick, E. of, title created, 9112. Carrick's Ford, W. Va., battle of, 1962. Carrier, Jean Baptiste, b., 7022; d., 7102. Carriere, Moritz, b., 812' ; work, 8342. Carillo, Braulio, pres. Costa Rica, 630 3 . Ciirrington, Baron, title created, 925 2 . , Col., at Mafeling, 602' . , Lord, gov. Australia, 4993. Carrion, Geronimo, Pres. Ecu., reelected ; resigns, 6442. Carroll, Charles, b., 642 ; d., 140' . , Sir George, L. Mayor London, 9492. , John, b. (1735) ; cons, bp., 1002; Pre- fect Apostolic, 903 ; d. (1S15). , , cons, bishop Shrewsbury, 10102. , D., b., 622 ; d., 124' . , Lee, Pres. Sons of Revol'n, 3563. , Wm., b. (1788) ; gov. Tenn., 1293, 1373; d. (1844). Station, Teim., action at, 2382. Carrollton, Ga., White Caps, 4283. , Miss., annexed to New Orleans, 2873; negroes killed, 3232. Carron, Scot., sinelting-works est., 9142. , Guy Toussaint Julieii, b., 7023 ; d., 7223. Can's Rock, R. R, accident at, 2613. Carskadon, T. R., nom. for vice-pres., 4093. Carslake, Lieut., wins prize, 966' . Carson City, Nev., capital, 2013; State Con- vention, 235 3 ; Orphans' Home, 269' ; capitol opd., 2753. Newman Coll., Tenn., fnd., 1663. Valley, Nev., Sutro Tunnel opd., 3033. , Christopher (Kit), b., 116' ; explores, 154'; d., 262'. , John, death, 399' . , W. David, moderator, 3082. Carstares, Wm., b., 8862 ; d., 9042. Carstens, Asmus Jakob, b., 638' ; d., 6382. Carstenz, explorer, 493' . Carthagena, Colombia. (See Cartagena.) Cartagena, Afr., fnd. ; annexed to Rome, 11252; pillaged, 1128'; besieged, 1132'; insurrection, 11322. , Colom., taken, 24' ,028' ; naval battle, 6942; expedition, 64' , 910' ; secedes, 029' . Cartago, Costa Rica, convent, 030' ; earth- quake, 6313. Cartas Espaholax issued, 1131'. Carte-de-visite taken, 732' . CartcUior, Pierre, b., 7022 ; d.,7261. Carter, Eliz., b., 9062 ; d., 9323. , E. It., defalcation, 4792. , Franklin, b. (1837) ; M. Hopkins, 4203. , Geo. W., speaker, 2772. , H.(?),Col.,al Cumberland Mts., 205'. , H., Gen., at Monticello, Ky., 221' . ■ -, James, Lord .Mayor London, 9612. , Coolidge, b. (1827) ; in Arbitra- tion Court, 4272, 4292; resigns, 449'; Pres. American Bar Association, 4702. , Josiah Mason, b. (1813) ; d., 2602. Carter, Martha, accused, 531 . , Robt., gov. Va., 613. , Samuel Powhatan, d., 3842. , Thos. H., Nat, Rep. Committee, 4112. , William, hanged, 8743. , W. M., cons, bishop, 10062. Carteret, Sir Geo., b. (1680); purchase, 43'; grant confirmed, 45 a ; minister, 8933 ; d. (1680). , John, Lord Granville, b., 8982 ; lord lieut., 9073; minister, 9113. , Philip, gov. N. J., 43' ; returns, 453 ; deposed, 45 2 ; arrested, 473. , , voyage, 910' , 4932; d. (1796). Carthage, Afr., alliance with Home, 10512, 10532; naval expedition captured, 10523; peace with Rome, 10533, 1055 3 ; war against, 1125' ; attacked, 10543 ; besieged ; captured; burned, 1055'; Roman prov- ince, 10503; Rom. city ; Christian bishop- ric, 1139'; Vandal capital, 10712; cap- tured, 1071' ,2, 1030' ; razed, 103IJ2, 1139'. , Council /'.s. Pehtgianisin, 10702. College, 111., org., 2703; anti-Mormon mob, 1563. , Mo., battle of, 1962. , Tenn., storm ruined, 136' . Carthaginians in Sicily, 1050'; at Syra- cuse, 10513; massacred, 1051' ; in Spain, 11252 ; sue for peace, 10523 ; against Rome, 10533 ; expelled from Sp., 10543, '1125' ; constitution reformed, 10553; est. new town, 1055' . Cartheuser, Johann F., b., 7983 ; d., S042. Carthusian Monks, .order fnd., 7762. Cartier, Sir Geo. Etienne, h.,5763; min- istry defeated, 581 2 ; d., 582' . Cartouche, Louis D., b., 6942 ; d., 6982. Cartwright, G, president N. C., 453. , Edmund, b., 9103 ; invents power- loom, 9222; J-, ij„. machine, !)20l ; d., 9403. , Maj., John, b., 9103; Radical, 9393 ; d., 9422 ; statuej 944' . , Peter, b., 962 ; d., 278' . , Sir Richard, treaty-making, 587' ; on reciprocity, 593' . , Samuel, gov. N. C. (1674). .Thomas, b., 868'; opposes Epis. in- tolerance, 8742 ; d., 878' . Carus, Karl G., b., 8043 ; d., 8202. , Marcus Aurelius, b.-d., 10642 ; de feats Saiiiurtiaiis, 1004'; invades Persia, 1106'; reigns ; killed, 10672. , Victor Julius, b., 8122. Caruth, Asher G., b., 1562. , George W., U. S. minister, 4473. Carvajal, Cardinal, at Prague, 508 2 . , Francisco de, b.-d., 11263. , Tomas Jose Gonzales, b.-d., 11283. Carver, John, b. (1590 - ) ; gov., 293 ; d., 301 . , , traveler, b., 62' ; d., 93' . , Jonathan, b. (1732) ; d., 93' . Carvilius, Spurius, at Aquilonia, 10522. Cary, Alice, b., 12S.2 ; works, 1802, 2551 ; d.,272'. , Geo. W., Committee of Seven, 2933. , Henry Francis, b., 9183 ; d., 9502. , Lot, missionary, 11612. , Lucius, Viscount Falkland, b., 8782 ; administrator, 885' ; k., 884' ,3. , Phoebe, b., 132'; works, 1763, 2643; d.,274'. , Samuel Fenton, b. (1814) ; nom. for Vice-pres., 293'. Casa, Giovanni della, b. (1503) ; Gaiateo, 10812 ; d., 10803. More, Count de, funeral, 6343. Casabianoa, Louis, b., 7022 ; d., 713'. Casanate, Pedro Portale, governor, 6052. Casus, Bartolome ile las, b.-d., 11203 ; work, 1129'; sails with Columbus; friend of slaves ; priest, 10' ; protector of Indians, 173, 212; Dominican; on Pearl Coast, 183 ; hi Guatemala, 203 ; bp. of Cbiapa ; resigns, 222 ; d., 242. , Las, Capt,-Gen. Cuba, 6323. Casat i, Capt,, leaves for Rome, 5632. Casaubon, Isaac, b., 6822; d., 6862. Casco, Me., destroyed, 50' . , Bay devastated, 572' . Case, Augustus Ludlow, b., 1382. School Applied Science est. in Cleve- land, 0. (1880). Caselius, Johannes, b., 7902 ; d., 7943. Caseneuve, Pierre de, b., 6842 ; d., 6902. Caserio, Santo, stabs Pres. Carnot, 7663 ; trial ; executed, 767' ,3. Casey, James P., kills James King, 179'. Case-Cava. Text Figures denote Page. IN DKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1211 Casey, Lieut., at Wounded Knee, 3741 . , Lyman L., b., 1482. •, Silas, b., 1141; at Fair Oaks, 2082 ; court, 2161 ; d. (1882). , , b. (1841) ; Capt. U.S.N., 3341 , , T. A., Vicar-Gen., d., 4501 . , Thomas L., commis. brig. -gen., 3281 ; in war dept., 3512, 4472. Casbel, see erected, 8443 ; archbishopric est., 8502 ; Bp. Day cons., 9742. Oasilear, John W., b. (1811) ; in Nat. Acad. Design, 1701 ; paintings, 264 1 , 2761 , 2901 2941 , 2981 , 3001 , 3101 , 3141 ; d. (1893). Casilla, Alonso de Guzman y, gov. Costa Rica, 6302. Casimir I., K. of Poland, 11133 ; d., 11131 . II., b. (1138) ; K. of P., 11133 ; d. (1194). III., the Great, b.-d., 11142 ; King of Poland, 11152 ; f n ds. Univ., 5071. IV., b. (1427) ; K. of Poland, 11152 ; aids Prus.', 7842 ; against Teutonic Knights, 7853 ; d. (1492). Perier, minister, 7471 ,3 ; resigns, 7471 ; for Republic, 7491 ,2 ; pres. Chamber, 7652, 7672; forms ministry, 767 1 ; Pres. France ; pardons prisoners, 767 2 . Casin, Mohammedan leader, 10431 . Caslon, makes llrst cast types, 9061. Gasman founded, 10511 . Caso/iis, <'ysl:<:hi> MiKt'itm. issued, 5203. Caspari, Karl Paul, b., 8102. Casper, Johann, b., 8063 ; d., 8221 . Cass Co., Ariz., cyclone, 3641 . , Pa., Molly Maguires operate, 2172. , Lewis, b., 951 ; se c. war, 1392 ; nom. for Pres., 1651 ; vote, 1652 ; at Dem. Conven., 1711 ; pres. Senate, 1771 ; candi- date for Pres., 1803 ; s ec. state, 1S23 ; resigns, 1892 ; d.,252i. Gassagnac, Paul Granier de, b. (1843) ; duel, 7383, 7463; lined, 7503. Cassander, b. (354 B. c.) ; at Athens, 10243; marries Thessalonica, 1025 3 ; rebuilds Thebes; marries; fnds. Thessalonica, 1025 3 ; rules Caria, 11483 ; regent ; rules ; war with Polysperehou ; expelled from Gr., 10261 ; kills lloxana; master of Gr., 10271 ; d., 10263. Cassandra, asteroid, discovered, 2742. Cassano, It., Imperialists defeat, 6961 ; action at, 5182. Cassard, Capt., attacks Dutch, 10391. Cassas, Louis Francois, b., 7022 ■ d., 7243. Cassel, Prussians enter, 5233 ; royal defeat, 6921 ; Fr. gains, 09:13 ; observatory, 7921 ; Congress meets, 8192; action, 18091. , Johann P., b., 7983 ; d., S042. Cassianus, Johannes Massiliensis, or Jo- anesEremita,b.(3«t)>; works, 0131 ; d.(433). Cassidy, G. W., b. (1836) ; d., 40S1 . Cassilis, Bai-on, title created, 867 1 . Cassin, John, b., 1211 ; d., 2641 . Cassini, Cesar Francois de Thury, b., 6963 ; draws the meridian line, 1901 ; d., 7061 . , Giovanni Domenico, b., 10S2 3 ; disc. satellites, 6922 ; chart of moon, 6942 ; d., 10831 . ■, Jacques, b., 6923 ; d., 7022. , Jean Dominique, b., 6863 ; d., 6963. Cassiodorus, Marcus Aurelius, statesman, b.-d., 10702. Cassius, Andreas, gold purple for making red glass, 7982. , Avidius, in Parthian war, 10641 ; rebel, 10641 . , Longinus Caius, triumvirs against, 10602; assassinates Caesar; rules Syria, 10612, 11512; massacre in Seleueia, 11532 ; at Philippi, 10281 ; d. (42 B. c). , Longinus Lucius, destroyed, 10561. , Spurius Viscellinus, defeats Hernici, 10501 ; Latin alliance, 10512. Cassivelaunus against C;esar, 8391, 8403. Castagno, Andrea del, b.-d., 1078 2 . Castalio, Sebastien, b., 6802; d., 6822. Castalla, Sp., contest at, 7183. Castanheda, Fernao Lopez de, b.-d., 11092. Castanon, action at, 11321. , Gonzalo, murdered, 6323. Castafios, Francisco Xavier de, D. of Bay- len, b.-d., 11283; at Baylen, 7162. Castel, Louis Bertrand, b., 6942; d., 7022. - — , Rene Richard Louis, b. (1758); works, 713i; d. (1832). Castelar, Emilio, b., 11303; repub. leader, 11313; pres. executive; resigns, 11332; a monarchist, 1133 3 . Castelbon, M., canal scandal, 7642,3. Castelfidardo, launched, 10882. Castelfidardo, It., Papal army defeated, 734i. Castell, Edmund, b., 8781 ; Lexicon Hepto- glotton, 8931 ;d., 9862. Castellan, Antoine Louis, b., 7042; d.,7281. Castelli, Benedetto, b., 1081 1 ; d., 1644. , Ignaz F., b., 8042; d., 8202. Castello, Giovanni liatlista, b., 10791; d., 10811. Castelnau, de la Mauvissiere, Michel, b., 6803; d., 6842. Castelnaudary, Fr., battle at, 6881. Castelnuovo, Aust., Aust. defeated, 7121 . Cnstig.-ui, John, minister, Can., 5931 . Casriglione, It., battle, 5181. , Baldassare, b. (1478); 11 Cortigiano, 10812; d. (1529). , Carlo, Ottavio, Ct., b., 10843; d.(1849). , Giovanni, Benedetto, b., 10823 ; d., 10S31. Castile, Sp., connected with Portugal, 11091 ; against Aragon, 11261 ; no private revenge, 11271 ; united with Galicia, 11272; with Aragon, 11273; insurrection, 11293; rulers of. See text, pp., 1125-1173. Castilla, Ramon, b.-d.; chosen pres., 1108 2 . Castille, Chas. ilippolyte, h.,7223; d.,7542. Castillego, Cristoval, b. (1494); works, 11291 ; d. (1556). Castillejos, Morocco, action at, 1097 2 . Castillion, siege of, 6781 . Castillo, Canovas del, convention, 11333. , Ignacio .Maria capt. -gen., frees slaves, 6333; in Cuba, 6332. , Santin del, pres., San Salvador, 11232. Castine, Me., captured, 412, 441 ,462; Brit, occupy, 402. Cast-iron mfg., Eng., 868 1 ; malleable, pre- mium for, 1361 ; rails for railroads, 9162. See Iron. Castle, Nicholas, elected bp., 298 3 . Garden, N.Y., erected, 1021 ; perform- ances at, 1761 ; receiving station, 1793; closed, 3573. Island, Ire., moonlighters, 9943. Castlebar, Ire., occupied, 7133. Castlemain, Lord, ainbas., 897 3 ; d. (1705). Castlemaine, Baron, title created, 9372. , Lady, presented, 8911. Castle-Pollard, Ire., riots, 9451 . Castles, Fr. demolition, 687 3 . Castleshock, Ire., police resisted, 9451 . Castle-Stuart, Earl, title created, 9311 . Castleton, Baron, title created, 9651. , Vt., normal school opd., 260 3 . Castle William, Brit, hold, 77 3 . Cast mirrors invented, 6942. Castor and Pollux, recover Helen, 1014 3 . Castren, Matthias Alex., b., 11163 ;d.,11182. Castro, Guillem de, b.-d., 11282. , Inez de, assassinated, 11092. , Jose Maria, b. (1818); pres., 6311 ; re- signs, 11G02. , Lope Garcia de, gov. Peru, 251 . , Vaca de, inspector, 213; d., 11282. Castruccio, Arrigo di, comic poet, 10772. Castruecio-Castraeana, b. (1282); power in It., 1077 3 ; d. (1328). Castrum, colony at, 1053 3 . Cast steel, first made, 9481 . Caswell, Alexis, b.,1082 ; d., 2941. , Richard, b. (1729); gov. N. C, 85 3 , 973; d. (1789). Catalani, Angelica, b. (1779) ; d., 10863. Catalonia, Sp. plants colonies in, 11252 ; flood, 1128 1 ; conquered, 11293; insurrec- tions, 11302; Carlists hold, 11321. Catalpa, Fenians escape in, 981 1 . Catamarea, Argentine, insurgents, 4922. Catana (Catania), fnd., 10511 ; Romans rule, 1053 3 ; taken, 1086 1 ; earthquake, 10741; univ. fnd., 10792; destroyed, 10822; in- surrection, 10891. Catapnlta) invented, 10223. Catargi, M., assassinated, 11133. Catawba coll., est. at Newton, N. C. (1851). Catchings, Thos. C, b., 1623. Catel, Charles Simon, b., 704=; d., 7261 . Catelier, Jean Baptiste, d., 6942. Caterham Junction, railway ace, 9693. Caterpillar plague, U. S., 3861 . Catesby, Mark, b., 8942; d., 9122. , Robt., gunpowder plot, 8792; d. (1605). Cathcart, Baron, title created, 8631. —— , D. of, title created, 9372. , Sir George, Earl of, b., 9263; takes Danish vessels, 6381 ; gov. -gen., Can., 5793; Kafir war, 5981 ; defeats Basutos, 11052; d., 9582. Cathedrals, Aquileia, 10741 ; Assumption' at Moscow, 11143, Bari, 10741 ; Cremona' 10743; Lucca, 11178'; Milan, 10771; Mo" dena, 10751 ; Naples, 1O703; Niccola Pisa- no pulpit erected, 11)761 ; Perugia, 10743; Pisa, 10741; Salisbury, 8521; San Sisito, fnd., 10743; Transliguration, 11143. (See Cologne; St. Paul's ; St. Peter's; Stras- burg.) Catherine, Queen, Eng., crowned, 8631; ex-queen, d., 9033. 1., emp. Bus., b.-d., 11142; Acad. Sci- ence, III51 ; enthroned, 11153. n., emp., Bus., b.-d., 11143 ; enthroned, reforms, 11172; d., 11173. Adamson, wrecked, 4973. of Aragon, b.-d., 11263; marries Henry, 8663, 8672,3. of Braganza. 1). (1638); marries, 8913 ; d., 1705. de Cornaro, sells Cyprus, 11572. of Medici, b., 081)2; marries Henry, 6813; calls Poissy Conf., 6823; power in Fr.; regent, 0833; tl., 6842. Parr. (See Par.) ■ ofWiirteinlierg, weds Bonaparte, 7171 . , Princess, b. (1401); weds Henry V. of Eng., 6773: d. (1458). , Saint, d., 6542. Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, Tonty, 3743. Catholic Univ. of Am. org., 3282; Mc- Mahon Hall of Philosophy erected, 4042. (See Roman Catholic.) Catiline, Lucius Sergius, d., 10563; at Pistoria, 10582; conspiracy, 10591; fails, 10592; renewed, 10592. Catinat, Nicolas de, b., 68S 2 ; at Carpi ; at Marsaglia; at Nice, 0941; d., 6963. Catlett's Station, Va., Confeds. take, 2121 . Catlin, George, b., 1061 ; d., 2782. , S. P., money found, 4313. Catlyn, Robt., Sir, chief justice, 8732. t'uro wrecked, 9221. , Marcus Porcius, (Elder), b.-d., 10531 ; defeats iUtolians, 10551 ; works, 10552. , Porcius (Younger), b.-d ; against Cyprus, 10.7.13; suicide, 10602, 10611. Catron, John. b.,98i ; justice, 1492; d.(1865). Cats, Jakob, b.-d., 10983; works, 11011. Cattell, Alex. Gillmore,b.(1816) ; civil ser- vice commissioner, 2732. , Wm. C, b., 1343. Cattermole, George, b.,9302; d., 9722. Cattle, intro. New Eng., 31 2 ; live, exported, 2833; Ger. prohibition of, 4751 ±, 8363; acclimated. 495 3 ; diseased, 9102, 9753. plague, Hung., 5153; Eng., 9691. thieves in Wash., 3S02. Catullus, Caius Valerius, b.,87B.C; poems of, 10583; d., 54 B.C. Catulus, Lutatius, b. (152 B. a); de- stroys Carthaginian licet, 10531. , Q. Lutatius, b. (152 B. c.) ; reenforced by Marius, 10562; on Campus Martius, 10581 ; dedicates capitol, 10583; d. (60 B.C.) Caub, monument to Von Bliicher, 8361 . Caucasia, Amazons conquered, 10131 . Caucasus, Russian victories, 11181 . Cauchon, Joseph Edward, b. (1816); gov., 5833; d. (1885). , Pierre, d., 6782. Cauchy, Augustin L., h., 7062; d., 7322. Caucuses. Congressional, held, 107 2 . Caudaules, killed, 11453. Caudine Forks, It., Roman defeat, 10521 . Caulaincourt, Armand A. L., de, Due de Vincenza, b., 7042; d., 7243. Caulfield, Sir Geo., chief justice, 9133. Caumont, Arcisse de, b., 7143; d., 7461 . Caus, Salomon de, b., 0841 ; invents steam apparatus, 6861 ; d., 6863. Causey, John W., b., 1522. Caussin. Nicholas, b., 6842; d., 6902. , Pereival de, Armand Pierre, b., 7102; d., 7461 . Cautley, Sir Proby Thos., b.,9303; d.,9761 . Cavaignae, Eleonore Louis Godefroy, b., 7143 ; resigns, 7633 ; d., 7283. , Jean Baptiste, b. 7023 ; d., 7243. , Louis Eugene, b., 7143 ; gov. Alger., 93 ; dictator ; pres. of council, 7312 ; minister, 7632 ; d., 7322. Cavalcanti, Guido, b., (1240); d. (1300); work, 10771. Cavalier, Jean, b., 6933 ; d., 7002. Cavaliere, Emilio del, oratorio, 10821. Cavalieri, Bonaventura, d., 10823. Cavaliers org., Eng., 8852. Cavalli, Pietro Francesco, b., 10823 ; d., 10831. 1212 Text Figures denote Page. ljNJjlLyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Cava-Chai. Cavallon, Juan de, gov. Costa Rica, 6301 , Cavalry, first used, 11401 . Cavau, E. of, title created, SS1 i . Cavanagh, Maurice, murderer, 8663. Cavanilles, Antonio Jose, b.-d., 11283. Cavazza, Elizabeth, Penelope, 3323. Cave, Edward, b.,8982 ; Gentleman's Mag- ozine,909i ; d., 9123. , Stephen, in Egy., 659' ; judge-advo- cate-gen., 9792. , William, b., S322 ; d., 9042. Cavelier, Pierre Jules, b., 721', Caven, J. B., shot, 4722. Cavendish. Lord Edward, d., 1006'. * , Lord Frederick Charles, b. (1836) ; in Ire., 9892 ; stabbed, 9S9 1 ; conspirators, 991' ; reward ottered, 9892. , George, Life of Wooheit, 871'. , Henry, b.,'908'2 ; hydrogen gas, 916' ; electricity, 918 2 ; water composition ; gases. *.)22i ; nitric acid. 9222 ; water elec- tricity, 924' ; d.,935'. , Judge de, beheaded, S603. , or Candisb, Thomas, b., 8722 ; com- mander, 605' ; at Sao Vicente, 5521 ; d., 8762. , , Duke of Newcastle, b., 8762 • d., 8942. , Win., Duke of Devonshire, b. (1610) ; minister, 8992 ; lord lieut., 9093 ■ d., 10062. , , E. of Harrington, b. (1720) ; lord- lieut., 9133 ; d. (1747). , Henry, forms ministry, 9232 ; dismissed, 9233. , , Sir, b., 8662 ; d. (1557). , Spencer Compton, Marquis Harting- ton, b. (1833) ; minister, 'J7:;i , 9852, 9912 ; Liberal leader, 9793 ; on Labor Commis- sion, 10072. Society founded, 9543. Caventou, Joseph B., b., 7103 ; discovers quinine, 7222 ■ d., 7502. Cavill, Mr., swims Fug. Channel, 9833. Cavour, Camillio Bens. >, Count di, b. 1085 ' ; 11 JRisorgimento, 1087' ; prime minister, 10873 ; d.; monument, 10882. ■ Cawdor, Earl of, title created, 9412. ■ Cawein, Madison Curtis, Aecolon, 3502. ■ Cawnpur mission, 1047' ; captured, 1048' . Caxamarea, Peru, entered, 20' . Caxtou, Wm., b., 8022 ; first: printing-press, 8642 ; works, 8642, 3, S663; d., 866'. Society formed, 952' . Cayenne, Guiana, attacked, 1039' ; French traders, 1039'. Caiflerseille, Kv., conflict, 421'. Cayley, Sir George, b. (1773) ; hot-air en- gine ; 9342 ; d. (1857). Caylus, Comte de, Anne Claude Philippe de Tubieres, b., 6942 ; encaustic paint- ing, 7002 ; d. (1765). - — , Marquise de, Marthe Marguerite de Villette de Murcay, b. (1673) ; d., 6983. Caynal, David, minister of interior affairs, France, 767' . Cayuga and Seneca Canal completed, 1373. Indians sell lands, 101'. Cayvan, Georgia, b., 184' . Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, b., 7023 ; d. 7163. Cazauran, Augustus R., d., 334' . Cazotte, Jacques, b. (1719) ; Diable Amou- reux, 7052 ; a. (1792). Cean-Bermudez, Juan Augnstin, b.-d., 11283. Ceara, Braz., republic, 5552; missions, 5563; insurrections, 558' ; gov. deposed, 5592. Ceawlin at Wimbledon, 840' ; d. (593). Cecchi, Giovanni Maria, d., 10822. Cecil, Lord A. P., drowned, 5882 ; d.,588'. , Robt., Earl of Salisbury, b., 872' ; minister, 8773, 879' , 2 ; d., 8792. , . (See Salisbury.) , Wm., Sir [Lord Burleigh], b. (1520); minister, 8712, X732, 8753, S 77a ; d. (1598). , Lieut., in duel, 9372. Cecilia, St., d., 10642. Cecilian Coll., Ky., org., 1863,2583. Cecrops, king, b.; erected altar to Jupiter, 1013' ; est. matrimonial ceremony, 10132; in Attica; king; fnd. civilization, 10133. Cedar Bridge, Va., encounter, 803. Creek, Va., battle of, 239' . Falls, Tex., Normal School opd., 2923. Hill Cemetery laid out, 2513. Keys, Fla., captured, 2022 ; Mayor Cottrell threatens life, 3583. Mountain, Va., battle, 2103. Cedar Valley Seminary find., 211' . Cedars, The^ Can., captured, 822. Ceillier, Remi, b., 0942; d., 7083. Celakowsky, Frantisck Ladislav, b., 519' ; d. (1852). Celer, legate in Tarragona, 10633. Celestial globe iutro., 1023'. maps issued, 820' . Celestine 1., St., pope, 10702 ; d. (432). II., pope, 10743; d. (1144). III., b. (11061 ; pope, 1075' ; d. (1198). IV., pope, 1075' ; fnds.Celestines, 10763; d., 10762. V., b. (1215) ; pope, 10763. Celestines, monastic order fnd., 1076 3 . Celibacy of clergy imposed, Aust., 5042; in It., 10119', 10722; in Ger., 10743; en- forced, 7743; inSwe., 11343; in Fr., 7512. Cellarius, Christoph, h., 7963 ; d., 7983. Cellier, Alfred, d., 10062. Cellini Benvenuto, b., 1079' ; d. (1570). Celman. (Sec Juarez Celnian.) Celsius, Anders, b.-d., 11342. , Olaus, b.-d., 11342; Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, b., 10622; En- cyclopaedia, 10623. , Platonist, b., 10642. Celtes, Conrad, b., 7862; d., 7863. Celtibei-ians revolt, 1125 ' . Celtic Society nourishes, 9532. tribes, Belgium, 5393. Celtis, Konrad, b. (1459); Amoves, 7S7'; d. (1508). Celuta, asteroid, discovered, 748' . Cemeteries, Nat. Congress provides, 257' ; Gettysburg soldiers'^dedicated, 2293. Cemetery Ridge, battle for, 224'. Cenci, Beatrice, b. (1577); d., 10823. Cenidse, captured, 10262. Censure of govt, punishable, Fr., 735 3 . Census, U. S. A., first taken, 1033; decen- nially taken, 1293, 1893. 2713, 3l>,->3, 3613, 3633, 3723, 373' , 3S23; Investigating Com- mittee resolution, 399 3 . , Eng., 9132, 9652. , financial census, 273 3 . Centaur, sinks, 922'; Centenary Biblical Inst, org., Bait., 2543. Coll., La., est., 1323. Centennial, Johnson's voyage in, 2933. Centennial Day, Y. P. S. C. E., 3862. Exhibition, Phila., 2732, 0773, 2852,3, 2901,2,3, 2933, 7493. Loan Exhibition opens in N. Y., 333' . of First Republic, Fr., 763' . -, Washington's inauguration, N. Y., 338' ,3392 Centeno, Diego de, 1). (1505) ; Lake Titicaca, 22' ; d. (1549). Centerburg, O., fire, 4393. Centerville, Dak., coal discovered, 332'. , Mich., tobacco mnf., 146' . , Md., negro lynched, 3832. , Va., McDowell reaches, 1963; occu- pied, 2043 ; Confeds. driven west, 2122 ; evacuated, 2123; Meade advances, 228' . Centlivre, Susannah, b., 9062; d., 8922. Cento Xoeelle Autielte appears, 1077'. Central Africa, liquor traffic petitions, 3972. (See Congo Free State Ger. East Africa ; British East Africa.) Central Agency for For. Miss, est., 990 2 , Central America,, wrecked, 1833. Central America, Toltecs enter, 113; semi- civilized, 14' ; Federation fmd., 6303; Nicaragua enters, 1103' ; States dissolve union, 6303 ; Republics treaty; Union, resolutions 6312 ; non-interference of Powers, 11032. Inter-Ocean Canal, Bulwer-Clay- ton treaty, 1672. — - Asia, to explore, 760' ; R.R., opd., 11193. China Mission est., 621' . City, Neb., Central Coll. opd., 3223. W. Va., explosion, 3993. Coll., fnd. at Enterprise, Kan., 3962. , Lafayette, Mo., org., 1823. Falls, R. I., figured muslin in, 136' . Labor Union, Anti-militia, 414 2 . N. Y., Conf. Meth. Epis., 2762. Ohio College, fnd., 3123. Pacific R. R. ; ground broken, 2193; connects with U. Pacific R. R., 2673; train robbers. 3932. Park suggested, 170'; begun, 182'; Morse statue, 2741 , Fitz-GreeneHalleck statue, 2941; Egyptian obelisk; Burns statue; Thomas Moore statue, 3061 ; lo- custs in, 3422; obelisk deteriorates, 3501 . Central Pennsylvania Coll. org. at New Berlin (1855). R. R., Ky., train robbery, 111., 4423. Tennessee Coll. chart, 2522. Univ., la., org., 1731 . , Ky. (S. l'res.), org., 2863. Weslevan Coll., Mo., fnd., 2412. Centralia, Mo., Bill Anderson at, 2382. Centre College, Ky., org., 1271. Cepeda, Argentine, Urquiza in, 4902. Cephalonia, Byron joins Greeks, 10342. Cephren, Egy. \ pyramid opened, 6563. Ceracchi, Giuseppe, b. (1760); busts by, 1021 ; d. (1800). Cerbere, captured, 9301 . Cerberus, escapes, 920' ; takes ships, 9343. Cerceau, Jean-Antoine du, b., 6922; d., 6983. Cerda, Chris, de hi, gov. Chili, 6052. , Juan Luis de la, b.-d., 11282. , Fernandez Salinas y. -^ov., 6302. Cerdagne, Sp., acquired, 67i)i ; restored, 6793. Cerdic, settles in Eng., 7693 ; at Carford, S40i ; fnds. Wessex, 8413. Ceres, asteroid, discovered, 10841 . captured, 9361 . takes Alfred, 882. wrecked, Ire., 9693. Liber Temple decorated, 10502. plays introduced, 10742. teaches bread-making, 1013' ; wor- shiped, 10503. Cerestes, action at, 11561 . Cerignola, It., battle at, 6782. Cerinthus, b.-d., 11521 . Cerisier, Antoine Marie, b., 7003 ; d., 7243. Cerisoles, It., battle at, 6802 Cerium discovered, 11361 , Cerna, Gen. Vicente, pres. Guatemala, 10382; defeated, 10381 . Cerne, Eng., waterspout damages, 10001 . Cerro Blanco, mines, N. Mex., 3493. Gordo, Mex., battle, 1621 . Cersoblcptes captured, 10241. Certon, Salomon, b., 6822 ; d., 6S62. Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, b.-d., 11282 ; works, 11291. Cerveira, Manoel, fnds. St. Felipe, 1161 1 . Cervolle, Arnaud, de, b.-d., 673 2 . Cesari, Antonio, b., (1760) ; work, 10852 ; d., 10S02. Giuseppe, painter, b., 10S03 ;d., 10823. . Giuseppe Cavaliere di, b. (1570) ; d., 10882. Cesarotti, Melchiore, b., 10842 ; d., 10851 . Cesnola, di Luigi Palnia, b., 1401; discov- eries in Cyprus, 11581. Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, b.-d., 6322 ; fights for life, 6321 ; at Yara ; insurrec- tionist, 633' ; leader, 032' ; deposed, 6332. Cetewayo, chief; conflict; death, 600' ,2,3. Cethegu's, conspirator, 1059 2 . Cevallos. Pedro, b.-d., 11283. Ceylon, Eng. takes, 9273 ; 9392 ; bishopric est., 94S3 ; seat of Buddhism, 1043' ; con- quered ; Portuguese in, 10433; Dutch in, 10441 ; Christianity intro., 10443; Brit. in, 10453; revolt, 10461; mission, 10462,3; 10471, 10483; Brit, control; Brit, set- tlements seized, 10472. Cliabannes, Antoine de, b.-d., 6762. Chabanon, Michel Paul Guy de, b.,6983 ; d., 7082. Chabas, Franc Joseph, b., 7222. Chahert, Jos. B. de, b., 0982 ; d., 7163. Chabot, Philippe de, b. (1480) ; d., 6803. Observatory, Oakland, Cal.,324'. Chabrias in Eg\pt, 10233 ; d., 1023'. Chabrillan, Celeste Vernard de, Comtesse de Moreton, b., 7242. Chabrol, de Volvie, Gilbert J. G., b., 7042 ; d.,7283. Chabrouillaud, editor in duel, 7563. Chaeabueo. Spaniards defeated, 606'. Chacon, Pedro, b.-d., 11282. Chacornac, Jean, b. (1823) ; discovers plan- ets, 732' ; d. (1873). Chadbourne, Paul Ansel, b., 1302; d.(1883). Chaddock Coll., fnd. at Quincy, 111.. 2SS3. Chadonine, M., expelled from Bulg., 7632. Chadwick, Edwin, b„ 9303 ; d., 10022. , F. E., Com., in navy dept., 447 2 . , S. F., gov. Ore., 2973. Chseronea, Gr., Philip defeats Athenians and Thebans, 10241 ; Sulla defeats Arche- laus; Mithridates makes peace, 10281. Chain, Gunter's, made, 8781 . bridge, first, Eng., 9401 . Chai-Char. Text Figures denote Page, IJND-hL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1213 Chain Pier completed, Eng., 9402. Chaitanya, incarnation of Vishnu, 10431 . Chaix d'Est Ange, Gustavo Louis Adolphe Victor Charles, b., 7142 ; d., 750' . Chaka, king, 5973 ; assassinated, 5992. Chalcedon, fnd.; 10153 ; taken, 1022' ; Ecu- menical Council, 6543, 10703. Chalchuapa, Barrios killed, 1038' . Chalcis, annexed to Syria, 11533. Chalgrin, Jean F. T., b., 7002 ■ fl., 7191 . Chalk Bluff, Ark., Gen. Jeff Thompson surrenders at, 2463. Challemel-Lacour, Pierre Marie Paul Ainand, b. (1827) ; minister, 7543 ■ Pres. Senate, 7652. Challenger, life-boat, patented, 9562. Challis, Thomas, lord mayor London, 9572. Challoner, Richard, b., 8982 ; bp. of Lon- don; d., 9222. Chalmers, Alex., b., 9143 ; d., 9462. , Charles, D., d., 10102. , George, b., 9103 ; d., 9422. , Robert, d., 9982. , Thos., b., 9203; works, 937', 9543; d., 9542 ; statue 982'. Chalons, House of, in Orange, 6813. , taken, 7203, 743' ; Republican out- break, 735 ' . sur-Marne, occupied, 740' . Chamapier, Symphoren, b.-d., 6782. Chamberlain, Dan. H., goY. S. C, 2912, 2932 ; withdraws claim, 295 3 . , E. T., in treas. dept., 4472. , Joseph, b. (1S.)6> ; banquet, 3272; at Wash., D. C, 3273, 4402; minister, 9852, 9952; prest. Unionist. 9992; leader, 1009' . , Joshua Lawrence, b., 136' . -, J. L., gov. Me., 2593. Chamberlayue, makes iron pens, 8962. Chambers, B. J., nom. 305' ; vote, 3072. , Ephraim, b., 8942; a., 9103. , James R., nom. for gov., 345 2 . , John, gov. La., 155 2 . , Robert, publisher, b., 9303; d., 976' . , , publisher, d. 9982. , Sir Thomas, d., 10062- , Walter, d., 10102. , Sir Win. ,\b., 9063; builds Richmond observatory, 918' ; d. (1796). , , b., 9302; d., 9922. , -, cons, bp., 10082. Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, 9463. Chambers' s Eurgelopwdia, 9983. Chambers, of Reunion est., Fr., 693 3 . Chambersburg, Pa., raided by Confeds., 2223; Lee enters, 223' ; burned, 2363. Chambly, N. T., captured, 802. Chainbon de Montaux, Nicolas, b., 7003; d., 7242. Chambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D. d'Artois, b., 7223 ; protests, 7332 ; head of Bourbons, 7473; manifesto, 7492; d., 754'. Chambray, Marquis de, Georges, b., 705' ; d., 7302. Chamfort, Sebastien RochXicolas.b., 7002; d., 7102. Chamier, Daniel, b., 6823; d., 6863. Chamillard, Michel, b., 6902; d., 6982. Chamilly, Marquis de, Noel Bouton, b., 6882; d., 697'. Chamisso, Adelbert von, b., 8042 ; work, 8103; d., 8143. Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin, pres., 11033. Chamousset, Chevalier de, Claude Hum- bert Piarron, b., 697' ; d., 7042. Champagne, PhiUijjpede, b., 5403; d., 541' . Champaign, 111., Univ., org., 2583. Champaubert, allies defeated, 7202. Champe, John, b., 683; d., 108' . Champeaux.Guillauino de, b.-d., 668 2 ;fnds. Univ. of Fr., 671'. Champfleury, Jules Fleury-Husson, b. (1821); works, 7302, 7323,7363,7502; d., (1889). • Champigny, Fr., taken, 7423. Champiilion, Jean Francois, b., 708 2 . Champion, Edmund, tortured, 8743. , H. H., in Socialist League, 995' . Jim, lynched, 3782. Championnet, Jean E., b., 7023; d., 7142. Champion's Hill, Miss., battle, 222' ; Blue and Gray at, 359' . Champlain, Samuel de, b.-d., 5703; inCan., 26', 073, 5713; Des Salvages, 571'; on Lake Champlain, 26' ; explorer, 5713, voyages, '571' ; battle with Indians; on Lake Huron, 28'; gov., 31', 5731; re- pulses Kirk, 5721 ; at Quebec, 301 . Champlain, Canal navig.,1273; eel., 1331 ,3. , Lake, discovered, 261 . Valley, Indians in, 923. Champlin, E. T., speaker, Minn., 3752. , John Donison, b. (1834) ; work, 3502. , Stephen Gardner, b. (1827); d., 2312. Champmesle, Marie Desmares, b., 6883 ; d., 6943. Champney, Benjamin, b., 1261. , James Wells, b., 1561 . Chainpollion, Jean Francois, b. (1778) ; works of, 7211 , 7251 , 7271 ; d., 7262. Figeac, Jacques Joseph, b. (1778) ; d., 7362. Champs de Mars, Fr., attack in, 7091. (See Paris.) attacked, 2322 ; Battle-Field Asso., 2921 . Chancery and Common-Law-Offices Act passes, 3712, Chan-Chia-wan, Chinese defeat, 620'. Chanch Rayada, battle of, 6061 . Chandausi mission, 1048 3 . Chandler, Okla., bandits attack bank, 4663. , Abiel, b., 891 ; d., 1682. , Amelie Rices, works, 3331 . , Charles Frederick, b., 1462. , Edward Barron, b. (1S00) ; gov. N. B., 5831 ; d. (1880). , George, in interior dept., 351 2 . , John G., comniis. colonel, 4001 . , Richard, b., 9102 ; d., 9351 . , Samuel, b. (1794) ; d., 2582. , S. C, Scientific Soc; dis., 3942. , William Eaton, b., 1442 ; niinister to Rus. ; sec. navy, 3111; Hawaii resolu- tions, 4232; Roach investigation, 4291 ; investigation resolution, 4672. , Zachariab, b. (1813) ; sec. interior, 2892 ; war investigation, 203' ; d., 3022. Chanfrau. Frank S-. b., 1482 ; produces Mose; Bowery Bog, 1641 ; d. (1884). Chang, enthroned, 0122; dynasty; rules, 6111 ; overthrown, 6112. and Eng, twins, d., 2841 . Keo, defeated, 612' ; controls, 6123. Ping, waterspout, 624' ; flooded, 10921 . Changarnier, Nicolas A. T., b., 70S 2 ; de- prived of command, 730' . 7313 ; military demonstration, 730' ; d., 7502. Changchow taken, 6203. Changsunehi, patrojtess of letters, 6122. Changtl I., enthroned, 0113. II., enthroned, 6113. Chang-wang, executed, 6202. Yin Huan, power to make peace, 627' . (Mian-King port opened, 6253. Channel, Eng., naval battle in, S8S' , 9261 . Islands, earthquake, 10001 . Channing, Edward. Eni/lish History, 44S2. , Edward Tyrrel, b.'(1790) ; d., 1781. , Willianr Ellery, b., 93 1 ; works, 1271 , 1371 ; preaches, 1282 ; d.,1541; birth cel- ebrated, 3042. Chanson de Roland, written, 6691 . ( 'bausons in Fr. literature, 672' , 671' . Chantal, Jean F. F. de, b., 6823 ; d., 6883. Chantillv. Va., action at, 2122. Chantry', Sir Francis Legatt, b., 9222 ; d., 9502. Chanzy, Antoine E. A., b.,7241 ; gov., 102; at Bazoche des Hautes, 7423 ; at Dijon le Mans, 743i ; at siege of Le Mans ; de- feated, 7441 , S26i ; d.,7541. Cliao dynasty, 6112. Chaohow, enthroned, 611 1 . Chaoti, enthroned, 6113. Chaou Kwang-yin, Avar with Tartars, 6121 . Wang, enthroned, 611 2 . Ohaoyang, insurgents defeated, 6261 . Chapa mission, 10491. Cbapelain, Jean, b., 6S42 ; Pucelle, 6911; d.,6922. Chapel Hill, University N. C, org., 1063. , Va., action at, 2191 . Chapelle, Claude, E. L.. b., 6863 ; d., 6942. Chapin, Edwin H., b., 1231 ; d., 3042. , Mayor, reviews Italians, 386 3 . Chaplains tirst appointed. Eng., S802. Chapleau, Jos. A., scandal, 5922 ; sec. state, 593 1 ; resigns, all:: 2 ; minister, 5943. Chaplin, Henry, minister, 9933, 10013. Chapman, Alvan Wentwortb, b., 1161. , Fredrik Heurik af , b. (1721) ; d., 11361. George, b., 8721 ; works, 8772, SSO 3 , 8771, 8783,8883; d., 8822. , Nathaniel, b., 931 ; d., 1722. Chapman, Orlow W., in justice dept., 3512. , Reuben, b. (1799) ; gov., 1633; d. (1S82). , Maj. Wm., b. (1810) ; near Pooles- ville, Md., 2123. Cliapmansville, W. Va., action, 1983. Chapone, Hester, b. (1727) ; d., 9303. Chapoo, attacked, 616 2 . Chappaqua, N.Y., lire, 3553. Chappe, Claude, b., 7031; first telegraph; optical telegraph, 706', 7082; d., 7163. Chapsal, Chas. Pierre, b., 7062 ; d.,7342. Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte de Chante- loupe, b. (1756) ; d., 7262. Chapu, Henri M. A., d., 7602. Chapultepec, Hex., battle of, 1622. Charas, Mol'se, b., 6863; d., 6943. Char-asiab, battle of, 6'. Charcot, Jean Martin, d., 764'. Chardin, Jean, b., 6883; d., 6963. Chardjin, Ivomarotl', Gen., arrives, 62. Chardon de la Rochette, Simon, b.,701'; d., 7211. Charenton, Fr., battle, 6882; collision, 7533. Chares, Gen., b., 10243. , bronze statuary, b., 10263. Charibert, king, 0052; d., 6652. Charilaus, hostilities, 10141. Charitable Relief Society, org. Eng., 9731 . Charities and Correction Conf., 3583. Charity Schools, est., S903; fnd., 9043. Society, Mass., find., 991 . Charlemagne. (See Charles the Great.) Charlemagne, published, 8483. Charlemo'nt, Vise, title creat., 8911 , 9051 - Charlemont Packet, wrecked, 925 3 . Charleroi, riots, 5462 ; mine explosion, 5473; miners strike, 5482. Charles I. of Anjou, b. -d., 10742 ; king of Na- ples, 10153, 10763 ■ struggles tor It., 10772. in. of Aust., k. of Two Sicilies, 10793. I. of Bohemia, reigns, 5072. I., K. of Eng., b.,iS762 ; reigns ; mar- ries ; dissolves Pari. ; dismisses Queen's servants, 8S13 ; aids Wahlenses, 8822; exacts war loan; in Edinburgh, 8831; Second Book of Sports, 888' ; rules with- out Pari. ; crowned in Scot., 8832; levies ship-money impost ; agrees with Scots ;. meets Covenanters ; favors Episcopacy, 8833; in Civil War, SSI '; in Edinburgh, 885'; at Hull; distrusted; retires to York, 8852 ; defeated at Chester ; sur- renders, 886' ; rejects terms ; struggle with Pari., 8871 ; 'agreement with Scot., 8872 ; in Isle of Wight, 8872; trial ; be- headed, 8873; d.,S862 ; executioners pun- ished, 8912; statue, 894' . II., b. (1630) ; king of Eng., 8873 ; in Scot., S802 ; invades Eng. ; at Worces- ter; raises regiment in Belg., 8SS' ; proc- lamation against Cromwell, 8892; healer; proclamation, 891' ; tonnage and pound- age grant ; income ; abolition ; est. coun- cils; proclaimed king. 8912; king Va., 412; restoration ; crowned ; dowry, 8913; pre- sents Lady Castlemaine, 891' ; marries, 891 3 ; grants Guiana, 1039' ; promises, 891'; intro. racing, 893'; deserts Hol- land, 1100' ; closes exchequer, 8932; first lord of admiralty, 8933, S972 ; gift from Fr., 8951; peace with Holland, 6933; treaty with Fr. , 8953 ; Winchester palace, 8961 ; d., 8972. I., the Great, or Charlemagne, b.-d., 6642; revives learning, 7703; reign, 7713, 7722; controls freemen, 7703; defeats Sax- ons, 770' : description of, 6651 ; rebellion against, 771 3 ; subdues Saxons, 6641; de- stroys Lombard kingdom, 7713, 10733; conquers Desiderius, 6641 ; king of N. Italy, 7713; enlarges kingdom of Pope, 10723; convenes synod ; supports Christi- anity, 6643 ; at war with Sp., 7701; im- poses tithes, 7702 ; in Westphalia, 770i ; punishes idolaters, 7702; est. school, 6651 ; inPannonia, 6641 ; est. free schools, 6651 ; at Frankfort, 7713 ; war with Avars, 7701 ; Frankfort council, 10322 ; delivers Aust., 5031 ; naval expedition. 7701 ; shel- ters and restores Pope, 7703,7713; favors arts and sciences, 0001 ; patronizes learn- ing, 6662; crowned, 6663, 7713, 10733; re- forms church, 6662; intro. heraldry, 7702; unites It. and (ier. ; distributes adminis- tration, 7731 ; Homilarium, 7703 ; against Danes, 7731; d., 6671; canonized, 7782; monument, 5441 . — II., the Bald, b.-d., 6662; oath, 666 3 ; at Fontenay, 7721 ; king ; reigns, 6671 ,7731 - f 1214 Text Figures denote Page. IJN Di^ysl. Superior Figures indicate Column. Char-Chas. at Andernaeh, 7721 ; treaty with North- men ; emp. of Romans ; 667 2 ; invades It. ; crowned ; poisoned, 773 2 ; d., 6672. Charles II., the Bad, of Fr., revolutionist, 6752; rules in Navarre, 11273. the Boldof Fr.,b.-d.,6762 ; atMontlhery, at Liege, 678' ; D. of Burgundy, 6792; a t Beauvais ; war on Swiss, 678* ; war \vith, 786', 11373 ; at Granson; at Morat ; at Nancy ; killed, 6781 , 7861 . H. or III., the Fat of Fr., b.-d., 6662; king, 6672, 7732, 10732; deposed; abdi- cates ; Ger. empire united, 7732; deposed, 6672. III., the Simple, Fr., reigns; d., 6672. IV., the Fair, of Fr., b.-d.,6722; reigns, 6751,11273; d.,6751. V., the Wise, Fr., b.-d., 6742; refuses currency; reigns, 6753; war in Low Countries, 6SO1 ; invades Provence, 680 2 ; in Tunis, 11392; d., 6753. VI., Fr., at Roosebeke, 674 2 ; governs, 6752,6772; reigns, 6753; licenses drama, 107S1 ; marries Isabelle ; insane, 677 2 ; d., 6773. VII., the Victorious, Fr., b.-d., 6762; reigns, 6773; est. standing army, 6762; siege of Metz, 7841 ; at Rouen, 6781 ; d., 6791. VIII. , the Affable, Fr., conquers Italy, goes to Fr., 6782; reigns, 6792; marries Anne; in Italy, 6793; in Naples, 10793, 6793; d., 6793. -IX., Fr., b., 6822; reigns, 6833; d., 6853. X., Fr., b., 7023; crosses the Belts, 6362; king, 6353, 7253; abdicates ; in Eng.; sustains, dismisses ministers, 725 3 ; ' leaves Eng., 7272; family banished,7273 ; d., 7262. IV., Emp., b.,504 2; reigns, 5072, 7832; at Rome, 7821 ; fnds. Univ. of Prague, 5071 ; rebuilds Prague; issues Golden lint I, 7833 ; receives Brandenburg, 7833 ; di- vides lands, 7852; d., 7852. V., Emp., (Charles I. of Sp.) b., 7863; king of Two Sicilies, 10i;i3 ; k. f Sp., 11293; war with Rome, 10801 ; elected emp., 7892, 11293; emp. in Ger.; Diet at "Worms; treaty with pope, 7892,3; war with Fr.,7SSi ; marries, alliance against, 7893; crowned, 7913, 5093; against Prot- estants; war withFrancis; religious war; decree, 7913; besieges Venlo, 10981; in Fr., 6832; divides kingdom ; abdicates ; resigns Neth.; resigns empire; in monas- tery; d., 7922, 7932. VI., Emp. H. R. emp., 5143, 7993 ; treaty of Vienna, 515 1,2; issues Prag- matic Sanction, 79!l3; d., 5143, 3012. VII., -Charles Albert, b., 7982; emp., 8012; refugee, 5152; d., 8003, 8013. II., king of Naples, 10772. 1., of Roumauia, b., 11123; elected Pr., 11131; king, 11132. 1, of Sp. (Carlos), (V. of Ger.), b.-d., 11263; reigns, 11293. (See Charles V.) II., Sp., reigus, 11293. III., Archduke of Aust., pretender, reigns in Sp., 6972, 9031 ; in Eng., 9031 ; in Sicily, 10793 ; takes Saragossa, 11281 ; leaves Sp., 9041 . III., of Sp., b. (1716) ; king of Sicilies, 10852 ; reigns in Sp., 11293 ; d. (1788). IV., of Sp., b. (1748) ; reigns ; abdi- cates, 11312 ; d. (1819). — I. or VII., of S\v., reigns, 11351 . VIII., of Sw. (Knutsson), b. (1409); reigns ; dethroned, 11352 ; d., 11342. — - IX., of Sw., b.-d., 11342; regent ; reigns, 11353. X., Gustavus, of Sw., b. (1622); defeats Poles; invades Den.; in Poland, 11341, 6362 ; reigns, 11353 ; d., 11342. XL, of Sw., b. (1655) ; aids Ger. ; de- feats Danes, 11341 ; reigns; reforms, 11353; d. (1697). XII., of Sw., b.-d., 11342 ; in Holstein, 6362 ; prohibition of whisky, 11351 ; in- vades t)en.; at Narva ; at Riga ; at Pul- tusk ; against Peter ; in Warsaw, 11141 ; despot; flees to Tur., 11353; k., 11341. XIII., of Sw., b.-d., 11342 ; reigns ; against Napoleon I., 11363. XIV., of Sw., Jean Baptiste Jules Ber- nadotte reigns as, 11363 ; treaty with Alex. I. ,11171 ; at Mohrungen, 716i ; com- mands army ; in Pomerania, 7201 ; re- gains Hanover, 811 2. Charles XV., of Sw., b.-d., 11361 ; reigns, 11363. 1., of Bohemia, enthroned, 5072; d., 5062. (See Charles IV.) V., of Aust., D. of Lorraine, b. (1643); Imperialist gen., 5122 ; d. (1690). 1., of Wiirtemberg, b., 8122 ; king, 8231; d., 8361. , Archduke Aust., b., 5163 ; Fr. War Coalition, 5181 ; takes bank of Rhine, 8073 ; at Zurich, 7122 ; d., 5203. , Archduke, in Port., 1110 1 . — -, Due d' Orleans, b.-d., 6762. , Duke of Brunswick, 7992. , Duke of Grafton, lord lieut., 9073. III., Duke of Parma (1849, Mar. 14) ; stabbed, 10873. , Duke of Kiehiin mil, postmaster, 945 2 . , Duke of Rutland, d., 9242. , Prince of Aust., possessions, 5112. , Prince of Bavaria, in army, 5261 . , Prince of Ger., married, 548 2 . , Prince of Orleans, works, 676 3 . of Anjou, war with Pedro ; at Bene- vento, 6721; ic. Two Sicilies, 6732, f Naples, 7803, 7813, of Sicily, 7S13. of Bavaria, gen. of Confederation, 824 1 . of Blois, at Auray, 6741 ; contends for dukedom, 6751 of Bourbon, married, 5363. of Burgundy, killed ; unites with Ed- ward of Eng., 6792. of Lorraine, Silesian Wars, 5141, 2. of Luxemburg, ami-king, 7832. Albert (Carlo Alberto Ainadeo), of Sardinia, b., 10813 ; aided by Fr., 7013 ; D. of Bavaria, 8012; archduke; king; emp., S01 2 , 515 2 ; Aust. inheritance, 5152; enters Milan, 520' ; abdicates, 10873 ; d., 10863. — - Alexander, D. of Wiirtemberg, 8012. Alex., grand D. of Saxc-Weim.'ir, 8193. Anthony, Pr., resigns, 8191 ■ d., 8302. Augustus, invades Denmark, 6361. -Edward, Louis Philip Casimir (Young Pretender), b. (1720) ; in So it., 9101 , 9113; escapes to Fr., 9101 ; d. (1788). Emmanuel I. (III. of Savoy), king, 10833, 10852 ; at Geneva, 11371 ; d., 6882. Eugene, Duke of Wiirtemberg, 8012. , Felix, king of Sardinia, 10872. , F. M., cons, cardinal priest, 5322. , Frederick, margrave, 801 2 ; acquires Baden-Baden, ,s(i:;3; Grand !>., 8093, 8152. Wrn., Duke of Brunswick, 8113; assumes gov't Brunswick, 8133. , Jacques Alex. Cesar, b.,7003; d., 7241 , Joseph, d., 7262. Lewis Frederick, Grand Duke, 8111. Louis, heir Aust., 531 3 ; putative re- gent, 5332, Martel, Duke of Austrasia, b.-d., 7702. Robert, king of Hungary, 505 3 . , Theodore, elector, 8013 ; claims of Aust. ; duke of Bavaria, 8053. William, margrave, 7973. Win. Ferd., duke of Brunswick, 8053. Charles If'. Wetmnre, sails, 3853. Charlesbourg,Can.,fortr. at,23i ;fnd.,5712. Charleston, cruiser, 3381,3441,3821,3901. , Ind., Baptist Church, at, 1083. , Mo., action at, 1981 . , N. C, Saran/ath escapes, 1961. , S. C, fnd., 45i ; Baptist Ch. est., 482, 522,542; Episcopal Ch. est., 482; capital, 491 ; settlements, 493; Huguenot Presb. Ch., 502; custom officer, est., 503; Fr. defeated, 56 1 ; massacre, 581; printing- press, 623; s.f. Gavtte, 623 ; st. Michael's ch. built, 683 ; Bap. Asso. fmd., 691 ; Jewish congregati 74 2 ; theater opd., 781; 981; Brit, fleet off, 822; Lafayette at, 862; attacked; invaded, 911 ; bom- barded; taken by Brit., 921; evacuated, 941; p r ot. Epis. Conven., 982; Ed. C. Genet at, 1051 ; fire, 1073, 1493,2013; Monthly Register, 1131 ; earthquake, 1241 ; yellow fever, 1273; R. c. diocese est., 1283 ; night or Sunday schools prohib- ited for slaves, 131 2 ; Howard monument, 1361 ; Southern Aarieultiirnlistest.; South- ern Review est., 1371 ; Railroad to Ham- burg, 1393; army at, 1412; proslavery mob, 1452; Southern Quarterly Review, est., 1551 ; Elliot Nat. Hist. Soc. org., 1721; fire, 1793; Russell's Magazine est., 1823; Echo arrives, 1851 ; Maj. Anderson at ; arsenal seized ; flag removed; State seizes the forts, IS81 ; excited by election; war meeting, 1883; State Conven. at,189 z ; under Gen. Beauregard, 1921; forces un- der Confederacy, 1931 ; blockaded, 1942, 2021, 2033; blockade run, 2001, 2002, 2021, 2072 ; harbor obstructed, 2022; harbor attacked, 2182 ; fired on, 226 1 ; Weehawken sinks, 228 3 ; Housatonic destroyed, 2302; Patapsco blown up, 2421 ; Confeds. retire, 2422 ; martial law, 2422 ; Fed. flag at,2432; mass meeting, 247 1 ; Freedmen's conven., 248 3 ; new constitution ; State Conven. meets, 261i; H. P. Northrop cons, bp., 3102; H.D.Howren, preaches, 3383; Mil- itary Acad., reopd., 3102; cyclone, 3201 ; earthquakes, 3241,3741; longshore-men (white) secede, 3543; gala week, 417 1 ; liquor stores raided, 450 2 ; chamber of commerce eel., 4503; c. Coll. org. (1785). Charleston, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2283. , W. Va., retreat to, 1963; action near, 2142, 2161 ; Constitutional Conven., 2772; capital, 2972. Charlestown, Mass., fnd., 31 3 ; Court of Assistants, 331; paper-mill, 601 ; arsenal emptied, 781; tea arrives, 78 3 ; burnt, 802 ; troops disheartened, 821 ; Howard, 1432. Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint, b., 7082; d., monument, 1361 ; Cath. persecuted, 728 a . Charlevoix, Can., landslide, 5961 . , Pierre Francois Xavier de, b,, 481 ; d., 6923; in Can., 5751 ; New France ; ascends Mississippi, 5752; d., 7523. Charlois, disc, planets, 6601,7561. Charlotte, N. C, Brit, enter, 922; branch mint est., 145 2 ; mint .seized, 1951 ; Davis arrives, 2462; Bi.t.ileriiiv.org.,2583.-j:ir,3. , Augusta, Princess, b. (1796) ; d., 9382. , Countess of Derby, defense, 8841 . , Empress of Mexico, in Paris, 7371; mission to Fr., 7372. , Princess, b.. 9283; weds, 9391. , Sophia, b. (1744); weds, 9153; d. (1818). Charlottenl 1 urg, Ger., statue William, 8321 . Charlottesville, Va., Sheridan in, 2423; ob- servatory est., 3201 . Charlottetown, Can., diocese est., 5782 ; battery's prize, 5881 ; Examiner and Island Arms, 5803. Charlton, Sir John, gov. Ire., 8573. Charnier, Adm., in Fr. Coeh.-China, 4801 . Charnock, Robt., executed, 9011 . Charost, Armand Joseph de Bethune de, b., 6982; d., 7142. Charpentier, Francois, b., 6863; d., 6962. Charras, Jean Baptiste A., b., 7191; d., 7362. Charriere, Madame de St. Hyacinthe de, Isabelle Agnes Van Tuyll, b., 7002 ; d., 7163. Charron, Pierre, b., 6803; work, 6871; d., 6862. Charter Oak, Conn., biding, 51 1; blown down, 1813. of Liberties passed, 492, 8492, 8571 . schools est., Ire., 9091 . Charters, Can., revoked, 5731 . Chartier, Alain, b.-d., 6763; works, 6763. Chartists org.,'G.B.; Asso. est., 9472; meet- ing, 9492; petition of, 9493; demonstra- tion occurs, 9552. Charton, Ednuard, b., 7163; d.,7502. Chartres, Fr., Northmen routed, 6661; ceded to Crown, 6713; taken, 7421; an- nexed to Crown, 6732; treaty, 6772. Due de, Robert Philippe Louis Eugene Ferdinand d'Orleans, pr., b., 7282 ; in U. S. Army, 1983. (See Robert Philippe.) Chase, Carleton, b., 1042; cons. P.E.bp., 1563; d., 2682. , Ira J., b., 1042; gov. Ind., 3952, 4092; d.,2392. , Philander, b., 823; cons. bp. of 111., 1263, 1443; d., 1701. — *-, Salmon Portland, b., 1142; pres.Free Soil conven., 1651; g0 v. O., 1812; Sec. Treas., 193 1 ; Nat. Banking system, 2013; resigns, 2353; d., 2.S02 ; bust, 2852. , Samuel, b., 642; justice, 1073, 1132; d., 1162. , Wm. F., b., 1661 . Chaska, Minn., accident, 4722. Chasles, Michel, b., 70S 2 ; d., 7522. , Victor E. Philarete, b., 7142; d.,7461 . Chasse, David Heindrick, b.-d., 11011 ; sur- renders Antwerp, 11021 . Chasseloup-Lauhat, Marquis, Justin Na- poleon Samuel Prosper, b. (1805); pres. state council, 7392; d. (1873). Chas-Chic. Text Figures denote Page. lJNJDii.A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1215 Chassepot, Antoine Alphonse, b., 726 2 ; rifle, adopted by Fr., 7361 . Chastelain, Georges, b.-d.,539 3 . Ohastelard, Pierre Boscoseel de, b., 680= ; d., 6822. Chasteleer, Marchioness de, k., 5462. Chasteler, Jean du, b., 5163 ■ d., 5202. Cbastelet, Uabrielle, Marquis du, b.,6963; d., 7003. Chastellaine, Georges, b. (1405±) ; Jacques de Lalaing, 6783 ; d. (1475). Chastellux,' Francois Jean, Marquis de, b., 6983 ; d., 7062. Chatard, Francis Silas, b. (1883) ; cons. E. C. bishop, 2983. Chateaubriand, Francois Rene\ Vicomte de, b., 7042; visits U. S., 1051; works, 7131,7151,7251; d., 730=. Chateau-Cambresis, treaty, 6832,8732. Chateau (Jailbird, Fr., captured, 6701 . Chateaudun, Fr., massacre, 6712 ; stormed, 7421 ; recaptured, 7422. Chateauroux, Marquis de, b. (1717) ; guides Louis XV., 7013 ; d. (1744). Chatel, Abbe\ fails in estab. church, 7263. , Jean, b., 684 1 ; assassin fails, 6851; d., 6842. Chatham, Can., R.C. diocese est. ,5802; The World issued, 5843. , Eng., vessels launched, 9661 , 9701 . (See names of vessels.) , Earl of. See Pitt, fm. Chatillon-sur-Seine, Fr., Congress, 7212. Chatillon le Due, attacked, 7422. Chatnole, Eng., water-spout at, 10001. Chatrain, Alexandre, b., 7242 ; d., 7601. Chatsworth, 111., E. E. accident, 3273. Chattahoochee, Confeds. burn, 2462. Chattanooga, Tenn., Eosecrans at, 2262; siege of, 2262,3; Sherman tights battles, 2282, 2322 ; Johnston at,280T; survivors' reunion, 3441 ; tj. S. Grant Univ. org., 2543 , Confed. reunion, 3623 ; fire, 3833, 3933 ; raiders' monument, 3841 ; negro trial, 4082; lynching, 4303 ; Wertsshot, 4502. Chatterton, Thos., b., 9123 ; Poems, 9163 ; d.,91S3. Chatti War, 10641. Chaucer, Geoffrey, b.-d., 8562 ; -works, 8583, 8603. Chaudet, Antoine Denis, b., 7031 ; d.,719i . Chaudiere Valley, Can., inundated, 5921 . Chauffepie, Jacques George, b.-d., 11011. Chau-Kia-Keo mission, 6242. Chaulieu, Guillaume, Amfrye de, b., 68S2 ; d., 6982. Chaul-Mong, emp. of Annam, 4382. Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, b., 7031 ; d., 7102. Chaumonot, treaty of, 937 3 ; allies at, 811 2 . - , Pierre Marie Joseph, b. (1611) ; mis- sionary, 401 ; d. (1693). , M. J., b., 6862 ; d.. 6942. Chauncey, Isaac, b., 762 ; d., 1521 . , John S., Commodore, d., 2741 . Cbauncy, or Chauncey, Charles, b., 56 2 ; Pres. of Harvard, 391 ; d., 442. , Charles, lawyer, b., 891 ; d., 1661 . Chaussard, Pierre Jean Baptiste, b., 7031 : d., 7241. Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivelle de la, b., 6942 ; works, 6992 ; d., 7022. Chaussier, Francois, b., 7003 ; d., 7243. Chautauqua, N.Y., Chautauqua Coll. est., 2823 ; first Assembly, 2843 ; College of Liberal Arts opd., 4102 ; c. Literary and Scientific Circle org., 3003 ; w. E. Harper at, 3423. Chauvelin, Francois Bernard de, b., 7031 ; d., 7262. , Germaine Louis de, b., 6923 ; d., 7023. Chauvenet, Wm., b., 1282 ; d.,2721. ChauTin, Can., colony of, 571 3 . , Etienne, b., 6883 ; d., 6982. Chauz, Fray Fuan de, gov. Costa Eica, 6302. Chavee\ Honore Jos., b., 5423 ; d. (1877). Chaves, Juan de, gov. Costa Eica, 6302. Chavigny, Theodore, d., 7042. Chaworth, Baron, title created, 9451 . Chazal, Antoine, b., 7082 ; d., 7322. Chazelles, Jean Mathieu de, b., 6902 ; d., 6963. Cheat Mt., W. Va., battle. 1982. Cheatham, Benjamin Franklin, b. (1820); at Murfreesboro, 2171 ; d. (1886). Chedel, Quentin Pierre, b., S962 ; d., 7023. Chedorlaomer, in Assyria, 11401 . Chee-Foo, famine, persecution, 6251 . Cheesman, J. J., pres. Liberia, 11612. Cheetham College founded, 8883. Cheever, Ezekiel, b., 261 ; d., 562. , Geo. B., b., 1141 ; d. (1890). Chefket Pasha, at Plevna, 5652. Chefu, mission, 6203, 6222,3 ; rioters, 6243; fleet returns, 6261 ; Russians at, 6263 ; convention signed, 9812. Cheke, Sir J. din, b. (ir»14) d., 8721 . Cheliemen, Mongol leader, 6151. Chelius, Maximilian J., b., 8062; d., 8282. Chelmsford, Lug., St. Mary's Church built, 9293. , Baron, title created, 9591. (See Thesiger.) Chelsea Hospital fnd., S951 ; waterworks built, 9073; Carlyle statue. 9901 ; Chem- ical Industrial Society fnd., 3061 , 9881 ; chemical rays dis., 8O62. Chemical innf. at Salem, Mass., 1182. Society formed, 9501 , 9881 . , Am., 2961 , 4613, 4781 . Chemistry, system fnd., 8001 , Moors intro- duce, 11262. Chemnitz, Johann, b., 8002 ; d., 8063. , Martin, b., 7882 ; d., 7922. Chemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovitch, b.-d., 11143. Che-nan-foo mission, 6222. Chenango Canal, N. Y., completed, 149 3 . Cbenavard, Paul Joseph, b., 7163. CheiiedoMr, Charles .lulieu I'ioult dr. !>., 7042; Genius of Man, 7171 ; d., 7262. Chenevix, Richard, b.,9191; d., 9442. Cheney, Benj., gives Webster statue, 3222. , Charles Edward, b., 1462 ; cons. Ee- formed Episcopal bishop, 2822. , John, racing calendar, 9071. , Person C, governor N. H., 2912. Cheng Ku, mission, 6243. Chenier, Andre Marie de, b., 7031 ; works, 7063 ; d., 7102. Chenier, Louis de, b., 6982 ; d. (1796). , Marie Joseph de, b., 7031 ; works, 7063, 7171 ; d., 7191. Chenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, b., 7143 ; d., 7322. Chentu fu mission, 6231 . Chenu, Jean Charles, b., 7163 ; d., 7521 . Chen-Yeun, sunk, 02t;i ; damaged, 6272. Cherasco, treaty of, 6892. Cheraw, S. C, Confeds. defeated, 2423. Cherbourg, Fr., captured, 67t;' , 6791 ; for- tifications razed. 7021, 0141 ; Alabama destroyed off, 2343 ; Brit, fleet at, 7371 ; occupied, 743 1 ; torpedo boat sinks, 7581 ; 7601. Cherbuliez, Charles Victor, b.,7262; works, 7351 ,7383, 74x2, 7,322, 7562; Academician, 7522. Cheri, Eose Marie Cizos, b., 7242; d., 7342. Clierif Pasha, minister, 6592. Cherino, Diego de Artieda, fnd., Esparza ; gov., Costa Eica, 6301 . Cherizy, attack repulsed, 7421. Chermside, Col., in Sudan, 6603. Cherokee I. 'Per., boomers expelled, 3541 . County, Kan., lead discovered, 2961 . Strip, Okla., 3553, 3363; settlers; boomers, 4893, 8382; white Caps terror- ize, 4442; bonds bid, 4331. Cherokees, at Fort Loudon, war with, 721 ±; treaty, 1072; mission, 1103, 1243, 1263,1303,1322; expelled, 127 1 ; alpha- bet invented, 1331 ; seminary for girls, 3423. Cheron, Elizabeth S., b., 6883; d., 6963. Cherops rules Gr., 10152. Cherrapooujee mission, 1047 1 . Cherry Valley, N. Y., Indian massacre, 901 . , Philippe, b., 7023; d., 7281 . trees, Eng., protected, 9051 . Cherub, captures Essex, 1221 . Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Z. Salvatore, b., 10S42; /,orfn; s /.T(,9242; d., 10862. Chervreuse, Duchesse de, b., 6861 . Chesapeake, attacked by Leopard, 1141 , 1173; takes prizes; captured, 120 2 , 933 3 . and Ohio E. E., op., 2853. canal, completed, 1533. Bay, Va., explored, 243; Brit, in, 902; Am. vessels in, 942; blockaded, 1201 . Chcsebro, Caroline, b., 1361 ; d., 2802. Cheseldon, William, b., 8982; d., 9123. Cheshain, Baron, title created, 9591. Cheshire, inundated. 8402; Royalist rising, 8893. , Joseph B., Jr., cons. bp. N. C, 4401 . C'lieshunt College, W., opened, 9171. Chess-player, mechanical automaton, 9181 . Chester, Eng., battle, 8421, 886 1 ; walls built, 8453; ravaged, 8461; mysteries performed, 8541; fi re , 8653; se e erected, 8683; practical technical school, imd., 9503; Fenians attack, 9703, 9712; town hall opd., 9733; cathedral opd., 9762, 9803; Bp. Jayne cons., 9983. , Mass., E. R. accident, 4373. , N. S., Bapt. miss. soc. org. 5783. , Pa., colonists, conven., 492; Progres- sive Friends, org.. 1723; explosion, 3113; syndicate, 8683; leprosy in, 3713; largest steel plate, 470 1. , John, moderator, 1311. , Joseph L., b., 1301 ; d., 3102. , Wm. Bennett, cons, bp., 9922. Chesterfield, Duke of, title created, 8831 . See Stanhope. Chestertown, Md., Wash. coll. org., 952. Chestnut James, b. (1815) ; senator, ex- pelled, 1973. Ridge, Md., Bpt. church built, 651 . Chesub Chunder Sen., in London, 9742. Chetham, James, buys papers, 1103. Chetwynd, Viscount'of, title created, 9051 . Cheu Kin Lung, captured, 6251 . Chevalier, Antoine de Rodolphe, b., 67S3; d., 6823. , Michael, b., 7163 ; Material Interests, 7272; d., 7521. . Sulpice G. P., b., 7143; d., 7362. Chevallier, -lean, Baptistie Alphonse, b., 7082; d., 7521. Chevereau, M.. minister interior. 7393. Chevreau, Urbain, b., 6862 ; d., 6943. Chevreul, Michel Eugene, b., 7061 ; work, 7251; d., 7581. Chevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de Rohan, b. (1600); d., 6923. Cheverus, Jean L< ■uis Anne Madeleine Le- febre de, b., 7032 ; cardinal, 7262 ; d. (1836). Cheverus, John, missionary, 982. Cheves, Langdon, b., 851 ; speaker, 1232; d., 1801. Cheyenne, Colo., riot, 4163. , Guiana, Fr., settlements, 333. , Wis , grasshoppers, 4701 . , Wyo., C. Evening Leader, est., 2582 ; E. C. dio. est. ; deaf and dumb school, 3342; constitutional conven. 3451 ; first state legislature 3713 ; Mormons church est., 3622. Cheylesmore, Baron, title created, 9963. Chezy, AntoineLeon.de, b., 7042; d., 7262. Chlabrera, Gabriello, b., 10803; d., 10823. Chiapas, Garcia Granados invades, 10381. Chiang Chin mission, 620 3 . Chiari, Lombardy, French defeat, 6941 . Chiaroscuro engraving invented, 7862. Chicago, wrecked, 4113. , Fort Dearborn est., 1133 ; McCormick theological seminary est., 1383; lots sold; surveyed, 1893; on frontier; a steamboat arrives, 1413 ; Baptist church org., 1422 ; The Democrat est., 1423; bank est.; mail in 1834, 1453 ; incorporated, 1473 ; water supplied, 1533 ; E. C. see erected, 1581 ; theater opd., 1622 ; Chicago Tribuneest., 1631; River and Harbor Conven. meets, 1633 ; cholera, 1673, 1753 ; nullifies Fu- gitive Slave Law, 169 1 ; Board of Trade org.; gas in, 1693 ; through train arrives, 1713; K. R. collision; Galena and Chicago Union E. R. opd., 1733; Masonic Temple; water-works, 175 3 ; license riot, 1763 ; wooden pavement, 1813 ; Theolog. Sem. opd., 1822; first street-cars; Rose Hill cemetery est., 1873 ; charter amended, 1931 ; Board of Public Works org., 1953 ; Graceland cemetery est., 2083 ; Chicago Times suppressed, 2052, 2222 ; Dearborn Observatory fnd., 2171 ; Branch Sanitary Commission org., 2172 ; Sanitary Fair opd., 2273, 2472 ; water-works tunnel, 2313, 2553, 2573 ; Democratic National Conven., 2393; Confed. prisoners near; Oakwood Cemetery est., 2413 ; funeral of Lincoln ; Union Stock Y'ards opd., 2493 ; Ger. Mannerchor org., 2501 ; Cook County Hospital, est.,250 3 ; Crosby Opera House lottery, 2.3.31 ; Douglas monument, 2553 ; burned, 2613 ; Republican Nat. Conven., 2631 ; Der Nordamerikanische Sangebund org., 2641 ; Wash. St. tunnel opd. ,2653; Lake Side Montltly est.; St. Ignatius Coll. est., 2662 ; Nat. Temper- ance Conven., meets, 2663 ; West Side Park Commission org., 2672, 3 ; ji a t. Pro- 1216 Text Figures denote Page. 1-ND.lL.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Chic-Chin r hibition Party org.; Irish Nat. Conven. meets, 267 2 ; parks laid out; Douglas Park ; Lincoln Park ; Humboldt Park ; Garfield Park ; Jackson Park, 2693 ; Public Library est., 2822; Grand Pacific Hotel opd. ; Palmer House opd., 2833 ; circulating library opd., 2843 ; C. Daily News est., 2S83 ; Union Sional est., 2863 ; 0. Club find., 2691; Foundling's Home opd., 2733; Apollo Musical Club, org., 2741; aid to sufferers, 2743 ; great fire; La Salle St. Tunnel opd., 2753 • Jnter- Ocean est., 2771; Exposition Park pur- chased, 2773 ; day schools for deaf, 2911 • Horn. Med. Coll. opd., 2922 ; Red flag in, 2943 ; Socialists discouraged ; W. C. T. U. Nat. Conven., 2971; Citizens' League fmd., 2972; Calumet Club fmd.; Hliuois Club fmd. ; Union Club fmd., 2991 ; Ex- position opd., 2993; Academy of Fine Arts incor., 3001 ; Central Music Hall opd., 3021 j Graph i<- est., 3023 ; Rep. Nat. Con- ven. held, 3043 ; Govt, buildings com- pleted, 3053 ; Herald est., 3081 ; Home Protection Party org., 311 2 ; cable rail- way opd., 311 3 ; Coll. of Phys. and Sur- geons opd., 3123 j Charity Organization Soe.fmd.,3131; bricklayers' strike,3132; telegraph to N. Y. ? 3133 ; Washington Park Club org. ; Voice and. Hearing Sell. est., 315 1 ; Epliphatha Seh. for Deaf opd., 3191 ; public buildings opd., 3193 ; Opera House opd., 3201 ; M. E. Training School fnd. ; Church Extension Society fnd., 3203 ; anarchists' riot ; lumber-shovers strike, 3232 ; Board of Trade building ; 22 anarchists indicted, 3233, sentenced, 3243 ■ Western Unitarian Association org., 3242 ; meat-packers strike, 3243 ; pork-packers strike, 3251 ; Lincoln statue, 3281; Burlington and Quincy strike, 3291 ; gas di.s.,332' ; ,Saturda>i Blade est., 3322; Wesley Methodist Hospital est., 3331 ; p. H. Cronin suspected, 3391 ; De witt C. Cregier mayor, 3392 ; fire, 3393 ; Drainage Bill passes, 341 1 ; 0. Hincke- ley's Univ. gift, 3411 : wind-storms, 3421 ; fire; second city in U. S., 343 2 ; La Salle statue, 3461 ; Crerar Library fnd. (see Crerar)j 3471 ; horse show opens, 3473 ; Patti sings, 3481 ; Clan-na-Gael conspi- rators sentenced, 3482 ; (see Cronin) ; J. F. Beggs discharged, 3483 ; influenza in, 3501; Afro-Am. League Conven., 3511; Angelas exhibited, 352i ; P. B. Hutchin- son robbed, 3522 ; J. j. West sentenced, 3523 ; Lieut. Schwatka in, 3533 ; Grant Monument, 3561 ; bucket shops attacked; carpenters strike; plumbers sir ike, 356 2 ; strikers active, 3563, :r>S2,3 ; Daily News; expose; eight-hour movement, 3563; Pub- lic School Protectors org., 376 2 ; finan- cial panic ; ice-dealers' trust ; World's Fair incorporated, 3573; (see Columbian Exposition); Lakeview Cemetery; Gar- field Memorial dedicated, 358 1; anar- chists fail ; Cronin monument ; dynamite bomb found ; waiters strike, 3591 ; Pres. Garfield buried, 3593; Garfield Memo- rial, 360 1 ; Irish boycott breweries, 360 3 ; Bunker Hill anniversary, 361 1 ; Park Nat. Bank closes, 3613 j Chicago Univ. incorp., 3622 ( se e below); World's Fair Commission org. {see Columbian Expo- sition) ; explosion on Tiago, 3633 ; new armory; meteor seen, 3641 j Switchmen's strike off, 3663 ; M'Vicker's theater burned, 3673 • leg-vaccination forbidden, 3683; fire, 3693, 3713, 3313, 4293; Woman's Temple begun, 3701 ; Archbp. Feehan's silver jubilee, 370 2 ; Harry Varnell raided, 4711 ; anarchists' eel., 3711 ; area increased; Irish delegates welcomed, 3723 ; Rolling Stock Co. assign ; Window Glass Trust, 3733 ; Bureau of Justice org., 375i; air-ship model exhib., 376 1 ; G. J. Gibson accused, 3781 j Italians vs. Union men, 3782 ; Carter Harrison for mayor, 3811 ; five candidates for mayor, 3812; Grip doubles death-rate ; sash and door combination, 381 3 ; gambling houses closed ; marble cutters strike, 3823 - la- bor unionists boycott ; molders strike ; Pr. George of Gr. in, 3863 ; R. R. strikers fined, 3891 ; Nat. Building and LoanAsso. swindle, 389 2 ; cabinetmakers strike, 3903; Dittlinger defalcation, 391 1 ; wheat advanced, 3913 ; Grant statue, 3921 • ca- ble-loop ordinances ; U. S. Warehouse- men's Asso. org., 3932 j women register, 3942; anarchists, 3943, 3951; union men, vandals, 3951; land syndicate; railway accident, 3953 ; mail-wagon robbed, 397 1 ; Brewer's Coll. est., 3983 j Crerar's Li- brary Fund, 4001 ; school furniture trust 4013; World's Fair Sunday closing op- posed, 403 2 ( S ee World's Columbian Ex- position) ; " boodle " aldermen, 4023 ; brewers' trust, 4033, 413 3 ; colored mass- meeting, 4042 ; relay bicycle despatch ; soldiers' monument, 4061; anarchist flags ; Conven. Federation of Women's Clubs, 4063 ; corn drops ; elevated R. It. opd.; Wergeland arrives, 4073; Demo- cratic Nat. Conven., 4092 ; forged deeds, 4123 ; trotting record broken, 413 3 ; Gar- field Park raid, 4143 j anarchists' mon- ument, 4161 ■ liverymen's trust, 417 2 ; Asso. Press org., 4182 j Williams, em- bezzler ; Kean indicted ; jurymen sen- tenced, 4183 ; Conven. Nat. Farmers' Alliance, 4222, 423'; stockyards syndi- cate, 4232; strikers wreck' train, 4242; police blackjtia.il ; Spiritualism decision, 4263 ; Carter Harrison mayor ; hotels ex- orbitant ; strike at World's Fair, 4271; bankers offer gold, 4273 ; anti-treaty mass-meeting, 42S2 ; Duke of Veragua in; Pres. Cleveland in, 429 1 ; banks sus- pend ; Richter statue, 4301 ; World's Temperance Cong., 431 1; Exposition Flyer ; time, 4313 ; anarchists' monu- ment, 4321; pardoned; gambling-house investigation, 4323; riots feared, 4331; Ammon robbery, 4343 ; masked robbers, 4343; excursion rales; fireworks explode, 4352 ; fire, 4353, 4373, 4513, 4533 ; finan- cial depression, 4353; Jewish Cong.; R.C. Cong., 4361; laborers violent; meetings for unemployed, 436= ; Theosophisis, 4363 ; trainmen armed ; World's Pari, of Religions, 4381 ; shooting in Board of Trade, 4383; Evang. Alliance Cong.; Y. M. C. A. Cong., 4401; Chicago day at Fair, 4402; World's Agricultural Cong., 4413; Mayor Harrison assassinated, 442 1 , body in state, 443 2 ; anarchists' demon- stration; Prunty outrage, 4423; G. B. Swift mayor, 4431,4452; Columbian Me- morial Museum, 4432; collision, '4433; criminals vanish, 4442; registry fraud, 4443; j, p. Hopkins nom. for mayor; unemployed relief fund; .stamps-depart- ment robbery, 445 1 ; Hopkins mayor, 4471 • Campbell defalcation ; gambling houses closed, 448 2 ■ Alderman Muivihill wounded, 450 2 ; bank swindle, 450 3 ; Coughlin acquitted, 4522 ■ Chinamen smuggled, 454 2; W.L.Clitl'ord shot, 4543; painters strike, 4562; ^2 j -war with Sp., 11251; d., 6642. II., b.-d., 6642. III., b.-d., 6642. Childeric L, takes Lutchia [Paris], 6622;. king of Franks, 66,7.3; d., 6623. II., b.-d., 6642; assassinated, 6651. ■ III., king, 6653. Childers, Hugh (lulling Eardley, b. (1827); minister, 9731, 9352, 9912, 9952; Lond. Conference, 993 2 . Childersburg, Ala., negro lynched, 3931 . Chiblevert, Pr., saved, 7711. Child labor, regulated, Fr., 7633. Children in mines, G.B., 9511. , cruelty to, bill, 10012. , John Geo., b., 9203; d., 9582. Children's Crusade, 10751 . ■ Special Service Mission org., 9702. Childress, Sarah, weds Pres. Polk, 1331. Chihls, Col., besieged, 1622. - — , George Wm., b., 1362 ; birthday, 3832; d.,450i. , Henry H., phys. (b. 17S3) ; d., 2602. , Robert A., b., 1581 . Child's Paper, issued, 1723. Chile. (See Text, pp. 604-609.) Chilliamvalla, battle at, 10462. Chillicothe,0., fnd., 1073; Brit. officers im- prisoned, 1221 ; The Recorder, 1232; cen- ter of population, 187 3 ; relics of mound- builders, 3961 ; R. R. wreck, 4633, Chillingworth, Win., b., 87S1 ; works, 8831 ; d.,8843. Chilmead, Edmund, b., 8782; d. (1653). Chiloof Laeeda-inon, philosopher, 10163. Chilon of Sparta, b., 10162. Chilperic I., b.; king, 6652; d., 6642 • mar- ries, 665 1 , 771 1 ; assassinated, 6651. II., b. ; king, 6653; d., 6642. Chiltagong, India, grant of, 10452. Chilton, Wis., pearl clams found, 3681 . , Horace, b., 1722. Chimalpopoea, enthroned, 1095 2 . Chimay, Belg., fire, 5473. , Pr. Jos. de, b. (180S) ; d., 5481 . , Princesse de, Jeanne Marie Ignace Therese, de Cabarrus, b., 7043; d., 7262. Chimney < 'orner, fnd. by Leslie, 2503. Chimney tax imposed, 891 3 . Chimneys introduced, G. Brit., 8521. Chin dynasty, rules Egy., 613i . China, ashore, 3492; breaks record, 3553. China, see text, pp. 610-627, treaty with- Ciun-Chri. Text Figures denote Page. IlN DJiX^. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1217 U. S., 1572 ; gospel promulgated, 9562 ; Fr.and Eng. expedition, 7341 ; Am. treaty signed, 185' ; French ambassador turned back, 7352 ; Com. Tattnall assists Eng., 184' ; Gen. Ward not admitted, 1853; Bur- lingame treaty, Am., 2033 ; treaty with Japan, 1093' ; treaty with Rus., 11213 ; ally of Annam, 4813 ; conquers, rules, abandons Annam, S40 1 , 4811,2; war, 4821 + ; peace with France, 755 2 ; suprem- acy in Korea, 10943 ; minister in Am., 4311,2; envoy refused, 10933; treaty dis- cussed, U. S., 4351 , 4592 ; ratified, 4692, 4771 ; war with Japan, 10933. Chi-Nan-Fu, mission, 6223, 6243. Chincha Isles, restored to Peru, 11083. Chinchilla, Sp., action at, 11321 . , J., Gen., capt.-gen. Cuba, 6343. Chinchon, Countess of, Ana, b.-d., 11282. Chinese, embassy arrives U. S. A., 2611 ,3, 2992; immigration opposed, citizenship refused, 2712; grievances, 291 3 ; on re- striction bill ; vetoed, 3012 ; mission be- gun, 2962; SundnySchool lor, 3092; treaty with U. S.,3052 ; continued, 3073; exclu- sion operative, 3112 ; attacked in Wyo., 3203, protected, 3212 ; indemnity bill, 3252; labor forbidden, immigration pro- hibited 20 yrs., 3293, :m 2; approved,3312; valid, 3411 ; Charitable and Benevolent Asso., N. Y\, 3:541 ; schooner seized for smuggling, 3613 ; -Indian feud, 3871 ; ab- duction Am., 3SS3 ; ill-treated, 3931 ; de- nied Am. registry, 4113 ; sailors forbid- den, 4132 ; Civil Rights League, 4163 ; smuggled, 434 2 ; protected by troops, 4363 ; mob, violence to Chinese, 4383 ; six companies register, 4493 ; conquer Bokara, 5491 ; immigration to Borneo, 5511 ; rise in Borneo, 5522; executions of, Braz., 5523 ; punishment of, Can., 5922 ; immigration of, Chile, 607 1 ; smuggling of, 5953 ; mission to Blind, Eng., 9962 ; immigrants excluded, Australia, 4982, 4992; m Korea, 10941 ; great influx, Mex., 10973. Enumeration Bill, protest, 3542; re- jected, 3571. Registration Law, 426 3 . Exclusion Act, correspondence, 3531. Exclusion Bill, 405' , 2, 4071 , 2, 4162, 4273, 4292, 4311, 2, 4332, 4351 4371, 2, 4383, 4431. restriction Bill, N. S. Wales, 5003. Ching Cho Fu, mission, 6222. Kiang-Fu, rioters, 6251 . Chiugti, enthroned, 3131 , 6H3. Chingting Wang, enthroned, 6112. Chiugtsong, d., 6142. Ching Wang, destruction of books ; im- provements, 6102 ; reformer, 6103 ; en- throned, 6112; d., 6103. Cbinbai, attacked ; taken, 616 2 ; bom- barded, 6241 ; mission, 6242. Ch in ing Chow, mission, 6243. Chiniquy, ex-priest, lectures prohib.,389' . Chin Kang, in embassy, 6213. Keang, taken, 6162. Chinkiang, mission, 623' . Ching-king, mission, 6203. Chinnery-Haldantj, James R. A., cons, bp., 9862. Chinsurab, Dutch capitulate, 9141. Chinten Wang, enthroned, 611 2. Chintella, reigns, 11253. Ohioggia, port forced, 1076'. Chios revolts against Athens, 10213,10233; naval battle near, 10551 . Chipman, J. Logan, d., 4361 . , Nathaniel, b., 683; u ., 156'. Chippenham, Eng., taken, 8441 . Chippewa, battle of, 1221 . Chira, Isle of, possession of, 6301. Chisholm, Caroline, b. (1810) ; Home est., 4963; d. (1877). Chiswiok Horticultural Garden, 9402. Chitachuan, Ariz., intrenched, 3381 . Chitchze Tzeng, d., 6242. Chitesi, mission, 11122. Chiti, enthroned, 6113. Chitsou, expedition, 614' . Chittenden, Martin, b. (1776), gov., 1213. , Simeon B., d. (1840) ; 3382. , Thos.,gov.,b. (730), 913, 1032;d. (1797). Chittra mission, 10472. Chittur, fort, taken, 10422. Chitty, Joseph, b., 9203; d., 9502. , Thomas, b., 9303 ; d. (1878). Chivalry, rise of, Fr., 665' ; in Ger., 7763; in Eng., 849', 859'. Chivington, Col., attacks Indians, 240'. Chladni, Ernst F. F., b., 8023 ; d., 814' . Chladnitz invents glass harnionia, 804' . Clllopicki, JOS., 1.., 11162 ; d., 11182. Chloral discovered, 814' . Chlorin bleaching, discovered, 11342, Chloroform dis. ; used, 140' , 814' . Clirael, Joseph, b., 519' ; d., 5242. Chiniemicki, Bogdan, b.-d., 11142. Clioate, Joseph Hodges, b. (1832), pres. conven., 459 3 . , Rufus, Capt., b. (1834) ; d., 250' . , , senator, b., 1082; d., 1842. Chocolate intro., Eng. 8S73 ; in Sp., 1128'. Choctaw, mission est., 1263, 1283, 1343, 135'; Am. Board, LSIJ2; Christ ians, 1802. Chodowiechi, Dan. N., b., 8002; d., 807' . Chodzko, Alexander, b., 11162. , Leonard Jacob, b., 11162; d., 11182. Choerilus, b.-d., 1019'. Choir service, first in G. B., 8422. Choiseul, Due de, Etienne Francois, b., 698' ; dismissed, 7053; d., 706' . Goufiier, Comte de, Marie Gabriel F. A., b., 701'; d.,7222. Choisy, Francois Timolton, de, b., 6883 ; d., 69S2. Choisy-le-Roi, statue of Rouget, 7621 . Chokang, enthroned, 611 ' . Chokier, Surlat de, regent, Belg., 5433. Cholera, Asiatic, appears in U.S.A., 1413 ; in New York, 1453,1673 ; in Jersey City, N.J., 4373; in Rus., 4413; i„ Belg., 549' ,2; in Jiddah, 4883 ; in Galicia, 5373, 5383 ; in Quebec, 5793 ; in Egy., 6613 ; in Fr., 7373, 7553 ; in Ger., 8141 , 8373 ; in Eng., 9453, 9553, 9693, 10903, 10923 ; i n Korea, 10943 ;rnIt.,10S73;inPort., 11113; inRus., 11233 ; in Sp., 11323 ; in Valencia, 1133' . Cholmely, Sir Roger, chief justice, 8712. Cholmondeley, Viscount of, title created, 8911; Marquis, 9372. Chomel, Auguste Francoise, b., 7062 ; d., 7342. Choo, against Mongols, 6141. Yuen-Chang, Duke of Woo, 6152. < 'Impart, Francois, h., 7011; d., 7102. Chopin, Frederic F., b., 11163 ; d., 11182. Ohoroebus, Elean, first victor, 10142,3, Choron, Alexandre Etienne, b., 7042 ; d.j 7262. Chorrillos, Peru, battle of, 6063. Chosen .Friends Order, statistics, 4463. Chosroes I., the Great, reigns, 11072 ; in Arabia, 11, 4833; expedition, 4831; de- feated, 1030' ; put to death, 11062, 11072. II., against Eastern Emp., 10302 ; peace with Gr., 1031 3 ; devastates Syria, 1106'; takes Jerusalem, 1154'; war with Romans, 11062 ; frees Armenia, 1107' ; reigns, 11072. 111., captures Alexandria, 654' ; driven into Armenia, 1064' . Chotiinir, Prince of Carinthia, 503' . Chotusitz, Moravia, battle of, 800' . Chou, enthroned, 611 ' . Choulaut, Ludwig, b., 8043 ; d., 8202. Choules, Jolm Overton, b., 9303 ; d. (1856). Chousin, enthroned, China, 6112. Chowmodo, China, battle at, 616' . Chow Ping, mission, 6243. Siang, enthroned, 6112. Wang, d., 6103. Chremonides, leader in Athens, 10262. Chretien de Troyes, b.-d., 6683; Chritien Beige at /' Citinti founded, 5443. Chrestien, Florent, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. Christ, Jesus, b., 10623 ; events, 1152' ,2,3. Christ on the Cross, painted, 78627 Christian I., b.-d., 6362 ; K. of Den., 6373 ; andSwe., 11352; cedes Isles to Scot., 65' . II., b.-d., 6362; k. of Den. and Swe., 637 2 ; executions, 637' ; reigns, expelled, 1135 2 ; massacre of nobles, 1135' ; de- posed, 637 ',3. III., Den., b.-d., 6362 ; a t Copenhagen, 636' ; annexes church lands ; establishes Lutheranism, 636 3 ; fnds. Library, 637' ; enthroned, 6373. rv., Den., b.-d., 6362; aids Ger. Prot- testants, 512' , 6363 ; K. of Nor. andDen., 6373 ; fnds. Christiania, 11052; leads Prot. League, 6373, 7952; in Thirty Years' War, 794 ' ; receives lands ; peace with Wallenstein ; prom, to Ger. Emp., 7953. V., Den., b., 6362; enthroned, 6373 ; d., 6363. Christian VII., Den., b.,638' ; reigns, abol- ishes shivery, 6392 ; d., 6382. VIII. , Den., b., 6382 ; reigns, 6393 • Schleswig-Hol. Union, 041 i,817i;d., 6403. IX., Den.,b., 6382 ; weds, 0411 ; reigns, 6412; proclamation, 6413; Crown Pr. b. ; in Iceland, 6421 ; golden wedding, 6422. I., elector of Saxony, 7933. II., elector of Saxony, 7933. .David, d.,638i. , Ernest, est. order of Concord, 7972. , Frederick, first convert, Greenland, 1038' ; baptized, 602. , Pr. of Anhalt-Bernburg, b., 7922 ; under ban., 5123 ; d., 7943. , Pr. of Schlesw ■ ig-1 1 1 .lstein, weds, 9692. Christian I III., tired at, 818'. Alliance Association formed, 9523. apologists nourish, 1028 3 . Brothers' Coll., Mo., org., 1782 ; in Tenn., 2782. burial-place, first, 10722. College, Ky., established, 3163. , Mo., established, 1683. , Ore., established, 2543. Commission, org., 201' ; meets, D. C, 396'. Community, Eng., founded, 8962. Church divided, 6543. Students' Conference, 3622. Endeavor, Young Peoples Society of, first soc. org., 3062 ; U. S. census, 3302 ; Soc. in Am., 3423 ; 9th interna t. conven., 3601 ; conven. inK.Y.,410' ; World'sFair action, 429 ' ; census, 438 1 ; Cleveland con- ven. ,4641; Montreal conven., 5942 ; del- egates mobbed, Can., 5943. era commences, 10021 ; inGr. B.,8442; restored, Fr., 7172. Evidence Society organized, 9742. / Faith Society formed, 8983. institution founded, Africa, 11602, Knowledge Society, organized 9002. Marriage Bill passes, 10491 . Philosophy, Amer. Inst., 3643, 4102. Reformed Mission Society org., 11022. Social Purity League est., 3803. Remembrancer est., 9391 . republic, plan for, 6863. Scientists org., 3222 ; meet, 3602. Socialism est., 9603. Teacher, established, 9471 . Unity Association formed, 960 3 . University founded, Mo., 1731 . Vernacular Educ. Society fnd., 9622. Workers' Conven., Hartford, 370 2 ; in Boston, 4181. Christiania, Nor., fnd., 11052; fire, 11053 ; Univ. fnd. ; hiieWaji ii/sted/tr est. ,11042; liquors prohibited,' 11053; parties, 1131 2 . , Pa., antislaverv riot, 1691. Christiancy, Isaac P., d., 3681 . Christianenburg, mission, 5983. Christianity intro. in Den., 635'; in Fr., 6662; Ger., 76S2, 7711, 7843; in G. B., 8402 ; (2d) in Gr., 10343; in Hung., 5022 ; in India, 10443 ; i„ Japan, 10911; in Pa- raguay, 11052 ; in Gullaland, 11112; in Rus., 11131 ; in Finland, 11143, 11343; in Servia, I1231 ; in Siam, 11242; i n Swe., 11333; inSwitz., 11372; banished in Fr., 6103; proscribed, 7111; reest., 7151; spreads iuG.B.,S4'_'2; exterminated, S403; inaug. in It., 10623; sign of cross, 10642 ; renounced, 10683; merits discussed; su- preme in Egy., 1009 ' ; prohibited in Mad- agascar, 10942 ; in Paraguay, 11052. Christians of Early Church. (See Text, Turkey, and Italy.) , origin of name, 1153 ' ; freed from observances, 1153' ; equal with Moham- medans, 1157 ' ; Fr. and Eng. intervene for, 1159' ; war with pagans, 8402; vene- ration of saints, 8443 ; persecuted ; 1st gen., 10621 ; 2d, 3d, 4th,5th, 6th, 10641 ,2; 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 10661,2; Apostolic church, 11523 ; inAfr.; in Antioch, 10722; in Croatia, 11563 ; in Fr., 6623, 6631 ; in Ger., 7682. 7S2' ; in Japan, 10911 , in Jedda, 11581,3; in Korea, 10942; in Persia, 11063; 11071 ; in Syria, 11571 ; in Turkey, 10342; against Saracens, 11261 ; celebrate Eas- ter, 10623 ; use holy water, 10642 ; tol- erated ; worship of, 10682; allowed usury, 10793. (Denomination) in Am., Abingdon Coll., est., 17S2 ; Eminence Coll. est., 1822 ; Hesperian Coll., Cal.,2622 ; Pierce C. Coll., Cal., 2763 ; S. Ky. Coll., 3082 ; 1218 Text Figures denote Page. iJND.c,.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Chri-Cinc. Christian Coll., Ky., 3123 ; For. Miss. Society organized, 3262. Christie, Alex., gov., 577 3 . , Samuel Hunter, b., 9223 ; d.,968i. Christina, queen, b.-d., 11342 ; reigns in Sweden; abdicates, 11353. Christine, Buntzen, b., 6382 ; d., 6403. dePisan, b.-d., 6742; song, 6763. Christlieh. Theodor, b.,8142. Christman, Chris., murderers, 4182. Christmas, a fast day, 8343. Islands annexed to G-. B., 1001 1 ; under Sraits Settlements, 10492. Soc. org., 39(13 ; gifts, 4211 . Christotie, Charles, b., 7163 ; a., 7361. Christofori, Bartoloineo, makes piano, 10822. Christophe, Henri, b. (17G7) ; gov. Haiti ; commits suicide, 10402. Christopher, pope, 10723. , emp., 10332 ; d., 10322. 1., Den., b., 6362; reigns; poisoned, 637i. • II., b.-d., 6362; reign*; dethroned, 6372. III., king Nor., Swe., and Den., 6372, 11352. , Edward R., embezzler, 4631 . , the Pacific, D. of Wurtemberg, 7931 . Christopolus, Athanasios, b.-d., 10343. Chromium discovered, 7123. Chromolithograph y intro., 1641 . Chronirle, bv E. of Simeon, ends, Eng. .of Worcester, ends, Eng., 8433. , London, issued, 970 2 . of Dino Compagni, est., 10771. Chronicles of England, 8643. of Eng"., Scot., and Ire., compiled, 8751 . ,Books of, written, 11463. Chronique de Reims, appears, 673 1 . Chrysander, Friedrieh, b., 8123; d.,2862. Chryseis, asteroid, discovered, 3021. Chryseus, Johaim, l-Iofteufel, 7911. Chrysippus, b.-d., 10263. Chrysoloras, Manuel, b.-d., 10762. Chrysopolis, action at, 10681. Chrysostom, John, St., b.-d., 10283; patri- arch, 1069 1 ; elected bp. Constantinople, 11543; exiled, 10303. -Dio, writes orations, 10291. Chrvstler's Field, Can., action, 1203. Chubb, Thomas, b., 8942; d.,9122, Chu Chia Tsui, mission, 6211. Chudov Monastery, robbery, 11223. Chuhsien, escapes, 624 1 . Chuiua mission, 10483. Chumnus Nieephorus, d., 10.343. Chun, drainage, 6113; reigns, 6111. , Pr., dictator, 6233; d., 6242. Chund, or Chand, b.-d., 10423. Chung-Ho, battle at, 6262. Chung-How, cashiered ; signs treaty, 6232. Chungkang, enthroned, 611 1 . Chung-king, mission, assaulted, 6243. Chung-Mai, Laos, mission at, 11243. Chungti, enthroned, 6113. Chungtiug, enthroned, 6112. Chungtsong, poisoned, 6123. Chung Tsun, mission, 6203. Chung Wang, leader, 62Q1 ; d., 6202. Chun-king, mission, 622 1 . Chuntche, mathematician, 615 3 ; d., 6142. Chunti, reigns, 6113, 6152; flees, 6152. Chupas, battle of, 221 . Chuquiugua, battle at, 221. Chuquisaca, Independence of, 5503. Church vs. State, Ger., 8282± ; Fr., 7622. and State separated, U. S. A., 933. communicauts in 1870, U. S. A., num- ber, 2722, 3062. Antislavery Soc, fmd., 1S62. — - army constituted, London, 9902. councils. (See councils.) of England, payments to Rome pro- hibited, 8552 ; form of ordination, 870 2 ; English church services decreed, 8722 ; retains former creeds, 870 3 ; est., 8723; attendance decreed, 8743; law est., 8782; suppressed, 8863 ; Am. colonists resist, 57i ; Low Church party, formed., 9023 ; Churches Act passed, 9042; unites with Ire., 9303; c. Missionary Soc, est., 9363; C. Building Soc. , est.; C. donations, 93S3; C. Building Act passes, 9451 ; C. Inquiry Commission, 9462; c. Penitentiary Asso- ciation, fmd., 9571 ; C. Discipline Act passes, 9502 ;C. Union, est.; divided, 9642; C. Cong., Cambridge, Manchester, Bris- tol, Norwich, York, Wolverhampton, Dublin, Liverpool, 9643 ; at Wakefield, Wolverhampton, Manchester, 9942 ; Hull, 10042, Birmingham, Exeter, 10102; Educational Soc, fnd., 9681 ; as so. against popery; readers permitted; union of Eng and Or. churches, 9682; disest. of Irish C, 9702; c. Reform Soc, org.; C. of Ire., convention. 9722; Cong., Swansea; Athanasian Creed, 9742; resolution for disest., 9743; against Romanists, 9762; Temperance Soc, fnd., 9762; Cong, in Scot, (first), 9782; Workingmen's Soc, est. ; Lambeth conf . ,9803 ; Book Soc org. ; ritualism, 98G 2 ; conferences; Leicester, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Derby, Reading, Carlisle, Portsmouth, 9862 ; Catholic League, fmd. ,988 2 ; C. Army, constituted, 9902; purity Soc, fnd.; School Co., fmd., 9922; House of Laymen meets; C. Pat- ronage Bill, intro., 9942; Conf . of Bish- ops, 8982; Conf. at Folkestone, 10082. Church of Eng., in Can., missions ; bishop- ric of Can. fmd.; bp. of Que. appd.,5763; Cathedral at Que., 5771; Education and Home Mission Soc, find., 57S2; in Ont., 5783, 5361, 5S82; in Br. Col., 5801 , 5842; inP. Q., 5302, 5 S61 , 5SS2; missions, Br. Col., 5782; Woman's Board For. Mis- sions, find., 5822; Domestic and For. Mis. Soc, fmd., 5342; hi Man., 58S2. , Free, Epis., secession, 9822. of God, in Am., org., 13S2; inPa., 1383, 1582; iuO., 14G2; Miss. Hoc. org.; in Ind., 1603,1821,2; in la., 1642; in 111. ,1741 ,3463; in Tex.; in Ark., 1802; in Ind. Ter., 1822; German Eldership, 1762; Triennial Gen. Eldership meets, 2522; in Kan.; in Mo., 2762; m MxL; in Va., 2802, 31S2; temper- ance movement, 3271 ; in Neb., 2882 ; in Me., 3002; conf. in Chicago, 3463. of Ire., disestablished, 9722. of Scotland, patronage condemned, 9503, and abolished, 9732; disestablish- ment, 9992, 10022. of Wales, disest., 10012, 10123. property confiscated, Mex., 10962. and State Bill, Fr., intro., 7622. , Beni., b., 341 ; traitor, 812; d., 581 . , Fred. Edwin, b., 1341 ; Nat. Acad. De- sign, 1661 ; 3221 ; paintings in Lond.,2501 . ' , Stuart, paintings, 30^2,3061,3181, 3221. -, John, arrested, false charges, 9843. , Adams, b., 1561 . , Levi Ruggles, d., 5941 . , Louis K., gov. Dak., 3252. , Pharcellus, b., HOi ; d. (1886). , Richard William, d., 10042. , Sanford Elias, b. (1813) ; d., 3041 . Churches, public, erected, 10683. , Eastern and Western, separated, rec- onciled, 10303; separated, 10322,3,10343. of Christ. (See Disciples of Christ.) Churchill, Baron, title created, 937 2 . , Chas., b., 9082; works, 9152 ; d., 9162. , Henry Adrian, d., 9941. , John, D. of Marlborough, b., SSS2 ; joins Wm. of Orange, 8973 ; dismissed, restored, 8993; letter, 9012; embarks for Ire., 8981; wa r of Sp. succession, 6961; envoy, 9032; takes Yenlo ; inNeth., 9021 ; created D., 9032; at Blenheim, 696 1 ; at Ghent, 542i ; dismissed from army, 9041 ; appointed capt-gen., 904 1 ; takes Bou- chain, 904i'; minister, 9053; d., 9062. — --Spencer. George Charles, D. of Marl- borough, d., 10082. .Lord Randolph Henry, b. (1849) ; minister, 9933, 9953; liquor traffic ; at Barnum's banquet, 10023; bill, 10031. , Sylvester, b., 961 ; at Arkansas Post, 218i; d.,2172. , Thomas J., gov. Ark., 3093. Churton, Edward T., cons, bp., 9962. Churubusco, battle of, 1621 . Chusan, evacuated, G1C ; taken, 616 2 . Chutia Nagpur, Bp. Whitley cons., 10042; converts in, 10471 . CliwangSiaiig Wang reigns, 611 2 ; d.,6103. Wang enthroned, 6112. Chwenhio enthroned, 611 1 . Chwolson, Daniel, b., 11163. Clivtraus. David K., b., 7902; d., 7922. Cialdini. Enrico, D. of Gaeta, b., 10S51 ; at Castelridardo, 10831; ;it Messina, 10881; d., 10901. Ciampoli, Giovanni Battista, b., 10S22. Cibber, Cains Gabriel, b., 6362; d., 6381 . , Colley, b., 8922; p„et laureate, 9091 ; d.,9143. Cibola, Mex., wonders of, 203. Cibrario, Luigi, b., 10843; d., 10882. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, b.-d., 10563; stu- dent, 10291 ; orations, 10563; consul; against Catiline ; speeches, 1059 2 , 10612; exiled; recalled; house burned, 10593; proscribed; k., 10603, 106I2 Cicogna,Emmanuele Antonio.b., 10843; d., 10882. Cieognara, Conte da Leopoldo, b., 10842; d., 10862. Cid, The El Campeador, Rodrigo or Ruy Diaz, b.-d., 11262; against Moors, 11261 . Cidonia, seized, 11581 . Cider first made, 8533. Cienfuegos, Kicasio Alvarez de, b.-d., 11283. Cienfuegos yJovellanos, Jose, b.-d., 11302. Cigarette Manufacturers' Trust, 3533; li- censed, Ind., 376 2 . Cigarniakers' Internat. Union org., 2412. Cignani, Carlo, b., 10823; d., 10831 . Cignaroli, Giovanni Bettino, b., 10S31 ; d., 10842. Cilicia, capital, 10592; subdued, 10621; Rome takes, 10581; pirates org., 10583 ; earthquakes, 11502. Cilley, Jonathan, killed, 1491 . Cimabue, Giovanni, b.-d., 10762; Madonna with Angels, 10761 . Cimarosa, Domenico, b., 10842; d., 10843. Cimarron, Kan., train robbers, 4322. Cimbri, invasion, 10561,2, 11251, 662 1 ; mi- gration, 7691; defeat Romans; over- whelmed, 10562. Cimburg, Citbor de, political works, 5083. Cimon, b.-d., 10162; in Thrace; expels Persians, 101S* 3 , 1019 1 ; form under dra- pery ; rival of Pericles ; banished ; re- called ; leader; reconciled, 10193. Cinasthon, poet, flourishes, 10143. Cincinnati, sinks, 2063; lost, 2222. , cruiser, launched, 4181 . , 0.,fnd., 933; laid out, 1013; firstbank; 1133; wine mfg., 1301 ; Commercial Reg- ister est., 1351 ; Lane Theological Semi- nary opd.; Western Heritic' est., 1371; Ohio River rises, 1401; St. Xavier, Coll. fnd., 1403, 1423, 1523; R. C., archbishop- ric created, 1422; "Mercantile Library fnd., 1443; Philanthropist destroyed, 1463; Abolition office destroyed, 1471; anti-abolition riot, 1531 ; observatory erected, 154 1 ; Wesleyan Coll. fnd., 155i ; Spring Grove Cemetery incorp., 1593; steam fire engine mfg., 1721; Know- Nothings meet, 177 2 ; Democratic Nat. Convention at, 18n3; saved from Confed- erates, 2123; Kirby Smith threatens; martial law, 2VJ.3, '2243; Soldiers' Monu- ment, 2411 ; Pike's Opera House burned, 2533;Public Librarvfnd., 2583 ; musical festivals est., 2641 ; Hospital opd., 2651 ; Harmonic Society org., 268 1 ; encamp- ment of G. A. R.,2691 ; St. Mary's Hos- pitalest., 209 1 ; Univ. incorp., 2702; opd., 2722 ; Industrial Exposition, Southern Conven , 2713; Sunday reading rooms, opened, 2731 ; annexations, 27,'>3; Tyler- Davidson fountain est. ,2741 ; Unionstock Yards Co. fmd. ; Cotton Exchange est., 2773 ; Liberal Republican Convention, 2783; Eden Park, Burnett Wood laid out, 2801 ; St. Joseph's Coll. org., 2823; League of Rep. Clubs, 3832; biennial musical festivals, 2841; Univ. org., 2863; Queen City Club, org., 2872; Hebrew Union Coll., org., 2883; Kat. Repository est., 2922; Republican Nat. Conven. ,2931 ; Coll. of Music est., 3001; Widows' and Old Men's Home est. ; Associated Chari- ties org., 3031 ; Museum est., 3061 ; Daily Post est., 3063; Ohio River rises, 312 1 ; flood, 316i ; Kirk murdered ; riots, 3171 • Church Extension Soc. org., 3282 ; Cen- tennial Exhibition fire, 331 3 ; reform ticket, 3363; fire, 3533, 3373; Carpenters strike, 3G03, ;;6('>3; soap-works, capital- ized, 3633; explosion, 3653 ; J'ollcsfreund is seized, 3683 ; League of Rep. Clubs meets, 38:; 2 ; Nat. Union Conf., fnds. People's Partv, 385 2 ; German Teachers Asso., 3S62; water bonds issued, 405 1 ; Prohibition Nat. Conven., 4092; Rev. H. P. Smith's trial, 4181 ; ice-gorge, 4201 ; Cathedral mortgaged, 4202 ; Herr von Koutsky disappears, 4222; iron and steel syndicate, 427 3 ; Baur-Bribery, 4383 ; anti- negro mob, 448 3 ; union men refuse work, Cinc-Clau. Text Figures denote Page. IN DJlfX!. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1219 4493; jealous priest, 4581 ; Music festival, 460' ; E. R. wreck, 4673 ; adulterated drugs, 4723. Cinoinnatus, Lucinius Quiutus,b. (519 B.C.), 10502 ; defeats JSqui, 1050' ; dictator, 10512. Cindasuinto, reigns, 11253. Cineas, b., 10263; d. (277). Cinua, Lucius Cornelius, besieges Rome, 10562; consul; driven from Forum; gath- ers arnry; takes Home; rules; k., 10573. Cinnamus, Joannes, b., 10322. Cinnebar, prepared, 79S2. Cinq-Mars (Henri) Cottier de Ruze^ Mar- quis de, b., 6863; beheaded, 6892. Cintra, Convention of, 7173. Cipher telegrams, investigation, 3012. Ciquard, missionary, 9S2. Circa Epborus, master of Apelles, 11462. Cireassia, Polemon II., Mithridates II., Cotys reign, 1153 2 . Circassians, revolt, 1158' . Circe, asteroid, discovered, 7321 . Circensian games est., 10503. Circignano, Niceolo, b. (1516); d., 10822. Circles, Germany, divided into, 5093. Circuit court districts, Eng., S51 2 . Circular saw, invented, 804' . Circumcision, rite instituted, 1140 2 . Circus, first, 1050 2 ; faction colors, 1065 1 . Cirencester, Richard of, d., 8602. Cirrha, destroyed, 1016' ; punished, 10172. Cirta, captured, 10572. Cisalpine Republic, est., 7132, 10S52; recog- nized, 5193. Gaul, conquered, 1053'; Rom. prov- ince, 1055 3 ; Latin rights, 10573. Cisco, Tex., cyclone, 428' , 4293. Cisneros, Salvador, (Jnl)an pres., 633 z . Cisplatina, rebellion, 5552. Cissa, in Sussex, 8412; K., S. Saxons, 8413. Cissey, Ernest Louis Octave Courtot de, b., 7192; minister, 7473,7491,7493,751'; dismissed, 751 ' ; d., 7522. Cistercian monks est., 6683; in Eng., 8483. Cities chartered, Fr.; become communes, 6693 ; defection of Ger., 7S13 ; misruled, U.S., 1832. Citizens disfranchised, Fr., 749' . Citizens', Soldiers' and Sailors' Conven., 2252. Citizen's Union org., in Mich., 329' . rights, born abroad, 1772; naturalized, protected, 2633. Citronelle, Ala., confeds. surrender, 246 2 . , 1SS' ¥; media- tion urged, 165' ; ends, 2463, 2523. See S. Confederacy. Fr., 666' , 676' , 678' , 6822, 684' . , in England, 8841 . Civilis, Claudius, b.-d., 7681 ; leader, 6622. Civilization laws, Gr., 10143. Civilized state, China, 6123. Civita Vecchia, occupied, IO8S1 . Civitella, siege raised. 6821 ; relieved, 10801 . Claassen, Peter J., arrested, 3522,3802. Cladel, Leon, b., 7262. Claflin, Horace Brignam.h. (1811) ; d., 3202. , Lee, b. (1791) ; d., 272' . , William, b. (1818) ; gov., Mass., 2092. Univ., org. at Orangeburg, S.C. (1869). Claggert, Thos. John, b., 642; cons., 1023. Clague, John J., commissioned maj., 4561 . Claiborne, Wm., settles Kent Island, 333 ; armed boats ; dispossessed, 34' ; pinnace seized, 351 ; rebel, 361 . , . Charles Cole, b. (1775) ; gov., 1132; d. (1S17). Clairaut, Alexis Claude, b., 6963; d.,7031. Clairon, Claire Joscphe Levees de laTude, b., 6982; d., 7143. Clairvaux, monastery at, 6683. Clair ville, Louis Francois Nieolaie,b.,719l ; d., 7521 . Clajus, Johannes,!). (1533); 3; in mfg. iron, 126', 150'; anthracite marketed, 1293 ; use, 146'; in dwellings, 132'; on R. R., 1473 ; dis. Indiana, 278' ; dis. in Dak., 332' ; exportation stopped, Belg., 5472; dis. in Ijraz., 5542; dis. Can., 588' ; dis. G. B., S52' , 918' ; use opposed, 8363; marketed Eng., 8613 ; used, 8813 ; dis. Mex., 10973; gas from, G. B., 9102. ■ and coke, substitute charcoal, 924' . combine, decision against, 4142. Creek, Tenn., convict miners' trouble, 3983; strikers, 404' ,412' ,413' , 434' ,424' , 4343,4493. gas, experiment, 926' . lands, great sale, 285' . miners' strike. (See strike.) stations, established, 4462. tar colors, invented, 814' . Coalition, first, against Fr., 81172, 3, 9272 second, 7133, 8073 ; war of, S0U2, s.073 third, 7153, S093, 9332 ; fourth, 7172 fifth, 71S' , 7193; sixth, 7212. Coan, Titus, b., 110' ; d., 3102. Coast defenses and fortifications, 399 3 . Coastwise slave-trade bill, approved, 2353. Coatepeque, Guatemalans defeated, 1038' . Coatlan, Mex., temple dedicated, 162. Cobalt discovered, 1134' ; 312'. Cobb, Col., at Moore's Mills, 2102. , Geo. T., b. (1S13) ; d., 2702. , Howell, b., 1242; speaker, 167'; gov. Ga., 1692; sec. treas., 1823; resigns, IS)' ; chairman Confed. Cong., 1913; d.,2622. — — , James E., b., 1442. , Seth W., b., 1482. , Thomas R. R., b. (1857) ; d., 2172. , W., b., 96' ; d., 138' . Cobbe, Fiances Power, b., 9403, 4732. Cobbett, Win., b., 9163; in Phila., 1051; works, 93H, 9;j!) 1 ; radical, 9393; d.,9462. Cobbs, Nicholas Maimer, b. (1796); con.s. P.E. bp., 1563; d., 1902. Cobden, Miss., action against. 1005'. ., Richard, b., 9323 ; treaty with Fr., 7352; testimonial, 9333; censured, 9612; leader Anti-Corn Law League, 949 3 ; d., 968' ; statue, 972'. Cobham, Viscount, title created, 905' . , Lord. (See Brooke, Henry.) , •, takes Vigo, 112S' . Cobiago, Cal., petroleum oil dis., 390'. Cobourg, Can., Sentinel Star, 5783 ; Vic- toria Univ. fnd. 579' . Coburg, Pr. of, at Wattignies, 710' . Coburn, Abner, gov. Me., 2293. , Col., near Franklin, 220' . Cocaine, as anesthetic, 3181. Cocarde forgeries, Paris, 765' ; documents pub., 7653. Cocceius, Johannes, b.-d., 11003; est. Coc- ceians, 797'. Coccius, Ernst Adolf, b., 8123. Coeheco, -Me., Indians defeated, 462. Cochecto, N. Y., R. R. wreck, 4133. Coeherel, battle of, Fr., 674' . Cochery, M., minister, 7532, 7543. Cochet, L'Abbe\ Jean Baptiste Desire', b., 7192, d., 7501 . Cochin, Chas. Nicolas, b., 6971 , d., 7062. China, won, 6141; annexed; rebels, 6152; Fr. conquest, 6193; see est., 9S03; mission, 10462; naval expedition, 11301. Cochlaus, Johann, b., 7862; d., 792'. Cochran, Ga., New Ebenezer Coll. fnd., 1782. , John P., gov. Del., 2912. , Melville A., commissioned col., 3642. , William, b., 9102; d. (1785). Cochrane, Alexander D. B., Ld. Laming- ton, d., 10042. , Sir Alex. Inglis, b. (1758); squadron, 554' ; destroys frigates, 9341 ; d, (1832). , John, Gen., b. (1813); nom. for vice- pres.,2352; pres. Soc. Cincinnati, 4642. , Thomas, Earl of Dundonald, b.,919' ; d., 9642. , E. of Mar, murdered, 8643. , Lord, Radical, 9393. Cochren, Henry S., takes gold, 4382. Cock, Thomas, d., 2662. Cockburn, Sir Alex. James Edmund, b., 9303; Alabama arbitration, 2752; d., 9861 . , Mrs. Alison, b., 9042; d. (1794). , Sir George, b., 918 3 ; burns Am. towns, 1202; d., 9582. , Lord Henry Thos., b., 9203; d., 9582. Cocker, Edward b., 8822; Arithmetic, 8943 • d., 8941. Cockerell, Chas. Robert, b., 9243; d., 9662. , , b. (17S8); d., 9722. , John A., Pres. of Press Club, 3482; Morniiif/ Adeertiser, 3962. , Mr., St. Paul's repaired, 9402. Cockerill, Francis Marion, b. (1834); Gen., near Butler, Mo., 2143. Cock-lighting prohibited, Gr. Br., 889'. Cockin's Sound, N. Am., entered, 5702. Cochran, P. E. (Nelly Bly), tour, 3533. , W. Bourke, b., 174' ; nom. for vice- pres., 4092; speech, 437'. Cockrell, Francis M.,b., 1422; speech, 441'. , Jeremiah V., b., 142' . Cockrill, John, editor, acquitted, 3103. Codazzi, Agostino, b., 10843; d., 10882. Coddington, Win., b., 262; at Newport, 353; gov. R. I., 392, 453; d., 463. , , Jr., gov. R. 1., 492. Code Napoleon promulgated, 7153. Codex Alexandrian, presented, 8823. Sinaiticux, discovered, 8162, 488' . Cod-fishing in Newfoundland, 1103'. Cod-liver oil a remedy, 922'. Codl'ington Coll., W.'l., founded, 583. , Sir Edward, b., 9183; vice-admiral; off Navarino. 724', 10342; d., 9562. , Sir Wm. John, b., 9302; d. (1884). Codrus, king, d., 10142, 1015'. Medon, first arcbon, 1015' ; d., 10142. Cody, Wm. Frederick, b., 1581 . Coe, James, moderator, 1623. Coll.(Presb.) org. at Cedar Rapids, la., (1881). Coehorn, Menno van, b.-d., 11003. Cade-Syria, ceded to Ptolemy, 11492. Coelho, Goncalo, s.ails with Vespucci, 162. Coello, Claudio, b.-d., 11283. Cieparius, conspirator, 10592. Coercion Act for Ire., 9472, 9872,9973, 9892, 9972. Coetus formed, N. Y., 663. Cceur, Jacques, b.-d., 6762. d'Alene mining tr. mble, 4112. Coffee introduced, Arabia, 4873; in G. B., Coffee-house in Eng., 8883, 8903. plant intro., Borneo, 5541; in Costa Rica, 6313. Coffee, Col., at Lone Jack, 211' . , John, b., 1421 ; fights Indians, 1203. Coffeeu, Henry A., b., 1522. Cotfeeville, Miss., action at, 2162. Coffeyville, Kan., bank robbers, 4163. Coffin, Chas. Carleton, b., 1301 ; work, 3962. , Geo. AV.,b., 1581 ; promotedeapt.,420'. , Sir Isaac, b., 9143; d., 9482. , James Henry, b., 2802; d. (1873). , Joshua, b. (1792); d., 235'. , O. Vincent, 110111. gov. Conn., 473'. Cojran, Thomas, b., 9082; d. (1818). Coggeshall, John ; gov. R. I., 39' . Coggia, 31., discovers asteroids, 7382, 750'; dis. comet, 748', 760'. Cognac alliance against emp.,7893. Cogswell, Joseph Greene, b., 98'; New York Review, 149' ; d., 2742. , William, b., 1482; d. (1850). • Polytechnic Coll., Cal., opd., 3322. Cohansey, Mass., Bapt. church est., 522. Cohen, Carl, to assassinate Bismarck, 8222. , Jacob Da Silva Solis, b., 1482. Conn, Ferdinand, b., 814' . Cohnneini, Julius F., b., 8143; d. 8302. 1222 Text Figures denote Page, IN D1L.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Coho-Colo. Cohoes, N. Y., hosiery manufactured, 140 1 ; strike, 3103; assessors indicted, 4063, Coignv, I>uc de, Francois de Franquetot, b., 6922; d., 7023. Coillard, Mr., mission, 6022,3. Coiuibatore, Bp. Bardou, cons., 9742. Coimbatur mission, 10462. Coimbra, Port., earthquake, 11093; Univ. est., 1109', 11101. Coin, Eng., debased ; interest, 8693; clip- ping, 9003. - — and Currency Bill passes S.. 3753, 3763. Coinage, silver, authorized, 2931 ; Brit, dol- lar,10123; silver dollar, U.S., 3193; three- cent discontinued, 3092; silver dollars, 4671 ; souvenir half-dollars coined, 4193; Sp. driven out, 1793 ; 20-cent pieces, 2891 , same suspended, 299 1 . (See Silver.) Coit., Irene W., admitted to Yale, 3862. , J. C, nom. lieut. gov., 355 2 . , Stanton, Ethical Culture, 3723. , Thomas Winthrop, b., 1102 ; d., 3202. Coke', archbp., letters conv., 10052. , Sir Edward, b., 8701 ; speaker, 8773; chf. just. ,8793; imprisoned,SS13;d.,8822. , Levi, indictment, 4222. , Richard, b. ,1362 ; gov. Tex. , 2873 ; vote for, 2832; speech, 4372. , Tho., b., 662; bp., 963; 9223; jn Am., 963; a t Baltimore, 1062; d., 1231. and coal, substitute charcoal, 9241 . workers, Pa., mob, 3803. Cokesbury Coll., Del., opens, 991 . Colani, Timothee, b., 7242; d., 7562. Colban, Marie Adoltine Schmidt, b., 11041 . Colberg, Prus., Russians take, 5162. Colbert, Jean Baptiste, b., 6863; est. Acad, of Sciences, of Belles-Lettres, 6901 ; C on- troller,6913; JIarq.de Seigue lay; d.,6923. Colborne, Can., grip rages, 5913. , Sir Francis, in India, 10482. , Sir John, b. (1778) ; gov., 5773, 5792 ; leaves Can., 5793; d. (1863). Colbrenner, Edmund, reigns in Swe.,1133 3 . Colbum, Warren, b., 1042; d., 1421. , Zerah, b., 1121 ; d., 1521 . Colbv, Anthony, b. (1792) ; gov. N. H., 1613; d. (1873). , C. C, pres. of council, 5892. , George, d., 3721 . , Thomas, b., 9223; d., 9582. . University, Jle., fnd., 1291 . Colchester, Eng., surrenders, 8862; cong. of cyclists, 9943. Colchester, lost, 9101. , Baron, title created, 9372. , Lord, postmaster-general, 9632. , . (See Abbott, Charles.) Colchis, Argonautie expedition, 10131. Colcomb, Col. ile. in Algeria, S3. Colcord, Ross K., gov. Nev., 3991 . Cold, in New Eng., lSOi ; northwest, 3981 ; in Eng., 9061, 9161, 9262, 9641. (See Frost.) Coldbath Fields, London, cruelties, .9312. Colden, Cadwallader, b. (1688) ; gov. N.Y., 732; d. (1770). , David, b. (1769) ; mayor N. Y., 1272; d. (1S34). , Mr., stereotyping, 911. Cold Harbor, Va., battle of, 2341. Coldingham, convent est., 8423. Cold Knob Mountain, Va., defeat, 2161 . Springs, O., explosion, 4133. Coldstream Guards, Eng., instituted, 8901 . Coldwater, Jiiss., action near, 2131 ; Con- feds, defeated, 2183. , Tenn.,Oonfeds. defeated, 2203. Colebrook, William, Sir, gov., 5792. Colebrooke, Henry Tin is., h., 9162 ; d. (1837). Colebrookdale, Iron railway, 9241 , 9253. Colechurch, Peter, Thames bridge, 8461 . Cole City, Ga., jail delivery, 3863. , Pr., occupied, 7422. , Asahel N., d., 3422. , Henry A., d., 10022. , Thonias, b., 110i ; works, 1361 , 1381, 1401, 1421, 1541; d., 1641. , Capt., at Winchester, 2043. , Dean, fnds. St. Paul's School, 8671 . Colehour, 111., R.R. collision, 4392. Coleman, Tex., train robbery, 4303. , George, b., 9162. , James D., pres. Cath. Knights, 3402. , Leighton, b., 1502 ; cons, bp., 3302. , Samuel, in Nat. Acad. Design, 2171. , William T., d., 4441 . , Sec, executed, 8951. Colenso, John Win, b. (1814) ; bp. ; Penta- teuch, 5983, 9663; work condemned, 59S3; deposed; excommunicated, 5991; in Eng., 6003 ; d., 6033. Coleridge. Baron, title created, 9751. , John Duke, b. (1821) ; Lord Justice, 9872; visits Am., 3151 ; ,1., 10121 . , Hartley, b., 9283; works, 9483, 9563; ', Samuel Taylor, b., 9183 ; works, 9271 9291,9352,9431; d.,9462. , Sarah, b., 9323; d. (1S52). Coles, Col., captures Suffolk, 2303. , Edward, b. (1786); gov., 1312; d.,2622. , Elizabeth, will, 3991 . Colet, Louise (Revoil), h., 7191 ; d., 7501 . Colfax, Schuyler, b., 1302; speaker. 2292, 2492,2572,21113; resigns, 2071; nom. for vice-pres., 2631; vote, 2653, 2791; inau- gurated, 267i; d., 3182. Colgan, John, cons. R.C. bp., 9S62. Colgate, James B., Univ. gift, 3383, 3843. , Samuel, b. (1822) ; d., 4241 . Univ., Madison Univ. name changed, 34H ; Colgate's gift, 3843. Colhonn, Edmund R., b., 1301. Coligni, Gaspard de, b., 0802; est. colony, 222, 5531 ; at Jarnac, 6822 ; Prot. leader, 6833; d., 6823; statue, 7581. Colin, Alexander, b., 54(13; d., 5403. , Heinrich J., works, 8072. Collamer, Jacob, b„ 1022; P.JI.-Gen., 1653; on com. of 13, 1892; d., 2482. Colle, Charles, b., 6903; d., 7051. Colle, Rattaellino dal, b., 10783; d., 10803. College, Stephen, executed, S953. of cardinals, appears, 10723. of City N. Y. org., (1S47). of Emporia (Pres.), Kan., org. (1882). — - of Jlontana org., 3143. -of St. Joseph org. JIo. (1869). Park, Cal., University of the Pacific fnd., 1702. students Conf., Northfield, 3622; grievances of Rus., 1119 1 . Springs, la., Amity Coll. org., 1822. Colleges, Europe, etc. (See under respec- tive names in alphabetical place.) of U. S. A. (Those having thirty or less instructors may he found in their alphabetical place.) Adelphi, Brook- lyn, org. (1896) ; Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago, org. (1S93) ; Bar- nard, for women, New York, founded, 3443; org. (1889) ; I'.en-a, Berea, Ky.,org. (1855) ; Bryn Mawr, Bryn Mawr, Pa. org., 3223; Central Tennessee, Nashville, Tenn., chartered, 2522; College of the City of New York, org., 1642; Colorado, Colorado Springs, fnd., 2863; Cornell, Mt. Vernon, la., fnd., 1822; Dartmouth, Hanover, N. H., fnd., 763; Coll. Agri- culture and Jleehanies est., 2623, W.J. Tucker, pres., 4022; Cirard, Phila.,opd., 1632; Hampton Institute. Hampton, Va., org., 2643; iowa.Grinnell, la., org., 1631 ; Iowa State. Agricultural, 2662 ; Knox, Galesburg, 111., 1483; Jlass. Institute of Technology opd., 2522; Jlich. Agricul- tural, Landsing, org. (1857) ; Jlouht Hol- yoke, South Hadlev. Jlass., org., (1837), M. A. Bingham, pres., 33S3, E. S. B. Mead, pres., 3562; Mount St. Mary's, Ernni its burg, Md., fnd., 1143; Oberlin, Oberlin, O., fnd., 143 1 ; Penn. State, at State College. 1823; Polytechnic Insti- tute, Brooklyn, N. Y., org., 1762 ; Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., org., 3283, endowment, 3843; Kadcliffe, Cambridge, Mass., fnd., 3023, est., 4441 ,2, A. Irwin, dean, 4602 ; St. Francis Xavier, New York, org., 1631 ; Smith, Northampton, Mass., org., 2883, observatory erected, 3241 ; Teachers', New York, chartered. 3342, renamed, 4182, gift for, 4202, opd., 4742; Tufts, Jlass., org., 1703; U. S. Mil- itary Acadeiuv, West Point, N. Y., est., 1101, 1111, Library fnd., 1191, observa- tory erected, 15()i. admission limited, 2521,4621; U. S. Naval Academy, Anna- polis, Md., org., 1583, opd., 3501 , hazing prohibited, 2841 : Vassar, Poughkeepsie. N. Y., fnd., 1991, name changed, 2562, observatory erected, 3001 ; JVellesley, Wellesley, Jlass., org., 2883, Jiartineau statue, 3241, Stetson gift. :«62, School of Art dedicated, 3471. (See those of other countries under their names.) .grant reduced. Can.. 5883; anti-reli- gious, 691 ; Am. below Gel'., 8322. Collet, Philibet, b., 6883; d., 6981 . (Jolletet, Guillaume, b., 6861 ; d., 6902. Colleton, James, gov.. 503; banished, 513. Colletta, Pietro, b. (1775) ; work, 10871 ; d. (1833). Colley, Clara B., reception, N. Y., 3802. , Sir Geo. Poinerov, gov., 6011 ; k.,6031. Colli, Gen., b. (1760); 'at "Mondovi, 7121 ; d. (1812). Collier, Alfred, Mountebanks, 4161 . , Arthur, b., 8942; d., 9082. , Sir George, d.,9263. , Henry W., b. (1801); gov. Ala., 1671 - d. (1855). , Jeremy, h., 8882; works,9003; d.(1726). , John Payne, b., 9243; d., 9922. .Robert Laird, b. (1837); d., 3641. Colliersville, Tenn., action at, 2263. Collin, Heinrich J. von, b., 8031 ; d., 8102. d'Harleville, -lean F., works, 7063. Collingwood, Lord Cuthbert, b., 9122 : at- tacks Fr. fleet, 934 1 ; d., 9351 . Collins, Anthony, b., 8942; d., 9082. , John, b., 5S1 ; gov. R. 1., 992, 1293; d. (1795). . H. J. F., defaulter, 4382. , J. W., suicide, 4022. , Napoleon, Com., b. (1814) ; captures Florida, 2383; d. (1875). , William, b., 9062; works, 913', 9481 • d., 9143. , , b., 9243; d., 9542. , , Wilkie b., 9422; works, 9623; d. (1889). Line, Washington sails, 1633. , Pres., commits suicide, Cal., 4022. Collinson, Peter, b.,900i ; expedition, 9542. Collinsville, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2281 . Collis, Cal., train robbery, 4123. Collisions (see Railroads) at Sea (see dis- asters), Bill to prevent, 363 2 . Collodion, asteroid discovered, 11381. Collombet, Franc. Zenon, b., 7163; d., 7322. Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, b., 7011 ; d., 7123. Collyer, Bohert, b., 1302. Colman, George, b., 9082; d.,9263. Colmar, Gcr., occupied, 7402. Cologne, Ger., fnd., 7691 ; invaded, 6792; bishopric fnd., 7682; imperial city, 7733; Univ. est., 7851 ; it suspends, 8072; peace with, Soest, 7853; Jews expelled, 7863; Diet of, 7873; Protestants expelled, 7943; occupied, 7981 ; taken, 8061 ; archbishop- ric secularized, 8071; musical festival, 8121 ; archl.].. confined, 8151 ;stoned,8322; riots, 8163, 817 1; archbp. dispute, exhi- bition 8222. , Cathedral, commenced, 7802; work suspended, 7862 ; collections, S103 ; re- paired, 8102; opd., S101,3; completed, 8301 ; opd., 8302; Bp. McCarthy cons., 9782. Coloiua, Carlos, Las Guerras, 11292. Coloman, King, takes Dahnntia, 5021 . Colomarde, Francisco Tades, b.-d., 11302. Colombia, S. Am., see Text, pp. 628-629; kingdom of Granada, est.. 652; Republic find., 6442 ; treaty with U. S., 1333, 3073. Colombo, Ceylon, bishopricest. ,9483,10463; captured, 10441 ; mission, 10471. Colombo, It. and T. Magazine, 10462. Colon. (See Aspinwall.) Colonia, Uru., settlement destroyed, 11593; mission, 11603. Colonial Branch Army Act passes, 9712. and Brit. Congress meets, 9943. Clergy Act passes. 9793. and Continental Ch. Soc, find., 9642. Institute fnd., 9721 ,2. Missionary Societv org., 998 3 . Naval Act, G. B., 9691 . office, G. B., created, 4972; recon- structed, 4951. Order incorporated U. S., 400 2 . Society meets, 9731 . treaties, Eng., 1O072. Colonna, Prospero, b., 10783; at Bicocca, 6801; at Genoa; at Rome, 1080 1 ; d., 10802. , Vittoria, b., 10783; d., 10803. Colonne, Guido delle, works, 10771. Colorado, gold (lis., 1841 ; settled, 1852 ; Ter. org., 1933; first legislature, 2031; Confederates t liken, 2051 ; J. Evans, gov., 2173; severe winter, 2293; bill for state, 2313 ; Jleth. Epis. Conf., 2332 ; Indian camp attacked, 2401 ; Alex. Cummings, gov., 2511; Cong, admits, 2531; read- mitted, 2553; ter. enlarged, 2611; A. C. Colo-Cone. Text Figures denote Page. INDJliX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1223 Hunt, gov., '2593; Denver, capital, '2652; E. M. M'Cook, gov., 2692; narrow-gauge R. R., 27113; Territory org. ; constitution ratified, 289 1 ; Sam. A. Elbert, gov., 2851 ; J. L. Kouatt, gov., 291 2, 2951, 399 1 ; Univ. org., 2962; gold and silver, 2992; silver dis.; Indians troublesome, 3021, 303 1 ; F. "W. Pitkin, gov., 3033 ; Denver City capital, 3093; Labor Day legalized, 313 1 ; J. B. Grant, gov., 3152; B. H. Eaton, gov., 3233, 3563.; Prot. Epis. diocese est., 3282; avalanches, 3341 ; river rises, 3422; Job A. Cooper, gov., 3492; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home est., 3503; prairie fires, 3553; cloud-bursts, 3641 ; snow falls, 366 1 ; Indians dis., 3662; collision, 3693; police killed, 3751 ; legislative factions, 3753 ; train robbers, 3903; silver mines closed, 4053 ; timberland burned, 4152 ; R. R. strike, 4171; desert crossed ; mine expe- dition, 4233 ; silver mines closed, 4333 • strikers, 4343 ; Free Coinage of Silver appeal, 435 1; Nat. banks close, 4352; miners resume work, 4382 ; frauds in land-grants, 4383; extra Legislature ses- sion, 449' ; gold dis., 442' ; Woman Suf- frage granted, 445 2 ; snowfall, 4521 ; de- cision against governor, 4551 ; cloud- burst, 4601, 4673; militia for strikers, 4651 ; stage robbery, 4663 ; H. "W. Mcln- tyre, nom. for gov., 4712. Colorado Beetle, in N. Y., 2833; in G. B., 9833. Canon, Maj. Powel descends, 2661 . - Springs, Col. Coll. fnd., 2863; Childs- Drexel Home est., 3712; dedicated, 4063; Tarsney outraged, 4631 . Color caste in government, 2112. printing invented, 3121 . Colored cotton-pickers organize, 3911 , Educational Conven., 289 1 . labor, protest, Austral., 5003. lawyers, Bar Asso., .Miss., 3783. Men's Conven. in D. C, 3523. - — People Conv., 2653, 2963, 2971, 3322, 3523, 3591 , 4042. Colosseum erected, 10622. Colossi, San and Abydos, 6462. Colossiatis, Ki>istk'S to, written, 11531. Colossus thrown down, 10263 ;broken,10333. Colossus, launched, 986 1 . Colquhoun, Patrick, b. (1745); d.,9402. Colquitt, Alfred Holt, b., 1321; vote in conven. for pres., 281 2 ; gov., 2973; sen- ator (1883-94); paralytic stroke, 4542; d., 4541 ; funeral ; memorial, 455 2 . , Walter T., b., 1082; d., 1761 . Colston, Edward, b. (1636) ; hospital fnd., 9031; d. (1721). Colt, Samuel, b., 1231 ; patents revolving pistol, 144i; d., 2023. Coltman, Robert, Jr., The Chinese, 4202. Colton, Calvin, b. (1789) ; d., 1801 . , Gardner Quincy, b., 1231. — , George Hooker, b. (1818) ; American Review, 1583 ; d. (1847). , John, gov., Ire., 8611 . , Walter, b., 1062 ; a., 1682. Columban, Saint, b.-d.,8402; expelled from Ger., 7711 ; f n ds. Iona, 8403. Columbia, cruiser, launched, 4121 j speed, 4441 ; sails, 4661. Columbia, steamship record, 3613. , wins race, 2753. asteroid, discovered, 760 1 . City, Ind., defalcation, 4502. , Ky., Christian college fnd., 3123. , Mo., University org., 1543; Stephens College fnd., 1802; fire, 3993. , S. C, coll. org., 1111; theological seminary est., 140 3 ; state conven., 141 2 ; small-pox, 1392; action, 2401; Schofield reaches, 2401; fire at, 2422; Gen. Sher- man reaches, 2422; secession repealed, 2491; takes military district, 257 2 ; tax- payers' conven. ,2742; Normal school est., 2843; Winthrop Teachers' Training school opd., 3242; negroes' State Fair, 3513 ; Farmers' State conven., 3552 ; Afro- Am. League org.; negroes assemble, 359 1 . , Tenn.,0out'ed. cavalry defeated, 2281 . Columbia, Va., Sheridan arrives, 2441. College (King's coll.), N. Y., est., 543; Bill intro., 671,691; King's Coll. char- tered; opens; S. Johnson, first pres.; gifts to, 691; corner-stone, 712; Myles Cooper, pres., 731 ; Benj. Moore, pres., 831; military hospital, S51 ; Columbia Coll. sonamed,97i ; receives library,2622, 42S2; Sain. Johnson, pres., 991 ; incorpo- rated, 1002; Dr. Moore, pres. of; Dr. Wharton, pres. of, 1111 ; new site, 1731 , 1822, 4021; boat-race, 3113, 3173, 3213, 3253, 3073, 3313, 3422; animal meeting held, 3261; Barnard's gift, 3443; Scth Low,pres., r 3463, 3512; library gift, 3622; Aristotle's constitution, 3.S0 2 ; library, Emanu-El Theo. Sem.,4042. Columbia Kiver discovered, 1021 . Columbian caravels, at Montreal, 595 3 . celebration, U.S.A., 4113, 4132, 4162,3, 4171; frauds, 421 1 ; foreign ships, 426 1 ; naval officers ; International flotilla ; Sp. squadron, 42S 1 ; legal holiday, 4283. (See World's Fair.) Univ. of Wash, org., 1311 . Leagues, fmd., 4583. Columbian ,\f:a, 10623. Colve, Anthony, gov., N. Y., 441 , 453. Colver, Nathaniel, b. (1794) ; d., 2721. Colville, Baron, title created, S77 2 . of Culross, Baron, title created, 987 ] . Colvin, Sir Auckland, adviser, 659 a . , Verplanck, surveyor, 2813. Colvocoresses, Geo. M., b. (1816) ; d., 2781 . Comana, A'enez., settled, 19 2 . Comarford, M., cons K. C. bishop, 9983. Comayagua, founded, 10412. Coinbaconum, Madras, mission, 10471. Combahee, last bat tie of Kev., 943. Combat, trial by, 8491 ; forbidden, SS31 . Combe, Andrew, b., 9283 ; d. (1S47). , George, b., 9243 ; d., 9622. Combermere, Vise, title created, 9412. (See Cotton Stapleton.) Combes, Edmond, b., 7193; sed, 8863 ; a do] .1 ed . 9042 ; issued in Am., 294 2 ; reformation league, 9623. (See Book of C. Prayer.) Prayer Book and Tract Soc. org., 1243. Commons, House of, Eng. (See text.) Commons suppressed, Fr., 6663, Commune est., Fr., 7083. (See Paris.) Communication of Houses, G. B., 9612. Communion sanctioned, Ger., 7843. service instituted, Eng., 8702. Communists' flag in Chicago, 2923. (See Anarchists.) Commutation Act passes, 9233. Conmenus, Alex., at Durazzo, 10741 . Como, Colo., mine explosion, 423 2 . Comonfort, Ignaeio, b.-d., 10952; president; forced to retire, 1096 2 . Comorn, earthquake, 5163. Compact Law subscribed to, C. Rica, 6303. of Stanz formed, 11373. Compagnie de la France Equinoxiale est. ; des Indes Ocuidental.es est., 10393. Companion of Siritts discovered, 2023, Compass used, ll 1 ; theory published, 9401 j various forms, 9441 ; box invented, 8781 ; mariner's used, 10781. Compensation Bill intro., Eng., 8983; passes; rejected, 9853. Compiegne, siege of, 676 2 . Comptett Library issued, 9002, Complutciisian l J t>lt/r religion, Fr., 7151 ,2; new, Fr., 721 1 , 7231 ; Fr. govt, sup- ports, 7631 ; at Worms ; disputes compro- mised, 7763; settles papal dispute, 7772 ; of Vienna concluded, 785 1 . Concordia, Kan., Ft. C. diocese org., 3282. , Miss., Federals burn, 2162. , Coll. fnd. at Fort Green, 1503. Condamine, Charles Marie de la, b., 6943 ; to Peru, 6981; a. (1774). Conde, trotting record, 3273. Conde\ Henry I. de Bourbon, Prince de, b., at Jarnac, 6822; d., 6842. , Jose Antonio, b.-d., 11291 . , Louis I. de Bourbon, Prince de, b., 6303; Huguenot leader ; d., 6823. , Louis II. deBourbonPr.de, Due d'En- ghien, b., 6863; viceroy, 29 1 ; imprisoned, 6373 ; arrested, 6893 ; i u Guienne ; in Sp.;liberated.69l2; ; ,t b.Allerheini, 7961 ; pardoned, 6913 ; in Belg., 6921 ; d., 6942. , Fr. gains, 6933. Condensation, Eng. method of, 9161. Conder, Lieut., survey of Palestine; Hit- tite inscriptions, 115S1. Condict, John, b. (1S34) ; d., 1422. Condillac, Etieime Bonnot de, b., 6971; works, 7012, 7032, 7102 ; d.,705*. Condit, J. B., moderator, 2023. Condon, Thomas, imprisoned, 10003. Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de, b., 700 2 ; Muman J\r>"d, 7103 ; d., 7102. Condottieri appear, It., 10761. Cone, Snencer Houghton, b. (1785); d.,1761. Conecte, Thomas, b.(1434) ; preacher, 677 1 ; burned (1434). Conemaugh A r alley, Johnstown relief fund, religious meeting, 3403. Conestoga, N.Y., Indian Conference, 61 1. Coney Island, N. Y., assault, 4563. Confederate laws, Ger., new, 8153. States of America. (See Southern Confederacy.) Confederacy of the Bar, Pol., find., 11172. of Guex, find., 10983. Confederation, Ger., of Rhine, 7172; treaty for revision, 819' ; Diet of; rt-t urn; restora- tion considered, 819 2 ; dissolved, 8251 . Confederations, German, free, 7712. Conference of Ref. Dutch church, 71 1 . Confexsi-o Amantis, issued, 8643. Confession, auricular, opposed, Eng., 9622. Confession of --luf/shurq, read, 7903. of Faith, adopted', Rimini, 10683. lioseze Cruris, appears, 7951 . Confiscated estates, disposal of, Ger.,795 3 . Confiscating Act, (Am.) Eng., 9193. Confiscation Act, (Jon fed. property, 1953, 1992, 2013 j passes, 2112. Confiscations, royal, 8693. Conflans, Comte de, b. (1690); off Belle Isle, 7021; d. (1777). Conformity Act passed, Eng., 8763. Confucius, b.-d., OI02 ; disappointed, 6103. Congaree Creek, S. C. , Co nfed. repulse, 2422. Congdon, Cbas. Taber, b. (1821) ; d., 3761. Congleton, Baron, title created, 951 1 . (See Parnell.) Congregational Church, Can.; Theological Coll. fnd., 5791 ; Conf.; Miss. Soc. fmd., 5802; i n jr. S.,580i ; Union at Brantford, 5882; Woman's Board of Miss, org., 5942. , G. B.; Ch. fmd., 8763; a t South- ward 8782; Fund Board est., 9002; C. Union org. (Scot.), 9363; Union of Eng. and W. org., 9442; dissenters, pub. dec- laration, 94i53; Hoard of Education org., 9523; Memorial Hall, London, 9782; Co- lonial Miss. Soc. org., 9983; Nat. Pas- tors' Koinoinia, 1000 2"; Intvrnat. Council, London, 10062; Union in London meets, 10102. Congregationalists in Am.; first in Am., 282; i n Mass., 282; 2d church, 302; taxes; intolerance, 321 ; 1st church in Boston; election sermons begin, 322; Thomas Hooker arrives ; Anne Hutchin- son vexes; 1st. Gen. Synod, 342; Har- vard Coll. projected; pillory for the het- erodox,362; 2d". Gen. Synod, 381 ; missions, 3S 2 ; organized, 382, 3; Half-way Cove- nant, 3S3; yd Church, Boston, 442; Savoy Confession, 463; State support, 522; Manifesto Church, 542; Old S. Church, 603; Edwards's great awakening, 623; instrumental music, Boston, 982; mis- cellaneous, 111)2,3, H43, 1311,1713, 1881, 2542, 2682, 2802, 2S62, 2882, 3122, 3142, 3162,3262, 3462, &502; i n N , H., 322; m Dover, 342; Dartmouth Coll. est., 763; Gen. Asso.org., 1163; in Mil., 322; j n Conn., toleration enacted, 443; Yale Coll. est., 543; absentees punished ; Say- brook Platform ; union with Presbyteri- ans, 563; Gen. Asso. org., 571 ; partial toleration; New Lights vs. Old Lights, 651; unite with Presbyterians, 742; Ly- man Beecher iu, 1163; miscellaneous, 1431, 2962, 3162, 31S2. Indian Missions, 3S2,3, 4-02,3, 422,442,3, 023, 043, 663, 6S3, 1263, 1283, 1363, 1382, 1402, 1442,3, 1S62,3; JohnEHot, a missionary, 382,3; Jona- than Edwards with Indians, 663; Ed- wards at Stockbridge, 691; unite with Presbyterians, 742, 1062, 1102, 1163, 1171 , 11S3, 1463, 1722; in Vt., 1062,3322; in Ohio, 1062, 1431, 1702,2742,2902,3502, 3742; in Me., 1063,1243,1341,2832,3022, 3062. Bowdoin Coll., 1003 ; Lyman Beecher in N. Y., 1083; Mass. mission- ary Soc, 10S3; Boston Female Soc. org., 1103; Am. Board Missions, 1142, HG3, 1171, 1183, 1503, 3142; Conn. Religious Tract Soc. org., 1142; Andover Sem. opd., 1143; in R. I., 1163,3502; in N. H.,1163. Disrupted in N. Lug., 1171 , 1243; Female Foreign Miss. Soc. org., 1191; Bangor Theo. School opd., 1243; mission school, 1261; Amherst Coll. est., 1311 ; in Midi., 1343, 1543, 2232, 3282,3502; in HI., 13S2, 1562,3,1822,1863. Wabash Coll., 1403; in N. Y., 1423, 3022, 3162, 3322, 3463, 3521 . Hartford Theo, Sem. est., 1431 ; Oberlin Coll. est., 1431, 1443; Marietta Coll. est., 1443; union with Presb. ends, 1463; in Wis., 1522. 1G3' , 3:122; in la., 1522, 1631 , 3502, 3742. Colt. Soc. fmd., 1571; Beloit Coll., Wis., est.; la. Coll., est., 1631; in Ore., 1642, 1723; inMinn., 1702, 1S01 , 3002. 3d Conven., 1722; C. li- brary fnd., 1731; in Kan., 1762, 2502; in Neb., 1522, 1822, 2782, 3123, 3162; in Cal., 1822, 2762, 2882, 3162, 3262, 3502. Chicago Then. Sem., 1822; j n Chicajro, 1822;in Did.; Triennial Conven. of N.W., 1842; Wheaton Coll. est., 1863; Grand Traverse Coll. est., 2232; National Conf., 2452; in Mo., £182, 2502; 2.^23,31x2,3262. 4th Gen. Synod; Washburn Coll. est., 2502;Tabor(*oll.,2543;Gen.Conf.ofConn. org., 2582; Fiske Cniv., 2602; in Tenn., 2602,2742;inN.J.,2662. Straight Univ., 2662; in La., 2662, 2683; in Tex., 2742. National Council find., 2742; meets, 2362, 2962, 3062, 3p;2; at Worcester, 3462; i„ S. Dak., 2762; i n n. Dak., 2763, 3142. Fargo Coll., 2763; Doane Coll., 2782; Drury Coll., Mo., 2823; in Colo., 2863, 3262, 3322. Colorado Coll., 2863; Am. Coll. and Education Soc. org., 2863; in Ala., 2903. New West Educational Commission, 2983 ; i n o a . , 3002 , 3722 ; in N. C.,3002. First T. P. Soc. Christian Endeavor, 3062; in Utah, 3102; j n Miss., 3122. Gates Col I., 3123; i n Fla., 3142, 3223. Ind. Missions tranferred, 3142 ; Declaration of Faith, 3102; i n Mont.; in Ariz.; in N. Mex., 3163; in D. C. Kollins Coll., 3223; i n Pa., 3242; i n Ark., 3263; j n Wash., 3502. On Sun- day closing, 3701; Am. Board meets, 3701 , 416I . CoHj/rrss, bombards Guayamas, 1622. ■, Colonial; 1st Am., 513; at Albany, 673 ; at Alexandria, 693 ; at Boston, 713; at New York, 752; first Continental, 792; second, 793, 812; votes for army ,802, 813; issues manifesto; issues bills of credit, 813 ; loan proposed, 833 ; creates naval captains, 842; third C. Cong., 852 ; abolishes troop distinctions, 862; fourth- sixth C. Cong., 873 ; the agent of the States, 892; seventh C. Cong.", 893; meets at Phila., 893 ; f Revolution closed ; of Confederation ; eighth C. Cong, opens, 933; ninth to fourteenth, 971,993; dies, 1011; intimidation proposed, 95 T ; five commissioners, 952; Ordinance of 1787 passes ; requisitions of, 992; ratifies con- stitution; first Federal opens, 101 1; J. Langdon, pres. pro tern; F. A. Mtihlen- burg, speaker; removed from New York to Phila. jfounds nat. bank ; three execu- tive depart, org., 101 2 ; J. Trumbull, speaker, 1032; opens (see Dec. every odd year following), 101 1 ; acceptsN.C. lands; funds the war debts of" States, 103 1 ; passes Fugitive Slave Act; organizes militia, 105 1 ; favors discriminating du- ties ; open doors ; embargo law ; provides for a navy, 1052; Neutrality Act, 1053; ratifies Jay's treaty, 107 1 ; Washington's farewell ; 'special session, 1073; organ- izes Mississippi Territory, 1092; also In- diana Territory, 1093; passes Alien Act, 1092; capital transferred to Washington, 1093; establishes West Point Academy; abolishes internal revenue, 1112; makes Louisiana purchase, 1113; submits 12th Amendment, 1131 ; forms Michigan Terri- tory ; impeachment of Chase (senate), 1132; prohibits British manufactures, 1133; prohibits importation of slaves; prohibits coasting by foreigners, 1152; forms Illinois Territory, 1153; extra ses- sion, 1172; Temperance Society org., 1551 ; annexation of Tex.; denies right of petition, 159 1; reduces postage, 1592; Wilmot's proviso, 1593; admits Fla.; first overrides veto ; fixes elections on uni- form day, 159 2 ; Library burned; end- ing hour fixed, 1692; new library fnd., 1731 ; Banks's speakership struggle, 179 1 ; investigate Kan. polities, 1792, 1812; Com. of Five, 181 1 -*-, 1911 ; called to pass Army Bill, 181 1 ; representatives enter new hall, 1S8 2 ; Southern Senators in, 1833; Long contest for Speaker; on Brown's raid, 187 1 ; Committee of thir- teen, 1S9H-, it reports, 191 2; loan of S10,- 000,000; promotes secession, 1^92; South- ern members withdraw, 18934 ; nat. vote on secession proposed, 1903; confiscates slaves, 1991 ; Jef. Davis on secession, 1911,2; counts vote; Lincoln elected; 5-20 bonds, 1913; admits merchandise to mail ; passes Thirteenth Amendment; defense of Wash, opposed ; authorizes loan, 1923 ;Senate passes aThirteenthPro- slavery Amend., 1931 ; slaves as contra- bands,' 196i ; Army Act ; admits Senators from W.Va.; expels ten Conlrd. Senators; War loan passes H., 1973, 1992 ; confis- cates Confed. property, 1992,ii013; eman- cipation in D. C, 1993 ; slavery divides, 2013 ; Committee on Conduct of War, 2013,2031 ; bonds authorized; Ball's Bluff investigation; thanks Capt Wilkes, 2013; opposes slavery; increases duties; Yal- landigham obstructs, 2031 ; early peace predicted; Senator Bright expelled, 2033; demand notes increased ; certificates of indebtedness ; A. Johnson resigns ; fu- gitive slaves in army, 2053; abolishes slavery, 2072,3; Grant defended by "Washburn; appoints sanitary inspectors, 2073; excludes slavery from territories; passes Agrieul. Coll. Act., 2093 ; admits W. Va.; passes Tariff Act ; reorganizes navy ; passes Confiscation Act ; forbids polygamy; passes Oath of Office Bill; provides medals for soldiers ; passes In- ternal Revenue Law, 2112; postage stamps legal tender, 2113; thanks Gen. Grant and army, 2283; slavery prohibi- tion amendment ; authorizes enlist- ment of negroes, 229 3 ; grants freedom, 2302,2313; authorizes bonds, 2313, 2353; representation refused to Ark., 235 3 ; thanks Sherman, 2403; abolishes slavery, 2431; salaries increased, 2433; constitu- tional amendment proposed, 249 2 , 251 2 ; excludes Southerners, 2493; disagree- ment with Pres. Johnson, 2511 ,2, 2611 ±; more radical, 251 1 ; fails to override veto, 2513; thanksGen.Hancock,252i ; Amend- Cong-Cons. Text Figures denote Page, IJN Dll-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1225 ment Bill passes, 2531; Reconstruction Coin, reports, 253 1 ; suffrage for negroes, repeals Amnesty Act, 2552; Temperance Society revived ; honors Cyrus W. Field, 2562; terms begin .March 4, 2563; eighty members absent, 2372; Credit Mobuier, stockin,2593; approves Sheridan's course, 261 1 ; resolves to impeach Johnson ; (See A.Johnson); congratulates limp, of Rus., 2632; removes disabilities, 2092; South- ern states all represented, 271 1 ; depart- ment of justice provided, 27L2; increases salaries, 2312; Senate and Pres. in con- troversy, 3233; House favors commercial union with Can.; Elections Bill in Sen- ate, 3371 ; approves Indian contract schools, 3423; Alaska demands repre- sentation, 3473; enfranchisement of women, 3593; eighty-live members ex- cluded, 3493; committee on works of art restored, 3601; two sessions of H. same day, 379 1 ; Code of Rules; H. adopts, 437 2 ; bribery investigation, 4572,3, 4631 ; closure defeated in S., 4772; favored, 4792. Congress of churches, Boston, 34S2. of Cyclists, Colchester, 9943. of Indian National, at Nagpur, 10493. of Liberal Religions, 4602. of Orientalists, London, 1007 1 . of Rastadt, fails, 7132. Congreve, William, b., S922; works, 9002,3; d., 9032. , Sir Wm., b., 9183 ; military rockets, 9322; color-printing, 9402; d., 9423. Conham, Eleanor, marriage, 8623. Conkling, Roscoe, b., 1362 ; aids recon- struction, 249 3 ; proposes amendment, 251 2 ; legislative encounter with Blaine, 2523; conven. contest; candidate for pres., 2931; leader of Stalwarts, 3043; opposes civil service reforms, 297 3 ; re- signs, 3073; d., 3301. Conmy, John, cons. R. C.bp., 100S2. Connaught, D. of, tour in Can., 5903; at Alexandria, 6581 ; marries, 830.3. Conneau, Henri, b., 7143; d., 7502. Connecticut, U.S., settled, 292; land grant, 332; Dutch traders in; valley, emigra- tion, 333; Indian outrage. 32 1 ; Saybrooke Ft.built,3ii ; Winthrop, gov., 35i ; Dutch expelled; Hooker migrates; war against Pequots, 352; colony formed, 353; Bible for a constitution, 343; civil govt.; Col. Haynes, gov. ; New Haven colony est. ; T. Eaton, gov., 353 ; E. Hopkins, gov., 372,3 ; Republic of N. Haven ; Say- brooke ; named; G. Wyllys, gov., 373; T. Welles, gov.; boundary; John Web- ster, gov., 41'; F. Newman, gov.; T. Welles, gov.; J. Winthrop, gov., 412, 432; Wm. Leete, governor, 413; intem- perance punished, 41 1 ; chartered, 413; surrenders claim, 43 1; J. Haynes, gov- ernor, 373; county courts, 433 ; claim for Duke of York, 47 1; R. Treat, gov- ernor, 492, 513; writs against, 503; char- ters rescinded, 511 ; gov't resumed, 512; royal power over militia ; resumes char- ter, 532; Assembly divides; Fitz-John Winthrop, gov., 55 1 ; Yale Coll. com- menced,^; gov't meets, 552; Saybrooke Platform adopted ; church delinquents fined ; ministers exempt from taxes, 563; Soc. of Cong. Ministers org. ; tolera- tion of dissenters, 57 1, 65 1 ; G-. Salton- stall, gov.,572; election sermon, 563; J. Talcott,gov.,612; English laws enforced, 613; Baptist yearly meetings, 622; N. Y. boundary settled, 632; Indian church successful, 623; Jonathan Law, gov., 653; R. Wolcott, gov., 673; T. Pitch, gov., 693; in Wyoming Valley, 733; colonists vs. Stamp Act, 743; Wm. Pitkins, gov., 753; J.Trumbull, gov., 77 2 , 1092; copper-mine as prison; Indian population, 793; dis- comfort in churches, 823; Conn. Journal, 743; Declaration of Independence, 833; offers lands, 933; Blue Laws, 952; cedes western claims, 992; ratines constitution, 1011 ; farmers combine, 1003; alienates *' Western Reserve," 107 1 ; S. Hunting- ton, gov., 991 ; O. Wolcott, gov., 1073, 1272; Missionary Society of, fnd., 1083; brilliant meteor, 1141; Conn. Religious Tract Society organized, 1142; Lyman Beecher installed, 1163 ; J. Treadwell, fov., 1172; R. Griswold, gov., 1192; j. c. mith, gov., 1213; Brit, surprise Say- brooke, 1221; Trinity Coll. org., 1312; Historical Soc. Library org., 1323; Gr. Tomlinson, gov., 1353; J. S. Peters, gov., 1392; H. W. Edwards, gov., 1433, 1453; S. S. Foote, gov., 1452; liquor license optional, 151 1 ; Wm. W. Ellsworth, gov., 1512; C. F. Cleveland, gov., 1553; The New Eng lander est., 1563; R,, s. Baldwin, gov., 1591; I. Toucey, gov., 1613; c. Bis- sell, gov., 1633; J. Trumbull, gov., 1671 ; T. H. Seymour, gov., 169 1; drawbridge disaster, "1733; Moods, 1741 ; Emigrant Aid Asso. incorp., 1742; prohibitory law passed, 1742, repealed, 2803; H. Dutton, gov., 1771 ; W. T. Minor, gov., 1791 ; A. H. Holley, gov., 1832; W. A. Buckingham, gov., 1852; leads in soldiers' relief', 1923; ratifies 13th amendment, 2432; ratifies 14thamendmeiit,253i ; J.R.Hawley,gov., 2553; J. E. English, gov., 2593, 2732. 2973; ratifies 15th amendment, 2671 ; M.Jewell, gov., 2692, 2772; election returns exam- ined, 2751 ; Constitution amended, 2832; Chas. R. Ingersoll, gov., 2851 ; Constitu- tion ratified^ 2*92; new eapitul opd.,2991 ; election fails, 299 2 ; U.B.Andrews elected gov., 3012, 3033; H. B. Bigelow, gov., 3093; T. M.Waller, gov., 3151 ; H. B. Har- rison, gov., 3233; P. C. Lounsbury, gov., 3293; Secret Ballot Bill passes, 3412; Oleomargarine Bill passes, 3431; M. G. Buckeley,gov., 3492, 3853, 3991 ; restricts sale of tobacco, 3363; female suffrage defeated, 341 1 ; earthquakes, 3741 , 4501 ; Dem. candidates sworn in, 3753; Rep. officers in Sunn te, 3763; canvass of votes, 3772; Judson Bill passes H., 381*; gov. claimants, 3932 ; largest tobacco crop, 3933; World's Fair Fund meeting, 4012, 4033; G-en. Merwin nominated for gov., 4151; Republicans win election case, 4172; gambling prohibited, 4282; Anti- Oleomargarine Bill, 4312; elections, no- license, 4422; L. B. Morris, inaug., 4471 ; E. Uady nominated for gov., 4731 ; O. V. Coffin nominated gov., 4731. (See New England.) Connecticut Farms, N. J., burned, 921 , Uoiinellsville, Pa., collision, 3173; strike, 3763; mob, 3803; attack deputies, 3822. Connelly, captured, 803. Connemara, Baron, title created, 9963. , Lord. (See Robt. Bourke.) Conner's Crossing, Pa., explosion, 4193. Connet, Capt., near Athens, 2071 . Connolly, Henry, gov. N. Mex., 2032. Connor, Ire., bishopric est., 8403. Connor, David, Com., b. (1792); occupies Tampico, 1602; bombards Vera Cruz, 1621; d., (1856). , Selden, gov. Me., 2951 . Connors, John, suicide, 4682. Conolly, John, b., 9263; d., 9701. Conon at Mitvlene. 10221 ; Athens restora- tions, 10222; d., 10231. — , pope, 10722. Cononcallv, Wash., fire, 4152, Conover, Thomas A., b. (1794); d., 2392. Coiii] iii-rot-, launched, 986' ; lost, 9142. wrecked, 9533; i«,st, 9641. Conrad I., is warlike, 7721 ■ elected K.; re- sisted, 7732; d.,7722. II., attacks Hungarians, 7741; con- quers Provence, 6692; restores pope, 7743; expedition to It., 7741; K. of It., 10733; einp., 7752; returns from It.; d., 7753. III., b.-d., 7762; at Weinsberg ; joins Crusade, 7761 ; in Second Crusade, 7763, 7773; king; emp. ; puts Henry under ban; gives Saxony, 7772; d., 7772. IV., emp. of Ger., K. of It., b.-d., 7802; reigns ; defeated, 780 1 ; d., 7812. III., duke of Carinthia, 5033. , son of Fred II., king, 7811 ; crowned, 7771. , son of Henry TV., rebels, 7771 . ■ de Montferrat, K. of Pal.; k., 11552. , Rolandslied, 7763. , king of Naples, 10753. the Red, rules Lotharingia, 7733 ; rebels, 7733. I. of Wormsfeld, duke, 5032. , Chas. M., b. (1804+); sec. war., 1672; d. (1878). , Holmes, in dept. of just., 4473. , Robert Taylor, b. (1809); Aylmere, 1731; cL, 1841. , Timothy Abbott, b. (1803); d., 2961 . Conradin, b. (1252); king of Sicily, 7813; of Naples. 10752; defeated; beheaded, 7802, 7813, 10772. Consalvi, Ercole, b. (1757); d., 10862. Consarbruck, ., 9242; d., 9622. Conyers, Baron, title created, 867 2 . Conynham, Marquis of, title created, 9372. Couyngham, Capt., sent out, 862. Conze, Alex. Christian Leopold, b., 8142. Coode, John, leader, 51 2 . Cook Arctic Expedition, N. Sydney, 470' . , Clarence, b., 136' ; d., 184' . , Eliza, b. 9382; d., 1000'. , F. C, S/teeilcer's Commentary, 976 3 . , Henry F., d., 2272. , James, b., 90S' ; explorer, 4932, 5762, 5772,9162, 9182,9202; transit of Venus, 4932; d., 9203; monument, 498' . , John, b., 1322; near Warsaw, 19G' . , Joseph, b., 1482; works, 28S3, 2963, 3003, 303' , 3063, 31S3, 3243. , Perry, captured, 4722. , Russell S., b. (1811); d., 2392. , Thomas, excursionist, d., 1008'. Cooke, Edward William, b.,935' ; d. (1880). , Edwin F.. d., 2582. ,Geo. Frederick,!.. (175G); Richard HI., 116'; d. (1811). , Jay, b., 130' ; panic, 2S3 3 . , John Esten, b., 138' ; works, 176 3 , 1802, 255'. 260 3 , 268 3 , 2722, 277', 282 3 , 3143,323'; d., 3242. , Josiah Parsons, b., 1342. , Nicholas, b., 58'; gov. R. I., 813, 83' ; d. (1782). , Parsons, b. (1800); d., 2312. , Rose Terry, b., 1342; works, 188', 2903, 3083, 3982; d.; 410'. , "Wm. Fothergill, b. (180H); telegraph, 948' ; d. (1879). Cookman, Alfred, b., 136' ; d., 2742. , Geo. G., b. (1800) ; d., 1522. Institute established, Fla., 2922. Cooley, Thos. Mclntyre, b., 132' ; Inter- state Commission, 3512; Ainer. Bar As- sociation, 4362. Coolgardie. Australia, gold disc, 500' . Coolidge, Carlos, b, (1792); gov. Vt., 167' ; d. (1866). , Susan. (See Woolsey, Sarah.) Coombe, William, b., 910 3 ; d., 9403. Coombs, William J., b., 142' . Coon River Crossing, Wis., wreck, 3S6 3 . Cooper, Anthony, E. of Shaftesbury, b., 8922 ; d., 9042. , Ashley, b., 880 2 ; attacks govt., 8S9 3 ; lord chancellor, leader against court, S93 3 ; deposed, 8952; committed, released, d., 895 3 , 8963; statute, 994', 998'. , , E. of Shaftesbury, b., 9303 ; provides playgrounds, d., 9941 , , Sir AstlcyPaxton, b., 9163; d. (1841). , Charles M., d., 1781 . , Constance Fenimore, works, 3123, 3163. , Edward b. (1824); mayor N. Y., 3033. , George Henry, b. (1821); d., 3941. , George W., b., 1682. , James, b., 1 1(12 ; at Elk's Spring, 2251 ; d. (1863). , James Fenimore, b., 1001 ; works, 129' , 131' ,2, 135' , 137' , 1403, 145' , 149' , 151', 1523, 154 3 , 155'; 158 3 , 164 3 , 168 3 ; d., 1682. , Job A., gov. Colo., 3492. , Joseph .)., moderator, 2172. , Julia D., d., 2602. , Miles, b., 622 ; pres. King's Coll., 73' ; mob annoys, 81'. , Peter, b., 1022; mnf. locomotive, 138' ; org. Cable Co., 1753 ; nom. for pres., 293' ; vote, 2932; d., 3122. , Phillip H., b. (1844) ; captain, 448'. , Samuel, b., 602; d., 96' . , , b., 8782; d. (1672). , S. B., b., 168'. , Thomas, scientist, b., 722; d.,1521. , , poet, d., 10081 . , S.,b.,9323; d.,9522. , T. C, first appearance, 1061 . , Wm. B., gov. Del., 153'. , WilliannR., b., 9522 ; d. (1878). Cooper, Lieut., killed, 5623. Limestone, List, f ml., 308 3 . Huddleston Coll. org. at Daleville, Miss. (1865). (Addenda.) Cooperative industry, steel company, 3703. Cooper'sHill, Civil EngiiieeringColl., opd., 104S 3 . Coorg, Madias, annexed, 1047 3 . Coornhert, Dirk Volkerszoon, b. (1522) ; Zedekunst, 1099' ; d. (1590). Coosa Kiver, Gen. Hood crosses, 238 3 . Coote, Sir Eyre, b., 906 3 ; d., 922 3 ; at Wandewash, 10442; at Porto Novo, 10442. , Richard, b. (1(13(1); gov.. 552; d. (1701). , Thomas, lord keeper. 9013. Cope, Charles West, b., 935' ; d. (1890). , Edward Drinker, b., 152' . , Sir John, at Prestonpans, 910' ; d. (1760). , Thos. Pym, b. (1768) ; d., 174' . Copeland, Wm. Taylor, lord mayor, 9453. Copenhagen, Den., built, 635 3 ; attacked; captured ; against Frederick I. ; yields to Christian III., 636' ; astronomical tower ; blockade ; siege ; invested, 636 2 ; Univ. fnd. ; first press. (13(13 ; royal library fnd., 637'; capital, 11372; treaty, 637 3 ; bombarded, 638' ; college of Missions, opens ; Univ. reopened, (138 3 ; bank fnd.; palace bums ; tire; G393; tire. 6413; con- quered, 782' ; bombarded, 9333; Norske Selskahor, 11042 ; mission school, 6403 ; theater fnd., Frederick VII. 's statue, theological school, 642'; Scandinavian Exhibition, 642 3 ; fortification decreed, 821' ; treaty signed, 9(113 ; railroad opd., 11053. Fields, Loudon, cattle market, 9613. Copernicus, Nicholas, b., 7862; describes attraction, 7882; system of astronomy pub. ; meridional instrument, 7902 j Henrenlq Bodies, 7912; d., 7902. Copiah Co., Miss.. White Caps, 426 3 . Copland, W. II., shoots, 4563. Copleston, Edward, bp. of Llandaff, b., 920 3 ' d. 9542. , R. S.', elected bp., 9803. Copley, John, b., 9082 ; sieqe of Gibraltar, 9242. , John Singleton, Baron, Lvndhurst,b., 9183; minister, 9433, 9473, 9512; ,1., 9662. , , b.,G42; works, 722, 9202; d. t 1242. , , b. (1772) ; minister, 9433; d. (1863). , Sir Lionel, gov. Md., 513, 532. Coponius, procurator, 1151 3 . Coppee, Francois Edouard Joachim, b., 7282; works, 7363. 7502, 7523, 7582; Aca- demician, 752' . , Henry, b., 130' . Copper engraving, used, 1078' . etching, invented, 10S02. plate Mill, invented, 876' . engraving known. Ger., 7842, ring collapse, Eng., 10013. River, S. C, Baptist Church, 483. Copperamahu mission, 498', z . Copperhead, anti-war Democrats, 2292. Coppinger, John J., a colonel, 374' . Coptic alphabet, invented, 6533. Bible written, 655' . Copying machine invented; d., 9202. Copyright, 30 years, Fr., 729' ; Agreement with Ger., signed. 405 2 ; Ass. .elation, U.S. Congress memorialized, 147' ; Interna- tional meeting held, 333' ; League, offi- cered, 3712; eel. ,3803; Bill, International, U.S., 3731, 3302, 3721, 3781,2, 3791,2; Harrison's proclamation. 3802, 9512; ben- efits extended, 4172; Law amended ; Act passed, Eng., 9052 ; Bill passes, 1553. Coquelin, llenoit Constant, b., 7282. Coquerel, Athanase Josue, b., 7223; works, 7863; d., 7501. , Laurent Chas., b., 710 2 ; works, 7272 ; d., 7382. Coques, Gonzales, b., 5403; d., 5422. Coquillart, Guillaume, works, 6783 ; 2; British Asso. in, 9521; railroad est., 9561; Fenians rise, 9703, 9711; Tenants Conf., 9732; mayor resigns, 9732 ; Cathedral cons., 9742; constabulary differences, 990 3 ; Bp. Greg elected, 9803; arms stolon, 9863; riots, 9871 ; Industrial Exhibition opens, 9913; Bp. O'Callaghan cons., 9922 ; Defense Union find., 9943; anti-Parnellite riots, 10003, 10083 ; faction tights, 10083 ; Chi- cago, wrecked, 4113. , Earl of, created, 881 1. Corkey, W., wins championship, 983 3 . Corliss, Charles G., shot, 1552. Cormac, Ulf ada, king, 841 1 . Cormenin, Vicomte de, Louis Marie de la Haye, 7062; d., 7382. , F., duty on corn, 7672. Cornbury. (See Hyde.) ,6891 923. •■; works, 6911,6952; — — , Thomas, b., d., 6963. Cornelia Maximiliana, burned, 10651. Cornelius, baptized ; d., 1152 2 . , St., pope, 10643. , Peter von, b., 8043; d., 8243. Cornelius Hari/reares, collides, 3713. Cornell, Alonzo B., b., 1401 ; gov. N.Y., 3052; portrait, at Capitol, 4421. — -Univ., opened; Library fnd., 2623; boat-races, 3153, 3173, 3213, 3273, 3432, 3623; Fisk will, 35S2 ; library building, 3423, 3023; defeats Harvard and Yale, 3623; Aristotle's Constitution ree'd, 3802; Pres. Adams resigns ; Prof. Schurman pres., 4042. College, la., fnd., 1822. , Ezra, b. (1807) ; d., 2861 . , Wm. A., makes galvai leter, 3201. , W., b. (1823) ; d., 2701 . porters strike, Eng., 10051. Cornet, Cointe de, Mathieu Augustin, b., 701i; d. 7262. Cornish, George H., b., 5782. , Johnston, b., 1842. Corn-Laws repealed, G. B., 9532. Corntliwaitc, Robert, cons, bp.,960 3 . Cornu, Sebastien Melehior, 7151 ; d., 7382. , measures light, 7481 . Cornwall, sehoolship est., 9631. Cornwall, Can., Freeholder, 5S03 ; strike, 5862,3; earthquake, 5941. , Eng., action at, 8441 ; refuge for criminals ; see created, 8443; see unites, 8463; duchy of, 8591; given to Robert, S491 ; earthquake, 594 1 . 9622, 10081 . , C. F., gov. Can., 5933. , Lord Charles, lord admiralty, 8992. Cornwallis, Charles, Earl and Marq. of, b., 9102; gov. Can., 5752; crosses Hudson River, 843 ; at Boundbrook, S6 Z ; ma- neuvers, 863 ; at Charleston, 91 1 ; at Sand- ers' Creek, 922; evaded by Greene, 923; In S. C, 923 ; at Guilford Court House, 941 ; at Wilmington, N. C. ; conquest of Va.,94i ; at Petersburg, attack ordered, blockaded ; evacuates Williamsburg ; evacuates Richmond ; contemns Arnold, 942; surrenders, 943, 9202; command in E. I.; 9241; conquests in India, 10442; gov-gen. India, 10453, 10472; at Ballina- muck, 7122; lord.-lieut., 9293; ,1., 9323. , Falliott H., elected bp., 9303. , Fred., urehhp. Canterbury, 9151 Coro, Venez., settled, 11601 . Coron, taken by Turks, 10781 . Corona, boiler explodes, 3473. Corona, variable star, seen, 2521. Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, b.-d., 11263; explorer, 211; atZuni,21i; turns back, 223. , Gonzalo Vasquez de, gov. Costa Rica, 6301. , Juan Vasquez de, b.-d., 112S 2 ; mayor, 6301 ; gov. C. R., 6301 ; d. (1565). Coronation, founders, 8981 , Coronea, action at, 10201 . Coronel, surrenders, 6081 . Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, b., 10823, d., 1083L Coronet, defeats Dauntless, 3293. Coropat mission, 1049 1 . Corous murdered, 771 2 . Corporation Act, Eng., passes, 891 3 ; re- pealed, 9253. and Test Acts repealed, 9423, 9433. Corpsey, J. F., Old Church, 3061 . Corpus Christi Ch., consecrated, 3742. festival inst., 8542. Pass, Tex., taken, 2281 . Correa de Serra, Jose Francisco, b.-d., 11102. Corroggio, Antonio Allegri da, b., 10783; works, 10801. Correo Literario, issued, 6063. Correoso, Pres., Colombia, 6281 , 6292. Correspondence LiUeraire Secrete, 705 2 . Corresponding Soc. of London, fmd., 9271 , treason of, 9271 . Corrie, Daniel, fnds. Benares mission, 10462; bp. Madras, 10471 . Corrientes, war at, 4902; rebellion, 4921; joins Pres. Rosas, 11602. Corrigan, J. H., d., 3721. .Michael Augustine, h. (1839) ; assist- ant at Pontifical Throne, 3262; archbp. Of N.Y.,3203; circular letter, 3342; sails, 3521 ; call for conf., 3761 ; M'Glynn's re- storation, 3942 ; approves Satolli's deci- sion, 4662. Corrigan, Patrick, accused, 3642; trial, 4182. Corruption, official, prosecuted, Fr., 7652. Corry, Pa., R. R. wreck, 2793. , Henry Lowry, lord admiralty, 9712. , Samuel, gov. Me., 2413. Corryville, annexed to Cincinnati, 273 3 . Corse, John Murray, b. (1835) ; at Alla- toona Pass, 2383; d., 42Si . Corsica,Rom. province, 10533; taken, 1031 3 , 10752; Carthaginians expelled, 6621 ; van- dals possess, 6622 ; conquered, 6661 ; under Genoa, 6833; revolts, 10852; revo- lution, 6993; sold to Fr., 7033; ceded to Fr., 10852; revolt in; unites with Gt. Brit., 7112 ; ceded to Eng., 10853 ; Eng. parliament opens, 7113; revolts, 7121 ; Brit, leaves, 7132; annexed, 7211 , 927 3 . Cort, Henry, b. (1740) ; puddling iron, 9221 ; d. (1800). Cortenuova, battle of, 7801. Cortereal, Gaspar, b.-d., 11092 ; in New- foundland, 123; explorer, 151 ; takes In- dians, 171 ; in Can., 57H ; lost, 162. , Miguel, lost, 162, 171 . Cortez, Hernando, or Fernando, b.-d., 1126 3 ; in San Domingo, 172; in New- World, 173; in Mex., 161 , 1S1 ; conquers Narvaez ; elected gen., captures Hon- duras, 182; exploring Meet, 191 ; letters of explorations, 192; in Sp., 193, 213; at Vera Cruz, 212 ; d., 221 . Corti, Count, in Cong, of Berlin, 8311. Cortland, Ala., burglars, 4483. Cortlandt, Jacobus van. mayor, 573, 593. , S. van, mayor N. Y., 473, 511 . Cortona, It., truce with Rome, 10521. , Pietro Berrettini da, b., 10823 ; d. (1669). Cortone, Domenico da, builds Hotel de Ville, 6802. Cortot, Jean Pierre, b., 7062; d., 7283. Cortright, G. C. H., gov. Guiana, 10393. Coruniba, taken, 5561 . Corundum wheel-makers combine, 4232. Corunna, Sp., battle at, 716 2 . Corupedion, battle of, 10261. Corvallis, Ore., Agricul. ( 'oil. opened, 2623. Corvino, John de Monte, miss., 6143. Corvinus, Matthias I., b.,5082; conquests, 5081; king, 5081, 5092; invasions, 8081; expels Fred. III. from Hung., 7S61 ; at- tacks Podiebrad, 5092; d., 5082. Corvus, Valerius, defeats Volscii, 10521. Cvrwin, sails, 4441 . Corwin, Thomas, b., 1042; gov. 0., 1531 ; sec. treas., 167 2 ; on Committee of 33, 1891 ; d., 2482. Corwyn, Col., at Tupelo, 2212. Cory, Giles, executed, 53' . , Isaac, in duel, 9292. Coryatt, Thomas, b., 8742; d., S801 . Cos, revolts against Athens, 10233. Cosa, action at, 10581 . , Juan de la, expedition Venez., 151 ; S. Am. voyages, 163 ; discoveries, 1126 2 ; makes map, 171 ; d. (1509). Cosihuiriachic, mission at, 10962. Cosimo I., Duke of Tuscany, 1081 1 . II., Duke of Tuscany, 10S13. III., Duke of Tuscanv, 10813. Cosin, John, bp., b., 8762; Cosin Hall fnd., 9563 ; d. (1072). Cosme, Jean Baseihac, b.,0962 ; d., 705'. Cosnac, Daniel de, b., 0882 ; d., 6963. Cospatrick, takes fire, 9793 . Cossacks in militia, subjugated, 1114'; re- -bel, 1116' ; take Azov, 11572. Cosse, Charles de, b., 6783 ; d., 6822. Cossham, Handel, d., 10022. Cossignv, de I'ahna, ,los. Francois Char- pentier, b., 0983 ; d., 7191. Costa Rica (see pp. (!30-631), dis„ 162; re- named, 233 Sp.; massacre, 561 ; Cahlera opd., 633 ; dispute with Nicaragua, 3353. , Cabral, Antonio Bernardo, D. of Thomar, b.-d., 11102. Cabral, D. of Thomar, b. (1803) ; un- popular, 11111; d. (1889). , Duarte da, Capt.-Gen., 23 2 . , de, gov.-gen. Brazil, 553 2 . , Lorenzo, b. (1450) ; paints Court of Isabella D'Este, 10S0' ; d. (1530). , Sir Michael, b., 1085' ; d. (1884). Costanzo, Angelo di, b. (1507) ; History of Naples, 10832 ; d., 10822. 1228 Text Figures denote Page. LN L)h.2\.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Cost-Crab. Coste, Jean Francois, b., 7002 ; d., 7223. Costs, Jean Jacques Cypricn Victor, b., 7163 ; d., 7461. Costello, Dudley, b., 9323 ; d., 968' . Coster, Joseph Francois, b., 0;)S3; d., 7203. , Laurens Janszoon, b.-d. ; movable types, 10982. , Samuel, Fenwis the Boor, 11012. Costes, Gautier de, works, 6891 . Costigan, John,. see. state, 5952; minister, 5963. Costlogon, Col., in Sudan, 6582. Cosway, Kiehard, b., 9103 ; d., 9423. Coteau Landing, Can., bridge opd., 5913 ; canal, 593 2 . Cotelier, Jean Baptiste, 1)., 6803; d. (1686). Cotes, Eoger, b. (16S2) ; d., 9062. Cothell, Capt., captures Kiitaus, 1181. Cotner, Univ. (Christ) org., Lincoln, Neb., (1889). Cotopaxi, Mount, eruptions, 6432. Cotta, BemUard, !>., 80X3 ; work, 815' ; d., 830'. Cotta, M., Panama Canal scandal, 7642. , Marcus A melius, defeated, 105S' . Cottage City, Mass., Soldiers' mon't.,388' . Cottayam, Madras, mission, 10462. Cottenham, Earl of, title created, 951'. (See Pepys.) Cotter, Joseph B., cons, bishop, 34S2; Presi- dent of Union, 389'. , Patrick, b. ; giant, 9153. Cottesloe. (See Ffeiuantle, Thomas F. ) Cottin, Sophie Kistand, b., 7043 - Eliza- beth, 717^; d., 7163. Cottington, Lord, minister, 8S33. Cotton destroyed, 218' . , cultivation in Am.. 31' ;lirstmill,98' ; exportation of, 993; factory, R. I., 1021 ; -yarns ninf., 104' ; mill at New Ipswich, 112' ; print goods infg., 1173; mill at Fall River, 1182; export of ninf., 1353; power mill erected, 123' ; stripper exhibited, 172'; "Cottonis King," 1833; price rises, 1913,2033;2113, 2153; burned bvConfeds., 2063; sold in N. Y., 2433; in South, 2553; not taxed, 261' ; crop in 1869, 268' ; anni- versary eel., 3693 ; crop increased, 3913 • cultivation increased, (1573 ; lirst imported in Eng., 922', 2, 9413 ; price, 9493; picker, mechanical, 392'; paper made, 610 2 , 1030 2 ; supply ceases, 9653; worm ravag- ing. Fgy.,(jljl3; spinning machinery used, 706' ; famine causes distress, Fr., 7373 ; stockings made, Eng., 908' ; first mill in Eng., 9102 ; goods exported, Eng., 9153 ; bounty, 922' ; duty reduced, Eng., 9472 ; districts distressed, 967' . crop in Egypt, 6613. , Charles, b., 8822 ; d., 9862. , S., promoted captain, 398' . , Sir Henry, chief justice, 983 2 . , John, b. (1585) ; election-day services, 322; in Mass., 422 ; d.,38'. , B., in justice department, 351 2 . .Pierre, b., 6822 ; d., 6863. , Stapleton, Yise.Combermere, b.,9183; at Lilerena, 7182 ; storms citadel of Bhartpur, 1046' ; d., 968' . , Wm. James Richmond, Lord mayor, 9812; hiring, poultry market, 9813. Cottrell, W. W., violent, 3582 ; k.,371'. Cotys reigns in Thrace, 11533. Couch, Darius Nash, b. (1822); gen., at Malvern Hill, 2092 ; at Fredericksburg, 2162; at Uhancellorsville, 221' ; at Kins- ton, N.C., 244'. , W. L., at Stillwater, 319' . Coucy, Robert de, d., 6722. Couder, Lonis Charles Auguste, b., 7062 ; d.,746'. Coudert, F. R., anti-Maynard. 4023 ; May- nard investigation, 405' ; in Arbitration Court, 4252, 4293. Coues, Elliot, b., 154' . Ooughlan, Lawrence, d., 5782. Coughlin, Daniel, sentenced, 3482 ; new trial, 4422 ; acquitted, 4522. , John, infernal machine, 4683. Coulanges, Marquis de, Philippe Emman- uel, b., 6882 ; d., 697'. Numa, Denis Fustel de, b. (1830) ; d., 758'. Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, b., 6983 • d., 7163. Coulter, Thomas B., in treas. dept., 3512. Council Bluffs, la., Army of Tenn., 4723 ; inspectors injured, 479' . , Church, at Ariminum, 840 2 ; at Aries, 6623 ; at Basel. Switz., 6763, 784V ; at Bourges, 6703; at Chalce.lon, 10703,1071' ; at Clermont, 6683 ; at Constance, Swita. 6762; at Constantinople. 1029', 1031', 10323, 10722 ; rit Elvira, 11252 ; at Ephe- sus, 10303, 10702 ; nt Frankfort, 7703 ; at Ferrara-Florence, 785' ; at Lyons, 6722; at Nice, Asia M., 6643, 10283, 10683 ; at Nice, Fr., 7913 ; at Soissons, 6643, 6683; at Piacenza, 10743; at Pisa, 1079' , 1081' ; at Rome, 669', 0702,3 ; at Saragossa ; atSardis, 10683; of Sutri, 7743; of Toledo, 11252; at Tours, 6S12 ; at Trent, 5102,3, 681'; at Treves, 76S2, 7843, 1081'; at Tyre, 10682 ; at Vienna, 6723 ; Vatican held, 10S83. Council of Ancients dissolved, 7133. , Ecclesiastical, at Whitby, S423. , Grand, of state, est., Gr., 10353. of Nobles abol., 11213. of Sixteen find., Fr., 6852. of State revived, Ger., 8313. , State, Montenegro, 10973. of Ten governs Venice ; ceases to ex- ist, 10773. of Thirty, Eng., S952. at Wash., 3292. of War, Fr., 7472. of Women, Paris, 7583. Councils of Conciliation Aid passes, 970 3 . of India Amendment Bill, 10032. Count Belt/io.io, wrecked, 9233. Count Jtudof, issued, 7783. Counterfeiters, hanged, 8493. Countess Evelyn, wrecked, 10113. of Carnarvon, captured, 11122. of Dull; -rin, loses Am. cup, 2933. of Flanders, collision, 5473. Country Party formed, Eng., 8812,9023. County assessments, 8613. Councils est., G. B., 9992. Officers and Court, Act passes, 983 2 . County of Aberdeen, collides, 9913. Coupd'E'tat. (See Paris.) Cou/rageux, yvrecked, 928 ' . Courayer, Pierre Francois le, b., 6923 ; d., 7043. Courbet, Adni., captures Hue, 4S0 3 ; at Sontay forts, 4821 ; at Fuchau, 022' ; mon- ument of, 760' . , Gustave, b., 7223 ; d., 7502. Cource, Baron de, arbitrator, 4252. Courcel, M. de, minister, 757 z . Courcelles, battle of, 740' . , Etienne de, b.-d., 11562. , M. de, gov., 423, 432. Courcy, Gen. de, in Aunam, 4822. , John de, E. of Ulster, S512. Cournot, Antoine Augustin, b., 7143 ; d., 7502. Courrier, issued, 927' . Courrier de Mere, Paul Louis, b., 7042 ; Pamphlet iles I'amiililets.Tlol ; d.,7242. Courrier de la Mode, issued, 703 2 . Court of Chancery hist., Eng., S432, 8453 ; refounded, 8473. Combining Bill passes Asso., 4033. of Exchequer est.. 8492. de Gebelin, Antoine, b., 6982; d.,706'. of Justice in Senate, Fr., 758 3 . officers tirst appear, Ger., 7733. Party fmd., Eng., 8812. of Referees est., 969'. , Supreme, anniv., 3523. Court of Love, issued, 8642. Courtenay, John, b., 9103 ; d., 9382. Courteney, Wm. R., E. of Lucan, d., 9982. , Wm. R., E. of Devon, d., 9982. Courten's -Association founded, 1045'. Courtland, Gen., in Sikh war, 10462. Courtney, F., consecrated bishop, 9983. , Philip, governor, 861' . Courtois, Guillaume, b., 6.863; d., 6923. , Jacques, b., 6862 ; d., 6922. , M. de, discovers iodine, 719'. Courtown, Earl, title created, 925 2 . Courtrai.Belg., bat tie of. 672' ; surrenders, 6SS1, 6922. Courts, " not guilty," 9432 ; supremacy of, upheld, 2591. Courvi >isier , -lean Joseph Antoine, b., 7043 ; d., 7262. Cousin, Jean, b.,67S3 ; d., 6842. , Louis, b., 6863 ; d„ 6963. , Montauban, Gen., minister, 7393. , on S. American coast, 131 . .Victor, b., 7082; works, 725', 7272, 7292,7323 ; d.,7362. Cousins, Robert G., b., 1842. Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, b., 6923 • d., 7003. , , sculptor, b., 697' ; d., 7043. , Nicolas, b., 6902 ; d., 69S3. Coutances, Fr., captured, 676' . Coutinho, Francisco i'eriera, captain, 5532. , Vaseo Fernandes, failure, 5532. Coutras, Fr., brittle at, 684'. Couture, Thomas, b., 7222 ; d., 752' . Cnvadonqa-, captured, 11302; blown up, 606 2 . Cove Creek, N.C., Confed. defeat, 216'. Covenant, Scotch, first ; second ; signed, S722 ; illegal, 8913. Covenanters, meet, 8942; persecuted, 8943. Covent Garden Theater, 90S' . Coventry, strike, 9643; Pari., lawyers ex- cluded, 8613. , Earl of, title created, 899' . , Henrv, minister, 8933. , Sir Thomas, b. (1578) ; keeper, 8813 ; minister, 8832 ; d. (1640). Coverdale, Miles, b., 866' ; Bible transla- tion, S6S3 ; d. (156S). Covert, James W., b., 154' . Covilhao, or Covilham, Pedro da, b.-d. 11092 ; in Abyssinia, 13. Covington, hid.. Normal Coll. opd., 3242 , Ky., diocese est., 1723 ; Gen. Heth arrives, 2123 ; Suspension Bridge com- pleted, 2553 ; White ( 'aps raid, 3543. , Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 220' ; earth- quake, 332' . Covode resolution ; adopted Cong., 1872. Cowan, Sir Edward P., d., 1002' . , Sir John, Lord mayor London, 9492. Cowan's Ford, S. C. skirmish at, 91' , 93' . Cowdry, Eobt. H., vote for Pres., 3312. Cowes,' Eng., Henrietta arrives, 2553. Cowie, William G., cons, bp., 9663. Cowles, S. P.. accused of murder, 3782. Tobacco Tax Bill, in Cong., 337' . Cowley, Earl, title created, 959' . , E. of. (See Wellesley, H. R. C.) , , Abraham, b., 880' ; works, 8863, 8923; d.,8922. Cowpens, S. C, battle of, 923; eel., 3073. Cowper, Archdeacon, d., 4963. , Earl, title created, 905' . , , lord lieut., 9S52 ; resigns, 9892 ; minister, 9053; d. 9062. , , William, b., 8902 ; keeper, 9033. , Edward Alfred, d., 1010' . , Temple, Wm. Francis, Baron Mount-Temple, d., 9982. , Wm., anatomist, b., 8922; d., 9042. , , poet, b., 9082; works, 921' ,9263; d., 9302. Cox, Christine, hanged, 3043. , David, b., 9062; d. (1859). , C, commissioner, 2732. , George William, b., 9422. , Henry G., b. (1819); d., 252' . , Jacob Poison, b. (1827); at Princeton, W. Va., 208' ; at Town Creek ; at Kins- ton, 2303, 244'; near Goldsboro, 244'; gov. O., 2553; see. int., 207' ; resigns, 273' . , John Edmund, b. (1812); d., 1004' . , Melville B., missionary, 1613. , Nicholas, b., 1482. , Sir Richard, b. (1500); L. chancellor, 903'; chief justice, 9052; ,1.(1581). , Samuel Hanson, b., 1042; moderator, 1623; d.,308'. , Sullivan, b., 132'; vote for Speaker, 2832; irlii/ ll'e Laui/h, 2943; d., 3442; statue, 386' . , Detect ive, killed, 9903. Coxcie. Michael, b.-d., 5402. Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, b., 1262; eons, bp., 2412. , Brinton, Judicial Power, 4783. , Daniel, interest in N. J., 51' . , William, b., 9122; d., 9423. Coxey, J. S., proclamation against, 457'; resolution opposed. 4592 ; Army of the Commonwealth, 4543, 4582.3, 4593, 4612, 4622.4633, 4682; home burned, 4743. Coypel, Antoine. 1>.. 6902; d., 6982. Coysevox, Antoine, b., 6883; d., 6982. Cozzens, Frederick Swartwout, b., 126 2 ; d., 268'. , Wm. B., b. (17S7); d., 2312. , Cole, b.dslll; Gov., 2293; d.(lS76). Cpo, Andrea Arias JIal.Mtre.; gov., 6302. Crab Orchard. Ky.. Burnside leaves, 2261 . Crabb, Gen., at Springlield, 2181 . , George, b., 9203; d., 9562. Crabbe, Geo., b., 9123 ; works, 9231 , 9331 , 9383, 9391; d.,9461. Crab-Croe. Text Figures denote Page. lJNi_)iSA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 122& Crabbe, Thomas, b. (17S8); d. 278'. Crabtree, Lotta, b., 1623. Cracow, Aust.-Hung., capital, 5053 ; s tu- dium general; Univ. fnd.; Univ. recon- structed, 507'; given to Aust.,5192; in- surrection, 5201 ; Univ. opd., 5203; free republic, 5212,3; annexation objected to, 5213 ; fire, 5233 ; insurrection ; seized, 1116' . Craddock, Charles Egbert. (See Murfree, Mary Noalles.) Cradi, Juan Fernandez de Bovadilla y, gov., 6303. Crafts, Samuel Chandler, b. (1768) ; gov. Vt., 1372; d. (1853). Craggs, James, sec. war, 0072; d. (1720). Cragier, mayor, renominated, 381' . Cragsford, Baron, title created, 9311. Craig, A. K., Congressman, d., 4121 . ■, Sir James H., gov.-gen. Can., 5773. , John, b. 8061 ; d., S762. , Oscar, d., 4481 . , Sir Thomas, b. 8682; d., S781 . , W. G., moderator, 4301 . Craige, Kerr, in P. O. Dept., 4472. Craighill, William P., corps of engineers, 3261. Craigie, Capt., in Afgan., 42. Craik, Mrs. (Dinah Maria Mulock), b., 9422 ; works, 9611 ; d. (18S7). , George Lillie, b., 9283; d., 9701 . , James, b., 621 ; d., 1231 . Crain, William H., b., 1641. Cramer, Johann A., b., 800=; d., 8043. Crampton, Sir John Fiennes Twisleton, b. (1807); minister; 1703; d. (1S86). , Thomas Russell, d., 9982. Cranach, Lucas von, b., 786 2 ; encaustic painting, 7882; d., 7922. Cranbrooke, D. of, title created, 10091. (See Hardy, Gathorne.) Cranburne, Charles, executed, 9011. Cranch, Christopher Pearse. b.( 1S13); mem- ber Nat. Acad. Design, 2411 ; d., 3981 . , William, b., 761 ; d. (1855). Crane, Sir Francis, tapestry making, 8801 . , Jonathan T., b. 1281 ; d. (1SS0). , Wm. Carey, b., 1242; d. (1885). , William H., b., 1581 . Cranfleld, Edward, gov., 473; d. (1704). Cranftll, James B., nom. for vice-pres., 4093; vote, 4192; electoral vote, 4243. Cranford, N. J., train-robbers, 4682. Cranganore, E. I. Co. agency, 10443. Cranmer, Thomas, b., 8662; archbp. Can- terbury, S682, 8692; revision of Bible; decree against Baptists, S6S3; minister, 8712; burned, 8722. Crannon, battle of, 10253. Cranston, Henry Y., d , 2312. , John, gov. R. I., 473; d. (1680). , Sam., gov. R.I., 551 ; d. (1727). Cranworth. (See Rolfe.) Cranz, David, b., 8002; d., 8042. Craonne, Fr., allies checked, 7203. Crapo, Henry H., gov. Midi, 2511 ; d., 268' . Crasa burned, 7843. Crascus I., Duke of Poland, 11132. Crashaw, Richard, b., 87S1 ; Steps to Tem- ple, 8863; d., 8882. Crassus Dives, Marcus Licinius, b.-d., 1056 3 ; in conspiracy ; restores tribunate, 10591 ; triangular alliance. 10592, 3; rules Syria, 10593, 11512; plunders temple at Jerusalem, 11502; renews alliance; con- sul, 10593 ; rapacity incites revolt, 11252. , Lucius Licinius, b.-d., 10563. ■, Publius, at Rome ; at Spoletium, 1058' ; in Apulia ; subdues the Aquitani, 10582 ; in Mesopotamia ; pays Caesar's debts, 10583. Craterus, reenforces Antipater, 10242; ter- ritory, 10253; d., 1025'. Crates of Thebes, b., 10243. Cratinus b.-d., 10102; comic poet, 1017'; Flagon, gains prize, 10212. Cravant, battle of, 6761 . Craven, Eng., zinc-mine discovered, 9343. , Braxton, b., 1302. , Chas., gov. N. C, 591 ; d. (1754). .Pauline, b. (1K20); works, 7363, 7482; d. (1891). , Thos. T., b., 1142; captures Georgia, 2372. , Tunis Augustus M., d., 2373. , Col., at Fayetteville, 2143. , D. of, title created, 931'. , Earl of, wedding, 4283. Crawfis, ex-treas., embezzling, 4443. Crawford, Francis Marion, b., 158'; works, 3123, 3143, 3183, 3243, 32S3, 333', 3502, 3743, 3962, 39S2, 4462, 4783. , Geo. W., b., 10S1 ; gov. Ga., 1611 ; sec. war, 1653. , John, gov., 5832. , Martin Jenkins, b., 128 2 ; commis- sioner, 1931; d. (1883). , Nathaniel Macon, b., 1162; d., 2741 . , Samuel J., gov, Kan., 251' . , Wylie, b., 1362; takes Orange Court House, 2102; Ciril War, 3323. , Thomas, b., 121' ; works, 152' , 166' , 108'; d., 180'. , Col. Wm., against Indians, 943. , — -, b. (1676); d., 10022. , Harris, b., 762; leader in Cong., 1173; pres. senate, 1192; sec. treas.,1253, 1292; presidential candidate; charges against; vote, 1332; d., 1422. , T.,b., 178'. , Capt., killed, 3221. , E. of, title created, 8603. Crawfordsville, Ga., Stephens monument, 4301. , Ind., Wabash Coll. fnd. at,1403; Pres. Burroughs accepts, 4162. Crawley. Richard, d., 1010' . , Thomas, lord justice, S631 . Crawshaw, Baron, title created, 10091. Crayer, Gaspard, b., 5403; d. (1669). Craysfort, Earl, title created, 9231 . Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, b., 9362 ; Decisive Battles, 9563 ; d., 9822. Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, b., 6922 ; works, 6971,2; 6992 ; d., 7023. Crecy, Fr., battle of, 6741 ; cannon first used, 6742. Credi, Lorenzo di, b., 10783 ; d., 10803. Credit Mobilier of Am. incor., 2453 : char- ter purchased, 2573 ; contracts Pacific Railroad; stock distributed, 2593; scan- dal, 2792,3 ; exposed, 2803 ; investiga- tion, 2S12 ; senator expelled, stock owned by Congressmen, 2813. , Fr., formed, 7333; fails, 7373; directors held liable, 7383. Creditors, Northern, unpaid, 1971. Credulity, religious, Eng., 8582. Creed, phonograph projected, 912' . Creeden, police capt., 'fund raised, 453'; restored to office, 479' . Creedmoor, N.Y., rifle match, 2923. Creek Indians, warriors, 541 ; defeated, 1001 ; treaty, 1031 , 1072 ; war with, 1203; in Fla., 1261; mission, 1311; land con- troversy, 1333. Creektown, mission at, 11613. Crefeld, battle of, 516i ; transferred to Prus., 7992 ; house falls, 8353. Oroighton, Mandell, cons, op., 10062. , Robert, b., 8822 ; d., 90S2. , William, b. (1795) ; d., 2471 . Univ., Omaha, Neb., org., 3003. Crcil, Fr., explosion of bridge, 7402. Crelle, August L., b., 8042 ; d., 820' . Crema, It. 7 attacked, 776' ; taken, 778'. Cremation legalized, 993', 3; societies in London, 9792. Cremieux, Gaston, executed, 747' . , Hector J., d., 7621 . , Isaac Adolphe, b., 7123 ; minister jus- tice, 7412 ; in govt, delegation ; minister of war, 7413 ; d., 7522. Cremona, It., Diet of, 7802 ; fortress erected, 1053' ; destroyed, 10H2' ; fnd. by Romans, 10533 ; Cathedral of, 10743. Creole, slaves uprise 011, 153' ; dispute, 155 2 . Creoles defeat Spaniards, 632'; insurrec- tion, 633' ,2 ; plot discovered, 6332. Creon, elected archon, 10153. Crequi, Francois de Bonne de,Duc de Les- diguieres, b., 6863 ; at Luxemburg, 6922; defeated (Ger.), 7962 ; d., 6942. Crerar, John, founds library, 3471,4001; mil, 4322. Crexrnit ('it//, Spaniards board, 171'. Creseentini," Girolamo, b., 10842 ; d., 10863 Cresecntius, defeated, 774 '; proposes re- public, 10733. Crescenzi, Pietro de, b.-d., 10742. Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria, b., 1083'; fnds. Academy, 10833 ; d., 1084' . Cresco, 111., fire, 3453. , Joaquin, pres. ; rebellion, 1160 3 . Cresphontes, leader, 1015'. Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, b., 10831 ; d., 1084' . Crespy, peace of, 7913. Crested Butte, miners, conflict, 396' , 397' . Creswell, John A. J., b. (1828) ; P. M. Gen., 267' , 2813 ; resigns, 2852 ; d., 3961 . Creswick, William, d.,9982. Crete, seized, 10281; pirates org., 10583; Roman province, 1029 2 ; subdued, 10582; Greeks lose, occupied, taken from Sar- acens, 10332 ; Saracens expelled, 10321 ; ceded to Venetians, 10351 ; purchased, 10753 ; rebels subdued, 1 15-12; conquered, 10821; surrender, 10833; annexed by Turk., 11572; under Egypt, 11573 ; against Turk,, 11501; mission, 11563 ; Christians persecuted, 115S 2 ; Turk, rule abolished, 11591 ; rebellion in, 115S' ; insurrection, 11593; Gr. language forbidden, 115S2. , Neb., Doane College founded, 2782. Cretin, Guillaume, chronicle, 681 1 . , or direst in, de Troyes, works, 671' . Creusen, battle of, 774' . Creuze de Lesser, Auguste Francois, b.* 7042; d.,7282. Crouzer, Ceorg F., b., 803' ; d.,820'. Creveco'ur, Hector St. Jean dc, b., 6983 ; d., 7203. Crevier, Jean Bapt. Louis, b., 6942; d.,7031 . Crew, Sir Benjamin, d., 9462. Crewe, Sir Randolph, chief justice, 8813. Crew's Farm, Va., battle of, 2092. Creuzot, strike, 7383. Crickets, plague of, 10 3 . Cridge, Edward, cons, bishop, 2921 . Crillon, Louis des Balhes de Berton de,Duo deQuiers, b., 6803; Minorca,704i ; d.,6862. Crime, Eng., 8731 ; statistics, 9571 , 9651 . Crimea, Rus., allied armies in, 9581 ; ceded to Rus., 11573; annexed Turk., 11572; in- vestigation committee, 9592; evacuated, 9321,960'; colonized by Gr., 11132; Gen- oese expelled, 11152; invaded, 1116' ; in- dependence of, 11172. Crimean War, 7321 , 9581 ±; war ends, 9601 . Crimes Act expires, 9943. , notable. (See Assassination, murder,, trials, etc.) Criminal Justice Act, G. B., 9572. Criminals, Fr., execution of, 7672 ; be- headed, Eng., 8491; transported, 8811; photographed, 977' . Criminal Law Amend. Act opposed, 9772. Crinoline skirt introduced, 1773. Cripple Creek, Colo., troops leave, 4553 ; striking miners, 4581 , 4611 . Crisp, Chas. Frederick, b., 158' ; speaker, 3972,4351; reply, 4253; senator, 4552. Crispi, Francesco," b. (1819) ; premier, 10902; fired at, 10903. Crispiana, executed, 10651. Crispin, St., patron of shoemakers, 66 . Crispus, Flavius Julius, in insurrection, 10302 ; executed, 10691 . Crissa destroyed, 10161 . Critalla, Pers. troops concentrated, 1018' . Critclilow.Svl vest er, trial, 411', 4183. Critias killed, 1022' , 1023' . , statuary, d., 10162. Criticism legalized. Eng., 927'. Critolus, leader, 1028' ; "K. embassy, 10292. Crittenden County, Ky., mob, 4743. , A. P., murderer of, 2742. , Geo. B., b. (1812) ; d., 3042. , John Jordon, b., 98' ; senator, re- signs, 1273 ; atty.-gen., 1532, 1672 ; gov. Ky., 1652; plan of concession, on Com- mittee of 13, 1892 ; vote on secession, 1903 ; Compromise, 1903, 1912, 193' ;M.C, 1972; resolution, 1973 ; d., 2272. , Thomas Leonidas, b. (1S19) ; at Mur- freesboro, 217 ' ; in Chattanooga, 2262 ; atChicamauga ; relieved, 2263; d., (1893). , T., gov. Mo., 3093. Croasdale, Samuel, d., 2133. Croatia, Aust.-Hung., conquered, 502' ; early princes, 503' ; Stephen I., king ; early kings, 5032,3 ; united to Hung., 5033; unites with Aust., 5111 ; Pragmatic Sanction, 5151 ; massacre of Christians, 11563 ; Diet abolished ; amnesty, 5253 ; Diet dissolved ; protests, 5273 ; Turks re- volt, 1156 2 ; union with Hung. ; deputies in Reichstag, 5291; taxes, 5292; insur- rection, 5301 ; anti-Jewish riots, 5303 ; Dietopens, dissolved, 5312; Croatian-Sla- vonic Diet, 5223 ; against Hung., 5312. Croats, drive Avars from Servia, 1123' . Crockett, David, b., 98'; d., 1462 ; birth celebrated, 3662. , S. R., works, 10103. Croes, John, b. (1762) ; cons, bishop, 1243 ; d. (1832). 1230 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. CrCES-CuMl. ■Croesus reigns, 11471; conquers cities, 1016'; court, 11471; dethroned, 10172. Croft, Elizabeth, seditious speeches, 8711 . , William, b., 8942 ; d. (1727). Crofton, Baron, title created, 9252. , Robert E. A., commissioned col., 3221 . Croghan, Col. George, b. (1791); at Fort Stephenson, 1203 ; in O., 673 ; assaults Mackinaw, 1222 ; d. (1849). Croke, Thos. W., cons, bp., 96Si ; censures Land League, 9982. Croker, John Wilson, b., 9203 ; d., 9622. , Richard, resignation, 4593, frorn Man- hattan Club, 4623. , Thos. Crofton, b., 9283 ; d. (1854). Croly, David Goodman, b. (1S39) ; d., 3382. , George, b., 9223 ; works, 9391, 943i; d. (1860). , Mrs. Jane Cunningham (Jenny June), b. (1831) ; work, 3982 ; pres. clubs, 4751 . Cromer, telegraph line, 8201. , Baron, title created, 10083. Crouipton, Samuel, b. (1753) ; spinning- jenny, 9182 ; d. (1S27). Cromwell, Bartlett J., capt. U.S.N., 3221 • 3361. , Henry, b. (162S) ; gov., 8893; d. (1674). , Oliver, Gen., b., 8762 ; Puritan, 35i; against N. Scotia, . 'to' ; rejected in Va., 392,3 ; against Fr., 5721 ; j n H. C, 8832; lieut.-gen., 8842 ; in civil war, 8841 , S861 ; in Dublin ; leaves Ire. ; in Scot., 8862 ; escapes enemies, 887 1; in Ire.; lord lieut. ; aids Waldeuses, 8873; attempt to kill ; partisans ; dissolves Rump Pari. ; lord protector, 8891; proclamation against ; excludes members from Pari., 8892 ; refuses title of king ; organizes H. Lords; d., 8893 ; disentombed, 891'; statue, 980' . , Richard, b., 8822 ; protector ; dissolves Pari., 8893 ; resigns; d., 9042. , Thomas, b.,866' ; vicar-general, 8682; Royal [iijiuirlimix, .S69' ; minister, 869 2 ; privy seal ; E. of Essex, executed, 8693 • d., 8682. ■Croniea cieiiHjica, ;/ lUteraria issued, 1131 ' . Genera! de Espaloi, appears, 1127'. rima del Chi, appears, 1127'. Cronin, Patrick Henry, suspected treach- ery, 339' ; funeral, 3412 ; murderers sen- tenced, 348 2 ; Asso. monument, 359' . Cronstadt, ship-canal opened, 11213. Cronstedt, Axel Frederick, b.-d., 11342 ; discovers nickel, 1134' . -Cronuse, Lorenzo, nom. for gov. Neb., 4132. Crook, George, b., 1361 ; at Lewisburg, 208i ; at Cloyd's Mountain and New River Bridge, '2323 ; in Shenandoah Val- ley,2322; at Lynchburg, 2343; atKearns- town, 23(13 ; Army of Shenandoah, 2371 ; commands Dept. W. Va., 2381 ; reen- forces Meade, 2403; captured, 2422; sur- renders, 2.S01 ; against Indians, 3121, 3201 ; succeeded, 322 1 , 3541 ; d., 3541 . Crooked Run. Ya.,(Jonfeds. repulsed, 2372. Crookes, William, b. (1832) ; investigates Spiritualism, 9761 . Crooks, Geo. Rich., b. (1822); Simpson, 3743. Cropredy Bridge, action at, 8841. Cropsey, Jasper Frank, b., 1302 ; paintings, 1622, 1701, 1821, 2171, 2721, 3021,3031, 3161 ,3181 , 322' ; Xat. Acad. Design, 1701 . Crosbie, Thomas, Bar. Daere, d., 10021 . Crosby, Alpheus, b., 1162. , Edward, killed, 4683. , Ernest H, bill, 3372; judge, 3412. .Howard, b., 1341; moderator, 2822 ; Chairman conf., 3702 ; asserts official bribery, 3711; d., 3801. , John Schuyler, b. (1839) ; gov., 3132. , Lord Mayor, in Tower, 9193. , William, gov. N. Y., 632. , B., d., 2452. , George, b. (1806) ; gov. Me., 1743 ; d. (1881). Crosland, Newton, Mrs., Landmarks, 478 3 . Cross Keys, Va., battle, 208 3 . Lanes, Federal defeat, 1981. posts est., Eng., 9073. , Delia, made capt., 3623. , Edward, est. Zoo. Gardens, 9441 . , Mrs. (Mary Ann, or Marian, Evans), George Eliot, b.,9383; works, 9623, 9763; d., 9861 . , Sir Richard Assheton, b. (1823) ; minister, 9933, 9953. , Viscount, title created, 996 2 . Crosse, Andrew, I)., 9223; d., 9603. Crosses in churches, 10703; on spires, 10722. Crossley, John T., d., 10001 . Crosswell, Charles M., b. (1825) [ gov. Mich., 2973; d. (1886). Crosthwaite, H. J., cons, bp., 10022. Oroswell, Edwin, b. (1797) ; d., 2741. Croton (Crotona), It., fnd., 10151, 2; Venetians defeated, 10722. Crotopas, reigns, 10133. Croven, Gadred, takes Isle of Man, 8481. Crow Indians code land, 3733. Crowder, Thos., b., 1561. Crowe, B. W., negro school question, 4262. Crown, ecclesiastical power, Eng., 872; offi- cers, H. C, 9153 ; imperial state, G. B., 9493; c. elective, 11352. jewels sold, Fr., 7523. Land Sales Act, passages, Eng., 4971. of It., order instituted, 10S93 Point, N.Y., fortress est., 5741; sur- rendered, 70 3 ; occupied, 721 ; expedition against, 6Si; taken, 801 ; Carleton oc- cupies, 842; Burgoyne advances, 5761. Crowninshield, Arrant Schuyler, b., 1561 ; promoted capt., 4481 . , Benj. Williams, b. (1772) ; sec. navy, 1253; d. (1851). , Jacob, b. (1770); sec. N., 1132; d.(1808). Crowther, John, hydraulic crane, 9421. , Samuel, takes orders, 11603. , Adiai, cons, bp., 96S';d. (1891). Croxton, John T., d., 2842. Croydon, Church Congress at, 9742 j iron tramroad, 9301 . Crozat, Anth., trade monopoly, 591 , 5752. Crozier, Francis Kawdon Moira, capt., b. (1795) ; attacks rebels, 5841 ; Arctic expe- dition, 9522. , Judge, decision, 3592. Cruden, Alexander, b., 9022; Concordance, 9091; d., 9183. Cruelty to Animals Act, G. B., 9471 . to animals in transit, law, 2851 . Cruger, John, b., 562; mayor, N. Y., 652, 713; d., 1022. Cruikshank, George, b., 9262; d. (1878). , Win., b., 910 3 ; water gas, patented, 9501 ; d., 9302. Cruin, leads Bulgarians, 10321. Crump, W. W., surety tor J. Davis, 256 3 . Crusade of persecution in Fr., 670. -, Children's, 10751. Crusades, first, 7761, 848' ; crosses Hung., 5023; cause of, 4872; papal favor, 668 1; proclaimed, 6683 ; i n Gr., 1032'; in Asia M., 10323; conquests, 4872; take Jerusa- lem, 4872, 654'; desolate Syria, 1155'; second, 669 2 , 776 3 ; cause, 1032' ; awaken Ger. intellect, 777'; third (Ger.), 7782, 5042, 6701, 3,7792, S501, 10322; Fourth, 6703, 7732, 10323 ; at Constantinople, 10351; Fifth, 5042, 6703; Sixth, 6721, 2, 6.S02; Seventh, 6722; results of, 6731. Crusaders attack Prague, 7843. Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob, b.-d., 11343; works, 11362. Crusius, Christian A., b., 7983; d., 8041. Cruys, Cornells, b.-d., 11142. Cruz, Gaspar da, introduces Christianity, 4803; d. (1570). , Jean de la, works of, 11292. , Jose Maria de la, b. (1801) ; leader, 6061, 6072; d., 6063. , Juana Inez de la, b.-d., 10951 . Crypteia, Gr., formed, 10143. Cserhalom, battle of, Aust., 5021 . Csokonai, Vitez Mihalv, b.,5163; d.,5192. Csomade Koros, Sandor, b.,5163; d., 5203. Ctesiphon, plans, erects Temple of Diana, 10162, 11461. , Asia, seized, burned, 10641 ; con- quered, 11061. Cuadra, Antonio Vasquez de la, gov. Costa Rica, 6302. Cuba, see Text, pp. 631-635, Columbus , reaches, 122; visited, 142; tobacco known, 151 ; Columbus signs document, 143; cir- cumnavigated, 163 ; conquered, 161 , 173; Baracoa settled ; Havana settled, 173 ; negroes for, 212; De Soto gov., 213; Ha- yana, capital, 23 2 ; Indians gone, 231 ; Eng. colonists attack, 641; Havana re- stored, 733 ; cyclone, 76 1 ; port opened, 773 ; U. S. offers to buy, 1652; Lopez in- vades, 1063; and defeated, 168' ; he again lands, 1691 ; filibusters denounced, 6331 ; Ostend Manifesto, 177' ; bill to purchase, in Cong., 185 2 ; Thomas Jordan, filibuster, lands, 266 3 ; massacre of Americans, 2833 ; insurrection ended, 11322 ; slavery pro- hibited, 11323 ; commercial duties with Am., 4631, 6333; colonies eel.. 3702; Reci- procity Treaty, U. S., 377' ; U. S. claims for duties, 4631, 11333; for independence, 11332 ; partial home rule granted, 11333. (See Havana.) Cuban League find, in U. S., 6332. Cubitt, Sir Wm., b., 9223 ; invents tread- mill, 9381 ; Lord mayor, 9652; d., 9642. Cuckoo and X'ujhtinaalc, issued, 8603. Cudahy, John, pork conspiracy, 416 3 . Cuddalore mission, 10472. Cudden, Dr., drowned, 8322. Cud-worth, Ralph, b., 890' ; works, 8943, 9091 ;d., 8982. Cuenca, Sp., taken, 11321. Cuesta, Gregorio Garcia, Gen., b. (1740) ; at Talavera, 7181 ; d. (1812). Cueva, Fernando de la, gov. C. R., 6301 . Cuffee, Paul, b. (1759) ; d., 1262. Cujas, Jacques, 1... 6SU3; d., 6842. Culberson, David B., b., 1381. Culbertson, Chas. A., nom for gov., 4692. , Matthew Simpson, b. (1818) ; d., 6202. Cullen, Scot., action at, 8461 . , King, murdered, 8463. , Paul, b., 9323 ; cons, archbp., 9562 ; d., 9S22. , William, b., 9043; d., 9243. Cullman, Ala., fire, 4533. Culloden, Scot., battle of, 9101 . Cullom, Shelby Moore, b., 1362 ; speech, 4372. Cullum, Geo. W., b. (1809) ; Sanitary Com- missioner, 1971 ; will, 4023; d., 4021 , Culpepper, Va., Lee's army at, 2222 ; ac- tion, 2263; winter quartets, 2283; Grant's headquarters, 2303. John, Pres. N. C, 473. , Lord Thomas, land grant, 39 2 ; gov. Va., 453, 472, 3; in y a ., 453; d., 582. Cultivation of Oysters Act, G. B., 9693. Cimiacho, Gen., defeated, 5513. Cumffi. (See Naples.) Cumans, defeated, 5021 . Cumberland, sunk, 2043. purchased, 6061 . Cumberland, Eng., fief to Malcolm, 8453; strike, 1001 1 ; works close, 10073. Ford, Ky., occupied, 1982. - — Gap, Term., works seized, 2091 ; Con- feds, defeated, 2123; evacuated, 2132. , Va., Confeds. defeated, 2262. Islands discovered, 5712. , Md., Confeds. defeated, 237' ; miners strike, 4622. Mountains, Confeds. defeated, 2051 . , R. I., cold-cut nails, 891 . Stage, N. V., Fr., flag at, 11032. , W. Va., Federals captured, 2422. , Duke of, marries, 6422. , Richard, phil., b., 8822 ; a., g 62. , dramatist, b., 9082; d., 9351 . , William Augustus, Duke of, b., 9062; Capt. -gen., 9101; Royalist commander, 9101 ; d. (1765) ; statue, 9181 . , Army of, moves southward, 2261 ; Gen. Thomas commands, 2322. and Oxford Canal completed, 1373. Univ. org., Term., 1551 , , Vise, of, title created, 9252. Cuming, T. B., gov., 1772. dimming, Alfred, b. (1802±) ; gov., 1832 peace est., 1841; resigns, 1971; d. (1873) , Ronaleyn Geo. Gordon, b. (1820) Hunter's Life, 9563; d. (1866). Cummings, Alex., gov. Colo., 2511. , Amos Jay, b., 1522. , Arthur, intro. curve pitching, 2693. , Thomas Seir.b. (1804); in Nat. Acad, of Design, 1341 . Cummins, Geo. David, b., 1301 ; cons. bp. 2542; presiding bp., 2822; deposed, 2842; d., 2921. , Maria S., b., 1342; d., 2541. Cummiskey, M. T. G., defaulter, 4071 . Cumoona surrenders, 10461 . Cunagheen, Ire., R. R. collision, 9833. Canard, Samuel, Sir, b.,9242; linesteamers est., 1533; d., 9681 Cunaxa, Asia, action at, 10221. Cundell, Wm., beheaded, 9352. Cufiha, Tristan da, in Mozambique, 11111 . Cunningham, Allan, b., 9223; .Poems,9352; d., 9502. , , botanist, 4941 . , George, killed, 4222. €unn-Dahl. Text Figures denote Page, IN DiL2\.. Superior Figures indicate Colun 1231 'Cunningham, Haines W., ed. of Press, 3471 . , Thomas, d., 3341 . , Capt., at Sturgeon, 2141 . , Mrs., trial in N. Y., 1S03. Curaco, bombards Samoa, 10121. Cura'coa, W. I., surrendered, 9321 . Curaudau, Francois Ken.', b., 7031 ;d.,720 3 . Curbellis, William de, archbp., 8483. Curei, Carlo Maria, b., 10851 ; works ; d., loaoi . Curfew, sinks in Suez Canal, 6613. Curfew bell rings, Eng., 8491 . Curiatii, champions, 10501. Curieuse Blbliothek, issued, 7991. Curio, Caius Soribouius, in Sicily ; in Afr., defeated by Juba, k., 10601 . Curius Dentatus Manlius against Sam- nites, 10522. Curley, Daniel, convicted ; executed, 991 1 ; Curr, John, iron railway, 920 2 . Curran, J. J., solicitor gen., Can., 595 2 . , John Philpot, b., 9122; in duel, 9252; d., 9382. Currency, Am.,tobacco,302; wampum, 313, 413;hullcrs.::") 2 ; province bills ; inflated, 591 ; issue prohibited, 59 3 ; hemp and flax, 611; tobacco, 632; paper depreciated, 861, 933, issue restrained, 65 3 , paper redeemed, 672; inConn.,79 3 ; scarce, 91 3 ; Wild Cat Banks, 1413; contracted by " Specie circular," 147 2 ; specie payment suspended, 2032; postage stamps, 2113; C. Bureau opd.,2352; vast paper in 1865, 2492; contraction begun, 2493, 2511; Schenck Bill, reduction forbidden, 259 2 ; reduction prohib., 2611 ; "Greenback" agitation, 2652 ; provision against con- traction, 379 2 ; silver dollar unminted ; trade dollar coined, 281 2 ; expansion bill passes, 285 2 ; legal-tenderf orbidden, 299 2 ; no premium, 4373; taxes in, 4411 ; imita- tion unindicted,4752; imitators arrested, 4703; Carlisle C.Bill substituted; reform, debate, 4793; depreciated, Argen., 4913; issue, 4922 ; copper money, Ecu., 6443 ; nationalization of silver, Fr.,765 3 ; con- ven. in Ger., 8211 ; uniform, G. B., 9432; gold standard, Rumania, 11132 ; silver roubles, coinage suspended, Rus., 11231. ■ Current Island, fisheries fail, 5893. Curribert, king of Italy, 10731 . Currie, James, b., 9143 ; hydropathy re- vived, 9282; d.,9323. Currier, Moody, gov. N. BL, 3233. Curry, Daniel, b., 1161 ; d. (1887). ., Geo. Law, b. (1820) ; gov. Ore., 1743 ; d. (1878). , Jabez Lamar Monroe, b., 1322, Cursor Mundi, issued, 8563. Cursus, asteroid, discovered, 9061 . Curthose, Robt , builds Newcastle, 8481 . •Curtin, Andrew Gregg, b. (1817) ; prepares for war, 1952; gov. Pa., 2032; calls for men, 2131,2223; d.,4721. Curtis, Alfred A., b. (1S33I ; cons, bp.,3242. , Benj. K., b., 116i ; justice, 1692 ; i n impeachment trial, 2612,3; d., 2861 . — -, Charles M., b., 1861 . , Edwin U., mayor Boston, 4772. , George Ticknor, b. (1812); d., 4541 . , Win., b. 1321 ; works, 1703, 1731 , 180 2 ,396 2 ; Civil Service Commissioner, 2732, 2751 ; pres. of Civil Service Reform, 3472,3703; chancellor of Regents, 3522; presides at Convocation, 3862; d., 4141 , , James L., vote for pres., 3312. , Harvey, shoots Philip Moran, 4623. , M. B., acquitted, 4362. , Newton Martin, b., 1442 ; appeals, 3112. , Samuel E., b. (1S07±) ; on Com. of 33, 1891 ; commands in Mo., 2021 ; a t p e a Ridge, 2042 ; at Little Rock, 2091 ; at Helena, 2121 ; rules Dept. of Mo., 2132; relieved, 2222; at Mine Creek; at Little Blue, 2391 ; carries Fort Fisher, 2421 ■ d. (1866). , Wni. E., in treas. dept., 4472 ; d., 3041 , Curtls's Botanical Magazine, issued, 9251 . Curtius, Georg, b., 8122; d., 8302. , Rufus Quintus, b., 10622; Alexander the Great, 10623. , Ernst, b., 8102; works, 8163. , Marcus, b., 10531 . Curule officers, age proscribed, 10553. Curupaiti, Brazil, attack on, 5561 . Cururuyuqui, Bolivia, battle at, 550 2 . Curwen, John, b. (1816); tonic sol-fa sys- tem, 9521; d. (1880). Cusack, Thos., mayor, 8613. Cushlnf/, lirst topedo boat, 3521 ; specd,360 2 . Cushing, Caleb, b. (1800) ; China treaty, 1592, 6192; atty.-gen., 1732; conciliator, 1892; d., 3001. , Thomas, b., 602; d., 1001. , Wm., b., 621 ; justice 1012; d. (1810). , Lieut. W. B., b. (1842±); blows up Al- bemarle, 2391; d., 2861. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, b. 1242; in Boston, 1441 ; in N. Y., 1481 ; d., 2902. , Pauline, sentenced, 225 3 . , Robert, b. (1580); d., 301 . , Thos., b. (160S); elder, 382; d. (1691). Cuspius Fadus, procurator, 11533. Custer, Geo. Armstrong, b., 150 2 ; near Waynesboro, 2422; ;L t Appomattox Sta- tion, 2452 ; against Indians, 2561 , 2641 , 2841, 2921; d., 2921. Custine, Cointe de, Adam Philippe, b., 7002 ; conquests 7081 ; guillotined, 7093. Custis, Martha, marrics^YVashiiigton, 712. Custom-House, Eng., est., 9173. Customs Adminisl ration Bill, U.S., passes, 3591 ; C. Bureau Bill, U.S. ,4531 ; c.and In- land Revenue Bill, G. B., 10033 ; C. and Internal Revenue Bill, 9992 ;t nun Ls.Eng., 9092;C. League, fmd., Ger., 8353; C. Pari., first, Ger., 8253 ; C. Union, Pan-Am. Cong. 3613 ; C. Unions est., Ger., 8153. Custozza, battle at, 816 1; 8241. Cutemi, Prince, k., 9 2 . Cuthah, colony planted, 11453. Cuthbert, Capt., in duel, 9271 . , St., archbp. Canterbury, 8431 ; d.,8421 . Cuthbertson, Rev,, in Pa., 691 . Cuthing, A. K., libel, 10972. Cutler, Nathan, gov. Me., 1373. , Timothy, b. (1684) ; rector Yale, 583 ; d. (1765). Cutlery, table, mnf. in Am., 1421 . Cuttae'k, India, Bapt. Coll. fmd., 1421. Cutter, Gen., near Mattapony River, 2103. , Geo. W., b. (1814) ; d., 2482. Cutting, Francis Brockholst, b. (1805) ; d., 2702. Cutts, John, gov. N. H., 473. Cuvier, Baron, Georges Chretien Leopold Frederic Dagobert, b., 7042; anatomical classification, 7123 ; anatomy, 7142 ; pe- riods of life, works, 7191 , 7221 ; d., 7262. , Fredenc, b., 7043; d., 7281 . Cuyaba, Borneo, gold-mines, 5523. Cuyler, Cornelius C, b. (1783) ; pres. Re- formed synod, 1343, 1351 ; d. (1850). , Theo. Ledyard, b. (1822) ; Total Absti- nence, 2771 ; retires, 3562; president Nat. Temperance Soc, 3831. Cuza, Alex., John, pr. of Roumania, 11123. Cuzco, Peru, besieged, 20 2 ; monastery, 203; earthquake, 6281 ; Univ. fnd., 11083. Cyane captured, 1231 ; bombards San Juan de Nicaragua, 1741 ; bombards Grey town, 1773. Cyaxares, attacks Nineveh, 11442; in Me- dia, 1145 3 ; captures Nineveh, 11461 . II. (Darius), reigns, 11472; d., 11462. Cyclists, cong. of, 9943; Touring Club, fnd., 9843. Cyclopedia written, Arabia, 4862. Cyclops launched, 9741 ; Cygni, distance from earth, 8141 , Cylinder carding machine invented, 9161 , Cylon seizes Acropolis; executed, 10171 . Cymry, war against, 8421 , Cynewulf, works, 843 1 . Cynics school founded, 10231. Cynoscephabe, Pelopidas, slain at, 10223 ; battle of, 10262. Cynossema, action near, 1020 3 . Cynric, in Eng., 7693; conquers Berkshire, 8401 ; fnds. Wessex, 8413. Cynthia, in collision, 5873. C'vnthiana, Kv., attack on, 2101 ; Federals defeat, 2342; meteor falls, 2941 . Cyprian, bp. of Carthage, 10662; d., 11391 . , Thascius Ca-cilius, d., 10662. Cyprus, granted to Cleopatra, 11512; bat- tle of Salamis, 10261 ; war with Egy., 6502; Egv. loses, 0513; Ptolemy holds, 6531; a kingdom, 6532; taken, ('542, (1552; Cato in, 10593; ceded to Eng., 9S51 ; Gre- cians rule, 1015 3 ; conquers Gr. cities, 10172; surrendered, 10212; Jews revolt, 11533; taken, 10313, 10321, 10341; seized by Arabs, 11541 ; Gr. reigns, 10153; sugar- cane, intro., 11551 ; Or. loses. 1033 3 ; given toGuy del. usigmm, 11553; Order of Sword est., 11551 ; taken by Venetians, 1078 1 , 10793,11572; conquered, 11572; taken by . Turks, 10801 , H561 ; insurrection, 11573; massacre, 10342; Gr. revolt, 11562; orna- ments disc, 11581 . Cyrene, asteroid discovered, 2801 . Cyrene, given to Euergetes, 6521; fnd., 10153 ; massacre, 10651 ; granted to Cleo- patra, 11512. Cvrenius, levies taxes, 11513. Cyril, b.-d., 6542; bp. of Alexandria, 6543; of Jerusalem deposed, restored, 10683; Sermons, 1113 2 . , St., miss, to Slavs ; to Moravians, 5022; adopts Gr. alphabet, 5023; preaches Christianity, 11131. Cvropediiun, "action at, 11481. Cyrus the Great, b.-d., 11002; reigns, 11071 , 1147 2 ; conquers Asia M., takes Babylon, 11061; aids Temple, 11462, 11463; con- quests, 11461; in Media; in Phenicia, 11472; k., 11061. the Younger, revolts, 10221 ; d., 11062. Czajkowski, Michael, b., 11162. ( ';.«»', wrecked, 9633. Czarewitch, attacked in Japan, 10923. Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, b., 1116 2 ; d., 11182. Czaslau, Boh., Austrians defeated, 5142. Czechic literature, golden age, 5083. Czechs, in Hung., 5031; in Moravia, 5032; uprising, 5231; emperor, king of; sep- arate govt., 527 3 ; reconciled to Ger., 5331 ; oppose Ger., 5362; in Landtag, 5371. Czeruiak, Johann Nepomuk, b., 5202; d., 5282. Czernowitz, Univ. est., 5131 , 5283. Czerny, Geo., b. (1766); expels Turks ; est. government ; killed, 1123 2 . , Karl, b., 5191 ; d., 5242. Czuczor, Gergely, b., 5191 ; d., 5262. Dabentone, Jean, d., 6742. Dablon, Claude, b. (1618) ; missionary, 401 , 442,3 ; d. (1697). Dabney, Chas. W., Jr., in agri. dept., 4473. Dabnev's Mills, Ya., Confeds. retire, 2421. Daboll', Nathan, b., 662, 1262. , William S., d., 4141 . Dacca, Bengal mission, 10463. Dacia, conquered by Romans, 5023; Rom. province, 7691 f 1065 1 ; sacrificed by Rome, 10293; Goths in, 10652; Romans trans- ported, 10672; abandoned, 7692; war in Translyvania, 10641. Tiacia Lileraria, issued, 11133. Daeians, revolt, 7691 . Dacier, Andre, b., 6002; d., G982, Da Costa, Isaak, b.-d., 11021. Dacre, Baron. (See Crosbie, Thomas.) Dacres, Capt., surrenders Guerriere, 1181; commands Tiber, 1231 . D. Adam*, confiscated, 589 2 . Dade, Francis Langhorne, in Seminole In- dian war, 1531 ; killed (1835). Dasdalus, myth, 10132. Da'gsastan, battle at, S421 . Dael, Jan Franz Van, b., 5422; d., 5442. Daendels, Hermann Willem, b. (1762); commander, 551 2 ; d. (1818). Dagger scene in H. C, 9272. Daggett, David, b., 741 ; d., 1682. , Naphtali, b. (1727); pres. Yale Coll., 743; d. (1780). D'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George Seroux, b., 6983; d., 7211. Dagobert I., b. (602); patronizes clergy; builds St.. Denis, 6642; mistresses, 6551 ; king, 6652; d. (638). II., king, 7712; d. (679). III., king, 6653; d. (715). Dagoli, action at, 22. Dagon, falls, 11422. Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, b., 7062; invents diorama, 7241 ; invents daguerre- otype, 7222, 7281 ; d., 7302. Daguerreotypes, made in America, 1521 , D'Aguesseau. (See Aguesseau.) Dalil, Vladimir Ivanovitch, b., 11162; d., 11182. Dablbom, Anders Gustaf, b.-d., 11361. Dahlgren, John Adolf, b., 1161 ; at Freder- icksburg, 2151; at Charleston, 2242; at Ft. Wagner, 2251 ; at Ft. Sumter, 2261 ; at Ft. Wagner, 2262; ,1., 2702 ,'Ka'rT Johaii, h!-d!', 11342. -, Ulric, b. (1842) ; d., 2312, 1232 Text Figures denote Page. IND.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Dahl-Dari. Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph, b., 8042 ; works, 815', 2, 8163; d., S202. Dahlonega, Ga., branch mint, est., 145 2 . Dalln, Felix, b. (1834) ; works, 8203, 829' , 8342; poems, 8203. Dahomey, W. Africa, first visited, 1161' ; under Port. ,1101 2 ; natives repulsed,762 ' . (See text p. 1161.) Dailbo, launched, 10882. Daille, Jean, b., 6842; d., 6922. Dain, Olivier le, b.-d., 6762. Daireaux, M., Life on La Plata, 755 3 . Dairymen, convention in Can., 5863. Dakin, Thos., L. mayor of London, 975 3 . Dakka, Afghan. Baker, occupies, 61. Dakoof, mission, 657' . Dalayrac, Nicolas, b., 701' ; d., 719' . Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von, b., 8003; grant of Frankfort, 8092; Duke of Hesse, 811'; d., 812'. Dale, Richard, b., 71' ; d., 134' . , Sir Thomas, b. (1619); enforces ortho- doxy, 28 2 ; inVa., 29' ; gov.; resigns, 29 2 ; d.,282. Dalechamps, Jacques, b., 6802; d., 6842. D'Alembert. (See Alembert.) D'Alencon. (See Alencon.) Dales, John B., moderator, 260 2 . , W., lynched, 3803. Dalga run. George, b., 882' ; d., 8962. Dalholl', Theodore, eons, bp., 10082. Dalhousie, founders, 9593. , wrecked, 9673. , E. of, title created, 883' . , Marquis of. (See Ramsey, James.) , College, corner-stone, 5783. Dalimil, Rhvmiug ( 'hrnnicler of Boh. ,5043. Dalin, Olaus von, b. (170S) ; works, 1135' ; d. (1763). Dallas, Ga., action at, 233' ; Sherman near, 2332. , Tex., Buckner Orphans' Homefnd., 269' ; Walton absconds, 3523; Tom James killed, 3543; tire, 3X93; E. M. Tate shot, 3912; archbishopric created, 416' ; Capt. Vial shot, 417' ; hurricane, 448' . , Alex. James, b., 722; d., 126' . , George Mifflin, b., 1022; nom., 1572; vice-president, 1592; d„ 241'. , Isabella. (See Glyn.) Dalles, Ore., Indian mission, 1483, 163' ; robbery, 473' . Dalmatia, taken by ( Vdoman, 502' ; Roman province, 5023; eeded.5192; insurrection, 529 ',531 2; disturbances, 550' ; coast, ship capsizes, 5353; i; r . i ose , 10332; acquired, 10712,10733; captured, 10741,10773. Dalong, Pierre Louis, steam experiments, 7222. Dalrvmple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, b., 9063; d., 9262. , James, b., 8S0' ; d., 9002. , John, B. of Stair, b. (1673) ; at Dettingen, 700' ; commander-in-chief, 910'; d. (1747). Dalston, Eng., Ger. Hospital, fnd., 953' . Dalton.'Ga., Johnston at, 2322; Confeds. evacuate, 233' ; Confeds. defeated, 2372; Federals surrender, 2383. , O., tornado, 450' ; fire, 4713. , John, b., 9163; works, 927', 9322; d., , - — Call, b., 1322; a., 334' . Daly, Fenian leader, killed, 9703. , Augustin.b., 1482; theater, 268' . , Sir Dominick, gov. Australia, 4972, 5792; d.,4993. , M. B., lieut.-gov., N. S., 5912. , Thos. M. .minister Can., 5952, 5963. Dalzell, John, b., 158' . Dalziel, Gen., defeats Covenanters, 892' . Dam, Rip van, gov., N. Y., 632. Damad Ali, defeated, 514' . Daman, Christian, b., 798 3 . Damaraland, missionaries, 5982; a Ger- man dependency, 11613. Damas, Francois Etienne, b., 703' ; d., 7243. Damascene, John, b.-d., 11542. Damascenus, Nicolaus, h., 10282. Damascius, philosopher, b., 1030 3 . Damascus, city, 11413; taken, 1142' , 1154' , 10242; annexed to Israel, capital, 11433 ; captured, 1144' , 1155' ; recovered, 1145' ; given to Greeks, 11473; separate king- dom, divided, 1150 3 ; annexed to Rome, 1151' ; emirs revolt, 1032' ; destroyed by Tamerlane, 11542; mosque erected, 1154' ; emirs revolt; taken by Turks, 11552; royal residence, 4X52; Saracens capture, 484'; mission, 1157'; massacre, 11582; persecutors executed, 1159'. Damastes of Sigeum, history of Gr.,1031' . Damasus, St., pope, 10663. II., pope, 10731 ; wears papal cap, 10742. Darner, Lionel S. W. Dawson, Earl of Por- tarlington ; d., 10082. Damiani, Pietro, b.-d., 10722. Damianics, Janos, b., 519' ; at Szolnok, 5222; d. (1849). Damien, Father, b. (1840) ; d., 10412; monu- ment, 5493. Damiens, Robt. Francois, b., 696 3 ; at- tempted regicide, 7033; trial; punished, 7033; d. (1757). Damietta, Egv., captured, 654' , 6561 ; chol- era, 6593; restored to Turks, 6721. Daminhoor, mission, 6571 . Damiron, Jean P., b., 7102; works, 7261, 7292; d., 7342. Damjanies, Janos. (See Damianics.) Damm, Chris. Tobias, b. (1699) ; d., 8042. Damnnnii, descent of, S393. Damont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste, d., 7541. Damnphilus decorates temples, 10502. Dainpier, Win., b., SSX2; explorer, 4932; sacks Leou, Nic, 11031 ; d., 9042. Dampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri Marie Picot, b., 7022; d., 7082. Damreinont. (See Danremont.) Damroseh, Walter J., b., 8202. Dan I. defeats Babylonians, 1140' . Dana, Chas. Anderson, b., 12S' : Am. Cy- clopedia, 2S23; minister to Eng., ap- pointment rejected, 2913. , Francis, b'., 64 2; minis! or, 933 ; d., 1162. , James Dwight, b., 121' ; works, 1843, 2272, 2803. , John Winchester, b. (1808); gov. Me., 1633; d. (1867). , Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh, b., 130' ; occupies Brazos, Santiago, and Brownsville, 2161,227'; 2281. , Nathan, d., 1442. , Richard Henry, b., 981 ; works, 1311 , 1351; d.,3002. , Jr., b., 1242; 1523; d. (1882). , Samuel Luther, b., lOGi ; d., 2602. — — , T., bank swindler, 3943. , William Parsons, b. (1833) ; National Acad. Design, 2291. , William Star, Wild Flowers, 4462. Danse, asteroid, discovered, 7321. Danaus, arrives ; king, dethroned, 10132,3. Danbury, Conn., raided, 862; fire, 3533; re- lief fund, 4443 ; strike, 4502. Danby, Francis, h., 92i;2; d., 9642. Dance, Polka, in N. Y., 1571 . Dancing, intro. in Eng., 8681. Dnnekers in New York, 463. Dancourt (Florent Carton), b., 6902 ; works, 6951,2; d., 6982. Dandolo, launched, 10892. , Enrico, b.-d., 10742. , Vincenzo, count, b., 10842; d., 10862. Dandridge, Tenn., Fed. defeat near, 230' . Dane, Nathan, b. (1752); draws up ordi- nance, 992; d. (1835). Danegelt abolished, 8473 ; revived, 8491. Danenhower, John Wilson, b., 1661 ; d. (1887). Danes, terrorize nations, 6352; invade Gt. Brit., 8441; wa r with, 770', 7722; de- feated, 7721 ; in Rus., 11132; invade Sp., 11261; emigrate to Eng., 6352; in East Anglia, 845 2 ; destroy schools, 8443; Christianized, 8443; invade Fr.; attack It., 6351; last invasions, 8461; rebel, 7741 ; treaty with Normandy ; paid to depart, 8471,2; masters of Eng., 8472; dynasty, ends in Eng., 6352; tribute from Eng., 6353; in Ger., 6351 ; demand toll, 6372; lose territory, 7803; recover territory, 11352; expelled from Aust., 7961 ; est. East India Co., 6373; settle at Tranque- bar, 10443; defeated, 11341 ; Wallenstein scatters, 6361 ; mission work, 10443; fleet surrenders, 6381,6393; possessions pur- chased, 10473; subscription for, 16411; driven from Prus., 5261 ; political pro- ject, 8211. D'Anethan, Baron. (See Anethan.) Danewerk, Den., Austrians advance, 5261 ; defeat at, 6401 ; defended, abandoned, 6402 ; battle at, 8161 . Danforth, Thos., b. (1622); gov., Mass., 513; d. (1699). Dangan, D. R. pres. conven., 3142. Dang'-rlield, Lord, imprisoned, 8952. Danham, Sir John, d., 8922. Danican, Francois Andre, b., 6982; works, 7053; d., 7102. Daniel, written, 671'. , captive, prophesies, rules, 11462 ; in lions' den ; interprets dreams, 11463. , Alexandroviteh, reigns, 11152. , Anthony, b. (1601); in Can., 302; joins Hurons, 341; killed, 382, 5723. , Gabriel, b., 6883; F r , t 6972; d., 6982. , Hermann Adalbert, b., 8102; d., 828'. .John W., b., 1542; oration, 3201; speech, 439' ; defense, 451 3 . , Peter Vivian, b., 962; justice U. S. 3. Ct., 1552; d. (1860). , Robert.gov. N. C, 572, 592. , Sam., b.,872';works, 877', 8772, 8783; poet laureate, pensioned, 8803; d., 8801 . , Wm., b. (1806) ; nominated for vice- president, 3173; d. (1873). Daniell, John Frederick, b.,9243; pyrom- eter, 9401 ; d., 9522. , Thomas, b., 9122 ; d. (1840). , William, b., 9182 ; d., 9482. Daniels, Charles, b., 1341 ; speech, 4382. Danllo I. rules, 10972. Danish affairs, conference on, 6413. , Church org. in America, 2S02. , Language Society fnd., 638 3 . Missionary Society find., 6383; mis- sions, 6403, 6421. Danmark, rescued by Missouri, 3393; sinks, 6423. Dann, Edward S., defaulter, 4083. Dannecker, Johann H., h., 8023; d., 816'. D'Annibile, G. (See Annibile.) Danremont, Chas. Marie Denis, k., 83. Dansk Maandesskrift, issued, 6403. Danske Meraci/nx, issued, 6371. Dantan, Jean Pierre, b., 7142; d., 7382. Dantas, Manuel Pinto de Souza, b. (1825) ; policy supported, resigns, 5572. Dante Alighieri. b.-d., 107IJ2: works, 7063, 1077' ; statue, 10882. Danton, George Jacques, b., 7023; leader of Cordeliers, 7071 ; guillntined,7r03,71H. Dantoo mission, 10471 . Dantz, Johann A., b., 7963 ; d., 8002. Dantzic, fnd., 773 3 ; captured, 7162; free, 7172; allies possess, 7212; ruled by Teu- tonic Knights, 7831 ; ceded to Poland, 7S72; taken, 8001 , 8101 ; battle, 8081 ; re- taken, 8101 ; inundated, 8141 ; riots, 8362; Dantzy, Edward, deputy, 8631 . Danube, sealer. arrives, v 5933. Danube, fleeton, 5122; navigation of, 5213; rocks removed, 5253; inundation, 5262; new channel, 5273, 5293 ; frozen, 5302; overflows, 534 1 , 2; 5342; passage of, 5651. Danubian provinces, troops recalled, 524' ; occupied. 525 ; conference on, 7351 . Danvers, ill., natural gas dis., 4021. , Mass., Whittier's birthday eel., 373'. Danville, la., 5251 ; Bapt. Church org., 1442. Junction, 111., non-unionist shot, 4662. , Ky., Center Coll. org., 1271; Theo- logical Seminary est., 1731 . , N. C, J. Davis's address, 2453. , Va., race riot, 3151 . , Vt., library gift, 3443. Daphne, launched, 9913. , asteroid, discovered, 732'. , produced, 7943. Da Ponte, Lorenzo, b., 10842; d., 10862. Daran, Jacques, b., 6942, 706'. Daras taken, 10302. D'Arblay, Mme. (Frances Burney). See Arblay. Darboy, Georges, b.,7203; arrested, exe- cuted, 7443 ; d., 746' ; assassins con- demned, 7463. Darby, Abraham, bridge builder, 9202. Darbytown Road, Va., action on, 2383. Darcare sentenced, 7623. Darcet, Jean, b., 6982; d., 7143. Darcey, John S., b. (1788) ; d., 2272. Darey, Lord, executed, 868' . D' Arcy, Sir John, gov. Ire., 8573. , Sir Roger, gov. Ire., 8592. Dardanelles, fortified, 1156' ; closed, 11573; Brit, fleets sail for, 9592, enter, 1118' . , Ark., Price crosses at, 238' . Dare, Virginia, b., 25 3 . Dar-es-Salaam attacked, 838' , 2. Darien, Colombia, dis., 163 ; company to colonize, 533 ; Scotch colony est. ; sur- renders to Spain, 6283. Bari-Davo. Text Figures denote Page. I N.L).tLf.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1233 Darien, Ga., Feds, destroy, 2223. , Gulf of, explored, 1623. Daries, Joachim G., b., 7983; d., 8043. Darius I., reigns, 11472; subdues revolt in Babylonia, 1037*, 11461; crosses Bos- porus, 114G 1 ; fleet destroyed, 10161 ; con- quers Milesians ; sends heralds to Gr., 10173 ; takes Babylon, 11472 ; d., 11062. — — II., deposes Sogdianus ; reigns, 1107' ; rules Palestine, 11473. III., Codomanus reigns, 11473; de- feated at Issus, 10242; enthroned, 1107'; dethroned; murdered, 10242, 11073. , reigns over Pontus, 1151' . Darjiling mission, 10483. Dark Ages, period of, 663' . Day in New England, 93' . Darkness, phenomena, Can., 5762. remarkable, in Eng., 894' . D' Arlanges, Marshall. (See Arlanges.) Darley, Felix Octavius Carr, b., 130'; d., 3282. Darling, Australia, floods, 500' . , Sir Charles, gov. Austral., 4973. , Grace, b., 9363; saves lives, 9493; d., 9502. — , Henry, b. (1824) ; moderator, 3082; d., , Sir Kalph, gov. Austral., 495' , 4952. - — , Lady, gift to, 4973; objections, 4983. Darlington, Eug., strike, 9883. , William, b., 95' ; d. (1863). Darmeister, James, d., 766' . Darmstadt, Ger., Prussians occupy, 526' ; Polytechnic schools est., 815'. Darnford, Capt., at Mobile, 91' . Darnley, E. of, title created, 9072. , Henry Stuart, Lord, b., S70' ; mur- ders Rizzio, 873'; married, killed, 8733. Darrah, Lydia, informs Washington, 88' . D' Arras, Gautier. (See Arras.) D' Arrest, H. L. (See Arrest.) D' Artaguette. (See Artaguette.) Dartford, Eng., first paper-mills, 8742. Dartmoor, Eng., Am. prisoners k., 123'; taken, 886' ; riot, 9372. Dartmouth, Can., Davis sails, 5702; drown- ing disaster, 5913. Dartmouth, cargo of tea, 782. , E. of, title created, 903' . , Earls of. (See Legge.) N. H., Coll. fnd.. 763; Coll. of Agri- culture and Mechanics est., 2623; Win. J. Tucker, president, 4022, 4<»1 ; Butter- field collection, 426' . D'Artois, Comte. (See Artois.) Dartrey, Earl of, title created, 965' . Daru, Napoleon, Comte, b. (1807) ; minister, resigns, 7392; d., 7582. , Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno, Comte, b., 703' ; d., 7243. Darvall, William, mayor New York, 47' . Darwin, Charles Robert, b., 9343; works, 9503, 962' , 2, 963' , 9763, 9882 ; d., 990' ; statue. 992' . , Erasmus, b., 90S 2 ; in Lunar Society, 9212; d. (1802). Dasent, Sir Georgi ■ Webbe, author, lawyer, b., 9402. Das Ibid, ihernisejir Jnhrl'uch., issued, -SOU' . Dashiel, Robert L., b., 134'. Dashkoff, Yekaterina Romanova, b.-d., 11143. Dat.han, mutinies against Moses, 11413. Dathe, Johann A., b., 8002; d., 8043. Datis commands at Marathon, 1018' . Daub, Karl, b., 8023 ; d., 8143. Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie, b., 697'; Anatomy, 7002 ; d., 7142. Dauheny,' Charles Giles Bridle, b., 9263 ; d.,970'. , James, d., 10102. D'Aubigne, T. Agrippa. (See Aubigne\) Danbigny.Chas. Fr:iiH;ois,b.,7222; d.,7502. D'Aubry, Gen. (See Aubry.) Daudet, Alphonse, b. (1840) ; works, 7383, 7482, 7503, 7542. , Leon, Les Morticoles, 766 2 . Daudin, Francois .Marie, b., 7043; d., 715' . Daughter of Joints, painted, 820' . Daughters' College. Ivy., fnd., 1802. Daughters of Liberty org., 93 2 ; at Water- bury, Conn., 3903 ; Nat. Council, 469' . of the Revolution, Am., org., 93 3 , 3662 ; plant liberty tree, 4573. Daujoutin, Fr., stormed, 743'. D'Aulnoy, Marie C. (See Aulnoy.) Daumas.Melchior Joseph Eugene, b., 7143 ; d., 746' . Daumer, Georg F., b., 8063 ; d., 8282. Dauiiiesnil, Pierre, b., 7043 ; d.,7262. Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria von, b., 5123; at Koiin,516' ; Fink surrenders to, 516 2 ; d., 5163. Daunou, Pierre C. F., h., 7023 ; d., 7282. Dauntless, loses race, 2713 ; wins ocean- race, defeated, 3293. Dauphin, H. Albert, minister, 755 3 . Dauphine, province, sold, 675' . Dautresme, Lucien, minister, 757' . D'Auvergne. (See Auvergne.) Dauvray, Helen, b., 184' . Davatsi subdued, 616' . Davenport, la., first house, 1413; incorp., 1712 ; Griswold Coll. org., 1843 ; Home for Children, 2192 ; R.C. diocese est., 3082. , 111., cyclone, 174' . , Edward L., b., 123' ; d., 296' . , Fanny Lily Cipsey, b., 166'. .Henry Ivailock, b. (1820) ; d.,278'. , Isaac, surety for Davis, 256 3 . , John, b. (1598) ; in Mass., 343; Puri- tan, 353 ; d., 442. , I., naturalization frauds, 409'. , Nicholas T., b. (1831) ; d., 2582. Female College N. C, fnd., 1823. Davenant, Sir William, b., 878' ; Gondibert, 8883 ; intro. operas, 896' ; d., 8922. Davey, Sir Horace, solicitor gen., 995'. , Robert C, b., 1722. David, K. of Israel, kills Goliath, 1142' ; a courtier in cave Adullam ; marriages, 1143' ; flees from Saul, 11432 ; defeats Amalekites, 11421 ; anointed king, 11432; takes Jerusalem, 11421 ; brings Ark to Ohed-Edom, 11432; house of cedar, 11422; conquers Ammonites, Syrians. Moabites, takes Damascus, 11421 ; sins, 11423 ; re- hellions against ; liees from Absalom, 11433 ; Psalms of, collected, 11423. 1., K. of Scot., 819 2; improves churches, 84S3 ; sole K. ; est. feudal barons, 8493 ; d. (1153). II., b. (1324) ; K. of Scot., &573 ; impris- oned, ransomed, 8592 ; d. (1371). II. in Armenia, 1155 3 . , Felicien Cfear, 7191 ; d., 7501 . , George, fanatic, d., 541'. , Horatio, Oath <>f tin- llaratii, 706' . , Jacques Louis, b., 7003; d., 7242. , Jerome, Baron, minister, 7393. , Pierre Jean, b., 7062 ; d., 7322. , Saint, d., 842'. David Croeheft, seized, 3693. David J. Attains, seized, 5852. Davidson, George, b., 9422. , John, works, 10103. , W., b. (1824) ; Hoc 11I surrenders to, 2463; d. (1881). , Lucretia M., b., 114= ; d., 1322. , Margaret Miller, b., 1302 ; d., 1482. , Randall T., cons, bp.,9862, 10062. , Robert, moderator, 1063. , Warner, comet, 5001 . , Wm., Lieut.-Col., b. (1786) ; k., 931 . College, N. C, org., 149' . Davie, Margaret, executed, 8692. Wm. Richardson, b. (1756) ; gov. N.C., 10:13 d.. 1282. , 1162. Daviel, Jacques, b., 6943; d., 7023. Davies, Chas., b., 108' ; d., 292'. , David, d., 1004' . , Enoch, shot, 471 ' . , Henry Eugene, b., 1402 ; d. (1881). , Sir John, b., 8722 ; d. (1626). , Samuel, b., 602 ; d., 723. , Thomas F., bp. of Mich., 3462. , Sergt., wins rifle prize, 1002' Daviess, Jos., Hamilton, h., 78' ; Davila, Enrico Caterino, b., 1081 10823. , Gil Gonzalez, explorer, 19'; founds Granada, 193 ; in Nicaragua, 1103'. Davis Mills, Miss., Confed. defeat, 2163. , And. Jackson, spiritualist, b., 134' . , A. J., at Murfreesboro, 217' . , Charles Augustus, b. (1795) ; d., 256' . , Henry, b. (1807) ; succeeds Foote, 207'; d., 294'. , Cushman Kellogg, b., 1482 ; gov. Minn., 2873 ; Pension Hill intro., 3483. , Daniel F., gov. Me., 30:13, 3052. , David, h., 1242 ; justice, 2173 ; pres- idential candidate, 2773 ; declines nom., 2791 ; vote, 2812; senator, 2951; pres. Senate, 3092 ; d.,3241. , Edmund J., gov. Tex., 2732, 2832. , Emerson, b. (1798) ; d., 252' . . G. S., Arctic Seas, 421 1 . , , W., commissioned major, 456' . , Henry G., in America's Cong., 3451. , Winter, b., 126'; on Committee of 33, 189'; d., 2501. , Jefferson, b., 1142 ; graduates, 1341 ; Black Hawk War, 1381 ; against Paw- nees, 142' ; resigns, marries, 145 2 ; be- gins in politics, 1572; in electoral coll., 1573; marries, 159'; Member of Cong., 1593 ; resigns, 1613 ; Col., charges Fort Teneria, 1601 ; idol of army, 1602; Gen. Taylor compliments, 162'; appointed senator, 1632 ; opposes Taylor, 1643 ; elected senator, 1652 ; against free Pa- cific coast, 167 2 ; in State R.gncs Party ; resigns senator-ship, 1692; 1,0m. gov. of Miss., defeated, 1692; Sec. War, 1732 ; sends expedition to Pacific, 1713; second term in Senate, 1831 ; Dem. leader, 187' ; proslavery resolutions, 187 2 ; speech on Union, 189' ; on Com. of 13, I892 ; justi- fies secession, 191 ' ; defends State sov- ereignty, 1912 ; pres. Confederacy, 1913, 1923; calls for troops, 192'; letters of marque, 194' ; calls for men, 1942; coun- teracting proclamation, 1943; lyt inaug- ural, 2d inaugural, threatens retaliation, 1973, 2152, 2163 2173 ; elected Pres. Con- federacy, 2012 ; inaugurated, 2053; proc- lamation against Butler, 2173 ; annual message; on Lincoln's emancipation, 2192 ; conscription proclamation, 2253 ; funding of the finances, 22y2; visits Hood's army. 23X2; message, 2^92 ; pro- claims fast day, 2423 ; appoints Peace Commissioners, 243' ; last message; ad- dress to Southerners ; flees from Rich- mond, 2453 ; council of war, 246' ; at Charlotte, N. G, 2462 ; changes route, 2463 ; captured, 24G3, 2473 ; at Fortress Monroe, 2472; Miss, petitions forpardon, 249'; trial deferred. 2492; indicted for treason, 253' ; admitted to bail, 2563 ; released on bail, 2573 ; in Can. ; returns to Richmond ; trial adjourned, 2592; am- nesty for treason case ; trial abandoned, 2653; seat in Senate occupied, 267' ; am- nesty granted, 2912; refused, 2913; ac- cepts gift, 303 2 ; Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 3083 ; ovation to, 3232 ; lays Confed. monument, 3222 ; d., 34S'; memory in the Southern So- ciety, 351'; birthday a legal holiday, 4082; entombed in Vs., 4313. , C, b. (1828); at Chapmansville, 1983; at Milford, Mo., 201'; at Pea Ridge, 2042; takes .Memphis, 2083; at Helena, 212'; Brig.-Gen., shoots Maj.- Gen. Nelson, 2133; at Rome, 233'; at Jonesboro,238' ; d. (1879). , John, b. (1530) ; explorer, 243 ; e x- plorer,57()2; in Labrador, 5712 ; d., 878'. , , Capt., plunders St. Augustine. 42'. , , b., 134' ; gov., Mass., 98' ; 1452 ; defeats Wilinot proviso, 161 2 ; d., 174'. , A., accounts short, 3543 ; par- doned, 397'. — , Sir Francis, b., 9263 ; Napier's assistant, supt. trade, 6172 ; minister, 6192; d., 1004'. , Lee, b. (1825) ; d., 3361 . , W., gov. R. I., 3293 ; again, 3751 . , Dr. J. W., killed, 4683. , , b. (1799); speaker, 1593; gov. Ore., 1772 ; d., 1842. , Mrs., gift to Johns Hopkins, 3702. , Noah, b., 1262. , N. S., pres, Medical Congress, 38S 2 . , Rebecca Harding, b. (ls40<.) ; works, 2011 , 26(13. ai43, 2803, 4203. , Reuben, b. (1813) ; on Committee of 33, 189'. , Thos. E., nom. for gov. W. Va., 4132. , Fred., b. (1804); bp., 1723; d. (1871). , measuring-angles ; invents quadrant, 8762. Davison, John R., judge adv. -gen., 989' . Davis's Strait discovered, 243. Davitt, Michael, b., 9522 ; for treason fel- ony, 975i; released, 983 1 ; forms Land League, 985 2 ; arrested, 987 ' ; released, 989'; elected M. P., election annulled, 9892 ; seditions speeches, 991' ; Dem. Labor Federation. 1005' ; w'ded, 10083. Davoust, Louis Nicolas, Pr. d'Eckinuhl, 1234 Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DiS-A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Davy-Dela. Due d'Auerstadt, b., 7042; at Auerstadt, 7161 ; at Eckmiihl, 718' ; invades Swe. Pomerania, 7182; i u Hamburg, 7201 • d., 7241. Davy, Sir Humphry, b., 9203; electroliza- tion; ice melted by friction, 9282; elec- tricity; gas, 9301 ; photographs produced, 930 2 ; electrolysis; galvanic current; sciences, 9322 ; magnesium obtained, 9343 ; voltaic arc, 9362 ; safety lamp, 9381 ; pres. Royal Soc, 9401 ; d., 9441 . Davys, George, elected bishop, 9523. Dawbarn, Dr., vertebral operation, 4441 . Dawes, James W., b. (1845) ; gov., 3152. , Nathaniel, cons, bishop, 10082. , William Rutter, b. (1709); dis. Saturn's inner ring, 9561 ; d. (1868). Dawison, Bogumil, b., 11163 ; d., 11182. Dawkins, Capt., court-martialed, 9801. Dawson, Col., at Ripley, 2181 ; at Trenton, 2182. -, Dr., B. Sea arbiter, 10073 ; sails, 5931 . , Henry Barton, b., 1301 . , John Littleton, b. (1813) ; declines governorship of Ivans., 1772 ; d., 2703. , Sir John William, b., 5781; works, 5803,5811,5823, 5843. , Lieut., leads expedition, 5611. , William, b. (1798) ; d., 1781 . Day, Benj. P., made (Japt., 3841 ; d., 3481 . , Francis, fouuds Madras, 8833 ; ex- plorer, 10451 . , Hannibal, b. (1S02±) ; d., 3801 . , Horace Hollister, b. (1813) ; d., 2982. , James R., chancellor ; Univ., 4421 . , Jeremiah, b., 781 ; pres. Tale, 1271 ; d., 2582. , Maurice Fitzgerald, elected bp.,9742. , Stephen, h., 878 2 ; types imported, 343 ; d., 8922. , Justice, on Parnell Oommis., 9992. " Days of June," Fr., 7312. Dayton, 0.,laid out, 105 3 ; G. A. R. meets, 3043 ; Farmer's linn,- est., 3063. , Capt., near Grafton, 1981. , Jonathan, b., 722 ; speaker, 1072,3 ; d., 1321. , Win. Lewis, b., 1141 ; nom. for viee- pres., 1803 ; electoral vote, 181 2 ; nom. pres., 1873; d., 2411. Daza, Hilarion, Gen., b. (1838) ; pres., 551 2 ; d. (1894). De Acha ends rebellion ; dictator, 5511 . Deacon, Edwin Parker, kills M. Abeille, divorce, 7623. Deaconess, conven., 3423 ; Inst, est., 9642. " Dead Rabbits " control New York, 1832. Deadwood, S. Dak., gold dis., 2841 ; laid out, 295 3 ; prohibition opposed, 3682. Deadv, Matthew P., d., 4261 . Deaf Mutes, Am. Asso. of, 3S02, 4102 ; Bell's gift, 3781. Deak, Francis, b., 519i ; leader, 5263; sus- tained, 5272 ; d., 5282 ; statue, 5302. Deal Beach, N. J., Windermere aground, 4033. Dean Richmond lost, 4413. Dean, Amos, b. (1803) ; d., 2601 . , Gilbert A., State senator ; d., 3952. , Henry, Lord-lieut., 8672; d. (1503). Deane, Charles, b. t 181.!) ; d., 3461 . , James, miss., b., 662 ; d., 1302. , , phys., b., 110i ; d., 1841 . , Samuel, b., 62 1 ; d., 123' . , Silas, b., 642 ; Commissioner, 83' ; in Fr., 833, 7053 ; recalled, 892 ; d., 100' . Dear, Private, wins rifle prize, 1002' . Dearborn, Henry, b., 683; sec. war., 1112; commands army, 118' ; in winter quar- ters, 118 2 ; Army of Center, 1201; takes Ft. George, 1202; d., 1362. Observatory fnd., 2171 . Dear Island occupied, 10943. Dease, Peter, explorations, 578'. Death penalty abolished in la., 2803, 301' ; Cal., optional, 2871 ; abolished in Me., 2923; restored in Me., 3151, abolished 3292 ; abolished Braz., 5552 ; abolished Eng., 9352, 9431, 9651, 9731; abolition bill rejected ; 9772, 9952 ; abolition pro- posed, 983 1, 9873. Dehate Soul awl Body appears, 1127'. Debeb defeated, 22; aims for power, 33. Debendra Nath Tangore revives Brahman Church, 10463. Deberdt, Dennis, Mass., agent, 752. Debidour, M., History <>/ Europe, 7602. Deborah, defeats Sisera, 1140', 1141'; judges Israel, 11413 ; prophetess, 11422 j song of triumph, 11423; delivers Israel, 1143'. De Bow, James Dunwoody Brownson, b., 1282; Z)t Bote's Commercial Itecietc est., 161'; d. (1867). Debreczian, Hung., Protestant Coll. fnd., 511'. Debris Relief Bill passed, 3052. Debrosse, Jacques, builds the Luxem- bourg, 686'. Debs, Eugene Y., endorsed, 4643; indict- ment ordered, 4652; trial, 469'; stay granted, 479' . Debt, imprisonment for, Am., 139' ; abol- ished Fr., 7373; G. B., 949'; state as- sumed by nation, 103' . , national of , U . S. , 97 2 , 1031 . (See Text in following years, .Ian. 1); extinguished, 1473; certificates issued, 2053 ; exchanged, 2572 ; at close of civil -war, 2491 ; pay- ment pledged, 2492, 265 2 ; payment iu coin, 2663; becomes law, 2671; refunded, 2712; reduced, 3552, 3573; f G. B., 8651 , 8993, 9032, 9073, 9233, 9392, 9492 ; new form, 9592. Debtors' Act passes, F.ng., 975 2 . Decamps, Alex. Gabriel, b.,7143; d.,7342. Decauville K.lt. opens, 6253. Decatur, Ala., Cooled, defeat, 2102; battle, 2362, 2392; strikers quelled, 4363. , Ga., Gen. Rousseau leaves, 236'. , 111., Grand Army Republic post org., 2522; Nat. Mem. Hall Asso. find., 3883. , Stephen, b., 912; in Algiers, 82; burns Philadelphia. 112' ; takes Macedonia, 1182; surrender of Algiers, 1223 ; sails for Algiers, 1211 ; negotiates treaty, 1251 ; k., 1291 ; d., 1282. , , Jr., b., 682; d., 1142. Decazes, Louis Charles Elie Ananieu, b. (1819); minister; 7233, 7491, 7493, 7511; d. (1886). , Elie, Due, b., 7051 ; d., 7342. Deccan, India, ravaged, conquered, 10441 ; independent, 10452. Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, 999' ; 10123. Decebalus defeats Doniitian, 10642; de- pendent prince, 769' . Decelean War, 10203. Decemvirs, in power; revolt against, 1051 2 ; overthrown, 10513. Decer, John de, hrst provost, Ire., 8572. Dechen, Ernest H. C, b., 8063; d., 832'. Decies, Baron, title created, 9372. Decimal system iuv., 7862 ; adoption de- feated, 9872. Coinage Act passed, Australia, 501' . Decius, Cants Messius Quintus Trajanus, b.(200) ; against Goths, 1066' ; persecutes Christians, 1(161.2; reigns, against Philip I.; killed, 10671, 10662. ,MusPublius, commander, 6621,10522. Declaration of Independence, 1351 , of Indulgence, Eng., 8933. of Rights, Am., adopted, 752, 792. Declaratory Act passes Pari., 752, 9173; introduced, 9253. De Clifford, Baron, title created, 8551. Decoration Day instituted, 2621 ; cel.N.Y., 2631; a holiday, 3503; Confed., 3551 . Decree of sovereignty, Eng., 8773. Ihdolus captures La Pendente, 928 2 . Dedekind, Friedrich, Grobianus, 7923. Dedham, Mass.. hats, bonnets manf., 1081 , Dee, John, b. (1527) ; d., 8781 . Deems, Chas. Force, b., 1282 ; Pres. Am. Inst. Christian Philos.. 4102; d., 4441 . Deeming, F. B., guilty, 5003. Deep Bottom Ran, Va., action, 2372. Harbor Conven., Topeka, Kan., 3453. Water Conven. at, Detroit, 3973 ; it appeals to Congress, 397 3 . Deer Creek, Miss., Federals raid, 2203. Deerfleld, 111., detective shot, 4702. , Mass., purchased, 432 : Indians at- tack, 461 , 5i;i : train derailed, 3233. Deer Lodge, Coll. of Montana opd., 3143. De Failly, Gen., at Bitsch, 7381 . Defence, lost, 9342. Defense fund, Fr., 757'. , govt, of, 7411,7433. of Property in Ire., Fund est., 9891 . Deffand, Marquise du, Marie de Vichy- Chamrond, b., 0943 ; d., 705' . Deffenbach, Johann F., d., 8162. Defiance College, m m-sectarian, organized at Defiance, O. (1884). , O., Saner embezzlement, 453' ; cen- tennial eel., 4713; D. Coll. org. (1884). Defloss, M., on Fishery Commission, 5852. De Foe, Daniel, b.,8902; works, 9023, 9063; condemned, 903' ; d., 9082. De Forest, John William, b., 134'. , Col., at Warrenton Junction. 2212; works, 1683, 1823, 1S43, 1863, 2603, 277', 2803, 2843, 2903. , R. E., b., 1581. Fortou, duel, 7503. DeFreyne, Baron, title created, 951' . DeGann, Policeman, testimony, 4523. Degerando, Jos. Marie, b. (1772*) ; d., 7282. Degrees, measured, 8821 . Deguerry, L' Abbe, executed, 7453. Dehon,Theo.,b. (177G) ; bp.,119' ;d. (1817). Deinhard, Adm., at Saadani, 5631 . Deiopeia, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . Deiotarus seizes Armenia Minor, 11512. Deir, Aboo-11 innis, mission, 6571. Birsha, mission, 6571 . El-jenadily mission, 657' . Deism, Eng., react ion against, 9243; litera- ture of, 9163. llejau'/ra, asteroid, discovered, 748'. Dejazet, Marie Yirginie, b.,7123; d.,750'. Dcjoces reigns, 1145 3 . Dejoux, Claude, b., 6933; d., 7222. De Kalb, Baron John, b., 60' ; sent to Am., 77' ; joins Washington, 863 ; at Saunders Creek, 1)22; d., 93'. De Kay, James Ellsworth, b., 1023 ; d., 1682. Deken, Aajen, b.-d., 1101' ; works, 11012. Dekker, Jeremias de, b.-d., 11003. , Thomas, h., 8742; works, 8772 ; 883' ; d., 8S42. De Koven, James, b., 1382; d., 3002. , Reginald, composer, 416' . De la Barre. (See Barre.) laBeche, Sir Henry Thomas, b., 9283; d.,9603. Lacy, Ex-Alderman, returns, 359'. Delacroix, Ferdinand Yictor Eugene, b., 7142; d., 7362. Delafield, Edward, d., 286' . Delagoa Bay, Afr., goes to Portugal, 6012; arbitration, 11112; Railway claims set- tled, 10033 ; completed, 11122. De la Graviere, J. B. E. Jurien, d., 792' . Delalande, Pierre Antoine, b., 7062 • d., 7241. Delamater, George W., nom. for gov., 3631 ; embezzler, 375' . Delambre, Jean B;iptiste Joseph, b., 7003; d., 7241 . Delainere, Baron, title created, 9372. De la Mere, Lord, minister, 8992. De Lancy, James, b., 541 . , Win., lleiilhcote, b., 1062; d., 2452. Deland, Flu., Stetson Univ. fnd., 3143. , Margaret, John Ward, Preacher, 3323. Delaney, Patrick assault by, 9903; con- victed, executed, 991' . Delano, Amasa, b., 723 ; agent in Cuba, 633'; d., 1302. , Columbus, b. (1809) ; minister, 2313. , Wm. H., resigns, 2892; outrage 3032. De la Ramee, Louise (Ouida), b., 950 2 : works, 9803. De la Rive. (See Rive, de la.) Delaroche, Paul (Hyppolyte), b., 7123 ; works, 724', 7201, 7281, '7301, 730,. d., 7322. De la Rosa, Signor. signs peace, 165'. De La Rue. Warren, b. (1815) ; d., 1000' . De Launay murdered, 7072. Delaunay,' Chas. Eug., b., 7222; d., 746' . Delavall, Thos., mayor N.Y., 433,452,473. De la Valette, Marquis, d„ 762'. Delavan, Edward Cornelius, b. (1793); declaration, 1451 ; d. (1871). De Laveaucoupet, M., 7621 , Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, b., 7082; works, 7232, 7251 , 727' ; d., 7283. Delaware, wrecked, 9773. Delaware, U. S. A., bay dis., 28' ; Swedes settle, 353, 362; Luth.worship.342; Peter Minuet, gov., 353 ; Johan Printz, gov. (1643); Peter Hollander, gov., 372; toler- ation granted, 382; .bihan C. Rising, gov., 393 ; purchased by Netherlands, 41 ' ; British supremacy, '42' ; sold to Amster- dam, 423 ; invaded, 44' ; Quaker meet- ings, 463; grants to Perm., 49' ; seceded, 513 ; under N. Y., 53 3 ; separate from Pa. in part, 553 ; Henry Ellis, gov., 713 ; John Mclvinley, gov., 853 ; ratifies Federation Constitution, 1003 ; Joshua Clayton, gov., 1013 ; Dan. Rogers, gov.. Dela-Depe. Text Figures denote Page. INI31i.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1235 1091 ; Richard Bassett, gov., 1093 ; James Sykes, gov., 1112 ; David Hall, gov., Nathan Mitchell, gov., 1133; Geo. Truett, gov., 1153 ; Jos. Haslett, gov., 1192; Lewiston bombarded, 1202; Dan. Rodney, gov., 1233; John Collins, gov., 1293; Jacob Stout, gov., 1292; Caleb Rodney, gov., 1312; Jos. Haslett, gov., 1313 ; Sam. Paynter, gov., 1332 ; Geo. Poindexter.gov., 1353; David Hazzard. gov., 1392; Caleb P. Bennett, gov., 1433; Cornelius P. Comegys, gov., 1492; \Ym. B. Cooper, gov., 1531 ; Thos. Stockton, gov., 1591 ; ,|,,s. Maul, gov.; Win. Temple, gov.; Win. Thorp.gov., 1613; Peter F. Cansey, gov., 1791 ; refuses to secede, 1903 ; loyal , 1933 ; Peace Convention meets, 19*72 ; Wm. Cannon, gov., 2293 ; Meth-Epis.Conf.org., 2332; Grove Sauls- bury, gov., 251i; rejects 14th amend., 2573 ; James Ponder, gov., 2i«2; eel. 15th amend., 2703 ; John P. Cochran, gov., 2912; John W.Hall, gov., 3033; torchlight parades forbidden, 3t>:)i ; Chas. C. Stock- ley, gov., 3152; Benj. T. Biggs, gov., 3293 ; earthquake, 332 1; Rodney monument, 3461 ; whipping of criminals, 3583; R. J. Reynolds, gov., 367i, 3991; Treas. Her- bert, defaulter, 3782 ; Free School Bill passes, 3812 ; Local Option Bill passes, 3831 ; Delinquent Law reenacted, 4263. Delaware and Chesapeake Can: ilopd., 137 3 . and Hudson Canal opd., 1373. and Lackawanna Railway, men dis- charged; wreck, 3783, 4043. College, Del., fnd., 2583; 2703. , Earl of, title created, 9152. , Earl of. (See West.) River blockaded, 120 1 . Delbriick, Martin Frlederieh Rudolf, b., 8121. Delcasse, Theophile, minister, 7671 , 7672. Delegate gov't, transferred, Fr., 7433. Delescluze, Louis Chas., b. (1809) ; dele- gate of war, 7453 ; d. (1871). Delessert, Benjamin, b., 7043 ; d. % 7301 . Delfosse, Maurice, on Fishery Commis- sion, 2972; dispute, 2992. Delft, The Three Khu/s performed, 10982. Delftware invented, 10781 . Delhi, massacre, conquered, 10422; Kutab minar erected, 10423 ; capital, 10432; sacked; massacre, 10441 ; captured, 10461 ; mission, 10471; siege, 1048 1 ; king sen- tenced, 10491. Delille, L' Abbe, Jacques, b., 700 2 ; works, 7051, 2, 7151; d., 7203. Delilah ensnares Samson, 11423. Delisle, Guillaume, b., 6923; d. (1726). , Jos. Nicolas, b., 6942 ; measuring sun's distance, 7022 ; d., 7032. Delitzsch, Franz, b.; 8102; d., 83*1. , Friedrich, b., 8181 . Deliuin, action at, 10202. Delius, Nikolaus, b., 8102; d., 8321. Deliverance Society org., 3862. Delolme, Jean Louis, b.-d., 11372. DeLoug, Geo. Wash., b., 1562; on Arctic expedition, 3021 ; d., 3082; body fnd., 3101 . Delorme, Philibert, b., 6802; d., 6841 . Delpech, Jacques Matthieu, b. (1775) ; d., 7262. Delphi, Temple plundered, 10241 . , action near, 10261 . , excavation fund, Fr., 7601 . Delpit, Albert, b. (1849) ; Passionnfynent, 7582; d., 7641. Delsarte, Francois A. N. C, b., 7191; d., 7461. Deluc, Jean Andre, b.-d., 11372. Deluge occurs, 11392, 11401 . Demades, Peace of, 10252. , orator, d., 10251 . De Mantel at Schenectady, 5721 . De Mauley, Baron, title created, 9451 . Dembinski, Henryk, b., 11162; at Kapolna, 5221 ; at Szorek, 5222; d., 11182. Dembowska, asteroid, discovered, 7601. Demenhoor, battle at, 6561 . Demerara, Br. Guiana, acquired, 9313 ; missions est., 10393. Demeratus in Persian army, 1018 1 . DeMesy, gov. Can., 5732. Demeter, temple of, begun, 10203. , Zvonimir, king, 5033. Demetria, written, 121 2. Demetrius I., D. of Russia, reigns, 1115 s ; d., 11142. II., D. of Moscow, reigns, 11152. Demetrius III., D. of Mose< >w, reigns, 1115 2 . II., king of Macedonia, 10272. III., Eucerus, reigns, 11511 . II., Nicator, reigns ; overthrown ; a captive, 11493; released, 11503; war with Egy., 6522. Phalereus, b.-d., 10243; g0 v., 10253; expelled, 10271 . Poliocretes, b.-d., 10251 ; i n Gr.; in Cyprus ; war with Pyrrhus ; gen. of States, 10261 ; expels Demetrius Phale- rius ; murders Alexander V. ; seizes Macedon ; a fugitive, 10271 . , Soter, king, b.-d., 1148 2 ; seizes Syria, 11483; reigns, 11492; war with Egy., 6522; frees Jews from tribute; overthrown, 11493; defeated; killed, 10551 . Valerius, librarian, 6523. Demetz, Frederic Auguste, b., 7123; d., 7461. Demidoff, Nikita, b., 11131 ; d. (1720+). Deinilier, Father, missionary, 140 2 . De Mille, James, b., 5782; works, 5811 , 5S23; d., 5841. Deming, Henry C, d., 2781. Democracy, new, Henry Clay, leader, 123 3 . Democratic Party, U. S. A.; national con- ventions ; 1st nominating at Bait., 1411 ; 3d at Bait., 1513; 4thatBalt.; two-thirds rule adopted, 1st division ; Tyler con- vention at Bait., 1572; 5th at Bait.; withdrawals, 1651; 6th at Bait., 1712; 7th at Cincinnati, 1S03; 8th at Charles- ton; divides on slavery, 1872; seceders meet at Richmond, 1873, 1882; and at Wilmington ; reassembles at Bait.; se- ceders reassemble at Bait., 18S2; 9th, date changed ; at Chicago, 2392; 10th, at New York, 2633; 11th at Bait., 2792; 12th at St. Louis, 3931 ; 13th at Cleveland, 3051 ; 14th at Chicago, 3173; at St. Louis, 3311 ; 15th at Chicago, 4092. decrees, Rome, 10593. Democratic-Republicans elect J. Madison, 1193; elect J. Monroe, 1292, 1371. Democrats, U. S. A., oppose internal im- provements, 1232; Locofocos appear, 1452; party split by slavery, 1572,1651, 167 2 ; long rule broken, 1532; decline in numbers, 1613; and the Army, 163 3 ; sup- port Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1751 ; anti- slavery, coalesce with Whigs, 1771 ; enact prohibition in Me., 1783; white men's govt.; against freeing negroes, 2112; alienated from Lincoln by slavery, 2113; assail Lincoln ; win elections, 2153; anti- war against Lincoln, 2213 ; sympathy for VaTlandigham, 2233; called Copper- heads, 229 2 ; resist negro enlistments, 2293; divided by war, 2393; in elections of 1867, 2592. social rule election in Ger., 8371 . Demoeritus, b.-d., 10191; on Milky Way, 10211. Demoivre, Abraham, b., 6903; d., 7022. Demole, Chas. Etienne, minister, 755 2 . Demophoon reigns, 10133. Demorest, W. Jennings, for pres., 4092. De Morgan, Augustus, b., 9323; d., 9761 . Demosthenes, commander, 10201 ; aids Athenians; in Messenia, 10202; executed, 10203. , orator, b.-d., 10231 ; against Philip, 10241,10252,3; orations, 10251,2; politi- cal position ; complaint against iEehines, 1025 2 ; exiled; returns; flees; poisons himself, 10253. Demme, Hermann, Christoph Gottfried, b., 8023; d., 8122. Deinniin, August Friedrich, b., 8122. Dempsev, Hugh F., guilty, 4222. Dempster, John, b., 1042; d., 2291. Denain, Fr., battle of, 6962, 7981 . Denant, Pierre, cons, bp., 5763. Denayrouze, M. aerophone successful, 9781 . Denbigh, E. of, title created, 881 1 . Denby, Charles, minister, 3513, 4473; re- turn ordered, 4672. Denderah, Temple of Athor, Egy., 6461 . Dene, Henry, arebbp. Canterbury, 8622. Denelle, Jean Paul, minister, 7553. Denham, Dixon, b. (1786) ; crosses Sahara, 9402; d. (1628). , Sir John, b., 880 1 ; Cooper's Hill, 8951 ; d. (1668). Denifle, Friedrich, HeinrichSuso, b., 5203. Denina, Giaeomaria Carlo, b., 10842; d., 10851. Denis, Saint, b.-d., 6623. Denison, Tex., four women shot, 4063. , Edmund, elected bp., 9423. , John Evelyn, b., 9302; speaker, 9613, 9633; d. (1873). , Sir Win., gov., Madras, 10491,2. , Sir Wm. T., gov., New South W., 4972; pari, at Sydney, 4972. University, ( >., org., 1403. Mfg. Co., gift, 4793. Ileiinian, Karon, title created, 9451. , Thomas, b., 9082; d., 9382. , Baron, b., 9203; chief justice, 9472; d., 9582. Denmark (See text, pp., 634-642), Feu- dal system; quarrel with Fr., 6353; unites with Norway and Swe., 11051 ; wrecks plundered, 6371; Oldenburg an- nexed, 785 3 ; free preaching est., 6363; war with Swe., 7961 ; returns conquered territory, 1135 3 ; Europai.sehe Zeitnnq est., 6871; armed neutrality, 9312; E n g. demands the fleet, 9333; alliance with Fr.,7173; [exchange of provinces, 5211; indemnity treaty with U. S., 1372; new constitution, 8191,3; war resumed with Prus., 5222; Sound dues refused by U.S., 175 2 ; integrity guaranteed, 9571 ; treaty with Prus., 8192; royal manifesto, 8193; war with Aust.,5261 ; Eider Danish proc- lamation ; Schleswig annexed, 8222 ; Schleswig incorporation bill, 8223; Bis- marck's quarrel with, 8232; treaty for sale of W. I. Isles, 2592 ; mission, 2902. Denner, Balthasar, b., 7982; d., 8003. , Johann Christoph. b. (16,(5) ; invents clarionet, 7982; d. (1707). Dennewitz, Prus., battle of, 7201 . Dennie, Joseph, b., 76i ; Portfolio, llli; d. (1812). Denning's comet appears, 9881 . Dennis, John, b., 8882; d., 9082. Dennison, Wm., b. (1815); gov. O., 1903; resigns as P. M.-Gen., 2532; d.,3102. Denny, W., gov. Pa., 713. Denon, Dominique Vivant.b., 7003; d.,7242. Denonville, Jacques Rene de Bresay at- tacks Indians, 501 ; gov. Can., 503. Dennriseh, deserters gather, 5681 . Dens, Peter, b.-d., 5422. Denson, Wm. H., b., 1602. Dent, Alfred, charter Braz., 5522. , Dennis, d., I861 . , Father, against Bp. Ryan, 4062. , Frederick Tracy, b. (1820) ; d., 4201. , George, b. (1760 - >; speaker, 1092. , John Charles, b.(1841); Canada, 5843; Rebellion, 5851; d. (1888). , Herbert, b. (1782); d., 1302. , Julia T., marries V. S. Grant, 1643. Denton, Richard, b. (1586); Presbyterian services, 321 ; d. (1662). Dent's company, in Archipelago, 5522. Denver, Colo., legislature at, 2031; Uni- versity of Denver org., 2093; floods at, 2332 ; Republican est., 2543 ; vicarate apostolic est., 267 2 ; made capital, 2652, 3093; R. R. to Pueblo, 2793; breweries purchased, 3433; Rocky Mts. Conference org., 358 2 ; Nat. Republican League C011- ven., 4633; no mayor, 3813; Trans.-Mis- sis*dppi Coim.. 385i,3; silver men de- feated, 3853; Nat. Mining Cong., 3953; Dr. Graves' trial. 3971; Meth. Hospital and Home fnd., 3983; Bob Ford killed, 4082; talcose silica deposits, 4161; fire, 4213; dynamite explosion, 4352; troops withdrawn, 454 1 ; State and City conflict, 4542; Police Board trouble, 4551,2; Union Depot burns, 4553; Irrigation Conven., 4713; woman strangled, 47G3. , James W.,b., 1202; gov.lS52; d.,4101. Meth. E. Conf., org., 2842. Pacific R. K., partly completed, 2713. and R. G. R. R. train robbers, 3903. University org., 2093 ; Mary Lowe Dickinson, Prof, at, 3383. Deoli mission, 10483. Deorham, Eng., British defeated, 8401. Deparcieux, Antoine, b., 6962; d., 7041. DePauw College fnd., Ind., 2543; School of Theology, org., 3183. Dependent Pension Bill vetoed, 3272; Bill intro.,3483; passes, 3552, 3571,3,3612, 4072, 4092. DePere, Wis., Deliverance Society organ- ized, 386 2 ; coronation of statue, 4062. Depew, Chauncey .Mitchell, b., 1422; M.C., 228 3 ; pres. Union League, 3511; a*' to Engineers, 3591 ; address, 4041 . 1236 Text Figures denote Page. l.NDJi..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Depe-Diaz. Depeyre, M., minister, 7491. De Peyster, Abraham, b., 401 ; d., 602. , John Watts, b., 1301 . Depoele, Van, Charles, J., d., 4021. Deportation Bill, Fr., 7552. Depping, George B., b., 8042; d., 8201 . Depretis, Agostino, b., 1085 1 ; minister, 10893; d., 10901. Deputy speaker appointed. G. B., 9592. De Quineev, Thomas, b., 9223; works, 9411 , 9551; d., 9622. iDeramore, Baron, title created, 9871. Derbingy, Pierre Auguste Charles Bouris- gay, b. (1829) ; gov. La., 1372. Derby, silk-throwing mill est., 9041 ; bri- bery in elections, 9591 ; Bp. Ware cons., 10022; infirmary est., 10073; Federation of coal-mine owners, 10111 . , Earl of, title created, 8643. , Earl of. (See Stanley, Lord.) , George H., b., 1302; d., 1943. races; winners, 9213, 9813, 9833,9853, 9873,9953, 10053. Derbyshire, Eng., insurrection, 9393. Dercos, Archbp., elected Gr., patriarch, (Joachim IV.), 11582. Dercyllidas, leader, 10221. Derelicts, bill for destruction, 4412,4431. Dereveeyah, Wahabis surrender, 4881 . Der Ereisrhiitz appears, 8121. Derglotz, Adm. Von, chief admiral, S321. Derham, William, b., 8882 ; d., 9082. Dermatological Asso., Am., org., 2901 . Dermbach, Ger., battle at, 8242. Dermody, Thomas, b., 9191 ; d., 9303. Derniot, King of Leinster, d., S46 2 . Der musika/is'-he Patriot, issued, 800 3 . Derosne, Chas.,b. (1780) ; discovers narco- tin, 7142; d. (1846). Deroulede, duel, 7642. Der Patriot est., S003. Der patrintixrh, Meilikus est., 8011. Derqui, Dr. S., b. (1810); pres., Argen., 4912; d. (1863). Derry, Ire., see erected, 8422; granted to companies, 8S1 2 . Der Vaderlander est. at Ghent, 5423. Der Vermin f'tter, first Ger. paper est., 7991 . Dervish Pasha, b., 11563. Derwent, Baron, title created, 9871. Der JVinsbecke est., 7823, Derzhavin, Gabriel Romanovitch, b., 11143; Ode to God, 11171 ; d., 11163. Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles An- toine, b., 7041; d., 7142. DesArc.Ark., taken, 2182; moneyf'd,4313. Desart, Earl, title created, 9252. Desault, Pierre Joseph, b., 7003; d. Des Bordes, Gen., murdered, 4833. Descamps sentenced, 7623. Descartes, Rene, b., 6842; works sioned, 6891; d., 6883. Deschamps, Cardinal, d., 546 1 . , Augustin E-tienne Martin, b. (1819) ; works, 7231 , 7251 , 7333. , Eustaehe i. Morel), works, 6763. Deschanel, Emile Augustin Etienne Mar- tin, b. (1819) ; duel, 767 1 ; Lamartine, 764 1 . Descharges devises port-holes, 67S 2 . Deseret, State find., 1792; Univ. org., 2662. Deseronto, Q/tinte burns, 589 3 . * Desert Land Law, Bill passes, 3233. Deserted House, Va., action at, 218 2 . Desfontaines, Pierre Francois Guyot, b., 6923; d.,7003. , Bene Louiche, b. (1750) ; Flora Atlan- tica,713i; d. (1833). Desford, Eng., li. R. collision, 9893. Desforges, Louis O., indicted, 4602. Desha, Jos., b. (1768) ; gov., 1332; d. (1842). Deshoulieres, Antoinette, b., 6882; Gen- siric, 6932; d., 6943. Desiderius, king of Lombardy, 10732. — -, bp.. stoned to death, 7711 . Desjardins, Jean, d., 6822. , Marie Catherine, b., 6883; d., 6923. Des Landes, Andre Francois Boureau, b. (1690) ; Belle Mainan, 7581 ; d. (1757). Desmaiseaux, Pierre, b., 6903 ; d., 7003. Desmarets, Jean. Chris l r isionnaires,69V . De Smet, Peter John, b., 5423; d., 5442. Desmichels, Gen. Louis Alexis, b. (1779) ; gov., 93; d. (1845). Des Moines, la., Mormon missionaries, 2562 ; capital built, 2753 ; bridge de- stroyed, 2973; Drake Univ. fnd., 3082; syndicate, 3533; Gen. Kelley stays, 4582; College of Iowa, org., 2502 ; training- school opened, 3123, , 7102. pen- Des Moines Rapids, canal opened, 2973. , Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 2332. Desmond, killed, 8741 . , Earl of, title created, 881 1 . Desmoulins, Camille, b., 7023 ; leads Cor- deliers, 7071 ; executed, 7111. Desnoyers, Baron, Auguste Gaspard Louis Boucher, b., 7043; d., 7322. Desor, Edouard, b.-d., 11381. Despatch^ U. S. steamer, wrecked, 3933, Desportes, Philippe, b., 6803; d., 6862. Despres, Josquin, b. (1450±); d., 5402. Despretz, Cesar Mansuete, b., 7082; d., 7362. Desprez, Julien Florian Felix, b. (1807) ; cons, cardinal priest, 7502. Dessalines, Jean Jacques, b., 722 ; gov. ; succeeds Toussaint ; crowned ; captured, 10403; assassinated, 10402. Dessau, Bridge of, Ger., battle at, 794i. Desseilligny, M., ministry, 7472. Dessoles-Dccazes, ministry of, 7233. D'Ksterre, Mr., killed in duel, 9372. Desterro, surrenders, 5582; revolts, 559 2 . Destitute Children's Dinner Soc. est., 9711 . Destouehes, Philippe, Nerieault, b., 6923; works, 6972, 6992; d., 7022. De Tabley, Baron, title created; 9412. Detmold, Hermann J. b., 8083; d., 8201 . Detro, Thomas E., assassinated, 277 2 . Detroit, Mich., settled, 39 1 , 552; occupied, 541, 552; besieged, 562, 722; Beletre surrenders at; conspiracy, 72 1; de- stroyed, 1133; surrendered; 1181; R. C. diocese, eveaux Neck, action at, 240 2 . Develle, M., minister, 7553, 7G1 1 , 7632, 7651, 2. Devens, Charles, b., 12S2 ; commander-in- chief, 2831 , 2872; minister, 2953; d., 3742. Deventer, Neth., surrenders, 6921. De Vere, Aubrey, Sir, b., 9243 ; d., 9522. , Thomas, b., 9363; -works, 8873,9503,9963. , Maximilian Scheie, b., 1282. Devereaux, Capt., kills Wallenstein, 7953. , Robert, Earl of Essex, courtier, gen., b.-d.,S722; minister, 8753, 8772; attempts insurrection ; in Sp. ; takes Cadiz, 8761 ; lord.-lieut., S773 ; d. (1601). , , Earl of Essex, parliamentary gen., b., 8762; i n civil war, 8841; es- capes, 8842 ; d., 8862. , Walter, Earl of Kssex, b„ 8681 ; polit- ical conspiracv, 897 1 ; d. (1576). Devery, W. G., Capt., indicted, 4443. (See New York.) Deves, M., minister. 7532, 3. Deville, Henri Etienne St.-Claire,b., 7223; d., 7522. Devil's Bridge, Mass., vessel wrecked, 3173. Lake, N. Dak., school for deaf mutes, 3731. Devizes, Eng., surrender, 8861. Devon, Earl of, title created, 8711 . and Exeter Institution est., 9321 , Devonport, Eng., Icarus launched, 9921 ; Serpent, launched, 996 1. Devonshire, Eng., see united, 8463 ; title created, 899 1 ; Duke of, minister, 915 2 ■ reduces rents, 10033. Devozioni del Giovedi e Venerdi Santo, 10771. Devrient, Gustav E., b., 8082 ; d., 82fii. , Karl A., b., 8063 ; d., 8281 . , Ludwig, b., 8042 ; d., 8142. , Philipp E., b., 8071 ; d., 8282. De Vries, David Pieterssen, est. Lewiston settlement, 332 ; on Staten Island, 372. Dew, remarkable, 9001. Dewangiri, action at, 10482. Dewdney, Edgar, min. of interior, Can.. 5931. De Wette, Wilhelm M. L., b.,8042; d., 8181 . Dewey, Chester, b., 961 ; d., 2582. , Geo., b. in Vt. (1837) ; apt. cadet (Sept. 23, 1S54); in Naval Acad. (1854-58); on Wahasii in Mediterranean squadron (1858-59) ; on Mississippi, West Gulf squadron (1861-63) ; at capture of New Orleans (Mar., 1S62) ; at Port Hudson (Mar., 1SC3) ; in action below Donaldson- ville, La. (July, 1863) ; commis. lieut. (Apr. 19, 1861) ; on gunboat Agaivam, N. Atlantic blockading squadron (1864-65) ; in two attacks on Ft. Fisher (Dec, 1864, Jan.; 1865) ; commis. Lieut.-Commander (Mar. 3, 1865) ; on steamer Kearsarge, European squadron (1866) ; on Colorado, flag-ship of European squadron (1S67) ; in Naval Acad. (1SG8-69) ; commanding Narragansct, in special service (1870-71) ; on Torpedo Stat i< m (1872) : commissioned Commander (Apr., 13, 1872) ; command- ing Narraaanset, Pacific Survey (1872- 75) ; Light House Inspector (1876-77) ; sec. Light House Board (1877-82) ; com- manding Juniata, Asiatic Station (1SS2- 85); promoted captain (Sept., 1884); commanding Dolphin (i8S4i ; coramand- mg Pensaca/a, rhm-Mnpof European Sta- tion (1885-88) ; chief of Bureau of Equip- ment and Recruiting; rank of commo- dore, 2512 ; in Light"lh>u>e Board (1893- 96). , Nelson, gov. Wis., 1652. , Orville, issues Christian Examiner, 1271; d., 3101. Dewing, Thomas W., National Academy of Design, 3321. De Witt, Cornelius, Adm., b. (1623) ; in channel, 8S81 ; victories, 1100 1 ; torn in pieces, 11012. , , John, b.-d., 1100 3 ; pensionary of Holl., 11013 ; torn to pieces, 11012. , Thomas, pres. Reformed Synod, 1322, 1342 ; d., 2842. De Witt's land explored, 4931 . Dewsbery, William, b., 8802 ; d. (1688). Dewsbury, colliery explosion, 10113. Dexippus, Publius H., d., 10283. Dexter, la., Dexter Normal Coll. opd., 3043. , Henry Martyn, b., 1301 ; d., 3701 . , J. Gregory, governor Providence and Warwick (1653). , Samuel, b., 723 ; d., 1242, De Young, shoots Mayor Kalloch, 3031. , M. H., World's Fair, 3633. Dhammapatia, written, 10431. Dharmapala assails Christianity, 4381 . Dhooden Khera in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . Dhvus in battle at Leueopetra, 10281. Dial, appears, 1523. Dialectic Soe. fnd.. London, 9783; Eng. D. Soc. in 1867. Diamagnetic polarity proven, 9602. Diamond-cutting est. in Nuremburg, 7842. Necklace scandal, 707 1 . thief captured, 3871 . Diamonds dis. in Brazil, 573, 5541 ( 2 ; in Transvaal, 5981; hi Cape Colony, 5981, 6002,3, G001,3; artificially made, 7521; presented to Queen, VO0 3 ; .Star of the South, 9602. Diana, Temple erected, 9162 ; burned ; rebuilt, 10231. Diane de Poitiers, b., 6783 ■ mistress of Henry LT., 6813 ; d., 6833. Diarbekir, church reorganized, 1158 1 . Diario fas Literates, issued, 11292, di Roma, issued, 10833. Noticioso, issued, 11292, Diaz, Bartolommeu, b.-d., 11092 j discov- erer, 5973. Diaz-Disa. Text Figures denote Page. IND1I.X.. Superior Figures indicate Colu 1237 Diaz, Bishop, beheaded, 4803. , M., murder in China, 480' . , Porfirio, b.; leads war, 10961; leads insurrection ; pres.; reelected, 1097' ; at- tempt to kill, 10973. — — del Castillo, Bernel, b.-d., 112G3. Dibble, Samuel, contested election, 311' . Dibdin, Charles, b., 9103 ; d., 9363. , Thomas Frognall, b., 919' ; d., 9542. Dicey, Edward, b.,9461. Dick, James T., b., 1422 ; d., 260' . — -, Thomas, b., 919' ; d. (1857). Dickens, Charles, b., 9302 ; visits U. S., 155 2 ; Pres. Johnson receives ; in New Tork, 2G1' ; works, 9483, agca, 903' , 9682; d., 9742. Dickerson, Mahlon, b. (1770) ; gov. N. J., 1252 j sec. navy, 1473 ■ resigns, 1492 ■ d. (1853). , Philemon, b. (1788) ; gov. N. J., 1472; d. (1862). Dickey, Miss., 'White Caps, 422'; negroes lynched, 424' . , J. J., office dynamited, 431' . Dickeys, Capt., at Mumfordville, 2163. Dickie, A. R., minister militia, Can., 5963. Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth, b., 1542 ; What Answer, 2643. , Baxter, b. (1795) ; moderator, 1503 • d. (1875). , Daniel Stevens, b. (1800) ; d., 252' . , Don M., chairman Democratic Cam- paign Committee, 4113 4132. , Edward, d., 2842. , John, b., 62' ; Liberty Song, 762 ; pe- tition, 792 ; pres. Council, 9:53 ; d., 1142. •, , bishop of United Breth., 2682. , T., World's Fair, 3633. , Jonathan, b., 502 ; d., 662. , Mary Lowe, Prof, at Denver, 33S3. , Capt., commands Pem/uiii, 123'. College, Carlisle, Pa., 963. Dickma, Herr, arrested, 823'. Dickson, Sheriff A., shot, 4503. Dictator, first Plebeian elected, 10533; last nominated, 10553. Dictionaries, Eng.; Johnson's, 9133 ; Web- ster's,1363, 1523, 2412; Worcester's (1860), (1888); Murray's (begun), 9923; Webster's International, 3722 ; standard, 4782. Dictum de Kenilworth, England, 855 2 . Diderot, Denis, b., 6963; works, 7012,3, 7032,7052; d., 706'. Dido, asteroid, discovered, 302' . Didon, Pere, Life of Jesus, 7602. Didot, Ambroise Firntin, b.,7062; d., ?50' . , Firrnin, b., 703' ; d., 7262. , Francois A., b., 6983; d., 715'. Didron, Adolphe Nap., b., 7163; d., 7362. Didymus, grammarian, d., 6532. , the Blind, b.-d., 6342. Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton von, b., 11162; d., 11163. Diedenhofer, Ger., Diet of, 773' . Die Discurse der Midler, issued, 799' . Die Einsiedlerzeitung, issued, 809' . Diefenbach.Lorenz, b., 8082 ; Lexicon, 8163; d., 8302. Die Gegenwart, issued, 829'. Dielman, Frederick, b., 1623 j member Nat. Academy, 314'. Dieman, Anthony van, b.-d., 10983. Die Matrone, issued, 801 ' . Die Meistcrsinger, appears, 8243. Dieppe, bombarded, 694'; occupied, 743' . Diescach, discovers prussic acid, 7982. Dieschone Maejebyne, appears, 791' . Diesterweg, Friedrich Adolf Wilhelm, b., 8043; d., 8243. Diet of Estates, France, 6722. Dietenberger, Johann, trans. Bible, 791' . Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst, b., 7983; d., 804'. , Johann C, b., 7923; d., 7963. Dietrichson, Lorentz Henrik Segelcke, b., 1104' . Dieterici, Friedrich, b., 8122. Karl F. W., b., 8043; d., 8202. Dietrick, Viola, sentenced, 4442. Dietz, Samuel, monument gift, 406' . Die Zauberlb'de, appears, 804'. Diez, Friedrich C, b., 8062; d., 8282. , John, sells absolutions, 7863. Diffenbach, Johann P., b., 8062. Differential calculus disc, 8902. Digby, N. S., vessel seized, 585 2 . , Baron, title created, 881' . , Sir Everard, b. (1578) ; gunpowder plot, 8792 ; d. (1606). Digbv, Sir Kenelm, b. (1603) ; d., 8922. , Henry, b., 9302; d. (1880). , Lord, administrator, 885'. Digges, Sir Dudley, b., 8742; imprisoned, 8813; d. (1639). ,Edward,b.(U',2ll);gov.,41t,433;d.(1675). , Leonard, glass lenses, 8741. Digliton, John, executes princes, 8653. Dijon, Fr., battle, 6622 ; acquired, 6732; bombarded, 7422; evacuated, 7431 ; occu- pied, 744' . le Mans, engagement at, 743' . Dike, asteroid, discovered, 736'. Dikes fail, Neth., 1099' . Dilettanti, society est., London, 908' . Diligence, wrecked, 9493. Dilke,AshtonW., for decimal system, 987 2 . , Charles Wentworth, b., 9243; d., %8' . , , b., 935' ; d., 9722. , , Sir, b., 9522 ; expenditure motion, 9772; a republican, 9772; Greater Britain, 10043. Dillingen, Ger., Univ. suspends, 809'. Dillingham, Paul, gov. Vt., 2512; d., 388'. , Wm. P., gov. Vt., 3332. Dillman, Christian Frederick August, b., 8122; d., 836'. Dillon, Viscount, title created, 881' . , Count Arthur, b. (1750); erased leaves, 7583; sentenced, 759', 2; d. (1794). , John, b., 95G2; address, 5002; M. P., arrested, 987' ; Irish agitator, 9883 ; Times attacks, 9973; S ;iils for New York, 10013, 3711; arrested; trial, 1005'; re- leased, 1007' ; outrage against, 100S 3 . , Louise, b., 180' . , Sydney, will, 4083; d., 408' . , V. B., lord mayor, London, 10112. , Wentworth, Earl of Roscommon, b., 8822; d., 8962. , Mr., killed, 735'. Dills College, at Piketon, 215' . Dillwyn, Mr., for disest. Ch., Wales, 10012. Dilolo, Lake, discovered, 560 2 . Diman, Jeremiah Lewis, b. 1382; d., 3062. Diraitri I., Duke of .Moscow, 1115 2 . ■, D. of Russia, 11152. IT. rules Moscow, 11152. , (Otretief), impostor ; reigns, 1115' ,2. III., defeats Mai the Don, 1114' . , rules Moscow, 1115 2 . Dimmock, Chas., b. (1800); d., 2272. Diinond, Francis M., gov. R. I., 1753. Dinapur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . 1'indorf, Wilhelm, b., 8082; d., 8302. Dingaan, defeated, 598' ; massacres Boers, 598'; treachery, 5982; killed, 5992. Dingelstedt, Baron Franz von, b., 8102; d., 380'. I ringhein, Mrs., linen starching, 870' . Dingledek, John, convicted, 4503. Dingley, Nelson, Jr., b., 140' ; gov. Me., 2873; Worsted Bill passes, 3592; Bill in Supreme Court, 403' . Dingwell, Baron, title created, 8772. Diniz I., king, b.-d., 11092. Dinizulu, revolt of; surrenders, 6022+; crowned ; disturbances ; submits, 6032. Dinocrates rebuilds Temple of Diana, 1023' ; defeats Philopcemen, 10263. Dinsmore, Hugh A., b., 168' . , Samuel, b. (1766); gov., 1393 ; d., 1442. , , b. (1799) ; gov., 1671 ; d., 2641 . Dinter, Gustav Flic. irieli.ii., 8023; d.,8142. Dinwiddie Ct. -House, Sheridan at, 2442,3. .Robert, b.,522; gov. Va.,692; d.,762. Dioceses established. (See Roman Cath- olic and Protestant Episcopal churches ; also names in alphabetical place for those in Great Britain and Colonies.) Diocletian, Cains Aurelius Valerius, b.-d., 10662 ; against Christians, 0523; takes Alexandria, 6541, 10661 ; builds palace, 106G 2 ; age of; cruelty, 10663; reigns; est. govt. ; divides empire ; sends ambas- sadors to China ; against Maximian ; ab- dicates, 10672,3. Diodato, doge of Venice, 10732. DiodorusSiculus, b., 10282; Library, 1029 1 . Diogenes, b.-d., 10211. , Laertius, b„ 10283; History of Phi- losophi/, 10292; Roman embassy, 10292. Diomed, wins Derby, 9213. Dion, statesman, b.-d., 10502; welcomedin Syracuse, 10233; k., 10252. ,Cassius,b. , 10283 ; Rome, 10292 ; d. (230+). Dione, sinks, 9933. Dionis du S6jour, Achille P., b., 6983; d., 7102. Dionysius, the Elder, b.-d., 10502; invents catapulta?, 10223; usurps govt., 10232; captures Rhegiurn, 10502 ; rules Syra- cuse, 10513. , the Younger, b.-d., 10502; reigns expelled, 10233. Cassias Loiiginus, works, 10292. Exiguus, Christian era, 1070 2 . 1., Portugal, reigns, 11093. of Byzantium, b., 10283. of Halicarnassus, b., 10282; History of Rome, 10291. , St., pope, 10643; patriarch, 10662; d., 10283. the Areopagite, d., 10283. Diophantus of Alexandria, b., 10303. Diorama invented, 724' . Dioscorides, b., 10282. Dioscorus, bp. at Ephesus, 10703. Diphtheria bacillus found, 4693. Diplomatic Correspond. of Tall, grand, 7582. Review, Fug., issued, 961' . Dipoenus sculptor, 10162. Directory est., Fr., 7113 ; conspir. against, 713' ; elections hostile, 7l:ia. (See Paris.) of worship approved, Eng., 8843. Direct Tax. (See Tax.) Diriohlet, Peter G., b., 8082; d., 8202. Dirk I., reigns, 1099'. II., reigns, 1099' ; d., 10982. III., reigns ; makes history; subdues Friesians, 1099' ; d., 10982. IV. rules, 10991 ; attacks fleet, 1098' . V., Count, rules, 10991 . VI., rules, 10991. VII., rules, 10991 ; d., 10982. Dirkson, Adin., defeats Alva's fleet, 10981 . Disability Pension Bill. (See Pensions.) Disabling Act passed, Eng., 8951 . Disarmament in America, 3592. Disasters, marine, collisions, Am.: near Cape Girardeau, 50 deaths, 1633; Arctic with iceberg, 300 d. 1073 ; Ogilensburg and Atlantic, 100 d., 1713 • Arctic with Vesta, off Cape Race, 323 d. , 1773 ; John Rutledge with iceberg, 156 d., 1793; La Lgounaise, on sea with^sailing vessel, 116 d. ; Ocean Wave with Brit, vessel, 77 d., 1813 ; West Point with a steamer, 75 d., 2113 ; Metis with a schooner, 50 d., 2793; Pomerania with a bark, 48 d., 2993 ; Narrayaiisett wdth. sailing-vessel, 27 d. ; Mamie with Garland, 16 d., 3053 ; Sciota on Ohio, 57 d., 3113 ; State of Fhrula with Pomena, 123+ d.,3173; Oregon with schooner, 3233; lieacon Light with iceberg, 3593 ; C. H. Northern with Continental, 3<\.,'.H','.t3-, J\'nrwatid.,9(i53; Mars, 50 el.; Bencoolen, 26 d. ; Life Guard, fate un- known ; Ang/o-Setxon, 237 d. ; Stanley, Friendship. Dalhousie, 34 d. ; lUnnbay, burns, 91 k.,9673; Eagle Speed, 205 d. ; Ibis, 15 d. ; London, 220 d. ; Gen. Grant, 85+ d. ; Ceres, 36 d., 9693 ; Hibernia, manyd. ; Italian, 26+ d.,9733 ; Cambria, 170d.,9753; Gennau'ue.'li- d.; Delaware, 45 d., 9773; Q. Elizabeth, 20 d.; Atlantic, 560 d. ; Brit. Adm., 80 d. ; Cospatriek, burns, 470+ d. ; La Plata, S7 d. ; Cadiz, 62+ d. ; Great Queensland, fate un- known, 569 d., 9813 ; Eurydice, found- ers, 300 d., 9S2i ; Cairo, disappears ; Mesopotamia. 8 d., 9833 ; Valentine, 16 d.; Vingorla, 06 d., 9S53 ; Teuton, 200+ d. ; Clan Macduff, 32 d. ; Bahama, 20 d. ; Livadia, 23 d. ; Kosmos, 21 d.,9S93 • Pan- ama, 20 d. ; Winton, 24 d. ; St. George, 11 d" ; Langrigg Hall, 24 d. ; Raunure Castle, 30 d., 9913; Navarre, 745+ d. ; Dunstaffnage, 23 d. ; Wykeham, 22 d. ; Grappler, burns, 70+ d. ; Daphne, heels over, 124 d., 9913 ; Iris, 35 d. ; Auk, 22 d., 9933 ; Merchantman. 70 -_ d. ; Frentoive.r, 50+ d., 9953 ; Monarch, 11 d. ; Falls of Brucr, 24 d., 9973 ; Bolau, 33 d., 10013'; Thracian, 23 d., 10093 ; Triuacria, 31 d., 10113. Disciples of Christ, (Campbellites), T. Campbell, 1143; lu Pa., 1163, 1183, 1343; Christian Bap/ist, 1312. Church of Christ org., 1343 ; Ky. Univ. est., 1463 ; in Ky., 1463, 1802, 3123, 3143. Beth- any Coll., 1563; Barritt Coll.. 1643; Chris- tian Coll., Mo., 1683 ; Christian Univ., 173'; Eureka Coll., 1782; in III., 1762. Butler Univ., in Ind., 1782. Daugh- ters Coll., 1802; (Jskaloosa Coll., 2093; in la., 2093, 2083. Christian Coll., Ore., 2543; in Ore., 2543. Hiram Coll., O., est., 2583; in O., 2583. Add-Bau. Univ., Tex.; in Tex.. 2823. Christian Women's Board of .Missions, org., 2862 ; For. Missionary Soc, org., 2S82 ; Drake Univer., 3082; central « >'hio Coll.; Chris- tian Coll., Ky., 3122 ; Washington Coll., Cal.; Home Coll., Ky.; Ash Grove Coll., Mo. ,3143; inCal.,in Mo., 3143. Gar- field Univ., Kan.; for Temperance, 3242; in Kan., 3243. For annual conven- tions, see Text in each year. Discovery Harbor, Lieut. Greely at, 308 1 . Discovery, arctic expedition, 980' . Disease, prevention of, Act, 9612. Disestablishment, Irish, protested, 9702; resolutions, 9713; f Scotch Church de- feated, 10022 ; Act, Ch. of W., 10053. Disfranchisement Hill, Pitt's, 9233. Disloyalty in New England, 1233. Dismal Swamp Canal destroyed, 2063. Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaeonsfield, b., 9323; minister, 9572, 9632, 9692; pro- tectionist niotioti.957 2 ; inCong.of Berlin, 831' ; Eeform Bill, 9633 ; ministry, 9712 ; resigns,973' ; works, 943' ,9.i.';i ,9703,;is63; ministry, 9792; d.,9882; statue, 990'. D'Israeli, Isaac, b., 9163; works, 927' , 937' , 9503; d.,9542. Dissection of human body, 5402. Dissen, Georg L., b., 8042; d., 8143. Dissenters, Eng., favor colonists, 823; abound, 8723; named, 8903; toleration granted, 9063; Society for Religious Lib erty, 9523; trial of, 9043; eligible, 9433; ministers resign allowance, 9803; ad- mitted to university honors, 9463; union with, favored, 9782; Equality Bill, 10072. Distaff spinning introduced, 8662. Distemper, horses affected, 2793. Distinguished Sin-vice Order, inst., 994' ,3. District of Columbia, org., 1032; Brit, ap- proach; cabinet flees, 1233; slavery abolished; reconsidered, 1052; slavery preserved, 1672; Japanese embassy in, 1873; slavery abolished, 2013; emanci- pation in, 2073; negroes vote, 225 2 , 259' ; contraband village in, 2292; elective franchise in, 256 3 ; real estate taxed, 2713; govt, granted. 2732; Alex. E. Shep- herd, gov., 283 2 ; Territorial govt, abol- ished ; commissioners appointed, 2852, 3012; Zoological Park, est., 340'. (See Washington City.) District Churches Act passes, 9722. Telegraph Co. org., America, 2813. Districts, Eng., divided into, 8892. Ditniarshes, Ger.,war with Denmark, 786' . Dittees, Friedrich, b., 8142. Dittlinger, P. W., defaulter, 391'. Ditton, Humphrey, b., 894' ; d., 9042. Di un Monacho che, etc., appears, 1077' . Diurnal Occurrences, appears, 8843. Diving-bell, first, 10243 ; used, 892' . Divorce, absolute decision, 347 2 . and Matrimonial Clauses Act, 963' . Bill passes, Fr., 7532. frequent, Fr., 7103. Diwer, Patrick, testimony against, 4522; resumes place, 4543 ; charges, 476' . Dix, Dorothea Lynde, b., 110'; Bill for insane, 175' . , John Adams, b., 108' ; see. treas. " Flag order," 191' ; at Fortress Monroe, 2083; to St. Albans' raiders, 239', 582'; incendiaries at N. Y., 240' ; gov. N. Y., 285' ; d., 3002. , Morgan, b. (1827), 1342; p re s. of Dep- uties, 346'. Dixey, Henry E., b., I6S2. Dixmude, Bel., captured, 6922. Dixon, County. Tenn., lynching, 465'. , 111., iron' bridge falls, 2813. , Archibald, b. (1S02); repeal Mis- souri Compromise, 175' ; d. (1876). , John, b. (1799); d., 2802. , Joseph, d., 2662.. , S. J., at Niagara Falls, 3673. , , Thomas, denounces Tammany, 4062. , Wm. Hepworth, b. (1821); New Amer- ican, 2603; d. (1879). Dixon's Compulsory Education Bill, 9812. Dixyvell, John, b. (1608); refugee, 413; d., (16S9). Djarkend, destructive earthquake, 1120' . Dmitrief, Ivan Ivanovitch, b., 11143; d., 11163. Doane Coll. fnd. at Crete, Neb., 2782. , Geo. Washington, b., 1082; cons, bp., 1402; trial begins, 1662; d., 1842. , J. W., Govt. U.K. director, 4473. , William Croswell, b. (1832), cons, bp., 2642j regent univ., 4002; speech, 4022,3. Dobbin, James Cochrane, b. (1814); sec. navy, 1733. Dobbs, Ferry, N. Y., monument, 462'. , Arthur, b. (17S4) ; gov., 693 ; d. (1765). Dobell, Sydney Thompson, b.,9422; works, 9563; d. (1874). Dober, O'Leonard, missionary, 622. Dobrentei, Gabor, b., 5163; d.,524'. Dobrowski, Josef, b., 5143; d., 5202. Dobrudja, ceded to Rumania, 11132; an- nexed to Turkey, 11592. Dobson, Austin, b. (1S40); Horace Walpole, 10063. , Wm.,b., 8782; a. (1646). Dockers' Union, laborers' strike, 1005'. Dockery, Alex. M., b., 158' . Commission Bill passes, 4592. Doctor of music, first in Eng., 864' . Doctors, feyv in Eng., 8662. Doezi, Lajos, b., 5203. Dod, Daniel, b. (1788); d., 1302. Do-dar Island, occupied, 6182. Dodd, Mr., builds steam vessel, 928'. .William., b. <1729i; convicted, 9212; d., 9203. Daldiugton, lost, 9133. Doddridge, Philip, b.,9022; d., 9123. Dodds, Gen., in Dahomey, 764' ; against King Bohanzin, 1161 2 . Doderlein, Ludwig, b., 8043; d., 822'. Dodge, Grenville Mellen, b. (1831) ; Gen., near La Vergne, 216' ; at Pulaski, 2283; before Atlanta, 2363; Pres. Society Army Tenn., 393' , 4723. , Henry, b. (1782); gov. Wis., 1472, 161'; d., 256'. , James Mapes, invents sewing-ma- chine, 126' . , Joshua E., in dept. of justice, 4473. , Marv Abigail (Gail Hamilton), b., 138' ; works, 2133, 2043, 2723, 2842, 3223; Washing!. in Bible Class, 3962. , Mary Mapes, works, 2943, 303' , 3143. , Nath. Shatswell, b. (1810) ; d., 284' . Dodg-Doug. Text Figures denote Page. INDIRA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1239 Dodge, Theodore Ayrault, b. (1S42); Hanni- bal, 3963. , William Earl, b., 1122; pres. Evan. Alliance, 2562; d., 312' ; statue, 3221 . , , pres. Evan. Alliance, 3183. Dodington, George Bubli, b., 8082, d. (1762). Dodaley, Robert, b., 9022; a (1764). Dodson, John George, minister, 985 2 ; chancellor, 9S93. Dodwell, Edward, b., 9163; d. (1832). Dodworth, Harvey B., d., 3761 . Doe, Joseph B., in war dept., 4472. Doebereimer, Johann W., b., 9042 ; d., 818' . Doeiteh Election Bill passed, 3392. Dot/all protects, 558' . Dogate, at Venice, 1073' ; at Genoa, 10773. Doggett, David Seth,b., 1162; ord. bishop, 2522; d., 304'. Doherty, Police capt., dismissed, 4662. Dohnavur, mission, 10462. Dohrn, Anton, b., 8143. , Heinrich, b., 8143. Doivan surrenders, 4823. Dolabella, Lucius Cornelius, routs Sen- ones, 10522. ,Publins Cornelius, b. (70 B.C.); Roman commander, 662'; d. (43 B.C.). Dolaro, Selina, d., 334' . Dolbear, Amos Emerson, b., 14S 2 ; system of telephone, 30S'. Dolce, Gen., exiled, 11313. Dolci, Carlo, b., 10823 ; d., 1083' . Dole, Sanford B., pres., 10413; reply, 451' ; 4412,4673; meets minister Willis. 10413. Doles, George Pierce, b. (1830) ; d., 235' . Dolet, Etienne, b., 6802; burned, 6S12; d., 6803. Dolgeville, N. Y., Koelzler murder, 4522. Dolgoroukoff, Prince, d., 1122' . Dolgoruki, Ivan Alexeioviteh, d., 11143. , Mikhailovitch, b.-d., 11162. , Peter Vladimirovitch, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. , , murdered, 11172. , Vassili Vladimirovitch, b.-d., 11142. , Princess, marriage, 1121'. Dollars, gold, coined, U. S., 1673. Dollin, Capt., at Brownsville, Tenn., 2102 Dollinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz, b., 8063 works, 815 ,820 3 ; excommunicated, 8262 rectorof Munich Univ. ; advocates union, 8263; receives delegates, i)2S3; d.,832'. Dolliver, Jonathan P., b., 184' . Dollond, George, d., 9582. , John, b (1706) - r telescope ; aberration of light, 9142; d. (1761). Dolly's Brae, Orangemen riot, 955' . Dolomieu, Dedodat Guy Svl vain Tancrede Gratet de, b., 701' ; d.. 7143. Dolon, inv. theatrical exhibitions, 10162. Dolores, Chile, troops defeated, 608' . Doloughty, John, murder of, 9903. Dolph, Joseph Norton, b., 1442; Dolph Bill passes, 363' ,367' ; Chinese Bill,437' ; speech, 4383, 439 2 ; resolution, 4552. Dolphin arrives, 428' . collides with Brenda, 9953. Doman, dvnamite explosion, 5333. Domat, Jean, b., 6863; d., 6943. Domazlice, Imperial army defeated, 506' . Dombey, Joseph, b., 7002; d., 7123. Dombrowski, Jan Henryk, b., 11143 ; d., 11163. Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri, b., paints St. John, 10822 ; d., 10823. Domesday Book completed, 8492. Domestic animals sent to America, 173. and For. Miss. Soc. org., 5842. comforts introduced, Fr., 6692. improvements, Fr., 6712. Domett, Alfred, b., 935' ; d. (1887). Dom Eurives appears, 1109' . Dominic de Guzman, St., b.-d., 11262. Dominican Republic, W. I. (See text, p. 643.) Ceded to Fr., 7113 ; Fr. army ca- pitulates, 714' ; revolt in, 714' ,11302'; Sp. annexes ; Sp. relinquishes, 11313 ; Am. annexation treaty, 2692 ; rejected, 2712, 2733; commission; report, 275' . Dominicans org., 1075' ; missions reduced, 1523 ; revolt against, 172 ; from Pearl Coast; inNew World, 183; in Fla.; labor, Ala.; in Ala., 222; in Chile, 605' . Domingo, Santa Maria, pres. Chile, 6073. Dominique, Jean A., work, 719' . Baron Louis, d., 7263. , Michael, defeated and flees ; presi- dent, Haiti, 10403. Dominis, Marco Antonio de, b., 510 2 ; d., 5123. Doniitanus, takes Alexandria, 655'. Domitian (Titus Flavins Domitianus Au- gustus), b.-d.,10622 ; reigns.10633; against educators, 1063' ; erects wall in Ger., 1062' ; persecutes, 10042; murdered,10633. Domitius, L. (See Nero.) Domville, Sir William, lord mayor, 9353. Donaghadee, telegraph completed. 9593. Donald V. dethroned ; suicide, 845' . VII. reigns, 8492 ; dethroned, S49' , 2; blinded, 849'. , E. F., unseated, 3592. , Lord of the Isles, at Harlaw, 860' . Donaldson, Mormon bp., under arrest,36S 3 . , Edward, b., 1242. , James Lowry, b., 123' ; d. (1885). , John N., b., 935' . , William, b., 9362; d. (1861). , Washington H., balloon ascension, 2893. Donaldsonville, La., action, 2143, 223' ,2 ; Federals defeated, 2243. Donar, Ger., gen., 7682. Donatello, b.-d., 10762; statues, 1078' . Donati, Giovanni Battista, b., 1086 2 ; dis- covers comets ; d., 1088 2 . Donation Bill passes, Fr., 7312. controversy ; bitter, 1068 2 . Donatists at Carthage, 1067' ; council against ; controversy ; elect Donatus, 10682. Donatus, b., 9' ; elected bishop, 10682. Donauworth, Fr., defeat, 696' . Doncaster, Earl of, title created, 891' . , Are, 9593. Doneau, Hughes, b., 6S03; d., 6842. Donegal, Ire., distress, 9903. , Marquis of, title created, 9252. Donelson, Andrew Jackson, b. (1800); nom. vice-pres., 1792 ; TO te, 1812 ; d. (1871). , John L., nom. for vice-pres., 1792. Doneraile, Viscount, title created, 923' . Dongan, Thomas, b., 34' gov. N. Y., 482, 492; charter bv, 503; protects Five Na- tions, 51'; d., 58'. Don Gioniuni appears, 804' . Dongola, Egy., evacuated, 6602. Dong-Song, Fr., captured ; evacuated, 4822. Donington, Baron, title created, 987' . Doniphan, Kan., farmers' feud, 2903. , Mo., Federals defeated, 2222. , Alex. Wm.,b. (1808) ; marches to Sal- tillo, 1002; at Sacramento, 162'; d.(1887). Donis, Nicholas, map, 12' . Donizetti, Gaetano, b., 10843 ; d., 10863. Don Juan, in Tunis, 11392. Donn, Bp. McAlister cons., R. C, 9962. Donne, John, b., 8742 ; works, 877' , 881' ; d., 8822. , Maria Dalle, d., 1542. Donnellan, Nehemiah, lord keeper, 901 3 . Donnelly, Ignatius, b., 1382; Great Cryp- togram, 3283 ; nom. for gov., 4112. , James, cons, bishop, 968' . Donnier, Col., Chinese defeated, 482'. Donop, Carl Emil Kurt von, Count, b. (1740) ; at Red Bank, SS ' ; d. (1777). Donoso Cortes, Juan, Francisco Maria de la Salud, b.-d., 11303. Donoughmore, Earl, title created, 931' . Donovan, Capt., killed, 600' . , Caroline, gift to Hopkins Univ., 347' . , Edward, b., 0283 ; d., 9482. , John, b., 9343. , Mr., in duel, 9212. Donus I., pope, 10722. II., pope, 1073'. Doo, George Thomas, b., 9302 ; d. (1886). Doolittle, James Rood, b., 1242 ; on Com. 13, 1892; pres. Conven., 2533, 2792. , W. H., b., 168' . Dooly, John Mitchell, b., 762 ; d., 1342. Doran, John, b., 933' ; Fenian, sentenced, 9703; d.,9822. , Bp. See of Leighlin ; murdered, 8663. Dorat, Claude Joseph, b., 6983; Mte de la poksie allemande, 7032 ; d., 705' . , Jean, b., 6783; d. (1588). Dorchester, Eng., unites with Sidnacester, 8483; destroyed by Are, 8793. , Mass., fnd., 33' ; Heights taken, 82 annexed to Boston, 269 r opened, 2763. , Baron, title created, 9232. , Baron. (See Carleton, Guy.) Dore, Paul Gustave, b., 7262; d., 754' Doremus, Robert Ogden, b., 132' . Dorfingen, Ger., battle of, 784' . Doria, familv in ascendancy, 1077 2 . , Andrea, b., 10783; frees Genoa, 10813; d., 10803. , Lamba, defeats Dandola, 1076' . Dorian, M., minister, 7412. Dorians besiege Athens, 1014' ; migration, 1015' . Doric architecture, 1013' . Dorigny, Louis, b., 6902 ; k., 7002. , Sir Nicolas, b., 6902; d., 7003. Dorion, Sir A. A., d., 592' . Doris, asteroid, discovered, 732' . Dormer, Baron, title created, 881''. , Lord, in Parliament, 9452. Dorner, Isaac A., b., 8083; d., 8302. Dorpat, Rus., Univ. founded, 1115' . Dorr, Julian Caroline Ripley, b., 1322. , Thomas Wilson, b., 1122 ; leads Suf- frage party; rebellion, 155 2 ; tried, 1572; released, 1592; d. (1854). Dorrego, Manuel, Pres., b. (1787) ; shot, 490', 3; captured. 4903. Dorset, Earl of, minister, 879' , 8833, 8992. Dorsetshire, waterspout, 1000' . Dorsey, George W. E., Bank Bill, 394' . , James Owen, b., 164' . — , John Syng, b., 96' ; d., 1262. , W., indictments, 3103, 3132. , Stephen W., b. (1842) ; indictments against, 3103,3132. , Mrs., bequest to J. Davis, 3032. Dort, Neth., villages lost, 1099' ; synod favors Calvinists, 1101 ' . Dortmund, Prus., miners dispersed, 833' . Dosquet, P. H., consecrated, 575' . Dost Mohammed Khan, b., 43; surrenders to Brit., 4'; takes Herat; forms regu- lar army, 42 ; ally of British ; sent to India; restored, 52; d., 43. Dostoyefsky, Fedor Mikhailovitch, b., 11163; works, 11183; d., 1120'. Dosza, Kuruc, crusader, 5082 ; tortured, 509'. Doterel, destroyed, 986' . Doty, James Duane, b. (1799) ; gov. Wis., 1552,2413; d. (1865). Douai, Fr., annexed to Burgundy, 677 2 ; part of Sp. Neth., 0792; Univ. fnd., 6832; Bible printed, 087' ; annexed, 6973. Douay, Charles Abel, b., 719' ; d., 7382. , Felix Charles, b., 7223 ; at Belfort ; falls, 738'; defeats Commune, 7443; d., 752'. Double Island, mission, 620 3 . refraction explained, 636 2 . Doubledav, Abner, b., 1282; ,1., 422' . , Thomas Donnelly, b. (1810) ; d., 2332. Douboussat, Numa, bribery, 4702. Douce, Francis, b., 9162 ; d., 9462. Doucet, Charles Camille, b. (1892) ; in Academy, 732' . Douck-Hanb, crowned ; d., 4S33. Dougherty, Col., at Charleston, Mo., 198' . , Daniel, b. (1820) ; address to Congress, 3463 ; d., 414' . Doughty, Francis, banished. 342; in N.Y., 363. , Richard, Presbyterian pastor, 36 3 . , Thomas, b., 1042; d., 178' . Douglas, Sir Archibald, at Annan, 858' ; d., 866' . , , Earl of Angus, usurps power banished, 8673. , A. G., cons, bishop, 9S62. - — , Baron, title created, 975' . , David, b., 9283 ; d. (1834). , Gawin, or Gavin, b., 8642; works, 8663, 867' ; d., 8663. , George, b., 578' . , Gen. Howard, b (1776) ; gov. N. B., 5773; d., 9642. , Earl of, at Homildon Hill ; at Nesbitj Muir, 860' . , James, Earl of Morton, regent ; re- signs, 8753; d., 8742. , , governor Vancouver, 5812, — — , Sir , invades Eng., 856' . , John Hancock, b. (1824) ; d., 416' . , Robert Kennaway, b., 9482. .Stephen Arnold, b., 121'; debates with Lincoln, 158'; in senate, 1632; prominent at Nat. Conven., 171'; intro. Kansas-Nebraska Bill; senate agrees, 175' ; Lincoln challenges to debate, 177' ; candidate for nom. for vice-pres., 1803 ; proposes Committee of Five, 181' ; not elected senator, 181 2 ; opposes Lecomp- ton Constitution, 1832; joint debate with 1240 Text Figures denote Page. IN lJlt,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. DoUgf— Dubl. Lincoln, 185' ; nominated forpres., 1882; on Committee of 33, 1892; vote, 1883, 1913 ; aids Lincoln, 1953 ; d., 1963 ; death mourned, 197' ; monument, 2553. Douglas, Wm, Earl of, murdered, 8633. , Mr., builds New York theater, 713. Douglass, Frederick, b., 126'; pres. of convention, 2653, 2773. Dounay, Maurice, work, 7662. Dour, Belg., mine explosion, 5473. Douro, Spain, battle of, 718'. Douville, Jean Baptiste, b. (1794) ; dwells in Kongo, 1093'. Douzy, Fr., Germans attack, 7402. Dove, emigrant ship, 322. Dove, Heinrich W., b., S082 ; d., 830' . -, Richard Wilhelin, b., 8142 ; d. (1879). Dover, Del., Epis. ch. erected, 57' ; peace conven., 1972 ; Rodney monument, 346' . , Eng., resists Fr., 670' ; steamboats to Calais, 9413 ; admiralty pier, 9533 ; tele- graph with ' >slend, 9593 ; and Deal R.R. opd.,9873; Municipal huildings and park opd., 9913 ; Bp. Eden rous., 1U042 ; har- bor works, 1011 3 ; cliff falls, 9582. , Me., earthquake, 3521. , N. H., settlement, 31', 2, 3; Cong. Church org., 342; Indians attack, 50'; Agricultural Coll., 3542; Hitchcock Me- morial Hospital, dedicated, 429'. , O., railway accident, 3873. , Term., Confederates defeated, 2182. and Chatham Co., amalgamates, 9832. College, Eng., established, 9743. Dow, Lorenzo, b., 89' ; d., 1422. , Neal, b., 112'; bill becomes Maine law, 169'; calls out militia, 1763 ; nom. forpres. ; vote, 305'. Dowden, Edward , b., 9522. , John, cons, bishop, 9962. Dower, missionary, retained, 6003. Dowler, Bennet, b., 1062 ; d. (1879). Dowling, Thomas J., cons, bishop, 5843. , Irish agitator, wounded, 9903. Down, Ire., bishopric est., 3403 j see unites. 8622 ; Bp. Reeves cons., 9962; Cathedral rededicated, 8503. Downe, Viscount of, title created, S943. , Com. John, b. (1784 ?) ; captures At- lanta, 2223 ; d., 176'. , Wm., lord chief justice, 9313. Downey, John G-.,gov.Cal., 1903; d., 452'. , Col., at Moorefleld, W. Va., 208' . Downie, George, Adin., at Plattsburg, 1222; d. (1814). Downing, Andrew J., b., 1242 ; suggests Central Park ; d., 170' . , John, killed, 9863. — — , S. B., nom. for governor, 345' . Downs, Spanish defeat, i>90' ; naval battle, 888', 892'. Downshire, Marquis of, title created, 923' . Dowse, Richard, d., 10022. , Thomas, b., 762 ; d., 178' . Dowze, Judge, reports on country, 987 ' . Doyle, A. Conail, works, 10043. — -, Sir O.H.,lieut.-gov.N.S., 5792,583', 2. , Sir Francis Hastings, d., 9982. , Jeremiah, cons. R. C. bishop, 9962. , Richard, b., 9422. College, founded, Tenn., 3183. Draco, b., 10142 ; laws, 10171. Draft, ordered, U. S., 2113 ; in S. Confed., 2253, 2301,3, 2312; riot, N. Y., 2252; stopped, 2472. Dragali, capture of, 5301 . Dragoman Pass, Bulgaria, defended, 5061 ; Bulgaria wins, 5662. Dragoon Guards, formed, Eng., 8961. Dragut, gov. of Tripoli, 1138' ; d. (1565). Drain, Ore., Normal School est., 3223. Drake, wrecked, 940' . Drake, Benjamin, b. (1794) ; d., 186' . , Col., at Pine Bluff, 232'. , Daniel, b., 962 ; d., 170' . , E. L., finds petroleum, 1853. , F. M., president, 3242. , Sir Francis, b., 8682; marauder, 24'+; explorer, 243±; on Pacific coast, 630' ; intro. potatoes, 8733 ; in?W. I. ; voyage, 874' ; Arctic expedition, 8742; commands Eng. fleet, 876' ; intro. tobacco, 8772 ; attacks Vigo, 1128' ; d., 8762 ; memorial, , - — Samuel, b., 136' ; d., 320' . , Friedrich, b., 8082 ; d., 8302. , John A., robbed, 4423. — , Joseph Rodman, b., 106' ; works, 763, 1283, 1443 ; d., 1282. Drake, Samuel Adams, b. (1833) ; work, 3962. , Samuel Gardner, b., 108' ; d. (1875). University founded, la., 3082. Drama, Eng., sacred; first comedy, 870' ; forbidden, 885'; females in, 8881 ; 890'; indecency prevails ; correction of, 901 ' ; Play License Act, 9093 ; theatrical fund est., 915 2 ; in Rome, 1053'; sacred, li- censed, Fr., 1078' ; first in Europe at Rome, 10S0' . (See Theater.) Drauesville, Va., action at, 2003 ; Confeds. defeated, 202' ; Federals defeated near, 2202, 2302. Draper, Alonzo Granville, b.(1835);d., 248'. , Henry, b., 1482 ; photographs nebu- las, 308' ; d., 3102. , John Christopher, b., 1442 ; d.,3202. , W., b., 935' . , Wm., b., 1162; makes daguerreo- types, 152' ; Ciril War, 2003; d., 310' . , F., b., 1542. , Sir , spectra, of stars, 2S0' . Drasa, Peter R. Kendrick, bishop, 1542. Drave River overflows, 534' . Drayton, Henry, b., 152' . , John, governor S. C, 1112, 1153. , Michael, b., 872' ; works, 877' , 8802 ; d. (1631). , Percival, b. (1812) ; d., 248' . , William Henry, b., 642 ; d., 912. Dreadnought, built, 984' . Drebbel, 'Cornells Van, b. (1572); inv. al- cohol thermometer, 880' ; microscope, 10982 ; thermometer ; submarine ship, 11002 ; d. (1634). Dred Scott Case ; decision rendered ; free- dom unconstitutional, 183' ; reacts, 183 2 . Dreher, Virginia, b., 184' . Drelincourt, Charles, b., 6842 ; d., 6903. Drentelen, Gen., attempt to assass., 11203. Drepanius, Latimus, d., 6623. Drepanum (Trapani), action near, 10523. Dresden, Saxony, fnd., 7812 ; capital city, 7913; alliance find. ,7993 ; peace of, 8013; bombarded ; captured, 892' ; held by Aust., 8093; battle of; retaken, 810'; Napoleon enters, 811'; siege of, 520'; occupied, 7183, 822'; taken, 7202 ; con- ferences, S192 ; insurrection, 8183 ; Prus- sians in, 526' ; Art Academy opd., 832' . china first made, 7982. Dressed Beef Law unconstitutional, 3592. Dreux, Fr., Protestants defeated, 682' ; Fr. army repulsed, 7423. Drevet, Pierre, b., 6943; d., 7002. Drew, Daniel, b. (1788) ; d., 3022. , George F., gov. Fla., 2973. , John, b., 1722; d. (1862). , Mrs. John (Louisa Lane), b., 9382. , Samuel, b., 9162; 9462. , Thos. S., gov. Ark., 159' . Theological Seminary fnd., 254 3 . Drexel, Anthony Joseph, b. (1826) ; est. D. Indus. Coll., 3362; d. (1893) ; will, 4341 . , Mrs. Joseph, gift, 3341 . , Kate, Sister of Mercy, 3383 ; takes black veil, 3522. Industrial College, fnd., 3362. Institute, Phila., ded., 3961 . Dreyfus, Albert, duelist, 7593; charged with treason, sentenced, and degraded, 7671 . , chief rabbi of Fr., 7622. Dreyschock, Alexander, b., 8122; d. (1869). Dreyse, Johann N. von, b., 8043; invents needle-gun, 8141; d., 8243. Drobudsha occupied, 5651 , Drogheda, Ire., taken, 8862 ; Fenian up- rising, 9703; for Home Rule, 9792; Ten- ants' Defense, 10023. , E. of, title created, 8911 . , Marquis of. (See Seymour, Sir Henry F.) Drogo, duke of Apulia, 775 3 . Dromore, Ire., see erected, 8403. Drontheim, or Trondhjem, Nor., bishopric fnd., 11053 ; polar expedition 5301 . Droop Mountain, Confed. defeat, 2281. Drouais, Jean Germain, b., 7031 ; d., 7062. Drouet d' Erlon, Gen. Jean Baptiste, b. (1765) ; gov., 93; d. (1844). Drouyn de Lliuvs, Edouard, b., 7163; on mediation, 2153; d., 7522. Drowne, Deacon Shem, vanes, 662. Droysen, Johann G., b., 8083; works, 8151 , 8182,8203; d., 8302. Droz, Antoine Gustave, b., 7262; works, 7363, 73S3, 7483, 7S42. ' 7043; d., 7302. Druell, Judge, decides governorship, 2793 . Druids, religion proscribed, 6623 ; in Brit- ain ; sacrifice criminals ; power, 8392; in Ger., 10632. Druillettes, Gabriel, missionary, 38' ; at Sault St. Marie, 442. Drum, Gen. Richard Coulter, b. (1825) ; succeeded by Kelton, 3401 . Drumclog, Scot., action at, 8941 . Drumgoole, John C, b. (1828) ; d. (1888) ; statue, 4561 . Drummond, Gen. Sir Gordon, b. (1771) ; besieges Ft. Erie, 1222; at Lundy's Lane, 1222; gov. Can., 5773; d. (1854). , Henry, b. (1851) ; Ascentof Man,Vmz. , Thomas, b.,92s3 ; ] no* luces limelight, 9421; light mT ., 8602; d., 9502. .William, gov. N. C.,393, 423; hanged, 472. , , of Hawthornden, b., 8742; works, 8802, 3; d.,8862. Drunkenness, death penalty, Scot., 8451. (See Temperance.) Drury College, Mo., fnd., 2823. Drury's Bluff, Va., Butler at, 233' . Druse, Roxalana, murderer, hanged, 3263. Druses, fnd., 6552; Maronite war, 11581 , 2. Drusus, Csesar, b.-d., 10622. , Germanicus Claudius Nero, b.-d., 1003; ha Ger., 7681 ; extends Roman rule, 10621; poisoned, 10631. , Marcus Livius, changes land laws ; tribune, 1057 2 ; bills of ; assassinated, 10573. Dryad, in naval engagement, 9361. launched, 1010 1. Dryden, John, b., 8822; works, 8883, 8903, 8911,8931,8943,8963,8983,9003; d.,9022. Drysdale, Hugh, gov. Va., 613. Drzislav, Pr. of Croatia, 5031 . Duane, James, b., 621 ; mayor, N. Y.,973. , William, b., 722; d., 1442. , ■ John, b., 931 ; refuses to remove funds, 1432; dismissed, 1433; d., 2481. Duba, Baron Andreas de, constitution for Bohemia, 5071 . Dubarry, Q. M., com. brig.-gen., 364'. Du Bellay. (See Bellay.) Dublin, Ire., built, ,s;(93; Christianity est., 8403; St. Patrick's Cathedral est., 8403, 8503; captured, 8441 ; partly built ; walls built by Danes, 8452; Battle of Contarf, 8461; Christ's Church built, 8463, 8522; named, 8471 ; archbp. cons. ,8483; Strong- bow takes, sr.ni ; archbishopric est., 8502; chartered, 8512, and by James II. (1609) ; Black Monday massacre ; citizens ex- communicated ,852 2 ; Castle built,princes do homage to K. John, 8531 ; De Decer first provost, 857 2 ; mayor's privileges; Thos. Cusack, first mayor, 8613; plague, 8653; Christ's Church Deanery, 8683; St. Patrick's Cathedral desecrated, 8691 ; cathedral restored, 8703; trial by com- bat, 8711; Celtic printing intro., 8743; Trinity Coll. fnd., 877i , and chartered, 8783, 8831 ; articles of religion est., 8802; Werburg Street Theater est., 8821 ; sur- rendered to Parliamentarians, 8861 ; be- sieged by Irish Royalists, 6862; Orange Street Theater est.; 8901 ; Coll. of Physi- cians fnd., 8923 ; Cromwell in (1649 ,Aug.); blue-coat hospital, S031; Essex Bridge est., 8941; Royal Hospital fud., 8943; Queen's Bridge built (1684) ; Dublin News Letter est., 8963; earthquake, 8982; D. Intelligencer est.; Trinity Coll. bar- rack, 8983 ; James II. arrives ; Irish Pari, meets, 8983, 8992 ; Ptie's Occurances est., 9003; laws against Catholics, 9012; lamp-lighted (f698) ;D. Gazette. est., 9043; Aungier St. Theater est., 9081 ; Crow St. Music Hall est. ; Royal D. Soc. fmd., 9081 ; ineorp. (1749) ; D. Coll. Library est. , 909 1 ; Infirmary fnd., 9092; Linen Hall opd.; Pari. House begun, 9093; Chapel Street Theater est., 9102; Fishamble Music Hall est., 9102 ; Foundling Hosp. est. ; EsdaUe's Xewx-Letter changed to Saun- der's ; Literary Journal est. ; Lying-in Hospital fnd., 9112 ; St. Patrick's spire erected, 9131 ; Crow Street Theater Royal, est., 9142, 9401 ; Trinity Coll. erected,'9152; Queen's Bridge destroyed, 9173, and rebuilt, 9162; Freeman's Jour- nal issued, 9163 ; Hibernian Soc. org. ; Marine Soc. est., 9172; Royal Exchange begun, 9181 ; General PavingAct passes ; penny post est., 9193 ; state lottery Dubl-Duhr. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1241 drawn, 9212; custom house built, 9212; Knights of St. Patrick org., 923 1 ; ob- servatory est., 9222; Bank of Ireland est., 9233; inundated, 924 1 ; police est. (1786) ; Royal Irish Acad. est. ; Surgeons' Soc. fnd. ,9241 ; D. Library inst.; D. Royal Coll. of Surgeons est., 925 1 ; police stat- ute, 9203; first steam-engine iu, 926 1 ; Maynooth Coll. fnd., 9271 ; Carlisle Bridge opd. (1794) ; The Press; est. ; sup- pressed, 9291; City Armed Asso. find., 3292 ; insurrection ; L. Fitzgerald ar- rested; union with Eng. voted, 9293; Emmett's insurrection, :);.;oi ; Lift'ey Val- ley inundated, 9302; j_>. institution fnd. ; theater riots, 9372, 9392, 9412 ; Clare- mont Deaf and Dumb Asy. est., 9392; Hawkins Street Theater opd., 9401; George IV. visits; "bottle riot," 9412; gas intro.,9433; Irish nat. school-system est., 9443; Brit. Asso. meets, 9461; D. Royal Soc. org. (1831) ; Hibernian Acad, fnd., 9411 .ja. Whately.archb.,9442; rail- way to Kingston opd, ; Zoological Gar- dens opd., 9461 ; D. University Maya::ine est., 9463; destructive storm, 94S2 ; D. Review est., 9483; Mt. Jerome Cemetery cons., 9493 ; Irish Archaeological Soc. find., 9501 ; Queen's Theater, Brunswick St., est., 9521 ; Maynooth Coll. endowed, 9523 ; O'Connell's arrest, 9532 ; J. Mit- chell's and O'Brien's arrest, 9552 ; Irish Felon suppressed ; Nation suppressed, 9543 ; Fenian funeral demonstrations ; Fenians shoot policemen ; Weekly News libel ; Kildare annexed, 9551 ; Queen visits, 9553 ; Great Aggregate meeting, SoS^-Jrish Quarterly Ih rieu: est.; Queen's Univ. est., 9563 ; (see Royal Univ. of Ire.) ; Electric telegraph to London ; Royal Exchange est., 9573 ; Nat. Gallery est., 9582 ; Industrial Expos, opd.; Queen visits, 9593 ; British Association meets, 9602 ; riots, 9631 ; Fine Arts Exhibition, 9641 ; Queen visits, 9651 ; Maynooth Coll. enlarged, 9643; o'CouncH's statue; Gold- smith's statue, 9662, 3; R. C. Trench, archbp., 9663 ; religious riots, 9672 ; in- dustrial Exhibition opd., 9673 ; Irish People seized ; Queen's Univ. chartered ; St. Patrick's Cathedral restored, 9682 ; Fenian disturbances, 9683 ; and trials, 9691 ; proclaimed, 9692; lnt.u-nationalEx- hibition opd.; 9693 ; Conf. of Bps., 9702; Irish Coll. of Science est., 9701, 2 ; Fenian uprising ; Liverpool Fenians arrested, 9703; two policemen shot ; Pr. of Wales, welcome; Irishman, prosecuted, 9711; Smith O'Brien statue ; British Asso. meets, 9741 ; Home Government Asso. meets, 9752 ; Brown Hospital endowed, 9771 ; Fine Arts and Industrial Exhibi- tion opd. ; Spencer Dock inaug., 9773 ; Cath. Union re-org., 9782 ; Roman Cath. Coll. proposal rejected, 9733 ; Grattan statue, 9801; Christ Church cathedral reopened, 9822 ; Archbp. McCabe cons., 9S23 ; anti-land league pastoral, 9842; Moore centenary eel., 9843 ; Home Rule meetings, 9851 ; Royal Theater burned, 98.") 3; Queen's Univ. dissolved into Royal Univ., 9862 ; United Ireland, est., 9S63 ; proclaimed ; agitators in jail, 9871 ; Hawkins Street Tbeater burned ; pro- claimed, 9873 ; Social Science Asso. meets, 9881 ; Parnell imprisoned ; Irish Invincibles org. ; riots ; HomeJJUile meeting, 98S3 ; Phoenix Park murders (see Phoenix Park) ; arms prohibited, 9S91 ; O'Connell statue ; Orange St. The- ater opd., 8901 ; plot against govt, mem- bers ; detectives assaulted ; martial law; police difficulties ; constabulary; settled, 9903 ; Vigilance murder organi- zation, 9911 j Exhibition Irish Arts, 9913 ; Museum of Science and Art est., 9921; Archbp. Walsh cons.; Archbp. Plunkett cons., 9922; p r . of Wales visit, 9931 ; Lord Mayor imprisoned; deer forests raided, 9972; Pope's interference resented, 9983, 10002 ; distillery syndi- cate, 10013 ; Science and Art Museum opd. 10041 ; National Press est., 10043; Irish Nat. League meets, 1005 1 ; Nat. Federation Conv. opens ; United Ireland reappeais, 1005 2 ; Daily Irish Indepen- dent est.; Nation suspends; Freeman's Journal and Nat. Press united, 10063 ; dynamite explosion, 10083 ; rioting, 10083, 10103; demonstration, 10091 ; riots, 10103; Parnellite Conven. meets, 1011 1; V. B. Dillon, lord mayor, 10112. (See Phoenix Park ; see Trinity College.) Dublin Castle, burned, 8973. University, females admitted, 10103. Bill, rejected, 9773. Dubois, Fred. T., b., 1682; Senator, 3972. , Guillaume, b., 6902; d., 6982. Du Bois, Gualterus, b. (1666) ; pastor Ref. Dutch Church, 711 ; d. (1752). , Raymond E. H., b., 8122. , Win. Ewing, b.,1162; d., 3081. Dubois-Pigalle, Paul, b., 7243, Dubos, Jean Baptiste, b., 0922; -works, 6991,2; d., 7002. Duboscq, Jules, b. (1817) ; improves sac- charometer, 7301 ; electric light, 7321. Dubost, M., minister, 7671. Dubravka, Princess, < Christian e!forts,5022. Dubs, Jakob, b.-d., 1138 1. Dubufe, Claude Marie, b., 7062; d., 7362. , Edouard, b., 7223; d., 7541. Dubuque, la., R. C. diocese est., 1483; St. Joseph's Coll. est., 2822; School for Deaf opd., 3191 ; lead-mine discovered, 3541 . I>u Camp, Maxime, b., 724i ; d., 7661 . Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, b., 6862; d., 6942. Ducarel, Andre Coltee, b., 6963; d., 7061. Ducas, Michael, b., 10343. Ducasse, Capt. Jean Baptiste, b. (1640) ; at Cartagena, 6942; d. (1715). Ducat, struck in Venice, 10753. Due d'Aquitaine, lost, 9142. Duchachet, Henry, b.(1796); d., 24S2. Du Chaiilu, Paul Belloni, b., 7262; works, 1802, 1991, o 60 3, 2651, 2771, 3503, 47s 1 ; exhibits at Royal Inst., 9G82. Duchatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, b., 7143; d., 7362. , Pierre, d., G822. Duche, Jacob, b.. 642; chaplain of Con- gress, 782, 792, d., 1081 . Ducbesne, Andre, b.,6342; d., 6883. , Col., defeats Chinese, 4822. proposal, protested, 5453. Ducie, Earl of, title created, 9451 . Ducis, Jean Francois, b., 69S3; works, 7051,2, 7063, 7083; d., 7222. Duckiug-stool set up, N. Y., 531. Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, b., 9122; at Constantinople, 9321; in Dardanelles, 9321; d., 9382. Duclerc, Charles Theodore Eugene, b. (1812); pres., 6533; ministry, resigns, 7533; d. (1888). Duclos, Charles Pinean, b., 696 2 ; works, 7012, 7083; d., 7042. Ducos, Robert, in Prairial revolution, 7133. Ducret, Edouard, sentenced, 7651 . Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre, b., 7222; dis- missed, 7501 ; at Metz, 8261 ; d., 7522. Dudik, Beda Franz, b.(1815), 5202; d. (1890). Dudith, Andrew, b.-d., 5102. Dudley, Earl of , title created, 9651. , Benjamin Winslow, b., 962; d., 2682. , Charles Edward, b., 931 ; d. (1841). . Edward Bishop, b. (1787) ; gov. N. 0., 1492; d. (1855). , John, Earl of Warwick, b., 866 2 ; pro- tector, 8712; minister, 8713; executed, 8702. , Joseph, b., 381 ; defends charter, 49 1 ; gov. Mass., 493, 503, 553, 592; trouble with Court, 553; conspiracy, 57 2 ; d., 58 2 . , Lord. (See John button.) , Lucillia Y., sboots at liossa, 320 3 . , Paul, b., 463; d., 683. , Robert, E. of Leicester, b. (1532+) ; minister, 8732, 8753 ; forms Nat. Asso., 8752; at Zutphen, 8741. , Thomas, b (1576); gov. Mass., 333, 372,392; d. (1652). , b. (1837) ; cons. P. E. Bp., 2362. , Viscount, minister, 9432,3. , William, gift to Birmingham, 9751 . , W., lynched, Ky., 3903. , Col., resigns, 3892. Observatory est., 1801; new comet discovered, 3101. Duel, first in New England, 302. Duels, noted. (Others may be found un- der 'the names of the participants in alphabetical places.) Adams, wounds Chas. James Fox, 9212; Artois, Comte d\ wounded by Due de Bourbon, 7053 ; Barron, Com., kills Com. Decatur, 1291 ; Boulanger, Gen., wounded by M. Flo- quet, 7563; Broderiek, Senator, is killed by Judge Terry, 187 ] ; Burr, Aaron, kills Alexander Hamilton, 7383 ; Byron, Lord (poet'sgreat uncle), kills Chaworth,917i ; Cassagnac, Paul de, wounds Lissagaray, 7383 ; wounded by Kane. 7463 ; Chaworth, killed by Lord Byron, 917 1; Clare, Earl of , with Henry Grattan, 9411; Clay, Henry, wounds Humphry Marshall(1809); fights with John Randolph, 1352; Corry, Isaac, wounded by Henry Grattan, 9292; Decatur, Com., kills Com. Barron, 1201 ; Hamilton, Duke of, kills Lord Mohun, 905i ; Henry, Prince (Don Enrique), killed by Duke of Montpensier, 739i ; Floquet, M., wounds Gen. Boulanger, 7563 ; Fourier, Capt., wounds Henri Rochefort, 7543 • Fox, Charles James, wounded by Adams, 9212 ; Grattan, Henry, wounds Corry, 9292 ; fights Earl of Clare, 941 1; Jackson, Andrew, kills Charles Dickinson (180G, May 30) ; Len- nox, Col. (D. of Richmond), with D. of York, 9252; Lissagaray, M., wounded by Paul de Cassagnac, 7383 ; Mohun, Lord, killed by D. of Hamilton, 9051 ; Mont- pensier, Due de, kills Pr. Henry (Don Enrique) ,'7391 ; Rochef ort,Henri, wounds Capt. Fourier, 7541; Soutza, Pr., kills Ghilka, 74S3 ; Terry, Judge, kills Sena- tor Broderiek, 1871; York, D. of , fights Col. Lennox (D. of Richmond), 9251 . Duelling, Brit, code of, pub., 943i; for- bidden, Fr., 6731 ; in Eng., 8943 ; prohib- ited in army, Ger.,8341 ; in army checked, Eng., 9271 ; discouraged, 949 1 ; prohib- ited, 10971. Duenas, Gen., pres. San Salvador, 11232. Duer, John, b., 95 1 . , William Alexander, b., 931 ; d., 1841 . Due West, S. C, Erskine Coll., org., 1511 . Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas, b. (1798); minister, 7451, 7493, premier, 7511,2; resigns, 7513 ; d. (1881). Dufay, Charles Fram/ois de Cisternay, b., 6943; on electricity, 69S1 ; d., 7002. Duif,Alexander,b.,9323; visits U.S., 1762; miss, sails; wrecked, 9442; missions, 9483; declines professorship, 9542; mod- erator, 9782 ; miss., 10463 ; d., 9822. , King, murdered, 8463. , M. E. Grant, gov. Madras, 10453. , Mountstuart EJphinstone Grant, b., 9441. , Robert W., gov. Australia, 5012. , Mrs., as Juliet, 116i . Duiferin, N. S., sale of gold-mine, 5873. , Baron, title created, 9311 . , E. of. (See F. T. H. Blackwood.) , Marquis, title created, 9963. Dufheld, Alexander J., d., 10041 . , George, b. (1816) ; moderator, 2172 ; d. (1888). Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan, b., 9382; colony federation, 4972; premier, resigns, 498 3 ; works, 9863, 10082. , Frank, murderer, 4222. Dufour, Aries, St. Simonian, d., 746"> . , Guillaume Henri, b.-d., 1138'. , L'Abbe V., works, 7523. Dufrenoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, b., 7031; d., 7242. , Pierre Amand, b., 7082 ; d., 7322. Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, b., 6862 ; d., 6903. Dufresny, Charles Riviere, b., 6S83; works, 6952 ; d., 6982. Dugas-Montbell, Jean Baptiste, b., 7043; d., 7262. Dugdale, Sir William, b. (1605) ; d., 9862. Dugenne, Col., occupies Langson, 4821. Duggan, Patrick, cons. bp. Clonfert, 9762; acquitted, 9782. Dugliet, Gaspard, b., 6862 ; d.,6923. Dug Spring, Mo., battle of, 1981 . Duguay-Tfouin, Rene, b., 6922; Adm. at Rio de Janeiro, 5541 ; requires capitula- tion, 555 1 ; d., 6983. Duguesclin, Bertrand, b.-d., 6722; at Au- ray ; defeated ; captured ; in Navarre ; in 'Spain, 6741 ; constable of Ft. ; in Brit- tany ; regains territory, 6742; takes Fr. territory, 6753. Dulialde, Jean Baptiste, b., 6922; d., 7002. Duhamel, Joseph Thomas, b. (1841) ; cons. bp.,5822; cons, archbp., 5843. de Monceau, Henri Louis, b., 6943; d., 7051 . Diihring, Eugen Karl, b., 8142. 1242 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Duil-Dush. Duilius, Cains, naval commander, 10523. Duisburg, Prus.,Univ. suspends, 801)1 . Duke, Gen., defeated at Kingsport, 2402. , Sir .John, lord mayor, London, 9492. Dukes, N. L., acquitted, 313' . Duke's Laws enacted, 433. Dulaney, Lloyd, duel, 9231 . Dulaure, Jacques Antoine, b., 7022; d., 7262. Duller, Eduard, b., 8083; d., 8201 . Duloz, M-, disappears, 7651 . Duluth, Minn., canal dug, 2733; coal-dock strike, 3332; p. c. Prentice against Mayor Beaser, 3432 ; Clias. W. Wetmore (whaleback) sails, 3S53 ; lire, 3933 ; first whalebacks,394' ; State Turnfest resolu- tions, 4102; strike, 4642. Dulwich College, Surrey, fnd., 8803. Dumas, Alexandre, pere, b.,7143; -works, 7272, 7291 , 7303, 7323, 7;«;3; d., 7382. , Alexandre, tils, b., 7242 ; works, 7302, 7323, 7462, 7523; Fr. Academy, 7321 . , C. W. F., U. S. agent, 913. , Jean Baptiste Andre\ b., 7142 ; d., 7541. , M., safety miner's lamp, 7342. , Comte Mathieu, b., 7011 ; d., 7262. Du Maurier, George Louis Palmella Bus- son, b., 9462. Dumblane, D. of, title created, 8932. , battle of, 9041 . Dumeril, Aedre Marie Constant, b., 7043 ; d., 7342. , Auguste Henri Andre^ b., 7191; d., , Edelestand Pontas, b., 7143; d., 7461 . Dumfries, Scot., It. 11. accident, 975 3 . , Va., Conferates routed, 216 3 . Dumichen, Johannes, b., 8142. Dnmmer, Jeremiah, b. (1680 +); defends charters, 61 1; Indian treaty, 61 2 ; d. (1739). , Wm., b. (1677) ; gov., 612,3; d. (1761). Dummler, Ernst Ludwig, b., 8142. Dumont, Augnstin Alexandre, b., 714 3 ; d., , Charles Alb. Eug. Auguste, b., 7282. , Ebenezer, b., 1242; d., 2721 . , Gabriel, b. (1680) ; stirs up Indians, 5863; pardoned, 5871 ; d. (1748). , James A., in treas. dept., 3512, 4472. , Jean, b„ 6883 ; d., 6982. .Pierre Etienne Louis, b. -d., 11372; works, 7152, 7192. d'Urville, Jules Sebastian Cesar, b., 7062 ; d., 7282. Dumoulin, Charles, b., 6783; d., 6823. Dumouriez, Charles Francois, b., 7002; at Neerwinden, 5181 ; at Brussels ; at Valmy, 7081 ; takes Breda, 11002; d., 7242. Dun, Edwin, minister, 447 3 . Dunajewsky,A.,cons. cardinal priest, 5322; primate of Poland, 11202. Dunalley, Baron, title created, 9311. Dunbar, Pa., explosion, 3613. , Soot., action at, 8.862 ; taken, 8561 . , Col., in Phila., 682. Dunbar, wrecked, 9613. , Sir William, d., 10021 . , , b., 8641 ; works, 8663; d., 8681 . Dunboyh, Baron, title created, 8551 . Duncan I. reigns, 8472; assassinated, 8471 . II., usurper, S4',l2; murdered, 8491 . , Viscount, Adam b.,908 2 ; at Camper- down, 9281 ; d., 9323. , E. H., elected bp., 3223. , Francis, d., 9982. , Henry, lynched, 4211 . , , b. (1770) ; est. Friendly Society, 9352; d. (1846). , J. H., des. Grant's Monument, 3681. , John, sewing-machine, 9322. , Joseph, b. (1789) ; gov., 1452 ; d. (1844). , Sara Jeannette, in London, 396 2 . , William, b. (1772); d., 2312. , W., in Alaska, 58-12; est. village, 3282. , , 0., b., 1321 ; d., 2332. , Capt., at Harper's Ferry, 2131 ; at Huntsville, 2151. , Capt., polar voyage, 9242, Duncker, Maximilian W., b., 8102; d., 8321 . Duncombe, Parmelee Dubois, b., 1381 . Dundas, Gen., b. (1735) ; at Kilcullen,928i . , Sir David, commander-in-chief, 9341 . , George, gov. Can., 5792. , Henrv, Viscount Melville, b., 9103; acquitted; lord admiralty, 9332, 9433; minister, 9433; d., 9351 . s, b. (1788) ; d., 2481 . Dundas, Lawrence, E. of Zetland, lord- lieut., 1O012. Dundee, Scot; -Mccr/iserest.,9303; burned, 8601 ; Baxter Park opd. ; British Asso. meets, 9662 ; Albert Institution opd., 978i; Victoria Wet Dock opd., 9813; Burns statue, 980 1 ; mill-hands strike, 10103 ; Univ. fnd., 9902 ; Elder Profes- sorship endowed, 9923. , Viscount. (See Grahame.) Dundonald, E.of . (See Cochrane, Thomas.) Dundy, E. S-, restores wages, 4573. Dunedin, N. Z., see of, est., 9583; bp. No- vell cons., 9742. Dunellen, Fla., phosphate rock dis., 3421. Dunes, Fr., battle of, 8881 . Dunfermline, Scot., burned, 860 1. . (See Abercromby.) Temperance Asso~ fmd., 9451. I human Hill, battle at, 8861 . Dungannon, Ire., riots, 9863. Dnngarven, Ire., election riots, 9691. Dungeuess, Wash., highwaymen, 4191. Dungi, king of Akkad, 11393. Dunglison, Robley, b., 10S1 ; d., 2661 . Dunk, Geo. M., E. Halifax, Id. adm., 9133. , W. McK., on committee of 33, 1891 . Dunkers. (See Baptists, German.) Dunkfeld, see of, erected, 8483. Dunkirk, Fr., fnd., 6673; burned, 6761; taken, 6S81 ; surrenders, 6901, 7101 ; ceded to Eng., 6912; sold to Fr., 6913; bombarded, 694 1 ; siege of, 710 1 . , N. Y., Dean Richmond lost, 4413 ; strikers resume, 422 2 ; oil dis., 468i ; K. R. accident, 4473. Dunklin, Daniel, gov. Mo., 1412. Dunksburg, Mo., action at, 2003. Dunlap, Robert Piiiekney, b. (1796); gov. Me., 1452; d. (1859). .William, b., 741; works, 1301, 131 1 ; d., 1502. Dunleath, Baron, title created, 10091. Dunlop, George Kelly, b. (1830) ; cons, bp., 3042; d. (1888). Dunmore, Baron, title created, 9451 . , Earl of, 8971. , John Murray, b., 621; gov. N. Y., 773; Va., 783; at Norfolk, »2' ; retires, 833; in N. Y., 841 ; d. (1809). — - see unites, 9462. Dunn, Andrew H., cons, bp., 10082. , John, chief, 6013; revolt, 6021. , Oscar, leader, 2752 ; d., 2742. Dunne, Robert, cons, bp., 9862. Dunnell Reapportionment Bill, 3771. Dunning, Albert E., work, 4782. , John, Baron Ashburton, b., 9082; d. (1783). , Paris C, gov. Ind., 1652. , Baron, title created, 9651. , Col., at Blue Gap, W. Va., 2021 . Dunois, Jean, b.-d., 676 2 ; at Bordeaux, 6781. Dunphy, Edward J., d., 1781 . Dunraven, Earl, title created, 9412. , Earl, Royal Commission, 9951. , Lord, challenge, 3393 ; arrives in N. Y., 4382; yacht race, 4413. Dunsandle, Baron, title created, 9531. Dunsany, Baron, title created, 8623. Dunse, Scot., Pacification of, 8821 . Dunsmir, Cal., J. W. Smith lynched, 4163. , Robert, d., 5861 . Duns Scotus, John, b. (1265+) ; writes treatises, 8503; doctrines, 8542; d., 8562. Dunstable, Hug., miracle-play, 8482. l)intx/«ll'ti<<(i<', wrecked, 9913. Dunstan, St., b.-d., 8442; works; abbot, of Glastonbury, 8443; banished, 8451, 3; favorite ; recalled ; archbp. Canterbury, 8453. Dunster, Henry, b. (1612) ; Pres. Harvard Coll., 371; arraigned, 402; d., 401. Dupanloup, Felix Antoine Philibert b., 7143; d., 7502. Dupaty, Louis M. C. H. M., b., 7042 ; d., 7242. Duperrey, Louis Isailor, b., 7061 ; d.,7362. Divperroh, Jacques Davy, 1)., 0822;' d„ 6862. Dupetit-Thouars, Adm. Abel Aubert, b. (1793); in Marquesas Island, 7281; d., 7362. Dupin, Andr£ Marie Jean Jacques, b., 7051 ; d., 7362. , Baron, Francois Pierre Charles, b., 7061; d., 7461. , Louis Kllics, b., 6902; d., 6981 . Dupleix, Marquis Joseph, b. , 6943 ; d. , 703 1 . Duponceau, Peter Stephen, b.,722; d., 1562. Dupont, Henrique N., d., 7621. , Henry, d., 3442. , Pierre, Gen., b. (1765) ; at Baylen, 7162 ; d. (1838). , , b- (1821) ; Two Angels, 7291 ; d. (1870). , Samuel, b., 642; d., 1261 . , Samuel Francis, b., 1102; Port Royal expedition, 2002, 2043 ; attempts Charles- ton, 2202; d., 2481. Du Portail, Louis Leb^que, b. (1736); en- gineer engaged, 861 ; d. (1802). Diippel, redoubts stormed, 6401 ; siege, 6402 : attacked, 5261 , 6402. Dupplin Moor, action at, 8573, 858'. Ituprat. Antoine, b.-d., 6782. Dupre\ Giovanni, b., 7222; d., 7522. , Jacques, gov. La., 1392. , Jules, b. (1811) ; d., 7581 . Duprez, Guilbert Louis, b., 7163. Dupuis, Chas. Francois, b., 7002 ; d., 7191 . , Felix, killed, 7562. , M., at Hanoi ; on Red River, 4801 . Dupuy, Clias., forms ministry, 7652 ; pres. Chamber, 7671 ; ministry ; premier, 7672. , Louis, b., 6963 ; d., 7102. Dupuytren, Baron, Guillaume, b., 7043 ; d., 7262. Duquesne, Pa., TJ. S. troops at, 4121, Mills, strikers resume, 4103. , Abraham, b.,6862; in Mediterranean ; at Algiers, 81 , 6921 ; d., 6942. Duquesnoy, Francois, b.-d, 5403, Duquet, Alfred, works, 7661 . Duran, Augustin, b.-d., 11302. Durana, Fr., canal to Marseilles, 7293. Durand, Asher Brown, b.,1061 ; paintings, 2601, 2681, 2721, 276', 2841, 2S61, 294': d., 324' , (1866). -^, Cyrus, b., 981 ; d. (1868). , Guillaume de, St., b.-d., 6722. , Jean Nicolas Louis, b., 7023; d., 7262. , Sir Mortimer, at Kabul, 72. Durango, Colo., fire, 3432. Durani, Shall, invades India, 1044'. Durant, Henry Towle, b., 1302 ; d., 3081 . , Thomas, connects railway, 2673. Durante, Francesco, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. Duras, earthquake, 10243. Durazzo, Turk., taken, 10321 , 1074' . , Charles, assassinated, 5072. Durban, Natal. John Mercer arrives, 6032. Durbin, John Price, b., 1082 ; d. (1876). DurBorow, Allen C, Jr., b., 1801 . Durer, Albert, b.; first studies ; paintings, 7862 ; court painter, 5082 ; pensioned, 7862 ; d., 7902. Duret, Francisque, b., 7151 ; d., 7362. D'Urf<5, HonorC. (See Urfe, d'.) Durfee, Job, b., 1022 ; d. (1847). Durfort, Louis, E. of Feversham, b.; com- mands royal army ; at Sedgemoor, 8961 . D'Urfrey, Thomas, b., 8822 ; d., 9062. Durham. Kuc, see erected, 8462 ; ravaged, 848' ; Bp. Lightfoot elected, 9S03 ; coal- miners strike, 9N-13, KIU23, 1 1 Kir, 1,10083; colliery explosion 9873, 9893; Bp. West- cott eons., 10042. , N. C, Trinity Coll. org., 1863. Station, Johnston surrenders, 2462. , E. of, title created, 945' . - — -, Joseph, statue Prince Albert, 966' . , Lord. (See Lambton.) Univ., fnd., 7883,8883, : 483 ; collapses, 8883; fnd., 9463, 9473, 941N ; lip. Hatfield's Hall fnd., 953' ; Bp. Cosin's Hall fnd., 9563 ; College of Science opd., 998' . Durhamville, Tenn., action near, 2132. Durien, Paul, cons. bp. Can., 5823. Durier, Anthony, b. (1833); cons, bp.,3202. Durin, Father, org. Deliverance Soc, 3862. Duringsfeld, Ida von, b., 8103 ; d., 8282. Durkee, Charles, b. (1807) ; gov. Utah, 2512; d., 268'. Durnford, Richard, elected bp., 9742. Durnova, M-, minister, 11213. Duroc, Gerard Christophe Michel, Due de Friuli ; b., 7042 ; killed, 720' ,3. Durouf, M., in post-balloon, 7413. Duruy, Jean Victor, b., 7191 ; works, 7291 , 7323 ; minister, 737i ; Academician, 7521 ; d., 7661. Duryea, Abram, b. (1815) ; d., 368i . Du Ryer, Pierre, b. (1605) ; Alcyonie ; Sci- vole, 6891 ; d. (1658). Dusarius kills Flaminius, 10541 . Dusch, Johann J., b., 8002 ; d., 8043. Dushet, Cardinal, d., 11322. Duso-Eato. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1243 Du Somrnerard, Alexandre, b., 7043; d,, 72S2. Dusseldorf, Prus., battle at, 51Si ; allies repulsed, 7102; town, 7813; Adolf at, 785 2 ; art scbool est., 8022 ; bombarded, S06' ; capital, 8092 ; mine explosion, 835 3 . Dussingdale, action at, 870 1 . Dust and disease controversy, 9721 . Dustin, Hannah, b., 401 ; captured, 522 ; escapes, 531 , Dutch, seize Port, possessions, 1110 2 ; de- feat Spaniards, 11281 . Boers, in Orange Free State, 11051 . East India Co., fnd., 10443, 11012. Flanders, France owns, 543 2 . Dutch Folic Songs appears, 10991 , Dutch Gap, Va., canal dug, 2391 . Guinea, see test p. 1C39 ; acquired, 9772 ; canal constructed ; slave-trade abolished ; gold discovered, 10393. polar expedition sails, 11021. Reformed Church. (See Eeformed Church.) Tom Gulch, Wyo., gold, 4621 . W. I. Co., fnd., 453. Dutchess County Presbytery org., 723. Election. 3952.3, £17*2. 3, 3992,4312. Dutens, Joseph Michel, b., 7031 ; d., 7302. Duties, enacted by Parliament, 753 ; in- creased in Am. ,203 ! ; increased, Fr., 7553; corn reduced, Fr. ; silk est., Fr., 7613 ; on liquor, Fr., 7633 ; octroi abolished, Fr., 765 2 ; heavy, Eng., 8792 ; withdrawn, Eng., 9652. (See Tariff.) Dutroebet, Rene Joachim Henri, b. (1776); d., 7301. Duttlingen, battle, allies defeated, 6361 . Dutton, Arthur Henrv, b. (1S38); d., 2352. , Henry, b. (1796) ; gov., 1771 ; d., 2661 . Hill, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 2202. Duty on grains, Fr., 755 2 ; on corn, 7613, 7672; salted meats, 7631 ; on wheat, 7672; on tea est., Eng., 9173; Eng. in Am.,7S3. Duvair, Guillaume, b., 6822; works, 6851 ; d., 6863. Duval, Alexandre Vincent Pineu, b., 7031 ; d., 7282. .Claude, b. (1643); executed, 8931; d. (1070). .Gabriel, b., 6S3 ; justice, 1192; d. (1S44). , Valentin Jameray, b., 6943 ; d., 7043. , Wm.P., b. (1784) ; gov., 1312 ; d. (1854). , Gen., shot, 7442. Duvall's Bluff, Ark., skirmish,210i ; taken, 2182; Feds, captured, 2372. Duvaucel, Alfred, b., 7082 ; d., 7242. Duvaux, M., minister, 753 3 . Duverdier, Bonnet, arrested, 7512. Duvergier, Jean Baptiste .Marie, minister of justice, 7392 ; d. (1877). de Hauraune, Jean, b., 6842; d., 6902. , Prosper, b., 7131 ; d., 7522. Duvernois, Clement, b. (1836) ; minister, agri., 7393 ; sentenced, 7483 ; ,1. (1S79). Duvernoy, Georges Louis, b., 7043; d. 7322. Duveyrier, Henri Darinv, b., 72S2; d., 7621 . Duvoisin, Jeau Baptiste, b., 7203 ; d., 7003. Duwai, camp attacked, 61 . Dux, Bohemia, explosion, 5373. Duxbury, Mass., cable laid, 2673. Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, b., 1242; d., 2982. , George Long, b., 1302 ; d., 2212. Duyse, Prudens van, b., 5423 ; d., 5442. Dwars, annexed, 10492. Dweir, mission, 6571 . Dwellings of ancient Ger., 7683. Dwenger, Jos., cons. Bp. Fort Wayne, 2763. Dwight, John Sullivan, b., 1211 . , M. D., president synod, 1582. , Sereno Edwards, b., 9Si ; d. (1850). , Theodore, b. (1796); d., 2541. , , Wm., b., 1302 ; d., 4081 . .Timothy, b., 683; works, 991, 1063, 1271, 1311; p r es. Yale, 1063; org. Reli- gious Tract Society, 1142 ; d., 1261 . , , b., 1361 . , •William T., d., 2482. Dyce, Alexander, b., 9283 ; edits Shake- speare's Works, 9623. , William, b.. 9323 ; d. (1864). Dyckman, Garrett W., d., 2621 . Dydalsus revolts ; reigns, 11461 . Dye, Joseph, lynched, 4023. Dyer, soda-ammonia process inv., 9482. , Gen. Alex. Brvdie, h. (1815) ; d., 2842. , Charles VolneV, b. (1808) ; d., 2982. , Elisha, governor H. I., 1832. Dyer, George, b., 9123 ; d., 9502. , John, b., 9002 ; d., 9143. , Mary, d., 401, 3. , William, mayor New York, 491 . Dyers' Guild, first established, 7722. Dyman, Byron, governor R. I., 1613. Dyine, in Achaean League, 10272. Dijnamene, asteroid, discovered, 3021 . Dynamite losses, Fr. ; fund for, 7633 ; ex- plosion, H. C, 9933 ; bombs seized, 10923. Dynamometer used, 1481 . Dynevor, Baron, title created, 9212. Dyrenforth, R. G., rain experiments, 3901 . Dyrrhachium.Pompey blockaded at, 10601. Dysart, Earl of, title created, 8S51 . Dzoungaria, attacked, 11181 ; annexed, 11193. E. Eadburga, murderess, 8451 . Eadie, Johu, b., 9363 ; d.,9802. Kadtner, or Edmer, d., 8482. Eads, James Buchanan, b., 1282 ; creates gunboat fleet, 1962 ; Sural 1), fence, 2651 ■ tubular bridge, 2841 ; on Mississippi River, 2913 • jetties, 2993 ; d., 3261 . Eagle, James P., gov. Ark., 3492, 3991. Eagle Speed, wrecked, 9693. E'ding, comet, observed, 9901 . Earner, Sir John, lord mayor, 9312. Earldoms created, Eng., 8472. Earle, Archdeacon, cons, bishop, 9983. , Pliny, b., 723 ; d., 1401 . , Thos., b. (1796) ; nom. for viee-pres., 1513 ; electoral vote. 1531, 2 ; d. (1845). , Gen. Wm., b. (1S33) ; in Sudan, 660± ; d. (1885) ; statue, 9961 . Earleham College, Richmond, Ind., org., 1843 (or 1847). Earlswood, Eng., Idiot Asylum est., 9551. Early, John, b. (1785) ; bp., 1762 ; d., 2821 . , Jubal Anderson, b., 1242 ; at Antie- tam, 2131; at Fredericksburg, 2162; at Gettysburg, 2241 ; at Moorelield, 2301 ; in Washington campaign ; near Balti- more, 2351, 2361; at Fort Stevens; on theMonooaey ; at South Mountain; skir- mish with Bidwell, 23lii ; recrosses Poto- mac, 2362 ; at Strasburg; at Kearns- town, 2363 ; recrosses Potomac, 2371 ; at Bunker Hill, 2372,3 ; abandons Shenan- doah Valley; at Fisher's Hill; at Win- chester, 2382 ; at Cedar Creek, 2391 ; at Beverly, 2403 ; near Waynesboro, 2422 ; d., 4521. Peter, b. (1773) ; gov. 1213 ; d. (1817). Closing Bill defeated, Eng., 9992. Early European- Friends of America, 1271 . Earnshaw, Win., eom'der-in-chief, 3032. Earth, shape of, 11 1 , 121; expeditions to measure, 6981; density measured, 9182 ; magnetism of, 8741 ; axis; variation of, discovered, 9081 . Earthquakes in U. S. : in New England, 341, 601. 631, 703, 723, 1701 ; in West and South, 3741; Oal., 2761, 3521 ; San Francisco and Ore., 2481 , 3741 ; Los Angeles, Cal., 3321; in Conn.,3741; in Del., 3321; Macon, 1741; Ind., 3321 , 3521 ; in Farmington, Me., 3321 ; Dover ; in Montana, 3521; inN.Y.,426i; New York City, 152' ; Adirondacks, N. Y., 3321 ; in Mohawk Valley, 3521 ; i n Toledo, O., 3621, 3741 ; in Ore., 2481, 3521, 4041; in Pa; in Phila.; 1182; Ashley, Pa.; in Pittstown, Wilkesbarre, 3321 ; in S. C, Charleston, 3241 ; in Tex., 3741 ; in Va., Richmond, 2881 ; in W. Va., 4501 . , in Argentine Republic, 4913, 5321. , in Aust.-Hung.,534l, 5361. in Can., 5821 , 5861 , 5901 , 5961 . in Chile, 6063. in China, 6142, 6162, 6271 . in Colombia, 623 2. in Costa Rica, 6313. in Cuba : Santiago, 6322, 6341 . in Ecuador, 11092, 6281 , 6432±. in Egypt : at Cairo, 6563. in Franc, 0(161 , 736 1 , 7561 , 7531 . in Great P.ri tain, X4S2, 8.541 . 8562,8741 , 9121, 9662, 9741,9921; in Lincoln, 8501 ; Herefordshire, 8741 ; in Dublin, 8982 ; Inverary, 9861 ; Yorkshire, 9921 ; at Anandale, 9981 ; Channel Islands ; Lan- cashire, 10001; Cornwall, Wales, 1008 1 ; 10101. in Ger., 6661. in Greece : 10282, 10312, 10322, 10383 ; at Sparta, 10191 ; Peloponnesus, 10223 ; Duras, 10243 ; destroys Lysimachia, 10263. Earthquakes in Guatemala, 78 1 , 10391 ; de- stroys Santiago, 10383. in Hawaii, 10401 . in India, 10462, 10483, in Italy, 606' . IOS61 ; in Rome, 10702 ; in Catania, 1074 1 ; Naples, 10781,10841; Syracuse, 10802 ; Naples and Calabria ; Rimini and Ragnsa ; Sicily, 10822 ; Pa- lermo, 10841. in Japan, 10911 , 10921 . in Peru, 11092; at Lima, 242, 321 ,501 . in Portugal, 11093. in Persia, 11073, 11562. in Russia, 11201 , 11221 . in Spain, 11302, 11322. in Turkey, 10282, 11481, 11502, 11562, 11582. in Venezuela. 11601 . in W.I. : in Jamaica; Port Royal, 26 1 , 532 ; in Martinique, 741 ; in St. Domingo, 662 ; in Salvador, 11232. East African Co., expenses, 5642. Anglia, see erected, 8422. Boston, Great Republic launched, 1733. Cape Colony, Bp. Kicards cons., 9742. Francia, Ger. many called, 7732. Galicia, Austria secures, 5172, 5193, Goths, kingdom fnd., 5023, 10713 ; treaty ; invade Gr. ; in Ger., 10671 ; van- ish from history, 10713. Hampton, L. I., Lyman Beecher or- dained, 1083; sperm whale killed, 3813. India, Dutch rule est., 11013 ; war with Eng., 7001 ; Hyder AH defeated, 9202 ; territory surrendered, 9313. Company (new), chartered, 8773, 8912,9013; charter renewed. 9472, 10472; imports tea, 8933 ; trade with, 6153 ; treaty with Siam, 11242; incorporated, 10451 ; landholders' rights in Calcutta, 10452; attack Siamese, 11242 ; monopo- lies end, 6173 ; administration trans- ferred, 10491 . (See India, text pp. 1042- 1049.) , French, formed, 6913. Docks opened, 9322. Indian Archipelago, British posses- sion, 4992. — — Jordan, Mich., explosion, 4033. Liberty, Central Ohio Coll. fnd., 3123. London, Cape Colony, incor., 5993. Rumelia. See text p. 5662+. Mississippi, Female Coll. opd., 2782. Northfield, Mass., Young Woman's Conference, 4631. Pierre, S. Dak., Pierre Univ.org., 3143. - — River, N. Y., frozen, 1701 . Bridge, survey, 2681 ; work be- gun, 2681 ; opened, 3121, 3133 ; accident, 3133 ; description. 3161 . Bridges Bill, 3773, 3972. Saginaw, Mich., fire, 3653. St. Louis, Frye's Army leaves, 4563. Somerset, Cape C, mission, 6003. Tenn., Land Co. organized, 3493. , Wesleyan University org., 2602. , Va., and Ga. R. R. robbery, 4171 . Eastburn, Manton, b., 1101 ; bishop, 1543 ; d.,2781. Easter festival celebrated. 10623 ; con- troversy, 8402, 10643 ; eel. of, 10682. Eastern Empire. See Greece, pp. 1030t ; ends, 11561. Literary Institution. Eng., fnd., 9423. Eastlake, Sir Charles Locke, b., 9262; pres. Royal Society, 9561 ; d., 9681. Eastman, Anna F., sermon, 4222. , Harvey Gridley, b. (1832) ; d., 2982. , Mary Henderson, b., 1262. , Robert Langdon, b. (1840+) ; d.,2482. Easton, Pa., Lafayette College org., 1403 j first centenary, 3593. Eastport, Me., British take, 1221 ; burned, 1513 ; Fenian raid, 3522. , N. Y., steamer ashore, 4593. Eastward IFa, written, 8783. Eastwick, William Joseph, d., 1000>. Eaton, Amos, b., 851 ; d., 1542. , Arthur Wentworth, Heart of Creeds, 3321. , Beebe, b. (1806) ; d., 294L , Daniel Cady, b., 1422. , George B., b., 1121 . , Washington, b., 1121 ; d., 2781 , , Horace, b. (1804) ; gov., 1613; d. (1855), , John, gov. R. I., 513. 1244 Text Figures denote Page. IJN L)ll,yC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Eato-Educ. Eaton, John, Henry, b. (1790) ; sec. of war, 1372 ; gov. Fla., 145= ; d. (1856). , S., moderator, 2802. , Nicholas, b. (1593) ; gov. E. I., 392, 452, 51? ; d. (1675). , Theophilus, b. (1591+) ; Puritan ; gov- ernor, 353 ; d. (1658). , Win., b., 74' ; in Egypt, 112' ; d., 1162. Eau G-allie, State Univ. removed, 3143. Ebbw Vale W., colliery explosion, 9833. Ebel, Johann G., b., 18023 ; d., 8142. Ebeling, Ohristoph D., b., 8003 ; d., 8121. Ebelman, Jacques Joseph, b.,720 1 ; d., 7321. Ebelsberg, Austrians defeated, 7181. Eoenezer, Ga., fud., 633 ; Lutherans Bet- tie, 622 ; College founded, 1782. Church, Ala., defeat at, 2451 . Mission, Australia, 4962, 5001 ; in Siam, 11241 . Eber, Paul, b., 7863 ; d., 7922. Eoerhard I., b. (1445) ; Duke of Wiirtem- berg, 7873 ; d. (1496). II., Duke of Wurtemberg, 7873. III., Duke of Wurtemberg, 7952. , inv. etching on metal, 8121 , , Johaun A., b., 8002 ; d., 8083. , Konrad, b., 8031 ; d., 8202. , Louis, Duke of Wurtemberg, 797 3 . Ebers, Georg, b., 8143 ; works, 8222, 8322 ; 8291 ; 8303. Ebert, Friedrich Adolph, b.,8043 ; d.,8142. , Karl Egon, b., 5191 ; d. (1882). Eble, Jean Baptiste, b., 7023 ; d., 7192. Ebo preaches in Denmark, 6351 . Ebu Juuis, astronomical tables, 4862. Ebner-Eschenbach, Marie von, CJnsehn- bar, 8342. Ebrard, Johann Heinrich Auguste, b., 8122 ; d., 8321. Ebulkher Khan, fnds. dynasty, 5491 . Ebury, Baron, title created, 9591 . Ecchellensis, Abraham, d., 11563. Ecclesiastes, written, 11423. Ecclesiastical Commission est., 9463. laws, opposed, Aust., 5292 ; pro mul- gated, Ger., 8202 ; published, 8283. property confiscated, Fr., 7073. reservation disputes, Ger., 7923. statutes confirmed, Eng., 8592. Titles Act passed, 9.372; repealed, 9572, 9743 ; protest against, 9562. tribunal, Ger., 8292. Ecclesiastics, marriage of, G363 ; removed from parliament, Fr., 6733. Ecclesiological Society org., London, 948 2 . E^cleston, James C, b., 1482. Echeandia, J. M. de.gov. Cal., 1333. Echenique, Jose Rutino, b. (1808); pres., 11082 ; revolt against, 11083 ; d. (1879). Echo, seized, 1351 . de V Orient, issued, 11571 , Echols, Ma]. John, at Droop Mt., 2281 . Echuuga, Australia, gold found, 4961. Eck, Johann, b., 7862 ; Bible trans., 7911 ; Luther controversy, 7882, 3 ; d., 7902. Eckels, James N., in treas. dept., 4472. Eckenrode Mills, Pa., trains collide, 4153. Eckermanu, Johann Peter, b., 8062 ; d., 8201. Eckernfforde, Ger., taken, 6402. Eckersberg, Christoph Wiluelra, b., 6382 ; d., 6403. Eckford, Henry, b., 823 ; d., 1401 . Eckhart, Johann Georg vou, b., 796 3 ; d., 8002. , Meister, b.-d., 7802. Eckhel, Jos. Hilary, b„ 5143 ; d. (1798). Eckhof, Conrad, b., 7933 ; d., 8042. Eckmiihl, battle at, 5183. Eclectic EiuiIiaIi, in ag.izine, appears, 2663. Magazine, N. Y., 1583. ■ Review, issued, 9371 . Eclectic Society, instituted, 9231 . Eclipse, solar, 1121; observed, 1161, 1381, 1481, 3321, 3501, 6083, 6102, 6681, 8062, 8501,2,8562,8883, 9041, 9401, 9502, 10161. Ecnomus, Sicily, action at, 10521 , 3. Ecob, Rev. James, withdrawal, 430 2 . Economic Asso. Conven., Am., 3731, 4792. Economite Society escheated, 424 2 . Ecouis, fight at, 7421 . Ecuador (see text, pp. 643-644), Quito an- nexed, 592 ; war with Bolivia, 5502 ; re- fuses Union, 6281 ; declines to join Conf. ; independence maintained, 6291. Ecumenical Council. (SeeCouncil, Church.) Eddy, Ansel Doan, b. (1798) ; moderator, 1542, 1563 ; d. (1875). , Mrs. M. B. G., leader, 3222. Eddy, Norman, d., 2761 . , Thomas M., b., 1302 ; d., 2861 . Eddystone lighthouse, erected, 9013 ; de- stroyed ; rebuilt, 9022 ; burns, 9133 ; re- built, 9133, 9142 ; opened, 9893. Edelinck, Gerard, b., 6883 ; d., 6963. Eden, theocracy in, 11393. , Charles, b. (1673) ; gov., 591 ; d. (1722). , Sir Fred. Morton, b. (1766) ; d., 9343. , George, L. Auckland, b. (1784) ; Lord adm., 9472 ; minister, 9473 ; gov.-gen., 9492 ; minister, 9523 ; yields Benjdeh,52. , Rodney, cons, bishop, 10042. , Robert, gov. Mil., 772 ; d. (1786). , Wm. L Auckland, b., 9363 ; d., 10021 . Edes, Benjamin, b., 621 ; d., 11102. Edessa, built, 11491; action at, 1066 1; taken, 10321. Edfos, mission, 6571. Edgar, blows up, 9041 . Edg;ar, King, penance, 8443 ; on Dee ; kills Athelwold, 845 1; lord of ocean, 8461; dethrones Donald Bane, 8491; reigns in Scotland, 8492 ; d., 8462. , F. E., defaulter, 4543. , John Todd, b. (1793) ; moderator, 1543 ; d. (1860). Edgcumbe, Earl of, title created, 9232. Edgefield Junction, Tenn., action, 2121. Edgehill, Eng., battle at, 8841 . Edgerton, female officials resign, 3583. , Sidney, gov. Montana, 2413. , Thomas, killed, 4763. Edgewater, N. J., fire, 3453. Edgeworth, Maria, b., 9163; works, 9303, 9371,9463 ; d., 9542. , Richard Lovell, b., 9103; d., 9382. Edliem Pasha, grand vizier, 11592. Edict of Restitution issued, 5123. of Tolerance, Ger., 8053. of Worms prohib. new doctrines, 508 3 . Ediles elected, 10512. Edinburgh. Mo., G. River Coll. fnd., 1683. , Scot., fnd., 8393 ; St. Giles Church fnd., 8483 ; fortified, 8491 ; castle de- fended, 8512 ; taken by Eng. ; burned, 8561 ; Peace with Eng., 8573; surrenders, 8581 ; burned, 860' ; New Coll. chartered ; St.Giles Church destroyed ; rebuilt, 8602. Coll. of St. Salvntor's fud. ; St. Andrew's Univ. fnd., 8623 ; capital, 8632 ; annual fair; chartered, .sii;i3, 868 1 ; first printing- press ; Royal Coll. of Surgeons incor., 8663; High School fnd., 807 1 ; burned, 8681 ; first covenant signed, 8722 ; High- gate School fnd., 8731 ; E. Coll. char- tered, 8751; see erected, 8823; violence in St. Giles Church, 8831 ; pari. House complete, 8851 ; Pari, disturbances, 8911 ; Theater of Music, 8922 • Advocates Li- brary ; coffee-houses opd. ; Coll. of Phy- sicians incorporated ; women insult govt., 8943; Merchants' Co. incorp.,8953; /;. Gazette, est... 9003 ; Bank of Scot., est., 9012; E. Courant, est., 9023; E. Flying Post, est.; Union riots, 9031 ; E. Mercury, est.; gen. assembly of Kirk; see fnd., 9063; broad swords prohibited, t(07 ' ; Royal Bank fnd., 9073; Medical Society fnd. ; stereotyping ; Allan Ramsey's theater, est.; thresh ing-niaehine inv., 9081 ; Porteous riots ; Royal Infirmary incorporated, 9092; Board of Trade est. ; city fined, 9093, Royal Society est.. 9102, 9221 ; E. Weekly Journal, est., 0112 ; gold chains to magistrates, 9133; Pres- bytery formed, 9151 ; Hugh Blair, a professor, 9152 ; Royal Exchange com- plete, 9153 ; Baptist Church org., 9163 • North Bridge fnd., 9173; Theater Royal est., 9181 ; e. Magazine and Review, est.; Deaf and Dumb Academy opd., 9122 ■ Register office est., 9193; 'So.-, of Anti- quaries find.. 9203; Calton Hill Observa- tory, est., 9202; action against R. Cath- olics ; South Bridge erected, 9233; first panorama; leathern cannon; KoyalColl. of Surgeons, est.. 9241 , 931 1 , 9321 ; Univ., stone laid, 9251 ; Bridewell erected, 9293 ; E. Farmer's Magazine, est., 9303; E. Re- view, est.. 9311'; Asylum for Deaf and Dumb ; JC. Encyclnjnmlia, appears, 9352 ; Savings institution opd., 9373 ; Nelson's monument, 938' ; Victoria Theater opd., 9382; Scotsman: Blackwood's Magazine, est., 9383; Scot's Magazine changed to E. Magazine, 939 ' : cas pany est. ; water company est., 9393; Caledonian Theater fnd. ; Soc. of Arts fnd., 9401; Bannatyne Club fnd., 9412; Waverley Novels by Scott; North Brit. Aden-User, est., 9431 ; cholera appears ; Royal Exchange opd., 9453; Asso. Fine Arts fmd. ; Brit. Asso. meets, 9461, 9541, 9741 ; statue George IV., 9461 ; Tait'sE. Magazine est. ; Cham- bers's E. Journal, est., 9463 ; Edinburgh and Geaton railway begun, 9481 ; Abbots- ford Club fnd., 9491 ; Scott's monument, 9501 ; Medical Miss. Soc. fmd., 9503 ; New Coll. fnd., 9503; Wodrow Soc. fnd., 9511 ; monument to martyrs, 9521 ; Spot- tiswood Soc, 9531 ; E. Philosophical Asso. est., 9543; Nat. Gallery opd., 9561 ; Scottish Review, est., 9583 ; Scottish rights meeting, 9591 ; Nat. Social Science Asso. meets, 9641, 2, 966 1 ; Industrial Museum est, ; Post-Ofiiee erected ; House f alls, 9653; Nat. Museum opd., 9681; Post- Oflice opd., 9093; St. Giles' Cathedral restored, 9762, 9902 ; St. Mary's Epis. Cathedral fnd., 97S2, 9862; Albert Me- morial ; Nat. Training School Music est.; statue of Livingstone, 9801 ; statue of Chalmers, 9S2 1 ; Pan-Presbyterian Con- ference held, 29(i 2 . 9822; Academy of Music fnd., 9901 ; Theater Royal burned, 9913 ; Scottish Geographical Soc. est., 9923 ; ancient cross restored, 9953 ; Bp. Dowden cons.. 996 2 ; Industrial Exhibi- tion. 9973; Harrison memorial archway, 9981; Heriot-Watt Coll., est., 10002; Andrew Carnegie library opd., 10023; Electric Exhibition, 10033 ; Industrial Exhibition ; Irish Nat. League conven., 10051 , 10033 ; R. R. men strike, 1C052 ; statue of Abraham Lincoln, 10101 . Edinburgh, launched., 986 1 . Castle, held against Fr.. 8512; surren- ders, 8862; attempted siege, 9041. and Dalkeith Railway opd., 9441 . and Geaton Railway begun, 9481 . Edington, action at, 8441 . Edison, Thomas Alva, b., 1623; transmis- sion of speech, 2881; fnv. microphone, telephone, 2941 ; j nv . phonograph, 2961 ; experiment with platinum, 2981 ; tele- phone in England, 9821 ; inv. microtasi- meter ; subdivides electric current ; inv. electric pen; inv. megaphone, 2981, 2; exhibits vacuum lamps, 3021 ; phono- graph, 3261 ; improves phonograph, 3301 ; heliograph, 3641 ; adapts phonograph to water-motor, 3741 ; inv. electric street- car motor, 3921 ; gift to Paris poor ; ban- quet to, 7583. ,Thoma.s-IIoustoii-,consolidation,4ul3. Edisto island, S. C, skirmish, 2062. Edith Bourn, collides, 9853. Editorial Asso. convention Am.,365 1 . Edmonds, Francis W.,b. (1806); pain tings, 1501 , 1501 , 1602, 1801 , 1841 ; d. (1863). , John Worth, b., 1082; a., 2842. , Newton, gov. Dak., 2293. Edmonton, Can., The Bulletin, 5843. Edmund, wrecked, 957 a . I., king, killed, 8453. II. battles with Canute, 8461 . ■ , Ironsides, king, murdered, 8472. , king of Sicily, 7812. , St., king, killed, 8452. ■ , ,■ archbp. of Canterbury, b.-d., 8502. Edmunds, George F., b., 1361 ; senator, 2523; on Committee of Seven, 2933; Elec- toral Commission, 2951 ; pres. Senate, 315 2 ; vote for pres. nominee, 3173; Nat'l. Univ. Bill, 3582, 3592 ; made LL.D., 3622 ; resigns, 3812 ; Anti-polygamy Bill passes, 3111, 3233; Canadian Fisheries Bill passes, 3272. , Paul C, b., 1462. Edmundson, Wm., among Friends, 443. Kdonton, N. C, founded, 591. Edred, king, d., 8442. Edrisi, b. (1099±) ; d., 4863. Edson, Franklin, mayor New York, 3152. Education, U. S.: Alcohol, school instruc- tion, 11693; Bennett School law; (see same); census of 1880,3071 ; Compulsory, Grant recommends, 2S92 ; bill revised, N. Y., 3403 ; passes Senate, 4051; re- pealed, 111., 3752 ; in Conn. : colonists, 1543 ; general, 723 ; lands for, 1063 ; for deaf mutes, 1251 ; Department, at Wash., est., 2511, 2562, 2623 ; En};-, language in schools; (see Bennett law); in Ga., ne- glected, 723 ; denied to Indians, 1371 ; of Indians by colonies, 63 1 , 651 , 67 1 ; de- Educ-Elco. Text Figures denote Page. INDIiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 124S nied to, Ga., 137'; common, Ga., 139'; in Mass. colonists, 323, 371 ; public scliools est., 371 ; general, 723; h, Md. neglected, 723; first public school, 1371; in N. Y. colonists, 342, 543, 571 ; non-sectarian struggle, 69 ' ; free scliools for negroes, 983; indifference to public, 1023; law for public, 1063 ; iii pa., colonists, 523; Prot- estant conf . on, 3702 ; in S. C, colonists neglected, 723 ; denied to negroes, 131 ' ; in Southern States, advancing, 3423 ; in Va., colonists, opposed, 443 ; activity in, 723; E. and Home Mission Soc. est. ,5732 ; shorter College course, 3722 ; Webster's spelling book, 963 ; Dictionary, 1363. Education in Brazil, early, 223. in Canada, 342, 35' . in Fr., Bill in Assembly, 7492, 753'; compulsory E. Mill, 7513,7542 ; Ministry of Education fmd., Ger.,813 1 ; statecon- trol, 8263 ; Sectarian Bill opposed, Ger., 8363. (See May laws.) in Great Britain, restricted, 8483 ; in three languages,. S5o 3 ; confined to clergy, 8583; Trust Fund est., 9543; mixed, con- demned, 9702, 9802 ; school fees in ad- vance, 9873 ; grant proposal, 1007' ; and Local Taxation Act, Eng., 1009 2 ; Society fmd., 9802. in Iceland, 132. Mexico, Aztecs, 15' ; Univ., 223, 331 . , minister for, appointed, Port., 11102; independent of clergy, Switz., 1138 1 ; Struggle of denominations, 1138 2 . , Neth., Free State, limited, 11022. in Peru, early, 222, 243, 283. — ' — in Roman provinces, diffused, 10643. , Sp., committed to priests, 11303. , Turk., in Constantinople, 115S2. Educational Bill, U. S. A., Blair, 31G3, 3233, 353', 3542, 4512. , Belg., adopted; royal assent, Conference, Friends, N. T., 378' . Convention at Louisville, Ky., 281' . International Congress held, 2922. Union, Catholic, 3562. institutions suppressed. Rus., 11183. Edward, Arctic expedition, 870' . Bates, accident, 1653. captured, 862. Edward, martyr, assassinated, 846 3 . reigns, Port., 11093. I., " Longshanks," K. of Eng., b.-d., 8521; defeats Barous, S54' ; in 8th Cru- sade, 854' , 855 z ; reigns ; treaty with Flemings in Eng. ; conquest of "Wales ; in Isle of Man, S54' ; expels Jews, 854' ,S5r>3 ; crowned; Welsh conquests, 855 2 ; pun- ishes bribery ; mandate against wolves, 8553 ; defeats Wallace ; recovers Gas- cony ; takes Sterling, 856' ; subdues, rules Scotland ; marries Margaret, 857' ; against clergy, S562, 857' ; renounces ar- bitrary taxation, 857' ; d., 8572. II., K. of Eng., b.-d., 8542; reigns, marries Isabella, S572; rebellion against, invades Scot., S56' ; tournaments, 8563 ; defeats Barons ; Scots invade, 856' ; truce with Bruce, 857 2 ; surrenders, im- prisoned ; deposed, 8573 ; murdered, 8563. III., K. of Eng., li.,S553; reigns; assumes govt., 8573; marries, 1099' ; claims Scot, throne, 859' ; claims crown of Fr., 674' , 675'; homage to Philip VI., 075' ; invades Scot.; atlialidon Hill, 858'; claims the crown of Fr., 075' , 859' ; loses battle of Sluis, 674'; defeats Fr. navy, 85S' ; in Brittany, 674' ; grants first patents of nobility ; charters Oxford, 858 3 ; atd'eey, invades Normandy, 674' ; est. Order of St. George[Garteii, *»~>{)i ; declines crown of Ger., 7833, 8592; defeats Sp. ships, 853' ; reerects Windsor Castle, S532; ally of Fr., 675 2 ; ravages Scot.; takes Calais, 674', 858'; buys Baliol's claims, 8592; Fr. partly ceded, 6572 ; invades F.,85S' ; renounces Fr. claims, 6753; est. Maun- day Thurs. alms, 859' ; orders Eng. lan- guage in law, 8593 ; summoned to Fr., 675 3 ; loses Fr. possessions, 6752, 8593; d.,S582,8603. IV., K. of Eng., b., 8622; defeats Lan- castrians; enters London, 804' ; reigns; secret marriage, 865 ' ; insurrection ; prisoner; flees to Holland, 8652; at Ra- venspur, 864' ; agrees to conquer Fr., 679 2 ; intrigues for Fr. crown, 8652 ; at Calais, 678'; d., 8653. V., K. of Eng., b., 8642; prisoner in Tower ; murdered, 8653. Edward VI., Eng., b., 8682 ; reigns, 8712 ; est. Protestantism, N702 ; d., 8712. , Pr. of W., Black Prince, b.-d., 8562 ; aids Pedro, 1127 3 ; at Limoges, at Poi- tiers, 674'; extorts money from Fr., 6753. ,Pr. of W., b.,8i::i3; beheaded, 864' ,3. , the Confessor, K. of Eng., b.-d., 8462; reigns, makes laws, Normans at court, 8472; bones enshrined, 8553. the Elder, b.-d., against Danes, 8443 ; Lord of Britain, 8453. the Martyr, king of Eng., 847' . , Earl of Derby, minister, 9912; statue, 978'. , of Worcester, minister, 8812. , of Meath, lord keeper, 9013. , of St. Germain, postmaster, 955' . Plaiitagenet, E. of Warwick, b. (1475) ; in tower, 8672; d. (1499). Edwardes, Sir Herbert Benjamin, b.,9383 ; in Sikh war, 10462 ; d., 9722. Edwards Ferry, Va., Confederate re- pulse, 2123. , Alfred Geo., cons, bp., 10022. , Amelia Blandford, b., 9442 ; d., 1008' . , Bryan, b., 9103 ; d. (1800). , George, b., 9002 ; d. (1773). , Guillaume Frederic,!}. , 7043; d., 7282. , Henry W., gov. Conn., 1433; d., 1623. , Jonathan, b., 54' ; at Northampton, 623; missionary, 663; at Stockbridge, 69'; d., 71'. , , b., 662; pres. Princeton Coll., 712; works, 67' , 712, 732, 1003; d., 110' . , John C, gov. Mo., 1592. , Ninian,b. (1775) ; gov. 111., 1172, 1352; charges against Crawford, 1332; d., 142' . , Passmore, gilt of, 1010' . , Patrick, Whitt.' Caps punish, 463' . , Rich., b. (15231 ; works, 873' ; d. (1566). , Samuel, decision on election, 3473. , Tyron, b., 116' . Edwardsville, 111., fire, 3492. , Pa.,fire, 3S33. Edwin, King, b., 842' ; Christianized, 8422; killed, 842'. Edwy, or Eadwig, King, d., 8442. Eeckhout, Gerbiant. van der, b.-d., 11003. , Jacob J., b., 1101' . Eels, James, moderator, 296 2 . Eenal, sidtan, 6553. Effen, Justus Van, b.-d., 1101'. Effingham, E. of, title created, 945'. Egait, James Francis, arrested, 903' , 2. , John, cons. R. C. bp., 10042. , Judge, dismisses prisoners, 4272. , Patrick, demands reparation, recog- nizes govt., 6092 ; house guarded, 609 3 ; leaves Ire., 991' ; envoy of U. S., 3513. Egba, Christians crucified, 11613. Egbert, conquest of, S44' ; K. of Eng. ; K. of Wessex, 845' ; d., 8442. , King, b. (775±) ; d., 777' . , archbp., est. school and library, 843' . Egede, Hans, b., 6363; miss., 583; Green- land's Conversion, 6383; d., 638' . , Paul, b., missionary, 1038'; works, 10383; d., 1038'. Egelbert, Margrave, duke, 5033. Eger, council at, 7852. Egeria, asteroid, discovered, IO862. Egersseg, Anti-Jewish riot, 5303. Egerton, Baron, title created, 959'. , Alfred J. F., d., 1004' . , , E. of Bridgewater, b., 9082 ; d. (1853). , Henry, E. of Bridgewater, b., 9143; d. (1829). , Leveson Gower, E. of Ellsinere, b., 9302; d.,9622. , Thomas, Lord Ellsmere, b., 8682 ; high chancellor, minister, 8773, 8793, 881' ; lord chancellor, 8792; d., 880' . Egesta solicits help, 1020 2 . Egfrid, in Ireland, 842' . Egg, Augustus Leopold, b. (1S16) ; d., 9662. Egglcston, Edward, b. (1S37) ; works, 277' , 2803, 2823, 2S63, 3003, 3143, 3283, 3982. Eggo, Life of Christ, 775' . Egibe's'bank mentioned, 1145'. E^inhard, b.-d., 6642 ; with Charlemagne, 6663. Eginton, Francis, b., 9083; d. (1805). Egira, institutes priesthood, augurs, and vestals, 10503. Egleston, Thomas, b., 140'. Eglinton, E. of, title created, 867 ' . , E. of. (See Archibald, William Montgomerie.) Eglon, subdues Israelites, 1140'; assas- sinated, 1143' . Egmont, Count, b.(1522) ; at b. Gravelines, 872'; seized, 10993; d. (1568). , E. of, lord admiralty, 9133. , E. of, title created, 9072. , Lamoral, b.-d., 5403. Egreinont, Lord, minister, 9153,9172. Egrica, reigns, 11253. Egypt. (See Text, pp. 645-061.) Chil- dren receive Gr. education, 1015' ; Alex- andrine war, 10G01 ; edict against Chris- tians and Jews, 10603 ; Chosrocs subdues, 11072; war with Turk., 1156', 11573; Esarhaddon invades, 11442 ; revolts against Assyria, 11453 ; Athenian fleet destroyed, 1019' ; reconquered, Achil- leus revolts, 1066' ; in Triangular League, 10272 ; acknowledges suzerainty to. Rome, 10553; supremacy of Turk., 11592; obelisk given to Eng., '982' , 9833 ; evac- uation demanded, 11593; Eng. declines to evacuate, 10012 ; Khedive, in Order of Bath, 10083 ; London Conference, 9932 ; Debt Conversion scheme, Fr. govt, re- fuses, 759' ; scheme, dead, 10012, 10033. Egyptian Refugee Fund, 991'. Society founded, Eng., 939'. Ehlers, Lieut., in East Africa, 8382. Ehlobaue, mission, 6023. Ehrenberg, Christian G.,b., 8063; d.,8282. Pass, Maurice forces, 792'. Ehrensward, Ct. of, August, b.-d., 11342. Ehud delivers Israel, 1140' , 1143' ; judges Israel, 11413. Eichberg, Julius, b. (1824) ; d., 422' . Eichhorn, Karl F., b.,8042; works, 809'; d., 820' . Eichendorf, Baron Joseph von, b., 8043; works, 811', 8132; d., 820'. Eichhorn, Johann G., b., 8022; d., 814'. Eichstadt, ceded, 5193. Eichthal, Eugene d', works, 766' . Eiehwald, Edward, b., 11162; d., 11182. Eider boundary, Ger. and Denmark, 775 2 . Eiffel, Gustav, engineer, b. (1S43) ; Panama Canal scandal, sentence withdrawn, 7643. Tower, opd., struck by lightning, 7593; reopened, 7613. Eight-hour labor day, Kansas City, 357' . Hour Labor Bill, in Cong., 3772, 3792. Bill rejected, Eng., 1009'. Eimmart, Georg C, b., 7963; d., 7983. Einhard, or Eginhard, b.-d., 8422 ; secre- tary to Charlemagne, 770 3 . Eion, captured, 10183. Eira, polar expedition, 984' , 986' . captured, 1014' . Eisenach, annexed to Saxe-Weimar, 7972. Eisenhart, Johann F., b., 7983; d., 8042. Ekombela, mission at, 1124' . Ekowe, siege, 600'. Ekron, Egyptians defeated, 650' . El Adiel, defeats Crusaders, 654' ; sultan, 6552. Elagabalus, b. (205) ; reigns, 10653; a t An- tioch, 1064' ; conduct, murdered, 1065' . Elah, reigns, killed, 11433. Elam, attacked, 1139' ; invaded, 1144' ; at Halule, 11442. El Ameen, reigns, Egypt, 6552 El Amer, calif, 6552. Ebonites in Babylonia, 1140'. El Arisch, Morocco, taken, 7132. El Ashraf Bursabey, sultan, 6553. El Ashraf Shahan, reigns, 655 3 . El Ashrof Khaleel, sultan, 6553. Kaiutbey, sultan, 6553. Toman Bey, reigns, Egy., 655 3 . Elatherius, St., pope, 10643. ElAzeez, calif, 655 2 ; patron of letters, 655'. Elba, captured, 926' ; Napoleon at, 7213. El Bardoese Pasha, d., 6562. El Bayadeeyya mission, 65G 3 . El Beliani.i 'Literario, est., 11292. Elberon, N. J., Pres. Garfield, dies, 3092. Elbert, Samuel, b., 642; d., 100'. , H., gov. Colorado, 285' . Elbogen, A., kidnapper, 385' . Elbroiu, palace-mayor, 6653. El Censor, issued, Sp., 11293, 1131'. Elcho Challenge Shield, contests, 966', 978' , 992' . Elchungen, Austrians defeated, 714' . El Correo Literario de la Eur. issued, 11293. 1246 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Eleo-Elna. El Correo Mi rrantil. issued, 11211 . Eldad, a prophet, 11403. Elder, John, professorship endowed, 9923. ,¥m, Henry, 1>. (1819) : eons.R. C. bp., 182' ; bp. of Cincinnati, 3142. Eldership. (See Church of God.) El Dhafer, calif, 6552. Eldon, D. of, title created, 9372. , Earl of. (See John Scott.) Eldorado County, Cal., forest fires, 3933. El Dorado, enters Panama Canal, 6293. Eldridge, Alice B.. gymnasium gift, 4102. Eleanor, Queen, b. (1122r) ; marries Henry II., divorced, 6712 ; poisons Rosamond, 8511 ; coronation eel., 8523 ; refounds hospital, 855'; crosses in honor, 8563; d. (1204). , , reigns in Navarre, 11273. Eleasa, battle of, 11481. Eleatic school est., Gr., 10163. Eleazar, high-priest, 11403, 11482, 1149'; d., 11411. — - II., high priest, 11503. III., high priest, 11503. Election, Am., presidential, 101 1 . Follow- ing elections, see quadrenniums ending in Nov., 1800-4-8-12-16-20-24 etc. ; M. C. caucus abandoned, 1332 ; nominating conventions intro., 1433; excitement, 1531,2932; uniform day for, 1592; rule for electoral vote, 2433 ; bitterness in counting, close, disputed, 2932 ; electo- ral commission bill, 295' ; investigation, award, repudiated, 295 2 ; investigation of frauds. -H9 2 ; bribery exposed, cipher despatches, 3012; direct vote resolution, 399 3 ; frauds in Lansingburg, N.Y.,426 2 . , bishops in, 7622, 7631 . , Eng., restricted, 8632 ; bribery in, 8953; bill passses, 9773. , first agitation in U. S., 993. .French, 7273, 7332, 737', 739', 7413, 747' ,7492, 751' ,2, 759' , 7633 ; frauds, laws changed, 7252; new law, 749' ,3; bill, 755'2. , Ger., general, mobs, 8333. , National, in Austria, 5292. , Southern, discussed, 337'; elections bill in Congress, 373' ,2, 375' ,3, 3763. Electoral college appears, Ger., 781 2 . Hesse, invaded, 527' ; for Prus., 5272. vote, Am., 1012. (See quadrenniums ending in Feb. 1802-6-10-14-18-22-26, etc.) Electra, asteroid, discovered, 280'. Electric capal-boat test, 4453. cars in Boston, 351 3 . exhibition, Edinburgh, 10033. gen.-machine at Niagara Falls, 5892. — - Light Asso., Am., at Niagara, 5893. light, carbon, 410' . Lighting Act. passes, 991 2 . — —lighting, Westinghouse system, 348'. machine, constructed, 11003. motor for street car, Edison, 392' . omnibus, London, 1000' . poles, removed, Arn., 3293. power, Albany syndicate, 4312. Electrical Engineers, Am. Society org., 3192; conven., Buffalo; 4022; Amer. Inst, session, 4082. cong. in Paris, 752' ,3, 7542, 7583. figures produced, Ger., 804' . machine constructed (first), 7692. Soc. fmd., London, 948' . tramway in Paris, 752' . Electricity, Am. exhibition of, 66' ; Frank- lin experiments, 703; first electrocution, 365'; induction coil made, 148'; incan- descent light, 158'; vs. gas, 2993; pro- duced by Bell, produced by Tainter, 3081 ; lights on cruiser, 3121 ; discussed by Du Fay, Ft., 6981 ; Gilbert experiments, G. B.,8762, 4941 ; glass for generating, 8041 ; phenomena dis., 906' ; apparatus, glass cylinder, 9102; transmission of, 912'; glass machine invented, 916'; investi- gated, 9182 ; light, 930' ; telegraph dis., secondary currents, 948' ; magneto-elec- tricity applied to electroplating, 9502. .galvanic battery, It.; experiments, voltaic battery, 1084' ; animal, 1086' . Electrocution law, consti'l, 3492, 355 2 . Electro-galvanic experiments, 926'. Electrolyzation discovered, 9282. Electromagnetic apparatus constructed, 948' ; rotation described, 9402. Electro-magnetism experiments, 940' . Electrometer, induction invented, 81G', 9182; Lane's, completed, 9162; gold-leaf invented, 9242. Electrophone inv. and exhibited, 9662. Electrophorus, invention improved, 922' . Electroscope invented, 812'. El-elf ee Bey, d., 6562. Elementary Education Act, 9733, 9772, 9812, 10073, Elements, four named, 10163. Elephant, first, in Eng., 8533. Eleusinian Mysteries, instituted, 10132; abolished, 1069'. Eleusis, Temple of Demeter begun, 10203. Elevated roads. (See Brooklyn, Chicago, New York City.) El Fayoom, mission, 651' . El Fiygez, calif, 6552. El Glioree Kansooh, reigns, Egy., 655 3 . Elgin, Baron, title created, 951' . , E.of, title created, 883' . (See Elgin, Victor A.) , Earl. (See Bruce, James.) marbles, 9302; purchased, 938'. Elgiva, Queen, cruelty to, 845' ; exiled, 8453. El Hafus, calif, 6552. El Hakin, calif, 6552. Eli, high priest, 11422; judges Israel, 11432; d., 11422. Elias, Levita, b., 10783; d., 10803. Eliashib, high priest, 11463. Elibank, Baron, title created, 8851. Elijah, prophet, 11442. Elim, mission, 5972, 11242. Elionareus, high priest, 11523. Eliot, Charles William, b., 1422. , George. (See Cross, Mrs.) , , Augustus. Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar, b. (1717); d., 9243. , John, b., 262; in Boston, 321 ; Psalm Book, 371 ; missionary, 382 ; among In- dians, 402,3; New Testament in Indian laiiguaae,403;ind.Bible, 403, 422; edition of Bible, 483; d., 502. , Sir John, b., 8762; resolutions in H. C, d., 8832. , Samuel, b., 1301 . , Thomas Dawes, b. (1808); d., 2702. Eli. .11, Gilbert, Sir, in Corsica, 7113. Elis devastated, 10221. Elisha, prophet, miracles of, 11442,3. Elizabeth, wrecked, San Francisco, 3793. , Can., Brit., surprised at, 1201 . , N. J., purchased, 431 ; colony at, 431,2; Pros, church fmd., 422; assembly meets, 433; evacuated, 861 ; Brit, in, 921 ; Singer works burned, 3593; fire, 3813; Bancroft launched, 4061 . crowned in Rumania, 11133. of Bavaria, married, 5243 ; crowned Empress, 5273. of Prussia, d., 8033. of Russia, ally of Austria, 5153 ; reigns, 11153. Petrovna, empress, b.-d., 11142. , Princess, of Aust.,b., 5102; rules, 5091. , Queen of Eng., b., 8681 ; imprisoned when princess, released, 8713 ; reigns, motto, 8732 ; head of church, 8722 ; silk stockings given to, 8731 ; excommuni- cated, 8723; opposes Puritans, 8743 ; de- clines sovereignty of Neth., 8753; sends aid to Fr., 8761 ; Lambeth articles op- posed, 8763; d., 878', 879'; statue, 8761. , Saint, b.-d., 5042. Stuart, princess, b. (1592); marriage, 8791 ; d. (1662). Woodville, queen, b. (1437±) ; mar- ried, 8651 ; d. (1492). , Mine., guillotined, 7103. City,N.C.,taken,204'; NormalSchool est., 3962. Elizabethan Gothic architecture intro., Eng., 8662. statutes, enforced, 8782. Elizabethtown. Ky., first Bapt. church,95i . El-Jawily, mission, 657 1 . El Kaber, reigns, Egy., 6552. El Kernel, treaty with, 7811. Elk Fork, Ark., Confeds. defeated, 2171 . Elkhorn. (See Pea Ridge.) Elkin, Brig.-Gen. J. A., commission, 2472. Elko, Nevada State University, org., 2863. El Komr El Akbdar, mission, 6571 , Elk's Spring, Confeds. defeated, 225' . Ell, 1 A. report, 3353. Ellazio, Gen., Pres. Uruguay, 11603. Ellenborough, Lord. (See Law, Sir Edward.) Ellcnsburg, Wash., fire, 3433. Ellenville, N. B., bigamist, 3883. Ellerslie, N. Y., fire, 4353. Ellery, William, b., 602 ; d. (1820). Ellesmere, E. of, title created, 951' . , L. (See Egerton, Sir Thomas.) Ellet, Charles, Jr., b., 1162 ; commands Queen of the West, 2183 ; d., 2092. , Elizabeth F., b., 1262 ; d., 2942. Ellicott City, Ind., Eock Hill Coll. org., 1822. , Andrew b., 682; d., 1282. , Chas. John, b. (1819) ; elected, bp., 9583. , E. L., Civil Service Commiss., 2732. Ellinge, W-, pres. Reformed synod, 1363. Ellington, C. H., Pres. Nat. Conv., 4111 . Elliot, Capt., Supt. trade, 6172. , George Henry, becomes colonel, 4301 , , H. B., dis. Madonna, 350'. , Richard C, d., 10081 . , Stephen, cons. bp. of Ga., 1523. Nat, History Society, org., 1721. Elliotson, John, b., 9242;" d., 9722. Elliott, Charles, b. (1792) ; d., 2641 . , Loring, b., 1183; d. (1S6S). , David, b. (1787) ; moderator, 1463 ; d. (1S74). , Ebenezer, b., 9222; works, 9291 ,9443; d., 9542. , Ezekiel Brown, b., 1302; d. (1888). , Geo. F., pres. league, 475' . , Jesse Duncan, b." 95' ; on Lake Erie, 1182; truce with Keshen, 6161 ; d., 158' . , Robert Woodward Barnwell, b. (1840) ; cons, bp., 2842; d., 3262. , , b. (1806) ; bp., 1523; d., 254' . , , Conf ed. Gen., d., 252' . , William, b. (1788) ; d., 219' . , W. E., murderer, 3883. Elliott's Mills, Sid., college fnd., 113'. Ellis Island, N. Y., inspection, 431'. .Alexander John, b. (1814); Musical Pitch, 9843 ; d. (1890). , Edward, b., 123' . , George, b., 9103; d., 9363. , G. F., wounded, 4722. , Sir Henry, b., 9203; d., 9722. , , b. (1721) ; gov., 713; d. (1806). , John Willis, b. (1820) ; gov. N. C, 187'; restores Fed. forts, 1901; d. (1861). , Whittaker, lord mayor, 9891 . , Sarah Stickney, b., 9362; d. (1872). , William, b., 92'63 ; d., 9761 . , R., b., 1681. , T., b., 1581. Ellis's Chapel, Vu., Meth. conference, 951 . Ellmaker, Amos, b. (17S7) ; electoral vote, 1413; d. (1851). Ellsler, Erne, b., 184lT~ Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer, b. (1837) ; killed, 1943. , Henry L., d., 1841 . , Oliver, b., 662 ; justice, vote for Pres., 1073; d., 114'. , T. G., invents telephone, 3201 . , Wm. Wolcott, b. (1791) ; gov. Conn., 1512 ; d. (1868). El Madgy, calif at Mecca, 4842. El Mamoon, patron of literature, 655' ; reigns Egy., 6552. El Mansoor, persecutes Christians, 6543 ; patron of literature, 6551 ; sultan, 6553. Kalaoon, takes Tripoli, 6542; sultan, 655 3 . Lageen defeats rebels, 6542. Mohammed, reigns, 6553. El Mantussin, reigns, Egy., 6552. El Mantuz, reigns, Egy., 6552. Elmes, Harvey Lonsdale, b., 9363; d.,9542. , James, b., 9223; d. (1862). Elmhurst, 111., Evang. Sem. opd., 2703. Elmina, acquired, 9772; captured, 1161'. Elmira, N. Y., Elmira Coll. org., 1783 ; Telet/ram, issued, 3023; Steele Memorial Library Association, 438' . (See Brock- way, Supt.) El Moaiyud, sultan, 6553. ElMoez,fnds. dynasty, 0553; sultan, 16553. Elmore, Frank. Harper, b. (1799) j d., 163' . Kl Mostain, reigns, Egy., 6552. ElMotamekkei, reigns, Kgy., 6552. El Mozuffer, sultan, 6553. Bavleurs, sultan, 6553. Elmsley, Peter, b., 9183; d., 9422. El Muritusser, reigns, 655 2 . El Mustalee, calif, 6552. El Mustansir, calif, 6552. Elmwood Cemetery. Memphis, est., 1713, El Nasr Mohammed, abdicates, 655 3 . Eloi-Epes. Text Figures denote Page. lJN.Uli.-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column, 1247 Eloi, St., patron of smiths and artists, 6042 ; works in metals, 66*1. Elon, judges Israel, 11432. Coll. N. C. (Christian) org. (1S90). Eloy, or Eligius, b.-d., 6642. El Panorama, issued, 11311. El Paso, Tex., Southwest Silver Conven., 3971 ; smugglers caught, 4522. El Pensador, issued, 11292. Elphin, Ire., bishopric est., S403 ; see unites with Kelmore, 9462. Elphinston, James, b. (1721) ; d v 9343. Elphinstone, Baron, title created, 8671, , Sir George Keith, b. (1746) ; at Cape Town, 5971 ; d. (1823). , Sir Howard Crawford, d., 10021 . , Lord, gov. of Bombay, 10473. , Mountstuart, b., 9203; d., 9622. , William, '..., ,802.2; d., S661 . , Gen. William Keith, b. (1782) ; in Afghanistan, 42, 53; d. (1842). El Kadee reigns, Egy., 6552. Elsa, asteroid, discovered, 5282. El Semanariode Alo'inerides dn < 'iloiien, issued, 7033. Epheiio rirl, .,■ Li/terarix, issued, 7991. Ephesdammin, action at, 1421. Ephesians, Epistles to, written, 11531 . Ephesus, Asia Minor, fnd., 10152; Temple of Diana erected, 10162 ; burned, 10231 ; destroyed, 10282 ; church council, 10703 ; conquered, 11461 ; revolts, 11472 ; earth- quakes, 11502 ; falls, 11551. Ephetre, Gr., court of, established, 10151 . Ephrata, Ga., early Sunday school, 643. , Nicaragua, mission, 1103 2 . Ephyre. (See Corinth.) Epieharnus, b., 10211 . Epictetus, b., 10283. Epicurus, b., 10243 ; opens school at Athens, 10263; d. (270 B.C.). Epidamnus, Turk., captured, 10262. Epidemiological Society, find., 9561. Epigenesis, theory advanced, 8022. Epileptics, colony for, N. Y., 4592. Epimeuides, b., 10162; nourishes, 10143. Epinal, Fr., captured, 7421 . fipiuay, Louise d', b., 6982; d., 7051 . Epiphanius, bp., b.-d., 10283, Panarium, 10691. Epiphany, Feast, est., 10723. Epirus, Gr., freedom declared, 10273 ; seized, 10351 ; subdued, 10543 ; Romans plunder, 10552; Cajsar's army iu, 10601 ; annexed Turk., 11572. Episcopacy, Mug., abolished, 8703; in Scot., 87S2; rejected Scot., 8823; revived Eng., 8902 ; restored in Scot, and In Eng., 8903; abolished in Scot., 8983; tolerated in Scot., 9042; in Mass., 282. Episcopius, Simon, b.-d., 10983. Epistolte Obscurorinii, issued, 7892. Epping Forest, Eng., dedicated, 967' . Eppstein, Capt., 1982. Epsom, Eng., races at, 9053; Royal Medi- cal Benevolent College est., 9611 . Epworth League org., O., 3402; reports, 39S2; Cleveland Couf., 4321; withdraws exhibit, 4323; report, 4461 . Equal Rights Association answered, 5891. Equator, Kongo, mission at, 10942. Equestrian Order, Gt. Brit, est., 8392. Equitable Aid Union, org., 3032. , statistics, 4463. - Mortgage Co. fail, 4373. Era, Christian, restored in Fr., 7172. , Common (Usher) (4004 B.C.). , Jewish, begins, 3761 B.C. of Alexander begins, 10603. of Constantinople (,"..,os, Sept. 1,B.C). of Martyrs, begins, 100(53. of Mohammedans begun, 4842. of Nabonassar begins (Feb. 26, 747 B.C.). , Revolutionary, Fr., 7092, 7111 . , Roman, begins, 10502. Eraclius, Etnp., defeats Chosroes, 11062. Eralo, asteroid, discovered, 8201. Erarie, reigns, 10713; d. (541). Erasistratus, b.-d., 1148 2 ; applies dissec- tion, 10263. Erasmus, Desiderius, b.-d., 10982. Erato, Queen, rules in Armenia ; gov. Syria, 11513. Eratosthenes, b.-d., 10263 ; invents armil- lary sphere ; lays down parallel, 10263. Erben, Henry, rear-adm., in Brooklyn Navy Yard, 3841 ; hi London, 10122. Erchenwin, King, 8413. Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonzo de, b.-d., 11282. Erckiuann, Emile (Erckmann-Chatrian), b., 7242; works, 7343, 7363. Erdman, Constantine J., b., 1602. Erdmann, Johann Eduard, b., 8082. , Otto Linne, b., 8082; d., 8262. Erechtheus (Erichthonius), King, wor- ship of Minerva, 10131 ; reigns, k., 10133. Erechtheum, Athens, fnd., 10223. - Eresburg, captured, 7701 . Eretria, Gr., Persia holds, 10181 . Erfurt, Prussia acquires, 8091 ; Napoleon meets princes, 7173 ; musical festival, 810i ; pari, opd., 5233; diet at, 5243. , League, dissolution demanded, 5233. , University of fnd. afresh, chartered, 7851; suspends, 8131. Erie I., Den., 6352. IX, Den., enthroned, 6352. III., Den., enthroned, 6353. IV., Den., 6371. V;, Den., reigns, 6371 . VI., Den., reigns, 6271. Eric VII., Den. ; reigns, 6372. L, Nor., reigns, 11043. II., Nor., reigns, 6372; marries Mar- garet of Scot., 1105 1 . the Victory-Blest, Swe., reigns, 11332. (IX.), Swe., chosen king, 1135 1; con- verting Finns, 11343. II. (X.), Swe., reigns, 11351 . III. (XI.), Swe., reigns, 11351 . IV., Swe., reigns, 11352. VII., Swe.. reigns ; oppressions of ; dethroned, 11352. XIV., Swe., b.-d., 11342; coat of arms, 11341 ; introduces titles, 11351 . , Duke of Brunswick, 7872. Eigodl., Den., 6353. Erich, Duke, storms camp of Avars, 7701 . Erichthonius. (See Erichtheus.) Ericsson, tried on Potomac, 1721. , launched, 4601 . Ericsson, John, b., 11361 ; report on sun's diameter, 2801; atmospheric engine, 9422; screw propellers, 1481,9481; calo- ric engine, 9.542; arrives in Am., 1501 ; heat motor, 1721 ; patents caloric engine, 1801 ; solar rays, 2641 ; solar engine, 3381 ; d., 3361 ; memorial services, 3663 j body transferred, 3683; statue, 4281. , Lief, explorations, killed, 112. , Magnus, < 'amnion Lair appears, 11343. Erie, Pa., women violent, 1742; bank rob- bery, 4163. canal, enactment, 1173; bill for, 1251 ; opd., 1273 ; toll collected, 1293 ; nrs t boat through, 1313; completion celebrated, 1331 ; finally completed, 2173 ; electric canal boat, 445 3 . Erie, burned, 1533. , Lake, naval battle, 1203. Meth. Epis. Conference find., 1462. Ring Panic occurs, 267 3 . R.R. commenced, 1453 ; opd., 1G93 ; ter- minus in Jersey City, 1733; wreck, 4002; seeks Albany and Susquehanna, 267 3 . triangle, purchased, 1051. Erigena, Johannes Scotus,b.(S00±); works, 6663; d., 8442. Erigone, asteroid, discovered, 7481 . Er'tkskroniL-un, appears, 11343. Erlach, Jean Louis d', b., 6S42; d., 6902. iiiiandsen, Jacob, archbishop, 636 1 . Erlangen, Ger., Univ., chartered, 8011; university T unites with Altdorf, 8091 , , Baron Emile D\ concession to, 739 3 . Erlanifer L/leratiir:ei/iua/, issued, 807 2 . , Michael, d., 7621 . Erlau, Hung., Turks besiege, 5101 . Erlautertes I'rensten, issued, 8003. Ei-man, Gustav A., b.,8082; d., 8282. , Paul, b., 8023; d., 818' . Ermelo Missionary Society, fmd., 11021. Erment mission, 6571 . Erminie, first sung in U. S., 3241 . Erne, Earl of, title created, 9231 . Ernest I., resigns Saaltield, 8133. III., reigning D., 8092 ; deposed, 8093. , Aug. A. II., D. of Cumberl'd, b., 9522. , Duke of Bavaria, 7852. Fred. I., Saxe-Gotha, reigns, 8023. August, D. of Cumberland, b., 9183 ; K. of Hanover, 8153. 8311; grants elec- toral rights, 8173 ; d., 8182. , Duke of Saxe-Coburg, b. (1818) ; d., 8361 , 8371 . -, Duke of Styria, 5073. the Valiant, margrave, 5033. Ernesti, Johann A., b., 7983 ; d., 8042. Ernley, Sir John, minister, 897 2 . Ernoul, M., minister, 747 s . Ernst, Heinrich W., b., 8102; d., 8222. , Oswald Hubert, b., 1542. , of Swabia, revolts, killed, 7752. Erovant, usurper, rules Armenia, 11533. Errard, Charles, b., 6862; d., 6942. Errett, Isaac, b. (1820) ; president conven- tion, 2882, 2942 ; d. (1888). Errington, Sir John S., d. 10101 . Errol, Earl of, title created, 8631 . Ersoh, Johann S., b., 8023 ; d., 8141. Erskine, Baron, title created, 9311 . , David Montagu, b. (1776) ; Brit, min- ister, 1172 ; d. (1855). , Ebene/er, b., 8942; forms Presbytery, 9083; followers divided, d., 9123. , John, b., 9002 ; d. (1768). , John, Earl of Mar, b., 8941 ; d., 9082. , Ralph, b., 9862 ; d., 9123. , Robert Francis St. Clair, Earl of Ross- lyn, d., 10041 . Erskine, Lord Thomas, b., 9122; lord chancellor, 9332 ; d., 9403. College, S. C, org., 1511 . Ertoghrul, unites with Aladdin; drowned, 11543, 11553. Ervigius reigns, 11253. Erving, John, b., 621 ; d. (1786). Erwin, Alex. R., b., 1S61 ; d. (I860). von Steinbach, d., 7822. Erxleben, Johann C. P., b. 8003; d., 8042. Erythrasa, revolts against Athens, 10213. Eryxias, last archon, 1015 3 . Erzerum, Turk., action at, 11073, 1116 1 ; earthquake, 115G2 ; revolts, 11593 ; mis- sion est., 11563. Erzeroum, or Erzerum, Turk., earthquake at, 11073. Esahaddon, in Egypt, 6512, 11442; reigns, invades Judea, 1145 3 . Esau, sells birthright, 11402 ; marriages of, 1141 1 . Escala, at Pisaqua, 6062. Kseanaba, .Mich., disturbance, 3891. Eschenbach, Wolfram von, works, 7783 ; d., 7782. Eschenburg, Johann J., b., S003 ; d., 8122. Eschenmayer, Karl A., b., 8031 ; u ., 8201 . Eschscholtz, Johann F., b., 8002; d., 8142. Esclot, Bernat,b.-d., 11262. Escobar, Gen., elected pres., 11063. , Marie de, reaps wheat, 233; d. (1560±). y Memloza, Antonio, b.-d., 11283. Escoledo, Mariano, b., 10961 . Escombrera Bay, action in, 11321 . Escosura, Patricio de la, b.-d., 11303 > r works, 11311. Escurial. (See Madrid.) Esgdis, Louis Philippe Mariaucheau d', b. (1710) ; cons, bp., 5763 ; d. (1788). Esher, Baron, title created, 9871. Esher, Bp. J. J., guilty, 3542. Eskil, Elder West (lota Law, 11343. Eskimos disturb in Greenland, 133. Esmarch.JohannesFried. August, b., 8122. Esmenard, Jos.Alphonse, b., 7042; d.(l.sll). Esmeralda, at Acapttlco, crew killed, 6082. Espagne, Jean d', b., 6S42; d., 6902. Esparto ro, Baldomero,D. of Vittoria,b.-d., 11302 ; at Barcelona, bombards Seville, defeats Carlists, 11301; expels nuncio, insurrectionist, premier, regent, 11313 ; Pr. of Vergara, declines crown, 11332. Esparza, founded, 6301 , Kspejio, Antonio de, at Santa Fe, 252. Esper, Eugen Johann Christoph, b., 8003; d. 8102. Espieijte. gold shipped on. 6092. Espin'a, Col., senteneed, 493 3 . Esplnel, Vicente, b.-d., 11282; works, 11292. Espinosa, l>on Diego de, b.-d., 11263. , Xavier, b. (1815); elected president, 6443; d. (1870). , explorer 163; in Costa Rica, 183. Esproneeda, Jose lie, b.-d., 11303; works, 11311. Esproneda, released, 297 1 . Espy, James Pollard, b., 962; d.,1861. Esquimau, Br. Colour., defenses of, 5951 . Esquimaux Point fisheries tailed. 5893. Esquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique, b. (1772) ; d., 7282. Esquiros, Henri Alphonse, b., 7211 ; d. (1876). Esquivel, Ancieto, pros.. 6311. Ess, Karl Van, b., 8031 ; d., 8123. , Leander van, b., 8031 ; d. 8162. Essad Pasha, grand vizier, 11592. Es Salah, sultan, 6553; takes Jerusalem, 6562. Essek, fortress, taken, 5221 . Essen, Prus.. cast steel factory est., 8101 . , Count Hans Henrik, b.-d., 11342 ; in Poland, 7162. Essequibo, Br. Guiana, acquired, 9313. Essex attacks Alert.- cruises. 1181; cap- tures Norton. 1182; captured, 1202, 1221. Essex, Eng., Fair lop Oak, blown down, 9401; electric tramway cars, 9881 . County. Mass., Natural Hist. Soc. org., 1421'; Institute Library, fnd.. 1642 ; telephone exhibit ion. 2941 ; Conf. Liberal Churches, org., 2542. , Earl of, title created, 891'. (See Devereux, Robert ; Devereux, Walter.) , Lord, resigns from council, 8952. Essling, Aust., battle of. 5183. Esslingen, Ger.. under Baden, 7S72; Swa- bian League, find., 7873. Estaing, Comte d', Chas. Hector, b., 6983; Este-Evan. Text Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1249 in R. I. ; commands Fr. licet. S83; leaves Boston for W. I., 891 ; in Ga., 903 ; d., 7102. Este, House of, power at Modena, 10773. Estee, M. W., noin. for gov. Cal., 463' Estella. Sp., action at ; taken. 11321,2. Estero Velhaeo. battle at, 5561 . Esther, Bool; of , written, 11443. Esther, Queen consort. 11472. Estlionia, annexed toRus., 11153; ceded to Rus., 11353. Estienne, Henry, b. (1503) ; works, 6832 6843; d. (1559). Estrades, Conite d', Godefroi, b., 6862; d., 6942. Estrees, Gabrielle d', b., 6823; d. 6S61 . , Jean, b. (1624) ; Fr. Marshal at Has- tenbeck, 5161; d. (1707). , Due d', Victor Marie, b., 6902; at Southwold, 6921 ; d., 6983. Estremoz, Port., action at, 11281 . Estridsen, House of, reigns, 6352. Estrup, Premier, resides Den., 6423. Etaples, treaty of, 6793 Etawah, mission, 10471 . Etching, invented, 7862. Club, find., 9481 . Etex Antoine, b., 7163; d., 7562. Etkalion, wrecked, 9282. Etlielbald. marries Judith, S451 ; d., 8442. Ethelbert, at Wimbledon. 840 1 ; laws, 8411 ; king of Kent, 8413; d.,8421. , king of W. Saxons. 8452; d., 8442. Ethelfleda, conquests, 8442; d. (918±). Fthelfrid. massacre of monks. 8422. Ethelfrith, warrior, S42i ; killed (617). Ethelheard, archbp. Canterbury, 8431 . Ethelnoth, refuses to cons, king, 8472. Ethelred, massacres Danes, S463; in Nor- mandy ; d., 8472. II., music for, 8462 ; king, 847 1; d., 8462. Ethelreda, takes the veil, 8423. Ethelwolf. defeated ; defeats Danes, 8441 ; marries Judith, 8451 ; pilgrimage; d.,8442; Ether, as anesthetic, 1602. Etherege, Sir George, b., 8822 ■ Man of Mode, 8943; d., 8982. Ethical Culture Societies, conven., 3721 . Ethiopian dynasty, est. ; expelled, 6511. Ethnological Society, find.. Loud., 9521. Ethus, king, d., 8451. Etienne, Chas.Guillaume.b..7043; d., 7283. , Henry, printer, b.-d., 678 2 . , , printer, b., 6803; d., 6861 . , Robert, b. (1503); d., 6822. Etiquette, majestic, Fr., 6912. Eton Coll., Eng., commissioners for, 9611 ; fnd., 8622, 10002; completed. 8623. Etowah, Ga., armies cross, 2331, 2. Elruria, speed, 3313, 9993. Etruria, Southern, subdued; truce of cities, 10521 ; kingdom find., 10853. Etruscans, against Rome, 10501 , 10521 ; power declines, 10513 ; truce with Ro- mans, 10.332; lose independence, 10533 Ettmuller, Ernst M. L., b., 8082; d., 8282. Ettrick, Baron, title created, 9751 . Etty, Win., b., 9242 • Cleopatra's Arrival, 9401 ; d. (1849). Eu, Comte d', Louis Philippe Marie Fer- dinand Gaston d' Orleans, b., 5542; mar- ries, 5563 ; emperor. 5593 ; beheaded, 6752. Eubcea, island, 10211; captured, 10341; Venice loses, 10781 . Euclid of Alexandria, b.. 10243; citizen, 6502; mathematician, 0523; works, 8743; 9023; laws revised, 10232; on light, 10263; on optics, 10671 . Eudes, reigns, 6672; d. (898). Eudocia, b. (393±) ; exiled, 10311; calls in Vandals, 10712 ; d. (460+). Eudora, asteroid, discovered, 5282, Eudoxians, condemned, 10291. Eudoxus, discourses on planets, 10232. Euaauos e .■Is^ii/am/nitos, etc., 11271. Eugene, Francois Eugene de Savoie- Carignan, Savoy, b. ; in Aust., 5123 ; at Peterwarden ; takes Belgrade, 5141 ; atRaab, 5183; at Luzzara, 7981 ; war of Spanish succession, 6941; 6961; at Mar- aaglia, 6941 ; at Blenheim, 6961 ; joins al- lies of Fr., 6972; d., 6983. , Prince. (See Beauharnais.) City, Ore., Univ. opd., 2922. Eugenie, Empress, b., 7242; gifts to Paris, 7533; crinoline skirt, 1773. Eugenius I., king, 8412. II., invades Britain, 8401. ■ VIII., assassinated, 8432. Fu genius, proclaimed em p.. 10693 I., St., pope, 10722; d., 10721 . II., pope, 10723; d., 10721 . III., pope, 10743; d., 10742. IV., pope, d., 10783; deposed, 7843. Eugubine tablets written, 10223; dis., 10781. Euhrussi, M., wins lottery prize. 7563. Eulalie. Infanta, visits U. S., 4303, 4311 , 4322 ; 4342, 11333. Eulchi Hwangti, enthroned, 6113. Eulenberg, Count, resigns, 8312 ; decora- tions ; premier, 8363; minister, S372. Euler, Leonhard, b.-d., 11372. Eumelus, of Corinth, poems, 10143. reigns Bosporus, 11473, 11491 ; kills relatives, 114S3. , paints Helen, 11521 . Eumenes^ Gen., b.-d., 1023 1; regency, 10253; in Thrace, 11481 ; executed, 10243, 10253. I., of Perganms. reigns, 11491. II., of Pergamus, aids Romans, pun- ished, 10551, 3; reigns, 1149 2 ; collects library, 11483; d., 11482. Eunapius, b., 10283. Eunike, asteroid, discovered, 2981. Eunomia, asteroid, discovered, 1862, 7301. Eunomians, condemned, 10291. Eunuchs, intrigue, 6132; mentioned, 11411 . Eunus, captured, dies, 10561. Euphranor, paintings, 10223; d., 10243. Euphrosyuc, asteroid, discovered. 1761. Eupolis, b. (449 B.C.) ; produces dramas, 10211; d. (410 B.C.). Eupompus, painter, 10223. Eureka, 111., college fnd., 1762. , Mo., Feds, take, 2131 ; collision, 2713. , Nev., waterspout, 2S5 3 . Euric, king, 6633; reigns, 11253 ;d.(4S4or4.S. r o. Euripides, b.; pictures ; tragedv prize, 10191; works, 10192; manuscript, 10271 . Europa, myth, 10132 ; teaches writing, 11402. European Magazine, issued, 9231 . Enrotos. in naval engagement, 9361 . Euryalus, launched, 9S01 . Eui vbiades at Artemisium ; in straits of Salamis, 10182. Eurijdice, lost, 9821 . , asteroid, discovered, 2152. Eunildeia, asteroid, discovered, 5282. Euryinedon, Asia Minor, battle of, 10183; fleet defeated, 10551 . Eurysteus, reigns, 1013 3 . Eurysthenes, enthroned, 10151 . Eusden, Laurence, poet laureate, 9063. Eusebius. archbp., elected bp., 10683 ; d.. 10291. , bp. of Csesarea, b.-d., 10283. , bp. of Doi-yla-uni, deposed, 10703, , bp. of Emisa, b.-d., 11542. , historian, b.-d., 11542. , patriarch, b., 11542. , St., pope, 10663. Eustachius, Bartolonimeo, discovers Eu- stachian tube, 10802; d., (1574). F.uslathius, d., 10322. Eustis, James B., ambassador, 4473. , William, b., 683 ; S ec. war., 1171 ; gov., 1313 ; d., 1322. Eutaw Springs. S. C, battle at, 942. Eutropius, guardian of Arcadius, 10693, Entyches, b.-d., 10283 ; condemned, 10703. Eutychianus, St., pope, 10643. Eva, asteroid, discovered, 7481. Ecu Dow/lots, yellow fever on, 4133. Evald, Johannes, b., 6381 ; d., 6382. Evauder, colonizes Magna GiTeeia, 10133. Evangelical Alliance, New York branch, org., 2562; meets in Neth., 2602; in N.Y., 2822; Wm. E. Dodge, pres. U. S. branch, 3183; in Boston, 3481 ; eong. in Chicago. 4401 ; m Copenhagen, 6421 ; ha Paris, 7323; in Berlin, 8202; find. 9523; i n Ge- neva ; Brighton ; Oxford ; Constanti- nople ; Southport ; Basel ; Edinburgh, 9762 ; in Norwich ; Copenhagen ; Brigh- ton ; Glasgow; Ryde ; Plymouth, 9882; in Hull ; Bath ; Amsterdam ; Derby, 9682; in Florence 10901 . Association, U. S., J. Albright preaches, 1023 ; org., 1103 ; Tract Soc. org., 1183; Women'sMiss. Soc. org., 1502; Northwestern Coll. est., 1991 ; "Woman's Board 3163; bps. guilty, 3542; New Evan- gelical Church org. 4742. church basis, Hung., 5103. Church of Ger., find., 8123; conven- tion in Berlin, 8263. k. 10282. Evangelical Continental Society, formed, 9523. Educational Society, org., 215 2 . Lutheran Church, U. S. A. (Ger. Luth- erans), est. in Iceland, 222 ; in N.Y., 301, 582, 443, 543, 9S2, 1243, 1583, 2802. First minister ord. ,552 ; Palatines arrive, 571 ; many immigrants, 5X2, fjo3; in Del., 343. Indian missions. 362; party tole- rated; J. Fabricius preaches. 422 ; min- isters in W. I., 622; i n Ga., 622 1903, 2023; in va., 623, 1283, 1563, 1731 . New Era, Muhlenberg arrives, 651; first sy- nod, org., 663 ; est. theological sem., 742; N. Y. synod find., 9S2; in Pa., 651, 742, 1003. 1023, 1403, 1603, 1782, 2542, 2583, 2602. Franklin Coll. est., 1003 ; Land grant to, 1023; j„ N.C., 1123, 1802, 1862. Hartwiek Sem. est., 1243; in O., 1282, 1462, 1582, 3, 1023. 1631, 1683, 1822, 2902. Gen. synod find., in Md., 1283. United Synod South find., 1283, 1383; 2d. gen. synod, 131 1 ; in S.C., 1323 . Penn. Coll. est., 1403; Ger. Foreign Miss. Soc, org., 1463; Women's Foreign Miss. Soc, org. ; Concordia Coll., est., 1503; i n ru 1503, 1702, 1821, 1863, 1991, 2582, 2703. Wittenberg Coll. est., 1583; Hanges Nor- wegian Synod org., 1623 ; j n Mo., 1631 , 3322,3643; inlnrt., 1642,1782,2542. 2762. Synodical conf. org. ; Capital Univ., 1683 ; in Tex., 1702, 2023. Norwegian synod, 1723 ; Roanoke Coll. est., 1731 ; in la., 1762, 1782. Ger. eldership find., 1762 ; i n Miss. United Synod South org., 1782 ; Newberry Coll. est., 1S02 ; N. C. Coll., est., 1862; Augustana Coll. est., 1863; i„ Mich., 1902; j n Minn., 1902. Norwegian Univ. est., 1991; Southern gen. synod secedes. 2023 ; Pa. synod withdraws, 2412 ; Northwestern Univ., 2503 ; Convention at Reading ; gen. synod ; Pa. synod withdraws, 2542 ; 1st gen. council ; 111. Gen. Synod, org., 2582 ; Muhlenberg Coll., 2583 ; Pa. Gen. Synod org.. 2602 ; begins foreign mis- sion work. 2682 ; Carthage Coll. ,2703; in Neb., 2762, 3982. Danish Church in Am., org., 2802 ; in N. J., 2S02. Ger. Augsburg Synod, org., 2902; Synod of Wartburg.2942; inTenn.,3002. Wom- en's Home and For. Miss. Society org., 3023; Bethany Coll..Kan.,3082; in Kan., 3082. Danish Asso., org. 3182; Iceland- ers' Synod, 3223 ; in 'Wis., 3223. Im- manuel Ger. Synod, org.. 3262; Finnish Suomi Synod, org.. 3502 ; against com- pulsory education law , 3602 ; in Cal., 3981. Eng. Synod, Rocky Mts., 3982 ; United Ger. Cynod, .Mich., Minn., Wis., org., 4202; Slavonian Synod org. 4781 . Lutherans, Can., in Out., 5882. , Meetings of Gen. Synod, meet at Frederick, 1303, 1311 , 1323, 1383; Gettys- burg, 1343; llagerstown. 1363, 1483; Bal- timore, 1422, 1542, 1563, 2902; Chambers- burg, 1503; Phi la., 1603; New York; 1642; Charleston, 1682 ; Winchester, 1723 ; Heading, 1822 ; Pittsburg, 1862, 2542, 3403; Lancaster, 2191 ; York, 1443, 2411 ; Harrisburg, 2642, 3223 ; Washington, 2682 ; Dayton. 2762 ; Canton, 2822 ; Car- thage, 2962 ; Wooster, 3023 ; Altoona, 3082; Springfield, 3142; Omaha, 3282; Allegheny, 3463; Lebanon, 3982; Ottawa; 5882. , Mission Society, Ger., find., 8131 . , Mission, Cent., Asso., org., 8262. Magazine, issued, Eng., 9271. Miss. Society. Mass., org., 1142. , India, missions, 10471. enters Rus., 11171 . , Nat., Institution, org., 11361. party, Church Eng., appears, 9211. Society (Fr.), formed, 7243. Tract Society, org., Am., 1183. Evangelista Island, discovered, 143. Evans. Augusta. (See Wilson, Mrs.) , Charles R. Ogden, d., 10022. , Chris, sentence, 4451 . , David, Lord Mayor, London, 10073. , Edward Pavsom b., 1421. , Fred. Wm., b., 1142; a.. 4241 . , George, b. (1797) ; d.. 2561 . , Sir, De Lacy, b., 9242; takes Trum. 11301 ; commander in Sp., 11301 ; d.,9742. 1250 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Evan-Fair. Evans, John, gov. Col., 2173. , Gary, gov. S. C, 4731 , 4793. , H. Clay. Horn, for gov. Tenn., 4692. , Mary Ann (George Eliot). (See Cross, Mrs.) , Col. Nathan Geo., b. (1828) ; at Ball's Bluff, Va., 2001 ; a t Kinston, 2162 • d., (1868). , Oliver, b., 711 ; patents steam-wagon, 951; d., 1281. , Robley D., promoted capt., 4201 , , Thomas, b., 1081 ; d., 2621. , Sir Thomas W., d., 10081 . , Lieut., removed from command, 9S01 . Evanston, 111.. Northwestern Univ. org., 1703, 1782 ; Swedish Theol. Sem. fn3., 2703; Garrett Biblical Inst, opd., 1802. , Wyo., Insane Asylum opd., 3391. Evansville, Ind., school for deaf, 3251 ; Chas. Ritter, defaulter, 3782 ; Natural "Waterways Convcn., 3932; Am. Humane Asso., session, 4723; it. K. strike, 4603. Evaristes, St., bp. at Rome, 10623. Evarts. Jeremiah, b. (1781) ; d., 1382. , Wm. Maxwell, b., 1262 ; Johnson's counsel, 2612; atty-gen., 2633; pre s. Bar Asso., 2691 ; minister, 2953. Eve, Paul Fitzsimmons. b. (1806) ; d.,2961. , statue executed, 1501. , temptation of, 11391 . Evelyn, John, b., 8802 ; Diary. 8851 ; d., 9022. Evening prayer, reading of, Eng., 8702. Eren/ng Star, founders, 2553. Everest, Chas. B., dis. rock salt, 2981 . , Sir George, b., 9243; d. (1866). Everett, Alex. Hill, b., 1022; d. (1847). , Charles Carroll, b., 1502. , Edward, b., 1042; Orations, 1463; gov. Mass., 1472; pres. Harvard, 1611; for vice-pres. 1 872 ; vote, 1883, 1913 ; at Seneca Palls, 1961 ; d., 2422; statue, 2581 . , William, b., 1502. Evergreen Cemetery, dedicated, 1673 ; opd., 1712. Everhard, Sir Richard, gov. of N. C, 612. Everlasting Compact, signed, 11383. Evers, Carl, b., 8122. Eversley, Vise. (See Lefevre, C. S. 9493.) Everts, Win. Wallace, b., 123 1 ; d. (1890). Evesham, Eng., battle of, 8541. Evicted Tenants Arbitration Bill, 10091, 10123. Evil-mero-dach, impris. ; reigns, 11472. Evington, H., cons, bp., 10121 . Evolution, doctrine advanced, 9521. , squadron of, at Genoa, 3541 . Evora, University of, fnd., 11091. Evreux, Fr., captured, 6761 ; Germans re- pulsed, 7423; Germans occupy, 7431 . Ewald, Georg Heinrich August, b., 8082 ; dismissed from univ., 8152 ; d., 8283. , Johannes, b. (1743) ; works, 6383, 6391 ; d. (1781). Ewell, Richard Stoddard, b., 1261 ; at Front Royal, 2081 ; a t Chantilly, 2122 ; at Winchester, 2223 ; at Carlisle, 2232 ; at Gettysburg, 2241 ; at Spottsylvania, 2323 ; south of Rapidau, 2321 ; at Sailor's Creek, 2451; d., 2761. Ewen, Mary Cecillia, b. (1836); d.,2541. Ewer, F. C, defalcation, 4043. , Ferd. Cartwright, b., 1341 ; d., 3142. Ewing, And., at Ironton, 2381 ; d., 2351 . , D. R., president convention, 3981. , Finis, b. (1773) ; d., 1522. , James S., 4473. , Robert E., moderator, 2962. , Thomas, b. (1789) ; sec. treas,, 1532 ; sec. interior, 1653 ; S ec. war, 2612 ; d., 2741. , Wm. Bellford, b. (1776) ; d., 2521 . College i Baptist), 111., founded, 2863. Exchange, at Antwerp, 5402 ; at Amster- dam, 11002. Exchequer, consolidated, G. B., 9393. - Excise Bill, opposed, Eng., 9092 ; intro. ; petition against, 9093. Reform Association, incor., 385 1 . system established, Eng., 8853. Exclusion Bill, passed, Eng., 8952. Excommunication, threatened, Ger., 7751 ; acts disapproved, 8262. Execution Bills, Fr., 7552. Exedia, Manoel Godinho De, dis., 4931. Exeter, Eng., taken, 8441 ; besieged ; castle surrenders, 8481 ; nunnery fmd., 8522; Ed- ward at. .8591; annual festival est., 8711 ; taken, 884t ; canal at, 8953 ; water-works erected, 9013 ; Ex. Mercury, Protestant, Mercury, Postmaster, or Loyal Mercury, issued, 9003 ; Sessions HoWe built, 9193; new bridge, 9213 ; E. Theater erected, 9221 ; lunatic asylum fnd., 9272; Inst, of Science est., 9321 ; subscription library fnd., 9331; gates removed, 9393 ; public baths erected, 9412; Mechanics' Institu- tion opd., 9421 ; British Asso. meets, 9662; Albert Memorial Museum given, 9741; bread and meat riots, 9711; Bp. Biekersteth cons., 9922. Exeter, N. H., Are, 4273. College, Eng.. founded, 8563 ; William Grocyn, teacher, 866 3 . Exeter'Codex, compiled, 8483. , Marquis of, title created, 9311. Exile, sovereign power to, 10632. Exilles, battle at, 7001 . Exmouth, wrecked, 9553. Exmouth, Viscount of, title created, 937 2 . . (See. Edward Pellew.) Exodus, 11413. , of Israelites, 11403. Expedition fund, Fr., 7633. , second, to Italy, 7722. , third, to Italy, 7741 . - — , polar, Dutch.' sails, 11021 . (See Arc- tic.) Expedition of Igor, appears, 11143. Exploits of Basilios D. Acritas, appears, 10322. Explosions, U.S.A. : Birmingham, Ala., 3853 ; west Berkeley, Cal., 4113 ; dyna- mite, Denver, Colo., 4352 ; mine, Cdino, 4232; Wilmington, Del., 1753,3713; bomb, Atlanta, Ga., 4611 ; Chicago, 111., picnic, 4352; Litchfield; Geneva, 4312; Eming- ton, 4413; at Maysville, Ky., 1773 ; in Hoosac tunnel. Mass., '2593; Worcester, 4233; at White Pigeon, Mich., 3913; East Jordan, 4033 ; at Syracuse, N.Y., 1533 ; street, in N. Y. City, 1673, 4432 ; Brook- lyn; Columbus, O., 3533; at.Findlav, 3773; Cold Springs, 4133 ; f powder, 3653 ; saw-mill at Thila., Pa., 2573; mine, 3353; mine, Ashley, 3593; gas, Pittsburg, 4213; dynamite, at Black Run, 4553; Sliamo- km, 4273, 4733; mine, Wilkesbarre, 4393; Tracy City, Tenn., 4662 ; dynamite, Tex., 4493; at Midlothian, Va., 1773; Spokane Falls, Wash., 3693, 4413 ; Central City, powder-mill, W. Va., 3993 ; Hurley, Wis., 3553; bomb, Milwaukee, 4211; of Peacemaker, 1561 ; f Lucy Walker, 1573; of Marquette, 1593. ,Bulli colliery. Austral., 4993 ; Doman, Austro-Hung., 5333; Trieste ; Somerein ; Galicia, 5353 ; Mobacs, 5362 ; Hung. ; Dux, 5373; bomb, Pilsen, 538 1 ; Karwin, 5383 ; Ganshoren, Belg., 5462; Liege and Mons, 5471 ; mine, Mons ; dynamite, mine, Dour ; Anderlues colliery; Charle- roi, 5473; dynamite, Ostend ; dynamite, Seraing ; dynamite-, Liege, 5481 ,2; Turk- ish monitor, Bulg.,5661 ; mine, Nanaimo ; dynamite. Quel ice, 5,8.53; Quebec ; Spring Hill, N. S., 5932 ; Staples, Out., 5953; Montreal, 5962 ; p a Chow, China, 6253 ; at Laon, Fr., 7402 ; mine, Ger., 8373 ; Wales, 9973, 10033 ; Scot., 9973. (See Anarchists and Dynamite.) Exportation, restricted, Eng., 8591. Exports, value of, Am., 10 3 . Express, business intro., Am. ,1513; Adams' founded, 1533. Express attacks Prometheus, 9572. Expulsion Bill, Fr., adopted, 7533. Extradition treaty, with Eng., 3491 , 3552 ; with Fr., 4051. Bill, Can., 5873, 5903. Exurna, asteroid, discovered, 142. Eyb, Albrecht von, b. (1420); Menclia-mi and Haccides, trans., 7,871 ; d. (1478). Eybek, sultan, 0553; killed, 6551. Eyck, Hubert van, b.-d., 5392. , Jan van, b,-d., 5392. Eye, Johann L. A., b., 8123. Eyers, Nicholas, Bapt. preaching, 571 ; licensed, 583 ; pastor, 602. Eykens, or Eyekens, Pieter, b.-d., 5403. Eylau, Prus., battle of, 7162. Eynden, Roland van. b.-d., 11011 . Eyraud, arrested, 7603. Eyre, Charles, b. (1817) ; cons, bishop, 9682. , Edward John, b., 9363; journey, 4942. , John, transported for theft, 9192. Eysehen, Kerr, order of Red .Eagle, 8331 . Eystein II., reigns, 11051 . Eytinge, Rose, b., 1482. Ezekiel, captive, prophesies, 11462. , Moses Jacob, b., 1562. Ezeta, ex-president, in Panama, 6282. , Gen. Carlos, pres. San Salvador, 11232 ; leader, 10381, 11233. Ezra, Book written ; leads expedition, 11403; in Jerusalem, 11473. Ez Zahir, calif, 6552. F. Fa, emperor, enthroned, 6111 . Faber, Basil, b., 7882 ; d., 7922. , Frederick Wm., b., 9363 ; in Fathers of Oratory, 9543 ; d. (1863). , George Stanley, !>., 9183 ; d., 9582. , Jacobus, b.-d., 67S2. , Johann, b., 7862 ; d., 7902. Fabiagens secede, 10512. Fabian, Robert, b. (145±) ; Concordance, 8643 ; d. (1512). , St., pope, 10643. Fabii, slain, 10501 ; three surrendered, 10513. Fabinyi, Herr, resigns, 533 2 . Fabius, Caius Pictor, decorates temple, 10531. , Maximus Cuntator, d., 10552. , Rullianus Quintus, against Han- nibal, 10541 ; Roman commander, 6621 ; captures Tarentum, 10543; dictator, 10552 ; defeats L'mbrians ; at Vadimon- ian Lake, 10521; at Tifemum, 10522; d. (290±). Servilianus, peace with invaders, 11252. , defeated by Mithridates VI., 11501 . Fabliaux productions, 5711; works, 670 3 , 6711; F. period, 6803. Fabre, Antoine F. H., b., 7123 ; d., 7322. , Edward Charles, eons, bp., 5822; arch- bp., 5842; forbids papers read, 5941 ; cen- sor, 5962. , Ferdinand, b. (1830) ; Ma Vocation, 7582. , Jean, b., 6982 ; d., 7123. , M. F., Xaviitre, 7602. d'Eglantine, Philippe Francois Ja- cobin, b., 7022 ; d., 7102. Fabrctti, Raffael, b., 10823 ; d., 10831. Fabriano, It., paper-mill at, 10762. , Gentile da, b. (1370) ; paints Adora- tion of Magi, also Madonna, 10781 ; d. (1450). Fabricius, Jacob, in New York, 422. , Johann C, b., 8003 ; d., 8083. Luscinus, visits Pyrrhus, 10533. Fabrigio, discovers vein valves, 10821. Eabroni, Angelo, b., 10842 ; d., 10843. Fabry, comet visible, 9941 . Fabyan, N. H., American Library Associ- ation Conference, 3682. , Robert, b., 8622 ; d., 8661 . Facciolati, Jacopo, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. Facetus, appears, 11271 . Facilidas, reigns in Abyssinia, 13. Factory and Workshop Act, passes, G. B., IOO72. Fadeyev, RatslavAndrieyevitch, b.,1116 3 . [■'., dinger, leads revolt, 5121 . Faed, John, b., 9402 ; works, 9541 , 9601 . Fagan, Michael, convicted ; executed, Fagius, Paul, b., 7863 ; d., 7921 . Fagnani, Giuseppe, b., 10862 ; d., 10882. , Joseph, b. (1819) ; d., 2821 . Fahrenheit, Gabriel, b., 7982 ; thermom- eter, 8001 ; d., 8002. Fahta, mission, 6571 . Faidherbe, Louis Leon Cesar, b., 7223 ; Gen. at St. Quentin, 7441; at Pont- Noyelles, 7431; d., 7581 . Fail, Noel du, works, 6811 , 6851 . Failey, Harriet, b., 1623. , NoahL.,b. i 1362. Faillon, Michel F.tienne, b., 5762; d., 5821 . Failly, Pierre Louis Charles Achille de, b.,7191 ; at Beaumont, 7402 jatMentana, 7361 ; d., 7621 ; Fair, Laura D., trial ; acquitted, 2742. , James Graham, b. (1831) ; senator ; restores monument, 3421 ; d., 4781 . Fairbairn, Sir William, b., 9243 ; d. (1874). Fairbanks, Erastus, b., 1022 ; gov. Vt., 1712,1903; d.,241l. .Horace, b. (1820); gov. Vt.,296'-; d. Fair-Favr. Text Figures denote Page. UNUrLA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1251 Fairehild, Cassius, b. (1828) ; d., 2622. , Clias. Stebbins, b. (1842) ; sec. treas., 3272. , James Harris, b., 126' . , Lucius, b., 1382 ; gov. Wis., 2553 ; commander-in-chief, 3243. Fairfax, Baron, title created, 881 1 . , Bryan L., b., 621 . , Donald McNeill, b. (1S22) ; d., 448' . , Edward, Jerusalem Delivered, 8772 ; d., 8822. , Lord Thomas, b., 8782 ; commander, 8842 ; in civil war ; takes Manchester, 884' ; d., 8922. Court House, Va., action, 2041,2123, 220'. Fairfield, Conn., burned, 902. , la., Parson's College org., 2922. , Tex., lynching, 4723. , Vt., Fenians invade Canada, 2703. , John, b. (1797) ; gov. Me., 1512, 1552; d. (1847). Fair Garden, Tenn., Confeds. defeat, 230' . Haven, Conn., town hall, 453 3 . , Mass., burned, 89' ; library, 4182. Fairlop Oak. (See Essex, Eng.) Fairmount, W. Va., Normal Schools opened, 2603. Fair Oaks, Va., battle of, 2083. Fair Play, captured, 212'. Fairport, la., silver found, 376' . Fairs, introduced, in Eng., 8453; It., 10713. Fairview Pipe-Line, incorporated, 2853. Faithorne, William, b., 880' ; d., 9892. Faizabad, mission, 10463, 10483. Fajes, Pedro, gov. Cal., 95 3 . Fakhr-ed-Din, Ad-Razi, I.. (1150) ; d.,4863. Falaise, Fr., captured, 676'. FalcSo, Andre, Creacaade I/omen, 1110'. Falck, Dr., double acting engine, 9202. Falcon, sails, 432' ; returns, 470' , 594' . Falcon, Juan Crisostomo, president, 1160 2 . Falconer, Hugh, b., 9343 ; d. (1865). , William, b., 9082; Shipwreck, 9163 ; d., 9182. Falerii, war with, 1052' . Fales, Alden, convicted, 408 2 . Falieri, Marino, b.-d., 10762; doge of Ven- ice; conspiracy of ; beheaded, 1077 3 . Falk, Andrew J., gov. Dak., 2553. , Henry, confesses, 4423. , Johann F. G., b., 8122 ; d., 8282. , Paul Ludwig Adelbert, b., 814' ; min- ister, 8263, 8273 ; May Laws, 8282; laws; resignation, 8302, 8312. Falkenstein, Vogel von, in Austro-Prus. war; at Frankfort, 824 2 . Falkirk, Scot., battle of, 856' . Moor, Scot., action at, 910' . Falkland Islands, occupied, 9472; ceded to Great Britain, 9193. , Viscount of, title created, 881' . , . (See Cary, Lucius.) , , gov. Nova Scotia, 5792. Falkner, John Pascoe, Melbourne, 4953. Falkoping, Sue., battle of, 636' . Fallangia, mission at, 1161 ' . Fallieres, M., minister, 7533, 7563,757', 2, 761'. Falling Waters, Va., Confederates de- feated, 2243. Fallopio, Gabriello, b., 10802 ; d., 10803. Falloux, Vicomte de, Frederick Alfred Pierre, b., 719'; d., 7542. Fallows, Samuel, b., 1442. Fall River, Mass., cotton-mill, 1182 ; mills burned, 2873; strike, 289'; spinners strike, 317'; Borden murder, 4123+ ; mills close, 4353 ; Amalgamated Associ- ation, 461' ; strike, 473' . Falls of Alexandria, La., dam, 232'. Falls of Bruar, sinks, 9973. of St. Anthony, Indian massacre, 151' . Falmouth, Me., burned, S03; Indian treaty, 613; Falmouth Gazette, issued, 983; City of Bath aX, 3093. , Duke of, title created, 905' . Falquieres, statue of Gambetta, 754' . Fa Men, mission, 621' . Family Compact, signed, Fr., 7033. Family atari/ Paper: established. 2823. Famine, China, 6153, 6233 ; charged to missionaries, 6163 ; in Egypt, 645' , 6553, 6613; inEng.,S473. 8513,8573,8593,8633, 9133, 9273, 9313, 9413, 9533, 9552 ; i n Eu- rope, 775' ; in Fr., demoralizes, 669'; suffering, 6712, 6732, 677', 6973, 7073; in Ger., 8033; in Gr., 10322; in Great Brit., 8453; hi Hung., 5333; in Ire., 9113, 9553, 985'; collections for Tre., 372'; King's Daughters relieve, 4063; in Labrador, 5853 ; aid, 5903 ; of corn, Neb., 3733 ; Okla., 3693 ; in Eus., 11223, 11232 ; in Va., 29' ; cattle die, W. Va., 3593 ; in Zululand, 6033 ; Fanatic, imitates Abraham, 301' . Faneourt, Samuel, b. (1678) ; ti'-st circulat- ing library, 911' ; d. (176S). Fane, Julian! :has. Henry, b..94'.3; d.(1870). Faneuil, Peter, b., 54' ; builds Faneuil Hall, 64'; d., 642. Hall, Boston, built, 66^ ; indignation meeting, 1432. Fanfani, l'ietro, b., 10862 ; d., 1090'. Fanham, Ralph, d., 2023. Fannie Chase, finds ambergris, 3422. Fanniere, Francois Auguste, b., 7223. , Joseph, b., 7242. Fanning, David, b. (1756) ; d., 1322. , George E., gov. Pr. E. Is., 577' . , John Thomas, b., 1482. Fanny, collides with Helvetia, 9833. Fanshawe, Sir Richard, b., 8782 ; d. (1666). Fanti, Gen. Manfredo, b. (1S08) ; atPesaro, 1088' ; d. (1865). Faraday, cable ship, 10123 ; lands direct cable, 2853 ; lays Atlantic cable, 753 3 , 7893. , Michael, b., 9243 ; electro-magnetism, 940' ; electro-magnetic rotation ; lique- faction of gases, 9402; discovers benzine, 942'; Chemical Manipulation, 943'; vol- taic electricity, 944' ; Researches in Elec- tricity ,\)b'±3 , suggests mitt a-pereha, 954' ; d.,970'. Faraud, Henri-Joseph, cons, bishop, 582'. Faravohitra. Madagascar, mission, 1094' . Fareino, Marsilio, b.-d., 10783. Farebother, Chas., lord mayor Lond.,945 3 . Farel, Guillaume, b., 6783 ; d., 6823. Farewell, Lieut., settlement Cape Colony, 5973. Fargo, N. Dak., Agricultural College es- tablished, 3742 ; Are, 4313. , William George, b. (ISIS) ; d., 308' . College, N. Dak., org., 2763 ; opened, 3283. Fargus, Frederick John, b., 9542. Faria y Sousa, Manvel de, b.-d., 11102. Faribault, Minn., deaf mutes, school est., 2292 ; sc. for feeble-minded opd., 3032. Plan, defeated, 4162; Archbishop Ire- land denies failure, 438' . Farinclli, Carlo, b., 1083'; d., 10843. Farini, Carlo Luigi, b., 10802 ; d. (1866). Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold, b., 946 2 . Farley, publishes Am. Chronicle, 723. , Patrick, indictment dismissed, 359'. , Samuel, editor, 723. Farlow, Win. Gilson, b., 1562. FarmMortgage Census Bill. passed, 353' ,2. Farmer, Hugh, b., 9042; d., 9242. , John, b., 100' ; d., 1482. , , in Phila., 523. , Moses F., incandescent light, 290'. Farmers combine, 1003. Alliance Conven., at Atlanta, 327 a ; Cal., 43«2; Chicago, 2831 , 4222, 4231 ; Col- umbia, S. C.,2552; Indianapolis, 3951 , 2; in Kansas legislature. 3713 ; Memphis, 4183, 4193 ; meets ; Ocala, 3723 ; Wash., D. C, 3772; Catholic opposition, 3522; Nat. organization, fmd., 3071 ; supreme council meets, 3951 ; unite with K. of L., 3551. Association, at Raleigh, N. C, 3313. College, org., O., 1631 . Congress, at Topeka, 3313. Farmer's JIame, issued, 3063. Mutual Benefit Asso., meeting, 3592. Farmington, Conn., Am. Board fmd., 1163; canal opened, 1373. , Me., earthquake, 332' . , Miss., Confederate defeat, 2063; ac- tion at, 207'. , Tenn., action at, 2263. Farmville, Va., repulse at, 245' . Farncombe, Thos.. lord mayor, 949 2 . Farnese, Alessandro. b., 10803; gov. Neth., 5413; viceroy, 10993; d., 10823. , Peter L., rules Placentia, 10813. Farnbam, Eng., action at, 844' . , Eliza W., b., 1242; d., 241' . , Roswell. inaug. gov., 305 2 . , Thomas Jefferson, b., 112' ; d., 164' . , Baron, title created, 913 2 . Farochon, Jean Baptiste Eugene, b., 7163; d., 746' . Farokhsir revolts, 10452. Farqubar, George, b., 8942 ; works, 9003 ; d., 9022. , Norman H., naval capt., 322'; in navy dept., 3512. Farr, J. P., shot, 3903. , William, b. (1S07); d., 9922. Farragut, David Glascoe (or Clasgow), b., 110'; appt. to West Gulf, 204'; on the Miss. River, 2062; passes Fort Jackson, etc., New Orleans surrenders, 2063; at Vicksburg, 208', 2092; at Port Hudson, 220' ; bombards Fort Powell, 2302 ; in Mobile Bay, 237' ; attacks ports, 237' , 2; madeviee-admiral,24(>3; appointedadm., 252' ; d., 2702; statue, 306' , 432' . Farrah, Afgh., depopulated, 53. Farrand, Com. F., at Citronelle, 2462. Farrar, Bp., burned, Wales, 8703. , Eliza Ware, b. (1792) ; d., 270' . , Frederick Wm., b., 9442; chaplain in H. C, 10042; works, 979'. , John, b., 912; d., 1722. , Timothy, b., 662; d., 166'. Farre, Arthur, d., 9962. Farren, Elizabeth (Nellie), appears, 918 2 . Farrer, Henry, b., 156'. , Thos. Charles, b., 1482. Farris, Isaac, d., 282' . Farrow, T. Stobo, in treas. dept., 447 2 . Farthing tokens, issued, Eng., 8793. Faiwell, Leonard J., gov. Wis., 169 2 . Fasquelle, Jean Louis, b., 1142; d., 2172. Fassett, J.Sloat, protests, Gov. J ones, 3392; nom. for gov. N. Y., 3912. Fast ordered, Eng., 8862. Fast-day, nat., observed, 1233 ; in 1861, If 92 j by Confeds., 197', 1983; on death of Lincoln, 247'; in Mass., N. H.,3S03,404' ; colored people observe, 4062; abolished in Mass., 4542. Fastnet, Ire., City of Rome, aground, 3613. Fatah Ali Shahi b'. (1762) ; reigns, 11073; d. (1834). Fatamites, in Egypt, 487' ; dynasty over- thrown, 11553. Fathers of the Oratory, est., 9543. Fatima, marriage, 4853; d., 484 2 . Fatteh Khan, murdered, 5' . Fauche, Hippolyte, b., 7123; d., 7382. Fau-Cheng, mission, 6223. Faucher, Leon, b., 7143; d., 7322. Fauchet, Claude, b. (1530); works, 6843, 685' ; d. (1601). , Jean Antoine Joseph, b. (1763) ; envoy, despatch, 1053. Faugere, Armand Prosper, b., 719'; d., 756'. Faulkner, Charles .lames, b., 1623; speech, 4383: amendment, 439' ; d. (1884). , George, est., Faulkner's Journal, Ire., 909'. , Lieut.-Col., at Durhamville, 2132. Faunce, Daniel Worcester, b. (1829) ; elder of Mass., 402. Fauntleroy's forgeries, 945'. Fauquier, Francis, b. (1720+) ; gov. Va., 713; d. (1768). Faure, Constance Caroline Lefebvre, b., 7243. , Felix, minister, 7672. , Jean Baptiste, b., 726' . , M., electric accumulator. 752'. Fauriel, Claude Charles, b., 7042; History, 7292; d., 7283. Faust, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7902. (See Printing.) Faust, appears, 812' . Fausta, Cornelia, b. (S8± B.C.) ; plotting of ; executed, 10691 . Fauveau, Felicie de, b., 7143. Fauvelet, Jean Baptiste, b., 7242. Fava, Baron de, ambassador, 431 2; Blaine, correspondence ; recalled, 381 2 ; pro- test ; resumes post, 10902. Favart, Charles Simon, b., 6963; d., 7082. , Marie, b., 7262. , Justin Benoite, b.,6982; d.,7042. Faventia (Faenza), action at, 10581. Favier, Jean Louis, b., 6982; d., 7061 . Favila, reigns in Asturias, 11253; d. (739). Faville, Oran. b. (1817) ; d., 278' . Favorinus, b., 10622. Favre, Jules Gabriel Claude, b., 719' ; at- tacks ministrv, 73ii2 ; proposes uprising, 741' ; calls on U. S. A., 7412; meets Bis- marck ; minister, 7412, 745'; issues circular, 7412. 7432, 3 ; reports Bis- marck's demands , 741 3 ; imp eached, 745 2 ; 1252 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Favr-Ferg. resigns, 7463; negotiates with Bismarck, 8272; d., 7522. Favre, Pierre Etienne Lazare, b., 7192. Fawcett, Edgar, b., 1623; works, 3183, 3263, 3283, 3323. , Henry, b., 9462; in parliament, 969' ; opposes Princess's dowry, 975 3 ; post- master-gen., 9852; d. (1884). , Millieent, b., 9542; ,1. (1777). Fawkes, Francis, d., 9002. , Guy, b., 8742; gunpowder plot, 8792; d., 878' . Faxardo. (See Saavedra.) Fay, Andreas, b., 5163; d., 5262. , Jonas, b. (1737) ; d„ 1262. , Theodore Sedgwick, !>., 114'. Faye, Etienne Leopold, minister, 757', 2. , Herve Auguste Etienne Albans, b., 721'. Fayerweather, Daniel B., bequest, 3722, 4042, 471)3; contests end, 3782. Fayette, la., Upper Iowa Univer. founded, , Mo., Central College org., 1823. Fayetteville, Ark., captured, 2042 ; Con- federate defeat, 210' , 2143. , , Industrial Univer. org., 2763. , N. C, fire, 1393; arsenal taken, 194' ; Sherman takes, 244' ; colored normal school opd., 2963. , Va., Federal defeat, 213' ; Confeder- ate defeat, 2143; 215'. Fayne, Frank L., b., 1462. Fa voile. Francois Joseph Marie, b. (1774); d., 732' . Fayrer, Sir Joseph, b., 9422. Favssoux, Peter, cons. K. Epis. bp., 3022. Fearne, Charles, b., 9122; d., 9263. Feast of Epiphany, est.; of the Nativity of Virgin est., 10723; of Nophalia, 10162; f Presentation of Virgin est., 1077' ; of the Purification eel., 1071 ' ; of Transfigura- tion eel., 10703; of Roses, painted, 7802. Featherstonehaugh, J. P., shot, 971' . , George W., b., 93' ; d. (1866). Febiger, John Carson, b., 130' . Fecbner, Gustav T., b., 807' ; d., 832' . Fedchenko, Alexis, b., 11163; d., 11182. Federal Congress, meets, Argentine, 491 ' . Council, Australia, 4972; est., 4993. . Democratic Government, est., 993. Diet, in Prus. alliance, 821' . Election Bill, 349', 353', 3613, 363', 3643 , 307 ' , 373 ' , 2 , 3703 , 421 ' , 439 ' , 4403 , 4411,4452,4491,2,4512, 477'. losses in civil war, 238' . officers, indicted, 4522. reforms, considered, Ger., 8192. - — state, Ger., 7733. Supervision Bill, debated on, 373' . Federalist party destroyed, 123 3 . Federation of Women's Clubs, state, 475' . of Labor, Am. (See Am. Federation.) Federman. Nicholas, b. (1501) ; at Bogota, 213; d. (1543). Fee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire, b., 7062; d.,7482. Feehan, Patrick A. (1865) cons. bp. of Nashville; (1880) archbp. of Chicago; opposes the Clan-na-Gael, 3403; silver jubilee, 3702. Fehrbellin, Prus., bath at, 7962. Feijoo, Diego Antonio, regent, 555 3 . Feissenhainer, Jacob A., b., 1522. Feitama, Sibrand, b.-d., 1101'. Feith, llhijnvis, b. (17531 ; works, 11012; d. (1824). Fejer, Gyorgy, b., 5163; d., 524' . Feke, Robt., b. dsoii) ; painter, 66'. Feldman. Leopold, b., 8082; d., 8302. Felibien, Andre, b., 6803 ; d., 6942. Felice, Fortunato, Bartolomineo, b., 10832, d., 10843. Felicia, asteroid, discovered, 760' . Frlirilas, asteroid, discovered, 268' . , killed, 10643. Felinski, archbp., exhorts Poles ; ban- ished, 11182. Felix, lost, 932' . I., St., pope, 10643. II., pope, 10663 ; anti-pope, 10683 ; ex- communicates patriarch, 1030 3 ; excom- municated, 10703; d. (492). HI., St., pope, 10703. IV., St., pope, 10703; d., 10702. V., anti-pope, 1079' . Felix, Celestin Joseph, b., 719' ; d., 7602. Felix Furlti/'s Journal, issued, 9043. of Valois, Saint, b.-d., 6683. Fellenberg, Philippe von, b.-d., 11372. Feller, Francois X. de, b.-d., 5422. , Henrietta, b., 5762 ; d., 582' . Fellows, Sir Charles, b., 9283; d., 9642. , John, b., 621 ; d. (1844). , E., b., 140' ; trial, 4751 . , Samuel, cons. R. Epis. bp., 292' . Felons, transported, Eng., 9251 . Council Bill, passes, 9492. Felsing, Jakob, b.. si)S2 ; d., 8302. Felt, Joseph Barlow, b., 1001 ; d., 2662. cloth manufactured, 1461 . Feltham, Owen, b., 8782; d. (1668). Feltner, A. M., murdered, 4263. Felton, Cornelius Conway, b., 1141 ■ works, 1431 , 1523, 1632. 2003; d., 2052. , Samuel Morse, b. (1S09) ; d., 3341 . Female Education Society, org., 9463. inf antic ide prohibited". 023' ; punished, 6251. iufluence in Egypt, 6483. labor regulated, Fr.. 7633; labor pro- hibited in mines, G. B., 9511 . Miss. Soc. of N. Haven, org., 1191 , rulers forbidden, Fr., 6733. Suffrage. Women's Campaign, Kan., 2592, 2053, Am. Women's Suffrage Asso- ciation 2692 ; in Utah, 271'; defeated i n Mich., 2S72; in Mich. School Board, 2892; in Wyo., 297', 3293, 4452; in Ore., 3052, 307', 317'; in Me., 307'; in Kan., 3272, 425 3 ; defeated, Conn., 341' ; for schools, 357' ; petition for,N. Y., 4612; rejected, 4683 ; rejected, Austral., 5003 ; rejected, 5012; defeated, Can., 5922; illegal, G.B., 973' ; meeting for, 985' ; in Madras, 9942; Bill rejected, 9712. (See Woman.) Fen countries deluged, 9382. riots, G. B., 9392. Fenr'u/ff Mas/er, first production, 416' . Ferulail, Josias, arrested, 41'. , Philip Kicard, b. (1794); d.,2602. Fendler, August, b., 8102, d., 8302. Fenelon, Francois de Salignac lie la Mothe de, b., 6902; works, 0932, 0951,2, 6972; condemned by pope, 6951 ; d., 6971 . , Marquis de la Mothe, d., 6842. Feneon, Felix, suspected anarchist, 7663. Feng-Huang, defeat at. 6263, 6271. Fenians, meet at Phila., 2483; James Ste- phens arrested ; arms seized, 2522; raid in Can., 2522,2703; proclamation against, 2531 ,2711 ; invasion, Can., 5821 ; expenses claimed, 5831 ; org., Ire., 8392 ; Conven- tion in U. S.; appear in Ire., 9672, 9683; trial of; in prison, 9691; sent to Am., 9703; released, 9831. Fenimore, Constance, Jupiter Lights, 3503. Cooper. (See Cooper.) Fenner, Arthur, b. (1745) ; gov. R. I., 1032; d. (1805). , James, b. (1771) ; gov. E.I., 1152, 1572; d. (1846). , C, gov. E. I., 1332. Fenton, Elijah, 1.., 9st',2; d., 9082. , Reuben Eaton, b., 1281 ; gov. N.Y., 2511; proposed for vice-pres., 263 1 ; d., 3202. Fenwick, George, b., 262; d., 401 . , John, b. (1618) ; buys part of N. J., 452; colony at Salem, 47' ; d. (1683). , Sir John, executed, 9011. Feodor I., or Theodore, b.-d., 11142; reigns as Czar ; murdered, 11132, 11152. II., b. (1589) ; enthroned, 11153 ; d., 11142. Feodore, first great-grandchild of Victo- ria, b., 9851. Feramoz Khan, assassinated, 52. Ferber, Johan Jacob, b.-d., 11342. Ferchard, king, prisoner, 8431 . Ferdinand I., Einp. of Aust., reigns, 5212 ; at Innsbruck, 5223; abdicates; abdica- tion refused, 5232; d.,5282. 1., Emp., 8153. II. of Aragon, regent in Castile ; mar- ries Isabella of Castile ; becomes V., the Catholic, 11273; annexes Navarre, 11262; conquests, king of Sp., 11273 ; takes Tripoli, 11381 ; d., 11293. VII., Fr., liberated, 7252. 1., Ger., b., 7863; king, 5093, 7932, 10813; emp.; tribute, 5112 ; d., 7922. II., Hung., b., 7922 ; declared king ; crowned emp., Ger., deposed, restored, 5111; protests against Protestantism; league with Maximilian ; league with Spain ; league with Lutheran Elector of Saxony ; issues edict Eestitution, 795 z ; peace of Eatisbon, 7953. (See p. 5113, 5131 ; d., 7963.) Ferdinand ILL, K. of Hung., 5132 : emp. Ger., 5132, 7972; d., 5123, 7973. IV., K. of Hung., 5132; d., 5123. I. (IV. of Naples), b., 10842 ; king of Naples, 10793; d., 10862. 1, (formerly IV. of Naples), king of Sicilies, 10871. I., Port., reigns, 11093. II., Port., reigns as regent, 11111 : d., 11102. I., King of Sicily, 10772. IV., King of Sicily, 10853. II., King of Two Sicilies, 10872. III. (of Sp.), K. of Two Sicilies, 10793. IV., King of Two Sicilies, 10852. I. (the Great), Sp., b.-d., 11262 • reigns, 11272. II., Sp., separates Leon from Castile, 11273 ; conquests, 1126' . III., Sp., reigns in Castile; annexes provinces, 11273. IV., Sp., reigns in Castile, 11273. V., King, Sp., b.-d., 11263. the Catholic, king, Sp., 10793. VI., enthroned, 6053, H293; cedes tract to Portuguese, 1106' . VII., Sp., King, b.-d., 11302 ; reigns, 6053, 11312 ; abdicates for Napoleon, 11313; restored, 11312. - — VII., Sp., reigns, 11312; refuses Mex. crown, 10953; marries Maria Christina, 11312. , Archduke, Aus., defeated, 5113; per- secutes Bohemians, 5123 ; commander, 8081. of Aust., king, 5093; possessions, 5112. of Aust., condemns Eeformation ; opposes Ana baptists. 789' ; marries Anne; enters religious alliance, 7893; K. of Bo- mans, 7912; agreement with Protestants, 7913. of Bavaria, archbp., b., 7922; d., 7963. of Brunswick, drives Fr. back, 516' . of Brunswick, at Krefeld : at War- burg, 7021 . I., D. of Tuscany, 10813. 11., D. of Tuscany, 10813. -^IIL, D. of Tuscany, 10813; expelled, 10853. IV., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1089' . , Pr. of Bulg., marriage abandoned ; birthday eel. ; assassination plot dis., 5682,3; threatened; marries, 6683 ; at Sofia; remits injustice; authority ille- gal ; at Philippopolis ; elected Pr. ; pro- clamation, 569'; anniversary eel. ; Eus- sia refuses recognition, 5693 ; conspiracy against, 5702. Prinee,of Ger. visits Aust. ,5352; mar- ries, 8362. , Prince, weds Maria II. of Port., 1111 1 . , Pr., crown prince of Rumania, 11132. — — Albert, Duke of Brunswick, 8012, commander, 8021 . deffalavera, b. (1445); opposes Colum- bus, 121; d. (1507). Francis, Aust., b., 5262. Mary, rules Bavaria, 7972. Philippe, Due d' Orleans, b., 719' ; 7282 d.. the Just, reigns, 11273. Fernando Po, W. Afr., Bapt. expelled, 11613. Fere Champenoise, Fr., allies victorious, 7203. Ferelo, Bartolome, explorer, 223. Ferghana. (See Khokand.) Fergus I., founds monarchy of Scot., 839' : d.,8402. II., revives monarchy, 8412; d., 8402. III., assassinated, 843' ; d., 8422. Falls, Minn., Insane Asylum est., 325'. Ferguson, Adam, b., 9062; Moral Philoso- phy, 9192; d., 9382. , Alex., wins rifle prize, 982' . , Donald, b. (1839); minister, 6963 . , James, b. (1797) ; discovers Euphro- syne, 176'; Virginia, 182'; Echo, 188'; d. (1867). , John, mayor N. T., 1252. , L., embezzler, 397' . , Mayor Patrick, b„ 9103 ; at King's Mountain, 922 ; d., 931 . , Robert, b. (1820); Poems, 9192. , Sir Samuel, b. (1810) ; works, 9683, 9863 ; d. (1886). Ferg-Fire. Text Figures denote Page. INUJiX. Superior Figures indicate Column, 1253 Ferguson, Thos. B., minister to Den., 4473. Fergusson, James, b. (1710) ; Parthenon, 9923 ; d. (1776). , Sir James, b., 9462; postmaster, 1007 3 ; gov., 10473 ; d. (1886). Ferishtah, Mohauimed-Kasin, b.-d., 11063. Ferland, Jean Baptiste Antoine, b., 576 3 ; work, 581'; d. (1864). Ferles, Casbier, suicide, 5362. Fermanagh, Baron, title created, 975'. Fermat, Pierre de, b., 6862 ; d., 6903. Fermor, Count, b. (1704); commander, 802' ; d. (1771). Fermoy, Baron, title created, 959' . Fern, Fanny. (See Parton, Mrs. Sarah.) Fernald, James C.,New Womanhood, 3982. Fernandez, Juan, b.-d., 11282. de Castro, Manuel, b., 11303. , Diego de la Haya y, gov., 6302. , Diniz, b.-d., 11092. , Prospero, pres., 6312 ; d., 6313. Fernandina, Fla., taken, 2043. Fernel, Jean, b.-d., 6783. Fernkorn, Anton D., b., 8102 ; d., 8282. Ferns, see erected, 8403 ; unites with Oa- sory, 9462. Femtower, founders, 9953. Ferokhdad, reigns, 11072. Feronia, asteroid, discovered, 1963. Feroze, reigns, 11072. Ferozepur Sikhs, attack Brit., 1046' . Ferrand Count Antoine Francois Claude, b., 701'; d., 7242. , contractor, fined, 748 3 . Ferrara, It., annexed to Rome, 10833 ; in- surrection, 1089'. , university chartered, 1077' . Florence, council, 785' . Ferrard, Vise, of, title created, 891' , 9252. Ferrari, Gaudenzio, b., 1078 3 ; paints Last Supper, 10802 ; d., 10803. , Giuseppe, b., 10S5' ; d., 10882. , Luigi, b., 1085'. Ferraris, Count of, at Valenciennes, 708' . Ferre, Theophile Charles, b. (1845) ; shot, 747'; Commune leader, 746 2 . Ferreira, Antonio, b.-d., 1109 2 . , Jorge, Eltfrosina, 1109'. Ferrers, Duke 'of, title created, 903' . Ferrier, James Frederick, 9343 ; d., 968' . , M., carte de visits, 732' . Ferriere, Claude de, b., 6882 ; d., 6963. Ferrieres, Fr., German headquarters, 7403. Ferris, Isaac, b. (1798) ; pres. Reformed Synod, 1402 ; d. (1873). Ferrol, Sp., uprising, 1132' . Ferron, Gen., minister, 7563. Ferrouillat, M., minister, 757' ; resigns, 7572. Ferry, Elisha P., gov. Wash., 281' ; nom- inated for governor, 345' . , Jules, b.,7262; anti-clergy bills, 7502; educational bills, 751 3 ; minister, 753' , 2 , 7543; premier, 7532, 7543; resigns, 7552 ; life endangered, 757' ; pres. senate, 7652; d., 764' ; state funeral, 7643. , Orris Sanford, b., 302 ; on com. 33, 189'; d., (1875). — , Thomas White, b. (1827) ; acting vice- pres., U.S., 2892; pres. senate, 2972,299' . Bill passes, Fr., 753' . Fersen, Count Axel von, b.-d., 11342. Fesca, Friedrich E., b., 8043 ; d., 8123. Fesch, Joseph, b., 703' ; d., 7282. Fesh, mission, 657' . Fessel, Prof., invents gyroscope, 818'. Fessenden, Samuel, b. (1784) ; d., 266' . , Thomas Amory Debois b. (1826) ; d., 2622. , Green, b., 762 ; d., 1482. , William Pitt, b., 1122 ; sec. treas., 2373 ; on committee of 15 on reconstruc- tion, 2493 ; d., 2662. Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, b., 5143 ; d.,6203. Festing, 3. W., cons, bp., 10042. Festitich, Count, sues for separation, 5323. Festival, Eng., inaug., 9072. of Fools, celebrated in Paris, 6712. of Holy Trinity, inst., 10723. of Immaculate Conception, app., 1079' . Festus, Porcius, d., 10623. Fetis, Francois Joseph, b., 5422 ; d., 5442. Feud, Georgetown, Ky., 3903. Feudalism, abolished in Aust., 5172 ; in- tro.inEng.,849' ; barons est., Eng., 8493; in Fr., 6652 ; strength increases, 6673 ; edict against, 6713 ; suppression of; ju- risdiction limited, 673 2 ; revolt against, 7072 ; rights surrendered, 7073 ; growth in Ger., 7723; develops in Ger., 7753 ; in It., 10732 ; i n Neth., 10973 ; abolished in Japan, 1093' ; height of reaction against, Ger., 821'. Feudatories, excesses of, 677' . Feuerbach, Ludwig A., b., 8082 ; d., 828' . , Paul Johann Anselm, b.,804' ; d.,8142. Feuillants, Les, rise of club, 707' . Feuille, Felix Martin, minister, 7543. Feuillet, Louis, b., 6902 ; d., 6983. , Octave, b., 7192; WO rks, 734', 737', 7462 ; d., 760' . Feure, Eaoule le, work, 8642. Feval, Paul Henri Corentin, 7222 ; works of, 729' , 7343, 7482 ; d., 7562. Fevershani, Earl of, title created, 965' . , Earl of. (See Durfort, de, Louis). Few, William, b., 662 ; d., 1362. Feydeau, Ernest Aime, b., 7223 ; works, 7343, 7383; d., 746'. Feyjoo, Francisco Benito Jeronimo, works, 11292 ; d. (1873). Feysal, d., 4882. Fiana, earthquakes at, 1130 2 . Fianarantsoa. Madagascar mission, 10942. Fichte, Immanuel H., b., 8063 ; d., 830' . , Johann G., b., 8023 ; works, 807' ; d., 8102. Fick, Adolf, b., 8142. Fidenates, war with, 1050' . Fiegenbaum, Chas., kills Hoffman, 4702. Field, Baron, title created, 1005 2 . , Barron, judge, Australia, 495' . , Charles W., Darby road, 23S3; d., 404' . , Cyrus West, b., 128' ; org. Atlantic Cable Co., 1753; gold medal, 2562; dinner in London, 263' ; lays Atlantic cable, 2533; monument to .Ylaj. Andre, 302' ; d., 410'. ; David Dudley, b. (1781) ; d'., 256' . , b., 1122 ; Bar Association Medal, 3903; d., 4562. , E. M., arrested ; insane, 397' ; jury disagree, 4022. , Eugene, Holy Cross, 479' . , Henry Martyn, b., 1302. , Herbert, murderer, 2743. , James Gaven, b. (1826) ; nom. for vice- pres., 401', 415 2 ; popular vote, 4192; electoral vote, 4243. , John, b., 9223; d., 9482. , Kate, b. (1S40±) ; works, 2643, 2842. , Marshal, gifts to Baptist Univ., 3522, , Richard Stockton, b., 1102; d. (1870). , Stephen Johnson, b., 1242 ; justice U. S. S. Ct., 2292; Electoral Commission, 295'; vote, 305'. , Thomas, b., 9422. , Mr., stabbed', 9903. Field Lane Refuge opd., Eng., 969' . of the. Cloth of Gold, 6813. Fielden, sentenced, 3272. Fielder, George R-, b., 1542. Fielding, Copley Vandyke, b., 9242 ■ d., 9603. , Henry, b. 9022; works, 909', 911'; d., 9123. , Rudolph W. B., E. of Denbigh, d., 1008'. , Adm., opposes Adm. Byland, 920' . Fields, James Thomas, b.,* 126' ; works, 1663, 2803, 2923 ; d. (1881). Fiemin, Thomas, scheme for poor, 901' . Fiennes, William, Lord Saye and Sele, b., 8742 ; d., 8902. Fiersbras, issued, 791'. Fieschi, Joseph Marie, b., 706 2 : assassina- tion of king, 7272; d., 7262. Fiesco, Giovanni Luigi, b.-d., 10802. , John Lewis, drowned, 1081 3 . Fiesole, It., Cathedral fnd., 1073' ; La Badia Monastery built, 1079' . , Giovanni Angelieo da, b.-d., 1076 2 . Fievee, Joseph, b. (1767) ; works, 713' ; d., 7282. Fife, Earl of, title created, 9132; Duke of, 9963. , D. of, marries Princess Louise, 1001' . Fifer, Joseph W., gov. 111., 3492. Fifth Muiarehv Ilen,uprisiug,ssi:3,.s912,3. " Fifty-four, Forty, or Fight," 1573. Figueiredo, Jorge de, captaincy, 553 2 . Figueras y Moracas, Estanislao, b.-d., 11303. Firrueroa, Francisco de, b.-d., 1128 2 . , Jose, gov. Cal., 1433. Figuerva, Aloiiso de Cordova v. gov., 605 2 . Figuier, Guillaume Louis, b., 7223; d., 766' . Figyelmezo, issued, 6392. Fiji, ceded to G. B., 9793. Filangieri, Gaetano, b., 10842 : -works, 10852 ; d., 10843. File cutting, first known, 7842. Filelfo, Francesco, b. (1398) ; work, 10792; d. (1481). Files, Israelites used, 11422. Filibustering, proclamation against 1692 ; Cuban expedition, 188'; fails, 632', 2; from Los Angeles, Cal., 359' . in Senate, 1612. Filicaja, Vincenzo da, b., 10823; d., 1083' . Firmer, Sir Robert, I'atrtarcha, 8943 ; d. (1688V Filipoff, forbidden to lecture, 5323. Filippovic, Gen., at Han Belalovich, 528' . Filletrault, A., accusations, 594' . Fillmore, Lewis, d., 10022. , Millard, b., 1082 ; marries, 1352 ; signs Delavan's declaration, 145' ; nom. for vice-pres., 165'; electoral vote; in- aug., 165 2 ; inaug. Pres. ; slavery com- promise, 167 2 ; signs Fugitive Slave Bill, 1673 ; at opening Erie R. R., 1693 ; at Whig Nat. Conven., 171' ; nom. for Pres., 1792 ; vote, 1812 ; Pres. Commercial Con- vention, 26113; declines opposing China, 633'; d.,284'. Finance Bill, in Senate, 3752. Finances, Roller! Morris, supt. of, 933. Financial crisis in 1836, 1473 ; relief for, 1493; in Ger., 8373; in Port., 11113. Finch, Daniel, E. of Nottingham, b. (1647); minister, 8933, s.972, 8992,3, 11032, 9053; d. (1730). , Sir Heneage, b., SS02; keeper of seal, 8933; lord chancellor, 895' ; d., 9862. , John, Sir, minister, SS33; lord chan- cellor, 885'. , Bird, b. (1852) ; d., 3262. Finck, Henry Theophilus, b. (1854) ; Spain and Morocco, 3963. Fincuane, John, imprisonment, 1000 2 , Finderne, N. J., oil-well, 470' . Findlay. O., gas explosion, 3773. Coll. (Ch. of God), org. (1888). Findley, James, b. (1775±) ; d., 1442. Fine, Oronce, b.-d., C7N3; planetary clock, 6822. Arts, American Society org., 300' . Fine Arts Quarter/// Jitrittc, issued, 966 3 . Finegan, Gen. Joseph, defeats Fla. expedi- tion, 2302. Fineux, John, chief-justice, 8673. Fingal, Legendary Prince of Morven, Cal- edonia, b., 8402. Fingall, Baron, 945'. , Earl of, title created, 881' . Fingoland annexed. Cape Colony, 6012. Fink, Albert, b., 1342. .Friedrich August von, b., 7983; d., 8023. , Louis M.. cons, bp., 2742 ; opposes Farmers' Alliance, 3522. Finland, annexed to Bus., 11153 ; Suomi, issued in Swedish, 1117'; celebrates es- tablishment of Christianity ; Mission Soc. fnd., 1118 2 ; mission work; Seamen's Mission Society org., 1120' ; Russian lan- guage in schools, 11203; autonomy abol- ished, 11213; ceded toliussia, 11353, 11363. Finlay, George, b., 9283; d., 9802. Finlayson, Duncan, gov. Red River S., 5773. Finley, James Bradley, b. (1781) ; Indian mission, 1282 ; d. (1856). , Robert, b., 762; d., 126'. , Sam., b., 58'; on baptism, 663; d.,74'. Finn, Henry J., b., 962; d., 152' . , Patrick J., P. O. robber, 45H . Finnbogi, in Mass.; murdered, 112. Finney, Chas. Grandison, b., 1022 ; d., 288' . , James B., d., 178' . Finnis, Thos. Quested, lord mayor Lon- don, 9612. Finsbury, Technical Coll. opd., 9902. Fiona, fires on Fr. vessel, 761' . Fiorentino, It., Ser Giovanni, Pecoroni, 10772. Fiorenzuola, battle of, 7722 ; action at, 1072' . , Agnolo, b., 10783; d., 10803. Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus, b. (1748) ; d., 8122. Firdusi, Fii-doiisi, or Firdausi, AbulCasim Mansur, b.-d., 11062. Fire, U. S. losses by, 3033. annibilator invented, 9542. 1254 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Fire-Flet. Fire -engine, steam, made at Cincinnati, 1721 ; constructed, 944' ; first made, Ger., 7882. Engineers, meet at Springfield, 3892. Firefly, locomotive, 9461 . Fire Island, N. Y., purchased, 4271 ; quar- antine station, 4141 , 3, 4151 1 3. Fireside Companion, est., 1881. Fireworks explode, Eng., 9033. Firmin, Thomas, b., S822. Firmus, revolts, reigns, 10672. Firth, Mark, opens Firth Park, 9801 . Coll., Sheffield, endowed, 9842. Firnum, colony at, 10533. Firuz Shah Tughlak reigns, 10433. Fiscal Corporation Bill, Tyler vetoes, 1533. year changed, U. S. govt., 1553. Fisch, George, b., 7211 ; d., 7522. Fischart, Johann, b., 7902 ; works, 7931 ; d., 7922. Fischer, Adolf, executed, 3272. , Ernst Kuno Berthold, b., 8123. , Geo. Jackson, b., 1322. , Gotthelf, b., 11162; d., 111S2. von Erlach, Baron Johann B . , b. , 7963 ; d., 8002. Fish Creek, Can., battle at, 5841 . Dam Creek, N. C, action at, 923. , Hamilton, b., 1142; g0 v, N. Y., 1671 ; Sec. State,267 1,281 3; on Alabama claims, 2692; on Joint Commission, 2732; minis- ter, 2813; d., 4361. , Henry, d., 2961 . , Nicholas, b. (1758) ; d., 1421 . , Can., duty on, 5932 ; duty revoked, 5751. , fall of, at Cairo, 111., 3681 . Fishback, William M., gov. Ark., 4471 . Fishburn, William, b, (1760) ; d., 1281 . Fisher, Charles, b. (1816) ; d., 3842. , Elwood, d., 2172. , George H., pres. Ref. Synod, 1662. , Bark, b., 1342 ; Colonial Era, 4203; in treas. dept., 3512. , John, bp., b., 8641 ; executed, 8682. , — -, b. (1748) ; elected bp., 9303 ; C ons. bp., 9291; d. (1825). , Samuel, sentenced, 3803. , W., moderator, Assembly, 1502, 1822. Fisheries, in Can., 571 1 ; Fr. struggle over, 913; convention U. S., G. B., 1272; Am. dispute with Eng., 171 2; treaty with U.S., 1752, 9592; Commission created, 2631, ■ 2732 ; awards to Can., 2972, 3011 ; diffi- culties, 3252; correspondence demanded, 2991,2; Retaliation Bill passed, 3272 ; Joint Commission meets, 3272 ; signed, 3293 ; Eng. assents, 3311 ; senate disap- proves, 3312 ; convention, 579i ; tempo- rary use, 5831; dispute limited, 5832; Commission at Halifax, 5851 ; regula- tions enforced, 585 2 ; Bill, passes Con- gress, 5852; joint commission appointed ; treaty ; Senate disapproves, 5863 ; an- nual report, 5863. Act Amendment passes, Can., 5872 ; treaty enforced, 5912 ; Fisheries Act passes, 9831. Rights, N. F., 10052. , Soe. Conven., Am., 4071 , 4601 . Fishermen, privileges, Am., 5923. Fisher's Hill, Va.,Confeds. defeated, 2383. - Island Sound, whale caught, 4773. Fisherwick, Baron, title created, 9252. Fishing-Creek, S. C, skirmish, 922. vessels lost, Fr., 759 3 . Fisk, Clinton Bowen, b., 1362; Pres. East Term. Land Co., 3493 ; nom. for pres., 3311 ; pop. vote, 3312 ; d., 3621 . , Ezra, b. (1785) ; moderator, 13S3 ; d., (1883). , James, Jr., and Erie Ring Panic, 2673. k.,2772. — -, Mary H., d., 3341. , Pliny, b., 1022; miss., 1263; d., 1322. , Samuel, b., 1362; d., 2373. , Wilbur, b., 1022 ; d., 1502. • Univ. org., Tenn., 2602; Jubilee Sing- ers, campaign, 2782. will ease derided, N. T., 3582. Fiske, John, b., 1542 ; works, 2643, 2803, 2871, 2943, 3143, 31S3, 3231, 3303, 3502, 3743,4203, 4782. Fiskville, R. I., reservoir bursts, 345 2 . Fitch, Ashbel P., b., 1641 . , C. E., clerk Const. Conv., 4593. , John, b., 642 ; experiments, 961 j steamboat trip, 1021 ; d., 1081 . Fitch, Leroy, b., 1442 ; d., 2881 . , Thos., b. (1699) ; gov. Conn., 693 ; d. (1774). Silk Ribbon Bill passes, 3531 . Fitchburg, Mass., Parochial School, 3942 ; Mayor Graves guilty, 4042 ; R.R. acci- dent, 4153. Fithian, G. W., b., 1741. Fitson, John, b., 662. Fitz-Alwyn, Henry, mayor Lond., 8513 ; d. (1212). Fitzgerald, CatherineM., shoots Mrs. Pear- sail, 43S3 ; acquitted, 4603. , Edward, b. (1833) ; cons, bp., 2562. , Lord Edward, b., 9162; arrested, 9293; d., 92S3. , Francis, murdered, 9671. , James N., elected M. E. bp., 3302. , John, Pres. Irish Natl. League, 9943. , , d.,4781. , Baron John David, d., 1000 1 . , Mam-ice, viceroy, 8532. , Oscar P., elected bp., 3531 . , Percy, Literary Remains, 10022. , Robert, patent granted, 8961 , * , Thomas, gov., 8572. , William, b. (1814) ; cons. Rom. Cath. bp., 9822 ; d. (1883). , W. R. Seymour, gov., 10473. , Judge, report on country, 9871 . Fitzgibbon, John, b. (1749) ; lord chancel- lor, 9253 ; d. (1802). Fitzhenry, Meyler, viceroy, 8531 , Fitzherbert, Maria Anne Smy the, b., 9143; marries Prince of Wales, 9252 ; d. (1837). Fitzhugh, William E., d., 3422. Fitzjames, James, D. of Berwick, b., 8922; war of Span, succession, 696i ± ; invades Sp.; killed. 698', 3. , Capt., Arctic Expedition, 9522. Fitzmauriee, Gerald, gov., 859 3 . , James, leads Desmond revolt, 8741 ; murderers punished, 9983. , Wm. Petty, Marquis of Landsdowne, b., 9083 ; minister, 9432 ; d., 9323. Fitzosbern, Rodger, revolts, 8481 . Fitzpatriek, Bemj., b., 1101 ; gov. Ala., 1552; pres. Senate, 1831, 1S51,2 ; d. (1869). — ; — , Mayor, impeachment suit, 4703. Fitz-Peter, Geoffrey, administrator, 8513. Fitzroy, Augustus Henry, D. of Grafton, b. (1735); chanc, 9171; d. (1811); asst. prime minister, 9173 ; resigns, 919 3 . , Sir Charles, gov. N. S. Wales, 4971 ; retires, 4972. , Sir C. A., gov. P. E. I., 5792. , Henry, b. (1663) ; lord lieut., 8692. , , D. of Grafton, aids William of Orange, 8973 ; killed, 8981 . , Robert, b., 9323 ; d., 9681 . Fitzsimmons, Thomas, b., 642. , , b. (1741) ; niaj . near Trenton, 208 1 J d. (1811). Fitz-Stephen, invades Ire., 8501 . Fitzurse, Reginald, kills Becket, 8512. Fitzwalter, Kobt., marshal, 852' ; in Lond., 8532; tenure of Manor, 8543; d. (1225). Fitzwilliam, K. of, title created, 9051 ,9112. , William Wentworth, b. (1748) ; lord- lieut., 9273 ; d. (1833). Five Forks, Va., Sheridan approaches, 2442 ; battle, 2443. Mile Act passed, Eng., 8923, 8932. Nations, peace with Fr., 421 ; treaty with, 432 ; Fr. at war with, 48 1 ; protec- tion of, 51 1 ,523, 5721,2. Year Benefit Order, decision, 4211 . Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis, b. 7223 ; meas- ures velocity of light, 7401 ; photogra- pher, 7801 . Flaccus, Caius Valerius, b. 10622 ; Argo- nautica, 10631 , , L. "Valerius, commands army in Asia, 10562; consul, murdered, 10573. , M. Fulvins, sent away, 10571 ; favors citizenship, 10572. , Matthias (lllyricus),b., 7882; d.,7922. Flack, James A., resigns from Tammany, 3451 ; trial, 3543 ; sentence, 3552 ; new trial, 3753. — , William L., at father's trial, 3543. Flacour, Etienne de, b., 686= ; d., 6902. Flad, Mr. in Eng., 31, 2. Flag : Am. Union, first unfurled, 821 ; U.S. adopted, 1272 ; Gen. Dix's order, 1912 ; at Monterey, 1612; forced display, 2021 ; presentation to schools, 3601 ; at Charles- ton, S. C, 2432, 3403 ; half-mast, 3203; from Boston schools, 3471; New York, 4253 ; Flag day eel., 4322 ; Bill for Am. flag vetoed, N.Y., 4612 ; on public build ings,471i ; Ger. raised in Afr., 8382; E ng Nat., 8792; Gt. Brit., new flag, 9312. Flagellants, conspicuous, 506 2 ; in France* 6743; in Ger., 7802; abuse, 7823; appear, It., 10763 ; increase, 10771 . Flagg, Azariah Cutting, b. (1790); d. 2821 . .Edmund, b., 1242. .George Whiting, b. (1816); in Nat. Academy Design, 1701 . , Jared B., in Nat. Acad. Design, 1661 . , Wilson, b., 1122 ; d. (1884). Flagler, Daniel W., brig.-gen., 3761 ; in war dept., 4472. , H. M., requisition for, 4793. Flags, Confederate, not restored, 3272 • de- nationalized, Fr., 7193. Flahaut, de la Billarderie, Comte de, An- guste Charles Joseph, b., 7061 ; d., 7382. Flambard, Ralph, minister, 8492 ; d.(1128). Flambeaux, Feast of, instituted, 10132. Flamel, Nicolas, b.-d., 6742. Flaminian Way, built, 10531 . Flaminius, Caius, builds Flaminian Way r inst., Plebeian games, 10531 ; proposes Agrarian law, 10533 ; against Hannibal,. 10541 ; commands; subdues Epirus,10543; killed, 10541 . , Titus Quinctius, consul, freedom of Greek states, 10553. Flammarion, Camille, b., 7282. Flammock, Thos., tax insurrection, 866 1 . Flamsteed, John, b., 8862 ; astronomer royal, 8941 ; catalogues stars, 8982 ; His- toric Cailestis, 9071; d., 9062. Flanders, Belg., conquered, 5391; manu- factures, 6661 ; invaded, 6722 ; severe cold, 5401,2; revolt; independence, 673 3 ; rav- aged, 6742; trade flourishes, 5413; lettuce intro., 8662; ceded, 6813; possession dis- puted, 7913; invaded, 10981,2; Protes- tant insurrection, 10993 ; alliance for partition, 689 2 ; Louis claims, 6913 ; Fr. conquer, 5401 ; Fr. enter, 5181 . , Alvin, gov. Wash., 2693. , Benjamin Franklin, b. (1816) ; gov. of La., 2573,2593. , Philip, Count of, b., 5442 ; struggles, 10992. Flandin, EugeneNapoleon,b.,719i ; d.750i . Flandrin, Jean II ippohte, b.,7191 ;d., 7362. Flannary, Michael, cons, bp., 9583. Flannel, manufacture of, 1321 . Flannigan, Stephen W., d., 10062. Flasch, Killan C, cons, bp., 308 2 . Flatbush, N. Y., settled, 393 ; Ref. Dutch Church est., 383 ; Bedingfield robbed, 4282 ; part of Brooklyn, 4592. Flat Lick Ford, Ky., action at, 2041 . Flatmaii, Thomas, b., 8822 ; d. (1688). Flaubert, Gustave, b., 7223 ; works, 7343 7351,7383, 7502 ; d.,7522. Flaurenc, Francois Fleming, works, 7541 . Flavian, patriarch Constantinople, 10303 ; d., 11542. Fl.'ivianus, bp. of Antioch, d., 1154 2 . Flavin, Miss., exiles a leper, 3382. Flavius Arrianus, works of, 10292. Flaxman, John, b. (1755) ; d., 9422. Flayers appear, Pi-., 677i . Fleas, remarkable, 9022. Fleohier, Esprit, b., 6882 ; d., 6963. Fleet, German, sold at auction, 8193. Fleetwing , on ocean race, 255 3 . Fleetwood, Wm.,bp.of Ely ,b. 8882; d.,9062. Fleischer, Heinrich L., b.,807i ; d., 8321 . Fleix, treaty of, 6841 , 6852. Fleming Co., Ky., Confed. defeated, 2223. , A. B., contest for gov., 3491, 3532; gov. W. Va.,375i. , Francis P., gov. Fla., 3492 ; address, 3511. , John, b. 9223 ; d., 9622. Flemings, defeated, 639 1 ; expelled from Holland, 10981 ; improve manufacture, 8982 ; tradesmen in Eng., 8733. Flemington, W. Va., college opd., 2643. Flemming, Paul, b., 7923; Poems, 7971 ; d., 7963. , Sir Thomas, chief justice, 8792. , Walter M., b., 1482. , William 1.. (1734) ; d., 1321 . Flemsburg, Ger., occupied, 6402 ; rebels defeated, 6401 ; battle at, 816 1 . Fletcher, Andrew, b., 8882; d., 9062. , Benjamin, gov. N. Y. ; commands Conn, militia, 521 , 532 ; intolerance forced, 522; gifts from pirates, 531 . Flet-Font Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1255 Fletcher, G.,b.,S762; works, 8783; d.,8802. , James Coolev, b. (1823) ; miss., 5542. , J. M., nom. gov. N. H., 369' . , John, b., 8742; works, 8783, 8S03, 8S1' ; d., 8802. , Loren, b., 1421. , Phineas,b.,8742; Purple /stand, 883' ; d., 8882. , Ryland, gov. Vt., 1812. , Thomas Clement, b. (1827) ; gov. Mo., 2413. Fleur-de-lis as emblem, Fr., 663' . Fleurieu, Comte de, Charles Pierre Claret, b., 7002; d., 719'. Fleurus, Belg., battles of, 518' , 540' , 694' , 806' ; Waldeek defeated, 542' ; action at, 1100'. Fleury, Andre Hercule de, b., 6902; prime minister, 6993; d., 7003. , Claude, b., 6883 ; works, 6932, 6952; d., 6982. , Emile F., b., 7222; d., 754' . Flevee, Joseph, b., 703' . Fliedner, Theodor, b., 807' ; d., 8222. Flinders, Matthew, b. (1774) ; surveyors, 494' ; d. (1814). Flinn, Andrew, b. (1773) ; moderator, 119' ; d. (1820). Flint, Austin, b., 1183; d. (1886). , Austin, Jr., b., 1462. , Chas. R., delegate Americas Con- , Henry Martyn, b. (1829) ; d., 264' . , Robert, Philoso/ihg „f History, 479' . , Timothy, b. (1780) ; d., 152' . Castle, destroyed, 854' . River, Ala., Baptist church org., 1443. tools, discovered, Eng., 942' . Floating Island at Henry Lake, 334' . Flodden Field, Eng., battle of, 866' . Floki, in Iceland, 11' . Flood, Henry, b., 9082; d., 9243. , James 0., d., 336' . , Vincent, cons. bp. auxiliary, 9962. .Warden, chief justice, 9153. Floods in Conn. Valley, 174' ; at Denver, Colo., 2332 ; in Mohawk Valley ; Poto- mac, 342' ; at Los Angeles, 350' ; in Illi- nois Valley, 406' ; Indiana, 508' ; sub- side N. Y., Pa., 460' ; in Queensland, Austral. ; Brisbane ; Darling, 500' ; in Bohemia, , ",32' ; in Galicia, 5373; in Eng., 878', 1000'; in Fr., 756'; Japan, 1092'. (See China.) Floquet, Charles, Expulsion Bill of, 7533 ; duel, 756 3 ; minister, 757 ' ; pres. chamber, 7592, 7612, 7632. Flor, Juan Lopez de la, governor, 6302. Flora, seized, 5933. , games in honor of, 10552. Floral and Horticultural Soc, est., 9402. Floras, Gen., leads refugees, 491 ' . Flore Co., Miss., race war, 344' . Florena, Thos. B., b., 1183. Florence, goes ashore, 407 3 . Florence, Ala., Gen. Hood, approaches, 240' ; Normal College est., 2822. , Colo., railway accident, 3693. , It., San Miniato al Monte, rebuilt, 1073' ; Santa Croce begun ; Santa Maria del Fiore built ; San Michele begun ; Santa Maria Novella begun, 10763 ; adopts new govt., 10772 ; Academic in- struction given, 1077'; Campanile be- gun, 10762; war with Pisa, 1076' ; Univ. chartered ; grant, 1077 2 ; Medici in power, 10773, 10972 ; conquers Pisa, 1078' ; San Lorenzo begun, 1079' ; Council of, 1079' ; Sacra Rapitreseittariione, 10792 ; conspir- acy against de Medici ; theoretical republic, 10793 ; treaty with Fr., 6793 ; academy est., 1080 2 ; merged with Tus- cany, 1081 3 ; Euritlir-e presented, 1082'; Booh of the Majtrah; Hedge of the Law, 1085' ;'Fr., enter, 1084'; peace of, 7152; Republic proclaimed, 10S7 3 ; Florence Dritto, 1087' ; R. R. to Turin est., 10873; revolution in, 108X3; capital of It., 10892; Dante festival, 10893 ; Pari, meets in ; riots ; grist-tax adopted ; neutrality pro- claimed, 10892 ; p r ot. mission, 10883; statue Victor Emmanuel, 1090' . , S. C, state dispensary seized, 4543. , Thomas Birch, b. (18i2) ; d., 288' . , Wm. James, b. (1831) ; appears, 152' ; d., 394'. , Mrs. Wm. Jernvyn, b., 1602. Florentine), Pier Angelo, b., 10843 • d., 10882. Flores, Ccrilo, b.-d., 10383 ; k., 1038'. , Gen. Venancio, Pres. Uruguay, 1160 2 ; creates civil war, 11603. Florescence, phenomenon, dis., 958 2 . Florez, Enrique, b.-d., 11283. , Juan, gov Costa Rica, 630 3 . , Gen. Juan Jose, 1>. (1800) ; in Ecuador, 643' ; pres. Ecu., 6442 ; leaves country, G442 ; d. (1864). Florian, St., b., 1113'. , Jean Pierre Claris de, b., 7022; works, 7063, 7083; d., 7103. (Marcus Florianus), claims throne ; k., 10672. Florida, sails from Eng., 210' ; at sea, 212' ; escapes, 218 2 ; captures Joeoh Bell, 2183; captured, 2383. collides with Poneina, 3173. Florida, Am., redis., 163; Sp. claims, 17 3 , 1128' ; missionaries perish, 203 ; Jesuit mission, 222; Dominicans in, 232; Hugue- nots massacred, 243; piracy, 25' +; expe- dition against, 54' ; Gov. Moore in, 56' ; Eng. claims, 572; slaves welcomed, 632; Franciscan reports, 723 ; ceded to Gt. Brit., 733 ; Pensacola taken, 952; ceded to Sp., 97' ; R. C. bishop appt., 1043; oc- cupied, 1173; Sp. cedes East F. to U. S. A., 1272 ; invaded by Jackson ; St., Marks taken ; Pensacola taken ; Baran- cas reduced, 126'; surrendered, 1292; Andrew Jackson, gov., 1293; territorial gov. for ; Win. P. Duval, gov., 1312; land voted to Lafayette, 133' ; John H. Eaton, gov., 1452; Indian war, 146' ; Richard K. all gov., 1472, i-,52; p,„ t . Epis. dio. est., 1483 ; capture of Indians, 150' ; Robert R. Reid gov., 1512; Meth. Epis. Conf. find., 1563. 2763; Branch John gov., 159'; State admitted into Union, 1592; Wm. D. Moseley gov., 161'; Thomas Brown gov., 167' ; James E. Broome gov., 1743; Madison S. Perry gov., 1832 ; Federal forts seized ; Ft. Taylor held ; Pensa- cola Navy Yard seized, 190' ; arsenal seized ; Pensacola for secessionists ; State Conven. meets; secedes, 191' ; sen- ators withdraw, 1912 ; Cedar Keys cap- tured, 2022 ; John Milton gov., 2032 ; Jacksonville surrendered; Ft. Church and Fernandina taken ; St. Augustine surrendered, 2043 ; Appalachiola sur- rendered, 206' ; Federal expedition to, 230' ; annuls secession ; adopts new con- stitution, 249' ; William Marvin gov., 249' , 251' ; David S. Walker gov., 2553 ; Homestead Dill disposes of land, 253'; African M. E. Conference org., 2562 ; Constitutional Union party org., 259'; constitutional convention meets, 261'; adopts new constitution, 2612 ; read- mitted, 2632 ; civil authorities rule, 263 3 ; ratines new constitution ; adopts 14th amendment, 2t!32 ; Harrison Reed gov., 2632,2652; ratifies 15th amendment, 2672 ; annexation with Ala. favored, 2692 ; George F. Drew gov., 2973 ; o. B. Hart gov., 285'; M.L. Stearns gov., 2873; Constitution, Amendments ratified, 289' ; three sets electoral votes, 2932, 3 J 2953 ; State prison made insane asylum, 2943 ; election frauds investigated, '2992, 3012 ; govt, lands conveyed, 3073 ; Wm. D. Bloxham gov. ; syndicate purchases lands, 3093 ; Gen. Congregational Asso. org., 3142 ; State Univ. removed, 3143 ; prospers, 3153; Institution for deaf est., 319'; Rollins (loll. org. at Winter Park, 3223; Edward A. Perry gov., 3233 ; Con- stitution ratified, 3252; phosphate rock dis., 342' ; Canal Co. find., 3453 ; Asso- ciated Land Dept. find., 3473 ; Francis P. Fleming gov., 3492 ; Subtropical Ex- hibition opd., 351' , 3; rolling-mill strike, 3523; Univ. of F. fnd., 35X2; election day changed, 373' ; " Bulldozer " fined, 3782; illicit stills destroyed, 37X3; liquor trade condemned, 385'; race conflicts, 397'; Republicans make in nominations, 4052; yellow fever vessel, 4133 ; cyclone, 472' ; cigar-makers strike, 473' ; frost, 4793. , Mo., Federals defeated at, 2102. , Blanca, Count of, Jose Monino, b., 11283. Florillo, Johann D., b., 8003. Florine. Tex., Insaue Asylum opd., 397' . Florio, John, b. (1553); trans. Essays, 8783; d., 8802. Floris I., Count, rules, 1099' ; d., 10982. Floris II., rules, 11199' ; d., 10982. III., rules, 1099' ; d., 10982. IV., rules, 1099' ; d., 10982. V., Count, rules, 1099' . , Frans, b., 5402; d., 5403. Floris, issued, 7783. Flotow, Friedrich von, b., 8102 ; d., 830*. Flour, price falls, 1293. Flourens, Gustave, leader, 7432, 7442 ; defense committee, 743 3 . , Leopold Emile, b. (1841) ; minister, 7553, 7563, 757'. , Marie, insurrectionist, 7452. , Jean Pierre, b., 7102 ; d., 7362. Flovard, b.-d., 6662. Flower, Benjamin, fined ; imprisoned, 929' . Flower Leaf, issued, 9603. , Roswell Pettiboue, b. (1835) ; gov. N.Y., 3912, 1212; charges against, 4653. Floyd, John, b. (1770) ; gov. V a., 139 2; popu- lar VOte, 1412, 3; d., 1482. , Buchanan, b., 114' ; gov. Va., 1672; S ec. war, 1823; sends guns South ; resigns war dept., 1893 ; scatters the army, 190'; in W. Va., 1982; at Carni- fex, 1983; at McCoy's Mill, 2003; at Fort Donelson, 204' ; d., 2272. , William, b., 622; d., 130' . Flugel, Gustav L., b., 8082; d., 8262. , Johann G., b., 8043 ; d., 820' . Fluoric acid, used, 7963. Flushing, N. Y., Baptist converts, 402; Gil- man defaulter, 3823 ; Citizens' League org., 3823. , Isle of Walcheren I ibarded, 934' . , Neth., taken, 1098' , 1102' ; new port opd., 11023. Fluxions, Rittenhouse dis. method, 682. Fly shuttle used, 912' . Flying Childers (race-horse), dies, 9113. Flying Fish, sails in exploring exp., 148' . F/'f/in'y Send, disappears, 3253. Flvnri, Michael, convicted, 9903. Fodi Silah, chief, 1010' . Foeldvar, riots, 531'. Foerster, Wilhelm, b., 8142. Fog; at Salem, Mass., 308' . Fi.grlberg, ISengl Erland, b.-d., 11342. Foggia, It., battle of, 7S0' . Fohi, art of writing, 610' ; intro. marriage, 6103; mythical founder of Empire, 611' . Foix, Fr., annexed, 6732. , Gaston de, b. (1489); DM wits de la Chasse, C763; at Ccrignola, 6782; relieves Bologna; takes Brescia; k., 680'. , Paul de, b., 6803; d., 6842. Fokshani, action at, 1116' . Folard, Jean Chas. de, b., 6903; d., 701' . Folentino, treaty signed by pope, 7132. Foley, Baron, title created, 9212. , John Henry, b., 9383; d., 97S2. , J., cons. Rom. Cath. bp., 3302. , Maj., at Elk Fork, 217' . , Samuel J., Liquor-dealers' Bill, 401* . , Sir Thomas, b., 9143; d., 9462. Folger, Charles James, b. (1818) ; sec. treas., 3092; loses governorship, 3112; d.,3162. , William M., in navy dept., 3512. Folkes, Martin, b. (1690) ; pres. Royal So- ciety, 9102; d. (1754). Folk-Lore Society est., 9S3' ; in Am., org., (1878) ; meets, 421'. Folkstone, first convent, 8422 ; landslide, 1004'. Follen, August, b., 8062. , Charles Theodore Christian, b., 8063; d., 8143. Folsom, George, b. (1S02) ; d.,266'. , Jos. L., b. (1817) ; d., 176' . , Nathaniel, ).., 6(12; d. (1790). Folz, or Volz, Hans, b., 7862. Fonblanque, Albany W., b.,9262; d.,976'. Fonda, Jesse, pres. Reformed synod, 131' . Fonfrede, Jean Baptists Boyer, b., 703' ; d., 7082. Fonseca, Eleonora Piiiiental, Marchioness, de, b.-d., 10842. , Juan Kodriquez de, bp., b. (1441) ; In- dian affairs, 153; d. (1524). , Manuel Deodoroda, b., 5542; pres. Brazil, 5352, 5572, 559' ; signs constitu- tion, 558'; congratulations. 5583; dicta- tor, 559' ; deposed ; resigns, 5592; d.,5583. Fontaine, Alexis, b., 6962; d., 7042. , Pierre Francois Leonard, b., 7023 ; d., 7322. , M., Panama Canal scandal, 7642 ; sentence withdrawn, 7643. 1256 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Font-Fort. Fontana, Domenico, b., 10803; d., 10823. Fontanais, Manuels Milay, b.-d, 11322. Fontainebleau, Fr., treaty of, 733, 6933, 7173; pope's residence, 7192. Fontaine-Franyaise, battle of, 684' . Fontanes, Marquis de, Louis, b., 7022; works, 7052 ; d.,7223. Fontarabia, or Fuenterrabia, capitulates, 6981. Fontenay, Fr., battle of, 772' . , Francois, confession, 4263. , Jean Baptiste Blain de, b., 6902 ; d., 697'. Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, b., 6902; works, 6932, 0972 ; d., 7022. Fontenoy, Belg., battle at, 542' , 700' , 800' . Fontleroy, in Am. colonies, 75' . Food, Fr., exportation forbidden, 741' . tax, Eng., 8853. Fools, Eng., law for natural, 8563. Foord, John, b., 1542. Foot, Solomon, b. ( 1802) ; pres. Senate, 1973, 2032, 2053 ; resigns, 207' ; pres. Senate, 2093, 2193, 2213, 2313 ; d. (1866). Foote, Andrew, Hull, b., 1122 ; leaves Cairo ; takes Fort Henry, 2022'; at Fort Donelson, 204' ; in Tenn., 205' ; at Island No. 10, 2052, 206' ; d., 2232. , Henry Stuart, b., 1082 ; defeats J. Davis, 169 2 ; gov. Miss., 1712 ; peace resolutions, 2033; d., 304' . , Josiah Ives, b. (1796); d., 152' . , Mary Hall. irk; fit,, sen fallen, 4462. , Samuel, b., 9062; d., 9203. , Augustus, b. (1780) ; gov. Conn., 1452 ; d., 1602. Foquet, Nicola, b., 6S62. Foraker, Joseph Benson, b. (1846) ; gov. O., 3252 ; nom. for gov., 3412. Forbach, Ger., battle of ; Germans occupy, 738'. Forbes, Baron, title created, 8623. , Charles S.,b., 944'. , Duncan, b., 8962 ; d., 9122. , Edward, b., 9363 ; d. (1854). , Francis, U. S. minister, 3552. , James David, 9343 ; d., 970' . , Maj. John, b. (1710) ; attacked, 6043 ; d. (1759). , Sir John, b., 9242 ; d., 9642. , John M.,b., 114'. Forbin, Claude, b., 6902 ; d., 6983. Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, b., 6982 ; d., 7142. Forcade-Laroquette, Jean, LL.D. de, b., 7223 ; d., 7482. Force Bill, passes Cong., 1413, 1432 ; de- clared void in S. C, 1432 ; passed by Cong., 275'; , Peter, b., 1022 ; d., 260' . Forcellini, Egidio, b., 1083' ; d., 10842. Forchhanimer, Johann, h., 0382 ; d., 642' . Forckenbeck, Von, resigns, 8312. Ford, Kau., natural irrigation, 4493. , Earl of Tankerville, commissioner of Treasury, 9013. , Bob, killed, 4082. , John, b.,S702 ; works, 8823; d.,8822. , Bruce, d., 474' . , Richard, b. (1796) ; d., 9622. , Seabury, b. (1801); gov. O., 167'; d. (1855). , Thos., gov. 111., 1553 ; d. (1851). Fordham, N. Y., St. John's Coll. org., 1543 ; Hughes statue, 386' . Foreign Christian Missionary Soc. org., 2882. Enlistment Act, passes, 9752. Evangelization Society org., 9742. Exposition, in Boston, 3153. Indian School Mission, 1802. Sunday School Asso. fnd., 3002. Foreign Quarter!// lierietc, issued, 943'. and Colonial Quart: rli/ Review, est., 9523. Foreigners banished, Eng., 850' . decree against, Braz., 5573. must register, Fr., 765' . Tax Bill passes, Fr., 7592. Forepaugh, Adam, d., 352' . Forest Charter confirmed, Eng., 857' . Gate, Industrial School burns, 10033. Hill Cemetery, est., 1653. Forester, Baron, title created, 9372 ; title of Earl, 883'. Foresters parade, New York, 389 2 ; meet in London, Can., 5883. Foresti, E. Felice, b., 10843; d., 10882. Forestry Asso., meets, Am., 397' , 4691 . Forestry Congress at Albany, 4533. Forey, Elie Frederic, b., 715''; at Monte- bello, 524' ; d., 7461 . Forfarshire, lost, 9493. Forgery, punished, 8731 ; death for, Eng., 883 1 , 907 1 ; death penalty abolished, 947 1 ; remarkable, 3832. Forget, A. J., testimony, 4523. Forkel, JohannNikolaus,b.,8003; d. (1818). Forlaequier, annexed, 673 2 . Forman, William S., b., 1623. Formerie, Prussian, repulsed, 7422. Formes, Carl (Charles John), b. (1810) ; d., 3481. , Karl, b., 8121 ; d., 8321 . Formigny, Fr., English defeated, 6781. Formosa, annexed to China, 0153; mission, 6203, 6211 , 6222, 6242 ; bombarded, 6221 ; Japanese massacre, 623 2 ; It. R. plant est., 6233 ; evacuated ; subdued, 6241 ; China and Japan agree regarding, 625 2 ; decree against Japanese, 10931 . Formosus, pope, 10723. Forney, John Weiss, b., 1261 ; d., 3082. Fomovo, It', battle of, 6782. Forrest, Edwin, b., 1122; appears in New York, 1341; in London, 1461; in Astor Place riot, 1643 ; as Virginius, 219'; d., 2782. , Henry de, editor, 67 1 . , Miles, executes princes, 8653. , Nathan Bedford, b., 1301 ; a t Ready- ville, 2122; strikes < .rant's line, 2163 ; at Parker's Cross Roads, 217 ' ; near Lexing- ton, 2181; at Fort Donelson, 2183; at Brentwoody,220l; at Pulaski, 2283; near West Point, 23U2 ; demands Padueah ; raids into Kv., 2303; attacks Kort Pillow, 231 1 ; at Brice's Cross Roads, 2342 ; be- tween Pontotoc and Tupelo, 2362 ; at Murfreesboro, 2402,3; at Ebenezer Ch., 2451 ; d., 2542. Forsell, Karl Gustaf af, b. (1783) ; Statis- tics, 11362 ; d. (1848). Forster, Ernst J., b., 8071 ; d. (1885). , Heinrich, Pr., bishop of Breslau, b., 8071 ; deposed, 8283 ; .1., 8301. , Johann G. A., b., 8022 ; d., 8062. , R., b., 8002 ; d., 8063. , John, b. (1812) ; works, 9551 , 9763 ; d. (1876). -, Murphy J., governor La., 4212. .William Edward, b., 9383 ; Element- ary Education Bill, 973 3 ; intro. Coer- cion Bill, 9S72 ; resigns, 9892 ; d. (1886) ; portrait, 9981 ; memorial, 10021 . Forsyth, Ga., Monroe Female Coll., 1662. , Mo., action at, 1963. , Mont., Industrial Army at, 458 2 . , Capl. Benjamin, at Elizabeth, 1201 ; d. (1814). , Col. Geo. A., tights Indians, 262'. , James W., b. (1835:-) ; commissioned col., 3221 ; exonerated, 3781; com. brig.- gen. ; in California, 4741 . , John, b., 931 ; gov. Ga., 1353 ; sec. state, 1473 ; d., 1522. , , b. (1813) ; Confed. commissioner, 1931 ; d. (1879). Forsythe, Rev. Mr., ignites gunpowder by percussion, 9322. , Gen., explores N. Dak., 2881 . Fort Abercrombie, N. Dak., Sioux against, 2141. Abraliam Lincoln, expedition leaves, 2841. Adams, Miss., steamboat accident, 3733. Alexander, Alas., missionaries, 2542. Amsterdam, N. Y., begun, 321 . Anderson, N. C, Porter attacks. 2302; Gen. Forrest abandons, 2311; Federals capture, 2422. Andros, Me., built, 50'. Ann, N. Y., battle of ; burned, 863. Armstrong, captured, 9561 . Augustine, Fla., seized, 1901. Beau Sejour, N. S., surrenders, 68 2 . Berthold, mission transferred, 3142. Blakely, Ala., Gen. Steele arrives ; invested ; Miltraukee blown up, 2442 ; Itotlolpll sunk , 2443 ; Federals take, 2452. Boyer, Ala., attacked by British, 1222 ; surrenders, 1223. Brown, Tex., bombarded, 1601 ; occu- pied, 1921. Carleto, Can., burned, 5841 . Carolina, Fla., built, 251; stormed, 241 . Fort Casimir, Del., built ; Dutch expelled, Caswell, N. 0., seized, 1901; 1922; blown up, 2421 . Charles, S. C, erected, 233. Chartress, O., Engish hold, 74'. Chippewyan, Mackenzie returns, 5762. Christina, Del., Epis. service, 343. Church, Fla., taken, 2043. Clark, N. C, bombarded, 1981 ; cap- tured, 2122. Clinton, N. Y., captured, 87 2 . Crevecceur, 111., built, 462. Cumberland, N. S., defended, 5761 . Darling, Va., naval battle, 2081 ; Gen. Butler at, 2331. Dauphin, Madagascar, taken, 10951 . Dearborn, erected, 1133 Indians mas- sacre, 1181. Defiance, O., built, 1041 . Denonville, taken, 60' ; retaken, 5741 . de Russy, captured, 230 2 ; Federals blow up, 2303. Dodge, la., saloons exposed, 4303. Donelson, Tenn., invested, 2042; Con- feds, repulsed. 212' ; taken, 2183. Dummer, Vt., built, 612. Du Quesne, Pa., built, 681 , 5742 ; ex- lie, lition against, 6S1 ; Braddock de- feated, 682 ; burned, 703. Edward, N. Y., erected, 682. Erie, Can. .surrenders, 122' ; assaulted; besieged ; Brit, retire, 1222 ; Americans evacuate, 1223. Esperanza, Tex., Federals occupy, 2282. Fillmore, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2103. Filmore, N. Mex., surrendered, 1981 . Fisher, N. C, expedition for, 2402; blow up powder-boat ; bombarded ; Fed- erals capture, 2403, 2421 ; magazine ex- plodes, 2421 . Frontenac, Can., built, 5721; La Salle's manor, 5733 ; La Salle returns to, 5743 ; taken, 702. Gaines, Ala., seized, 1901 ; Gen. Gran- ger at ; attacked ; surrendered, 2371 . Garry, Can., Wolseley at, 5821 . Gaspereau, N. S., surrenders, 682. George, Can., abandoned, 1203 ; Gen. Vincent at, 120' ; taken, 1202. , N.Y., erected ; Fr. repulsed, 682; Abercrombie at, 702. Gower, Va., militia patriotic, 793. Granhv, taken by Col. Lee, 942. Greenville, O.,bu'ilt,104i ; treaty, 1071 . Gregg, Va., Federals capture, 2443. Halifax, Me., built, 68'. Hamilton, N. Y., Cunningham killed, 4222. Hare, action at, 956' . Harmar, O., built, 98' ; Indian treaty at, 101'. Harrison, Va., Confeds. repulsed ; Federals capture, 2382. Hatteras, N. C, bombarded, 198'; captured, 2122. Henry, Ky., taken, 2022. Hill, Miss., Porter attacks, 2222. Huachuca, Ariz., soldiers ambushed, 346'. Huger, Ala., Federals take, 246' . Jackson, Ga., seized, 190' . Jackson, La., seized, 190' ; bombarded, 2062 ; invested ; Farragut passes, 2063 ; officials imprisoned at, 208'. Jefferson on Mississippi, built, 92' . Johnson, S. C, taken, 803 ; seized, 190'. Johnston, N. C, seized, 1922. King, Fla., Seminole Indians at, 144' . Lafayette, N. Y., Beall hanged, 242: Kennedy hanged, 2442 ; political pris- oners discharged, 2452 ; burned, 2653 torpedo-gun mounted, 320'. Laramie, Wyo., Fremont arrives, 154' jury of both sexes, 2703. Leavenworth, Kan., negroes enlist, 2103. Lee, N. J., threatened, 843. Loudon, Tenn., garrison massacred, 72'. MacKenzie, factory massacre at, 10012. Mackinaw, Mich., taken, 722. Macom, N. C, taken, 2063. Maiden, Can., attemptedcapture,1182. Marion, Fla., seized, 190' . Fort-Foxe. Text Figures denote Page. UNL/Jc-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1257 Fort Masagran, defended by French, 83. Massachusetts, Mass., taken, 66 1 . McAllister, Ga., Federals bombard, 2182 ; attacked, 2191 • Federals capture, 2402. McHenry, Md., bombarded by Brit., 1222. Meigs, O., British besiege, 1202; again besieged, 1203. Mercer, N. J., British take, 188'. Mifflin, Pa., taken, 88' . ■ Mims, Ala., surrendered, 1203. Montgomery, N. Y., captured, 87 2 . Morgan, Ala., seized, 100'; attacked, 237' ; surrendered, 2372. Moultrie, S. C, surrendered, 921 . Nassau, N. J., built, 30' , 31' . , N. Y., built 2S' ; destroyed, 292. Necessity, Pa., defense of, 681 . Niagara, N. Y., built, 60i ; expedition against, 6Si ; capitulates, 703 ; taken, by Brit.,121' ; rebuilt,.".74i ; capitulates,5743. — Ninety-Six, S. 0., Indians attack, 72 1 . Ontario, N. Y., siege of, 70 ' . Orange, N. Y., built, 30', 31'; Wal- loons at, 312 ; Bef. Dutch worship est., 321 ; surrenders, 42' , 43' . Philip Kearney, Indian massacre at, 254' Pickens, Fla., held, 1901 ; truce, 1902; reinforced, 1941 ; attacked, 2001 , 3. Pillow, Tenn., attack, 207i ; action at, 2083 ; Coufeds. defeated, 2303 ; Forrest attacks, 2311. Pitt, Can., attack on, 5S41 ; epidemic, 5872. , Pa., built, 703. Plain, N. Y., confidence men, 4SS3. Powell, Ala., bombarded, 2302 ; blown up, 237'. Pownall, Me., built, 72' . Pulaski, Ga., seized, 189', 190', 191'; fired on, 2001 ; prisoners exchanged, 2401 . Recovery, O., built, 1041 . Rendsburg, seized, 6401 . Ridgely, Minn., Indians besiege, 2121 . Ringgold, Tex., Garza's attacks, 3971. Rouille, Toronto, built, 5742. Sanders, Tenn., Longstreet assaults, 2282. Sandusky, O., taken, 722. Schuyler, N. Y., battle of, 871 . Scott, Kan., ice-dam gives way, 3421 ; hotel collapses, 4333. Sedgwick, Va., Confeds defeated, 2392. Smith, Ark., murders near, 3723. Stanwix, N. Y., built, 702 ; treaty with Indians, 77 ' ; attacked, 87' ; Indians surrender lands, 972. St. Diego, Fla., taken, 64' . Steadman, Va., assaulted, 244 2 . Stephenson, O., Brit, assault, 120 3 . Stevens, D. 0., Early at, 236' . St. George, Me., built, 58'. , built, 10451 . St. Louis, 111., founded, 481 . St. Nicholas, Bulg., taken, 5652. St. Philip, La., seized, 1901; bom- barded, 20G2, 3 ; Farragut passes, 2063. Sully Missions, transferred, 3142. Sumter, S.G., occupied, 1881 ; demands to be defended, 1803 ; reinforcements for, S. C. demands, 1903 ; relief expedi- tion for. 1901 , 191 1 ; unrelieved, 190' ; re- fused S. C, 1013; divides cabinet, 1932; attacked, 2202 ; siege, 225' ; bombarded, 226' ; flag restored, 2462. Sunbury, taken, 90' . Taylor, Fla., garrisoned, 190' . , Tex,, Mexicans bombard, 160'. Teneria, Mex., Jef. Davis charges, 1601. Ticonderoga, N. Y., French retreat, 703 ; Brit, take, 863. Tracy, Ala., Federals take, 2461 . Valley, Ga., Conf. veterans meet, 3421. Wagner, S. C, assaulted, 2243 ; 2251 ; evacuated, 2202, Warren, Mason and Slidell im- prisoned in, 2003, 2012. Washington, N. Y., attacked, 843. Watson, S. C, taken, 94'. Wayne, Ind., Concordia Coll. fnd., 1503; Fort Wayne Coll., org., 161' ; R. C. dio. est., 1821 ;' Taylor Univ. fnd., 3742; Club officers indicted, 4443 ; school for feeble-minded est.. 329' ; tire, 3313. Fort Wayne.Tex., Spring Palace, opd., 3413. Railroad, opd., 187 3 ; collision on, 4172; accident, 4413. White, action at, 9561 . William, Can., fire, 5913 ; R. R, acci- dent, 5963. , Ga., attacked, 641 . Henry, Me., erected ; taken, 52' . , N. Y., erected; besieged, 70' ; surrenders, 70 2 . , W. Va., attacked, 87' . Witworth, Ya., Feds, capture, 2443. Worth, Tex., Hubbell Smith, ar- rested, 4702. Univ. (Meth. Epis.), org. (1881). Wrangel, Alas., mission, 2922, 2962. Wright, Ark., attacked, 2062. 207' ; levee cut, 20G 2 . Fortainps, Belg., bank embezzler, 5451 . Fortescue, Earl of, title created, 9112. , Chichester .Samuel, minister, 9731; pres. council, 991 2 . , George Franklin, b. (1809) ; gov. N.J., 1692 ; d., 2762. , Sir John, b., 8602 ; works, 8643 ; d., 8642. Forth Bridge, train crosses, 10053. and Clyde canal, steamboats in, 9242. Fortier, Alcee, Louisiana Studies, 4783. Fortifications, App. Bill, 3W2, ;i012, 3732, 377', 2, 409', 4H2, 4213, 4232, 4532,4652. Fortoul, Hippolyte Nicolas Honore, b., 7192 ; minister, 7473 ; d., 7322. Fortress Monroe, Va., Butler in command, 1943 ; slaves contraband, 196' ; Gen. Wool commands, 19Si ; Hatteras expedi- tion sails, 1981 , U022 ■ Port Royal expedi- tion sails, 2U02 ; McOlellan arrives ; Mc- Clellan leaves, 206'; Butler returns, Gen. Terry leaves, 2403 ; Confed. com- missioners reach, 243'; Jefferson Davis at, 2463, 2471. Fortuna, action at, 11322. Fortunatus, Bp. of Poitiers, writes Poems, 6643. Fortune, Indian trader, 29 1 ; returns, 303. Fortune Bay, settlements, 311 2 ; U. S. fishermen at, 11032 ; Bait Law riots, 11033. , Robert, b., 9363 ; d., 9861 . Fortuny, Mariano, b.-d., 11303. Forward, Walter, b. (1786) ; sec. treas., 1533 ; d. (1852). Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, b., 9183 ; d., 9502. Foscari, Francesco, b.-d., 10762. Foscarini, Marco, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. Foscola, Ugo, b., 10843; works, 10852; d., 10SG2. Foss, Cyrus David, b., 1422; cons., bp., 3042. , Henrik Hermann, Tidsnornerne, 11043. Fossalta, It., battle at, 7801 . Fosses, Castonnet des, work, 7602. Fossombrone, It., appeals to Sardinia, 10891. Foster Abby Kelley, b., 1162; d. (1887). , Augustus J., cili^v burned, 117 2 . , Charles, b., 1362 ; gov. O., 3052 ; sec. treas., 379'. , J. Ellen, b. (1840) ; org. Woman's Republican League, 331' . , Geo.Eulas.,b.(1847>; minister finance, 593' 595 2 596 3 . , Henry,' kills J. B. Morgan, 4083. , John, b., 9183; works, 993' , 941' ; d., 9502. , , sets up press, 443. , , d.,2842. , (tray, b. (1S23) ; at New Berne, 205' ; at Somerville Heights, 207' ; at Lone Jack, 211'; near Slaughterville ; at Washington, N. C, 2123; in Webster Co., 215' ; at Kinston, 2162 ; in East Tenn., 2283; commands Dept. of South, 234' ; d. (1874). , Wells, b., 1242; Prehistoric Races, 2823; see. state ; 4092; replies to Canada, 419 2 ; to Minister Stevens, 425' ; arbi- trator, 4252; d. (1873). , Lafayette Sabine, b. (1806) ; d., 304' . , M. M., discovers Brah, 820' . , Randolph Sinks, b., 1282; cons, bp., 2763. , Sir Robert, chief justice, 8912. , R. S., Gen. at New Berne, 230'; at Honey Hill, 2402; at Charleston, 2422; captures Forts Gregg and Witworth, 244-3; military commissioner, 2472. Foster, Stephen, b. (1798) ; d., 1442. , Collins, b., 134' ; d., 231'. , Wm., hanged, 2S1 ' . Fostoria Fields, O., oil-well, 452' . Fothergill, Jessie, b. < 1C50I ; d., 1006' . , John, b., 9042; d., 921'. Foucault, Leon, b., 722<3 ; invents side- rests ; d., 7382. Fouche, Joseph, Due d'Otrante, b., 703' ; d., 7223. Foucher, Paul, b. (1704) ; works, 7602 ; d., (1778). , Victor A., b., 7143; d., 7362. Fould, Achille, b., 7142; minister, 7313; d.,7362. Foulis, Andrew, b., 9042; d., 919'. ■ , Robert, b., 9022; d., 9203. Foulke, Wm. Dudley, Pres. College, 3722. Foulon, J. A., cons, cardinal priest, 7582. , Joseph Francois, b„ 097' ; d., 7062. Foulques de Neuilly, d., 0702. Fountain of Youth, search for, 17' . Fouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte, b., 8042; works, 809' , 8132; d., 8162. Fouque, Henri. Baron lie la Mutte,b.,7982; gen., d.,S04'. Fouquet, Jehan, b.-d., 6762. , Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle, b. 01615) ; d., 6923. Fouquier, Deputy, duel, 7583. Tinville, Antoine (.Hientin, b., 7003; prosecutor, 711' ; guillotined, 7102, 7112, Four, Aries du, appeal to Ct. Brit., 7432. "Four Bills," rejected. Eng., SS72. Fouracariah. mission at, 11603. Fourah Bay Coll., fnded., 11602. Fourcroy, Antoine Francois de, b., 7022; water ; electricity, 924' ; d., 719' . Fourdrinier, Henry, b. (1766) ; paper- making machine inv. (1807) ; used in Am., 138' . Fourichon, Martin, b. (1809) ; minister navy, 7412; d. (1884). Fourier, Francois Charles Marie, b., 7042; works, 717', 725' , 7291 ; d„ 7262. , Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph, b., 7042; d., 7261 . , Pierre, b., 6823; d., 6S83. Fonrmont, Etienne, b., 0923; d., 7003. Fournet, Victor, b., 7143; d., 7382. Fourneyron, Benoit, b., 7143 ; turbine, 7241; d., 7362. Fournier, Capt., signs treaty, 6233 ; duel, , Edouard, b., 7223 ; d., 7522. , Juliette, suicide, 4693. , Pierre Simon, b., 6963; d. (1768). Fourtou, M., minister, 7473, 7491 , 7511 . Fowle, Dan. G., gov. N. C, 3492; d.,3801. Fowler, electro-galvanic experiments, 9261. , Sir Chas., lord mayor, London, 9333. , Charles Henry, b., 1482 ; elected M. E. bp., 3163. , Henry Hartley, minister, 1009 2 . , Sir John, at Barnum banquet, 10023. , Joseph Smith, b., 1302. , Orson Squire, b., 116' ; d. (1887). , Philemon Halsted, moderator, 266 2 ; d., 3022. , Sir Robert Nicholas, lord mayor Lon- don, 9932, 3; d., 1006'. Fox Channel, discovered, 5722. , Sir Charles, b., 935' ; d. (1874). , Charles James, b., 9122 ; minister, 9173 ; gambles, 91:12; ;,, opposition ; lord treas., 9193; in duel, 9212, 9292 ; leads opposition, 9213 ; minister, 9232, 9332 ; dupe of Pr. of Wales, 925' ; struck off list, 9292; d., 9323; statue, 938' . , Commodore, captures Fr. W. I. fleet, 7001,912'. , George, b., 8802 ; among Quakers, 443, 8863 ; preaches, 8S63 ; order for arrest, 8931 ; Journal, 8983; d., 89S2. , L., b. (1825) ; appears as Bottom, 260' ; d. (1877). , Capt., Gustavus Vasa, b. (1821), and Capt. Sumter expedition, 192' ; d. (1883). , Henry Richard Yassall, third Baron, Holland,' b., 9183; d. (1840). , D., Spiritualist, 1032. , Luke, b. (1586) ; Arctic expedition, 5722 ; d. (1635). , Margaret, b. (1S36) ; d., 4261 . , Samson, gift to (loll, of Music, 1000 1 . ReformBill, Eng., 9233. Foxe,Johnb.(1517i ;/;.»,/,■. n, 2083; at Cross Keys ; Fridav, worship dav, 4843. enters Strasburg, 2083 ; nom. for pres., Friebiug, Ger., R. C. Univ. fnd., 1138'. 2352 ; withdraws camlidacv, 2393 ; gov. Fiiedemanu, Friedrich Traugott, b. 8062 ; Ariz., 3012 ; d., 3641 ; widow pensioned, d., 820' . 3652. Friedewald, Prus., treaty of, 793' . Friedland, battle of, 7162. , Duke of, prince of empire, 7952. , Valentin, b., 7862 ; d.,7922. Friedlingen, (iermans defeated, 694'. Friedman College at Fairfax Court House. 204'. Friedmann. (See Friedemann.) Fridolin, St., apostle to Germany, 10703, Friedriehshall, Prussia, victory, 8242. Friedrichstad, bombarded, 6401. Frienbach, battle of, 784' . Friend of the Clergy, organized, 955' . , Sir John, executed, 901'. Friends, in Am., Quakers opposed to, 322; excluded, Mass., 40' , 2; from New Eng. ; persecuted, 40 2 , 3 ; excluded from Va.; hanged in Mass. ; 1st yearly meeting, 403 ; penal laws suspended, 413 j iu N. C. ; Geo. Fox in Am., 443 ; inDel.; oppressed in Mass., 463 ; in N. J., 473 ; increase in Am., 481; gen. meeting in N. J. A 48 2 ■ yearly meeting est. in R. I., 542; prevail in Pa., 571 ; arrested in Pa., 863; Indian missions, 106 2 , 1142 ; antislavery peti- tion, 1072; Hicksite secession, 134 3 ; Bible Asso. fmd., 1382 ; Haverford Coll. est., 1423 ; Progressive Friends org., 1722, 3 ; Earlham Coll. est., 1843 j Swarthmore Coll., Pa., 21163; Miami Valley Coll. O., 277i ; Perm Coll., la., 2S22 ; Wilmington Coll., O., 28S3 ; Bryn Mawr Coll., Pa., 3223 ; meeting, N. Y., 3403 ; Home and For. Miss. Union org., 3742; Educational Conf., 3781 ; missions in Mex., 10962. , appear in Eng. ; origin of name, 8863 ; in Ire., 8S83 ; released, 8962 ; meeting- house opd., 9U02; affirm oaths, 901 3 ; So- ciety revived, 9123 ; marriage legalized, 9052 ; Syrian mission org., 9782 ; miss. to India, 10483. of Finns, Society org., 11361. of Order, fired on Fr., 745 2 . Friendship, seamen's prayer-meeting, es- tablished, 9371. , wrecked, 9673. Friensheim, Johann, b., 7923, Fries, Elias Magnus, b.-d., 11343. , Jacob F., b., 8041 ; d., 8I62. , John, b. (1764±) ; insurrection leader, 1093 ; d. (1S35+). Friesians, subdued, 10972, 10991 ; in Neth., 10973; Stedingers attacked, 780' . Friesbmd, Eastern, submits, 7892 ; ceded to Prus., 8013; annexed to Neth., 1099', 2. Frieze, Ann E., murder of, 3011 . Frio, Cape, Braz., fort at, 5532. Frioul, betrayed, 771' . Fripp, E. T. R., in Havana, 6323. Frisch, Johann Leonhard, b.,7963 ; d.,8003. Frischlin, Nicodemus, b., 7902 : works, 793' ; d., 7922. Frisco, Mo., robbery, 417' . Frissell, H. B., in Normal Institute, 4302. Frith, Mr., intro. Municipality Bill, 9853. of Forth, collision, 10053. Frivaldskv, Enrich, b., 519'. Frizell, William, postmaster, 8832. Fro, god of ancient Germans, 7682. Froben, Johann, 7862 ; d., 7882. Frobisher, Sir Martin, b., 8682 ; explorer, 243 : Arctic expedition, 5702, 874' ; third voyage, 5712 ; in Greenland, 10383 ■ d., 8762. Frobisber's Straits, dis. ; communion cele- brated, 242. Frochot, Comte Nicolas Therese Benoit, b., 7022 ; d., 7243. Froebel, Friedrich, b., 8042 ; works, 8132 ; opens kindergarten, 8152 ; d., 818'. , Julius, b., 8082 ; d (1893). Society incorporated, Am., 384'. Frogmore, Eng., Mausoleum built, 966' . Frogs, shower at Jamestown, 3382. , plague of, Minn., 414' . Froila I., reigns (Sp.), 11253. II., reigns, 11272. Froissart,John,b.-d.,6742; Chrouicles,6763. Frolic, captured, 1182, 122' . Fromantil, improves pendulum, 11003. Frome, Edward Charles, d., 1002'. Fromentin, Eugene, b., 7223; d.,750'. Fronde, Civil War of (See Paris), 6893. Frontenac, Louis tie Buadc, Comte de, b., 6863 ; in Quebec, 452 ; gov. ,5733 ; recalled, 492; attack on colonists, 50'; against Indians; in New York, 52' ; against Mo- hawks ; against Iroquois, 574' ; d., 6943, Front Royal, Va., action at, 208' ,2 ; Con- feds, defeated, 240' . Fron-Gali. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1261 Frontier regulated, Fr., 7371 . Frossard, Charles Auguste, b., 7163 ; at Forbacb, 7381 ; d. (1875). Frost, midsummer, Eng., 8402 ; prevails, 8961 ; summer, Mass., 1661 . , Gen., at Prairie Grove, 2162. -, John, transported, 9511 . , b. (1800) ; d„ 1842. , Ruf us Smith, b. (1826) ; d., 4521 . Frostburg, Md., miners strike, 4622. Frothingfiam, Ellen, b., 1442. , Nathaniel L., b., J104 2 ; d., 2701 . , Octavius Brooks, b., 1302 ; works, 2803,3031,3743, 3982. Froude, James Anthony, b., 9383 ; works, 9611 , 9783, r. settled, named, 11492. new provinces, 10613. Galatians, Epistle written, 11531 . Galaton, artist of Alexandria, 6522. Galaxy Magazine appears, 2543. Galba, P. Snlpicius, b. (24 B.C.); in Illyria, 10543. , Servius Snlpicius, b.-d.. 10603 ; emp., 6633; proclaimed emp., 10623, 6632. , ( Galba), imperator; reigns; assassinated, 10633. Galbaio, Giovanni, doge at Venice, 10732. , Maurizio, doge at Venice, 10732. Galdan, rules Cent. Asia; checked, 6142; at Chowmodo, 6161 . Galdos, Peres, b. (1845); works, 11323. Gale Coll. (Presbt.) org. at Galesville, Wis., (1856). , N.B., will, 4792. , Theophilus, b. (1628); gift, 443; d. (1678). , Wm., walking record, 9S33. Galekas, defeated, 600 1 . Galen, Christopher B. von, prince, bp. of Munster, b., 7922; d., 7962. , Claudius, b., 10283; nourishes, 10282. Galena, reenforced by Atlantic, 3341 ; at Navassa Island, 3441; at Baltimore, 3461 ; stranded, 3801 . , HI., Gen. Grant a citizen, 1753, 1S71 ; Ger.-Eng. Coll. fnd., »2623; statue of Grant, 3841. , Kan., prosperous, 2961 . and Chicago Union R. R. opd., 1693, 1733. Galerius, Caius Valerius Maximianus, extends empire to the river Tigris ; gov. Illyricum, Macedonia, and Greece, 10673; visits Sp.; conquers Mesopotamia, 11061; restores King Tiridates, 11533; defeats Varanes III., 11072; d., 10673. Gales, Joseph, b., 981 ; d. (1860). Galesburg, 111., Knox Coll. fnd., 1483; Lombard University org., 1703. Galgacus, in battle of Grampians, 8391 . Galiani, Fernando, b., 10841 ; d., 10843. 1262 Text Figures denote Page. IJNIDiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Gali-Gari. Galiano, Antonio Alcala, b.-d., 11303. Galiber, Adm., minister, 7552. Galicia, Aust.-Hung., Stephen II. in, 5021 ; Cracow capital. 5053; Leinberg Univ. fnd., 5171 ; acquires Buckawini; oatli of allegiance, 517 2 ; insurrection, 5213; abol- ishments, 5291 ; troops keep peace, 5321 ; hurricane, 5341 ; Anti-Semitic riot; Jew- esses' school; custom frauds, 5343; Polish boc., 5351; mine explosion, 5353; snow, 5361; cholera; floods, 5373, 5383. , Sp.,Brit. armyin, 710 2 ; insurrections, 8171 ; conquered, 11251 ; united with Gas- tile, 11272. Galien, Joseph, b., 6943; d. (1782). Galigai, Leonora de, assassinated, 6872. Galilei, Galileo, b., 10803; works, 10802, 10832; d., 10823. Galimard, Nicolas Auguste, b., 7203; d., 7522. Galin, Pierre, b., 7061 ; d., 7242. Gall, Saint, b.-d., 8402. , Franz J., b., 8023; phrenology, 5191 ; work, 5203; d., 8141. Galla, Afr., tribes enter Abys., I 3 ; mis- sion field, 5612. Gallagher, Nicholas Aloysius, cons. K. C. bp., 3102; b. (1846). , Wm. Davis, b., 1142. Gallait, Jean Pierre, b., 7022; d., 7223. , Louis, b., 5423 d., 5461 . Gallaland, (Christianity in, 11112. Galland, Antoine, b., 6883; trans. Arabian Nights: d., 6971. Gallant, Private, wins rifle prize, 9821 . Gallas, Matthies von, b., 5102; defeats Swedes, 7961 ; d., 5123. Gallatin, U. S. revenue cutter, ashore, 3981. Gallatin, British warship, launched, 9701. , Teun., Federals defeated, 2103; cap- tured, 2121 ; Oonfeds. defeated, 2141 . , Albert, b., 723 ; sec. treasury, 1112, 1171, 1213; Treaty of Ghent, 1233 ; d., 1661. Gallaudet, Edw. Miner, b., 1482. , Thomas, b., 1302. •, -Hopkins, b.,981 ; opens deaf mute school, 1251 ; d., 1682. •Galle, Johann Gottfried, b., 8102; dis. Neptune, 8161, 7281. Gallegos, Jose Rafael de, pres., 6303. Galleher, John Nicolas, b. (1839) ; cons. P. E. bp.,3023. Galli, M., French Army in Germany, 7582. Gallia, asteroid, discovered, 748 1. , oarries members of Kristhena So- ciety to India, 3342. Belgia, a Roman province, 10G3 2 . Gisalpina, Roman ally, 6612. Narbonensis, a Roman province, 10591 . (See Narbonensis.) Gallic nations against Romans, 6632. Gallicauus, Vulcacius, Auaustan History, 10671. Gallienus reigns, 10293. -, Publius Licinius Valerianus, b.-d., 10342; appointed; reigns; at Treves, 10672. Gallinger, Jacob H., b., 1801; Sanitarium Bill, 4052. Gallipoli taken, 10341 . Gallissonniere, Roland Michel Barrin, Marquis de la, b. (1693) ; gov. Can., 5753; d. (1756). Gallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, b., 11162; d., 11163. Gallitzin, Mikhail Mikhailovitch, b.-d., 11142, , Vassili, b.-d., 11142. Gallo, Pedro, insurrectionist, 6061 . Gallois, Jean, b., 6882 ; d., 6963. Gallos Island wreck, 5873. Galloway, E. of, title created, 881*. , Scot., see erected, 8403; bp. of, 8783; Bp. MaLachlan cons., 9841 ; church fnd., 10702. , Charles B.,b. (1849 r); elected bp.3223. -, Joseph, b. (1730); plans rejected, 792; examined, 913; d., 1102. , Samuel, b. (1811) ; d., 2762. Gallup, Col., at Half Mountain, 2321 . Gallus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus, b. (205±); reigns; deposed, 10671 . , C. .'Elius, expedition, 4831. , Cornelius, b. (66 ± E. a); gov. Egypt, 6533; d. (25± B. a). , Flavius Claudius Constantius,b. (205); made Caesar; rules in East; executed, 10692. Galoengong, volcano eruption, 10921 . Galois, Evariste, b., 7192 ; d., 7262. Galphinton, Ga., Indian treaty, 991. Gait, Sir Alexander Tilloeh, b., 5763; Fish- ery Commission, 5852 ; d., 5941 . , John, b., 9203 ; works, 9411 ; d.,9483. Galte, battle at, 6432. Galton, Francis, b.,9403 ; Natural Inheri- tance, 10022. Galuppi, Baldassare, b., 10831 ; d., 10843. Galusha, Jonas, gov. Vt., 1172, 1252. Galvani, Alvisio, b., 10842 ; d., 10843. , Luigi, b, (1737) ; scientific researches, 9242; experiments, 10841. Galvanic battery invented, 10841. current separates potassium, sodium, etc., 9322. Galvanometer invented, 3201, 11381. Galvano-plastik process invented, 8101. Galvao, or Galvan, Antonio, b.-d., 11092. Galvarino, in Chilean navy, 6061 . Galveston, Tex., St. Mary's Univ. org., 1783 ; Federals take, 2142 ; recaptured ; Federals defeated. 2181 ; blockade re- moved, 2183 ; harbor improvements en- acted, 3693 ; Rosenberg bequests, 4303 ; Henry HI, Jones, burns, 2S1 3 ; storm in- jures, 2881 . Galvez, Bernardo de, b. (1756) ; at Mobile, 91i; d. (1794). de Montalvo, Luis, b.-d., 11282. Galvin's Industrial Army seize train, 4582. Galway, Ire., conquered, 8521 ; capitulates, 8981; mail packets sail. 9633; Bp. Mac- Cormack cons., 9762 ; riots, 9851. , Viscount of, title created, 9902. , Lord Henry, b. (1647) ; at Almanza, 6961 ; takes Madrid, 11281 ; in Lisbon, 11101 ; d. (1720). and North Am. steamship service, 9653. Gama, Christopher de, in Abyssinia, 11. , Stephen de, in Abyssinia, 11 . , Vasco da, b.-d., 11092 ; a royalist manifesto, 5593 ; Brazilian revolt, 5601 + ; explorer, 5973 ; discovery, 10433 ; first passage to Indies, 1 11)!' 1 ; at Mozambique, 11111. Gamaliel, the Younger, d., 11521 . Ga Matlale, mission, 11241 . Gambalat, sultan, 6553. Gambetta, Leon Michel, b., 7282; minister of interior, 7412 ; virtual dictator of Fr. ; escapes in balloon, 7413 ; proclamation, 7432 ; circular letter, 7433; disavows ar- mistice, 7451 ; censured, 7472 ; duel ; con- victed ; sentence, 750 3 ; favors parlia- mentary govt., 7511; pres. Chamber. 7513 ; premier ; resigns, 753 2 ; shot, 7533; d., 7522; statue, 7541; monument, 7561, 7581. Gambia, "W. Afr., Eng. factory est., 8S12 ; Eng. colony est., 8832. Gambier, O., Kenyon Coll. org., 1331. , W. Afr., mission, 11603. , Lord James, b., 9043 ; destroys Fr. ships, 9341 ; takes Danish vessels', 6381 ; d. (1833). Gamble, Hamilton Bowan, b. (179S) ; gov. Mo., 1991 , 2032 ; protection offered, 1992; d., 2312. Gamboa, Martin Ruiz, gov. Chile, 6052. Gambrell, Roderick Dhu, murdered. 3271 . Game and I'lat/c of Cl/exse, trans., 8642. Games, Gr., 10131 >± ; Eoman, 10503+. Gamez, Gutierre Diaz de, works, 11271. Gamjarn, Madras, famine and cholera pre- vail, 10493. Gamme], William, b., 1183; d. (1889). Gammer Girrfnn's Nredle, issued, 8751. Gammon Theolog. School, Ga., fnd., 3143. Gamper, J. U., socialist leader, 404 3 . Gandamak, Afg., treaty signed, 6 3 , 9851 . Ganges, Mich., infernal machine in mail, 4483. Ganglbauer, Celestine, consecrated, 5302. Gan-hwuy, mission, 6212. Ganilh, Chas., b., 7023; d., 7262. Gannett, Ezra Stiles, b. (1801) ; d., 2741. Gannon, Mary, b. (1829) ; d., 2603. , M. V., resigns presidency, 440 2 . Gano, Jose de. gov. Chile, 605 3 . Gans, Eduard, b., 8003; d., 8143. Gansbacher, Johann, b. (1778) ; d., 5203. Gansevoort, Peter, li„ 062; at Fort Schuy- ler, 871; d., 1183. Ganshoren, dynamite explosion, 5462. Ganti. enthroned, 6113, 6131. Gan Wang, enthroned, 611 2 . Garardin, Emile de, d., 7522. Garat, Dominique Jos., b., 7003; d., 7262. Garay, Francisco de, explorer, 183 ; d. (1524). , Henry Peters, d., 1781 . • , Janos, b., 5202; d., 5242. , Juan de, b. (1541 i : at Santa Fe, 252 ; lieut.-gov. Argentine. 4N92; expedition, 4892 ; d. (1584). Garber, Silas, gov. Neb., 2912. Garbett, James, b., 9303; d. (1879). Garcao, or Garcam, Pedro Antonio Correa, b.-d., 11102. Garcelon, Alonzo, gov. Me., 3033. Garchus in Italy, 7862. Garcia I., of Navarre, b.-d., 11262 ; reigns in Galicia, 11272. II., of Navarre, reigns, 1127 2 . III., of Navarre, reigns, 11272. ■ IV., Bamirez, of Navarre, reigns, 11272. of Asturias, reigns, 1127 2 . , Cubas Antonio, b., 10961 . . Gen. Calixto. commander, 6321 ; dis- embarks, 6322 ; band in Cuba, 6342. , Gen. Catarina, defeated, 10961 ; re- volts, 10971. , Eugene E., embezzler, 3942. , Manuel, b.-d., 1130 2 ; larvygoscope invented, 9602. , Manuel de Popnlo Vicente, b.-d., 11302. , Moreno Gabriel, b. (1821) ; Pres. Ecu., 6442; resigns, 6442 ; revolutionist, 6443 ; assassinated, 6443 , Simon, search by troops, 3901 . Garcilaso de la Vega,*b.-d., 11263. Garczvnski, Stephen, b., 11162 ; d., 11163. Gard, U. S. Marshal, on ltata, 3861 ; en- forces Geary Act, 43S3. Garden issued, Eng., 9763. Garden City, N. Y., Cathedral, gift, 3842 ; school teachers strike. 4191 . Gardener's Chronicle issued, 9503. Gardening, ornamental, intro., Eng., 8662. Gardiner, Capt. Allen, b. (1742) ; Ooshooia mission; starvation, 4902; treaty signed, 5992 ; d. (1809). , John S., b., 741 . , Robert Halliwell.b. (1782+) ; d.,2312. , Samuel liawson, b..944i ; works, 9902. , Stephen, bp.,of Winchester, b., 8642; minister, 8693, 8713 ; high chancellor, 8713 ; d., 8702. , Sylvester, b., 581 ; d., 98' . Gardner takes fire, 3273. Gardner, August K., b., 1183. , A. W., pres. Liberia, 11612. - , Baron, title created, 9311. , G. W., charges, 4191 ; agent, 4242. , Gen., surrenders Port Hudson, 2242 ; at Salisbury, 2461 . , H. A., absconds, 4682. , Henry J., governor Mass., 1792 ; d., 4101. , John J., b., 1581. , Dr. Joseph, gift, 4242. Garenganze, mission, 6022. Garesehe, Julius P., d., 217 2 . Garfield, James Abram,b., 138 2 ; on canal, 1643; father dies, 1431; enters Coll., 1763; graduates, 1802,3; marries. 1851 ; at Mid- dle Creek, Ky., 2022 ; at Pound Gap, 2042 ; in court, 2161 ; speaker, 2932, 2973; 3013; electoral commission, 2951 ; presi- dential candidate ; vote, 3043, 3051 ,3072; inaug. President ; shot, 3072, 3092 ; re- moved to Elberon, 3083; d., 3081 , 3092 ; grief over. 3083; action in Eng. ; buried, 3091 , 3593 ; eulogy, 3111 ; Great Britain in mourning for, 9SS3 ; murderer sen- tenced, 3102; memorial, 3581, 31302; buried, 3593. , Mrs., fund presented, 3091 ; franking privilege granted, 3092; pensioned, 3111 , Univ., org. at Wichita, Kan., 3242. Garhwai mission, 10483. Garibaldi, Giuseppe, b., 10851 ; repulses Fr. at Rome, 7301 ; struggle in It., 7353 ; at Mentana, 7361 ; in command ; at Tours, 7421 ; proclamation, 7422; gen. -in- chief, 7452; monument, 7021; London riots; in Southampton, London, 9671; at Velletri, 10S61 ; in Rome; campaign in It., 10881; calls for volunteers; m Ca- tania ; appealstoEng.; amnesty, granted. 10892; course disapproved ; dictator of Naples, 10891; proclamation against, 10892; in Italv, 10893; d., 10901 ; statue, 2641,3321. Gari-Gene. Text Figures denote Page, 1JN J-JliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1263 Garigliano, action at, 10881 . Garissoles, Antoine, d., 690 2 . Garland collides with Mamie, 3053. , Augustus Hill, b., 1401; gov. Ark., 2912; minister, 3212. , Austin M., tariff commissioner, 3111. , James A., University gift, 4441 . , John, b. (1792) ; d., 1963. , Landon Cabell, b., 116 2 . Garneau, Francois Xavier, b., 5763 ; Can- ada, 5791; d., 5821. Garner, Florence, marries Sir W. Gordon- Oumming, 10063 . , Peter M., b. (1809) ; d., 2621 . , R. L., Speech of Monkeys, 4203. Garnerin, Andre" Jacques, b. (1769) ; in parachute, 7142 ; d. (1823). Garnet, Henry, b. (15.".5) ; Gunpowder Plot, 8792; d. (1606). Gamett, Richard Brooke, b.(1841) ; d., 2251 . ■, Robert Selden, b., 130'; at Laurel Hill; at Carrick's Ford, 1962 ; d.,1963. Gamier, Adolphe, b., 7143; d., 7362. , Francis, on Red River ; at Hanoi, 4801; k., 4802. , Jean L. 0., b., 7242; erects Grand Opera House, Paris, 7361 , , Marie Joseph Francois Auguste, b., 7282; d., 7461. Pages, Louis Antoine, b., 7143 ; con- victed, 7372 ; d.,7502. , Robert, b., 6803 ; works, 6832, 6843 ; d., 6842. Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, b., 10783; d., 10803. Garonne, Fr., action on, 10561 j overflows, 7493. Garrard, Col., at Rogersville, 2281 . , James,b.(1749); gov.Ky.,1073; d.,1302. , Kenner, b., 1381 ; d., 3002. Garretson, Freeborn, b., 682; d., 1302. Garretsville, O,, explosion in church, 3032. Garrett, Alex. Charles, b. (1832) ; cons. P. E. bp., 2862. , Col., at Plymouth, 2122. , Mary E., gift, 3702, 4202. . Biblical Institute opd., 111., 1802. Garrick, David, b., 9062; Lethe performed, 683; appears, 9102, 9132; d., 9203. Garrison, J. H., pres. convention, 3322. , Win. Lloyd, b., 1121 , Liberator, 1391 ; addresses at Charleston, 247 1 ; reception in London, 2563; d., 3002; statue, 3241 . Garrissoles, Antoine, b., 6842. Garside, William B., b., 1442. Garter, Order of, instituted, 8591 ; reinsti- tuted, 9331 . Garth, Sir Samuel, b., 8902; d., 9062. Gartland, R. C, d., 1741. Garumna, asteroid, discovered, 748' . Garvagh, Baron, title created, 937 2 . Garza, Catarino, released, 2971 ; rebel camp, 3861 ; a t Ft. Ringgold, 3971 ; de- feated, 3981 ; enters Mex., 4001 , 4191. Gas illuminating dis., 8102; experiments, 9061 ; from coal ; theory explained, 910 2 ; used extensively. 'J2X2 ; intro. London, 9342, 9362, 9401 ; from water, 9501 . , used in Boston, 1313 ; St. Louis lighted ; Brooklyn, 165 3 ; Nashville ; Lowell ; Chicago, 1693. , natural, as fuel, 3181 , 3321 ; dis. N.Y.; Chicago ; in S. Dak., 350' ; in Pittsburg, 3561 ; p a ., 3721 ; at Kingsville, Can., 5861 ; at Kingston, Can., 5901 . , nitrous oxide, discovered, 9202. Gasea, Pedro de la, b. (14S5) ; possesses fleet ; in Peru, 221 ; secures peace ; sails for Sp., 232 ; dis. Davis' strait, 243 ; d. (1561). Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh, b., 9363. , George, b., 86S1 ; works, 8731 8743 ; d. (1577). ■, Sir William, jurist, d., 8622. , , inventor, b., 8782; d., 8843. Gascon, Francois, b., 6903. Gascony, Fr., invaded, 688 1 ; recovered, 6791 , 8561 ; homage to Eng., 8533. Gascoyne-Cecil, Robt. Arthur Talbot, forms ministry, 993 3 . Gases, compression of, 8901 ; liquefaction discovered, 9402. Gasias, encaustic painting, 10243. Gaskel, Mrs. Elizabeth Clegliorn Steven- son, b., 9351 ; works, 9543, 9702 ; d., 9681 . Gasman, John, pres. reformed synod, 1383. Gasparin, Comte Adrien Etienne Pierre de, b., 7051 ; d., 7342. , Agenor Eti. de, b., 7191 ; d., 746 1 . Gasparis, A. de, dis. asteroids, 7301 , 10862. Gaspee burned, 761 ; 773. Gasport, N. Y., Are, 4593. Gass, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Joa- chim, b., 8102; d. (1889). Gassendl, Pierre, b., 6842 ; works, 6872, 6903; astronomer, 6882; d., 6902. Gasser, Valhorn Joseph, b., 5202; d., 5282. Gassion, Comte de, Jean, b., 6862; d., 6883. Gassiot, J. P., gift of, 9761 . Gastein, Aust., sovereigns meet, 8223. , treaty of, 5263; broken, 8233. Gaster, chief of police, fined, 4222. Gaston, B. F., killed, 4703. , William, b., 912; d., 1562. , L., b., 1282; gov. Mass., 2873; d., 4481. Gatchell, Joseph, arraigned, 482. Gate of Lions erected, 10142. Gates, Horatio, b., 602 ; commander, 823 ; at Ticonderoga, 842 ; at Bemis Heights ; inN. Y., 871 ,2; in South, 92 1 ; at Sander's Creek, 922; d., 1122. , Merrill Edwards, b. (1848) ; pres. of Amherst College, 3622, 3642, 3862. , Thomas, b., 582; gov. Va., 291 . College, Neligh, opened, 3123. Gateshead, explosion ; fire ; panic in thea- ter, 10073. Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne, minister, 9933. Gatling, Richard Jordan, b., 1262; inventB Gatlinggun, 2011. Gatschet, Albert Samuel, b., 1401 . Gatschina, palace undermined, 11212. Gatteaux, Jacques Edouard, b., 706 2 ; d., 7522. Gatterer, Johann C, b., 8002; d,, 8063. Gatti, Bernardino, d., 10811 . Gau, Franz C.,b., 8043; d.,820'. Gauchos, massacre, 4913. Gauden, John, b., 8781 ; d., 8902. Gaudens, Ger., resist Fr., 7162. , Augustus, of Nat. Academy of De- sign, 3501 . Gaudin, Marc Antoine, sapphires, 7342. Gauhati mission, 10471 . Gaul, settled, 6621 ; Romans defeated, 10561 ; Ger. invade, 6621 ; a Roman prov- ince, 10593 ; Trans. Alpine, divided, 6632; subdued by Rome, 1067 2 ; Ger. expelled, 7692 ; Christianity in, 6623 ; tribes mi- grate to, 7693 ; Brit, colony in, 8412 ; civilization in, 6623 ; ravaged, 663 2 ; Sara- cens defeated, 4S42 ; Moslems invade, 4853; museum est., 7521 . (See also text under France.) Gaul, Gilbert Spencer, b., 1781 ; in Nat. Academy, 3121 . Gauley, W. Va., property burned, 2131 . Gauls invade Gr.; detent Romans in Rome, 6621 ; dwellings, 6622 ; arts, 6623 ; dress, 6631 ; appearance, fiiie 2 ; leave Macedonia, 10261; at Olusiuin, 10501 ; in Central It.; atRome, 1050 2 ; build Milan ; burn Rome, 10513; aid Hannibal, 10541; revolt, 10593; in Asia, 11492. Gaultier, Leonhard, b., 7921 . Gaunt, Elizabeth, burned, 8971 . , John of, D. of Lancaster, b.-d., 8582. Gauntlett, Henry John, b., 9323> d. (1876). Gausbacher, Johann, b., 5163. Gauss, Karl F., b., 8042; Arithmetical Dis- quisitions, 8072; d., 8201. Gautier de Metz, writings of, 6723. , Judith, b., 7302. , Theophile, b., 7192; works, 7271 , 7291 , 7331 ; d., 746'. Gavazzi, Alessandro, b. (1809) ; lectures, Gaveston, Piers, minister, opposed ; vice- roy, 8572; executed, 8563, 8572. Gavitt, Maj., at Black River, Mo., 1982 ; at Ironton, 200' . Gawler, Mr., in duel, 9272. Gay, Claude, b., 7142; d., 7461 . , Ebenezer, b. (1696) ; Unitarian preacher, 582; d. (1787). , John, b., 8962; works, 9043, 908' ; d., 9082. , Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, b., 7043; d., 7322. , Mr., at Concepcion Bay, 291 . , Sydney Howard, b., 1231 ; d. (1888). Gayangos, Pascual de, b., 1130 3 . Gayarre, Chas. Etienne Arthur, b., 1122. , Julian, d., 11322. Gayle, John, b. (1792) ; gov. Ala., 1392; d., 1842. Gayler, Chas., b., 1282; work, 2011. Gayler, Sir John, escapes from Lions, 8822, Gaylor, Thomas F., cons, bp., 434' . Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, b., 7043 ; bal- loon ascensions, 7142; works, 7192, 7231 ; invents psychrometer, 726' ; d., 7302. Gaynor, W. J., in McKane case, 4422 • decision on betting, 4702. Gaza, Syria, battle, 6562 ; surrenders, 10242, 11501 ; mission, 11563. , Theodore, b.-d., 10343. Gazan, battle at, 6262. Gazetta del Popolo issued, 10883. Gazette de France issued, 701 3 . des Beaux Arts issued, 7343. Extraord maris /'osttijdinghen issued, 5411. Franeaise de Stockholm issued, 1135' . Litte'raire issued 703 3 . of Fashion founded, Am., 1762. Gazzoli, Abu H., b.-d., 11543. Gear, John Henry, b., 1322. Geary, John White, b., 12S1 ; gov. of Kan., 1811, 2 j 2593; at Lawrence; reports peace; resigns, 1812; proclamation, 1811 ; near Chariest. m, 216' ; d., 2802. , Thos. J., b., 1741. Geber, Abu Musa Jaffaral-Sofi, chemist, 4861 ; d., 4842. Ged, William, b., 8982 ; stereotypes, 9081 ; d., 9122. Gedaliah, gov. of Judea, 11472. Geddes, Alexander, b., 9083; d., 9303. •, John, b. (1773±) ; gov., 1272 ; d. (1828). Geddie, John, d., 4981 . Gcefs, Willem, b., 5423; d., 5461 . Geelong, settled, 495 2 . Geert, in Denmark, 6361 . Geertruidenberg, Neth., retaken, 10982. Geerts, Charles Henri, b., 5423; d. (1855). Geffrard, Fabre, b. (1806) ; pres. Haiti, 10403; d. (1879). Getion captured, 6401 . Gegenbaur, Karl, b., 8123. Geias-ud-din reigns, 1043 a . Geibel, Emmanuel, b., 8103; d., 8302. Geiger, Lazarus, b., 8142; d., 8262. , Ludwig, d., 8162. Geijer (Geyer), Erik Gustaf , b.-d., 11342 ; works, 11362. Geikie, Cunningham, b. (1826) ; works, 9983. , Walter, b., 9263; d. (1837). Geinitz, Johann Bruno, b., 810 2 . Geiqua Town, Afr., Moffat leaves, 5972. Geirstade reigns, 11043. Geisenhainer, F. W., patents hot-air blast mnf., 138L Geiser collides with Thingvalla, 8323. Geismayer, Michael, in Peasants' War, 788'. Geissen, Fr. and Swede armies unite, 796' . Geissler, Heinrich, b., 8102; d. (1879). Geiza I., enthroned, 503 2 . II., enthroned, 5043. Gekenkirchener, Prus., explosion, 8333. Gekmeh, sultan, 6553. Gela, Sicily, colonized, 10153; fnd., 10511 ; under Gelon, 10512. Gelusius, St., pope, 10703; d., 10702. II., pope, 10743 ; d., 10742. Gelcenkirchen, explosion, 8353, Gelderland, Neth., seized by Prus., 7992; ceded, 7993; submits, 10982, 10993. Gelehrtc Zeituntj issued, 801' . Gelehrtes Prenssetr issued, 8003. Gelimer, Vandal kine, defeated, 1030' . Gell, Frederick, elected bp., 9583. , Sir William, b., 9203 ; d., 9482. Gellert, Christian Furchtegott, b., 7983; works, 801'; d., 803' . Gelli, Giovanni Battista, b., 1079' ; d.(1563). Gellir, Thord, divides island, 10421 . Gelon, Gamori, at Himera, 10182 ; usurper, 10192; rules Gela, tyrant, 10512. Gemara published, 1071' . Gembloux, Agricultural Inst, est., 544'. Geminiani, Francesco, d., 10842. Genealogical Soc, org., London, 962' . General Armstrong, escapes, 120' ; in New York, 122' . Grant wrecked, 9693. Lyon burns, 2443, 2453. — — Parkhill captured, 1942. Amnesty Hill passes, 275'. Award Bill passes, 3111 , Bankrupt Law passed, 1532. , Congress revives grade, 2532. Deficiency Appropriation Bill, Cong., 3652, 3671 ,2, 3792, 4092, 4112, 4633, 4672. 1264 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Gene-Gerb. General Estates, first meeting, Ger., 8171 , Licensing Act, passed G. B., 945 1 9772, Magazine published, 651 . Theo. Sem. (Prut. Epis.), org. in Man- hattan, N. Y. (1817). University, Fr., est., 717 2 . Genesee, N.V., Normal school opd., 2763. Conf. Meth. Epis., fmd., 117' . Geneseric in N. Africa, 81 . Genesis and Exodus, poem, written, 8543. Genesius, Josephus, b.-d., 11542. Genesta defeated by Puritan, 3213, 9953. Genestet, Peter Anton de, b.-d., 11021 . Genet, Edmond Chas., b.,703 1 ; at Charles- ton, 1051 j at Phila. ; appeals to people ; presents papers ; recall asked, 1052 ■ d., 7262. Geneva County, Ala., tornado, 3561. , 111., explosion, 4312. , N.Y., Hobart Free College, fnd., 1331 ; Smith Observatory, 3321 . , Switz., annexed to Fr., 7133; witches burned; party quarrels; bank fnd. ,11373; Univ. of, fnd., 11381 ; revolt ; joins in Act of Mediation, 11382 ; Peace and Liberty Congress ; gift from ex-Duke of Bruns- wick; Alabama Cla,i ins Arbitration; Ar- bitration ami Peace Cong., 11383. Coll., Beaver Falls, Pa., org., 1643. Genevieve, Saint, b.-d., 6623. Genghis Khan, b.-d., 10423 ; j n N. China; in W.Asia, 4i ; rules Arabia, 4873; in Bokhara, 5491; at Peking; devastates country ; in Hea ; in Tibet, 6121 ; in In- dia, 10422; i n Persia, 11072; takes Sa- marcand, 11131; holds Tartary, 11151. Genius of America., statue executed, 1681. . Genlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Felicity, b.,7003; Adele vt Theodon , 7052 ; works, 7052,7151,7251; d., 7261 . Genoa, It. , free city, 10733 ; wars with Pisa; war with Venice, 1074' ; important, 10752; enriched, 10753 ; yields to Rome, 1057 2 ; commercial power; bank fnd., 10753; war with Venice, 10761; cathedral begun, 10771; Dogate est., 10773; disorders; for- eign powers rule ; freedom of, 10792 ; ruled by Fr., 10793; sacked, 10,801 ; liber- ated from Fr., 10813; bombarded, 10821 , 10841; war with Savoy, 10821; taken, 10S41 ; earthquake, 10S5~i ; revolution in, 6993; surrendered, 7Hi; trans, into Li- gurian Republic, 10852 ; incor. with Fr., 10853 ; Campo Santo est,, 108G3; seized; surrenders to Eng., 10861; annexed to Sardinia; made a duchy, 10871; insur- rection, 10373. , Duke of, at Mortara, 5222. Genoese, reject Columbus, 123 ; war with Gr., 10341; conquer Turks, 10821; in Crimea, 11151 ; defeated, 11261. Genoude, Antoine Eugene, b. , 7082; d., 7302. Genouihy, Adm. Rigault de, off Saigon; off Touron, 4801 , minister, 7373, 7392, a. Gensen Lieden Boec.eken appears, 10991. Genseric captures Carthage ; invades Af- rica ; takes Rome, 10701 ; est. Vandal kingdom, 10712; i n Sp.; in Africa, 11253; d., 7681. Gensonne, Armand, b., 7023 ; d., 70S2. Genssen, Poland, archbishopric fmd., 7742. Genthius, K. of lllyria, subdued, 10551. Gentleman' $ Journal issued, Eng,, 8983. Magazine, Am., appears, 1491 . Gentz, Fred, von, b. 8023 ; a., 8142. Genua. (See Genoa.) Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, b. (1113); at Varaville, 6681; marries Ma- tilda; receives Normandy, 6693; d. (1150). de Mariscis, viceroy, 8532. of Monmouth, b. (1100 t); Hist, of Brit- ish Kings, 8491 ; d., 8502. Geoffroi, de Villehardouin, ConquUe de Constantinople, 671 1 . Geotfroy, Julien Louis, b., 7003 ; d., 721 1 . , Saint Hilaire, Etienne, b., 7042; zool- ogist, 7142 ; work, 7231 ; d., 7283. Geographers' Congress, at Antwerp, 5441 ; at Paris, 7481 ; at Bordeaux, 7521 . Geographical Society, Royal, org., 9441 . Geography, discourses on, 6522 j first charts, 10163. , first published, 1023. Geological map of Eng., 9291 . Soc, org., Eng., 9342; inst.,9481. , Am., meets, 3481, 3731, 3991. Geologists' Congress, London, 9981 . George I., Eng., b.(1660); reigns, 9053; pur- chases library, 9043 ; escapes assassina- tion, 907i ; d., 9073 • statue, 9061 . George II., Eng., b., 8962; p r . of Wales, under arrest, 9072; enthroned, 9073; a t Dettingen, 7001, 9101 ; endows Univ. of Gottingen, 8011; marries, 9032; d.,9143, 9153. III., Eng., b. (1738) ; reigns ; marries, 9153 j K. of Corsica, 7112 ; peace with U. S., 952 ; est. Knights of St. Patrick, 9231 ; ratines treaty, 972; statue, 773, 9241 , 9343, 94S1 ; insane, 9253,9332, 9353; seizes neutral vessels, 1052; stoned, 927 2 ; assassins plot, 9311; drops title, K. of Fr., 9313 ; golden jubilee, 9352 ; library presented, 941 1 ; d., 9412. IV., Eng., b. (1702); reigns, 9412; K.of Hanover, S133 ; Pr. of "Wales; marries Mrs.Fitzherbert,92o2; marries Caroline, 9272; mobbed, 9272; in Ire.; in Scot., 9412,3 ; crowned, 9413 ; d.,9452; statue, 9461. V., K. of Hanover, b., 8122; reigns in Hanover, 8193; d., 8282. I., duke, founds Moscow, 11151 . , Duke of Argyll, P.-M. general, 9612. , Duke of Clarence, L. Lieut., S651 ; executed, S652. , Earl of Carlisle, L. Lieut., 9612. , Earl of Macclesfield, .President Royal Society, 9122. , Elector of Saxony, 7873. , king of Tonga Islands, 10052. , Marquis of Halifax, minister, 8992. of Cappadoeia, archbp., killed, 6453, 8403. , of Podiebrad, rules Bohemia, 5091 . , of Spires, search of, 203. , Pi-, of Den., marries, S972; Lord Ad- miralty, 9031 . , Prince of Greece, in Chicago, 3863. , Pr. of Wales, Order Black Eagle, 10031 ; titles conferred, 100S3. , son of Pr. of Wales, b., 9691 . - — , William, Duke of Prussia, 7952. , Frederick Charles, Duke of Cam- bridge, b., 9383. Canning wrecked, 9593. , David, est. Family of Love, 8711 . , Enoch, b., 741; cons, bp., 1243; d., 1362. Grisvold arrives in England, 2192. , Henry, b., 1502 ; nationalizing of land, 309*i; standard AU*; works, 303'; 4052. , James Zach., b., 1341 ; speech, 4391 . Little captured by Grauicus, 1223. , William S., b., 1322. Georgenholz, mission, 11242. Georges guillotined, 7152. Georgetown, Can., White Caps in, 5S6 3 . , D. C, settled, 692; Academy org., 1003; agricultural exhibition, 1173; Oak Hill Cemetery est., 1673. College [Univ.], D. C, est., 1043. , Ky., lynching; feud, 3903; College (Bapt ) org. (1829). , Mass., Forger Vining confesses, 4222. , Tex., Southwestern Univ. opd., 2*23. Georgia, Asia, annexed to Russia, 11073, 11173. , U. S. A., Sp. arrive, 223 ; gold mines, 433 ; Ger. Luth. settle, 622 ; Moravians, 623 ; colony org. ; liquor prohibited ; slavery forbidden, 631 ; granted by king, 632 ; Scotch Highlanders, 633 ; Sp. de- feated, 641 • rum necessary, 652 ; lands in fee simple, 053; charter surrendered ; financial failure ; Capt. John Reynolds, gov., 69 2 ,3; liquor licenses limited, 71 2 ; divided, 71 3 ; paper money issued ; J. Wright, gov., 732; land ceded to K.,793; joins Am. colonies, 81 3 ; A. Bullock, gov., 852 ; invaded, 883 ; Tories annihi- lated, 901 ; D'Estaing in, 90s ; Brit, suc- ceed in South, 911; royal govt, reest., 913 ; Indian wars, 961; univ. org., 983 ; Creeks defeated ; cedes lands to Fed- eral govt. ; ratifies constitution, 1011 ; Geo. Walton, gov., 1013 ; Ed. Telfair, gov., 1032; cotton-gin invented, 1041; Geo. Matthews, gov.,105 2 ; Jared Irwin, gov., 1073, 1151 ; James Jackson, gov., 1093; David Emanuel, gov.; Jos. Tatt- nall, gov., 1112 ; John Milledge, gov., 1113; David B. Mitchell, gov., 1172, 1252; Presb. Synod org., 1212 ; Peter Early, gov., 1213 ; Cherokees expelled, 1271; Matthew Talbot, gov., 1273 ; Prot. Epis. diocese est., 1303 ; <;,.,,, m. Troup, gov., 1313; treatv with Indians, 1332 ; Indian land controversy, 133 3 ; John Forsyth, gov., 1353; Geo. R. Gilmer, gov., 1373, 1492; missionaries opposed, 1383; Wilson Lumpkin, gov., 1392 ; local option law passed, 143 1 ; Wm. Schley, gov. ; Indian lands ceded, 1453; Emory Coll. est. ; set- tlers leave, 147 1 ; Universalists State convention organized, 14S3 j Chas. J. McDonald, gov., 1513 ; Southern Coll. org., 1571 ; Georgia road completed, 1573; Presbyterian synod, O. S., organized, 1583; Geo. W. Crawford, gov., 101 1 ; Geo. W. B. Towns, gov., 1032 ; Howell Cobb, gov., 1692 ; Jos. E. Brown, gov., 1S32 ; legislature arms the state, 1S8 3 ; Federal forts seized, 1901 ; senator withdraws ; secession conven.; state secedes, 1912 ; Justice Campbell resigns, joins Confed- eracy, 1952 ; Gen. Johnston commands Confederates, 22S3 ; militia called out, 2361 ; Stonenian's raid, 2303; Kilpatrick's raid, 2372 ; Wheeler's raid, 2381 ; Hood tears np R. R., 238 3 ; James Johnson appt. provisional gov., 2431 , ^483 ; proc- lamation for reconstruction, 2482 ; an- nuls secession ordinance ; passes 13th Amendment, 2491; adopts revised con- stitution ; war debt void ; ratifies 13th Amendment, 249 2 ; Chas. J. Jenkins, gov. ; James Johnson, gov., 251 1 ; Meth. Epis. conferences (North and South), fmd., 2522 ; Afr. Meth. Epis. conf. org., 256 2 ; Cong, rejects new constitution, 2572 ; Conservative Party fmd., 259 2 ; Constitutional conven. meets ; T. H. Ruger, gov., 2593; Meth. Epis. conf. fmd.; 2602 ; capital changed to Atlanta, 2611 ; new constitution ralified, 2612; readmit- ting bill, 2032; ratifies 14th Amendment, 2633; Rufus B. Bullock, gov. ,2652; Gen. Terry's military dist., *J07i ; negroes eligi- ble to office, 2672 ; Cong, declares exclu- sion of freedmen from legislature illegal, 2692 ; negroes enter legislature, 2693 ; reconstruction comp 1 eted ; refuses to ratify 15th Amendment, 2692; later rati- fies it, 2693 j negroes excluded from of- fice, 2692; public school system est., 2703; act for readmission, 2712; Cong. disapproves constitution, 277 2 ; James Milton Smith, gov., 281 1 ; Alf . H. Col- quitt, gov., 2973; G. Congregational Asso. fmd., 3002; Macon and Brunswick R. R. sold, 3033 ; tornadoes, 3121 ; Alex. H. Stephens, gov., 3132; Henry D.M'Daniel, gov., 3152; local option law passed, 3211 ; John B. Gordon, gov., 325 2 ; prohibition defeated, 329 1 ; Technological school opd., 3303; thst friendly union of veter- ans, 3421 ; Northern Soc. org., 356 3 ; race war at Star's mill, 3023; National Park est., 3673 ; negroes lynched, 3782 ; gen. conven. Congregatioiuilists, find., 3722 • partial prohibition, 3.S92 ; Confed. pen- sions, 3911; Confed Veterans' Home de- clined, 3912 ; mechanical cotton-picker, 3921 ; Wm. J. Northen gov., 4212; White Caps, 4263, 4423, 457 ' ; cyclone, 4301 ,4401 ; yellow-fever, 436 2 ; Alex. Stephens' mon- ument, 3401 ; state militia bills, 4511 ; C. F. Crisp, senator, declined ; Patrick Walsh, senator, 455 z ; mob cruelty, 4623; race war, 479 1 . Georgia destroys commerce, 2202 ; cap- tured, 2372. Georgians captures Essex, l^ 2 - , wrecked, 5933. Gephhe, incorporated with Lombards, 10713. Gerando, Joseph Marie de, b., 7042 ; d., 7282. Gerard, Balthazar, kills William of Orange, 5411; d. (1584). , Baron, title created, 9751 . , Conrad Alexandre, ambassador, 893; d. (1790). , Earl of Kildare, lord justice, 8613 ; deputy, 8672, 3. , Etienne Maurice, b., 7043 ; at An- twerp, 7261 ; minister, 7273; d., 7321 . , Francois Pascal Simon, Baron, b., 7042 ; Entry of Henri /T.,672i ; d., 7263. , Jeanlguaee Isidore, b., 7143; d., 7301. , Jules, b., 7222 ; d., 7362. , Marc-Antoine de, Mois-Sauvt', 6892. , Nerval (Gerard Labrunie), b. (1808) ; works, 7353 ; d. (1855). Gerbert. (Sen Pope Sylvester II.) , AbbC, makes wheel-clocks, 666L Gird-Gild. Text Figures denote Page. 1JN J-)li.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1265 Gerda, asteroid, discovered, 278* . Gergard, Edward, b., 8063 ; d., 8243. Gerhardt, Chas. Fred.,b„ 7222 ; d.,7322. , Paul, b., 7923; Hymns, 7971 ; d.,7963. Gericault, Jeau Louis Theodore Andre, b., 7062 ; d., 7242. Gerizira, Palestine, temple at, 1146 3 . Gerlache, Etienne Constantine, b., 5422. Germain, St., b.-d., 0623; in Wales ; founds schools, 8403. Germaine, George. Viscount Sackville, b., 9062; trial, 9142; se e. state, 9212; d. (1785). German-American Union, purification plans, 4443. Baptists. (See Baptists.) Book, first, appears, 7723. Catholic armies, 5121 . Catholics, secede, 1623; society org. against Bennett Law, 3582; against com- pulsory education law, 3602; Cong, meets, 3661, 3652, 3922 ; parade, 3922 ; pilgrims at Rome, 8361 ; Central Soc. Conven., 4142 ; Cent. Verein session, 4701 ; school resolutions, 4721 ; societies in conference at Danzig, 8342. Christian Society organized, 8003. College est. at Mt. Pleasant, 2822. East Africa. (See text, p. 838.) ■ Company, agent recalled, 5631 ; lease of coast, S381 . English College, founded, 111., 2622. Flats, N. Y., attacked, 702. Foreign Miss. Society, org., 1463, language, in Russia, 11212. Lutherans arrive, N. Y., 363 ; lose church, 443; in Ga., 622; attack educa- tion law, 360 2 . (See Lutherans.) Mannerchor, organized, 2501 . National Federal Association meets; government formed, 8213. Ocean, naval battle, 9202. philologists, congress of, 8291 . Reformed Church, Am., pioneer min- ister, 603; coll. at Mercersburg.Pa., 1463 ; Miss. Board org., 1483; Theol. school at Carlisle, 1323 ; Franklin ami Marshall Coll., 1463, 1731 ; Heidelberg Univ., 1683; gen. synod org., 229 1 ; " German" erased, 268 2 ; union proposed, 3601 ; temperance movement, 3271. Southwest Africa. (See text, p. 838.) Co., negotiates sale, 1001 3 . Union of Natural Phil, fnd., 8132. unity, facilitated, 8272. Wallace College, O., org., 2352. Germania (Ger.) wrecked off N. J., 3492. , Arctic expedition sails, 8261 , 8301 . , mail-steamer, wrecked, 9773. Germania, Inferior, Rom. province, 1063 2 . , Superior, a Roman province, 19633. Germanic Confederation, or union, fmd., 5233,8053 ; supersedes Rhine Confedera- tion; first Diet of, XI [3; extension of, 8192; decree executed, 5262 ; falls, 5271; anni- versary, 8222 ; dissolved, 8233. Germanicus, Cassar, in Ger., 10632 ; re- called ; revenges Teutoburg disaster, 10621 ; in Armenia, 11501 ; poisoned, 10631 . Germantown, Pa., Mennonites at, 48 2 ; settled, 493 ; first paper-mill, 50 2 ; Ger. paper issued, 631 ; Washington at, 863 ; Ger. Bible, 652 ; battle, 872 ; Brit, en- camp, at, 872; Nugent's Home fnd., 3332. Railroad, Pa., opened, 1413. Germany. (See text, pp. 768-837.)? Chatti war, 10641 ; Franks repulsed, 10661 ; Ale- manni defeated, 10681 ; frontier restored, 5151 ; Fr. driven out, 5181 ; mercenaries against Americans, 803 ; treaty with Madagascar, 10953 ; treaty with Italy, 10902 ; treaty with Korea, 10943 ; Afr. possessions sold, S38 3 . Gerrnon, Effie, b., 1581 . Gero, Margrave, com'der, 7722 ; d., (965). Gerobeea, mission, 6571 . Geroldseck, Bishop, defeated, 7801. Gerome, Jean Leon, b., 7242. Geromino, Mexican, killed, 3852. Gerona, Spain, capitulates, 6721 . Gerry, Elbridge, b., 662; gov. Mass., 1173; electoral vote, 1212; vice-president, 1213; d., 1231. Gerscheim, Prussian victory, 8243. Gerson, John Gharlier de, b.-d., 6742. Gerstacker, Friedricb, b., 1242 ; works, 8163,8202 ; d. (1872). Gerstenberg, Hemrich Wilhelm, b. (1737) ; works, 8031 ; d. (1823). Gerstenwieg, Gen., killed, 11191 . Geruzey, Eugene, b., 7142 ; Literary His- tory, ,7323; d.,7362. Gervais, Adm., entertained by Q., 10071. , Paul, b., 7222 ; d., 7521 . Gervinus, invents circular saw, 8041 . , Georg Gottfried, b.,8082; dismissed from university, 8152 ; works, 8152, 8182; treason, 8183 ; d.,8262. Gesalric, reigns, 11253. Gesenius, Frtedrieh II cinrich Wilhelm, b., 8043 ; d., 8162. Gesner, Johann Matthias, b., 7982; d., 8023. , Konrad von, b. (1516) ; History of An- imals, 11371; d. (1565). Gessi, Lieut. Romolo, b. (1831) ; in the Soudan, 6581 ; d. (1881). Gessius Florus, procurator, 11533. Gessler, Swiss tyrant, shot, 7831 . Gessner, M., suicide, 4642. , Salomon, b. (1730) ; paints Death of Abel, 11371; d. (1788). Gester invents air-gun, 7842. Geta, Publius Septimius, b.-d., 10642 ; murdered, 1065 3 . Getse, subdued, 10241 ; ravage Gr., 10301 . Getty, George Washington, b., 1281 ; N. of Rapidan. 232 1 ; on military board, 3221 . Gettysburg, Pa., Coll. fnd., 1403; battleof, 2241; Lincoln'8 announcement, 2253; Nat. Cemetery cons., 2282, 2293; monu- ments dedicated, 3741, 3981,4081, 4201, 4321,4331,4461. , Trolley road motion, 4612. Geurrazzi, Francesco D., works, 10871. Gewissas in Gwent, 8401 . Geyer, Florian, leader, killed, 7881 . Ohazni, Afg., est., 4871 ; a fine city, 53; Mohammed Jan, seizes, 61 ; enriched, 4871 ; decline; falls, 4872; captured, 10421 . Ghazni, house of, reigns, 10432. Ghaznivides, taken, 10421 . Ghbzee-ud-deen, king of Oudh, 1047 2 . Ghent, Belg., besieged, 672i ; rebels, 5401 ; pacification of, 5412 ; Gazette van Ghent, issued, 5411; Leopold II. visits, 5451; taken, 540 1 . 542'; peace signed, 1223; treaty of, 5773 ; uniy. fnd., 5423 ; Jlessayer des Sciences historiqiies, 5443 ; socialism in, 5451,5481. Gherardi, Bancroft, rear-adm. (U. S. N.), 3261 ; commands N. Atlantic squadron, 3341 ; flag-ship, 3941 ; squadron sails, 4261 ; retired, 4741 . Ghibellines, war against Guelfs,776i ; con- tention for crown, 7773. Ghiberti, Lorenzo, b.-d., 10762. Ghika, Gregoria, pr. of Moldavia, 11123. Ghilka, N., killed, 7483. Ghilzais help Ayoob ; attack Stewart, 61 ; defeat Ameers ; defeated; victors, 6 2 . Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlak leads revolt, 10432. Gholab Singh d., 10483. Gholam Hussein Khan, gov., 63 ; at Kot tadab, 62 ; d., 10483. Hyder, commander ; reenforced, 6 2 ; gov., 71 . Gliur, Afghanistan,. subdued, 10421. ( Ihurkhas, war with, 10461 . Giambelli. or Cianil>idli.I r e(lerigo,b., 10803. Giannoue, Pietro, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. Giants, Battle of the, 6801 . Gibbes, Robert, governors. C, 573. , Wilson, b., 1161 ; d. (1866). Gibbets cut down, Eng., 9171 ; as land- marks, 8933. Gibbon, Edward, b., 9083 ; Decline and Fall of Roman Empire, 9211 ; d., 9263. , John, b., 1341 ; near Mattaponv River, 2103 ; north of Rapidan, 2321 . Gibbons, Gringling, b., S861-; d., 9062. , James, b., 1422 ; cons, archbp., 2622 ; a cardinal, 3223 ; circular letter, 3382 ; investigation, 3461 ; favors high license, 3463; suit against Kingrose, 3702 ; cons, church, 3742 ; against women in politics, 3782; ordains colored priest, 8961 ; Colum- bus proclamation, 4141 ; in Parliament of Religions, 438 1 . Gibbons, Orlando, b., 8742 ; music, 8701 ; d. (1685). , Sills John, lord mayor London, 975 3 . Gibbs, Alfred, d., 2641 . , Isaac L., governor Idaho, 2593. , James, b„ 8923 ; d. (1754). , Josiah Willard, b., 1022 ; d., 1922. , Michael, lord mayor London, 9492. , Montgomery, murdered, 4731 . Gibbs, Oliver Wolcott, b., 1302. , Sir Samuel, k. at New Orleans, 1223. , William C, governor R. I., 1293. Gibeonites deceive Joshua, 11413. Gib-lam, destroyed, 4S02. Long, dethroned ; d.,4811. Gibney, Matthew, cons. R. C. bp., 9962. Gibraltar, Saracens capture (712); taken from Jews ; taken by Moors ; Moors lose, 11201 ; Sp. fleet ruined, 11001 ; Brit. take, 6961; Sp. attacks, 9001; besieged, 7041,9221; Brit, defeat Sp. and Fr. fleets, 7041 ; yellow fever, 11311 ; bishopric est., 9483; Bishop Sanford consecrated, 9742. Gibson, Ga.. Morn 1011 elder assaulted, 3611 . , N. B., fire, 5953. , A. G. S., cons, bishop, 10121 . , Alex., nom. for gov. R. I., 4011 . , Charles B., d., 2471 . , H., b., 1542. , Edmund, b., 8982 ; d. (1748). , Edward, Baron Ashbourne, b. (1837) ; minister 9933, 9953 ; i, or d Ashbourne's Act passes, 9951 . , Geo J., arrested, 3781. , Henry, lynched, 4723, , John, b. (1740) ; gov., 1192 ; d. (1822). , , b., 9243 ; w'ork, 9002 ; d., 9701 . — -, M. M., moderator, 3282. , Otis, fds. Chinese missions, 2642. , Randall Lee, b., 1401; near Orange Court House, 2102 ; d., 4181 . , Thomas Milner, b., 9331 ; censure mo- tion, 9632 ; minister, 9033,9692 ; d.(1884). , William Hamilton, b., 16S1. , H., agent, murdered, 2751 . Giddings, Joshua Reed, b., 1061 ; anti- slavery resolutions, 1552 ; d., 2351 . , Marsh, gov. N. Mex., 2772. Gidel, Charles Antoine, b., 7343. Gideon, defeats Midianitcs, 11421; over- throws altar, 11422 ; judges Israel ; de- livers Israel, 11431 . Girls issued, 11022. Gieseler, Johann Karl Ludwig, b., 80G 2 ; d., 8201. Giessen, University of; chartered, 793i ; transferred; removed, 7951 , 7971 . Giffard, steam-injector, 9622. , Sir Geo. M., Lord justice, 9733. , Sir Hardinge, minister, 9933, 9953. Gilford, Baron, title created, 9412. , Robert Swain, b., 1522 ; member Academy Arts, 3001 . , Sanford Robinson, b., 1302 ; subjects, 1811,2681,2801,3001,3061; d.,3041. , William, b., 9143; works, 927 1;d., 9422. Glgault, Eniile de la Bedolliere, d., 7541 . Giger, Geo. Musgrave, b. (1822) ; d., 2481 . Gignoux, Franvois Regis, b., 7222 : d.,7522. Gigoux, Jean Francois, b., 7191 ; d., 7661 . Gigur, conquers Iceland, 10422. Gil Vicente, b.-d., 11092. Gilbert Islands, Brit, protectorate, 10092 ; gospel received, 10403. , Davies, b. (1767) ; pres. Royal Soc, 9422 ; d. (1839). de Clare, in Barons' war, 853 3 . de la Porree, b.-d., 6682. , George, miser d., 3682. , Mrs. George II., b., 9402. , Sir Humphrey, b., 8682 ; work, 8751 ; voyage, 243, 252 ; in N. F., 243, 5712 ; charter, 571 2 ; expedition of colonists, 252 ; shipwrecked, 253 ; d., 8742. , Sir John, b., 9382. , John Gibbs, b. (1810) ; d., 3402. , Joseph Henry, b., 9382. , Josiah, b., 9363. ,MahlonNorris,b.(1848);cons.bp.,3242. , Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna Lola Montez, b. (1818) ; in N.Y., 1681 ; d. (1861). , Motier, d.,7262. , Nicolas Joseph L., b., 7011; work, 7052 ; d., 7051 . , Raleigh, colony in Me., 272. , Rufus Henry, I). (1832) ; d., 3202. , William, b.,8GS2 ; earth's magnetism, 8741 ; electricity, 8702 ; d. (1603). , Schwenck, b., 9482 ; composes Mountebanks; 4161 ; Pinafore, 9841 ; pa- tience, 988 1 ; lolnntlic, 9901 . Gilberton, Pa., R.R. light, 4362. Gilboa, Mt., Saul defeated, 11421 . Gildas, De E.vci liritannice, 8403. Gilder, Richard Watson, b., 1562 ; works, 2903, 3003,4442. , William H., b., 1183. 1266 Text Bigures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Gild-Glov. Gilder, Wm Henry, b., 148 2 ; Pclar expedi- tion starts, 324' ; returns, 326' ; d., 2312. Gildersleeve, Basil Launeau, b., 1382. Giles, Chauncey, b., 121'. , Henry, b., 116' ; d., 3102. , William, Branch, b., 733; gov. Va., 1533 ; d., 1381 . Gilnllan, James, b. (1829) ; d., 478' . Gilhoolv, Nationalist, arrested, 1)983,1001'. Gilkesoh, Benj. L., in treas. dept., 3512. Gill, John, b., 9002 ; d., 9183. , Juan Bautista, pres., 11063. , Moses, gov. Mass., 1093. , Theodore Nicholas, b., 1482. , Thoinas P., arrives in Am., 3703. , William, d., 9822. , W. J., guilty of bribery, 4182. Gillain, Zaeharia, builds fort, 5732. Gillem, Gen. Alvan Cullem, b. (1830); at Greenville, 238' ; at Carroll Station, 2382. at Morristowii, 239' ; at Bull's Gap, 240' ; inMiss., 2.381 ; 4th Military District, 262' ; removed, 266' ; d. (1875). Gilles, Pierre, b.-d., 6783. Gillespie, Geo. de Normandie, b. (1819) ; eons. P. E. bp., 2863. , Thos..b. (17(1X1 ; deposed,913i;d.(1774). , Win. .Mitchell, b. (1816); d., 260'. Gillet, Charles W., b., 152'. Gillett, Fred. H., b., 16S2. Gillette, Wyo., raid, 419'. Gilliams, Jacob, b. (1784) ; d., 260' . Gilling, monastery erected, 8423. Gillis, Charles H., commodore, 326' . , Duncan, forms ministry, 4993. , James Melville, b., 1162 ; d., 2423. , John Pritchet, b. (1803) ; d., 2S22. Gillmore, Quincy Adams, b., 1322 ; at Ft. Pulaski, 206' ; near Somerset, 2202; com- mands Dept. South, 2222 ; at Morris Island, 2242 ; besieges Ft. Sumter, 225' , 226' ; takes Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg, 2262 ; d., 330' . Gillooly, Lawrence, cons, bp., 9583. Gilman, murdered, 333 2 . , Arthur, b., 1482 , d. (1882). , C, defaulter, 3823. , Daniel Coit, b., 1382 ; Pres. Johns Hopkins University, 291'. -, John Taylor, b.,' 722 ; gov. N.H. 1053, 1213 ; d. (1828). , Nicholas, b. (1814) ; d. 123' . , N. Paine, works, 3503, 3982. , Samuel, b. (1791) ; d., 184' . Gilmer, George Rockingham, b. (1790) gov. Ga., 1373, 1492 ; d. (1859). , Thomas Walker, gov., 153' ; k., 156' . Gilmor, Harry, b., 14S 2 ; at Mooretield, 242' ; d. (1883). Gilmore, James Roberts, b., 130 2 . , Joseph Albree, b. (1S11); gov. N. H., i2293 ; d., 256' . , Patrick Sarsiiehl, b. (1S29) ; at Peace Jubilee, 266 1 , 278' ; d., 4161 . Gilmour, Richard, b. (1824); eons, bp.,2762 ; suspends Dr. Quigley,3423 ; in Cleveland, 3461; d., 3801. Gilpin, archdeacon, dean, 5862. , Henry D., b. (1S01) ; Atty-Gen., 1531 ; d. (18G0). Gilroy, Thoinas F., mayor of N. Y., 4212. Gil y Zarate, Antonio, b.-d., 11302. Gindely, Anton, b., 5202 ; d. (1892). Ginghilovo, battle at, 6001 . Ginguene, Pierre Louis, b., 7053 ; d., 7222. Ginji, India, taken, 10441,2. Ginkel, Godard van, b.-d., 11003. Gin-law enacted, Eng., 9092. Gioberti, Vincenzo, b., 10843 ; work, 10S71 ; d., 10863. Gloja, Melchoir, b. (1767); d., 10862. Giollitti.Siguor, premier; on bank scandal, 10902. Giordani, Pietro, b., 10842 ; d., 10863. Giordano, Luca, b., 10823 ; paints Hercu- les, 10822 ; d„ 10831 . Giorgione, Giorgia Barbarelli, b., 10783 ; d., 10802. Giornale d>r/li Eruditi, issued, 10902. slorio dt/la L< tttratura, 1O90 2 . Giotto, or Giotto di Bondone, b.-d., 10762. Giovio, Paolo, b., 10783 ; d., 10803. Gipps, Sir George, gov., 4953. , William, murderer, 4743. Gippsland, mission, 4963. Gipsies, in Fr.,677i ; prohibited, Eng., 8692. Gipsy moth, in Mass., 3553. Giraldus Cambrensis, b.-d., 8502. Girard, Charles, b., 1302. Girard, Gabriel, b., 6923 ; d., 7003. , Philippe H.. spinning-iiiachine, 5202. , Stephen, fud., b.,662; Coll. endowed, 1632 ; d., 1382. College opened, 1632. Girardin, Madame de Delphine Gay, b., 7151 ; works, 7251 , 7271 ; d. 7322. , Emllede, b.,7163; libel, 7371; d. (1881). Girardon, Francois, b., 6SG3 ; d., 6971 . Giraud, Charles, d., 7621 . , Jos. Bartlielemi, b.,7143; d., 7522. Girls' Friendly Society, find, in Am., 2983 ; in Eng., 983'. Girodet-Trioson, Anne L.,b., 7031 ; d.,7242. Giron, Francisco Hernandez, b. (1505) ; at Chuquingua ; at Pucara ; at Lima, 22 1 ; leader, 232 ; executed, 221 , 232 ; d. (1554). Girondists, conspicuous, 7083 ; [ n power, 709' ; fall of, 7093 ; beheaded, 7111 . Girton College, Eng., opd., 9783. Glsborne, Fred. New ton, b., (1824); d.,594'. Gisela, princess, b., 5242. Giskra, Karl, b. (1S70) ; d., 5302. Gisors, Fr., Battle of, 8501 . Gist, Christopher, in Q.,673. , Wm. H., gov. S. C, 1S52. Gitschin, Bohemia, battle at, 8241. Giudiei, Paolo Emiliani.b., 10851 ; d.,10SS2. Giuliani, Gianbattista. 1... 10X62; d., 10901 . Giulio, Romano, b., 10783 ; paints Jlohi Family, 10801 ; d., 10803. Giusti, Giuseppe, b., 10S51; work, 10871; d., 10S63. Gi List iniani, Agostino Pantaleone,b. (1470) ; polyglot psalter, 10813 ; d. (1536). Gizeh, Egy., Aahnies mummy in, 6491. Gjellerup, Karl Adolf, b., 6403. Giabrio, Manias Acilius, in Epirus, 1055' . Glaciers, discovered by Mark Kerr ; by Prof. Russell, 368'; field discovered in Ida., 4122 ; period ; discourse, 8141 . Gladden, Washington, b., 1462 ; Plain Thoughts, 2643. Glade Springs, Southwest Va. Inst, fnd., 3143. Gladiators, first show, 10531; at funerals, 10532; combats suppressed, 10691,10713. Gladsden, Chris. Edwards, cons, bp., 1503. Gladstone, Sir Thoinas, d., 10001 . , William Ewart, b., 9343 ; in Pari., 9472; minister, 9512, 9533, 9591, 9593,9633,9691; resigns, 9611 ; works, 9623,9723, 9762, 9791,9811, 9843, 10083; Reform bill, 9692 ; purl. Representation Bill, 9712 ; prime minister ; ministry, 9731 ; Liberal leader ; resigns, 9773, 9792; Berlin Treaty, 9832 ; premier, 9852 ; to affirm oaths, 9853 ; procedure rules, 9891 ; intro. New Reform Bill, 9932 ; ministry, resigns, 9933, 9952 ; Home Rule Bill ; IrishPolicy disapproved; ministry, 9952; restores ancient cross, Edinburgh, 9953 ; motion rejected, 9973 ; G. Library opd., 9983 ; Home Rule speech ; golden wed- ding, 10011; favors disest. Scotch Ch., 10022 ; birthday eel., 10023 ; motion on address, 10032 ; against Parnell, 10053 ; lecture at Oxford Univ., IOO82 ; adminis- tration; electoral majority, 1009 2 ; life endangered, 10103 ; Home Rule Bill in- tro., 10111; resigns, 10112 ; declines to visit U. S. A., 4673 ; statue, 4321 . , William Henry, d., 10061 . Glaire, Jean Baptists, b., 713'; d., 752'. Glaisher, James, b., 9402. Glaneur Misx'tonuairt: issued, 5443. Glanvill, Joseph, b., 8822 ; d., 8942. , Ranulf de, d., 8502. Glarus, Switz., Are, 11383. Glas, John, b., 9002 ; fnds.Glassites,9083; d., 9183. Glasyow, attacks Com. Hopkins squadron, 822' ; captured, 842. , Scot., see erected, 8403, 8642, 9083 ; inundated, 842' ; Cathedral begun, 8503; a borough, 8512; Univ. fnd., 8623 ; char- tered, 8633, .8751 ; library fnd., 8642 ; Fac- ultyofPhysici:ms and Surgeons, 8762; bp. cons., 878 3 ; independence, X793 ; royal burgh, SS33; fire, 8893; G. Courant, 9043; calico printing, 9102 ; plundered, 9112 ; mathematical instruments 9142 ; thea. ter opd., 917i ; G. Herald, 923i ; Cham- ber of Commerce fnd., 9233; Walter Stir- ling's library, fnd., 9251 ; intro. of spin- ning machinery, 9262; Anderson's Univ- fnd., 9271 ; Trades' Hall built, 9273 ; G. Philosophical Soc. fnd., 9302; theater burned, 9453 ; last lottery drawn ; strike, 947i ; Maitland Club fud., 9491 ; Father Mathew visits, 951 1 ; telegraph in, 9513: statue of Wellington, 9521; Bible in raised characters ; North British l)aily Mail, 9543; fire-alarm panic, 9553; Loch Katrine water-works opd., 963 3 ; statue of Pr. Albert, 96S1 ; Industrial Exposi- tion opd. ,9693; buildingsest.,9722; Tech- nical Coll. est., 9743; Albert Bridge begun, Nelson launched, 9801 ; Campbell statue; New Stock Exchange opened ; Burns statue, 9821; colliery explosion, 9833, 9973 ; freedom to Gen. Grant ; new Queen's Dock opd., 9833 ; J. Hannay makes diamonds, 9S4i ; Theater Royal burned, 985 3 ; improvements, 9931 ; panic in theater, 9933 ; new municipal build- ings opd., 9981 ; Bp. Harrison cons., 9983; Inter. Exhibition opd., 9993 ; strike, 10003 ; factory wall falls, 10013 ; dock laborers strike, 10031 ; R. R. meu strike, 10052 ; b. R. accident, 10053 ; cholera panic, 10093. Glasgow, Mo., Lewis Coll. opd., 2543 ; Morrison observatory fnd., 2861. , E. of, title created, 903' . Glass, Commander Henry, promoted capt., 4481. used by Chinese, 6462 ; used in Eng., 3502; manufactured in Eng., 8721 ; elec- trical machine invented, 9161 ; windows, 10622, 8421; first factory in Am., 931; generating electricity, 8941 ; harmonia inv.,8041 ; lenses arranged, 8741 ; puiuting on, in Ger., 7742 ; plate-g., made, 8922. Glassblowers conven. ; leave Knights of Labor, 3882. , U. S., Company founded, 3893. cutters, in Ger., 7762. Glassites fnded., 9083. ' Glastonbury Abbey built ; rebuilt, 8423 ; destroyed, 854 1. Glatz, Prus., ceded, 515 2 ; taken, 8021. Glauber, Johann R., b., 7923; d., 7963. Glaucia, C. Servilius, leader. 10573. Glaueus, b., 10162; w-elds iron, 10142. Glaudi, Bernard, convicted, 3831. Glavalicero, insurrection, 5301 . Gleason, Patrick, mayor, sentenced, 3703. Gleditseh, Johann G.,'b., 7983; d., 8043. Glcir/tiuit suppressed, 5322. Gleig, George, b., 9123 ■ d. (1839). , Robert, b., 9283; d., 9982. Gleim, Johann Wilhelni I.udwig, b. (1719) ; works, 80H , S031 , 8051 ; d. (1803). Glencoe, massacre of, 9003. Glencoe explodes, 171 a . Glen Cove, N. Y., P. O. robbery, 4663. Echo, Nat. Chautauqua opens, 3849. , James, gov. S. C, 653. Glendale -Mills burned, Mass., 3953. , Va., battle of, 2092. Glendalough, see of, erected, 8422. Glendower, Owen, b. d.,8582; rebellion of, 8001 , 8613; treaty with Fr., 8613. Glenn, Wm., miss, to Persia, 11071 . Glens Falls Paper Co., stock, 4332 ; Whlt- temore outrage, 471 1 . Glenthorn, mission, 598 2 . Glenville, W. Va., Normal Sc. opd., 2823. Gleyre, Gabriel, Illusions Lost, 7281 . Gli< hezari, Heinrich der, poem, 7783. Glick, Geo. W., gov. Kan., 3152. Gliddon, Geo. Robbins, b., 1161; d., 180>. Glinka, Feodor, b., 11162 ; d., 11201. Glisson, Francis, b., 8762; d. (1677), 8942. , Oliver S., b., 1161 ; d., 3721 . Globe Tavern, Va., action at, 2372. Glogau, Silesia, captured, 5141 , 8001. Gloiieux, A. J., cons. R. C. bp., 3202. Gloriosa Island, Fr. possess, 7633. Gloucester, Eng., Romans in, 8391 ; Abbey fnd., 8423 ; Abbey burned, 8473 • pari. meets, 8611; see erected, 8683; besieged, 8841 ; -wall demolished, 8901 ; Cathedral musicrendered,9Ui;i ; li 1st Sunday school, 9223. and Berkeley canal, Eng., 9421. ■ , D. of, d., 9013. (See Humphrey and Woodstock, Thomas.) , Earl of. (See Robert.) , Mass., first Univ. Ch., 932; fishing schooners lost, 3213 ; anniversary, 415 2 . Glover, John, at Mount Zion, Mo., 2021 . , , brig.-gen., b. (1732) ; commis- sioned, 861 ; d. (1797). , Sir John Hawley, b. (1829) ; gov. N. F., 11032; d.,5841. , Richard, b., 9042; d., 9223. Glov-Goor. Text Figures denote Page. INDrL«X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1267 Gloversville, N. Y., strike, 3231 . Gluck, Johann Christoph von, b., 7983 ; Orfeo ed Euridicc, 517 ' ; Iphit/e/iie en Tan- ride, 7052, inv. harmonica, 1)102; d.,8043. Gluoksburg, House of (Den.), reigns, 6412. Glundubh, king Niall, defeated, 8442. Glycerine discovered, 11342. Glycerius reigns, 10712. Glyn, Geo. Grenfell, Baron Wolverton, postmaster-gen., 9951; Postman's Best, 9963; d.,9962. , Miss.d., 10001. Glvnne, Sir John, chief justice, 8892. Gmelin, Johann (1., b., 798=; d.,8023. , Samuel G., b., 8003; d., 804i. Gnadendal, mission, 597 1 . Gnatohg, Asia, attacked, 9981. Gnauth, Gustav A., b., 8143. Gneisenau, Ct. August Xeithardt, von,b., 8023; d., 8142. Gneist, Rudolph, b., 8121 . Gnupsson, Erie, bishop, 111, 10381; seekB Vinland, 122. Goa, India, conquered, 10433. Goats, Angora, Alpaca, raising, fails, 2601 . Gobat, Samuel, b. (1799) ; missionary in Abyssinia, 12 ; d. (1879). Gobazye, Abyssinia, defeated, 21 . Gobelin, Jean, tapestry, (SHU ; d. (1476). Gohcrta, asteroid, discovered, 7601. Gobi, China, exploring expedition, 11201 . Goblet, Bene, minister, 7532, 7552,3, 7571 . God bless the Kiiuj, vocalized, 8781 . Go-Daigo, reigns, 10912. God Sore the kin;/, composed, 8783. Goddard, Bouverie, d., 9941 . Godebert, king of Italy, 10731. Godefroi, Denis, b., 6822; d., 6863. Godefroy, Frederic, b., 7242. Goderich, Viscount. (Sec Robinson.) Godey, Louis Antoiue, b. (1804) ; d., 2982. Godfrey, the Bearded, marries, 1075 3 ; in war of succession, 7742. de Bouillon, b.-d., 1st crusade, 6683 ; K. of Jerusalem, 0i)!j2. 11552; est. Assize of Jerusalem, 1155 1 . — — , Sir Edmundbury, murdered, 8943. , Thomas, b., 0112'; reflecting quadrant, 631 ; Prince •>/ Pnrthia, 741 ; d., 662. Godjani, Abyssinia, rebels, 3 2 Godkin, Edwin Laurence,!}.. 1382; arrested, 3562 ; libel suit, 4023. Godman, John D., b. (1794) ; d., 1381 . Godollo, Hung., battle at, 5222. Godolphin, Earl of, b.,8822; council, 8952; minister, 8992 ; ministry, 9032. Godongwana, celibate army, 5971 . Godoonof, Boris, b.-d., 11142. Godthaab, mission station, 10381 . Godwin, E. of Wessex, 8472; rebels, exiled, returns ; d., 83G2. , George, d., 9962. , Gen., Sir Henry Thomas, b. (1784); in Burmese war, 10462; d. (1853). , Mrs., Marv Wollstonecraft, b., 9143 ; works, 9263; d., 9283. , Parke, b., 1242; works, 1703, 20H . .William, b., 9143; works, 9271,9423; d., 9462. Godyn, Samuel, Indian purchase, 331 . Goe, Field Flowers, cons, bp., 9962. Goeben, Gen. von, at b. of Forbach, 738 1 ; nearBapaume, 7431 ; at St.Quentin, 7441 . Goederwacht, mission, 6023. Goes, Hugo van der, b.-d., 5392. , — , Johaun Antonides van der, b.-d., 11003; Ijstroom, 11012. , Pedro de, captaincy, 5532. Goesbriand, Louis De, cons. R.C. bp., 1723; golden jubilee eel., 3642. Goethals, Hendrik, b.-d., 5392. , Paul, cons, archbp., 9822. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, b., 8003 ; works, 8041 , 8051 , 8071 , 8091 , 8111 1 8132, 8151; d. (1832), 8142. Goetwater, John E., New Amsterdan,402. Goff, John W., fined, 4242 ; Counsel for Lexow Com., 4523; recorder, 4732. , Nathan, b. (1843) ; sec. navy, 3072 ; gov. W. Va., 3372, 3492; majority, 3531 . Goffe, Win., h. (1605) ; in Boston, 41i ; refu- gee, 413, 423; defends Ha. 1 lev, Mass., 461 ; d. (1679). Gogo, E. Afr., mission, 10471. Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievitch, b., 11163 ; Dead Souls, 11171 ; d., 11182. Gogra, E. I. Co. agency, 10443. Gohier, Louis Jerome, b. (1746) ; Revolu- tion of 30th Prairial, 7133 ; d. (1830). Gohlson, R. D., gov. Wash., 2032. Goito, Italy, battle, 5221 . Golconda, India, conquered, 10441. Gold-beating invented, 7762. Coast, W. Afr. (see text p. 1161), settled, 8812; acquired, 9773. discovered in Arrowrock, Ark., 3361 , 4061 ; in Ariz., 3561 , 4093; at Bahia, 221 , 233 ; in Brazil, 232, 533 ; in Cal., 2681, 3461 ; in Colo., 1841 , -2993, 4001 , 4421 ; in Dak. ,2541; in Ecuador, 6433; inGa.,433, 3022 ; in Haiti, 141 , 153 ; in Iowa, 4781 ; in Ind., 3441, 4501 ; in Ind. Ter., 3361, 3481,3701; In Kan., 4021; in Labrador, 242; in Mich., 3641 , 4241 , in N. J., 3361 ; in N. Mex., 4501 ; in Ore., 1713; in R. I., 4181 ; in S. Dak., 2841 , 3681 , 3701 ; in Tenn.,430i ; in Tex., 3921 ; in Utah, 4541 ; nVenez.,202; in Wvo.,2601, 3361,4621; n Va., 3361 ; dis. in Australia, 4942, 4973, 4981; in Canoonan, 4961 ; in Echunga ; in Melbourne ; in Meroo Creek ; in N. S. Wales ; in Summerhill Creek, 4901 ; in Bendigo Fields; in Tatutpa, 4981, in Coolgardie, 5001 ; at Bahia, Braz., 5522 • duties on, 558 3 ; in Minas, Goyaz, and Cuyaba, 5523 ; in Brit. Columbia, 5801 • diggers ; Brit. Am., 5813 ; in Nova Scotia, 581 3 ; Princess Ledge, Can., 5881; Hastings Co., Can., 5821 ; in Cape Colony, 5981 ; hi Iquique, 6063; in Canton, 624* ; in Ire., 10021 ; in Wales, 10061 ; in Peru, 11093; in Port., 11113; in Malacca, 11242; in Uruguay, 11602. dis. in coal, 1622 ; deposited in mint, 1653 ; dollars are coined, 1673 ; produc- tion in 1849, 1673 ; s tock Co. org., 2593 ; premium for, 207 3 , 2373 ; price rises in panic, 2673 ; payments, to bondholders, 2991 ; without premium, 3013 ; shipment refused, 381 1 ; through train with, 4133 ; European shipments', 4233; reserve bonds for, 4251 ; reserve low, 4273, 4412, 4613, 4633, 4671 ; shipment to Eur., 4313, 4773; certificates suspended, 4292,3 ; offer of Baltimore Bank, 4292; reserve increased, 4353 ; receipts large ; payments ; pre- mium, 4372 ; export conf., 4633 ; bonds purchased, 475 2 ; at premium, 477 2 ; de- posit in suh-treas., 4773 ; G e r. standard. 8371; coin appears in Eng., 8551; pre- mium Argentine, 4923 ; prosperity by, Braz., 5533 ; revenue, Aust., 4972. Dust, explosion on, 3113. fulminating, discovered, 7842. wire made, 10762. Goldbeck, Anna M., b., 1421 . Golden City, Colo., Indus. School est.,309i . City, burned, 3113. Gate, Cal., improved, 2733; City of New York ashore, 4432 ; Park, Key's monu- ment, 3321 ; needy men, 3543. Golden Age, Chinese, 6111 , 6122, 6I31 . Gate, burned, 2113. Bull, issued, 7833. Chain Order; statistics, 4463. Fleece, order of, est., 6771 . Horde of Tartars ; conquests in Rus., 11141, 11151. League, formed, 11372. number discovered, 1021 1 . period, Saracenic empire, 4853 ; of Rome, 10611. Rule, issued, Boston, 2883. Goldfish brought to Eng., 8993. Goldman, Emma, arrested, 4362. Goldoni, Carlo, b. (1707) ; works, 10851 ; d., 10843. Goldsborough, N. C, action at, 2163; Gen. Sehoiield occupies, 2303 ; Confeds. re- pulsed; Federals occupy, 2441 ; Sherman at, 2442, 3; asylum for insane opd., 3071 ; colored normal school opd., 3283. Goldsborough, Lewis M., b., 1122 ; Hat- teras expedition. 2022; takes Roanoke Island, 2041; d.,294i. Goldschmidt, Hermann, b., 8082 ; dis. planets, 7321 ; d., 8243. , Levin, b., 8142. , Meyer Aaron, b., 6382 ^ d., 6421 . , Madame. (See Lind, jenny.) Goldsmid, Sir F., explorer, 10932. , Sir Francis H., lawyer, 9471; fnds. Jewish Infant School, 9503. , Isaac Lvon, made baronet, 9512. Goldsmith. Oliver, b., 908 1 ; works, 9163, 9192; d., 9191 ; statue, 9662. Goldsmiths' Co. formed, London, 8573. Goldstucker, Theodor, b., 8122; d., 8281 . Goldsworthy, Roger T., gov., 5643. Goldzier, Julius, b., 1741 . Golembeski, Jean, d., 7302. Goliath of Gatli killed by David, 11421. Gollhein, battle of, 7821 . Golovnin, Vasilli Mikhailovitch, b., 11162; d., 11163. Goltmark, Karl, b., 5202. Goltz, Hermann von der, b., 8143. Goluchowiski, gov. of Galicia, 5272. Gomarios, leader Gr. insurrection, 10353. Gomarus, Francis, b.-d., 10983. Gombauld, Jean O., b., 6823; works, 6872; d., 6903. Gomberville, Marin le Roy de, b. (1600) ; works, 6872, 0903; d. (1674). Gomez, Estevan, b.-d., 11092 ; explorer, 191,5701. , Lorenzo de, discoverer, 551 1 . Gomorists, dissensions with Arminians, 11011. Gomorrah and Sodom, destroyed, 1140 2 . Gomot, M., minister, 755 2 . Gompers, Sam.,Pres. Am. Fed. Labor,4462. Gomperz, Theodor, b., 8142. Goncalvez Diaz, Antonio, b.-d., 5542. Goncourt, de, French Society, 758 2 . Gonda Gouddi, battle, 21 . Gondesa, action at, 11321 . Gondicar, converted to Christianity, 663' . Gondola. Giovanna, a., 5102; d., 5123. Gongaza, Eleonora de, Star of Cross, 513 1 . Gongora, Luis de, Comedies, 11292. y Argote, Luis, b.-d., 11282. Gondi, Jean Francois I'aul de (Cardinal de Retz), b. (1614) ; works, G911 , 6883; d. (1679). Gondwana mission, 104S3. Gonin, Joachim H., cons, bp., 9603. Gonjon, Jean, b., 6802. Gontault, Charles de, conspires against Henry IV. of Fr.; tried, sentenced, 6873. Gonthier, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7922. Gontran, ot Burgundy, d., 6642. Gonville Hall College, fnd., 8583 ; en- Gonzaga, Antonio de Guill y, gov., 6053. , Gen. Ferdinand, b. (1506) ; at For- nova, 6782; d. (1557). , Thomas Antonio, b.-d., 5542. Gonzagas family rules in Mantua, 10773. Gonzago College, Ky., org., 1311 . Gonzalez, Juan G., elected pres., 11603. , Gen., pres. San Salvador, 11232. , Gen. Ramon, defeats Indians, 5502. .Manuel, b.-d., 109(12; president, 10971. Gooch, Daniel, b. (1810); knighted, 9691; d., 10001. , Sir W., b. (1681) ; gov., 613; d. (1751). Good Xeirs launched. 10941. Good, John Mason, b., 9162; d., 9423. -==-Government Conference, Phila.,4502. Parliament rules, Eng., 8593. Roads Conven., Asbury Park, 4642. Templars. (See Independent Order of.) Goodall, Frederick, b., 9403. Goode, Bernard, in P. Dept., 4472. , George Brown, b., 1682 , William, b. (1800); d., 2561 . Goodel, William, b., 1362; d. (1867). Goodell, David H., gov. N. H., 3492. , Lavinia, rejected Wis. Bar, 2911. Gooderham, Wm, d., 5893. Goodnight, Isaac H., b., 166'. Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, b., 1022 ; re- vises Webster's Die, 1863; d., 1861. , , clergyman, d., 260 2 . , Eliztir, b.,'622; d. (1797). , Sam. Griswold, b., 1042; d. (1860). , Thomas, b. (1480); keeper of seal; high chancellor, 8712; d. (1554). Goodsel, Daniel A., elected bp., 3302. , Dr., mission at Constantinople, 11563. Goodwin, Harvey, cons. bp.,9G63 ; d., 10062. , Ichabod, b'. (1796) ; gov. N. H., 187' ; d. '1882). , John A., gov. Ariz., 2292. , Nat. C, b., 1801 . , Thomas, b., 8762; d., 9842. , William Watson, b., 1382. Goodwood, Eng., races started, 9313. Goodyear, Chas., b., 10S 2 ; patents vul- canized rubber, .1501 ; d., 1902. , W. H., Roman and Medieval Art, 4783. Gookin, Charles, gov. Pa., 573. , Daniel, b. (1612) ; in Worcester, Mass., 433; d. (1687). Goorkhas, war against, 6161 , 9361 . 1268 Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DJc,X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Goor-Grah. Goorneh, mission, 657' . Goossens, archbp., cons, cardinal, 5461. Gooty, Madras mission, 10471. Goppert, Heinrich R., b., 807' ; d., 8302. Gorakhpur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' ; mis- sion, 10483. Gorboduo, first tragedy, 8721. Gorce, M. de la, Second Empire, 766' . Gordianus I., Marcus Antonius, b.-d. t 10642; revolts, 10653; reigns, 10293, 10653; commits suicide, 10653, II., Marcus Antonius, b.-d., 10642 ; reigns, 10293 ; appointed coregent ; killed, 10653. III., Marcus Antonius Pius, b.-d., 10642; reigns, 10293,1067'; defeats Per- sians, 10661. Gordon, Sir Alexander H., d., 10022. , Andrew, electrical cylinder, 9102. , Arthur Hamilton, b. (1829) ; gov. Can., 5792 ; gov. India, 10491 . , Charles George, b., 9462; org. Chinese army, 620 2 ; meets Li Hung Chang, 6221 ; atKintang ; Sooshoo ; Chahgchow ; Nan- king, 6202; resigns, 6021 ; in Sudan, 6582, 6593, 6G01 ; gov. in Kgv., 651H ; killed, 6602, 994»; statues, 9981. — -, Col., in duel, 9231. , DavidS., commissioned colonel, 4001 . , Duke of, title created, S93 2 . — — , George, Lord, b., 9122 ; fanatic in H. C, 9213; riots ; prisoner, d.,9212. , Hamilton, E. of Aberdeen, b., 9223 ; minister, 9433, 9473, 9512; admin- istration, 9591 ; d., 9642. , Henry, b., 1322 ; south of Rapi- dan, 2321 ; captures Fort Si .'adman, 2442; at Petersburg, 2443 ; at Amelia Court- House, 245i . , N". (See Byron, Lord.) — -, Gen., killed at Yellow Tavern, 2331 . , , killed at Winchester, 23S 2 . , J. E. H., dynamo machine, 9901 , , J. H., memorial to, 600 3 . , John B., b., 1401 ; gov. Ga,, 3252. , Campbell Hamilton, E. of Aber- deen, b. (1847) ; lord-lieut., 995 1 ; gov.- gen. Can., 5952, 10112. , Julien, Successful Man, 3962. , J. Wright, gov'. Mich., 1552. , Lord, created peer for life, 9813. , Nathaniel, slaver, hanged, 2052. , Patrick, b. (1635) ; gov., 613 ; d. (1699). , Win., cons. R. C. bp., 10042. , Viscount of, title created, 937 2 . Cuinming. Constance F., b., 9482. , Sir Win., Chief, Highland Asso., 3883 ; married ; baearat scandal, 10063. Gordonia, asteroid, discovered, 7601. Gore, Catherine Grace Frances Moody, b., 9283; d., 9642. , Christopher, b. (1758), gov. Mass., 1172; d. (1827). , Francis, gov. Can., 5772, 3. — — , John, chief justice, 9172. Goree recovered by Fr., 7053. Gorgas, Josiah, h.\ 1262; d. (1883). , , editor, 1422. Gorgasus decorates temples, 10502. Gori/enus'r., 9323; pres. Roval So- ciety, 9681 ; d., 9822. , Frederick Dent, b. (1850); minister, 3512; in Aust., 5331. , Hugh J., mayor N. Y., 3332, 3712, 4751 ; appoints school commissioners, 3482; removal of telegraph poles, 3813; Sunday opening, 3903. , Gen. James, 1>.( 1720) ; defeats Indians, 721 ; at Vallev Forge. 882 ; d., 1806. , -, novelist, b., 9323; d. (1879). , , novelist, b., 9403 ; d., 9962. , B., inaug. gov,, 315 2 . , Augustus, b., 9423 ; in Africa, 5603; d., 10081. , Sir James Hope, b. (1808) ; com- mander, 6201 ; in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 ; in Jorway pass, 10482; d., 9802. — ~, John, mayor of Victoria, 5863. , Lewis A.,b. (1820); in war dept., 3512. , Sir Patrick, field marshal, 9921. , Principal, moderator, 5862. , Robert Edmund, b., 9262. , Ulysses Simpson, b., 1302 ; enters "West Point, 1501; graduates. 154 1 ; in La., 1581; under Taylor, 1602; in Mex.; 1st Lieut., 1622; marries, 1643; in Ore., 1701; capt., 1721; resigns commission, 1761,3; in leather business, 1753; a citi- zen of Galena, 111., 187 1 ; returns to army life, 1942; commands in Mo.; enters Ky., 1982; commands camp, 1942; brig.-gen. of vols., 1643; commissioned col., 1961 ; expedition leaves, 1982; gunboat expedi- tion; leaves Cairo, 2H22; at Belmont,Mo., 2002; takes Ft. Henry, 2022; invests Ft. Bonelson; maj.-gen., 2041 ; removed from command, 204 2 ; resumes command; in Tenn., 205 1 ; at Shiloh, 206 1 ; superseded by Halleck, 2062; defended in Cong., 2073; besieges Vicksburg, 208 1, 2143; near Grand Junction, 2151; traverses Miss.; at Holly Springs, 2161 ; march on Vicksburg, 2163; a t Young's Point, 2182; atPort Gibson, 2211 ; at Champion's Hill; at Black River, 2221 ; Vicksburg cam- paign, 2222; fires mine, 2231 ; Vicksburg surrenders, 2242; command of western armies; at Nashville; at Chattanooga, 2271,2282; at Missionary Ridge; at Nashville, 2282; medal for, 2283; goes to "Washington, 230 2 ; 15th commander- in-chief, 2303; appt. lieut.-gen., 2302; visits Army of Potomac ; at Culpepper Court House,2303 ; campaign in Va.; near Chancellorsville; at battle of Wilder- ness, 2322; at Spottsvlvania, 2323; at North Anna, 2332; at Pamunkey River; at Totopotomoy River, 234 1 ; crosses Chickahominy, 2342; at Cold Harbor; changes base; crosses James River, 2341, 3; gratitude to, 2352; threatens Richmond, 2371 ; at Strawberry Plains and Deep Bottom Run, 2372; before Petersburg. 2392; at Hatcher's Run and Dabney's Mills, 2421 ; conf. for peace, 2423; plan to assassinate, 243'; grand advance, 2442; takes Petersburg; takes Richmond, 245' ; summons to surrender, 245 2 ; Lee surrenders, 2461; meets Sher- man at Raleigh, 2462; appt. general-in- chief, 2521 ; Stanton's successor; appt. sec. war, 259'; vacates office; control of Southern States, 2611 ; nom. for pres., 2631 ; " Let us have peace," 2032; elected pres., 2651; vote, 2653; inaugurated, 2671 • receives Pr. Arthur, 26f ' Fenians, 271' , 2, 3; proclamation against Kuklux, 2733; Message on annexation, 2751 ; renom. for pres.; assailed, 2791; popular vote, 279 2 ; electoral vote, 2812; inaugural address, 2S11 , enters office; against disorderly bands, 2832; declines third term, 2892, 2931 ; recommends nonsectarian and compulsory education, 2893; vetoes Salary Bill, 2913; journey round the world, 2951 ; banquet in New York ; at San Francisco, 3031 ; nom. for pres. candidate; vote for, 3043, 3051; pensioned, 321'; in Glasgow, 9833; at Shanghai, 7341 ; Cubans not recognized, 6331; d., 3202; funeral obsequies, 3213; monument completed, 356' , 2593; statue at Chicago ; at Wash., 3592, s ? 3972 ; a t Galena, 384 1, 3501, 3921; removal to Riverside, 373' , 2. Grant Monument Asso., N.Y., Pres. Porter elected, 4022; chooses design, 368' ; fund, 3802 3953; Appropriation Fund Bill, 4031 ; corner-stone laid, 4041 ; fund com- pleted, 4093. and Lee Monument Asso., org., 3G1 1 . , Tenn. University org. 2543. Cronica de /■Jspaiia appears, 11271. de los Conyueridorcs, 11271. Grantham, statue of Newton, 9621 , , Lord, minister, 9231. , Richard B., d., 10062. Grantley, Baron, title created, 9212. Grant's Creek, N. C, stores captured, 2462. Grantsburg, "Wis., forest fires, 4733. Granvella, archbishop of Mechlin, 10983. Granvelle, Cardinal de (Antoine de Perre- not), b.-d., 11282 ; ru ler of Neth., 10992. Granville, Can., Baptist Asso. org., 5771. , O., Denison Univ. org. ; Ladies' Inst. fnd., 1403; Shepardson College l'nd.,3283. , Earl de, title created, 9451 . , Earl. (See Leveson-Gower; Carteret, John.) , Edward, lord-lieutenant, 9573. , Geo.,Bar. Lansdowne,b.,8922;d.,9082. , Randulph de, works, 8503 Grao Para, independence, 5591 Grape, culture of, China, 6102, vine, disease, in Fi\, 7373,7513; re- intro. in Ger., 768'; immense, 9181 ; in Madeira, 11093; in Portugal, 11113. Graphophone invented, 3281. Grappler burns, 3133, 991s. Grasmere, "Wordsworth Society, 9862. Grasse, Francois Jos. Paul de, Marquis de Grasse-TiUy, b., 69S2 ; in Chesapeake Bay, 942, 7041; d., 7062. Grasshopper pest, 2933 ; in West, 2853 ; in Wis., 4701 ; troops to fight, 1120' . Grassmann, Hermann Giinther, b., 8083; d.,8282. , Robert, b., 8103. Gratefeud, F., embezzler, 4343. Gratian (Gratianus), b.-d., IO6S2 ; reigns, 10693 ; massacre of Christians, 11543 j captured; k.. 10692. , canonist, b., 10742. Gratianus, Decretum Gratiam, 10752. Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, b., 7163 ; d.,7461. Grattan, Henry, b., 9122 ; i n duel, 9292 ; Cath. exclusion motion, 9393 ; in duel, 9411; d.,9402; statue, 9801. , Thomas Colley, b., 9283. Gratton, Australia, see established, 9583. Gratz, capital of Stvria, 5073; , Jesuits set- tle, 5103 ; Univ. fnd., 5111 ; s trike,533i ; students 1 riots, 5362; accident, 5373. , Hirsch, b., 8121. Graux, Charles, b., 7322 ; d., 7522. Gi^ave, The, poem, appears, 8463. Gravel, Elphege, cons, bishop, 5842. Gravelines,Fr., French defeat, 6821 ; taken, 6S81, 8721. Gravelly Run, Ya., Federals driven, 2443. Gravelotte, Ger., battle of, 7401 . Graves, mayor of Fitchburg, guilty, 4042 c , Anson R., cons. P. E. bp., 3502. , Baron, title created, 9252. , Charles, cons, bishop, 9962. , F. R., bishop to China, 4321 . , John, leader, 851 . , Lord Thomas, b. (1725); in Chesa- peake Bay ; reenforced, 942 ; d., 9303. , T. Thatcher, 3983. , William J., kills Cilley, 1491 . Gravesande, Willem Jakob van 's., b.-d., 11011. Gravesend, Eng., cholera panic, 10093. 1270 Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DlLsL. Superior Figures indicate Column, Grav-Greg. Gravesend, N. Y., municipal election, 4552. Gravier, Jacques, d., 696 3 . Graviere, Jeanne Pierre Jurien de la, Aca- demician, 756 1 . - — , Adm. de la. (See De la Graviere.) Gravina, Ferderico, Adm., b. (1750); at Trafalgar, 716' ; d. (1806). , Giovanni Vincenzo, b., 10831 ; founds academy, 10833. Gravitation disc, 8902 ; laws, 894' . Gravitza, entrenchments seized, 5661 . Gravius, Johann G., b., 7943 ; d.,7983. Gray, Fr., French defeated, 7422. , Alonzo, b. (1808) ; d., 186' . Asa, b., 1162 ; d.,32S'. Earl de, in Joint Commission, 273 2 ; minister, 995 2 . , Elisha, b. (1835) ; telephone, 296' . , Francis Culley, b., 1022 ; a., 178' . , George, b., 1522. , Robert, b., 9343 ; d. (1872). , Zabriskie, b. (1838) ; d., 3422. , Henry Peters, b. (1819) ; d., 296' . , Horace, h., 1362 ; justice, 3092. , Isaac Pusey, b. (182S) ; gov. Ind., 3233; nom. for viee-pres., 4092 ; minister, 447 3 . , John Edward, b., 9302 ; d. (1875). , Hamilton, b. (1814) ; d., 5S8' . , Robert, b., 71' ; discoveries, 102' ; d., 1122. , , b. (1827) ; cons, bp., 5972 ; org. Church of S. Africa, 599' ; d., 6013. , Stephen, dis. electrical phenomena, 906' ; Copley medal, 908' ; d. (1730). , Thomas, b., 9062 ; works, 911' , 913' , 1117'; d.,9183. , William Crane, cons, bishop, 420' . Grayer, Gaspard de, d., 541' . Grayson, Col., at Hodgesville, Ky., 200'. , Wm., revolutionary soldier, d., 1022. , -, b., 98' ; gov. (1839-41) ; d., 2622. , John, b., 100' ; d., 2272. Grayville, 111., railroad accident, 3153. Graziani, Francesco, b., 10862. Grazie, Marie Eugenie della, works, 8362. Greard, Vallery "(.'lenient Octave, Aeade- mieian, 752' . Great Britain (see text, pp. 839-1013) ; de- clares war, 70' ; postal conven. with IT. S., 1652; Am. relations strained, 1793; recognizes Confederates as belligerents, 195 3 ; rescinds recognition, 969'; treaty with U.S.A., '2093 ; 'Fortune Bay settle- ment, 3112, 3122 ; abolishes slavery in Guiana, 10393 ; treaty with Korea, 10943 ; peace with Persia, 11083. Great Canal, Red Sea and Nile, 648z±. ■ Falls, Mont., sun dance prohib., 4622. Lakes, explored, . r >722; first vessel on, 5733; gales in 1856, 180' ; through vessel to Europe, 1813. Marlow, Royal Military College, 9292; removed, 937' . Meadows, Va., battle at, 68' , 5742. Namaqualand (see text, West Coast of Africa); made Ger. dependency, 11613. Salt Lake Valley, surveyed, 166' . Eastern, launched, 9602 ; at N. T., 1893; pays out 2d cable, 2493; lays cable, 2533; lavs 4th cable, 2833 ; lays 6th cable, 2853 ; sails, 964' , 9693 ; for sale, 9893. Barry, built, 866' . Northern, largest wheat cargo, 435 2 . Queens/ant/, sails ; disappears, 981 3 . Republic, launched ; wrecked, 1733. Western, sails, 1493, 94.S2, 9493; arrives in N. Y., 1513. " Contract " discussed, Eng., 8793. German party, formed, 818 3 . Northern R. R. Am., finished, 4213. seal, adopted by Congress, 953. , Eng., 8773. wall, China, 610' , 2, 6142. Western R. R., Can., built, 5813, 1752. Greater New York. (See New York.) Greatorex, Eliza, b., 1282. Greatrix, Valentine, impostor, 893' . Greaves, John, b., 878' ; d. (1652). Greban, Arnoul, works, 678 3 . Grecian, architecture, revived, 880' ; cities, freedom proclaimed, 10252; empire, pow- erful, 10333 (see Greece) ; frontier ex- tended, 11573 ; policy condemned, G. B., 9553 ; republics decay, 10233. Grecoff, M., selects cabinet, 5702. Greece (see text, pp. 1013-37) ; crown of, accepted, 6412; king in London, 985' ; in- dependence declared, 1055 3 ; subjugated, 1056' ; Romans return, 10563 ; Roman province, 1057' ; Isthmian games re- vived, 10583; Romans invade, 1060' ;Rom. province, 10633; war with Persia, 1106' ; first temples, 11463. Greek alphabet adapted to Slavonic, 5023. chronology begins, 1144 2 . church, Cal., burned, 3402 ; in Egypt, 485' ; union with Eng. eh., 9063 ; con- demns images, 10322; independent, 10323, 10742; protected, 1035' ; est., 10663 ; lib- erty questioned, 11573; in Georgia, IO682. citizens in Rome, 10292. Danish Missionary Soc. fmd., 6403. Empire est., 10312; falls, 10253. exarchs govern Italy, 10313, 1033' . fire invented, 10333. M.S., Gospel of Peter, found, 661' . slave executed, 150' . Greeley, Col., normal school est., 3503 , Horace, b., 116 2 ; Tribune, issued, 1523 ; in N. Y. politics, 1652; on temperance, 171'; confers with Confederates, 2373 ; works, 2412^ 2643 ; surety for Jefferson Davis, 2562, 2573; nom. pres., 2783; pres. candidate ; pop. vote, 2792 ; d., 2782 - home burned, 3553 ; statue, 368' , 460' . Greely, Adolphus W. b., 1562 ; polar ex- pedition, 306', 308', 3103; search for, 316' ; rescue, 3162 ; a brig-gen., 320' ; American Weather, 3323 ; in war de- partment, 3512, 4472. Green Bay, Wis., first steamer, 1293; p. E. missions, 1323 ; Green Bail luteUiqencvr issued, 1423; R. c. diocese est., 2642. Brier, W. Va., battle of, 1983. Cape, wreck, 4993. Island, in Ivy., 2892, 3592. Mountain, la., first Congregationalist Church fmd., 14S3. River, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 213' . Bridge, Confeds. repulsed, 224 2 . , Chief Justice, women officials, 3823. , Andrew H., bridge committee, 3613. Green, Arthur Vincent, bishop, 1012' . , Ashbel, b. (1762); moderator, 1323 ; d. (1848). , Berian, b. (1794) ; pres. Amer. Anti- Slavery Society, 143' ; d. (1874). , Sir Charles, gov. Guiana, 10392. , Maj. Henry, aids Khan, 5392. , Hetty, deeds forged, 4123. , Horace, b. (1S02) ; d., 254' . , John, introduces seraphine, 946'. , Richard, b., 9482 ; works, 979' ; d. (1833). , Mrs. Lyeott, baccarat scandal, 1006 3 . , Maj. Malcolm, aids khan, 5392. , Matt, assault by, 4343, 4503. , Maurice, b., 9002. , Norvin, b., 1262 ; d., 424' . , Oliver D., commissioned col., 400'. , Robert S., governor N. J., 3293. , Samuel S., b., 1162. , Seth, b., 1262 ; d., 3262. , Thomas, b. (1816) ; at Plymouth,2122; near Grand Eoore, 231' ; d. (1864). , Marshall, Sp. Consjiiraeif, 398 2 . , Wm. Henrv, b.,1322;nio.lcrator,3842. , Sir William Kirby, d., 10042. , Mercer, b. (1798) ; eons. P. E. bp., 1662; d.,326'. and lllne factions, conflict, 1031' . Bag, inquiry, 9393; sent to Pari., 941 2. ■ MountCemetery.Md., dedicated, 1513. Ribbon Army, prominent, 9903. Water Lily, society est., 617' . Greenback, agitation, 265 2 ; Nat. Conven. at Indianapolis, 293' ; at Chicago, 305' . Greenburg, Pa., railway accident, 393 3 . Greenbush, N. Y., northern army at, 1182. Greencastle, Ind., As bury Univ. fnd ; De- Pauw Univ. fnd., 1483 ; school of the- ology org., 3183 ; McKim Observatory erected, 322' . Greene Co., N. C, White Cap outrage, 3643. , A. L. P., d., 2842. , Col. Christopher, b. (1737) ( ; at Red Bank, 88'; d., 93'. , E. J., bank swindler ; defaulter, 4382. , Francis Vinton, b. (1850) ; General Greene, 448 2 . , Geo. Washington, b., 1162; d., 312' . , Nathan., b., 642; quartermaster, 882 ; at Springfield, N. J., 92'; commands Morgan's army ; in South ; escapes Corn- wallis ; supersedes Gates, 923 ; at Guil- ford Court House. 93', 94'; re-crosses Dan ; retreat from N. C. ; in Va., 93' ; ~ 1; retires, 942; d., 98'. Greene, Nathan b. (1797) ; d., 2962. , Robert, b., 872' ; works, 8763; d.,8762. , Samuel Dana, b., 152' ; d., 318' . , Thomas, gov. Md., 39'. , Wm., b. (1695) ; gov. R. I., 653, 713. , , Jr.,b. (173lf; gov., 913; d., 116'- , W. Brenton, at Princeton, 4202,3. Greenfield, Mass., cutlery mfg., 142' ; C. M. Moody defalcation, 3882. Greenhalge, Fred. T., nom. for gov. Mass., 4411,4732; governor, 4793. Greenhow, Robert, d. 174'. Greenland (see text, p. 1038), discov- ered; named; Northmen visit, 11'; Helgi and Finnbogi leave, 112 ; inhab- ited, 113 ; visited, 122 ; explorers ; cut off, 123 ± ; commerce restricted ; Eski- mos appear ; settlements destroyed, 133 ; Frobisher possesses, 25 2 ; eight men survive, 333 ; missions, 583, 603, 622 ; Kane's boats ; Kane fnd., 176' ; Greely's exped. in, 308' ; Peary arrives, 434' ; mis- sion, 638' ; fisheries regulations, 6423. , Miss, revives enameling, 9222. Gap, W. Va., action at, 2203. Greenleaf, Benjamin, b., 98' ; d., 2392. , Simon, b., 96' ; d., 1722. , Thomas, -V. J>ail// Ailvrtiser, issued, 1003 ; printing-office wrecked, 1002. Greenly, William L., gov. Mich., 1633. Greenock, N. S., Pomerania returns, 5953. , Scotland, strike, 10003. Greenough, Horatio, b., 1122; works, 136' . 156', 1701; d. (1852). , Richard S., b., 128' . Greensboro, N. C, council of war, 2461 ; Bennett College founded, 2823. Greensborough, Ala., Southern University established, 1802, 3043. - — - College, Meth. Epis., org. (1846). Greenup, Christopher, b. (1750) ; gov. Ky., 1132 ; d. (1818). Greenville, 111., Almira Coll. fnd., 1782. , Miss., State Bar Asso. colored law- yers, 3783; fire, 4053. , O., Robertson hanged, 3043. , Pa., Thiel College org., 2722. — , S. C, Furman Univ. org., 1723. , Term., and Tusculum Coil, org., 1063; Union Conven. meets, 1972; action, 2381 . Greenwich, Conn., public school built,4042. , Eng., observatory est., 8941 ; telescope erected, 9401 ; railway opd., 9481 ; equa- torial telescope in observatory, 9641 . Greenwood Ky., R. R. accident, 3293. , John, executed, 8763. , , opens dentist office, 1001 . Greer, James Augustin, b. (1833) ; com- modore, 3221 ; rear-admiral, 412' . , John E., commissioned major, 456' . College, at II pstou, 111. (1891). Greg, Robert Samuel, elected bp., 9803. , William Rathhoiie, b. (1809) ; works, 9563, 9763; d. J1881). Gregans, landslide, 1086' . Gregg, Alex., b. (1819) ; cons. P.E.bp., 1862. , Andrew, b. (1755) ; pres. senate, 117 2 ; d., 1442. , David McMnrtrie, b., 142'. , John Irvin, b., 134' . , Maxey, b., 123' ; col. at Vienna, 196' ; gen. at Raymond, 222' ; at Beverly Ford, 2223; north of Rapidan,232' ; atReams's Station, 2372; al. Sycamore Church, 238' ; at Hatcher's Run, 239' ; d. (1862). , Thomas H., eons. R. C. bp., la., 2942. , Dr., R. E., Common Prayer, 2942 ; Brooklyn pastor, 3562. , Robt. Samuel, cons, archbp., 1012' . Gregorian Code published, 1067' . Gregorioff, Col., hanged, 11223. Gregorovius, Ferdinand, b.,8122; d., 834'. Gregory I., St., the Great, b.-d., 10702; pope, 1071'; enthroned; improvements; reli- gious beliefs ; intro. church music, 10722. II., St., pope, 10722 ; excom. Leo, 10322. III., St., pope, 10722. IV., pope, 10723 ; institutes Festival of Holy Trinity, 10723. V„ pope, 1073' . VI., pope, 1073' , 10742 ; against Cres- centius, 10733. VII., St. (Hildebrand), b.-d., 10722 ; reformer, 7743 ; deposed, 775 1 ; alliance with Normans ; disputes with emp. ; re- leases subjects, 7753; besieged, 776'; rules church, 10742; elected pope; sends legates to courts ; est. wakes, 10743 ; great political power, 1075 2 . Greg-Guat. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1271 Gregory VIII., pope, 1075'. IX., pope ; est. Inquisition, 1075'. X., pope, 10763. XI., pope ; establishes Feast of Pre- sentation, 1077'. XII., pope, 1077' ; deposed, 7843. XIII., pope, 10812; reforms cal., 1082'. XIV., pope, 10812. XV., pope, 571'; est. Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, 10832. XVI., pope ; forbids infant schools ; against slave trade ; d., 10863. , A. C, exploration, 496' . , David, b. (1627) ; problem of catenary, 900' ; edits Euclid's works, 9023. , Gilbert Asbburtou, d., 9502. , James, b. (1638) ; reflecting telescope, 890'; d. (1675). , John H., gov. Virginia, 155 3 . , Nazianzen, St., b.-d., 11512; music for history of Passion, 1154' . , Olinth'us Gilbert, b., 919' ; d. (1841). , "William, speaker, 8952. , ■ Henry, gov., 1049' ; d., 1008' . , St., converts Tridates II., 11543. , St., bp. of Myssa, b.-d., 10283. , of Tours, bp., b.-d., 6642. the Theologian, nourishes, 1029'. Institute, Wilmington fnd., 2862. Gregr, Herr, for emancipation, 5352. Greifswald, Prus., university est., 787'. Grementum, battle of, 10543. Grenada, W. I., eclipse observed, 994' . Grenadier troops, est., 690'; guards mu- tiny, 1006' . Grenelle, Paris, laboratory est., 756'. Grenfell, Gen., in Sudan, 6602,3. Grenholm, Geo. A., paroled, 249' . Grenier, Mayor, Montreal, reelected, 591'. , M., sentenced for treason, 763' . Grenoble, Fr., university est., 6743 ; reor- ganized, 681' ; unites with Valence, 6832. Grenville, D. of Portland, minister, 9233. , George, b. (1712) ; prime minister, 733, 9172; in Paris, 953; Stamp Act, 75' ; lord admiralty, 9133; minister, 9153; d.(1770). , Richard, Sir, b.( 1541); takes merchant- man ; at Roanoke; leader, 253; d.,8762. , Plantagenet Temple Nugent Brydges Chandos, D. of Buckingham, b. (1823); d., 1000'. — — , Thomas, b. (1755) ; premier ; lord ad- miralty, 9332 ; d. (1846). Gresham, Sir Thomas, at Roval Exchange, Lond., 872' ; fnds. college, 875' ; d. (1579). — — , Walter Quinton, b., 1522 ; wounded at Atlanta, 2362 ; se c. treas., 3192 ; de- clines nomination, 411' ; sec. state, 427' . College, founded, London, 875' . Gresley, Gen. Henri Francois Xavier, b. (1819) ; minister, 7512,3. d. (1890). , Thomas, grants warrant, 857'. Gresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, b., 6963 ; works, 6992, 7012 ; d., 7043. Gressier, M., minister public works, 7392. Gretny, Andre Ernest Modeste, b., 7002 ; d.,721'. Greuze, Jean Baptiste, b., 6982; d. (1805). , , b. (1726) ; d., 7163. Greville, Baron, title created, 965'. , Sir Fulke, b., 8702; d., 8822. , Robert, b., 8782; d., 8843. Grevin, Jacques, b. (1540) ; works, 683' ; d. (1570). Grevy, Albert, b. (1824) ; in Panama Canal scandal, 7642; gov. Algeria ; resigns, 102. , Francois Paul Julc, b., 7163; pres. Nat. Assem., 745', 747 2 , 7512 ; resigns, 7473 ; pres. chamber, 751 ' ; pres. of France, 7513,7552; grants amnesty, 7532; pope's letter; reply to pope, 7542; refuses to resign ; resigns, 7563; d., 7621 . Grew, Nehemiah, b., 8822; d. (1711). Grey, Charles, 2d Earl, b., 9162; minister, 9332; against annexation; vs. Clerical Reserves, 5812; lord of admiralty, 9332, 9473 ; premier, 9452 ; resigns, 9453,9472; lord lieut., 9512; minister, 9533, 973' . de Ruthyn, Baron, title created, 8563 . , E. of, title created, 931' . , Earl. (See Charles Grey.) , Edmund Dwyer, d., 9982. , George, senator ; speech, 439' . , , Sir explorer Australia, 4942; gov., 4953. , , b. (1799) ; minister, 9593, 9633,969'; d. (1882). , Henry, D. of Suffolk, opposes royal treaty, 8712; d. (1554). Grey, Lady Jane, b., 868 2 ; struggle for crown ; reigns, 8712 ; d., 8702. , Sir John, deputy 1. lieut., 863' , 8652. , Lord, and Main Conspiracy, 8792. , , political confederacy, 897' . , Sir Richard, executed, 865 3 . , Thomas, Sir, executed, S63' . , , Lord Stamford, at StrattonHill, 884' ; d. (1688). Nuns, Order founded, 575' . Grevtown, Xic, bombardment, 1773. Grihoiedoff, Alexander, b.-d., 11162., Grider, Henry, Joint Committee of Re- construction, 2493. Gridley, Jeremiah, b. (1705) ; American Magazine, 671; d. (1767). , Richard, b., 562; d. (1796). Grier, Robert Cooper, b., 1042 ; justice U. S. Supreme Court, 1613; d. (1870). Grierson, Benjamin Henry, b. (1826) ; near Coldwater, 2131; near Covington, 2201 ; raids, 2203, 2211 ; at Vicksburg, 2403. Griesbach, Johann J., b., 8003; d., 8102. Griffin, launched, 463. Griffin, Charles, b. (1826) ; north of Rapi- dan, 2321; appt. to Warren's command, 2443; d., 2582. , Cyrus, h., 662; d., 1162. , Dr., Brooklyn Health Dept., 3871 . , Gerald, b., 9323; work, 9431 ; d., 9502. , Gilderoy Wells, b., 1522. , Lieut. R., 2132. Griff enf eld, Ct. of. (SeeSchumacher,Peter.) Griffis, William. Eliot, b., 1561. Gri/fMi burned, 1673. Griffith, David, b. (1742) ; bp.,983; resigns, 1002; d. (1789). , Walter S., b., 1521 . Griffiths, John Willis, b., 1161 ; d. (1882). , Maj., gov. in Can., 5773. Grifton, King, in convent, 6653. Grigorovitch, Nich.,b., 11163; works, 11183. Grigsby, Hugh Blair, b., 1122; d., 3062. Grijalva, Juan de, b., 11282 ; expedition of, 171; d. (1527). Grillparger, Franz, b. (1791) ; works, 8131, 8151; a. (1872). Grim, asst.-snrg., indictment, 4163. Grimes, James Wilson, b. (1816) ; gov. la., 1771 ; on committee of 13, 1892 ; Com- mittee on Reconstruction, 2493; d.,2762. , John J., cons. R. C. bp., 9962. Grimke, Archibald H., C. Sumner, 4203. , Thomas Smith, b., 981 ; d., 1422. Grimm, Baron Fried. M., b., 8002 ; d.,8083. , Jakob Ludwig, b., 8042 ; works, 8103, 8151 , 8202 ; dismissed from univ., 8152 ; d.,S221. .William, b. (1786); works, 8151, 2, 8202; d. (1859). , W. H., sentenced, 4482. Grimmelshausen, Christoffel, b. (1625) ; Simplicissimus, 7971 ; d. (1676). Grimoald, D. of Benevento, usurper, 10731 . Grimsby, Eng., docks begun, 9541 ; fish- ing fleet wrecked, 10013. Grimshaw, William, b., 951 ; d., 1701 . Grimston, Viscount of, title created, 9051 . Grincourt, Marquis do, pamphlet, 7432. Grindal, Edinuiid, b.(1519); archbp. Canter- bury, 8743; d. (1583). Gringore, Pierre, b. (1475±) ; works, 6811; d. (1544). Grinnell, la., tornado, 3101 ; Iowa College organized, 1631. , Henry, b. (1799) ; exped. starts,166i ; sends Kane arctic exp., 1721 ; d., 2S4 2 . , Moses Hicks, b. (1803) ; d., 1102. Grinstead, Baron, title created, 937 2 . Grinthorpe, Baron, title created, 9963. Grip prevails. 3513; epidemic, 3813; doubles death rate, 3813, 6273. (See Influenza.) Griqualand, diamonds, 6002 ; annexed, 6011 ; constituted colony, 9772. (See also text, Cape Colony, pp. 597-604.) Griquas, characteristics, 6023. Griscorn, John, b., 731 ; d., 1701 . Grisebach, August H.R., b.,8102; d., 8301. Grisi, Giulia, b. (1811) ; sings at Castle Garden, 1761 ; d. (1869). Grisons, Switz., canton, joins "Act of Mediation," 11382. League, allies of Confederates, 11373. Grissell, C. E., arrested, 9352; breach of Grist-tax, adopted, It., 10892. Griswold, Ga., Confedis. repulsed, 2401 . , Alexander Vietz, b. (1766) ; cons, bp., 1171 ;d. (1843). Griswold, Casimir Clayton, b. (1834) ; Nat. Academy of Design, 2601 . , John Augustus, b. (1818) ; d., 2781 . , Roger, b. ( 1762); gov. C, 1192; d. (1812). , Rufus Wiimot, b. (1815) ; d., 180'. , Stanley, b. (1763) ; d., 1242. College, la., org., 1843. Grivart, M., minister, 7491. Groat, Sam., cons. bp. Jerusalem, 11571 . Grobnik, Mongols defeated, 5041 . Grocyn, William, b., 8622 ; at Exeter Col- lege, Oxford, 8663; d., 8661. Groesbeck, N. H., polygamist, 407' . , Wm. Sloeomb, b! (1815) ; Pres. John- son's council, 2612; pres. candidate, 2791 ; vote, 2812. Groff, Lewis A., in int. dept., 3512. Grbnandael, R. R. collision, 5473. Groningen, Netherlands, taken, 1098 2 . Gronovius, Jakob, b. (1G45) ; Thesaurus, 11012; d. (1716). Gros, Baron Antoine Jean.b., 7042; work, 7142; d., 7262. Grose, Francis, b., 9082; d.(1791). Grosmone, W., action at, 8601. Gross, Samuel David, b., 1122; d., 3162. Grossbeeren, Prussia, battle of, 7201. Grosse, Julius H. von, b., 8142. , Philip Henry, b., 9351 . Island, Can., artillery competition, 5881; cable laid, 5892. Grosser Kurt'iirst, collides and sinks, 828', , Gen., d., 1122'. Grosseteste, Robert, work, 8543; d., 8542. Grossi, Tommaso, b., 10843; d., 10863. Grossjagerndorf, Prus., battle of, 802' . Grostiago, Gen., commander, 6063. Grosvenor, Charles H., b., 142' . , Lord Robert, Sunday Bill, 9612. Gros Ventres Mission, transferred, 3142. Grote, George, b., 9263; works, 9543, 9683; d., 976'. Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, b., 804'; d., (1853). Groton, Conn., Baptist church org., 563; battle eel.. 391 1 ; monument, 1381 . Grouchy, Marquis Emmanuel, b., 703' ; d., 7301. Grousset, Paschal, b., 7283. Grout, William W., b., 1462. Grove, Sir George, b. (1820); work. 9842. , Wm. Robert, b. (1811) ; nitric acid battery, 9501; work, 9511; decomposes water, 9541 ; electro-induction, 9841 . Groveland, Minn., Cath. coll. fnded., 3682. Grover, Gen. Cuvier, b. (1830) ; sent to Baton Rouge, 2163. , Lafayette, b. (1823); gov. Ore., 2732. , Wm., gov. N. C, 573. Groveton, Va., battle of, 2122. Grow, Galusha Aaron, b., 1321; speaker, 1832, 1972, 2013, 4532. Grubb, K. IS., 110m. gov. N.J., 345'. Grubbs, John C, b., 1462. Gruber, Jacob, b., 912; d. (1850). Grumatz, action at, 11121 . Grumbach, Wilhelm, b. (1503) ; plunders Wurzburg ; protected by John Freder- ick ; executed, 7931 ; under ban, 7932. GnuidVnitjiuiat, issued, 7991. Grundtvig, Nicolai Fredrik Severin, b., 6382; work, 6391; d.,6421. Grundy, Felix, b., 89'; atty-gen., 1512; d., 1522. Gruner, Wilhelm H. L., b., 807' ; d., 8302. Gruter, or Gruytere, Jan., b.-d., 5403. Gryphius, Andreas, b., 7943; works, 797' ; d'., 7963. Guadalajara, mission, 1096 2 . Guadaloupc dis., 142 ; attacked, 703. Hidalgo, treaty of, 1633. Guaimaro, constitution at, 633' . Goal, Pedro, pres. Venezuela, 11602. Gualbert, John, fnds. Benedictine Abbey, 10742. Guanere, earthquake, 6282. Guano, intro. U. S., 1653; exported, 1109' ; agreement, 6093 ; Sp. seizes isles, 11083. Guarantee by Companies' Act, 9713. Guarapari. Dutch defeated, 38'. Guardia, Tomas. president, 631'. Guardian, lost, 4953. Guardians, compulsory education, 5472. Guardiola, Gen. Santos, b. (1810) ; pres., 10412; d. (1862). Guarini, Giov. Bat., b., 10803 ; d., 10823. Guasralla, battle at, 698' . Guatemala, defeated, 11233. (See also text pp. 1038, 1039.) 1272 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Gliat— Hate. Guatemozin, h. (1497); executed, 181. Guay, M. le, Panama Canal scandal, 7643. Guayainas, Mex., bombarded, 1622. Guayaquil, earthquake, 643 2 ; free schools, 6433 ; riots, 6443 . Gubbio, Eugubine Tablets dis., 10781 . Gudalur, Madras mission, 10443. Gudin, Jean Autoine Theodore, b., 7143 • d., 7522. Gudrod, reigns, 11043. Gudule, St. /Cathedral, 5392. Guelders, Netherlands, taken, 9021. Guelf II., is duke, 7771. V., marries .Matilda, 7763. Guelfs, war against Ghil>ellines,7761 ; con- tentions, 7773 ; rule Naples, 7821 . Guelph, Fund Bill, Her., 8371. Guelphic Order of Knighth 1, 8111 . Guemez Pacheco de Padilla Horcasitas, b. (1740) ; viceroy, 101153 ; d. (1799). Guercheville.Madamede, fails, colony, 291 , Guercino, Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, b. (1590) ; St. Jerome. 10S22 ; d., 10831 . Guericke, Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand, b., 8082 ; d. (1878). , Otto von, b., 7922 ; inventions of, 7962 ; d., 7982. Guerin, Eugene, minister, 765 2 , 7672. Guernsey, East Surrey Regt. rebels, 10041 . , Alfred Hudson, b., 1322. Guerrazi, Francesco Doineuieo, b., 10843 ; d., 10S82. Guerrero, mission, 10962. , Vicente, b.-d., 10952 ; pres., 10962. Guerrier, Gen., president, 10402. Guerrilla bands, U. S., 2023, 209 1 ; McNeil, Morgan; Quantrell, 2142, 3; in Bolivia, 5501 invents alphabet, Guess, George, 1 1331; d., 1561. Guessing contests legal, 3723. Guest, John, d., 3091. Guettard, Jean Etienne, b., 697' ; d., 7061 , Guevara, Luis Velez, b.-d., 11282 ; Diablo Cojuelo, 11292. Guex Confederacy formed, 10983. Guglielmi, Pietro, b., 10841 ; d., 10843. Guiana, S. Am. (see text, p. 1039), negro insurrection, 73 1 ; peace, 732 ; colonists perish, 752; annexed to Brazil, 5551; boundary dispute settled, 7613 ; annexed to G. B., 9332 ; Bp. Swaby cons., 10002 ; ceded to France, 11103 ; invaded, 11G03. Guiart,Guillaume, poetical chronicle, 673 1 . Guibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., b., 7003 ; d., 7062. , Jos. Hippolyte, b., 7143 ; d., 7542. , archbp., favors nuns in schools, 7542. Guibord, Joseph, burial of, 5821 , 3, Guicciardini, Francesco, b., 10783 ; works, 10813 ; d., 10802. (r/t'u/c issued at Port Hope, Can., 5791 . Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, b., 10823 ; d., 10831. Guidici, Paolo Emilliani, works, 10871 . Guido d'Arezzo, b.-d., 10722 ; invents mu- sical system, 10721 . , Cardinal, in Bohemia, 5042. . della Colonne, b., 10762. , Miguel Sanchez de, governor, 6301. , Reni, b., 1081' ; d., 10823. Guienne, ceded, 6732 ; lost to Eng., 8633. Guignes, Joseph de, b., 6982 ; d., 7142. Guigniaut, Jos. Daniel, b., 7102; d., 7501. Guild of Literature and Art inaug., 9682. Guildford, Eng., bp. Sumner cons., 9983. , West Austral., settlement, 4952. , Earl of, title created, 9112. Guilds, property confiscated, Eng., 8692. Guilford, N. 0.'. Mormons expelled, 4703 ; G. College (Friends), organized (1837). Court House, Gen. Greene at, 93 1 ; battle at, 94 1 . Guillamore, Viscount, title created, 9412. Guillard, Nicolas Francois, b., 7011 ; d., 7211. Guillaume, de Jurnieges, Frere, b.-d., 678 2 . de Lorris, works, 6712 ; d. (1240+). Guillemeau, Jacques, b., 6803 ; d., 6862. Guillon, Abbe, Marie Nicolas Sylvestre, b., 7023; d.,7301. — — , M. E., works, 7582. Guillotin, Jos. Ignatius, h., 7002 ; d.,7211. Guilmeth, Alexandre Auguste, b., 7163, Guilt, Joseph, d., 9662. Guinaud, Pierre Louis, improves telescope, Guinea fowls, introduced, France, 6833, Guineas coined, England, 8913. Guinegate, Louis XI. defeated, 078 i ; bat- tle, 6801 ; Duke of Guise takes, 6821 . Guiney Station, b. of Spottsylvania, 2323. Guinne, united to France, 6792. Guinness, Benjamin L., restores St. Pat- rick's Cathedral, 9682. , H. Grattan, founds East London In stitute, 9762. Guion, John G., governor Miss., 1692. , W. H., establishes steamship line, 1553; d., 10121. Guiraud, Ernest, b. (1837) ; d., 7621 . , Pierre Marie Therese Alexandre, Baron, b., 7062 ; d. (1847). Guiscard, Robert, b.-d., 10722 ; alliance with pope, 775 3 ; rescues pope, 7761 ; in Gr., 10321; conquests, 10741 ; fnds. univ., 10751; leader Normans ; duke, 10752. Guischard, Karl Gottlieb, Col., b., 8002 • d., 8041. Guise, Charles de. (See Lorraine, Card, of.) , Due de. (See Lorraine, Francis of.) . (See Lorraine, Henry I. of.) Guises, revolt against, 11833 ; k., 6851,3. Guitar, Col., at Oompton's Kerry, 2103. Guiteau, Chas., b. (1*4(» ; .shoots Pres. Gar- field, 3072, 3092 ; trial, 3091 ; sentenced, 3102 ; hanged, 3103. ■ Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume, b., 7002; ministry, 725' ,3, 7273, 7293; works, 7283, 7292, 7343, 7432 ; d., 74S2. Gujarat, India, conquered, 10421 , 2; inde- pendent, 10433 ; dynasty conquered, ' 10441 ; annexed, 10443 ; in Sepoy rebel- lion, 10481 . Gulf of Passat, action at, 10241 . Gulfport, Miss., railroad wreck, 4373. Gull, Sir Win. Whitney, b., 9383; d., 10042. Gulot-Dessagcn, M., minister, 7572. Gummere, John, b., 962; d.,1581. Gum Swamp, N. C., action at, 2222. Gun, first used, 7842 ; multicharge or- dered, 3441 ; plant for making est. by Congress, 3501 ; steam, invented, 9402. (See cannon.) Gunboat fleet, Eads, 1962 ; on Mississippi, 2062, 2101 . Guncotton, discovered, 8161, 11381. Gundeniar, king, 7712, 11253. Gunderic, K., 6633 ; rules in Spain, 11253. Gunderode, Ivaroline von, b., 8042 ; d.,8082. Gundibald, Lex Gundibaldia, 6643. Gungunum, king of Ur, 11393. Gunnbjorn, discovers Greenland, 111 ,10382. Gunning, Bedford, governor Del., 1073. Gunnison, Miss., levee endangered, 4071. Gunpowder, inv., 7822, 10721 ; for blasting, used in Ger., 7782 ; used in Eng., 8502, 8581; igniting, 9:122 ; smokeless, '5321 . Plot, discovered, 8791, 2. Guns, rifled at South Boston, 1441 . Gunsberg, Eberlin von, work, 7892. , Edmund, b., 8742 ; invents chain, Giinth'er.'Albert Karl Ludwig, b., 8142. , Anton.Pr. of Auhalt.b., 7963; d., 7983. , , b., 8042 ; d., 8221 . , C. Godfrey, mayor N. Y., 2032. , Count of Sch war/burg, b.(l:>04); emp., opposed ; sells claim, 7833 ; d. (1349). , Johann Christian, b. (1095) ; Poems, 8003 ; d. (1723). Gunton, George, Sneial Eeoiinmics, 3963. Guntram, king of Franks, d., 6652. Guntur, mission, 10471 Gupta dynasty, reigns, 1043 2 . Gurgyong, fort captured, 10482. Gurley, D., moderator. 2162 , John A., governor Ariz., 2173. Gurney, Elizabeth. (See Fry.) , T., stenography, 9041 , Gurowski, Adam, b.', 11162 ; d., 11182. Gustafsvaern bombarded, 9581. Gustalla, ceded to Spain, 5153 ; given to Maria Louisa, 10S71 . Gustavus I., Vasa, king, b.-d., 11342 ; re- bels against Dunes, 11341 ; org. church, 11343 ; king of Sweden, 11352. II., Adolphus, b.-d., 11342 ; reigns, 11353 ; victories over Sigismund ; in Thirty Years' War, 7941, 11341; aids Protestants, 5121 ; fails in Finland and Livonia, 11341 ; reigns ; against Rus., 11353, 11153; endows Univ. Upsala ; fnds. Univ. Dorpat, 11343 ; prohibits whisky, 11351; k., 5121. III., b.-d., 11342; creates SwediBh Academy, 11351 ; reigns, 11353 ; shot, 11351. Gustavus IV., Adolphus, b.-d., 11342 ; reigns ;deposed, 11353. Charles, commander, 11001 . , Prince of Sweden, b., 11361 ; marries Victoria of Baden, 11363. Gussfeldt, Paul, b. (1840) ; expedition to Africa, 8281. College (Lutheran) org. in St. Peters, Minn. (1862). Gutenberg, Johannes, b.-d.; movable type in-printing, 7842 ; festival honors, 8152 Guthred, in Ireland, 8521 . Guthrie, Okla., laid out, 339 3 ; govern- ment org., 3392 ; iron-ore disc, 3421 . James, b., 1042 ; S ec. treas., 1732 ; d. discovers chloro- 2661 , Samuel, b., 95 form, 1401 ; d., 164 , Thomas, b., 9323 ; ordained, 9442 advocates prohibition, 9563 ; d., 9781. Guthrum, leads 6352 ; reigns, 1105'. Gutierrez, Diego, governor, 6301 . , Garcia, El Trooador, 11311. , Gen., pres. San Salvador, 11232. , Nicolas, governor California, 1472. , Santos Joaquin, b. (1820) ; president, 6292 ; d. (1872). , Tomas, revolts in Peru, 11083. Guts Muths, Johann Christoph Freidrich, 8143. Gutta-percha, introduced, 9521 ; insulator, 9541 ; mnf . ; telegraph wires 1641. Gutzkow, Karl F., b., 8102 ; works, 8151 , 8163 ; d., 8282. Gutzlaff, Karl, b., 8082 ; d., 8182. Guy de Lusignan, K. of Jerusalem, 6712, 7783, 11552 ; defeated, 11541 ; transfers claim for Cyprus, 6713 ; d. (1194). , Seymour Joseph, b. (1824) ; in Na- tional Academy of Design, 2501 . , Thomas, b., 8843 ; founds hospital, 9071 ; d., 9062. , breaks trotting-record, 3433. Guyandotte, W. Va., action at, 2003. Guyon, Madam b. (1048) ; in Bastile, 6951 ; influence of, 6971 ; d. (1777) , Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motto, b.,6883 ; d.,6971. Guyot, Arnold Henry, b., 1141 ; geograph- ical maps, 2291 ; d ., 3162. , Yves, minister, 7572, 7611 . Guyton, Ga., cloud-burst, 4361 . de Morveau, Louis Bernard, b., 6983 ; d., 7222. Guzman, Alfonzo Perez de, b.-d., 11262 ; takes Gibraltar, 11261 , Dom, hot-air balloon, 11113. , Fernando, elected president, 11033. , Luis Munoz de, governor, 6053. Gwalior, conquered, 10441 ; under British protection, 10472 ; seized, 10481 . Gwamba negroes, mission to, 11242. Gwilt, Joseph, b., 9223; d. (1863). Gwin, Wiu.McKeinlrce, b. (1805) ; d., 320». Gwydyr, Baron, title created, 9252. Gwyn, Eleanor (Nell), b., 8882 ; d., 8982. Gyges, leader, 10141 ; conquests of, 11453. Gyi'ippus, b., 10211 ; commander, 10202. Gyllembourg- Khrensvard, T h o m a s i n e Christine Buntzen, b. (1773) ; works, 6392 ; d. (1856). Gyllenborg, Gustaf Frederik, b. (1731) ; Across the Belt, 11351 ; d. (1809). Gympie, Australia, gold-field dis., 4981 . Gynecological Soc. org., Am., 290i . Gynlay, Franz, b., 5191 ; d., 5262. Gyongyosy, Stephen, b., 5102 ; d.,5123. Gyroscope, invented, 8181 . Gyrowetz, Adalbert, b. (1763) ; d., 5223. H. Haakman, M., closes court, 6591. Haaman, aims to destroy Jews, 11463. Haarlem, invaded, 10981 . Lake, drained, 11022. Haas, Johann llatthais, b., 7982; d., 8003. , Maurice F. H. de, b., 1401 ; National Academy of Design, 2601 ; d., 11021 . Haase, Heinrich Gottlob Frederik Chris- tian, b., 8083. Habakkuk, a prophet, 11443. Habberton, John, b. (1842) ; works, 2943, 3243. Habeas Corpus, suspended, Am., 1951, 2, 2073, 2113, 2152, 2213, 2273, 2373, 2751 ,2; Habe-Hall. Text Figures denote Page. INDjbX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1273 ignored, 1953; extended, 197' ; sustained, 1973; legal, 2112; ineffective, 2352 ; par- tially restored, 2492, 2523. Habeas Corpus Act, suspension, Can. ,5811 ; signed, Eng., SII52, X!)'.I2 ; suspended, 9012, 9073, 9113, 9212, ;i_>73, 0292, 9312, 9552, 9703,971', 2, 3. Habeneck, Antoine Francois, b., 705' ; d., 7302. Habercomb, L. W., in treas. dept., 3512. Haberlin, Franz D., b., 7983 ; d., 8043. Habert, M., murders Dupuis, 756 2 . , George, d., 8822. , Baron, Pierre J., b., 7013 ; d., 7242. Habicht, Christian M., b., 804' ; d., S143. Habington, William, b., 878' ; d. (1654). Habitual Criminals Act. passes, 9732. Drunkards Act passes, 983' . Habsburg, House of, anniversary, 5303. Hacliette, Jean Fourquette, b. (1454) ; at Beauvais, 678' . , Louis Christophe, Francois, b. (1800) ; d., 7362. Hackelinan, Pleasant Adam, b. (1814) ; d., 2152. Hackensack, N. J., R. R. wreck, 3213 ; robbers' den; 445' ; R.R. collision, 4493. Hacker, Ludweek, S. S-, at Ephrata, Pa.; Sunday-school, 643. Hackert, Philipp, b., 8002 ; d., 8083. Hacket, William, hanged, 8763. Hackett, Horatio Baleh, b., 1142; d., 288'. , chief of police, kills Hannon, 4003. , James Henry, b., 10S2; an actor, 134' ; d., 2742. Hackettstown, N.Y., Smith murdered,3263. Hacklander, Friedrich W. von, b., 812' ; works, 8182, 825' ; d., 8282. Hackley, Charles E., b., 1462; d., 1902. HackneycoachesinLondon,S813; licensed, 9393; restrictions on, removed, 945 3 . Hackworth, Timothy, invents steam-jet, 942'. Haco VIII. weds Margaret of Den., 11352. Haddington, Earl, of, title created, SSI'. — -, E. of, lord-lieut., 9473 ; minister, 9512. , Scotland, cholera appears, 9453. Haddock, Rev. Geo. C, murdered, 3243. Haddys, murder of, 9903. Hadee reigns, 'Egypt, 6552. Hadji Khalfa (Mustapha Ben Abdallah), d., 11563. Hadley, Mass., Indian attack, 46' ,2. , Henry Hamilton, b. (1826) ; d., 2373. — , James, b., 130' ; d., 2782. , John, b. (1682) ; reflecting sextant, 90S' ; d., 9103. , Orzo A., governor Ark., 2772. Hadrian, Publius iElius Hadrianus, b.-d., 10623 ; in Egypt, 6533 ; in Gaul, 6632 ; rampart in Ire., 839' ; in Britain, 8393 ; reigns, 10293 ; erects temples at Rome, persecutes Christians, 10642 ; and Jews, 11532; Jews revolt, 10643; improvements, 1065' ; perpetual code; adopts Antoninus, 1065 2 ; builds temples, 11532 ; restores Nicomedia; relinquishes authority, 11533. Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, b., 8142; works, 825', 829'. Hafiz, Mohammed Shems-ed-Din, b.-d., 11063; Hafsfiord, action at, 1104' . Hagrar sent away, 11402. Hagedon, Friedrich von, b., 7983 ; works, 801' ; d., 8022. Hagedorn, Christian L., b., 7983; d., 8042. Hagelgan, Hislor// of Arminius. 797'. Hagen, Ernest A., b., 8063 ; d., 830'. , Friedrich Heinrich von der, b., 8042; d., 820' . Hagenau, Ger., Germans occupy, 738' Hagenbach, Karl R., b., 807' ; d., 828' . , Peter von, governor, beheaded, 7872. Hager, A. L., b., 168'. , Albert David, b., 1262. Hagerstown, Md., miss. soc. org., 146 3 ; Fed. enter, 196' ; Confed. occupy, 213' . Haggai discovers the book, 1146' ; com- pletes temple ; a prophet, 11463. Haggard, Henry Rider, b. (1S56) ; works, 9923, 10043. Haggart, John, postmaster, 593' ; minister R. R. and canals, 5952, 5963. Haggerty, John, jumps bridge, 4332. Haghe, Louis, b., 9303; d. (1885). Hagisa reigns, 11453. Hagood, Johnson, governor S. C, 3052. Hague, The (Eng.), (or Fr., La Hogue), in- dependence of, 10993; states-gen. meet, 5433; league of find., 6933; naval battle, 694'; treaty of, 7992, 7993,7112, 11013; evacuated by Fr., 1102' ; cholera, 11023. Hague, Arnold, b., 1522. Halm, August, b., S062; d., 822' . , Michael, governor La., 2312,3, 2413. , Philipp M., b., 8002; d., 8043. , Simon, b., 79S2; d., S002. Hahnel, Ernst Julius, b., 8102 ; d. (1891). Hahnemann, Sam. C. F., b , 8023; d.,8162, Halm-Halm, Countess Ida Marie Luise So- phie Friederika Uustave von, b., 8082 ; works, 8152, 8202, 825' ; d., 830'. Haichung, mission, 6222. Haid, Leo, cons. R. C. bishop, 330 2 , Haidarabad Sepoy rebellion, 1048' ; mis- sion, 10463, 1(1483; mutiny at, 1049'. Haidiugor, Wilhelm, b., 8003; d., 8262. HaiDzuong, Black Flags, 4821. Haifong, typhoon, 6222 Haight, Benjamin J., d., 3002. , Henry Huntley, b., 1322; governor Cal., 265,2; a., 2982. Haik rules Armenia, 11412. Haile, William H., nom. gi?v. Mass., 415' . Hailey, Ida., fire, 3432. Haileybury Coll., Herts, fnd., 933' , 9623. Haillan, Bernard de Gerard du, Histolre de France, 683 2 . Haimonsk/nder, appears, 791'. Hainan, China, mission, 6143, 623' , 6242. Hainaut, Belg., French conquer, 5401 ; House of, reigns, 10991 . Haiiier, Eugene J., h., 1682. Haines, Charles D., d., 1781 . , Dan., gov. N. J., 1572, 1652; d., 2941. Bluff, Miss., Feds, at, 220'; Confeds. defeated, 2212 ; evacuated, 222' . Hainfleld, Socialist Congress, 531 1 . Haiphong, Fr. repulse, 4802. Hair-powder, in use,Eng.,877 3 , tax, 9272,3; repealed, 9732. Haiti, W. I. (see text, p. 1040), gold mines dis.,141 ; religions, 142; Columbus leaves, 143, 153; Isabella fnd. ; Columbus re- turns, 14 3 ; Indian labor, 152; Council of regency ; gold mines, 153 ; Dominican monks arrive; Franciscans enter, 161; slavery abounds, 171 ; negroes in mines, 172 ; Columbus' illness, 1443 ; indepen- dence, 715 3 ; recognized, 2093 ; Kear- sarge at ; Gss/pee at', ;>4o' ; Galena leaves, 344'' ; North Atlantic squadron at, 356' ; defaulting pres. captured, 7643; British grievance, 1001 2. Haiyen surrenders Manas, 622' . llaizinger, Amalie, b., 807'; d., 8302. Hakall, Richard B., surety, 2563. Hakim, Calif, o 6542. Hakka, mission, 023' . Hakkas, mission, 6183. Hakluyt, Richard, b., 8702 ; works, 8751 ; d., 8801 . Society, founded, 9543. Hakon I., invades Scotland, 1104' . III., reigns, 1105' . IV., reigns, 11051 ; in Scotland, 8541 ; Iceland subject to, 10422. V., reigns, 11051 ; d., 11041. VI., reigns, 11051. the Good, reigns, 11043; d., 1104' . Jarl governs provinces, 11043. Halai defeated, 22. Halberstadt, Prussia, bishoprics, 770 3 . , Albrecht von, translates Ovid's Meta- morphoses, 7783. Halbig, Johann, b., 8102; d., 8302. Ilaldane, Robert, b., 9162; d.,9502. Haldeman, Samuel S., b., 1183; d., 3041. Haldimand, Frederick, gov., 892; gov.-gen.; land grants, 5772. Haldon, Baron, title created, 9871 . Hale, Benj , b., 1062, d., 2251. , Chas. R., cons, bishop 111., 4202. , Edward Everett, b., 1302 ; works, 1643, 1742, 2011 2643, 2723, 2803, 2863, 2923, 3063, 4203, 4482 ; banquet, Boston, 4043. , Eugene, b., 1462. , Horatio, b., 1262. , John Parker, b., 1122; nominated for pres., 1642, 1712 ; vote, 1712, 1732 ; d., 2821 ; statue, 412' . , Sir Matthew, h., 8782 ; witchcraft, 8911; chief justice, 8932; d., 8942. , Capt. Nathan, b., 71 1 ; hanged, 842 ; d., 851 ; statue, 4441. , Nathan, journalist, b., 962; d., 2191. , Samuel W., gov. N. H., 3152. Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell, b. (1790); d., 3002. , Warren S., lord mayor, London, 965a. , William, governor N. H., 183 2 . Hales, John, b., 8742; d. (1656). , Sir Robert, murdered, 8603. , Stephen, b., 8942 ; g as experiments, 9061; ventilators, 9102; d.,9151. Halevy, Jacques Francois Fromental filie, b. 7142; d., 7342. , Leon, b., 7143; d., 7541 . , Ludovic, b.,7262; Academician, 752' . Haley, Edmund, magnetic variations,896' ; sun's distance, S98 2 . Half Mountain, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 2321. Haifa Wady,GordondefeatsMahdists,6001. Halt.lan I., reigns, 11043; d., 11041. II., reigns, 11043. III., reigns, 11043. Halford, Sir Henry, b.,9163; d., 9522. Half-way covenant, 383; adopted, 402. Haliartus, action at, 10221 . Haliburton, Thomas Chandler, b., 5762 ; works, 5791 , 5S03; d., 5821 . Halicamassus, Asia, surrenders, 10242 ; Mausoleum -erected, 11462. Halidon Hill, Eng., action at, 8581 . Halifax, N. S., fnd., 5753; //. Gazette, 5752: R. C. dio. est. ; Acadian lleeorder; Royal Gazette, 577 1 ; free port, 5773; Dalhousie Coll. est.; Xora Scotiau , 5783; archbish- opric fmd., 580 2; We tie van; Evang. Advo- cate; Preslj. Witness, 5803; fi re , 5853; Weekly Herald, 5843 ; Fishery Commis- sion in, 2972, 585i ; award, 11032 ; yellow fever; cable contract, 5873 ; Presbytery of, 5882; strike; carnivals, 5883; anni- versary, 5S92 ; Jack the Kipper, 5903 ; snowstorm ; gale, 5921 ; steamer sinks, 5953. , E. of. (See Montague, Charles.) , E. of, lord-lieut., 9153; minister, 9172. , Lord. (See Wood, Charles.) , Lord, in Va., 672; proposes taxation of colonies, 693; opposed; paid, 2992. , Marquis of. (See Savile.) , Viscount of, title created, 965' . Hall, Arthur, Homer's Jliades, 8751. , C. A., bishop of Vt., 450' . , A. Oakey, mayor, 2692 ; trial, 2811 . , Asaph, b. (1829) ; dis. satellites of Mars, 2961; gold medal, 4671. , Basil, b., 9243; d., 9522. , Bayard Rust, b. (1798) ; d., 2191. , Charles Francis, b., 130i ; Arctic ex- pedition sails, 1861 , 235' ; reports, 250' ; returns, 2661 ; sails, 2741 ; d., 2741 , 2. , Henry, b., 1282. - — , Col., near Milton, Tenn., 2201 . , David, governor Del., 1113. ■ — -Fitzsiinmons prize-tight, 3883. , Frederick, d., 1561 , George Henry, b. (1825) ; in Academy of Design, 2641 . , Gordon, b. (1782); miss., 10463;d., 1341. , Hiland, b., 1061 ; governor Vt., 1852. , James, b., 1042; moderator, 1123; d. ( 2622. ■ , , paleontologist, h., 1162. , Sir , b. (1761) ; experiments, 9222; d. (1832). , Mrs. J. D., murderer hanged, 3043. , John, clergyman, life endangered, 3951. , I., in dept. of justice, 447 3 . , W., governor Del 3033; d., 4001 . , Joseph, bp., of Norwich, h., 8742 ; works, 8771 , 8851 ; d., 8882. , Louisa Jane, b. (1802) ; d., 1482. , Lyman, b., 602; d., 1022. - — , Marshall, b., 9243; d. (1857). , Nathan Kelsey, b. (1810) ; P. M.-Gen., 1672; d., 2841. , Rev. Newman, b. (1816) ; at Lincoln Tower, 9792. , Robt., b., 9162 ; works, 9292; d.,9442. , II., commissioned colonel, 4301. , Samuel Carter, b., 9302; d., 10001. , T., in office of Iron Hall, 4143. , UrielS., b., 1701. , Wm. A., defeats compensation, 2193. , N., d., 6222. , R., commissioned major, 4561 . , invents rolling-machine, 5082. of Columns erected at Karnak, 6481. Hallam, Arthur Henry, b., 9351 ; d. (1833). , Henry, b., 9203 ■ works, 939i , 950» ; d., 9622. 1274 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Hall-Haiio. Hallam, "William, theatrical company, 683. Halle, Prus., Naturalists and Physicians, Conv.,8341 ; stormed, 716' ; cholera, 8373; Univ. chartered, 799' ; univ. closed, 800' ; univ. unites with Wittenberg, 8111. , Adam de la, b. (1240) ; works, 6731 ■ d. (1287). , Jean Noel, b., 7022; d., 7242. Halleck, Fitz-Greene, b. (1790) ; works, 1283, 1312; d., 2582; statue, 2941. , Henry Wagner, b., 124 2 ; maj.-gen., 1981 ; commands in Mo.; Order No. 3, 2003; orders martial law, 2021; com- mands three depts., 2043; i n West, 2052; supersedes Grant, 2062; commander-in- chief, 2101; sent to McClellan, 2141; countermands Red River exped., 2322; exchange of prisoners, 2283 ; d., 2761 . Haller, Albrecht von, b.-d., 11372; works, 8011,8032. Hallet, William, fined, 402. Hallet's Point Reef, blown up, 2933. Halley, Edmund, b., 8882; SU n motion ; transit of Mercury, 894 1 ; foretells comet, 8961, 9022; red flames, 9041; sun's dis- tance; astronomer royal, 9061 ; d., 9103. Halliday, Lizzie, murderess, 4363, 4631. , Paul, body found, 4363. Hallixche Jafirbuch, issued, 815 2 . Halliwell-Phillipps, .lames Orchard, b., 9402; a., 10001 . Hallock, Gerard, b., 1082. , William A., d., 3041 . Halloran, Dr., transported, 9392. Hallowell, girls' iiidus. school opd.,2871. , Richard Price, b., 1442. Halpin (Fenian), trial, 9711 . Halpine, Charles G., b., 1362; d., 2622. Halsbury, Baron, title created, 9871. , Lord. (See Giffard.) Halstan reigns in Sweden, 11333. Halstead, James, death, 4343. , Murat, b., 136 2 ; nomination rejected, 3391; editor Standard Union, 3562. Halule, action at, 11442. Haluntaqni, battle of, 6431 . Halve Moon, sails with Hudson, 261. Halyburton, Thomas, b., 8923; d., 9042. Ham, Ft., surrenders to Duke of Guise, 6821 ; occpuied, 7423. Hamadan. Persia, mission at, 11082. Hainan, plots against Jews, 11472. Hamann, Johann G., b., 8002; d., 8043. Hamath, Syria, reduced, 11441 . Hamberger, Georg B., b., 7982; d., 8023. Hambleden, Baron, title created, 10052. Hamboys, John, music, 8641. Hamburg, Ger., Fr. annexes ; revolt against Fr., 7193 ; archbishopric, 7722 ; fnd.,7731 ; imperial city, 7823; free town, 7873; peace preliminaries, 7972 ; peace of, 8033; sequesters Brit, property, 8073; taken, 8081 ; Fr. evacuate, 8101 ; inde- pendence restored, 8112; in Ger. Confed- eration, 8113 ; Am. Baptists in, 8143 ; burned, 8163 ; inundated ; new con- stitution, 8202 ; new assembly meets ; new Constitution, 8212; taken, 635i; oocupied, 7201 ; in N. Ger. Confederation, 8252; joins Ger. Empire, 8272; free port, 8273 ; harbor works, 8321 ; Socialist "vTedde, funeral, 8331 ; surrenders free- dom, 8332; cholera prevails; 8373. , N. Y., railway collision, 3533; town collector short, 4183. - — , S. C, race fight, 2891 , 2923. Am. line steamers est., 1633 ; with- draws steamers, 5952. HambargiS'-lo r- Co rri^jionden t , issued,799l . Hamerton, Philip Gilbert, b. (1834) ; works, 8723. Hamid-bin-Thwain, Sultan, 5642. Hamilcar at Himera, 10182 ; in Sicily, 10523; in Sp., 10531, 11251 ; extends dominions, 11252; d., 11391. Hamilton, Can., R. C. diocese est., 5802 ; Weekly Spectator ; Wesleyan Female Coll., '5803; Tinus, 5811; Brooklyn regi- ment ree'd ; Herald ; Public Library est., 5833. , G. B., miners' riots, 9963. , N. C, action at, 2101 . , N. Y., Hamilton Coll. org., 119 1 ; Pres. Skillman inaug., 3902 ; Madison Univ. est. ,1251 ; Literary and Theological Insti. est., 1291 ; Library building est., 3383. River, immense falls discovered, 5961 . College, Wis., Pres. Striker, 4221 . Univ. est., Red Wing, Minn., 176 2 . Hamilton, Baron, title created, 9963. , Bp., on supernaturalism, 9701 . , D. of, title created, 8S51 , 8932. , D. of, surrenders, SS62; killed, 9051 . — — , Marquis of, minister, 8833. , Alexander, b., 711; acquits Zenger, 631; at Ft. Washington, 852; Washing- ton's aide, 871 ; sec. treas., 1012; opposes Jefferson, 103 1 ; leads Federalists, 1033; Essay* of Camilla*, 1063; challenged by Burr, 1131 ; killed, 1121 ; statue, 4401 . , Andrew, gov. N. J., 511 , 532, 552±. , Gen. Andrew J., b. (1815) ; on Com. 33, 1891; gov. Tex., 2483, 2491, 2511; d. (1875). , Count Anthony, b., 6883 ; Comte de Gramont, 6972; d., 6982. , Charles, cons, bp., 9922. , S., d., 3821 . , Elizabeth, b., 9143; d., 9382. , Frank Hastings, b., 1211 ; d., 3241 . , Gail. (See Dodge, Mary Abigail.) , Lord George Francis, D. of Aber- corn, b. (1845) ; minister, 9792 ; L. of Admiralty, 9933, 9953; appropriation for warships, 10012; opens exhibition, 10081 . , George William, E. of Orkney, d., 10001. , Gustavus, at Newton Butler, 8981 . , Hamilton, elected Acad. Design, 3501 , — -, Henry.gov. Mich., 991 ; d. (1796). , James, b., 562 ; gov. N. J., 672, 713, 731 ; captured at Viucennes, , , b. (1786) ; gov. S. C, 1392; on nul- lification; pres. convention, 1412; d.,lS2i . , , Duke of Abercorn, b., 9351; L. lieut., 9692; d., 9941 . , , Earl of Arran, b. (1477); regent, 8693; d. (1529). , John, pres. N. j., 633. 672. , John B., in treas. dept., 3512. ,Sir John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, E. of Aberdeen, gov. -gen. Can., 595 2 ,3. , John M., governor 111., 3152. , Col. J. S., arrested ; acquitted, 3271 . , Paul, b. (1762) ; gov. S. C, 1132 ; seo. navy, 1171; d. (1816). Sir Robert, resigns, 9953. , Walter Kerr, elected bp., 9583. , Sir William, antiquary, b., 9082 ; Braes of Yarrow, 9152; d., 9323. , Sir ,b.,9243; w. irks, '.1583; d., 9603. , William Richard, b., 9203; d. (1859). , Sir — - Rowan, b., 9323 ; mathemati- cal method, 9521 ; d., 9681 . Hamley, Sir Edward Bruce, b. (1824) ; d., 10102. Hamlin, Charles S., in treas. dept., 4472. -, Hannibal, b., 1161 ; gov. Me., 1832 ; nom. vice-pres., 1873, 1931 ; vote, 1883, 1913, 1931; d., 3861. Hamline Univ. (Meth. Epis.) org. at St. Paul, Minn. (1854). , Leonidas Lent, b., 1062 ; cons, bp., 1563; d., 2452. Hamman, mission, 6571. Hammarskiold, Lars, b.-d., 11342 ; fnds. Literary Society, 11351 ; works of, 1136 2 . Hammellinrg, Prussian victory, 8242. Hammerieh, Frederik Peder Adolf, b., 6382; d., 6421. Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, b., 8041; work, 8103; d., 8201. Hammersmith to Kew, tram-cars, 9901 . Hammon, David, surveys Phila., 492. Hammond manufactures lace, 916 2 . , Lord Edmund, blackmailing scheme, 10023; d., 10022. , Geo., English minister, 1032. , Jabez D., b., 912; d., 1761 . , James Hamilton, b., 1141 ; gov. S. 0., 1553; Cotton is King, 1833; d. (1864). - — , Matthew, burned, 8743. , Samuel, b., 71 1 ; d., 1452. , Thomas, b., 1561 . , William Alexander, b., 1362. Hammurabi, dynasty ; reigns, 483 2 ; de- feats Rim Shi ; builder, 11401 . Canal, built, 11412. Hamon, Jean Louis, b., 7223; d., 7482. Hampden, Lord, impeached, 8852. , Viscount of, title created, 9871. , John, b., 76 2 ; Puritan, 351 ; refuses ship-money, 883 3 ; wounded, 8841; d., 8843. , Renn Dickson, bp., b., 9262; d., 9722. , Richard, minister, 8993. club, est., 9393. Sydney, College, Va., org., 851 . Hampdenk, John, political conspiracy, 8971. Hampshire, Eng., waste of land, 8491 . Hampton, Baron, title created, 9751. Hampton Court Conf., held, 8782, 8792. Court Palace, Raphael Cartoons, 8821. Institute, Va., org., 2643 ; H. B. Fria- sell superintendent, 4302. , John, missionary, 522. , S., gov. W. Australia, 4972. , Wade, b., 683; d., 1442. , , b., 1262 ; at Shepherdstown, 2141; commands Confederates, 1201; south of Kapidan, 2321 ; near Trevilian Station, 2342; ;lt Sycamore Church, 2381 ; at Columbia, 2422; ;t t Cheraw , 2423; near Jackson's Mill, 2441 ; gov., 2932, 2973; in int. dept., 4472. Roads, school opd. for freedmen, 2023 ; Congress burned ; Cumberland sunk ; Monitor arrives, 2043 ; Merrimac fights, 2062, 207 1 ; Fort Fisher expedition leaves, 2402 ; peace commission meets, 2431. Wick, R. R. accident, 9993. Hamurab, reigns, 11393. Hanaford, Phoebe Coffin, b., 1362. Hanani, prophet ; imprisoned, 11423. Hanau, Prus., principality, 8091; incor- porated, SU!>3; Bavariaiis'defeated, 7202. Han Belalovich, Bosnians defeated, 5281 . dynasty rules, 611 3 . chung Foo, taken, 6141 . Hancock, Mil., Confeds. driven from, 2363. , John, b., 642; sloop seized, 753; pres. AssemDly, 792; p re s. Cong., 812; pardon withneid, 813; p re s. Cunt. Cung., 832: resigns, 893; guv., 933, 1011 ; electoral vote, 1012; d., 1042. , Gen., at La (Julie Mills, 1221 . , Winfield Scott, b., 1321 ; at Williams- burg, 2071 ; near Charlestown, 2142 ; at Fredericksburg, 2162 ; at Gettysburg, 2241 ; near Kapidan, 2321; ;l t Spottsyl- vania, 2323 ; at Cold Harbor, 2341 ; at Weldon K. R. 2343 ; at Petersburg, 2343; at Reanis's Station, 237 2 ; at Hatcher's Run, 2391; Cung. thanks, 2521 ;maj.-gen., 2o2i; against Indians, 2561; commands 5th military dist., 2581; nom. for pres., 2931 , 3051 ; vote, 3051 , 3072; d., 3222. Hand, Brig. -Gen. Edward, b. (1744) ; com- missioned, 861 ; d. (1802). , Daniel, d., 3961 . Handel. George Frederick, b., 7982; in Lon- don, 9041 ; first English oratorio, 9061 ; composes The Messiah, 910 2 ; Jephthah, 9122 ; d., 8023 ; commemoration, 9222, 9461 ; festival, 9622. Society, formed, London, 9521 . and Haydn Soc. org., 1241; anniver- sary, 3561 . Handful of Phasont Ihdiyhts, issued, 8751 . Handkerchiefs, Paisley, 'first made, 910 2 . Handoub taken, 6603. Handsworth, east steel manufactory, 9102. Hanel, Ernest Julius, b. (1811) ; d., 83H . , Gustav F., b., 8062; d., S282. Hangehow-f u, China, captured; desolated, 6201 ; mission, 6203, 6211,2. Hanging Rock, S. C, attacked, 922. in chains abulished, G. B., 9471 . Hango, Hermann, works, 8362. Hangorf, Thomas, martyr, 472. Hanifs, idolatry, 4843. Hanka, Venceslav, b., 5181 ; Bul-opis Kralodirorsl://, discovered, 5203; d.,5262. Hanke, Henriette W., b., 8042; d., 8202. Hankel, Wilhelm Gottlieb, b., 8102. Han-Keu, sacked, 618 1 ; allies punished; defamed; fugitive, 10553. Hankow, China, mission, 0203; riots, 6251 ; R. R. syndicate, 6253; fire, 6273. Hanley, Eng., coal-mine caves in, 10013. Hanlon, E., on Lake Quinsigamond, 3253. Hanna, Hugh, open-air preaching, 9603. , Speaker, life endangered, 3751. Hannay, J., makes artif'l diamonds, 9841 . Hannen, Lord, arbitrator, 425 2 . , Sir James, Parnell Commission, 9992. Hannibal, lost; 9301. , b.-d., 11391 ; in Italy, 6021 ; at Sagun- tum, 10531 ; expeditions. 1054', 11251; recalled, 10543 ; under Prusias, 11481 . Hannington, James, b. (1847) ; sails, 5613; returns, 5613 ; cons. ; martyred, 5621. Hanno, defeated, 10523, 10531 . Hanoi, Fr. defeated; evacuated ; Fr. cap- ture, 4802. Hano-Harr. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column 1275 Hanoteaux, M., minister, 7672. , Gabriel, Richelieu, 7641 . Hanover, Ger., restores Rhine Palatinate, 7972 ; becomes 9th electorate, 7992 ; Er- nest Augustus, elector (1692); Geo. Lewis elector (1698) ; treaty of, 9073 ; Geo. Augustus elector (1727) ; purchase of Bremen, 801 2 ; in Seven Years' War, 8032 ; Geo.-Wm.-Fred. elector (1760) ; seized by Prus., 7021, 8073 ; occupied, 8091 ; acquired by Pius., 5272, 8092 ; re- gained for Eng., 7212, 8112 ; Guelphie order est.; Westphalia gains part, 8111 ,2; regained by Eng., si 12; elector becomes king (1814) ; in Confederation ; Duke of Cambridge viceroy ; representative govt, fmd., 8113 ; Geo.-Augustus-Fred., K. ; Wm. Henry, K., S133 ; constitu- tion abolished ; Victoria, Q. of Eng. ; separated from Eng., 8153, 9492 ■ elec- toral rights opposed ; Constitution granted, S173 ; alliance with Prus. ; in Tariff Union ; George V., K., 8193 ; Constitution annulled, 821 1 ; gives up State dues, 8212 ; claims crown jewels, 821 1 ; ally of Aust . ; invades Holstein ; Prus. troops in, 822' , 8233 ; Prus. gains, 8252 ; treaty with Prus. ; Bavaria royal Property sequestrated ; treason in, 8253; Id Catholic movement, 8263; king weds Thyra, S303 ; Ernest Augustus II., K., 8311 ; imperial capital, 8353. , N". H., Dartmouth College est., 763 ; College of Agriculture est., 2623; Miss Warden shot, 3882. County, Va., mission, 71 1 ; Sunday School in, 983. Court House, Va., taken, 2082. Junction, Va., cavalry tight, 2241 . College, Ind., org., 1423. Hospital dedicated, 4291 . Hans of Den., defeats Sten Stare, 11341 . Busk Life-Ship Institute fnd., 9723. Hansa, Arctic expedition, 8261 . Hansard, John K. G.. b., 1462. , Luke, b.. 9123 ; d., 9423. Hansbrough, H. C, b., 1641 ; speech, 4391 . Hanse towns, struggles with Den., 6372. Hanseatic League, fmd., 7773, 7811; W ar with Den., 782 1 . Hansen, Mauritz Christopher, b. (1794) ; works, 11042; d. (1842). , Peter Andreas, b., 8063; Table of the Moon, published, 9621 ; d., 8281 . Hansom, Jos.Alovsius. in v. safety cab,946i . , Capt., killed in duel, 9212. Hansteen, Christoifer, b.-d., 11041 . Hanway, Jonas, b. (1712) ; est. Marine Society, 9151; d., 9253. Han-Yang, sacked, 6I81 . Hapsburg, House of; est., 5033, 5052; rule begins, 5093 ; reigns, 10992, 5853. Lorraine, House or, 5232. Harback, Abram A., commis. maj., 4501 . Harbaugh, Henry, b., 1202; d., 2582. Harberton, Viscount of, title created, 9252. Harbour Grace, N. F., Standard estab- lished, 5811. Harcourt, Edward W., d., IOO62. , D', Gen., at Turin, 6S81 . , Due d', Henri, b., 6902; d., 6981. , Sir Simon, b., 8902; keeper; lord Chanc, 9052; lord lieut., 9193; d. (1777). , Sir Wm. Geo. Granville Venables Vernon.b. , 94 J3;ininister,'.lS".2, 9952, 10092, 10112; intro. Coercion Bill, 9892; Liquor Traffic Bill, 1011 1. Hardee, Wm. J., b., 1262 ; at Shiloh, 2061 ; at Perryyille, 2142 ; at Murfreesboro, 2171 ; supersedes Bragg, 2283; at Pump- kin-Vine Creek, 2341 ; at. Jonesboro, Ga., 2381 ; at Savannah, 2402 ; from Charles- ton, 2422 ; at Cheraw, 2423 ; at Averys- boro, 2441; d., 2821. Harden, J. S., murderer, 1882. Hardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, b., 8031 ; work, 8072; d., 8071 . , James B., pres. Ref. Synod, 1543. , Pr. Karl August von,b.,8022; d.,8122. Hardicanute, K., b., 8462 ; reigns, Den., 6352; reigns Eng.; d., 8472. Hardie, Capt., defeats Garza, 398 1 . Hardin, Charles H., gov. Mo., 2912. , Martin D., b. (1880); d., 1302. Harding, Chester, b., 1022; at Fort Donel- son, 2183; d., 2521. , James Duffield, b., 9283; d., 9662. , Karl Ludwig, b. (1765) ; dis. Juno, 8081,9322; d. (1834). Harding, Stephen, b., 6683. , S., gov. Utah, 2032. College, fnd. at Mexico, Mo., 2782. Hardingc, Viscount, title created, 951 1 . , Sir Arthur E., d., 10081 . , Henry, b., 9223; gov.-gen., 9532, 10473; at Mudkee. HMO' ; commander-in- chief. 9561; d., 9603. , Capt., killed, 9341. Hardman, Sir William, d., 10041. Hardouin, Trissor de V< 'nerie, 6763. , Jean, b., 6883; d., 6983. Hardrada, Harold, lights Danes, 6351; killed, 8461 . Hardt, Hermann von del', b.,7963; d.,8003. H a rdwick, Philip, b. (17921 ; begins Maryle- bone Church, 9362; d. (1871). Hardwieke, Lord. (See Yorke, Philip.) , E. of, title created, 9112. , E. of. (See Yorke, Charles.) Hardy, Alexander, plays of, 6871 . , Arthur Sherburne, b., 1623 ; works, 3163, 3263,3503. , Sir Charles, b. (1705±) ; gov. N. Y., 712; d. (1780). , Gathorne, Viscount Cranbrook, b. (1814) ; minister, 9953. , Josiah, gov. N. J., 732. , Thomas, b. (1840) ; works, 9763, 9963, 10121 . , Sir Masterman, b., 9183 ; bom- bards Stonington, 1222; d., 94S3. Hare, Augustus Julius Charles, b., 946 2 ; Two Noble Lives, 4783. , Baron, title created, 9651 . , Darius D., b., 1561 . , Julius Charles, b., 9263; d., 9603. , Robert, b., 93 1 ; compound blow-pipe, 1101; d., 1841. , Thomas, d., 10061 . , Wm. Hobart, b. (1838); cons, bp., 2803. Harel, Abbe Telesphore, d., 5881. Haren, Willern van, b.-d., 1101 1 ; Gevallen van Frisco, 11012. Harewood, E. of, title created, 9372. Harlieur, Fr., surrenders, 6761 , 8621 . Hargraves, Edmund Hammond, b., 9382; discovers gold, 4961 . Hargreaves, James, carding-machines, 9142; spinning-jenny, 9161, 9172; water- power spinning, 9181 ; d., 9203. Haring, Wilhelm. (See Alexis.) Harington, Sir John, b., 8721; Orlando Furioso, 8771 ; d. (1612). Hariri, Abu Mohammed Kasim ben Ali, b. (1054); d., 4863. Harker, Gen. Chas. G., b. (1836); k., 2351 ,2. Harkins, Matt., b. (1845) ; cons, bp., 3262. , Capt., near Winchester, 2161. Harkncss, William, astron., b., 1482. Harlan Court-House, feud. 3471 ,3561,4502. , James, b., 1282 ; se c. of interior, 2473; resigns, 2532. , John Marshall, b., 1421 ; justice, 2973; arbitrator, 4252, 4471. , Richard, b., 1061 ; d., 1561 . Harland, Marion. (See Terhune, Mrs.) Harlav, Achille de, b., 6803; d., 6863. Harlaw, battle of, 860 1 . Harlech, Baron, title created, 9751 . Castle, Wales, besieged, 86O1 . Harlcian Library est., 9023. Society fnd., 9721 . Harlem Courant, London, issued, 8983. Harlem Heights, N. Y., attack at, 842. R. R. built, 1393, 1493; wreck, 3971. Harless, Gottlieb Christolph Adolph von, b.,8082; d., 8202. Harley, Edward, E. Oxford ; library, 9023. , Robert, E. of Oxford, b. (1661) ; L. admiralty, 9031; dismissed, 9052; im- peached, 9053; d. (1724). , Robert, E. of Oxford, b., 8902 ; min- ister, 9032; speaker ,9031 ; dismissed,9033; chanc, 905 2 ; assassination fails, 9051 ; 1. treas. ; created Karl, 905 2 ; d., 9062. Harlots punished, Eng., 8591. Harlow, George Henry, b., 9242; d. (1819). Harman, Edward R. King, d., 9982. , Mayor J. W., shot, 4743. Harmar, Josiah, b., 683; general-in-chief, 1001 ; defeated by Indians, 1021 ; d., 1211 . Harmon, Capt., near Decatur, 2102. , R. F., letter, 4753. Harmonica, J. C. Gliick plays, 9102. Harmonic Union, fmd., Eng., 958 2 . Harmonichord invented, 8101 . Harmonists founded, 8043 ; Ind., 1243. Harmony, Davis B., rear-admiral, 3381 . Harms, Claus, b., 8042; d., 8201 . , Louis, b. (1809) ; inane, missionary society, 8182; d. (1S66). Harmshope, mission, 11241. Harmsworth, Polar expedition, 10121 . Harnden, Lieut.-Col., captures Jefferson Davis, 2463. , Wm. Fred., org. express, 1513. Harnett, Cornelius, b., 002; d., 931. Harney, William Selbv, b., 1082 ; captures Inds., 1521 ; at San Juan Is., 1852 ; re- called, 1873 ; in command; protects St. Louis, 1921,1942; relieved, 1941 ; d.,3382. Harnoy, Vice-Adm. de Dampierre, minis- ter, 7473. Harold, Earl, subjugates Wales, 8461. I. king of Eng.. reigns ; d., 8472. II. reigns, 8473 ; crowned, 8463 ; a t Stamford Bridge ; k., 8461 . K. of Den. ; est. Christianity, 6352. the Blue Tooth, reigns, 6352. Heju reigns, 6353. I. reigns in Nor., 11043; at Hafsfiord, 10041; consolidates, divides kingdom, 11043. II. Graafeld, reigns, 11043 ; deposed. 10743; d., 11041. III. invades Eng., 11041 . , Hardrada reigns in Nor., 11051 . TV. reigns ; killed, 11051 . Haroon reigns, Egypt, 655 2 . Harpagus takes Za'nthus, 11461. Harpe, Jean F. de la, b. (1739) ; Waru-ick, 7032 ; d. (1803). Harper, Fletcher, b., 1122; d., 2942. , , b. (1828) ; d., 3581 . , James, b., 1061 ; mayor N. Y., 1591 ; moderator, 2642; d., 2661 . , Joseph Morrill, b. (1787); gov. N. H., 1393 ; d., 2423. , Wesley, b., 1101 ; d., 2701 . , B. D., moderator, 2023. , Robert F., d., 1322. , Goodloe, b., 741 ; vote for vice- pres., 1253, 1292 ; d. (1825). , William, b., 1022; d. (1849). - — , Rainey, b., 1781 ; Pres. Chicago Univ., 3682; at Chautauqua, 3423. Harper'sFerrv, Va., govt, armory and mnf., 1081; Brown's raid, 1861,3, 1871; fired, 1941 ; Confeds. evacuate, Federals oc- cupy, 1961; action, 1962; Banks crosses at, 2041; Confeds. invest, surrendered, 2131 ; evacuated by Confeds., 2132;Storer College opened, 2603. Harper's Bazaar founded, 2623. New Month/// Maijeciite fnd., 168 3 . Youna People issued, 3023. Harpestring, Henrik, on medicine, 6363. Harpeth Shoals, gunboats destroyed, 2182. Harpooner wrecked, 9381 . Harpoot, mission of, 11563. Harqua Hala mine, Arizona, 4073. Harraden, Beatrice, work, 10122. Harran, Pedro Alcantara, Pres., 6291. Harrigan, Edward, contempt, 9991. Harriman, Walter, b. (1817); governor N. H., 2593 ; d. (1884). Harrington, Earl of, title created, 9112. , Earl of. suspended, 9973. , Earl of, Wm. Stanhope, ininister,9113. , James, b., 8782; Ormmi,88SS; d.,8942. , M. W., in Agri. Department, 4473. , Samuel Maxwell, b. (1803) ; d., 2482. , Timothy, Irish agitator in X. Y., 37H. Harris, Baron, title created, 9372. , Caleb F., b., 1262; d., 3081 . , Carlyle W., convicted, 4002, 4222. , C. J., first, chief Cherokees, 3971. , E. C, gift of, 9842. , Elisha, governor R. I., 1633. , Frank, editor, 10002. , George, jurist, d., 10041 . , Lord , Gen., b. (1746) ; at Seringa- patam, 10461 ; d. (1829). , Ira, Committee of 15, 2493; d., 2881. , Isham Green, b., 1262 ; gov. (1857) ; re- fuses troops, 1952; seizes U.S. funds, 1951 ; proclaims independence, 197 2 ; Kecon- struction Committee, 2493; pres. Senate, 4351 ; speech, 4392. , James, b., 9042; works, 9131 ; d.,9211. , , Earl of Malmesbury, b.,9122; d. (1820). , Howard, third Earl of Malmes- bury, b., 9331 ; minister, 9573, 9632,9692, 9792 • d. 10001 . , Joel Chandler, b., 1641 ; works, 3183, 3322. 1276 Text Figures denote Page. IJN L)h.J\.. Superior Figures indicate Column, Harr-Hatc. Harris, John,b.(1667) ; works, 902=1; d.(1719). , Major, in Abyssinia, 13. , Mary, trial, 2551. , Matthew, libel decision, 10003. -, Riehara, constructs pendulum, 8842. , Samuel, clergyman, o., 1231 . , Smith, bp., b., 1522 ; cons. P. E. bishop, 3022 ; d., 3301 . , Thaddeus Mason, b., 761; d., 1542. , William, b., 1061 ; d., 1781. , Thomas Lake, b., 130 2 ; fnds. Brocton community, 25S 3 . , Mealey, Brig.-Gen., b. (1817) ; mil- itary commissioner, 247 2 . , Townsend, b. (1803) ; treaty with Japan, 1831 ; d. (1878). , Tucker, d., 130'. , T. W„ Merriwether's Landing, 2103. , Win., b. (1765) ; pres. Columbia Col- lege, 1191. d. (1829). , , A., b., 1522. , Torrey, b., 1442; in interior de- partment, 3512, 4472. , Logan, b., 1262; C ons. Meth. Epis. bishop, 2763; d. (1887). , Sir Snow, b., 926 2 ; inv. thermo- electromcter. 9422; makeseompass, 9441 j d., 9722. Harrisburg,Pa.,laid out. 993; capital, 1193; State Library, tiul., 1251 ; Church of God org., 1382; R. R. with Phila., 1413; Whig Nat. Conven. meets, 1512 ; Lincoln at, 1923 ; Gen. Wool at, 2142 ; threatened, 2232 ; obsequies of Lincoln, 2472 ; R. C. diocese est., 2642; Hartranft monument, 3841; cloud burst, 3851; train wrecked, 4093; dynamite wreck, 4651. Harrison, N. J., Mehaffey assault, 4703. , O., Morgan enters, 2243. , Ben]', patriot, b., 642 ; d., 1022. , , Pres., b., 1421 ; graduates, 1723; marries, 1732 ; at Atlanta, 2362 ; nom. for pres., 3311; vote, 3312 ; inaug., 3372; addresses Grand Army, 3332; proclama- tion, 3392; Sunday parades, 3401 ; LL.D. Miami Univ., 341 1 ; Log Coll. eel., 3443 ; effigy burned, 3472; at Carnegie Library in Pa., 3522 ; at Centennial eel. ; bur- glars, 3523 ; veterans' reunion, 3701 ; trans-continental trip, 3S22 ; proclama- tions to foreigners, 3802; speeches, 3902; message to Cong., 3972; at Grant's mon- ument, 4041; renominated. 4091 ; accep- tance, 4151; vote, 419 2 , 4243 ; Mormon proclamation, 421 2 ; Indianapolis ad- dress, 428 3 ; Commander of Loyal Le- gion, 4291; lecture, 4541, 4562; funeral of wife, 4171 , , Mrs. Burton, work, 3963. , Carter Henry, b. (1S25) ; mayor, 3811, 4272 ; assassinated ; d., 4421 , 4432. , Sir G., memorial archway, 9981. , Henry B., governor Conn., 3233. , James Albert, b., 1641 . , C, appt. judge in Kansas, 1812. , John, b., 9002 ; time-pieces, 9081 ; spinning wheel improved, 9122 ; time- keeper, 9161 ; watches, 9062 ; d.,9203. , Nap. Bonaparte, b (1823); d.,2721. , Bob. Hanson, b. (1745), 602 ; electoral vote, 1012 ; justice S. C, 1012; d. (1790). , Thomas, Confed. gen., d., 3861 . , William Henry, b., 782 ; graduates, 1023; marries, 1071; gov. Ind., Ill'; at Tippecanoe, 116'; meets Indians, 1172; in Can., 118' ; commands army, 120' ; at Ft. Meigs, 1202 ; invades Can., 1203 ; presidential vote, 1472; renominated for pres., 1512, 1531 ,2 ; " Log Cabin " cam- paign, 1531 ; inaug., 1532 ; d., 1522, 1532. , T., eons, bishop, 9983. , Judge, unconfirmed, 1812. , Mr., ice-machine patented, 9621. Harrison's Bar. V:i.,i M< ■< J l ell an leaves, 211', Landing, McClellan at, 210', 211'. Harriott, Thomas, b., 872' ; solar observa- tions, 904' ; d., 8802. Harrit.y, William F., chairman, 4113. Harrodsburg, Ky., settled, 79'; Daugh- ters' College founded, 1802. Harrowby, Earl of, title created, 931'. , Earl of. (See Ryder.) Harrow, Eng., School founded, 8743. Hart, Alphonse, in treas. dept., 351 2 . , Anthony, lord chancellor, 943 3 . , C, d., 394'. , Charles S., b., 1623. , Ernest, H>i/inofism, Mesmerism, 448' . , James McDougal, b., 136 2 ; in Nat. Academy of Design, 184' ; paintings, 186' , 286' , 300' , 3061 , 3121 , 318I , 3221 . Hart, Joel T., b., nc.2; a,,,/, 1002 : d.,294i. , John, rules, Md., 591 . , Seely, b., 1162 ; d., 2941 . , O. B., governor Fla., 2851 . , Rowland, prints lie)/, ra Bible, 11371. , Solomon A., b., 1122 ; d. (1881). , T. H., Mayor Boston, 3491 . , William, b., 1302. , H., in treas. dept., 3512. , W., stabs Clemens Warner, 4743. Dyke.Sir Win. .minister, 9933; School of Handicraft, 9983. Harte, Francis Bret, b., 1502; works, 1463, 2603, 2683, 2723, 2771, 2863, 2911, 2983, 3003, 3-J-3, 3203, 4203, 4782, 10043. Harter, Michael D., b., 1522. Hartford, Conn., fort erected, 333 ; fnd., 35 2 ; witchcraft, 41 *; Gov. Andros at; Charter Oak event, 51 1 ; Gov. Fletcher at, 521, 532; first newspaper; Conn. Courant, 742; conference at. 922; incorp., 973 ; theater opd., 106' ; conven. meets, 1233 ; H. Tract Soc. org. ; deaf mute school, 125'; H. Times issued, 1271; Trinity Coll. org., 1312; axes null'., 1341 ; Theological Sem. fnd., 1431 ; Library Asso. fnd., 1503 ; R. c. diocese erected, 1581; Charter Oak falls, 1813; Watkin- son Library fnd., 1S43 ; Colt Armory burned, 231 3 ; Cedar Hill Cemetery est., 2513 ; Congregation Club formed, '2902 ; Legislature meets, 2991; memorial to Gov. Buckingham, 3161 ; Free Library fnd., 354 2 ; conven. of Christian workers, 3702; fire, 4513; bust of Mrs. Stowe, 4601 ; Washington - Rochambeau memorial, 4653; bodies found, 4073 ; Mrs. Bobbins arrested, 4083 ; Francis defalcation, 4743. Hartford passes Port Hudson, 2201 ; in Mo- bile Bay, 2371. Hartington, Marquis of. (See Cavendish, Spencer Compton.) Hartismere, Baron, title created, 9651 , Hartland, Sir R., governor India, 10453. Hartlepool, Eng., riot at Colliery, 10083. Hartley, David, li., 9022; in Academy of Design, 3981; d., 9143. Hartiuan, Charles C, b,, 2023. Hartmann, von Aue, b. (1170±) ; works, 7783; d., (1210±). , Eduard von, b., 8143. , Karl R. E., works, 8263. , Moritz, b., 8122 ; d., 8281 . Hartog, Dirk, explorer, 493i. Hartranft, John Frederick, b. (1830) ; gov- ernor La., 2851 , 295' ; commander G. A. R., 2883, 2943 ; pres. contest, 293' ; d. (18S9), 346' ; monument, 3841 . Hartshorn Memorial College fnd., 3143. Hartshorne, Edward, b., 1262; d. (1885). , Henry, b., 1302. , Joseph, b., 912; d., 1681 . Hartstene, Henry J., finds Kane, 1761 j d., 2602. Hartsville, Ind., University org., 1703. , Pa., Log College celebration, 3443. , Teun., action at, 2162. Hartt, Charles Frederic, b. (1840) ; d.,2982. Hartville, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2181. Hartwell, Colo., R. R. collision, 4253. Hartwiek, N. Y., theolog. sem. at, 1243. Hartwood, Va., cavalry captured, 2161 . Hartzenbusch, Eugenio, work, 11311. , Juan, b.-d., 11303. Hartzhoim, Joseph, b., 7982; d., 8023. Harun-al-Raschid, calif, 4863; Egypt, 6552; gift to Charlemagne, 6661 ; invades Gr. ; peace with emp. ; ravages Asia Minor, 10331 ; d.,4842. Harvard, John, b., 202; gift, 343; freeman, 351 ; d., 341 ; statue, 3181 , 3622. Asso. fnd., prevention of crime, 9703. College, Harvard gift ; renamed, 343; H. Dunster pres. ; first commencement ; support of, 371 ; Chas. Chauncy, pre3., 391 ; Gale library, 443; ferry granted; Mather, pres., 483 ; against Whitefield, G51 ; students in homespun, 692; library burned, 742; Botanical Garden and Chair of Nat. His. est., 1121; John Q. Adams prof., 1143 ; Divinity School opd., 1243, 1271 ; Edward Everett pres., 101 1 ; Hi/pe- riondis., 1641 ; Scientific Dept. est., 1642; James AValker. pres., 1731 ; commemora- tion day eel., 248 2 ; Museum built, chair of Am. arelneologv and ethnology en- dowed, 2541 ; Dental School est., 2623, 2641 ; photoheliograph used, 2701 ; School of Agri. est., 2761 ; School of Forestry est., 2782 ; Memorial Hall opd., 2863; in boat race, 3053, 3073, 3113, 3173, 3213, 3253, 3273, 3313, 3432, 3023 ; Annex in- corp., 3102; Veterinary School est., 3121 ; woman wins Sargent prize, 3602 ; three years course, 3702; Edwin Conant's gift, 3781 j Aristotle's Cemst'etiitiem at, 3802; in- terment of Lowell, 3892 ; large attend- ance, 4162 ; station in the Andes, 4421 j Garland's gift, 4441 ; Radcliffe Coll., an- nex named, 4442 ; wins Coll. debate, 448 2 ; Agnes Irwin, dean of Radcliffe College, 4602; athletics in regular course, 4761 . Harveian Society org., 9441 . Hareest Moon blown up, 242 2 . Harvey, Gabriel, b., 8682; d., 8822. , Sir George, b., 9323. , Hayward A., d., 4361 . , James Madison, b. (1833) ; governor Kan., 2692. , Lord John, b., 9002 ; gov. Va., 33' , 352 ; tines imposed, 332 ; deposed, 352; restored, 353 ; pres. of N.C., 49'. , Sir , gov. Cape Colony, 5792, , Louis Powell, b. (1820) ; gov. Wis., 2032; d. (1862). , Mat., b. (1781) ; gov., 1392 ; d. (1866). , Thomas, governor N. C. in 1695. • , William, b.,8742; works, S7S', 8823; blood circulation, 8821 ; Medical School est., 8901 ; d., 8882. , W. H., murderer, 5863. Harwich, Eng., fleet sails, 570 2 ; Mammoth remains, 9321 , Harwich wrecked, 8981 . Harzburg, Brunswick, besieged, 7753. Hasa invaded, 4861. Hasbain, battle of, 6761 . Hasdrubal, at Lilvbtenum, 10523 ; in Sp., 10531 , 10541 ; at Bjecula, in N. It., 10542 ; incites Gauls, 10552; defeated; k., 10543. Hase, Heinrich, b., 8043; d., 8162. , Karl A., b., 8071 . Hasebreek, Johannes Pieter, work, 11022. Hasell, James, pres. N. C, 773. Haselrig, Lord, impeached, 8852. Haseltine, William Stanley, b. (1835); in Nat. Academy of Design, 2023. Haseltoii, S., minister, 4473. Hasenclever, Peter, b., 7983; d., 8062. Hashem, calif, 485 z . Hrtsl/eiii'i arrives, 49G 3 . Haslett,' Joseph, gov. Del., 1192, 1313. Hass, Karl A., d., 8341 . Hassan, calif, 485 2 ; deposed ; restored, 6553; at Cairo, 6561. , Pr., to Eng., 6232 ; commissioner in Sudan, 6612 ; shot, 6601 ; d., 6611 . , assassinates Hussein Avni, 11583. , Jubab, insurrectionist, 487 2 . , Muley, reigns, 1097 2 . Hasse, Friedricb C. A., b., 8041 . , Heinrich G. F. C, d., 8243. , Johann A., b., 7983 ; produces operas, 800'; d., 8042. , Karl E., b., 8102. Hassel, Johann G. H., b., 803' ; d., 8142. Hasselquist, Fredrick, b.-d., 11342. Hassenphug, Hans Daniel Ludwig Fred- erich, b. (1794) ; aided, 5233 ; minister, 819 1 ; d. (1862). Hastenbeck, Prus., allies defeated, 516'. Hasting, the sea-king, expelled, S44' . Hastings, Eng., battle of, 846' . , Neb., C. N. Paul embezzles, 3991 ; in- sane asylum, 339' . , N. Y., observatory erected, 1902 ; train wrecked, 3973. County, Can., gold discovered, 5921 . , Dan. H., nom. for gov. Pa., 4573. , Baron, title created, 8551. , David, embezzler, 4003. , E. C, shoots Hilliard, 4762. , Sir Edward, minister, 8713. , Francis Rawdon, Marquis, of Hast- ings, E. of Moira ; b. (1754) ; gov.-gen. India, 10472; suppresses Pindaree, 10461 ; d. (1826). , John, lynched, 4182. , Marquis. (See Moira.) , Warren, b., 9082; gov.-gen. Ind.,9193; impeachment, 9233; trial, 925'; d., 9382. , LordWm., b. (1430 ) ; beheaded, 8653. HaswM collides with Bruiser, 9693. Haswell, Anthony S., killed, 411 1 . , Chas. Haynes, b., 1161. Hatch, Edwin, b., 10021 . Hate-Heat. Text Figures denote Page. IJN JJJS.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1277 Hatch, J. Porter, b.(1822i; ;it Oxford, 1316! ; at Rienzi, 2243 ; at Honey Hill, 2402. , Rufus, d., 4241. , William H., b., 1421 . Hatcher's Run, Va., battle of, 2391; Con- feds. driven back, 2421 , 2443. Hattield, Eng., R. R. collision, 9753. , Mass., Indians attack, 461 , 2. , tires at king, 9311 . , Edwin Francis, b. (1S07); moderator, 3122. , Octavius, elected bp., 9742. , Robert M., d., 3S01 . Hattield's Hall, Bishop, Durham Univ. founded, 9531. Hathaway, F. H., major, 4561. Hatherton, Baron, title created, 9451 . Hatshepsu, Queen, art patron, 6462; reigns, 6483, 6491. Hats, mnf. in Am., luSi ; of palm-leaf, 1341 ; fhst made, (i7i',2 ; intro. Fr., 6791 ; manuf. in Eng., 8662. "Hats " disturb Netherlaud, 11353. HaTsevase, Trans., mission, 6003. Halteras blown up at Galveston, 2181. Hatteras, expedition bombards, 1981, 2022±. Hat-trimming case, verdict, 3412. Hatti-sherif, statutes, issued, 11573. Hatto I., regent of Ger., 7732. Hatton, Christopher, lord chancellor, minister, 8773; d., 8762. , Frank, b.(lSW) ; P.M.G..3192; d.,4581 . Hatvau, battle, 5222 ; railroad opd., 5332. Hatzfeldt, Ot. von, Order of B. Eagle, 8342. Hauch, Johannes Oarsten von, D., 6382; works, G391, 6403; d., 6421. Hauff, Wilhelm, b., 8082 ; works, 8132; d., 8141. Haugen, Nils P., b., 1662. Haughey, T. P., embezzler, 4362. Hauk, Minnie, b., 1722. Hauksljee, Francis, b., S&82; d., 9082. Haupt, Moritz, b., 8083. , Paul, b., 1841 . Hiuptmann, Gerhardt, works, 8362. , Moritz, b., 8062; d., 8243. Haureau, Jean Barthelmi, b., 7192. Haasblatter issued, 8202. Hausen, Prus. victory, 8242. Hauser, Kaspar, d., 8142. Hausruckviertel ceded, 5193. Hausser, Ludnig, b., 8122 ; works, 8202, 8243. Haussez, Baron d', Charles Lemercher de Longpre, b., 7043; d., 7322. Haussmann, Dav. J. L., b., 8043; d., 8222. , Baron Georges Eugene, b., 7191 ; dis- missed, 7392; d., 7601. Haussonville, Comte d', work, 7622. Haut'efeuille, Jean de, b., 688 3 ; watches; heat-engine, 6922 ; liquenes ozone, 7521 ; d.,6982. Hauting, theatre accident, G25 3 . Hautpoul, ilarq. d', Alphonse Henri, b., 7062; d., 7362. Hautville, Tancred de, sons in It., 10733. Haiiy, Rene" Just, abbe, b., 700 3 ; works, 7143, 7151,7243; d., 7242. , Valentin, est. school for blind, 7063. Havana, San Cristoval de la, dis. ; fnd., 6313; named, 192 ; Fr. burn ; Fr. destroy, 6311 ; capital, 6313; pirate Sores plunders, 221 ; defenses built; walls begun; Morgan takes ; Am. Colonists at ; Eng. takes Morro Castle, 6311 ; gov. capitulates, 6312; yellow fever ; restored to Sp., 6313; cyclones, 6322 ; open to foreign com- merce, 6323,6331,3; expedition leaves, 6321 ; Rom. Cath. see erected ; flood ; Columbus' bones reinterred, 6322; Jesu Maria burned; Fr. emigrants plundered ; cholera ; railroad to Bejuoal ; to Guinea, 6333; hurricane, 6322; Gen. Lopez exe- cuted, 6321 ; Crescent Viti/ boarded, 1713; telegraph est., 6333 ; hail, snow, 6322 ; univ. students shot, 6331 ; liberal decree published; Botanical Garden est., 6322; Bible Society work; Sunday school est., 6323 ; El Trifituo suppressed ; daily Am. mail, 6333; cigar makers' strike; Presb. mission, 6341 ; brigand Maelin executed, 6342; powder explosion; bomb in church; caravels leave, 6343 ; Infanta Eulalie sails; troops patrol, 6342. Havelberg, Prus., bishopric fnd., 7723 ; destroyed, 7741 . Havelock, Sir Henry, b., 9263; i n Sepoy rebellion, 10481 ; d., 9022; statue, 9642. Havemeyer, Frederick C, d., 3881 . , Henry, gift to Greenwich, 4042. , H. O., indicted, 4732. , Wm. Fred., b. 1121; mayor, N. Y., 1652, 2752. Haven, Alice B., b. (1828) ; d., 2521 . , Lieut. Edwin T.de.Polar Exped.,1661 . , Erastus Otis, b., 1282; cons, bp., 3042 ; d.,3081. , Gilbert, b., 1301 ; bp., 2763 ; d., 3022. , Harriet M., b., 1321 . , Joseph, b., 1242 ; d., 2842. , Samuel Forster, b., 1122 ; d. (1881). Havens, Nath. Appleton, b.,962; d. (1874). Haverford Coll., Haverford, Pa., org., 1423. Haverhill, Mass., Indians attack, 522 ; Bapt. Ch. est., 742 ; Public Library, fnd., 2822 ; R. R. wreck, 3293 ; employees strike, 351 1 ; 250th anniversary cele- brated, 3633. -, N. H., attacked, 56 1 ; burned, 3113. Haverstraw, N. Y., landslide, 394i; dyna- mite explosion, 3973. Haviland, John, b., 9262 ; d., 9582. , T. H., at Montreal, 5743 ; glJ v., 5833. Havre, Fr., built, 6813; transferred to Eng., 6833 ; bombarded, 6941 ; advance on, 7431 . de Grace, Md., burned, 120 2 . Hawaii. (See text, pp., 1040-1041.) Sand- wich Islands ; Mormon mission, 162 3 ; annexation defeated, 1771 ; reciprocity treaty with U. S., 2591 ; treaty discussed, 3771,4231,2, 4251, 4271, 4471, 4491, 4512, 4612,4692,4792; annexation discussed; commissioners in Washington, 1). 0., 4232 ; asks for redress, 4243 • protecto- rate favored, 4251 ; Minister Stevens ap- proved, 4252 ; Blount's special mission, 4272 ; former gov. suggested, 4432 ; cor- respondence, 4451 ,44y2 ; Pres. sends mes- sage, 4471 ; Provisional Gov. will not re- sign ; Queen accepts condition, 4491; Dole vs. Willis, 4511 ,2, 4552 ; no force to be used, 4612 ; non-interference, 4613; Republic recognition, 4672 4691, 8372; S. B. Dole, pres., 4673. Hawarden Castle captured, 8541 . , Viscount of, title created, 9252. Haweis, H. R., prohibited preaching, 9942. Hawes, Mary V. (See Terhune, Mrs.) .Riehard, b. (1797); gov., 2153; d. (1877). , Step., b. (1479=); works, 8663; d.(1523i). Hawe's Shop, Va., Conf eds. defeated, 2341 . Hawke, Baron, title created, 9212. , Edward, b., 9042 ; defeats Fr. fleet, 7001 ; lord admiralty, 9133 ; d. (1781). Hawkers and pcdU-rs licensed, Eng., 9011. Hawkes, Lieut., in duel, 9531 . Hawkesbury River, hood, 495 3 . Hawkins, Atvin, gov., Tenn., 3093. , Col., Pa., indicted, 4163. , Elder, sentenced, 2743. — -, G. S., on Com. of 33, 1891 . -, Ham. S., commissioned colonel, 4681 . , John, b. (1520) ; cargo of negroes, 231 ; aidsHuguenots.'Jo 1 ; Air. cxped., 8731 ; In- tro, potatoes, S733; tobacco, 8772; d. 8762. — , John, Sir, b., 9062 ; d.(1789). , Henry Willis, b. (1799; ; temper- ance signers, 1551 ; d., 1841 . , — P., b. (1831) ; col. at Rural Hill, 2161 ; commissioned brig. -gen. vols., 4201 . , Wm., b (1770) ; gov., 1192 ; d. (1819). , William George, b., 1302. Hawks, Francis Lister, b. (1798) ; d., 2541 . , Cicero Stephen, b., 1183 ; cons. P. E. bp., 1563 ; d., 2621 Hawkshaw, Sir John, b. (1811) ; d., 10061 . Hawley, Gen., at Falkirk Moor, 9101 . — — , Joseph Roswell, b., 1341 ; gov. Conn., 2553 ; pres. Rep. Convention, 2631 ; nom. for pres., 3173. Hawley ville, Conn., railway eollision,3933. Haw River, N. C, skirmish at, 931. Haworth, Joseph S., b., 1761 . Hawson, Reginald, lord mayor, Lond, 9953. Hawthorne, Julian, b., 1602 ; works, 2823, 21163, 3031 , 3063, 3123, 3143, 3183, 3231 . , Nathaniel, b., 1121 ; WO rks, 1491 , 1631 , 1653, 1703, 1731 , 1863, 2291 ,2651 ; d., 2332. Haxlehurst, Miss., mayor killed, 4443. Hay, Baron, title created, 9031 . , John, b., 1502 ; works, 2771 . , , Lord, at Alexandria, 6601 . , Maj., restores loyal govt. inFla.,2301. , Philip C, moderator, 166 2 . Hayden, Ferd. Vandeveer, b.,1362; d.,3281 . , H. H., acquitted of murder, 3032. Haydensville, Mass., floods, 2853. Haydn, Joseph, b., 800 2 ; Creation, 5191, 9282 ; musical festival, 5191 ; d., 8083. , , b. (?) ; author of Diet, of Dates,. d. (1856). Haydon, Benjamin Robert, b., 9242; d., 9522. Hayes, Augustus Allen, b., 1122 ; d., 3102. , Daniel, executed, 9983. , Isaac Israel, b.,140i ; sails north, 188 '; d., 3082. , John L., tariff commissioner, 3111. , J. T., cons, bp., 10022. , Lucy Ware Webb, mar., 1711 ; d., 3402. , Michael, murders Braddell, 9671 . , Mr., duel, 9092. , Rutherford Birchard, b., 1302 ; grad- uates, 1551 ; marries, 1711; gov., 265 2 , 281)3, 2951; n0 m. for pres., 2931; vote, 2932,2952 ; election confirmed; sworn in, 2952 ; inaugurated pies. ; cabinet ; calls special session ; unpopular, 2953 ; Indian Conference, proclamation toW.Va.,2972; presides, 3703 ; d., 4221 , 4231 . , Thomas, cons, bp., 9983. , Walter I., b., 1522. Havgood, Atticus G., elected bp., 3581 . Hayley, William, b., 9103 ; d. (1820). Haymerle, Heinrich von, b. (1828) ; minis- ter, 5311; d.,5302. Haynau, Julius Jacob von, b., 5163 ; takes Brescia ; commander, 5222; dictator, 52o a ; d., 5242. Hayne, Arthur Peronneau, b. (1790) ; d., 2542. , Col. J. W., commissioner, demands Sumter, 1913. , Friedrich G., b., 8023 ; d., 8142. , Isaac, b., 662; d., 931 . , Paul Hamilton, b., 1381 ; works, 1783, 1863, 2823 ; d., 3241. , Robert Young, b., 1022; defends state rights, 1373; governor, 1412; d., 1602. Haynes, John, gov., 351 ,3, 373; d., 381 . ■ , N. S., pres. Disciples Conven., 3601 . Hays, George P., moderator, 3182. , Gen. Alexander, b. (1824) ; at Gettys- burg, 2241; killed 2322,2332. , Isaac, b. (1776) ; d , 3002. Haijticn Ui}mhli<: seized 595 2 . Haywood, Nathaniel, b. (1808) ; d., 2481 . Hazael, in Judea ; defeated, 11441 ; sub- dues Jehoahaz, 11443; reigns ; oppresses Israel, 11451. Hazard takes Albion and Caledonia, 1201. Hazard, Rowland Gibson, d., 3301 . , Mr., nom. for governor R. I., 2892. Hazaz, battle, 4831. Hazen, Abraham D., in P. O. Dept.,3512. , Wm. Babcock, b., 1381 ; at 'Woodbury,. 2202; at Brown's Ferry, 2271; captures Fort McAllister, 2402 ; d., 3261 . Hazing abolished at Annapolis. 2843. Hazleton, Pa., mine burning, 4453; Ameri- can Catholic Church formed, 4701 . Hazlitt, William, b., 9203; works, 9331, 9391, 9463 ; d., 9442. Ilazzard, David, governor Del., 1392. Head, Sir Edmund Walker b., 5763; gov- ernor Can., 5792, 5812 ; d'., 5821 . , Sir Francis Bond, b., 5762 ; governor Can., 5773; at Toronto, 5781 ; d.,6841. , Sir George, b., 9223 ; d. (1855). , Nath., b. (1828) : gov., 3033; d. (1883). dress decreed, Eng., 8752. Headfort, Marquis, title created, 9311 . Headley, Baron, title created, 9252. , Joel Taylor, b., 1231 . Health, Protective Asso., Ladies', 5563. Healy, George Peter Alexander, b. 1211 . , James Augustine, b. (1830) ; cons. R. C. bishop, 2882. , John, cons bp. for Clonfert, 9922. — — , Thomas, seditious speeches, 9911. , Timothy M., arrested, 9863, 9973. Heang Yu, leader, 610 1 ; struggle, 6113. Heard, John T., b 1522. Hearn, Lafcadio, Japan, 478 2 . Hearne, Samuel, b., 9103 ; fn Arctic re- gions, 5762 ; d., 9262. Hearst, George, b. (1820) ; d., 3781. Hearth tax abolished. England, 899 2 ; re- fused, 10992. Heart's Content, N. F., cable laid, 2833. Heat, excessive, 3841, 4121, 9721 ; a motion, 8801 ; latent, Black's discovery, 9142. rays, discovered, 9301. Heath, Charles, b. (1784) ; engraving on steel, 9382; decarbonizing, 9401 ; d., 9542. — — , Nicolas, b. (lSOO-) ; high chancellor,. 8732 ; d. (1579). 1278 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Heat-Henr. Heath, Sir Robert, land grant, 332 ; chief justice, 8863. , William, b., 642 ; d., 1231 . Heathcote, Caleb, b. (1065) ; mayor N. T., 573 ; d. (1721). Heathfield, Eng., action at, 842' . Heaton, John, steel process, 9701. Heaventiold, action at, 842'. Heavysege, Charles, b.,5763; works, 5803, 5811; d., 5841. Hebbel, Friedrich, b., 8102; d., 8221 . Hebe, lands, 9442. Hebel, Johann Peter, h., 8023; work, 8091 ; d., 8123. Heber, Reginald, bp., b., 9223; d., 9422. , Rev., on bribery of clergymen, 3703. Hebert, Jacques Rene, b., 7022; d., 7102. , Paul O., gov. La., 1771 ; d. (1880). Hebrew Literature Society est., 9743. Rabbis Conf., Am., 4101 , 4181 . . (See Jew.) — — Union Coll., Cincinnati, org., 288 3 . Hebrews, Epistle to. written, 11531. Hebrides annexed, 8693. Hebron, Can., mission, 5782. , S. Afr., mission, 11241. Hebrus, captured L'Etoile, 9361 . Hecatanis, geography. 10162; work, 10171. Hecate, asteroid, discovered, 2621. Heek, Barbara, b., 622 ; d.. 1121. Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz, b., 8102 ; leader, 8172 ; d., 8301 . — -. Isaac Thomas, b., 1281 ; d., 3302. , John, d., 2842. Heekewelder, John, b., 642; d., 1302. Heciiuet. Philippe, b.. 6902 ; d., 0983. Hedda, asteroid, discovered, 52S 2 . Hedding, Elij., b., 931 ; bp., 1322 ; d., 1701 . College, tad. at Abingdon, 1782. Hederich, Benjamin, b., 7963; d., 8003. Hedervary, Ct. Khuen, lninistrv find. ,5383. Hedge, Frederick Henry, b., 1122; d. (1890). Hedges, Sir (Jhas., minister, 9032; d. (1714). Hedglev Moor, battle of, 8641. Hedley, John C, cons. R. C. bishop, 9742. ■, Wrn., makes first locomotive, 9362. Hedleyville, Canada, tire, 5953. Hedstroin, O. G., mission ship, 158 2 . Hedwig, Johann, h., 8002; d., 8063. Hedwige, b. (1371); reigns, 11152; d. (1339). Heeiuskerk, Jacob, d., 11003. , Johau van, Batacian Arcadia, 1101 2 . , Martin, b.-d., 10982. Heenan, John, prize tighter, defeated by Morrissey, 1851; 9643. Heeney, W., delegate arrested, 3822. Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, b.,8023; works, 8072, 8091, 8132; d., 8162. Hefele, Karl Jos. von, b., 8083; d.,8361 . Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Freidrich, b.,8031 ; works, 9072, 8103; d., 8142. Hegira, occurs, 4843, 4851 . Hegner, Otto, pianist in London, 9981 . Hegyes, action at, 5222. Hehl, Father, animal magnetism, 5163. Heiberg, H., Schulter an Schulter, 8342. , Johann Ludwig, h., 6382 ; d., 6403. , Peder Andreas, b., 6381 ; d., 6403. Heidelberg, Ger., siege raised, 683' ; Stat- lung, proclaimed, 7852; siege, 7943; Univ. reconstituted, 81)83 ; mission, 11241,3. , 0„ Coll. fnd. at Tiffin, 1683. Heidelberaisehe Jahrbuch der Lileratur is- sued, 8072. Heilbronn, Ger., league find., 7923, 7953. Heilprin, Angelo, b. (IMS); work, 4462. , Louis, b. 1 1851) ; Hist. Inference Book, (1884). , Michael, h., 1302; d. (1888). — — , Prof. A., relief expedition, 4001 , Heilsberg, Prussia, battle of, 8081 . Heilton, Cashier, embezzler, 10031 . Heimskringla written, 132, 10422. Heine, Heinrich, b., 8063 ; works, 8132, 8152, 8162 ; d., 3201 . Heineccius, Johann, b., 7982; d., 800«. Heiner, Daniel B., b., 1741 . Heinse, Johann J. W., Ardinghelo, 8052. Heinsius, Antonius, b.-d., 11003. ■, Nikolaes, Mirandas, 11012. Heintzelman, Samuel P.,b., 1122; in Army of Potomac, 2043; at Williamsburg, 2071 ; at Fair Oaks, 2082; d., 3041 . Heiss, Michael, b. (1818) ; R. C. archbp. of Milwaukee, 3122 ; d., 3541 . Heister, .Joseph, governor Pa., 1292. Hejaj, at Mecca, 4841. Held, Adolf, b., 8162; d., 8301. •Heldtnbucll appears, 785 2 . Hele, Philip, invents watches, 7862. Helen of Troy, 1>., 10131 ;abduction,1014i ,3; marries Menelaus, 10143. Helena,Ai-k., Federals occupy, 2101 ; action near, 2103; expedition returns, 2121; Confeds. repulsed, 2162,2242. , Montana Univ. opens, 3962; National Cong., favors free coinage, 4103; earth- quake, 4261 ; Free Coinage Asso., 4331 . paints Battle of Jssus, 6502. Augusta Victoria, Princess, b., 9522; weds, 9692. , Flavia Julia, St., empress, "Holy Coat" at Treves, 7762; erects ch. at Bethlehem ; finds true cross ; d., 10682. , Princess weds Due d'Orleans, 727 3 . Helena, asteroid, discovered, 2621. Helene, Fredrica Augusta, weds Prince Leopold George, 9891 . , Sainte, at Schenectady, 5721. Helen-Judith, b.,5153. Helgi, in Mass. ; murdered, 112. Helgoland, or Heligoland, Ger., ceded, 5633; naval engagement. 641)2; Fr. fleet off, 7422; fort iticat ions, 8341 ; Emp. Wil- liam at ; Defeuse Bill ; passes, 8352 ; taken, 9333. Helice, Greece, destroyed, 10223. llelieius, Stanilaus, body found, 5382. Heliodorus, Bp., b., 102S3 ; JLthiopica, 10691 ; in Jerusalem, 11482. Heliograph invented by Edison, 3641. Heliometer invented, 7002. Heliopolis, Egv. .obelisk, 6461 ; Great Wall, 6482; Turks deleated, 0561 ; sacked,11542. Helioscope invented, 7943. Heljand appears, 7723. Hermann, Jessie, condemned, 1121L Hell, Maximilian, b., 5142; d., 5191. Hellanicus, works, 10192. Hellas attacked, 6161 . llelldorf, Heir, protest, 8352. Hellen, king of Pythia, 10133. Hellenic cities, union ; league, 10192. Heller, Stephen, b.. 5202; d., 5302. Hellespont bridged, 1018 1; coasts sub- dued, 10221 ; naval engagement, 10282 ; Lord Byron swims, 11571 . Hell Fire Clubs suppressed, Eng., 9071 . Gate, N. Y., improvement, 267 3 ; ex- plosion, 2933 ; Rock blown up, 3213. Helhvald, Friedrich Anton Heller von, b., 8162. Helme, John Larne, b. (1802) ; gov. Ky., 1692,2593; d. (1867). Hclincrs,JanFred.,b.-d.,1101i; work, 11022. Hehnholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, b., 8122 ; inv. myographion, oph- thalmoscope, 8181 ; d., 8361 . Helmichis, poisons Kosamunda ; poisoned, 7711. Helmont, Jean Baptiste, b.-d., 5403; intro- duces term, gas, 540 2 . , Segres Jacob van, b.-d., 5422. Helnishore, Eng., collision occurs, 9653. llcliiistadt, Bavaria, University suspends, 8091 ; Prussian victory, 8243. Ileloise, b.-d., 6683. Helots, revolt, 10193; liberty of, 10201. Helper, Hinton Rowan, b., 136 2 ; The Ne- groes, 2651 . Helps, Sir Arthur, b., 9382; works, 9543, 9723; d., 9802. Helsingfors, Finland, Univ. fnd. ; re- moved, 11151 ; Suometar issued, 11183. Helswell wrecked, 9233. Helvetia collides with Fanny, 9833. , subject to Germans, 11372. (See Switzerland.) Helvetic republic, recognized, 519 3 ; pro- claimed, 11382. Helvetius, Claude Adrien, b., 6971 ; works, 7032, 7052; d., 7042. Helvicus, Christopher, b., 7922; d., 7943. Hemann, Johann G., Socrates, 8031. Jlemans, Felicia Dorothea Browne, b., 9263; works, 9391 , 9443; d. (1835). Heinel en Aarde, lepers helped, 5972. Hemenay, Mary, bequests, 4521. Hemes, Capt., commands Leo, 1231. tleming's patent lights London, 8973. Hemingway, W. L., embezzles, 3523,3611. Hemming inv. soda; ammonia process, 9482. Hemmingway, Jacob, Yale student, 543. Hemp-duck, manufactured, 601. trade, discussion in Den., 6393. Hemphill, John, b. (1803); senator, ex- pelled, 1973; d. (1862). Hempstead, N. Y., races at, 45 3 . , Tex., Normal School opened, 3023. , Stephen H., gov. la., 1691 . Hemsterhuys, Frans, b.-d., 11011. Henault, Charles Jean Francois, b., 6923; works, 7012, 7032; d., 7042. Henderson, Ky., attacked, 2362. , N. C, Judson College fnd., 1843. , Alfred, Latin Proverbs, 9723. , David B., b., 1522. , Col. E. Y. AY., police coniniiss., 9732. , James P., b., 1142 ; gov. Tex., 1613; d. (1858). , John Brooks, b. (1826) ; abolition amend., 2293; pies. Rep. Conven., 3043. , John S., b., 1602. , Peter, b. (1823) ; d., 3521 . , Thomas, b., 9283; d. (1844). , Jefferson, b., 1422. College, Tex., org., 2823. Henderson's Hill, La., cavalry taken, 2303. Hendrick, Indian chief, b. (16S0i); k., 682. Hendricken, Thomas F., b., 1342. Hendricks, Thos. Andrews, b., 1281 ; enters House, 1692 ; senator, 2293 ; vote, 2812 ; gov., 2851 ; nom. for vice-pres., 2931 ,3173; vote, 2952, 3051 ; conven.. vote, 3173, 3211 ; inaug., 3211; d., 3202; monument, 3621 . , William, gov. Ind., 1272, 1312. Hendrix College (Meth. Epis. S.) org. at Conway, Ark. (1884). , E. H., elected bp., 3223. , Joseph C, b., 1722. Hendy, Andrew, election chief, 11043. Heneage, Edward, minister, 9952. Henfrey, Arthur, b., 9383; d. (1859.) Hengervar, Herr H. von, ambassador, 5371 . Hengistesdun [Cornwall], Danes in, 8441 . Hengist, fnds. towns, 7693; in Kent; king, S412; d. (488). Hengstenborg, Ernst Wilhelm, b., S082. Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jakob, b., 8083 ; d. (1SS5). Henley, invents electrometer, 9182. , John, "Orator Henley," b., 9001; opens oratory, 9071 ; d., 9143. , Joseph Warner, b. (1794±); withdraws from cabinet, 9633; d. (1884). .Robert, L. Northington, b. (1708); lord keeper, 9153; d. (1772). Henly, Baron, title created, 9252. Hennegan, B. K., gov. S. C, 1531. Hennepin, Louis, b., 5403 ; in Can., 5731; explorer, 5722; captured, 48 1 ; on Missis- sippi River, 5733; d., 5422. Henner, Jean Jacques, b. (1829); Idyl, 7461 , Hennessy, David C.,shot, 3703; monument, 4061. , John, b. (1825±); cons. R. C. bp., 2542. , J., cons. R. C. bp., 3302. , Pope, b. (1834); d., 10062. Hennesy, Wm. J., b. (1839); in Academy Design, 2291. Henniker, N. H., N. Douglas shot, 4683. , Baron, title created, 9311. Henoticon, decree of union, issued, 10703. Henrici, Jacob, b. (1803) ; d., 4201 . Henrietta, sails on ocean race, 255 3 . Henrietta Maria, of Fr., b. (1609); mar- ried, 8813; Holland arms, 8841 ; d. (1669). Henriquel-Dupont, Louis Pierre, b.,7123. Henriquez, Alnians a Mar tiiule, b.-d. ,11282. , Don Martin, viceroy, 252; d., 11082. de Rivera, Payo, b.-d., 11283. Henrotin, Ellen M., president, 4583. Henry I., of Castile, reigns, 1127 3 . II., of Castile, invades Spain, 11261 ; reigns ; poisoned, 11273. III. reigns in Leon-Castile, 11273. IV. reigns in Castile, 11273. I., Eng., king, b., 8482 ; a scholar, 8483; reigns; marries Matilda; grants charter of liberties ; Court of Exchequer est. ; imprisons brother, 8492 ; defeats Robert, 6681 ; d., 8493. II., Eng., king, b., 8482; marries Eleanor ; homage to Louis VII., 6712 ; reigns ; pope gives Ire. ; in Wales, 8511 ; homage to church, 8502 j intro. scutage system; Becket opposes, 8511; recon- ciled to Becket ; at Waterford, 8512 ; in Ire., 8501 ; leaves Eng., 8513 ; penance at •Becket's tomb, 8502 ; charters Dublin ; homage from Scot,, 8512; charters Cork ; conspiracy against ; d., 851 3 . III., Eng., b.-d., 8521; reigns, 8532; prohibits tournaments, 8523 ; renews Magna Charta ; homage in Fr.; marries Eleanor, 8533 ; Fr. expedition ; impris- Henr-Heri. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Coluni 1279 oned; released, 854 1; forbids Pari.; bull from pope ; tree- trade granted ; d.,855 2 . Henry IV., Eng., b (1366) ; marries Mary, dau of E. of Hereford ; reign, 8612 ; at Shrewsbury, 3(i ° 1 > assumes title of Grace ; Order of Bath esi., 8603 ; invades Scot. ; rebellion, 8G0 1 ; marries Jane, 8613*; d., 8622. V., Eng.,b., 8602; claims Fr. throne, 6772; invades Normandy, 802 1; marries Catherine, 6773; reigns, 863' ; in Fr. ; at Havre ; returns to Fug., 6761 ; d., 6773. VI., Eng., prisoner, 862 1 ; reigns, 8631 ; crowned, 8632 ; recovers health, 8633 ; marries Margaret of Anjou, 079 1 ; mental trouble, 8033 , deposed, 8651 ; re- leased ; murdered, 8652. VII., Eng., king, 8622; escapes, 8652; at jVIilford Haven, 866 * ; unites theHouses of York and Lancaster by marrying Eliz- abeth of York ; reigns, 807 2 ; builds ship, 866 1 ; signs Cabot's commission, 143 ; Cabot's disc, unclaimed, 142; grants Am. patent, 16 2 ; extortions, 8671 ; coins shil- ling, 8673 ; d., 8661 f 8672. VIII., Eng., b.,866i ; lord lieut., 8672; reigns ; ministers ; weds Catherine of Aragon ; divorced, 8673; in Holy League; "Most Christian King," 8673; head of Eng. Church, 8692; under interdict, 8683; shaves head ; weds Anne Boleyn ; weds Jane Seymour, 869 1 ; weds Anne of Cleves ; weds Catherine Howard; weds Catherine Parr, 8692 ; king ,>f r re ., 8693; assists French king Site i , 8693 ; at Calais ; at Teroiianne 680 1 ; war against Fr. ; against Fr. and Turks ; alliance with Fr., 6S13 ; aids Charles V., 7901; persecutes dissenters, 222 j d., S71 2 . I., Fr., b.-d., 6662 - reigns, 6692 ; mar- ries Anne, 669 1 ; defeated at Varaville, 6681. II., Fr., b., 6802 ; reigns, 5712, 6S13 ; against Charles V., 6832 j marries Cath- erine de Medici, 6813; invades Ger., 6821 ; d., 6S32. III., Fr.,b.,6S22; alliance with Henry of Navarre, 6853; enthroned, 5712; flees to Chartres, 6853; expeditions in Italy, 10741; apt's three popes, 10742 ; d., 6S53. IV., Fr., b., 6822 ; rules Lower Na- varre, 6851 ; reigns, 5S53; for toleration, 6853; at Arques ; at Paris, 684 1 ; changes faith, 6851 ,3; pope absolves, 6843; grants Edict of Nantes, 6863 ; divorced, 6S72 ; war against Savoy, 6861 ; assassinated, 6873. (See Henry of Navarre.) VI. of Fr., king, 6773; wins Sicily, 10741; emperor, 10753. I., Ger., b., 7722 ; buys off Magyars ; defeats Wends, 772 1 ; forts and defenses, 7723 ; est. Ger. monarchy ; peace with Hung. ; regains Lotharingia ; advances civilization; est. North Mark of Sax.; refuses tribute to Magyars ; d., 9733. II., Saint, emp., b.-d., 774 2 ; elected king ; invited to Italy ; crowned emp. ; tribute from Poland ; peace with Poland, 7752; defeated by Boleslav, 774' ; expe- ditions to Italy, 7741 . III., emp., b.-d., 7742 ; reigns, 7753 ; conquers Bohemians ; deposes popes, 7743 ; at Menfew, 7741 ; expedition against pope; suppresses Hungary; cleanses church ; crowned, 7753 ; defeated by Dirk IV., 10981 ; turns Ger. history ; fa- vors Truce of God ; at siege of Presburg, 7742 ; d., 7753. IV., emp., b.-d., 7742 ; abducted ; erects fortresses ; flees from Harzburg ; disputes with popes, 775 1 , 3 ; excommu- nicated, 7763; suspended; decision of case referred, 7753 ; humbled : submits to pope, 7762; goes to Kome ; deposed ; excommunicated, 777 1 ; invades Saxony ; takes Rome, 10741 ; expedition to Italy, 7761 ; Conrad rebels ; H. betrayed ; flees ; abdicates, 7771 ; distressed, 7763; d., 7771 . — V., emp., b., (1081); he rebels against father ; reigns ; est. State over church, 7771 ; resigns investiture rights, 8483 ; makes pope prisoner, 10743 ; holds Pascal II. prisoner ; crowned ; marries Matilda of Eng, 7771 ; possession of Eng. ; lands ; d., 7772. VI., emp., b.-d., 7782; marries Con- stance, 7702; excommunication threat- ened, 77S2; reigns, 7791 , 2 ; against Henry the Lion ; Italian expeditions, 7781 ; sur- renders Tusculum ; tribute to Aust. ; be- sieges Naples ; king of Naples, 7792. Henry VII., emp., b.-d., 7802; Count of Luxemburg ; reigns, 783 1 ; expedition to Italy, 7821; d., 7821 . JUL., D. of Guise, at Naples, 10833. , prince, Neth., d., 11021 . , Marquis of Anglesey, minister, 9433 ; lord lieutenant, 9452, , D. of Anjou, king of Poland, 6852. , Margrave of Istria ; D. of Aust., 5023. 1., margrave of Austria, 503 2 . II., duke of Austria, 5043. , archduke of Austria, 5342. of Battenberg, weds Beatrice, 9942. , D. of Bavaria, rebels, 7721, 7731 ; for- given ; receives Bavaria, 7733. , I), of Bavaria, " the Quarrelsome," revolts ; deposed ; receives Bavaria, 7751 . , D. of Bavaria, " the Black," 7772. , D. of Bavaria, " the Proud," under ban, 7772 ; d., 7773. , D. of Bavaria, Sax., "the Lion," b.-d 7762 j receives, loses, regains Bavaria receives Sax. ; founds Munich, 777 3 , feud, arises ; enlarges Brunswick; deserts emp.; pilgrimage, 7782; under ban; do- minions divided ; overthrown, 7791 ; peace with emp.; d., 7792. — — of Besancoii, against Saracens, 11261 . of Bolingbroke, in rebellion, 861 1 . of Brabant, landgrave, 781 2 . 1., I>. of Brunswick, 7853. H.,B. of Brunswick, 7S53. III., 1). of Brunswick, 7872. IV., D. of Brunswick, 7873. of Burgundv, gains territory, 11092. of Sehever, 1>. of Carinthia, 5032. IV., IX of Carinthia, 5033. of Carinthia, D. ; reigns, 5053. I., of Hainault, reigns, 10351 , , D. of Hereford, banished, 8612. of Huntingdon, works, 8491 . -, D. of Lancaster, inc. rebellion, 8601 . , E. of Manchester, minister, 8S3 2 . the Minstrel, writes Wallace, 8642. of Navarre, b. (1553) ; at Cahors ; at Coutras, 684 1 ; joins Calvinists ; recog- nized as king, 6853; d. (1610). (See Henry IV., Fr.) , Marquis of Normandy, 1. -lieut., 9473. , D.of Northumberland, 1. -lieut. , 945 2 . of Orange, takes Yenlo, 10981 ; takes Breda, 1100 1. of Port., " the Navigator," b.-d., 11092, of Port., the Cardinal, reigns, 11093. , Count of Port., reigns, 1109 2 . , Prince of Prussia, marries, 8322. of Schwerin, imprisons king, 6353. , elector of Saxony, 7913. , Prince Sp., killed in duel, 7391 . , Earl of Surrey, minister, 8693. , K. of Sw abia ; of Borne ; of Aachen ; 7793 ; weds Isabella of Eng. ; revolts against father ; prisoner ; d., 7811 . , Duke of Tyrol, d., 5062. , Bp. of Upsala, intro. Christianity, 11143. de Valois, king of Poland, 11152. , Prince of Wales, d., 8793. rifle patented, 2023. Henri/ A. Jones, burns, 2813. Chauncey, rapid passage to N.Y., 3493. Clay, burned, 1713. Henry, Caleb Sprague, b., 1121 ; d. (1S84). , Crassus, reigns in Navarre, 11272. , Edward Lamson, b. (1841) ; in Acad- emy of Design, 2681 . , Emile, trial ; executed, 7663, , £tienne Ossian, b., 7131 ; d., 7461 . , Guy V., Col., at Baldwin, 2302. , James, b., 1162. , John, b. (1750)'; vote for pres., 1073 ; exposes conspiracy, 1192; d. (1798). , Joseph, b., 1062; electricity, secon- dary currents, 9481 ; d., 2982. , Matthew, b., 8902 ; d., 9042. , Patrick, b., 622 ; on Conduct in House, 731 ; popular rights, 733; speech for rights, 75i ; patriot, 80i ; speech to Bur- gesses, 831 ; gov., S53, 973; d., 1082. , Paul, dis." planets, 746i , 7481 , 7521 . , Prosper, dis. planets, 7411, 7481. Henry Reiil, launched, 10942. , Visct. Sydney, minister; 1. lieut. ,8993. , William, d., 1462. , W r irt,/'<(/r/cA-, 3962;, .ration, 4391. , Lake, island floats, 3341 . Henryson, Robert, b. (1430) ; works, 8643 ; d. (1500+) . Hensel, Luise, b., S063; d., 8282. Henselt, Adolph, b. (1814); d., 8321. Henshaw, John Prentiss Ivewley, b. (1796); cons. P. E. bp., 1562; d. (1852). Henslow, John Stevens, b., 92S3; d. (1861). Henson, G. N., shoots J. B. Werts, 4502. , Josiah, b., 9S 2 ; received by queen. 9823; d. (1887). Henty, Edward, arrival in Australia, 4943. Hentz, Car. Lee Whiting, b., 1082; d., 1781. Henuijuez, Juan, governor Peru, 6053. Hepburn, O., railway accident, 3S93. , James, E. oi Bothwell, b., 8682; weds Mary, 8733; d., 8742. , Sir P., at Nesbit Muir, 8601 . , William P., b., 1421 . Hepp, Alexandre, Lc Lait d'un Autre, 7622. Heptarchy, Eng., formed, 8412. Heptasophs, Improved Order, 4463. Hera, asteroid, discovered, 2621 . Heraclea, action, 10261 ; captured, 10582; action, 10681 . Heracles destroys Troy, 10141; fnds. dynasty, 11432. Heraclian invades Borne ; in Spain, 10701. Heraclidse invade Gr., 10141, 10151 ; ex- pelled from Peloponnesus, 10151; dy- nasty of, 11432. Heraclitus of Ephesus, fire theory, 10163; nourishes, 10171. Heraclius I., emp., b.-d., 10303 ; defeats Persians ; at Aznadin ; at Yermuk ; re- bels; kills Phocas, 103112; issues A7,V/;r.w,s, 10311 ; reigns, 10313; recovers True Cross, 10722; takes.lcrusaleiii, 11541. II. reigns, 10313. Heraldry, in Ger., 7701 ; improved, 776 2 . Herald's College, Eng., est., 8643. Heralds' Visitations cease in Eng., 897 1. Herat, Afg., struggle for, 41 , 2, 51 , 2, 3 j 61,2,3,9601, 11083. Herbart, Johann F., b., 8041 ; d., 8161 . Herbelot, Barthelemy d\ b.,0803; d.,6943. Herbenger, Col., leaves Dong Song, 4822. Herber, Milesian prince, in Britain, 8393. Herbert, ex-treas., defaulter, 3782. , Arthur, commander, 896 1 ; minister, lord of admiralty, 8992. , C, Art of Music, 4783. , Sir Edward, lord keeper, 889 1 ; chief justice, 8973. , George, b., 8762; works, 8823, SSS3. , Henry Howard Molyneaux, E. of Carnarvon, b. (1831); minister, yoya, 9792; 9832, 9933; proposal, 6012; d., 10022. , W., b., 1141 ; d., 1841 ; publishes American Monthly Magazine, 1443. , Hilary A., sec. navy, 4271 ; despatch, 4511 . , John R., d., 10021 . , PaulO., d., 3041. , Lord Sidney, b., 935i ; minister, 9512, 9593 ; resigns, 961 1 ; d., 9642 ; statue, 9701 . Herbertsdale, Cape Colony, mission, 6003. Herbomez, Joseph Louis d', d., 590 1 . Herculaneum overwhelmed, 10622. Hercules launched, 9701 . Hercules, b., 10131 ; in Phrygia, 10143 ; worshiped, 10503. Herder, Johann G. von, b., 8003; works, S032, 8051,2, 8091; d., 8082. Herdonia, action, 10542. Herdonius surprises Kome, 10501. Heredia, Jose Maria, b.-d., 6322; work, 7641 . , M. de, Academician, 7561; minister, 7563. , Gen. Pedro de, at Sacramento, 1621 . Hereditary principle, abolition proposed, G. B., 9952, 10012,10033. Hereford, see erected, 8423 ; H. Journal, 9043; H. Times, 9463. , Viscount, title created, 8711 . Herefordshire, revolts, 8481 ; earthquake, 8741 . Heremon, Pr. of Sp., in Britain, 8393. Hereroland, S.W.Afr., Ger. annexes, S381. Heresy, Smith trial, 4562; punishable, 6813 ; exterminated, 0852 ; detuied, S683; articles repealed, 8702, ( See Briggs.) Heretics, offenses, Ger., 7802; treatment, 8502; writ abolished, 8951 ; baptism dis- puted, 10663. Herford, Ger., a newspaper issued, 7951 . Hergenrother, Joseph, b., 8122; d., 8341 . Hering, Constantine, b., 1082; d., 3041 . Heriot, George, b. (1563 ■ ); fnds. hospital, 8811; d. (1623). Watt College inaug.. 10002. Herisson, Anne Charles, minister, 7543. 1280 Text Figures denote Page. INL)lii.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Heri-Hida. Herisson, Conrte d', works, 7602. Herjulfson on American coast, 111. Herkimer, N. Y., Mrs. Druse hanged, 3263. , Gen., battle of Oriskany, 87 ' . , Nicholas, b., 58' ; d., 89' . Herkomer, Hubert, b., 9542; d., 818'. Hermann (Arminius), statue, 828'. of Baden, in authority, 5052. of Luxemburg, abdicates; d.,777'. of Swabia, vs. Henry II., 7752. Binger, b., 1561 ; M. C, 3612. , Friedrich B. W. von, b., S063; d., 8243. , Gessler, d., 5042. , Johann G. J., b., 803' ; d., 8162. Hermannsburg, fnd., 4982; mission society fmd., 8182. Herraannstadt, battle, 5221 ,2; fnd., 7791. Hermanric Huns defeated, 7681 ; subdues country, 7692; d. (376). Hermes, Georg, b., 8041 ; d., 8142. , Johann Timotheus, b. (1738) ; work, 8032; d. (1822). Hermetic Society fnd., 9922. Hermitage, Tenn. , Soldiers' Home, 406 3 . Hermoder issued, 11042. Hermogenes, b., 10283. Hermoginian code published, 1067' . Hernandez, Franeiso, b. (1514) ; fnds. Bruselas, 630' ; d. (1578±). , introduces tobacco to Spain, 1128'. Heme's Ancient Oak destroyed. 9673. Herndon, William Henry, b. (1818) ; Lin- coln, 3502 ; d., 380' . , L., b. (1813); d., 182' . Hernici invade Rom. empire, 1050' ; wars, 10502; in Rom. and Latin Leagues, 1051 2 . Hero wrecked, 9342. Herocleonas (< 'onstautine III.'), 10313 Herod the Great, b.-d., 11502 luxury, 1073'; takes Jerusalem, 1150'; rebuifds Temple, 11502 ; massacres in- fants ; builds theater at Jericho, 11503 ; rebuilds Samaria ; gov. of Galilee ; mar- ries Mariarane; K. of Judea, 11512; visits Rome ; brings back sons ; accuses sons ; invites Agrippa to Judea ; sons con- demned ; conspiracy against ; d. ; domin- ions divided, 11513. Agrippa, Syrian king, b.-d., 1152'; procurator, 10632. Antipas, b.-d., 1152'; rules Galilee; exiled; 11513. I., King, b.-d., 11502; tetrarch of Palestine, 11532. • II., Prince of Chalcis; pleads for Jews, 11533. Herodes, Tiberius Claudius Atticus, b.-d., 10283. Herodian, b., 10283; Rome, 10292; d. (240t). Herodotus, b.-d., 1019' ; recites own works, 1021' ; history, 1023'. Hi'rndotus translated, 9623. Herold, David E., assassin, 243'; at Dr. Mudd's, 247' ; captured, 2472; sentenced, 2482,3. , Louis J. F., b., 7082; d., 7262. Heron, or Hero, b., 10263 ; constructs seolopile, 6522. , Bijou, b., 229'. Herophilus, b., 10243; applies dissection, 10263. Herostratus burns Temple, 11462, 11471. Herrera, Fernando, b. (1534); poems, 1129' ; d. (1597). , Francisco de, b.-d., 11282. , Jos6 Joaquin de, b.-d., 1095 2 . , Dr. Vicente, pres.,631'. y Tordesillas, Antonio, b.-d., 112S2. Herreros, Manuel Breton de los, b.-d., 11302; work, 1131'. Herrfuth, Hcrr, resigns, 837'. Herrick, Anson, b. (1812); d., 260' . -, M. T., struggle with outlaw, 4423. , Robert, b.. 8762; works, S863; d.,8923. , Stephen Solon, b., 142' . , William, shot, 4542. Hemes, Baron, title created, 8671 , 9871 , , J. C, minister, 9433. Herring, James, d., 258 2 . , JohnF., b.,9263; d.,968'. , Thomas, archbp. Canterbury, 9123. Fisheries enrich Holland, 10982. Herrings, battle of, 676' . Herrnhut. Moravian settlement, 5143. Herron, Francis, b. (1774) ; moderator, 1343; d. (1860). , Gen. Francis Jay, b. (1837) ; at Fay- etteville, Ark., 2143 ; at Prairie Grove, 216 2 ; commands Army of Frontier, 2202. Herschel, Caroline L., b., 9123; d.,9542. Herschell, Baron, title created, 9963. ,Farrer, b.(1837); lordchancellor,995' : minister, 9952, 10092. , Sir John Fred. Wm., b., 9262; heat- rays, 930' ; uses soda in photography, 93S 2 ; studies stars, 9401 ; j nv . actinom- eter, 942 1 ; spectrum analysis, 9422 ; As- tron., 9481 • school scheme, 5991 ; d., 9761 . , Sir Wm. Fred., b., 9102; sun-spots measured; dis. Uranus, 9202; telescope, 9241 , nebular hypothesis, 9343; d., 9403. Hersilia, asteroid, discovered, 302'. Hertford, E., minister, 871 2 . , E., lord-lieut., Ire., 9173. , Marquis, title created, 925 2 . College, fnd., 8563 ; dissolved, 933'; revived, 9783. Hertha, asteroid, discovered, 284' . Hertogenboseh, 'S (Bois-le-Duc),D.of York defeated, 710' . Herts, Ilailevburv College fnd., 933'. Hertwig, Richard, b., 818' . Hertz, Hendrik, b., 6382; works, 639' , 2; 6403; d., 642'. Hertzen, Alexander, b., 11163 ; works, 11183; d., 11182. Herve, Aim 6 Marie Edouard, academician, , Florimond Ronger, b. (1825); d., 7621 . Mangon, minister, resigns, 7552. Hervey, Lord A. C, cons, bp., 9663. , Gov. John, monopolist, 323. , Lord John, b. (1686); d., 9103. , Thomas Kibble, b., 9323; d. (1859). Hervieu, Paul, L' Armature, 7662. Hervy, James, b., 9042. Herwegh, Georg. b., 8121 ; insurrectionist, 8172; d., 8282. Hery, Thierry de, b., 6861 ; d. (1599). Herz, Cornelius, micro-telephone used, 7553 ; Panama Canal scandal, 7642 ; ex- pelled, Legion of Honor, 7643. , Heinrich, b., S0S2; d., 8321. Herzegovina, Turk., unites with Bosnia, 5053 ; duchy, 509' ; anti-Turk, insurrec- tion, 5261 ; revolt, 528 1 , 5293, 5301 , 5312, 565 3 ; to Aust., 5293 ; Austriaus enter, 5281,5293. Herzqg, Hans, d., 11381 . , Johann J., b., 8082; d., 8302. , Sheriff, embezzling, 410 3 . JLtzo'i Ernat appears, 77S 3 . Hescp-ti, K., reigns in Knvpt, 6453. Hesiod, b. ; works, 10142. H-'sione, freed from monster, 10143. Heslin. Thomas, cons. R.C. bp., 3423. ILxprriir, asteroid, discovered, 10862. Hesperian College, org., Cal., 2662. Hess, Gen. Heinrich von, b., 5163 ; at Sol- ferino, 524' . , Johann Jakob, b.-d., 11372. Hesse, Ger., Drusus' camp, 768'; Attila plunders, 769'; war with Saxons, 7713; Diet at Worms, 775 1 ; Imperial Diet ; Diet of Tribur, 7753 ; Concordat at Worms, 7762; ruled by Thuringia, 7773; Arnold is K., 7782; Imperial festival ; Richard captive at Worms, 7792; Mar- burg cathedral fnd.; Oppenheim cathe- dral fnd., 7802; Diet of Mainz, 781'; Rhenish League meets ; Henry of Bra- bant, Pr., 7812 ; printing inv. (?), 7842 ; first book pub., 7862, 7.S71 ; Bible printed, 7863; Univ. of Mainz fnd., 787'; Diet of Frankfort (1486), 7872; imperial chamber est. at Frankfort, 7873; Diet of Worms, Luther at, 7883 ; Marburg Univ. fnd., 7892; Leagueof Schmalcald, 7912; under ban, 7913; Univ. of Giessen chart., 793' ; Treaty of Friedwuld.7'.l.'j' ; divided, 7932; Tilly wins at Wimpfen ; at Hocht, 794' ; Imperialists take .Mainz, 7943 ; Univ. of Rinteln fnd., 795' ; Ct. Turenne takes cities ; Fr. take Mainz, 7961 ; Fr. take Mainz, 7981; retaken from Fr., 806 1 ; Mainz ceded to Fr., 8073;leaves Confed. of Rhine, 7212 ; electorate reest., 8112 ; in G. Confederation ; New Constitution ; cedes Westphalia to Pros.; gains Mainz, 8113; William 11. elector, 8133; Louis II., grand D., 815 3 ; Louis III. grand D., 8173 ; Aust. invades ; Prus. enters ; re- tires, 8181 jevacuation demanded; elector restored, 5233; ally of Aust., 8221 ; Prus. invades, 8233 ; Pan-Protestant Conf., 8262 ; Louis TV. grand D., 8293 ; grand D.,d., 8361. Cassel, Ger., troops by Br., 82-2; elec- torate, 809'; electorate reest.. S112; Con- stitution given, 8153; Fred. William elec- tor, 817' ; ceded to Prus., 8252; war ; asks for aid, 5233 ; legislative contest, 819 2 ; Constitution maintained, 8212. Hesse-Darmstadt, loses territory, 8073 ; gains Westphalia, 809' ; a grand duchy, Louis I., G. D., 8093 ; grand duchy ; Louis I., grand d., 8093; acquires Mainz, 8113; peace with Prus., 8252; joins N. Ger. Confederation, 8272. Homburg, est. landgraviate, 7933 ; H.-Homburg absorbed, 809 2 ; absorbed by Hesse, 809 2. Nassau, beer-riots, 829'; Limburg Chronicle, 7823. Hessians in Am. (See pp. 83-93.) Hestia, asteroid, discovered, 9602. Het Vaghet in den Oosten, 1099' . Hetteria Philike, est. at Odessa, 10353. Heth, Gen. Henry, b. (1825) ; atLewisburg, 208'; Covington, 2123; Gettysburg, 224' ; south of Rapidan, 232'; Globe Tavern, 2372. Hettner, Hermann J., History, 8203. Hetzendorf, emperors meet, 537' . Hetzer, Louis, beheaded, 7902. Heuglin, Theodor von, b., 8123 ; d., 8282. Heule, Friedrich G. K., d., 8302. Heung-noo expelled, 6ubdued, 610 1 . Heureaux, Gen. Ulises elected president, 6433. Heuselt, Adolph, b., 8102. Hevelius (Hewel), Johannes, b.-d., 11142. Hewes, Joseph, b., 62'; d. (1779). Hewett, Sir Prescott G., d., 1006' . , William, d., 10062. , Sir William N. Wrighte, inAbys.,32; at Suakin, 6582 ; d., 9982. Hewitt, Abram Stevens, b., 1302 ; Com- mittee of Seven, 2933; mayorN.Y.,3292. , Augustine Francis, b., 1282. , James, lord chancellor, 9173. Hexham, battle, 864' ; Bp. Henry O'Cal- laglian cons., 9982. Hexthorpe, railroad collision, 9973. Heyde, Van der, hose invented, 11003. Heydt, August von der, b., 807'; ministry. 8212 ; resigns, 8233 ; d.,828'. Heyerman, Commander, trial, 454' . Heygate, Win., lord mayor London, 9413. Heyl, Edward M., promoted colonel, 334' . Heylin, Peter, b. (1600); d.,8902. Heyne, Christ. Gottlob, b., 8002 ; d., 8102. Heyse, Johann Ludwig Paul, b., 8142 ; works, 8182, 8222, 829' , 8303, 8362. Heytesburv. Baron, title created. 941 2 . Heyward, Thomas, b. (1746) : d., 116'. Heywood, Mrs. Abel, statue, 980' . , Col. Chas., in navv dept., 4472. , John, b. (1500); Interludes, 667'; d. (1580+). , Thomas, works, 8803 ; d., £882. Hezekiah, reigns, 1145 3 ; army destroyed, 6503 ; cleanses temple, 11443 ; receives embassy from Sargon, 11452. Hia dynasty fnd.; rules, 611'. Iliaccoincs, Indian missionary, 363. Hiao Hweiti, enthroned, 6113. Vouti enthroned, 613' . Wang enthroned, 611 2 . Hiaotsong enthroned ; progress, 615 2 . Hiawatha, Kan., colony est., 4753. Hibbert, Robt., d. (1849); trust fund, 9543. Hibernia wrecked, 9473; accident, 9733. Hibernians of Am., A. O., statistics, 4462. Hicbborn, Philip, in navv dept., 4472. Hickes, George, b., 8842 ; d., 9042. Hickev, Frank, gov's, requisition, 4263. , Patrick, d., 336'. , Thomas, hanged, 823. Plot, discovered, 833. Hickok, Laurens Perseus, b., 108' ; mod- erator, 180' : d. (1888). Hicks, Albert W., hanged, 1882. , Elias, b., 662 ; d., 138' . , John, envoy, 3513. , Josiah D., b., 1562. , Mrs. (witch), hanged, 907' . , Thos. Holliday, b. (1798) ; gov. Md. (1858-61); urges truce, 195'; d. (1865). , Whitehead, b. (1728) ; mayor N. Y., 753; d. (1780). , William, b. (1831) ; pasha in Sudan, 6582; killed (1883). Beach, Sir Michel Edward, b. 9482 ; minister, 9933, 91)53 ; resigns, 9972. Hicksite Friends. (See Friends.) Hidalgo y Costella, Miguel, b.-d., 1095' J Hide-Hodg. Text Figures denote Page. I JN D.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Colu 1281 proclaims revolt, 10953 ; leads war ; de- feats Spanish ; defeated ; resigns ; cap- tured ; tried and shot, 10951 . Hidetada, Jap., studies' 'hrislianity, 10913, Hideyoshi, Jap., kills missionaries, 10911 j rises to power ; shogun ; subdues re- volt ; d., 10913. Hiel, Emanuel, poet, b., 5442. Hienfung enthi-oned, 6192 ; d., 6202. Hienti enthroned, 6113. Kientsong poisoned, 6123. Hien Wang enthroned, 6112. Hiep-Hoa enthroned, 4813, 483' . Hierax, heresy, 10663. Hiero II., deserts Carthaginians,. 10523 ; signs treaty ; K. of Syracuse ; ally of Carthage, 1053 3 . Hieronymus, ruler of Syracuse, 10552. Hidden, Ralph, work, 8583 ; d., 85S2. Higgins, Andrew, cons. R. C. bp., 9902. and Voorhees, Elections Bill, 3733. , Anthony, b., 1522. , Patrick* convicted of murder, 9903. , Thomas, convicted of murder, 9903. Higginson, Francis John, captain, 3841 . , John, b. (1616); d., 563. , Thomas Wentworth, b., 1302 ; com- mands volunteers, 2151 ; takes Jackson- ville, 2201 ; works, 2272, 2683, 2771,2802, 2911 , 3031 , 3183, 3323, 4203, 4462. Highbinders, Cal., shoot Chinamen, 4183. High Bridge, Va., action at, 2451 . Highbury College, London, fnd., 9431 . Tunnel, railroad collision, 9893. High Church party, Eng., develops, U023. High Coinmis. Ct. assembled, Eng., 8973. Highland Asso. of 111., elects chief, 3883. Land Law Reform Asso. fmd., 9912. , Kan., university organized, 1822. Society est., 923 2 . High license, Harper Law in 111., 3151 ; in Mo., 3131, 315I; in O., 3171, 3251; i u Minn., 3291 ; in Pa., 3292 ; in Mass., 3332 in Mich., 3431 ; proposed in la., 3551 , 2 3562, 3571 ; in X. J., 3511 ; . in Md., 3751 in Wis., 3511 ; in N. Hex, 3983; Peter borough, 5S62; in Minn., 3291 ; in Mich., 3431. Point Female College fnd., 3322. priests sub-rulers in Judea, 11472 ; rulers of Judea, 11491 ; corruption, 11523. Higinbotham, 11. N., pres. Directory, 4133. Hilarion, St., b.-d., 11542. Hilarius, painter, in Athens, 10282. Hilary, Saint, b.-d., 6623. , . Bp. of Poitiers, 6623. , , Bp. of Borne, 10683. , , pope, 10703 ; d. (467). Hilb.irn, Samuel G., b., 1422. Hilda, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . , Saint, b.-d., 8421 . Hildburghausen, tier., acquired, 8133. Hildebald, reigns ; assassinated, 10713. Hildebrand. (See Gregory VII.) , king of Lombardy, 1073 2 . Hildehra'ndslied appears, 7723. Hildehrandt, Eduard, b., 8121 ; d., 8243. , Ferd. Theodor, b., 8082 ; d., 8281 . Hildesheim, Prus., bishopric, 7703 ; news- paper issued, 7951 . Hildetand, Harald, at Bravalla, 6341. Hildreth, Richard, b., 1141 ; works, 1583, 1663, 1731 , 1742, 1763, 1783 ; d., 2481 . , Samuel Prescott, l>. (1783); d., 2251 . Hilgard, Julius Erasmus, b. (1825); d.,3821 . Hilgenfeld, Adolf Bernhard Christolph Christian, b., S122. Hilkiah, high-priest, 11462. Hill, Abigail. (See Mashani.) , Ambrose Powell, b., 1322; at Seven Days' Battles. 2091 ; at Antietam, 2131; at Fredericksburg, 2PJ2 ; at Chancellors- ville, 2211; at Ohambersburg, 2232; at Gettysburg, 2241 ; at Bristow's Station, 2271 ; south of Kapidan,232i ; defeats Fed- erals on Weldon R.H., 2343 ; at Ream's Station ; attacks Weldon R.R., 2372 ; at Kinston, 2441 ; d., 2482. , Benjamin Harvey, b., 1302; d., 3102. , Daniel Harvey, b., 1301 ; at Fair Oaks, 2082; at Seven Days' Battles, 2091 ; at An- tietam, 2131; at Chaneellorsville, 2211; d., 3442. , David Bennett, b., 1561 ; gov. N. Y., 3193, 3233, 3332 ; vetoes ballot reform, 3393, 3552 ; addresses delegates, 3472 ; signs Weekly Payment Bill, 3603 ; par- dons Davis, 3971 ; senator, 3972; in Dem. delegation, 4003 ; southern political tour, 4032 ; nom. forpres., 4092 ; speech, 437i , 4412, 4571 ; resolution on BlandBill, 4532; vs. Senator Gorman, 4671 ; nom. for gov., 4731. Hill, F. M., nominee for gov. Me., 3612. , Isaac, b., 1001 ; gov., 1472 ; d., 1682. , John E., treasurer, sued, 4263. , J., gift to college, 3682. — , T., defaulter, 3823. , Joshua, b., 1183 ; d., 378 , Lord, commander-in-chief, 9421 . , Gen. Rowland, b., 9103 ; at Merida, 7182. , Sir Rowland, b., 9263 ; penny postage bill, 9493; d., 9841 ; statue, 9881. , Rowland, b. (1744) ; clerg. ; d., 9462. , Viscount Rowland, b., 91.83; d., 9502. , Sir Stephen J., gov., 11032. , Thomas, b., 1262; d., 3941 . , William, b. (1769) ; moderator, 1303 ; d. (1852). , , Tariff Policy in U. S., 4783. , Viscount, title created, 9511. Hillebrand, Karl, b., 8142 ; d., 8302. Hiller, Ferdinand, b., 8102; d., 8302. Hillhouse, James, b. (1754) ; pres. senate, 1112 ; d. (1832). , Abraham, b., 1001 ; works, 1191 , 1212, 1283, 1331 , 1511 ; d., 1522. Hillard, George S., b., 1142 ; d., 3001 ; Six Months in Italy, 1742. Hilliard, E. P., killed, 4762. , Henry Washington, b., 1142; d. (1892). Hilliers.Barraguay d', at Bomarsund. 95S1 . Hillingdon, Baron, title created, 9963. Hills, Gen., governor Afghanistan, 63. Hillsboro, 111., natural gas dis., 3941 . , N. Mex., Indians pm-sued, 3681 . , Tex., fire, 4473. Hillsborough, Ky., action at, 2001. , O., College founded, 1823. , Earl, title created, 9152. , Lord, colonial secretary, 753 ; minis- ter, 9173. Hillsdale, Mich, College org., 1783. Hilton Head, S. C, expedition, 2141. , Henry, lawsuit, 4043 ; Garden City Cathedral, 3842. , John, surgeon, b., 9331 , Ilillvard, legacy to Orphanage, 9711. Hilyard, Robert, insurrectionist, 865 2 . Hiniera, Sicily founded, 1051 1 . Hims, battle, 6562. Hinault, editor, imprisoned, 7663. Hinckeley, C, gift to Chicago University, 3411. Hinckley, Thomas, b. (1618) ; governor, 491 , 513 ; d. (1706). Hincks, Sir Francis, b., 5763; d., 5841 . Hincmar, b.-d., 6662. Hind, John Russell, b., 9403 ; discovers planets, 9541 . Hindman, Gen. Thomas C, b. (1818) ; Prai- rie Grove, 2162; near Steven's Gap, 2262 ; d. (1868). Hindmarsh, Capt., governor, 4952. Hindlip, Baron, title created, 9963. Hines, Capt., enters Ind., 2223. , William H., d., 1781 . Hinduism in India, 10431; marriage ques- tion; Brit, support withdrawn, 10483. Hindus, recover India, 10421 , 10432 ; settle in Ganges valley, 10432 ; war, 10441 . Hing Wang enthroned, 6112. Hinklev, Holmes, h. (1793) ; d., 2501 . Hinnian, Clark T\, b., 1281 ; d., 1741. Hinoyossa, Alex, d', gov. Pa., 412, 423. Hinsdale, Burke Aaron, b., 1482 ; work, 3323. Hinton, Harvey, lynched, 3991 . , John Howard, b., 9351 ; d. (1873). Hipparchus, Nicpea, b.; flourishes ; astro- nomical talks, 10282 ; d., 11482. , tyrant, assassinated, 10162. Hippeau, Celestin, b., 7143 ; d., 7541 . Hippias, rules in Gr., 10172; expelled from Athens ; in Persia, 10173; d. (490±). Hippocrates, b.-d., 10191 ; flourishes, 10211 ; studies human body, 10223. Hippomenes deposed, 10153. Hipponax, iambic poet, 10163. Hippopotamus, bones dis. Eng., 10041 . Hiram of Tyre, king, 11432. College, organized, O., 2583. Hirlfeld,Arild,rAro»;We . , Lord, minister, 931 2. , Mai., in duel, 9252. Hampden (Hobart Pasha), Augustus Charles, b.-d., 11563. Hobbema, Mynderhout, b., 5403; d., 5422. Hobbes, Tin unas. b.,8762; tor materialism, 8843; works, 8851 , s.s.83, 8923 ; d., 8942. Hobbs, A. I., pres. Convention, 300 2 . Hobhouse, Baron, title created, 9871. Hohkirk's Hill, S. C, battle, 941 . Hoboken, N. J., steam-ferry est., 1193; Ste- ven's Inst, fnd., 2763 ; Sunday law en- forced ; warrants for officials, 3803; relics of St. Quietus, 3881 ; p. o. robbery, 4762. Hoche, Lazare, b., 7042; at Dunkirk, 7101 j at Quiberon, 7102 ; at Kaiserslautem, 8061 ; d., 7123. Hochelaga. (See Montreal.) Hoehhausen. battle of Baden, 8243. Hochheim, Plus., battle of, 7202. Hochkirch, Frederick defeated, 5161. Hochkirchen, Austrians defeated, 7201 , Hdchst, Prus., battle at, 7941 . Hochstade, Conrad von, fnds. cath., 7802. Hoehstadt, Bav., Imperialists defeated, 6961; Aust. defeated, 7141; taken, 7942. Hochstetter, Jonathan, murdered, 4042. Hock, Jan van, b.-d., 5403. Hocking Valley, O., miners strike, 3172. Hoekst, battle, 5181. Hodaibiya, treaty, 4851 . Hodel, Emil H. M., shoots at emp., 8291; executed, 8303. Hodge, Casper W., b., 1382; d., 3922. 1282 Text Figures denote Page. lNJJljX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Hodg— Hoild. Hodge, Chas., b., 1062; works, 133' ; mod- erator, 1623; d., 2982. , H. Lenox, b„ 1462; d., 2802. Hodges, Edward Noel, cons, bp., 10042. , Henry C, commissioned col., 330 1 . Hodgesville, Ivy., action, 200' . Ilodgkins, Tims. C, gilt to Inst., 3942. Hodgkinson, Eaton, b., 9243; ,1. (1861). , John, b. (1S05) ; est. theater, 1061. Hodgson, Frances, b. (17S1) ; works, 3083 ; d. (1852). , Sir Kobert, b. (1798); gov. Can., 5833; d. (1880). Hodson, Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . Hoe, .Richard March, b., 1183 ; rotary printing-press, 1622; d., 3222, Hoefer, Johann C. P., b., 8102; d., 8282. Hoeth, Earl, title created, 9252. Hoev, Frances Sarah Oashel, b., 9442. , John, defaulter, 3932; d., 418' . Hofer, Andreas, b., 5163; leader, 5193, 718' ; yields, 3183, executed ; statue, 202, 536' ; family ennobled, 521'. , Edmund, b., 8122; d. (1882). Hotf, Henry Kuhn, b. (1809); d., 300'. Hoifenthal, mission, 6003. HolHin, Loe, lynched, 4023. Hoffmann and Fritzsche, inv. anilin, 814'. , August H., b., 8063; d., 828' . , Chas. Fenno, b., 1122; works, 1403, 1443, 145', 1523; d., 3162. , David, b., 962; d., 174' . , Ernst T. W., b., 804' ; Tales, 811' ; d., 8122. , Friedrich, b., 7963; d., 8003. , Hans, Seitab mm Weqe, 8362. , Johann J., Universal Lexicon, 1137'. , John Thompson, b. (1828) ; gov. N. Y., 2693; d., (1888). , Murray, b. (1791); d., 2982. Hofhuf, besieged; Turks defeated, 486' . Hofmann, August W., b., 8122. ■, Josef, plays, 996' . Hog; Island, boundary dispute, 349' ; St. Lawrence on, 589 2 ; San Albano on 4033. Hogan, Edward D., air-ship over Brook- lyn ; over New York ; in sea, 3421 . ., John Joseph, b. (1829) ; cons. K. C. bishop, 2622; in Kansas City, 3042. , Patrick, arrested, 9932. , Police Justice, testimony, 453' . Hogan's Industrial Army, captured, 4582. Hogarth, William., b., 9002 ; works, 908' ; d., 9162. Hoge, James, b. (1784) ; moderator, 1403 ; d. (1863). Hogg, James (Ettrick Shepherd), b., 9183; work, 937'; d., 9462. , S., gov. Tex., 3992; message,4223. Hohenl'riedberg, Pros., battle, 5142, Hoheniinden, Bavaria, battle, 5182. Hohenlohe, Pr. of (Gustav Adolf) ; b, (1823); cons. card, priest, 8243. Ingelfingen, Pr. of (Friedrich Lud- wig), b., (1746); at Jena; at Prenzlau, 716' ; d. (1818). Schillingsfurst.Pr.of (Chlodwig-Karl Victor); b. (18191; tier, ambassador, 749' ; pres. of Landtag, 827' ; rejected, 8273; premier, 837 2 . Hohenstaufen, House reigns, 7772 ; rules Sicily, 10753 ; overthrown, 10772. _Lohenwart, Count, minister; resigns, 5292. Hoijer, Ben;. Karl Henrik, b.-d., 11342. Hojo clan, in military offices, 1091 2 . Hoke, Gen., at Town Creek, 230 2 ; at Kinston, 2303, 244' ; captures Plymouth, 232' ; on Darby Road, 2383; at Fort An- derson, 2422; near Goldsboro, 244'. Hokodato, mission, 10922. Holbach, Paul Thierry d', b., 6982 ; Sys- tem of Nature, 705' ; d., 7062. Holbein, Hans, b., 7863; d., 7902. , Society fnded., 972' . Holberg, Ludwig, b., 6363 ; comedies ; writings, 6383; d., 638'. Holbrook, Fred., gov. Tex., 2032. , John Edwards, b., 1042; d., 274' . Holcoinb, Thomas, in state dept., 4472. Holeombe, Lieut., massacred, 10493. , Wm. F., b., 1342. Holcroft, Thomas, b., 9103; d., 9343. Holden, Mass., anniversary, 3873. , Edward Singleton, b., 1602. ■ •, Oliver, d., 1682. , Wm. Woods, b. (1818) ; gov. N. C, 2473; relieved, 2493; proclaims Alamance Co., 2663; against secret society, 269'; impeached 273'; d., 402'. Holder, Charles Frederick, b. (1851) ; L. Agassiz, 4482. Holderlin, Johann Christian Frederick, b. (1770) ; Hyperion, 807' ; d. (1843). Holdich, Joseph, b., 1122. Holfer, Edmund, d., 8302. Holgate, O., strikers lire sheds, 4762. Holguin, Cuba, revolt, 632'; rebellion, G332; railroad to Gibara, 6333. Holinshed, Raphael, d., 8742. Holkar, family important, 10452. . commander defeated, 1046' . Holl, Francis, b., 9363; d. (1884). , Frank, b., 9522 ; d. (1888). Holland (see Neth., text, pp. 1098-1102). prospers, 1099' ; naval battle, 858' ; an- nexed by Den., 6372 ; enriched by fish- eries, 10982; Philip annexes, 10992; Wil- liam of Orange inherits, 5412; commerce from Antwerp, 1099'; United Neth. est., 252; revolts, 11293; war-ships, 6052; over- run by Fr.; Fr. expelled, 1100'; fort- resses garrisoned, 543' ; gives constitu- tion, 10392 ; sympathy of 1780,933 ; loses Eng. colonies. Hut) 2 ; acknowledges inde- pendenceof U.S., 953; againstEng., 9273; peace with Eng., 5452 ; annexed to Fr., 7113, 7193 ; detached from Fr., 7212 ; insurrection, 811 2 ; restored to House of Orange, 11023; uprising, 543 2 ; religious difficulty, 5423 ; conven. against ; with, 5452. , Mich., Hope College org., 2502. , Edward, mayor N. Y., 672. — , George, b. (1791) , d., 272'. —, Sir Henry, b., 9243; d.,978'. , Thurston, minister, 9953. , Josiah Gilbert, b., 128' ; works, 1823, 1813, 229' , 2643, 28113, 2X23. 28(13; d., 302.1 . , Canon Scott, sermon, 1009'. , Thomas, lord, trustee, 8612. Hollander, Peter,gov. Del., 372; d. (1600+). Holleindsvhe Spertalor, issued, 1101 2 . Hollar, Wenceslaus, b., 7923; d., 7963. Holleben, Theodore von, minister, 4052. Holies, Benzil, baron, b. (1599) ; impeached, 885' ; d. (1679). Holley, Alex. H., governor Conn., 1832, , Horace, b., 93' ; d., 1342. , Lyman, b., 140' ; d., 310'. Holliday, B. S., Com. of Customs, 3512. , Capt., at Hillsborough, 200' . , Fred. W. M., governor Va., 3012. Holliman, Ezekiel, baptized, 343. Hollins, George Nichols, b., 1082 ; bom- bards San Juan, 174' ; d., 2982. Hollis, Thomas, b. (1659) ; d., 62'. — , Mr., supports Indian pupils, 63'. Hollister, Gideon Hiram, b., 1262; d.,3062. llolloway Coll., foundation laid, 9842. Holly Springs, Miss., action, 215' ; supplies captured, 2163 ; Rust Univ. fnd., 2623 ; State Normal School opd., 2702. Holman, Wm. Steele, b., 1302; Crittenden resolution, 2013; on Appropriation Com- mittee, 3972 ; resolution adopted, 3993 ; statement, 4132. Holmes, Abiel, b., 723; d., 1482. , Adm., at Eomina, 1161'. , David, governor Miss., 1172, 1333. , George Frederick, b., 128 2 . -, H. H., fraudulent insurance, 475'. , Obadiah, whipped, 383. .Oliver Wendell, b., 116'; works, 1843, 199', 2603, 2723, 2803, 287', 3063, 3223, 3283, 3743 ; d., 472' . , Sergt., at Nolensville, 2183, , Theophilus, b. (1829); in Seven Days' Battle, 209' ; at Helena, 2242 ; d. (1880). Holmfrith, flood, 9573. Holofernes, reigns, 1149 1 . Hoist, Hans Peter, b., 6382 ; d. (1893). , Hermann Eduard von, b., 816' . Holstein, Prus., Prussians enter, 526', 527' ; ceded, 6353; invaded, 6362 ; con- quered, 638' , 936' ; Aust. evacuate, 040' ; independence, 6412; invaded, 6413; sub- mits to Danish rule, 7932 ; conquered, 794' ; overrun, 7962; occupied, 818' ; old constitution restored, 8212 ; invaded, 822' ,3, 8233; part of Prussia, 8252. IlohtrinUchc Zet/inn/s-f Yirrespondent.TJdl . Holston, treaty with Oherokees, 1072. Conference, Meth. Epis., org., 247'. River, Tenn., Burnside defeats Long- street, 2282. Holt, John, b. (1721) ; editor, 743; ,1. (17S4). , , b., 8S42 ; justice, 8992 ; d., 9042. .Joseph, b., 114'; p. m. gen., 1852 , sec. of war, 1893 ; replies to Hayne, 1913 ; judge advocate gen., 2133 ; Porter trial, 216' ; military commission, 2472; d.,466'. Holt, J. W., bp. United Brethren, 3462. Holtenau, stone of ship canal laid, 8333. Holty, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph, b., 8003 ; Poems, S052; d., 8042. Iloltzmann, Adolf, b., 8102; d., 2862. Holub, Emil, b.,5203. Holwell, John Zephaniah, b. (1711) ; gov. in India, 10452 ; d. (1798). Holy, Dan., endows Inst, for Blind, 985' . Alliance, formed, 5212 ; Fr., joins, 7233; conven., 9373. Catholic League, est., 6843. Coat exhibited, Fr., 7622, 8342 ; in Treves, 7762; offered for devotion, 8162; possession claimed, 1122' . Cress College, org., Pittsburg, 157' . Crusade, against Aragonese, 672' . Ghost College, chartered, 3123. Land, treaty concerning, 11573; ceded to Christians, 781'. League formed, 6812. Roman Emp., Ger. states, 5032 ; in- terregnum, 5052 ; dissolved, 5193 ; sepa- rated, 6672 ; terminated, 7172 • period, 10732. See, prerogatives enlarged, 10683. Sepuleher. preservation of, 11582. Synod, Bulgaria, illegal ; meets, 568'. Trinity, order founded, 7782. Water, in churches, 10723. Holyhead and Howth, cable laid, 9593. Holyoake, George Jacob, 9382. Holyoke, Mass., tire, 2893; flood, 3413. Edward Augustus, b., 602; d., 1362. Holyrood, see erected, 8483. IloJzapfela-Susinarsliausen, Ger., end of Thirty Years' War, 7962. Holzer, Johann, b., 7983; d., 8002. Homans, John, b. (1793) ; d., 2602. Borne wrecked, 1493. and Foreujn Review, issued, 9663, Journed, founded, 163' , Home, Earl, title created, 8772. — — , Henry, Lord lvalues, b., 9002 ; Criti- cism, 9163; d., 9223. , John, b., 9062; Doitgl as 915'; d., 9343. - — Arts Asso., est., London, 994' . Circle, statistics, 4463. Association, founded, 3032. College. Disciples founded, 3143. Govt. Asso., meets, Dublin, 9752. Guards Minute Men. org., Mo., 1902. Miss. Soc. Am. (See under American.) Missionary Soc., org., Eng., 9383. Missions, report, 3322. Protection Party, org., 3112. Bule, Ire., money for, 4623 ; intro., Can., 587'; com", in Dublin; motion re- jected, 9792 ; meetings held. 985' ; con- vention at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 9853 ; members withdraw, 9893 ; policy sus- tained, 9952 ; Scottish Amendment re- jected, 10032; Bill intro., 9952, 10111; reported, 10112; program, 979 2 . Homeopathic Coll., attacked by mob,l7l 1 . Medical College, opened, 199' . Physicians, convention, 2923. Homeopath ists International Congress, Atlantic City, 3863. Homeopathy, first intro. in N. Y., 1321 . , Am. Inst, of, meets, 4081. Homer, Ga., L. Willis kills father, 4542. , poet, b., 10142 ; Iliad, trans., 8772, 10142; Odi/sxri/, tvsos, 10142; gods ; poems in Greece, 10142. , Winslow, b., 146 2 ; member Nat. Homes College, chartered, La., 1782. Academy of Design, 2501 . Homespun, fashionable, 692; mnf., 1001 . Homestead, Pa., labor trouble, 4083, 4101 , 2,3, 4111,2, 4131,2, 4142,3, 4163, 4183, 4191 ,2,3, 4222,3 ; press, 4273, 4373; 4473, 4793. Act, approved, U. S., 2093. Bill, dispossess of land, 2531. Homeyer, von, Capt. Alex., b. (1834) ; ex- pedition in Kongo, 10931 , Homildon Hill, Eng., battle, 8601. Homilies, Blieking, written, 8463. , Eng., author unknown, 8483. Homilies, Book of, published, 8702. Honan, China, 'improved, 6122 ; mission, 6223, 6243 ; famine, 6233 ; Presbytery formed, 6243. Honduras (see text, p. 1041), explored, 162; Hone-Hous. Text Figures denote Page. 1JNI L)J^X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1283 captured, 182; flourishing, 233; settlers in; Eng. overpowered; Sp. quiet, 5641 ; Bp. Ormsby cons., 10102 ; at war, 1038' ; surrendered to Nicaragua, 11043. Hone, Philip, b. (1781) ; mayor N. Y.,1352; d. (1S51). , Win., b., 921' , or (1719) ; d. (1842). Honeychurch, Henry G., b., 1522. Honey Hill, S. C, action, 2402. Springs, Ind. Ter., action, 225' . Honfleur, Fr., riot, 7432. Hong, Ulm, shoots Chu Hing, 4682. Honghoa Anuam, Chinese lire, 482' . Hong Kong, China, taken by Brit, 615'; Gazette: mission,619' ,2,6203, 623' ; Dally Press, 6H) 3 ; ceded to Eng. ; a protector- ate, 6173 ; Lord Elgin returns, 6182 ; mis- sionaries in, 6183; sirlt. Grunt commands, 620' ; typhoon, 6222. G24 ' ; F. >reign Enlist- ment Act proclaimed, 625' ; gale, 627'; black plague, 6273 ; bishopric est., 9543 ; Bp. Kaimond cons., 9742. Hong-tsiuen, claims, 619' . Hongwou, Buddhist, 6143; d., 6142. Honolulu, tirst missionaries, 10402 ; Amer. flag down, 429' ; Bp. Willis cons., 9742. Honorius, archbp. of Canterbury, 8422 ; fixes parish boundaries, 8423. — — 1., pope, anathematized, 1031'; d., 1071'. II., pope, 10743. III., pope, 1075'. IV., pope, 10763. Flavius, b. (3841 ; reigns in West, 10693 ; assembles representatives, 0633 ; d. (423). Hontheim, Johann N. ron, b., 7983 ; d., 8043. Honthorst, Gerard, b., 5403 ; d., 541'. Hood, Alex., b. (1727 i) ; Lord Bridport, defeats Fr. fleet, 7102 ; d. (1814). , Baron, 923', 1009'; viscount, title created, 925 2 . , Capt., explorer, 578' . ■, John Bell, b. (1831 ) ; at Antietam,213' ; at Gettysburg, 224' ; in Term., 2322 ; at Pumpkin-Vine Creek, 234' ; commands Dept. Tenn., 236' ; commands Confeds., 2362; at Kulp House, 235'; before At- lanta, 236 2 ,3; truce with Sherman; evac- uates Atlanta, 238' ; crosses Coosa River ; Dalton surrendered, 23S3 ; at Gadsden ; invasion of Tenn.,239' ; at Decatur, 2392; at Florence, 240' ; atSpring Hill ; invests Nashville ; at Franklin, 2102 ; at Tupelo, 2403 ; relieved of command, 242' ; sur- renders, 2463 ; d., 3022. , Robin, flourishes (2), 851' ; d., 8543. , Viscount Samuel, b., 906 2 ; adm., at Toulon, 708' ; d., 9382. , Thomas, b., 9283 ; works, 9431, 9523 ; d., 9522. Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon, b.-d., 10983 ; works, 1099'. Hoogvliet, Arnold, b.-d., 1101'. Hook, James Clarke, b., 9383. Hooke, Nathaniel, b., 8982 ; d. (17G3). , Robert, b.,8822; balance wheel, 8882 ; inventions, 890'; experiment on air; conveys sounds ; telephone ; gravitation, 892' ; suggests telegraph, 896' ; d., 9022. , Theodore Edward, !>., 9213 ; d., 9502. Hooker, Joseph, b., 123' ; at Williamsburg, 207' ; at Fair Oaks, 2082 ; iu Seven Days' Battles, 209' ; at Malvern Hill, 2102 ; at Antietam, 213' ; at Fredericksburg, 2162 ; commands Army of Potomac ; dismissed, 218 2 ; crosses Rapidau ; at Chancellors- ville ; crosses Rappahannock, 220 3 ; or- ders of congratulation, 2212 ; at Chancel- lorsville,221' ; protects Washington, 2223; pursuit of Lee ; relieved of Army of Po- tomac, 223' ; reinforces Roseerans, 2263 ; at Bridgeport, 22i ' ; at Lookout Moun- tain; at Ringgold, 2282 ;, at Pumpkin- Vine Creek, 234' ; d. (1879). , Sir , Dalton, b., 9382 ; president, 976'. , Richard, b., 8702 ; Ecclesiastical Pol- ity, SIT* \ d.,8762. , Thomas, in Mass., 342 ; d., 381 . -, Warren B., d., 178'. ., William Jackson, b., 9223 ; d., 968'. , Worthington, b., 1122 ; d., 2582. Hoogstrat, James, assails Luther, 7882. Hoole, John, b., 908' ; d. (1803). Hoonan, Green Water Lily Society, 617' . Hooper, John, cons, bp., 8703 ; d., 8702 ; burned, 8703. , John Kinnersley, lord mayor, 9492. Hooper, Johnson J., b. (1815) ; d., 229' . , Lucy, b., 1242 ; d., 1522. , William, b., 642 ; d., 1022. , Capt., takes Wrangle Land, 3092. Hoorn, Count of, b. (1520±) ; opposes In- quisition ; beheaded, 10993. Hoosac Tunnel, Mass., begun, 1813 ; work resumed, 2273, 2652 ; explosion, 2593 ; completed, 283 3 ; first train, 2873 ; Mass. sells interest, 3293. Hoosick, N.Y., settlement destroyed, 68' . Hoover, George, shot, 3803. Hoover's Gap, Teun., action, 223'. Hop-gardens, Ger., 7722. Hope captured, 822 Hope in search of Eira, 988' . Hope, Ark., tornado, 430' . College, Mich., org., 2502. , Eng. magistrate murdered, 602'. , Admiral, repulsed, 620'. , Anthony, Prisoner of Zint/a, 10122. , Thomas, b., 9183 ; d., 9442. Hopedale mission, 5763. , 111., R. R., accident, 3273. , O., White Caps, 333' . Hopetoun, Baron, title created, 931' ; earl, 903'. , Earl of, gov., 501' . — -, Earl of, 1. high commissioner, 10002 Hopewell, N. J., funds for school, 711 . , Pa., Indian treaty, 991 . Hopfen, Hans, t;lair.,-ii3 ; sala- ries, 1O091, 10112; Rom. Cath. disabili- ties, 10091. (See Parliament; also in text, Great Britain, under State.) of Lords, journals, commenced, 8663; , bankrupt peers excluded, 9753 ; salaries reduced, 10112; abolition of, 10122. of Peers (Port.), changed tolife, 11112. of Representatives, new rules, 355 3 . (See also text, America, under State.) 1284 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Hous-Hulk. Houseless Poor Act, G. B., passes, 9671 . Houssaye, Arsene, b., 7222 ; works, 7292 7343, 7522. , Henry, b. (1848); Academician, 7661. Houston, Tex., soap mfg. co., 3813 ; rob- bery, 3991 ; shooting, 452' ; fire, 4733. , George Smith, b. (1811) ; gov. Ala. 2873; on Committee of :!3, 1891; d. (1879). , Sam, b.,1042; gov.Tenn., 1353,1872; defeats Santa Anna, 1461 ; pres. Tex., 147 2 , 1552; opposes secession, 1931 ; ex- pelled, 1932; d., 2272. Houtman, Cornells, sails for India, 10443 ; d. (1605+). Hovas, in Madagascar, 10953±. llovede.il, Roger of, d., 8521. Hovell, Capt/, Port Phillip, 4951 . Hovenden, Thomas, in Nat. Acad., 3121 . Hovey, Alvin P., gov., 3492; gen. at Clar- endon, 2103 ; d.,3941. How, John L., defaulter, 4123. Howard, John, monument erected, 1361. , Benj. Chew, b. (1791); d., 2762. , Catherine, marriage; executed, 8G92. , Lord Charles, of Effingham, b., 8682; destroys Span. Armada, 8761 ; d., 8802. , Francis, of Effingham, b. (1630±); gov. Va., 492,3; political conspiracy, 8971; d. (1694). .Edward, d., 10081. , of Glossop. Baron, title created. 9651 . , Geo. fin. F., b., 9303; L. n e ut., 0213; minister, 9432,3; d., 9681 . , G. A., in P. O. dept., 4472. , Henry, gov. R.I., 2851 . -, , Earl of Surrey, works, 8691 ; be- headed, 8701 , 8712. , Jacob Merrett, b. (1805) ; Committee of Fifteen, 2493; d. (1871). , John, b., 9063 ; sheriff ; prison inves- tigations, 9192 ; statue, 9282 ; d., 9243 ; monument, 1361 . , John Eager, b.,0S2; pres. senate, 1111 ; vote for V. Pres., 1252 ; d., 1342. -, J. J., coachman discussion, 4752, , Luke, works, 931 1 , 9551 . , Oliver Otis, b., 138 1; at Antietam, 2131; at Chancellorsville, 2211; at Get- tysburg, 2241 ; at Adairsville,233i ; com- mands Army of T-enn., 2363; at Jones- boro, 2381 ; at Atlanta, 2401 ; at Cheraw, 2423; against Chief Joseph, 2961 ; major gen., 3221; succeeds Gen. Crook, 3541; Pres. Nat. Temperance Union, 4583; re- tired, 4741 . , R. P., d., 5861. , Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, b. (1536) ; executed, 8752. , , D. of Norfolk, b., 8642; ravages Scot., 8681; minister, 8693; lord lieut., 8673; d., 8742. , W., guilty of killing, 4222. , Wm. Alauson, b. (1813) ; on Com. of Thirty-three, 189 1; on Committee of Five;' on traitors, 191 1 ; d. (1880). , , Viscount Stafford, b., 8782; be- headed, 8952. College, Ala., org., 1543. , Dr., released in Cuba, 2791 . Institute Bill enacted, 2523. — — Payne College (Bapt.), org. at Brown- wood, Texas (1890). University org., opened, 2583. Howe, brigadier-general, Albion, b. (1818); Paris commission, 247 2 . , Elias, b., 1281 ; invents sewing-ma- chine, 1541 ; patent, 1602 ; d., 2582. , Gen. Geo. Augustus, b.,90U2; k., 702. -, Hubert, works, 3323. , Jephtliali D-, insurance fraud, 4751. , John, b., 8822; d. (1705). , Joseph, gov. N. S., 5832,3. , Julia Ward, b., 1281; works, 1742, 1823, 2551,2871,3063. , Lyman B., b., 1501 . , Earl Richard, b.,9002; commissioner to Am., 752; letter to Washington, 852 ; in New York, 9212; L. Adm.,9232; min- ister, 9233; in Eng. Channel, 9261; off Ushant, 7101 ; d., 9283. , Robert, b. (1732); gen. at Savannah, 901 ; a. (1785). , Sam. Gridley, b., lid ; in San Do- mingo ; commissioner, 2732; d., 2902. — -.Timothy Otis, b., 1242; postmaster- general, 3092 ; d., 3122. , Sir William, b., 908 2 ; commissioner to Am.. 752 ; arrives, 801 ; in Boston, 803; leaves Halifax ; N.Y. Harbor, 822 ; on Staten Island, 823 ; in N. 1 ., 841 offers pardon, 85 2 ■ confers with Am statesmen, 853; at New Brunswick, 862 goes to sea, 863; before Phila., 871,2 at Port Mifflin ; at White Marsh, Pa. 881 ; recalled, 882 ; controversy, 913 d.,9363. Howe, William Bell White, cons. asst. bp., 2742. Co., mnf. pins, 1441 , 1501 . Howell, David, b.,662; d., 1321. , James, b. (1595+); d., 8922. , Joshua.B., d., 2411 . -, Richard, b. (1753); gov., 1053; d. (1802). , , A., d., 10101. , Robert Boyte Crawford, b. (1801); d., 2602. , T. C.,d.,414i. Howells, William Dean, b., 1482 ; works, 2543, 2603, 2651, 2S02, 2823, 2871, 2903; 3063, 3083, ;;123, 3203, 3231, 3283, 3503, 3963, 4203, 4783. Howgate, H. W., defaulter, 4722. HoU'ick, Lord. (See Grey, Sir Chas.) Howitt, Mary, b., 9323; d., 9962. , Botham, b., 9283. , Win., b., 9263; Journal, 9131; d.,9S4i. Howland, Alfred Cornelius, b. (183S) ; in Nat. Academy, 3121 . , W. P., gov. Ont., 5832. Howley, Wm., b., 9162; archbp. of Can- terbury, 9442 ; d. (1848). Howlock, F., suicide, 4362. Howorth, Henry H., work, 9963. Howren, Henry D., in Charleston, 3383. Howry, Charles B., in dept. of justice, 4473. Howth and Holyhead, cable completed, 9593 Howth, Baron, title created, 9871 , Hoy family murdered, 4303. Hoyle, Edmund, b., 8922; Whist, 9111; d.,9183. , Benjamin T., b., 1282 ; d., 2561. , Henry M., gov. Pa., 3033; d., 4181 , John P., gov. Ida., 2912, 2973. , Russell B., arrested, 4663. H. R. Arthur, explosion on, 2733. Hrotsvitha, b.-d., 7741. Hry, Thierry de, b., 6783. Huacho, Peru, gold discovered, 11093. Huamantla, Mex., action at, 1622. Huaucavo, action at, 1108 2 . Huanuco, Peru, battle at, 6063. Huascar, becomes lnca, 193 ; imprisoned, 6431. Huascar captures vessels ; captured, 6062; sunk, 6082. Huasco, occupied, 60S2 ; insurgents mass- ing, 6083. Huayna Capac, rules Ecu. and Peru, 6441 ; conquers Quito, 6431 ; d., 6443. Hubbard, Henry, b. (1784) ; gov. N. H., 1553 ; d., 1821 . , John, b. ( 1794); gov. Me., 1692; d., 2641 . , Joseph Stillman, b., 1302 ; d., 227.2. , Lord Addington Gellibrand, d., 10001 . , Lucius Fred. b.l 1836); gov.Minn.,3152. , Richard, gov. Tex., 2951. , William, b., 301 ; d., 562. Hubbardtown, Vt., encounter at, 863. Huber, Francois, b.-d., 11372. , Johann Nepomuk, b., 8142 ; d. (1879). , John Francis, cons, bp., 5763. , John J., suicide, 4702. , Matthieu, b., 6883; d., 697i . .Walter, archbp. of Canterbury; ad- ministrator, 8513 ; d., 8521. Hubert de Burgh. (See Burg.) Hubertusburg, Saxony, Peace of, ends war, 5162, 5172, 8033 ; battle of, 8922. Hubmever. Balthazar, preaches at Ratis- bon, 7882 ; burned, 7902. Hubner, Baron yon, Nap. addresses, 525 2 . , Karl, b., 8102; d., 830i. .Rudolph .Jul. Benno,b.,8082; d.,8302. Hue, Evaristc Regis, b., 7211 ; d. (1860). Huchau, mission, 618 3 . Hiahh'rsllrlil rescues passengers, 9513. Hiuldleston, Bar., John Walker, d., 10041 . Hudson, Mo., Confcds. defeated at, 2021 . - — , N. Y., bank clerk defalcation, 4792. , O., Western Reserve Coll. fnd., 1351 ; observatory erected at, 1501 ; College, name changed ; removed, 3123. , Erasmus Darwin, b., 1122; d. (1887). , Frederick, b., 1281 ; d., 2881 . , Henry, voyage, 8781; explorations, N. Y., etc., 262; dis. Hudson Bay, 281; perishes ; crew rescued, 283 ; d., 8782. Hudson, Henry Norman, b., 1231 ; Shake- speare, 2802 ; d., 3222. , Mary Clemmer Ames, d., 3162. , Thomas J., b., 1562. William Leverreth. b. (1794); d., 2152. Bay, discoveries, 651 , 8781 ; settlement 9373 ; surrendered, 5752 ; missions, 5802. — Co., chartered, 5733 ; monopoly, 5793; in courts; monopolies restricted ; rights sold, 5812; funds seized; monop- oly ends, 5x32 ; eharter expires, 9732. and Mohawk R. R., opened, 1393. River, dis., 191 , 202 ; frozen, 1281 . Bridge BilL 3552, 3572, 3631 ,3972, 4593, 4631. Committee, org., 361 3 . R. R., opd., 1673, 1693 ; bridge completed, 261 3 ; train accident, 4153. Tunnel, water in, 305 a ; work suspended, 3113, 3153, resumed, 3452. Strait, discovered, 5702. Hudsonville, Miss., action at, 2151 . Hue, forts captured, 4803 ; Annamese re- volt ; Thayat attacks, 4822 ; Fr. rein- forcements arrive, 4823. Hue ami I'n/ established, Eng., 9051. Hnefl'er, Francis, d., 10001 . Huelva, Columbiananniversary eel. ,11331 _ Huemac Ateopaneeatl, d., 111. Huesca, Sp., University founded, 11271. Huessin Bey, rules, 9 2 . Huet, Pierre D., b„ 6882 ; d., 6982. Huf eland, Christoph Wilhelm, b., 8023; d., 8143. Huff, Capt. de, near La Grange, 221 1 . Hugel, Karl Alex. Anseleni von, b., 8063; d.,28G2. Hugelmann, Gabriel, sentenced, 7483. Huger, Gen. Benjamin, b. (1806) ; destroys- GosiJortNavy Yard. 2071 ; at Seven Days* Battles, 2091; d., 2962. Huger, Isaac, b., G42; d., 1062. Huggins, Win., b., 9422;, analyzes stars, 9661. Hugh, India, factory opened, 10451. the Great, Conite de Paris, ruler in Fr.; d., 6673. Capet, reigns, 6673; d. (996). , Count of Verinandois, joins First Cru- sade, 6681 . , Earl Fortescue, l.-lieut., 9493. of Provence, K. of It. expelled, 10733. Hughes and Buttner, bogus lawyers, 3762. wins walking-match. 3813. , Sir Edward, in E. I., 7041 . , John, b., 1062; cons. bp. (1838); in see of N. Y (1842) ; first archbp. (1850) ; draft riot, 2252 ; ,1., 2291 ; statue, 3861 . , W., hanged, 2551. , Joshua, elected bp., 9742 ; d., 5861 . , Louis C, governor Arizona, 4471 . , Robert Ball, b., 1122 ; d., 2602. , Man., Gen. Johnston, 4482. , P., commissioned colonel, 3301. , Simon P., governor Arkansas, 3233. , Thomas, b., 9403; works, 9603, 9623, 10022; suggestion of New Rugby, 3043. Hugo, Gustav., b., 8023 ; d., 8162. , Victor, governor Guiana, 10391 . , Marie, b., 7143; works of, 7231 to 7542 ; in Paris, 7412; defense committee, 7433; expelled, 7443; radical, 745i ; sen- ator ; amnesty motion, 7511 ; d., 7542; in Pantheon, 7543. Hugstettin, Baden, K. R. wreck, 8313. Jfuaucnots, opera, appears, 8141 . , Sir John Everett Millais, 9582, , colony, America. 222; massacre of, 243; in Fla., 251 ; I'resbv. church, N.Y., 482 ; on Staten Island, 483 ; in Mass., 502,3; inS.C.,503,511; inN.C.,512,572; inNewRochelle, N.Y.,513; in Va.,552; settle in Braz., 5533 ; persecuted, 5531; war against Fr. ; discipline in army ; Eng. aids, 6821 ; religious liberty granted; aim of ; conspiracy of, 6823; rise instate affairs, 68.31 ; massacre of, 6832; wars of ; partial liberty granted, 6833 ; war with Fr., Eng. support, 6861 ; revolt ; deprived of towns ; cause ruined, 687 3 ; perse- cuted, 6943, 6951. Hultzilihuitl, enthroned, 10952 ; d. (1414). Huitzilopochtli, temple dedicated, 122. Hu-Kuang, taken, 618 1. Hulaku, invades Persia, 11062; d. (1265). Huldah, a prophetess, 11462. llulick, George W., b., 1421 . Hulin, or Hullin, Comte Pierre Augustin, b., 7023; d., 7282. Hulks for punishment, Eng., 9212. Hull-Huyg. Text Figures denote Page. 1JNU.C.-X. Superior Figures indicate Column, 1285 Hull, Eng., Literary and Philosophical So- ciety fnd., 0411 • Narcissus launched, 99-41; Church Congress, 10U42; dock la- borers strike; riots, 10103 .Isaac, b., 78 2 ; captures G-uerriere, 1181; d. (1843). , John A. T., p., 1522. , Jonathan, steam navigation, 9081 . , William, b.,G83; gov. Mich., 1133; re- turns from Can.; capture Ft. Maiden ; surrenders Detroit, 1181; d., 1322. Hullah, John, b., 9362. , Pyke, h. (1812); d., 9922. Hulpias River, Ariz., dam bursts, 3533. Hulst, Spain, recovers, 10982. Humaita, Parag., passage forced, 5561 . Human Freedom League, organizes, 3931 . Humane Soc, meets, Am, ,3703,3931 ,4723. (See Royal Humane Society.) Humanitarians, founded, 9701 . Humansville, Mo., action at, 2051 . Humayun, h.-d., 10431; reigns; flees, 10433. Humbert I., Raneri Carlo Emanuele Gio- vanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio, king, b., 10863; weds, 10893; reigns (1878). , Joseph Amahle, b., 7022; at Castle- bar, 7122; d.,7242. , M., minister, 7532. Humble Petition and Advice adopted, Eng., 8892. Humboldt, Tenn., lynching, 4682. , Baron, Friedrieh Heiurirh Alex, von, b., 8031; works, 8091, 8163; explorer, 8062; d., 8202; centenary, 8271; statue, 8301. , , Karl W., b., 8023; works, 8072, 8083,8131; minister, 8133; d., 8143. Hume, David, b., 9042; works, 9132, 92H ; d., 9203. , Hamilton, at Port Phillip, 4951 . , Joseph, b., 9203; d., 9603. , preacher, refuses indulgence, 8963. Humiliation, day of, Am., 2373. Hummel, Johami N., b., 8042; d., 8143. Humphrey, A. T., wins rifle prize, 9741 . , D. of Gloucester, regent, 8631 ; mar- riage; cruelty of , 8623; arrested; mur- dered, 8632. , Edward Porter, b. (1809); moderator, 1702. , Heman, b., 912; d., 1922. , J., lord mayor, London, 9492, , J., on Com. of Thirty-three, 1891 . , Marshall, b., 601 . , Z. M., moderator, 2762 Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson, b., 1162; at Petersburg, 2443; a t Amelia Court- house, 2451; d\, 3142. , Benjamin G., gov. Miss., 2553; forced to vacate Miss., 2632. , David, b., 682; treaty, 1071 ; d., 1262. , Eliza, killed, 4362. , Lyman U., governor Kan., 3293,3991. , P., killed, 4362. Humphries, Corporal, wins prize, 9661. Hunchung, mission, 6242. Hundred Associates rule Canada, 5713. Years' War, 674i , 6751 ; ends, 6781 . Huneric persecutes Christians, 7682,10703. Hunfalvy, Pal, b.,5202; d. (1891). Hung, Phineas R., d., 6222. Hungary. (See text, Austria-Hungary, pp. 502-539.) Pagan princes, 503 1 ; ravages Ger., 7733; pagan uprising, 5023; Ger- mans immigrate, 5032; war with Bohe- mia,504i; Greeks repel, 10.I22; Gr. civ- ilization intro., 504"3; Golden Bull con- firmed, 5051 ; supremacy broken in Ru- mania, 11121; war with Venice, 506 1 ; Turks invade ; loses coast lands ; partly annexed to Turk., 11572; representative gov't est., 507 3 ; war with Bohemia and Turk., 5081; literature and arts in, 5083; Bohemia united, 5093 ; under Hapsburg rule, 7893; independent, 5093 ;> Protes- tant revolt ; Turks aid Protestants ; abandoned to Turks, 5101 ; revolt. 7973; Turks driven out ; Protestants revolt, 5122; counts executed, 5131 ; insurrec- tion; Servian colonists settle, 5133; war with Turks, 5141 ; peasants revolt, 5151 ; religious toleration, 5163; censorship of press, 5171; change of territory; in- dependence guaranteed, 5173; academy est., 5203 ; uprising ; constitution pro- mulgated, 5213 ; war with Rus., 11161 ; rebellion; Aust. enters, 5221 ; Hungarian war ended, 5223; provisional gov't, 5231 ; constitution abolished ; declared free, 5232, 8183; Rus. intervention, 5232; R.R. opd., 5253 ; Prus. enter, 5262 ; rights re- stored; autonomy, 5263; independence, 5271; dual government, 5272; Fiume R.R. opd., 5293; landwehr est., 5321 ; war vessels for; strategic railroad, 5332; union with Austria denounced, 5373. Hungerford bridge opened, 9521 , 9662. , Sir Thomas, speaker, 8593. Hung-Tsiuen. b., 6163; leader, 6181; Tai- ping rebellion; emperor, 6193; suicide, 6213. Huni, reigns, Egypt, 645 3 . Huniades, Joannes Corvanus, b., 5062; leader, 5081 ->-; gov., 509 1 ; atVerna, 5651 j atNish, 11561; d., 5082. Hunkers, Democratic Nat. Conven., 1651. Hunnewasser, battle at, 824i. Huns, invade Hung., 5023, 5031 ; subdued. 6101; drive out Goths, 7692; invade and ravage Gr., 10301; migrate westward, 10651; near Caspian Sea, 10671, HO61 ; in Rus., 10692, 11131 ; invade Roman Em- pire; monarchy falls, 1071 2 ; burn Pa- via; invade It., 10721 ; rule in It., 10732; invade Cappadocia, 11541 . Hunt, A. Cameron, governor Colo., 259 a . , Capt., Indian slave-dealer, 282. , Capt., on Kongo River, 10931 . — , Major, at Sturgeon, Mo., 2141 . , Freeman, b. (1804); d., 1841 . , George Ward, b. (1825) ; minister, 9792; d. (1877). , Helen. (See Mrs. Jackson.) , Henry Jackson, b. (1819); d., 3341 . , J. B., suicide, 4682. , Leigh Henry James, b., 9223; works, 9383,9411,9543; d., 9622. , R., clerg., at Jamestown, Va., 26 2 . , Robert, b., 9331 ; d., 9962. , Thomas Terry, b., 1322; d., 4001 . , Ward,b., 1162; justice, 2793; d.,3222. , Washington, t>. (1811); governor N. Y., 1692; d., 2561. , Win. Henry, painter, b., 9243; d.,968i. , , b. (1824); sec. navy, 3072; resigns, 3111; d., 3162. , Holman, b., 9423; paints Isa- bella and Pot of Basil, 9721 . , Morris; b., 1321 ; d., 3022. Hunter, A. J., b., 1382. , Benjamin F., hanged, 3011 . , Claudius S., 1. mayor London, 9353. , David, b., 1102; receives Alvarado, 1621 ; at Charleston, Mo., 198i ; in South, 205 2 ; orders against, 2133; on Porter case, 2161; suceeeds Fremont; draft of negroes, 220i ; relieved of com mand,2222; at Staunton, 2242, 2342; fails to meet Sheridan; commands W, Va.; at Pied- mont, 2342; at Lynchburg, 2343; on com- mission, 2472; d. (1886). , John, b., 9081 ; d., 9262. , Gen. Peter, b. (1805) ; gov. Can., 5772. , Robert, governor X. Y.,573; d. (1734). , Mercer Taliaferro, b., 116i ; speaker house, 1512; n Com. 13, 1892; expelled, 1973; pres. Confed. Senate, 2393; peace commissioner, 2431 ; d.,3262. , William, b., 9062; d., 9223. , , lord mayor, London, 9572. , B., kills Nickerson, 3721 . , Capt., governor Australia, 4951 . Hunterdon Co., N. J., no license, 3332. Hunterian Society organized, 9382, 9391 . Huntersville, W.Va., stores captured,202i . Huntingdon, Eng., R. R. collisions, 9813. , Earl of, title created, 8672. , Lady Selina, b. (1707) ; evangelist, 9123; Methodist, 9131 ; d. (1791). Huntingfield, Baron, title created, 925 2 . Huntingford, George I., elected op., 9303. Huntington, Va., R.R. to Richmond, 2353. , W. Va., Normal School at, 2643; train robbery, 4191 . , Charles B., forgeries dis., 1803. , Daniel, b., 1242; Nat. Acad., 1521. , Fred. Dan, b., 1281 ; cons, bp., 2662. , J. R., bank shortage, 4791 . , Lucius Seth, Professor Conant, 5843. , Samuel, b., 621 ;'governor, 991 j vote for president, 1012; d., 1061 . , , b. (1731) ; gov. 0., 1153; d., 1262. Huntley, H. V., governor P. E. I., 5792. , Gen. W., governor N. B., 5773. Huntlv, Marquis of, title created, 8773. Hunton, Eppa, b., 1302; Com. of Seven, 293 3 ; on electoral commission, 2951; testimony, 457 3 . Hunton, Jonathan D.,gover. Maine, 1392. Hunt's Merchants' Minjazine, appears, 1523. Huntsman, Benj., mfg. cast steel, 9102. Huntsville, Ala., surprised, 2062. , Tenn., Confederates defeated, 2151 . , Tex., Normal School opened, 3031 . Huntt, George G., commis. colonel, 3821 . Hunza Niger, Tibet, attacked, 10061. Hupt Moritz, d., 8281. Huran, Mohammedans rebel, 6211. Hurd, Richard, b., 9062; bishop Worces- ter, 9223; d., 9343. , Col., near La Vergne, 2161 , Hurdy, Sir Chas., college subscription, 712. Huret, Jules, Kroiution Litteraire,7G22. Hurlbut, Stephen Augustus, b., 1242; com- mander G. A. R., 2551 ; d (1882). , William Henry, b., 1342. Hurley, Wis., mine accident, 3553. Huron, Can., burned, 5723; bishopric est., 9483, 9722; Bp. Baldwin cons., 9922. Huron, strikes rocks, 2961 . College (Presb.), organized at Huron, South Dakota (1883). Huron driven out, 5721 . Lake, Champlain visits, 5702, 5713. Hurricane, W. I., 421 ; in Tex., 3581 , 4481 ; Gulf of Mex., 4061 ; i n Aus., 4993; m k. S. W.,500i; in Galicia, 5341; j n Sofia, 5693; in Hong Kong, 6241; i n Havana, 6322; in Eng., shn2, 948 1 . (See Cyclone.) Hurst, John Fletcher, b., 1422; Indika, 4203; consecrated bishop, 3042. , J. T., land purchase, 4133. Hurt ado, Bartolome\ explorer, 163. Hurth, P. J., cons. R. C. bishop, 10121 . Husain Ali, supported, 10441. Husbandry, first taught, 10131 . Huskisson, William, b., 9183; pres. Board Trade, 9413; minister, 9432,3, Huss, John, b., 5062; prof, at Prague; rector of Univ. of Prague, 5071; de- nounces indulgences ; pope's ban ; ar- rested' condemned, 5063, 6762, 7843; burned; festival, 5062,3. Hussein dynasty reigns, 11393, 11072. Avni, grand vizier, 11592; ass* nated, 11583. Pasha, b.-d., 91. Hussey, Obed, inv. reaping machine, 1421 . Hussite creed war, 506 1 ,3, 7841 . Hussites terrorize, 5061 ; demand com- munion; heresy su].]>r*ssed,5063; granted use of cup, 7843; enter treaty, 5071; jj Bohemia, 5073; crusade against, 5083. Husted, James Win., b. (1833) , d. 4161 . Hustler, Ky., office wrecked, 4311 . Huston, James N., treas. dept., 351 2 . Hutcheson, Francis, b., 9002; d.. 9122. Hutchings, Sam., attempt to kill, 986 3 . Hutchins, Sir George, keeper, 8993. Hutchinson, Kan., cyclone, 4061. , Anne, b. (1600) ; org. women's meet- ing, 323; in R. I.; religious enthusiast; at Newport, 353; massacred, 361. , B. B., robbed in Chicago, 3522, , Ellen Mackay, Am. Literature, 3323. , Col. John, b., 880i ; d. (1664). , John, philos., b., 8923; doctrines, 8942; Moses' Principia, 9061 ; d.,9083. , Jos., chief justice, 732; assailed, 752. , G., nom. for governor, 3451 . , Thomas, b., 562; conspicuous, 731 ; gov. Mass., 732, 772; controversy with general court, 783; leaves Boston, 79 2 ; against colonists, 793; d., 931. , Bishop, Witchcraft, 9063. , Capt., killed, 461 . , Viscount of, title created, 9372. Hutchinsonians appear, Eng., 8942. Hutten, Ulrich von, b., 7862; war of nobles, 788i; works, 7892; d., 7882. Hutton, Charles, b., 9083; d., 9403. , James, b., 9063; experiments, 9222; d., 9283. , Lawrence, Letters <>f Dickens, 10063. , Mancius S., pres. R*ef. Synod, 1742. , Matthew, archbp. Canterbury, 9151 . Huxley, Thomas Henry, b., 9422; works, 9631, 9723, 9811, 986 3, 1010 3; opens Working Men's College, 9703; commit- tee vivisection, 4812; pres. Royal Soc, 9901 ; unveils Darwin's statue, 9921 . Huy. Netherlands, taken, 9021 . Huygens, Christian, b.-d., 11003; dis. Sat- urn's ring; form of Saturn; dis. satel- lite ; inv. pendulum clocks, 11002; oscil- lation theory; undulatory theory; law of double refraction, 11003; works, 11012. 1286 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Huyg-IllU, Huygens, Constantijn, b. (1 Tempe, 11012 ; d. (1687). Huysuin, Jan van, b.-d., 1101 ' . Buzzard, Samuel, d., 2702. BCwaiti enthroned, 6131. Hwang Chao, rebels, 6132. Hwangti enthroned, 611 1 . Hwei Wang enthroned, 611 2 . Hyacinth attacked, 6161 . Hyacinthe, Father. (See Loyson, Charles.) Hyatt, Alanson, murder and suicide, 4602. , Alpheus, h., 150 1. , James W., d., 4261 . Hyattsville, Md.,Ooxeyites arrested, 4682. Hydahs, Alaska, sehool for, 30S 2 . IIvdaspes,Md., battle of, 10242. Hyde, Anne, queen, d., 8922. , Edward, E. of Clarendon, b., 8781 ; minister, sin 2 ; impeached, 8932; chanc., 8912; Great liehc/lion, 903^; d.,S923. — , , Viscount Cornbury, 552 ; gov. of N. Y. ; forges, 543; deposed ; gov. N. C.,573; d., 601. , Henry, Earl of Clarendon, b. (1638) ; minister, 8972; 1. lieut., 8973; land grant to, 423 ; d. (1709). , Lawrence, Earl of Rochester, minis- ter, S972 ; dismissed, 8973 ; hi Council, 8952 ; 1. lieut., 9013 ; d. (1711). , Lavius, d., 245 2 . , Sir Nicholas, b. (1572) ; chief justice, 8813 ; d. (1631). , Sir Robert, chief justice, 8913. Park, Serpentine rivulet find., 9081 ; Marble arch, 9542. Hyderabad, Bishop Caprotti cons., 9862. Hyder-Ali, b.-d., 10443 ; at Porto Novo ; against Madras ; overruns Carnatic ; takes Arcot, 10442 ; usurper, 1045 3 . Hydraulic canal begun, N. Y., 467 3 crane patented, 9421 , 9541 . engines invented, 8941 . press patented, 9222. Hydrochloric acid discovered, 9182. Hydro-electric machine invented, 9501 . Hydrogen gas lighter than atmosphere, 9161. Hydropathic Society formed, 9501 . Hydropathy, first institution for, 1581; suggested, 5202 j practised, 4862 ; re- vived, 9282. Hydrophobia, inoculations for, 3241. Hyeres Islands, Arrogant e sinks, 7501. Hygeia, asteroid, discovered, 7301 . Hygiene and Demography Congress in Lond.,1007 1 ; at Budapest, 5381 ; Internal. Cong., 5383, 1001 ; Internat. exhib., 8313. Hyginus, St., bishop at Rome, 10623 ■ ap- points sponsors, 10643. Hvksos,inEgvpt,04G3±,647i,3;exp.,649i. Hylleof Perfection issued, 8663. Hylton, Baron, title created, 9651. Hyndinan, H. M., in Socialist League, Hyne,*C. J. Cutcliffe, work, 4791. Hynes, Francis, executed, 9903. Hypatia, b., 6542 ; murdered, 6543. IL/fx.'rhm, asteroid, discovered, 1641 . Hypermenestra honored, 10132. Hypogea, of Beni-Hasan, 6462. Hyppolite, Louis Mondestin Florvil, b. (1827) ; president ; gen. in battle, 10403. Hyrcanus I. (John), high-priest, delivers Judea ; destroys Samaritan temple ; tower of Antonio, 11502 ; des., 11511. ir.,b.-d., 11521 ; high-priest, 11483; de- feated, 11501 ; restored, 115U2, 11511 , 2 ; rival king; supported by Jews, 11511; defeated in Judea, 11501 Hyrtle, Joseph, b., 5201 . Iambic verse introduced, 10143. lams, Thomas, punished, 4121 . Iantke, asteroid, discovered, 2601 . Iapiza, Hospicio, insurgents fail, 6081 . Iasomirgott, Henry, margrave, 5043, Ibeka, attack of, 600 1 . Iberia, annexed ; independent, 11072. , Ohio Central College, fml., 1663. Iberville, Pierre le Moyne . elected, 3693; Indians trouble, 3741 ; Geo. L.Shoupe.gov.; Norman B.Willey, gov., 3751 ; striking miners, 4103; glacial held, 4122 ; horse-thieves killed, 417 1 ; Appor- tionment Act unconstitutional, 4212 ; Mormons enfranchised, 4231 ; cricket pest, 440 1 ; non-union men ill-treated, 4642; Wm. J. McConnell, gov., 4471, 4793; mineral output, 4793. Iddesleigh, Karl of, title created, 9871 . , Earl of. (See Northcote.) Ideler, Christian L., b., 8023; d.,8162. Idle, Eng., battle of, 8421 . Idlib, Syria, Ref. Church, mission, 11582. Idolatry, of degenerate Arabs, 4842; pun- ished; surrendered, 7702 ; abolished from Brit., 8423 ; revived by Saxons, 8403 • edict for suppression, 10691 ;, Idols destroyed at Mecca, 4843. Idomene, action at, 1020 2 . Idstedt, Prussia, battle of, 6401. Idumea subdued, 11493 ; iucorp., 11501. Iduna issued, 11042. 11362. Idunna, asteroid, discovered, 2961 . Ifumu mission, 598 3 . Iglesias, Jose Maria, b.-d., 10952. , Gen., makes claims, 10971 . , Pres. Peru, peace with Chile, 11083 ; defeated at Lima, 11082. , Rafael, pres., 6313. Ignatieif, Nikolai Pavlovich, b., 11163 ; resigns, 11213 ; Gen. implicated, 5682. Ignatius, patriarch; deposed; restored, 10323. ■ , St., Thcophorus, d., 10642, 3, H521. I S or I., b. (875 1) ; reigns, 11133; d. (945). II., Duke of Tvielf, 1133 ; K. (1147). Igualada, Sp., taken, 11321. Ilala, Afr., David Livingstone, d., 5611 . Ilarim, bishop, Testaments, 11131 . Ilchester, Earl of, title created, 9112. Ildebard, slain, 7703. II Filanqwni issued, 1088 3 . Illieos, Braz., captaincy transferred, 553 2 . Hi, China, annexed, 6161 . Iliad, present text written, 10212. Ilissus, Gr., temple erected, 10191 . Illangina, Madagascar, mission, 10941. Illapel, earthquake, 6063. Illinois, La Salle in, 491 ; first Eng. settle- ment, 492 ; Fr. vacate, 54i; annexed to- Fr., 592; Fr. build forts, 701 ; Eng. troops in, 741 ; a county of A'a.,893; First Baptist Church, 1062 ; territory fmd., 1153 ; Ninian Edwards, gov., 1172,1352 ; State admitted, 1272 ; Shadrach Bond, gov., 1272 ; Edward Coles, gov., 1312 ; First Congregational Ch. fmd., 1383; m. Coll. org. ; Monthly Magazine, appears* 1391 ; John Reynuids, gov., 1392; o. S. Presby. synod org., 1402 • prot. Epis. diocese org., 1442; Abraham Lincoln elected to Leg.; Jos. Duncan, gov., 1452; Universalist State conven. org., 1483 j Thomas Carl in, gov.; capital at Spring- field, 1512 ; Thos. Ford, gov., 1553; Cong. Conf. org. ; N. S. Presb. synod org., 1562; Gen. Congregational Asso. org., 1563 - f Mormon mob, 157 1 ; Mormon Temple finished, 1582; Augustus C.French, gov., 1613; HI. Female Coll. org., 1631; aids f ranted Chicago and Mobile R. R., 1691 • Ivan. Luth. Gen. synod of Northern 111., org.; Southern 111. Meth. Epis. conf. org., 1702 ; Hi. Wesleyan Univ. (M. E.), est. (1851) ; Eldership Church of God org., 1741 ; Joel A. Matteson, gov., 1743; Central R. R. completed, 1773 ; Hedding. Coll. est. ; Northwestern Univ. fnd., 178 2 ; bridge at Rock Island completed, 1793, 1801 ; Rom. Cath. diocese of Quincy transferred, 1S02 ; Stephen A. Douglas candidate for senator, 181 2 ; Southern 111. Evan. Luth. synod org., 1821; levee breaks, 1841; tornado, 186 1 ; Free Meth. Conference fmd., I862 ; arms from St. Louis, 1942 ; Northwestern Coll. org., 1991 ; gunboat expedition, 22 ; leaves Cairo, 2022 • Richard Yates, gov. ; Con- stitutional conven., 13th amendment ratified, 2032; constitution rejected, 2093; Lincoln's party defeated, 2153 ; sale of Gov. Mattesoifs property, 2333; ratifies 13th amendment, 243 1 , 251 1 ; Westfield Coll. org., 2502 ; Cook County Hospital, est., 2503 ; Richard J. Oglesby, gov., 2511 , 2851 , 3233 ; ratifies 14th amendment, 2572; Univ. of 111. org., 2583; conf.Meth. Epis. Church South, org., 2582 ; capital punishment abolished, 2591 ; Pullman Car Co. org.. 2613 ; ratifies 15th amend- ment, 2671 ; John M. Palmer, gov., 2C92; new constitution framed ; ratified, 271 z ; John L. Beveridge, gov., 285i ; Southern 111. Normal Univ. opd.,2803; Unitarian Conf. org., 2882; African M. E. Conf. org., 2942; Central 111. Free Meth. Conf. org., 3002 ; sugar mnf. from sorghum, 3101; Harper Law passed, 3151; John M. Hamilton, gov., 3152; tornadoes, 3222; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home est., 3243* mercury at 94 , 3382 ; Anti-Trust Bill passed, 3392; troops disperse striking miners, 340 1 ; Hotehkiss Secret Ballot Bill passes, 341= ; straw bands bounty, 3481 ; Jos. W. Fifer, gov., 3492; the saw- fly in, 3581 ; many Unions for political action, 3592; cyclone, 360 1 ; Lutherans and Ger. Cath. attack educational law, 3602; Gen. Palmer nom. for gov.; Legis- lature in special session, 3612; strike of trainmen, 3623 ; World's Fair Fund, bonds for ; World's Fair Bill signed, 3652; mastodon's bones unearthed, 3681 ; Compulsory Education Law, repeal, 375 2 ; Free Coinage endorsed, 377 1 ; Pullman Car Works burned, 3773 ; Compulsory Education Bill, Eng. language, 3852 ; natural-gas well burns out, 3921; wreck on C. and A. R. R., 3943 ; World's Fair Amendment adopted, 3D52 ; Alien Law unconstitutional, 3972 ; Anti-Trust Bill passed, 3992 ; Lincoln's birthday a legal holiday, 4003 ; John P. Altgeld, gov., 4053,4471; Illinois valley flooded, 4061 ; Nat. History Univ. dedicated, 4182 ; In- terstate Commerce Act, unconstitu- tional, 4192; Naval Reserve est., 4201; levee breaks, 4213 ; White Caps, 438 2 ; Central R. R. train robbery, 43S2,4423; train ditched, 4432; strike in coal-region, 4582,3, 4652 ; U. S. troops against stri- kers, 4603; locust plague in, 4601. Illinois Central R. R. completed, 1773. , Weslevan Univ. (M. E.),est.atBloom- ington (1851). ■ and Miehigan ('anal deepened : trans- ferred to 111., 2753. Illuminata, rise of, Sp., 11291- Ulu-Indi. Text Figures denote Page, IND11.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1287 Illuminati Society fnd., Bavaria, 8052. I/lustreret Xi/hedshlad issued, 11043. Illyria, a Roman province, 5023 ; quicksil- ver discovered, 5082 ; conquered ; sub- dued, 10241 ; ravaged, 10301; subdued, divided, 10553 ; provinces formed, 5103, Illyrians, of Scodra, conquered, 10531 j in- vade Greece, 10141 ; subdued, 10223. Illyricum, ceded, 1068* . 11 Politecno issued, 1087 1 . II Progreso Halo-Americano issued, 3023. Use, asteroid, discovered, 3201 . Imad-ed-Din, Mohammed Al-Kateb, b.-d., 11063. Imad Shabi, dynasty rules, 1043 3 . Image worship, est. at Nice, 6643 j intro. G. B., 8422; restored; forbidden, 10322 ; edict against, 1033 1 ; controversy, 10663 Imamkuli, ruler Bokhara, 5492. Imandandriana, mission at, 10941 . Imbabani, Zulus at, 6002. Imbert, Joseph Gabriel, b., 6002; d., 7002. Immaculate Conception, made a dogma, 8182; Coll. of, org., 155 1 ; festival ap- pointed, 10791. Immanuel, Ger. synod, Evan. Luth., org., 3262. Immigrant vessels quarantined, 4151 . Immigrants from Britain, Cape Colony, 5973 ; in Kafir lands, 5903 ; in Nyassa- land, 6033. Immigration, in U. S. A., statistics, 125a, 1293 . (See Dec. 31 each following year.) Census, 2753, 3073; Act passes, 2891 ; 7 Chinese; Cal. objects, 2913; Chile pro- hibits, 607 1 , 6083; opposed in Chile, 6083; inEcuador, 6472; board of, est., la., 2692; regulations issued, 357 2 ; unrestricted, opposed, 3383; Kalian, excessive, 3823; favored in Cuba, 6333 • Chinese excluded, Ecu., 6443; checked, Fr., 7671 . and Contract Labor Bill, passes, 4252. Congress in Ga., 3603; Ala., 3313. Law, effective, U. S. A., 3812. , Stone Bill , passes, 467 1 , 469 1 . treaty, U. S., China, G252. Suspension Bill, 4213. Immorality of court, France, 705 2 . " Immortals," TJ. S., bill for, 4571 . Impeachment threatened, Eng., 885*. . (See Johnson, Andrew.) Imperators rule empire, 769 1 , 10652. Imperial arrives at New Orleans, 2243. Imperial Aulic Council, est., 7873. . bishopric est., Chile, 6051 . Brit. E. African Co., est., 9993. Constitution, addition, 8241 . Decree published, Fr., 7372. Defense Act, Australia, 5003 Federation, discussed, 5013. Library, China, Soui's gift ; Yangti's gift, 6122. , Russia, founded, 1115 1 . Order of Crown of India, est., 9831- of Medjidi, instituted, 11571 . of Osmanieh, org., 11583. Impetueux burned, 9261 . Imphal taken, 10482. Impolweni mission established, 6003. Import duties, bill for abolition, 9532, Importation Act passed, Eng., 632 ; en- forced iu Am., 732, 743. Importations, Fr., into Eng., 8752. Imports, Eng., from N. Am., 553 ; Am. from Eng., 613, 732 ; restricted, Eng,, 8651 ; Russian taxed, Ger., 837 f . Impostor, at La Salette, 7282 ; 7462 ; a t Lourdes,7382.74i;2; Maluli, Kgy.,G38i+; John Cade, 862 1-f; Lambert Simnel ; Warbeck, SGG1 ; Holy Maid of Kent exe- cuted at Tyburn, Apr. 21 (1534) ; Eliz. Croft, 8711; Win. Ilaeket I. 8763 ; in Lon- don ; Greatrixin fre.,8931 ; Titus Oates, 8951 ±; Robert Young, 9003; Old Pre- tender, 9033; Young Pretender, 910 1 ; Cock-Lane Ghost, 917 1 ; Johanna South- cote proclaims her conception of the Messiah, 9363; j hn Thorne, 6491; de- scendant of Peter III., 11191 ; Alexander II., 11503 ; Otrefief, Polish monk, 11151. Impregnable wrecked, 9282. Imprensa Er angelica published, 5562. Impressment of sailors, 1051 , 3, 1151 , 1213. Imprisonment for debt abolished, 2723. Abolition Act passes, 9732. Improved Order of Heptasophs fnd., 3011 . Ina, laws of, published, 7703. Inachus, king of Argives, 1013 3 , Inarus leads rebels in Egypt, 10183. Inauguration Day Resolution intro., 4253. , presidential," deferred, 295 2 . Inca imprisoned, 201 . Sayri Capae, reigns, 232 ; to Lima, 233. Titu Cusi Yupanqul, reigns, 233, 6041 . Tupac Amaru, Indian leader, 5503 ; reigns; beheaded, 252. Incandescent lights, Farmer makes, 2901 . Incas, rule, 132 ; harems, 152; wealth, 173. Incendiaries burned, 3683. Incendiary attempt, New York, 4542. Incest in Egypt, 6523. Inchbald, Mrs. (Elizabeth Simpson), b., 9123; d. (1821). , John W., d., 9962. Inchiquin, Baron, title created, 8692. Incledon, Charles Benjamin, b. (1763) ; first appearance, 9242 ; d. (1826). Income Tax, reduced, 271 2 ; abolished, 279i ; protest, 4451 ,4613; recommended, 448 3 ; debate, 4632; repeal amendment, 4692; appendix; rates, 471 1 ; retained, * 4772 ; test suit, 4792 ; passes Australia, 4991 ; negatived, Fr.,747i ; opposed, 7472; Bill passed, G. B., 9513 ■ doubled, 9612, 9632; extended, 9592; increased, 9633, 9651; rate reduced, 9652; amount pro- duced, 9653. Incorporated Law Soc. fnd., Eng., 9431 . Incumbents Resignation Act passes, 9743. Indemnity for Alabama claims paid, 2832; Italian, announced, 405 2 ; reduced for China bv France, 62.33; Fr. to Ger., 7463, 7471,3,74X3; J ndemnity and Oblivion Act passes, S891 ; for Jap. outrages on for- eigners, 10923; from Morocco toSp., 10973. Independence, la., trotting record, 4152. , Mo., action at, 2042; Quantrell de- feated, 2051; surrendered, 2103. , Tex., Baylor Univ. org., 1631 . Independence wrecked, 1733. Independence, U. S., Franklin denies, 73 2 ; war begins, 801 ; first at Mecklenberg, 81 2 ; in government; increase of; dis- cussed; asked for, 83 2 ; committee for ; drafted ; Cong, debates ; Conn, issues declaration, 833; Declaration, 851 ; adopted; colonists jubilant, 852; de- clared at New Orleans, 91 3 ; becomes gen- eral, 952; Den. acknowledges ; alsoSwe. and Holl., 953, and Sp. and Rus., 971; day;2presidentsdie, 1352; Can. acknowl- edges, 5772. (See Revolutionary "War.) of Brazil, 372 ; attempt for, 5543. of Belgium, 5433. of Chile, 6071. of France proclaimea, 6723, of Germany regained, 5211 . of So. Am. republics recognized, 1312. , price for Cuban, 6342. Independencia, in Chilean navy, 6061; wrecked, 6062. Independent, L\ issued, F., 7231 . Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, 1571 . of Good Templars org. ,1703; favor political action, 2563; at Toronto, 5883. Odd Fellows inst. Am., 127i ; Sov- ereign Grand Lodge meets, 2743 ; day at World's Fair, 4383 ; statistics, 4463 ; home dedicated, 4703. of Rechabites org., 1551 . (Sub-Treasury) Bill, 1492, 1512,3, 1532. Party formed, U. S. A., 3623. Polish Cath. Church Conven., 468L treasury system est., 1612. Independents, rise of, Fr., 7233. Church, appears, Eng., 8843, 8863; con- cessions to, S8G3 ; epitome of faith, 8883. Index Society, London, fnd., 9821 . India (see text, pp. 1042-1049), Tamerlane's expedition to, 41 ; trade monopolized, 6553 ; invaded by Baber, 41 ; Ind. Trade Act passes, 9373; peace with. Eng., 93S1 ; suttee abolished, 'J4">2; slavery abolished, 9492 ; Muerta, defeat at, 4901 ; wa r with Persia, 1108 1 ; relief fund, Eng., 961 1; Ind. Govt. Act., 9632; Ind. licensing sys- tem, 9633 ; famine fund, 965 1 ; Meth. Ep'is. Conf. fmd., 2903 ; Kuram annexed, 53 ; Pitt's Ind. Bill in Pari., 9233 ; missions reports, 10491; mint; closure opposed, 10112. rubber, vulcanized, patented, 150 1. Indian wrecked, 9633. Indian Appropriat. Bill, 3371 , 3613, 379 1 , 2, 4031 , 4051 , 4252, 4633, 4663. Commission, app. refused, 4632. Depredation Y>\\\ passes, 3732. Famine Relief Fund, Eng., 9831 . Indian Female and N. I. Society org., 9583. Institute, Oxford, fnd., 9842. Land Commission, sale, 3632. lands bought, Am., 117 2 ; controversy in Ga., 1333 ; cede Seminole land, 1453. massacre, Ore., 2801 . missions transferred, 1303. , R. Cath. Bureau est., 2862. University est., 3043. War Pension Bill, passes H., 4071 , Indiana, Bapt. church in, 1083 ; "Win. H. Harrison, gov., llli ; territory fmd. ,1172; Thomas Posey, gov., 1213; Harmonists fnd. New Harmony, 1243, 1331 ; Abra- ham Lincoln moves to, 125 1 ; admitted ; Jonathan Jennings, gov., 1252; William Hendricks, gov., 1272, 1312; Indianapo- lis settled, 1273 ; James P. Ray, gov., 1333; Ind. Univ.org., 1363; Noah Noble, gov., 1392 ; Meth. Kpis. Conf. org., 1402; Rom. Cath. diocese of Vineeniies est., 1442; David Wallace, gov., 1492; Sam. Bigger, gov., 1531 ; Presb. O. S. Synod of Northern Ind. org., 1542; O. S. Presb. Synod of N. Ind. org., 1502 ; North Ind. Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1563 ; James Whiteomb, gov., 1572; Eldership Church of God org., 1G0 3 ; Univ. State Conven. org., 1642; Paj-is C. Dunning, gov., 1652; canal between Luke Mich, and 1 11. River, 1653 ; Jos. A. Wright, gov., 1671 > South Eastern Ind. Meth. Epis. Conf. org.; Northwest Ind. Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1702; Dem. support Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1751 ; Univ. building burned, 1753 ; Northern Ind. Gen, Svnod Evan. Luth. org., 1782 ; South Ind. Eldership Ch. of God org., 1821 ,2; Ashbel P. Willard, gov., 1832; Ind. Cong. Gen. Conf., org.; Cong. Gen. Asso. org., 1842; 1st regiment for war, 1941 ; Oliver I*. Morton, gov., 2032 ; disloyal Senator Bright expelled, 2033 ; Confeds. enter, 2'JL'3; rati ties 13th Amend- ment, 2432; Normal Sch. at Indianapolis opd.,2543; ratifies 14thAmendment, 2572, 3; Conrad Baker, gov., 2593 ; ratifies 15th Amendment, 2672; proclamation against lynching, 2752 ; Evang. Luth. Synod fmd., 2762 ; block coal dis., 2781 ; Thos. A. Hendricks, gov., 285 1 ; meteor seen, 2941; James D. Williams, gov., 2973; Albert G. Porter, gov., 3093 ; Apaches pursued, 3221 ; tornadoes, 3222; Isaac P. Gray.gov., 3233; Normal Coll. at Coving- ton opd.; Free Meth. North Ind. Conf. org., 3242; earthquake, 2521 ,3321 ; Insane Asylum opens, 3332 ; lieut. excluded from senate, 3333; bill to punish bribers, 3362; legislature vs. court, 3372; subter- ranean water-course, 3382 ; Australian voting system adopted, 339 1 ; liquor traffic decision, 3411 ; gold dis., 3441 ; Al- vin P. Hovey, gov., 3492 ; White Caps, 3503, 3762, 3871 , 31^2 ; cigarette license ; wife beaters lushed, 27»! 2 ; against trusts, 3772; liners strike. 3823 ,397 1 , 4401 ; Audi- tor Cavelle, defaulter, 3932 ; Lieut. Gov. Chase elected gov., 3952 ; woman wins prize-fight, 397 1 ; opposes Sunday closing World's Fair, 4042; floods, 4081; Regis- tration Law unconstitutional, 4152; Ap- portionment Act unconstitutional, 4192; silver and zinc dis., 4241 ; gas companies consolidate, 4293; accident, Fort Wayne R.R., 4413; hunt for burglars, 4442; tor- nado, 4561 ; U. S. troops ordered, 4603 ; Claud Matthews, gov., 4471 . Indiana launched, 424 1 ; armor-plate shat- tered, 4561. , relief steamer to Russia, 11223. Indiana University (non-sect.) est., Bloom- ington (1820). Indianapolis, Ind., settled, 1273 ; char- tered 1633 ; Crown Hill Cemetery est., 2293 ; street cars intro., 2413 ; Lincoln obsequies, 2472 ; 1st Nat. encampment, G. A. R., 2523,2551; Normal School opd., 2543; encampment, G. A. R. meets, 255 1 ; colored people meet, 2552 ; Simpson Coll. fnd., 2583 ; News issued, 2662 ; Conf. of Unit, and Indep. Religious Soc. meets, 2983; Ind. Puolic Lib. inaug., 2782; Agri- culture Cong., 2831 ; Reform School for girls ; Women's prison opd., 2831 ; Green- back Nat. Conven., 2931 ; Charity Organ- ization Soc. org., 3031 ; Nat. Conven. W. C. T. U., 3032 ; corner-stone of State house,3053; G. A. R. meets, 3332 ; earth- quake, 3521 ; Soldiers' and Sailors' mon- 1288 Text Figures denote Page. UNlJilX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Indi-Inge. uinent, 3441 ; fire, 35T>3, 4013, 4753 ; Hen- dricks' monument, 362 1 ; Ger. in schools, 365 1 ; trunk robberies systematized, 3723; strike, 399 1 , 4022; Iron Hall reorganiza- tion, 4143; Liberty Bell in, 4283; Capital Nat. Bank suspends, 4293; Y. M. C. A. conven.,4301 ; Pres. Haughey embezzles, 4362 ; G. A. R. encampment, 4363 ; de- mand for labor, 4503 ; \Y. H. Bruning shot, 4563 ; train robbers ; kidnappers confess, 4622 ; pay-roll reduced, 4653 ; Populist leaders arrested, 4683. Indianola, la., Simpson Coll. fnd., 2583. , Tex., storm injures, 2881 , Indianola runs blockade, 2183. Indian ring discovered, 2891 . Indians, Am., cast on coast Ger., 123; baptized, 14*, 16* ; differ, 15 1 ; cruelty to family, 152; sent to Sp., 152±, 171 ; Christianized, 153; fight Ponce de Leon, 181,193; massacred, 20i ; tight de Soto, 20 2 ± ; enslaving forbidden, 203 ; battle with; persecute Spaniards, 211 +; guide burned; subdued, 212; new laws for, 231 ; mission at St. Augustine, 242 ; ter- ritory of various tribes : Algonkian, Athapascan, California, Catawba, Cher- okee, Comanche, Dakota, Huron, Iro- quois, Klamath, Mobilian, Tuscarora, Seininoles, 262, 271 ; govts., 271 ; attack settlers; attacked, 301 ; warning of, 302; pestilence decimates ; defrauded, 303 ; treaty of peace, 321 ; alliance with, 322 ; purchase ratified, 331; at Saybrooke, 341 ; massacre at Wethersfield ; plunder trading-vessel, 341; war, New Neth. ; subdued ; in New Eng. colonies ; war- fare ; truce on L. I. ; troubles ; in Va., 361; converted; welcome Jesuits, 362; on Staten Island ; liquor prohibited ; kidnapping ; massacred at Pavonia,37i ; peace signed, 373 ; massacre in Can. ; colonists against, 38 1 ; Christianized ; Christian Indians, 383; school opd.,39i ; rebel in N. Y.,40i; reject Christianity, 402 ; liquor prohibited, 403, 411 ; in Costa Rica, 41 2; truce with; expedition against; massacres in N. Y. ; ravage Mass., 421 ; Susquehannocks annihilated ; routed ; war with Mohegan ; at Medfield, Mass.; plot revealed, 441 ; praying-towns; first church, 442; at Deerfield, 461 ± ; treaty at Albany, 453; aid allies ; treaty, Mass.; outrages, R. I.; chiefs killed ; hostilities in Va., 461 ; massacres ; subdued, 462 ; abused; war impending, 463; oppression of, 471 ; peace with, 473 ; chiefs k. in Va., 483 ; Penn's treaty, 492 ; depreda- tions, N. H. ; terrorize Can. ; allies of Fr M 501; attack N. H. villages; Mo- hawks attacked ; depredations, Me. ; peace, Me., 521; war with, Mass., 541 ; treaties with; 55i , 2; bounty for scalps ; in Mass., 56i ; war in N. C, 562 ; Catho- lics, Fla., 563; Sixth Nation find. ; mas- sacred in N. C. ; expelled from S. C, 581; peaceable, 583; Natchez; depreda- tions, Me.; sign peace, 60i ; worship sun, 602 ; traitors ; war against; reward for scalps, 611; Eng. protection ; migrate to O., 612, 3; treaty with, Me. ; cede terri- tory ; meetiug-honse, 623, £43 ; in Hous- atonic school, 63 1 ; education of girls ; re- vival among, 651 ; at Marlborough, 661 ; in schools, 07i ; treaty with, 672 ; in O., 673; schools at Stoekbridge, 083 ; war- fare, Va., 701 ; attack Fort Ninety-Six, 721 j capture Eng. forts ; Paxton Boys massacre, 722; Christians persecuted; collection for, 723 ; civilized, 77i ; war, 781,841; aid sought for, S2i ; formilitary service, 822; Wyoming massacre, 883 ; Cherry Valley massacre, 90' ; expedition against, N. Y.-Pa., 903 ; attack, N. Y., 923; surrender lands, 972; treaty at Mc- intosh, 973; treaties with, 99i ± ; Creeks defeated; Onondagas treaty; Cayugas sell lands, 1011; Kickapoos surprised; Northwestern wars; Miamis war, 1021; Creeks treaty, 1031 ; Friends work, 1062; Shawnese uprise, 116' ; massacre at Ft. Dearborne, list ; defeated at Talladega ; defeated at Autosse, 1203; Creek mas- sacre, 1212; defeated at Emucdau ; de- feated at Horse Shoe, 1221; Seminole war, 1241 ; Cherokees mission, 1243 ; Creek war in Fla.; Seminole warinAla., 1261 ; treaty with, 1252, 1332 ; mission- aries to, 1263; Cherokees expelled, 1271 ; Choctaw mission, 1283 ; miss, to Wyan- dots; miss, to Oneidas, 1282; Ottawas mission ; Cherokee mission, 1303; Mack- inaw mission, 1311 ; Onondagas mission, 1303; Creeks mission, 1431 ; Meth. Epis. missions, 1322, 1363, 1383, 1422, 1631 ; Baptist mission, 1323, 1343, 1351, 1402, 1423,1542,1722, 1843; treaty in Ga.-Ala.; Cherokee alphabet inv., 1331,2; land controversy, 1333 ; Franciscan mission ; missions trans, to Am. Board, 1343 ; Choc taws and Chickasaw missions, 1351; Stoekbridge mission; Ojibwas mission, 1363; suits with, 1371 ; Black Hawk war, 1381; missions in Ga., 1382 ; miss, per- secuted, 1383 ; Cherokees read, 139 1 ; wars, Wis., 1401 ; Ojibwas mission ; Creeks mission, 1402 ; Presb. missions, Chippewas, 1423, 1462, 1483, 1542, 180 1, 2722, 3U62; Ind. Ter. set apart for, 1433; Seminole hostilities ; Fla. war, 144i ; Da- kotas and Pawnees mission, 1442 ; sale of liquor, 1451; Seminoles cede lands, 145 3 ; Creek, Cherokee, Aroostook wars ; outbreak of Seminoles, 1461 ; Kef. Dutch Church missions, 1462, 1631; settlers abandonAla.,Ga.,147i ; Roanoke burned, 1473 ; Jessup captures ; Cherokees re- moval, 1481 , 1491 , 2 ; k. Cath. missions, Nez Perce, 1483 ; reward for capture, 1501 , 1511 ; Seminoles treaty, 1501 ; Sioux massacre Chippewas, 1511; Presb. miss, to Creeks, 1542; Nez Perce conversions, 1543 ; massacre miss, at Walla Walla, 1623 ; Dalles mission trans, to Ref. Ch., 1631; Father John Bapst, miss., 1642; Apache, Navajo, and Utah war, 166 1; dis. gold in Ore., 1713 ; mission among Pueblos, Navajos, 1722 ; Kearny defeats Sioux, 1761 ; Sioux tight Chippewas, 1763; Seminole war, 180 1, 1841; massacre at Mountain Meadow, 1823; mission among Sioux, 1903 ; Cherokees Christianized, Am. Board withdraws, 1903; LittleCrow Band massacre, 2111 ; attack New Ulm, 2121; Sioux assault Ft. Abercrombie ; troubles in Minn,, 2141 ; 3s hanged, 2152; prohibition enacted, 2172; battle in Dak., 2261; attack Julesburg, 2403 ; at- tack Platte's Bridge, 248'; massacre at Ft. Philip Kearny, 2541 ; Gens. Hancock and Custer against, 256 ] ; removal treaty, 2571; wreck train, 25S1 ; defeated m Mont., 2601; raid in Kan., 2621, 2661; defeated ; (.'uster defeats, 2641 ; war ends, 2681; removal of Osage, 2712; Act for removal, 2783 ; decision against, 2812 ; war ends, 286 1 ; massacres in northwest, 2871; subdued, 2881; wa r with Sioux, 2901+ ; Home missions planted, 2903 ; Custer attacks, 292 1 ; Philip Mackay. mission, 2922 ; surrender S. Dak. land, 2953 ; Nez Perces victorious, 2961 ; Gen. Howard against, 2962; ordered from Ok- lahoma, 3013; Sitting Bull's people re- turn ; Apache driven into Mex., 3041 ; Univ. fnd., 3043; Chilcats school; Pue- blos school, 3062 ; in Mex., 3121 ; adopt negroes, 3171 ; Apache trouble, 3201 ; re- sponsiblefor all crimes, 3231 ; surrender at Skeleton Canon ; removed to Fla., 3241; Rom. Cath. Miss. Bureau incor., 3263,3882; effect of alcohol taught, 3263; skirmishatMilk Creek, 3321 ; intrenched, 3381 ; Chippewa outbreak, 346 1 ; contract schools ; general govt, supports schools, 3423; Apaches ambush, 3461 ; Chippewas sell reservation, 3472 ; Choctaws pass lottery law, 3543; Cheyenne on warpath, 3561 ; chiefs meet, Mont. ; mutinous in Wis., 3603; ra id in Wyo., 3611; troops for ; defense against, 3621 ; tribe of dis., Colo., 3662 ; pursued, 368 1 ; Sioux out- break feared ; Sioux at Pine Ridge, 3701 ; Conf. opd. at Lake Mohonk, 3702, 3931, 4723 ; Chippewas welcome Sioux, 3703 ; troops tight ; Chief Red Cloud, 3721; ranchmen lighting ; Sitting Bull's band and Big Foot's join ; armed, at Pine Ridge, 3721 ; ghost dances ambush, 3721,2; killed, 3723; arms against, 3731 ; rise at Clay Creek ; trouble in Ida. ; at Pine Ridge; surrender; battle at Wounded Knee Creek ; enlist as soldiers, 3741 ; Chinaman outrage, 3852 ; reserva- tion settlement, N. Dak., 385 3 ; over- awed, 3861; contracts with Catholic Ind. schools, 3882 ; Page's daughters, 3891; reservation to Fed. Govt., 3933 ; sen- tenced, 3951 ; messiali dance, 3991 , 4142; wars with Winnebagos, 401 1 ; Cheyenne reservation open, 405 1 ; Wash, reserva- tion open, 407 1 ; Cong, in S. Dak., 4101; on war-path, 41S1 ; police for S. Dak., 4223 ; disagreement about land, 4252 ; reservation ceded, 431 1 ; reservation withheld,435i ; disturbance, 4543; against cowboys; 4562; Creeks reject plan, 4572; Cree sun-dance, 4623 ; S un dance for- bidden, 4622; urge original faith, 4681 ; on war-path, I. T.,4753; Utes against settlers ; Indians torture, 4762 ; tribal govt, abolition, 4771 . (See Woman's In- dian Association.) Indians,Canadian, toPort.,5701 ;massacre at Montreal; alliance attempted; war in Can.; expedition against, 5721 ; tor- ture miss., 5723; hospital for, 5722 ; al- liance of, 5733 ; treaty of peace ; at Haverhill, N. H. ; expedition against, 5741 ; Fr. and Indian war closes, 5753 ; Iroquois treaty, 5752; conf. at Montreal, 5772; at Saskatchewan ; at Battleford, 5841; murderers, 5851; depredations; Industrial School, Church of Eng., 5902; mortality. 591 3; attacked by wolves, 5953; suffering, 5963. (S ee names of tribes.) Rights Association organized, 3131 . Indian Territory, De Soto m, 223; erected, 1093; John Gibson, gov., 1192 ; setapart, 1433 ; Eldership of the Ch. of God org., 1822 j Gen. Blunt in, 2101 ; secession re- pealed, 2193 ; Bp. Pierce cons., 2683 ; power unrecognized, 2812; K, Cath. Pre- fecture Apostolic erected, 2942; I, Univ. fnd., 3043; Cherokee Strip cleared,372i ; boomers driven out, 306 1 ; Bapt. Manual Labor School fnd., 30*2; cyclone, 3101 ; gold dis., 3361, 3461, 3701 ; rush of boomers, 3363 ; Indian Seminary ded., 3423; elections, 3451 ; Lottery Law, 3543; silver dis., 3461 ; Gov. Byrd reelected, 3671; Allen Lee captured, 3703; silver mining in, 3913 ; land petition, 3952 ; reservations opd., 4U53 ; train robbery, 4103,4502,4742 ,4762 ; political strife,4143; Dept. -Marshal "V* hitman k., 4343; Osages refuse to cede, 435 1 ; Treas.McCurtin dis- appears, 4402; outlaws shot, 4683 ; Cook gang ravages, 4742 ; troops for, 4752 ; hotopa Protective Asso. formed, 4751 . Indigo, cultivation in America, 651 . dyeing, known, 6461 . Jndo-Sevthis, empire founded, 10432. Indulf , killed, 8461 . Indulgences, pope promises, 5063 ; Clem- ent III. sells, 10751 ; traffic in, 7882. Industrial Army leaves Chtl., 4553; troubles, 4563. (See Coxey.) Christian Alliance formed, 3861 . Congress, first in United States, 1591 . - Exhibition, at Boston, 1813 ; at Ot- tawa, 5853; ; ,t Toronto, 5872 ; at Berlin, 8183 ; at Edinburgh, 10033. Exposition, Cincinnati, O., 2713. Improvement Societies formed, 961'. Institute and College opened, 3203. Senate, formed, 3551 . Ine, king, goes to Rome ; Saxon laws published, 843 1 ; d. (729). Inebriates, asylum for, 1763 ; Am. Asso., cure of, 2731 . Infallibility, concordat on, 5282; revolt in Fr.,7383 ; decreed ; against Ger., 8262. Infante, Jose Miguel, b., 6051 • d., 6063. Infidels multiply, Fr., 7032. Inflexible launched, 9741 . Intiuenza, 3501 ,5322, 5473, 8353, 8361 , 8373, 10033, H213. (See Grippe.) Informers, law against, 10633. Ingalls, John J., pres. Senate, 3252, 3292, 3372, 3483 ; resigns office, 3791 ; on pu- rity in politics, 3983. , Rufus, b. (1820) ; d., 4221 . Inge II. reigns, Nor., 1105'. Ingebord divorced, 6353. Ingeburgn, weds Philip II., 6712; divorced, 6713 ; d. (1236). Ingelow, Jean, b.,9442 ; works, 9683, 981' . ingemann, BernhardSeverin, b., 6382 ; d., 6403 ; works 639', 2. Ingermanland, Rus., ceded to Gustavus Adolphus, 11153 ; ceded to Rus. ; ceded to Sweden, 11353. Ingersoll, Chas. Jared, b., 951 ; d., 2072. , Roberts, b. <1S21) ; gov. Ct.,2851. , Jared, b., 662; vote for vice-pres., 1212 ; d., 1302. Inge-Iowa. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1289 Ingersoll, Ralph Isaac, b. (1783) ; d., 2781 . , Robert Green, b., 142* . Ingham, Chas. Cromwell, b., 106 1 ; d., 229* . , Ernest G., cons. bp. T 9862. , Sir James T., d., 10021 . , Samuel Deluceima, b. (1779) ; sec. treas., 1372 - d. (I860). Inghiranii, Francesco, b. 10842 ; d., 10863. , Tommaso, b., 10783 ; d., 10802. Ingle, Capt. Richard, rebel, 36 1 . Ingleiield, Sir Edward A., d., 10121 . Inglis, Chas. b. (1734) ; bp., 5861 ; d. (1816). , Henry David, b., 9263 ; d., 9462. , Lord John, d., 10061 . , Sir Eardley Wilmot,b.,9363 ; d., 9662. , Samuel, moderator, 1232. Irtgo I., reigns in Swe., 11333 ; d. (1112). II., reigns in Swe., 11333 ; d. (1130). Ingoldsby, Richard, gov., 532, 573. Ingolf, in Iceland, 10412. Ingolstadt, Bav., Univ. est., 787 1 , 3 ; moved toLandshut, 807 2. Ingor, in Black Sea, 10321. Ingraham, Benjamin, bp., b., 562. , Duncan Nathaniel, Capt., b. (1802) ; rescues .Martin Ivoszta, 1721 ; d.,3922. , Joseph Holt, b., 1161 ; d., 2542. Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, b., 7051 ; works, 7241, 726 1 , 728 1, 7301, 7321; d., 7362. Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, b.-d., 8462. Inliambane, mission, 11113. Inkanyana, Zulus repulsed, 600 2 . Inkerman, Crimea, battle, 9581 . Inman, George, d., 9922. , Henry, b., HO 1 ; Fitz-G-reene Halleck, 1361. , William, b. (1797) ; d., 2861 . Line of steamers est., 1813. Innes, Thomas, b., 8902 ; d., 9103. Inness, Capt., in India, 1048 2 . , George, b., 1322 ; in Academy of De- sign, 2641 ; works, 2601 , 2721 , 2861 3001 , 3061,3101, 3221. , , Jr., b. (1854) ; works, 3021 ,3121 , 3161. Innocent I., St., pope, 10702. II., pope, b.-d., 10742,3. III., pope, b.-d., 10742; excommuni- cates emperor ; ordains marriages in churches ; grants dispensations ; de- clares King John usurper ; corresponds with John Lomaterus, 10322. - — IV., pope, 10751 ; abandons It., 7802; re- sists emp., 10763; Univ. of Bologna, 10772. V., pope, 10763. VI., pope, 10771. — VII., pope, 10771. ■ — VIII., pope ; against witchcraft.10791 . . — IS., pope, 10812. X.,pope, los:;2; against idolatry, 6143. XL, Benedetto Odescalehi, pope, b., 10323 ; pope, 10832 ; d., 10831 . XII., pope; condemns Quietism, 10832. XIII., pope ; d., 10832. Innsbruck, Aust., Univ. fnd., 5131 ; privi- leges restored, 5172 ; library gift ; status reduced, 5171; Austrians cross, 51S2 ; Hofer statue, 5202, 5361 ; Ferdinand flees to, 5223 ; King of Saxony k. at, 8203. Innviertel, Aust., ceded, 519 3 . Ino t asteroid, discovered, 7481 . Inoculation made known, 9061 ; preached against, Eng., 9142 ; prohibited, 5343. Inquirer, issued, 950 3 . Inquisition, est. in Peru, Mex., 242; intro. Belgium, 5401 , 6703 ; condemns many, 5411; tribunal, est.Eng. ,8683; in Fr.,6703; abol., Fr., 7171 ; est. in It., 10751 , H093 ; revived, 10791; abol. in Tuscany and Lombardy, 10851 ; in Neth., 10983 ; pro- tested, 10993; in Port., 11093; re-est. Sp., 11263 ; in Andalusia, 11272 ; suppressed, 11303; last victim of, Sp., 11303. Insane, Bill to relieve, vetoed, 175 1 ; supts. of asylums meet, 3611; exhibition of, stopped, 9192 ; poorhouse system abol- ished, 3323 ; treatment, Engl, 9271. (See names of States, U. S. A.) Insects, exhibition of, 7481 . Inspectors of Elections, power, 3531. of Public Buildings, coiiven., 3663. Institute of Actuaries fmd., 9541 . of Bankers organized. Eng. (1879). of Brazil founded, 5542. of Chemistry of G. B. org. (1876). of Civil Engineers org., 9381 . of Ele* > : ?ai Engineers, org. (1871). Institute of Homeopathy meets, "Wash., 4081. of Mechanical Engineers fmd., 9541 . of Mining Engineers, Eng., fnd., 9561 . of Naval Architects fnd., 9641. of Sculptors, Eng., est., 9642. Institutio issued, 11101 . Instruction of Am en em- hat, copies, 6483. Instruction, Am. Inst, meets, 4101 , 464 2 , Insubres, It., subdued, 10543. Insurance Co. of N. Am. incorp., 105 3 . Co. of Pa. incorp., 1053. Duty, Eng., 9232; law, first Eng., 8773. Insurrection, San Francisco, 1803; in York- shire, 8652. in tell itjence issued, Can., 5791 . Intelligenza appears, It., 10771. Intemperance in Va.,283 ; appeal against, Mass.; prohibited, Mass.. 323; fined, Md., 371 ; fined, Conn.; fined, Mass., fined, R. L, 391 ; fined, Conn. ; punished, Md., 411; fined in N. J., 423; names posted, 443 ; Friends against, 483 ; in N. H., 551 ; names posted, N. H..51H ; fined, Vt.,912 ; reported, Me., 129 1 ; intoxication a misdemeanor, S. C, 4762 ■ in Cong., 4131; pegs in cups,Eng., 8451 ; fined,Eng., 8791; committee of inquiry, Eng. ; cure for, 9811; consumption of liquor, Eng., 9972; death penalty for, 10171; beer- drinkers boycott breweries, 3603. (See Drinking, Prohibition, Temperance.) Intercollegiate Association, Mass., 3582. Prohibition Association meets, 4631 . Intercolonial Conference, Ottawa, 5962. Inter-Commerce Bill passes, 3193. Interior Department created, 1652. Interdict, papal, Eng., $502, 3531 . , Fr., under papal, 6762. Interdicted, Fr. kingdom, 6693. Interim of Augsburg, 7911 Law, published, 7913. Interior dept., created, U S., 1652. Internal improvements, an issue, 1292 ; objections, 1312, 1332 ; favored, 1652. revenue abolished, U. S., 1112. Revenue law, U.S. bureau; everything taxed, 2112 ; bill for reduction, 2532 ; on tobacco abolished, 3692 ; Bill reported, 4493; amendment to tariff, 4511 . , U. S., 105i . (See following years in December.) law passed, 2353. International African Asso., report, 10932. Agri. Exhibition at Bremen, Ger. ,8293. American Bank, plan submitted, 3593; bill for charter, 363L Asso. (Socialists), at Geneva, 11383. Bible conference opens, 3661 . Bimetallic Cong, opens, Paris, 7592. Catholic Cong., arrangements, 8342. Conf., Workingrnen, Paris, 7543. Congress on crime, 9771 . Cong. Weights and Measures, 7503. Hygiene and Demography, 10061 . Conven. of Deaf Mutes, N. Y., 3663. Copyright Act, 9942; Bill passed, 3302, 3532, 3591 , 3792,3 ; proclamation, 3872. Education Soc, Coll. fnd., 9702. , Electrical Cong., Paris, 7523; Emigra- tion Cong., Paris, 7642; Exhibition opnd., Chile, 6073 ; Exhibition, Munich, Bav., 8261 , S313 ; Exhibition, in Port., 11113 ; Exhibition of Arts opnd., G. B., 9741; Fr. Cong., at Mont., 5953. Geological Cong, meets, "Wash., D.C., 3901. Homeopathists Congress, 3863. Hygienic Cong., Budapest, 538 3 . - Exhibition, Berlin, 8313. Industrial Exhib. in Edinburgh, 9973. Labor Conf., 8343. (See under Labor.) Literary Asso., 11x42, 11102, 11223. Loan Exhib., South Kensington, 9S01 . Magazine appears, 1683. Marine Conf. adjourns, 3492. Maritime Exhibition, Paris, 7493. Medical Cong., "Wash., 326 1 ; Staten Island, 3882; in Copenhagen, 6421; in Berlin, 8341. Medical Missionary Society, est., 3063. Medico-legal cong'. opens, 3401. Migration Society, 4743. Miners' Cong, at Brussels, 548 2 . Miss. Union, meets at Niagara, 3182, 3501 , 4621 ; at Binghampton, 3501 . Monetary Conf., meets, 375 2 ; post- poned, 4292 ; in Brussels, 4172, 5491 ; cor- respondence, 4053 ; in Paris, 7373, 7512 ; rejects English plan, 10093. International Postal Cong, in Paris, 7503 7532. laws operative ; regulations, 8293. Union, colonies join, 5012, Potato Exhibition, London, 9853. Review est., 2863. rifle match, 2923, 5451 . Salvation Army Cong., London, 9942. Sanitary Congress, 3071 , 9873. Silver Cong., resolution, 3992 j Silver Conference, 401 1 , 8371 . Soc, Colonization Jews, incor., 376 2 . Social Workmen's Cong., Berlin, 835 1 . Statistical Congress, 5441 . Submarine Conf., Paris, 7523. Telegraph Conf., Paris, 7603. Temperance Conf., London, 9903. Trades-Union Cong., 7553, 9991 . Typographical Union meets, 4082. Woolen Exhibition, London, 9873. Working Men's Asso. org., 9672 ; op- posed, 9771. Workmen's Exhibition opnd., 9741 . Y. M. C. A. conv., 383i . Interstate Commerce Act, 321 1, 3371,2, 4652. Intervention, for peace, Fr., 7411 • in East, 6272; in Italy, Fr., 7373; for armistice, 7432. Intestacy Bill rejected, 1011 1 . Intolerance, S. C, repealed, 563 ; against women, Mass., 423 ; religious, Mass., 342,3,371,383,542 ; opposed, Conn., 343 ; in Va., 362,3 ; i n N. Eng., 363 ; opposed in R. L, ; opposed in Md., 382 ; in Md., 383,542,562; Jews favored, K.Y., 401; in N.Y., 401 ,2, 443, 522, 563 ; against Qua- kers, Va., 403 ■ in Va., 403, 402 ; in Me. 482 ; i n s. C, 542 ; in N. C, 562. Intoxicating Liquors Bill rejected, 10072. Intra-Mercurial planets dis., 3001 . Intransigentists, uprising, 11321. Intrepid, in navy, Chile, 606 1 . , Capt. Parker Snow commands, 9641 . Inundations, 7281, 7321, 7351, 8181, §962. (See Flood.) Invalid Pension Appropriation Bill, 4251 . In rali fie Ihisse issued, 11171. Inventions, Eng. ; devised, 8901 . Inverary, Scot., earthquake, 9861. Inverlochy, Scot., action, 8842. Inverness, Can., fire, 5912. , Scot., taken, 8561 . Inverness burned, 821 , Investigator sails, 9542. Investitures, lay, Rome, condemned, 7743 ; rights usurped, 10723 ; Ger., War of the, 7762 ; Eng., prohibited, 8582. Invincible in collision, 10001. , lost, 9301. Armada, fmd.; inEng. Channel, 8761 ; struggle, 241 ; destroyed, 11281 . Inwoud.j William, b. (1771); St. Pancras Church, 9382 ; d. (1843). .A', asteroid, discovered, 2481. Iodine discovered, 7191 . lodocas condemned, 7682. Iona, Scot., founded, 8403. lone City, Cal., Preston School fnd., 3503. lones settle Ephesus, 10152. Ionia, colonized, 1143 2 ; conquered, 11461 ; subject to Persia, 11473 j annexed to Rome, 11493. Ionian Greeks, revolt, 10161, 10173. Islands, Fr. retains, 5192; ceded, 5193; taken, Fr., 7122 ; ceded to Eng., 9673 ; ceded to Fr., 10353. Ionic Architecture invented, 10131 . Iowa, territory org., 1492 ; Robert Lucas, gov., 1512; Gen. Congre. Asso. org., 1523 ; John Chambers, gov., 155 2 ; Mcth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 1563 ; I. Wesleyan Univ. est., 1571 ; admitted ; Ansel Briggs, gov. ; James Clark, gov., 1613; State Univ. org., 1631; eldership Church uf God org., 1642; Stephen Hempstead, gov., 1691; O. S. Presb. synod org., 1702; p. e. diocese org., 1723, 1741 ; N. S. Presb. synod org., 174i ; Ger. synod Evan. Luth. org., 1762 ; James W. Grimes, gov., 1771 ; Gen. Synod Evan. Luth. org. ; Upper la. M. E. conf. org., 17S2 ; Ralph P.Lowe, gov,. 1852; Tornado, I860, 186 1 ; Sam. J. /jTirki^ood, gov., 1903; Wm. M. Stone, go* 2413; Des Moines Coll. org., 2502 ; ratifies 13th Amendment, 2512 ; Tabor Co 1 ., org., 2543; ratines 14th amendment, 2613 ; constitu- tion changed; negroes to vote, 2651 ; Sam. Merrill, gov., 2652; Agricultural Coll. 1290 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Iowa-Iron, opnd., 2662 ; board of immigration, est., 2692; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693 j relics dis., 2701 ; n. W. la. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2763; North Free Meth. Conf. fmd., 276 2 • Liquor Law changed ; death pen- alty abolished, 2803 ; Cyrus 0. Carpenter, gov., 2311 ; Free Meth. Conf. org., 2822 ; Sam, J. Kirkwood, gov., 205 1 ; death pen- alty enforced, 301 1 ; John H. Gear, gov., 3012; Buren R. Sherman, gov., 3052; Board of Health fnd., 3071 ; prohibitory Amend, ratified, 313 1 ; Proh. Liquor Law, 3172, 3231 ; w. la. Free Meth. Conf. org., 3182 ; Wm.Larabee, gov., 3252 ; Coll. ob- servatory erected, 328 1 ; Law and Order League est., 3331; s. B. Downing, H. Boies, nom. for gov.; Jos. G. Hutchinson nom. for gov., 3-151 j Horn. Cath. Dio. est., 3501 ; Non-partisan prayers ordered, 3521 ; legislative deadlock broken, 3532; lead- mine dis., 3541 ; high license in, 3551 ,2 ; high license defeated, 3562, 3,771 j seizure of beer, 3563 ; pharmacists' no liquor tax, 3571 ; liquor-selling increasing, 3583 ; State Congre.Asso., right tor pub. schools, 3602 ; incendiaries in Oxford, 3683 ; ori- ginal packages of liquor, prohibited, 3711,2, 3763; Horace Boies, gov., 3751, 4212 ; Hiram C. Wheeler, gov., 3872 ; liquor quest ion, local settlement, 4031 ,2 ; floods, 4093 ; R. r, accident, 4103 j torna- does, 4321 • banks resume, 4353 ; Frank D. Jackson nom. for gov., 4363 ; admis- sion anniversary, 4303 j Univer. State Conven. org., 446 1 ; Prohibition Amend- ment void, 4403 ; churches attack Amer. Protect. Asso., 4501 ; municipal female suffrage, 4532 ; local option bill passes, 4542 ; prairie fire, 4553 j tramp thieves desperate, 4582 ; storm damage, 4733 ; gold dis., 4781 ; F. D. Jackson, gov., 4793. Iowa State Coll. est., at Ames., 2662. Coll. org., 1631. Univ. org., 1631; Med. Dept. opd., 2703. Wesleyan Univ. est., 1571 . Ipanenia, refining furnaces, 5541 . IpUicrates cuts Spartan mora, 10222 ; com- mands Athenians, 10223. lphigenia captured, 9361 . , asteroid, discovered, 2741 . Ipsara, Turkish atrocities, 10342. Ipsns, battle, 10261 , 10271 , 10481 . Iquique, Chile, blockaded ; naval battle, surrenders, 6062, 6081 ; gold-mines, 6063; recaptured, 008 1 ; bombarded ; occupied ; defeat, 6082 ; riots, 6083 ; tire, 6093. Iranyi, D., d.,5361. Irazu, eruption, 6313. Irby, John L. M., b., 1741 . Iredell, James, b., 662 j justice, S. C, 1032; electoral vote, 1073 ; gov., 1353 ; d., 1082 Ireland, Christianity intro., 8392 ; early kings, 8393, 8411,3, 8433, 8452,3, 8471, 8493; standing army org., 8392; Killala Church built, 8403; rivalry with Rome, 8423; women non-military, 8431 ; mortal- ity, 8493, 859 3 ; civil strife; conquest; given to Eng., 8502; Pari. begins; divided; lords of, 8512; native bps. forbidden; given to pope, 8531, 8522; disease rav- ages,8533; wool staples est., 8593; Rich- ard II. visits, 8603; statute of Kilkenny; pestilence, 8613 ; Kilmore Cathedral erected, 8622 ; commissioners for ; crim- inal prosecution jury, 8632; anti-tax law, 8633; Head Act passes, 8643 ; mints est.; Eng. Oath of allegiance, 865 1 ; plague, 8653, 8673, 8793; poyning's law; Eng. customs-house laws, 8672; Fitzgerald's insurrection, S68i ; Reformation pro- moted, 8682 ; reformed religion in, 8691 ; made kingdom, 8693 ; bps. summoned, 8703; Liturgy, first book printed, 8711; Ulster officer appt., 8712; papal bull, 8713; Ulster devastated, 872 1 ; English shilling, 8732 • counties est., 8733 ; Des- mondrevolt; Castleof Carlo surrenders, 8741 ; revolt in Ulster, 8761 ; coinage struck, 8773 ; Protestants' settlements, 8783; Tanistry abolished, 8791; under Eng. rule, 8792; insurrections, 88-11, 3, 8852 ; Royalists declare for Pari., 8862 ; subjugated, 888 1 ; represented in Pari., 8892 ; Settlement Act imposed, 8913 ; Regium Donum est., 8023, 8983 ; brass money coined, 8993; greasy matter falls ; manufactures restrained, 9001; exports taxed ; linen manuf . encouraged; woolen manuf. discouraged, 9013; Bible printed, 9023; laws against Catholics, 0023, 9032; Irish Linen Board est., 9053; copper coin- age, 9073; charter schools est., 9091; small coins for, 9093; linen scarfs at fu- nerals, 9092 ; famine, 9113 ■ naturaliza- tion refused to Jews, 9123 ; Whiteboys ravage, 9142,9152; honeydew falls, 9143; linen mnf., 9153 ; coal-mine dis., 9181 ; steel-boys soc. resist employers, 9192* stamp duties est., 919 3 ; Sacramental Test Act repealed, 9211; tobacco culti- vated ; trade restrictions removed ; woolen exportations ; Relief Bill passes, 9213; Genevese sheltered, 923i ; Catholic Relief Bills, 9273 ; legislative independ- ence est.; Poyning's law repealed, 9232; railway, atmospheric, first in, 9521; ter- rific storm, 9261, 9362, 9482; insurrec- tion, 9281 , 9293,9313; Protestants perse- cuted, 9292; legislative union; amnesty granted, 0293 ; "Habeas Corpus Act sus- pended, 9313, 9GS3, 9692 ; Militia Act E asses, 9353 ; first steamer, 9401 ; Ribbon oc. org., 9411; Total Abstinence Soc. org., 943?; waterspout, 944 1 ; Protestant communities est., 9443 ; customs consol- idated, 9452 ; Reform Act passes, 947 2 ; tithe disorders ; poor laws extended, 9491,3; rents instituted, 9403 ; atmos- pheric railway, 9521; Molly Maguires Soc; Queen's colleges est., 9531 - Famine Relief Acts, 9533 ; insurrectionists ; Vic- toria holds court; writs of error judged, 9552 ; great famine, 9553 • Queen's Uni- versity est., 9563; County Clare riot, 9571 ; population, 9572 ; Statute of Kilkenny, 859', 2; Income Tax extended, 9592; Or- ange Clubs, 9613; National Gallery fnd., 0621 ; National school system agitated, 9623; secret societies opposed; Phoenix clubs est., 9631,2; soldiers' ovation; agrarian outrages, 9643, 9671; repeal agitation, 9652 ; Roman Catholic Uni- versity est., 9663 ; emigration to Amer., 9671; moonlighters raid; Crimes Act protested, 9071; compulsory vaccination, 9673; fire-arms seized, 969i; concealed weapons forbidden, 9692 ; counties pro- claimed, Habeas Corpus suspended, 0703, 9733 ; Fenian funeral opposed ; consta- bles sworn in, 9713 ; Agrarian outrages, 9731,9811,0863,9883, 9943; linen-makers strike, 9792 ; Univ. Bill intro., 9851 ; lot- tery drawn, 9871 ; population decreases, 9873 ; strike in potteries ; agitators ar- rested ; extra magistrates, 089 1 ; police disloyal, 991 3 ; population, 9051 ; plan of campaign opposed, 0053; Natl. League suppressed, 097 1 ; nationalists dispersed ; counties proclaimed ; National League proclaimed, 9973 ; Pope's rescript re- sented, 9982 ; drunkenness, 0901 ; M. P. ignore summons, 10002 ; indignation meetings; evictions of tenants, 1000 3 , 10083 ; political interferences, 1000 3 ; Tenants' Defense League fmd., 1001 1; gold dis., 10021; reporter sentenced, 10023 ; r.r. men strike, 10031 ; Devon- shire reduces rents, 10033; County Clare moonlighters, 10051; potato crop fails, 10053 ; plan of campaign collapses, 10063; relief fund, G. B.; campaign fund, 10073; Coercion Act; moonlighters raids; at- tempted train wreck, 10083 ; municipal franchise, 10091; relief works made, 10093; Am. help, 1632 ■ cable to Am. be- gins, 1833; 2d cable laid, 2493, 2533; Am. collections for, 2722; cable to N.Y., 2893; advancing Home Rule, 3231 j Irish Natl. League meet, 3931 , Ireland, John, gov. Tex., 315 3 . , , archbp.,b.; cons., 2882; archbp. 3302; high-lieense address, 3463; educa- tion address, 3622 ; * collection for poor, 3702; against lotteries, 3762; policy con- firmed, 4302 ; Faribault plan, 4381 . , Samuel, b., 9123 - d. (1800). , W. H., b.,9203. Ireland's True Diurnal issued, 8851. Iremeus, b., 10283; bp. of Lyons; mar- tyred, 6623 ; refers to gospels, 10643. Irene, b. ; marriage proposal, 10322 ; re- §ent ; imprisoned; rules; reigns alone ; ethroned, 10331; deposed; murdered, 10322. , Princess, of Hesse, marries, 8323. Ireton, Henry, b., 8782 ; d., 8882. Iriarte, Ignacio, b.-d., 11283, (Yriarte), Tomas de, b.-d., 11283; works, 11303. Irick, John S., d., 4681 . Iris sinks, 9933. , planet, discovered, 9541 . Irish, invade Eng., 848 1 ; expelled, 8623 ; affairs discussed, H. C., 987 2 ; amend- ments in H. C, 9872 • forfeited estates, resumed, 9013 ; land commission, 9891; report, 9912; lace exhibit, London, 9913 ; law charges adopted, G. B., 10013 ; mili- tia, service to Eng., 932 1; members of Pari, in N. Y., 3711. Am. military encampment, 4323. American Society, find., 3851 . Archa-ologienl Society, find., 9501. Association, formed, 5903. Church Reform Bill passed ; commis- sion app., 9702, 9713 ; church disestab- lished, 9713, 9732. Coercion Act passes, 991 2 . Confederation Party, fmd., 953 3 ; mem- bers arrested, 9552. Defence Union, find., 9943. - — Education Act, 10092. Exhibition. London, 0981. Famine Relief Bill, G. B., 9552. flag displayed in N. Y.„ 4522, 4542. Home Rule Bill. (See Home Rule.) Rulers, Gen. Grant ignores, 292 3 House League intimidation, 9943. Intermediate Education Act, 9832. Invineibles Society est., 9883 ; Lord Cavendish killed, 9891 . Land Act, tenants' rights, 9751 ; com- mittee sit, 9892; Land Bill, 9872,3, 9973; divides party, 9872,3. Land Corporation dissolved, 9903. Purchase Act, G. B., 9993. Law Court Commission, app., 9653. Local Govt. Bill (Balfour's), 10091. Loyal and Patriotic Union, est., 993? - magistrates, power of appt., 10112. Nat. Cong, meets, 2672, 2711 . — Nat. Rep. Conven., Chicago, 2672. Nationalists* meeting, 371 1, — 1 — Nat. Education Board, incor., 9531. Federation, Water ford, 10071 . Land League, find., 9852, 9372 , Bp. McCabe against, 9842 ; manifesto ; ladies arrested ; leaders passive, 9883 - T censured, 9882 ; against landlordism,. 9883; suppressed, 989 1 ; in Phoenix Park conspiracy, 991 1 . —League of Am., fnd., 3071; con- ven., 393i , 9943, 10051 ; pres. Gannon re- signs land league, 4402 ; in Dublin, 9911 . parliament, last meeting, 9312; Parli- amentary Fund Asso., fmd., 3211. pilgrims in Rome, 10091. policy, fails, 9892. Presb. Ch. Regium Donum, est., 9742. Property Defense Asso,, fmd., 9871. Society ."chartered, 8932. Sunday Closing Bill, passes, 983*. Tenant League, meets, 9571 . Tenants Bill, defeated, 10092. favored, 9883. Tenure Land Bill, rejected, 10033. Union Bill, in H. C, 9311 , 2. University Bill, rejected, 9792. charter, 9852. - Volunteers Bill, defeated, 9852. Irkutsk, gold discovered, 11201. Irma, asteroid, discovered, 7481. Irminger.CarlLudwig Christian, b., 6382; d., 6421. Irnerius lectures, 10751. Iron Duke, nearly lost ; collides, 9801 . Iron, first castings, 361; works encour- aged, Am., 373; forge in Mass., 381 ; (pig), mnf. in Am., 581 ; mnf. prohited in Am., 593; first rolling-mill, 1241; coal used, 1261, 1501; galvanized inv., 1361, 1721; hot-air blast, 1381 1441. and Steel Inst, org., 9721; opens, 3681. Clad Oath Bill repealed, 3172. Cross, order instituted, 8101 , 811 1 ; be- stowed, 7403, 826i ; decoration, 8271 ; or- der in It., 10853, crown, It., surrendered, 5272, Hall, accounts, 4142 ; receiver appt'd, 4152 ; treas. Coke indicted, 4222. League trouble, 4122. mask, Man with the, 6932. Mt., accident, 4752 nailers riotous, Eng. 900 2 ore, discovered <>kla., 342 4612 ; made in England, 8681 intro., 8941 ; improvementsin mnf., 92: wrought by magnetism, 9701; welding discovered, 10142; forging inv., 11391 * ** duty on, tinning Iron-Jack. Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1291 Ironmongers Co. formed, 8653. Ironsides formed by Cromwell, SS41 . Ironton, Mo., action, 2001 , 238 2 , Irrigation conven., 3913, 4553, 4713. Irun besieged, 11321 . Irvin, Wm., physician, b. (1805) ; d., 248 Irvine, Ky., three persons shot, 371 1 . , Wash. College founded, 3143. , S. G., moderator, 300 2 . Ii-ving, Edward, b., 9262. , Henry, b., 9482 ; first in Am., 314 as-ffamte>,97Sf ; Henry VIII. y 10061. (S« Brodrib, John Henry.) , T., governor, 10393. , John Beaufain, b. (1S25) ; works, 200 2681,2861, 2941. , Lieut. John, remains found, 302 1 . , Peter, b., 762 ; d., 1501 . , Washington, b., 96*; works, 114: 1171, 1283, 1312, 1323, 1371, 1411, 145 1463, 1491, 1663, 16S3, 1783; d., 1842 bust, 2541 . , William, b., 741 ; d., 1301 , Irvington, III,, College organized, 2502. , Ind., Butler University org., 1782. , N. J., gold discovered, 336i . , N. Y., J. S. Penman resigns, 4321 . Irwin, Agnes, Dean of Radcliffe, 4602. , Bernard J. D.,commis. colonel, 3661 . , Jared,b.(1750);gov., 1073,1151 ;d.,1262. , Jobn N., gov. Ariz., 3152, 3673. , Com. , b. (1832) ; promoted, 3341 . , L. S., Chinese smuggling, 4542. ; , Nathaniel, b. (1756) ; moderator, 1103; d. (1812). , William, b. (1827); gov., 2912; d.(18S6). Irwinville, Ga., J. Davis abandons, 2463. Isaac Smith captured, 2182. Isaac, sacrifice of; digs wells, 11402. I., Conineuus, reigns, 10333; d. (1061). II., Angelus Conmenus, reigns ; de- throned ; restored, 10333 ; against 3d crusade, 10322 ; d. (1204). , M., duel, 7Q23. Isaacs, Sir Henry Aaron, lord mayor, 9993 . Isabel escapes, 202' . Isabella Island, discovered, 142. , Queen of France, exiled, 6771 ,3. , ofSp.,b.-d.,112<;3; rules Castile ; mar- ries Ferdinand II., 11273; aids Columbus, 123 ; aids Indian slaves, 152, 171 ; founds hospital, 11272, II. (Maria Isabella Louise), Spain, queen, b., 11303; reigns, 11312; deposed; declared of age ; married, 11313 ; sep- arated, 11323; abdicates, 11332. , of Eng., marries, 6733, 8572, 8603; in- vades Eng., 8561; cruelty to Edward, 8563; at Fr. court, S572; prisoner, 8573. , Princess, b., 5542; marries, 556 3 . , Princess of Aehaia, rules, 10352. , of Port., marries Charles V., 7893. Isabella, asteroid, discovered, 5282. Isabella and Pot of Basil painted, 9721 . I sabey, Eugene Louis Gabriel, b., 7151 j d., 7542. , Jean Baptiste, b., 7031 ; d., 7322. Isasus, b.-d., 10211 ; orations, 10231 . Isagoras, leader of nobles, 1017 3 . Isaiah, prophet, 11443. Isambert, Franvois A., b„ 7082; d., 7322. Isandra mission opened, 10941. Isandula, British defeat, 6002. Isasi, Don EmilioCallejae,capt. -gen. ,6333. Isaszeg, battle, 5222. Isaure, Clemence, b.-d., 678 2 . Isauric race of emperors, 10331 . Ischesne, earthquake, 11562. Ischl, Maria Valeria, married, 5343. Isenberg, Miss, in Abyssinia, l 2 . Isernia, action, 10S81. Ishaga, destroyed, 11613. Ishak, Khan, Bokharan service ; defeated; at Tash Kurgan, 62; at Bokhara, 63 ; revolts ; in Russia, 7* ; flees, 73. Ishbosheth, reigns, 11432. Ishima Island, volcanic eruption, 10921 . Ishingana, revolt; surrenders, 6022. Ishinomoki, missions, 10922. Ishmael, b., 4832; archer, 1140 1 ; sent away, progenitor of Arabs, 1140 2 . , reigns in Morocco, 10972. I., high priest, 11503. II., high priest, 11523. Ishpeming, Mich., gold found, 3641. lsialawl., grand T>. of Russia, 11133. II., D. of Kietf ; expelled, 11133. Isidorus, Hispalensis, b.-d., 1125 1. Isinglass wins Derby, 10053. Isis, asteroid, discovered, 9602. Isla, Jose Francisco de, b., 541; works, 11292, H303. Islands 111, spreads, 4S43 ; Berbers won, 4851; reformed, 4882; checked, 5622. Island No. 10, Tenn., 205 1 ; taken, 2052, 2061; passed, 2061. of Rugen, ceded to Prussia, 11363. Island Queen seized, 5813; plot to capture Mivhiqan ; sunk, 2382. Isle of Man subdued, 842 1 , 84S1 , 8541 ; re- covered, 8561 , 85S1 ; ceded to Eng., 8613; restored to Stanley, S793; sold to crown, 9173. Isles, see of, erected, 8402, 9063; bishopric est., 9543. Isley, Edward, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822. Islington, London, thimbles mnfd., 900 1 ; Industrial Exhib. opened, 9G52 ; horse- show opd., 9673; Myddleton statue, 9661. Islip, N. Y., robber-caves, 387 1 . Ismael, conquers Bokhara, 5491. Ismail, Russia, taken, 11161. (Ishmael), conquers Georgia, 11062. L, Sufi, reigns, 11072. II., Meerza, reigns, 11072. Pasha, Egy., b.,6563; viceroy, 6571 ,3; titled Khedive, 6573; Gr. insurrections ; killed, 6562. , ex-Sultan, India, surrenders, 1048 2 . Sadyk, Egypt, banished, 6591. , Samani, conquers Persia ; rules Tur- kestan, 4871. Ismaila, Egypt, founded, 6573. Ismene, asteroid, discovered, 298*. Ismi-dagon reigns, 11413. Isocrates, b.-d., 10211 ; works, 10231. Isolde, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . Isotry, Madagascar, mission opd., 10941. Isovina, mission opened, 10941 . Ispahan taken, 11062 jcapital Persia, 11072. Israel ruled by Judges, 11411 ; in Canaan; first bondage, 11413 ; 2d, 3d, 4th bond- age, 11431 ; 5th, 6th bondage, 11432; war with Judah, 11433. Israelites (see text, pp. 1141+) t migration, 6463; in Egypt, 6482 ; exodus, 6493 ; de- livered, 11401 ±. Issus, battle, 10242, 10641 . Istaliff, Afgh., stormed by British, 42. Isthmian games, Gr., instituted, 10132 ■ re- vived, 10583, 10691. Isthmus, Darien, U. S. Congress approves canal, 2693. Istria, asteroid, discovered, 5282. Istria, a Roman province, 5023 ; ceded to Aust., 5192,3 ; Venice acquires, 10733 ; Hung, acquires, 1077 3 . Isturiz, Francisco Xavier de, b.-d., 11302. Itajuba, Vicomte d', Geneva Conven- tion, 2752. Italia launched, 10882. Italian wrecked, 9733. Italian Asso. for Science meets, 10861 ; conquests, Fr. give up, 6892. kingdom overthrown, 10871 , legation, U.S., becomes embassy, 4312. protest against New Orleans lynch- ing, 3802. subjects protected, Am., 381 1 . wars, 7741 . Italy (see pp. 1050-1090) ; Pope Pius IX. opens council, 2082 ; diplomatic rupture with U. S., 3813, 5593 ; diplomatic rela- tions resumed, 405 2 ; confederation of States, 5253 ; surrendered, 681 3 ; king- dom recognized, 7353 ; feudal system suppressed, 781 1 . Rata, Chilean steamer, escapes to sea, 3821. (See 3821, 3832, 3841, 3S6i, 3872, 6082, 6093.) Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell Univ. est., 2623, 3423. and Oswego R. R,., commenced, 1393. Ithome, Gr., taken, 10141; Helots sub- dued, 10191. Ito, Count, intro. "Western dress, 10923. Iturbide, Augustin de, Mex., b.-d., 10952 ; issued manifesto ; emp, ; overthrown ; signs treaty, 10953; f ; ,]ls, 11231. Ink a, Miss., Confeds. defeated, 2132. Ivan I., Kalita, d., 11142; Grand Duke of Moscow, 11152. II., b.-d., 11142; D. of Moscow, 11152. III., takes Kasan, subjugates Novgo- rod, 11141. III., Basilovitz, or John III., Grand D. of Moscow; takes title of Czar, 11152; Sudebnik, code of laws, 11143; d., 11142. Ivan IV., b.-d., 11142 ; conquers Kasan, 11141 ; Sudebnik, code of laws, 11143 ; Czar, 11152. V., b.-d., 11142; Czar, 11153. VI., b.-d., 11143; reigns in Russia; imprisoned ; killed, 1115 3 . Ivanoff, Alex. Andreyevitcb, b., 11162 • d., 11182. Ivanoviteh, Vladimir, work, 11183. Iveagh, Baron, title created, 10052. Iverson, senator, b. (1798) ; withdraws, 1912 ; d. (1873). Ives, Levi Silliman, b. (1798) ; cons, bishop, 1383, 1733 ; deposed, 1732 ; d. (1S67). ■ , Thomas P., d., 2482. , W. B., Pres. Privy Council, 5952 ; Minister of Trade and Commerce, 6963. Ivison, Henry, d., 3181 . Ivry-la-Bataille, Fr., battle, 6841. I "Wang enthroned, 6112. Ixtlilxochitl, Mex., chief, b., 10951 ; Chi- chtmec ruler, 133. , Ferdinand de Alva Cortes, b.-d., 10951. Iyeharu, shogun, 10913. Iyemitsu, shogun, 10913 ; opposes Chris- tianity, closes Japan ; d., 10913. Iyemochi, shogun, 10923. lyenori, shogun, 10913. Iyesada, shogun, 10913. Iyetsuna, shogun, 10913. lyeyasu, shogun, Japan, favors education - r decrees isolation; resigns title; leaves code; d., 1091 1,3. , defeats enemies ; expels foreigners, 10911. Iyeyoshi, shogun, 10913. Izard, Mark W., governor, 1792. • , Ralph, b. (1749) ; Pres. senate, 105* ; senator; d., 1122. Izcoatzin, enthroned, 10952. Iztapalapan, conquered, 18 1, Izzard, George, governor Ark., 1333. J. tTabal, first builder, 11391 . Jabalpur, mission, 1046 3 . Jabin rules Israel, 11431 . Jablochkoff, Paul, electric candle, 750'; electric light system, 9822. Jacapa, Gen. Enriquez, killed, 1038 1 . Jack, Capt., Indian ehief, 2801 ; executed, ^2821. Jack the Ripper (?), arrest, 5903. Jackman, David K., surety for Davis, 2563. Jackmann, Edouard K. E., b., 11163. Jack's Creek, Ga., Creeks defeated, 1001 . Jackson, Fla., Sub-Tropical Exhibition opd., 3513 ; troops called, 408i. , Mich., R. R. collision, 4413. , Miss., raid, 2103 ; j. e. Johnston ar- rives at ; Feds, take, 222 1 ; Sherman at, 2242 ; action at ; Johnston besieged at ; Confeds. craniate, 2243; Confeds. driven out, 2361; Gov. Clark convenes Leg., 2473 ; Immigration Conven. meets, 2612 ; Agricultural Coll. org., 3043 ; Normal School opcl. ,314 2; Millsapduiiation,3362; Constitutional Conven., 3671 ,3712; Con- fed, monument, 3841; Ratcliffe trial, 4542 ; Confed. soldiers' monument, 384 1 . , Tenn., Confeds. def.-ated, 2243; South- western Univ. est., 2863, 2903; negro lynching, 3883. , Abner, b. (JS11) ; d., 2842. , Alice, abducted, 351 1. , Andrew, b., 741 ; at Hanging Rock, 92i; marries, 107 1 ; rep. 107 2 ; senator, 1091 ; hero of New Orleans, 1181 ; army disbands, 1201 at Autosse; at Talladega, 1203 ; at Emucfau ; at Horse-shoe, 1221 ; atNew Orleans; attacked by Pakenham ; at Pensacola, 1223 ; lights Indians, 1241 ; invades Fla. ; reduces Barancas ; sub- dues Seminoles ; takes Pensacola ; takes St. Marks, 126 1 ; gov., 1293; electoral vote, 1332, 1372, 1413 ; presidential can- didate ; popular vote ; vote in House of Rep., 1332 ; pres. ; against Nat. Bank ; vote for pres., 1371; electoral vote; in- aug., 1371,2; "reigns," 1372; opposed to Calhoun, 1373 ; nom. for pres., 141 1 ; popular vote; against milliners, 1412; anti-nulliheation message, 1413; attempt to assassinate, 1431 ; orders " removal of deposits"; second term; signs Tariff and Force bills, 1432 ; resolution to cen- 1292 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Jack— Jap a. sure, 1433 ; suppression of antislavery literature; Delavan's declaration, 1451 ; reprisals on Fr. commerce, 1452 ; specie circular ; vote of censure expunged, 1472; fine refunded, 1572; d.,1581 ; sword presented to Cong., 1773. Jackson, Capt. , battle with Indians, 2781 . , Charles Thomas, b., 1122 j gov. R. I., 1611; d.,304i. , Claiborne Fox, b.(lS07), gov. Mo., 2032; d., 2172. , Edward Payson.b. (1840) ; work, 3982. , Frank D., gov. la., 4363, 4793. Harms worth, polar expedition, 10121 , , Mrs. (Helen Maria Fiske, later Mrs. Hunt), Helen Hunt, b., 13S2 ; works, 2771,2803; d., 3202. , Henry, steam engine, 9261 . , M., cons, assistant bp., 376 2 . , R., b. (1S20) ; at Green Briar, W. Ta., 1983. , Howell Edmunds, b., 1401 ; associate justice, 4251 . , Jacob R., gov. W. Va., 3093. , James, b., 891 ; gov. Mo., 1093 ; seizes arsenal, 194 1 ; loyalty of militia; near Warsaw,' 1961 ; battle 'of Carthage, 1962 ; declares state independence, 1992 ; calls legislature at Neosho, 2012 ; d., 2582. , S., b. (1822) ; d., 2152. , JohnK., d., 2501. , Jonathan, b., 642 ; d., 1162. , Mary Ann, works, 4202. , Private, wins ritle prize, 9941 . ■ , Thomas .Jonathan, b., 1321; at Mar- tinsburg, Va., 1962; at Bath, 2021; at Blooming Gap, 204 1 ; at Winehester,205i ; at McDowell ; in Shenandoah Valley, 2071; near Winchester; retreats, 2082; escapes Fremont ; at Port Republic ; at Cross Keys, 2083 ; in Seven Days' Battles, 2091 ; at Cedar Mountain ; raids, 2103 ; on the Rapidan,211i ; at Centerville ; at Chantilly ; at Groveton, 2122 ; at Antie- tam ; at Harper's Ferry, 2131 ; at Fred- ericksburg, 216 2 ; at Chancellorsville, 2211 ; d., 2232 ; statue, 2SS1 , 3041 ; monu- ment, 3881. , William J., b., 9082 ; cons. bp.. 9862. , Dr. W. L., pres. soc, 4722. , Wm. L., sec. for Ireland, 10073. — , Gen. W. S., forced from,W. Va., 2281 . Coll., Miss., Col. Uaptist fnd., 3023. Park, Chicago, laid out, 2693. Jackson's Mills, N. C, Feds, routed, 244i . Jacksonville, Fla., surrendered, 2043 j Feds, occupy, 2142 ; again taken, 2201 ; Feds, evacuate, 2202 ; Confeds. driven out, 2301 ; Cookman Inst, est., 2922 ; In- stitution for Deaf and Dumb, 3191 ; yel- low fever, 3313; election fraud : 3711; fixe, 3913 ; Confederate (lags -10S2 ; race war, 4102 ; Corbett-Mitchell prize-right, 4462, 44S2 ; U. S. troops, 4483. , 111., College org., 1391; Female Col- lege org., 1621 . Jacob seized by pirates, 11331. Bell captured, 2183. vision, 11402 ; marriages of, 11411. , John J., gov. W. Va., 2772. Jacoba, claims lordship, 10992 ; d., 10982. Jacobi, Friedrich H., b., 8803 ; d., 8122. , JohannG.,b.,8002 ; Poems, 8032 ; d., 8102. , Maximilian, b., 8041 ; d., 8201 . , Michael Angelo, cons, bp., 9682. , Moritz Hermann, b. (1S01) ; electric light, 316i; d.(1874). Jacobins, origin of, 6703 ; rise of clubs, 7071; club sittings permanent, 7091 ; rule, 7092 ; attacked, 7111, 2. Jacobite lords trial, Eng., 9053 ; plot against king, 9012 ; rebellion, 9053, 9101 ; riots, 9051 ; in Eng. ; suppressed in Scot. 9041; in Glasgow, 9112. Jacobites sect fnd.. Syria, 11543. Jacobs, Christian Frederick Wilhelm, b., 8023 ; d. 8162. , Joshua W., commis. major, 4561 . Jacobus, Baraiheus, finis. Jacobites, 11543. , Melancthon W., b., 1242 ; moderator, 2682; d., 5921. Jacotot, Joseph, b., 7042 ; d., 7282. Jacquand, Claudius, b., 7163 ; d. (1878). Jacquard, Jos. Marie, b., 7011; weaving- machine, 7123 ; d., 7262. Jacque, Charles Emile, d., 7661. Jacquemart, Albert, b., 7163 ; d., 7501 . , Jules F , b., 7262 • d., 7522. Jacquemont, Victor, b., 7143 ; d., 726 2 . Jacques, Baron, suicide, 7651. Jadassohn, Salomon, b., 8142. Jaddua, high priest, 11463. Jaeger, Kate, killed, 4222. Jaehne, Henry W., sentenced, 3232 ■ par- doned, 4642. Jaenbert, archbp. of Canterbury, 8431 . Jaffa, or Joppa, Syria, taken by Saladin, 11541 ; taken by Louis IX. of Fr., 11542 ; Eng. king takes, 4872 ; Napoleon takes, 7122; Caliph Omar takes; Crusaders take, 11541 ; Am pilgrims at, 11582 ; Am. col- ony at ; R. R. to Jerusalem, 11583. Jaffe, Philipp, b., 8122 ; d., 8262. Jaffna, Ceylon, Bp. Melizan, cons., 9862. Jaynlalak, Afghanistan, attacked, 61. Jagger,Thos. Augustus, b.(1839); bp.,2S82. Jagic, Vatroslav, philologist, b.,5203. Jahangir, reigns, India, 10443. Jahn, Friedrich L., work, 8103 ; d., 8181. , Johann, b. f 8022 ; d., 8121 . Jahr, Georg H. G., b., 807 1 ; d., 8282. Jaipur, India, mission, 10483. Jair, reigns, 11431 . Jalabert, Charles Francois, b., 7223. Jalander Khan, taken, 62. ■ , mission, 10471. Jalapa, Mex., Americans enter, 1621. Jaloulah, battle, 4841. Jamaica, W. I., discovered, 143 ; Colum- bus detained, 162 ; earthquake, 261,522; taken, 401 ; cyclone at, 601 , 631 ; Maroons settle, 652 ; theatrical performance, 661 ; negro conspiracy, G7 1 ; Moravians, 691 ; St. John's mission ; converts baptized, 711; port Royal destroyed, 78 1 ; Fr. at- tack, 6321 ; Eng. capture, S88i ; ceded to Eng., 8892; bishopric est., 937'; negro in- surrection, 9691 ; Up. NuttaLl cons., 9862. , N. Y., Polish mob raid, 3783. Bay,N. Y., Mystery capsizes, 3273. damages, Per., reigns, 11072. Jamee, or Djami, Per poet, b.-d., 11063. Jamenez, Je^us, pres. Costa Rica, 6311. James Islands, ri.C, skirmish < ui.2083 ,2091 ; assaulted, 2243 ; Feds, take, 2263, 2422. — River, Va., Kilpal rick damages canal, 2302; Grant near, 2342, 3 ; rises, 2701, 2713. James Cooke wrecked, Ire., 9513. James 1). N troll sinks, 463 3 . James I. of Eng. (James VI. of Scot.), b., 8722 ; rules Scot. ; at Castle Ruthven ; escapes, 8753 K. ; Essayes, 8752; mar- ries Anne of Den., 8783 ; 'bridles liberty of church ; divine right, 876 3 ; crowned K. of Eng. ; reigns, 8791 ; domains, S792; Bible, 8783 ; revives Episcopacy, 8782 ; in Scot., 8811; works, 8772, 8803; con- test with H. C. ; grants Nova Scotia, 8312 ; coutends with Loudon Company, 311; d. t 8802, 8813. II., b., 8822; D. of York, 1. high adm., 8901; marries, 8912 ; claims throne; in Fr., 8952 ; excluded, 8953; est. sea sig- nals, 8S6 2 ; award damages, 8971 ; at bat- tle of Southwold, 6921 ; reigns ; lord of admiralty, 8972 ; restores charters ; pro- rogues new pari., 8973 ; grants pardon, 89Yi; marriage opposed, 8933; favors Catholics, 8902; for liberty of conscience, 8963, 8973; escapes ; arrested, 899 1 ; con- venes Irish Pari., 8983, 8992 ; tears up Parliament writs, 899 1 ;aid from Fr.,8981 ; in Scot., 9032; d., 9022; statue, 8962, 3. I., Scot., b.-d., 861)2; imprisoned, 8603 ; reigns, 8613 ; released, 8631 ; crowned ; marriage ; King's Quair, 8623 ; mur- dered, 8632. II., Scot., b.-d., 8622 ; reigns, 8632 ; killed, 8651. III., Scot., b.-d., 8622; reigns, 8651; conspiracy against ; prisoner, 865 3 ; marriage, 8652; k.,8672. ■ IV., Scot., b., 8642; K.,86',2 ; supports Warbeek, 8661 ; marriage, 8671 ; k., 8661 . V., Scot., b., 8661 ; reigns, 8673 ; mar- riage, 8692 ; d., 8682. I. of Aragon, takes Majorca, 11261 ; reigns, 11273. II., the Just, reigns in Aragon, 11273. I. (II.), king of Sicily, 10772. the Apostle, called, 11521 ; writes Epistle ; beheaded, 1153 1 . , Capt., in Canada, 5722. , Charles T., b. (1805) ; d., 2152. , D. of Montrose, P. M. general, 9692. , E. of Morton, pres. Royal Soc, 9122. James, E. of Ormond, 8(532; gov., 8592,8612. , Earl Stanhope, prime minister, 9172. , George Payne Kainsford, h., 9-393; works, 9443, 9503, 9623 ; d., 9642. , Henry, b. (1811) ; d., 3102. , Jr., b., 1561; works, 2911, 2863, 3L03, 3031 , 3151 , 3243, 3743, 4203. , Sir , b., 9323 ; defends Times t 9993; d.,9822. , Horace, b., 1262. , John, persecuted, 8903. , Angell, b., 9223 ; d., 9622. , Louis, b., 1542. , Major, at Cameron, Mo., 2001 . , Tom, pugilist, killed, 3543. , Thomas Lemuel, b. (1831) ; post- master general, 3072. , Warren, d ,2921. , "William, Psychology, 3722. , H., governor Nebraska, 2772. James's Bay, Can., discovered, 321 . - — Gazette est., 10083. Jamestown, Kan., woman, judge, 3833. , N. Dak., insane asylum opd., 3203 ; frogs, 3382 ; diocese est., 350i. , O., Woman's Temperance Crusade opened, 2831 . — , Va., colony, 263, 272, 8792 ; chapel, 262 ; sickness ; prosperous, 272, 292 Afr. slaves, 283 ; Burgesses meet, 293 massacre threatened, 302 ; Harvey ar- rives, 331 ; tobacco exported, 311 ; king's proclamation, 31 2 ; burned, 462, 472. Jameson, Anna, b., 9283 ; works, 9551 ; d., 9642. , Charles Davis, b. (1827) ; d., 212. , James S.,d., 5621.- Jamieson, Geo., wins rifle prize, 9741 . Jamison, B.K. and Co., bankers, fail, 3733. Jamnia, or Jabne, battle at, 11481 . Jamyn, Amadis, work, 6843. Jan, seizes Ghazni, Afg. ; killed, 61. Janarius. St., chapel at Naples, 10832. Janauschek, Fanny ( Fran/.isca Magdalena Romance), b.,5202. Janequeo. avenges husband's death, 6051. Janes, Edmund Storer, b., 114 1 ; conse- crated bishop, 1563 ; d., 2921 . Janesville, Wis., anti-prohibition conven- tion, 3S63. Janet, Ange Louis, b., 7223 ; d., 7461 . , Paul, b., 7342 ; works, 7331 , 7363, 7462, 7503, 7542, 75(32, 7532. Janeway, George L., gift to Rutgers Col- lege, 3482. , Jacob Jones, b. (1774) ; moderator, 1263 ; d. (1858). Jania, action at, 110S2. Janias, reigns in Egypt, 6473. Janicke, Pastor, founds societies, 8083. Janin, Jules Gabriel, b., 7151; works, 7263,7283, 7303 ; d., 7482. Janisch, Antonie, b., 5223. Janizaries, org., 11542 ; Christian slaves, 11551 ; revolt, 11561 , 2 ; j n Algeria, 92. Jankau,Boli..Swedes victorious, 5122,6361. Jannev, Samuel M., b., 1101 ; d., 3041 . Jannier, T. A., Old Sen- Spain, 3963. Jansen, Cornelius, b.-d., 10983 ; Augus- tinus, advocates free grace, 1101 1 . , Johannes, mayor New York, 612. , Zacharia, invents telescope, 10822 ; microscope, 10982. Jansenist, Fr., dispute, 6951 ; persecuted, 6991,7011. Janson,KristofferNagle,b., 11041 ; works, 11043. , or Jenson, Nicolas, b.-d., 6762. Janssen, John, cons. bp. Belleville, 3302. Janssens, Francis, b. (1847) ; archbishop Louisiana, 306 2 . January, edict of, 6833. Januensis, Friar Johannes Balbus, " Ca- tholicon," 7S7U Janus, temple of, erected, 10503 ; closed, 10532, 106H, 1073L Japan (see text, pp. 1091-1093), Am. expe- dition, 1712 ; inter-commerce with Am., 1721 ; embassy in Am., 1S72, 2773 ; treaty with U.S., 3073,4771,1751,1831 ; Bishop John MeKini eons., 4321 ; Crown Prince visits West Point, 4363 ; emigrants de- barred, Am., 4633 ; in Korean dispute, 4663 ; minister recalled, 4671 ; students executed, 4771,6273; Congressional ac- tion ; aids Korea, 6121 ; dispute with China; treaty with ; war avoided, 6232 ; transports leave, fS202; rejects peace pro- posals ; war on China ; alliance with Japa-Jeru. Text Figures denote Page. INUiiA. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1295 Korea, 6272 ; demands ambassador; peace negotiations, 0273 ; Fr. conven., 7372; Brit, treaty -with, 9632; Bp.Bicker- steth cons., 9962 ; ambassadors in It., 10832 ; gunboat attacked, 1U941; treaty ■with Peru, 11093 ; in Siam, 11241 ; Chi- nese war; Russian interference, 11231. Japanese swords, subscription, 3S0 1 . Japix, Gysbert, b.-d., 6362. Jaques, ChristovSo, in Patagonia, 163, in Pernambueo ; Gov., recalled, 5532. Jaraslaw I., grand duke of Russia, 11133. II., grand d. of Rus., reigns, 1115 2 . III., grand Duke of Vladimir, 11152. Jardine, Edward, d., 4341 . Jardins, Marie Oath. des,b.,6SS2; d. (16S3). Jargeau, France, captured. 6761. Jarnac, France, battle of, 6822. Jaromir, duke, 5032. Jaropolk I., duke of Poland, 11133. II., duke of Kieff, 11133. Jarratt's Station, Col. Spear, 2322. Jarrow, Scot., monastery fnd., 8423 ; li- brary fnd., 8431 ; launchings, 9701 , 9941 . Jarves, James Jackson, b., 1262 ; d., 3301. Jarvis, Abraham, b., 642; cons.Prot. Epis. bishop, 1082 ; d., 1211. , Thus. Jordan, b. {1836); gov.N.C., 3033. Jasmin, Jacques, b., 713 1 ; works, 7251, 7271,7291; d., 7362. Jasomirgott, Henry, rules Bavaria, 7773. Jason, wreck, Cape Cod, Mass., 4453. Jason, inv. breastplates, 11422 ; leads Ar- gonauts, 10131 . - — , of Pherie, rules Thessaly, 10233. , assassinated, 10232. , purchases priest's office, 11482,11492. Jasper, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2083. discovers San Diego, Cal., 4281 . , John, revival at Richmond, Va., 3383. , Win., b., 662 ; saves flag, 823 ; d., 912. Jasquand, Claudius, d., 7502. Jassy, Rumania, evang. church, 11133. Jaucourt, Louis Chevalier de, b., 6962 ; d., 7043. Jaureguiberry, launched, 766-1 . Jaureguiberry, Adm., minister, 7513,7532. Jaureguiy, Aldecoa Agustin de, b. (1708) ; governor, 6053 ; d. (17S4). Jaures, minister, 7572 ; d., 7562. Java Station, Mont., avalanche, 4201 . Java lost, 9321. , captured, 1182. Sthainba, erected, India, 10423. Javadeva, b., 10423. Jay, John, b., 662; colonial address, 792 ; pres. of Cong. ; commissioner, 913, 952 j in Paris, 953 ; pres. Manumission Soc, 99i ; votefor pros., 1012, 1073, 1112; jus- tice of S. C, 1012; gov.N. Y., 1033, 1073; envoy to Eng., 105 2 ; treaty ratified, 1071,2; declines justiceship, llli; d., 1362. , William, b., 912 ; d., 1S42. , , b., 9183 - d. (1853). Jay-Eye-See, trotting-record, 3173. Jayne, Francis John, cons, bishop, 99S3. , William, governor Dakota, 2032. Jeatfreson, John Cordy, b., 9442, Jean V., D. of Brittany, at Auray, 6741 . Jeanesville, Pa., rescue of miners, 3793. Jeanne, d'Albret, Joan, Q. of Navarre, b.,- 6803 ; d., 6823. Jeannette, on Arctic expedition, 3021 j wrecked in ice, 306 1 ; two escape, 3081 . Jeannin, Pierre, b., 6803; JS'egofiatioiis, 6872; d.,6863. Jeanron, Philippe Auguste, b., 7191; d., 7502. Jeans, J. S., steel, 9843. manufactured in America, 951 . Jebb, John C, b., 9082 ; work, 47S2. Jebel Zait, petroleum discovered, 6611 , Jeddah, Arabia, taken, 6542 ; Christians massacred, 11581. Jeejeebhoy, Byramjee, d., 10483. ",Sir Jamsetjee,b.-d., 10443; erects hos- pitals, 10493. Jeffers, E.T., moderator, 3062. , William, b., 1321. Jefferson captures British barges, 1181 . Borden, mutiny, 2883. Jefferson City, La., united with New Or- leans, 2731 ,3. , Mo., State convention, 1931 ; Gen. Lyon at, 1961; Lincoln Inst. Normal School opd., 2543 ; inaugurated Liberal movement, 277 2 . Co., Va., transferred to W. Va., 2513. Jefferson, Ind., Union Leag. ; effigy, 3472. , Pa., Monongahela College org., 2623. Parish, La., mob torture, 4382. , Joseph, b., 1362 ; as Rip Van Winkle, 2501 ; Dramatic Action, 3743. , Thomas, b., 642 ; graduates, 731 j mar- ried, 771 ; antislavery paper, 783; on Committee; drafts Declaration of Inde- pendence^ 3 , 85 1 ; gov. Va., 913; treaty commissioner, 952; Xotes on Va., 971; minister to Fr., 973 ; sec. of state, 1012; opposes Hamilton, 1031; opposes U. S. Bank, 1032 ; leads Republicans ; presi- dential vote, 1033, 1072,3, 1112,1133; re- signs as sec. of state, 1052 ; vice-pres., 1073; reduces navy, 110i ; pres., 1112, 1132 ; forbids intercourse with G. B., 1151 ; declines renomination, 1152; in- dignant at Brit., 1213 ; erects observa- tory, 1321 ; d., 1352. Jefr'eVsonville R. R., Ind., robbed, 2631 . Jeffrey, Francis, b., 91S3 ; d., 9562. , Reuben, d., 348i . Jeffreys, Lord George, b., S862 ; Church commissioner, 8963 ; persecutions, 8971 ; chief justice, 8972 ; high chanc, 8973 ; in Tower, 8991; d., 8982. , H., gov. Va.,472. Jett'revson, John, lord keeper, 9013. Jeffries, John, b. (1744) ; d., 1281 . Jehan, Shah, erects Tai Mahal, 10442; revolts, 10441 ; reigns, 10451 . Jehander, Shah, reigns, 1045 2 ; d., 10443. Jehoahaz, reigns, 11451 ; subdued by Ha- zael, .11443. II., reigns, 11471 . Jehoash, reigns, 11451 ,2 ; idolatry ; repairs Temple, 11443. Jehoiachin, reigns, 11471 ; released, 11472. dehoiada, high priest, 11443. Jehoiakiin, reigns ; revolts; sent to Bab- ylon, 11471. Jehoram, reigns, 11451 . Jehoshaphat, reigns, 11451; invades Moab; sends teachers, 11442. Jehu, prophet, 11423 ; revolts, 11441 • ex- terminates idolatry, 11443 ; reigns ; trib- ute to Assyria, 11451 . Jehuda Hanassi, compiles Mishna, 11532. Jelaboff condemned, 11211. Jelalabad, Afg., defended by Sale ; revolt led by Akbar Kban, 41; British enter; occupied, 61 ; razed, 5 3 . Jelapla, action with Tibetans, 10482. dellaehieh, von Buzim, Count Joseph, b., 5191; at Velencze, 522 1; revolutionist; commander, 5231 , Jellasore, mission, 10471 . Jemappes, Belg., battle of, 5181, 5431, 7081,8061. Jena, battle of, 7161, 80S1 ; Ger., Saxe- Weimei'-L'isriiach, Al/i/eme'nie Literaiur- zeitung, issued, 8052, 8091; Literaturzei- tung, issued, 8291 . Jenckes, Joseph, b. (1656) ; gov. R. I., 613 ; d. (1740). , Thomas Allen, b. (1818) ; introduces a civil-service bill, 2493, 2563 ; d. (1875). Jenispn, Silas A., gov. Vt., 1453. Jenkins, Albert G., b. (1830); at Cloyd's Mt. and New River Bridge, 2323; d.,2332. , Charles Jones, b. (1805) ; gov. Ga., 2511; presidential vote, 2812. , Col., in Afg. ; at Char-asiab,6i . , Dr. vs. Federal authorities, 4153. , Horatio, pres. of Fla. conven., 2612. , John, pres. N. C, 491 . , Judge, decision reversed, 4723. , Robert, d., 10121. , Thornton Alex., b., 1163 ; d. (1893). Jenkins's Ferry, Confeds. repulsed, 2321 . Jenkinson, Anthony, in Bokhara, 5491 . , Charles, E. of Liverpool, b., 9081 . .Robert Banks, E. of Liverpool, b., 91S3; minister, 9353; premier,9372,9412; 9423. Jenner, Edward, b., 9122 ; vaccination, 9202, 9262 ; jrjft by Pari., 9302 ; d., 9403 ; statue, 9621,9661. , Sir William, b., 9363. Jennie Hall, fined, 3333. Jennings, Edmund, gov. Va., 572. , Jonathan, Ind., b. (1776+) ; gov. 1252; d. (1834). , O., moderator, 1303. , Patrick, ministry, 4993. . Sam., gov., 473 ; remonstrance, 572. , Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, b^ 8902. Jenny Lind, steam pipes burst, 1733. Jensen, Christen, glossary, 11041. (See Janson.) , Peter Andreas, En Erindring, 11043. Jenyns, Soame, b., 9022 ; d., 9242. Jephthah, defeats Ammonites, 11421 j vows, 11422 ; judges Israel, 11432. Jeremaisson, missionary, 6231. Jeremiah, prophet, 11462. at the Fall of Jerusalem, painted, 8281 , Jerez dela Front era, Goths defeated, 11251 . Jericho, Israelites captured, 11401; de- stroyed, 11411; Ochus takes, 11461; theater built, 11503. Jerilderie, Australia, Kelly Gang, 4982. Jeroboam 1., reigns, 11433'; Sheshonk an ally, 6503 ; defeated, 11421. II., recovers terr. ; captures Damas- cus, 11441 , 11451 ; reigns, 11452. Jerome, Antoine, discovers bromin, 7241. , David H., gov. Mich., 3093. , Marshal of France, 7301 . of Prague, b.,5062,7S22 ; burned, 5063. , St., b.-d., 106S2 ; prepares Vulgate Bible; Christian worship, 10691 , Jerrold, Douglas William, b.,o:;i>3; Punch, 9503 ; d.,9022. Jersey City, ferry est., 733 ; railroad to New Brunswick, 1433 ; terminus of N. Y. and Erie R.R., 1733 ; fire, 1753 ; waterworks, 1773 ; draft riots, 2253 ; election frauds, 3551, 3591, 3632, 3711, 3871; AVein con- victed, 4002; Sunday liquor-selling, 4062; ballot-box stutters, 4083; Italians against Ams., 4362 ; cholera, 4373 ; Orangemen parade, 4643. , E. of, title created, 8991 . , E. of, gov. N. S. W., 5011 . Jerusalem, Pal., first mentioned, 11411; Joshua kills king, 11401; David takes, 11412; Davids capital, 11432; David flees, 11433; Temple eons., 11423; Ara- bians plunder, 11441 ; Shishak takes, 11421,3 ; Temple treasures carried to Egy., 6511 ; Joash takes, 11441 ; Temple profaned, despoiled, repaired, cleansed, 11443, H462; Pekah besieges, 11441; pays tribute to Egy., 6512 ; destruction foretold, 11461; Temple spoils restored, 11471; Daniel exiled, 11462; Babylon- ians besiege, raze, 11461 ; Ezekiel exiled, 11462 ; destroyed, 11463 ; 2d Temple built ; stormed by Herod, 11462,3 ; Mal- achi prophesies ; Nehemiah returns, high-priests sub-rulers (see names 1146:=), 11463 + ; Alex, the Great sacrifices, 11471 ; Ptolemy I. takes ; Egy. expelled, 11491 ; AntiochuslTI. sacks ; ills 1 ; Simon, high- priest, repairs rr einple ; Jupiter's altar in Temple, 114S-2 ; Maceabean princes rise ; Matthias Maccabeus opposes Syr- ians; Judas Maccabeus rules, 11492; Tem- ple purified; Eleazar Maccabeus rules as K.; Judas Maccabeus rules, 11492 ; routs Syrians; John Maccabeus rules; Jews independent; Jonathan Maeeabeusrules; defeats Syrians, 11481 , 11493; Jews reject Alcimus, forced upon them ; first treaty with Romans ; Jewish embassy to Rome, 11493, Tower is purified, 11481; Tower of Antonia built, 11502 ; Pharisees rebel; Alex. Janmcus triumphs; Aristobulus and Hyrcano II. rival kings, 11511 ; Aris- tobulus takes ; defeated ; Pompey takes; restores Hyrcanus, 11501; Judea a Ro- man province; Phasel gov.; Parthians take, 11512 ; Herod the Great takes, 11501 ; builds theater, 11503 ; wa lls re- built, 11512 ; Temple rebuilt, 11502 ; Ro- mans take census ; Matthias high-priest; taxes levied in Judea, 11513 ; John Bap- tist b. ; Jesus Christ b. at Bethlehem ; ranbis burned alive, 11502 ; Jesus visits temple, 11503 ; 3d Temple built, 11502; Jesus Christ crucified ; buried ; raised ; ascends into heaven, 11523; walls rebuilt, 11521 ; Apostolic Council held ; Herod's persecution; Apostles separate, 11531 ; Romans raze city, burn Temple ; Jewish policy and nation terminate, 11533; Tem- ple of Jupiter on Mt. Calvary, 11532 ; blank history, name dropped; Adrian re- vives, 11533; C'hosroes takes, 11541; Per- sians rule, 11.551 ; Heraelius retakes; Sar- acens take, 11541 ; Moslems rule, 11552 ; Mosque of Omar fnd., 11543 ; Arabs take ; Crusaders take, 11541 j Christians rule, 11552; Hospital erected, 11551; Saladin takes, 11541 ; Saracens take, 11553; Turks 1294 Text Figures denote Page. lJNUllX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Jerv-Johii. take, 1154<; Fred. II. receives, 11553; Crusaders take ; Mohammedans take, 1154' ; Egy. take, 11542 ; Turks take, 11561 ; Greeks excluded ; Holy Sepulcher burned, rebuilt; missions est.; Prot. bish- opric est. ; Anglican cathedral erected; Am. church erected, 11563 ; claims to Holy Sepulcher ; Emp. Aust. visits ; Montetiore's benefactions. 11583 ; Union find., 8183; bishopric dissolved, 1157'; R. R. to Jaffa, 11583 ; Franciscans ex- pelled, 11582. Jervis, John, E. of St. Vincent, b., 9082 ; at Cadiz, 11201 ; L. Adm., 9273 ; d., 9403. , Blooinfield, d., 31S2. Jervois, Sir Wm. F. D., gov. India, 10492, Jeshua killed in Temple, 11403. Jessel, Sir George, b., 9422 ; solicitor-gen., 9772 ; master of rolls, 9773. Jessie Lagan wrecked, 9533. Mat/ launched on Thames, 9813. Jessup, Henry Harris, b. (1832) ; modera- tor, 3023. , Thomas Sidney, b. (1788) ; Seminoles sign treaty. 146' ; Indian prisoners, 1471 ; d.,1801. Jesuits. (See Societv of Jesus.) Jesu Maria, lire, G333. Jesus I., high priest, 11502. II., high priest, 11503. , high priest, 11512. ■, the Christ, b., 1150 2 ; events of his life and his death, 11502,3, 11521,2,3; papal orders for worship, 10763. Sirachides, Ecclesiasticus, 11483. Jeswunt Rao at Poona, b., 10461 . Jethro, counsels of, 11412. Jetter, T. B., governor S. C, 3051. Jeune, Francis, cons, bishop, 9663. -Jevons, William Stanley, b., 9462; works, 9763. Jew, The Wandering. (See Sue, Eugene.) Jewel, John, bp. of Salisbury, b., 8663 ; work, S731 ; d., 8742. Jewell, Marshall, b.,1322; gov. Conn., 2692, 2772 ; vote for, 2751 ; p. M.-gen., 2852 ; nom. for pres. ; resigns, 2931 ; d., 3122. Jewett, Clerk, charges against, 375 2 . , Sarah Orme, b., 1662 ; works, 3163, 3183,3331. Jewish Alliance for immigration, 3893. Colonization Co., formed, 1007 i . Denominational Congress, 4361,2, Emancipation Bill, defeated, 9492. Historical Soc. find., Am., 4081 . Infant School formed, 9503. Ministers' Association, session, 3582. Orphan Asylum established, 9451. Poor Society founded, 9023; schools established, 11203. Jews, (Hebrews) ; in Argentine Repub- lic, 4921, 4932, 4982, 5002, 5533; in America; tolerated in New York, 401 ; org. in R. I., 402 ; est. at Newport, 522 ; first synagogue, 523; many in N.Y., 603; org. in'Savanuah, 622; disfranchised in N. Y., 642 ; est. in Charleston, 742 ; in Md., 1311 ; in St. Louis, 1583; Hebrew Union Coll., O. 2883 ■ refuge in Am., 3103 ; celebration in N. Y., 3443 ; est. schools, 3482; Jewish Ministers' Asso. of Am., 3582, 3843, 3862, 4101,4181; anar- chist, 3683 ; Sabbath League formed, 3843; Rabbi Rosenberg expelled, 4182; Orphan Asylum, 4211; Charitable Soc, 4322; Jewish Denomination! Cong. ,4361 ; laborers parade, 4362 j j n Arabia, tribes attacked ; war with Mohammed, 4841 ; resist Mohammedanism ; martyred, 4843; in Austria-Hungary, perse- cution of, 5062 ; congress ; disabilities abolished, 5291 ; relig. soc. favored, 5322; school, 5343; j n Brazil, 222, 5532; in Can., 5922; i n P. Quebec, 5882 ; i„ Egypt, captivity in, 6512; persecuted, 6522,6543. 6663; revolt, 6533; liberties re- stricted, 6543 ; i n Egypt, 0.-.S3; in Fl„ banished, 6683, 6703, 679 1 ; persecuted, 6701, 6742; annoy Christians, 6743; mission to, 7562 ; in Ger., synod at Worms, 7751 ; persecuted, 7822 ; massa- cred, 7823; expelled Cologne, 7863; study law of Prus., 8183; anti-movement con- demned, 8302 ; emp. defends, 8303 ; ex- cluded from public schools ; persecu- tors denounced, 834 2 ; in Gt. Brit., mentioned in Eng. chronicles, 8431 ; banished from Eng., 8463, 8542; in Eng., 8471,8483; massacred, 8503, 8542, 3; r i t s Poitiers, 6741; prisoner of Eng, 6752, against, 8511; denied freehold, 8542, 8591 ; hostage ; liberated, 6753; d. (1364). 8551 ; imprisoned, 8522 ; capitation tax ; John I., Ziiuices, reigns in Greece, 10332. banished from Eng., 8542 ; persecuted; II., Conmenus, in Gr., reigns, 10333. sign of usurer, 8551 ; readmitted, 8882,3 ; n. reigns in Navarre, 11273. acquire land, 9111,3 ; professors, natural- VI., Pakeologus. reigns, Gr., 1035 2 ; ization refused, 9123 ; ,.j v il disabilities, 9452; mission in Ire., 9593; first baronet, 9512; in Pari., 9632; disabilities removed, 9652 ; Workshop Act, 9742; released from Sunday observance, 9743 ; Rus. cruelty denounced; fund, 9883, 9891, 9913; as- sembly in Lond., 10102 ; in Italy, banished from Rome, 10623 ; revolt, 10633, 10641 ; revolt, against Hadrian, communion with Rome, 10343, VII., Paheologus, reigns, Gr., 10353. VIII., , solicits help, 10343. I. rules Netherland, 10991. III., of Avenues, Neth., rules ; forces Utrecht into alliance. 10991 ; d., 10982. II., or Casimir V., reigns in Poland ; abdicates ; d., 11153. III., Sobieski, king of Poland, 11153. 10643; massacred in Cyrene, 10651 ; edict I., Port., b.-d., 11092 ; reigns, 11093 ; ,gainst, 10663 ; persecuted ;_ favored, invades Africa, 11091 10683; massacre Christians, 10722; Neth., favored, 11011 ; in Port., ban- ished, 11093; i n Russia, persecuted, 11131,3; citizenship granted, 1117 1 ; po- litical privileges granted, 111S2 ; miss, work prohibited, 11202; hostilities, 1122' ; emigration, 11222; i n gp., expelled, 11252; tolerated, 11322; j„ Sweden, Mission Union, 11361 ; era of, 11391 ; in- dependence of ; treaty with Romans ; embassy to Rome, 11493 ; recover Syria, 11503; rights of Roman citizenship, 11513; pay tribute to Rome, 11512. Jeypore, or Jaipur, mission, 1047 2 . Jezebel killed, 11443. Jezreel, house of ivory at, 11442. Jhansi taken, 10481. Jiddah, massacre ; assassins executed, 4881,2; cholera, 4883; M.Ali takes, 6562. Jinienes, pres. 6431 ; flees to Haiti, 6432. Jimenez. Ramon, gov. Costa Rica, 630 3 . Jimmu, Tenno, first mikado, 10911 ,2. Jingu-Kogo, reigns, 10912, 10941. Jintsoiig, educationist, 6122 ; d., 6142. Jiwai, mission, 10471. Joachim, high priest, 11463. I., elector, 7873. II., margrave, 7912. Frederick, 7933 II., Portugal, reigns. 11093. III., Portugal, reigns, 11093. IV., Port., reigns, 11102. V., Portugal, reigns, 11103. - VI., Port., b.-d., 11102; regent, 5551, 11103; reigns; withdraws to Brazil ; re- turns from Brazil, 11103; d.,5413. 1, of Castile invades Port., 11261; reigns, 11273. II. of Navarre reigns in Aragon ; reigns Leon-Castile, 11273. I. of Sweden reigns, 11351. II. of Swe. (I. of Den.) reigns, 11352. III., Swe., reigns, 11352 ; promotes Catholicism ; condemned, 11343. II., king of Den. and Swe., b. (1555) ; reigns, 6373 ; d. (1513). II., Duke of Bavaria, 7S72. III., of Brandenburg, 7S7 2 . III., elector of Prussia, 7872. I., St., pope, 10703; d., 10702. II., pope, 10703; d., 10702. III., pope, 10711 ; d., 10721. IV., pope, 10722; d., 10721 . V., pope, 10722. VI., pope, 10722; d., 10721 . VIX. pope. d.. 10721 . VIII. , pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . grave Brandenburg, IX., pope, 10723 ; d., 10722. X., pope, 10723; d., 10722. Joan of Are, b.-d., 6762 ; announces mis- XI., pope, 10723 ; d., 10722. sion; at Jargeau; at Troyes ; com- XII., pope, 10723 ; deposed, 10731 ; In mands troops ; in Orleans, 6761 ; cap- Otho's army, 10733. tared; condemned, 0762, 677 1 ; at Reims, XI II., pope; banished, 10731 ; d., 10722. 6773; burned, 8622; canonization, 7622 ; XIV., pope, 10731 ; d., 10722. statue, 7601 . XV., pope, 10731 ; d.. 10722. of Kent, burned, 8702. XVI., pope ; expelled, 10731 ; d., 10722. XVII. , pope, 10731 ; d.. 19722. Joanna of Aragon, marries, 10991 ; co-ruler in Castile, 11273. I., reigns in Naples ; k., 10772. II., marries ; reigns in Navarre, 1127 3 . II., Q. of Naples, 10772; d., 10792. Joao de, b.-d., 11092. Joash, defeats Syrians in Jerusalem, 11441 . Joazar, high priest, 11503. Job, Greek patriarch, works, 11151. , patriarch, flourishes, 11402. Job, Book of, written, 11411 . Jobbe-Duval, Arniand M. Felix, b., 7241 ; d.,7581. Jobeidah, d., 4842. Jocelyn, Robt., lord chancellor, 911 2 . Jockey Club formed, Eng., 9132, Jodelle, Etienne, b., 6803 ; works, 6831 ; d., 6841. Jodhpur, India, mission, 10483. Joel, prophet, 11443. , in S. Afr., defeated, 6021 . Jogues, Isaac, b., 686 2 ; miss. ; captured, XVIII. , pope. 10731 ; d.. 10722. XIX., pope, 10731 ; d., 10722. XX., pope, 10731 ■ d., 10332. XXL, pope ; adds crown to cap, 10763; d., 10762. XXIL, pope, 10763; deposed, 7832; d., 10762. _—XXIIL, pope, 10791; fugitive, 7843; d., 10783. John wrecked, 9613. , king of Abyssinia, killed, 33. usurps Eastern throne. 10711. of Brazil, marries his aunt, 11113. d'Albret, reigns in Navarre, 11273. of Aragon, king, 10793. , archduke of Aust., at. Hohenlinden, 5182, 7141; enters Frankfort, 5231; ad- ministrator, 5231 , S172,3; changes name, 5323. of Austria, or Don Juan, b., 790 2 ; d., 7922. [Blind], Bohemia, reigns, 7831 ; con- quers Lombardy, 10761 ; d., 5062. John Adams strikes snag, 1693. the Baptist, b.-d., 11502 ; reproves Herod, 11521 ; preaches, beheaded, 11503. , Bp. of Seville, Arabic Bible, 4842. 5723 ; k., 382. Johanan, high priest, 11463; kills Jeshua in Temple, 11463. Johan11.1t, Alfred, b., 7142; d., 7262. , Tony, b., 7143; d., 7322. Johannson, Arqus issued, 11371. John the Apostle, b.-d. ; called, 11521 ; ex- of Bologna, b., 10S03 ; d., 10823. iled ; returns to Kphesus ; writes Gospel; of Braganza, king, 5543; Epistles, Apocalypse, 1153 2 . de Brienne, K. of Jerusalem, 11552 , Lackland, K. of Eng., b.-d., 8502; regent, 10351 ; d. (1237). reigns ; in Ire. ; uses " we," 8531 ; at Bull, origin of name, 9051 . Waterford ; marries Avisa, 851 3 ; mar- , oldest locomotive, 4293. ries Isabella; murders Arthur; trial; John Elder wrecked, 609 3 . sentenced, 8531 ; forfeits Fr. possessions, , E. of Bridgewater, 1. admiralty, 899 2 6713,8531 ; summoned to answer ; league , Earl of Bristol, minister. 8812. against Fr., 6713 ; papal interdict ; ex- , Dauphin, Fr., d., 6773. communicated, deposed; yields, pope's vassal, a522 ; yields to pope; charters Pandulph, S53'i ; peace with pope, 6713; grants election charter ; overruns coun- try, 8521 ; d., 8532. I. of France, infant, d., 6733. — -, Don of Aust., leads revolt, 10833, ee John VI. of Port.) , D. of Marlborough, lord.-lieut., 9813. I., Duke of Bavaria, 7852. (Albert I.), Duke of Poland, 11152. Ernest, ruler, 7992; sons follow, 8012. ■ II., of Fr., the Good, reigns, 6752 ; at Frederick, D. of Saxony, 7912. John-Jone. Text Figures denote Page. 1JN Dh.X.. Superior Figures indicate Colun 1295 John Frederick, D. of Wiirtemberg, 7933. Friedrich L., b., 8042. the Fearless, D. of Burgundy, b. (1371) : assassinated, 6773 ; murdered (1419). Gaston, Duke of Tuscany, 10813. of Gaunt, D. of Lancaster, b. (1340) ; marries; king of Castile, 8593; d. (1399). , George, elector Brandenburg, 7933 ; under ban, 5123. , I., elector Saxony, 7933; alliance with Gustavus Adolphus, 7953. , II., elector Saxony, 797 3 . , III., elector, Saxony, 7973. , IV., elector Saxony, 7992. , of Jagerndorf , leader, 7941 . de Gravina weds princess, 10352. George H. Hannah burns, 3313. Hyrcanus, high priest, 11483; reigns, delivers Judea, 11493 ; conquests, 11503. Jay burned, 1S1 3 . Lascaris reigns, 10351; deposed, 10352. of Leyden, b. (1510+) ; leader Ana- baptists, 7901 ; d. (1536). Maccabeus killed. 11193. de Matha, Saint, b.-d., 6702. de Montfort claims dukedom, 6751 . , Lord Beaumont, created viscount, 8623. , of Oxnead, Chronicle, 8562. , the Painter, fires dockyards, S51 . , prince, conspiracy, 7 earldoms, 851 3 . George Rutkdge founders, 1793. , 'elector of Saxony, 7893. , of Saxony, b., S0~i ; K., 8211 ; a., 8281 . of Salisbury, b. (11201-) ; work, 8503 ; d. (1180). Sigisnmnd, elector Brandenburg, 7933. Vatatzes reigns, 10351 . , viceroy of Netherland, 5413, 10993. "- - of Wef th, at Mei-geiitheim, 63G1 . , ffm, E. of Besborough, lord.-lieut., 9533. George Wesley, mission ship, 1582. 'William, stadtholder, 11013. Johns Hopkins, f nder., d., 2821'; univ. org., 2922; inoorp., 2,582; I >an. O. Oilman, pres., 2911; Hospital begun, 2913,2943; opened, 2922; Emergency Fund, 3383; gift, 3471; Women's Medical funds, 37(12 ; Scharf 's gift, 3822; Miss G-urctt's gift, 4202. John, b.(1796); cons, bp., 1543; d. (1876). Johnson, Vt., Nor. Schools opd., 2603, 2923. , Albert, shoots woman, 450 2 . , Alfred, voyage, small boat, 2933. , Andrew, b., 1142 ; marries, 1352 ; signs Delavan's declaration, 1451 ; in Cong., 1571 , 1632 ; gov., 1743, 2053 ; IT. S. sena- tor, 1832 ; vote for, 1913 ; sole senator from South, 1972 ; gov. Tenn. ; resigns senatorship, 2053 ; nom. for vice-pres., 2352 ; 20th presidential election, 2412 ; plan to assassinate. 2431 ; electoral vote, 2432 ; oath of office, 2433 ; takes oath as pres., 2472 ; insurrection ended ; reviews army, 2463 ; proclaims amnesty ; hostili- ties ceased ; Southern ports open ; resto- ration of Va. ; reward for capture of Davis ; est. provisional govt, in S. C. ; reconstruction of South, 2473 ; discontin- uance of army corps, 248i; blockade re- moved ; restoration of civil govt, in Miss. ; reconstruction of Ga. and Tex. ; removes trade restriction, 2483 ; an- nounces reconstruction policy ; issues 2d amnesty, 249 1 ; restores Habeas Cor- pus, 2492, 2523 ; disagreement with Cong., 2511 ; resolution of confidence fails, 251 2 ; vetoes Freedmen's Bureau Bill ; de- nounces Reconstruction Com., 2513 ; de- clares insurrection suppressed; vetoes Civil Eights Bill. 2523; declares general amnesty; objections to 14th Amendment; against Fenians, 2531; message on ad- mission of Tenn., 2532 ; peace in Texas ; cables Victoria ; indorsed by Conven., 2533 ; disputatious speeches ; Conserva- tives indorse. 2533 ; at Douglas's monu- ment. 253 3 , 2553; his policy condemned ; conciliatory message ; vetoes negro suf- frage bill, 2552 ; movement to impeach, 2553, 2572 ; vetoes Tenure of Office Bill and Military District Bill. 2571 ; Judiciary Com. reports inability, 2572 ; removes Gen. Sheridan; requests Stanton to re- sign ; proclaims general amnesty, 259 1 , 2632 ; upholds supreinacyof civil courts ; vetoes 2d Reconstruction Act, 2591 ; Im- peachment Committee reports, 2592 ; Stanton message, 2593 ; receives Charles Dickens ; censured ; jurisdiction re- stricted, 261 1 ; impeachment decided, 2612 ; dismisses Stanton ; appoints Gen. Thomas sec. of war ; nominates Thomas Ewing sec. war, 2612 ; Cong, resolves to impeach; court convenes. 2612; impeach- ment abandoned ; cablegram to Field, 2631; vetoes Readmission bill ; vetoes bill to readmit Ark., 2632 ; purchase of Alaska, 263 3 ; obligations of govt. ; pro- claims amnesty, 2652 ; message on Brit, claims, 2672 ; senator, 28113 ; ">): speaker, 1572; d.(lS48). , Justin Edw., d., 3361 . , Lieut., at Lake Borgne, 1223, , Llewellyn, elected bp., 9803. -, R. L., in Liverpool charities, 979 2 . , Roger, b. (1789) ; d., 334' . , Thomas G., gov. Ala., 375', 4212. , "\Y. Bonce, boycotted, 9871 . , "W. C, d., 588'. , Wra., b. (1754); sec. navy, 1123 ; gov. R. L, 1192; d. (1822). , cl., b., 9063; d., 9302. , , transported, 9511. , A., librarian, h., 1262. , A., M. Cong., b., 1662. , Basil, elected bp., 9742. — , Sir , b., 9122 ; d., 9263. , Capt. near Smithville, 209 1 . , Edinondson, b. (1824) ; raid arrested, 2242 ; at Uogersville, 22Si ; near Wythe- ville, 2323 ; at Piedmont, 2342; d., 2351 . , W. J-, murdered, 4071 . , "W". W., elected bp., 9742. Jonesboro, Ark., Judge Ferrell k., 4751. , Ga., action at, 2381 . Jonesport, Me., Mormons assemble, 3662. Jones's Bridge, Va., fight at, 235 1 Jonesville, 111., molt hangs prisoner, 1771. — — , La., John Hastings lynched, 4182. , Va., action at, 22S3. Joniaux, Mine, poisons relatives, 5482. Jonis, Richard, d., 5013. Jonius, Franciscus, b., 6803. Jonnart, M., minister, 7671. Jonquiere, Marquis de la, gov. Can., 575 3 . Jonson, Ben, b., 8742; works, 8771 , 2; p0 et laureat, 8823 ; d., 8822. Joo-ning Foo, fall of, 6141. Joppa. (See Jaffa.) Joram, reigns, 11451 . Jordaens, Jakob, b.,5403; d.,5411. Jordan, divided, 11403; expedition to, 1622. , Clinton, murder and suicide, 4443. , David Starr, b., 1682 ; pres. Leland University, 3802. ,Mrs. (Dorothy Bland), b. (1702+) ; last appearance, 1)362; d. (1816). , Thomas, b., 1301 ; in Cuba, 2663. , Wilhelin, b., 8122. Joret, M., constructs steel bridge, 7361. Jorge Juan in Cuban navy, 6341 . Jorgenson, Jorgen, b., 6382. Joraal de Cnimbra issued, 1110 1 . — Enciclop<us reigns, 11452. Jugdespore Sepoy rebellion, 10481. Jugduluk Pass, taken by Gen. Pollock, 42. Juggernaut, state allowance for, 10472. Jugurtha defeats Romans ; war; defeated; delivered to Marius, 10561; prisoner in Rome, 10563 ; buys peace ; struggle for Numidian throne, 10572 ; k. (104 B.C.). Jujuy, revolution, 4913. Jukes-Brown, A. J., British Isles, 9983. Julesburg, Colo., Indians attack, 2403. Julfa, mission at, 1108 2 . Julg, Bernhard, b., 8123 ; d., 8321 . Julia explodes boiler, 3293. , asteroid, discovered, 7361. marries Pompey, 10591 . (the elder). Julia (the younger), ban- ished. 10631. Julian, George Washington, b. (1817); nom. for vice pres., 16;>2, 1712; electoral vote, 1732, 2812; Joshua li. Giddings, 4203. (Flavius Claudius Julianus), de- feats Franks. 6622 ; emp.; campaigns in Gaul, 663i,3 ; defends Gaul ; defeats Al- emanni, 7692 ; war against Sapor II., 10681; fails to rebuild temple. 10683; re- nounces Christianity, 10291, 10083 ; fnds. hospitals; revives Isthmian games, 10691 ; made csesar ; reigns in Gaul, etc.; pro- claimed emp., 10692 ; war with Persia, 11061; killed, 10692. Julianus, Didius Salvius, reigns ; opposed edicts; executed, 10651 ,2. Jnlich-Cleves, quarrel for succession. 7933. Julien, Louis Georges, b.. 7192 ; d., 7342. , Pierre, b., 6983 ; d., 7151 . , Stanislaus, b., 7142; Chinese Lexicog- raphy 7291 ; d., 7461. Julius I., St., pope, 10603 ; calls synod, 10683. II., b.-d., 10783 ; forms Holy League, 0812 ; conquests. 10781 ; pope, 1079 1 . III., b.. 10783 ; pope, 10812 ; d., 10803. , C, cons, bp., 10042. , Duke of Brunswick, 7933. Pollux, The Onomasticon, 10292. Jumbo, elephant, purchased, 9893, 3113. Jumonville, N. Coulon de, b. (1725+) ; at Great Meadows, 681 ; killed (1754). Jumuden Turkomans, defeated, 11181 . Juncker, Henry D-, b., 8102. Jung-Bahadur, b.-d., 10462. , Joachim, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. Junger, iEgidius, cons. R. C. bp., 3022. Junghans, Sophie, b. (1845) ; d., 8162. Junghuhn, Franz W., b., 8102 ; d.,8221. Jung-Stilling, Johann H., b., 8002 ; d.812i . Junin, Peru, action at, 11081 . Junior order United Araer. Mechanics, statistics, 4463 ; flags on schools, 3543. Junius, Franciscus, theologian, b., 6803; d.,6862. , , philologist, b., 8762. , Marcus, commander, 10542. Junker, Wilhelm, b. (1840) ; d., 11221. Junkermann, August, b., 8142. Junkin, George, b.(179(» ; moderator, 1582; d.,2621. Juno, arms stolen from, 9S63. discovered, 808 1 . Juno, worshiped, 10503 ; temple built, 10142, 10502. Junot, Andoche, Due d'Abrantes, b., 7042; enters Lisbon ; at Vimeiro, 716 2 ; decree for Port Independence ; evacuates Port., 7173 ; d., 7203. , Madame (Laure Permon), Duchesse d'Abrantes, b. 7061 ; d., 7281 . Junta est. in Chile, 6091; legal proceed- ings ; surrenders power, 6092, Junto Whigs rule, Eng., 9012. Jupiter captured, 5581 . Jupi-Kans. Text Figures denote Page. INDiifX. Superior Figures indicate Colu 1297 Jupiter known, 6102; fifth satellite dis., 4141. Jupiter Olympus, altar to, 1013 1 ; temples of, 10162, 10203, 1U502, 11532 ; colossal statue, 10203 ; worshiped, 10503, 10553. Jurgem invents spinning-wheel, 7901 . Juridical Society fnd., 9611 . Jurie, or George I., Duke of Kieff, 11133. , or George II., grand duke, 11151. , or Geo. III., reigns in Russia, 11152. Jurieu, Pierre, h., 6882 ; d., 6963. Jurisprudence, Ger. system of, 8312. Jury, trial by, intro., Australia, 4943. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent, b., 7003 ; sys- tem of plants, 7061 ; d., 7262. , Bernard de, b., 6943; d., 7043. Juste, Theodore, b., 5423 ; d., 5461 . Justi, C, Diego Velazquez, 8322. Justice, principle of, 10312. , Dept. of, est., Am., 2712. Justices appointed, Eng., 8492. Justin, or Justinus I., b.-d., 10303; reigns, 10312; alliance with Turks, 10313; re- stores bishops, 10303. II. reigns, 10313 • defeats Persians, 10302. , Dr., dynamite shell tested, 3661 . , St., b.-d., 10642; apology, 10643. Justinian I., emp., b.-d., 10303 ; reigns, 10312; emp.; pays Chosroes for peace, 11061; rebuilds Constantinople, 1155'; fnds. second St. Sophia, 11543. II. reigns, 10313 ; defeats Bulgarians, 5651 j debauchery ; mutilated, 10312 • de- throned; restored, 10313; code of laws compiled, 10311,2; honors the pope, 10723 ; d. 10303, 10312. Justus, archbishop, 8422. Jutland, invaded, 6361, 6401; pillaged, 6402; Prus. administrative ; power, 6413; conquered, 7941 . JuTenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), b.- d., 10622 ; Satires of, 10643. Juxon, William, b., 8742 ; minister, 8833; archbp. Canterbury ; d., 8902. Kaab, Arabian poet, d., 4842. Kaaba, dispute over, 4853 ; ruined, 4863. Kaas, Nikolaus, b.-d.. 6362. Kabatnik, Mart., in Asia and Egypt, 5083 . Kabir, b.; disciple of Ramanand, 10431 . Kabul, Afg., Brit, in, 41 ± ; taken by Baber, by Nadir Shah, 41 ; byAzim,43; the capital, 51 ; under Ufzul and Azim, 52, 3 ; massacre, 53; Afghans leave, 61 ; receives Abder-Rahman, 71 ; conquered, 10441 ; annexed to Ind., 10433 j indepen- dent, 10452. Khan defeats Kins, 6121 . Kabyle, insurrection of, 82, a, 93, HP . Kader, war with Fr. t 82,3 ; emir, 93. Kadesh,aetionat, 11401 ; Israelitesat, 11403. Kadi jah, Mohammed's convert, 4S43; wife, 4853; d.,4842. Kadlubek, Vincent, d., 11142. Kadol, Burmese war, 10482. K.a-en-Ra reigns in Egypt, 647 2 . Kaffraria, missions, 5971,2, 5982; "Win. Shaw sent to, 5972 ; natives defeated, 6001 ; African war, 6012 ; amnesty, 6002 ; social conditions, 6023 jlanguagesspoken, 6043. Kafir war, 1st, 2d, 5971 ; 3d, 4th, 5th, 593* . Kafirs, mission work, 597 1, 2; defeated; raid of, 5981 ; suicide of, 5992; insurrec- tion, 6001, 6012; war with, 9381; rise againstEng.,9561 ; war with Boers, 11242. Kafoor reigns in Egy., 6552. Kafr-Bilmisht, mission, 6571 . Kanazarenes in Russia, 11132, Kahnis, Karl F. A., b., 810* ; d., 8321 . Kahpoo taken, 6202. Kah-sing taken, 6202. Kaieteur falls, discovered, 10393. Kai-fung Foo, retreat of emp., 6141 ; siege, 6142 ; human flesh for food, 6151 . Kaigan, church at. 10921 . Kaiking enthroned. 6172; dethroned, 6163. Kaikobad reigns, 10432. Kain, John Joseph, eons, bp., 28S 2 . Kainarjii, treaty of, 11573. Kaine, Thomas, attempt to rescue, 1711 . Kai Ping, mission work, 6242. Kaiser, Jacob J., sentenced, 4403. Itaiser Octavianus appears, 791 1 . Kaiserslautern, Bavaria, battle of, 8061 . Kaiulani, Princess, appeal, 4242. Kaiyereu, mission, 6222. Kajar, dynasty reigns, 11073. Kajaruak, Eskimau convert, 643, 10381. Kakaa reigns in Egypt, 647 1 . Ka-Kau reigns in Egypt, 6453. Kak Chieh mission, 6211. Kalafat, Rumania, Turks enter, 11181 . Kalakaua I., David, b., 10411 j king ; visits Washington, D.C., 287 1,2; in Gal., 3723; d., 10412 ; funeral, 3773. Kalamazoo, Mich., Coll. est., 1423, 1783 ; street-car accident, 3393, Kalangan massacre, 5522. Kala*t-i-Gilzai, Afghans repulsed, 42. Kalawa, Father Damien, d., 1041 2 . Kalbeck, Max, b., 8181. Kalderoon, action at, 11561. Kaled defeats Romans, 4841 . Kaleidoscope suggested, 9362. Kaley, George, murderer, 4003. Kalid, Mussulman, 4843. Kalidasa, b., 10423. Kalila and ZHmna appears, 11271 . Kaliouchnaia, Maria Wassilieona, sen- tenced, 11211. Kalish alliance, 811 1 ; Rus. victory, 7183. Kalisch, David, b., 8122 ; d„ 8281 . Kalkbrenner, Friedrich, b.,8043 ; d., 818 1. Kalley, Rev. .missionary, 5542; org. church, 5562 ■ retires, 5563. Kallock, mayor San Francisco, shot, 3031. Kalnoky, Count, minister of foreign af- fairs, 5311; Austria-Hung. Conf.,5351. Kalpi Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . Kaltenborn-Strachan, Gen. von, resigns, 8371. Kamakura,destroyed,1091 1 ; capital, 1091 2 . Kambathet reigns in Egypt, 651 2 . Kambini mission, 11113. Kambula, battle at, 6001 . Kamchatka, Kussia, discovered, 1114' . Kamchi, David (Radak), d., 6702. Kamed Pasha, governor of Syria, 11593. Kamehameha I. reigns, 10411 . II. reigns, 10411; ends idolatry, 10402. III. reigns, 10411 . IV.,b.; weds, 10411 ; succeeds; d.,10412. Kamerun, W.Afr., colony fnd., 8313. (See text, p. 1161.) Kamienic, Russia, taken, 11561 . Kamil, El, sultan, 6552 ; d., 6542. Kampen, Nikolaus Godfried van, b.-d. 11011. Kampfer, Engelbrecht, b., 7963 • reaches Japan, 10911 ; d., 7983. Kamran enthroned, 51 ; d., 43. Kamsan captured, 63. Kanagawa mission at, 10921 . Kanawha, W. Va., Coxeyites steal train, 4622 ; storm, 344 1. Kandahar fnd., 53 ; taken by Nadir Shah, 41 ; entered by Shere Ali, 43 ; Afghans leave; Brit, hold ; revolts, 6 1 ,3; Ameers occupy ; Ayoob retires ; occupied ; Rob- erts arrives, 6 1 ; annexed to India, 10433 • conquered, 1044 1 ; Persians wrest, 10443. Kandy, Pagnani, bp., cons., 9822 ; taken, 10461 ; mission, 10462. Kane, Edward, b., 1542. , Elisha Kent, b., 1282 ; commands Grinnell's expedition, 166',1721; 2d ex- pedition, 1731 ; in Greenland ; Hartstein finds, 1761 ; returns, 1761 , 1781 • d., 1821 . , Sir Robert b., 9351 . .Theodore F., promoted captain in U.S. A., 3221. , Thos. Leiper, b., 1302 ; d. (1883). , Mr., shot, 9891. Kang-hi cheeksGaldan, restores churches, 6142 ; reigns, 6153 ; d., 6163. Kangra mission, 10463. Kangti enthroned, 6131 . Kang Wang, enthroned, 6112. Kanfshka founds Buddhism, 10431. Kanizsa, Ferdinand, defeated, 5113. Kansas, territory org. ; Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1751; Emigrant Aid Society sends parties to, 175 2 ; Congregational Gen. Asso. org., 1762 ■ bloody election ; im- migration, 1763 ; in Cong. ; A. H. Reeder, gov., 1771 ; removed, 1772; legislature upholds slavery, 1771; intruders from Mo., ; fraudulent t-lection, 1771, 2; J. W. "Whitfield delegate in Cong., 1771 ; elec- tion for territorial legislature; Daniel Woolson, gov. ; Free State men meet ; proslavery legislature meets ; supple- mentary elections held; proslavery strug- gle ; Wilson Shannon, gov., 1771, 1791 ; mercury falls, 1781 ; Cong'l. Conf. org. ; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1782 ; sheriff shot, 1783 ; C ivil war in ; Free Soil Party meets ; Free State conven. meets ; in- dictments against Reeder and others ; Free State constitution ratified; fraudu- lent votes ; "Bleeding Kansas" times; Whitfield elected M. Cong. ; Lawrence sacked ; proslavery party meets ; To- peka antislaveiy constitution adopted, 1791 ; Lawrence sacked ; Chas. Robinson elected M. C. ; pres. recognizes prosla- very legislature ; Col. Buford in, 1792 ; govt, employs Buford, 1793 ; proslavery struggle ; legislature meets ; Chas. Rob- inson inaug. ; indicted ; Cong, commit- tee investigate, 1792, it reports, 181 1 ; Northern men opposed ; civil war, 1793; legislature dispersed by U. S. troops ; Missourians drive out Free State men ; House votes for admission; Committee of Five ; rebellion declared, 181 1; dele- gates to conven., 1831; Free State men capture post, 181 1; John W. Geary, fov., 1812 ; Geary disbands hostile orces ; he releases prisoners ; prosla- very troubles ; House admits ; Senate rejects admission ; legislature meets at Topeka, 181 1; Gov. Geary resigns; Judge Lecompton removed ; no major- ity in legislature; peace reported; pro- slavery legislature meets ; Free State legislature meets ; legislators arrested, 1812 ; U. S. troops aid proslavery party, 1821; Baker Univ. fnd. ; Highland Univ. fnd. ; St. Benedict's Coll. org., 1822 ; il- legal Constitution Conven. j election by Free State men; election illegal, 1831; elections, 1833 ; Robert J. Walker, gov.; Lecompton proslavery constitution re- jected ; proslavery constitution nomi- nally adopted ; constitutional election held, 1832 ; state admitted, 1851,1873, 1912 ; constitution rejected, 1851 ,2 ; constitutional conven. voted for ; con- ven. at Wyandotte ; antislavery consti- tution find. ; James W. Denver, gov. ; Samuel Medary, gov., 1852 ; antislavery constitution wins, 187 1; State legisla- ture first meets, 1932 ; A 7 e?u Sam Gaty flies Confederate flag, 1953 ; first over- land coach arrives, 1973 ; State capital located ; admitted into S. Confed., 2012; Geo. M. Bebee, gov. ; Thomas Carney gov. ; Chas. Robinson gov., 2032 ; mar- tial law, 2041; negroes enlist, 2103; Quantrell raids, 2143 ; insane asylum est., 2292 ; ratifies 13th Amendment, 2432 ; martial law abolished, 2491 ; Washburn Coll. org., 2502 ; colored con- ven. at Topeka, 251 1, 2672; Samuel J. Crawford, gov., 2511 ; Ottawa Univ.org.; Univ. of Kan. org., 2543 ; Hancock and Custer against Indians, 2561; Indians removal treaty ,257 1 ; ratifiesl4thAmend- ment, 2572 ; State constitution amend- ments rejected; rejects negro suffrage, 259 2 ; Woman's suffrage campaign, 2592, 2653; Luth. General Synod fmd, 2642; In- dians raid, 2661 ■ colored conven. meets, 2672 ; Free Meth. Conf. org., 2682, 3042 ; Universalists State conven. org., 682; James M. Harvey, gov. ,2692; ratifies 15th Amendment, 269*3 ; Eldership Church of God org., 2762 ; Indians Removal Act- passes, 27S3 ; drought, 282' ; South Kan. M. E. Conf. org., 2841 ; Thos. A. Osborn, gov. ,2S5i ; E. Baxter, gov. ,2852; grasshop- per plague, 2853; State bonds issued.2883; color franchise abolished, 2912 ; Geo. T. Anthony gov., 2973 j John P. St. John gov., 2993; tornado, 3001; negro immi- gration to, 3011, 3071; Constitutional Prohibitory Bill, 3082, 3052,3082; Uni- tarian Conf. org., 3042; Green, drive-well patent, 3073; first Dem. gov., 3112; West Kan. Free Meth. Conf., fmd., 3122 ; Reg- ulators disband, 3131 ; R.R. commission ; George W. Glick gov., 3152 ; Southwest Kan. Coll. est. at Winfield (1885); anti- saloon Rep. org., 3231 ; John A. Martin, gov., 3233 ; Western Univ. org. at Salina, 8242; storm, 3261; female suffrage per- mitted, 3272; R. C. diocese of Wichita org. ; R. C. diocese of Concordia org. , 328 2 ; liquor in drug stores, 329 1 ; Lyman U. Humphreys, gov., 3293 ; State troops pre- serve peace, 8801 ; capital removed, 8333; 1298 Text Figures denote Page. IN L).C,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. XailS— KeiDX resubmission of prohibition amendment, 34/72, 3792 ; corn for fuel, 3493; silk in- dustry encouraged, 3513 ; prohibitory law unconstitutional, 3592 ; whisky war prevails, 3603, 3623 ; prohibitory laws nullified, 3612; original liquor packages decision, 3613, 3711 ; Farmers' Alliance in legislature, 3713 ; horse thieves shot, 3723 ; new legislature, 375* ; Female Suf- frage Bill, 3791; Cherokee strip boom- ers; White Maskers, 3903 ; negro school children, 3951 ; mob kills sheriff, 3983 ; L. U. Humphrey, gov., 399i ; prairie fires, 4053 ; robbers wreck train, 4163 j consti- tutional conven. proposed, 4192 ; legisla- tive struggles of Populists, Republicans, Democrats, 4222 + ; Republicans win, 4251 +; bank robbery, 4222; Woman's Suffrage Bill passes, 4253 ; war on liquor joints, 4262; destitution, 4333,4513; com- panies disband, 4341 ; militia subdues strikers, 4342 ; vagrant labor, 4452 ; Mrs. Lease controversv, 4513 ; avalanche, 4481; tornado, 456i ; land cave-in, 4732. Kansas Citv, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 1963 • action at, 1932, 2003 ; ft. G. diocese est., 3042; Congregational Club find., 3182 ; tornado, 3222; Math. College est., 3522; eight-hoar day, 357 1; Ferguson embez- zles, 3971 ; rail way wreek, 3053, 3713; Am. Nat. Bank suspends, :i773; International Y. M. C. A. meets. 383 1 ; Western States Commercial Cong. 3822, 3833 ; oars side- tracked, 3913; natural g. is, 4021 ; Knights of Pythias, 4142 ; election fight, 4543, 458 2 ; parochial schools abandoned, 4681 ; bridge collapses, 4712. Wesleyan Univ., 3242. Kansooh Nasr, sultan, 655 3 . Kansuh, Mussulmans defeated, 6161; Mo- ham's rebel, 6202, 6213; mission, 6223. Kant, Immanuel, b., 8002; works, 803 1, 2, S051 ; d., 8082. Kauter invents pressing-boards, 8041. Kantiliav, Abys., submits to Italy, 32. Kantner, Abraham, b., 7983. Kan-wang executed, 6202. Kanweh, action at, 10422. Kao, enthroned, 611 1. Iviohwang enthroned, 6113. Kaotsong weds Woo How, 6123; d., 6122. Kaou-te, books to be burned, 6102. Kao Wang enthroned, 6112. Kapolna, Hung., battle at, 5221. Kapp, Friedrich, b., 8123; d. ( 8302. Kappel, Switz, wars of, 11371. Kaptsehak, Khan of, empire est., 11152. Kapmida founders, 9973. Kapanda Station, copper ore, 49G 1 . Karachi mission, 10463. Karageorgevitch, d., 11201. Kara-in-das reigns, 11413. Karaites sect founded, 11543, Karakal, Madras, mission, 10471. Kara-Khar-das reigns, 11413. Karakozow attempts Czar's life, 11191. Karam, Joseph, leader Maronites, 11581. Karamsin, Nikolai, b., 1116 2 ; works, 11171 ; d., 11163. Kara Mustapha, Turkish loader, 5222. Karat, Prince of Carinthia, 5031 . Karaveloff, ministry, 5671 ; regent ; re- signs, 5673; arrested, 5683. Karelia ceded to Sweden, 11353. Kareraa conquers Uganda, 5632. Karens, missions among, 11243. Karez-i-atta, battle at, 62. Kargan mission, 6211. Karim Khan reigns, 11073. Karl Slcronik'tn written, 11343. Karlowitz, peace of, 5133, 7992. Karlsbad, Congress of, 5212, 8193. Karlsefne, Thorfinn, explorer, 112. Karlsruhe, Prus. army in, 818 1 . Karman, captives massacred, 11073. Karmathians, skeptics, 4863; stormMecca, rise, 4861; 4863,4871. Karnak, Egypt, Hall of Columns erected, 6481 ; Temple of Ammon, 6462 ; Temple of Abydos, 048 1 . Karnal, Madras, mission, 10471. Karolyi, Count, London, Conference, 9932; duel, 5323; killed, 5333. Karr, Jean Baptiste Alphonse, b., 717i ; works, 7602, 7292; d., 7601 . Kars, Russians expelled, 5651 ; surrender, 9601 ; action at, 11562; taken, 11161 , 11581 ; ceded to Russia ; annexed to Turkey, 11592. Karsten, Henry, brutality, 4442. , Karl J. B., b.,8042; d.,8201. Kartner, Madame, assassinated, 11212, Karun River, open to commerce, 11083. Karwin, explosions, 5383. Karzburg mines, Brunswick, opened, 7741 . Kasan, conquered, 11141 ; famine, 11232. Kaschan, earthquake at, 11073. Kashgar, Turkestan, annexed, 6113 ; in- surrections, 6172, 6213; taken, 6221. Kashgaria conquered. 6142. Kashgate, battle of, 658 2 . Kashmir, or Cashmere, lost by Afghans, 51 ; captured; subdued, 1044' ; conquered, 10461 ; native council est., 10493. Kasos, Turkish atrocities, 10342. Kasota, Minn., train robbery, 4102. Kaspary founds humanitarians, 9701. Kasrur, Madras, mission, 10483. Kassai, Dejaeh, revolts, 32. [John If.], crowned ; punishes mis- sionaries, 32. Kassala, E. Afr., besieged, 6001 . Kassimir, Albert, D. of Saxe-Teschen, b. (1738) ; at Jemmapes, 51S1 ; d. (1822). Kasson, John Adams, b., 1302. Kastner, Abraham G., d., 8071. Katahdhi launched, 4221 . Katakazy, M., dismissed, 2752. Kate Adams burned, 3313. Katensky, ( 'ol., assassin fails, 11211. Kater, Henry, b.,9203; d., 9462. Katona, Istoan, b., 5143; d., 5202. Katosou enthroned, 6103, 6113. Katzbach, battle of, 7201 . Katzer, Fred Xavier, archbp., letter, 4061 . Kautfman, John, murder ; suicide, 4623. Kauffmann, Maria A., b.-d., 11372. , Thomas, inv. harmonichord, 8101 . Kaufman, Gen., at Khokand, 11181. Kaufmann, Konstantin Petrovitch, b., 11163; d., 11201. Kaulback, J. A., archdeacon, 5862. , Wilhelm von, h., 8082; d., 8281. Kaulbars, Gen., in Bulg., 5673. Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, b., 5142 ; d., 5191. Kautz, August Valentine, b. (1828) ; at Sycamore Church, 2381 ; on Darby Road, 2383; commissioner, 2472. Kavanagh, Edward, b. (1795) ; gov. Me., 1572; d. (1844). , Julia, b., 9422; d., 9822. Kavanaugh, Hubbard Hinde, b., 1102; ordained M. E. bp., 1762; d. (1884). K.ay, Prussians defeated at, 5161 . , John, shuttle throwing plan, 9143. Kaying-chau mission, 6231 . Knyscrling, Moses, b., 8142. Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir U., minister, 9952. Kazan, University of, fnd. Rus., 11171. Kazinczy, Francis, b., 5163. Ke, Viscount, refuge in Korea, 10942. Kean, Charles John, b., 935 1 ; in New York, 1381; d., 9722. , Edmund, b., 9242; in N. Y., 1281 ; last appearance, 9461 ; d., 9462. , Mrs. (Ellen Tree), b., 9323 ; in N. Y., 1461; d., 9861.. , John, Jr., nom. for gov. of N. J., 4151. , Sir John, b. (1781) ; at Kandahar, 41 ; d. (1844). , J. J., embezzler, 460 2 . , S. A., ex-banker, indicted, 4183. Keane, Baron, title created, 9451. , Gen., b. (1781) ; at New Orleans, 1223; d. (1844). , John J., b. (1839) , cons, bishop (1878); resigned (Ihss); dci louncespublicschools, 3362 ; address, 3423. Kearney, N. J., riot, 3781 ; E. Bull, mur- derer, 4603; robbers den, 4623. , Dennis, arrested, 2971 ; pres. Work- ingman's Party, 2972; in Boston, 2991; agitator in Cal., 2!i!t2 ; imprisoned, 3032. Kearny, Lawrence, b., 1001 ; d., 2641. , Philip, b., 1242 ; defeats Sioux, 1761 ; at Fair Oaks, 2082 ; at Chantilly, 2122; d., 2132. , Stephen Watts, b., 1042 ; invades Mex. ; captures Santa Fe. 1601; at San Gabriel, 1621 ; gov. Cal., 1633; d., 16-11 . Kearnstown, Va., battle of, 205 1 ; Feds. defeated, 2363. Kearsarge destroys Alabama, 2343 ; at Haiti ; at Port-au-Prince, 3401 ; wrecked, 4501; fired, 4541. Kearse, S. C, race riot occurs, 3643. Keary, Annie, b., 9422. Keate, Robt. W., governor Natal, 6011 . Keating, Sir Henry S., d., 9982. Keats, John, b., 9263; works, 9391 ; d., 9403 Kea-tsing, d., 6142. Keble, John, b., 9262; work, 9431 ; d., 9701 . Ke-choo, capital, 611 1 . Kedney, John Steinfort, b., 1281. Keeley, S. V., embezzler, 436i . Keeling Islands acquired, 9613; detached from Ceylon, 10492. , Josiah, dis. Rye House Plot, 8971 . Keely, John Worrall, b. (1837) : motor de- veloped, 2801 ; d. (1899). Keen, Alpheus A., d., 2411. Lung, in Central Asia, 6161 ; encour- ages art, 6162 ; feast to ancients, 6171 ; enthroned ; abdicates, 617 2 . Phouc, king, 4832. Keenan, John, indictments, 3591 ±, Keene, Charles Sam., b. (1S23) ; d., 10042. , Laura, b., 1282; d., 2821. , Thomas W., b., 1622. Keener, John Christian, b., 1281. Keet, Mr., prefix "Rev.," refused; case tried, 9782; Kehl, Baden, captured, 6981 . Kehukee Baptist Association fmd., 742. Keifer, Joseph W-, speaker, 3092, 3152. Keightlev, Thomas, b., 9243 ; conimis- sioner,'9052; d.,9761. Keigwin, Col., at Cumberland Mts., 2051. Keiki reigns, 10912 ; last shogun, 10931 . Keilmever, Karl F., d., 8162. Keim, Theodor, b. (1825) ; d., 8282. Keiser, Keinhard, b., 7963 ; d., 8002. Keith-Falconer, mission opened, 4882. , George, b. (Hi39_-.); Quaker leader, 8863 ; d. (1716). , Viscount Elphinstone, b. (1746) ; d., 9403. , James, b., 7982 ; d., 8023. , Frances Ed., b., 9002 ; d. (1758). , Sir William, gov. Pa., 592 • proposes Stamp Act, 613. , Mr., missionary, 542. Keitt, Lawrence M., b. (1824); at Fort Wagner, 2251 ; d., 2351. Kekule, Friedrich August, b., 8142. Kellach, coronation, 8443. Keller, Father, arrested, 9971 . , Joseph, b., 8102 ; d., 8281 . Kellermann, Francois Cliristoph, D. de Valmy, b., 6983, 7081 ; at Lyons, 7101; d., 7223. Kellersberg, Baron von, new ministry, 5292. Kelley, Benj. Franklin, b. (1807) ; at Phil- ippi, W. Va., 1961 ; a t Romney, 2002; at Cumberland, 2371 ; captured, 2422. , Eugene, treas. Home Rule, 3851. , Robert, in Arctic seas, 411 1 . , Thos., lord-mayor, London, 9453. , William Darrab, b. (1814) ; d., 3501 . Kelley's Ford, Va., actions, 2201 , 2281 . Kellgren, Johan Henrik, work, 11351. Kellie, E. of, title created, 8731. Kellogg, Clara Louise, b., 1541; debut, N. Y., 1902; debut in London, 9701. , Ensign H., Fishery Commission, 2972. , Win,, b. (1814) ; on Com. of, 33, 1891 . , P., b. (1831); gov. La., 2791,2,3, 2812, 2872,3 ; driven out, 2*53; restored ; assumes office. 2872 ; maintained, 2873. Kelly, Edward, d., 10062. , Ellen Alice Terry, b., 9542 ; first ap- pears, 3141 . , Eugene, d., 4781 . , Francis, cons, bishop, 9543. , Harrison, Committee on Mnfgs., 3491 , , Horace, donates gallery of arts, 3721 . , James B., cons, bishop, 9663. , Michael, b., 9162 ; d., 9422. , Mike, lynched, 3782. , Ned, captured, 4982. , Timotbv, convicted; executed, 9911 . Kelley's Band, W. Va., arrested, 4643. Kelso, Scot., monastery fnd., 8483 ; stone bridge commenced, 9282. Kelton, John C. , appointed adjt. -gen., 3401 ; in war dept., 3512 ; d., 4341 . Kelung, Formosa, taken, 6221; Fr. re- pulsed, 6222; forts captured; taken, 6241. Kelvin, Baron, title created, 10083. Keivng, Sir John, chief justice, 8932. Kem, Omer M., b., 1761. Kemble, Adelaide, b. (1814) ; first appear- ance, 9501; marries Fred. U. Sartoris (1843) ; d. (1879). , Chas.,b.,919i; inN.Y.,140i; d., 9582. Xemb-Key. Text Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1299 Kemble, Francis Ann, b., 935'; first ap- pearance, 9441 ; in N. Y., 140i ; d., 100S2. , Gouverneur, b. (1786) ; d., 288 1 . , John M., b., 9331 ; d., 9622. , Philip, b., 91-43; d., 9403. Kemburg acquired, 8133. Kemin, John, elected prince, 5132. Keminler, William, sentence, 3631 ; first electrocuted, N. Y., 3651 . Kemp, James F., Ore Deposits, 478 3 . , John, b. (1400±) ; archbp. of Canter- bury, 8622; d. (1454). , Hicham, nominated for gov., 37 3 . Kempelen, Wolfgang von, b., 5143 jd., 5191 . Keinpen, Emily, opens law school, 3443. Kemper, Jackson, b. (1789); cons, P. E. bishop, 1442, 1762 ; d. (1870). , James Lawson, b. (1823) ; gov., 2873. Kempff, Louis, promoted, 3841. Keinpis, Thos. A., b.-d., 7842 ; work, 7871 . Kempt, Sir James., gov. N. S., 5773, 5792. Ken, Thomas, b., 8822 ; acquitted, 8963; d., 9042. Kendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robert- son), b., 9542. Kendall, Amos,b., 1001 ; p.-m.gen., 1473 ; resigns, 1513; d., 2681. , Bion Freeman, b. (1S27) ; d., 2191 . , George, embezzles, 272. , Wilkins, b. (1810) ; d., 2582. , K. S., moderator, 2722. , Win. J., swims Niagara Rapids, 325 3 . Kendrick, Asahel Clark, b., 116i . , James Kyland, b. (1821) ; d., 3422. , M. John, cons. P. E. bishop, 3341 . — -, Peter R., bp., 1542 ; archbp., 1623. Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., action, 2342,2351 . Kengting enthroned, 611 2 . Keng Wang enthroned, 6112. Kenilworth Castle, Eng., built, 8482' siege of, 854 1 . Kenlis, Baron, title created, 945 1 . Kenly, John Reese, b. (1820;, or (1822); at Front Royal, 2081. Kenmare, Baron, title created, 9593. , Earl, title created, 9311. . Kenmare Castle wrecked, 9913. Kenna, John Edward, b. (1848) ; d., 4201 . Kennan, Geo., b. (1845) ; works, 2723, yoss. Kennedy, Anthony, b., 116 2 ; d., 4101. , Sir Arthur, gov. Australia, 499 1 . , E. B., exploring expedition ; k.,4961 . , F. W., embezzler, 3851 . , John Pendleton, b., lOGi ; d., 2702. , Stewart, founds United Chari- ties Building, N. Y., 4243. , R. C, hanged as spy, 2442. , Thomas J., nom. for gov. N. J., 4132. , W., moderator, 3981 . , William, Flytinq of Dunbar, 8663. . N., b. (1839/; gov., 5812; d. (1885). Kenner, La., negroes banded, 4123. , Duncan F., b. (1813) ; tariff commis- sioner, 31H; d. (1S87). , John C, cons M. E. South bp., 2522. Kennet and Avon canal, built, 9293. Kenneth L, K. of Scotland, 8413. II., K, of Scotland, 844 1 ; takes Came- lon.8451. III. at Luncarty, 846 1 . Kennett, Capt., near Lebanon, 2151 , Square, Pa., Cedarcroft on tire, 4793. Kennicott, Benjamin, b., 9062 ; d., 9223. Kennion,Geo. Wyndham, bp., 9862,10121. Kenny, filibuster, invasion, 10382. , John, murder of, 9931 . Kenrick, Francis Pa [rick, b., 1062; d., 2251 . , Peter Richard, b. (1806) ; bp. St. Louis, 1563 ; archbp., 1623 ; St. John's R. C. church, 3801 ; cons., 1542. Kenry, Baron, title created, 9651 . Kensett, John Frederick, b., 1262 ; works, 1661 , 1701 , 1821 ( 2411 , 2601 ; d., 2782. Kensington, Can., fire, 5893. , London, statue of Jenner removed, 9661; Rom. Cath. Univ. Coll. opd.,9743. , Baron, title created, 9172, 9953. Kent, Eng., won by Eng., 8403 ; early kings, 8412 ( ravaged ; conquered, 8421 ; Christianity in, 8422; revolts, 8481 ; Good- win-Sands find. ; inundated, 8482; strike, 9831. , O., railway accident, 3933. Island, Md., settled, 333 ; Clayborne at, 341; reduced, 381. ,D.of,Edw.Augustus,b., 9163; d., 9402. , Edward, b. (1802); gov. Me., 1512, 1531; d. (1877). , Jas., b., 723; Am. Law, 1351 ; d., 1623. Kent, Joseph, b. (1802) ; d., 1482. , William, b. (1802) ; d., 1902. , , b., 8962 ; d., 9122. , Mr., explorer, Australia, 4942. Kentish Gazette [/'oxt], issued, 9063. men, imprisoned, 9031 . Town, London, Eng., railway acci- dent at, 9653. Kenton, O., burglars, 4482 ; W. Dales, lynched, 3803. , Simon, b., 711 ; d., 1462. Kentucky settlers in, 632, 693, 79 1 ; county of Va., 853 • Transylvania Presb. fmd., 982 j terr. org. ; seeks admission, 1031 ; admitted, 1033; Isaac Shelby, gov., 1033, 1051,1193; James Garrard, gov., 1073; Presb. synod formed, 1103; Christopher Greenup, gov., 1132; k. c. diocese, Louis- ville, est., 1143 ; Chas. Scott, gov.. 1153; George Madison, gov. ; Gabriel Slaugh- ter, gov., 1252 ; John Adair, gov., 1292 ; State Library fnd., 131 1; Jos. Desha, gov., 1332 ; P. E. diocese est., 1363 ; pub- lic school system est.; 137 1 ; Thos. Met- calfe, gov., 137 2 ; John Breathitt, gov., 1412 ; James T. Morehead, gov., 145 2 ; Univ. org., 1463 ; James Clark, gov., 1472; Chas. A. Wickliffe, gov., 1512; Robert P. Letcher, gov., 1531; Conf. M. E. Church, South, org., 1582 ; "Win. Owsley, gov., 1591 ; John J. Crittenden, gov., 165 2 ; John L. Helm, gov. ; Laza- rus W. Powell, gov., 1692 ; M. E. Conf. org., 1702 ; Chas. S. Morehead, gov., 1792; Reriah H. Magoffin, gov., 1871; in civil war ; refuses troops, 1933 ; neu- trality by arbitration. ; delegates against secession, 195 2 ; neutral in war, 195i,3; Border State conven., 197 1 ; special elec- tion, unionists win, 1972; neutrality vio- lated ; Union force enters 198 2 ; Gen. O. M. Mitchell commands, 1983; armed neu- trality; Coufeds. violate neutrality, 1992; Confed. troops ordered out ; state troops to expel ; Gen Buckner calls to rise against Lincoln; proclamation of neu- trality; gov. protests; army to repel Con- ( feds. ; Gen. ft. Anderson commander ; ' admitted to S. Confederacy; Sovereignty Confed. Conven. held ; state secedes ; gov. elected, 201 2 ; Sen. Breckinridge expelled ; Confed. legislature meets, 2013 ; Jas. F. Robinson, gov., 2032, 2113; guerillas overrun, 2091: guerillas de- feated, 210' ; Gov. Magoffin "resigns, 2113; Bragg' s invasion, 212i; Richard Hawes Confed. gov., 2153; Secessionists conven; broken up, 2 19 3 ; under martial law, 2261 . Afr. M. E, Zion Conf. org., 2272; Thomas E. Bramlette, gov., 2293 ; gov. against military enrollment of slaves, 2302; legis- lature protests, 2312 ; Freedom conven. held, 2313; Morgan's raids, 2121, 234 1 ; Habeas Cm-pus suspended. 237 3 ; Agricul- tural College est., 2423; refuses to ratify 13th Amend., 2432; lead ore mined, 2481 ; martial law abolished, 219 1 ; State Farm- er's conven. at Frankfort, 2513 ; Normal Inst, opd., 2543 ; George David Cummins, cons. P. E. bp., 2542 ; terrorized by "Skaag's men," 255 1 ; ratifies 14th. Amend., 2572; Presb. synod separates from Northern Asso., 258 2 ; gov. sup- presses lynchers, 2592; John L. Helm, gov.; John W.Stevenson, gov., 2593; rat- ifies 15th Amend., 2671; synod joins Presb. church, 2682; disturbance at Ben- son, 2743 ; Public Library fnd. ,2763 ; Pres- ton H. Leslie, gov., 2811 ; State Colored Univ. org., 2822; secures Green Island, 2892; James B. McCreary, gov., 2912; meteor seen, 2941 ; State Board of Health est.; Whipping Post Bill rejected, 3011 ; Luke P. Blackburn, gov., 3033; Coll. of Agriculture and Mechanics est., 3043; iron strikers, 3072; South Ky. Coll. org., 3082; Hatfield-McCoy vendetta, 3131 , 3331, 3802; R. R. commissioners ap- pointed, 3132; J. Proctor Knott, gov., 3152; Holbrook-Underwood feud closed, 3271; Simon B. Buckner, gov., 3293; troops ordered out, 330 1 ; treasurer a de- faulter, 3331 ; asphalt deposits dis., 3442; Howard faction feud, 347 1 , 4222; gov. declines troops, 3503; bill against lot- teries passed, 3543, 4032; Green Island ownership fixed, 3592; new constitution, 3892 ; syndicate buys coal land, 3933 ; John Y. Brown, gov., 3991; "moon- shiners" dis., 4042; negro R. R. coaches ordered, 4072 ; Howard-Turner feud, 4222 ; Turner-Nolin feud, 4503 ; Breck- inridge Congressional contest, 470 2 ; W. C. Owens, vote for Congress, 4731 . Kentucky University est., 1463. Wesleyan College org., 2543. Kenyon, Baron, title created, 9232. , James Benj., b. (1858); work, 3291 . , Lord Lloyd, b., 9082; chief justice, 9253; d., 9303. College org., O., 1331 . Keokuk, la., Constitution office sacked, 2192; Commercial Convention at, 2673. Kephart, E. B., bishop, 3082. Kepke, William, murderer, confesses, 3891 . Kepler invents wood engraving, 784 2 . , Johann, b., 7922; studies planets; explains tides, 792 1, 8961; Rudolphine tables; telescope, 792 1 ; completes tables, 7943; dis. motions of planets; his third law dis.; mathematician, 5111 - t works, 7921 5 7931 f 7951 ( 5111 ,5131 ; d., 7943. Keppel, Com., destroys fleet, 6182. , Viscount Augustus, b., 906 2 ; cap- tured Fr. vessel, 7041 ; lord of admiralty, 9232; d., 9242. , Arnold van, Earl of Albemarle, b.-d., 11011. , George Thomas, Earl of Albemarle, b. (1799) ; d., 10042. , Sir Henry, piracy, 5521 . Island, mission, 4902. Keppler, Joseph, d., 450i . Ker, Baron, title created, 9372. , John, b., 9103; d., 9323. Keratry, Auguste Hilarion de, b., 704a ; in Brittany, 7422 ; envoy, 7432; d., 7342. Kerbala besieged, 4861 . KerchJiof, Cheer for Low Spirits, 7931 . Keren, annexed by Italy, 33. Kerfoot, John Barrett, b. (1816) ; cons. P. E..bp., 2502; d. (1881). Kerf stan, paper machine, 8102. Kerguelen-Treniarec, Yves J. de.,b., 7003; d., 7123. , or Desolation, Is., Fr. occupies, 7671 . Kerman, or Kirman, captured, 1106 2 . Kernan, Francis, b., 124 2 ; in Electoral Commission, 2952; d., 4141 , , John D., strike investigation, 4662. Kemell, Harry, d., 4261 . Kerner, Andreas J., b., 8043; works, 8103, 8151 ; d., 8202. Kerr, David, moderator, 2543. , John Leeds, b. (1780) ; d., 1562. , Mark, dis. glacier in Alaska, 368 1 . , Michael Crawford, b. (1827) ; vote for speaker, 2671 , 2893; d. (1876). , O. C, Siuokai Class, 2651 . , Robert, b. (1755); d., 9363. Kerrville, Tenn., lynchers, 4751 . Kerry, Ire., Fenian outbreak, 9703. , E. of, title created, 9051. Kersa reigns, 1107 2 . Kerwin, Michael, appointed, 4653. Keshen, Commissioner, truce with, 6161 ; commissioner of trade, 6173. Keshko, Natalie, weds Prince Milan, 11233. (See Natalie, Queen.) Keshuqua, Pa., lumber burned, 435 3 . Kesseldorf , G er. , A us trians defeated, 5142 j battle of, 8001 . Kessels, Matthias, b.-d., 11011 . Kessler, Anton, shoots Mrs. Jaeger, 4222. Kestell-Cornish, R., bp., 9742, 10943. Kesteveii, Baron, title created, 9651 . Kef, William, rebel, 8701 ; d. (1549). Ketbogha. insurrection at, 6553. Ketchum, Edward B., forgeries of, 2483. , "William Scott, b. (1813); d., 2741 . , Winthrop W., b., 1282; d., 3042, , "W. S., murder case, 3102. Ketil Haeng, in Iceland, 10412. Ketteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, b., 8102; d., 8282. Kettell, Samuel, b. (1800); d., 1761. Kettles of brass made, 1441 . Kettle Run, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2121 . Keufstein, merchant, murdered, 5343. KeukaColl. (Free Baptist) est. at Keuka Park, N. Y. (1892). Kevetzow, Herr von, pres.Reichstag,8333. K.e\v, Eng., Gardens fnded., 9461; royal kitchen, 9.j4i ; observatory given to Brit. Asso. 9502 ; photolieliograph erected, 9621 ; tram-cars to Hammersmith, 9901. Kexholm, ceded to Swe., 11153, H353. liey, Sir Astley Cooper, b. (1821); d., 9982. 1300 Text Figures denote Page. INDijX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Key-Kins. Key, Bramsby L., cons, bp., 996 2 . , David MeKendree, b. (1824) ; p.-m. gen., 2953; resigns, 3043. , Francis Scott, b., 93 1 ; Star Spangled Banner, 1232 ; d., 156' ; monument, 332 1 . , Sir John, lord mayor Londojx, 945 3 . , Joseph S., bp., 3223. , Philip Barton, b. (1757) ; Sickles ac- quitted of, 185^ ; killed (1815). , Thomas Hewitt, b., 9283; d., 9802. , Marshall, b. (1819); d., 2641 . Key to Shakespeare's works appears, 9843. Key West, Habeas Corpus suspended, 1952; squadron leaves, 3561 ; storm, 473 3 - Keyes, Erasmus Darwin, b. (1810) ; in Army of Potomac, 2043 ; in Seven Days' Battles, 2091 ; at Edwards Ferry, 2123. , Thomas, executed, 9011 . Keynerts, Tiaeart, d , 7903. Keyser, Nicaise de, b., 5423; d., 5461 . , Polydore de, lord mayor Lond., 9973. Khaf-ra, reigns, Egy., 6453 ; builds pyra- mid ; statues of, 6451 . Khaibar Pass, Brit, envoy stopped, 53. Khain, Ameer of Khorassan, d., HOSi . Khaleel, El Ashrof, d., 6542. Kha-kau-Ra (Usertsen III.), reigns, 6473. kheper-Ra (Usertsen 11.), reigns, 6473. Koalatlolu, mission at, 11241. Khamaraweeyeh, reigns, Egy., 655 2 . Khan of Cipango, letter to, 122. Khandesh annexed, 10443; ravaged, 10441 . Kharesmians, expel invaders ; reign, 11072. Kharkoff, Univ. of, fnd., 11171. Khartum built, 6573 ; invested, 6601 ; stormed, 6602. Khasi Hills, mission, 10471. Khelat, Afghans besiege, 5381 ; captured; Brit, retake; Brit, overpowered, 5382; Brit, gov., 539i; revenue, 5393; diplo- matic relations, 5392. i-Ghilzais, Ameer defeated, 62. Kheper- ka-Ka (Usertsen I.) reigns, 6473. Kheraskoff, Mikhail, b.-d., 11143. Kherson, anti-Semitic riots, 11222. Khilji, House of, rules, 10432. Khilkof, Andrei Yakof Levitch, d., 11143. Khitans, war with, 6121 . Khiva, expedition against, 11161 j Rus- sians at; surrenders, 11181; partly an- nexed; revolt, 11192. Khodadad Khan, wounded ; restored,5392. Khokand, war with Russia, 11181 j annexed to Russia, 11193. Kholand, aid to, 6121 . Khorsavad, built, 11452. Khoshkadem Moaiyud Ahmed rules, 6553. Khoten annexed, 6113. Khoulalonkorn 1., b. ; reigns, 11243. Kliu-aten, built, 6492. Khufu, Cheops, king of Egy., 6451, 3; builds Great Pyramid, 6451. Khugianis, defeated by British, 61 . Kbiin-Hedervary.Ct., Ban of Croatia,5312. Ivbusru Khan, sultan, 10432. Khusruf, Pasha, captured; in Egy. ; revolt against, 6561 ; expelled, 6572. Khutab Shaih, dynasty reigns, 1043 3 . Kia the tyrant, reigns, 6103, 6111 . Kiaehta, telegraph to Peking, 6253. Kiaking, emp. of China, d., 6163. Kiamil Pasha, grand vizier, 11593. Kiangnan, China, subdued, 6121 . Kiang-si, mission, 6222. Kiangsu, famine, 625 3 . Kian Weuti, enthroned, 6131 . Kibaichick, condemned, 11211. Kickapoo J mii;uis surprised, 1021. Kidd, William, b.,381 ; royal commission, 521 ; pirate, 53' ; convicted, 543; d., 541 . Kidder, Daniel Parish, b. (1815) ; Rio de Janeiro, 5542 Kidderminster, riot, 9931. Kidwell, Zedekiah, b. (1814): d., 2762. Kiett sacked, 11141 ; U niv. fnd. ; univ. re- moved, 11171 ; inundated, 11181 ; martial law, 11212 ; gov. closes R. C. churches, 11202; Nihilists sentenced, 11211; univ. closed, 11*222. Kieft, Win., gov., 35 3 ; Indian treaty, 361 . Kiel, Prus., Univ. fnd., 7971; peace of, 8112; Fred, enters, 8223; cholera, 8373 ; observatory, 828i ; marine station, 8231 , Kk-l 5721 . Kingdon, H. Tully, cons, bishop, 10082. Kinglake, Alex. Wm., b., 9351 ; Invasion of Crimea, 9663 ; d., 10042. Kingo, Thos., b., 6362; works, 6371 ;d., 6381 . King's Book approved, Eng., 8683. Kingsborough, Lord. (See King, Edward.) King's Bounty distributed, Eng., 9443. Kingsbridge,'N.Y., Morrison attacks, 4502, King's Coll. unites with Aberdeen, 9623. Kingsbury, Ga., sa It works destroyed,215i . , Ind.,R.R. accident, 4393. , President, conspiracy, 4642. , Cyrus, missionary tolndians, 1243. King's Chapel. (See Boston.) College. (See Columbia.) , London, established, 9443 ; Hos- pital founded, 951 1 . County, Ire., founded, 8732. Mills, O., railway accident, 3653. Mountain, N. C, battle of, 922. Daughters fnd., 3223 ; furnish help, 4063 ; conven., 4662 ; form guild, 10002. Sons, fnd., 3223 ; conven., 4662. Kingston!, Anna, fnds. Hermetic Society. 9922; d., 9982. Kingsland, Ambrose C, mayor N.Y., 1692. Kingsley, Calvin, b., 1183 ; cons.M.E. bp. f 2332; d.,2702. , Charles, b., 9383 ; works, 9523, 9603 ; Christian Socialist, 9603 ; d., 9802. , James Luce, b., 912 ; d., 1701 . Kingsport, Tenn., Con feds, defeated, 2402. Kingston, Can., Weekly Xevs, 5771 ; R. C. diocese est., 5782 ; Queen's Univ. est. j Weekly Brit. Whit/, 57l)i ; Canadian Free- man, 5851; Black Caps org., 5863 ; Peo- ple's Political Party org., 5.s;>2 ; gas dis- covered ; Rom. Oath, see, 5901 . ■ , Eng., railway opened, 9461 . , N. Y., Indian massacre, 42 1 ; burned, 87 3 ;Ostrander defalcations, 3912; militia called out, 3921 ; anniversary, 4402,4733. , Pa., Confeds. occupy, 2232 ; eaith- quake, 3321. , Tenn., Burnside at; Confederates evacuate, 226 2 . , Duchess of (Elizabeth Chudleigh), b. (1720) ; trial of, 9192 ; d. (1788). , Earl, title created, 9172. Kingsville, Can., petroleum discovered ; gas discovered, 5861. Kingti, enthroned, 6113, 6131 , 6152. Kinhwa, mission, 6183. 61*22, 6231. Kinkead, John 11., governor Nevada, 303 3 . Kinkel, Johann G., b., 8103 ; d., 8302. Kin-Kiang, mission, 6243. Kinloss, Baroness, title created, 8772. Kinnaird, Baron, title created, 9651. , Baroness, title created, S93 2 , Kinneh, mission, 6571. Kinnoull, Earl of, title created. 8831 . Kino, Father, in California, 541 , 2. Kinogawa River, bursts banks, 10921. Kins, war with ; defeated ; conquered, 6121 ; dynasty ends, 6151 . Ens -Kong*. Text Figures denote Page. INJJxLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1301 Kinsale, Ire-, Eng. troops ; take, 898*. , Baron, title created, 8511 . Kinsolving, Geo. Herbert, bp. Tex., 4202. Kinston, N. C, action, 2162 ; Confeds. re- pulsed ; Schofield occupies ; Federals banged, 2302; Confeds. defeated, 2441 . Kin tang, Gordon repulsed, 620 2 . Kinti taken, 10482. Kiutore, Baron, title created, 945 1 ; Earl of, 893 2. , Earl of, gov. Soutb Australia, 5003. Kinzie, David H., major, 4561 , Kioto, missions at, 10921 . Kioty, Jap., taken, 10911 . Kiowa, Kan., gambling-bouses closed, 3831; female mayor, 3931. Kip, William Ingraham, b., 1163 ; cons. Prot. Ei>is. bishop, 1723; d., 4261. Kipling, Rudyard, b. (1865) ; works, 4203, 4482,9983, 10032, 10103. Kippis, Andrew, b., 9062 ; d., 9263. Kipton Station, O., railway accident, 3833. Kirby, James, executed, 999 1 . — -, William, b., 9143 ; d. (1850). ., , Ckien d y Qr, 5843. Kircber, Atbanasius, b., 7922 ; inventions of, 7962; d.,7971. Kircbmaier, Georg K.,b., 7963 ; d., 7983. Kircboff, Gustav R., b., 8123 ; d., 8321 . Kiretscbjian, Herant M., appeal, 4762. Kirghiz invasion, Bokhara, 5491 . Kirk, Sir David, at Quebec, 30 1 ; captures Ft. supplies, 5721 ; settles in N. F., 11031 . , Edward Norris, b., 1102 ; d., 2841 . , Sir John, in Zanzibar, 5623. , John Foster, b., 5781 ; works, 5811 . , Richard, governor S. C, 493. -, William H., murder of, 317 1 . Kirkaldy, Sir William, d,, 8742. Kirkbride, Thomas S., b., 1161 ; d. (18S3). Kirke, Percy, soldiers' depredations, 8972. Ivirker, Thomas, governor of O., 1152. Kirkham, Mr., Methodist, 90S3. Kirkland, Caroline M. S., b., 1101 ; d.,2312. , John Thornton, b., 762 ; d., 1522. ., Samuel, b., 642 ; d., 1142. Kirkpatrick, D., vote for vice-pres., 2952. Kirksville, Mo., Confederates defeated, 2103; Normal School established, 2763. Kirkwood, Daniel, b., 1231. , Samuel J., b. (1813) ; gov., 1903,2973; sec. interior, 31)72; resigns, 3111 ; d.,470i. Kirsten, Peter, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. Kirtland, O., Mormons organize church, 1383, 1402 ; Mormon conference, 3801 . Kirwan, Richard, b., 9123 ; d., 9362. Kisfaludy, Karoly, b., 5163; d. (1830). , Sandor, b., 5163 ; d., 5203. Kismaya, East Africa, native revolt, 5643. Kiss, August, b., 8082 ; d., 8222. , C, b.,9303. Kissingen,Bav., Prus. victory, 5261 , 8242. Kisoff, Col., conspirator, 5683. Kisulutini, mission opened, 5612. Kitchener, Lieut., survey of Pal., 11581 , Kite, ice-bound, 3881 . Ki-tsiang, b., 6183 ; marries, 6231. Kitteridge, Thomas, b., 662 ; d. (1818). Kittery, Me., first; Baptist church, 482. Kitto, John, b.,9323 ; d., 9582. Kittrow, Karl Ludwig t b., 5202. Kiukiang, mission, 6211 , 2. Kiung, enthroned, 611 1. Kiushiu, Bp. Evington cons., 10121 ; siege of castle, 10911 ; number of R. C, 10922. Kiwiwa, reigns ; deposed, 5623. Kju!inf)i j riser, appears, 6363. Itfladno, Bohemia, strikers' riot, 5323. Klapka, Gvorgv, b., 5202 ; d., 5342. ,b., 8042; d., 8143. , 8003 ; discovers zirco- d'., 8121. Klausenburg, Hung., trial of Roumanian nationalists, 537 3 . Kleber, Jean Baptiste, b., 7022 ; gen., at Heliopolis ; commander, 6561 , 6572 ; army in Egy. , 7123 ; Turks defeated, 7141 ; assassinated, 7141, 2. Klein, Jakob T., b., 79S2 ; d., 8023. ■, Johann Adam, b., 5191 ; d.,5282. , J. W., shot, 4142. Kleist, Ewald C. von, b., 7983 ; Spring, 8011; d., 8023. , Heinrich von, b., 8042 ; works, 8083 ; 8132 ; invents Leydenjar, 11003 ; d.,8102. Klengel, Johann C, b., 8022 ; d., 8123. Klenze, Leo von, b., 8042 ; d., 8222. Kleph, killed, 771 1. Klerksdorp, mission, 11242. Kliest, Marshal, at Kulin, 5201. Klinger, FriedrichM., b.,8022 ; Storm and Stress, 8051; d., 8142. Klopstock. Friedrich G., b., 8002 ; works, 8011,8032; d.,80S2. Klose, C, wife murderer, 4343. Klotz, Christian A., b., S002 ; d., 8031 . Kluber, Johann L., b., S023 ; d., 8143. Klune, R. L., arrested, 4023. Kmety, Georg, b., 5202 ; d., 5262. Knabe, Ernest J., d., 4562. Knapp, Georg c., b., 8022 ; d., 8123. , Jacob, b., 1082 ; d., 2841 . , Hermann, b., 1401 . , Lyman E., governor Alaska, 3492. , Manning M., d., 4001 . , Ft. F., indicted, 4043. , William E., d., 4001 . Knappe, Emil C, embezzler, 4623. Knapton Hall, sinks, 9833. Knared, treaty of, 11353. Knatchbull-Hugessen, Edward H., Lord Brabourne, d., 10082. Knaus, Ludwig, b. (1829); paints Ifoh/ Fam- ill/, 8281. Knebel, Karl L. von, b., 8003 ; d., 8142. Kneeland, Samuel, b., 1301. Kneller, Sir Godfrey, b., 7903 ; est. art academy, 9041 ; d., S002. Knickerbocker, David Buell, b. (1833) ; consecrated Prot. Epis. bishop, 3142. Knickerbocker Magazine, est., 1403. Knigge, Ernest, a'ssaul ted, 4562. Knight, Charles, b., 9243 ; works, 9583, 9611; d.,97Si. , Cyrus F., cons, bp., 3382 ; d., 3842. — 7— , deputy marshal, killed, 4223. ,E. F.^Yitise of the. Aterte, 3962. , Edmund, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822. , Edward H., Die. of Mechanics, 9963. , Henry Edmond, lord mayor, 991 2 . , James, explorer, 5743 ; d. (1719±). , John, Arctic explorer, 8781 . , Richard Payne, b., 9123 ; d., 9422. -Bruce, Sir James L.,1. justice, 957 2 . Knighthood intro., Eng., 8491; for free- holders, 8553. Knightley, Baron, title created, 10091. Knights of the Golden Circle meet, 1853 ; arrested at Reading, 2213. of the Holy Sepulchre, founded, 539 2 ; revived, 10791 , 10863. of Honor org., 2S3 1 ; statistics, 4463. Hospitallers buhl Rhodes, 11553. of Labor, org., 269i ; Gen. Assembly org., 3011; increase, 3032 ; proclamation against, 3211 ; strike, 3291 ; agree, 3522 ; unite with Farmer's Alliance, 355 1 ; for political action, 3591 ; political meeting inlll.,a r >92; strike, 3662 ; glass-blowers' conven., 3NS2; leave Iron League, 4082 ; conven. St. Louis, 4183 ; Hugh Deinpsey convicted, 4222; Gen. Asso. meets, 4423 ; Powderly's resignation; con ven.inPhil a., 4443; low wages, 4482; aid strikers, 4563; conven. ,4743; Sovereign re-elected, 475 1 ; protest against government bonds, 4762. and Ladies of Honor, founded, 2983 ; statistics, 446 3 . of the Maccabees, statistics, 4463. of Malta, at Jerusalem, 6543; Eng., 8692 ; confirmed, 10741. of Pythias, soc. fnd., 3091; liquor dealers excluded, 3603 j session, 4142 ; statistics, 421 1. of Round Table revived, Eng., 8583. of St. Catherine instituted. 11551 . of St. John, at Rhodes, 10341 ; inst., 10743 ; erect hospital at Jerusalem, 11551 ; expelled from Tripoli, 11382. of St. Patrick, established, 9231 . Templars, membership, 3891 ; con- clave, 4123 ; suppressed ; order abol- ished, 10763. Knighthood, orders re-established, 11323. Knipperdolling, Bernhard,d., 7902. Knitting, known, 0802 ; common, 8662. Knives, first made, Eng., 8721 ; manufac- tured in America, 1361 . Knock, Ire., shrine at, 10002. Knold, Carl, indictment, 4143. Knolles, Richard, b. (1550±) ; History of Turks, 8783 ; d. (1610). Knone Island, E. I., Fr. possess, 7641 . Knott, James Proctor, b. (1S30) ; resolu- tion, 2933 ; governor, 3152. Knout, use of, abolished, 11223. Knowles, Commander, indignation against, 671 ; impresses seamen, 672. Kuowles James Sheridan, b., 9223 j works, 9383, 9431 , 9443 ; d., 9662. "Know-Nothing" Soc. appears, 1743; Nat. Conven., 177 2 ; enacts prohibition, R. I., 1783 ; presidential nominations, 179 2 ; riot in Baltimore, 1803. Knox vs. Lee, case of, 273 2 . , Henry, b., 662 ; maj.-gen., commands army, 961 • forms Soc. of Cincinnati, 97 1 ; sec. of war,101 2 ;( ,rg. militia, 1021; d., 1122. • , John, b.,866i ; pres. Reformed Synod, 1363; preachings ; refugee in Eng., 8702 ; in Eng. ; est. Reformation ; writings of, 8722 ; works, 8723,8751; d.,8742. , J., d., 4001. , Robert R., consecrated bishop, 9962. College founded, 1483. Little, Canon, at Toronto, 5861 . Knoxville, Tenn., settled, 1013 ; printing- press intro. ; K. Gazette est., 1043; Univ. of Tenn. org., 1143 ; Burnside at ; evac- uated. 2262, 2281 ; Confeds besiege, 2281 • Confeds. seize fort ; battle ; Longstreet at, 2282 ; siege raised, 22sa ; Stoneman raids, 2442; insane asylum, 2872; St. Mary's School est., 3123; r. r. accident, 3452 ; Morning Journal seized, 3762 ; Afro-Am. League meets, 3872; shipment of arms, 4121 ; Presb. against mobs, 4382. Knudson, A. A., invents telephone, 320 1 . Knutslord college est., 9771. , Baron, title created, 9963. ■ Knutsson, Torkel, regent, 11351 ; d., 11352. Knyphausen, Baron Win. von, Hessian gen.inAm.,b.,800i ;inN.J.,92i ;d.,8043. Koanto annexed, 1091 2 . Kobad (Kuhadt, reigns, 11072. Kobe, missions at, 10921 , 2. Ivobell, Franz von, b., 8082. Kock, Charles Paul de, b., 7102 ; works, 7232 74i; 1. Koch, Christoph Wilhelm von, b., 8002 ; d., 8102. ■ Joseph Anton, b., 8031 ; d., 8143. , Hans, martyr, 7891 . , Henri de, b., 7241 ; d., 7621 . , Karl Heinrich Emil, 1>..N083; d.,830i. , Robert, b. (1843) ; U. S. fund, 3732 ; remedy tested in N. Y., 3481 ; in Conn., 3773 ; remedy praised ; Aust. proposes hospitals, 5341 ; investigation report, 7601; microbe dis., 830i; tuberculosis remedy ; institute est., 8341 ; Order of Black Eagle, 8342 ; aid from emperor, 8343. Kochi, mission at, 10922. Koechlin, Daniel, b., 7061 ; d., 7461. Koeckmann, Hermann, cons., 10411 . Koekkoek, Bernard Cornelius, b.-d., 11021. Koelxler, F., suicide, 4522. Koliaku, mikado reigns, 10913. Kohima mission, 10463. Kohl, Johann G., b., 8083 ; d. ( 8282. Kohler, or Koehler, Johann D., b., 7982 ; d., S023. Kojuk Pass, British at, 41 . Kokomo, ind., White Caps outrage, 4211 • women outlaws, 444 2 , Kokoran, Ayoob at, 61 . Kolb, Capt., oath of office, 4771 . Kolbe, Adolf W. H., b., 8122 ; d., 8302. Kolberg, Ger., resist Fr., 716 2 ; fortress captured, 8022. K'olcsey, Ferencz, b., 5163 ; d., 5203. Kolding, Danes defeated, 8181 ; taken fc 6402. Kolga, asteroid, discovered, 2981 . Kolin, Bohemia, battle of, 8021 , 516I . Kollack, Theodor, b., 8122. Kolliker, Rudolf Albert, b., 8122. Kollman, cloudburst, 5341. Kolokotronns, Theodorus, insurrectionist, in Peloponnesus, 1035 3 . Koloman, king, 5033. Kolowrat, Leopold Krakowski, founds mu- seum, 5171 . Kolozsvar, Univ. founded, Hung,, 5283. Kolpakoviski, Gen., defeats Oghlan, 11181 . Kols mission, 10463. Koltadab, Gholam Khan at, 62. Komaroff, Gen., at Bokhara ; at Chard- jiu, 62. Kome-es-paht, mission, 6571. Komei-Tenno, reigns, 10913. Komorn, Hung., yields, 5223. Kondutchi, attacked, 8381 . Kongo Free State (see text, pp., 1093-1094), treaty saved, 3832 ; Am. missions, 5461 ; Conf. proposed, r>462; Bin adopted; loan; gov. appointed ; Purchase Bill ; railroad 1302 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Kong— Lat)0, govt, fund, 5472 ; railroad subscriptions, 5473 ; Free-trade zone, 5642. Kongo River, dis., 1161 1 ; explorations on, 10931; steamer on, 10932 ; mission, 10942; Port, protest, rights denned, 11112. Konias, Anthony, Jesuit book-burner, 5131 . Konicli, battle at, 6562. Kdnig Friedrich, b., 8041 j steam printing- press, 9343 ; d., 8142. Kdnig Wilhelm, launched, 8243; collides, 8281. Kbniggratz, Bohemia, battle of, 8242. Koiii-inhuf, Bohemia, captured, 8241. Kbnigsberg, fud., 7812 ; treaty of, 7173 ; statue of emp.,736 1 ; capital, 7813; Grand Masters, Teutonic Order at, 7S72; dukes at, 7893; Lutheran Univ., 7911; Univ. of K.,7931; taken, 80S1. Konigshofen, peasants defeated, 7881. Konias mark, Count, Johann Christoph, b. (1600) ; at Prague, 5122 ; a t Magdeburg, 6361 ; d. (1663). , Philipp Christoph von, b. (1662) ; at Morea, 10341 ; assassinated (1694). Kb'nigstein Tun built, 8013. Konrad Otho enthroned, Bohemia, 5051 . Kookas revolt, 104S2. Kooneh Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . Koos, mission at, 6571 . Kooshab, action at, 110S1 . Kopfner, Johann G.,dis. cobalt blue, 8121 . Kopp, Prof. vs. Win. Tell, a myth, 11381 . Kbppen, Adolph Louis, b., 6382. , Friedrich, b., 8041 ; d., 8201. Koprili-Fasil-Ahmed, b. (1626) ; grand viz- ier, 11572 ; d. (1676). , Mustafa, killed, 5122. Koralyi, Gustavo Siegmund, d., 5342. Korah mutinies, 11413 ; engulfed, 11403. Koran, written, 4S42 ; 8th chapter ; col- lected, 4843 ; appears, 10722. Korashan, Messiah, San Francisco, 4021 , Korea (see text, p. 1009), Adm. Rogers at- tacks, 2721; Ams. endangered, 4601 ; war with China, 6121 ; Japanese claim, 6141; invaded ; annexed, 6152 ; demand of China, 6252; treaty with Japan, 6272; bp. Corf e cons., 10022 ; Japanese invade, 10911; subdued, 10912; anti-Japanese riots; China-. Japanese war, 10921 ; war, 6251,2,3, 6272,3. Ivoreysh, development, 4833. Koreyshites, Mohammed defeats, 4841. Korner, Karl T., b., 8043; Lyre and Sword, 8103 ; d., 8102. Korti, Egypt, evacuated, 6602. Kortright, Eliza, married, 932. Korum, Felix, papal nomination, 8303. Kosair, mission, 3571. Kosciusko, Miss., political tight, 4522. , Thaddeus, b., 11143 ; in Am. army, 871 ; inLond.,92:>2; taken at Maciejoviee, 11161; insurrectionist, 11172 • d., 11163. Kosegarten, Johann Gotfried Ludwig, b., 8062 ; d., 8202. Koshin, attacked, 6273. Koskatad, miss, dower, 6003; mission, 601 1 . Kosmos sinks, 9893. Kossova, Turks victorious, 5081 ; eel., 5332. Kossuth, Francis, succeeds father, 5372 ■ advances father's ideas, 5382. , Louis, b., 5191 ; at "Vienna, 522 1 ; gov., 5231,2; i u exile, 5232; i n Turk., 5233; sentenced, 5242; deputy ; letter, 5273; re- signs, 5291 ; citizenship denied, 535* ; for- bids visiting Hung., 536 1 ; in N. Y. ; in "Wash., 1691; addresses Cong. ; U. S. ves- sel for, 1692 ; sails for Liverpool, 171 1, 9571 ; seized, 9592; d., 5361; funeral; Hung, in mourning, 5363 ; funeral con- cessions, 5372 ; remains honored, 5373 ; memorial resolution, 4551 ; library, 5373. Kostomaroff, Nicholas Ivanovitch, b., 11163; d., 11201. Kostza, Martin, at Smyrna; seized, 525 1 ; rescued, 1721. Kotah taken, 10481. Kotapad mission, 10472. Kotgur mission, 10463. Kothair-byu, convert, 10463. Kothapur mission, 10471. Kotonou, secession ; action at, 11612. Koto us captured, 118 1 . Kotze, Von, Chancellor, arrested, 8363. Kotzebue, August, Fred.Ferd.von,b.,8023; works,80f>2; assassinated, 8132; d.,8122, , Otto von, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. Kouts, Ind., R.R. collision, 3273. Koutsky, Herr von, embezzler, 4222. Kow-Shung settled, 6263. Kraft, Joseph, child kidnapped, 4442. Kraitsir, Charles, d., 524z. Kranichfeld acquired, 813 3 . Krantz, Adm., minister, 757 1 . Krapf, John L., miss, in Abyss., 12, 561 2 ; at Mombasa, 5612. Krapotkin,l>emetrius ( assassinated, 11191 . , Prince Peter, b. (1842) ; trial, 7531 . Krasieki, Ignatius, b.-d., 11143. Krasinski, Waleryan, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. Krasnoi, W. Rus., contest at, 7183. Krauel, Dr., signs agreement, 835 2 . Krause, Marshal, gov. of Prague, 5311 . Krauth, Chas. Philip, b. (1797) ; d., 2471 . , , Porterheld, b., 1302; p res . of council, 2742 ; d., 3121. Kray, Baron Paul von, b. (1735) ; at Mag- nano, 7122 ; at Stockach, 5182 ; d. (1804). Krebs, John Michael, b. (1804); moderator, 1583 ; d. (1S67). Kreeder, D. S., murdered, 4331 . Krefeld (Crefeld), Prus., battle at, 7021 . Kreli, repulsed, 6001 . Kreiuentz, Philip, card, priest, 8361. Kremlin, fnd. at Moscow, 11141 ; Napole- on's headquarters, 7183. Kremsier, Moravia, seat of govt., 5231; rulers meet, 5312 ; first Anst. diet, 8173. Kresimir, Prince of Croatia, 5031 . I., king of Croatia, 5032. II., prince of Croatia, 5031 ; k., 5032. Kreutzer, Rudolf, b., 8823 ; d., 8142. Sonata excluded from mails, 3642. BLribbs, George F., b., 1602. Krieg -l/e Letterarie, 10851. Lamian "War, 10242. Lamington, Baron, title created, 9871 . Lamlet reigns, 10732. Laiiioignon, Chretien Francois, b., 688 s : d., 6963. Lamon, Ward H., d., 4281 . Lamont, Daniel S., sec. war, 4271 . , Johann von, b. (1805) ; magnetic dis- turbance discovered, 9561 ; d. (1879). Lamoral, Count of Egmont, at Gravelines, 6821. Lamoreaux, S. W., In int. dept., 4472. Lamoriciere, Christophe Louis Leon Ju- chault de, b., 7163; conquers Kader, 83; at Castelfidard, 7341 ; d., 7362. Lamotte, Jeanne de Valois, b., 7022; d., 7082. Lamp, incandescent, patented, 2981 j ex- hibited, 3021. , improved patent, 9222 ; safety ap- pears; '* Geordy " inv., 9381 . Lampadius, Wilhelm A., b., 8031 ; pro- duces sulfurous carbon, 7821 ; dis. light- ing gas, 8102 ; d., 8162. Lampeter, W., St. David's Coll. est., 9411. Lampridius, .Elius, Jug. History, 10671. Lamps, oil, used. 1140 2 . Lamson, Alvan, b. (1792) ; d., 2351. Lamu Islands ceded, 5631 . La Navidad erected ; fort burned, 142. Lancashire, Eng.,spiiming-jenny invented, 9161; plate glass nianf., 9182; strike, 9831,9942 Lancaster, Eng., Working-Men's Society, 9651 j earthquake, 1000' ; cotton-workers strike, 10083, 10103. , Ky., illicit whisky, 4082. — — , Mass., Indians attack, 461 . , O., gas explosion, 3993. , Pa., Iroquois sell land, 65 3 ; capital removed, 1193; Franklin and Marshall Coll.org., 1463,1731 ; Indus. School, 4721 . , Va., Confederates defeated, 2003. , House of, 8612. . (See John of Gaunt.) , Sir James, b., 8701 ; at Pernambuco, 5521; at Olinda, 5522 ; d.,8S0i. , Joseph, b., 9203 ; charity teacher, 9292 ; d.,9482. , Thomas, E. of, leader, beheaded, 857 2 . , , bishop of Kildare, 8702. Sound discovered, 5703 ; Capt. Ross visits, 5762 ; Parry enters, 5781 . Lance, George, b., 9303 ; d., 8961. Lancelot, Doin Claude, b., 6862; a., 6943. Lancers appear, 9381. Lancey, James de, governor, 693, 7J3, , Oliver de, royalist corps, 842. , AVm. H. de, cous. P. E. bishop, 1503. Lan-Chau mission, 6242. Lanchner, Franz, b., 8082; d., 8321 . Lancival, Luce de, works, 7171 , 7192. Land, grants to refugees, Algeria, 10 2 ; sales forbidden, China, 6252 ; power of bequeathing, Eng., 8492 ; rent of, 8693. Act denounced, 9S83. and Stamp tax, France, 7071 +. Bill introduced, 9733, 9952. Land of Cor};,u/t/»e issued, 8562. Land Court Bill passes, 3732, 3791. Grant Bill, notice of, Can., 5902. Forfeiture Bill, 3573, 3651 , 3691 . Law, as so. to support, 9883 ; Landed Estates Court established, 963 2 . League. (See Irish Nat. Land League.) Land and Liberty circulated, 11203. Land nationalization begins, 3091 . Society formed, 9883. of Opliir, Columbus names, 153. Registry office fails, 9733. Tenure Reform League meets, 975 2 . Transfer Act for Eng., 9812. Landau taken, 7961 . Landen, John, b., 9062. Lander, Frederick William, b. (1821) ; at Philippi, W. Va., 196i ; d., 2052. , Louisa, b.. 1442. T Richard Lemon, b„ 9323 ; d. (1834). Landes-Union find, in Mecklenburg, 7893. Landgrave, title established, 777 2 . Landi, Gasparo, b., 10842 ; at Calatatimi, 108S1 ; d., 10862. Landiver, Rafael, b.-d., 10951. Lando, pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . Landon, Charles Paul, b., 7023 ; d., 7242. , Letitia Llizabeth (Mrs. George Mac- lean), b., 9303; d. (1838). , Samuel, b., 602. Landor, explorer, Australia, 4961 . , Walter Savage, b.,919i; works, 9271; 9371,9423,9483; d.,896i. Landrost and Heemraaden ends, 5973. Lands, public, granted to railroads, 1691 j revenue from, 179 ] . Landsdowne, Marquis of. (See Fitz- maurice, William Petty.) Landseer, Sir Edwin, b., 930 3 ; works, 9461,9521; d.,978i. , John, b., 9151 ; a., 9582. , Thomas, b., 9283 ; anishLung. Soc, 6383. L'Angeli, court fool, d., 6923. Langenieux, B. M., card, priest, 7542. Langensalza, Prus., battle of, 8241 . Langenstein, Hugo von, St. Martin, 7823. Laugevin, Sir Hector Louis, b., 5781 ; pe. tition against, 592 3 ; exculpated ; re- signs, 5931. , Jean, cons, bishop, 5822 ; d.,5941. Langford, Baron, title created, 9311 . Langham, Simon de.b., S562; d., 8582. Langhoi-ne, John, b., 9082 ; d.,9203. Langiewic/,, Margan, b. (1827) ; dictator of Poland, 11192. Langland, William, b.-d., 8582; piers Plow- man, 8583. Langley, Samuel Pierpont, b., 1422 ; moon's temperature. 3281 . Langobardi, surrender idols, 7702; barbar- ous customs, 7703. Langres, Fr., submits to Austria, 7202. Lnn2i ;~renewed, 10532. towns, settled by Rinnans, 1053 2 . Latini, Brunetto, Tesoretio, 10771 . Latins, attack Roman repub. ; war with, 10501 ; allies of Rome, 10511 ; desert Ro- mans ; harass Tuseulans, 1051 3 ; subju- gated, 10532 ; king of Janiculum rules, 10511. Latium, defeated, 10521 . Latour, Count, murdered, 5231 . d'Auvergne, Tlieophile Malo C. de, b., 7003; d., 7142; body inl'aiitheon, 7593. Latreille, Pierre Andre, b., 7023 ; d., 7262. Latrobe, Pa., R. R. accident, 3413, , Charles Joseph, b. (1801) ; gov., 4953; d. (1875). , John Hazelhurst Boneval, b. (1803) ; d., 3902. Latta, Alex. Bonner, b. (1S21) ; d., 2471 . , , James, b. (1732); moderator, 1043; d. (1801). Latter Day Saints. (See Mormons.) Latude, Henri Masers de,b.,698 2 ; d.,7163. taube, Heinrich, b., 8083 ; works, 8151, 8182 ; d., 8302. Laud, Ferdinand, b., 520 2 ; d., 5282. , Wm.,b.,8742; bp.,880 2 ; archbp. Can- terbury, 878 2 ; commission, 8822 ; min- ister, 8833 ; martyred, 8843, 8853, 8862. Lauderdale, D. of. (SeeMaitland, John.) , Earl of, title created, 881 1 . , E. of. (See Maitland, James.) Laudini, Christoforo, b.-d., 676 2 . Laudon, Gideon Ernst von, b., 514 2 ; at Kay, 5161 ; defeats Prussians ; at Glatz 8021 • d., 5163. Laudonniere, Rene" de, leader, 25 1 . Lauenberg, ceded, 526 3 ; king possesses, 8232. Laufach, battle at, 8242. Laugel, Antoine Auguste, b., 7261 . Laughing gas, in Paris, 7361 ; in London, 9701 . (See Nitrous oxid gas.) Laugier, Comte de, Cesar de Bellecour, b., 10843; d., 10882. Lauman, Gen. Jacob G., b. (1813) ; at Jackson, 2243. Launitz, Edward Schmidt yonder, b.,8063; d., 2862. , Robert Eberhard, b. (1806) ; d., 2721 . Laura, b. (130S) ; meets Petrarch, 10771, d. (1348). Laure, Sir Peter, lord mayor, Lond., 945 3 . Laurel Hill, Cal., Broderick monument restored, 3421. , Cemetery est., Phila., 1473. ,W r . Va., Confeds. defeated, 1962. Lauremberg, Johann, Comic Poems 7971 . Laurence, St., martyred, 10663. Laurens, Henry, b., 602; pres. of Cont'l Congress, 89 2 ; captured by Brit., 933 ; treaty commissioner, 952; d M 1022. , John, b., 711; tights duel, 89 2 ; d.,95i. Laurent, discovers JS'emausa, 7342. Lauren tin, asteroid, discovered, 7481 . Laurentius, archbishop, 8422. Lauridsen, Niels, b., 6362. Lauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre Bernard Law, b., 7042 ; d., 7243. Lausanne, Switz., Workmen's Interna- tional Congress, 11383. Lauson, M. de, gov. Can., 573 2 , also (1656); Montreal given to, 5732. Lautaro, b. (1535+) ; leader, 6043 ; d. (1557). Lautrec, Marshal, at Bococca, 6801 ; before Naples, 6S0 2 . Lauzun, Antoine Nompar deCaumont de f b., 6882; d., 698 2 . Lavadia, Chung-How signs treaty, 6232, Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xavier, b,, 301 ; cons, bp., 5723 ; first R. C. bp. Que- bec ; resigns, 5731 ; d.,575i. University, Can., founded, 5803, and Victoria Univ., amalgamated, 588 2 ,3. Lavallee, Tlieophile Senastien, b., 715 1 ; History of the French, 7271 : d., 736 2 . Lavalette, Comte de, Marie Chamens, b., 7042 ; condemned; flees, 7232 ; d., 7261. 1306 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Lava-Lee. Lavater, John Casper, b.-d., 11372 ; physi- ognomic Fragment*, 8051. Lavedan, Henri Leon Ewile, b. (1S59) ; Marionnettes, 7662. Laveleye, Emile Louis Victor, b., 5423; d., (1891). Lavelle County, Ind., defalcation, 3932. , Gen. Juan, b.(1797); defeat; shot, 490' . La Vergne, Tenn., action near, 2161 . Lavergne, Louis Gabriel Leonce Guilhaud, b. (1809) ; Rural Economy, 733' ; d. (1880). Lavigerie, Chas. Martial Allemand, cardi- nal, b.. 91; cons, bp., 7362; cardinal priest, 7522 ; unity of church and state, 7582; antislavery'address, 7003 ; recog- nizes Fr. Republic, 7632; est. pro-cathe- dral, 11393; d., 7641. Layisse, Ernest, Academician, 7561 ; works, 7582. Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, b., 7003 ; de- composes water ; theory of phlogiston, 7041 ; d., 7102. law, A. E., fined, 4171. , Charles Edward, Lord Ellenborough, gov.-gen., Ind., 10473; d., 10041. , Edmund, b., 9022. , Edward, Lord Ellenborough, d., 9243. , , L. Ellenborough, b., 9122; chief justice, 9313 ; d., 9382. , , L. Ellenborough, minister, 9433; gov.-gen., 9513; lord admiralty, 9532; d., 9761. , Hugh, lord chancellor, 9891 . , John, b., 8922 ; projects Mississippi scheme, 592,593, 3972, 6972, 3; company chartered, 593 ; bank privileges, 6992 ; insolvent, 6993 ; expelled from Fr., 611, 6992; d., 9082. , Jonathan, b. (1674) ; gov., 653 ; d. (1750). , Richard, b., 622 ; d. (1806). , Sallie, C. G., d., 464i. , William, b., S962 ; d. (1761). Amendment Society est., 9531 . Enforcement League org., 4751 . and Order League, la., 333i ; stop Sunday traffic, W. Va.,3633; against ne- groes, N. J., 4562. Law Quarter'// fteriew issued, 9942. Lawes, Sir John Bennett, b., 9363. Lawler, Daniel V., Phonetic Bill in Cong., 3562; nom. for gov., 4132. , Thos. G., commander G. A. R., 4703. Lawrence, Kan., Congregational Church fmd., 1762; election for leg.; Free State men meet, 1772; besieged, 1781 ; sacked, 1791,2; attacked, 1812; fl rs t legislature meets, 1932; state Univ. at, 2191 ; raided, 2261 ; TJniv. of Kansas org., 2543 ; Pro- nib. Party org., 3172; R. R. wreck, 4493. , Mass., Pemberton mill falls, 1873 ; strike, 3103; Bolton bribery trial, 4171 . , Abbott, b., 1022; est. scientific dept., Harvard, 1642 ; d., 1761 . , Amos, b., 981 ; d., 1701 . , Sir Arthur Johnstone, d., 10081 . , Baron, title created, 9651. — — , Charles, convicted, 3902. , Cornelius VanWyck, b. (1791) ; mayor N. T., 1452; d. (1861). , George Alfred, b., 9423. , Henry, shot, 4743. , Montgomery, b., 9323 ; against Sepoys, 104S1 ; d. (1857). , James, b., 931 ; defeats British, 1201 ; at Cape Ann, 1202; d., 1211 . ■, , lord mayor London, 9691. , J. F., arrested, 3902. , John, mayor N. Y., 453, 532. , , b., 662 ; pres. senate, 1092 ; d., 1162. , Lord , Laird Mair, b., 9351 ; vice- roy, 10492; d. (1879). , Richard, to assassinate Jackson, 1431 . , Maj. Stringer, b. (1697) ; at Pondi- cherry, 10441 ; gov. N. S., 5752 ; d. (1775). , Sergt., wins rifle prize, 9821. , Sir Thomas, b., 9183 ; Hamlet, 9302 ; pres. Royal Society, 9401 ; d., 9442. .William, cons, bp., 4301 , 4401 . , , b., 9223 ; lord mayor London, 9652; d., 9151. , , spiritualist punished. 9823. , Beach, b., 1082; d., 3062. University, org., Kan., 1632, 1663. Lawrencebnrg, Term., D. Crockett anni- versary eel., 3663. Lawrie, Gawen, gov. N. J., 492. Laws in New Eng., 721 ; prohibitory in Am. colonies, 731. (See under the title of each law.) Lawson, Cecil Gordon, b. (1851); Hop Gar- dens, 9781; d. (1882). , James Anthony, d., 9962. , John, surveyor, captured, 562 ; ex- plorer, 4941 , burned, 562, 572. , Justice, assaulted, 990 3 . , Thomas G., b., 1442; speech, 4392. , Sir Wilfred, on local option, 9851 . Lawyers' exclusion statues repealed, 9772. Lay, Henry Champlin, b., 1302; b p ., 1862. Helpers' Association org., 9682. Readers" Brothers org., 3322. o/Havelock, 8543. of the Hon, !/*iicl;/c appears, 6723. of Kola tul brought from France, 8463. I.ayainon. poet. Brut, 8523; d., 8521. Lavard, Sir Austen Henry, b., 938 2 ; works, 9551,9963, 11571 ; discoveries at Nineveh, 11562 ; d., 10102. Layer, Christopher, in conspiracy against king, 9072; executed, 9073. Layton, Fernando C, b., 1623. Lazare Carnct, attempt to burn, 7671 . Lazarists, congregation of, 6871 . Lazaro, Count, duel, 5323. Lazarus raised, 11522. , Emma, b., 1662; d., 3262. , Moritz C, b., 8123. Lazear, Maj., at Van Buren, 2143. Lazelle, Henry M. .commissioned col. ,3341 . Lazo, Elias, minister, 6443. Lazzaroni, as pikeinen, 10841 ; at Naples, 10861. Lea, Henry Charles, b., 1322; work, 3283. , Isaac," b., 1022; d„ 3242. Female College, Miss., fnd., 2963. Leach, Richard, murderer, 4751. , William Elford, b.. 9243; d., 9482. Lead discovered in Kansas, 2961. City, S. Dak., against prohibition, 3682; fire, 4393 ; cashier embezzles, 4483. ore Bill passes House, 411 1 . Leadville, Colo., settled, 2973 ; mines closed, 4333. League Island presented to Govt., 2621 . for Commercial Liberty, Fr., 7463. of German Princes inaugurated, 5173. of Patriots, scandal ; suppressed, 757 2 . of Rhine cities, Ger., 7833. of the Rose fmd., 7571 . Leagues against nobles, Ger., 7793. Leahy, John, bp., 9583 ; murdered, 9903. Leake, Sir John, Adm., capture in Mediter- ranean ; at Barcelona, 9021 ; lord of ad- miralty, 9031 ; at Sardinia, 10821 . , Walter, b. (17601 ) ; gov. Miss., 293 ; d. (1825). , William M., b., 9203; d., 9642. Learning, James R., d., 4181 . Leander ordered out of Am. waters, 1133. Leang dynasty rules, 6131 . Leaoutung, cue enforced, 615 1; Tartars take, 6153. Lear, Edward, d., 9962. , Tobias, b. (1760) ; d., 1242. Learned, Joseph E. *'.., d., 2702. Leary's raft at Riker's Island, 3653. Lease, Mary Ellen, speaks to unemployed, 4531 ; on'State Charities Beard, 451 2 ; opposes gov., 4513 ; speech, 453i . Leather, patent, produced, 126i. Leavenworth, Kan., proslavery party meets, 1791 ; election troubles, 181 1 ; Con- fed, flag, 1953 ; Times, 4513 ; excluded from mails, 3703 ; pontoon bridge de- stroyed, 3933 ; prisoners liberated, 4683. Leavitt. John Brooks, in court, 4331. , Joshua, b., 1042; d., 2801. , Mrs. Mary Clement, report, 3943. Lebanon, 111., McKendree Coll. fnd., 1351 . , Ind., White Caps sentenced, 3643. , Ky., Feds, captured, 2242 ; skirmish near Junction, 213 2 . , Mo., action near, 2001 . , Tenn., Cumberland Univ. org., 1551 ; Confeds. defeated, 2063; action near, 2151 ; Federals occupy, 2183. Valley College, Pa., org., 2583. Schools Society est., London., 9643. Lebel rifle in bus. army, 11201 . Lebceuf, Edmond, b., 719i ; chief of staff, 7381 ; minister of war, 7392; d., 7562. Le Boesme, Father, missionary, 422. Le Bourget recaptured, 7422. Lebron in Paraguay, 11052. Lebrun, Charles, b. , 6862 ; Passage of Granicus, 6901 ■ d., 6942. Lebrun, D. de, Charles Francois Piacenza, b., 7002; consul, 7133; d., 7242. , Pierre Antoine, b.,7061 ; works, 7052, 7171,7232; d.,7461. , Pigault, L'Enfant du Carnival, 7083. , Ponce D. E., b., 6983; d., 7163. Le Caron, Joseph, miss., 282 ; d. (1632). Leehaeum, Gr., action at, 10222. Lechfeld, Ger., battle of, 7722. Lechus I., D. of Poland, 11132. II., I), of Poland, deposed, 11132. Lechus III., D. of Poland, 11132. IV., D. of Poland, 11132. V., D. of Pol. ; abdicates, 11133. Le Clear, Thomas, b., 1262; d. (1882). Le Clerc, Jean, b.-d., 11372; work, 8963. , Louis, Count of Buffon, Histoire naiurelle, 7012. , Victor Emmanuel, b., 7042 ; slavery . in Haiti ; d., 7143. Lecke, Sir H., at Bushire, 9601 . Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, b., 9482 ; works, 9683, 9842. Lecluse, Carolus, b., 6803; d., 6862. Lecombo, Bp. Smyth, cons., 10082. Lecompte, tries to assassinate king, 7292. , Edward W., d., 428 1 . Lecompton, Kan., post captured, 181 1; partisan judge; proslavery force; pro- slavery Legislature, 1S12 ■ illegal con- ven., 1831 ; Lane University org.. 2093. , Judge, removed ; restored, 1812. Bill, House rejects; Sen. passes, 1851 . Constitution, Douglas opposes, 1832 ; rejected, 1833. Lecomte, Gen. Claude Martin, shot, 7442, 3; murderers sentenced, 746 3 . Leconrield, Baron, title created, 9591. LeConte, John, physicist, b., 1 262 ;d. (1891). , , naturalist, b., 962; d. (I860). , Lawrence, b., 1322; d., 3142. .Joseph, b., 1302; works, 3003, 3323; Pres. Amer. Asso., 3901 ; d., 3821 . de Lisle (Chas. Marie Leconte), b. (1820), 7223 ; works, 7523, 7351 , 7333, 7542; Academician, 752 1 ; d., 7661 . Lecoq, Henri, b., 7143; d., 7461. de Boisbaudran, Paul Emile, b., 7281 . Lecot, Victor L., cons. card, priest, 7622. Lecouvreur, Adrienne, b., 6942; d., 6983. Le Crezut, Fr., strike, 7443. Lectisternian festival instituted, 10503. Ledebour, Karl F. von, b., 8042 ; d., 8181 . Leddchowski, Ct. Mieczyslaw, or Miecis- las Halka, archbp., b., 11163; fined; imprisoned; deposed ; card, priest, 8283. Ledra, William, hanged, 403. Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, b., 7171; defense committee, 7433 ; leader, 7432; d., 7482. L6 dynasty, Annam, 4811 . Ledyard, John, b., 683; d., 1001 . Lee, Alfred, b., 1141 ; bp., 1542; d., 3261 . , Ann, b., 622 ; assumptions of, 9151 ; in Am., 782; d., 962, 3. , Arthur, b., 642 ; ambassador to Fr., 853, 7053; quarrels, 892; d. (1792). , Charles, b., 621; inN. Y., 821 ; defense of Charleston, 822 ; captured ; crosses Hudson River ; insubordinate, 843, S92 ; treasonable negotiations, 861 ; ex- changed, 882; trial, 883; duel, 892; dis- missed, 911. , Eliza Buckminstcr,b.,10S2; d.(1864). , Fitz-Hugh, b. (1835); at Dumfries, 2163; at Beverly Ford, 2223; at Wilson's Landing, 2332; at Yellow Tavern, 2331 ; at Cold Harbor, 2341 ; gov. Va., 3252; in Lexington Military Inst., 3431; Govt. R. R. director, 4473. , Francis Lightfoot, b., 622; d., 1062. , Gideon, b. (1778) ; mayor, N. Y., 1433; d. (1841). , Hannah Farnham Sawyer, b. (17S0) ; d.,2482. , Harriet, b., 9143; d., 9562. , Henry, b., 711 ; great strength, 882 ; atPaulus Hook, 903; with Pickens, 931 ; takes Fort Watson, 941 ; d., 951 ; gov. Va., 1032 ; d., 1262. , , of Mass., vote for v. pres., 1413. , , actor, b., 1781 . , Washington, b. (1815) ; cons. P. E. bp., 1762; d.,2861. , J. D., Mormon bp., shot, 2943. , Jesse, b. (1758) ; eel., 3642 ; d., (1816). , John, fnds. Numismatic Soc, 94S1. , Leroy Madison, b., 1142; d. (1882). , Luther, Rev., b., 1082. Lee-Lent. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1307 Lee, Nathaniel, b. 8882, or (1653 ?), d. (1692). , Richard, wire bridges, 9642. , Henry, b., 621 ; independence resolution, 832 ■ pres. Senate, 1033 ; d., 1042. .Robert Edward, b., 114 1 ; graduate, 136 1 ; capt., 14S 1 ; chief engineer, 1602; supt. West Point, 170 1 ; captures John Brown, 186'; apptd. col., 1921 ; com- mands Va. troops ; offered command of Federals ; resigns in U. S. A., 194 1 , 2 ; commands Confederates, Va., 1942 ; commands coast defenses, '2021 ; resumes command, 2052 ; at Fair Oaks ; near Richmond, 2083; at Seven Days' Battles, 209' ; confronts Pope, 2103; at'Groveton ; at Manassas, 2122 ; in Maryland cam- paign, 2123, 2132; at Antietam ; at South Mountain; at Hagerstown, 2131; at Holly Springs ; at Ilndsonville ; near La Grange, 215' ; at Fredericksburg, 2162; at Chancellorsville, 2211 ; at Culpepper, 2222; at Chambersburg ; enters Pa., 2231 ; retreats to the Potomac, 2242; at Falling "Waters; at Williamsport, 2243; offers resignation, 226 1 ; moves for Washing- ton, 227 1 ; behind the Rapidan ; on Rap- pahannock, 2281 ; at Locust Grove, 22S 2 ; Gen. Meade declines to attack ; at Mine Run ; declines exchange of prisoners, 2283 ; south of Rapidan", 232' ; at North Anna, 2332 ; at b. of Wilderness, 2322 ; at Spottsylvania, 2323 ; at Cold Harbor ; at Paiuunkey River ; at Totopotornoy River, 2341; at Strawberry Plains; at Ream's Station, 2372; appt. commander- in-chief ; commands all Coufed. armies, 2421; meeting for peace, 2423, 2452; assaults Fort Steadman, 2442 ; at Boyd- ton and White Oak Roads ; evacuates Richmond, 2443, 4451 ; notifies J. Davis ; at Amelia Court-House ; at Sailor's Creek, 2451; retreats; turns toward Lynchburg, 2451 ; at Appomattox Sta- tion ; escapes ; proposes peace ; condi- tions of surrender. 2452, 2461 ; applies for pardon, 2483 ; d., 2702; statue un- veiled, 3501 , :i,-,.si , 3591 ; birthday a holi- day, 3762, 39S3, 4483. , Samuel, b., 9223; d., 9582. , F., at Vicksburg, 2081 . , Gen. S. D., near Tnpello, 2362 ; a t Resaca, 2383. , Sophia, b., 9123; d. (1824). , Thomas, gov. Va.. 672 ; d. (1750). , William, invents stocking weaving, 8761 ; d. (1610±). , , Sir, chief justice, 9093. , Henry Fitz'uugh, captured at South Anna, 2231 ; d., 3922. Leech, Edward O., in treas. dept., 3512. , John, b., 9382 ; a., 9681 . Leechburg, Pa., original packages, 3591 . Leeds, D. of, title created, 8991 . , York, Eng., bridge built. 8573 ; Shen- field Grammar School fnd.,S71i ; Mercury issued 9003 ; Colored Cloth Hall built, 9153; White Cloth Hall built, 9193; a bor- Ough,9453; Brit. Asso. meets, 9002, 10041 ; reform meeting,'. 1091 ; Literary arid Phil- osophical Soc. est., 9411 ; art exhibition, 9721; Social Science Asso. meets, 9741; Church Cong., 9742 ; new bridge opened, 9773 ; exhibition of arts and mnfs. opd., 9721,9781; musical festival, 9781, 9821. 9681 ; Yorkshire Coll. of Science opd., 9723, 9801; amphitheater burned; new exchange, 9813 ; new municipal offices ; free library opd., 9923 j anti-Lords Con- ference, 10123. , Mass, floods, 2853. Leem, Knud. Beshrivelse, etc., 11042. Leesburg, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2132. Leaser, Isaac, b. (1806) ; d., 2601 . Lee's Mills, Va., action at, 2062. Leete, Wm, b. (1603+) ; gov., 413; d. (1683). Leeuwenhoek, Antonius van, b.-d.; dis- covers animalcules, 11003, Leeuwin exploration, 4931 . Leeward Islands, Fr. govt, possess, 7572. E,efebvre-Wely, Louis J. A., b., 7222; d.,» 7382. Lefebvre, Francois Joseph, Due de Dant- zic, b., 7022 ; at Danzic, 7162 ; d., 7223. Lefevre, Charles Shaw, speaker, 9493. (Lefebvre), d'Etaples, b.-d., 67S2. , Peter B., bishop, d., 5402. ■ , Tannegui, !>., 0802 ; d., 6622. Lefferts, John, d., 4281 . Lefferts, Marshal, b. (1821); defends Wash- ington, 1941 ; d. (1876). Le Flo, Adolphe Emmanuel Charles, b. (1804); gen.; minister, 7412, 7451 ;d. (1887). Lefort, Francois, b.-d., 11142. Lefranc, Victor, minister, 7471 ; censured, 7472. Lefroy, Edward Cracroft, d., 10042. .explorer, 4961. , Thomas, chief justice, 9573. legacy taxes repealed, U. S.,2712. Legal Tender Act, 2031 ,2, 2053, 2112 ; de- cision on, 2732; passes, 3172; limit, 2611 . notes, retirement prohibited, 2992. Legare, Hugh Swinton, b. (1783); atty.- gen., 1533 ; sec. state, 1552 ; d. (1843). Legend 0/ Lohem/rin, poeni, 7803. Le'gendre, Adrie'n Marie, b.,7011 ; d.,7262. Legge, Augustus, consecrated bp., 10063. , Francis, governor N. S., 575 3 . , George, E. of Dart. ,b., 8.862; commands navy, StTc ' ; minister, 8972 ; d., 8982. , H. B., minister ; dismissed, 9152. , James, b., 9363. , Wm., E. of Dartmouth, sec. for colo- nies, 9193 ; prime minister, 773. Leggett, C. W., infernal machine, 4483. , Mortimer Dormer, b. (1831) ; gen. at Bolivar, 2122. , Wm., b., 1102 ; d., 1502. Legion of Honor in: , Fr., 7152 ; in Am, 301 1 . Legislative Assembly, est., Fr., 7091. Legislature, masses in Mass., 293. Legitime, Gen. defeated ; pres., 10403. Legitimists, Fr., 7211; unite with Orlean- ists, 7473 ; monarchy negatived, 7492. Legnano, It., Aust. retains, 5252 ; battle of, 7781 . Legouve, Ernest Wilfred Gabriel Baptiste, member of Academy, 7321 . , Gabriel Marie, lean Baptiste, b., 7031 ; Henry IK, 7171 ; d.. 7192. Lcgraud, Jacques Guillaume, b., 700 3 ; d., 7163. , Pierre, minister, 7552, 7571 ; resigns, 7552. Le Grande, Ore., Blue Mt. Univ. org., 2922. Legris, Emile Alexis, minister, 7392. t,eli mission, 6242. Lehi, Utah, gold disc. ,4541 ; Enoch Davies shot, 471 1 . Lehigh'University organized, Pa., 2543. Co., Pa., zinc discovered, 1622. and Wilk.1 '<>al Co. embezzlement, 4483. Lehmann, Heinrich, b., 8103 ; d., 8302. , Johann G., d., 8031 . Le Houx, Jean, Faux tie Vire, 6832. Lehree, earthquake, 104S3. Leiba, Ponciano, president, 10413. Leibhardt, Davis P., in P. O. dept., 3512. Leibnitz, Gottfried W. von, b., 7963; works, 7971 , 7991 , 8032 ; d., 7983. Leicester, Eng., surrenders, S80i ; Luddites hanged, 9302 ; Abbey Park opd., 9881 . , E. of, title created, 9451 . (See Mont- ford, Simon of; Dudley, Robert.) , Lit. andPhilos. Soc. founded, 9463. Leichhart, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, b. (1813) ; last despatch ; disappears, 4961; expedition, 4973. Leidesdorf, Professor, d., 5342. Leidy, Joseph, b., 1302 ; d., 4061 . Leigh, Baron of, title created, 9451. , Benjamin, b., 931 ; d., 1561 . , Edward, Sir, b.,878i ; d. (1671). Leighlin, see erected. 8422 ; united, 8763. Leighton, Sir Frederick, b., 9442 ; Her- cules, 9761 ; president R. A., 9822. , Geo. E., director Union Pacific, 3512. , Robert, b., 8782 ; d., 8962. , Sir Wm., lord mayor London, 9333. Leimor, John, whipped, 4143. Leinster, Ire., action at, 8442. , D. of, title created, 9172. , D of, Gerald F., d., 10102. , Viscount of, title created, 9112, Leipsic, Prus., great fairs, 7872; hattle of, 5201 , 7202, 7941 ,2, 7962, 8101 ; univ. fnd., 7851; newspaper issued, 7971; Rostocker Zeilunci issued, 790 1 ; I.iijr.iger Litt-ratur ::eil/ini) issued. 807 2; Ilrnirs issued, 8131 ; Ger. Union Natural Philosophers fnd., 8132 ; locomotive railway, 8141 ; Evang. Luth. Soc. fnd., 8143; anniversary of bat- tle, 8222 ; Supreme Court at, 8293; dyna- mitards ; trial, 8303 ; pres. of court re- signs, 8332 ; Hebrews arrested, 8343. Leisler, Jacob, temporary gov. N.Y.,512,3; arrested, 513; warrant, 503; hanged, 513. Leiter, L. Z., contribution, 4433. Leith, granted to Scot,, 8273; burned, 868* ; Mercurius Politicus, 8883 ; new dock opened, 987 3 . and London steamboats est., 9413. , Sir George, land purchase, 10453. Leitner. Gottlieb Wilhelm, b., 5203. , Mr., lepers ; d., 5972. Leitrim, Earl of, title created, 9252. , Earl of, shot, 9831 . , Earl of, d., 1008 1. Leiva, Ponciano, b. (182S±) ; pres. Hon- duras, 10413. Lejeune, Henry, b., 9383. Le Jenne arrested, 5362. tekain, Henri Louis Cain, b., 6982; d.,7043. Iceland, la., anti-liquor resolution, 3643. , Aaron W-, moderator, 1682. , Charles Godfrey, b., 1321 . , John, b. (1754) ; clergyman, d. ,1522. , , clergyman, b., 8982; d. (1766). , , b., 8662; linguist ; d. (1522). Stanford, Jr., Univ. Cal., 3802 ; gift of Czar, 3841; railway literature, 4041; (See Stanford.) University founded, Cal., 2703 . Lelande, observations on moon, 7002. Lelewel, Joachim, b., 11162; d., 11182. Le-Loi, on throne, 4811 . Lelong, Jacques, b., 6903; d., 6982. Leniaire, Jacques, d., 11003. Lemaistre, Antoine, b., 6862 ; d., 6902. Lemaitre, Frederic, W7142 ; d., 7501 . , Jules, Myrrha, 7662. Lemberg, University, joins Cracow, 519 2 . Lembery, Count, d., 5223. Lemercier, Louis Jean Nepomucene, b., 7042 ; works, 7133, 7232 ; d., 7282. Lemery, Nicholas, b., 6883 ; d., 6971 . Lemettre, Joseph, condemned, 7463. Lemley, Sam. C, in navy dept., 447 2 . Lemnos taken, 10161 ; naval battle near, 10581 ; lost by Venice. 10781 . Lemoine, Francois, I.., 6942; d., 6983. , G. Abbe, d., 5901. Lemoinne, John Emile, b. (1815) ; d.,764i . Lemon, Mark, b., 9351 ; Punch, 9503 ; d., 9742. Lemonnier, Pierre Chas.,b., 6971 ; d.,7142. Le Moyne, Charles, b. (1626) ; missionary, 383; d. (1683). , Julius, d., 7521 . Lempriere, John, b., 9151 ; Classical Dic- tionary, 9251 ; d., 9422. "Lena, 111., reunion Black Hawk War, 3903. Lenau, Nikolaus, b., 8082 ; d., 8181 . Lences, Bartolome de, governor, 6301. L'Enclos, Anne (Ninon de),b., 0802; d., 6963. Lendermann abolished. 11051. Lenfant, Jacques, b., 6902 ; d., 6982. Lennep, David Jacob van. b.-d., 11011. , Jacobus van, b.-d., 11021 . , Jan Daniel, b.-d., 1101 1 . Lennon, Patrick, convicted, 9711. Lennox, Col., in duel, 9252. , Charlotte, b., 582 ; d., 1122. , Chas., D. of Richmond, b., 9082. , , D. of Richmond, b. (1764) ; gov.- gen., 579 2 ; minister, 9233. — — , Henry, D. of Rich., sec. forScot.,9951 . , Gordon, D. of Richmond, minister, 9333, 9792, 9933 ; d. (1819). , Earl of, regent ; killed, 8752. Lenoir, L'Abbe, Charles Pelage, b., 7223. Coll. (Luth.), est. at Hickory, N. C. (1891). Lenora.Mo., Eugene McEnroe killed, 4682. Lenormant, Charles, b., 7143 ; works, 7271 , 7292; d., 7342. , Francois, b., 7262 ; works, 7383,7462, 7522; d.,754l. Lenotre, Andre, b., 6862 ; gardens of Tui- leries, 6962 ; d., 6943. Lenover, Pa., eyndicate, 3553. Lenox, James, b., 1082 ; d., 3022. College, la., organized, 3183. . Library, N. Y., incorp., 2702 ; opd., 2963; Art Gallery opd., 2981 . Lyceum, N. Y., opened, 3503. Lenoxville, bishops Coll., Can., 5791. Lens, Fr., battle of, 6881 ; dynamite ex- plosion ; strike, 7623. burning, at Athens, 10203. system, in lighthouses, 1721 . Lent observed, Eng., 8423 ; obs., Rome, 10643; marriage forbidden during, 10691 . Lenthall, William, b., (1591); speaker H. C, 8833, 8893 ; d. (1662). Lentulus. Publius Cornelius 'Sura), con- spirator, 10592; d. (63 B.C.). 1308 Text Figures denote Page. IJNJJiLyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Lenz-Leve. Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold, b. (1751) ; Hofmeister, 805 1; d. (1792). , Heinrich Oskar, b., 5223. Leo captured by Tiber, 123 1 . Leo the Great, St., pope, 10703; saves Rome from Attila, 1O70' . II., St., pope, 10722; usurper of inves- titures, 10723; d., 10721. III., St., pope; driven out ; restored; supreme bp., 10723 ; d., 10721. IV., St., pope, 10723; encloses Leonine city, 10721, 10733; d., 10721. V., pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . VI., pope, 10723 ; d., 10722. VII. pope, 10723 ; d., 10722. VIII., pope, 10731 ; d., 10722. IX., b.-d., 10722; pope, 10731 ; prisoner, est. army ; reforms church, 10742. -X.,b., 10783; pope, 10791; embellishes Rome, 10801; se ll s indulgences, 10811; d., 10302. XL, pope, 10312 ; d., 10823. XII., b., 10812 ; pope, 103(53; d., 10862. XIII., b., 10851; elected pope, 2983, 10383; condemns communism, socialism, and nihilism, 10333 ; letter ; approves Wash. Univ. statues, 3361 ; confirms ac- tion in Dr. Burtsell's case ; issues ency- clical ; receives Archbp. Corrigan, 3521 ; Statue, 3921; jubilee, 4241, 4461, 10901; thanks Cardinal Gibbons, 430 2 ; on school question, 4322 ; temporal power claimed, 5461 ; letter, 5602 ; thanks Can. Caths., 5901 ; scheme, China, opposed, 624 2 ; favors Lavigerie's plan, 758 2 ; de- clines to address bps., 7G02 ; Fr. govt., note to, 7622; encyclical to Fr., 7632; and to clergy, 7672; prisoner, 7743; encyclical read, 9901 ; prohibits Parnell meetings, 10022; accepts terms of Fr., 10901 . L, emp., reigus, Gr., d., 10312. II., Younger, reigus, 10312 ; d., 10303. III., reigns, 1033' ; excommunicated; against pope ; forbids image worship ; d., 10322. IV., the Iconoclast, b.-d. ,10322; reigns, 10331. V., the Armen., reigns, 10332; k., 10323. VI., the Philosopher, reigns, 10332. VI., king of Armenia, d., 11562. VII., K. of Armenia, prisoner, 11553. Afric.Al Hassan Ibn M.,b.-d., 11263. , Diaconus, b., 10322. , Heinrich, b., 8063 ; d., 8282. Leoben, peace of, 5192, 7132. Leofric, bp. of Exeter, 8463. Leomedon reigns, 11413. Leon, Nicar.,fnd., 11031 ; sacked, 48 * , 11031 . , Sp., church est. at, IOG62 ; united to Castile, 11272; separated, 11273; uprising, 11321 ; rulers of Leon and Castile, 1127 2 ,3. , Don Diego, attacks Palace, 11301. , B"Vay Luis de, works, 11291 ,2. , a Mexican, riding record, 9833. , Pedro de, instructs deaf, 1129 3 . , Ponce de. (See Ponce.) Leonard, Abeil, cons. bp. of Nev., 3282, -, Juan Genimiry, gov., 6302. , J,, cons. R. C. bishop, 9742. , Win, Andrews, b. (1848) ; bp., 3462. Leonhard,KarlC:isar von,b., 8042; d.,8202. Leonhardt, Gerhard Adolph Wilhelm, b., 8103; d., 3301. , minister, speech, 8253. Leonidas killed, 10643. IL, fugitive ; recalled, 10272. - I. at Thermopylae, 1018* ; d., 10191 . Leonine City, Rome, 1'nd., 10733. Leonnatus, territory, 10253. Leontini founded, 10511 . Leontius reigns, 10313 ; mutilated, 10312. Leopard attacks Chesapeake, 1141, 1151. , lays Atlantic cable, 1833. Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, b., 10843 ; Ope- rettemorall; Canti, 10871 ; d.. 10862. Leopold I., the Great, b.,79G3; K. of Hung., 5132 ; emp. Holy R. Empire, 7973 ; suc- cession of, 5132; leaves Vienna ; claims provinces, 5133 j war against Fr., 693 3 ; d., 7933. IL, b., 8003; d. of Tuscany, 10813; emp. Holy Roman Empire, 5173, 80S 3 , 10852; aids Fr.,5I92 ; restores constitu- tion, 5432; d., 8072. ■ I., Georges Chretien Fred., D. of Sax., b.,8043; K.Belg., 54.33; visits Eng., 5443 ; marries, 5452; d., 8222; statue. 544 1 ,546i . II., of Belg.. Louis Philip Marie Vic- tor, b., 5442; marries, 5443; K. of Belg., 5452; in Eng., 545 1; Cong, of Afr. ex- plorers, 5463, 10931 ; sovereign of Kongo, 10933; silver wedding, 545 1 ; in Berlin, 5463; favors universal suffrage, 5471, 10933. Leopold, prince of Anhalt-Dessau, b. , 7963 ; d., 8003. I., margrave of Aust., dynasty begins, 5032; d.,5022. IL, margrave Austria, 5033. III., the Saint, margrave, 5033. the Strong, margrave of Austria, 5033 ; canonized, 508 2 . IV., margrave of Austria, 5043 ; B. of Bavaria, 7772; crusader, 5042. of Austria, at Leipsic, 7961 . I., duke of Austria, 5053. III., duke of Austria, 5072 ; d., 5062. IV., duke of Austria, 5072; d., 5062. V., D. of Aust.; captures Richard L, 5051. VI., duke of Austria, 5051 ; d., 5042. , Archduke of Styria, at Prague, 5101 . , Duke of Bavaria, 7772. , margrave, first D. of Bavaria, 7732. , Grand Duke of Baden, 8133. of Dessau in Silesian Wars, 5141 ,2. , Ferdinand, prince Belg., b.-d., 5442. , prince of Prussia, candidate for Sp. throne,827i ; long ride, 8373 ;Fr.off ended; he withdraws acceptance, 7393. , Pr. of Saxe-Coburg, marries, 9391 ; master Freemasons, 9S4 3 . II. , Tuscany, b., 5191 ; d., 52S2. II. , granduke of Tuscany, 1087 2 . , Charles Edward Geo. Albert, prince, D. of Albany, 9922, 9032. , Geo. Duncan Albert, D. of Albany, b., 9582 ; prince, titles, 9871 ; income in- creased ; marries Ilelcne, 9891 ; d.,9922. , William, archduke, at Lens, 688 1 . Leopoldville, Congo Africa, founded, 10932; mission, 10942. Leosthenes killed, 10251. Leotychides, Greek commander, 1018 3 . Lepanto launched, 10882. Lepanto, Gr., .Eloliaus besieged, 10551; taken by Turks, 10731 ; battle at, 1080 1 . Le Pape et le Cougres issued, 734 3 . Le Parnasse Con tempo rain 7363. Lepaute, Jean Andre, b., 6963; d., 706 2 . Le Pays, Rene" de, Sieur Pleswis-Ville- neuve, b., 6882; d., 6942. Lepe, Diego de, b. ( 1460 ■) ; explores Brazil coast, 15i ; d. (15151). L'Ep^e, Abbe - de, est. deaf and dumb schools, 7063. Leper Colony, Honolulu, Miss Flavin, 3382; in Pa., 371 3 . Lepere, M., minister, 751 3 , 7531 ; resigns, 7531. Lepers persecuted Fr., 6742; hospital founded, Sp., 11272. Le piderinage de Churl 1 magne written, 6691 . Le Phung, revolt, 4812. Lepidus, iEmilius Paulus, opposes Anto- nius, 10602 ; defeated on Campus JVIar- tius ; at Cosa ; flees to Sardinia, 10581 . -, Marcus /Emelius in 2d triumvirate; governs Afr., 1061 2; ejected from trium- virate, 10(113; in Sicily ; prisoner, 10612,3. Le Pique, M., balloon ascension of, 7161. Le Pour et le Contre issued, 6991 . Leprosy question, committee for, 604 3 . Lepsius, Karl Richard, b., 8102; d., 8202. I/Equester, Matthew de. postmaster Eng., 8812. Lerdo, de Tejada, Miguel, b.-d., 10952. — — , Correal, Sebastian, b.-d., 10961 j pres. ; retires, 10963. Leri, Baron de, on Sable Island, 171. Leribe, O., free State, mission at, 11051. Lerida, Sp., captured, 6961 ; University of, founded, 11271. L'Ermite, Tristan, b.. 6762; d., 6783. Lermontoff, Mikhail Yurievitch, b., 11163; works, 11171. Le Roger, M., president of senate, 759 2 . Le Roi Louis written, 6691 . Lerotholdi, chief, attacked, 6021 . Leroux, Hector, Ilerculaneiim, 7521. , Pierre, b., 7131 ; minister of agricul- ture, 7392 ; d., 7461. Le Roy, Edgar, d., 3302. Leroy, Julien, b., 6942 ; d., 7023. , David, b., 6983 ; d., 7151 . , Pierre, b., 6981; d.,706i. d'Etiolles, Jean Jacques Joseph, b., 7131; d.,7342. Lersundi, governor's volunteers, 6321 . Le Sage, Alain Rene, b., 6903 ; works, 697i,2; d.,7003. Lesbos revolts ; submits, 1021 3 . Lescarbault, M., discovers Vulcan, 7342. Lescarbot, Marc, Muses, etc., 571 1 . Lesches, b. (700i E. c); Little Iliad, 10143. Lescot, Pierre, b., 6802; d., 682 3 . Lescure, Marquis de, Louis Marie, b., 7031 ; d., 7082. Leszcynski, Marie, weds Louis IV., 6993. , Stanislaus, Fr. support, 6981. Lesdiguieres, Due de Francois de Bonne, b., 68O 3 ; d.,686 3 . Les Jardins canal, accident, 7333. Lesko V. restored ; assassinated, 11151 . VI., Duke of Poland, 11151. Lesley, John Peter, b., 1281 . Leslie, Alexander, L. of Leven, b. (1580+) ; in civil war, 8841; leader, 8821; d. (1661). , Charles Robert, b., 9263 ; d., 1842. , Eliza, b. (1787) ; d., 1842. , Frank, b., 1301; founds F. Leslie's Illustrirte Zeitntig, 1783; Gazette of Fash- ion, 1862 ; d, 3022. , Henry, musical choir organized, 9901 . , Sir John, b., 916 3 ; artificial ice ; heat rays, 9343 ; d.,9462. , Preston Hopkins, b. (1819) ; gov. Ky., 2811,3252. Lespes, Adni., at Tamsin ; at Kekung, 6221. Lespinasse, Julie Jeanne Eleonore de, b., 6983 ; Lettres, 7192 ; d., 704 3 . Lesquereaux, Leo, b. (1806) ; d., 3461. Leeseps, Chas. De, pres. Panama Canal Co. ; circular for subscription, 757 3 ; confidence expressed. 7593 ; trial, 7603 ; Canal scandal, 7642,3 ; appeal rejected, sentence changed, 764 3 ; in Suez Canal Co., 7663. , Vicomte de, Ferd., b., 7163 ; Acade- mician, 752i j message of condolence, 7671; Suez Canal project, 6563 ; d.,7661. Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, b., 8002 ; works, 8011 , 8031 , 2 ; d., 8042. , Karl Friedrich, b.,80S3; paints Buss, SI81 ; dis. Kratn, 820' ; d., 8301. Lester, Charles Edward, b.,1242;d. (1890). , Rufus E., b., 1482. Lestocq, Gen., at Eylau, 7162. l'Esioile, Pierre de, b. (1544±); work, 6843; d. (1611). L'Estrange, Sir Roger, b. (1616); d., 9022. Lesueur, Eustaehe, b. (1617) ; d., 6902. , Jean Franvoise.b., 7023; d.,7262. Letcher, John, b. (1813) ; gov. Va., 1903 ; recognizes Confederacy, 1943; proclaims Confederacy, 1951 ; d., 3162. , Robert Perkins, b. (1788) ; gov. Ky., 1531 ; d. (1861). , W., d., 1902. Lethbridge, Col., at Ogdensburg, 1181. Letronne, Jean Antoine, b., 7062. Letter-carriers in uniform, 263 3 ; conven- tion, Boston, 367 3 ; reunion, N. Y., 3871 . Letters, anonymous, felonious, Eng., 9071 . , revival of, Eng., 8671 . of Duke of Or/cans edited, 7602. of marque by Congress, 822; byGreat Britain, 861 . Lettuce introduced, Eng., 8662. Leu defeated, 6181. Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolph, b.,8122. Leuchtenberg, Due de, Nicolas, d., 7601 . Leucopetra, battle of, 10281 , Leuctra, Gr., battle at, 10222, 10262. Leuret, Francoise, b., 712 3 ; d., 7302. Leurden, Jan, b.-d., 1100 3 . Leuthen, Prus., Frederick IL wins, 51G1 . Leutze, Emanuel, b., 1242; works, 154 1 ; 1581, 1641, 1681, 1721, 1861, 2411; d., 2622. Leuvigildo, co-ruler, 11253. Levalliant, Francois, b.,7011 ; d., 7342. Levant captured by Constitution, 1231 . Company chartered, 8753. Levee, Ark., cut by Confederates, 2062. ■ conven. at Vicksburg, Miss., 3153. Levelers appear, Ger., 7911 . Leven, Earl of, title created, 8351. Leveque, Jean Charles, b., 7223 Lever, Aston, b. (1729) ; establishes society toxophilites, 9212 ; d. (1788). , Charles James, b.,9323; works, 9411 • d.,9762. Leverett, Fred. P., b., 1102 ; d., 1462. , John, b., 40i ; d. (1724). Leve-Lich. Text Figures denote Page. IND.C,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1809 Leverett,John, Sir, b., 281 ; gov. Mass. Bay, 452; d., 463. Levorian Museum sold, Eng., 9233. Levering, Joshua, nom. vice-pres., 4093. Leverrier, Urban, Jean Joseph, b., 719 2 ; dis. Neptune, 728 1 ; on orbits of planets, 7482 ; d., 7502. Le Vert, Octavia W., b., 1282 ; d. (1877). Leveson-Gower, George, E. Granville, b., 9363 ; negotiations tail, 6233 ; minister, 9533, 9633, 969' , 973' , 9852,9952; opposes English mediation, 2153 ; d., 1008' . Levesque, Pierre Charles, b., 69S3 ; d., 7192. Levetzow, Von, pres. Reichstag, 8351 , Levi, Leone, b., 9403 ; d., 9982. Levis, Duo de, Francis, b., 69S 2 ; d., 7062. Levitch, Andrei Yukof, Russia, 1115' . Levizac, Abbe, Jean P. V. L. de, d., 721' . , Sir John, b., 9363. Levy en masse, France, 709a . , Arthur, Napoleon intime, 764'. Lewal, Gen., minister, 755 3 . Lewald, Fanuy, d., 832' . , Johann Karl August, b., 8062 ; d., 2862. Lewelling, L. J)., nom. for gov. Kan., 4632. Lewes, battle of, 854' ; treaty of, 8552. , Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot). (See Cross, Mrs.) , George Henry, b., 9382 ; works, 953' , 9603,979'; d.,9822, Lewis, Andrew, b. (1720) ; Gen. at Point Pleasant, 78' ; d. (1781). , August us, bigamy, 3883. Col., at Pittman's Ferry, 2143. , David P., governor Ala., 2792, 3. , Dio, b., 1302; Our Girls, 277' ; d., 3222. , Estelle Anna B., b., 132' ; d., 304'. , Francis, b., 58' ; d. (1803). , George Comewall, b., 9323; minister, 9612; d., 9662. , Ida (Mrs. Wilson), b. (1841) ; medal, 3093. , Isaac C, city missions, 3462. , James T., governor Wis., 2293. , J. H., explores Virginia, 366'. , John Frederick, b., 9323 ; d., 9802. , John Travers, b.,578' ; bishop, 9583. , Matt. Gregory, b., 919' ; d., 9383. , Meriwether, b. (1774) ; sent to Pacific, 112'; governor La., 1152; d., 116'. , Morgan, b. (1758) ; gov., 1132; d., 140' . , Richard, consecrated bishop, 9862. , Rudolf, D. of Brunswick, 7992. , Samuel, b., 1082 ; d., 174' . , S. W., defalcation, 3883. , Taylor, b. (1802) ; d., 2942. , Wm. Berkeley, b. (1784) ; d., 254' . — -, Winslow, b. (1770) ; d., 288' . Brothers and Co., assignment, 343 3 . College, Mo., opened, 2543. Lewisburg, Pa n Bucknell Univ. fnd., 163' ; observatory erected, 328' ; Univ. of Lewisburg founded, 1663. , W. Va., Confeds. defeated, 208'. Lewiston, Del., fnd., 332 ; massacre, 323 ; threatened, 452 ; Beresford at, 120' ; bombarded, 120 2 . , Ida., Wilbur Coll. fnd., 3123. , Me., Bates College org., 2232; fires, 3513,3533. , N. Y., burned by Brit., 121' ; hydrau- lic canal, 4673. -, O., reservoir breaks, 4293. Lew Kew Island annexed, 613' . Pang, leader, 610' ; struggle for throne, 611 3 . Pei, prince, 613' . Sew, army victorious, 610' ; leads rebellion, 6113. Lexington burned, 1513. explodes, 1793. Gazette issued, 99'. Lexington, Ky., Transylvania Coll. fnd., 109' ; cholera at, 1433 ; Univ. org., 1463; occupied, 1983 ; Gen. Morgan reaches, 2123, 2142 ; Feds, defeated, 2163 ; Nor- mal Inst, opd., 2543 ; centennial of ad- mission, 4013 ; merchants boycotted, 4602 ; J. D. Livingstone stabbed, 4722. .Mass., battle of, 80', 576'; normal school opened, 1503 ; battle commemo- rated, 2893 , 4283 , 4542. , Mo., proslavery convention meets, 1772 ; action at, 1982,3. , N. C, Morgan retains, 2342. & Ohio railroad commenced, 1393. , S. C, lynchers acquitted, 361' . j Tenn., action near, 218'. Lexington, Va., Fitzbugh Lee supt. Mili- tary Inst. ,343' ; Jackson moiiument,3S8'. Lexow, Clarence, committee members, 451'; investigation, 4522 ; expenses bill vetoed, 461 ' ; witnesses disobey, 4652. Ley, James, E. of Marlborough, b. (1550) J chief justice, 8812 ; d. (1626). Leybourne, Win. de, appointed adm., 854' , Leyden, Neth., relieved, 540' ; besieged, 1098'; fever-stricken, 11012; Indepen- dent Church, 8782. jar invented, 1100 3 . , John, poet, b., 919' ; d., 935' . , Luens van, b.-d., 10982. Leydenburg mission, 1124' . Leygues, Georges, minister, 7672. Leys, Jean Auguste Henri, b.-d., 5423. Lezeen, Afghans defeated, 42. L'Hermite, Tristan, Marianne, 689' . L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis, b., 7003 ; d., 7142. Lhoinoiid, Chas. Francois, b.,6982;d.,7102. L'Hopital, Guillaume Francois Antoine, Marquis de St. Mesme, b., 6902; d., 6962. , Michel de,b.,6783; work, 6832; d.,684'. LUuys, Edouard Drouyn de, minister, 735 3 ; resigns, 737 2 ; proposes media- tion, 2153. Liaoyang mission, 6222. Libby Prison, prisoners escape, 230'. Libel of press, 603 ; emp. Russia by Lon- don Courier, 929' . Bill passes, Fr., 7592, 7652. , Fox's, passed, Eng., 9272, 9993 ; a felony, Eng., 8692. Libelt, Kardl, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. Libenyi, attempted assassin, 5243. Libera Temple decorated, 10502. Liberal Association formed, Ger., 8293. Churches, Essex Conf. org., 2542. Colored Repub. Nat. Conven., 2792. Convention opens, Can., 5953. Federation Cong., Newcastle, 1007' . majority in Reichstag, 5312, 5472. ministry resigns, Belg., 547', 5572; organized, 5833. monarchy, Belg., adopted, 5433. party, leaders arrested, China, 6292. organized in Cuba, 6332. ■ Republicans, movement inaug., 277 2 ; reformation of revenue conven., 279' ; coalition with Democrats, 2792 ; Nat'l Convention, 2783. Unionists fmd., 995 2 ; London Confer- ence, 9973. Liberalists defeat Federalists, Ger.; sup- pressed, 821'. Liberals, Belg., rule election,5452; elected, 5552; leave ministry, 569' ; org. govt. Colombia, 629' ; elect in Fr., 7253 ; meet- ing at Offenburg, Ger.; demand of, 817' ; org. party, 8312; rise of, Eng.,9433. Liberation, war of, Fr., 7183; in Prussia, 811'. Liberator appears, 139' ; reward, 141' . Liberatrix, asteroid, discovered, 741' . Liberia, Afr. (See text p. 1161) ; secured, 129' ; independence recognized, 2093 ; republic fnd.; Conf. Sem. opd., 1161 2 ; conf.org., 11613; L. Herald issued, 11612. Liberius, St., pope, 10663. Liberty seized, Boston, 743, 753. Coll. (Bapt.), est. at Glasgow, Ky. (1875). , Mo., Wm. Jewell Coll. fnd., 1662; ar- senal seized, 194' . , statue of, 754' ; pedestal, 3162 ; re- ceived in N. Y., 320' ,3 ; dedicated, 324' . , struggle for, Amer. colonists, 812.4- of conscience proposed, 5273 ; refused, Eng., 8963. Gap, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2231 . Party convention at Warsaw, 1512 ; Nat'l Convention meets, 1513, 157' , 1632. (See Abolition, Free Soil Party.) Silk Mills fire, 3513. tree consecrated, 753. of Worship Bill passes, 537' . Libno, treaty of, 511 3 . Libraries, Cal. State, 1683; San Francisco, Mercantile, 173' , 2232; Free Public, 3023; Conn.; Yale Univ., 543 ; gift, 341' ; An- sonia, 408' ; Conn. Hist. Soc. org., 1323; Hartford, 1503; Watkinson Reference, 1843,3542; Waterburv.S. Bronson, 2703 ; Wesleyan Univ., 1423 ; D. C; U. S. Con- gressional, HO 3 ; U. S. Bureau of Educa- tion, 2623; u. S. Patent Office, 1503; U.S. Senate, 1703 ; U. S. Surgeon-General'B, 2502; 111., Chicago, 2822, 2843 ; Crerar, 347', 400', 4322; Northwestern Univ., 1822, 3882 ; Indiana State ; Indianapo- lis, State, 2782 ; Kentucky State, 131', 2763 ; Louisville ; Polytechnic, 302 1 ; Md., Maryland State, 135' ; Historical 1583; Baltimore Mercantile, 1503; Md. Historical, 158 3 ; Johns Hopkins ; Peabody Institute, 2922 ; Pratt, 323' ; Maine State, 1403 ; Bowdoin College, 1111; Portland Public, 3362; Mass. State, Boston, 351' ; Boston Athenaeum, 1143; Public, 1703, 1782, 2962; N. Eng. Historical and Genealogical, 1583 ; Essex Inst., 1642; Worcester, 1843; Am. Anti- quarian Soc. fnd., Worcester, fnd. ; Am- herst Coll. fnd., 119'; Andover Theol., 1143; New Bedford, 173'; Arlington, 3482; Fairhaven, 4082; Haverhill, 2822 ; Lowell, 1583; Melhuen, 378' ; Mo., St. Louie, Mercantile, 161 ' ; Public School, Hist. Soc, 2503; N. H., Camden, 3362; Wolfboro, 3522; Mich. State, 137'; M. Univ., 1543; Detroit Public, 2502; N. Carolina State, 139' ; New York, first in Am., 543; Public, 611; Columbia Univ.,. 691; Astor, 1173, 1663, 1742, 3023, 3543 ; Hist. Soc. ,1131 ; Apprentice ; Mercantile, 1291, 265'; Union Theol. Sem. ,1443, 1463; Lenox, 2702 , 2963 ; New York State, 125 ' ; Univ., 4342 ; Columbia Univ., 69' , 4042, 4282 ; Brooklyn, 1823; Long Island Hist., 211' ; Colgate (Madison) Univ., 3383; Cor- nell Univ., 2623, 2923, 3423; Elmira, 438' ; Syracuse, 3843; West Point Acad. ; N. J. : Princeton Univ., 119' ; Rutgers Coll., 3482; O., Ohio State, 125' ; Cincin- nati, 2583 ; Y. M. Mercantile, 1443 ; Cleve- land, 2623; Pa., Bethelem, Linderman, 3083 ; Johnstown, Carnegie, 3443, 4021 ; Pa. State, 1271; Phila., first circulat- ing in Am., 623; public, 651; Mercan- tile, 1311; Pittsburg, 3463, 3522, 3983; Allegheny, Carnegie, 2522 ; Acad, of Nat.Sciences fnd. ,1191 ; R.I. ; Providence Athen.-eum, 691; vt., Danville, 3443 ; Virginia, State, 211 1; Wis., State, 1663; Aust., Imperial, Vienna, 5083 ; Egy., Ptolemy's, Alexandria, 6T>23, 6551; Fr., Royal, Paris, 6743; Ger., Royal, Munich;, 7923; Greece, Aristotle's, first, 10251, Apellicon's, Athens, 10291, 10563; Pisis- tratus, public, 10163; Great Brit., Cam- bridge Univ., 8642 ; Bodelian, Oxford ; Cottonian, London, 8772; Brit. Museum, 9132; Harleian,9023; Ratclifl'e, Oxford, 9091 ; first circulating, 911' , 913' , 9553 ; Gladstone, London, 9983; Glasgow,8642; Royal Coll. Surgeons, 925'; Royal So- ciety, 8923 ; Williams' Public, Lond., 909' ; Liverpool, 915' ; Trinity, Ire., 9152; Dublin College, 909' ; Manchester law, 941' ; Manchester Free, 9563 ; Hungary, Corvinus, at Buda, 50S3; Rome Attalus, III., in Rome, 1148 3 ; Grecian removed to, 1029' , 10552; Palatine, 10.SH2; Ulpean est., 10643; Vatican, 10792 ; Russia, Im- perial, 11511 ; Turkey, Constantine's, 11541 . Library Association, London, org., 9823; Amer. meets, 3682, 4042. Library Journal established, 2922. Libreville, French settle, 1161 1 . Libri-Carrucci, Comte, Guillaume Brutus Icile Timoleon, b., 715 1 ; d., 7382. Libro de los Castigos y Documentos, King, Sancho IV. appears, 11271 . Libussa, asteroid, discovered, 3241 , Libyans invade Egypt, 6481 . License Act passes, Eng., 9451 , 9772. Act, for work hours, 9771 ; passes, 9793. Clause, " ultra vires," Can., 5863. , first liquor law, Eng., 8711; system established, 9651. , high. (See High License.) horse-dealers, Eng.. 9733. , Hunterdon Co., N. J., 3332. law, Mass. colony, 351 . Licenses, consolidated, 9231 ; granted,965i ; liquor, in Ire., 10023; abolished by Pari.,. 9733; for grazing, Australia, 4952. for venders, 9012. of coffee-houses withdrawn, 8951 . Licensing clause omitted from govt, biil, 9992; illegal, 8831. Lichfield lost, 914 1 . Liclrneld, see erected, 8423 ; Bp. Maclagan elected, 9803; Bp. Legge cons., 10063. 1310 Text Figures denote Page. INDIRA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Lich-Lind. Lichfield, E. of, title created, 9451 . , E. of, postmaster, 9473. Lichnowsky, Prince Felix, killed, 8171 . Lichtenan, mission at, 782, 1038 2 . Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, b., 8003 j electrical figures, 8041 ; a., 8063. Lichtenburg, Pius., capitulates, 7381. Lichtenfels, mission at, 711. Lichtenstein, Prince Joseph Wenzel, b. (1696) ; at Piacenza, 7001 ; d. (1772). , Martin Heinrich Karl, b., 8042 ; d., 8201. , Ulrich von, b. (1199i); Frauendienst, 7803; d. (1275±). Lichtwer, Magnus G., b., 7983; d., 8042. Licinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Lician- ius) ; augustus, 10673; at Heraclea; de- feated, 10681; favors Christians, 10682 ; alliance with Constantine ; co-ruler, 10692 j hostilities with Constantine, 10282 ; murdered, 106S1 . (Caius L. Calvus Stolo), union of classes, 1051 3 . Lick, James A., b., 1061 ; Key monument, 3321 ; observatory, 3041 ; d., 2921 . Ford, Ky., action at, 2041 . Observatory, Cal., begun, 3041 ; com- pleted, 3181 ,3361 ; Prof .Bumham resigns, 4081. Licome captured, 7041 . Liddel, Duncan, phys., b., 8721 ; d., 8801 . Liddell, Henry George, b., 9351 . Liddon, arctic expedition, 9382. , Henry P., canon, d., 10041 . Lie enthroned, China, 6111. , Jonas Lauritz Edemil, b. (1833) ; works, 11043. Lie Wang enthroned, 6112. Liebenau, engagement at, 8241 . Lieber, Dr., resigns, 8372. , Francis, b., 1082 ; d., 2781 . , Guido Norman, b. (1837) ; col., 3161; in war department, 3512, 4472. Leibers, ex-police serg., surrenders, 4742. Liebig, Baron Justus von, b., 8082 ; dis- coveries, 8141; analysis of substances, 8141 , 8221 ; works, 8152, 81S2 ; d., 8281 . Liebold, Philipp F. vou, d., 8243. Liedmann, Lieut., d., 5632. Lief becomes Christian, Hi . Liege, Belg., Beguine nuns org., 5392; new univ. ; L* Esprit des Journaux at, 5423 ; Charlemagne's monument, 5441 ; strikes of miners, 5462; Social Science Congress, 5463; arrests, 5471 ; dynamite explosions, 5471,54S 1 , 2; anarchists' trial, 54S1 ; cap- tured, G7Si ; taken, G901 ; destroyed, 7861 . Liegnitz, Frederick, victorious, 5162, 8021. Lieta, Gen. Barrelto, gov. Brazil, 559 2 . Lieutenant-General Bill passes Congress, 2313 ; by brevet, grade revived, 177 2 , 2302 ; pres. approves, 2313 ; Bill intro., 3491; grade re-established, 3092. Lieven, Dorothea, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. Life Assurance Company est., 9022. (See Lifeboat patented, 9222; tubular, 9562. Idfeguard, fate uncertain, 9673. Life' Insurance Amendment Act, 975 3 . Life of King Edward the Confessor, 8483. of J'- sns appears, Neth., 10991. of St. Leger -written, 6663. Life-raft sails from N. Y., 2561 . t savers pay increased, 4113 , ' saving apparatus invented, 9342 ; sta- tions est., 2*12. 2992; 1, ill for, 4671. Liffey Valley inundated, 9302. Liiford, Viscount of, title created, 9231 . Light, Capt. F.,Penang settlement, 104^3. Brigade, charge of, 9581. , Druminoml, produced, 9421 ,9602. , interference of, 9302. , polarization of, 7162. , velocity of, 6362. Lightfoot, John, b., 8781 ; d., 8942. , Jos.Barber,b.i 1828) ; bp.,9803 ;d.,1002i . Lighthouse, lens system est., 1721 ; new system of lighting, 3481 . Lightning conductors, set up, Am., 683. Ligne, Karl Jos. de, b., 5143 ; d., 5202. Ligny, Belg., battle of, 7221 . Ligonier, John (Jean Louis), Earl of, b., 8942; commander-in-chief, 9141 ; d.,9183. Liguori, St. Alfonso Maria de, b., 10831 ; fnds. Redemptorists, 10851 ; d., 10843. Ligurian Republic est., 7132, 5193. Li Hung Chang, struggle for power, 6213 ; meets Gordon, G22 1 ^degraded ; restored; signs treaty with Fr. ; unpopular, 6233 ; divested of jacket ; military commander, 6261 ; degraded ; purchase offer, 6263 ; reinstated, 627 1 ; degraded, 6272. Lilsea, asteroid, discovered, 3022. Lilburne, John, b., 880 1 (or 1614?); d. (1657). Lilerena, battle at, 7182. Liiford, Baron, title created, 9252. Liliuokalani, queen, 10412; forces new con- stitution, 10413 ; deposed, 4232. Lilja, Goran (Georg Stjernkjelm), b.-d., 11342. Lille, Fr., fnd., 6692; ceded, 6733, 6753; Louis possesses, 690 1 ; taken, 6961; be- sieged, 7081. , Rouget de, Mars< iilaise I/i/mn, 70S 3 . Lilley, William, d., 4441 . Lillington, Alex., governor N. C, 53 2 . Lilly, George, b., 9002 ; d. (1739). , or Lyly, John, b., 8702 > d., S762. , W.,b.;S64i ; Grammar, Mill ; d. (1522). , William, M., Cong., b., 1301 . , , b., 8781 ; d., 8942. , S., Christianity, 10122. Li Long mission, 619 1 . Lily wrecked, 9593. Lilybamni taken, 10523. Lim country, Austrians occupy, 5301 . Lima, O., Lima College (Evan. Luth.) es- tablished < 1893) ; strike, 3333. , Peru, occupied, 20 1 ; fnd., 213 ; San Marcos Univ. ,223; Pizarro in, 232; Coun- cil of, fmd., 233; auto da fi, 242; earth- quake, 242, 321 ; destroyed, 60i ; Chileans enter ; evacuated ; insurrection ; occu- pied, 11081 ; San Martin enters, 4901; Mer- curio Peruano est. ; nautical school est. ; revolution, 11083; Indian witch burned, 11093. Limborch, Philippus, b.-d., 11003. Limburg, Neth., taken, 9021 . Limburg Chronicle issued, 7823. Limburg-Maestricht 1'assorer Play, 10982. Limenitis, Georgilas, work, 10351 . Limerick, Ire., bishopric est., 8403 ; char- tered, 8513 ; cathedral fnd., 8522 ; siege of; surrenders, 89S1 ; treaty of, 8993; Chronicle issued, 9171; riots, 945 1 ; Fe- nian trials, 9703 ; Fenian demonstrations, 9711 ; new graving-dock opd., 9773; riots ; tenants strike, 9883 ; constabulary dif- ferences, 9903 ; Bp. Graves cons. ; Bp. O'Dwyer cons., 9962 ; Irish Times libel, 10003 ; faction lights, 10083. , Earl of, title created, 9311 . Limestone Springs, S.C., Cooper Inst. 3083. Limoges, Fr., captured by Black Pr.,674 1 . Limon, Colo., railway accident, 3653. Limousin, Fr., Gramiinontines est., 66S3. Linacre, Thomas, b., 864 1 ; works, 8642 ; d., 8663. Lilian, Ma Sien repulsed, 61S3. Linares, Jose' Maria, b. (1810); president, 551'; d. (1861). Lincelles, French defeat, 7081 , Lin-Ching mission, 6243. Lincoln, Eng., battle of, 6701 , S">0i ; earth- quake, 8501 • Great Tom hung, 8793 ; Bishop King consecrated, 9922. , Neb., Home for Friendless opd., 3102; Univ. of Neb. org., 2663, 2763 ; Insane Asylum, 2743 ; R. c. diocese est., 3262 ; Wesleyan Univ. fnd., 3322 ; anniversary of statehood, 4073 ; gold dis., 4181 . — — , Abraham, b., 1161 ; moves to Ind., 1251; mother dies, 1272 ; works a ferry, 1331 ; in Black Hawk war, 138 1 ; moves to 111., 1391; Whig candidate ; supports Clay, 1411 ; a merchant, 143 1 ; signs De- lavan's declaration, 1451 ; elected to leg- islature, 1452; practises law, 1471 ,2,1492; protests against slavery, 1473; leader of Whigs, 111., 1492 ; marries ; addresses Temperance Soc, 1551 ; elected to Cong., 1613, 1632 ; secures a patent, 166 1 ; joins Sons of Temperance, 1711; challenges Douglas to debate, 1771; candidate for nora. for vice-pres., 180 3 ; debates with Douglas, 1851 ; norm for pres., 1873 ; de- clines liquors, 188 1 ; elected pres. ; vote, 1883, 1913 ; farewell to Springfield ; starts for Wash., 1913; hastens ; arrives, 1923; inaugurated; 1st cabinet, 193 1 ; inaugural ; announces his policy, 1932 ; tries to save Va. ; summons Cong.; calls for 75,000 men, 192 2 , 1933 ; administration becomes popular, 1943 ; calls for volun- teers, 1942,1952; calls for additional vol- unteers; informs foreign govts, the Union is to be maintained by force ; Term, re- fuses troops, 1952 ; suspends Habeas Cor- pus, 1951 ,2 ; asks for troops, 1973 ; mes- sage, policy stated, 1972 ; anti-intercourse proclamation ; revokes Fremont's eman- cipation order, 1992 ; commands general advance, 2022 ; exalts labor, 2023 ; de- clines mediation ; war order No. 1, 2033 ; issues order No. 3, 2043 ; urges emanci- pation, 2052 ; bereaved ; 2d message, favors gradual emancipation, 205 3 ; countermands military emancipation, 2081; signs Homestead Act, 2093; orders negro aid ; orders Confed. property seized, 210 2 ; calls for volunteers, 2111; signs Pacific R. R. Bill ; urges emanci- pation, 2112; orders a draft, 2113; issues monitory proclamation, 2152; loses pop- ularity ; party defeated in 111., 2153 j emancipation message, 2173; emancipa- tion proclamation, 2181, 219 2 ; Demo- cratic crusade against ; approves Finan- cial Bill, 2193; visits Army of Potomac, 2202 ; proclaims draft, 2221; calle for troops, 2223 ; replies to Ohio Yallandig- ham com. ; letter to Albany Democrat, 2233 ; orders draft ; proclamation of triumph after Gettysburg; declines in- terview with Alex. H. Stephens, 2253 ; orders retaliation, 226 1, 2273; calls for men, 2271; message of amnesty; plan of reconstruction, 2292 ; orders draft, 2301 ,3, 2313; gives Grant commis- sion, 2303 ; signs Colo, and Nev. Bills ; appts. Gov. Hahn military gov. Miss., 2313 ; modifies Vallandigham's sen- tence ; signs Neb. State Bill, 2333 ; ap- proves Nat. Bank Tax Bill ; re-nom. for pres., 235 2 ; refuses to sign Reconstruc- tion Bill, 2353 ; calls for volunteers, 2362, 2373, 2413; Reconstruction Act message, 2373 ; proclamation for Thanks- giving, 2393; vote, 2412, 2432 ; inaugura- tion message, 2413; orders Grant to de- cline peace conf., 2423; announces addi- tion to army, 2^32 ; conspiracy of assas- sins, 2431 ± ; signs Reconstruction Bill ; electoral vote ; meets Confed. peace commissioners ; special message, 2432 ; calls extra session of senate ; enters second term ; " with malice toward none," 2433 ; visits Richmond, 2451 , 3 ; assassinated in Wash. ; d., 2471 ; funeral ; buried ; trial of conspirators, 2472 ; condolence, 969 1 ; four assassins hanged, 2483; Com:, appropriates for statue, 2541 ; statue unveiled, 260i , 2721 , 2901 ; statue in N. Y., 2641 ; widow pensioned, 2712; body removed, 2753; monument, Phila., 2781 ; monumental Springfield, 111., 2861 ; statue executed, 328 1 ; Monument Bill introduced,;^'.'.! ; proclamation eel. ,3683; birthday legal holiday, 111., 4003; statue, G. B., 10101. Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, franking privi- lege, 2511; gold medal by the French, 2551 , 7372 ; pensioned, 311 1 . , Benj., b., 622; se c. Assembly, 792 ; gen., commissioned, 80i ; ;i t Boundbrook, 862 ; in command, 891 ; j n Ga., 902, 3 ; surrenders Charleston, 921 ; suppresses Shay's rebellion, 981 ; electoral vote, 1012; d., 1162. , Bishop of, trial of, 10022. , Earl of. (See Clinton, Ed. Fiennede.) , Enoch, b. (1788); gov. Me. ,1353; d.,1362. , John Larkin, b., 1262 ; d., 3922. , Levi, b., 662 ; d., 1282. , , b., 951 ; atty.-gen., 1112 ; gover- nor Mass., 1153, 1333 ; d.,2621. , Robert T., b., 1542 ; minister, 3072, 351 3 ; vote for pres. nora., 3173 ; nom. for president, 409 1 . , Thomas, son of Abraham, d., 2053. City, Md., train accident, 3353. College erected, 8642. Territory formed, 3193. Theological Seminary opd., Pa, 2771 . Univ. (Cumb. Presb.) est. at Lincoln, 111. (1865). University org., Pa,, 1762. Lincolnshire, Eng., inundated, 8402. Lind, Afr., captured, 8382. , Jenny, b.-d., 1136 1 ; sings in Castle Garden, 1661 ; charities, 1671 ; in London, 9541 ; d., 9962. Lindal, Matthew, b., 8882. Lindau, Paul, b. (1839) ; works, 8291. Linde, Sam. Bogumil, b., 11162 ; d., 111S2. Lind-Live, Text Figures denote Page. IJNI L)Ji».X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1311 Linden, Tex., Williams sentenced, 37S 2 . Lindenau, Bernhurd August von, t>., 8042 ; d., 8201. Linderman, L. P., library gift, 3083. Lindisfarne, see erected, S422. Lindisse, see erected, 8423, Lindley, John, b., 9283; d., 9C81. , Sir Nath., lord justice, 9S9 1 . , Thomas, I)., 900 2 ; d., 9203. Lindolf, Duke of Swabia ; rebels, 7733. Lindrum, Lieut.-Col., at Cynthiana, 210* , Linds, Kan., Bethanv College org., 3082. Lindsay, Sir David, ri., 866 1 ; d. (1555-). , E. of, title created, sxi i , 8841 . , Lord Alexander William Crawford, b., 9363; d. (1880). , Robert B., gov. Ala., 2732; suit to re- cover documents, 273 1 . Lindsey, O., R. R. accident, 4353. , Philip, b. (1786) ; moderator, 1442 ; d. (1855). , Theophilus, b. (1723); Sabbath In- structor, 9151 ; d. (1S0S). -, William, b., 1442. Linen, art of staining, 8741 , paper, first made, 0102, 7842. Weavers Co. formed, S57 3 . Ling, Peter H., b.-d., 11342. Lingan, James Mac cu bin, b. (1752±) ; killed, 1192. Lingard, John, b.,9183; Eng., 9391 ; d.,9562. Lingelbach, Jan, or Johaun, b., 5403 ; d., 5422. Lingen, Baron, title created, 987 1 . Lingg, anarchist, suicide, 327 2 . Lingti enthroned, 6113. Lingtum, Tibetans defeat, 104S2. Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri, b., 6983 ; d. (1794). Ling Wong enthroned, 6112. Linlithgow, Scot., captured, 8561. Linn Creek, Va., action at, 2041 . , William, b., 6S3; d., 1142. Linna, Oxford monk, Map., 8562. Linnasan Society organized, 1231 , 9241 . Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Liune), b.-d., 11342; est. botany system, 11341; fnda. Royal Academy, 1135 1 . Linnell, John, b., 9262; d. (1882). Linotype invented, 3321 , Linsin enthroned, 6112. Linsong, Tartar chief, 6121. V Insurgent e captured, 1081. Linten, Sidney, cons, bp., 9862; d.,5013. Lin Tishseu, anti-opium com'er, 6172. Linton, James D., b., 950 2 . , William James, b., 9362; i n Nat- ional Academy, 3121 . , William S., d., 1731 . Lintz, Aust., R. R. connections, 5213; bp. of; sentenced, 528 2 ; inundated, 5341 . Linus, St., bp. at Rome, 10623. Linyanti, Livingstone arrives, 560 2 . Lin-Yun-Fu, against Fr., 4802. Linz, J. Kepler, prof, mathematics, 5111 . Linzendorf, Count, royal minister, 7993. Lion Sermon annually preai-hed, 8822. Tamer first produced, New York, 3981 . Lionberger, John R., d., 4601 . Lionel, D. of Dorset, lord-lieut., 9093. , Pr., D. of Clarence, b. (1338) ; gov. Ire., marries Elizabeth, 8">!) 2 ; d. (1368). , Lord Crantield, minister, 8S12. Lippe, Ger., ruled bv Bernard, 7772 ; Ber- nard VIII., turns Protestant, 7923 ; di- vided, 795i ; Fred. II. elector of Ger. ; gains territory ; electorate, 809 1 ; elector is King Frederic I.,909 2 ; Sehaumberg- Lippe a principality ; Princess Pauline rules, 8093; L.-Detmold joins Confed. of Rhine, 8093; in Ger. Confed., 8113; leaves Nat. Assembly, 817 2 ; dissolves Rump. Pari., 819 1 ; Lippe 2d in N. Ger. Confed- eration, 825 2 . Lippert, Mai., at Doniphan, 2222. Lippi, Filippo, b.-d., 10782. Lippincott, Mrs. (Sara Jane Clark), or Grace Greenwood, b., 1302. Lippincotfs MtgaStne appears, 2623. Lippit, Henry, gov. R. I., 2892, 2912, 2931. Liprandi, Gen. Paul Petrovitch, b. (1796); at Balaklava, 5981 ; d. (1864). Lipsius, Justus (Joest Lips); b.-d., 10983. Liptroth, John, d., 10021. Liquor, sale to Indians, 391 ; Indian traf- fic; prohibited Indians, 1/52; Methodists forbid, 1191, 1643; prohibited in Ga., 3892; S. C.State dispensaries, 4333,4342, 4543,4662; law, unconstitutional, 4683; constitutional, 4723 ; traffic Austral., monopoly, 4951 ; convivial lined, China, 6103; vending in Eng., 9012; hawkers whipped, 9112. Liquor-dealers in S. Dak., 3511; Conven. N. Y., 3903; indicted, 3942; Dr. Park- hurst's evidence ; crusade against, Ky., 4302 ; resist officers, 4342 ; uncompen- sated, 9991. question in Sweden, 11351 ; consump- tion of, Swe., 11363. drinking ;soci a hrestric ted, China,610 2 ; imbibers beheaded, 6123; Methodists for- bid, 962, 1643; in Am. army, ration, 1071, 1131 ; in Am. navy, 111*, 1131 ; consump- tion, Ger., 8303; in Eng., 9S71 . (See In- temperance.) legislation; Wine Art, Eng., 8911 ,9651 ; fee, 9853 ; duties, Fr., 7633, 7652 ; in Fr., 7652. (See Local Option, Prohibition, and under names of states.) licenses; optional, N. H. and R. I., 1492; optional in Conn., 1511; first in Vineland, N. J., 419i ; on steamers and steam-cars, 4713; restricted, Eng., 8711; forfeited, 879 1; scarce, 9093; local con- trol, 10072. traffic, govt, controls, China, 6111; makers banished, 6151; prohibited in Va., 471 ; limited in N. J., 483; limited in Ga., 712; i n o., 731 ; action of Meth.. 96 2 , 1191 , 4071 ; restriction law, la., 2803; prohibition at military posts, 3071; op- posed by R. C. prelates, 319 1 ; prohibited in N. Dak., 321 1 ; prohibited to druggists, 3291 ; estimate; opposed, 3303; New York, 3331 ; decision, Ind., 341i; control; dis- cussed, 259 2 ; Cong, taxes, 295 1 ; stopped on Sunday, la., 43U3 ; Fort Wayne Club officers, 44-13; Sad. Hi against, 4G6 2 ; Sun- day prohibition, 4663; condemned, 4071 ; church saloons, 4% 2 ; state control, 4671 ; destruction, 4763; N. Y. committee to study, 4791 ; curtailed, Australia, 4943; Dominion Alliance for Suppression of, 5831; signs opposed, Eng., 909 2 ; advo- cated, 9563 ; sums spent for, Eng., 9751 ; cost per capita, 987' ; direct veto favored, 10023; regulation bill, 10031; sa les for- bidden, 10043 ; Local Veto Bill ; Local Control Bill, 1011 1 ; traffickers beheaded, China, 6122. . — , govt, monopoly, 11383. Liris, given to Volscians, 10532. Lisbon, Port., occupied, 7162 ; captured, 11091 ; capital Port.; chief market of world; earthquake, 11093 ; Arckivo Pit- toresco issued ; Eng. army in ; evacuated, 11101; disturbances, 1110 3 ; revolution, 11111 ; Eng. mobbed; Nat. Defense Fund started; R. R. to Madrid, 11113, 1132a ; R. R. to Santarein ; Royal Acad, of Sci- ence fnd. ; fire, 11113; Empress of Brazil interred, 5573; D<>m Pedro arrives, 557 1 ; Brazilian legation withdrawn, 5603. Lisburne, Earl, title created, 917 2 . Lisle, Lady Alice, b. (1614+) ; beheaded, 8971. , Baron, title created, 9132. L'Isle, Gen. liriere de, in Annam, 4821. Lisle, Guillaume de, d., 6982. , Lord, minister, 8693. , Marcus C, d., 2172. , Philip de, gov., 8872. Lismore, Scot., sec erected, 8422 ; unites with Waterfnrd, .S5S 2 ; with Ernly, 9452; Bp. Power cons. R. C, 9962. , Baron, title created, 9451 . , Viscount, title created, 9311 . Lissa, naval battle near, 8242. Lissagaray, M., duel, 7383, 7563. Lister, Sir Joseph, b., 9423 ; antiseptic surgery, 974i. , Thomas Henry, b., 9303 (or 1800) ; d. (1842). Liston, John, b. (1776) ; last appearance, 94S1; d. (1846). Listowel, Ire., R. R. built, 9993. , Lord, title created, 9412. Liszt, Francz, b., 520 2 ; produces Lohen- grin , .1., 5302 Litanies first used, 869 1, 10691. Litchfield, Conn., Ly. Beecher installed, 1163 ; condensed milk mfd., 1801. , 111., explosion, 4273. Literarische Aimlekten issued, 7991. Literarisrhes Centrnlblatt issued, 8I8 3 . Wochenblatt issued, 813 1 . Literary Asso. Internat. 9842, 11102, 11223. Literary Club fnd., London, 9163. Copyright protected, 5372. Digest, N. Y., issued (1890). Gazette issued, 9391 . Inst., Eastern ; and Western, 9423 ; Marlebone, Westminster, 9463. International Asso., Paris, 7582. Interna ti<> rial < 'ongrtss, Paris, 7503. Jotfraa/ issued, Lond., 9091 ; Dub. ,9112. and Philosophical Society est., at Manchester, 9221; at New Castle, 9271; at Sheffield, 9401 ; at Leeds, 9411 . Magazine issued, 9091 , 9151 . Revieiv issued, 1311 . and Scientijic lupoaiiory appears, 1291. World appears, 270 3 . Year issued, 7032. LiteraturhUu/et issued, 11362. Literature, Royal Soc, London, 9401. - — in Iceland, 132 ; encouraged, China, 6102; in Egy., 045 2 , 6463; injunctions against, Ger., 8303. Literaiur Zeitung issued at Jena, 829'. Lithium discovered, 11361 , Lithographers est. at Boston, 1353; com- bination formed, 4232. Lithography dis., 5191 1 806 2 ; intro., 938' . Lithoscope invented; described, 9662. Lithotrity, Civiale receives prize for, 7241 . Lithuania invaded, 11141 ; annexed, 1115 2 ; anti-Jewish riots, 11212; Christianity in- troduced, 7S43. Li Tseching defeated, 6141 . Littell, Eliakim, b. (1797). LittelVs Living Age, 15S3; d., 2702. Litteratur-S, Ixhtl.s S/:rift< r issued, 6381 . Tidende issued, 6391 . Little Belt fires on J'resident, 1161. Little Big Horn River, Indian battle, 2921 . Blue, Mo., Feds, defeated, 2391 Egg Harbor, N. J., Am. burned, 891. Falls, Minn., plague of frogs, 414» . ■ , N. Y., fire, 4233. Kenesaw, Ga., action at, 2342. • Osage, Mo., Price defeated at, 2392. Rock, Ark., laid out, 1293; R. c. dio- cese est., 1562; arsenal seized, 1902; Gen. Curtis at, 209 1 ; captured, 2262; Free- State gov., 2293; Meth.Epis. South Conf. fmd., 252 2 ; P.p. Fitzgerald cons. R. C, 2562; Little r U( _. k Coll. org., 2,s63; Philan- der Smith Coll. fnd., 2962; L. R. Univ. fnd., 3142 ; silver ore dis., 4121 , 2 ; bank failure, 4222, 4233 ; State Tax unconsti- tutional, 451 2 ; tornado, 4733. College org., 2863. l'niversit\ fnd., 3142. Round Top Hill, battle for, 2241 . Wallachia, ceded, 5151; restored to Porte, 5152. , George, b. (1754) ; d., 1161 . , Louis H., d.,2133. Littledale, Richard Frederick, b. (1833) ; d., 10021 (or 1890). Littlefield, Alfred H., governor of R, I., 3043, 3052. Littlejohn, Abrani Newkirk, b., 1321 ; con- secrated, bp.,2642. Littleton, Mass., Congr. Conf. org., 2542. , Lord Edward, b., S76 2 ; lord keeper, 8852; d. (1645). , Sir Thomas, b., 8602; d., 8642. , William H., gov. S. C, 713. Litton, Edward Falconer, d., 10041 . Littr£, Maximilian Paul Emile, b., 7143 ■ works, 7351 ; d., 7522. Littrow, Jos. Johann von. b.,X042; d.,8143. , Karl Ludwig, b., 8102; d., 8282. Liturgy, New Church, opposed, Eng. ; completed, S70 2 ; in Ire. ; revised, 8703 ; abolished, 8843; revision, 8902. (See Book of Common Prayer.) Liuchi, Empress, regent, 6113. Liukiu Islands, annexed to Japan, 1093 1 . Liu Kun Yi, commander-in-chief, 6271 . Liutold, duke, 5033. Liutprand, b.-d., 10721; king; captures Ravenna, 10721 . LiuvaL, reigns, 11253, IL, reigns, 11253. Livadia sinks, 9893. Liveley, Greenland, Kane found at, 1761 . Livermore, Sam., pres. senate, 1072, 109 3 - Liverpool, Eng., chartered, 8533 ; inde- pendent, 8591 ; paved, 873 3 ; petition to queen, 875 2 ; separated from Lancaster, 8832; ship-money, 8833; taken, S841 ; separate parish, 9002 j old dock built, 1312 Text Figures denote Page. IJN1 Dili A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Live— LOHLU. 9013; Blue-Coat Hospital fnd. ; L. Cou- rant issued, 9043; infirmary est., 913*; L. Advertiser issued, 9132 ; Seamen's Hospital fnd. ; Salthouse Dock opd. ; Town Hall begun, 9133 ; library fnd., 9151; Gore's General Advertiser, 9171; theater opd., 918 2 ; House of Industry est., 919 2 ; equips army, 920 1 ; musical festival, 9222 ; King's Dock built, 9233; American cotton seized, 973 • Lunatic Asylum fnd., 927* ; Hydropathy revived, 9232 ; Athemeum opd., 9293 ; Lyceum erected, 931 '; Union newsroom opd., 9313 ; docks built ; statue George III., 9343 ; r iot, 9352 ; Corn Exchange, opd.; Royal Exchange completed; St. Nicho- las Tower falls, 9353 ; Literary and Phil. Soc. est., 937*; Royal Inst, fnd., 937', 9381; Wellington-rooms erected, 9373; first trans-Atlantic steamer at, 938 2 ; Am. Seamen's Hospital est., 941 1; Marine Humane Soc. find., 9412; St. John's Mar- ket opd., 9413 ; Laver theater opd., 942i ; House of Industry erected, 943' ; Clar- ence Dock completed ; railway to Man- chester opd., 9441; Blackrock Light- house ; locomotive steam carriages used, 945 3 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 9461 ; Welsh Presby. Soc. fnd., 9502 ; Sailors' Home est., 9531 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 954 1 ; earthquake, 9562; breadriots,959i ; docks completed; Nat. Asso. for Social Sci- ence meets, 9621 ; cholera appears, 9693; H. W. Beecher speaks, 2272 ; Confeder- ate States Fair, 2393 ; Shenandoah sur- renders, 2483 ; Fenians arrested, 9703 ; Royal Bank suspends, 971 3 ; Greek Ch. est., 9722; Brit. Asso. meets ; Social Sci- ence Asso. meets ; Stanley Park opd. ; statue of Queen, 9741 ; Bp. Reilly cons., 9742 ; foundation of Stanley Hospital, 9743; Seamen's Orphan Inst., 9752 ; Sef- ton Park opd., 9761 ; coffee-saloon opd., 977 2 ; art gallery est., 978'; Mormon missionaries in, 9782; Seamen's Orphan- age opd., 9792; w. Rathbone statue; "Walker Art Gallery opd., 9821 ; theater riot, 9831; Literary and Philosophical Soc. est., 9371 ; Rotunda Theater burned, 9833 ; bishopric est., 9342 ; riots, 9843 ; named city, 9852 ; Univ. Coll. fnd., 9862, 9882 ; plot against town hall, 9871 ; Lang- ton Dock opd., 9893 ; Home for Ancient Mariners, 9903 ; Mersey Tunnel opd., 9933 ; riots, 9943 ; Gen. Earle statue ; Queen's statue ; Royal Jubilee Exhibi- tion opd., 9961 ; Seamen's strike ends, 10011 ; dock laborers strike, 10023, 10031 ; grain-porters 3trike ; strikers parade, 10031 ; Trade Unions Cong., 10043; Naval Exhibition opd., 1008'; Victoria Build- ings, Univ. Coll. opd., 10082 ; cholera panic, 10093; elevated railway opd. ,10113. Liverpool, N. S., Meth. Conf. meets, 5882. Liversegge, Henry, b., 9323. Livery Companies formed, Eng., 8573. Livingston, Ala., Normal Coll. opd., 3142, Manor, N. Y., White Caps at, 4631 . , Brockholst, b., 741 ; justice, 115 1 . , Edward, b., 741 ; mayor N. Y., 1112 ; sec. state, 1392; d., 1462. , Henry Brockholst, b. (1757) ; d., 1382. , John Henry, b. (1746); d., 1322. , La RhettL., commissioned Col., 3841. , Leonidas F., b., 140 1. , Philip, b., 58i ; d., 911. , Robert R., b., 662 ; sec. for. affairs, 95 2 ; chancellor, builds steamer, 108 1 ; pres. Rutger'a Coll., 1171 ; d., 1211 . , William, b. (1741) ; work, 671 ; d., 602. , , gov. N. J., 853, 1013 ; d., 1022. Livingstone launched, 10941. Livingstone, David, b.,9363; explorations in Afr. ; sails for Cape Town, 5601 ; sails for Eng., 5602; consul, 5603, 9691 , H61i ; second expedition ; returns, 5603 ; in Cent. Afr. ; home despatches ; tidings ; letter, 5611; Stanley's tidings, 2741; let- ter in Herald ; letter on slave-trade ; parts from Stanley, 5611 ; miss. dis. Lake Ngami, 5982 ; represents London Miss. Soc; wifedies ,5983; at Lake Tanganyika, 5991 ; meets Stanley, 6003; travels, 8381 ; Last Journal, 9791 ; d.,5611 ,6003; interred Eng., 9782; statue, 9801 , 9841 . , John H., b. (1746) ; pres. svnod, 1103, 1123; d. (1825). Coll. (Afr. Meth.) est. at Salisbury, N. C. (1882). Livingstone expedition, Grady leaves, 1091 . Livimum, fnd., 11432. Livius, Andronicus, b. ; drama, 10531 . Livno, captured, 5301 . Livonia, in international race, 2753. Livonia, Alex., Pr.; annexed to Pol. ,11152; annexed to Russia, 11153 ; ceded, 11353. Le Lirre issued, 7522. Livre des Cent Ballades written, 6763. faits du Marichal de Boucicaut appears, 6763. Livrets, abolished, Fr., 7392. Livy, Titus Livinus, b.-d., 10583; Annales, 1061 1 . Li "Wang, enthroned, 6112. Iii-Yang-tsai, rebel leader, 6221 . Li Yuna, commander-in-chief, 6262. Ljudevit, Prince of Croatia, 5031 , Llamo, Tex., gold mine rediscovered, 3921 . Llandarf, Bishop Lewis, cons., 9SG2. Llangattock, Baron, title created, 10091 . Llewelyn the Great, Pr. of W., 8513 ; de- stroys castles, 8541 ; defeated ; k., 8541 ,2. Llorente, Don Juan Antonio, b.-d., 11283. Lloyd, Arthur T., cons, bishop, 10121. , Chas., b.(1775) ; Poems, 92d* ; d. (1S39). , Daniel Lewis, eons, bishp, 1004 2 . , Edward, b. (1799) ; gov., 573; d.(1834). , , b. (1815); works, 9003, 907 1, 9503 ; d., 10022. , Henry, b., 9082 ; d., 9223. , Demarest, work, 478 2 . , Thomas, b. (1640±); pres. Pa., 493; d. (1694). .William, bp. b. (1627); acquitted, 8963 ; d. (1717). , , smashes vase, 9521 . Loa sunk, 6062. Loan, subscription, Eng., 9273. , Fr.,7072, 7333,7352, 7391, 7411, 7433, 7453, 7472. , authorized, U. S., 1892. Act, a law, 1973, 1992 ; authorized §25,000,000, 1923 ; from banks, 1992 ; by- treasury, 2193 ; last for war, 2433. Loando, Afr., fnded. canal at, 1161 1 . Loano, It., Austrians defeated, 7102. Loaysa, b. (1500±) ; bp. of Lima; archbp., 222 ; d. (1575). Lobau Island, Bonaparte crosses, 5183. , Comte de, Georges Monton, b., 7042 ; d.,7282. Lobeira, Vasco de, b.-d., 11092 ; Amadis de Gaul translated, 1109 1. Lobengula, king, 6041,2,3. Lobkowic, John de, in Palestine, 5083. Lobo, Aristides, resigns, 5573. , Jeronimo, b.-d., 11102. Lobomeria, Austria secures, 517 2 . Lobositz, Bohemia, battle of, 5142. Lobsinger, Hans, stamped leather, 7921. Local Govt. Bill, Ritchie's, 9991,2. Militia Bill, G. B., 9572. option, in Minn., 2723 ; in Pa., 2S03, 2911; in Tex.; in R. I.,2911 ; inGa.,321i ; in Miss., 325 1 ; in Dak., Mich., Mont., 3291 ; in Wis., 351 ' ; for D. C, 3251 ; re- pealed in N. J., 3511; constitutional, Mich., 3702,3; in Del., 383 1 ; in Mel- bourne, 4982 ; resolution adopted, G. B., 9851,3; approved, 9891. Preachers' Nat. Asso. org., 1843. Lochearn sinks Vilie de Havre, 7493. Lochfyne collides with Knapton Hall, 9833. Loehr'en, William, in int. dept., 4473. Lock, Sir Henry, Brougham, gov. Victoria, 4992; Cape Colony, 0033 ; against Mata- beles 6041 Locke, 'David Ross, b., 1421 ; d., 328' . , John, b. (1792) ; invents magnetic clock, 1641 ; d. (1856). , , poet, d., 3341 . , , philosopher, b., 8822 ; constitu- tion modified, 442; Grand Model, 451; works, 8983; d., 9022. , Richard Adams, b. (1800); "The Moon Hoax," 1443 ; d. (1871). Locker, Arthur, d., 10101 . Lockhart, John Gibson, b.. 9263 ; Scott, 9491 ■ d. 958 2 . Lockport", 'n. Y., tornadoes, 3321 ; Odd Fel- lows' Home dedicated, 4703. Lockroy, Ednuard Etienne Antoine (Si- mon), b. (1*38); minister, 7552,3, 7571; report on Magenta, 7661 . Lockwood, Belva, nom. for pres., U.S.A., 319i; lawyer, 4623. , Daniel N., b., 1562. Lockyer, Joseph Norman, b., 948 2 . Lockyer, shot, 8873. Locofocos (Democrats) appear, 1452. Locomotive patented, 9302 ; tirst, 9362 ; mnf. in America, 1381 ; early trip, 137 3 ; Firefly, speed, 9461 ; Rocket travels, 9441 • North Star, speed, 9482. engineers, women delegates, Eng., 4183; strike, 951' ; convention in Can., 5883. (See Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.) Locomotives use anthracite coal, 146' ; as- cents, 1473 ; cross Miss. River, 1793. Locria Epizephyrii, fnd., 10153. Locust Grove, Va., action at., 2282. Locusts, plague of, 103 ; ravage Minn. ,284 1 ; in Central Park ; in Lackawanna Valley, 3422; inNyack,N.Y.,456i; inlll.,460'; on R.R., 4633 ; flight, Arabia, 4883 ; in Fr., 6661 ; in Syria, 11583 ; plague, 1154' . Lodge, Henry Cabot, b., 1781 ; works, 3131, 3163, 3191; 3502; on Silver Act, 4351; speech, 4391 ; bribery charges, 4611 . , Thomas, b., 8721 ; works, 8751 , 8763 ; d., 8802. , Federal Election Bill, 3632, 3671 . Lodging-house Act, G. B., 9572. Lodi fnd. ; House of, rules, 10433. , bridge of, battle at, 712' . Lodiana mission, 10491 . Lodor, Richard, commissioned col., 400'. Loeghevg issued, 5862. Loendade Santa Iria appears, 11091 . Lofoden Isles, fishing fleet wrecked, 11053. Loftcha mission, 5662. Lofthouse, railroad accident, 9853. Loftus, Baron, title created, 931' . , Lord Augustus AYilliam Frederick Spencer, b. (1817) ; gov., 4991 . , Major, on Mississippi, 741 . Log, mariner's, first mentioned, 874'. " Cabin " campaign, 153' . College, est., Pa., 583, 603 ; eel., 3443. Logan, Ky., Female College fnd., 2543. , Utah, Brigham Young Coll., opd. t 3003 ; Agricultural College opd., 3662. , Benjamin, b., 682 ; d., 1102. , Friedrieh von, Simuiedichte, 797' . , James, b., 442 ; pres.Pa.,033; d.,93'. , John, chief, b. (1725) ; d., 931 . , Alexander, b., 1341; before At- lanta, 2363 ; pres. Nat. Conven. of Vet- erans, 2552 ; impeachment manager, 2612; commander G. A. R., 2653, 2691 r 2723 ; on committee of seven, 2933 ; nom. for vice-pres., 3172 ; vote for pres. nom., 3173 ; electoral vote, 321 1 ; d., 3242 ; in- terred, 3333. , (son), lieut. 5th Reg., 3541 . , Sir Wm. Edmond, b.,5702 ; d.,5841. Logan's Fort, Ky., Indians besiege, 863. Logansport, Ind., Insane Asylum, 3332. Logaris attack Stewart, 61 . Logarithms invented, 8761. Logerot, M., minister, 7571 . Loghlen,Sir Michael, masterof rolls, 9492. Logographie printing patented, 9222. Logs town, Ya., treaty with Indians, 69 2 . Logue, Michael, cons. R. C. archbp., 9823; cons, cardinal priest, 1010 2 . Lohengrin appears, 7621 , 816 1 . Loliehstein, Daniel Kaspar von, b. (1635); Arminius mid Thns>ielda,709^ ; d. (1683). Lohnian, \Y. D., short accounts, 450 2 . Loizellon, Gen. J. L., minister, 765 2 . Loja, Granada, uprising, 11301. Lollards rise, 8582,-8622. Lollius, Marcus, defeated in Gaul, 10621 . , Urbicus, gov. of Caledonia, 10652 ; turf rampart, 8392. Lomaterus, John, correspondence with pope, 10323. Loniax, Gen., at Crooked Run, 2372. Lombard, Lambert, d., 5402. League fmd., 7791; peace with em- peror, 7792; diet against, 7803. , Pierre, b.-d., 6683 ; The Sentences, 6711. University, 111., org., 1703. Venetian kingdom, subject, 5232 • siege, 5241 ; given to Aust., 10871 ( 3. Lombardy, It., fnd. by Romans, 10533; in- vades Hung., 5031 ; Hannibal reenforced, 1054' ; overrun, 1070' ; ravaged, 10702 ; in Gaul, 6641; in It., 10731; i n Eastern Empire, 10302 ; conversion completed,. 10731; kingdom destroyed, 7713; an- nexed to papal dominion, 10723; Charle- magne conquers, 10732; annexed, 6653; war with Gr., 10321; fortified towns, Lomb-Lond. Text Figures denote Page. IJNJjJl,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1313 1073 2 ; revolt, 7753 ; rule upper It., 7781 ; conquered, 10761 ; under Visconti, 10773; Fr. and Spaniards expelled, 10821; Sp. loses, 6972; ruled by Anst., 10852; Trans- padane Republic formed, 10*52; given to Fr.,5192; enip. maintained, 5212; re- bellion, 5213; incor. with Sardinia; in- surrection, 1087 2 ; given to Sardinia, 5252, Lombardy poplar introduced, 993. Lombe, Sir Thos., silk-throwing mill, 904 1 . Lome, Dupuy de, balloon ascension, 7443. Lomenie, Louis Leonard de, b., 7223 ; d., 7502. Lomia discovered, 7361 . Lomonosoff, Mikhail, Vasilievitch, b.-d., 11142; works, 11151. tonato, French victory, 7121 . ISOncle Joseph sinks, 7533. Londesborough, E. of, title created, 9963. Londinum. (See London, 839 3 .) Londman, Thomas, b., 9002. London founders, 9693. London, Can., K. C. dioc. est., 5802; Weekly Free Press, 5803, 5811 ; Advertiser, 5811 ; battalion org., 58Si ; foresters org. ,5883; Cranbourne Club, gambling, 5S91 . , University of, Eng., est. (1836) ; sup- ports woman suffrage, 8723. London, Eng., capital ; large town, 8393 ; stone placed; Gothic architecture ap- pears, 8392, S482, 8541 ; St. Paul's built ; bishopric est., 8402; walls built, 8412; plague ravages, 8413 ; St. Paul's de- stroyed ; rebuilt ; see erected ; "West- minster Abbey fnd., 8422 ; Danes pil- lage, 2441; Danes expelled, 844 1 ; fire, 8453,8473. 10th Century, besieged; bridges over Thames, 8461 ; Thames long frozen, 8462, 8622, 9143 ; St. Paul's burned, 8473, 8482, 8493 ; storm ravages, 8481 ; Tower begun ; St. Paul's rebuilt ; "Westminster Hall built ; Temple Church built, 8482 ; St. Stephen's Chapel built, 8483 ; Newgate prison est. ; chartered, 8492; great mortality, 8493,8593, 8813; L. bridge burned, 8493; 12th -Century : stone bridge built, 8502; Temple fnd.; St. Catherine's Hospital fnd. ; massacre of Jews, 850 3 , 8542 ; anti-Jewish riots, 8511 , 8543 ; population, 8511 , 8773, 8593; Henry Fitz-Alwyn first mayor ; first fleet prison est. ; Longchamp deposed, 8513; 13th Century : L. bridge burned, 8533, 8493; St. Thomas's Hosp. est.; for- eign merchants united ; convent demol- ished, 8523; Barons convene ; first Pari., 853 2 ; pope interdicts, 8522 ; water supply, 8521 ,8813 ; Temple erected; present West- minster Abbey begun, 852 1 ; Westmin- ster convent demolished, 8523 ; char- tered, 8533, 8953; water intro. ; St. Mary's erected, 8521 ; aldermen; watch est., 8533; Savoy Palace built, 8541 ; St. Thos. a Becket's Co. org., S55 3 ; riotous tailors and goldsmiths, 8543 ; free trade privileges limited ; House of Commons est. ; charter annulled, 8552 ; St. Kath- erine's Hospital fnd. ; sea-coal prohib- ited, 8551 ; Edward I. crowned, 8553 ; Blackfriars convent erected; 8542 ; wa- terworks est., 855 3 ; all Jews expelled, 8542 ; fixed prices, 857i ; 14thCentury : Lincoln's Inn Court est. ; tournaments in, 8563 ; Merchant. Tailors' Co. ; Skin- ners' Co.; Goldsmiths' Co. find., 8573 ; Westminster Abbey nave built, 858 1 ; Grocers' Co. fmd„ 8573 ; St. Stephen's Chapel rebuilt, 8582 : Tuner and Middle Temple Court opd., 8583 ; Pari, becomes two Houses ; four representatives, 9592; Clifford's Inn Court est.. .8583 ; title lord- mayor est., 8592 ; K. John of Fr. pris- one'r,959i ; Gray's Inn of Court est. ,8583 ; Vintners' Co. find., 857 3 ; striking clock, 8582 ; John Wyclif summoned, 8583 ; Richard II.crowned,'861i ; Watt the Ty- ler, k., 8601 ; Savoy Palace burned, 8613; ward meetings intro., 861 1; L. Mayor Breraber executed, 8603 ; Mercers' Co. fmd., 8613; aldermen for life, 8612; parish clerks perform plays ; Westminster Hall repaired, 8602; Christmas festival, 10,000 guests; Order of the Bath est., 8603; Richard II. prisoner in Tower, 8612 ; 15th Century; coal intro.; opposed, 8613 ; Wm. Sautre, heretic, burned ; al- chemists forbidden, 860 2 ; lanterns ; street lights, 8631.2; Staple's Inn of Court est. ; Guild Hall est. ; Lyon's Inn of Court est., 8022 ; Henry V. crowned, 8631; Whittington Coll. est.; adulte- rated wine condemned ; Whittington's almshouses est., 8623; St. Paul's much burned, 8622; Drapers" Co. fmd.; Haber- dashers' Co. find., 8633 ; John Cade en- ters, 8621 ; l. mayor's show inst., 8633 ; Edward, I>. of York, marches into, 8641 ; Ironmongers' Co. find., 8053 ; printing- press introduced, 8642 ; Henry VI. mur- dered, 805 2 ; Clement's Inn of Court es- tablished, 8642; ( 'lothworkers' Company fmd.; Edward V. murdered in Tower; Richard III. crowned, 8653 ; New Inn Court est., S642 ; Henry VII. crowned; Star Chamber Court est., 867 2 ; sweat- ing sickness, 8073 ; anti-tax insurgents, 8661 ; court removed to Calais, 8673 ; 16th Century; Henry VII. Chapel be- gun, 8062 ; Fleet ditch navigable, 8673 ; merchants extorted, S67 2 ; St. Paul's School fnd., 8071 ; Henry VIII. crowned, 8673; 13 surg. and doctors, 8002; Henry VIII. head of Church, 8082 ; Bp. Fisher and Sir Thomas More executed; peti- tion to read Bible, K0S2; Wm. Tyndale burned, 8683; Fishmongers' Co. fmd., 8693; wine runs in conduit, S691 ; bills of mortality, 8692 ; st. Bartholomew's monastery confiscated, 8083; surgeons and barbers united, 80,si ; term lord pope forbidden, 8683 ; Bethlehem Lunatic Hosp. est.; Christ's Hosp. fnd.; 40 tav- erns in, 8711; q. Mary crowned, 8712 ; Rus. Trading Co. est., S71 3 ; John Rogers burned, 8703; Congreg. meetings est., 8721 ; Abbey of Westminster reest.; Puri- tans arise ; Poultry Compter becomes prison, 8713; Stationers' Co. incorp., 8723, 8783 ; glass mfd., 8721 ; head-dress designated, 8731 ; St. Paul's struck by lightning, 8723 ; Salters' Company formed, 8733; Outer Temple made Inn of Court ; Westminster a collegiate ch.; Westminster School or St. Peter's Coll., fnd., 8723; first tragedy, Gorboduc, 8721 ; 58 Scotchmen in; knives made, 8721; Furnival's Inn of Court est., 8731 ; plague prevails, 8733, 8793; Merchants' Adven- turers Co. fmd., 8733 ; Royal Exchange est., 8721 ; care of poor, 873i ; Physic Gar- dens est., 8.2' ; lottery in St. Paul's Ca- thedral, 8731; Temple Hall built; Soc. Antiquarians find., 8711; Gresham Coll. fnd., 8751; Anabaptists burned; Bapt. Soc. fmd., 8743 ; fi rs t regular theater built; gold-seekers visit America, 8741 ; Turkey and the Levant Cos. chartered ; enlargement prohibited ; Thames water supplied, 8753; Henry Percy murdered, 8753; Northwest Passage excitement, 8742; Wm. Shakespeare in- Q. Eliza- beth's statue, 8761 ; tobacco intro., 8772; Thanksgiving services, 8762 ; Afr. Co. fmd., 8773; Congreg. Church find., 8763; Thames dry. S701 ; Shakespeare's Globe Theater built ; taffeta ranf.; Lord Cham- berlain's actors ; 17th Century; Lord Admiral's actors, 8762; Cottonian Li- brary est., 8772; population in 1000,8773; Essex's insurrection, 8761; James I. reigns.^791 ; sanitary rigor, 8783; R ; ,leigh in Tower, 8792, 8812 ; Gunpowder Plot, 8762; London Company established for Amer., 8792; Charter House fnd., 8783 ; Granaries built, 8793; Great Tom bell; lottery for Va., 8791 ; burned; New River water-supply opened., 8793, 8813; paved ; Thames improved, 8813; Francis Bacon conspicuous; Bridewell prison built; Ra- leigh beheaded, 8,sl2 ; gambling licenses granted, 8811; The Commit, Weekly News, etc., Certain Ne/vs, etc., issued; Sion Coll. and Hospital est., 8803 ; New River Co. fmd.; Charles I. reigns, 8813; Banqueting House erected, 8801 ; hack- ney coaches est., 8813 ; commission to restore St. Paul's Cathedral, 8822 ; pos- tal communications opd., 8832 ; wind sawmill inv., 8821 ; first Particular Bap- tist Ch. est., 8822 ; velvet paper patented, 8821 ; Devonshire Square Bapt. Ch. est.; St. Giles parish begun ; bps- in Tower, 8823, 8852, 8963 ; Fleet Prison for debt- ors ; Long Pari., 8833 ; Diurnal Occur- rences issued ; Puritans divided, Presb. and Independents, 8843 ; £,. Gazette is- sued ; plays prohibited, 885 1 ; civil war ; Charles I. leaves, 8852 ; excise system est., 8S53 ; Westminster Assembly fmd., 8843; Royal Soc. ni t -ets,s.S(i2,,s'joi ; submits to army; 2d civil war, 8861 ; Presb. gain control ; Cromwell coerces Pari., 8872 ; Rump Pari.; Charles I. beheaded ; Com- monwealth proclaimed ; explosion, 8873 ; public In/' l/i, /<■/)>;■ issued, 8883 ; Oliver Cromwell, L. Protector, 8891 ; festival of sons of clergy, S88 3 ; first ac- tress, 8881 , 8911 ; Portuguese svnagogue in, 8883 ; Richard. Cromwell, Protec- tor ; army officers rule,8S«.)3 ; army enters, 8901 ; Charles II. reigns; regicides tried; K. India Co. char., 8012; banking begun, 8913; Anabaptists rise, 8902; Fifth Mon- archy men rise, 891 2 .3 ; Medical School est.; great storm, 8901; Ch. of Eng. re- stored; Act of Uniformity, 8903; first play bill, 8911; the Great Plague, 8913; Geo. Fox, Wm.Penn., Quakers, arrested; impostor whipped; riot, 8931, 8951; L. Gazette removed to ; Serjeant's Inn est.; lighted by lanterns ; the Great Fire; run on banks; Royal Exchange fnd.; fire insurance begins, 8933; Moravians Soc. est.; RovalSoc. Library fnd., 8923; great fire, 8922; tires, 8933, "8953, 9003, 9093, 9133, [)413, 9473, 9513,9633,9913,10013, 10053; Drury Lane Theater rebuilt ; monument commemorating fire, 8922; present St. Paul's built, 8942; bribery of Pari., 8943; Dutch loom used, 8941; City Mercury, 8943; coffee-house sup- pressed, 895 1'; first City Directory, 8943; statue Charles I.. 891; anti-Oath, demon- strations, 8943, 8982,8991; Titus Oates' popish plot, 8951; Walbrook Church built, 8941; Domestick Jutelliqence est., 8943; Meal Tub Plot, S952; Mercureum Librarius; chartered. 8913; oil-lighted; penny-post set up, S953, 8972; Catholics expelled; election riot ; Chelsea Hospi- tal fnd., 8951; Sadler's Wells est., 8961 ; Rye House Plot, 897 1 ; king bumbles, 8972; Charter surrendered, 8973; operas intro., 8961 ; Fr. Protestants settle, 8962; James II. reigns 8972; statue James II., 8902; charity schools est.; clergy disobey king; 7 bishops in Tower, 8963; James II. relents ; Hemming's patent street light; charter restored ; Princess Anne flees, 8973; silkweavers come; anti- Oatholie mobs, 89S2, 8991 ; Universal In- telligence, Athenian Gazette, Eng. Cour- ant, Harlem Couranf, L. Courant, L. In- telligence, L. Mercury, Orange Gazette, issued, 8983; anti-Catl). riot ;' James II. flees; Irish Night; King William enters, 8991; "William and Mary reign, 8992; Young's forgeries, 9003; Lloyd's coffee- house, 8913; Bank of Eng,' projected, 9012; charter restored, 8993; Lincoln's Inn Theater opd.; thimbles made, 9001 ; marriages and births taxed, 9003; haw- kers and pedlars first licensed, 901 1 ; first triennial Pari., 9012; Lloyd's News est., 9003; St. Paul's Cathedral choir re- opd.,9002; Hand-in-IIand lire insurance, 9013; welcomes "William III., 9011; Grey Coat School-fnd., 9003; Peter the Great in; stage immoral, 9011; White- hall palace burned ; East India Co. est., 9013; isth Century ; Haymarket Thea- ter built, 9021; and rebuilt, 916*, 9401; great storm, 9021 ; Q. Anne reigns, 9032; Kit-Cat Club est., 9031; Da Hi/ Cnuravt ; The Review, 9023 ; Her Majesty's Theater opd., 9022, 9253; union with Scot, meet- ing, 903 3 ; Country Gentleman's Courant, 9023; Soc. of Antiquaries est.; flea plague, 9022; Saelievercirs sermons; United Br. E. India Co. est., 9033; Sons of Clergy- musical festival ; St. Paul's Cathedral completed, 9042; The Examiner; Guar- dian, 9043; Am. Indians visit Q.Anne, 9051 ,573; Sun Fire Office est., 9053; Han- del's opera ; private Acad, of Art, 9041 ; Mohocks ravage, 9051 ; Q. Anne statue, 9041 ; newspapers first stamped, 9043; Q. Anne" touches " for scrofula; Hamilton- Mohun duel, 9051; George I. reigns, 9053 ; Scriblerus < Hub fnd. ; Welsh charity schools est., 9043; Whig and Tory riots ; Jacobite riots, 9051 ; Jacobite lords exe- cuted, 9053; James Quinn appears, 9061 ; Mug-house riot ; first Free Masons, 907' ; South Sea Bubble excitement, 9053, 9071 ; Westminster Hosp. fnd., 907* ; first ma- rineinsuranceco.,9073; Guy's Hosp. fnd.; 1314 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. London. Hell Fire clubs suppressed, 907' ; Chel- sea waterworks built, 9073; Layer's con- spiracy; Order of the Batli revived, 9072; smallpox in, 9073; Acad, of Art est.; Chris. Macklin appears ; George I. statue, 9061 ; Newport Market " oratory " opened; L. Daily Post and Gen. Advertiser issued ; Lloyd's List issued, 9071; George II. reigns, 91)73; public library est.; fitsforia Literaria issued, 909 1 ; St. Martin's .Lane Acad, opd.; Hyde Park Serpentine est., 9081 ; prisoner reprieved for experiment; criminals transported to Am.; first forger hanged, 9092; Bank of Eng. begun, 9093; English opera ; first oratorio ; Covent Garden Theater opd., 9081 ; Literary Mag. issued; L. Mar/., The Bee, issued, 9091 ; Soe. of Dilettanti est.; Royal Acad, of Music; time-pieces produced; high tides, 9081; White's Club est.; riot at theater, 9092 ; post to Edinburgh est.; Fleet Ditch covered ; Fleet Market opd., 9093; Wesley, and Whitetield in, 9083; Westminster Bridge est., 910*, 01*^2,9673; Royal Soc. Musicians org., 9112; Metho- dists first Confer. ,9111 ; Foundling Hosp. est., 9112, 9152; jf ew Mansion House built, 9113; l. Hosp., 9112; hard winter, 9113; Madrigal Soc. org., 9102; White- field's chapel built, 9112; surgeons and barbers separate, 9102; Middlesex Hosp. est.; Coll. of Surgeons est.; Smallpox Hosp.; Lock Hosp.; Jews' Hosp.; Brit. Lying-in Hosp.; City of L. Lying-in Hosp., 9112; Harmonica played, 9102; Chess Club fniil,, 9121 ; Universal Mag. issued, 9131 ; solar eclipse, 9121 ,9161; circulating library est., 9131 ; conjurer excitement; close Fr. war eel., 9132; Monthly Re- view, 9131; earthquake, 9121, 9132; Q. Charlotte's Hosp. est.; L. Hosp. est.; St. Duke's Asy. fnd., 9132; jail distemper, 9133; Soc. of Arts, 9122; Soc. for Promo- tion of Religious Knowledge; Joanna Southcott's fanatics, i»13i ; Jockey Club est.; earthquake, 9132; World issued, 9131 ; Brit. Museum est., 9122, 9132; opd., 9142; lotteries popular; L. lie view issued, 9132; Whitetield's Tabernacle built ; Lit- erary Mat/.; Johnson's Idler, 9151 ; usury punished; hosp. census, 9152; Thames bridge burned, 9153; Public Ledger ±9152; theatrical fund est.; art exhibition, 9142; George III. reigns ; Blaekfriars' bridge est., 9153, 9193; Catch club fmd., 9143; riot at theater; Boodle's club est., 9171; Royal Magazine, North Briton, 9152; ghost imposture; shop signs re- moved, 9173; Sadler's Wells Theater opd., 916 1 ; Press unites with St. James's Chronic{,\SH63; Lambeth Hospital est.; John Wilkes mob, 9171,2; Mozart ap- pears, 9161; Literary club est.. 91G3; murderer burned, 917 1 ; first annual sci- entific lecture, 916i ; Royal Acad. Arts est., 9162; weavers' riot ; convicts leave for Am., 9172; Tattersall's est., 9173; Haymarket Theater rebuilt, 9161; Nau- tical Almanac, 9171 ; Gospel Ma//., 917' ; Royal Exchange repaired ; Royal Acad, exhib.; letters" of Junius, 9173, 9191 ; Morning Chronicle, 919 1 ; D. of Cumber- land statue; saw-mills erected, 918 1; Pantheon erected, 9182; Morning Post, 9191; Lady's Mat/, antislavery decision, 9192; Medical Soc. fmd., Astley's Am- phitheater built, 9182; Adelphi lottery sale ; Cox's .Museum lottery sale ; Royal Humane Soc. fnd., 9192; mail coaches est., 9193; obelisk erected; Garrick's last appearance, 91S 2 ; masquerades re- vived, 9212; ancient concerts given ; pris- oner's silence punished, 9212- L. Bible Soc. est.; Protestant Asso. fmd.; first Sunday newspaper, Brit. Gazette and Sunday Monitor; Wi-sleyan Meth. Mag., 9211; "No Popery" r.ots, 9211,2,3; Morning Herald, 9211; King's Bench prison burned ; news of Cornwallis's sur- render to Washington, 9213; Morning Herald, 9231 ; Surrey Theater opd., 9221 ; Hunter Museum begun ; Handel's com- memoration ; first balloon ascension, 9222; St. Patrick's Benev. Soc, 9231; Leverian Museum lottery, 9232; first mail-coach leaves, 9233; Royal Soc. of Music est.; Csecilian Music Soc, 9222; Daily Universal Register (Times), 9231 , 9251; Strangers' Friend Soc est.; High- land Soc. est.; 97 shop-lifters executed, 9232; Curtis' s Botan. Mag.; Library Royal College of Surgeons fnd.; training-ship on Thames, 9251; umbrella used, ""92.53; Glee Club formed, 924' ; County Chroni- cle, 9251 • Linnajan Soc. est.; Italian opera revived ; George III. statue, 9241 ; Swedenborg Soc formed, 9243; Analyti- cal Review; Times, formerly Register, 9251; Anna Storace appears, 9242; The Mail, 9251 ; Her Majesty's Theater, Ital- ian Opera House burned ; opd.; Chas. B. Incledon appears, 9242; antislavery agitation, 9252; observer, 9251 ; Regent's Park demolished j Horsemonger Lane Jail built; regis teringof shipping begins; fire watch est"., 9253; Veterinary Coll. est., 9261 ; Corresponding Soc fmd.; Sun, Ob- server, issued; Asy. for Deaf and Dumb; plot against King's Bench prison ; Morn. Advertiser, 9271 ; Assembly Rooms built ; theater crush, 9273; police magistrate system est., 9272; Lyceum Eng Opera House est., 9262 ; Miss. Soc fmd., 9263 ; Coldliath Fields Prison built ; bread riot, 9272; Miss Mellon appears, 9262; John Howard statue ; coldest day, 9282; Bell's Messenger, Monthly Mag., Meth. New Connection Mag., 9291 ; Kosciusko ar- rives, 9292; Bank of Eng. suspends spe- cie payments, 9293; An/'i-Jarobin Review and Mag.; Philosophical Mag., 9291; Royal Masonic Institution ; Smithfield Club org.; members of Corresponding Society punished, 9292; river police est., 9293; L. Courier libel; Religious Tract Soc. est., 9291; docks built, 9293; and opd., 9302; i9tu Century; soup-house opd., 9293; storm ; Royal Inst. Labora- tory est. ; Royal Inst, first meeting ; Brit. Mineralogical Soc est., 9301 ; Post- Office. Directory; Library Fast India Co. fnd., 9303; Sir William Staines lord- mayor, 9312 (lord-mayors are hereafter elected annually. See text 9312±). First steamboat, 9301 ; Weekly Dispatch, 9303; Soc for Suppression of Vice org.; Charitable Bank inst.; white bread pro- hibited, 931 1 ; Westminster Hall re- paired ; Royal Jennerian Inst, fnd.; West India Docks est., 9302; Christian Observer, 9311 ; w. II. W. Betty appears, 9302; The Globe, 931 1; Astley's Amphi- theater burns ; fire ; Westminster partly burned, 9313; Goddess of JHseord exhib- ited; Royal Ophthalmic Hospital est,; East India Docks opd.; Horticultural Soc. est.; Finsbury Ophthalmic Hospi- tal Royal est.; stereotyping revived, 9322; Brit, and ForeignBibleSoc.org.; Order of the Garter reest., 9331 ; L. In- stitution fnd., 9322, 9331 ; Brit. Institu- tion fmd.; Surrey Theater burned, 9333; Refuge for Destitute creeled, 9333, 9591 , 9683; Adelphi Theater; Olympic Thea- ter opd.,,9322; Monthly Rej>osifory,d3Zt; fire panic, 9333; g : ,s intro., 9352, 9362; A.D. 1810 r ; Geological Soc est., 9342; Afr. Institution est.; Female Peniten- tiary est., 9352; Society for Promoting Christianity among Jews est.; The Ex- aminer, 9351 ; Covent Garden Theater burned, 9353; i>, Bedford statue; Eng. Opera House opd. (Lyceum), 9343; Quar. Review, 9351; (old prices) riots, 9352; warehouses burned, 9353; Baptist Coll. fnd. ,9:352; flooded, 9353; y ; , uxhallBridge begun; Waterloo Bridge, 9343, 93s t; Church Miss. Soc. est., 9363; philhar- monic Soc find.; Marylebone Ch. com- menced, 9362; Wbitecross St. Prison erected; Orphan Asy. fnd., 9372; print- ing by steam power ; fair on Thames ; New Monthly Mag. ; Thanksgiving, 9371 ; Bonaparte defeated ; Regent Park im- provements, 9373; corn-bill riots, 9372; Fox statue, 93.x 1 ; Asiatic Journal, 9383; meetings at Spa-fields ; Milbank prison receives convicts ; Westminster Royal Hosp. est., 9391 ; Savings Bank est., 9393; Nelson column erected; Waterloo Bridge built, 9381 ; riot in St. James's Park, 9391 ; Peace Soc est.; Blanketers rise, 9392; gold sovereign intro., 9393; Inst, of Civil Engineers, 9381; infant schools opd., 9391 ; Mendicity Soc. est., 9392; Ch. St. Pancras begun ; Hunterian Soc. fmd.; Soutbwark Bridge opd., 9382; Port of LondonSoc.org.; Bethel Union Soc.org.; Poultry Chapel erected, 9383; Egyptian Soc. org., 9391 ; A. D. 1820± ; John Hull, 94H; George IV. reigns; Q. Caroline demonstration, 9412; Royal Astronom. Soc; Medico-Botanical Soc org.; Bank of Eng. completed ; Havmarket Theater rebuilt, 9-n)i; Bell's Life, 941 1 ; Dread- nought Hosp. fnd., 9412; L. and Leith. steamboats est., 9413; Achilles statue; Thames forded; St . Paul's Cathedral ball and en »ss restored; R. >val Acad, of Music est., 9402; Sunday Times, 9411; Royal Soc Literature est., 9402, 9411; Royal AsiaticSoc.org.; chartered; Mechanics' Institution org.; Meteorological Socest., 9402; Lancet, 9411; ca bs intro., 9413; National Gallery begun, 9402; Westmin- ster Review; Athemeum Club org., 941 1; Royal Soc Prevention of Cruelty to Animals est.; Q. Adelaide's Hospital fnd., 9412; Thames tunnel begun; Mel- odists' Club est.; Zoological Soc. find., 9421 j l. Univ. char.; opened ; Highbury College fnd.; Athis issued, 9431 ; New L. Bridge built, 9422,- completed, 9441 ; For- eign Quar. Review; Soc for Promotion and Diffusion of Knowledge; Standard Medical Gazette, 9431 ; Protestant Soc. est., 9423; Incorporated Law Soc. est., 9431 ; Brit, Orphan Asylum est., 9432; St. Katherine's docks begun, 9433 ; Queen's Theatre opd., 9422; police Ga- zette; Record; Spectator ; Athenseam ; Court Journal; Medical Times issued, 9431 ; Free Royal Hospital fnd.; stocks removed; Soc for Artists' widows est,, 9432; theater wall falls, 9433; tirstgreat exhibition, 9453; Trafalgar Square be- gun; Fanny Kemble appears ; Post-Of- fice completed, 944 1; new police force est., 9452; Frazer's Mag.; A. D. 1830+; Metropolitan Mag.; Westminster Review unites with London Review; new police service ; King's Coll. incor., 9443; omni- buses intro.; New Bridewell Prison erected; Farrington Market opd., 9453; William IV. reigns, 9452; Royal Geo- graphical Soc. org.; Garrick Theater opd., 9441 ; Fauntleroy's forgeries; bet- ting-bouses suppressed, 9451; Lyceum burned; Covent Garden market built, 9453; New L. Bridge completed ; Surrey Zoological Gardens; Paganini appears ; Pitt statue ; Strand Theater opd.; Har- veian Soc org.; John Cartwright and Geo. Canning statues set, 9441 ; Central Board of Health fmd.; New Charing Cross Hospital ; Jews' Orphan Asylum ; L. Temperance Soc. meets, 9451 ; cholera fast, 9442; penny Mag. ceases, 9443 ; Medii-al Asso. org.; Zoological Gardens opd., 946i; Mark Lane Express; Naval and Military Gazette; Marylebone Lit- erary Inst, fnd., 9463; anti-Wellington mob, 11471 ; Entomological Soc. org.; Ed- mund Kean retires; seraphine intro.; Waithman Obelisk erected, 9461 ; Univ. Coll. Hospital est., 9471; Hungerford Market opd., 9473; Architects' British Royal Institution org., 946 1 ; United Service Gazette, l M^\ Carlton Club fmd.; St. George's Chess Club fnd.; last lot- tery, 9471 ; Lyceum reopd.; Statistical Soc. org.; Royal Inst. Brit. Architects org., 9461 ; City of I,. School fnd.; West- minster Literarv Inst, fnd., 9463; tailors' strike; Sisters of Charity work, 9471; St. James [Princess's] Theater opened; Protestant Asso. est., 9463 • Sailors' Home opd. ; St. Mark's Hosp. fnd., 9471 ; Reform Club, 9473; Numismatic Soc. fnd 9481; Musical World, 9483; statue of George III. erected ; Orthopaedic Hospital fnd., 9401 ; Bridewell Prison rebuilt, 9493; Art Union fmd.; Ornitho- logical Soc org.; Electrical Soc. org.; City Theater, Norton-Folgateopd.,9481 ; Mormons succeed, 9482,3; Edwin For- rest appears, 146 1 ; Magnet; Era; Rail- way Times; Publishers' Circular, 9491; Q. Victoria reigns ; crowned, 9492; Royal Agri. Society fmd.; Etching Club fmd.; John Liston retires; hurricane; railway to Greenwich ; railway to Bir- mingham, 94s 1 ; Eng. Historical Soc. est.; Arundel Yacht Club org.; Ecclesiastical, Gazette; Medical Press issued, 949'; Paddington to West Drayton telegraph ; Royal Exchange burned, 9493; Royal Xondon. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1315 Polytechnic Inst, opd.; Microscopical, Eee'lesiological, Royal Botanical Soci- eties org., 9482; Ragged School est. ,9491 ; A. D. 1840±; wood-paving fails, 950 1 ; dog-power abolished ; King's Coll. Hosp. fnd.; Theatrical Fund est.; atmospheric pressure experiment ; railway to Brigh- ton, to Blackwall, to Bristol opd., 9511 ; Circulating Library fnd.; Tablet, K. C. weekly, issued, 9503; Chemical, Pharma- ceutical, Hydropathic Societies formed; Adelaide Kenible appears; Princess's Theater opd., 9501 ; Nonconformist; Gar- dener's Chronicle ; Jewish Chronicle ; Punch; Pharmaceutical Journal; Non- conformist, 9503; Percy, Parker Socie- ties ; Metropolitan Asso. (improving dwellings) ; Consumption Hosp. ; L. Philanthropic Soc. fnd., 951 1 ; Astley's Amphitheater burned, 9513; reopd., 95*21; Marylebone Theater opd., 9502; Inqu i rer ; Lloyd's Weekly Ne wspaper ; Illustrated London News; Builder; British Society for Propagating Gospel among Jews formed ; Philological So- ciety organized, 9503; Woman's Hospi- tal est., 9511 ; Marshalsea Prison demol- ished ; Pentonville Model Prison est., 9513; Christian Alliance org., 9523; Eth- nological Soc; Brit. Archaeological Asso.; Royal Archaeological Inst, org.; Nelson Column set ; Thames tunnel opd; Thames overflows ; South Eastern rail- way to Dover and to Folkestone opened, 9521 ; Economist ; News of the World ; Law Times : Farmer ; Allen's Indian Mail, 9523; Sydenham Law Amend., and Nat. Temperance Societies find., 9531; Eng. Churchman, 9523; Round, Catch, and tile Cannon Club est.; St. Mary's Hosp. fnd., 9531 ; Wellington statue, 9521; British Quar. Review : Musical Times; Agricul- tural Gazette; Y. M. C. A. est.; 9523; Fleet Prison taken down ; Royal Ex- change opd., 953 3 ; Handel, Syro-Egy., Ray, and Caxton Societies find.; Hun- gerford Bridge opd., 9521, Y. M. C. A., parent society org., 9523; Victoria Park and Trafalgar Square est.; Victoria statue set ; railway to Cambridge, 9522; model lodging houses ; Knight's Penny Mag., 9531 ; Building Act operative ; penny fares on steamboats, 9533; Wel- lington Arch set, 95.12; Guardian ; Daily News issued, 953 1 ; Pathological Society org., 9541 ; Cavendish Soc. and Hakluyt Soc. fmd., 9543; twopenny omnibuses, 955 3 ; Jenny Lind sings; Palteonto- graphical Soc. fmd., 9541 ; Education Times; Weekly Times issued, 9543; Shakespeare's house sold; commercial panic, 9,553 ; Inst, of Actuaries find., and Arundel Soc; Bentinck statue set, 9541; Psychological Journal est., 9543; Chart- ist demonstration, 9552; park Theater bums, 9533 ; cholera in, 9553, 9593. 9(393; Board, of Health fnd.; Art Journal; Pho- netic News; Notes and Queries issued, 9551 ; Protectionists meet, 9552; Coal Ex- change opd.; Olympic Theater burned, 9553; A.D. 1850^; Marble Arch erected, 9542; Prince Albert statue set ; Lyceum reopened. 956 1 ; Reynolds's Newspaper; Household Words; New Coll. fmd., 9503; Hahnemann Hosp. fnd.; Royal Hosp. for Incurables fnd., 9571 ; powerful magnet, 9562; Crystal Palace built, 95(12, 9582; Govt. Sctioolof Mines opd., 9563; Cancer Hosp. est.; Children's Hosp. est.; Royal Orthopaedic City Hosp. est.; St. Luke's Hosp.; L. Temperance League formed, 9571 ; Smithtield Market closed, 9572; telegraph to Dublin ; Crystal Palace ex- hibition, 9573, 9532; electric clock set up, 9562; City Prison opd., 9571 ; panop- ticon of Science and Art est., 9582; Jour. of Mental Science; Jour, of Society; Jour, of Art ; and Leisure Hour issued, 9583; N.W. Reformatory Institution fnd.; Ref- uges for Boys and Girls est., 9591 ; Chas. H. Spurgeou, pastor; Epidemiological Soc fmd., 956i; Philobiblon Soc est., 9583; cabmen's strike ; St. Thomas's Hosp. fnd.; Christ's Hosp. fnd.; Harriet Beecher Stowe received, 9591; Field; Civil Service Gazette ; Wesleyan L. Quar. Review; Commercial Gazette; Press united with St. James's Chronicle, 9583; poultry exhibition ; Trades Museum est., 9583; Standard Theater opd., 9582; Building News; Workingmen's Coll. est., 9591, 9703; statue of Peel, 9602; Illus. Times; Over/and Mail; Daily Telegraph; Sat. Review; Daily Chronicle and. Clerken- we/l News, 9603; bread riots; Juridical Soc. -est., 9611; Metropolitan Board of Works est., 9612; Metropolitan Cattle Market opd., 9613; Napier statue ; Odon- tological Soc. fmd., 9602; Gen. Eng. Con- greg. Synod, 9603; peace eel.; Postal Guide: M»rn. Star; Court Circular; Engi- neer, 9611; Royal Brit. Bank suspends, 9612; Pavilion' Theater burns; Covent Garden Theater burns, 9613; South Kensington Museum opd.; Sheepshanks collection, 9602; (Genealogical Soc; Nat Asso. for Social Science org., 9621 j City Press; Solicitor's Jour., 9623; Horologi- cal Soc; Soc. Fine Arts, and Musical Soc. fmd., 9631 ; Rarey tames horses; Jen- ner statue; Covent Garden reopd., 9621 ; Hailcybury or East India Coll. fnd.; finaksi Her; Photographic News, 9623; Dental Hosp., 963 1 '; postal districts, 9032; popular Monday concerts fnd.; electric telegraphs intro.; Handel festival held, !)i.;-j2; Sporting Life; religious riots, 9623, 9671; Maoni'/lan's Mag.; Dental Hosp. fnd.; Christian. World; Corn hill Mag.; OnceaWeek; Chemical News ; builders' strike, 963 1 ; stock exchange panic, 9633; A. D. 1860 +; Richard I. statue, 9641; Inst. Naval Architects ; Acad. Music org.; Clinical Soc fnd.; Spurgeon's Tab- ernacle opd., 9612; Good Words; Catho- lic Times; National R< former ; Army and Navy Gazette; Temple Bar; Universe; Workingmen's Club opd., 9643, 9663; St. -lames Soc for Relief; Soc. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals est.; distress pre- vails, 9651 ; West Kent wharf burns; New Hibernia wharf burns ; Metropolitan un- derground R. It. begun, 9(553; and opd., 9673; G. F. Train est. street railways, 9041,9053, and abandoned, 9653 ; Crystal Palace injured; storm; Adelina Patti appears ; Deaconess Inst, est.; statue of Uavelock erected, 9642; Middle Temple New Library opd. ; Illus. Times incor. with Penny' ///us. Paper; Queen; Fun; St. James's Mag.; Church Review, 9643; Home for Incurables est., 9651 ; wharves burn ; Elcho Shield in Guildhall ; pneu- matic tubes laid ; Home for Dogs opd., 9653; Orchestra; International : Vieforia Mag.; Reader, 9663; Royalty Theater opd.; special exhibition of art ; 2d Inter- national Exhibition opd.; Westminster Suspension Bridge opd., 9661; Sporting Gazette; L. Society Mag., 9663; Royal Soc of Naval Architecture ; Royal Sc. Naval Architecture est.; Hyde Park riot, meeting prohibited, 9671 ; 'Westminster Bridge opd., 9673; Macgregor statue; Pr. Albert statue set, 9661 • Anthropo- logical Soc org., 9662; Children's Day Asylum opd.; St. John's Hospital, 967 1 ; mail-bags by pneumatic dispatch, 9673; pneumatic railway opd.; North Indus- trial Ex. opd., 9662; "Oxford Declara- tion," 9663; first train enters ; Peabody dwcllings opd.; Thames embankment begun; Charing Cross R. R. opd., 967 3 ; Owl; Working Women's Coll. begun; Salvation Army fnd.; Albert Veterinary Coll. opd.; Glowworm; Sporting Times; Fortnightly Review; Pall Mall' 'Gazette '; Eng. Mechanic; Sportsman, 90S 2 ; Sani- tary Commission (TJ. S. A.), 2312; bur- glaries ; workhouses abuses, 96S3; Sur- rey Theater burned ; cattle plague, 9693; Holhorn Theater opd., 96S1 ; Working- men's Club ; training ship est.; Pea- body's gift, 90.33; reform meeting, 969 1 ; Standard Theater burned; Black Fri- day panic ; bank suspensions, 9093; Jos. Jefferson appears, 2.501; Edwin Booth appears, 2541 ,2581 ; Wm. Lloyd Garrison received, 2503; Humanitarians fnd., 9701 ; Law Journal; Bulliouist; Engineer; Land- and Water; Belgravia. Mag.; Con- temporary Review, 9702; Street Reform Asso. fmd.; Women and Children Hos- pital fnd.; Royal Canoe Club fnd., 9703; Crystal Palace tire, 9713; Albert Hall of Arts est.; East L. Theater opd.; laugh- ing gas intro. ; Queen's Theater opd. ; St. George's Opera House opd.; Herbert statue ; Mile. Nilsson appears ; Kate Terry retires; Mile. Kellogg appears, 9701; Coll. of Internal. Education Soc est.; Guards Inst, inaug., 9702; tailors' strike; Alexandra Ophanage est., 9703; Stoekwell Orphanage fnd.; explosion by Fenians; labor scarce; Orphans' Home est., 9711; County Court est., 9713; f C e breaks; Holhorn Viaduct begun; Belgian visitors, 5451 ; Barnsbury Jewish Syna- gogue fnd.; Workingmen's Coll. opd., 9703; Millwall docks opd. ,9713; Holbein Soc, Royal Hist. Soc, and Colonial Inst, est.; Peel statue set ; Clyde statue; St. Pan eras K. It. station opd.; Globe Thea- ter opd.; Gaiety ; A.D. 1870 ■ ; Harleian Soc; Amateur Mechanical Soc. fmd.; Cobden statue; Burlington Fine Arts Club fnd., 9721; Bazaar; Rock; Echo, 9722; Peabodygift to poor, 9723; Asso. Prevent Poverty and Crime est., 9731; King's Cross Market opd.; Albert Thames Embankment partly opd. ,9733; Royal Acad, in new building ; Iron and Steel Inst, fnd.; Industrial Exhib. opd.; Peabody statue ; Charing Cross Theater opd., 9721 ; Sunday Lecture Soc, 9722; Morning Star suspends ; Morning Herald suspends ; The Spiritualist ; Nature, 9723; Imbeciles' Asylum fnd.; Woman's Club and Inst, opd., 973 1 ; Vaudeville Theater opened : Martyrs' Memorial erected, 9722,3; pall Mall Gazette, Free- mason, Graphic, Architect, Financier, are issued; Univ. London and Univ. Coll. for Woman's Higher Education, 9723; Opera Comique opd.; Inter. Workmen's Exhib. opd., 9741; Hebrew Literature Soc est., 9743; riotous meetings of un- employed ; labor meetings prohibited; Refugees' Benevolent Fund est., 9751; Millbank prison est.; "Victoria Thames Embankment inaug., 9753 ; Anthropo- logical Inst, est., 9731 ; Intermit. Exhib. of Art, 9741 ; Outram statue, 9742; first Metropolitan Sc. Board election ; Em- pire; Jour. of Edu.; Portfolio; B,. CUnir. Coll. opened.; Rate-payers' Board Asso. est., 9743; Paris Relief Fund est., 9751 ; Workman's Peace Asso.; Pr. Arthur, freedom of city, 9752; Royal Albert Hall, Arts and Sciences, opd., 9753; Inst, of Electrical Engineers est. ; Stephenson statue set; Zoological Soc, many ani- mals, 9701 ; New Cath. Club opd.; Bibli- cal Archaeological Soc, 9702; Asso. Oral Instruction of Deaf Mutes ; Woman's Education Union est., 9763; Marylebone Women's Hosp., 977 1 ; Marine Engineers' Inst, est.; Brit. Orchestra Soc fmd.; East L. Museum opd.; Internat. Exhib. opd.; John Stuart Mill statue set, 9761 ; East L. Inst, fnd.; Union Chapel at Is- lington opd., 97C 2 ; Library and Museum at Guildhall '.-pen ; Brit. Mail : Metropol- itan; Money ; Provident Knowledge Soc. org.; Soc. for Org. of Academic Study org.; Quar. Jour. Naval Science issued; schools for unruly children opd., 9763; builders, bakers, porters, gas-stokers strike; Fenian demonstrations, 9771 ; Her Majesty's Theater rebuilt, 9773; Royal Alexandra Theater opd., 9761 ; The Hour; first L. School Board opd., 9771; work- ing-men's demonstration, 9772; 4th In- ternat. Exhib. opd.; Albert statue set, 9781 j Nat. Training School for Music opd., 9781 , 9783; New Shakespeare Soc; Dialectic Soc, fnd.; Iron, 9783; Nat. Health Soc org.; Hosp. Sunday est.; Temperance Hosp.; Orphans' Home est., 9791 ; Cremation Soc. org., 9792; panic on Stock Exchange, 9793; Physical Soc; Henry Irving appears ; Shakespeare statue set ; Bunyan statue set ; Priestly statue; Derby statue set, 9781 ; city Tem- ple opened, 9782; Musical Asso.; Public Analysts, Shakespeare Memorial Socie- ties org.; Workingmen's and Working- women's Coll. amalgamated ; Medical Soc. for Women opd., 9783; j/lus. Sport- ing and Dramatic News, Brit. Architect, Pictorial World, Englishman, Sanitary Record, World , Accountant issued; Throat and Ear Hosp. opd.; Liberal Club org., 9791 ; Hosp. Saturdays begun; Lincoln Tower est.; Women's Protective and Provident League, 9792; Criterion, Re- gent's Circus built. ,9793 ; Congreg.Memo- , 1316 Text Figures denote Page. Ii\ DEX. Superior Figure indicate Column Lond-Long. rial Hall opd., 9782; Psy etiological Soc, 980 1 ,2; Royal Aquarium Soc, Ch. Choral Soc. est.; Nat. Opera House opd., 9801 ; diocese rearranged ; Pan-Presb. Cong, lield; Baxter statue set ; Education Soc. org., 9802; Passiouist Monastery dedi- cated, 9803; Bulgarian atrocities; bicycle clubs find., 98P; drainage works com- pleted ; Metropolitan R. R. extended, 9813; and reports, 99.'i3; spelling-bees intro.; Smithtield poultry market, 9813; Internal. Loan Exbib.; Mineralogical Soc. est.; Grattan statue, 980 1 ; Faraday statue; Sanitary Inst., 9802; Christ Ch. ded.; Cb. of Eng. Workinginen's Soc. est., 9803; Nat. Conf. against" war ; Pneu- matic Dispatch Co. suspends, 9813; The Hour suspends ; Daily Reorder of Com- merce, Mind, Whitehall Review, issued ; Working Lad's Inst, opd., 981 1 ; cable to New Zealand; Royal Albert Hall opd.; war conference ; 'Weston walks, 981 3 ; eel. dis. of printing ; Egy. obelisk set ; electric light tried; Grosvenor Gallery opd.; Afr. Exploration Fund est.; Inst. of Chemistry fnd.; Library Asso.; Index Soc. org. ; Library Asso. fnd. ; Peel statue set; Wagner festival held; Nineteenth Century issued ; Referee, Truth, issued ; Josiah "Henson received ; masons' strike, 9823; whale in aquarium; pedestrian contest, 9833; Brit, ami For. Unitarian Soc.org.; Carmellite Convent opd.; Pan- Anglican Cong. ; Jabloehkoff electric light system ; Sunday opening of libra- ries, 9822, 9812, 98.31 ; Library Asso. org.; Weekly Weather fir port issued ; New City Library and Muse mti est., 9*23; Blue Rib- bon movement; J. B. Gough lectures; ZeteticalSoc; Folk Lore Soc. est.; Girls' Friendly Soc. est., 983 1 ; Great Eastern Street opd.; Temple Bar removed, 9833; Imperial Theater opd.; Citizen, Mag. of Art, Statist, Electrician; Northwest L. Hosp. fnd., 9843; Astrological Soe. fnd., 9841 ; Metropolitan Free Library Asso. fmd.; Carlyle Soc. fnd., 9812; engineers strike ; City Church Protection Soc. fmd., 9813 ; Truscott, lord-mayor, 9852; A. H». 1880 1; International potato ex- hibition, 9853; Albert Inst, inaugurated; Lord Byron statue ; Robert liaikes statue, 984' ; Exeter Hall for Y.M.C.A.; Sunday Schools monument set, 9842; St. James's Gazette; Aristotelian Soc. fmd., 9843; Home Hosp. opd.; Harley Street murder ; tournaments at Agri- cultural Hall ; Sir Chas. Whetham, 1.- mayor ; Woman Sulfrago meeting, 9851 ; new post-office begun, 985 2 ; Holborn Town Hall opened; Holborn Theater burned ; Victoria Docks renamed Royal Albert, 985 3 ; Princess's Theater reopd. t 98G1 , 9901 ; p r . of Wales statue set ; Vic- toria statue set ; Temple Bar Memorial uncovered; Typographical Soc. org.; Bal- loon Soc. org., 9861 ; Topographical Soc; Ascham Soc. find.; Univ. of L., women's degrees, 9862; Temperance Hosp. fnd.; Evening Ne ws, 9363; Municipal Reform League org.; Internat. Pharmaceutical Cong.; Mansion House explosion, 9871; Internat. Sanitary Exhib.; Internat. Woolen Exbib., 9873 ; Iuternat. Horticul- tural Exbib.; Chemical Industry Soc. org.; Savoy Theater opd.; Moody and Sankey visit; Browning Soc. fnd.;Meth. Ecumenical Conf.; Examiner suspends ; Hellenic Society Jour., Knowledge, Peo- ple, 9882; Parnell agitators' meeting, 98S3; John W. Ellis, l.-tnayor,9892 ; Royal Alexandra Theater burned, 9S93; Soc. for Psychical Research org.; Rowland Hill statue set ; Abbey Gardens opd.; Inter- nat. Electrical Exhib.; Wagner's Ring des Nibelnngen, 9881 ; City College fnd.; Great Bell dedicated ; Land Nationali- zation Soc. fmd.; anti-cruelty to Jews meeting, 9883; Fenian arms seized; Queen attacked; Internat. Electrical and Gaslight Exhib. opd., 9891 ; City of L.Sc. opd.; Jumbo leaves, 9893 ; Oh. Army org.; Sc. of Dramatic Art opd., 9992; Internat. Temperance Conf.; Metropolitan Public Garden, Boulevard, and Playground As- so.; Persecuted Jews aided ; Nat. Tem- perance Jubilee, 9903; h. R. Knight, 1.- mayor, 991 2 ; Alhambra Theater burned, 9913; and reopd., 9921 ; Strand Theater rebuilt, 9913; Princess's Theater opd.; Beaconstield statue set ; Electrical Ex- hib. opd.; Royal Coll. of Music opd., 9901 ; Eng. Illustrated Mag.; Lonymans' May.; Technical Coll. opd.'; Nat. Review ; East End Juvenile Soc. est. ; Pan-Presb. Coun- cil; East End Juvenile mission est., 9902; dynamiters fail; Egy. Refugee Fund; Whiteehapel murders, 991 1 ; Nat.Healtb Soe. Exhib.; attempt on local govt, office; Irish Lace Exhibition opens, "9913; Seal. Soc. org., 9921 ; Positivists meet,9922; Sir R. N. Fowler, 1. -mayor, 9932,3; Metro- politan R. R. reports, 9933; cable tram- way, first in Europe, opd.; Burns statue set; Empire Theater opd., 9921 ; New St. Paul's Sell. Buildings opd.; Soc. of Au- thors fnd.; Brit. Commercial Geography Soc. org.; Bp. Temple cons.; Ch. of the Oratory fmd.; Salvation Army Building fnd., 9922; Educational Conf. 'opd.; New St. Paul's Sc. opd. ,9923; eel. of abol. sla- very ; dynamite in R. R. stations ; anti- franchise meeting ; Soc. Preventon Cru- elty to Children est.; shoemakers strike, 9931 ; conf. for Egy. affairs, 9932; fi re a t Aquarium, 9933; a. D. 1885 + ; Darwin statue set, 9921; Holloway Asy. opd.; unemployed meet, 993 1; Shaftesbury statue set ; Home Arts Asso. est., 9941 ; Selborno Soe., Bacon Soc, Shelley Soc. org., 9942,3; j. Staples, l.-mayor, 9951; R. Hanson, l.-mayor, 9953; terrific storm, 9963; Colonial and Indian Exhib. opd.; Q. Anne statue set, 9941 ; Sion's Coll. and Hosp. opd.; ch. census; Eng. Hist. Re- view issued; 1620 churches; Brit, and Colonial Cong., 9942; riotous meetings, 9943; Socialist League fmd.; Nat. Con- servative Club fmd., 9951; Brit. Home Rule for Ire. Asso. fmd.; private posting boxes, 9952; Josef Hol'mann plays; Inter- nat. Shorthand Cong. ; Anglo-Jewish Antiquities exhibited; Q.Victoria statue, Holloway, 996i ; Selden Soc. org.; Vola- piik advocated; Postman's Rest est., 9963 ; Queen's Jubilee, 997 1 : strikers meet ; Nat. Union org.; Poor Children's Aid Soc. org;.; Parnellism and Crime published; Times trial, 9972; Liberal Unionists Conf.; P. de Keyser, l.-mayor ; Grand Theater burned; Irish Coercion Bill protest, 9973; St. Paul's Cathedral reredos unveiled, 9962; statues, Welling- ton, Shaftesbury, Gordon, Iddesleigh set; tablets, Stewart and War Correspon- dents ; monument of Sir Bartle Frere ; tablet to Soudan soldiers ; Internat. Cong, of Geologists ; portrait of W. E. Forster ; Italian picture exhib.: Irish Exhib.; Anglo-Danish Exhib. opd.; Gal- lery for Modern Pictures opd.; Italian Exhib.; Anglo-Danish Exhib.; Irish Ex- hib.; Internat. Cong. Geologists, 9981 ; Cong, of Prot. Missions; 3d Lambeth Conf.; Cong. Prot. Missions, 9982; East End murders ; Universal Review; Glad- stone Library opd.; Sc. of Handicraft opd. ,9983; Iuternat. Trades Union Cong.; Whitehall murder ; New Central Hosp. opd.; strike of matchmakers; anti-liquor sellers meeting, 9091 ; J. Whitehead, 1. of Queen ; Royal Coll. of M usie gift; elec- tric omnibus ; Spanish Exbib. of Arts opd.; donation to Koyal Coll. of Music, 10001; World's Sunday-School Conven.; N. Y. Herald in ; New Party ; Sat. Re- view bought, 10002; Pr. Ferdinand visits, 5682; Road Woman's Hosp. fnd., 10003; dock laborers strike, 10011; women in- eligible to council, 10012; ferry opd. to Woolwich ; Salvationists dispersed, 10013; Neiv Review, 10022; Barnum ban- quet, 10023; dock laborers strike; gas- men strike; The Speaker; Daily Graphic; Subjects of the Bay; Quinn's charity gift; Convalescent koine est.; Patriotic volunteer fund est., 10023; A.D. 1890± ; workmen's holiday settled ; workmen's demonstration; shoemakers' strike ends; Siberian exiles demonstration; strike against sweating system; ship-carpen- ters strike; tailors strike ; H.M.Stanley arrives, 10031 ; Loan Exbib. of Paintings ; influenza rages ; Barnum's circus at- tended ; Royal Agri. Soc. Exhib., 10033; telephone connection with Paris, 10041 j St. Paul's Cathedral service, 10042 ; Ship- ping Union fmd.; Paternoster Review, 10043; Armstrong laborers stiike; Union men ignored; Mayhew absconds, 10051; Jos. Savory, l.-mayor ; Whiteehapel murder; Blue Book disclosures, 30052; electric railway hiaug., 10053; a Joint- Stock Bank fails, 5013; Jnternat. Cong, of Hygiene ; Grenadier Guards refuse parade. 100G1 ; Internat. Comjreg. Coun- cil, 10062; labor meeting in Hyde Park ; baccarat scandal ; New York Herald dis- continued, 10063; murder of women; laundresses meet ; Oriental Cong.; omni- bus strike ; Women's Labor Home opd.; bank robbed ; St. Paul's reredos case dis- missed, 10071 : Trafalgar Square Theater opd., 10081; Pall Mail Gazette changes, 100S2; Borough Road Polytechnic opd., 10083; Spurgeon obsequies; St. James's Gazette office attacked; Westminster Gazette; coal porters stiike, 10083; Cali- fornia fruit received; cholera panic; New Oriental Bank fails ; cattle disease; liquor dealers' demonstration ; Trafal- gar Square to be used for political meet- ings 30093 ; Camberwell, South L. Art Gallery opd., 10121 ; South Kensington Imperial Institution opd., 1010 2 ,3; Ar- menian mass meeting, 10102; Victoria Docks strikers ; Total Abstainers' trouble; North L. Hosp. opd.; Eight Hour Movement favored, 10103; Anarch- ist meeting ; Nat. League mass meeting; wedding procession Duke of York ; Con- sumptives' Hosp. opd., 10111; vestibule train intro.; Nat. Workmen's Exhib. opd., 10113; Tower Bridge opd., 10121; demonstration against House of Lords : cab-drivers strike, 10122 ; Chartered Bank fails, 5013; Australian Joint-Stock Bank fails, 10123; bp. appointed, 10682; Univ. of L. est., 943 1 ; R.K. strike, 9771; R. R. accident, 9773; (see British Mu- seum ; King's Coll.). Municipality Bill intro., 9S53; Paro- chial Charities Act passes, 9913. and Brighton R.K., Eng., strike, 970». Co. chartered, 27 1 , 3,291 , 8793 ; poor management, 283; bankrupt, 311 . Insurance Co. formed, Eng., 9073. , Ky., Con fed. prisoners taken, 2163. ■ , Tenn., lynching, 4211 . Univ. chartered; opd., 943 1 ; favors higher education for women, 9723; de- grees to women, 9823; first woman in, 9862; Queen's statue set, 10001 . Londonderry mentioned, 8413 ;. Abbey burned, 8441; captured, 8781 ; besieged, 8981 ; iron bridge opd., 9823 ; strike,1000.3 - — , Marquis of, title created, 9372. , . (See Stewart, Charles William.) Lone Jack, Mo., action at, 2111 . Star Soc. org., U. S., 17H, 6323. Lonesome Hollow, Ky., R. R. wreck, 4093. , Armistead L., b., 1341 ; d., 3821 . , Edwin.b., works, 9442 ; ^41 ; d., 10061. , Eli, b., 1482. , George, b., 9302. , John Day is, l>.( 1838}; gov. Mass. ,3052. ' , Sir Robert, minister, 8912. , Roger, b., 8942 ; d., 9183. , Stephen Harriman, b., 962 ; d., 2392. , Bishop William, est. schools, 8583. Long Beach, N. Y., kidnappers, 4682 ; Summer Pari, opens, 464 2 ; Maxsassoit ashore, 4753. Branch, N.J.,G< nnania wrecked,3492; Interdenominational Bible Cong. opens, 3661 ; hotel tire, 4113; Pier wrecked, 4453. Eaton Junction, R.R. collision, 9733. Island granted to E. of Stirling, 311 ; battle of, 841 ; -weekly mails, 1193 ; His- torical Soc. Library find., 2111; Oregon collides, 3233 ; R. R. line to Boston, 3913. City, N". Y., mayor sentenced, 3703; free'librai-y given, 3722; street-car strike, 3831 , 4542; fire, 3833 ; watchman murdered, 4042; railroad accident, 4373. Sound, steamers collide, 4773. Longamilla, battle of, 606 1 . Longehamp, William of, government ad- ministrator ; deposed, 8513; d. (1197). Longden, James Robert, gov., 5643, 10393. Longet, Francois Achille, b., 7191 ; d., 7461 . Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, b., 1141; works, 1451 , 1511 , 1543, 1571 , 1591 , 1631 ,2, 1663, 1703, 1783, 1843, 2291, 2603, 2643, 2771 , 2803, 2843, 2903,3003, 3151 ; d., 3101 . Xong-Loui. Text Figures denote Page. 1 N-Ui^yV. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1317 Longfellow, Robert, report, 312 1. Longford, Earl, title created, 9231 . Longhead, Flora Haines, work, 32S3. Longhi, Giuseppe, b. (1766) ; d., 10862. Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, pliilosopher, executed, 10661 . Longjumeau, Fr., peace of, 6833. Longley, C. T., archb. of Canterbury, 9662. Longmeadmv, Mass., thimbles nifd., 150 1 . Longnecker, Henry ( 'lay, b. (1*20) ; d., 274 " . Lougobardi takes North Italy, 10721 . Longomontauus, Christian, b.-d., G362. Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin, b. (1790) ; d., 2702. , James, b., 1301; at Williamsburg, 2071; at Seven Days' battles, 2091; to the Rapidan, 2111 ; at Groveton, 2122 • at Antietain, 213 1 ; at Fredericksburg, 2162; leaves Suit.. Ik, 2212; at Chambers- burg, 2232 ; .-it Gettysburg, 22-! i ; in Tenn., 2263 ; at Phila., 2271; detached from Bragg ; besieges Knoxsville, 2281 ,2,3; at Cainpell's Station, 2281 ; at Fort San- ders, 2232 ; at Bean's Station, 2283; jn Va., 231 1 ;S. of Rapidan, 232i ; n6 arChan- cellorsville, 2322 ; on the James, 2391 , Longueih Christophe de, b.-d., 6783. Longue Point, Can., steamboat accident, 5873 j asylum burned, 5913. Longueville, Duchesse de, Anna Gene- vieve de Bourbon Conde.b., 0863 ;d.,6923. Longus, Tiberius Sempronius, at Trebia, 10541. Long View, Tex., bank robbery, 4603. Longwood, British defeated, 1221 , Longworth, Nicholas, b., 951 ; d., 2191 . Longwy, capit., 7081 ; bombarded, 7441 . Longay, Count, premier; ministry; re- signs, 5292. Lonnrot, Elias, b.-d., 11343. Lono, Gomez y, d., 11322. Lonsdale, Capt., gov. Victoria, 4953. , Earl of, title created, 9311. , , in duel, 9271 . Loochow captured, 6121 . Loodiana burned, 595 3 . Looker, Othniel, governor 0., 1233. Looking-glasses mid. ; limited, 10762. Lookout Mountain, Tenn., Gen. Bragg at, 2262; Gen. Hooker at, 2282. Loom, Dutch, used Eng., 8941 . Loomis, Elias, b., 1163; d., 3441. Looms, power, introduced, Eng., 9322. Loop, Henry A., b. (1831) ; in Academy of Design, 2023. Loos, C. L., pres. Disciples of Christ, 3282. Loosjes, Adrian, b. (1761); Charlotte van Bourbon, 11022 ; d. (1818). !L6per, Herr, libel published, 5681. Lopes, Fernao, b. (1380+) ; Chronicles, 11091; d. (1449). , Sir Henry, lord justice, 9951 . Lopez, Carlos Antonio, b. (1795) ; dictator, pres. Paraguay, 11061 ; hostilities ; oppo- sition treaty, 4912; proclaimed outlaw, 11062; freedom to slaves, 5561 ; s hot, 5562. , F. L., dictator Paraguay, 11061. , Jos£ Hilario, b.-d., 62S2 1 ; conspiracy of, 6331 ; president, Columbia, 6291. , Sir Manassch, bribery of, 9392. , Narciso, b.,0322; invades Cuba, 1663; defeated, 16S1 ; in Cuba, 169i ,2 ; a t Car- denas, 1691 , 6321 ; d., 6322. , Vincente, governor, Argentine, 491 1 . deZuniga, I>ieS2; treaty of, 10472; besieged, 104S1 ; mission, 10483. Lucretia, suicide, 10503. Lucretius, Titus L. Carus, b.-d., 10563; De Rerum Natura, 10583. Lucullus, Lncius Lucinius, b.-d., 10563 ; defeated, 10581 ; captures cities ; defeats Tigranes ; mutiny; in Mesopotamia; invades Armenia ; in Asia M. ; takes Ni- sibis, 10582 ; Mithridates defeats, 11501 . Lucy Walker wrecked, 1573. Lmlden, Patrick Antony, b. (1838) ; cons. R. C. bp., 3282. Luderitz, F. A. S., in Afr., 8381 . Liiders, Gen. Alex., b. (1790) ; at Sehiiss- burg, 5222; in Moldavia, 11181 ; d. (1874). Ludi Apollinares instituted, 1055 2 . Ludington, Harrison, gov., 2951 ; d., 3842. , Mark, commissioned colonel, 470'. Ludlow, Edmund, b., 8802; d., 9002. , Geo. C, gov. N. J., 3093. , John, b. (1793) ; pres. Reform Synod, 1342; d. (1857). Ludovica, Duch, d., 836'. I.udvigsen, Anna Kristiane, d., 642' . Ludwell, Philip, gov., leaves N. C.,513 ; gov. S. C, 512, 532. Ludwig, son of Pepin, succeeds Charle- magne ; revolts, 773' . , Christian G., b., 7983; d., 804' . , Karl Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 812' . , Prince, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. TAtdwigslied appears, 7723. Ludtrorth collides with CM. Palmer, 9833. Luebofnd., 10932; mission, 10943. Lufft, Hans, b., 7862; d., 7922. Lugan, China, mission, 6243. Lugard, Capt., terms with Mwanga, 5642. , Sir E., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481. Lugash, Austrians defeated, 804' . Lugdunensis, a Roman province, 10593. Lugdunum. (See Lyons.) Luge, Arnold, d., 8301 . Lulm, Adalbert, d., 8301 . Luh Vinh Phuoc, rewarded, 4822. Lulken, Jan, b. (1649); work, 11012; d. (1708). Luis I., reigns, Port. ; marries ; d., 11112. Luitbert, king of It., 10731 . Luitpold, Pr. regent, 8331 ; for throne, 8372. Luitprand, king of It., 10731 ; d. (744). Luke, St., Gospel : Boole of Acts, 11531 . Lukin, Lionel, b., 9103 ; granted patent, 9222; d., 9462. Lulli, Jean Baptiste, b., 6882; d., 6942. Lully, Ramond, b.-d, 11262 ; Lo Desconort, 11271. Lulu wins yacht race, 5892. Lulu, Miss'., mayor Harmon shot, 4743. Luluburg founded, 10932. Lumpkin, Wilson, b. (17S3); gov. La., 1392; d. (1870). Lumen, asteroid, discovered, 7481 , Lumley, Viscount, title created, 881'. Lummis, Charles F-, work, 4791 . Lumphanan, action at, 8461. Lumsden, Mai., in Afghan, 53. Luna wrecked, 1873. Luna y Arellano, Tristan de, b. (1519) ; in Fla., 233 ; d. (1571). Lunacy Acts Amend. Bill passes, 999' . Lunalilo, William C, king, d., 10412. Lunar Society org., 9212. Lunardi, Vincent, balloon ascension, 9222. Luncarty, action at, 746' . Lund Hill mine explosion, 9613. , Univ. fnd., 11343; mission soc.,1136'. Lundu mission, 5523. Lundy, Benjamin, b., 100' ; d., 1502. Lundy's Lane, battle of, 1222 ; eel., 5943. Liineberger Heide, petroleum in, 830'. Liineburg, Prus., Are, 8333. Lunenburg, N. S., settled, 5753. Luneville. Fr., treaty of, 5182, 5193. Lung-Chow R.R., construction edict, 6253. V Unirers Reliqieux becomes Le Morale, 735 '•. Lunney, Ella, shoots McEnroe, 468 2 . Lunt, Orrington, presents library, 3882. Lupul, Vasilje, rules successfully, 11122. Lurgan, Baron, title created, 945' . Lurin stormed, 6063. Lurting, Robt. t mayor, N. Y., 612. lusa, R.R. opened to Turin, 10873. Lusatia, Ger., Austrian advance, 516', 802'; Lower, united to Bohemia, 7833; ceded to Saxony, 795 3 . Luscinus, Fabricius, defeats Samnites, 10522. Lushington, Edmund L., d., 10102. , Lieut., explorer, 4942. Lusitania, war with Romans, 1055'. Lusk, Andrew, lord mayor London, 9753. Lutai railroad destroyed, 625' . Lutal, Viceroy of China, 6263. Lutchia [Paris], taken, 6622. Lutetia, asteroid, discovered, 732' . Luther, Karl T. R., discovers planet, 820'. , Martin, b., 7862.3 ; events of his life, 7863; instructor at Erfurt ; prof, at Wit- tenberg, 787' ; visits Vatican, 108' ; nails thesis, 7882; attracts attention, 6803 ; as- sailed, 7SS 2 ; collection for choral singing, 7892; before Diet of Worms ; condemned, 7883; at Wartburg Castle, 78!M ; reforma- tion spreads, 5083; works, 7892, 3 ; final sermon, 7911 ; d., 7902; monument, 825' ; centennial, 8303; birth eel., 317' . Lutheranism est., 11343 ; in Denmark, 7363 ; opposed, 7893. Lutherans, in New Amsterdam, 301 ; reli- gious tolerance, 422, 6923, 7922, 7953 ; Church in N. York, 57' , 582 ; in Spott- sylvania, Va., 623 ; org. synod, 663 ; in N. Y., 982 ; Theol. Sem., 742; granted lands in Pa., 1023; N. C. synod fmd., 1123; English intro., 1163; Theolog. Sem., at Harwick, 1243 ; synods fmd., Md., Va., O.; United Synod fmd., 1283; Gen. Synod of Maineorg.,1582; org. Ger. Foreign Miss. Soc.,1463; Concordia Coll. fnd.,1503; Roa- noke Coll. org., 173' ; Norwegian Univ. org., 111., 1991 ; Gen. Council, Akron, O., 2782; Woman's Home and Foreign Miss. Soc. org., 3023 ; Norwegian L. annual ses- sion held, 3601 ; Univ. of Jena fnd., 7931 ; oppressed in Aust. -Hung., 5132; dismissal of pastors, Rus., 11202 ; Univ. est. at Kdnigsberg, 791 1 ; Univ. of Helmstadt est., 7931. (See Evangelical Lutherans, German Lutherans.) Lutine wrecked, 9282. Lutke, Fedor Petrovitch, d., 11201 . Lutter, Tilly defeats Danes at, 512' . Luttrel, Ladv. lined for]. laying faro, 929 2 . Luttrell, Henry, b., 9562. Lutz, Johann von, b., 8123 ; d., 834' . Liitzen, battle at, 5121 , 720' . Luxembourg, D. of Nassau arrives, 5462. , Due de, Francois Henri de Montlno- rency-Bouteville, b., 6863 ; at Fleurus, 694'; at Neerwinden, 694'; at Steen- kerke, 6941; d., 6943. Palace, built, decorated, 686'. Luxemburg, Belg., taken, 6922, 1098', 11001 ; ceded to Fr., 6933 ; Fr. contest with Prus.; Fr. desires to purchase, 7373; surrendered to Fr., 11021 ; annexed to Neth.; proposals for annexation, 7393 ; evacuated, 8243 ; question settled, S253 ; conf. in London, 9712 ; Journal Histo- Hque et Litteraire, 5433. , House of, reigns, 5053, 5072. Luxor Temple, Egv., erected, 6481; mis- sion, 6571 ; obelisk in Paris, 726' . Luynes, Due de (Charles dAlbert), b., (1578); king's favorite, 6873; d. (1621). , Duke of, flees from Fr., 761' . - — , Due de, Honore Theodoric Paul J., b., 7143 ; d., 7362. 1320 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Luza-Macc. IjUzan, Don Ignacio, b.-d., 11283 ; works, 11292. Luzerne, Anne Cesar de la, b., 7002 ; min- ister tO TJ. S., 913 ; d., 7082. Luzzarra, It., battle at, 7981. Irycsean games instituted, 10132. Lycia, subdued, 1062' ; a province, 10632. Jjycomedes commands Arcadians, 10223. Lycophron of Phene, rules Thessaly,1023 2 . Lycui'gus, Gr., b., 10142; est. clubs ; makes laws, 10143; rules in Sparta. 10152; laws revived, 10272 ; laws abrogated, 10273. reigns in Sparta, 10273. Lyden, Martin, murder of, 9903. Lydgate, John, b., 8582 ; works, 8622, 8642,3; d.,864'. Lydia, empire of, 11452 ; -war with Media, 11461; -war witrx Miletus, 10141; con- quered; province of Persia, 11472,3; an- nexed to Pergamus, 11491 ; part of Turk, empire, 1155 3 . Lydia, asteroid, discovered, 7361. Ly-ee-Moon wrecked, 4993. Lyell, Sir Charles, b., 9283 ; work, 9663. Lyford, John, banished, 312. Lyji Kassa [King Theo.], b., 13. Lyle, Ed., works, 875' ; d., 878' , 9163. Lymaa, Charles, pres. Civil Service Com- mission, 341' , 3512, 4473. , E. H. R., gift, 420'. , Joseph Bardwell, b. (1829) ; d., 2761 . , Gen. Phineas, b. (1716) ; erects Ft. Edward, 682 ; d., 823. , Theodore Benedict, b., 1242 ; P. E. assistant bishop, 2822; d.,4441. Lyme Regis, Eng., chalk cliff falls, 9482. Lymne, Eng., taken, 8401 . Lymphatics discovered, 11341. Lyneeus, dethrones Danaus, 10133. Lynch in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 803. Lynch, Charles, gov. Miss., 1453. , James, cons, bp., 968' . , John R., in treas. dept., 3512, , Johnson L., murder of, 3151 . , Thos., M. C., b., 1562. , , Jr., b., 662 ; d., 912. Lynchburg, Va., Feds, invest ; Hunter re- tires, 2343. Lynching in U. S.. 3782, 3802, 3832, 3883, 3903, 393' , 3943, 3951 , 3991 , 4003, 4042,3, 4063,4082,3,4102, 419', 421', 424', 429', 4331,4343, 4382,3, 4.-,s2, 4(102,4623, 4651, 4702, 4711, 4722,3, 4731, 4743, 4751; in Can., 5003. Lynde, Isaac, yields Fort Filmore, 1981 , Lynden, Wash., Normal School opd.,3242. Lyndhurst, Lord. (See Copley, John S.) Lyndon, Josiali, gov. K. I., 772. Lyndsay, Sir David, works, 869' ; d., 8702. Lynn, Eng., railway accident, 9673. , Mass., fire, 3492, 339 1; first Amer Lynnfleld, Mass., White Caps, 395' . Lyon, relief vessel, 332. , Caleb, b., 1302; gov. Ida.,2413;d.,288i . , George Francis, b. (179;j) ; expedition, 9401,9421; d. (1832). , Gen. (Confed.), at Ashbyville, 2403. ^ Irving W., Colonial Furniture, 3982. , Mary, b., 1062 ; d., 1662. , Nathaniel b., 1281 ; commands Mo. volunteers, 194 1 ; at Camp Jackson, 1942; at Jefferson Citv; at Uoonville,Mo.,196i ; at Day Spring, 1981 ; d., 1983. Lyonnais conquered, 6733. Le Lyonnais founders, 1813. Lyons, Fr., fnd. ; developed, 6632; plun- dered, 6641 ; synods of, 6722 ; university est., 673' ; silk manufactured, G8O2 ; Do- let burned, 681 2 ; steamboat on Saone, 704' ; taken, 710' , 7S13 ; demolition de- creed, 7111; insurrection, 7273, 7312; mobbed, 8272, 7523 ; republican flag raised, 7412,3; riots, 767 2 ; exhibition opd., 7673. , Gen. Arnaud, killed, 7432. , Lord Edmund, b., 9243, 962 ( . , Richard Bickerton Pemell, b. (1817); proposed mediator, 1951 ; Trent affair, 2013 ; discloses raid, 2281 ; surety for J. Davis, 2563; d. (1887). Lyric poetry, period of, 10143. Lys taken, 912' . Lysander at ■ iEgoppotainos ; besiegesAth- ens ; commands fleet, 1022' ; est. oligar- chical govt., 10232 ; d., 1023' . Lysias, b.-d., 1019' ; writes orations, 10192; at Bethsura, 1148' ; d. (380 B.C.). Lysimachia, earthquake, 10263. Lysimachus, b.d., 1023' ; master of Thrace, 10243, 10272; war with Seleucus, 1026'; at Cyropedium, 1148' ; rules Bithynia, 1149'; rebuilds Smyrna, 1155'; k.,1026'. Lysippus, b., 10243 ; brings bronze horses from Constantinople, 10742. Lyster, John, cons. R. C. bp., 9983. , Sir Richard, chief iustice, 8693. Lylel Gesteofliobin Hode, etc. .issued, 8663. Lyttleton, gov., provokes Indian war, 72' . , Lord George, b., 9042 ; d., 9183. , William, patent granted, 9262. Lytton, Bulwer Edward Geo.,E.Lytton, b., 9323 ; works, 943' , 951 ' , 9643,9763 ; d.,978' . .Earl of, title created, 987' . , Edward Rob. Bulwer, E.Lytton (Owen Meredith), b., 9442; viceroy, 10492; min- ister, 9632 ; works, 9603, 9(J43; d., 10062. Lyveden, Baron, title created, 959 1 . M. Ma assassinated, 6212. Maatrasina, trial, 9932. Maanedtiifc AfJtaudl'nujer issued, 11042. J/aanrihtl.rii'i^'or Lilt'craturc issued, 6391 . Maas, Joseph, d., 9942. , or Meas, Nikolaas, b.-d., 11003. Maat-en-Ra (Amen-em-hat 111.) reigns in Egypt, 6473. Khem-Ra (Amen-em-hat IV.) reigns in Egypt., 6473. Mabie, Hamilton W., work, 3963. Mabillon, Jean, b., 6882; d., 6963. Mably, Gabriel Bonnet, L'Abbe de, b., 6963; works, 7012, 7032, 3; d., 706' . Mabotsa mission, 5601 . Mabuse, -Ian, or Gossaert, b.-d., 5402. Macadam, John Loudon, b., 9143 ; roads intro., 9382; d., 9482. McAdoo, William, in navy dept., 447 2 . McAleer, William, b., 150' . MacAlester College opened, St. Paul, 3223. McAlester, I. T., mine explosion, 3993. , Miles David, d., 262' . McAlister, Patrick, cons. R. C, bp., 9962. McAll, Robert W., opens mission, 7462. McAlpin, Claude, kidnapped, 4622. W. H., imprisoned, 260'. Macao, China, Ruggiero arrives, 6143 ; Portuguese get, 6153 ; Eng. to retire, 616' ; mission, 6163, 11243 ; Napier d., 6172 ; Eng, refuses, 6173 ; typhoon, 6222. McArdle, Eliza, marries Johnson, 135 2 . Macarius Chctii Alinei, 11143. Mac Arthur, Duncan, b., 76 2 ; gov. O., 1392; d., 1502. , John, sheep breeder, 4941 , 4951 . Macartney, Earl of, George, b., 9083 ; gov. Ind., 10453; at Peking, 6172; d., 9323. , Lord, in duel, 9232. Macaulay, Cohnan P. L., d., 10022. , Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay, b.,9302; in Pari., 9452 ; minister, 9492; works, 9411 , 9431 , ;ir,ij3, 955' ; d., 9622. , Zachary, b., 9163; d. (1838). Mac-Auley, Catherine E., d., 9503. McAyeal, R. A., moderator, 2762. Macbeth at Dunsinane ; at Lumphana, 346' ; assassinates Duncan, 847' ; usurper, 8472; killed, 846', 2. McEride, John, Pres. Amer. Federation Labor, 479'. McCabe, Charles C, b., 1462. , Edward, b., 9382; cons. R. C. bp.,9823; against Land League, 9842; card, priest, 9882; manifesto read, 9882; d., 9941. ' , robber, hanged, 8991 . Maccabees, rise'of, 11492. McCall, George" Archibald, b. (1802) ; at Seven Days' Battles, reenforces McClel- lan, 2091 ; d. (1868). , John, intro. Australian meat, 969 s . , Samuel W., b., 1682; j n House, 4392. McCalla, Com., suspended, 3561 ; sen- tenced, 3581 . McCann, William P., commander, 3261; commands, S. Atlantic Squadron, 3661 ; commands S. Pacific Squadron ; com- mand of Charleston, 3841 . M'Carthy, Gen., at Newton Butler, 8981. McCarthy, John, cons. bp. Cologne, 9782. , John, shoots J. G. Wolf, 4723. , Justin, b., 9443 ; works. 9723, 9862 ; pres. Irish Land League, 987 2 ; leavesNa- tionalists; in Nat. Federal Conven.,1005 2 . , Father, boycotts, 10002 ; trial, 10003. McCarty, John, bill in assembly, 4223. M'Caskill, Gen., in Afghan, 42. McCaughey, land commissioner, impeach, ment, 4272. McCauley, C. A. H., commis. major, 4591 . , E. Y.,d.,470i. , Francis, moderator, 1343. McCausland, Gen., at Hancock, 2363 ; burns Chambershurg, 2363; at Cumber- land ; at Moorefleld, 237 1 ; at Front Royal, 2401 . McCawley, Charles G., in navy dept., 3512; d., 3922. MacCheyne, Rob.Murray,b.,9363; d. (1843). MeClave, John, resigns, 4653. McCleary, J. T., b., 1722. MacClellan, George Brinton, b., 1341 ; com- mands dept. Ohio, 1942; maj.-gen., 1943; at Beverly ; at Currick's Ford ; relieved of command, 1963, 2043, 2151 ; commands Army of Potomac, 1981, 2043 ; reviews army, 2003 ; changes base, 2051 ; leaves Fortress Monroe ; besieges Yorktown ; against Richmond ; controversy with war dept., 20l>' ; appeals for more men, 2071, 2; at White House, 2081; at Fair Oaks; takes Hanover Court House, 2082; reenforeed by McCall ; retreats ; in Seven Days' Battles, 2O91 ; leaves Harri- son's Bar, 211'; at Aquia Creek, 2121; defends Washington ; at Alexandria, 2122 ; at Antietam; at South Mountain, 2131 ; arrests Maryland Legislature,2133; to cross Potomac, 2142 ; first Va. cam- paign, 2143; in politics, 2153; nominated for Pres. ; accepts nomination but re- jects platform, 2393 ; resigns command U. S. A., 2401 ; defeated; vote, 2412; electoral vote, 2432; g qT ., 3012; d., 3202; widow pensioned, 3652 ; statue, 4741. , B., Irish flag, 4551 . McClelland, Alexander, d., 2411. , Robert, gov., 1712; sec. interior, 1732. McClernand, Gen. John Alexander, b. (1812) ; at Belmont, Mo., 2002 ; at Fort Donelson, 2041 ; supersedes Sherman, 2163, 2181; at Arkansas Post, 2181; at Young's Point, 2182 ; at New Carthage, 2202 ; at Black River ; at Haine's Bluff ; at Champion's Hill, 222i ; congratulates troops, 2222; relieved, 2223; at Mata- gorda, 2321 ; pres. Dem. Conven., 2931. Macclesfield, E. of, title created, 9051 . , Baron, lord chancellor, 9072. McClintock, Sir Francis Leopold, b., 9383; brings Franklin relies, 9622. , John, b., 1231 ; work, 2603; d., 270'. McCloskey, John, b., 1162; cardinal, 2882; dedicates St. Patrick's, 3002; d., 3202. , Wm. George, b. (1823) ; bishop, 2622. McCluney, William J., d., 2312. McClure, Gen., abandons Ft. George, 1203. M'Clure, Robert John Le Mesurier, b., 9331 ; discov., 5801, 9542,9602; d.,9781. , P. F., nom. for gov. S. Dak., 3451 . M'Clurg, Joseph W., gov. Mo., 2693. MeConias, Judge, refuses mandamus, 4732. McComb City, "Miss., lynching, 4083. Macconnel, John L., b., 1341 ; d. McConnell, F., d., 5881. , Wm. J., gov. Ida., 4471 . , S. D., Am. Ejii.icujial Church, 3743. McCook, Alex. McDowell, b., 1382 ; at Murfreesboro, 2171 ; at Chickamauga ; at Farmington ; relieved, 226 3 ; at Mossy Creek, 2301 ; at Ashbyville, 2403 ; Gen. Jones surrenders, 2463; brig. -gen., 3621 , 3641 ; maj. -general, 4741 . , Gen. Itan., killed near Kenesaw, 2351 . , Edward M., b., 1422 ; rn Ga., 2363 ; gov. Colo., 2692. , Edwin S., d., 2821. , Robt. L., b., 1482 ; at Laurel Hill, 1962. MacCorkle, W. A., gov. W. Va., 4472. McCormack, Alex. H-, captain, 3981 . MacCormack, Francis, cons. E.G. bp.,9762. McCormick, Cyprus Hall, b.,1161 ; patents reaper, 144'; machine perfected, 1602 ; gold medal, 1701 ; highest award, 258' ; grain binder ; gold medal, 2981 ; d., 3162. , Rich. 0., Jr., b., 1401 ; gov. Ariz., 2553 Observatory dedicated, 3201 . Theological Seminary est., 1383. McCosh, James, b., 9351 ; works, 9563, 1863, 3063, 2771, 2371; d.,4741. McCoskry, Samuel Allen, cons. P. E. bp., 1462; deposed, 2983. McCoy feud in Ky., 3331 . McCoy's Mill, W. Va.. action at, 2003. MacCracken, H. M., chanc. of Univ., 3843. Mecr-Mcle. Text Figures denote Page. IJN JJ-hL-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1321 McCrary, George W., b., 1442 ; minister ; resigns, 3033; d., 360'. , W., minister, 2953. McOrea, Jane, b., 683; k., 863. MeCready, Benjamin W\, d., 410' . McCreary, James B., b., 150'; gov. Ky., 2912; hi Monetary Conference, 4132. Bill passes Senate, 4411. McCreedv, Thomas C, d., 262'. M'Crie, Thomas, b., 9183; d., 9462. MacCullagll, James, !>., 1KJ.3 1 ; d., 9542. McCulloeh, Ben., b. (1814) ; d., 2052. , Hugh, b. (1811) ; sec. treas., 2453, 3192; contraets eurreney, 2>1' ; Men, 3323. Macedonia captured, 118 2 . Macedonia, Gr., dynasty at, 6513 ; Cara- nus reigns, 11)152 ■ Philip !.. reigns, 10153; conquered, 1016', 10173; Athenians against, 10253 ; overrun with Goths, 10293 ; Eoman province, 10292, 1057' ; conquered, 10551 ; ceded;desolated,1068' ; phalanx instituted, 10223; Persian wives, 1025' ; condemned, 1029'; earthquakes, 11502 ; annexed to Ottoman Empire, 11572 ; empire ends, 10292 ; insurrection, 11592 ; dynasty reigns, 10332. Macedonian War, first, 10542 ; second, 10543 ; third ; fourth, 1055' . , Sir James, premier, 4973 ; knighted, Maeedonius, bp. of Oonst'ple, 1029', 10683. Darling grant, 49X3; ministry, 4991. McEnery, John, gov. La., 2793, 2812; , Gen., at Milliken's Bend, 2222. claims govt, of La., 2853 ; d., 3801 . MaeCulloch, John, b., 9183: d., 9462. , discovers flint tools, 9421 . M'Culloch, John Ramsay, b., 9203; workB, M'Enery, Samuel D., gov. La., 3132. 9423,9463; d., 9681 . McEntee, Jervis, b., 1362; works, 2721, , Philip D., b., 1682. 2861 , 2941 3021 3061 , 3101 , 3121 , 3161 , MteCullough, John, b. (1837); as Icilius, 3181, 3221, 3261 ; d., 3761 2191 ; d., 3202. , J. B., d., 466.1 . McCurdy, Hugh, Commander, 4123. MeCurley, James, org. Washingtonian MacFarlaiid, Daniel, acquitted, 2703. Maeeo, Gen., surrenders at Gibraltar, 6322 McEttrick, M. J., b., 1602. Macevilly, John, eons, bishop, 9583. movement, 1511 McCurtin, treas., accounts short, 4402. M'Daniel, Henry D., gov., 3152. McDannold, John J., b., 1682. McDearmon, James C., b., 1562, M'Dermott, Terence, conspirator, 9923. MacDill, David, moderator, 4202. Maed.mald, A. A. gov. P. E. I., 5833. , Angus, cons. K. C. bp., 9841 . , Charles F., in P. 0. Dept., 3512. McDonald. Colonel, at K"iuney. 200 2 . MacDoiiald^D. A., gov., 5832 M'Donald, E. F., stated, 375J. MacDonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alex- ander, Due de Tarente, b., 7031 ;b. of Par- ma, 5182; at Bar-sur-Aube, 7203; d., 7232. , John, cons. bp„ 9682. , John C., d., 1002'. , Baron, title created, 9172. , Baron, lord chancellor, 9072. , Sir John Alexander, b. (1815) ; premier, 5812, 5x52; ministry of, 5812; McFarland, Francis, moderator, , W. H., surety for J. Davis, 2563. MacFarren, Geo. Alex, b., 9303 ; d. (1887). McGann, Lawrence E. b., 1701 . MeGarrahan, Win., title sustained, 423i. Claim, passes senate, 4253. McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, b.,9422 ; assassi- nated, 5823, 9722. , Maj., near Strasburg, 2203. , Sheriff, killed, 4762. MaeGeohegan, Abbe James, b., 900n ; Ire- land; d.,9151. eated, 3592; rein- McGill, Alexander T., d., 3341. , Andrew It., gov. Minn., 3252. , Jobn D., b., 1162. M'Gill, James, b. (1744) ; gift, 577' ; d.(1874). Coll., Montreal, 5783. Univ., gift, 5X83, 5902; applied science movement, 5902. Maegillivray, William, b., 9283 ; w'ar with Indians, 901 ; d., 9582. Melilassin, attacks Brit., Plattsburg, 1222. McG-lensey, John F., promoted capt., 352" charges against ministry ; admits money M'Glynn, Edward, at Cooper Union, 3541 received ; ministry resigns, 5X33 ; con- gratulations, 58li2 ; threatens, 5871; re- signs presidency, 5892 ; support, 5921 ; address, 5923; 'policy continued, 593'; d., 5921 ; statue, 5961. McDonald, Jos. E., nom. vice-pres., 3173 ; d., 3861. , W. A., bribery, 5943. , W. Z., indictments, 4402. MacDonald, Capt., in Uganda, 5641. , Lady, raised to peerage, 5922. , Mr., M. P., gift of, 9882. , Baron, title created, 1005 2 . , George, b., 9422 ; works, 9663. Mac lonnvll, Dictinnariinr' (Junfalions ,9291 . , Alex., gov. R. River, 5773. , , Rom. Oath, bishop, 5901 . McDonnell, Charles Edward, bp., 4021 . , Col., takes Ogdensburg, 1201. , Capt. Miles, governor, 577 3 . ~'R. G., gov. N. S.,5792 attacks parochial schools, ehurch despots, 3482 ; conditions of re- storation, 3942 ; restored ; ovation, 4201 ; speaks, 421 1 ; visits pope, 4321 ; celebrates mass, 4341. MeGoldriek, James, cons. R. C. bp., 248 2 . McGovern, Thomas, R. C. bp. cons., 3282. McGowan, Col., at Kinderhook, 2103. McGrane, Chief of Police, arrested, 4443. McGrath, James, sentenced, 987 1 . MeGraw, John H., gov. Wash., 4472. McGreevy, Thomas, resigns, 5981 . Macgregor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, d., 996 2 . , Sir James, statue, 966 2 . , John, d., 10081. Campbell, Hob Roy, b.,8902; d.,9082. McGuffev, Wm. Homes', b. (1800) ; d.,2802. McHale, John, d., 9382. Maehanidas, killed at Mantinea, 10262. Machaut, Guillaume de, b. (1284) ; works, 6743 ; d. (1370), Macdonough, Thomas, b., 961 ; at Platts- Macben, Willis B., vote, 2812. burg, 1222 ; d., 1322. McDougal, Mr., discharged, 773. , Alex., b., 1581 ; d. (17S6). , Ephraim, d., 1682. , John, moderator, 1283. , Robert, org. Presb. Church, 5763. , William A., moderator, 1422. McDougall, Alex., b., 621; a t Peekskill, 861 ; d., 981 . MacDougall, F. J., bp., 5523. McDowell, Va., Federals defeated, 2071 M'Henry, Mary S., president, 3891. Machine launehed, 39G 1 ; trial trip, 430'. Maehiavelli, Niccolo, b., 10783 ; sec. at Florence, 10793 ; works, 10812 ; d., 10803. Machiewicz, Abbe, hanged, 11183. Machray, R., cons, bishop, 9683. Mcllvaine, Charles Pettit, b. (1799) ; cons. P. E. bishop, 1402 ; d., 2802. Mcintosh, Ga., Dorchester Acad., 2763, 4. , James McQueen, at Pea Ridge. 202 Lachlan, b., 602 ; d., 1122 MacDowell, Irvin, b., 1262; advance on Mclntyre, H.W., nom. for gov. Col., 4712. Manassas, 1963 ; in Army of Potomac, , Peter, cons, bishop, 6S02. 2043 ; in Va., 2052 ; commander ; de- Mack, Karl, surrenders Ulm, 51S3 ; con tached, 206' ; at Fredericksburg, 20112 ; mander, 8083. defense of Wash., 2082 ; at Centerville ; , Leiberich, b., 5143 ; d., 5202. at Groveton, 2122 ; relieved, 2123, 2263 ; McKaig, William M., b., 158' . commands Pacific Coast, 2:132; commands Markall, Gen., at Island No. 10, 2052. 4th military dis., 258' ± , 262' ; d., 3202. McKane, John Y., case, 4422, 4423, 444: M'Dowell, James, b. (1796) ; gov. Va., 1572; 4451 4483, 4492, 4502,3, 453' , 4592. d. (1851). MeDuffie, George, b. (1788); gov. S. C, 1452; d., 1682. Mace, Samuel, in Va., 26' ;. Macedo, Jose Agostino de, Or'tente, 1110'. Macedon rises in power, 10233 ; invaded, 10243, 1026'. Mackarness, John Fielder, d., 1000 Mncko y-Bennett cable-steamer, 471 2 . Mackay , n Alex. Murdock, b. (1849) ; Zanzi- bar, 5612 ; baptism in Uganda, 5613; ex- pelled, 562' ; d.,5622. , Charles, b., 9363 ; works, 951', 9682; d., 10021 . Mackay, Capt., rifles Martello tower, 9711 . McKay, Donald, b., 1162 ; d., 3041. Mackay, Gen., at Killiecrankie, 8981. , G. M. ^contested election, 3111. , John W., trip, 3933 ; shot, 4242. , Philip, mission, 2922. , Sergt., wins rifle prize, 982' . , Thomas, Pita for Liberty, 3962. Mackaye, Steele, b., 56' ; d.,452'. McKean, Frank A., embezzler, 4763. , Thomas, b., 622 ; g0 v., 1093 ; d.,.1262. , William W r ., d.,247'. JIcKee. Maj., at Hudson, Mo., 2021 . McKeesport, Pa., mills resume, 4373 ; strike, 4622 ; centennial, 471 3 . McKeever, Isaac, b., 1042 ; d., 1781. McKeighan, William A., b., 1542. McKendree, Wm., b. (1757) ; ordained bp., 1142 ; d., 1442. College founded, 135' . McKenna Bill, passes, 3532. , Alice, murdered, 1001'. , Col., defeats Sioux, 2921 . , Donald, governor, 5773. McKenzie, Tenn., Bethel Coll. org., 1703. Mackenzie, Alex. Slidell.b., 1102; d., 1641 . , Sir Alex., b., 9123 ; polar expedition, 5162, 9242 ; goes to Pacific, 5762 ; reaches coast, 1041 ; d., 9402. , , b. (1822) ; agent frees slaves in Afr., 5632 ; premier, 5833 ; ministry re- signs, 5852 ; d.,594'. , , maj.-gen., d.. 1002'. , Charles F., bp. at Zambesi, 5612; lib- erates slaves 59X3 ; d., 6612. , Douglas, cons. P. E. bishop, 9862. , Sir George, b., 8822 ; d., 9862. , Henry, b., 9103 ; d., 9442. , J. Kenneth, d., 6242. , Sir Morell, b. (1837) ; royal physician, 3822 ; tracheotomy, 8223 ; d., 1008'. , Robert Shelton, b., 935' ; d., 986' . , Ronald Slide]], d., 3341 . , William Lyon, b., 5762 ; leader,578i ; proclamation, 5792 ; d.,5801. Basin, exploration, 5901 . River, Can., disc, 576 2 ; attractions, 5863 ; Bishop Bombas, cons., 9742 ; Bishop Reeve, cons., 1006 3 . McKeon, Mr., kills opponent; hanged, 925'. Maekie, Charles P., Ocean Sea, 3982. McKim, A. J., colporteur, 6323. , John, bishop to Japan, 4321 . Mackinac Island, park on, 289i . Mackinaw, Mich., mission, 563,602,1311, 5151 ; surrendered to British, 1181 ; as- saulted, 1222. McKinley, John, gov. Del., 853. , ', b., 931 ; justice of U. S. 1492. , William, b. (1844) ; M. C. from O., 2972 ; Committee on Ways and Means, 3491 ; intro. Tariff Bill, 3592 ; nom. for gov. O., 3872 ; chairman Nat. Conven.; nom. for pres., 409i ; gov. O., 4212, 4312 ; subscription for, 4242 ; debts paid, 4521 ; pres. U. S. (1897-1901). Tariff Bill, 3571 , 3592, 3, 3691 ,2, 4013, 4031 ; Aust. press attacks, 5353. McKinney, Luther F., nom. for gov. N.H., 4151 ; minister, 4473. , Philip W., governor Va., 3751 . Mackintosh, Sir .lames, b., 9162; works, 9353 ; d. (1832). McKitrie, E. S., moderator, 3501 . Macklin, Charles, b. (1697±) ; appears in London, 906' ; d. (1797). McKnight, John, moderator, 1062. McKnivett, James, sentenced, 987' . Mackonnochie, A. H., ritualist ; trial, 9702; sentence, 9782; appeal dismissed, 9862. MacLachlan, John, cons. R. C. bp., 984'. Maclagan, Wm.D., elected bp., 9803, 10062. MacLane, Louis, b., 98' ; sec. of treas., 1392 ; treaty with Mex., 1903 ; d., 182' . , Rob. Miiligan.b. (1815); diplomat,1903. McLaren, Edwin W\, b., 1382 ; cons. P. E. bishop, 2883. McLauin, John L., b., 186' . Maclauriii, Clin, b., 9002 ; d., 9122. McLaws, Gen. Lafayette, b. (1821) ; at Gettysburg, 224' . Maclav College of Theology opened, 3203. , Edgar Staunton, U. S. Navy, 479 ' . , Dr. Robert S., opens mission, 1094' . Maeleag mission, 5002. McLean Co., 111., relief for Russians, 4023. , Alexander, b., 142' . A., kills Miss Douglas, 4683. Capt., on American, 305 2 . 1322 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Mcle— Magll. McLean, John, b., 962 ; p. m . gen., 1333; justice IT. S. Supreme Court, 1372 j nom. pres., 1S03, 1873 ; d., 1922. •, Robert, .shoots at queen, 988 1 . ■, M. W., moderator, 5882. McLeod, Alexander, indicted, 1532 ; ac- quitted, 579'. M'Leod, John, in Georgia, 633. MacLeod, Xavier Donald, b., 130 1 ; d. (1865). Maclise, Daniel, b., 935' ; Play Scene in Hamlet, 9502 ; d. (1870). Maclure, "William, b., 723 ; d., 1522. , Capt., captured, 9703. Mc3Iahon, Lawrence S., cons, bishop of Hartford, 3022 ; d.,436'. MacMahon, Comte Marie Edme, Patrice Maurice de, Due de Magenta, b., 717 1 ; at Magenta, 5241 ; at Strasburg ; at Worth ; at Saverne, 738' ; fails to relieve Bazaine ; reaches Chalons-sur-Marne, 740 '; at Sedan; retreats; retreat cut off, 740 2 ; commander-in-chief, 7442 ; pres. of Fr., 7473 ; increased power, 7491 ; displaces Simon ministry, 751 1 ; submits to majority, 7512; arbitrator, 6012; con- flict with Chambers ; opens Exhibition, 7513; on council of war; supported for pres., 7472; d., 7661 ; funeral, 7662. , Marchioness, conspiracy, 748 3 . McMahon, "Win. H.. tariif commissioner, 3111. M': Million, James, gift to E. C. univ., 3822. Mai.' Master, Donald, commissioner, 5942. McMaster, John Bach, b. (1852); works, 3163, 4203. McMiehael, Morton, b., 1141 ; d., 3001 . MacMillarapatna, India, mission, 10463. McMillan, James, b., 1501 . ■, William H., moderator, 3162. McMillin Benton, b.,158i ; speaker, 3992 ; Internal Revenue Bill, 4511 . M'Minn, Joseph, governor Tenn., 1252. McMiunville College, Ore., org., 1863. M'Mullen, Favette, governor Wash., 1833. McMurdo, Sir William Scott, b., 10102. McMurray, Wm., pres. lief, synod, 1263. McMurrough, Dermod, banished, 851 2 . MoMurtrie, Henry, d., 2471. Macnab, Sir Allan Napier, b., 5762; leader, 5781 ; d., 5801 . Macnaghten, Baron, title created, 9963. , Sir "William, Aden captured, 9493 ; en- voy to Afghanistan, 51 ; killed, 52. McNagny, William F., b., 1681. M'Nair, Alexander, governor Mo., 1292. McNales, James, shoots ' leo. Hoover, 3803. Macnally, David R., b., 1162. McNeil, Col., at Ivirksville, 2103 ; gueril- las hanged, 2143 ; at Cape Girardeau, 2203. , Gen., in Sudan, 6602. Macneil, Hector, b., 9122; d.,9383. MacNeven, Wm. James, b., 916 2 ; d.,9502. McNierny, Francis, cons. Roman Catholic bishop, 2763, 2962 ; d., 4481 . McNish, George, missionary, 522. M'Nulty, Father, beaten, 3803. M'Nutt, Alex. G., gov. Miss., 1492. Macomb, Alex., b., 951 ; commands army, 1341 ; at Plattsburg ; retires, 1221 ,2 ; d., 1522. , Commander, takes Plymouth, 2392. , William H., d., 2781 . Macon, Fr., purchased, 6713. Macon, Ga., Mercer Univ.org., 1423; earth- quake, 1741 ; Stoneman'rt raid, 23G 3 ; sur- rendered, 2462 ; pio Nono College, R. C, org., 2922 ; bust of Lanier, 3701 . and Brunswick R. R. sold, 303 3 . , Nathaniel, b.,71 ; speaker,1112,113i ,3; No. 2 Act passes, 119 2 ; electoral vote, 1332 ; pres. Senate, 1352 ; d., 1482. McPherson, Edward M., pres. Nat. Rep. conven., 2931 ; clerk of House, 3483. Macpherson Ministry, formed, 4983. Macpherson, Sir Herbert Taylor, d., 9942. , James, b., 9102; Ossian, 9152; d., 9283. , Birdseye, b., 1362 ; a t Bruins- burg ; at Champion's Hill ; at Haines' Bluff; at Raymond; at Jaekson, 2221 ; recalled from Red River ; commands Dept.of Tenn., 2303,2322; near Marietta, near Pumpkin Vine Creek, 2341 ; at At- lanta, 2362 ; d., 2373. , Sir John, b. (1745) ; gov. -gen. India, 10453 ; d. (1821). , R., b., 1421. , Gen., at Suez, 6582; in Abys., 61. McQuaid, Bernard J., cons. R. C. bp., 2622; cons., Dp., sustained by pope, 3422. MeQuaid, Alderman, of New York, sen- tenced, 325L MeQuade, John, commissioner, 4593. Maequarie Plains, gold discovered, 4961 . , Col. Lachlan, gov., 4951 . MacQuearey, Howard, suspended, 3542 ; trial ; suspended deposition, 3742. M'Rae, John J., gov. Miss., 1771 ; d., 2621 . McRae, Thomas C, b., 1682. Macready, William Charles, b., 9262; first appearance, 9362 ; Astor Place riot, 1643 ; in N. York, 1341 ,1641 ; d., 9781 . McRedmond, T. T., cons. R. C. bp., 10042. Macrinus, Marcus Opilius, b. (164) ; de- feated, 10641 ; reigns, 10293, 10653; assas- sination of Caraealla ; purchases peace ; killed, 10653. Macro, Navius Sertorius, favorite of Tibe- rius, 10632; k. (38±). Macrorie, W. R., cons, bp., 6003,9663. McTavish, Wm., gov. Red River S., 5773. McT'vcire, Holland N., ordained Meth. Epis. bishop, 2522 ; d., 3361. McVeagh, Wayne, h. (1833); minister, 3072; atty.-gen., resigns, 3092 ; ambassador to Rome, 4473. MacViokar, John, b., 982 ; d., 264i. M'Vicker's Theater burned, 3673. McWhirter, L. B., shot, 4142. McWhorter, Alexander, b. (1734) ; modera- tor, 1062 ; d. (1807). M'Willie, Wm., gov. Miss., 1852 ; d., 2661 . Machinery prohibited in prisons, 3783. .exports prohibited, 9182,9193 ; riots against, in G. B., 9451 . Machine ram invented, 7901 . Macy, Thomas, in Mass., 412. Mad Parliament assembles, Eng.,8551. Mad River Railroad opened, O., 1493. Madagascar tsee text, pp. 1094-95), Fr. pro- tectorate, 753 3 ; Fr. honor supported, 7551 ; peace, 7552 ; protectorate recog., 7611; rupture of relations, 7632 ; grant protested, 7672 ; fund for campaign ; trouble with, 7673; naval engagement, 9342; Bp. Kestell-Cornish cons., 9742. Madaiiapalli mission, 1047 2 , Madden, Sir Fred., b., 9303 ; d.,9781. Madder cultivated in Ger., 7921. Madderne, Edward Byrne, threats, 9831 . Madeira, acquired by Port. ; grape-vine and sugar-cane planted, 11093. Madeline wins America cup, 2933. Madersburger, sewing-machine, 5202. Madison, N". J., Drew Sem. fnd.,2543. , S. Dak., Normal School opd., 3143. , Va., Confederates defeated, 2263. , Wis., Univ. of Wis. org., 1643 ; State Histor. Soc. Library tint., 1663; Coll. for Women opd., 2742 ; Washbume Observ- atory erected, 3001 ; hospital est., 360 3 . , George, governor Ivy., 1252. , James, b. (1749) ; bp., 1022; d. (1812). , , b., 692; graduates from Prince- ton, 771 ; marries, 1071 ; se c. state, 1112 ; electoral vote, 1153, 1212 ; inaug. pres., 1171,1213; war against Eng., 1173; favors Fr. commerce, 1172 ; war message ; de- clares war, 1192 ; cabinet, 121 3 ; signs Delevau's declaration, 1451 ; d., 1462. Univ., N. Y., est., 1251 ; Library build- ing, 3383 ; changed to Colgate Univ., 341 1 . Madler, Johann H., b., 8062 ; d., 8281. Madoc, legendary (•/> Welsh pr., d., 8502. Madole, battle at, 518' . Madoz, Pascuale, b.-d., 11303. Madras, E. I., fnd., 8S33 ; attacked, 9101 ; bishopric est., 9483 ; Archbp. Colgan cons., 9862; surrenders, 10441 ; besieged, 10442; mission, 10462, 10483, 10491 ; uni- versity established, 10462. Madrazo, Don Federico, d., 11322. Madrid, Sp., sacked, 11261 ; peace of, void, 6802; yutnria's Requiem printed, 11292; treaty of, 452, 6333, 6.S13 ; foundation of Escurial, 11281 ; capital of Sp., 11293; in- trigues, 5133 ; taken, 11281 ; telescope, 9302 ; Napoleon enters, 7173 ; supreme junta fmd., 11312 ; Eng. enter, 936', 7162; evacuated, 7182; surrenders; mili- tary revolt, 11301 ,2, H322 ; k. R. to Lis- bon, 11113 ; students' riots, 11312 ; Pro- testants worship ; professors and stu- dents expelled. 11322,3; Ger. legation attacked, 11333 ; Workman's Cong. ; ex- plosives in Cortes, 11331 ; Cortesguarded, 11333; Protestant church opened, 11323. Madrid-Aranjuez R. R. opened, 11311. Madrigal Society fnd., London, 9102. Madura, Jesuit mission, 10432, 1046 3 ; Roman Catholic success at, 10491. Madvig, Johann Nikolai, b.,6382; d.,6421. Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, b.-d., 10583. Maelin, Victor, executed. 6342. Maerlant, Jakob van, b.-d., 539 2 ; Flowers of Nature, 10983. Maes, Camillus Paul, b. (1846); bp., 3182. Maestricht, Neth., taken, 692' , 7001 , 11001 . Mafeking, attack on, 6021 . Mafia, in Sicily, 10893 ; mob against, 381' . Maffei, Francesco Scipione, b., 10831 j works, 10833 ; d. (1775). Maffit, John Newland, b., 1061 ; d., 1681 . Mafube, O., free State, mission at, 11051. Magadha, ambassador from, 613 2 . Magannis, Edward, cons. R. C. bp., 998 3 . Magantone invents stucco-work, 10761 . Magasinal istoriea peutru Dacia, 11133. Magauscia uncrowned, 3 3 . Magazine of Am. History appears, 296 3 . Magaw, Col., at Fort Washington, 843. Magdala, Abys., bombarded, 21 . , Nicaragua, mission at, 11032. Magdalena River, steamboats run, 6293. Magdeburg, Saxony, fnd., 7732; imperial- ists repulsed, 6361 ; Catholics take, 5121 ; battle at, 6961 ; occupied, 7161 ; besieged, 7921 ; monastery at, 7723 ; archbishopric fmd., 7742; under ban, 7913; blockaded, 794' ; taken, 7942,795' ; archb'pric ceded to Sax., 7953; battle of, 796'; 808'; an- nexed to Brandenburg, 7973, to West- phalia, 8093; restored to Prns., 8112. Magdoshu captured, 561 3 . Magee, William, b. (1765) ; d., 9442. , Connor, b. (1821) ; cons, bp., 9663; 10062 ; d., 1006'. Magellan, Straits of, entered, 183. , Fernando, b.-d., 11092; sails; enters Pacific, 183 ; in Plata Sea, 489' ; sails around S. Am., 11093 ; circumnavigation of globe, 182, 191. Magrllancs, engagement with, 608 3 . Magendie, Francois, b., 7051 ; d.,7322. Magenta launched, 7341 ; destroyed, 7481 ; worthless, 7661 . Magenta, It., battle of, 5241 , 7341 . Maghazee reigns in Egypt, 655 2 . Maglieramorne. Baron, title created, 996 3 . , Lord, J. M. Hogg, d., 10022. Magi banished, 6123; order est., 11063. Magic' ill Egvpt, 6483. lantern invented, 7962, 8541 , Magic wins race, 2713. Magiciemie wrecked, 9341 , launched, 9981. Magila, mission station, 8383. Maginn, William, b., 9263; d.,9502. Maginnis, J'Mward, cons. R. C. bp., 9983. Maglai, action at, 5281. Magliabccchi, Antonio, b., 10823; d., 10831. Magna Charta, King John grants; an- nulled ; revised, 853 2 ; renewed, 8533. Magna Gra-cia, colonized ; colonizes Italy. 10133; states ruined, 10552. Magnan, Bernard Pierre, b., 7082; d.,7362. Magnano, It., French defeat, 7122, Magnard, Francois, d.,7661. Magnay, Christopher, lord mayor, 9393. , S. W., lord mayor London, 9492. Magne, Pierre, b. (1806) ; financier, 739' ; minister, 7392, 3, 7472, 7491 ; d. (1879). Magner, Thomas F.,b., 1861. Magnesia, battle of, 10262, 10551. Magnesium first obtained, 9343. Magnet known, 6101 ; powerful, 9561 , Magnetic needle, dip discovered, 8741 . variations, theory published, 8961 , Magneto- elect lie machine, first, 9461 . Magnifying-glasses invented, 4862. Magnin, M., minister agriculture, 7412. Maqnolia explodes, 261 3 . Magnus I. reigns, 11051, 11351; d., 11041. II. reigns," 11051 , H852. III. reigns ; conquests in G. B., 11051 ; invades Orkneys, Scot., Ire. ; k., 11041. IV. reigns ; dethroned, 11051 . , V., defeated by Swerro, 11041 , 1105' ; crowned by archbishop, 11051. VI. reigns, 11051 . VTI. reigns, 11051 (Magnus III. of Sweden); d., 11041. , Albertus, K.rjio.sition Aristotle, 7803. , Heinrich Gustav, b., 80S2; d. (1780). of Norway enthroned, 6352 ; on Isle of Man, 8481 . Magn- Mali. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1323 Magny, Oliver de, Sonnets, 6831 ; d. (1560±). Mago, at Genoa, 10543. Magoffin, Beriah, gov. Ky., 187 1 ; refuses troops, 1932; proclaims neutrality, 1953; resigns, 2113. Magomero mission, 561 2 , 838 3 ; slave settle- ment, 5983. Magoon, Elias Lyman, b., 1162; d. (188G). Magrath, And. G., gov. S. C, 2413; d.,4261 . , W., in Nat. Acad, of Design, 2941 . Magruder, John Bankhead, b. (1810) ; at Big Bethel, Va.,19Gi; checks McClellan, 2001 ; i u Seven Days' Battles, 2091 ; a t Galveston, 2181 ; d. (1871). Maguire, Edward, in duel, 9372. , James G., b., 1722. , John, burial, 3322. , Francis, b., 9363; d., 9762. Magwe captured, 10482. Maifijar Museum issued, 5171. , Laszld, d., 5262. -Magyars in Hung., 5031 ; in Aust., 5032, 5041 ; defeat Turks, 50S1 ; in Bavaria, 7721; conquer Ger., 7721, 7732; in Fr., 7722; demand tribute, 7733; uprise, 8172. Mahaffey, John P., b. (1839) ; works, 9791 , 9983. Managua, provincial govt, est., 11042. Mahalla mission, 6571 . Mahan, Capt. Alfred Thayer, b. (1840) ; works, 4203, 4461; in London; degrees conferred, 10122. -, Fred. A., commissioned major, 45G1 . Mahanoro, mission, 101*42 ; bomb'd, 10953. Mahanoy, Pa., Soldiers' Monument, 4161 . Mahar, James, starvation, 4773. Mahazula, at Laureneo Marquez, 6042. Mahdi reigns in Egy., 6552. Mahdists, ravage Abyssinia, 31 . Mahdiya captured, 11392. Mahichandra Rautore reigns, 10432. Mahmoud reigns, 1107 2 . Canal opened, 6563. Pasha, Kgypt, forms ministry, 6592. — , grand vizier, Turk., 11591 , 2. Shah reigns, Afgh. ; favors literature, 53; dethroned ; restored; gains Herat; expelled ; d., 51 . Mahmud, sultan of Ghazni, b.-d., 10423 ; defeats rajah, 10421 ; est. dynasty, 1155 2 ; intro. Mohammedisrn, 10431. , sultan of Arabia, 4871 . Shah reigns in Persia, 11073. II., conqueror, Ind., b.-d., 10423. reigns in Ind., 10432,3. — — Shah reigns in India, 10452. , son of Mir Wais, d., 43. I., b.-d., 11563; reigns, Turk., 11572. II., b.-d., 11563; reigns, Turk., 11573. IV., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10431 . V., emp. Ind,, b.-d., 10431 . XIII., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10443. XIV., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10443. Ali, nawab of Oudh reigns, 10473. Bahadur Shah reigns, 10473. of Ghur, in India; rules, 10432. Tughlak reigns, 10432, 3. Mahoetahi, action at, 9641 . Mahogany in Eng.,8773; general use, 9073. Mahon, Thaddeus M., b., 1522. Mahone, Wm., b., 1341 . -, William F., nom. for gov. Va., 3451 ; political circular, 3912. Mahoning Valley, furnaces closed, 3973. Mahony, Francis (Father Prout) ; b., 9323 ; Father Prout, 9483; d., 9701 . Mahratta, fort of, captured, 10441 ; king- dom founded, 10451 . War (first), 920 1 , 9321, 10441,2; de- feated, 10441 ; cause of war, 10453; power broken ; second war ; third war, 10461 ; Holkar refuses Brit, treaty, 10472. Mahuaim, mission at, 11241 . Mahy, Fran. 0. de, minister, 7532, 3 t 7571. Mai, Angelo, b., 10843; d., 10863. Mala, asteroid, discovered, 1922. Maichu, peasants attack, 7881 . Maida, battle at, 7161 . Vale ; Home, incurable children, 981 1 . Maid of the Mist on Niagara River, 3153. Maids'of the Cross, Eng., est., 8802. Maidstone, Eng., riot at, 9292. Maigret, Junell, d., 10412. , Louis D-, cons, vicar-apostolic, 10402. Mailath, Janos Nepomuk, b., 5163 ; d., 5242. Mailberg, King John defeated, 5061 . Maillard, Oliver, b.-d., 6762. Maillart, Jean, kills Marcel, 6752. Mailly, Abbe, Akebar composed, 688 z . Mails exclude antislavery papers, 1453 ; merchandise admitted; daily delivery in N. Y., 1933 ; withdrawn from the South, 1953, 1971 ; overland, 1973 ; at St. Louis, 1853 ; cut off, Confederate, 2033 ; trains, fast, intro., 2*93; troops protect, 3221 ; under Civil Service, 3392 ; Am. ves- sels employed, 3873 ; Service Bill passed, 3392 ; robbery, 4343 ; Stead's book ex- cluded, 4562 ; subsidies, Can., 5872 ; by coaches, Eng. ,9193; overland route, 9473; on railroads, G. B., 9493 ; posts in Fr., 6671; robbery, 7681. Maimbourg, Louis, b., 6862 ; d., 6942. Maimonides, Moses, b.-d., 1126 2 . Main conspiracy discovered, 8792. Maine, battleship, launched, 3701 , Maine, Fr., conquered, 6681 ; ceded to Anjou, 6693; united to Fr., 6792; sur- rendered, 8632. , U. S. A., division line est., 33 2 ; pur- chase, 393; population, 412 ; yields to Mass., 421 ; taken from Mass., 432; :\Iass. governs, 433 ; Fr. gets E. part, 45 1 ; Iiob- ertP. Dunlap.gov. .452; Mass. purchases, 472 ; a province of Mass., 491 ; Jesuit missions, 502 ; on Fr. frontier, 533 ; Fr. and Indian conflict; Indians pacific, 541; Fr. claims in, 551 ; Kasles, mission in, 582; English settlements, 592 ; Machias, Margaretta seized, S02 ; posts est. ex- tending to Ga., 81 2 ; Falmouth Gazette issued, 983 ; Bowdoin Coll. fnd., 1063 ; separated from .Mass., 1272; P.E. diocese org., 1282; State admitted; Colby Univ. fnd., 1291 ; Wm. King, gov., 1292 ; W.D. Williamson, gov., 1293 ; Gen. Conf. of Congregationalists org., 1342; Enoch Lin- coln, gov. ,1353; Universalists' StateCon- ven. held, 1362; Daily Courier, 1371 ; Na- than Cutler, gov., 1373; Samuel B. Smith, gov. ; Jonathan D. Hunton, gov., 1392 ; library, state.org., 1403 ; Edward Kent, gov., 1512, 1531 ; John Fairfield, gov., 151 2 ; Edward Kavanagh, gov., 1572 ; Hugh J. Anderson, gov., 1591 ; first pro- hibitory law, 1611 , 2, 17S3; Geo. Burgess, cons. P. E. bp., 1623 ; John W. Dana, gov., 1633; East Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 1642 ;;M. law signed, 1691; John Hub- bard, 'gov., 1692; tornado, 1701; Demo- crats strengthen M. law., 1703 ; W. G. Crosby, gov., 1743 ; Prohibitory Law enacted, 1783, Law repealed, 1803; Sam- uel Wells, gov., 1812 ; Joseph H. Wil- liams, gov., 1832; Hannibal Hamlin, gov., 1832; Lot M. Morrill, gov., 1852 ; Dem- ocrat office destroyed, 199 1 ; Israel Wash- burn, Jr., gov. ,2032; Aimer Coburn, gov., 2293 ; Confed. raiders in, 2362 ; Samuel Corry, gov., 2413 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572; intoxi- cants prohibited, 2591 ; J. L. Chamber- lain, gov. ; Prohib. Liquor Law passed, 2593; Agricultural Coll. fnd., 2623; Con- stabulary Law repealed, 265 2 ; earth- quake extending to Iowa, 2702, 3521 ; Prohibitory Law reinforced, 2723, 2811; Sidney Perham, gov., 2772 ; industrial school at Hallowell, 2S71; Nelson Ding- ley, gov., 2873; Unit. Asso. formed, 2882; Compulsory Education Bill passes, 2911; death penalty abolished, 2923 ; Selden Conner, gov., 2951 ; statue of Gov. King, 3001 ; Eldership Ch. of God, org., 3002 ; Alonzo Garcelon, gov. ; Rep. claim legis- lature, 3033 ; Dan. F. Davis, gov., 3052 ; Young People's Society of C. E. org., 3062; Female Suffrage, 3071; Harris M. Plaisted, gov., 3093 ; death penalty re- stored, 3151; Fred. Robie, gov., 3152; Prohibitory Amend, approved, 3191 ;Pro- hibitory Amend, adopted, 3192 ; Board of Health est., 323 1 ; Capital punishment est.; Labor Day est., 329 2 ; Sebastian S. Marble, gov., 3293; Brit. Gleaner seized, 3372 ; Austral, ballot system rejected, 3363; selling votes, 3391 ('plumbago mine dis., 3421 ; Anti-trust Act ; Edwin C. Burleigh, gov., 349 2 ; W. P. Thompson for gov.. 3632 ; disfranchisement of illit- erates ; Gen. Tern. Bill passes, 3812 , ,aw effective, 3831 ; tornado. 3921 ; forest fires, 3933 ; Edwin C. Burleigh, gov., 3991 ; Henry B. Cleaves, gov., 4471 . , Sir Henry James Sumner, b., 9403 ; works, 9643, 9923, 9763; d., 9981 . de Birun (.Marie Francois Pierre Gon- thier de Brian), b., 7031 ; d., 7242. Maintenon, Francois d' Aubigne, b., 6882; Louis XIV. marries, 6932 ; Memoires, 6972; d., 6981. Mainz, Hesse. (See Mentz.) Maipo, Chile, battle of, 6061 . Mair, John (Major, John), b. (1470±) ; Great Britain, 8671 ; d. (1550+). Mairet, Jean, b., 6862; d., 6942. Maisonneuve, Jules Germain Francois, b.,719i. Maissonier, Sieur de, gov. Montreal, 5723- Maistre, Jos. Marie, Comte de, b., 10842 ; works, 7131 , 7192, 7231 ; d., 10862. , Comte Xavier de, b., 7031 ; works, 7103,7193; d., 7322. Maitland, Can., hematite ore dis., 5901 . , Adm., at Macao, GIG 1 . - — , James, Earl of Lauderdale, b., 9143 ; d., 9483. , , D.of Lauderdale, b., 8801 ; royal decree, 8923; minister, 8932; persecutes Covenanters, 8943. , Peregrine, lieut.-gov., 579 2 ; gov., 5773; assists Griquas, 11052. , Sir Richard, b., 8661 ; d., 87G2. , Sir Thomas, Commissioner, 1035 3 . Club, Glasgow, founded, 9491. Maittaire, Michel, b., 8922; d. (1747). Maiwand, battle at, 61 . Maiz-Ad-Din builds Cairo, 4871. Maize, cultivation begun, 281. Majd, Zanzibar, 4882. Majestic, maiden trip, 3573; breaks record,. 3573, 3793, 3893 ; injures schooner, 4673. ■ , at Victoria, 5953. captures 'J'lrpsiehnre, 9361 . Majesty, title of addicss, Eng., 8791. Major, J. P., takes Brashear City, 2231 . Majorca, taken, 112G1 . Majorian (Julius Majorianus) reigns; mur- dered, 10712. Majors, Thomas J., nom. for gov., 4692. Majuba Hill, Transvaal, action at, 9861 . Majunga captured, 10953. Makanjira, chief, defeated, 10121 . Makart, Hans, b. (1840); d., 6302. Makemie, Francis, inMd.,482; org.Presb.. church, 4S2 ; appeals for missionaries, 522; licensed, 542; trial, 563. Makenzie, Mr., Brit, resident resigns, 6032. Makhaberg, mission at, 11241 . Mikodweni, mission at, 11113. Makomo, d., 6013. Makta River, French defeated, 8 2 . Malabar, India, conquered, 10433 ; Portu- guese settlements taken, 10451. Malaboch, chief, surrenders, 6042. Malacca conquered, 10433 ; ceded to Brit., 10472 ; gold dis., 11242. Malachi prophesies, 11463. II., Ire.; defeats Danes, 8461 ; reigns,. 9472 ; d., 8462. Malaga, Sp., naval battle off, 9021 ; upris- ing, 11321 ; cholera, 11323. Malagrida, Gabriele, b. (1689); burned, 11113. Malahide, Baron Talbot de, title created, 9412 9591 . Malan mission, 6023. Mala Vita' brigands execute persons, 10903. Malazkuna, action at, 1032. Malbone, Edvi aid G., b., 891 ; d., 1141 . Malehus defeats Herod, 11501. , dedicates Waterford cathedral, 8483.. Malcolm I., king, murdered, 8451 . Ily king; assassinated, 8471. III., vassal, 847 2 ; reigns, married, 8473 ; invades Eng., 8481 ; homage to William, 8491 ; killed, 8481. IV., king of Scot., 8511 . , Sir John, b., 9183; d., 9462. Malcom, Howard, b. (1799) ; d., 3002. Maid. .11, Eng., battle of, 8461. Maldumius, king, strangled, 8431. Malebranche, Nicolas, b., 6882 ; works, 6931, 2; d., 6971. Malek Shah, reigns, 11552. Malesherbes, Chretien Guillaume de La- moignon de, b., 6982 ; advocate for Louis XVI., 7092 ; a., 7102. Malet, Sir E. B., signs agreement, 835 2 . , Lucas (Mrs. Wm. Harrison), work, 10063. Malherbe, Francois de, b., 6823 ; works, 6851, G871; d., 6863. Mali takes Swat., 41. Malibran, Maria Fclieita Garcia, b., 7171 ; d., 7262. Malin, Adm., at battle of Gravelines,872i .. 1324 Text Figures denote Page. UN ±J ILK.. Superior Figures indicate Co/u Mali-Mant Malines. (See Mechlin.) Mallalieu, Win. F., elected M. E. bp., 3163. Maliarino, pres., 629*. Mallet, height, of balloon ascent, 7561. , Charles Auguste, 1>., 7163 J d., 7501. , Sir Louis, d., 10021. , orMalloch, David, b., 9002; d. (1765). Malleville founders, 311 3 . Malley, James, acquitted of murder, 3103. Mallory sinks, 2063. , C, Confed. sec. navy, 1913. — -, Stephen B., b., 1522 ; d., 2821 . Malloy, Patrick, sentenced, 9993. Malmaison, Fr., sortie against, 7421. Malmesburv, William of, b.-d., 8482. , Earl of, title created, 931 1. (See James Harris.) , Earl of, erects hospital, 8S11 . Malmd, Sue., truce of, 8161 ; compact re- jected, 8173. Malokong mission, 11241 , Malone, X. Y., arsenal burned, 1221. , Edmund, b., 9103 ; d., 9363. , Sylvester, regent, 4541 ; jubilee, 4721. Maloney, Billie, gives bail for trial, 3591 . Malory, Sir Thomas, b. (1430±); King Ar- thur, 8642; d. (1470±). Malou, Julius, b. (,1810) j ministry, 5452,3, 5471; d. (1886). Malpighi, Marcello, b., 10823 ; discovers Malpighian layer, 10822; d., 10831. Malplaquet, Fr., French defeated, 5141; battle of, 6962. Malta, given to knights, 10811 ; taken, 7122. 10741; surrenders, 7141 ; dispute with G, B.,7153; mutinv,932i; annexed to G. B., 9312; besieged, 11561. Ridge, N. Y., gas-well, 4401 . Malta, infernal machine in, 9871 , Maltby, Pa., riot, 4731. Malte-Brim, Conrad., b.-d., 6382. Malthas, Thomas Robert, b., 9163; Prin- ciples of Population, 929 ^ ; d., 9462. Malus Etienne Louis, b., 7043 ; polariza- tion of light, 7162 ; d., 7192. Malvern Hill, Va., battle of, 2092, 2102,3. Malwa, ceded, 1042, Mama Ocello Huaco, arrives, ll 1 , 3 . Mamelukes, overthrown ; rule Egy., 6553; massacre, 6562 ; struggle against Turks, 6572; in Armenia, 11553; defeat of, 11561 . Mamertines, aided by Romans ; seize Mes- sana, 10522. Mamiani, della Rovere, Count Terenzio, b., 10843; d., 10901. Mamie collides with Garland, 3053. Mammalia, system introduced, 9622. Mammals, development of theory, 8141 . Mammoth skeleton found. Eng., 9321 ,9402; flesh discovered in Siberia, 1116 2 . Mamoun, or Al Minium, b.-d., 11542. Mamre mission, 5971 . Mamusa, O. Free State, mission at, 11051 . Man, see of, erected, 8402. with Iron Mask, d., 6962. Managua. Nicaragua, riots, 1104 2 . Manakintown, conference at, 93 1 . Mauamadura mission, 10463. Manas surrendered, 6221. Manassas strikes Richmond, 200 1 . — — , Va., advance on, 1963 ■ evacuation begun, 2043 ; battle, 2122. — —Gap, Va., Confederates defeated, 2251 ; Augur defends, 2391. Junction, Va., Confeds. at, 1963, 2122. Manassas, high-priest, 11491. Manasseh, sins of, 11443 % reigns, 11453 ; high-priest, 11482. Manby, Capt., life-saving apparatus, 9342. Mancenion. (See Manchester.) Manchester wrecked, 9533. Manchester, Eng., Roman station, 839 1 ; taken, 8401 , 8841 ; subdued, 8421 ; Chris- tianized, 8422 ; burned, 8441 ; retaken from Danes, 8442; chartered, 8571 ; sanc- tuary privileges removed, 8683; aulnager stationed at, 8733; Cheetham Coll., fnd., 8883; riot. 995 1 ; M. Weekly Journal, 9063; m. Gazette, 909 1 ; Queen's Theater opd., 9122 ; Infirmary fnd., 9132 ; corn- grinding at, 9153; Agricultural Soc inst., 9161; lunatic asylum est., 917 2 ; muslin mfg.; subscription concerts, 920 2 ; Liter- ary and Philos. Soc. fnd., 9211 ; mechan- ics' riots, 9212; Philos. Soc. est., 922 1 ; new Baity Bridge built, 9233; fever hos- pital erected, 933 2 ; new Bailey Court built, 9253 ; Queen's Theater burned, 9253 ; Philological Soc. inst. ; Theater Royal est., 9322 ; portico erected, 9331 ; water-works est., 9353 ; Blanket meet- ing suppressed, 939 1 ; Lock Hospital fnd., 9392; reform meeting held, 9392, 9691; Natural History Soc. projected ; New Brunswick Bridge built, 940 1 ; Floral and Horticultural Soc. est. ; Royal Inst'n ; Mechanics' Inst'n org., 9402 ; Deaf and dumb school est. ; Law library fnd., 941 1 ; Chamber of Commerce est., 9413; musi- cal festival, 9422 ; launching disaster, 9433; concert-room est., 9441; borough est., 945 3 ; Choral Soc. est.; Statistical Soc. fmd., 9461 ; church rate refused, 9463; incorp.,9473; Geological Soc. inst., 9481; British Asso. meets, 9482, 9602, 9961; chartered; Police Act passes, 9493; PeelParkopd.; Philip's Park opd., 9522; Queen's Park opd., 9522 ; Chetham Soc. fnd. ,9523; Anti-Corn-Law League meet- ings ; free trade meetings, 953 1 ; Owen's Coll. fnd. ,9531, 9743; bishopric est., 9543; free library opd. ,9563; strike, 9571 ,9611 ; Peel statue, 9582 ; a city, 9592; Exhibi- tion Fine Arts opd. ,9602 ; Xat. Social Sci- ence Asso. meets, 9641 , 2, 9662, 9741 ; Re- ciprocity Asso., 9643 ; Fenian outbreaks, 9711; Town Hall opd.; panic in Music Hall, 9733 ; Nat. Soc. for Women est., 9723; Alexandra Park opd., 9741 • Owen's Coll. est., 9743 ; Scientific Industry est., 9781 ; statue of Cromwell, 9801 ; Free Li- brary opd., N822; Owen's Coll. changed to Victoria Univ., 9S43 ; Art School opd., 9861 ; Fine Art and Industrial Exhibi- tion opd.; Fine Art Gallery opd., 9901 ; Geographical Soc. est., 9923; great polit- ical meetings, 9931 ; ship Canal Co. fmd., 9953 ; Royal Jubilee Exhibition opd., 996i; bp. Moorhouse cons., 9962; ship canal begun, 9973, and opd., 10073, 10123; Birchfield grounds opd., 9991 ; gas-men strike, 10023; Oldham bank cashier ab- sconds, 10031; martyrs' meetings pro- claimed, 10032 ; anarchist meeting stopped, 10111. Manchester, N. IT., Unit. Asso. org. at, 2191 ; R.C.dio.fmd.,31S2;GV/^/M,. of R., b. (1816) ; d.,9982. , John, Marquis of Granby, b., 9062 ; commander-in-chief, 9361; d.,9183. , (John James Robert, D. of Rich- mond), P. M. gen., 9713, 9792, 9933,9953. , Lord. (See Sutton, Thomas M.) Mannheim, Baden, founded, 7933 ; taken, 7102, 7961, 806». Manning. Daniel, b. (1831) ; secretary of treasury, 3211; d., 3281. ,Henrv Edward, b., 9331 ;cons. archbp., 9682 ; card, priest, 9803 ; jubilee, 10002 ; assists strike, 1001 1 ; d., 10062 - funeral, 10072. , John L., governor S. C, 171 2 . , Richard J., governor S. C, 1332. , Robert, b., 8542; works, 8562; d., 8582. Manogue, P., bp. of Sacramento, 318 2 . Manometer invented, 7962. Mavnooth College founded, 9271 j endowed, 9523 ; enlarged, 9643. Mans, Le, Fr., Yendeans defeated, 7101; siege of, 7441 ; battle of, 8261 . Mansart, Francois, b., 6861 ; d., 6903. , Jules Hardouin, b., 6883; d., 6963. Mansel, Henry Longueville, b., 9402 ; d., 9761. , Sir Robert, against Algerines, 81 . Mansfeld, Count Ernst von, b., 7922 ; aide Bohemians, 7951 ; d., 7943. Manst'elt at Costa Rica, 6302. Mansfield, Mich., mine accident, 4393. , Mo., tornado, 3022. , O., counterfeiters captured, 4763. , Pa., anarchist miners, 4502. , Tex., College organized, 2782. , Earl of, title created, 9212. , Joseph King Fenno.b. (1803) ; at An- tietam, 2131 ; d., 2133. , Sir William, in India, 10482. Manso, Jose" de, gov. ; fnds. cities, 6053. Manson, Federal gen. at Richmond, 2122, Mansur, Al, Abou Jaffar Abdallah, d., 4842. , Charles H., in treas. dept. T 4472. Mansurah, Egy., Crusaders defeated, 6541 ; battle of, 6721 ; mission, 6571 . Mantegna, Andrea, b. (1431) ; paints St. George and Drat/on, 10781 ; d. (1506). Mantell, Gideon Algernon, b. (1790) ; dis- covers extinct animals, 9421 ; d. (1852). Manteno, 111., cyclone, 1741 ; wreck, 4393. Mantes, France', taken, 7403. Manteuifel, Baron, Edwin H. K., b.,8083; at Olmutz, 5233 ; at Rouen, 7423 ; near Bapaume ; at Havre and Cherbourg; at Pont Moyelles, 7431 ; drives French to Switz., 7441 ; enters Holstein, 8221 ; as- sumes govt., 8232 ; d., 8302. , Baron Otto Theo.von,b.,S0S2;d. ,8302. Iffant-Mark. Text Figures denote Page. IJNiiJJliX.. Superior Figures Indicate Column. 1325 Mantin, action at, 11121 , Mantinea, Gr. , action at, 10202 , 10223 , 10262 . Mantle, Lee, apxiointed senator, 4253. Mantoff, M., shot, 568' . Mantoon, Afgh., Mangals defeated, 6'. Mantua, It., surrenders, 776'; Gonzugas rules, 10773 ; siege raised, 6861 ; sacked, 1082' ; seized, 10833 ; cceded to Emp., 5143 ; siege of, 518' ; capitulates, 51S 2 ; lost by France, 1084' ; Holer shot, 519' ; Aust. retains, 5252 ; restored to It., 10892. , Duke of, d., 1082'. Mantz, Felix, executed, 11372. Manuane, mission at, 11241 . Manuel I., Comnenus, emp., b.-d., 10322 ; reigns, 10333 ; in it.; at Mvrocephalus ; in Lydia, 10322 ; i u Servia, 1123' . II., b.-d., 10343 ; reigns, 10352 ; aids Mobammed, 10353. , or Manoel, Francisco, b.-d., 11102. , Jacques Antoine, b., 7043 ; d., 7243. , Juan, b. (1282) ; iv, irks, 11271 ; d. (1347). , Garcia Co. in N. Y., 1321 . ■ and Boness Junction, collision, 979 3 . Manufactories, steam warmed, 9342. Manufacturers Association org., 3903. Manufactures oppressed, 551 ; boycotted, 743; of colonists limited, 63 2 ; of flannel, 1321 (see cotton, iron, etc.) ; relieved from taxation, 2631 ; develop, 85S 2 ; of cloth encouraged, Eug., 9041 . Manumission Society formed, 991. Manutius, Aldus, b.-d., 10783. •, Paulus, b. (1511) ; d., 10S1'. Manvel, Pres., supplies seed-wheat, 3693. Manvels, Allen, d., 424' . Manvers, Earl of, title created, 9,31'. Manwyne, British expedition attacked, 622'; massacre, 623'. Manzanillo, Cuba, planters meet, 6333. Manzoni, Alessandro, Count, b., 10843 ; works, 1087' ; d., 10882. Mauehetti, Carlo, d., 10SS2. Maoris, war with Great Britain, 9641 , 965 1 , 9661 , 967' . Map of northern seas, 8562.; Sanuto's ; Lizigana's ; Yalsequa's ; Donis's, 12'; La Cosca's, 17' ; John Smith's, 263. Mapes, James J., d., 250' . , Walter, b. (1140±) ; works, 8503 ; d., 852'. Maps by wood engraving, 7862. Maquet, Auguste, b., 721' ; d., 7562. Mar, Earl of, title created, 8603, 873'. , Earl of, regent, 8573 ; at Dupplin Moor, 858' . , Earl of, regent ; d., 8752. , Earl of, at Harlaw, 860' . Marah, bitter waters, 11403. Marajo, Brazil, French colony, 29 ' , 5533 ; French surrender, 5533. Maranham, Bra., insurrection at, 503, 5551 . Maranhao, Bra., colony est., 25 3 , 5542 ; captaincy of, 5532 ; attached to Brazil, 555' ; inissious, 5563. Marash, mission of Am. Board, 11563. Marat, Jean Paul, b., 7003 ; works, 7063 ; leader, 707' ; assassinated, 7082, 7093. Marathon, Gr., battle of, 1018' . Marathon, British cruiser, launched, 998' . Maratti, Carlo, b., 10823 ; d. (1712). Marbach, Ger., league of, 7852. Marbeau, Jean Baptiste Firinin, b., 713' ; d.,750'. Marble, Sebastian S., governor Me., 3293. Marblehead launched, 4i2' ; speed, 444'. Marblebead, Miss., tire, 3313. Marble Island, expedition lost on, 575' . Marburg, Ger., cathedral founded, 780 2 ; conf. at, 7902 ; University fud., 7892 ; Univ. of Giessen transferre.1, 795' . Marca, Pierre de, b., 6842 ; d., 6902. Marcabrum writes poems, 669' . Marceau, Francois Severin Desgraviers, Gen., b.-d (1769) ; at Le Manes, 710' . Marcel, Jean Joseph, b., 7043 ; d., 7322. , Stephen, leader of revolution, k.,675 2 . Marcellinus, St., pope, 10663. Marcello, Benedetto, b., 1083' ; d., 10842. Marcellus I., St., pope, 10663. II., pope, 10812. ■ , Marcus Claudius, at Clastidum,662' ; conquers Venice; atMilanand Comum, 1053' ; commander, captures Syracuse ; defeated ; killed, 10542. Marcere, M. de, minister, 7512,3 ; resigns, 7513. March, Earl of, title created, 883' . , Earl of, in England, 8643. March, Lord Campbell, chief justice, 967 2 . , Francis Andrew, b., 1322 ; Compara- tive Grammar, 2723 ; work, 2503. , Richard, rope machine, 9222. Marchall, William Calder, b., 9363. Marchant, Sir J. G. Lee, gov. N. S., 5792. Marchaud, M., tortured, 4803. Marche, Olivier de la, b. (1459); Mimoires, 6763 ; d. (1501). Marchenoir attacked, 7422. .Marches, annexed to Sardinia, 1089'. Marchfeld, Aust., battle of, 504' . Marchienne-au-Pont, Belg., riots, 545'. Marciano, French defeat, 682' . Marcinnus, b.-d., 10283 ; emp., 10312. Marcion, heretic, b., 102S3. Marcoinanni defeated, 1062' . Marcos, Tex., dynamite explosion, 4493. Marcus, Julius de, suicide, 4693. , St., pope, 10663. Marcy, William Learned, b., 98' ; " to the victor belong the spoils," 141 ' ; leads the Hunkers ; gov. N. Y., 1433 ; sec. war, 1592 ; at Dem. Nat. Conven., 165' , 171' ; sec. of State, 1732 ; on Danish Sound dues, 1752; d., 182'. Harden, Lord. (See Yorke, Charles.) MardiGrns festival, New Orleans, 3763. Mardin, mission, 11563 ; ch. reorg., 1158' . Mardonius, Gr. commander, 1016' ; in En- rope, 10173 ; commands Persians ; in Thessaly, 10182; d., 11062. Mardontes, Persian commander, 1018 3 . Marduk-bel-usati killed, 1144'. nadin-acbi reigns, 1143 2 . strum reigns, 1145' . Mare, Peter de la, imprisoned ; speaker of House, 8593. Marees mission, 657' . Marengo, It., battle of, 5182, 7141 . Maret, Henri Loins Charles, b., 7163. , Hugnes Bernard, Due de Bassano, b., 703' ; d., 7282. Marey, M. E. J., inv. sphymograph, 736' . Margantown, W. Va., Univ. opd., 256 2 . Margaret of Anjou, queen, b.-d., 6762 ; marries Henry VI., 8632; forces defeated, 864' ; flees to Scot. ; seeks aid of French king, 865'; d., 8652. of Aust. b., 7862; negotiates peace of Cambray, 511'; d.,7902. Sophie, archducb., Aust., weds, 536 2 . , Duchess of Burgundy, b.-d., 109S2. , Queen of Den., b.-d., 636 2 ; regent in Nor.; queen; reigns in Swe.,637 2 , 11352. , Princess, marries James IV., 8671 , I. of Fr. marries Edward I., 8571 . , Countess of Holl., claims lordship, 10991 ; adheres to William ; cause ruined, 10981 ; resigns ; resumes, 10!I'.I2; d., 10982. , Q. of Navarre, b.-d., 6783 ; works, 6812,6831. " Maid of Norway," marriage, 8653 ; d., 8542. of Parma, regent, 1099 2 ; resigns, 10993. , Princess, of Prus., married, 8363. , infant Queen of Scot. ; d., 855 3 . of Scot, marries Eric II., 11051 . Alart/aretta seized, 80 2 ; in navy, 812. Margarit, Pedro de, Uapt.-Gen., 153. Man/arita, asteroid, discovered, 760' . Margary, Mr., killed, 6231 . Marggraf, Andreas, b., 798 3 ; beet-root sugar, 8002 ; d., 8042. Margraves first appointed, Ger., 7733. Marguerite de Valois, b., 6822 ; Mtmoli\s of, 6872 ; d., 6862. .Princess, marries Edward I., 6733. Margueritt.es, Julie de, d., 2521. Marheineke, Philipp K., b., 8042; d.,8162. Marhof, Daniel, b., 7963. Maria I., Port., reigns, 11103. II., Port., b.-d., 1110 2 ; reigns; powers aid ; declared queen ; sanctions charter ; weds Ferdinand, 1111' . Christina, Q. dowager, b., 11303; weds Ferdinand VII. ; regent ; abdicates, 11312 ; impeached; returns; deposed; escorted to Portugal, 11813. , marries Alfonso XII. ; empress ; regent of Spain, 11333. , reigns in Poland, 11152. , queen of Sicily, 10772. Bertha de Rohan, marries, 5363. Francesca, marries P. John, 11113. Francesco, Donna, reigns ; d., 555' . Henrietta marries, 5443. Maria Isabel captured, 606' . Maria Louisa, Aust., b., 519' ; weds Bona- parte, 5203, 521' ; d., 730' . Augusta, b., 8102 ; d., 832' . of Sp. weds Monlpensier, 7292. Louise, empress ; d., 5203. Mercedes Isabella, b., 11322. Pia, princess, weds K. of Port., 10893. Theresa of Aust., queen of Hung., b. f 7983; dominions settled; heir, 515'; marries Francis 1..8012 ; convokes diet ; infant son to diet, 5122 ; opposes clergy, 542? ; alliance with Fug., 5152 ; appeals to Hung. Diet, 8012 ; peace with Prus., 5152, 8033 ; crowned, ,0152 ; claims sup- ported, 11013; gift, 5171; ruling spirit, 8013; fnds. Belgian Acad.. 5123; council Of state, 5172 ; fosters industry, 5173 ; reforms, 5163, 5172; aids serfs"; rules Hapsburg dominions ; uniform laws, 6172; d., 5163; monument, 5302 of Sp. marries Louis XIV., 6913. Valeria marries, 5343 Vittoria, D. of Aosta, d., 11322 Mariamne marries Herod the Great 11512. Mariana, colony founded, 6613 , Juan de, b.-d., 11282; works, 1129' . Mariani, M., d., 7562. Marianna, Ark., Confeds. defeated, 215'. Maricha, minister in Abys., 23. Marie, grand duchess, Rus., weds, 979' ; 1119'. Amelie, b., 705'; weds, 7193; d., 7362. de Bourbon, b., 7362. Antoinette, b., 7022 ; , ve ds Louis XVI., 7052 ; Diamond Necklace scandal, 707' ; beheaded, 70S2, 7103, 7111 . de France, Giti/enier, Equitan, 6711 . , Princess, of Bourbon, weds, 8331. , Princess of Edinburgh, weds, 8362. Louise, of Parma, married, 5683. Mariel, port of entry, 6342. Mariendal, French defeat, 688 1 . Marietta, Ga., Confeds. captured, 2341 ; Johnston evacuates, 2351. — -, O., settled, 1013; Centennial eel. ,3293. ■ College founded, O., 1443. Mariette, Auguste Edouard, b., 724' ; works, 7343, 7383, 7432, 7433, 7502 ; d., 7522. Marin, Don Saba, commander, 6342. Marine Conference International, 7493. Biological Association founded, Lon- don, 992' . Engineers Inst, fmd., Lond., 976' . Schools, est. by govt., 2852. Society fnd., London, 915' . Mariner's compass used, 1078'. Marini, Giovanni Bat list a,!,. 15011; ; works, 10832 ; d. (1625). Marino Sanuto, map of, 12'. Marinus, St., fnds. republic of, 1071 2 . 1., pope, 10723. II., pope, 10723. Mario, Giuseppe, b., 1085' ; d., 1090' . , Marchesse di Candia, I). (1812) ; fare- well, 9742 ; d. (1883). , Signer, at Castle Garden, 176' . Marion, N. J., R. R. collision, 4233. County, Tenn., phosphate rock dis- covered, 342' ; land purchases, 349 3 . , Francis,!.., 62' ; leader, 92 1 ; in South; retreats, 922 ; d., 1061. Mariote, Edma, b., 6863 ; d., 6923. Mariposa, gold shipment, 4393. Mariposa, Cal., Big-tree park, 2351 . Maris or Myrrha, discovered, 7481 . Marischal Coll., fnd., 877' ; rebuilt (1837) ; unites with Aberdeen Univ., 9623. , E., aids Jacobite rebellion, .9061. Maritime Canal Co., Nicaragua, 1st expe- dition, 3412, 3432 ; org. ; receiver, 1104' . Conference, Brussels, 544' . Exchange, Silver Resolution, 435' . Provinces, Can., favor union, 595' . supremacy, struggle for, 25' . Marius, invents hammer action, 696 2 . — -, Caius, b.-d., 1055 ' ; in Provence; in Af r., 1056' ; war with Sulla ; defeats the Marsi ; at Pass of Little St. Bernard ; crosses Alps; mutiny; escapes to Afr., 10562 ; defeats Gauls, 662' ; besieges Rome, 1056 3 ; in command ; consul ; against constitution, 1057 2 ,3 ; unpopu- lar ; retires to Asia ; terrorizes Rome, 10573 ; at Sacriportus, 1058' . Mariux, Filips van, works, 1099' . Marivaux, Pierre Carlet, de Cbamblain de, b., 6942 ; works, 699' ,2 ; d., 703' . Mark Lane Express issued, 946 3 . 1326 Text Figures denote Page. lis ]J.fc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Coktmn. Mark-Mary. Mark, Father, mission to Znili, 203. , St., intro. Christianity in Egypt, 6522; Gospel written, 1153 2 . Markets, est. in towns, Ger., 7833. Markham, Clements It., b. (1830) ; Peru, 4203. , Henry H., gov. Cal.,3292, 307', -3991. , William, dep.-gov. Pa. ; frame of government, 533. Markhardt of Epperstein, duke, 5033. Marks, Albert S., gov., 3033 ; d., 3941 . Marlay, Thomas, chief justice, 9113. Marthoroiujh enters Liverpool dock, 9013. Marlborough, Can., Indian defeat, 5742. , Mass.T destroyed, 461. , Vt., battle at, 661 . , Bishop Earle cons., 9983. , Duchess of, appeals for poor, 9851 . , Duke of. (Sec John Churchill.) , Earl of, minister, 8832. Marlowe, Christopher, b., S722 ; works, 8752, 8771 ; d. (1593). Marniaduk, reigns in Babylon, 1145 3 . Marmaduke, John S., at Cane Hill, 2161 ; at Prairie Grove, 2162 ; at Hartville ; attacks Springfield, '-'lsi ; at Cape Girar- deau, 2203 : at Mine Creek, 2391; politi- cal disabilities, 2952 ; gov. Mo., 3233. , Meredith M., d., 2312. Marmande, Fr., siege of, 6702. Manuier, Xavier, b., 7191 ; f Fr. Acad- emy, 7321; d., 7621. Marmolejo, Bartolom^, R. G., bp., 6051 . Marmont, August Frederic Louis Viesse de, Due de Kaguese, b., 7043 ; at Mockern, 720 2 ; evacuates Paris ; inPrussiani paign, 7203; at Salamanca, 9361 ; d.,732? monument, 3281 Marseilles, Fr. colony at, 6611 , 10171 ; con- quered, 11472 ; Human ally, 6612 ; taken, 6622, 10601 ; Christianized. 6623 ; sacked, 6661 ; republic, 6i;:i3, 6713; el ass-painting, 6782 ; united to Fr., 6793 ; siege of, 6801 ; plague ravages, 6893, O'.iiia ; loses privi- leges, 6913 ; reduced, 7081 ; canal to Du- rana, 7293 ; infernal machine, 7331; Re- publicans rise, 7432 ; Communists sup- pressed, 7452 ; cholera at, 7553, 7633 ; Revolutionary relics. 7553; telephone to Paris, 7573; dock-makers strike, 7583; bread riots, 7643, 7002 ; dynamite explo- sion, 7662 ; anarchists arrested, 7671 . Mursevan, Am. Girls' College destroyed, 11591. Marsh, Mrs. (Anne Caldwell), b., 9302 ; d. (1S74). , George Perkins, b., 110-1 ; works, 20H , 2133, 2412 ; d., 3102. , Herbert, b. (1757) ; bp. of Peterbor- ough, 9383; d. (1839). , James, b., 1042 ; d., 1542. , Othniel Charles, b., 1382; exposes In- dian ring, 2891 ; pres. Academy, 3381 . Marshal, rank of, conferred, Eng., 9081. Marshall Islands, gospel received, 10403. , Tex., Wiley Univ. org., 2823; Bishop College founded, 3083. , Sir Chapman, lord mayor, 9492. , Humpln -ev, botanist, b.' (1722) ;d., 1101. , , Gen., b., 1183 ; at Middle Creek, 2022 ; at Princeton, 2081 ; d., 2762. , , historian, d., 1522. , J. W., discovers gold, 1622. James W., h., 1562; p.-m.-gen., 2852; Marniontel, Jean Francois, !>., 6982; works, 7032, 7052, 7063 ; d., 7142. Marmora, Alfonso Ferrero La, b. (1804)-;- in Crimean War, 1086 10891; d. (1878). Maroboduus, conquered, 502 Marochetti, Carlo, Bar., b., 10843; d. John, b., 711; chief justice, 1112; electoral vote, 125 2 ; d., 1442. -=7-Samuel S., defeated, 257 2 . prime minister, , Thomas Alexander, d., 2741 . , William, E. of Pembroke, b. (1146) ; builds Kilkenny Castle, 8501 ; defeats Louis ; d., 8521 . Maronites, rise of. 10311,11543; join Eo- , Calder, b. (1813) ; d., 10121. Church, 11551 ; rebel, 11581 ; with Druses, 1158 1,2; chapel, N.Y., 3761. Maroons, in Jamaica, 652 ; revolt, 77 a . Maros, Servian settlement, 5133. Marot, Clement, b., 6983 ; L'Adolescence Clementine, 681i ; d., 6S03. Marozia, power in Rome, 10733 ; d., 10721. Marprelatc Tract* issued, 8763. -, P., governor .Minn., 255 3 . , Principles of Economics, 1004 3 . Marshtield, Mass., troops sent to, 781; Webster's birth celebrated, 3103. , Wis., R. R. wreck, 4613. Marshman, John Clark, b., 9263; d., 9822. , Joshua, b., 9163; d., 9482. Marsi yield to Romans, 10522 Marquand, Henry G., gift to Museum of Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinauilo, b., 10831 ; d., Art, 3341 , 3981 ; pres . Museum, 3381 . 10842. Marque. (See Letters of Marque.) Marsin, Ferdinand, b. (1656); marshal; Marques de Santa Lucia. (See Garcia, at Blenheim, 0961 ; d. (1706). Calixto.) Marsovan, mission at, 11563. , Jose Amaldo.h. (1825- ) ; rises against Marston, Gilman, gov. Ida., 2732. Juarez, 10901 ; d. (1881). , John, b., 8742; works, 8771 ; d., 8822. Marquesas Islands, occupied by Fr., 7281 ; , Westland, b. (1819) ; d., 10021. taken by Fr., 7571 ; missionaries, 10403. Moor, Eng., battle of, 8842. Marquette burns, 1593. Martaban taken, 10462. Marquette, Can., mission settled, 443. , Mich., Rom. Cath. diocese est., 1822. , Wis., diocese suffragan to Mil., 2902. , Jacques, b., 6882 ; miss., 422 ; dis- coverer, 441; St. Ignatius mission, 442 ; on Mississippi, 443 ; d., 463. Marquez, Jose Igtiacio de, pres., 623 3 . , Leonardo, b., 10952. Marquis, D. C, moderator, 3242. Marrast, Armand, b., 7143 ; d., 7322. Marriage, intro. China, 6103 ; ,,f ecclesi- astics, 6303 ; forbidden in Lent, 10691. Bill, introduced, Ontario, 5903. , Irregular, Act, passes, 9133. Law for blacks and whites. 6323. , royal, restricted, Russia. 11213. Marriages, civil, legalized, Eng., 8891; taxed, 9003 ; with lunatics void, 9112 ; in churches, begin, 10751. Married Woman's Property Act, 990 2 . Marriott, Hayes, d., 10081 . , Wit. T., judge-adv.-gen., 9953. Maii-man. Father, imprisoned. 10003. Marryat, Frederick, b., 9262 ; works, 9403, 9443, 9483, 9623 ; d., 9542. Mars Hill, Athens, Dr. Talmage at, 3481 . Mars wrecked, 9673. , satellites discovered, 2961. Mars, worshiped, 10503 ; statue, 9181. Martel, Charles. I.. (690'-) ; king, 7712; pal- ace-mayor, 0053; leader, 7701; est. feu- dalism, 6653 ; at Soissons, 770 1 ; confis- cates clerical property, 6643 ; defeats Saracens, 4S42 ; rescues Christianity, 6043; saves Europe, 7702 ; at Narbonne, 7701 ; protects pope ; d., 6653. , Louis Jos., b. (1813) ; minister, 7511 ; pres. senate, 751 2 ; resigns, 753' ; d.(lX92). Martens, Police Captain, trial, N. Y., 4522. , Prof., arbitrator, 7612. Martensen.Hans Lassen, b., 6382; d., 6421 . Marter, Rich., captures Cetewayo, 6002. Marth, Mr., discovers planet, 9582. Martha discovered, 5282. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., missions, 363; naval action, 80 ] . Martial, Marcus Valerius, b.-d., 10622 ; works, 10643. de Paris, works, 6783. Martignac, -lean BaptisteSvlvereGayede, Vicomte de, b., 7043 ; premier, 725* ; ministry dismissed, 725 2 ; d., 7262. Martin I., St., pope; est. celibacy of clergy, 10722; d., 10721. II., pope, d., 10721. IV., pope, 10703; d., 10762. V., pope, 10791 ; d., 10783. I., K. of Sicily, 1077= , Mile. (Anne Franyois HippolytcMars II., K. of Sicily, 10772. Boutet Mom-el), b., 7043 ; d., 7301 . , Saint, b.-d. ; fnds. convent, 6623; bp. Marsala, It. , action, lossi ; telegraph, 10893. of Tours, 6631 . Marsaglia, loyalists defeated, 6941. of Aragon, reigns, 11273; defeats Marsden, William, b., 9123 ; d., 9482. Genoese, 11261 ; d. (1409). Marseillaise Hi/mit, composed, 7083. , Sir Albert, minister, 883 z . publication ceases, reappears,7383. , Alex., b. (1740) ; gov., 1013 ; d. (1807). Martin, Augustus N., b., 1623. , Benjamin, improves niieroscope,9I0*. , Bon Louis Henri, b., 7191 ; d., 7541 . , Carlos R., escapes, 6211 . , bp. of Padenbom, resists clerical laws ; punished, 8283. , "Eddy," lynched, 4743. , Father, gen. of Soc. of Jesus, 11323. , Father of Cochem, Jesus, 7991 . , Henri, L'llistoire tie France, 7271. , Henry Neyvell, b., 1641 ; work, 9811 . , John, b., 9243; Babylon, 9382; d.,9583. , , b., 1421 ; u. S. senator, 4231 . , , M. P., 9753. , A., gov. Kan., 3233. , Joseph, d., 7621 . , Joshua L., gov. Ala., 1611 . , Josiah, gov. N. C, 773. , Louis Aime, b., 7051 ; d. (1847). , Noah, gov. N. H., 1712. , makes papier-mache, 8001. , Police Inspector, killed, 10003. Martineau, Harriet, b., 9303 ; Political Economy, 9443; ,1., 9802; statue. 3241. , James, b., 9323 ; works, 9362, 9491 9623, 9983. Martinez, Francis, d., 6143. , T., elected pres., 11033. de la Rosa, Francisco, b.-d., 11302. Martini, Giovanni Battista, b,, 10831; d 10843. , Vincenzo, b.-d., 11283. Henry rifle ; adopted, Eng., 9721 . Martinique, W. I., dis., 162 ; earthquake at, 741 ; settled by Fr.,6892; taken, 7101. Martinsburg, W. Va. . Confederates de- feated, 1962, 2123. -Martin's Ferry, O., non-union men, 4791 . Martinsvogel Association find., 7852. Martius, Karl Frederich I'hilipp von, b.. 8002; d., 8243. Martos, Ivan Petrovitch, b., 11143 ; d., 11163. Marty, Martin, b. (1834) ; cons, bp., 3023. , M., minister, 7671 . Martyn, Henry, b., 9222 ; in Persia, trans- lates Bible, 11071 ; d., 9363. Martyrdom of' Huss painted, 8181 . Martyrs, era of, 0543 ; festival of, 10643; canonized, 10883. Marum, Edward P. Mulhallen, d., 10041. , Martin van, b.-d., 11011 . Marvel, Ik. (See Mitchell, Donald Grant.) Marvell, Andrew, b., 8802; d., 8942. , Richard, Garden Poems, 8883. Marvil, Joshua H., nom. for gov., 4692. Marvin, Enoch M., b. (1823) ; M. E. bp., 2522; d., 2962. , Francis, b., 1362. , Theophilus, mission, 4891. , William, gov. Fla., 2491, 251'. College org., Tex., 2823. Marx, Karl, b., 8122 ; manifesto, 8173 ; d., 8302. Mart/ collides with Normandy, 973 3 . yvrecked, 9021 . Man/ Pose, accident to, 8693. Mary Sharp Female Coll. org., Tenn., 1703. Mary, Virgin, honors increased, 10683; I m . maculate < 'om-eption est., 10863. , d. of Prince Alfred Ernest, b., 9812. I. Tudor reigns, 8712; marries Philip, household expenses, 8713; d., 8721, 8732. II., b., 89(12; d., 9002, 9012. , Q. of Scots, b., 8682 ; sent to Fr., 8692 ; reigns, 8693 ; marriage opposed ; persecutes Protestants, 8703 ; sails for Fr., 8712 ; at Langside, 8721 ; marries Francis; title conferred, 8732; abdi- cates ; in Loch Leven castle ; escapes ; goes to Eng. ; prisoner ; claims Eng. throne, 8732; j n Scot.; marries L. Dam- ley ; marries E. of Bothwell ; prisoner, 8733 , conspirator ; trial ; sentenced ; exe- cuted, 8753, 8762. of Burgundy marries; rules; favors cities and provinces, 10992. , Princess of Denmark, betrothed to Alexander III., 11191. , Duchess of Gloucester, d., 9622. of Guise, or of Lorraine, b. (1515) ; regent, 8713 ; d. (1560). of Hesse, d., 11201 . , K. of Hung., d., 5072. of Hung., regent. 10992. of York marries William III., 8951. Maryborough, Ire., founded, 8732. Maryland, Catholics settle ; Soc. Jesus est., 322; Clayborne settles in; Cecil Mary-Mass. Text Figures denote Page. lNUx^X. Superior Figures indicate Co.'i 1327 Calvert's Grant ; named ; Leonard Cal- vert settles, 333 ; Cluyborne tights, 341 ; first Eng. Catli. Ch. in Am. ,342 ; a.G. stato church, 343 ; general assembly meets ; hostile to Va., 35i ; Clay borne flees, 353; Indian war; Clayborne's rebellion, 36 1 ; Puritans invited; Catholics rule,362; gov. est., 371 ; drunkenness fined; kidnappers executed, 37 1 ; Puritans turbulent, 372 ; amnesty granted ; rebellion succeeds ; Calvert regains govt., 373; Kent Island subdued; religious war, 381, 3 ( 401, 3, 411; toleration enacted, 382; Catholics disfranchised, 383; Robt. Yaughn(Prot.), gov.; Thos. Greene (Cath.), gov., 39i; William Stone (Prot.), gov. ; Puritans received, 392 ; Stone resisted ; deposed; 10 commissioners go vcin,3;)3; Protestant counties find. ; two legislative houses, 392; Stone resisted; deposed; faction deposes Catholics; Parliament controls, 393 ; Puritans in, 40i ; refuge for the persecuted, 403 ; Revolution ; two gov- ernments ; stocks for drunkards, 41 1 ; revolt settled ; Josias Fendall, gov. : P. Calvert, gov. ; popular 1 sovereignty J independence of L. Baltimore ; L. Balti- more confirmed in govt. ; mint act passed, 413; felons excluded, 443, 471 ; slave act passed, 45 1, 2; population, 452, 633, 673; Si r Chas. Calvert, proprie- tor, 471 ; Thomas Notley, gov.. 473 ; Presbyterian church org. ,482,502; fran- chise limited, 491; quo warranto, 511; John Coode revolts, 512; Revolution; a royal province ; Sir Lionel Copley, gov., 513, 532 ; church of Eng. est., 51 3 , 522 ; e. Andros, gov., 532 ; unites with Pa.; B. Fletcher, gov.; public post est.; Annapolis capital ; Nath'l Blackstone, gov. ,533; Anglican ch. est., 542 ; A.D. 1700-1- ; Thos. Trench, gov., 553 ; anti- Cath. laws, 56 2 ; John Seymour, gov., 57 z ; Edward Lloyd, gov., 573; slaves vs. baptism ; Calvert renounces Catholi- cism, 582, 3 ; liquor traffic fined, 5S3 ; John Hart rules ; proprietary restored, 591 ; Chas. Calvert, gov., 593; m. Gazette issued, 603; inheritors of Eng. law, 61i ; Benedict C. Calvert, gov., 613; Balti- more city fnd; Samuel Ogle, gov., 632, 3, 672 ; Charles Lord Baltimore, gov. ; tobacco legal tender, 632; copper-works, 64i; first Bapt. ch., 631 ; Thos. Bladen, gov., 653; iron works, CG 1 ; M. Gazette revived, 67i ; Frederick City fnd., 672; Mason and Dixon Line, 673, 753 • Gen. Braddock leaves, 63 1 ; Benj. Tasker, gov. 692; Horatio Sharpe, gov., 693; Freder- ick Coll. org., 731 ; Robert Eden, gov., 772; Jesuits suppressed, 781 ; magazines seized, 801 ; convention ; bills of credit issued; minute-men org., 813; declines Confederation, 912 ; signs Confederation, 933; boundary commissioners meet, 973; ratifies Federal constitution, 101 1; St. Mary's Sem., fnd., 1023 ; T. J. Claggett cons, bp., 1023; Bait. Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1042; A.D. 1800 *- ; Odd Fel- lows org., 1271; Win. Ellery Channing preaches, 1282; Luth. Synod find., 1283; Jews org., 1311 ; fire-brick mnf., 134 1 ; State library fnd., 135 1 , 1403; defaults interest, 1553 ; M. Hist. Library find., 1583; Gen. Butler seizes Relay House, 194 2 ; disloyal ; rejects secession ; Fed- eral troops prohibited ; Gov. urges truce, 1951 ; legislators arrested for treason, 1993 ; fund for soldiers killed, 2032 ; habeas corpus suspended, 2073 ; Gen. Lee invades, 2123; Legislature arrested, 213 3 ; Confed. invasion, 2223 ; m. Union- ists divided, '2273; M. Club suspended, 2292; Constitutional Conven.,2333; Gen. Early enters, 236i, 237'; Constitution ratified, 231)3; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; M. Agricultural Coll. est. , 250 2 ; Peabody Inst, fnd., 2543; observance of Sunday Bill, 2551 ; rejects 14th Amend., 2573 ; new constitution approved, 2.7.) 1 ; flood in Patapsco River, 2633 ; battle of N. Point eel., 3683 ; 15th Amend, rejected, 2731 ; eldership in Ch. of God org!, 2S02; Inst, for Blind and Deaf, 2811; labor strikes, 296 3 ; pres. proclamation to strikers, 2972; Westminster Theolng. Sem. fnd., 3123; earthquake, 332 1 ; bill to abolish pool-rooms, 3543; shortage in treasury, 3543, 3553 ; negroes excluded from State Law school, 3682 ; forest fires, 3833 ; negro lynched, 3832 ; w. G. Van Nort for gov., 3912 j Va. boundary line, 4112; Frank Brown, gov., 4212; land tax unconstitutional, 427 1 ; Free School- book Bill returned, 4541 ; Racing Bill signed, 4571 ; miners strike, 4583. Marylebone Literary Institute fnd., 9463. MarvviHe ( lollcge. «>rg., Tenn., 1283. Marzials, Theophile, b., 9562. Mas, Burmese war, 10482. Masaccio, Tommaso Guidi, b.-d., 10782. Masailand, Eng., possess, 5613; Hanning- ton visits, 5621 . Masaniello, Tommas Aniello, b.-d., 10823 ; leads revolt, 10821 , 10832. Mascara, Algeria, evacuated, 82. Mascarenbas, Garcia de, b., 5523; d., 5542. Mascarene, Capt. Paul, governor, 5752. Mascaron, Jules, b., 6882; d., 6962. Mascotte, La, burns on Miss, river, 3253. Maserfeld, action at, 8421 . Mashakai, action at, 62. Masham, Baron, title created, 10052, , Lady, Abigail Hill, royal favorite, 9033; keeper of privy purse, 9052. Mashonaland, Boers raid in ; Boera ex- pelled, 6041 ; demand for, 6043, Ma Sien, at Linan; at Yunnan, 6183. Masimian resigns, 10673. Masinissa, K., aids Scipio, 10543. Maskell, William, b., 9363; d. (1890). Maskelyne, Mr., libel damages, 9931. , Nevil, b.,9082; transit of J'enus, 91&; earth's density, 9182; d., 9351 . Mason County, W. Va., white caps, 460. , Charles, b. (1730) ; M. and Dixon line, est., 431 , 673, 733, 75s, 913 ; d. (1787). , Dumane, royal commissioner, 5942. , Edward C, commissioned col., 3301 . , Francis, b., 1082 ; d., 2841 . , George, b., 602 ; d., 1022. , . Hemming, b., 9383 ; d. (1872). , Capt. James, leader, 34 1 . , — —Murray, b., 108 1 ; pres. senate, 1812, 1881; urges secession, 1953; ex- pelled, 1973 ; captured, 2003, 2012, 9653 ; in Boston, 2003, 2012; imprisoned, 2012 ; surrendered, 203 ; leaves Eng., 2273 ; d., 2741. , Jeremiah, b., 761 ; d., 1641 . -. John, b., 262 ; d., 442. ,—^ t lands in N. H., 3H; d., 341 . , ■ Mitchell, b., 762 ; d., 1362. , W., in treas. dept., 3512. , Young, b. (1799); sec. navy, 1572; atty. -gen. ,1592; issues Ostend Manifesto, 6331; d., 1842. , Josiah, almshouses, 9651 ; est. Orphan Houses, 9731. , Lowell, b. (1792) ; d., 2781 . , Mabel, life-saving medal, 3882. , Richard B., gov. Gal., 1633 ; d. (1850). ■, Sergeant, fires at Guiteau, 3083. , Stevens Thomson, b. (1811) ; governor Mich., 1453 ; d. (1843). , William, b., 9062, or (172-I) ; d. (1797). Masonborougn Inlet, Columbia burned, 2182. Masonry, opposition party in politics, 1392; vote, 1413, Mason's Act, No. 2, 417 2 , Station, O., R. R. accident, 3133. Maspero, Gaston Camil le Charles, b. (1846); Peuples de l' Orient classique, 7661 . Masquerades, Eng. Court, 8583 ; frequent, 8911; forbidden, 9063. Mass, first celebrated, 10691; said for money, 10723. Masqat ia, asteroid, discovered, 1086 2 . Massachusetts : Norsemen in, explored, 112; A.D. I6OO-1- ; Rep.govt. find.; John Carver, gov. ; Pilgrims land, 283, 293 ; Gonges exped., 2:t2; ;i ll citizens in legis- lature, 293,331 ; Miles Staudish explores, 301 ; 1st marriage ; Indian treaty ; Salem fnd., 313; Salem Ch.org., 302; Massasoit received ; 1st land patent ; 2d company arrive; Wm. Bradford, gov., 303, 351, 373 ; pestilence ; starving time ; first exports, 303 ; Prot. Epis. services est., 30i; Eng. extortion, Weymouth settled, and abandoned, 31 1 ; Standish fights In- dians, 301 ; 2d laud patent, 31 1 ; conspi- rators banished; land allotted yearly ; land in perpetual fee ; cattle iutro. ; Cape Ann patent ree'd ; settled ; Cape Cod settled ; Council of Five est. ; Mt. Wollaston settled, 31 2 ; first vessel built, 301 ; Pilgrims buy out London Co.; wam- pum currency ; Dutch embassy re- ceived; Mass. Colony est.; Wollaston suppressed, 313 • ballot first used in Am., 302 ; Mass. Bay Co. chartered ; Clnirlestown fnd. ; govt, trans, from Eng. to Colony, 313, 331 ; bricks mnfd. ; Epis- copal clergy expelled; Indian allegiance; J. Endicott, gov., 321 ; thanksgiving for plenty; John Winthrop arrives, 321 , 331, he writes 1st book; Plymouth tol- erant, 322; 300 best families arrive; wages fixed, 323 ; many perish ; J. Win- throp, gov. Mass colony ; many colo- nists arrive ; Watertown, Dorchester, Roxbury fnd. ; 1st Court; Trimountain [Boston] fnd.; Board of Assistants appt., 331 ; 3d land patent ; great emigration ; Lyon arrives ; suffrage limited to ch. members; Newtown [Cambridge] forti- fied, 332 ; Plymouth courtesy ; Conn, valley attractive, 333 ; i s t eh. in Boston. 321; prohibition (Indians), 323 ; Charles I. offended ; govt, restricted ; E. Win- slow, gov., ballot used; Thos. Price, gov., Plymouth ; Thos. Dudley, gov. Mass. Colony, 333 ; irreligion and heresy punishable, 342 ; gov't changed to repre- sentative democracy ; Plymouth Coun- cil surrenders charter ; John Haynes, gov. ; Wm. Bradford, gov. ; emigration westward; tidal wave, 341 ; Eng. cross, decision ; Roger Williams banished ; Thos. Hooker arrives ; Anne Hutchin son for Women's Rights ; 3,000 immi- grants ; musket balls currency ; Concord fnd. ; quo-warranto issued, 342 ; Boston public school est., 343 ; Indian troubles, 341 ; submission to est. church; 1st Cong, organization, 342 ; Coll. fnd., Harvard est., 343 ; Springfield fnd. ; emigration ; Gen. Fundamental Laws est. ; charter uurescinded ; Henry Vane, gov.; Edward Winslo\v,gov.,352;"Pequot War, 341 ; synod of N. Eng., first meets ; Anne Hutchinson banished; Sam. Gor- ton annoys ( ,342, 362 ; Rev. John Har* vard arrives; slaves imported, 35 1 , 371 ; prohibition est. (Indians), 35i; J. Win- throp, gov. ; Wm. Bradford, 352 ; Henry Vane leaves ; Colony of Conn, set up ; Eng. emigration restrained; Thomas Prince, gov., 353 ; Boston printing-press est., 341 ; Plymouth 1st gen. assembly ; Wm. Bradford, gov. 353 ; effort for co- lonial union, 37 1 ; dissenter pilloried, 362 j i s t book printed in Am. ; college- tax ; public schools law; 37 1; Thomas Dudley, gov. ; rapid advancement, 372 ; Body of Liberties adopted ; Rich. Bel- lingham, gov. ; Eng. oppresses com- merce, 372; iron castings, ropes mnfd., 361; suffrage qualified, 362; Harvard's 1st commencement, 371 ; N. H. united, 372; ch. sleeper punished; Indian mis- sions est., 362, 383,391 ,403,442,443,463, 623, 631, 663, 683, 771 ; New Eng. Con- federacy est. ; John Winthrop. pres. ; civil war in Eng., prosperity in Mass., 373; alarming comet, 361; whipped for non-baptism ; dissenters banished, 363 ; 2 legislative bodies for govt., 373 ; treaty withNarragansetts, 36 1 ; Wm. Bradford, gov.; Thos. Dudley, gov.; bounty for iron works, 373; infant baptism trouble, 363, 371, 383; Ed. Winslow, gov.; J. Endicott, gov., 373 ; 2d Gen. Synod, Con- gregationalism org. 38i,2; John Eliot, miss. ; prayer-book in Boston, 382 ; j. Winthrop, gov. ; commerce restricted, 391 ; public schools common, 383; pro- hibition (Indian), 391, 403 ; Thos. Cush- man, elder; Cambridge Platform sub- mitted, 382,3 ; j, Endicott, gov.; code of laws, 392; many Indian converts; Half- Way Covenant, 383, 402,3, 442; Thos. Dudley, gov., 392 ; Baptists perse- cuted, 383, 40 2 ; John Endicott, gov., 391 ; purchases Maine ; mint est. ; Rich. Bellingham, gov. ; Puritans return to Eng. to fight, 393; Nianticks war; iron forge est., 381 ; liquor dealers restricted, 39i ; J. Endicott, gov., 411 ; Quakers per- secuted, 40i ,2,3 ; Elder Faunce elected, 402 ; Mary Dwyer executed, 403 ; Ed- ward Whalley and Wm. Goife, regicides concealed, 4l'i ,3 ; 423 ; Nantucket fnd.; Pari, addressed ; commerce restricted, 412 j declaration of rights ; anti-Quaker 1328 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Massachusetts. formists ejected ; licensers of the press est., 403; adulterers executed, 411; 1st Bapt. Ch. ; Episcopalians intrusive; 1st Bible printed, Am., 422 j Rich. Belling- ham, gov. ; commerce vexed, 423 ; 4 king's commissioners opposed, leave; re- monstrance against tyranny, 43 1 , 2 ; printing restricted, 422 ;' Deertield fnd. ; Rich. Bellingham, gov. ; Maine wrested, 43 2 ; Mohawks ravage, 42i ; Maine yielded, 421, 433; Worcester fnd., 433; Indian 41 Praying To"\vns " org., 442 ; drunkards posted, 443; great training days; bees intro., 441 ; disloyal at heart, 442 j W ar against the Dutch, 44 1 ; 3 colonies unite, 452 ; whale fishery established, 453 • Indians burn Medtield ; Indian conspi- racy, 441 ; Josiah Winslow, gov. ; John Leverett, gov., 452 ; commerce vexed, 453,472; printing-press in Boston, 443 ; King Philip's War,44> ;eolonists terri- fied, 443; Fast Day, 443 ; Narragansetts peaceful ; Capt. Hutchinson's Co. way- laid ; Mendon attacked, also Deertield, Hadley, Bloody Brook, Hatfield, Lan- caster, Deertield, Weymouth, Northfield, Marlborough, 461; Rehoboth attacked, Sudbury, Bridgewater, Plymouth, Hat- field, Hadley ; "Indians defeated at Turn- er's Falls and Mt. Hope, 462 ; Indians op- pressed, 471 ; E. Randolph, king's mes- senger in, 472,a ; anti-Quaker intoler- ance, 463 ; Maine bought, 472; treaty of peace with Indians, 462, 473 ; Epis. Ch. in Boston, 4G3 ; N. H. separated ; Brit, govt, assails ; king opposed ; great comet terrorizes, 4G3 ; Maine org. as a province: T. Hinckley, gov., 491 ; Jos. Dudley and John Richards agents, 49 1; quo war- ranto issued, 41)2 • first Universalist, 481 j charter forfeited ; darkest period; Jos. Dudley, Royal pres., 493, 503 ; charter expires, 493 ; Epis. service enforced, taxation for, 502 ; charter is displaced; Sir Edmund Andros vice-regent; Hu- guenots arrive, 503 ; tyranny of Andros ; N. York annexed ; Boston capital of vice-royalty, 511 ; Andros recalled ; joy- ous tidings, accession of William and Mary ; Gen. Court reassembles ; Simon Bradstreet restored; rights demanded, 512 ; 1st newspaper in Boston, 503 • in 1st Am. Cong, of governors ; M. fleet before Quebec, 50 1 ; witchcraft delusion, 523,531; new charter; Sir Win. Phipps, gov. ,532; State schools and State church est., 522 ; Hannah Dustiu, heroine, 531 ; under Gov. Bellamont of N. York, 551 ; Rich. Coote, gov. ; Wm. Stoughton, gov., 552 ; A. D. 1700f ; R. Catholics ban- ished, 542; slavery opposed, 55 1 ; govt. by the Council, 552; -war with Abnakis ; Q. Anne's war, 541 ; Q. Anne proclaimed ; Jos. Dudley, gov., 553 j Deertield burned ; Indians terrorize, 561 ; News-Letter is- sued, 57i ; official conspiracy, 572 ; anti- Cath. mission, 582 ; Benj. Franklin, b., 563 ; attempts conquest of Acadia [N.S.]; bombards Port Royal ; bounty for In- dian scalps, 56i , 61 1 ; Quebec expedition sails, 56i; province bills, legal tender, 591 ; S. boundary rectified; Worcester org.; mortgage bills emitted, 5!)i ; coun- cil governs ; Jos. Dudley, gov. ; Wm. Taller, gov. ; Sara Shute, gov. ; imposes duty on Eng. goods, 592 ; £, Gazette is- sued, 582 ; manufacturers restricted. ; commercial activity ; tea used, 593 ; jy. England Courant,' 603 ; quarrel with gov. j charters defended, 611 ; smallpox vaccination opposed, 613 ; Indian war, 60i; Gov. Shute flees; Wm. Dummer, gov., 612; population, 613; ministers reprimanded, 602 ; Western Mass. set- tled; treaty with Indians ; explanatory charter, 612; Wm. Burnet, gov.; Wm. Dummer, go.., 613; 1st paper mill, 601 ; minister's support not enforced, 60s ; Presb. Ch. in Boston, G22 ; Wm. Tailer, gov.; J. Belcher, gov., 632 ; Freemasons m, G3i; stage routes; petitions Pari., 633 ; Arianism in, 643 ; Whitefield's re- vival, 65i ; Faneuil Hall fnd., 641 ; N.H. separated; Wm. Shirley gov., 653; Fr. and Indians take Ft. Mass. ; 1st theatri- cal performance, 66 1; impressment of seamen resented, 67i ,2 ; treaty with In- dians ; a hard-money colony; Spencer Phips.gov. ; reimbursed, 672 ; Jonathan Mayhew preaches against tyranny, 663 • Jonathan Edwards, pastor, 663, 691 ; theatricals prohibited, 671 ; Parliament vexes, 67 3 ; Wm. Shirley, governor; Colonial cong. proposed, 69 3 ; Fr. and Indian War ; troops in Acadia ; Gov. Shirley commands Brit, troops, 682,701 ; earthquake, 703, 722; Spencer Phips, gov. ,713; War Cong, of governors ; Thos. Pownal, gov. ; quartering troops con- troversy ; Thanksgiving Day, 71 3 ; self- imposed war taxes, 73i ; superior in ed- ucation, 721 ; customs regulated by law, 73i ; Thos. Hutchinson, governor ; Sir Francis Bernard, gov., 732 ; Hutchinson appt. chief justice; Revolution in em- bryo ^James Otis agitates ; Importation Act enforced, 732,743; arbitrary meas- ures by king's officers, 73 2 ; Universal- ism advances, 723 ; elaims Eng. rights, 743 ; Stamp Act indignation ; boycott Eng. goods, 743, 75i ; Liberty Tree sons, 753 ■ Royal artillery arrives, 741 ; Mal- combo-iot, 743 ; calls Anti-Stamp Cong.; stamp agent resigns; Chief-Jus. Hutch- inson assailed ; Sons of Liberty org. ; Dennis Deberdt, agent in London ; Eng. repeal Stamp Act, 75 2 ; Romncy irritates, 741 ; Pari, enacts duty on tea, etc., irri- tation ; nonimportation societies ; cir- cular letter to other colonies ; Eng. orders circular letter rescinded ; Liberty seized, 753 ; Gen. Gage arrives ; Boston enraged ; Brit, officers vexed ; quarters refused ; Anti-troops Conven. of towns, 771 , 2 ; Pari, censures ; Gen. Court pro- rogued ; obstinate ; Thos. Hutchinson assumes authority, 77 2 ; first martyr, 771 j Boston Massacre, 76* ; Eng. taxation nearly abolished, 771, 2 ; govt, fallen to pieces ; court liberates McDougal ; com- mittees of colonial correspondence appt., 773; Pari, opposed, act void, 783 ; Bos- ton Tea Party, 782,3 ; court and govt, controversy ; tea cheaper in Boston than London, 783 ; Gen. Thos. Gage, gov., 791 • patriots meet in Old South Meeting House, 782; Boston port closed by Pari.; Pari, subverts charter, 791 ; Anti-Port Act meeting ; County Conventions pro- test ; gov. dissolves Gen. Assembly; it meets in Salem ; resolves itself into a Provincial Cong. ; troops incense citi- zens ; militia organized as minute-men, 792; royalists propose, "patricianorder," 793; Brit, troops in Marshtield; in Salem, 781,2; tar and feathers, 783; 2d Pro- vincial Cong. ; Pari, restrains trade, 793; Gen. Gage seizes munitions ; fortifies Boston Neck ; War for Independence begins; skirmish of Lexington and Con- cord; Gen. Putnam arrives ; Americans besiege Boston; skirmish at Martha's Vineyard; Gens. Howe, Clinton, andBur- goyne in,80i ; Artemas Ward commands Am. army at Cambridge ; Bunker Hill battle; authorizes privateering; Charles- town burned ; Washington arrives; war vessels commissioned, 802 ; Gen. Howe commands Brit. ; Am. fortify Cobble Hill ; Brit. Adm. Shuldam in ; Boston- ians besieged ; suffer ; 1st Am. traitor ; spirit of freedom grows ; accepts quota ; Gen. Court authorizes privateers; par- don offered "rebels," 812,3; Brit, use houses for fuel, 813 ; first Union flag, 813, 831; Old South Ch. Brit, riding school ,823; Washington unsupplied; can- non from Ticonderoga; Aras. bombard Boston ; action at Morris Creek ; Ams. take Dorchester Heights ; Brit, evacuate Boston, 821 ; Washington enters B., 822, 831 ; Washington leaves ; Hope cap- tured ; transports taken, 822 ; Council governs ; movement for total indepen- dence, 832 ; Declaration of Indepen- dence in Phila., 833, 852 ; declares independence, 832 ; act against Tories, 893,913 ; placable toward Baptists, 91 2 ; John Hancock, gov., 933, 101 1; adopts constitution, 933 ; abolishes slavery, 93 2 ; Constitutional Conven. meets; bill of rights, 933 ; cedes Western claims. 952, 973 ; p. E. diocese est., 963 ; M. Maga- zine issued, 97i ; aliens expelled, 972; Shays' Rebellion, 981 ; James Bowdoin, gov., 99i ; sells lands in N. Y., 992; mass first eel., 1001 ; ratifies constitution, 1011 ; Presbytery of Salem dissolved, 1023 - Williams Coll. incorp., 1043 ; Samuel Adams, gov., 105 2 ; Unitarian doctrines spread, 1062 ; Edward Bass, cons. P. E. bp. ; Polar Star and Daily Advertiser, 1063; Increase Sumner, gov., 1091 ; Moses Gill, gov., 1093 ; Caleb Strong, gov., 1112, 1153 ; James Sullivan, gov., 1151 ; Levi Lincoln, gov., 1153, 1333 ; Christopher Gore, gov., 1172; Eldridge Gerry, gov., 1173 ; John Brooks, gov., 1252 ; gelati- nous matter falls. 126 1 ^; Maine separated, 1272 ; -Lowell fnd., 1293 ; cotton mill erected, 1301; Amherst Coll. fnd., 1311; Wm. Eustis, gov., 131 3 ; Lafayette visits, 1321; Marcus Morton, gov., 1333, 153 1, 1572 ; State library fnd., 135i ; M. Hor- ticultural Society org., 136i ; Historical Soc. of Essex Co. org., 1421 ; support of clergy made voluntary, 1422 ; Rom.Cath. persecuted, 1432 ; John Davis, gov., 145 2 ; Samuel Armstrong, gov., 145 3 ; Edward Everett, gov., 1472 ; Bunker Hill Monu- ment erected, 154 1 ; John Fairfield, gov. 155 2 ; Boston and Maine R. R. opd., 1573; George N. Briggs, gov., 161 1 ; publishing marriage banns~eeases, 166 3 ; George S. Boutwell, gov.. 1692; Kansas emigrants aided, 1742 ; JohnH.Clifford.gov., 1743; Emigrant Aid Soc. org., 1751 ; it enters Kansas, 1752; Emory Washburn, gov., 1771; Henry J. Gardner, gov., 1792; submarine cable laid ; Hoosac Tunnel begun, 1813 ; watches innfd. by machin- ery, 1821; K.P. Banks.gov., 1852; Cong. Conf. org., 1S81 ; militia hastens to Bos- ton, 1922; Soldiers Relief fmd., 1923; 6th Regt. leaves for Washington, 1941 ; troops called for, 1953; declares for the Union ; creates Union Fund, 1953, 1971 ; issues scrip for U. S. govt., 197 1 ; first colored regiment leaves, 190 1; John A. Andrew, gov., 2032 ; ,s7,0(io raised for martyrs' families, 2032 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 243 2 ; Inst, of Technology opd., 2502,2522; Norfolk Unit. C011f.org., 2542; Alex. H. Bullock, gov., 2553 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572 ; Agricultural Coll. opd., 2583; long session legislature, 2632 ; cy- clone, 3641 ; to complete Hoosac Tunnel, 2652, 2833; ratifies 15th Amend., 2671; Franco-Am. cable eel., 2673; prohibition enacted, 2691 , and repealed, 2911 ; Wm. Claflin,gov.,2092; Wendell Phillips nom. for gov., 2713 ; session to aid Boston fire sufferers, 2793 ; Wm. B. Washburn, gov., 2811; Nor. Art School est., 282 1 ; Nor. School at Worcester, 2S43 ; Wm. Gaston, gov. ; Thomas Talbot, gov.. 2873, 3033 ; Prohibitory Law repealed ; Smith Coll. org., 2883; Alex. H. Rice, gov., 2951; Boards of Health, Charity, and Lunacy est., 3011; John D. Long, gov., 3052; anti-screen law operative, 3071; Benj. F. Butler, gov., 3132 ; law for guardians of children, 3151; Geo. D.Robinson, gov., 3152; Constitutional Prohibitory A mend. petition, 315 i,319i; Board of Health est., 3251 ; Labor Dav legalized, 3271 ; begging- prohibited, 3291 ;01iver Ames. gov. ,3293; high-license enacted ; Australian ballot adopted. 33;.! 2; women on sch. board,339i ; Colored Men's Conven., 3451 ; W. E. Rus- sell, gov., 3472; gypsy moth, :553 ; Nine- hour-day Bill passed,357i ; J.Q.A. Brack- ett, gov., 3751 ; Free Silver Coinage op- posed, 3763; Biennial Elections Bill, 3791,4492; Fast Day, 3803,4041 ;heightof houses limited, 3832 ; Cong, districts reapportioned, 3853 ; (has. W. Lowell, nom. for gov., 3912; Wm. E. Russell, gov., 3991 ;"Anti-Cigarette Bill rejected; Anti-Free Pass Bill signed, 4032 ; White Caps sentenced, 4043; Ten-hour-day La- bor Bill, 4052; Municipal Woman's Suf- frage, 4071; Wn). E. Russell, nom. for fov.,4172; a nti-slaverv celebration, 428 3 ; 'ast Day abolished, 4512, 4542 ; vessels wrecked; 4573; Elevated R. R.Bill, 4651 ; strikes, 469 1 ; F. T. Greenhalge inaug. gov., 4793. (See Boston and New Eng- land.) Massachusetts launched, 430 1 . Spy issued, 763. Quartt r/tf Rcriew appears, 1631. Evang. Miss. Soc, instituted, 1142. Horticultural Society org., 1361 . Missionary Society organized, 108 3 . Mass-Maxw. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1329 Massachusetts Soc. for Promoting Chris- tian Knowledge org., 1123. Massacre, (See Indians, see slaughter.) Massa-de-Carrani,Ja.,siegedeelared, 10902. Massagata 1 , war with Persia, HOG 1 . Massalia. (See Marseilles.) Massasoit ashore, 4753. Massasoit, b. (1580^); in Mass., 30=; treaty with colonists, 303 ; d. (16G0). Masse, "Victor (Felix Marie), b., 7242 ; d., 7541. Mass^na, Andre\ Prince d'Essling, Due do Rivoli, b., 7023 ; at Loano, 7102; at Ve- rona, 7121; at Voltri, 714 1 ; in Port., 7181 ; retreats into Sp., 7182 ; at Areola, 5182; d. (1817). Massereene, Baron, title created, 925 2 ; Viscount, title created, 8911 . Massey , Sir Edward, b. (1619+) ; at Glouces- ter, 8841 ; d. (1674±). , Gerald, b., 9423. , John, dean of Christ's Church, S96 3 . , Joseph, assault, 4262. , Gen., captured, 9703. Muss/tin, asteroid, discovered, 730' . Massillon, O., fire at, 4743. , Jean Baptiste, b., 0903; works, 6991 ; d.,7002. Massinger, Philip, b., 8742 ; works, 8803, 8831 ; d., 8842. Massiuissa. aids Carthaginians, 10542, Massitissi, mission, 5991 . Masso, Finiguerra, engraves copper, 10781 . Masson, Ga., Conservative Party, 259 2 . , Antoine, b., G8S2 ; d., 6943. , David, b. (1822) ; works, 9631 , 9791 . , Frederic, works, 764 1 . Massowah, Abys., besieged ; dervishes de- feated, 22; war with It., 3 2 ; annexed to It.; submits, 33. Massy, Baron, title created, 9172. Master Builders' Asso. meets, 3523. Car Builders' Asso., Saratoga, 4082. Mechanics' U. S. R. R. meet, 3863. Masters in chancery appt., 8773.. Mastodon, bones unearthed, Jll.,368 1 ,3941. Masudi, Abu Hasen Ali hen Husein ben- Ali, d., 4862. Masulipatam, E. I. Co. agency, 10443. Masupha, chief, submits, 602 1 ; in Basuto- land, 6031 . Mataafa, unrecognized as king, 8333. Matabele. (See Cape Colony, p. 597-004.) Matagorda, La., Gen. Banks at, 2321 . Matamoras, Am. army of occupation, 1601 ; captured, 10961 ; mission, 10962. , Manuel, sentenced 11303. Matanzas, Sp., floods, 634 1 ; kidnappers punished, 6342. Matches, substitutes for, 1321; friction used, 1361 , 9401 ; i u cotton, 4013; mnfrs. monopolize, Fr., 759 2 ; anti-phosphor as inv., 8161 ; lucifer used, 94Gi . Matchett, Charles H., nom. for vice, pres., 4151 ; popular vote, 4192 ; electoral, 4243. Materna, Amilie (Frau Friedrich) , b.(1847) ; d.,8162. Maternus, revolution in Sp., 1065 2 . Matha, John de, forms Mathurins, 6703. Mathelin, Gen., explosion at home of, 7662. Mathematical method, quaternions, 9521. Tripos instituted, 9121 . Mather, Cotton, b. 421 ; works, 37i, 523, 543,583, 603; d., 603. , Increase, b., 34 1 ; pres. Harvard, 48 3 ; degree of D.D., 523; sermon, 582; d.,602. Mathes, F. L., shot, 4422. Mathesius, Johann, Wife of Lufker, 7931. Mathew, Theobald, b.,'9243; administers pledge, 9451 ; in Scot. ,951i ; arrives, 1651 ; entertained by pres., 1663; d., 9603; me- morial church, 3462 ; memory eel., 3471 . Mathews, Charles, b. , 9203 ; appears in N. Y., 1301; d., 9462. , Stanley, b., 1321 ; Justice of Supreme Ct., 3092 ; d., 3382. , Wm„ b., 1262. Mathieu, Pierre, works, 6851. , Judge, royal commissioner, 5942. Mathurins, order find., 6703. Matilda, archduchess, d., 5262. , Q. of William I., d., 8482. , Q., Den., confesses plot, 6392; d.,6382. , of Eng., marries Henry I., 849 2 - - — , dau. of Henry I., b.-d.; invades Eng., 848 2 ; claims throne; marries; in Suf- folk, 8493 ; besieged, 8501 ; crowned ; retires, 8511 . , Queen, Fr.,fnds. Trinity Church,6683. Matilda of Tuscany, gives estates to church, 7762, 10743; marries, 7763, 10753 ; reigns, 10752. Matimir, prince, 5031. Matina, fort built, 6302. Matins of Moscow, 11151 . Matrimonial Causes Act passes, 9831 . Mats, Ketilmuiulsson, regent, 1135 2 . Matsys, Quentin, b.-d., 5402. Matta circular, withdrawal, 4003. Mattathias, leads revolt, 11481 ; against Syrians, 11492; assassinated, 11493,11482. Mattapony River, Va., action near, 2103. Matter, Jacques, b., 7082 ; d., 7362. Matteson, Joel Aldrieh, b. (1808); gov. 111., 1743; 8 ale of property, 2331. Matteucci, Carlo, b., 10851 ; d., 10882. Matthew, the Apostle, called, 11521 ; writes Gospel, 11523. , Archdeacon, eons, bp., 998 3 . , Henry J., minister, 9953 ; d., 581 . , the Armenian in Portugal, 13. Matthews, Asa C, in treas. dept., 3511 . , Brander, b., 1701 ; The Stage, 4783. , Claud, gov. Ind., 4471 . , David, mayor N. Y., 853. , Edmund O., in navy dept., 4472; com- missioned commodore, 4561. , Geo., b. (1739); gov. Ga., 1052; d. (1812) , ., cons, bp., 9962. , Henry, gov. W. Va., 2973. , Joseph W-, gov. Miss., 1652. , Nathan, Jr., mayor of Boston, 373 2 . , Samuel, gov. Va., 411 ; d., 401 . , Stanley, b., 1321 ; d., 3382. , Gen., in Va., 902. , Can., insurgent hanged, 5792. , first makes knives, 8721 , Matthias, high-priest; 11483, 11502. , son of A nanus, high priest, 11523. , Corvinus, king, Hung., 509 2 ; takes Vienna; d., 5093. II., king, gov., emp, 5113 ; aids Ferdi nand, duke of Slyria, 7933 ; d.. 5102. Matthisson, Friedrich von, b., 8023 ; Poems, 8052 ; d., 8142. Mat-tie Wins/tip seized, 5861. Mattocks, John, gov. Vt., 1572. Matto-Grosso, rebellion, 5581; blockade; independence, 5592. Maturin, Chas. Robert, b., 9223 ; d. (1824). Matz, Nicholas, b. (1850); bp., 3263. Matzner, Eduard Adolf Ferdinand, b., 8082 ; d. (1892). Maubee mission, 10463. Maubeuge, Fr. gains, 693 3 . Maubin mission, 10471. Mauch Chunk, Pa., coal mined, 115 3 ; gravity road, 1353. Maud, daughter Prince of "Wales, b., 9733. , Princess of Achaia ; marriages, 1035 2 . Maud S., trotting record, 3213. Maugaseia, king in Abys., 33. Maul, Joseph, gov. Del., 1613. Maule, Fox. (See Ramsay.) Maulmain mission, 10463. Maun Singh surrenders, 104S 2 . Maundas, Laura, horse-thief, 4343. Maunday Thursday, Eng., alms on, 8591. Maupassant, Henri Rene Albert Guy de, b.(1850); works, 7523,7542,7502; d.,7641. Maupertuis, Pierre Ijouis Moreau, de, b., 6943; to Lapland, 6981; works, 6992; d., 7023. Maur, St., intro. monastic life, 6642. Mauregato, reigns in Asturias, 11253. Maurepas, Coiiite de (Jean Frederic Phe- lippeaux), b. 6943; prime minister, 7053 ; d., 7051 . Maurer, Georg Ludwig von, b., 8043 ; d., 8281. Hans Georg, priest, 5571 . , Jocabina, prophetess, 5571. Mauretana, or Mauritania, Ca^sariensis, Roman province, 1063 2 ; conquered 10602, 8i ; divided, 9i. Maurice, hanged for piracy, 8543. , Pr., takes Exeter, 8841 . , St., leader Thebean Legion, 10663. , Cappadocian, reigns, 10313 ; against Persians, 10302. Siegen, Joan Mauritz, Count of Nas- sau, b.-d., 1003; gov. of Brazil, 5533; amal- gamation of races; recalled, 5543. , Count of Nassau, b. (1567) ; stad- holder, 5413, 10993 ; takes cities, 10982 ; subdues Gelderland, 10993 ; campaigns of ; invades Flanders, 10982 ; supports Calvinism, 11011,3; takes Sluis, 10982; becomes Pr. of Orange, 1101 3 ; record stained, 11012 ; d. (1625). Maurice, G. Edmund, works, 9963. , John Fred. Denison, est. working- men's college, 9591 ; works, 9583. , Earl of Kildare, gov., 8593. , duke, b., 788 2 ; elector of Saxony, 791 2 ,3; against Ger. emp.; takes Magde- burg ; wounded, 792i ; d.,7932. Mauricius, Flavius Tiberius, b.-d., 10303. Maurier, George Du, works, 4783, 10063. Mauritius, Eng., acquires, 9353 ; S ee of, est., 9583 ; Bp. Royston cons., 9742 ; Bp. Walsh cons., 10063. Maurus, Rabanus, b., 7722 ; Abbot of Fulda, 7723. Maury, Dabney M., works, 4783. , Jean Siffrein, b., 7003 ; d., 7223. , Louis Ferd. Alfred, b., 7223 ; d., 762«. , Matthew Fontaine, b., 1122; inv. mag- netic clock, 1641 ; work, 1781 ; d., 2801 . , Wm. A., in dept. of justice, 3512. Mausoleum at lialicarnassus, 11462. Mausolus weds Artemisia, 11471 ; d.,353±. Maver, stenography, 9242. Mavrocordato, Constantine, manumits serfs, 11122; d. (1765). Mavrocordatos, Alexander, statesman, b.-d., 10343. , , physician, b.-d., 10343. MLawe, John, b., 9122; d., 9442. Maxen, Ger., Gen. Fink surrenders, 5162; battle of, 8021. Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, war with Constantine 10662; reigns, 10673; d. (312) Maxfield, Thomas, leads Weslevan seces- sion, 9163. Maxim, Hiram S., gun tested, 3401; adopted in Ger., 836i . Maximianus, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, reigns, jnits down Gauls; defeats Franks, 6622 ; suppresses Afr. revolt ; defeated in Massilia ; appt. Ca-sar ; gov. It., Afr., and Sicily, 10673; d., 10662. Ma.i-imiti 2 ; grants liberty of conscience, 7923; Cath. leader; duke, 7933; besieged by Gustavus, 7942; electo- ral vote, 7!)">2 ; favors Protestantism, 5112; d.,5102. , Alexander Philipp, Pr. of Neuwied, b.,S042; d. 8243. Emanuel, D.ofBav., 7973; war against emp., 7992 ; dominions restored, 7993. , Joseph I.j D. of Bavaria, 8013. Joseph 11., b., 8102 ; elector Bavaria, 8073; Hug, S092, 8173; d., 8223. , (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph), Archduke, emp. of Mex., b.-d., 10961 ; crown offered, 5263 ; accepts, 10963 ; Fr. enthrone, 2281 ; lands at Vera Cruz, 5263; in Mex., 10961 ,3; unrecognized by U. S., 2491, 2533; captured, 10961; issues decree ; transfers custom receipts toFr., 10963 ; hist. order of Mex ican Eagle, 10972 ; shot, 520 3 , 10963 ; memorial monastery, 5342. Maximin, at ITeraclea, 1068 1 . Maximinus.Galerius Valerius, b.-d. ,10642; reigns, 10293; pyrs. defeat, 10042; perse- cutes Christians, 10643. Thrax (Maximin Caius Julius Verus) reigns; assassinated, 1065 3 . Maximum, est., Fr., 7111 ; repealed, 7112. Maximus Magnus at Aquileia, 10282; emp.; reigns in Gaul; defeats Gratian, 0022 ; against Valentinian II. crushed, 1069 3 . Fabius at Sen tin um, 6621. , M. Mallius, commands in S. Gaul, 10561 ; denounced, 10572. , Pretonius, reigns, 10712. Max O'Rell. (See Blouet, Paul.) Maxwell, executed, 3303. , James Clerk, b., 9442; d. (1879). , Lawrence, Jr., dept. of justice, 4472. , Lily, votes for Bright, 971 1 . , Lord, at Solway Moss, 8681 . , William, atElizabethtown,N. J., 861 ; d. (1798). 1330 Text Figures denote Page. lJN.L).fcLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. May-Meil. May, Cornelius Jaeobsori, in N. J., 311 ; gOV., 312. , Geo. Augustus Chichester, chief justice, 9831. , Joseph, auth., S. Longfellow, 4783. , Samuel Joseph, b., 1062; d., 2741 . , Thomas Erskine, b., 9363; d, 9942 ; memorial, 10021 . , Princess, of Teck, marries, 10111 . Maybrick, Florence Eliz., sentence, 10011. May-day, Fr., anarchists sentenced, 7623. Mayenne, Due de, Charles de Lorraine, b., 6822; at Argues and Paris, 6S41 ; in Paris, 6853; atMontauban, 6861 ;d.,G862. Mayer, Alfred Marshall, h., 1462. , Branz, b., 1161 ; d. (1879). , Frank Blackwell, b. (1827) ; studies Indians, 1701 ; works, 2721 , 3061 . , Johann Tobias, h., 8002; d., 8023. , Julius Robert von, b., 8103 ; d., 8282. , Theophilus, cons. E. C. bp., 10121 . , Capt., wounded in duel, 7631 . May-field Assembly at Worms, 7701 , 7713; at Baderborn, 7713. Maijtloirer sails, 293. outsails Galatea, 995 3 . Mavhew, Experience, b. (1673) ; opens In- dian school, 391 ; d. (1758). , Henry, b. (1812); works, 9503, 9563; d., 9962. , John, missionary, d., 502. , Jonathan, b., 582 ; in Boston, 663 ; against Eng., 673 ■ avows Universalism, 723; d., 741. , Thomas, b., 301 ; work, 383; d., 401 . , , Jr., b. (1621); miss., 363; d.(1657). absconds, 10051 . Mayhor, W., wife murderer, 421 1 . May Laws in Ger., 8282 ; repealed, 8302. Mavnard. Francois de, b. (1582); Pliilaiulre, 6891; d. (1646). , Geo. Willoughbv, b. (1843): works, 3061,3121,3141,3181,3221. , Horace, b., 123 1 ; at Union Conven., 2253; p.-m.-gen.,3043; d.,3101. , Isaac H., confirmed judge, 3993 ; op- posed by N. Y. bar, 4023; Buffalo Bar Asso., 4043 ; investigation, 4051, 2 ; ex- onerated, 4052; Bar Asso. object, 4212; case, 4402; opposed, 4402, 4421 . Mayne, Richard Charles, d., 10081 . Maynooth College est.. 9263, 9271 .9523; bill for improvement. 9532 ; enlarged, 9643. May-poles set up, 9031 . Maypu, Arg., Spaniards defeated, 4891. Mavo, Ire., see erected, 8422. , Amory Dwight, b. 1302; d. (1850). .Frank, b.,1502. -, Win. Starbuck, b., 1183. , Earl, title created, 9231 . , Earl of, viceroy, 10492. Mayow, John, respiration; tire-air, 8922. May's Landing, N. J., poisoning, 390 3 . Maysville, Ky., magazine explodes, 1773; Confederates take, 2131 . — ~, N. Dak., normal schools est., 3742. Mazade, Louis Charles, Jean Robert de, b. (1820) ; works, 7582 ; Academician. 7521 ; d. (1893). Mazari Sherif, Ishak defeated, 62. Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, b., 0862 ; prime minister, 6892; reforms; exiled, 6893; de- prived of power ; flees from Fr. ; re- turned to power, 6912; d., 6902. Mazeppa, Ivan, b.-d., 11142. Maziere, Gen., ninands army, 7421. Mazra, Afgh., battle at, 62. Mazzini, Giuseppe, b., 10851 ; fuds. Young It. Party, 10872; d., 10882; statue, 10901 . Mazzola, Girolamo Francesco .Maria, b.-d., 10802. Mazzuchelli, Giovanni Maria, b. (1707) ; Scrittori ti/>f>< , asteroid, discovered, 2981. Menippus, b., 10282. Men-ka-Ra (Queen Nitocris), r reigns, 6472. Men-kau-hor reigns in Egypt, 6472. Men-kau-Ra, builds pyramids, builds tomb, 6451 ; dedicated to Ru, 0452; reigns, 6471 . Menno, Simons, b., 7863; tnds. Mennonites, 7903; d., 7922. Mennonite Missionary Society org., 11021 . Mennonites in Pa., 482; open' Indian mis- sion, 1103; Foreign Miss. Society, 3062; purchase land in Kan., 2873; removing to Colorado, 3342 ; origin of, 7903 ; emi- grate to Odessa ; to America, 8302. Menocal, A. G., surveys Nic. Canal, 11033. Menou, Baron Jacques Francois de, b. (1750); commander in Egy., 6561 , 7141 ; surrenders, 6561 ; treaty at Cairo, 6572 • d. (1810). Menschikov, Prince Alex. Sergeivitch, b., 11162; at Alma, 9581 • d., 11182. , Daniloviteh. b.-d., 11142. Mentana, It., Italians defeated, 7361. Mentone, Fr., man's skeleton found, 7461 . Mentour, A., in 0., 673. Mentz, or Mainz, Ger., Franks repulsed, 10661 ; Napoleon in, 7202 ; destroyed ; fortified camp, 7GS1; an archbishopric, 7702; cathedral fnd., 7742; imperial fes- tival, 7792; Diet, 7811; printing-office, 7352; Cat hoi iron ; Cicero deOtficiis ; univ. chartered, 7871; taken, 7942,3, 7961, 7981, 8061; winter quarters, 7942; occupied, 7981 ; univ. suspends, 8072; ceded to Fr., 5192,8073; acquired by Hesse-Darmstadt, 8II 3 ; celebration of printing, 8253. Menzel, Karl Adolf, b., 8042; d., 8201 .Wolfgang, b., 8063; d., 8281. Menzies, Michael, inv. thrasher, 90S1 . , Sergt. Robert, wins rifle prize, 9741 Meramie, Agnes de, marries, 6713. Meran, services for crown prince, 5322 Mer-ba-pen reigns in Egvpt, 6453. Mercadante, Saverio, b.,* 10843; d., 10882. Mercale, Miss F.,in Ind. dept., Can., 5903. Mercantile Library Asso. fnd., N.Y., 1291 ; in San Francisco, 1731 , 2232; in Pbila., 1311. Mercator, Gerard, b.-d., 10982; charts pub- lished, 5402. Merceau, body in Pantheon, 7593. Merced, Cal., grain fields burned, 3613, Mercedes, Queen, d., 11322. Mercer, David H., b., 1821 . , Hugh, !>., 582; d. (1777). , Jesse, b., 761 ; d. (1841). , John, missionary, 6022. University organized, 1423. Mercersburg, Pa., college at, 1463. College organized, 2503. Mercers' Company formed, S613. Merchandise, England levies, 8832. Marks Act passes, G. B., 9672. Merchant of Venice performed, 683. Shipping Survey Bill rejected, 9793; passes, 9812. Tailors' Company formed, Eng., 857 3 . Mcrchantmein wrecked, 9953. Mercia, Eng., see erected, 8423; Christian kingdom, $423, $432; re volt in ; annexed toWesse\,8453; earldom abolished,849i . Mercier, Honore,' address to Cong., 3463; premier, Can., 5871 ; papal benediction, 1332 Text Figures denote Page. 1xnDjc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. MGrC— Meth. 5882; speech, 58S3; payment to Jesuits, 5892;prohibitionspeechcondemned,5902; implication, 5922; acquitted ; trial, 5943 595' ; resigns seat, 5951 ; d., 596' . Mercier, Gen., minister, 767' ,2. Merck, Johann Heinrieh, b. (1741) ; work, 805' ; d. (1791). Mevcure de Suede, Le, issued, 1135' . de France, Le, issued, 6992; suspends, 7323. Mercurian, Jesuit general, 1081'. Mercuric- issued, 11292. Mercurium Libravius issued, 8943. Mercurius worshiped, 1050 3 . Mercurius Aultcus issued, 885'. Hibernicus issued, 885' , Mercury, transit of, 6882, 894'; transit foretold, 7943. Mercy, Baron Francois b. (1595+) ; at Freiburg, 688'; at Duttlingen ; at Aller- heim, 796' . , Claude Florimond, b. (1GC6) ; atOffen- berg, 798' ; d. (1734). , Order of, founded, 6703. Mereb, Abyssinia, reded to Italy, 33. Meredith, Elisha E., b., 164' . , George, b., 9423 ; works, 10063. , Owen(Bulwer-Lvtton) ; works, 9763, 9923. , William Morris, b., 1082 ; se c. treas., 1653 ; in treas. dept., 3512 ; d., 282' . Meredyth, Baron, title created, 965'. Mereloza, . (1836) ; at Crooked Run, 2372 ; at Five Forks. 2443; disperses In- dians, 302' ; protest against removal, 3072; brig.-gen., 326'. , Wm.,b. (1640±) ; mayor, 533; d. (1708). Merriwether's Landing, Tenn., Confeder- ate defeat, 2103. Merry England Magazine issued, 9923. Merryman, John, arrested, 1953, 2073, Merseburg, Hung., repulsed, 502' . Merseburaer Ceihchte appears, 7723. Mersen, treaty of, 5393, 6672. Mersenne, Marin, b., 6842 ; d., 6883. Mersey launched, 992' . Mersey dam collapses, Eng., 10073. Tunnel opened, 9933. Mersina, Kef. Pres. mission at, 11582. Merswin, Kuimann, Nine Rocks, 7823. Merthyr-Tydvil, Wales, canal opd., 9273 ; rioting, 945'; Fenians captured, 971'; Miners' Conference, 977' . Merton, Eng., action at, 844'. Merv, Asia, surrendered, 1120'. Merwanl., reigns, Egypt, 6552 ; calif, 4852. -II., calif, 4852. Merwin, E. S., nom.gov. Conn., 3692,415'. Mery, Joseph, b., 713' ; d., 7362. Meryon, Charles, b., 724' ; d., 7382. Mesae, Thomas, elected bishop, 9583. Mesentzoff, Gen., assassinated, 1119'. Mesesimordaous reigns, 11453. Mesey, M. de, governor Mich., 423. Meshach in fiery furnace, 11463. Mesmer, Friedrieh Anton, b.,8002; theory of mesmerism, 8022 ; d., 8103. Mesmerism investigated, 96'. Mesnard, Ren£, miss, to Indians, 402,3. Meso/>otami2; lfiwassee Coll., 1663; in Tenn., 1663, 2543, 3183. Lawrence Univ., 1663 ; Cal. Christian Advocate, 1691; bps. Simpson, Baker, Ames ord. ; Cincinnati, Ky., Northwest Ind., Southwestern Ind., Ore., So. 111., Wyo. confs. fmd., 1702 ; in Ky., 1702, 2543,2682,3262; in Wyo., 1702. Univ. of Pacific, 1702; N. W. Univ., 1703, 1782 ; in Chicago, 1703, 3203, 3262, 3321. m. Wesleyan Univ. ; Beaver Coll., 1731 ; Moore's Hill Coll., 1762 ; in Minn., 1762, 1783. Hamilton Univ. est., 1762; Pittsburg Fern. Coll. est.; in S. C, 1763; Cent.O., Germany, Switz., Detroit, Kan., Minn., Newark, Upper la., West Wis., confs. find., 1782; in Kan., 1782, 2842, 3242. Pacific Advocate ; HeddingColl.; Northwestern Univ., 111., est. ; la. Wes- leyan Univ., 1782; Garrett Bib. Inst, est.; Baldwin Univ.; Cornell Coll., la.; Upper la. Univ. ; Baker Univ. est., 1822; Hills- borough Coll. est., 1823; Bp. Burns cons.; Local Preachers' Nat. Asso. fmd. ; Mt. Union Coll. ; Adrian Coll. est., 1843 ; in Neb., 1S62, 1922. Willoughby Coll. est., 1863; Albion Coll. est., 199'; Univ. of Denver est., 2093 ; in Colo., 2093, 2332. Ch. Extension Soc. org.; Central Ger., Colo., Del., Des Moines, Nev., Southwest Ger., Northwest Ger., and Wash, confs. org. ; bps. Clark, Thomson and ECingsley ord., 2332 ; in Nev., 2332, 2822 ; in Wash., 2332. Ger. Wallace Coll. est., 2352; Lassell Sem. est., 2412; Centenary eel., 2502; Bp.Roberts ord., 2522; Freed- men's Aid Soc. org., 2543; E. Ger., Tex., S.C.,Tenn. confs. fmd.; De Pauw Univ.; Ky. Wesleyan Coll.; Cent. Bib. Inst.; Morgan Coll. ; Lewis Coll., Drew Theo. Sem. ; One Study Coll. ; U. S. Grant Univ., 2543; 111. Conf. fmd., 2582; Simp- son Coll.; Scio Coll., 25S3; Ala., Ga., Va. confs. fmd., 2602 ; Methodist Advocate, 2611 ; in Ala., 2G02, 2903. Ger. Eng. Coll.; Rust Univ.; Board of Education est., 2623; in Miss., 2623. Women's For. Miss. Soc. ; Boston Univ., 2662, 3 ; Ocean Grove Asso. org. ; Lexington and La. confs. fmd., 2682 ; Napa Coll.; Swe- dish Theo. Sem., 2703 ; Syracuse Univ. ; Salt Lake Sem., 2722 ; i n Utah, 2722, 2782, 2982, 3643. Lay delegates in gen. conf. ; fraternal relations, south ; bps. Harris, Foster, Wilev, Merrill, Andrews, Haven, Peck, ord. ; Central N. Y., Fla., Northwest la., Chicago Ger. confs. fmd., 2763; Ger. Coll., la.; Southwestern Chris- tian Advocate, 2822; Bennett Coll.; Mar- vin Coll. ; Wiley Univ., 2823 ; Columbia River, S. Kan., Tex., German Mission conf. fmd., 2842 ; Clark Univ., 2863; Chaddock Coll. ; Allegheny Coll., 2883 ; Southern fraternity, 2903, 2921 • Austin, Cent. Ala., E. Ohio, India, Southern Cal., Mont., Southern Ger., Savannah confs. fmd., 2903 ; Blue Mt. Univ. ; National Repository, 2922 ; Philander Smith Coll. ; Clark Univ., 2962, 3143 ; Utah Conf. fmd., 2982 ; India Mission Conf. fmd., 10491; Ashland Coll., 3023 ; women may be leaders ; bps. Warren Foss, Hurst, E. O. Haven ord., 3042; Lon- don Ecumenical Council, 988 2 ; Wilbur Coll. ; Spokane Coll., 3123 ; i n Idaho, 3123; i„ Wash. (State), 3123. Little Rock Univ., 3142 ; bps. Fowler, Ninde, Mallalieu, Walden, Taylor, ord., 3163 ; Bloomington Coll., 3183 ; Maclay Coll. J Chicago Training School, 3203 ; Dakota Univ., 3223 ; in S. Dak., 3223, 3283. Kan. Wesleyan Univ. ; S. W. Kan. Coll., 3242 ; first Deaconesses' Home est. ; Union Coll., 3262 ; Mo. Wesleyan Inst.; Black Hills College, 3283 ; hospital at Portland, 3292 ; pastoral term extended to5 years; bps. Vincent, Joyce, Goodsell, Newman, Fitzgerald, Thoburn, cons.; Chinese work in N. Y., 3302; Woman's Coll., Bait.; Neb. Wesleyan Univ., 3322; Wesley Hospital, Chicago,.".:!:} 1 ; Epworth League org., 3402, 3982,432' ,4461 ; Brook- lyn Home, 340 2 ; Deaconesses' Conven., 3423; John St. church eel., 3462; coll. in Kan. City, 3522 ; Peking Univ., China, 6231 ; Utah Univ., 3643 ; centennial N. Eng. Meth. eel., 3701; Taylor Univ.,3722; Portland Univ., Ore., 3743 ; against liquor traffic, 3831 ; Am. Univ. of Wash., est., 3843 ; in D. C, 3843. Epworth Pil- grims, 381)2; Keumenieal Council, Wash., 3922 ; Denver and Omaha Hospitals, 3983. (For General Conferences see p. 102 in 1792 and quadrenniums following.) Meth. Epis. Ch., South, secedes ; org., 1563, 1582; St. Louis Conf. fmd., 1583 ; gen. conf., 1603, 1662, 1842, 2522, 2702, 2982, 3102, 3223, 3581, 458 1 ; bps. Capers and Paine ord. ; Miss., La., and Louisville confs. f md. , 1603 ; Bp. Bascom ord., 1683 ; Pacific Conf., 1762 ; Wofford Coll. est., 1763 ; Homer Coll. est., 1782 ; Southern Univ. est.; Raleiijh Christian Advocate, 1802; Central Coll. est.; DavenportFem. Coll. est., 1823 ; Pacific Coll. est., 1983 ; war ; gen, conf. omitted, 2072 ; Central Wesleyan Coll. est., 2412; bps. Doggert, Wightman, Marvin, McTyeire, and Ken- ner ord. ; Baltimore, Columbia, North- west Tex.; Little Rock, N. Ga, andS. Ga. confs. fmd., 2522 ; 111. Conf. org., 2582 ; Meth. Advocate, Tenn., 2611; N. Miss., White River, Los Angeles, N. Ala., Wes- tern confs. fmd., 270 2 ; gen. conf. at Louisville ; N. Tex., Southwest Mo., Denver confs. fmd., 2842 ; Ger. Mission Conf., 2862; Vanderbilt Univ., Tenn., 2903 ; N. Tex. Female Coll., 2963 ; Wo- man's For. Miss. Soc. org., 3002 ; Board of Missions chartered, 3062 ; bps. Dun- can, Galloway, Hendrix, Key, ord., 3223; Union Coll., 3282 ; laymen delegates ; bps. Haygood, Fitzgerald, ord., 3581 ; Central Mexican Mission, 10962. , Union Am., formed, 1211 . , African, org., 1283; Bp. Al- len cons., 1251 ; Bp. Brown eons., 1363 ; Bp. Waters cons., 1403; Bp. Quinn cons., 1582 ; Wilberforce Univ. est. ; Christian Recorder, 2252 ,; Ky. Conf., 2272 ; S. C. Conf. org., 247' ; Cal. Conf., 2502 ; Ga., Fla. confs., 2562 ; Ala. and Ark. confs., 2642 ; N. J. Conf., 2782 ; Women's For. Miss. Soc, 2862 ; in. conf. fmd., 2942 ; pro- temperance, 3303. ■ ,Zion African, org. ,128 3 ; Ky. Conf. org., 2272 ; Cal. Conf. org., 2502. , Colored, org., 2722, 2862. Church, African Union, org., 1343. Primitive Church in N. Y., 1383. — — Protestant Church ind.-, 1283 ; Mutual Rights, 1322; in Pa., 1363; Meth. Protes- tant, 1391; Meth. Recorder, 1523 ; Wes- tern Meth. Protestant, 1783; secession of Methodists, 1843 ; gen. conven., 2562 ; "Methodist" Ch. unites, 2942; Western Md. Coll., 2663 ; Woman's For. Miss. Soc. org., 3023 ; Board of Missions org., 3122; Westminster Coll. at Westminster, Md. (1867); Theo. Sem., Md., 3123; gen . conf. at Adrian ; against liquor licenses, 3202. Methodist Republican Church find., 1043. Methodists (Free), org. (Aug. 23, 1860) ; in 111., 1862, 28S2, 3182; inN. Y., 1862,2502, 2822; in Pa., 1903, 3122 ; j„ Mich., 2411 , 2882, 3161,3 ; in Kan., 2682, 3122 ; j n l a 2762, 2822, 31S2; in Minn., 2762 ; i u La., 2822; in Wis., 2802; in O., 30()2 ; in Cal., 3121, 3742 ; in Mo.; in S. Dak., 3122 in Ore. ; in Wash., 3182 ; in Col., 3222 ; in Neb., 3502. , Wesleyan, secede, 1543, 1563; in N.Y., 1582 ; Miss. Soc. org., 2191 ; prohibition- ists, 3292. Methodius' Greek alphabet, d.,5022. Methuen, Mary A. Kevins, gift to library, 3781. , Baron, title created, 9451 . , J., lord chancellor, 9013, 9032. ■ Paul, Treaty concluded, 9032; signed, 11103. Metidja, French defeated at, 83. Metis in collision, 2793. , asteroid, discovered, 9541. Meton dis. the meteoric circle, 10211. Metric System legalized, U. S. A., 2533; conference on, 7481 . Metrical Weights and Meas., Austral. ,501'. Metropolis wrecked, 2993. Metropolitan Maaa~'tne issued, Eng., 9443. Free Library Asso. fmd., 9842. Museum of Art fnd.,N.Y., 2741 ; opd., 3022, 3583 ; gift declined, 3381 ; Emile Brugsch Bey art collection, 3681 ; open Sundays, 3403, 3843; Japanese swords, 3801; chartered, 3701 ; Marquand's gift, 3981 ; new wing, 4741 . Poor Act passes, 9712, Metternich, Clemens Wenzel von, b., 51G 3 ; prime minister ; resigns, 5212 ; castle burned, 5383; flees 8171 ; d., 8211 . Mettray, Fr., Reformatory school at., 7292. Metullus killed, 6621. Metz, Ger., built, 7691; Christianity in, 7682; capital of Austrasia, 7712; impe- rial city, 7752; firearms in defense, 7822; siege of, 6821, 7841, 7921; annexed to Fr., 6832 ; advance on, 738i ; Fr. frustrated, 7402; Fr. repulsed, 7403; sorties, 7421 ; surrendered, 7422; sur- render a crime, 74.(3; ceded to Ger., 7451. — , M. de, fnds. Reformed School, 7293. Metzu, Gabriel, b.-d., 11003. Meulen, Antoine Francois van der, b., 5403; d., 5422. Meung, Jehan de, b.-d., 6722; Roman de la Rose, 6731 . Meunier fires at king, 727 2 . , anarchist, 7663; sentenced, 7671. Meurin, Gabriel Leo, cons, bp., 9682. Meurs, annexed to Prus., 7993. Meuse, Fr., fortification of, 5473. Meux, Prus., headquarters, 7403. Mexborough, E., title created, 9172. Mexerai, Ahrene Chrontdooifjue, 6912. Mexican Claims Bills, 3992, 4012. Silver Dollars Resolution. 4571 . Mexico. (See text. pp. 1095-1097). Chichi- mecsin; Huemae Ateopanecatl, d., Hi; invaded, 111, 2, 121, 133; Aztecs migra- tion; annals picture writing, 112; Na- huas in ; history begins ; Chichimees- Teotenancas ; tribes migrate, 113 ; fe- rocity; earthenware, 121 ; human sacri- fices, 122, 183, 172, 212; priests; supreme creator recognized, 122 ; year divided, 132; elective monarchy; empire of Tutul-Xius overthrown; Montezuma I. reigns; triple alliance fmd., 133; first military force, 141 ; books, 151 ; beggars abound; inquisition in; intoxicants, 15 2 ; arts and sciences ; calendar, 161 ; con- quest of, 161 , i8i ; prisoners immolated, 162; dated records kept; east coast dis., 171 ; siege of; submits to Cortez; subject toSp.,181; converts in; Dominicans ar- rive* Franciscans arrive; religion of, 183; gov'tof ; phonetic language; riches, 192; Sp. province, 192, 11293; printing-press, 212; De Soto's expedition, 2'2' ; Arch- bishopric created, 222 ; Coronado re- turns; Univ. est., 223; Gothic cathedral built ; Jesuits, 242 ; reconquered, 521 ; Texan war for independence. 1421 ; Gen. Taylor watches, 1581 ; minister with- draws, 1592; Scott invades; Stockton blockades ports, 160' ; attempt to regain Cal., 1602; war declared by U.S.A., 161 «; 1334 Text Figures denote Page. lJNJjrLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Mexi-Mila. armistice proposed, 1621; city surren- dered to ; uprise against U. S., 163 2 ; cedes territory to U. S., 1633, 1732; Am. army evacuates, 164 1 ; peace proclaimed, 165'"; treaty adopted, 105' , 3172; neutral- ity proclaimed, 1692 ; boundary settled, 1732; Filibuster's State, 1743 ; treaty with U. S. rejected, 1903; crown ottered Maximilian, 5263 ; u. S. A. against Fr. occupation, 2492; Fr. troops in, 734', 736', 7372; Harding Coll. fnd., 27S2; Texas troops attacked, 296' ; invasion contemplated, 3913; first-class mis- sion, 379'; Garza enters, 4002; Chile claims damages from, 6092; union pro- posed, 6303; treaty with Japan, 10932; Sp. intervention, 11313. Mexico, City of, army evacuates, 164' ; taken, 1096' ; mission at, 10962. , Gulf of, explored, 1S3. Meyendorlf visits Bokhara, 5492. Meyer, Adolph, b., 1542. -, Annie Nathan, Woman's Work, 396 2 . , Hermann, ashes scattered, 3793. , Johann G., b., 8102 ; d., 82' . , Leo, b., 8142. , Marie Paul Hyacinthe, b., 7282. , Nicholas de, mayor N. Y., 47 2 . Meyer & Co., cotton firm, fail, 3733. Meyerbeer, Giaconio {.Jacob Meyer Beer), b., 806 2 (or 17911 ; works ; operas pro- duced, 814' , 816' ; d. 8222 ; centenary celebrated, 835'. Meyerheim, Fried. Kduard.h., 8083 ;d., 830'. Meyerling estate, religious uses, 5323. Meyster, Leonard, martyr, 7891. Meza, Gen. de, defends Dannewerk, 6402. Mezerav, Francois Eudes de, b., 6862 ; Hisloire de France, 689' , d., 6923. Mezieres, Fr., sorties from, 7422; surren- dered, 743' . , Alfred Jean Francois, b. (1826); Life of Mirabeau, 7622. Mezzofanti, Giuseppe Gaspardo, h., 10842; d., 10863. Mezzotint invented in tier., 7962, 8862. Miall, Edward, b. (1809); disest. church, 9743; reward, 9762; d. (1881). Miami boiler explodes, 2513. Miami, O., Evangelical Lutheran General Synod org., 158 2 . Canal completed, 1573. Confed. broken, 104' ; at war, 102' . Exporting Co. opens bank, 1133. University org. at Oxford, O., 1323. Valley Coll. org. at Springboro, 277' . iMiantoiunnoh at Kin de Janiero, 446'. Miantonomoh murdered, 36'. Miaotze rebellion, 6172. Miaulis, Andreas Vokos, b.-d., 10343. Miazerolle, Alexis Joseph, d., 758 2 . Mibas, Braz., diamonds discovered, 554' . Micah, has a priest, 1141' ; a prophet, 11443. Micaiah, prophet, 11443. Michal, marries David, 1143'. Michael I., prince of Transylvania, 5132. — — II., prince of Transylvania, 5133. I., Gr., emp., 1033' . II., Gr., emp., 10332. III., Gr., emp., 10332 ; assass., 10333. IV., Gr., emp., 10333. — - V., Gr., emp., 10333. VI., Gr., emp., 10333. VII., Gr., emp., 10333. VIII., Gr., emp., b.-d., 10342 ; reigns, 1035'; recovers Constantinople 10352. 1., grand D. of Vladimir, 1111' . III., reigns in Russia, 11152. II. of Servia reigns, 11233. ILL of Servia reigns, 11233. IV. of Servia reigns, 11233. the Brave, at Mantin, defeats Andreas Bathori, 1112', 2; delivers Turks : ap- pointed pr. of Wallachia ; annexes Mol- davia ; d., 11122. — — Cerularius, patriarch; exiled. 10323. Constantius Psellus, works, 10323. Koributh-Wiesnowiski reigns, 1115 3 . Paheologus takes Constantinople, 11542. , St., reported appearance, 8423. Micliaelis, Friedrich, b., 8103. , Johann David, b„ 7983; d., 8043. Michaelius, Jonas, in N. Amsterdam, 302. Michaelmas instituted, 10703. Michailoff condemned, 1121'. Miehaud, Abbe, Old Catholic, 7462. , Joseph Francois, b., 703' ; works, 7192, 729'; d., 7282. Miehaud, Louis Gabriel, b. (1772) ; Biogra- phie Universelle, 7192; d. (1858). Michaux, Andre, b., 7003; d., 7143. , Francois Andre, b., 7042; d., 7322. Michelangelo (Buonarrotti), b., 10783 ; architect of St. Peter's, 10801 ; works, 10782; d., 10S03. Michel, Dan, At/enbite of Inwi/t, 8583. , Fraiieisque Xavier, b., 7191 ; d.,7562. , Jean, The Passion, 6783. , Sir John, b., 9323. , Louise, anarchist, b. (1S30) ; impris- oned, 7542; arrested, 7003, 7611 . Michelet, Jules, b., 7131 ; works, 7272, 7302; d., 7482. , Karl Ludwig, b., 8071 ; d., 8282. Michelis, Friedrich, b. (1815) ; d., S321. Michell, John L., nom. for vice-pres., 409 2 . Mieheltoreiia, Manuel, gov. Cal., 1553. Michie, Sergt., wins ritie prize, 9741. Mirl/'n/an, plot to capture disc, 2382. Michigan, M. de Mesey, gov.; M. de Cour- celles, gov., 423; Fr. flag planted, 482; Guy Carleton, gov., 772 ; Fred. Haldi- mand, gov., 892 ; invaded. 923 ; Henry Hamilton, gov., 991 ; Lord Dorchester, gov., 992 ; Arthur St. Clair, gov., 1073 ; Wm. H. Harrison.gov., 1112; Territory find., 1132; Wm. Hull, gov.. 1133; Macki- naw surrendered to Brit., 1181 ; John T. Gilman, gov., 1213; Cong. Church fmd., 1343 ; State Library fnd., 1371 ; Geo. B. Porter, gov., 139 2 ; Prot. Epis. diocese org., 1402; N. S. Pres. synod org., 1442; s. T. Mason, gov., 1452 ; C. Lynch, gov.. 1453 ; Meth. Epis. Conference fmd. ; S. M. Coskry, P. E. bp., 1402 ; state ad- mitted, 1472; Wm. Woodbridge, gov., 1531 ; Christian Herald issued, 1:55 1 ; Univ. Library fnd., 1543 ; J. Wright Gordon, gov., 1552 ; copper mining be- gins, 1593 ; John S. Barry, gov., 1572, 1692 ; Win. L. Greenly, gov., 1033 ; Epa- phroditus Ransom, gov.. 1052 ; canal connects Lake Mich, and 111. River, 165 3 ; constitution forbids license laws, 1691 ; Robt. McClelland, gov., 1712 ; Kinsley S. Bingham, gov., 1792 ; M. Agri. Coll. est. (1857) ; railroad binds granted, 1813 ; Evan. Lutheran Synodical Conference org., 1902; Austin Blair, gov., 2032 ; Free Meth. Conference org., 241' ; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; public library fnd., 2502; Henry H. Crapo, gov., 251'; ratifies 14th Amend., 2573 ; Henry P. Baldwin, gov., 2692; Constitutional Amend., 273' ; forest fires rage, 274', 3093, ;js33, 3333, 4313, 470' , 4712 ; aid to sufferers, 2743 ; State Board of Health org., 283'; John J. Bagley, gov., 2851 ; Battle Creek Coll. fnd., 2863 ; Constitution ratified; female suffrage defeated, 2872; Mackinac Island made park, 2892; Prohibitory law, 2943, 3032, 320'; Chas. M. Crosswell, gov., 2973 ; new eapitol, 3013 ; insane asylum at Pontiae. 301 ' ; I lavid H. Jerome, gov., 3093; Josiah W. Begole, gov., 3152; Rus- sell A. Alger, gov., 3233; Citizens' Union org., 329'; Cyrus G. Luce, gov., 3293; Chas. C. Grafton, cons., 3383 ; heavy snowfall, 3401; women to vote, 3411; high-license enacted, 3431; R. R, lands surrendered, 3452 ; Secret Ballot Law enacted, 3492 ; James W. Turner nom. for gov., 3672; Local-Option Law consti- tutional, 3702; Electors Bill passes, 3832; Congressional Reapportionment Bill passed, 3853 ; St. Clair River tunnel opened, 3693, 3913 ; Edwin B. Winans, gov., 3991 ; .Miner Electoral Law uncon- stitutional, 4091; pine land purchase, 4133 ; Evan. Luth. United Ger. Synod org., 4202 ; g id rock dis., 4241 ; R. R. strike, 4262; boycott decision, 427 ',2; Woman Suffrage Law unconstitutional, 4412; John T. Rich, gov., 447', 4793; miners' riot, 4642 ; bribery in school- board, 4702. Central R. R. opd., 1493, 1713; col- lision, 1733. Coll. of Medicine opd., 3023. , Lake, first steamboat on, 1293. Southern R. R. completed, 1713; acci- dent,.1853. Mirhlucho-Maclay, Nikolas, b., 11182. Michmasb, seat of J. Maccabeus, 11493. Mickiewicz, Adam, b., 11162; d., 11182. Mickle, Wm. Julius, b., 9082; d., 9243. Micronesia, mission opd., 10403. Microphone, Edison invents, 2941 . Microscope inv., 10982; j m p. 9102. Microscopical Sue. (Royal) fmd., 9482. Micros. 'opists. Am. Soc. meets, 3881. Mierotasiineter invented, 298'. Middelburg, Neth., taken, 10981. Middleborough.Mass.. Bapt.ch. fmd. ,711. Middlebrook, X. .1., Wash, at, S62.901. Middleburg. Va., Confeds. defeated, 2231 . Middlebury Coll. fnd., Vt., Ill'; C. J. Starr's gift to, 4082; R.R. accident near, 3452. Middle Creek, Kv., battle of, 2022. Fork Bridge, W. Va., battle of, 1962. , Tenn.,E. L.Gen. Synod org., 3002. Middleport, X. \\. Sons of Vets. meet,4623. Middlesborough, Eng., Bp. Lacy cons., 9822. , Ky., Grant and Lee Monument Asso. org., 361' ; sale of land, 3493. Middlesex, Harrow School fnd., 8743. Canal opd, Mass., 1133; filled, 1752. , E. of, minister, 8992. , Joppling S., gets prize, 962' . County Record Soc. fnd., Eng., 9923. Middleton, Arthur, b., 642; g0T ., 593 012- d., 982. , Baron, title created, 903' . , Bp., completes cathedral, 8542. , Capt. Christopher, explorer, 575': in Hudson Bay, 57.53 ; d. (1770). , Conyers, b., 9862; Cicero, 911'; d., 9123. , Sir Fred. Dobson, b. (1825) ; at Fish Creek, 584' ; ,-anip inspection, 588' ; fare- well to militia. 590' ; convicted. 5903. , Henry, b. (1771) ; pres. of Cong., 792; gov. S.C., 1173; d. (1846). , John, giant, born, 8752. , Thomas, b., 8742 ; works, S783, 8803; d.,8821. , Viscount of, title created, 905'. , Viscount. (Sec Brodrick, Alan.) Middletown, Conn., incur., 973; Wesleyan Univ. org., 139', Univ. Library fnd., 1423; City Hospital est. ,397'. , Md., action at, 2131 . , N. J., Baptists settle, 382, 43a. , O., accident, 3893 ; oil-well, 424' . , Tenn., Confederates defeated, 233' . Midhat Pasha, b.-d., 11563; grand vizier, 11592; gov. Syria; in Smyrna, 11593. Midian. ('apt. Burton, explores, 4883. Midianites defeated, 11401 . Midland Coll., Atchison, Kan. (Luth.) est. (1887). Ry. Co. changes rates, 9793 ; strike, 9843, 9971. Midland ( 'oun/ies Herald issued, Eng. ,9483. Midlothian, Va., explosion of mines, 1773. Midliapur, grant of, 10452; mission, 10471. Miecislas 1. elected D. of Poland, 11132 ; a Christian, 11131 . II., D. of Poland, 11133. III. reigns in Poland ; deposed, 11133. IV. reigns in Poland, 11133. Mieczeslav, I>. of Pol., vassal of Ger., 7752. Miel, or Meel, Jan, b.,5403; d.,5411. Mier, action near, 10961 . Mieris, Frans van, b.-d., 11003. Mieroslawski, Ludwig, b. , 11163 ; insur- rectionist, 81S3, 11181 ; d., 11182. Mifflin, Thomas, b., 662; maj.-gen., 86'; pres. Pa., 101 1 ; gov. Pa., 1032; d., 10S2. Mignard, Pierre, b., 6862; d., 6943. Migne, L'Abbe, Jacques Paul, b.,7142; d.. 7501 . Mignet, Francois Auguste Marie, b., 7123; works, 725' , 7303; d., 7541 . Migration Society Internat., 4743. Miguel, Herr, minister, 8352. , Maria Evaristo, b.-d., 11102; squadron captured ; defeated, 11101 ; expelled, 11102; king, 11111. Miguelon Island, confirmed, 733. Mihalovitz, J., cons, bp., 5302. Mikado, Jaii., institutes Order of Golden Falcon, 10923; supreme authority, 10931 . Mikados, choice of, 10912. Mikandani captured, 838 2 . Mikkel, works, 6363. Miklos, Lieut., long ride, 8373. Miklosich, Franz, b., 6202 ; d. (1891). Milan, fnd., 1051 1, 3 ; capital Western Empire, 10692 ; sacked, 10701 ; destroyed, 10702 ; in Lombard kingdom, 10731 ; forces Conrad to acknowledge It. fiefs; independent, 1075 2 ; destroyed, 778', built, 779' ; cathedral begun, 1077' ; Mila-Mine. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1335 duchy, controversy over ; House of Sforza rules, 10793 ; Fr. enter, 6782 ; Fr. expelled, 786 1, lOSia ; given to Fr., 7873; surrendered, 080 1, 7781; Francis I. enters, 080 1 ; resigned by Francis, 6813; passes to Sp., 10813 ; Francis I. claims, 790 f ; difficulty settled; possession dis- pute; given to Philip, 7013 ; Sunday in- struction iutro., His:>2 ; ceded, 5151 ; con- quered, 69S1 , 7121 ( 10531 ; Bonaparte enters, 51S1 ; capital, 713 2 ; Fr. lose; taken by Eng., 10S41 ; seized by Fr., 10852 ; regained by Fr., 10853 ; invaded, 108G1 ; Napoleon I. crowned, 7153; p li- grafo, 10852 ; Politemico issued; Biblh- oteca Italiana issued ; Conciliator is- sued, 10871 ; mission in, 108S3 ; Charles Albert enters ; revolts, 5201 , 6793 ; evac- uated, 5213 ; A us t nans take, 5221 ; peace of, 10873; outbreak suppressed, 5241, 7761, 10781; International Peace Con- gress meets, 10903. Milan, Prinee,-\veds Natalie Keshko,11233. I., K. of Servia, 11241 ; divorced, 11233; abdicates, 11241; reigns, 11243. IV., reigns in Servia, 11233. Decree, Fr., 1152,9333. Milborne, death warrant, 503 ; hanged, 51 3 . Milburn, William Henry, b., 1303. Mildmay, Sir Walter, b. (1520 '?) ; minister, 8753 ; d. (1589). Mileage Resolution lost, Congress, 436 2 . Miledoler, Philip, moderator, 1143. Miles City, Mont., against Indians, 3621 . , Dixon H., b., 1122 j surrenders Har- per's Ferry, 2131 ; d., 2133. , Nelson Appleton, b. (1830) ; atFarm- ville, 245i; defeats Indians, 260 1 ; de- feats Sioux, 2941; succeeds Gen. Crook, 3221 • at Skeleton Cafion, Ariz., 3241 ; major-gen., 3541; at Pure Ridge, 3741; in coast dept., 4741 ; commands dept. of the East, 4761. ■ , Pliny, b. (1818) ; d., 2452. , Richard Pius, b., 1861 . , Sir R. S., governor Canada, 577 3 , Miletus, Asia, besieged, 1016 1 ; democratic govt, est., 10173; naval battle, 10203; revolts, 10213 ; war with Lydia, 11442 ; destroyed, 11461. Milford, Conn., anniversary, 345 3 . , Mo., Confederates defeated, 2011 . Haven, Wales, battle near ,8601 ;sham battles, 9941. Milhaud, Compact of, signed, 6852. Milic of Moravia, a reformer, 5062. Military Academy est. West Point, 110i . , Charleston, S. C, reopened, 3102. , Paris, established, 7001 . App. Bill, 2571, 3771, 2, 4012, 4032, 4213,4251,4551,4652. Bill passes, Aust., 5313. departments, Fr. divided into, 7341 . despatch by bicycle relays, 4061 . District Bill,257i ; districts est., 2572. education supported, Belg., 5472. governments withdrawn, Am., 270 1 . league, Confed. in Tenn., 1942, 1952. Reconstruction Act passed, 243 2 . Reserve Act passes, G. B., 9621 . Rockets, invented, 9322. rule, in Canada, 5753. service reduced, France, 7571 . freedom, Germany, 7703. stores for war colonies, 793, tribunals unconstitutional, Am., 2563. Militia, org. in Mass., 792; provided for, 793 ; mutiny, 843 • org. in Penn., 1051 ; of New Orleans called out, 110i ; Enroll- ment Act, 2113 ; census, 4221, 4501, 5941, statistics, U. S. A., 4243 ■ reorg., 4561; power to call out, 5891 ; first created, Fr., 6701 ; service restored, Eng., 8501 ; cen- sus, Eng., 8801. Act passes, G. B., 9313; Bill passes, U.S., 5812, a. of Jesus Society org., 7502. Milk Creek, Colo., tight with Indians, 3021 . condensation, 1661 ; low price, 8733. Mill Spring, Ky., battle of, 2022. , James, b., 9183 ; works, 9331, 9443 ; d., 9482. , John Stuart, b., 9323; works, 9523, 9623, 9682, 9783 ; Female Suffrage Bill, 971 2 ; chairman Land Tenure Reform League, 9752 ; d., 9781 ; statue, 9761 . , silk throwing, erected, 904 1 . Millais, John Everett, b., 9442 ; paintings, 9582, 9681 , 9761 . Millar, John, b. (1735) ; d., 9303. Millaud, Edouard B. P., minister, 7553. Millbank, military prison est.,975 3 . Milledge, John, b. (1757) ; gov., 1113 ; pres. senate, 1153; d.,1262. Milledgeville, (in., i Jen. Sherman at,240i . Milledoler, Philip, b., 823; moderator, 1303 ; pies. Kef. Synod, 1311; d. (1852). Milieu, Ga., Sherman at, 2402. , Horace W., murdered, 291 1 . Millenary Petition presented, Eug., 8791 . Miller, Catherine, banged, 3071 . , Charles, murdered, 4743, , Henry, b., 1542. , W., nominee for gov. Pa., 3672. , Col., at Gallatin, 2103. , Emily Huntington, pres. Women's College N. W. University, 3902. , Father, d.,588i. , Gen., captured Honduras, 10411. , Hugh, b., 9303; works, 9503, 9611; d.,9603. , James, b. (1770+) ; defeats Brit, and Inds., 1181; d. (1744). , , b. (1776) ; gov. 1273 ; d. (1851). , Fergurson, b. (1805) ; d., 2622. , Joaquin, b., 1522 ; works, 2771 , 2823, 2911,3003,3183. , John, gov. N. Dak., 3492. , Joseph, b., 9802 ; d., 9102. , Capt. Joseph N., commodore, 4561 . , S., in treas. dept., 447 2 . , Keeley, murders mayor, 4443. , Lewis, org. Chautauqua Circle, 3003. , Martin, lias ])< ittsc!imniission,295i ; Constitution ofU. 5., 3982; d., 3701. — -, Stephen, b. (1810); gov., 2413; d.(18Sl). , Decatur, b. (1787); gov. S. C, 1372 ; d. (1838). , Warner, b., 1501 ; senator, 3092. , William, adventist, b., 931 ; lectures, 1422; d., 1662. , , governor N. C, 1233. , , engraver, b., 9283 ; d., 9901 . , , poet, b., 9351 ; d. (1872). , Allen, b., 9382 ; d., 9742. , Hallows, b., 9323 ; d., 9861 . , - Henry Harrison, b. (1840) ; atty.- gen., 3372. , Patrick, paddle wheels, 9241 . , • R., governor Ark., 2973. car-coupler ami buffer patent, 2291 , Millerites (Adventists) appear, 1422. Millersburg, Ky., WesleyanColl.org., 2543. , O., lynching, 4042. Miller's Hill fortified, Boston, 803. Millesimo, Fr. victory, 7121. Millet, Aime, b., 7222 ; d., 7601 . , FrancisDavis, b., 160 2 ; Academician, 3221. , Jacques, works, 6783. , JeanFrancois, b., 7222 (see Ani/elus) ; paintings, 3422, 7342, 7581 ; " d. (1875). , Pierre, b., 6S82 ; d., 6963. Millevoye, Chas.Hubert,b.,705i ; d.,7222. , M., charge to Clemenceau, 7653. Mil Ham, Pr. of Achia in N. Africa, 81. Millie-Christine twins, b., 1701. Milligan Coll., Milligan, Tenn. (Christian) , est. (1882). , L. P., sentenced, 2392. Milliken's Bend, La., expedition at, 2171 ; Confederates defeated, 2222. Millin, Aubin Louis, b., 7023 ; d. (1818). Millington, Tenn., negroes killed, 4702. Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, b., 6982 ; d., 7061. Millow, S., Lebensmachte, 8342. Mills erected, England, 890 1. , Anson, commissioned col., 4001 . , Clark, b., 1242; d.,3121. , D. O., gift to California, 3201. , Roger Quarles, b., 1401 ; Tariff Bill, 3293,3371 ,3."»92; cominercecommissioner, 3972 ; speech, 4391 , 4552. , Samuel J., b. (17S3) ; moderator, 1142; org. Am. Miss. Soc, 1163, 1171 ; d.(1818). , T. A., moderator, 1902. College. California, opened, 2763. Millsap, R. W., gift to coll., 3362. Millson, J. S., on Committee of 33, 1891. Mills River, Mass., flood, 2853. Milltown, Earl, title created, 9132. Millville, N. J., saloons opened, 3931. Millwall, For East, launched, 9662. Milinan, Henry Hart, b., 9243 ; -works, 9443, 9603 ; d., 9722. Milmore, Martin, b. (1844) ; d., 3141 . Milne, William, missionary, 0163. Edwards, Henri, b., 7142 ; d., 7542. Milner, Isaac, b., 9123 ; d., 9402. , Joseph, b., 9103 ; d. (1797). , Thomas A., d., 1522. Millies, Richard JUonekton, L. Houghton, b., 9351 ; Life ami Letters of, d., 9941 Milo, departs to Epirus ; in S. It., 10522. , TitusAnnius, partisans riotous, 10592. overthrows Clodius, 10593, Milroy, Robert H., b. (1814) ; at Camp Al- leghany, W. Va., 2011; at McDowell, 2071; at Winchester, 2223; near Mur- freesboro, 2402. Miltiades, at Marathon. 10181 ; takes Lem- nos, 10161; attacks Paros, 1018 1 ; d., 10191. Miltitz, Karl von, advises Luther, 7882. Milton, Cal., stage robbery, 4563. , Mass., Hemenway will, 4521 . , N. C, R. R. accident, 4373. , Tenn., Confederates defeated, 2201 , John, b. (1740+) ; electoral vote, 101 2. gov. Fla., 2032. , , poet, b., 8781 ; works, 8823, 8843, 8851, 88S3, 893i, 8023 ; Latin Sec, 8873 ; d., 8922. , College organized, Wisconsin, 2603. Milwaxikee blown up, 2442. Milwaukee, Wis., Bapt. church opd., 1483; R. C. diocese est., 15S 2 ; Prot. Epis. dio- cese est., 163i; Musik-Verein est. at, 1681 ; mob kills prisoner, 1771 ; R.R. opd., 1833; Nat. Soldiers' Home est., 269 1 ; Germania; Der Hans- und Bauernfreund issued, 2823; Am. Constitutional* Union meets, 2832 ; created archiepiscopal see, 2902; Nat. Ger.-Am. Teachers' Sem opd., 3003; state Insane Asylum opd. r 303 2 ; Charity Organization "Soc. fmd., 3091; exposition opd., 3093; Daily Jour- na£ issued, 3102; Newhall House burned, 3133; school for deaf opd., 3171 • statue of Washington, 3201 • Normal School opd., 3223; Layton Art Gallery opd., 3281; syndicate purchases mines, 3433; millers combine, 3513; Roman Catholics against Bennett law, 3562; G-er and Eng. academy gift, 3602; grip 381 3 ; Saengerfest receipts, 3871 ; Villard syn- dicate, 3893; train robbers, 3943; rail- way wreck, 4033; Arehbp. Katzer's letter, 4062; fire, 4173, 4573; bomb ex- plosion, 4211; Falk, incendiary, 4423; county officials conspiracy, 4703; Pesch- mann'murder, 48S3. Milzow, Gerhard, work, 11042. Mina, Francisco Javier, b.-d., 1095 2 ; ex- pedition, 10951 . Minamoto, Jap., elans war with Taira clans, 10901 ■ male line ceases; exiled; clans fill military offices; supreme, 10912. Minas, Braz., goldiniin-s.f.rrj3; conspiracy in, separates from Sao Paulo, 5551 ; bat- tle of, 5742. Mincio, passage, 5182; battles, 7141 ( 7202, Mineo, I. T., lynching, 4711 . Mindarus, naval commander; killed, 10203. Minden, La., mob kill prisoner, 4703. , Prus., battle, 5162; bishopric, 7703. Mine Creek, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2391 . Run, Meade and Lee at, 2283. Mine Workers of Am. meet, 3763. Miner, Alonzo Ames, b., 123* . , Charles, b. (1780); d., 2482. , , W., commissioned major, 456V, , John R., indictments against, 3103. Mineral system first laid out, 7901 . tar discovered, 9261 . wax arrives from Utah, 3341 . RangeR.R., Mich., train robbers,438i . Mineralogical Soc. est., G. B., 9301 ( 980' . Mineralogy, professorship fnd., 9351 . Miners' Conf., 54(i3, 7482; j„ Paris, 7603. conv. at Nevada City, Cal., 3113. Eight-Hour Bill, 10091. Federation, and Firemen's and Sea- men's union combine, 10103. Intermit. Coug.,54S2. Nat. Progressive Union agrees, 352*. Minerva issued, 6391 , satellite discovered, 2581. Minerva, worship of, 10131. 10503; statue, 10203; temple built, 10502. Minerve Francaise, La, issued, 7231. 1336 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column, Ming-MisS. Ming dynasty rules, 6152. Mingan, defenses destroyed, 6221 . Mingchow, rebels hold, 6202. Minghetti, Marco, b., 10S02; prime minis- ter, 10892; d., 10901. Mingo Swamp, Mo., action at, 21S 2 . Mingti, constructs dvke, 6102; enthroned, 6113, 613' ; reforms, 6132. Minhla. fort captured, 10482. Minh-Maug, king Ann, 4811 ; d., 4813. Minie, Claude Etienne, b., 7191 ; d., 7521. Minike, Henry, heretic, d., 7783. Mining Engineers meet Am. Inst., 3681. craze, Braz., 5553. Mining Journal issued, 9463. Ministers, life incumbent, 542; annuity tax, Bug., 9623. (See Clergy.) , minority, Eng., tirst time, 9173. of War (G. B.), duties, 9612. , trial of, for treason, Fr., 7253. Ministry of colonies find., Fr., 7672. Minneapolis launched, 4341, trial speed, 46H. , Mian., Congregational Church f md., 1702; bridge completed, 176 1 ; Tribune Issued, 2583; Univ. of M. org., 2623; Augsburg Theo. Sem. opd., 2663; united "With St. Anthony, 281 1 ; Journal issued, 3003; dis. Falls of St. Anthony eel., 3053; Charity Organization Soc. find., 3191 ; fire, 4492, 3933, 4353; syndicate find., 3433; average flour production, 3953; Eep. Nat. C mven. meets, 4091 ; Pres. Menage's liabilities, 4423; aid for Ar- menians, 4762. Minnehaha Falls, Soldiers' Home, 3291 . Minnesingers flourish, Ger., 7782. Minnesota Territorvorg.,1052; Alex Ram- sey, gov., 1671,1903; Willis A. Gorman, gov., 1743; Congregational Congress org., 178 2 ; Congregational Gen. Asso. org., 1801 ; Prot. Epis. diocese est., 1822; Sam. Me iirv, gov., is:)2; admitted, 1851 ; Henrv H.Siblev, gov., 1852; Evang. Luth. Svnndical Oonf.org., 1902; Great Sioux War., 2111; Stephen Miller, gov., 2413; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; \y. R. Marshall, gov., "2553; rejects negro suf- frage, 25152; ratilies Hth Amend., 2573; Tribune issued, 2583; Univ. of M. est., 2623,2662; Constitution ratified; negroes enfranchised, 2652; formal Schools opj., 2662; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693; vote to remove capital, 2692 ; local option adopted, 2723 ; Horace Austin, gov., 2732; forest tires, 2741 , 3933, 4332, 4661 , 4673; Free Meth. Conf. find., 2762; Min- neapolis and St. Anthony united, 281 1 ; snow-storm, 2313; saloon-keeper's tax, 2831 ; locusts ravage, 2841 ; Cushman K. Davis, gov., 2873; Woman's suffrage par- tially est., 2892; JohuS. Pillsbury,gov., 2951 ; Constitutional Amend., 2673; State Inebriate Asylum est., 3011; School for Feeble minded est., 3032 ; Lucius F. Hubbard, gov., 3152; And. R. McGill, gov., 3252; State Insane Asylum est., 3251 ; High License adopted; Soldiers' Home est., 3291 ; Normal School opd., 3303; W. R. Merriam, gov., 3332, 3652, 3901 ; wind storms and prairie (ires, 3381 ; mound builders' relics dis., 3332, 3661 ; Pillsbury's gift to univ., 3383; Indians resign land, 3432; Beef Inspection Law unconstitutional, 31", 2, :(r,:*2; great wheat crop, 3453; Secret Ballot Law, 3492; Memorial day, 3503; cyclone, 364 1 ; S. M. Owens nom. for gov., 3651 ; militia ordered out, 3661 ; Thomas Wilson nom. for gov., 369i ; Chippewas welcome Sioux; sham fight, 3703; State Turn- fest School system, 4102; lumber syn- dicate, 4233 ; Cigarette Bill passes, 4231 ; arrested legislators dismissed, 4272 ; school children, free religion, 4322; boycotting legal, 4352; Faribault school plan fails, 4:ssi ; anti-pool rooms, 4421 ; lumber robbery, 4422; Knute Nel- son, gov., 4471 ; bad-debt agency swin- dlers, 4522; mob of strikers, 4582; fires checked, 4713; storm, 4733. Univ. org., 2623 ; medical depart. opd., 3322. Minnetonka, Lake, Minn., bones of mound builders found, 366' . Minnie seized, 5893. Minor, Wm. Thomas, b. (1815) ; gov., 1791. Minorca, Island, taken, 7021, 7041, 11261, 11281 ; surrenders, 9121 ; lost to Eng., 9213; restored. 11312. Minot, Charles, b. (1810); d., 2541. , Lawrence, IVar-lt/rics, 8583. Minotaur, lost, 9342. , launched, 9661 . Min River, fleet destroyed, 6221 . Minster, Baron, title created, 9372. Mint erected, Am., 393; nat., est., 1033, 1373 ; branch mints est., 1452; gold de- posited, 165 3 ; branch opd. at San Fran- cisco, 1713; Coinage Act passes Cong.; foreign coinage authorized, 2582; est. in Can., 4972; completed G. B., 9353. Mintern, Eng., damaged, 10001 . Minto, Lord, gov.-gen.,9333; title created. 9372; lord admiralty, :H73; gov. of India, 10472. Minuoius, .Marcus attacks Hannibal, 10541 . Minuit, Peter, b. (15S0±); gov. NewNeth., :;i2, :;:.3; d.,36i ,493. 7522. Minvielle, Gabriel, mayor j Hiosho-Tenno reigns, 10913. Mira, Senor Sanchez, segundo cabo, 6342. Mirabeau, Cointe de (Gabriel Honore de Riquetti), b.,7003; orator, 7061, 7072; d., 7032,3. , castle captured, 6701 . Miracle plays in Eng., 8541. Miracles multiply in Italy, 10722. Miraflores, Peru, battle of, 6063. , Marq. (Manuel dePamlo), b.-d., 11302. Miramichi, (Jan., settled, 5753 ; fire, 5793. Miramon, Miguel, b.-d., 10962 ; bombards Vera Cruz; siege, defeated, 1U961; presi- dent Mex., 10963. Miranda abandoned, 4701 . Miranda, Francis, b.-d., 11283. Mirbel, Charles Francois (Brisseau de Mir- bel), b„ 7043 ; d., 7322. , Lizinska Aiinee Zee Rue de, b., 7123; d., 7322. Mircca reigns in Wallachia, 11121. Mireeourt, Eugene, de, b., 7192 ; d. Miriam, asteroid, discovered, 2621. Miribel, Marie Francois, d., 7641. Mir Jafar dethroned, 10452; bribery, 10453. Jumla invades Assam, 10441 . Kasim enthroned ; revolts, 10452. Maasum, conqueror ; d., 5492. Mahbub Ali, nizam, 10492. Muhammad rules, 5393. Wais, b.,43. Mirkhond, b.-d., 11063. Miro, Gregorio, b.-d., 6282. Mirror, Tin', issued, Eng., 9411. Mirsky, Leon, sentenced, 11203. Mime'lo, Diego, in Fla., 171. Mirza Ali Mahmoud.org. Babist sect,H071 . Mirzapur mission, 10471 . Misanthrope issued, 11012. Miscellanai ruriosa issued, 7971. Misrilanea (if Comcrcio issued, 11311.. Hispano- Americano issued, 11311. Mischief wins America's cup, 309 3 . Misdon, Vendeans defeated, 7101. Mise of Amiens, Fr., 6732 ; Eng., 8552. Miskolcz, waterspout, 5282; railroad, 5332. Mismer, Charles, Six Ans Soldat, 7602. Mission Conf., London Protestant, 9982. , first movement, Eng., 8423. Society, London, org., 11361. Union'for Jews org., 11361. work, clergy meet for, 9291 . and Tract Society, N. Y., org., 2542. Missionary Asso., Am. (See under Am.) Presbytery of Canadas fmd., 5782. Ridge, Tenn., Federals capture, 2282. Society of Conn, fnd., 1083. , United Domestic, becomes Am. Home Soc, 1342. Union, est. at Clifton Springs, 4621. , Internal;., 3182, 3501 , 4621 . Missions. (See missionary societies under denominational names.) Mississippi, territory org., 1092; Sargent Winthrop, gov.. 1093; Robert Williams, gov., 1133 ; David Holmes, gov., 1172, 1333; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1243; State admitted, 1253; G. Poindexter, gov., 1273; lottery est., 1291 ; W. Leake, gov., 1293; Prot. Epis. diocese org., 1342; Gerard C. Brandon, gov., 1353; O. S. Presb. Synod, find., 1363; coll. est., 13.01, 1703 ; Abra. M. Scott, gov., 1393; Hiram G. Runnels, gov., 1433; Alex. G. M'Nutt, gov., 1492; repudiates bonds, 1513; T. M. Tucker, gov., 1552; Albert G. Brown, gov., 1572; M. Univ. fnd., 1642 ; Jos. W. Matthews, gov., 1652 ; -Wm. Mercer Green, Prot. Epis. Dp., 1662; disunion meetings held, 1691; James Whitfield, gov.; John G. Guion, fov., John A. Quitman, gov., 1692;Henry .Foote,gov., 1712; John J.M'Rae, gov., 1771; United Synod South Evan. Luth. org., 1782; lands granted to R.R., 1813 ; Wm. M'Willie, gov., 185 2 ; gov. on seces- sion, I882 ; Legislature considers seces- sion, 1883 ; radical proslavery, 18b2 ; Federal forts seized, 1901 ; Jonn J, Pet- tus, gov., 1903 ; Secession Conven heid ; State secedes, 191 1 ; special session Leg- islature, 191 1 , 2 ; plans So. Conf eaer<.c 3 ; senators withdraw, 1912 ; ratifies Gol- fed. Constitution, 1932 ; Pemberton su- persedes Van Dorn, 2142; Jacob Thomp- son, gov., 2173; Charles Clark, gov. ,2413; new constitution, 2362, 2473 ; civil govt, restored ; Wm. L. Sharkey, gov., 24S3, 2511 ; ordinance of secession null; pardon for J. Davis, 2491 ; Gov. Clarke arrested, 2503; civil rights for freedmen, 2511; Benj. G. Humphreys, gov., 2553 ; ratifies Hth Amend., 2573;' rejects 14th Amend., 2611 ; Rust Univ. est. ,2623; A. Ames, gov., 2632,2873; rejects new consti.,2B32; con- sti. ratified, 2652, 2692; excluded from nat. election, 2(152; Normal school opd., 2702; State Board 1 .1 Educntii in org.,2703 ; readmitted to Cong., 2711 ; James L. Al- corn, gov., 2732; Riilgfly C. Powers, gov., 2772; race riot, 2871; East M. Female Coll. opd., 27S2 ; president's proclama- tion enforced, 2872 ; River jetties appro- priation, 2891 ; Gov. Ames resigns, 2913; John M. Stone, gov., 2951, 376I; Agri. and Mechan. Coll. opd., 3042,3; liquor prohibited near univ., 3131 ; Robt. Lowry, fov., 3132 ; whites kill negroes, 3232 ; local Option Law passes ; migration of negroes, 3251; Thomas Heslin cons. R. C. bp., 3423 ; James R. Chambers nom. for gov., 3452; Treas. Hemingway short ; indicted, 361 1 , convicted, 3523; Aberdeen outrage in Cong. ,3531 ; levee breaks, 354 1 , 4073 ; flood sufferers' relief, 3572, 3603 ; reunion of Blue anil Cray, 3591 ; division of State proposed, 371 2 ; new constitution operative, 3751 ; State Bar Asso., colored lawyers org., 3783 ; World's Fair appro- priation defeated, 4051 ; White Cap out- rages, 43S 3 ; State officials arrested, 47U 3 . Mississippi Agri. and Mechanical Coll. est. 3042 3. Coll. (Bapt.), est. at Clinton (1850). Company est., 5733. railroad opened, 1873. River, Pineda enters, 183 ; dis., 222, - 441 , 481 , 5733 ; crossed, 223 ; explored, 463, 541 , 5733 ; Fr. on, 552 ; trade with Eng., 592 ; Jesuits on, 602 ; Brit, posts on, 903; Brit, failure on, 921 ; source dis., 1401 ; rises, 1561 ; bridge completed, 1761 ; ice breaks up, 1793 ; floods, 1681, 1841, 3101, 3593, 3673, 4101; armament on, 1943 ; Federals open, 2242 ; appropria- tions for, 2891; jetty at mouth, 2993; improvement conmiis.appt,, 3013; centen- nial of dis., 3113; crevasses in levee, 4313. Bill, passes senate, 4033. Scheme, in Fr.; shares go up, 6973; fi- nancial ruin, 6992,3; mythical gold, 6993. Valley, Cotton Planters' Asso. org., 3033; Industrial Conven., 3091. Missolonghi, Gr., siege of ; captured ; Lord Byron d., 10342. Missoula, Mo., Chinese outrages, 3902. Missouri, State of, New Madrid settled (1780); St. Genevive fnd. (1785); Daniel Boone of Ivy. settles in (1795); detached from Louisiana and annexed to Indian Ter. (1804, Mar. 26); territory org. (1805); Missouri Gazette est. at St. Louis (1808, July +); territory of Missouri approved (change of name), (1812, June 4); First Gen. Assembly meets (1812); Wm. Clark provisional gov. (1813, July) ; Cong, op- poses a State govt., 1272; Cong, provides for State govt., 1291 ; Alex. M'Nair, gov.; State conditionally admitted. 1292; Fred- erick Bates, gov., 1332; John Miller, gov., 1352 ; Dan. Dunklin, gov., 1412; Liburn N. Boggs, gov., 1472 ; P. E. diocese org., 1503; Thos. Reynolds, gov., 1531 ; Univ. of M. org., 1543 ; St. Louis M. E. Conf. fmd., 1583 ; John C. Edwards, gov., 1592; Meth. Epis. South Conf. org., 1603; Sy- nodicalConf.Evan.Luth.org., 1631 ; Aus- Miss-Mohl. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1337 tin A.King, gov., 1652; Sterling Pijice, gov., 1743; voters in Kan., 177* , 2; Han- cock Jackson, gov.; Truston Polk, gov.; R. M. Stewart, gov., 1S32 ; Secession convention meets, 1912 ; state Conven- tion favors union, 1931 f 2 j gov. refuses troops to Lincoln, 1943; Federal arsenal seized, 1951 ; gov. calls for militia, an- nounces loyalty, 1961, 1972; gov. flees south, 1972; emancipation by Fremont; gunboat reconnaissance, 198 2 ; Snead's slaves manumitted ; amnesty offered to Confederates ; State officers deposed ; H. R. Gamble, gov. ; protection to loyal- ists offered, 199 1 ; martial law declared ; neutrality decided on ; gov. declares State independence, 1992 ; Halleck com- mands ; Order No. 3 issued, 2003 ; spe- cial session legislature; secedes at Neo- sho ; official oath required, '201 2 ; guer- rillas abound, 2022, 2091, 2143 ; martial law extended, 2031 ; C. F. Jackson, gov.; H.R. Gamble, gov., 2032; military canal, 2061; military department fmd., 213 2 ; emancipation favored, 2153 ; compen- sated emancipation lost, 2193 ; slavery abolished, 2253, 2413, 2431; Confed. in- vade, 2382; Gen. Price in, 2391; T. C. Fletcher, gov., 2413 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432 ; judiciary officers vacate, 2453 ; new constitution completed, 247 2 , ratified, 2473, 2392; Cong. Asso. org., •2482 : j udges est.byf orce,2483 ; LewisColl. opd'.; Lincoln Inst. Normal School opd., 2543 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572 ; prize fighting punishable, 261 1 ; Universalist Conven. org., 2642 ; State seal returned, 2672; Joseph W. M'Clurg, gov.; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693; Eldership church of God org., 2762; normal schools opd., 2763 ; Benj. Gratz Brown, gov., 2772; S. W. Mo. Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 2342; Silas Wood- ^eon, gov., 2851 ; Chas. H. Hardin, gov., 2912; tornado, 3001; s. West Baptist College est., 3003; Thos. T. Critten- den, gov., 3093 ; Mo. Free Meth. Conf. fmd., 3122 ; Downing High License Law passes, 3131,3151 ; State Board of Health ■est., 315 1 ; John S. Marmaduke, gov., 3233 ; State Insane Asylum opd., 3272 ; A. G.Morehouse, gov., 3293 ; prohibition adopted, 3292 ; Bald Knob victims, 3311 ; Australian ballot, 3392, 3492 ; D. R. Francis, gov., 3492 ; o. O. Howard suc- ceeds Gen. Crook, 3541 ; State treas,, No- land, suspended, 3543; White Caps out- rage, 367* ; E. R. Atwill cons. P. E. bp., 3701 ; Jjoyal Legion convention, 3703 - f World's Fair Appropriation fails, 3771 ; direct tax received, 381 1; pool-selling prohibited, 3863; outlaws, 3931; j. s. Phelps, gov., 2973 ; train robbery, 4002, 4151 ; Congressional Redisricting Bill passes, 4032 ; flood, 4061 ; banks resume, 4353 ; Wm- J,. Stone, gov., 4471 ; earth- quake, 450i; parochial schools aban- doned, 4681 ; train derailed, 4713 ; collis- ion on N. P. R. R., 4453. Missouri Valley Coll. (Cumb. Presb,.) est, at Marshall (1889). Compromise Bill passes, f29i ; notice of repeal, 175 1 - Free Meth. Conf. fmd., 3122. River Improvement Conven., 3093. burned, 1573. , relief steamer to Russia, 11233. , rescues Denmark passengers, 3393. Missroon, John S., d-., 2482. Missunde, Schleswig, Danes defeated, 640i . ■ ■, Ger., burned, 6402. Mist Ehamr mission, 657 1 . Mistral, FreMeYic, h., 726 1 ; works, 7343, 7371 , 7602. Mitau, Rus., taken, 11141. Mitchel, John, b., 9363 ; arrested, 5991. 955 2 ; escapes ; Jail Journal, 9591 ; M. P., 9702 .1., D802. , Ormsby McNight, b., 11162 ; com- mands in Ky., 1983 ; surprises Hunts- ville, 2062 ; d,, 2152. Mitchell, S. Dak., university fnd., 3223, , Adm., captures fleets, 9282 ; mutiny against, 9301 . , Alice, wounds Freda Ward, 4002. , Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481. , Charles E., in int. dept., 3512. , Sir , proclamation, 6043. — -, David Bradie, b. (1766) ; gov. La., 1172, 1252, 1472 ; d.,1482. Mitchell, Donald Grant, b., 1302; -works, 1632, 1683,2272,2551. , Elisha, b., 1042 ; d., 1821 . , Sir Francis, monopolist, 881 1 , 2. , Jim, shoots four persons, 4521 . , John Hippie, b., 144 2 ; senator's speech, 4383. , L.,b.,1542. , J. V., defaulter, 4421 . , Margaret Julia ( Maggie), b., 1401 . , Maria, b., 1262 ; d., 3422. , Nathaniel, governor Del., 1133. , Robert B., b. (1825) ; gov. N. Mex., 2511; d. (1882). , Sam. Augustus, b. (1792) ; d., 2641 . , Latham, b., 74i ; lectures, 1043; Medical Repository, 1083; d., 1382. , Silas Weir, b., 1362. , Stephen Mix, b. (1743) ; d., 1442. , , founds free library, 9791 . , Sir Thomas Livingstone, b. (1792); ex- plorer, 4941,2; d. (1855). , W. K., org. Washingtonians 1511 . Mitchell's Fork, Confeds. defeated, 2442. Mitehelstown, Ire., agrarian outrages, 9811; Nationalists meet, 9971. Mitchil, C. W., missionary, 6223. Mitford, Sir John Freeman, Baron Redes- dale, b. (1748) ; chancellor ; speaker, 9312, a ; d. (1830). , Mary Russell, b., 9242 ; works, 9423 ; ii., 9603. , Wm., b.,9103; Greece, 9231; d.,9423. Mithridates of Iberia, king, 11513. of Pergamus reigns? 11512. , K. of Lydia, marries Laodice, 11503. , king, massacres Romans, 1150 3 . I., betrays father ; reigns, 11473. II., reigns ; prisoner, 1153 2 . III., reigns, 11473. IV., reigns, 1147 3 ; besieged, attacks Sinope, 11481. V., in Punic war, 11481 ; reigns, 11492; assassinated, 11503. VI., reigns, 11492; rules Kherson, 10292 j war with Rome, 10561 ; conquers Bosporus ; defeats Lucullus ; conquests ; in Cappadocia, 11501 ; master of Athens, 1028 1 ; peace with Romans, 10292; treaty with Sulla, 10591 ; against Nicoinedes III.; extent of territory ; conquers Cap- padocia, 1058 1 , 1151 1 ; war against Tigra- nes, 10591 ; driven from Cyzicus ; de- feated at Cabira, 10581 ; defeated by Pom- pev, 11511 ; in Asia M. ; expelled ; sui- cide, 10582. Mithridatic wars, 10561 , 2, 10581 . Mitislaw, duke of Kieff, 11133. Mitre, Bartolome' ; in Buenos Ayres,4902, 49H ,2,3; captured, 4902. Mitrophania(motherabbess),exiled, 11191. Mitscherlich, Eilhard, b., 8063 ; d., 8221. Mitsukuri, KinshOj b., 10912. Mittelmark, Prussia, conquered, 7772. Mittermaier, Karl Joseph Anton, b., 8043; president parliament, 8172 ; d., 8243. Mitylene, at war with Athens, 1016* , blockaded, 10201; surrenders, 10213; naval battle near, 11562. Mivart, St. George, b., 9423. Mix, Lieut.-Col., at Cove Cree"k, 2161 . Mixon, John, b., 602. Mizam Shah repulsed, 10441. Mizizus enthroned ; killed, 1031 3 . Mizner, John K-, commissioned col., 3563. , Lansing B., envoys, 3513. Mizpah sinks, 9833. Mizpeh, Philistines defeat, 11421. Moab subdued, 11501. rdoabite stone, year of, 11422; dis., 11581 . Moabites fnd., 91; in North Afr.,81; de- stroyed, 11422. Moawiyah I., b.-d., 11542 ; calif in Syria, 4852 ; reigns, 6551. II., calif., 4ST>2 ; reigns. 6552. Moberly, < leorge, b. (1803); elected bishop, 9583 ; d. (18S5). Mobert, Jacob Isidor, Crusades, 4782. Mobile, Ala., taken, 91 1 ; yellow fever, 1273 ; fire, 1513 ; bread riot. 2272, 2392 ; closed against Confeds., 2372 ; siege of, 2442 ; surrenders, 2461 ; Emerson Inst, opd., 258 3 ; Ocean Wave explodes, 2753. Bay, naval battle in, 2371 . Mobilization ordered, France, 743 3 . Mobius, August Ferd., b., 8043 ; d., 8243. Mochoallog, St., founds Abbey, S423. Mockern, Prus., Russians defeated, 718 3 ; battle, 7202. Mocquard, Constant, b. (1791) ; d., 7223. Modeenet, mission, 6571 . Modena, It., fortress erected, 10531 ; Rom. colony, 10553 ; war, 10602 ; cathedral fnd., cons., 10751; gov. by House of Este, 10773 ; appeal to Victor Emman- uel, 10891 ; insurrection, 5201 , 10S91 ; re- stored, 5253. Modern Reformers or Socialists issued,7283. Review issued, 9862. Thought issued, 9843. Woodmen Fraternity, statistics, 4463. Modimolle mission, 11241 . Modjeska, Helena, b., 11163. Modlin, allies possess, 7212 ; retaken, 8101 . Modoc Indians defeat troops in Ore., 2801 . Modon taken by Turks, 10781 . Modus vivendi, licenses, issued, Can. ; re- jected, 5871 ; expiration of, 5911 ; renewed, 5912,3; treaty, 6342; Fr. with Sp., 7633 ; Eng. accepts, 10052, refuses, 10091. Moe, Jdrgen Ingebrektsen, b.-d., 11041; Poems, 11043. Moen, Philip L., d., 3821 . Moeris Lake formed, Kgy., 6462. Moeser.A., Deutsche Kals^r/it der, 8342. Moesia, settled, 5653 ; Bulgarian kingdom, 10313; Gothsin, 7692; subjugated, 10603. , Inferior, Roman province, 1063 2 . Moffat, Jas. Clement, b. (1811); d., 3601. .Robert, b., 9263 ; sails, 397»; inland journey, 5972; marriage, 5973 ; first church, 59S1 ; d., 5612, 6033. , Lieut., seizes Echo, 1851 . Moff'et Dr., shot, 4183. Mog-ador, Morocco, bombarded, 7281 . Mogila, Peter, b. (lf>96±) ; confession of faith, 11143 ; d. (1647). Mogontiacum. (See Mentz.) Mogul empire broken, 10441 ; power in In- dia ; declines, 10451 . Moguls in Hung, and Poland, 505 2 ; grant to Christians, 10343 ; reigns, 1097 2 . Mohacs, Hungarians defeated, 5082 ; Louis II. falls, 5093 ; Turks defeated, 5122 ; explosion, 5362. Mohammed, b., 4842 ; early life ; rises to power ; wives, 4853 ; creed ; meditations ; prophet ; ascent into heaven, 4S43; flight of, 10311; plunders caravan, 4841 ; hom- age; Moslem treaty ; letters, 4842,4851 ; territory ; extent of'power, 4843- d.,4842; , Shah, d., 51. , Sultan, of Egypt, reigns, 655 3 - I.,conquersBosnia; Wallachia, 11561 . reigns, 11572. IL, b.-d., 11562; besieges Constanti- nople, 1034'; reigns, 11572; in Servia, 5081, 11232 ; rules Kharismian Turks, 11553. III. reigns, 11572. Aboo Dahab rebels, 6571 . Ahmed, in Sudan, 6583 ; proclaims himself Mahdi ; conquests, 6581 . Ali, b.-d., 11563. Almuatid conquers Cordova, 11261. Bey at Grumatz, 11121. , Dost. (See under Dost.) el-Senusi'in Tripoli, 11383. Jan Wardak against British, 63 ; seizes Ghazni ; killed, 61 . Khusruf, pasha, 657 2 , - — Meerza reigns, 11072. Ruchdi, grand vizier, 11591 , 2, Shah Kharezin subdues Bokhara, 5491. Sidi reigns, 10972. Takoob Beg assumes office, 6202. Mohammedan army organized, 11562. era begins. 4842. rebels suppressed, China, 6221 . Mohammedanism est. in Persia, 11071. Mohammedans claim churches, 10311 ; re- bel, 6211 ; struggle with Gr. Ch., 10311 ; enter Indus Valley, 10431 ; rule in Sp., 11253 ; persecuted ; expelled Sp., 11271; est. in Morocco, 1097 ' ; ravage Armenia, 11541 ; equal with Christians, 1157 1 ; massacre ; persecute Christians, 11581 ,2. Mohammerah, Persia, captured, 9601 . Mohave County, Ariz., gold rush, 4093. Mohawk attacks St. Mary's, 2151 . Mohawk mission, N. Y., 623, 651 , 663. Valley, N. Y., Indians invade, 943 ; flooded, 3421 ; earthquake, 3521 . Mohilow, Rus., Russian defeat, 718 2 . Mohl, Hugo von, b., 8082 ; on protoplasm, S201; d.,8281. , Julius von, b., 8071 ; d., 8282. 1338 Text Figures denote Page. lJNJDil»X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Mohl-Mont. Mohl, Moritz von, b. (1S02) ; d., 832' . Mcihler, Johann Adam, 1... 811113 ; d., 8143. Mohonk, Lake, N. Y., Indian Conference, 3702,3851,3931. Mohr, Karl Friedrich, b., 8083 ; d., 830' . Mohrungen, Prus., battle of, 716' . Mobun, Ban. n Charles,!.. (11175' ); k.,905'. Moigno, Francois Napoleon Marie, b., 715'; d., 754'. Moir mission, 657'. , David Macbeth, b., 9283 ; d., 9562. Moira. (Si'c Hastings, F. E.) Moiroso, chief; killed, 6002. Moivre, Abraham de, b. (1667) ; Doctrine of Chances, 699' ; d. (1754). Mo'kanna (Athen Ben Hakem), propbet, 597'; d. (780i). Molaghur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . Molahiffe, Ire., moonlighters raid, 9943. Molasses, import restricted, 572. Molay, Jacques de, b., 6702; bnrned,673'. Molh'ceh, Christian, 1.., Ii:!.s2 ; d., 6403. Mold, Flintshire, Eng., riots, 973' . Mbldau River overflows, 534' . Moldavia, Austrians enter, 524'; army withdrawn, 5252 ; evacuated, 958' , 11121'; Turks fail, 11121; uprising, 11121, 3, 1156 2 ; annexed ; recovered by Turks, 11122; Eus. enter, mgt. Mole, Comte Louis Matliieu, b., 7051; ministry, 7273 ; d., 7322. , Mathieu, b. (1534) ; conference with queen, 6893 ; d. (1656). Molendj, Peru, U. S. agent shot, 4272. Molepolole mission est., 11242. Moleschott, Jacob, b.8122; d. (1893). Molesworth, \"isc., title created, 9051. , Sir William, b.,935i ; minister, 9612; d. (1855). , Nassau, b., 9382 ; d. (1890). Moletsane stormed, 602' . Mombasa, cable to Zanzibar, 5632. Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, b., 6863; in Theatre Illustre, 689' ; troupe before Louis XIV., 691' j works of, 691' ,2, 693' ; d., 6922. Molin, Marquis de, d., 11322. Molina, Luis, b.-d., 11282. Molindi captured, 5613. Moliner, Guillaume, Lei/s a" Amor, 1127' . Molino del Rey, Hex., battle, 162'. Molk, Heinrich von, satirical poem, 7783. Mollinger, Father, blesses visitors, 408' . Molly Maguires fmd., 1732; operate, 2072, 2093, 2172 ; murder Geo. K. Smith, 2292; cease, 2703; murder miners ; kill police- man, 289' ; hanged, 295'; flourish, 953'. Molhvitz, Silesia, Prus. victorious, 514' . Molodzoff, Hippolvte, attempt against Gen. Loris-Mellik'c.tr, 11203. Molotf, Dr., conspirator, Bulg., 5683. Molonis, Miguel de, b.-d., 11283. Moltenoininistry, dismissed, 6012. Moltke, Count Hellmuth Karl Bernhard, von, b., 8063 ; in war, 8242 ; statue, 832'; d. ; 834'. Molung mission, 10463. Molyneaux, William, b., 8882 ; d. (1698). Mombasa, East Afr., 5612, a, 5631 , 2, a. railway, fund for, 1009'; appropria- tions, 504' ; inaugurated, 5633. Mommsen, Christian M. Theodor, b., 812' ; works, 8202, 8263. Mompelgarde surprised, 784'. Monachism in Egypt., 6543. Monaco, purchased by France, 7353. Monagas, Jose Gregorio, b. (1795) ; presi- dent Venezuela, 11602 ; d. (1858). , Tadeo, b. (1784) ; president Ven- ezuela, 11602 ; d. (1868). Monarch launched, 970' . founders, 9973. brings Peabody's body to Am., 2693. Monasteries suppressed, 11303; hi 11 against, 10883; est. in Ger., 7722; reformed, 7743 , 1073' ; closed, Ger., 805' ; profligate, Eng., 8663; dissolved, 8IW2 ; confiscated, Eng., 8683 ; opposed, 10723 ; multiply, 10722,3. Monastery of Sazava founded, 5023, of Ze'ven, treaty of, 8032. Monastic orders, influence, 10763. Monastics in Western Eur., 0042 ; climax of, 695' ; orders aid pope, 7803 ; institu- tions increase, 8442 ; buildings erected, 8562 ; institutions revived, 8963 ; appear, 10662. Monastir, Turk., mission work, 5653. Monatliche Anzuq issued, 799'. Erzahlungen issued, 799 ' . Monatliche Unterrcdungen issued, 799'. Monbodds, Lord. (See Barnet, J.) Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de Conegliano, b., 7022, d., 7282. Monchristien, Antoine de, works, 685' . Monck, sr Monk, Viscount of, title cre- ated, 931' ; baron, title created, 965' . , Chas. Stanley, Vise, b. (1819); gov. -gen. Can., 581 2 ; viceroy ; opens Pari., 583' . Monckhoven, Desire von, d., 546' . Monekton, Baron, title created, 9963. , Robert, b. (1726) ; in N. S., 682: gov. N. Y., 732; d., 9223. Moncon, treaty of, concluded, 6873. Moncontour, Fr., battle at, 6822. Monereitf, Baron, title created, 975'. , Lord, arbitrator, 9823. Moncton, Can., Times; Transcript, 5843 ; engineers' convention, 5883. Monde, Lc, judgment against, 589' . Mondovi, P'iedmontese defeated, 712'. Monetary Commission, org.; reports, 2952. Conf. Bill approved l.y prcs., 4132. Conf., Paris, 7543, 7373. (See under International.) Money, Hernando D., b., 1502. — — , counterfeit, in Am., 913 ; tokens used, 2113; gold and silver, 1141'. lenders imprisoned, Fr., 673' . order oftice set up, Eng., 9272, 9512. (See Post-office. See Paper-money.) Monge, Gaspard, Comte de Peruze, b., 7003; d., 7223. Mongols invade Hung., 504' ; in Bokhara, 549' ; sack Kieff, 1114'; invade North, 6133; power subdued, 614' ; dynastyrules; alliance with Sung, 615' ; invade "Japan, 10902, 3; overrun Armenia, 1154'. Moniteur Be/i/e at Brussels, 5423. , he, issued, 7063. Ottoman issued, 11571. Monitor launched, 202 2; completed, 2042; at Hampton Eoads, 2043 ; attacks Sewell's Point, 207 1 ; at Fort Darling, 208 1 ; found- ers, 2171. Monk, Bretton, Baron, title created, 9871 , , -, Lord. (See Dodson, John Geo.) , Sir George, b., 8782 ; in war with Neth., 1100' ; defeats Van Tromp, 888' ; enters Lond. ; E. of Torrington ; D. of Albemarle; capt. -gen., 890' ; takes gov't, 891' ; minister, 8912; at battle of Downs, 892'; commissioner treasury, 893 2 ; land grant, 423; d., 8922. , James Henry, elected bp., 9423. , Lord, cablegram to Field, 263' . Monks, in Sp. and Egy., 10663 ; inhabit caves, II )!.i;3; invent can 11 inc. 1082' ; mul- tiply, 10722; influence in Ger., 7723 ; be- come eminent, Eng., 8443 ; influence in Britain, 845'; punished, Eng., 8682; limited education, Hung., 5042. Monk's Corner, S. C, action at, 91' . Monkswell, Baron, title created, 987' . Monloddo, Lord. (See Burnet, Jas.) Monmouth, N. J., battle of, 883 ; Salvator runs, 3673 ; book-makers ; bail, 4123. , Ore., Christian College org., 2543. , Geoffrey. (See Geoffrey.) , D. of, James Scott, b., 8862 ; com- mander, 894' ; claims to throne, 8952, 8972; in Eng. ; arrested, 8953 ; at Sedge- moor, 896'; political confederacy; in Eng., 896' , 8971 ; beheaded, 8972. College org., 111., 1802. Monnier, Marc, b., 7243; d., 7542. Monnoyer, Jean Baptiste, b., 6882; d., 694'. Monod, Adolphe, b., 7142; d., 7322. , Theo., preacher, Fr., 7482. Monongahela City, Pa., riot, 4242. College org., 2623. Monophvsite sec tfnd., 10703; controversy; prevails, 10303, 11543; protected, 10303. Monopolies abolished, Eng., 8772; pro- hibited, 8833. Monothelites rise, 10311 . Monpesson, Sir Giles, monopolist, 881', 2. Monroe, Col. at Ft. William Henry, 70' , 2. , Col., at Cainsville, 2183. , James, b., 71' ; graduates, 85' ; mar- ries, 93 2 ; minister to Fr., 1053; electoral vote, 1153; gov. Va., 1093, 1192; treaty with G. B., 115' ; sec. state, 1213; pres., U. S. A., 1252,3, 1292; inspects army posts, 1253; returns slaves, 1272; declines nom., 1332; d., 1382, 1393. Doctrine declared, 1312, 3, 1323; fails, 1352; reaffirmed, 3332. Female College, Ga., fnd., 1662. Monrovia, Afr., commenced, 129' ; mission ; capital Liberia, 11612. Mons, Belg., E. E. accident, 5453 ; riots, 5462, 548'; strikes; De Chastileer k., 5462; explosion, 5473; Flemings defeated, 672' ; taken, 694' ; surrenders, 6962. Badonicus, battle of, 770' . Lactarius, action at, 10702. , Jean Baptiste van, b., 5422; d„ 544*. Monselet, Chas., b., 7242; a., 7562. Monsell, Wm. (1812); p.-m.-gen., 9753. Monserrat (Montserrat), ceded Eng., 433. Monsieur, peace of, 6843 ; revoked, 853. Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, b.-d., 6762. Montacute (Montagu), E. of Salisbury, takes Isle of Man, S58' . Montagnac, M., minister, 749' , 3. Montagu, Basil, b., 9183; d., 9562. of Beaulieu, Baron, title created, 987' . - — , Chas., E. of Halifax, b., 8902; resigns from Council, 8952 ; named Trimmer, 8972 ; minister, 9012, 9053 ; commissioner, 9013; d. (1715). , Edward, E. of Manchester, b., 878'; minister, 8912. - — , , E. of Sandwich, b., 8802 ; min- ister, 8912; d., 8922. .Elizabeth, h.,9062; d., 9302. , Henry, E. of Manch., b.(1562±); chief justiee,S793;miiiisU-r„SS12,N992;d.(lG42.) , John, E. of Sandwich, b. (1718); lord admiralty, 9073, 9133, 9193; d. (1792). , Lady Mary Wortley, b., 9892 ; ad- vances inoculation, 906' ; d., 9162. , William, D. of Manchester, pres. Travelers' Society, 9792; d., 10021. Montague, Chas., gov. S. C., 753. , Sir Edward, chief justice, 8693. , Lord Fred., p.-m.-gen., 9432. , George, d., 4661. , Mrs., silkwonian to Queen, 873'. , W. H., sec. state, Can., 5963. Montaigne, Michael Eyquem de, b.,6S03; Essays, IK43, X7S3; d.', 6842. Montaland, Celine, d., 7601 . Montalban, Fama Postliuma, 11292. Montalembert, Comte de, Charles Forbes, b., 7191 ; works, 7271 ,7343, 7351 ; d., 7382. , Marquis de, Marc Bene, b., 6963 - works, 7052; d., 7142. Montalt, Earl de, title created, 9963. Montalvan, Juan Perez de, b.-d., 11283. Montana, State, territory org., 235 2 ; vigi- lance committee acts, 2292,2312; Sidney Edgerton, gov., 2413 ; Historical Soc. incor.,2423; Thomas Francis Meagher, gov., 2511; Green Clay Smith, gov., 2553; Indians defeated, 260' ; Benj. F. Potts, gov., 2732; Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2903; war with Sioux, 290' ; Sheridan in com- mand; Sioux defeated, 292' , 294' ; Custer attacks Indians, 292' ; J. Schuyler Crosby, gov., 8132; Coll. of M.opd.,3143; Mormons settle, 3152 ; E. C. diocese of Helena est., 3163 ; Constitutional Con- ven. meets, 3172, 3432; new constitution ratified, 3192, 347'; Piatt Carpenter, gov., 3193; Preston H. Leslie, gov., 3252; bill to admit, 3363; Eed Lodge thrown open, 339' ; Bozeman capital ; fires, 3432; Jos. K. Toole nom. for gov., 345' ; constitution adopted, 345', 3471; ad- mitted, 3472 ; State legislature meets, 3483; Secret Ballot Law; Jos. K. Toole, gov. ; Benj. F. White, gov., legislature deadlock, 3492; earthquake, 3521 , 4261 ; Eep. legislature the legal body, 3531 ; App. Biil passes Cong., 3532 ; Crow In- dians cede land, 3733 ; senate and two houses in session, 3752; legislative com- promise ; lower house tie, 377 1 ; train robbers, 3951 ; Univ. opens at Helena, 3962 ; Labor day, holiday, 3983 ; frost, 4121 ; legislature Rep., 4212; Lee Mantle appt. senator, 4253; John E. Eickards, gov., 447'; sun dance in, 4623 ; express robbed; E. E. wreck, 4643. University opens at Helena, 3962. Montanus, Journey-Shortenir, 7923. , heresy, 10643. Montauban, Gen., commander, 620' ; be- sieged, 686' ; at Shanghai, 734'. Montaud, Deluns, minister, 757' Montauk bombards Fort McAllister, 218*; destroys Nashville, 219' . Montbeilard, Gueneau de, b., 6982. , Fr., Germans enter, 7422 ; ceded to France, 8073. Mont Blanc, observatory erected ; ava- lanche, 11382. Mont-Moor. Text Figures denote Page. 1JN Uil<.A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 133& Montcalm, Gozon de St.-Veran, Louis Jo- seph, Marquis de, b., 6963; commands Fr., 70' ; in Quebec, 713; wounded, 72' , 5743; arrives ; d., 5753. Monteeau-les-Mines, Fr., rising, 7533. Mont Cenis Tunnel, built, 10882; opened, 11383. Montdidier, Fr., attacked, 742'. Monte Rotondo, action at, 1088' . Vista, Colo., Soldiers' Home est., 3503. Monteagle, Baron, title created, 931' . , Lord. (See Rice, T. S.) Montealegre, Jese Maria, b. (1815); pres. Costa Rica, 631'. Mont-Earl, Lord, title created, 9412. Montebello, Aust., Austrians defeated, 714'; battle of, 524'. Monte-Caseros, Gen. Rosas defeated, 490' . Casino, It., monastery finl., 10703. Montecuculi,Ct.Kainiondo',b.,5102;d.,5123. Montetiore, Moses Haim, b. (1784); sheriff; knighted, 9492 ; org. mission, 9502 ; in Rome, 9032 ; aids .lows, 11583; d. (1885). Montemayor, Jorge de, b.-d., 11092. Montenegro (see text, p. 1097) versus Turk. ; Aust. supports, 525' ; supports Herze- govina, 528' ; war with Turkey, 1158' ; boundaries determined ; rises against Turk., 1159' ; annexed to Turk., 11592. Montenotte, It., Austrians defeated, 712' . Montenoy, Chas. Palissot de, work, 7032. Montereau, Fr., allies defeated, 7203. Monterey, Cal., mission at, 762; fnd., 772; Am. flag raised, 1612; taken, 162' ; State convention fnd., 167'. ' Gap, Va., action at, 2242. , Mex., battle of, 160' ; capital at, 10963; mission at, 10962. , Tenn., action at, 2072. Montero, Diego Gonzales, gov., 605 2 ,3. ■, Lizardo, b. (1832); pres. Peru, 11082. Montesinos, Antonio, miss., 183; d. (1526+). Montespan, Marquis de (Francois At.hi- nai's de Rocheehouart), !>., 6.SS3; d.,6903. Montesquieu, Baron de la Brede et de (Charles de Secondat), b., 6942; works, 699', 2, 7012; d., 7022. Montevallo.Ala., furnaces destroyed, 2443. Monteverdi, Claudio, b., 1081'; works, 1082' ; d., 10823. Montevideo, Arg. Rep., govt, separate, 673; capital Uruguay, 1160' ; surrender; stormed; Brit, evacuate, 489' ; military settlement at, 11593; Univ. fnd., 11602; reinforcements; occupied, 554' ; alliance with Paraguay, 5553 ; Gania arrives, 5603; siege ends, 490' ; missions at; re- volt, 11603. Montezuma captures Essex, 1202. 1., b. (1390); subdues country, 12'; reigns, 133; d., 122. 1L., b., 122; expedition defeated, 16' ; elected, 172; seized; orders invaders out; k.; empire overthrown, 18' . Montfaucon, Bernard de, b.,6902; d.,7002. Montford, E. of, title created, 871' . Montfort, Amaury, at Marmande, 6702. , John de, at Auray, 674' . , Simon de, E. of Leicester, b., 852' ; in Baron's war; marries Eleanor, 8533; at Lewes ; returns to Eng. ; pres. Mad Pari., 855' ; election writs, 8552; k.,854'. , de, Comte, b.-d., 66S 2 ; crusade against Allugenses, 670'; massacre at Toulouse, 6703; killed, 670' . Montgolfier, .Jacques Etienne, b., 700 3 ; d. (1799). , Joseph Michel, b., 7002; tirst balloon, 701'; hydraulic ram imp., 70S'; d.,719'. , Stephen, balloon ascension, 704' . Montgomerie, Archibald William, E. of Eghnton, in Dub., 963' ; lord-lieut., 9632. , John, N. Y., 613. Montgomery launched, 396' ; trial, 448' . Montgomery, Ala., fnd., 1273; capital city, 1613; Confed. Cong, opens, 1913; Davis Goufed. pres. at, 19.13; Confed. proclama- tion, 1943 ; Provis. Cong, meets, 195' ,2 ; Confed. capital removed, 197'; surren- dered to Federals, 2401 , military district, 2572 ; immigration conven., 2663, 3313 ; constitutional conven. at, 2862 ; monu- ment to Confederates, 3222; southern ex- position at, 3473 ; Mayor Cottrell k., 371 ' . , W. Va., Davis killed, 4683. , Alex. B., b., 1482; at Osceola, Mo., 1983; on Cambahee River, 234'. , E. of, lord of admiralty, 8992. , H. H., cons, bp., 10022. Montgomery, Gen. James, invades Can., k., 576'. , John Reading, d., 274'. , Richard, b., 623; attacks Indians, 72' + ; at St. John; at Montreal, 803; killed, SI' , 823; remains removed, 1273. , Robert, b., 933' ; d. (1855). , Dr., gutta-percha, 952' . Month! a Akuiazinc issued, Eng., 929'. Repository issued, Eng., 933' . Montliolon, Marquis de, Charles Tristan, b., 705' ; insurrectionist, 7293; d., 7322. Monti, Vincenzo, b., 10S42; works, 10852; d., 10862. Montieello, 111., natural gas dis., 380' ; Nat. Picket, 3862; air-ship, 390' . , Ky., Confederates defeated, 221'. , N. Y., Mrs. Halliilay sentenced, 463' . Montlliery, Fr., king defeated, 678' . Montluc, Blaise de l.asseran-Massencome de, b. (1503±); work, 6832 ; d. (1517). Montmagny, M. de., gov. Can., 5732. Montmartre, stormed, 7203; treaty, 6913. Montmedy, Fr., invested, 7422 ; bom- barded, 743'. Montmirail, Fr., allies defeated, 7202. Montmorency, Anne, Due de, b., 6783 ; d., 682'. , Henri II., Due de, b., 6842 ; at St. Quentin; prisoner, 682' ; executed, 689' .2. Montmorres, Viscount, title created, 913 2 . Montpellier,Fr., school of law, 671' ; taken, 675'; surrendered,; peace of, (ISO' , 6873; booth falls, 7073 ; medical school, 669' ; Univ. fnd., 671' ; Univ. rank raised, 673' . Montpensier, Duehesse de (Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans), b., 8863 ; d., 6943. , Ducde (Antoine Marie Philippe Louis d'Orleans), b.,7242; marries Maria Luisa, 7292; fatal duel, 739', 11323; arrested; exiled, 11313 ; advocated as kiug, 11332 ; d., 7582. Montreal wrecked, 5893. Montreal, discovered, 203 ; site of city 362 ; to St. Sulpice, 5723 ; Sulpieians possess, 363; Indian massacre, 41' ,572' ; Indians attack, 50' ; Cartier arrives, 5712; Hotel Dirtiest., 573' ; Co. purchase, 5723; Eng. raid, 5742; seigniority ceded, 5732 ; walls enclose, 703 ; taken, 5743 ; fire, 5753, 5773, 581' ,3, 5853, 5933, 5942, 5953; Ethan Allen fails to take, 576'; Indians' conf., 802, 574', 5752; Am. at, 803; Brit, retake, 822 ;.St. Gabriel Street Church erected ; first Presbytery fmd., 5763 ; hank est., 5773 ; Weekly Gazette; Canadian; Weekly Herald, 577' ; expe- dition against, abandoned, 1203 ; M'Gill Coll. est. ; hospital est. ,579' ; La Minerve, 5783 ; first Baptist church ; R. C. diocese est., 5782; bishopric est., 9483; Weekly Witness, 579', • riots, 579', 5823, 583'; Baptist College est. ; Cong. Theological College, est., 579' ; Epis. bishopric est. ; St. Peter's Cathedral projected ; Y. M. C. A. fmd., 5802; Witness, 581'; Victoria Tubular Bridge built; damaged, 5813 ; Temperance Conven., 583' ; ice- gorge, 5S4' ; La L'resse issued; Le Canada, issued, 5843 ; demonstrations against govt., 5S5'; Woman's Miss. Soe. org., 5842; small-pox, 5853 ; Bp. Bond elected, 9803; Brit. Asso. sits, 9S8' ; ice-palace, 5853 ; ice-carnival, 5862 ; harbor im- provements, 5872 ; roof falls, 5873 ; Church of Eng. Synod ; Jewish petition granted, 5882 ; w. C. T. U. Conven. , Labor Cong. ; Conn. Nat. Guard in, 589' ; Hochelaga Exhibition ; pig-iron boom, 5893 ; surplice land question, 590' ; night schools; Mayor Crenier reelected, 591' ; ice-bridge, 5913; i e ,Somedi,W2* ; riotous meeting ; Hebrew exiles, 5922 ; La. State Lottery Co. est., 5933,5943; NelsonMon- ument threatened ; explosion ; public works scandal ; mob, 5943 ; Internat. Fr. Congress ; Columbian caravels in, 5953 ; bomb expiation, 5962. Montreuil-sur-Mer, Fr., treaty at, 6733. Montrose, D. of, title created, 903' . , Marquis. (See Graham, J.) Monts, Pierre du Guast de.b.,6822 ; land grant, 27' ; d., 6862. Montserrat, Eng. possession, 8932. Montsioa, siege of, 6032. Montt, Manuel, pres., 6072, 6092,3. , Pedro, received at Wash., 395' . Montucla, Jean Etienne, b., 6982 ; d.,7142. Montyon, J. B. R. A. de, b., 6983; d., 7223. Montz, Count von, d., 832' . Monument building in Egypt, 645'. (See names of cities for Monuments.) Monumenta Germanis Historia, society founded, 813' . Moody, C. M., defaulter, 3S82. , Dwight Lyman, b., 1482 ; in Phila., 2882 ; coll. students' encampment, 3422 ; Gospel hymn-book issued, 343' ; services at Yale, 3482 ; in Brooklyn, 354' ; at Northiield Conf., 386' ; at Bible Study Conf., 466' ; i n (Jan., 589' ; in G. B.,9782, 9882, 9922. , John, hanged, 943. - — , Samuel, b. (1676) ; d., 662. , Z. F., governor, 3132. Mookaj in Sikh war, 10462. Mookerheide, Spanish victory, 540' . Moon, Sir Francis G.,1. mayor, Lond.,9572. , John W., b., 146' . , map of, tirst drawn, 7962. Moon Hoax published in N. Y., 1443, 1452. Moonlight, Thomas, minister, 447 a . Moonshiners, raid, 4563. Moor, Hung., battle at, 522' , fire, 5353. Mooravief, Mikhail, b.. 11162. Moore, Albert, d., 10102. , Alfred, b., 71i ; justice, 1093 ;d.(1810). , Andrew Barry, b. (1806) ; gov. Ala., 1832 ; at Lancaster, Va., 2003 ; at Harts- ville, 2162 ; at Ripley, 2181 ; d. (1873). , Benjamin, b., 002; pres. King's Coll. r 831; eons, bp., 1103; pres. Columbia Coll., llli; d., 1242. , Bishop, library purchased, 9043. , Capt., at Wagner Bay, 575' . , , Brit, commander, 9321. , Clement Clarke, b., 912 ; d., 225' . ,D. D. T.,d.,408'. , Everett, shoots E. M. Tate, 3912. , F. Marshall, governor Wash., 2593. , Gabriel, b. (1790+) ; gov. Ala., 1373 - d., 1562. , Sir Henry, b. (1713) ; gov. N. Y., 752; d. (1769). - — , George Henry, b. (1823) ; d., 406' . , J. A., instructor at Kingston, 590' . , Jacob A., murdered, 4542. - — , James, b. (1640+) ; invades Ga., 54' ; gov. S. C, 552, 593 ; in Fla.,56' ; in S. C, 56' ; defeats Indians, 58' . , John, b. (1835) ; cons. R. C. bp., 2942. , , cons. R. C. bp. Australia, 9862. , , b., 9082 ; archbp. Canterbury, 9223 ; d., 9303. — — , Sir , b., 915'; gen. at Corunna, 7162 ; d.,935'. , B., in state dept., 351' . , lieut.-gen., administrator, 5953. , Martin, b. (1790) ; d., 250'. , O. H., at Green River Bridge, 2242. , Nathaniel F., b. (1782) ; d., 2762. — — , Richard Channing, b., 723 ; cons. P. E. bp., 1232 ; d., 1522. , S. P.,d., 340'. , Thomas, poet, b., 921' ; works, 935' , 9391,9443 ;d., 9582; bust in Central Park, 3061 ; centenary celebrated, 9843. , O., governor La., 1903. , William Eves, b. (1823) ; moderator, 3562, 3582. , Zephaniah Swift, b., 762 ; d., 1303. ■ , Mr., Indian miss.. 56 2 ; explorer, 651 . Moorefield, W. Va., action at, 2081, 2283, 237' , 242' ; Early driven out of, 230' . Moorehead, Minn., Normal Sell, opd., 3303. , Warren K., works, 3962, 4203. Moore's Creek Bridge, N. c., action at, 82' . Hill College founded, Ind., 1762. Mills, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2102. Moorflelds, Eng., Whitetield chapel, 911' . Moorhouse, James, cons, bishop, 9962. Moorish kings, fnd. Alhambra, 11262. Moors conquered in N. Afr., 8'; come from Sp., 92; origin, 4852,11272; over- throw Saracens. 11272; in Algeria, 10972; in Portugal, 11091,2; independent of Turks, 11382 ; Valencia made capital, 11272; dominion overthrown, 1109 3 ; conquests checked, 11253; Spaniards conquer; aid Saracens; sack Madrid; lose Marjorca, etc.; take and lose Gib- raltar; aid K. of Granada; assist PMro; defeated in Granada, 11261 ;intro. astron- omy ; fnd. Alhambra; intro. chemistry, 11262; begin kingdom of Granada; power annihilated, 11273; revolt; expelled from Sp., 11293. Moorvielf, Mikhail, d., 11182. 1340 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. MoOS-MoiT. Moosa, contests throne, killed, 1157 2 . Moosehead Lake, Me., R. R. wreck, 4653. Moosera, mission, 657 1 . Moosh, massacre of Christians, 1158 2 . Moosonee, see established, 9722 ; Bishop Horden cons., 9742, Moot, G. S., president, 4441 . Mooteea, mission, 657 1 . Moquin-Tandon, Horace Benedict Alfred, b.,715i; d., 7362. Mora, action at, 11322. , Francis, b. (1827); cons, bp., 2983. , Juan Rafael, b. (1814) ; president, 6303, 631' ; deposed, 6311 ; d. (I860). Moradabad, mission, 10483. Moraes, Prudente, b. (1844±) ; president, 5602; plot to kill, 5583. Moral, Don Jose Zorilla y, works, 11311 , Morales, Ambrosio de, b.-d., 1128 2 ; works, 11291. , Augustin, b.-d. ,5502; president, 5512, — — , Francisco de, works, 11101. , Fr. Xavier, gov., 6053. , Gen., surrenders Vera Cruz, 1621 . Moral Ode, written, 8503. Moran, Edward, b. (1829); works, 2641, 2841 , 3021 , 3081 , 3141 , 318I , 3221 . , M. J., gift to, 3722. , Patrick, cons, bp., 9603, card., 4982. , Thomas, b., 1482 ; works, 1902, 2411, 2801, 2981, 3081, 3121, 3181; member Nat. Acad, of Design, 3181 . Morand, Sauveur Francois, b., 6943 ; d., 7043. Moranza, Gen. Francisca, pres., 6311 . Morat, Charles, routed, 7861 . Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de, b.-d., 11283; works, 11311. Moravia, cholera, 415 2 . Moravia, Aust., Christianity in, 5022 ; at- tacked, 5021; Q er . ru i e of; powerful; Hungarians in, 5031 ; Bela IV. defeated, 5041 ; Albert V. obtains, 5073 ; con- quered, 6361 ; Conf. at Oltnutz, 6411 ; oc- cupied, 8021; evacuated, S243 ; treaty for, 8251; strike, 5311. Moravians, Aust. missions, 4962 ; brothers appear, 5082 ; Cape Colony missions, 5981 4-; church in N. Ger. ; commence Hernnhut, 8003 ; Wesley observes, 9083 ; Missions Aid Society, London, 9381 . , in America, missions in W. I. ; in Greenland, 622, 643, 711 ; in Guiana ; in Ga.,623; inN.Y.; Pa., 643, 3301 ; Zinzen- dorf visits, 65 1 ; missions opposed,N.Y., 66 2 ; in Labrador, 69 1 , 763; in Jamaica; at St. Croix, 691 ; at St. Johns ; in Gua- temala, 10381 ; i u Nicaragua, 11032; in O., 711 ; iu Barbadoes, 742; \y. 1,; j n o. valley, 76 3 ; converts massacred, 951 ; in Alas., 2542, 3202, 3223, 3742 j favor temperance, 3311 ; Easter service, 3801 ; Comenius celebrated, 4041 . Moray, Scot., see erected, 8502, goss. , Earl of, title created, 8731 . , Sir Robert, Royal Soc.,8901 ; d.(1673). Morazan, Gen. Francisco, b. (1792) ; in- vader, 6303; d. (1842). Mordaunt, Charles, Earl of Peterborough, b., 888 2 ; at Barcelona, 6961; minister, 8992; d., 9082. , Frank, b., 1522. Mordecai, advanced in power, 1147 2 . , Alfred, b. (1804) ; col., 3741 ; d. (1887). Morden. Lord. (See Yorke, Charles.) More, Hannah, b., 9103; works, 9231 9291 , 9352; d.,9412. , Henry, b., 8801 ; d., 8962. , Sir Thomas, b., 8642; works, 8671, 8691 ; lord chancellor; resigns, 8692; exe- cuted, 8681 ,2. Morea, Gr., ceded, 5151 ; Fr. army occupy, 7241; conquest of, 10341, 10352; Vene- tians expelled, 10341 ; uprising in, 10342; taken from Turks, 10353; Venice loses, 10781 ; Venetians' authority restored ; given to Turk., 10833; subdued, 11572. Moreas, Prudente de, b., 5542. Moreau, Hegesippe, b., 7191 ; d., 7282. , Jean Victor, b.,7023; Fr. Gen., 5181 ; at Pirmasens, 7101, 806 1 ; at Radstadt ; driven across Rhine, 7122; at Hohenlin- den, 7141 ; arrested ; sentenced ; exiled, 7153; at Engen, 8062; killed, 5201 ,7211 . , Louis, consecrated bishop, 5841 . Morehead, Charles Slaughter, b. (1802) ; gov. Ky., 1792; d. (1868). , James Turner, b. (1797) ; gov. Ky., 1452; d. (1854). Morehouse, A. G., governor Mo., 3293. — -, Albert P., d., 3922. Morel, Frederic, b., 6822; d., 6882. Moreland, Sir Samuel, b., 8802. Morell, Geo. Webb, b. (1815) ; at Malvern Hill, 2092; d. (18S3). Morellet, Andre, b. (1727); works, 7231; d. (1819). Morelos y Pavon, Jose Maria de, b.; re- volt ; besieged ; d., 10951 . Moreri, Louis, b., 6383; Dictionnaire His- torique, 6931 ; d., 6923. Mores, Marquis de, duel, 7593, 7623, 7631 ; arrested, 7603; anarchist, 7611; assails Hebrews, 7642. Moret, Henry, duel, 7643. Moreto, Augustin, b. (1618±); works, 11292; d. (1669). y Cabana, Augustin, b.-d., 11283. Moreton Bay explored, 4941 ; convict penal station, 4943. Moreville, Hugh de, kills Becket, 8512. Morey, Samuel, b. (1762) ; stern-wheel steamboat, 1042; d. (1843). forgery circulated, 3051 . Mm-^agni, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. Morgan Park, 111., Baptist Union Theo. Seminary organized, 2583. , Abel,b.(1673); onBaptism,663;d.,962. , Charles Hale, b., 1561 ; d. (1875). , Daniel, b., 622; atCowpens; in South Carolina, 923; d., 1102; statue, 3073. , N., in treas. department, 4472. , Edwin Dennison, b. (1811) ; gov. N.Y., 1871 ; d.,3122. , George Nelson, b. (1825) ; d., 2521 . , Osborue, judge-adv.-gen., 9853. , W., b. (1820) ; vote for, 2733; d., 4101. , Henry, b. (1635 ?) ; buccaneer leader; at Porto Bello, 421 ; in Costa Rica, 6302; at Havana, 6311 ■ d. (1688). , J. B., killed, 4083. , John, phys., b., 622; d. (1789). , , killed, Canada, 5883. , Hunt, b., 1341 ; at Big Hurricane Creek, 2001; at Cumberland Gap, 2091; atCynthiaua; raids, 2101 ,2231 ; a t Paris, 2102; a t Gallatin, 2103; at Edgetield Junction ; captures Gallatin, 2121 ; reaches Lexington, Ky., 2123, 2142; raid inKy., 2142,3; at Bardstown ; threatens Louisville, 2143; near Lebanon; near Nashville, 215'; at Munfordville, 2163; at Cainsville, 2183; at Brady ville, 219'; at Snow Hill, 2202; crosses Ohio River at Brandenburg ; at Burkesville ; at Green River Bridge ; at Lebanon, 2242; at Har- rison ; at Vernon; at Verlage, 2243; raiders captured ; attempts to recross Ohio, 225' ; captured, 2261 ; escapes, 22S3; 2d raid into Ky., 234 1 ; invests Frank- fort ; defeated at Jit. Stirling, 2342; 8 ur- renders,2462; k. at Greenville, 2381 ,2392. , Pierpont, b. (1837) ; gifts, 4042. , Tyler, b., 1321 ; arbitrator, 4252; speech, 4392. , Junius Spencer, b. (1813) ; gift, 9983. , K. H., at Davis Mills, 2163; at Deca- tur, 2392. — -, Lewis Henry, b., 1262; d., 3082. , Michael R., commissioned col., 3641 ; in war dept., 447 2 ; brig.-general, 4721. , Pritchar, discovered gold, 9961. , Lady (Sydney Owenson), b., 9203; d., 9622. , Tutor, Methodist, 9083. , Thomas J., in interior dept., 351 2 . , William, b., 823; abduction of; anti- Mason excitement, 135 2 ; d., 1341. College org., Baltimore, 2543. Morganslown, Ky., skirmish at, 2143. Moi-ganton, X. Cl, insane asylum opened, 3152; deaf and dumb school, 3983. Morgarten, Switz., Aust. defeated, 5041. Morqenblad issued, 11042. Morghen, Ratfaelo S., b., 10842; d., 10862. Morhof, Daniel G., d., 7982. Moriarty, Daniel, captured, 9703; exe- cuted, 9983. , Captain David, killed, 600 1 . Morier, James, b., 9211 ; d., 9542. Morija mission, 5982. Morillo Pablo, Gen., at Angostura, 11602; d. (1838). Morin, Frederic, b., 7242; d., 7482. , Jean, b., 6842; d., 690 2 . Morini yield to Rome, 1058 2 . Moriones, General, at Oroquieta, 11321. Morison, James, religious leader, 9503. , August. Cotter, b. (1832); d.,9982. Morisonians suspended, 9503. Moritz, Karl Philip (Anton Reiser), b. (1757) ; works, 8052. Mork, Jakob Henrik, works, 11351 . Morland, George, h., 9162. Morley mission, 5981 . , Arnold, minister, 10092. , Earl of, title created, 9372. , Earl of. (See Parker, A. E.) , Henry, b., 9403; works. 9682, 978s, 9963 ; d. (1894). , John, b., 9482; minister, 9952, 9992; works, 9763,9843; resolution, 10092. , Samuel, statue, 9961 . Mormons, Book of M. written (?), 1211 ; J. Smith's vision, 131 1 ; J. Smith's dis.,1343 ; 1st church org., 13(13; in Ohio, 1383, 1402; Book of M. pub., 1391 ; in Mo., 1402; op- posed, 1423; 12 Apostles org., 1442; sur- render, 1481 ; in 111. ,1502, 1511 , 1582, 1603, 1642; J. Smith k., 1563; B. Young pres., 1582; missionaries; in Utah, 1622, 1643; temple burned, 1642; State Deseretfmd., 1792; revolt, 1812, 1832; U.S. army sent, 1841; Morrisite trouble, 2093; mission- aries sent out, 2562, 3142, 3562; a rebel- lion, 2691 ; protest favoring polygamy, 2703; sulfrage tor women; polygamists denied civil rights, 2711 ,2; militia dis- persed, 2742; B. Young resigns temporal power, 2802; John Taylor pres., 2962; Brigham Young Coll., 3002; Edmunds's Anti-Polygamy Bill, 3111, 3203, 3233; polygamists expelled. 315 2 ; saints as- semble, 3382, 3662, 3S01 , 4162, 4401 ; per- secuted, 3423, 3462; mmtiles elect, 3523; in Wyo., 3622; Church Property Bill, 3612, 3631; renounce polygamy, 3683; defeated by Liberals, 3803; capstone of temple set, 4041 ; Harrison's proclama- tion, 4213 ; legislature enfranchises, 4231 ; dedicate temple, 4261 ; London confs., 9762, ys.e.2 ; synod at I.ond., 9702. Mornay, Philippe de (l)u Plessis-Mornay), b., 6822; Works, 6843; d., 6863. Momingside Coll. (Meth.), est. at Sioux City, la. (1894). Mornington, Earl of, title created, 9132. , Earl of, governor-general, 10472. Morny, Comte de, Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, b.,719i ; minister, 7313; d.,^362. Morocco (see text, p. 11101); treaty with U.S., 992,3; convert, with Ger,, 8352; G. B. demands indemnity of, 1001 2 ; in- vaded, 11101 ; war with Sp.,1130'; settles Sp. claims, 11333. Morosco discovers Kamchatka, 11141. Morosini, Francisco, at Morea, 10341 , Morpeth R. K. accident, 9833. Morphy, Paul Charles, b., 1482; d. (1884). Morrell, William, first 1'. E. service, 301 . Morrill, Anson P., b., 1102. , David L., governor N. H., 1332. , Justin Smith, b., 1162; on committee of 33, 189'; war prediction, 2033; direct tax bill, 34S 3 ; on Reconstruction Com- mittee, 241)3; reports Funding Bill, 2513; on Sherman Law, 4371 . , Lot Myrick, b. (1815) ; gov. Me., 1852; secretary treasury, 2931 ; d., 3121 . Funding Bill Intro.; defeated, 2513; bill becomes law, 257 2 . Silver Bill, 2612. - — Tariff Bill, 1872; bill passes, 193'; becomes operative, 1932. Morris Canal, N. J., 1333, 1393. Creek, Mass., action at, 82' . Island, S. C, Confederates defeated, , Alex., governor Red River, 583 a . , Baron, title created, 931' . , Benj. Wistar, b. 1819) ; bishop, 264». , Charles, b.,962; d., 178'. , Clara, b., 1602. , Edward Dafydd, b. (1825) ; modera- tor, 2902. , George Pope, b., 1102; works, 149', 1523; d., 2373. , Sylvester, b., 1522. , Gouverneur, b., 683; recalled, 1053; d., 1242. , Sir John, gov. Ire., 8592. , Sir , gen., attacks Vigo, 1128' . , Lewis, b. (1671); gov. N. J., 652; d., 108'. , Luzon B., gov., 3692, 4151 , 447' . , Robert, b., 622; gift to soldiers, 852; Morr-Mugf. Text Figures denote Page. IN Oil. X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1341 supt. of finance, 933,972; treasurer, 952; d., 1122; celebrated, 4733. Morris, Robert Hunter, b. (1700+) ; gov. Pa., 693. , ■ H., mayor of N. Y., 1552. , R., ordained M. E. bp., 1243. , Thomas, of O., b., S5i; nom. vice- pres. candidate, 157' ; vote, 1592. , , senator, d., 156 2 . , Asbury,b., 1042; bp. , 1462; d.,2S42. , Armstrong, b. (1811) ; gen. at Carrick's Ford, 1962. , William, b., 9462; works, 9623, 972a, 10063; forms Socialist League, 995 1 . Brown OoU. (Metb. Epis. S.) est. at Atlanta, Ga. (1881). and Smith expedition sails, 9121. Island, S. C, Confederates defeated, 2223; Gen. Gillmore at, 2242. Morrisey, John, fights Sullivan, 1732,3; defeats Heenan, 185* ; in Cong., 2591 . Morrisites defy, 2003; convicted, 2213. Morrison, Joseph Wanton, b. (17S3) ; gen. at Chrystler's Field, 1203; d. (1S26). , Col., at Monticello, Ky., 2211 . , Ernest, crosses continent, 49S1 . , J. G. W., stoned to death, 4443. , Robert, matricide, 450 2 . , , b., 9223; miss., 6163; d., 9462. , Wm. Ralls, b. (182-5); vote, 3051 ; nom. for pres., 4092; interstate Commerce Com., 3512, 4473. observatory, at Glasgow, Mo., 286i . Tariff Bill, 3172,3251. Morristown, Mo., action at, 1982. , N. J., Washington at, 861 , 911 ; mu- tiny at, 923 ; asylum for insane, 2923; centennial First Presb. church, 3923. , Term., Confederates captured, 2393. , Vt., anniversary, 3633. Morrisville, N. J., Connors suicide, 4G32. Coll. (Meth. Epis.) est. at Morrisville, Mo. (1872). Morrow, Jer.,b.,762; gov. 0.,1313; d.,1701. • Census Amendment Bill passes, 3551 . Morse, Allen B., nom. for vice-pres., 4092, , Dr., fnds. Chris. Knowledge Soc.,1123. -, Edward Sylvester, b., 1501 . , Elijah J., b.,1522. , F. H., on Committee of 33, 1891 . , Jedediah, b., 723; works, 1023, H03; d., 1342. , John J., Jr., Abraham Lincoln, 4462. , missionary, Bulg., 5653. , Richard Gary, b. (1795); iV. Y. Ob- server, 1312; d., 2622. , Samuel Finley Breese, b., 1022; ex- hibits telegraph, 148 1 , obtains patent, 1521 ; appropriation, 1541 ; telegraphs, 1561 ; offers telephone, 1593; $80,000 from Fr., 1861; d., 2762. , Sidney E., N. Y. Observer, 1312; d., 2742; statue, 2741. Mortara, It., action at, 5222. , Edgar, restoration refused, 9632. Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Jos., Due de Treviso, b., 7042; invades Han- over, 7141 ; at Ocana, 7181 ; d., 7262. Mortimer, Edmund, E. of March, b.(1390i); revolt, 8613 ; gov. Ire., 8631 ; d. (1424). , Edward, gov. Ire., 8611 . , Roger, E. of March, b.,8.42; treachery, 8553; condemned, 8573; gov.; k., 8612. Mortimer's Cross, Eug., battle of, 8641 . Mortlach, see of erected, 8462. Morton Bay, penal station, 4943; free set- tlement, 4971 . , Charles B., hi navy dept., 4472. , Earl of, title created, 8631. , E. of (James Douglas), b., 8681 ; re- gent, restores Episcopacy, 8743; d. (1581). , Henry, scholar, b., 1462. . Joseph, gov. S. C, 492. , John, b. (1420±); archbp. Canterbury, S622; d. (1500). , J. Sterling, gov. Neb., 1852 ; nom. for gov., 4151 ; sec. agriculture, 4271 . , Levi P., b. (1824); nom. for pres., 3311 ; vice-president, 337 2 ; loss by fire, 435 3 ; gov. N. T., 4712; coachman's case, 4752. -, Marcus, b., 962; gov. Mass. 1333, 1531, 1572; d., 2312. , Nathaniel, b., 261; work, 443; d.,48i. , Oliver Perry, b., 1303; gov. lnd., 2032; ' nom. for pres. contest, 2931; on Com- mittee of Seven, 2933; Electoral Com- mission, 2951 ; d. (1877). , Samuel George, b.. b>S2; works, 1331 , 1443, 1511, 1583; d., 1682. Morton, Thomas, b., 9162; d., 9482. , Wm. Thos. Green, b., 128i ; d., 2622. Mortough, reigns in Ire.; policy, 8493. Moryson, F., gov. Va., 413. Mosby, John S., at Al.lie, 2191 ; at Fair- fax Courthouse. 2201 ; a t Dranesville, 2202; at Warrenton Junction, 2212; near Dranesville, 2302. Moscheles, Ignaz, b., 8063; d., 8263. Moseheroseh, Hans M., works, 7871 . Moseoso, Luis Alvarado de, b. (1505); leader expedition, 223; d. (1561). Moscow, burned; captured; tvremlin fnd., ravaged, 11141 ; great bell made, 1114 2 ; Cathedral of Assumption built, of Transfiguration ; patriarchate est., 11143; Aposto/ printed; czar overthrown; fnd. ; Moskovskia ll'iedoinosti issued ; Univ. fnd.; printing-press set up, 11151 ; capital of Rus., 11152; burned in war with Fr., 7183; Wiedomosti revived; St. Nicholas' Cathedral built, 11171 ; Russkoi V'yestnik revived, 11183; cong. of Slavs; R.R. opd. to St. Petersburg, 11193; ca- thedral mined; students arrested, 11211 ; martiallaw proclaimed, 1121 2; influenza, 11213; Holy Coat in Cathedral, 11221; robbery from Kremlin, 11223. Moseley, Henry, b., 9303; d., 9762. , Wm. D., b. (1795); gov., 1611 ; d. (1S63). Moselle, bursts boilers, 1493. , silver shipment, 6093. Moselle, Fr., army retreats, 8261 . Mosenthal, Salomon Hermann von, b., 8122; works, 8182, S222; d., 8282. Moser, Friederieli K.von, b., 8002; d., 8063. , Johann Jakob, b., 7983; d., 8042. , Justus, b. (1720); works, 8032; d. (1794). Moses, adopted in king's family; history of, 11403, 11413; Jethro counsels, 11412; at Egyptian court, 6482, 6493 ; sends spies, 11401 , report, 11413; builds Taber- nacle, 11402 ; excluded from Canaan, 11403; writes Pentateuch; Song of ; d., 11411. , Bernard, pres. University Cal., 4142. , Charles L., d., 1781 . , Franklin J., Jr., gov. S. C, 2SH ; es- capes trial, 2842. Mosetta, mission at, 11241. Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von, b.,7982; d., S023.- Moshesh, d., 6013. Moslem empire, culmination, 4853. Inst. inN. Y., 4761. Moslems destroy churches, Egy., 6543; exe- cuted, 11582. (See text, pp. 4S3-488.) Mosley, Capt., expels Indians, 461 . Mosque of Amro, erected at Cairo, 6542, of Hassan, erected, 6542. of Tooloon, at Cairo, 6542. Mosquera, Tomas Cipriano, b. (1798); dic- tator ; invitation ; seizes gov't. ; pres., 629i,2; struggle with cong.; deposed; sentenced, 6293; d. (1878). Mosquito Coast, annexed, 1103 2 ,3. Reservation vs. Nicaragua, 4711 . Mosse, Bartholomew, est. hospitals, 911 2 . Mossel Bay, mission, 601 1 . Mossy Creek, Tenn., Carson-Newman Coll. fnd., 1663; Confederates defeated, 2301. Most, John, anarchist, arrested,3232, 3531 ; sentenced, 3852. Mostar, Herzegovina, action at, 5281. Mostyn, Baron, title created, 9451 . Mosul annexed to Turkey, 1157 2 . Mot.azilites, Mussulman' theology, 4851 . Mo/her Goose's Tales published, 583. Motherwell, William, b., 9283 ; works, 943i ; d., 9462. Motley, John Lothrop, b., 133 1 ; minister to Eng., 2672; requested to resign, 271 2 ; works, 1802, 1881 , 2043, 2863 ; d., 2942. Mott, Alexander Brown, b. (1826) ; reports of hydrophobia, 3241 ; d., 3442. , Lucretia, b., 1042 ; d.,3041. , Valentine, b., 962 ; d., 2471 . Motte, Antoine Houdart de la, b. (1672) ; work, 6991; d. (1731). Motteville, Francois Bertantde, b. (1621±). M&noires, 6932; d. (1689). Mouchot, M., scientific experiments, 10 3 . Moukden mission, 6223; fortified, Japan- ese approach, 0263. Moule, Geo. Evans, cons, bp., 9862. Moulin, Gen., in Prairial revolt, 7133. , Quignon, Fr., human jaw found, 7361 . Moultrie, Wm., b., 621 ; takes Ft. Johnson, 803; at Port Royal, S. C, 90i ; d., 1122. Moulu mission, 6003. Mound-builders, relics, 3382, 3661 , 396! . City, Ark., burned, 2182. Valley, Kan., train robbery, 4363. Mounier, Jean Joseph, b., 7023; d., 7162. Mount Allison, Wes. Fern. Coll. fnd., 5803. Angel College, Ore., fnd., 3283. Auburn, annexed to Cincinnati, 2733. Cenis R. R. opd., 10893 ; tumiel built, 10882 ; opened, 11383. Coke mission, 5972. Desert Island Me., pillaged, 28i ; colony on, 291 ; mission, 5713. Gretna, Pa., farmers' encampment, 3662; Chautauqua meeting, 4322. Hamilton, Cal., Lick Observatory begun, 3041 ; solar eclipse observed, 3841 . HolvokeColl.,MaryA.Bingkam,pres., 3383 ; E. Storrs B. Mead, pres., 3562. Hood, earthquake and eruption, 2481. Hope, Mass., Indians attack, 462. Lebanon University, La., org., 1731 . Lyceum, Gr., action at, 10262. Pleasant, la., Wcsleyan Univ. org., 1571 ; fnd., 1782; German Coll. est., 2822. , Pa., explosion of (ire-damp, 377 a ; Moonshiners captured, 4002. St. Elias, Prof. Russell ascends. 394* . St. Louis Coll., Can., burned, 5942. St. Mary's Coll. fnd., Md., 1143. Shasta partly disappears, Cal., 3601. Sinai, Arabia, discovered, 4881 . Sterling, Ky., action at, 2102; Confed- erates take ; retaken, 220 1 ; Confeds. de- feated, 2342 ; Morgan surrenders, 2462. Tabor, Turks defeated, 650' , 7122. Union Coll., O., fnd., 1611 , 1843. Vernon, Ala., arsenal seized, 1901. , 111., cyclone, 32S1 . , la., Cornell College fnd., 1822. , N. Y., Hamilton member Nat. Academy Design, 3501 . , V'a., spared, 94 1 ; purchased, 1851 . Washington, N. H., incline R. R.,2553;. signal station, 3621 ; fire, 4352. Wollaston, Mass., settled, 312. Zion, Mo., action at, 2021 . Stephen, Baron, title created, 10052. , William S.,b., 1141; works, 1481, 2641;. d., 2641. Mountain Meadow, massacre, 1823. Mountcashel, Earl, title created, 9231. Mountebanks first sung, 4161 . Mountgarret, Vise, of, title created, 871 1 . Mountjoy, Deputy, besieges Span., 8761. Mountmorris, Lord, shot, 9863. Mouradgea D'Ohason, b.-d., 11563. Mourning dress forbidden. Russia, 11191. Mourzoufle, Emp., put to death, 11541 . Moussa Bey exiled to Syria. 115S 3 . Moiistier, Marquis de, minister, 7372. Mouti enthroned, 613 1 . Mouton, Alex, gov. La., 1552. , Jean Jacques, Alex. Alfred, b. (1829) ;: d., 2312. Moutshobo Burmese war, 10482. Muu Wang enthroned, 6112. Mowatt, Mrs. (See Ritchie, Mrs.) , Lieut., at Falmouth, Me., 803. Mowbray, Baron, title created, 8551. , Lord, executed, 8613. , H. Siddons, in Acad, of Design, 3981 . Moweni, slave village, 8383. Mower, Gen. Joseph Anthony, b. (1827) ; captures Confederates, 2303; at Pleasant Hill, 2311; d.,2681. Mowing-machine invented, 9282. Moya y Contreras, Pedro de, b.-d., 11282. 3Iozaml>ique, Brit, flag raised, 6033. Co. extends territory, 11113. Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, b., 8023 ; works, 5163, 5171, 2, 8041; visits Eng., 9161; d.,S043. MozufferinEgy.,6541. Mpbnda, li. C. colony at, 11121 . Mpwapwa mission ; attacked, 8383. Mtesa,King, convert 5612; lapses ; d. ,5613. Muazzim reigns as Bahadur Shah ; 10451. Mubarie reigns, 10433. Mttcke, Hemrieh Kurl Anton, b., S083. Mucklerat, Pa., opposition to rlag, 3543. Mucla Hassim, Sarawak, 5521 . Mudd, J. J., at Woodville, 2143. , S. A. , assassination plan, 2431 ; sen- tenced, 2482, 3. Mudie, Robert, b. (1777) ; d., 9502. Mufti of Moosh decorated, 11591. Mugford, Capt., captures Hope, 822;, cruises near Boston, 823. 1342 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column, Mllgg— Musi. Muggleton, Lndowick, b., 87S 2 ; leader, 8882; d., 9002. Muggletonians, rise of, 8882. Muliamniad Khan rules, 5391. Muhlbaeh, Luise (Mrs. Mundt); b., 8103; Frederick, S202, 3; d., 8281 , Mulilberg, Prus., battle of, 7901 . Muhlenberg College org., Pa., 2583. mission, 1161 3 . , Frederick Augustus, I >. (1750); speaker, 1012, 1032; d. (1801). , Henry Melchior, b.,7983; in Pa., 651 , d., 982,3. , John Peter Gabriel, b., 662 ; com- missioned brig. -gen., 86 1 ; d., 1141. , Wm. Augustus, b., 1061 ; d., 2942. Muhler von, resigns, 8273. Miihlhausen, Prus., battle of, 7881, 7962 ; alliance with Swiss Confederation, 789 2 ; articles of, 789 3 ; Socialists' bloody riot, 8331. Muir, Thomas, transported, 9272. Muirhead, John, d., 9941. Mukhtar, Pasha Achmed, b. (1832) ; de- feats insurgents, 328' ; at Kars, 5651 . Muktuddir reigns in Egy., 6552. Muktuffee reigns in Egy., 6552. Mukur insurrection, 6 2 . Mulbe, Gen. von, commander, 8221. Mulberry-trees, silkworms in Eng., 8762. Mulder, Gerardus Johannes, b. (1802) ; protein intro., 11021 ; d. (1880). Mules, Chas. Oliver, cons, bp., 10082. Mulford, Col., exchanges prisoners, 2401. , Elisha.b. (1833); .Wm»,2723; d.,3202. Mulgrave, Baron, title created, 917 2 . , Earl of, gov. N. S-, 5792. , Lord, lord of admiralty, 9332. Miilhausen annexed to Fr., 8073. Mull, coast of, diving-bell, 8921. Mullen, Tobias, cons. R. C. bp., 2622. Miiller, Charles Louis, b., 7222; d., 7621 . •, Friedrich Maximilian (Max Miiller), b., 9403; works, 9523, 9623, 9083, 9842; Spelling Reform Asso., 9843. , George, b. (1805) ; fnds., institution, 9463; fnds. Bristol orphan-house, 9491 . ■, Gerhard Frederick, b., 11142 ; work, 11151; d., 11142. , Gottwerth, "work, 8051 . , Johann, b., 8071 ; d., 8201. , Julius, b., 8071 ; d., 828=. -, Karl Otfried, b., 8063 ; works, 8131, 8152; d., 8143. , Otto Frederick, b., 638i ; d. t 6382. , Sophie, b., 8082; d., 8142. , vonKbnigswinter Wolfgang, b.,812i ; d., 8281. , Wilhelni, b., 8063 ; works, 8131 ; d., 8141. Mulligan, James A., b. (1830) ; at Lexing- ton, 1983 ; drives Early, 2301 ; d. (1864). Mulocli, Dinah Maria. (See Craik, Mrs.) Mulreadv, William, b., 9242; d., 96G2. Multan, or Mooltan, taken, 10421; Brit. assassinated, 10462 ; mission, 1046 3 ; in Sepoy rebellion, 1048 L Kennyree besieged, 104G2. Multasche, Margaret, marries Louis, 7831 ,2; countess of Tvrol,507i ; divorced, 5072; d., 5062. Multiple Candidate Bill passes, Fr., 7591. Mulvihill, Jermiab II., wounded, 4502. Mumford, Paul, gov. R. I., 1133. , William B., cuts down flag, 20G3 ; hanged, 2083. Mummius, Lucius, at Leucoptra, 10281; sends art treasures to Rome, 10563. Muncaster, Baron, title created, 9231. Muncer. (See Munzer, Thomas.) Miinch, Peder Andreas, b., 11041; works, 11042; d., 11041. Bellinghausen, Eligius Franz Joseph von,b.(lMfn;> ; works, 5203, 5242; d. (1871). Miinchengratz;, Bohemia, sovereigns meet, 5212; battle at, 8241. Miinchhausen, Baron, Karl Friedrich Hieronyinus von, b., 7983; d., 8063. Munck, Ehha, marries Prince Oscar, 11363. Munda, battle of, 10602. Munday, Col., at Lick Ford, 2041 . Mundeila, Anthony James, b. (1S25); min- ister, 9952, 10092. Munden, Joseph Shepherd, b. (1758) ; last appearance, 9402; d. (1832). Mundt, Theodor, b., 8083; works, 8152; d., 8202. , Mrs. Theodor. (See Muhlbacb.Luise.) Mundy, Robert M., governor Egy., 5643. Muneepur, Maharajah abdicates, 10493. Muneepuris massacre Ghoorkhas, 10482. Munford, Gen., at Favmville, 2451 . Munfordville, Ky., Federals defeated ; Confederates defeated, 2131, 2163. Mungeli mission, 10491 . Munich, fnd., 7773 ; capital, 7812 ; Royal Library, 7923; captured, 7001 , 8001 ; Mo- reau enters, 7141 ; surrenders, 7942; Par- nassus Boieus issued, 8003 ; Univ. of Landshut joins Acad, of Science, S132 ; revision treaty, 819 1 ; insurrection, 817 1 ; Exhibition, 8261, 8313, 8341; Univ., Dr. Ddllinger, rector, 8263. Municipal Bill, New, Fr., passes, 7453. Corporation Act passes, G. B., 951 2 . League org., Boston; permanent, 4522. , Nat. org., 4003 ; meets, 4762. Reform Leaguefounded, London, 9871 . Munn, Edward, Ill-treats Chinamen, 4443. Munro-Ryan case, N. Y., 3952. , Maj. Hector, at Baxar, India, 10442. , Norman L., d., 4521 . Munroe, James, d., 2702. Munster, Count, in London Confer., 9932. , Earl of, title created, 945i . Munster, Prus., bishopric est., 7703; be- sieged ; burned, 7772 ; seized, 7901 ; sur- rendered, 7903 ; increase in. rime, 9883 ; toll imposed, 1101 2 ; Bank, payment stopped, 9953. Miinstei'kerehe of Essen cons., 7723. Muntz, M., Histoire, etc., 7662. Munzer, Thomas, b. (1490+) ; preacher, 7891; leader, 7881,7892,7911; org. Ana- baptists, 7891 ; executed, 7881. Mupng captured, 4823. Murad. (See Amurath.) Bey, war with Ibrahim Bey, 6571; battle of Pyramids, 7122. Khan, sultan, Bokharan service, 6 2 . Murat, Joachim, b., 7042 ; a t Aboukir, 6561 ; marries Napoleon's sister, 7152 ; at Prenzlau,716i ; grand duke of Berg,7172; in Sp., 7162 ; in Vienna, 5183 ; K. of Naples, 7173 ; commands Fr. army, 7183; at Tolentino, .3201 , 7221 ; leaves It., 5201 ; alliance with Aust., 1087 1 ; at Modcna, 10861 ; waragainst Aust., 10871 ;shot,722i. , editor, sentence, 7503. Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, b., 10S31 ; works, 10833; d., 10842. Mureay, Villette de, b., 6922. Murchison, Sir Roderick Impev, b., 9262 ; d.,9761. Murcia subdued, 11253, 11273; taken, 11261 ; cholera in, 11323. Murdoch of Albany, regent, 8631 . , James E., b., 1163 ; d., 4301 . , Sir Thomas William, d., 5921 . , William, b. (1754) ; on coal gas, 9261 , 9282 ; d. (1856). Murdock, JameB, b., 851 ; d,, 1781 . Muret, Fr., Albig<-nses defeated, 6701. Murfree, Mary Noailles (Charles Egbert Craddock), b. (1S50±) ; works, 3183, 3231 , 3311. Murfreesboro, Tenn., Union Coll. org., 1643 ; Soule Coll. fnd., 1723 ; Unionists meet, 2093 ; Feds, defeated, 2101 ; battle of, 2171 ; Confederates defeated, 2402, 3. Murger, Henri, b. (1822) ; works, 7302 ; d. (1861). Mm'iatic powder invented, 7061 . Murillo, Bartolome Esteban, b.-d., 11283 ; works, 11282, Toro, Manuel, b.-d., 6282 ; pres., 6291,2. Murner, Thomas, b. ( 7862; works, 7871, 7892 d., 7902 Murphy, Arthur, b., 9081 ; d., 9323. , Daniel, cons, bishop, 9541 . , Edward, temperance advocate, 4191 . , , Jr., senator, b., 146 2 . , Francis, reformer, 2831 . , Isaac, governor Arkansas, 2413. , J. Francis, in Acad. Design, 3281 . , James, pres. Ref. synod, 1503, 1523. , Jerry, opens jail, 4683. , John, at Vinegar Hill, 9281 . , ,l>. | i78fi); gov. Ala., 1333; d. (1841). , McLeod, b., 1342 ; at Readyville, 2122; d., 2741. , Joseph, b., 1502. , Michael, killed, 9281 . , N. O., gov. Ariz., 4212. , police captain, trial, 4522. varnish syndicate sell, 357 3 . Murray River explored, 4941 . Murray, Alexander, b., 9191 ; d.,9363. , David, b., 1381 ; in Japan, 4783. , Eli H., governor Utah, 3052. , G. W., b., 1722 ; speech, 4403. , James, archbp.,IrishNational School system, 9443 ; consecrated bishop, 9681. , Augustus Henry, b. (1837); works, 9631,8923. , Gen. James, at Montreal, 5743; gov.- gen., 5753, 5772. , Sir J., at Castalla, 7183. , John, b., G42; first American sermon, 762 ; d., 1242. , , publisher, b., 9203 ; d., 10081 . , Joseph, gilt to Columbia Coll., 69i . , Lindley, b., 662; works, 1003,1063, , Nicholas, b. (1803) ; moderator, 1662; d. (1861). , Pendleton, governor Texas, 2293. , Robert, sets up penny post, 8953. , William, sails for China, 6222; es- tablishes mission to blind, 9962. , , E. of Mansfield, b., 9022 ; chief justice, 9152 ; declaration, 923 1 ; d., 9263. , Henrv Harrison, b., 1522. , Vans, b., 723 ; d. (1803). Murrell, Capt. Hamilton, gift to; knighted, 6422 ; rescues JJantneerk, 6423. Murrumbidgee River explored, 4942. Murska di, lima, b. (1S43±) ; d., 5302. Musa, b. (600 * ) ; conquests, 4841 ; d. (71S). Chelebi attacks* 'onstantinople, 11561 . Khan, ameer, 63; submits to Brit., 71 . , Pedro de. missionary, 183. Musseus, d., 10131 . Musaus, Johann Karl August, b., 8002 ; works, 8031 , S052 ; d., 8043. Muscat, Persian rule ; Portuguese in, 4873; driven out, 4861 ; surrenders, 4873, 4883; hurricane; rebellion, 4883. Muscovy Co. in Greenland, 273, 3781. Museum, The., London, issued, 9131. Musgrave, Sir Anthony, gov. S. Afr., 4983, 4992 ; d., 5013 ; 9982. , George Washington, b. (1804); moder- ator, 2642 ; d. (1882). Musgrove, Sir John, lord mayor, 9492. Music, Jubal plays the harp and organ, 11391 ; harp, flute, and pipe, early Egy., 6461 ; the octave devised ; Olympus in- vents the enharmonic system, 10142 ; Pythagoras teaches the music of the spheres ; hymns sung in tragedies, 10162; iEsehylus writes music to his own tra- gedies, 1019 1 ; Archimedes invents water organ, 1055 2 ; choristers sing in Roman tragedies, 10622 ; Egy. intonation of scale, 6522 ; Hucbald invents system of scales, 539 1; ch. music intro., 10722 j musical notes inv., 10721 ; written on staff, 8462 ; uses of measured music cod- ified, Ger., 7762 ; earliest extant, 8521 j musical notes perfected, 10762 ; i s t Dr. of, 8641; 1st public school of music, Milan, 10782 ; Paris Academy Music, est., 6802; sacred drama in Eng., 8701; notes printed, 0822 ; patent for printing, 8741; 1st true oratorios, Rome; opera, Euridiee, at Florence ; operas, Arianna and Orfeo, 10821; God Bless the King, vocalized ; Tempest, 8781 ; harmoniza- tions of tunes, 880 1 ; operas intro. in Eng., Cambridge prof, of music appt., 8961 ■ Italian opera intro., Eng., 9022 ; Ancient Acad, inst.; Handel in London, Rinaldo presented, 9041; Handel in G. B. t 9102, 9123; violin perfected ; pianoforte inv., 10821 , 2 ; Handel's Esther in Eng., 9061 ; 1st Ger. opera, 7943 ; i s t Fr. opera, 6822: Eolian harp inv., 7962; 1st Fr. composer, Pomone, 6922 ; opera ; Royal Soc. Musi- cians org., Eng., 9112 ; Comique, Paris, appears, '0902; Madrigal Soe.,Loiid.,org., 9102; pedal harp inv., 8002; licensed in Eng., 9132; notes printed, Ger., 8022; Mozart in Eng., 9101 ; Mozart's operas, 8041 , 5163 ; Handel commemorations, Eng., 9222, 9461; glass harmonica inv., 8041 ; Beethoven's com posit ions; Haydn's Creation, 5191 • harmonichord inv.,8101 ; Royal Acad, of M. est., London, 9402; Weber's compositions, 8121 ; Mendels- sohn's compositions, 8121, 8141 ; Paga- mm in Loud., 9441 ; accordion inv., 10861 ; tonic sol-fa system, 952 1 ; Meyerbeer's operas, 814 1,81*61 ; Wagner's operas, 8161 , 818 1, 1 8243, 8281; London, 9881 ; Philhar- monic Soc. est., Loud., 9362, 9532 ; Ser- Musi-Napl. Text Figures denote Page. 1JN JJ-hL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1343 aphine appears, Lond., 940 1 ; Musical World issued, 9483 ; Royal Soc. Female Musicians est., 9501 ; Handel Soc, Lond., org., 9521 ; Jennv Lind sings, Lond., 9511 - Tonic Sol-Fa Soc. fnd. ; coll. est., 9582 ; Musical Soc. of Load, org.; .Monday con- certs, Lond., est., 962' ; Handed centenary festival, Lond., 9622 ; Acad, of Music, Lond., fnd. ; Patti sings, London, 9642; Nilsson sings, Lond.; Kellogg sings, Lon- don, 9701 ; concert pitch lowered, Lond., 9721; Grand Opera House built, Paris, 7361 ; Musical Asso. fnd. ,978 1 ; Nat.Train- ing School ; Pirates of Penzance, 9781 ; .Nat. Opera House, Lond., est.; Nat. Train- ing School of Music, Edinburgh, 9801; "Wagner festival, Lond., 9821 ; Patience, 9SS1 ; Musicians' Conf., Brighton, 9883 ; Musical Choir, org. ; Acad. M., Scot., fnd. ; Royal Coll. XL, Lond., opd., 9901 ; Princess Ida, Mik>ido, presented, 9921; symphonion inv.; Joseph Hof man plays, London, 9961; Otto Hegner plays in Lon- don, 9981 ; Compositions Copyright Act, Eng., 9992; oratorios intro. in It., 10S02. Music, U.S.A., singing-school music ap- pears, Mass., 761; Yankee Doodle sang, 912; Hail Columbia sang, 1091; Star Spangled Ban-tier written, 1232, 3.361; Handel and Haydn Soc, Boston, 124 1 ; Messiah, Creation, Boston, 126 1 ; My Country, 'Tis of Thee, written, 1403 ; Operatic Theater in N. Y. fails, 1421; singing lessons in Boston public schools, 1481; philharmonic. Soc, N. Y., first sings, 1541 ; Ole Bull in N. Y"., 1561 ; Jenny Lind in N. Y., 1661 ; Alboni in N. Y., 1701; Sontag in N. Y., 1721; Acad, of Music, N. Y., opd., 1761 ; Ade- laide Phillips in N. Y., 178 1 , 34$i , 3541 ; Parepa lv >sa sings ( 1*57) ; Piccolomini in N. Y., 1841 ; P;uti in N. Y., 1801 ; 0. L. Kellogg in N. Y., 1902; Worcester Musi- cal Asso. org., 229i ; Theo. Thomas soi- rees, N. Y., 2411; Mendelssohn Glee Club, N. Y., 2501 ; N. Eng. Conservatory, Boston, est., 2581 , 2701 ; Salem Oratorio Soc. est., Mass., 258 1 , 278 1 , 2 ; festivals at Cincinnati est., 2641 , 4GO1 ; Nat. Peace Jubilee, Boston, 266 1 ; Der Nordameri- kanische Sangerbund, reorg. at Chicago (1868) ; Orpheus Singing Soc. est., Buf- falo; Harmonic Society, Cincinnati, org., 2681 ; Apollo Musical Club org., Chicago, 2741 ; Beethoven Conservatory org., St. Louis; Orpheus Soc. org., Phila., 276 1 ; World's Peace Jubilee, Boston, 2781; Cleveland Vocal Soc org., 2801; Bee- thoven QuintetClub, 282 1 ; Oratorio Soc, N. Y. a , org., 2841 ; Loring Musical Club org., S. Francisco, 292 1 ; M. Teachers' Nat. Asso. org., 2923, 3482 ; Mozart Club org., Pittsburg, 298 1 ; Symphony Soc; Coll. of Music est., N. Y. ; Cincinnati Coll. of Music; Bach Soc of Cleveland, O., org., 3001 ; Central Music Hall, Chi- cago, est. ; Choral Soc org., St. Louis, 3021; Boston Syinph. Soc. org., 306 1 ; Metropolitan Opera House, N. Y., opd.; Cecilia Ladies' Vocal Soc. org., Brook- lyn; Campanini appears, 3141; Chicago Opera House opd., 320 1 ; Erminie sung; Am. Coll. of Musicians est., 3241 ; Carne- gie Music Hall, fnd., 358 1 , 3821 ; Worces- ter Musical Festival ; standard piano pitch determined, 392 1 ; Lion Tamer sung, 3981 ; Mountehaiiks, Fencing Master sung, 4161 ; Acad. fnd. at Northampton, 4201 ; Sangerfest, N. Y., closes, 462i ; Soc. for Promotion of Music meets, 4641 . Musical World, London, issued, 9483. Musicians, Am. Coll. of, incor., 3241 . , Nat. Soc. of Professional, find., 9903. Musik-Verein, est. in Milwaukee, 1681 . Muskegon, Michigan, tire, 3853. Muskerry, Baron, title created, 9231. Musket, in armies. 7382; matchlock inv., 7882 flintlock used, Eng., 9001 ; j n It., 10822 ; in Burgundy, 6762 ; in Fr., 6861 . Muskingum college org., O., 1491 . Muslin, figured, woven, 1361 ; first made, 8001 ■ mfg. attempted, 9202. Muspilla appears, 7723, Muspratt, James Sheridan, b., 9403 ; d., 9761. Mussa di Carrara, besieged, 10902. Khan submits, 71 . Mussato, Albertino, b. (1261) ; Eccerinus, 10771; d. (1330). Musschenbroek, Pieter von, b.-d., 1101 1; inv. Leyden jar ; inv. pyrometer, 11003. Musseerabad mission, 10483. Musset, Louis Chas. Alfred de, b., 7191; works, 7263, 7271 , 7292, 8152; d., 7322. Mussey, Reuben Dimond, b.,931; d.,2521. Mustali takes Jerusalem, 4872. Mustang Island, Tex., expedition at, 2281. Mu.-lapha 1. reign:;, 11572; d., 11563. II. reigns, 11572. III. reigns, 11572. TV. reigns, 11573. Koprili, grand vizier, 1157 2 . Mustapha et Zeanger, 7051 . Mustareb, revolt, 4S3i ; tribes war, 4841 . Musurus Pasha in Lond., Conference, 9932. Muta, Syria, battle of, 4841. Mutcher, Howard, b. ? 1842. Mutes, deaf instruction, Dr. Wallis, 8871 ; Eng. law against, 9192. Muther, Richard, work, 8362. Mutina. (See Modena.) Mutiny, punished, 5502; f sailors, 8921 . Act, 751 , 9172; first, Eng., passed, 8992. Mutsu Hito, Japan, welcomes foreigners ; reigns, 10931. Mutual Employment Soc, object, 4611. Mutual Rights issued, 1323. Muxica, Martin de, governor, 605 2 . Muybridge, E. J., photographs, 9881. Muza, Saracen leader, 11251. Muziano, Girolamo, b., 10803 ; d., 10823. Mwanga, of W.Afr., 5613, 5621 ,2,3,10023. Mycale, battle of, 10183. Mycenas, Or., fnd., 10133 ; explored, 11581 ; walled, 10141 ; destroyed, 10193. Myddleton, Sir Hugh, "b. (1555) ; d. (1631) ; statue, 9661. . Myer, Albert James, b. (1827) ; d., 304i . Mvers, Abraham C, b. (1812) ; d., 3402. — — , Frederic W. H., work, 44S2. , G. A., surety for J. Davis, 2563. , Harvey, indicted, 4183. My ingyan, occupied, 104*2; mission, 104G3. Mvbc,'battle near. 10523; defeat off, 10603. Mylne, Louis G., elected bishop, 9803. Mynpuri, mission, 10471 . Myographion invented, 8181 . Myonnesus, action at, 10551. Myrocephalus, action at, 10322. Myron, Gr. sculptor, b., 10191. Myronides invade Birotia, 10191. Mysia' ravaged, 10341. Mysore, war with ; second, 10442 ; third, 10461 ; divided, 10472 ; taken, 10473. , Bishop Coadon consecrated, 986 2 . Mysteries played, 6742. Mystery capsizes in Jamaica Bay, 327 3 . of the Mat/ian Kiiu/s issued, 11271. Mysticism in Ger., 7843 ; intro. It., 10723. Mytens, Daniel, b.-d., 10983. Mzab annexed, 102. N. Naaraan comes to Elisha, 11443. Nabonassar reigns, 11452. Nabonidus reigns, 11472. Nabopolassar, viceroy, 11453 ; ally of Cya- xares ; burns himself, 11461 . Nachod, Bohemia, battle at, 8241. Nachtigal, Gustav, b.,8142 ; fnds. colonies, 8313 ; d., 8302. Xacion, La, established, 4913. Nacooche, Ga., gold found, 3022. Nadab, offers fire, 11403 ; king, 11433. Xadal, Bernard Harrison,!.,., 1^42; d. (1870). Nadan captured, 10482. Nadar*s largest balloon, 7361. Naddoddr in Iceland, 11 1 . Nadir Kuli, regent, 11072. Shah, or Kuli Khan, b.-d., 11063; con- quers India, 11062 ; reigns, 11072 j in Afghan., 5'; attacks Oman, 4861; pil- lages Delhi, 10441 ; assassinated, 11072,3. Nadius reigns, 1145 2 . Naevius, works of, 10531 . Nat'els, battle of, 7841 . Nagarkoil, mission, 10462; hospital, 10921 . Nagasaki, Japan, missionaries burned, 10911 ; Dutch privileges, 10913 ; missions, 10922 ; telegraph est., 10943, UlSi. Nagle, dep. -marshal, no jurisdiction, 3571 . Nagoya, mission at, 10922. Nagpur,Ind.,Bp.Kiccazcuns., 9962; taken, 10461 ; under G. B. 10473 ; mission, 10493. Nagri visits Bokhara, 549 2 . Nahant captures Atlanta, 2223. Naharro, Propaladia, 11291. Nahuas in Mexico, 113. Nahum, prophet, 11443. Nails, wrought, 93 1 ; by machinery, 9241 , Naiitchow sinks, 6273. Nairne, Baroness, title created, 8932. , , (Carolina Uliphant), b., 9163 • d., 9522. Naish, John, elianc, 9933, 9951 ; d., 10041 . Naissus. (See Nish.) Najera, Spain, battle of, 858'. Nakhaileh, mission, 6571 . Namaqualand, missionaries in, 5982,3 ; with Cape Colony, 5993 j annexed, 6032. Nam-Dinh, B. Flags beaten ; Fr. conquer ; evacuated, 4.S0*; pirates, 4821,4833. Nameoki, 111., R. R. accident, 4413. Naimtr founders, 9121 . Namur, Belg., taken. 5421 , 6941 , 7001 ; chol- era,5492 ; capitulates, 6941 ; siege of, 900 1 . Nanainio, Can., mine explosion, 5853. Nana-Suhib, b.-d., 10462 ; in rebellion; de- feated, 104S1 ; at Jorway Pass, 1048=. Nance, Albinus, governor Neb., 3033. Nancy, Fr. take, G982 ; acquired, 7033, 743i ; military sedition, 706 1 ; occupied, 7202 ; statue of Joan of Are, 7601 . Nancy Hanks, record, 4133,4152,4173,4373. Nanfan, John, governor N. Y., 552. Nangar, Madras, mission, 10471. Nankeng enthroned, 611 2. Nanking, China, capital. 613 1 , 6152 ; battle at ; porcelain tower, 6142, 61S3 ; British fleet, 6I62 ; peace commissioners ; treaty signed, 9173; massacre; taken, 618 1 ; siege raised, 620 1 ; recaptured; redress demanded, 6202; mission, 6223, 6243; protected, 6263. Nansen, Fridjof, b., 11041 ; Arctic expedi- tion, 11053 ; in Greenland, 6421 . Nantes, Fr., Univ. of, fnd., 6783 ; burned, 8491; massacre, 7112; cholera, 7633; strike, 7643. , edict of, 571 2; signed, 6872; confirmed, 5732, 6873, 6903 ; revoked, 482,6931 . Nanteuil, Robert, b., 6882 ; d., 6923. Nanticoke, Pa., strike, 4242. Nantucket, Mass., settled, 412 ; fisheries est., 453 ; plundered, 902 ; whaling-ship sails, 1033 ; fire, 1613 ; secedes, 1232. Nantwich, Eng., battle of, 8841 . Nan Wang enthroned, 6112. Naogeorg, Thomas, works, 7911. Naomi dwells with Ruth, 11422. Naoshera, defeat at, 41 . Napa, Cal., Coll. fnd., 2703 ; insane asy- lum established, 281 1 . Napanee, opera-house collapses, 5872. Napier, Baron, title created, 881 1 . , of Magdala, Baron, title created, 9651 . , SirCharles James, b., 9223 jgov.Ind., 10473 ; d., 9582 ; statue, 9602. , Sir John, admiral, b., 9242 ; de- feats Dom Miguel, lllOi ; at Beyrout, 656 3 , 9501; commands Baltic fleet; at Bomarsund, 9581 ; d,, 9642. , Sir Francis, b. (1819) ; minister at Wash., 1831 ; gov. of Madras, 10491 . , John, b., 8701 ; Logarithms, 8761 ,8801 ; d., 8801 . , Joseph, lord chancellor, 9632, , Lord, in China ; d., 6172. , Sir Robert Cornelius, b., 9351; pro- clamation ; in Abyssinia, 21 ; baron of Magdala, 9051 ; field marshal, 9901 j vice- roy of India, 10492 ; d., 10021 . , , shipbuilder, b., 9243 ; d., 9802. , Sir William Francis Patrick, b., 9223 ; work, 9442; minister to Wash., 1831; governor Did., 10491 ,2. Napierville, insurrection, 5781 . Naples, fnd., 10511 ; Gr. colony at, 10152 ; conquered, 10532, 10752, 10781 ; allied with Rome, 10522 ; defended, 10542 ; plague, 10652, 10S73 ; capital of duchy, 10713 ; acquired by Gr., 10332 ; Univ. of Salerno fnd., 10751; capital, 10752; be- sieged, 7781 ; Univ. of, fnd., 10752 ; sur- renders, 7S01 ; cathedral begun, 10763; separate from Sicily, 10772, 10793, 10853 ; St. Janarius chapel erected, 10832 ; Acad. est., 10781 ; earthquake at, 107S1, 10822, 10841 ; invaded, 6793, 1088 1 ; treaty for conquest of, 6793 ; Fr. expelled, 6782, 10813 ; annexed to Sp., 10793 ; resigned by Francis, 6813 ; possession dispute, 7913; revolt, 10S21, 1086 1 ; ceded to Aust.,515', 10883 ; claimed by Charles VI., 515i ; ruled by Sp., 10S52 ; ceded to 1344 Text Figures denote Page. UNDrL-A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Napo-Nati. Sp., 10841 ; lazzaroni enrolled, 10841 ; Fr. occupied, 714'; Giomale Encyclope- dico issued, 10S52 ; Fr. army invades, 6172 ; Napoleon abolishes temporal power, 10751; Fr. capture, 5201 , 10301, 10702, 10741; united to Sicily, 10871; uprising subdued, 5201, 10841, H28*; Aust. in; revolt of Carbonari, 10861, 10872 ; treaty with U. S., 1411 ; Eng. and Fr. withdraw, 1087 3 ; Jesuits expelled, 1086 3 ; Progresso del Science issued, 10871; R. k. to Rome, 10873; presb. mission, 10383; Am. squadron at, 3541 . Napoleon, Ark., seizures, 190 2 . Napoleon I., Bonaparte, b., 7042; lieut. in • artillery, 706' ; at Toulon, 7101 ; crushes revolt of Sections, 710 2 , 7113; marries Josephine, 713' ; 1st Italian campaign; defeats Aust. at Mitlesimo; wins at Mon- dovi,712i , and at Lodi ; Savoy and Nice ceded ; Belgian provinces ceded ; peace, 713 2 ; besieges Mantua; wins at Lonato, Castiglione,Medola, Roverado, Bassano; repulsed at Caldiero ; win? at Areola, at Castelnuovo, 712' ; returns to Paris, 7132; defeats Aust. at Rivoli ; at Mantua ; at Ancona; at TagHamento ; crosses Alps, 712' ; war with Venice ; abolishes Vene- tian aristocracy ; org. Cis-Alpine Repub- lic, the Liguriau Republic ; sent to Egy., 7132; 2d coalition against Ft., 7133; sails for Egy.; takes Malta; takes Alexandria; in battle of Pyramids; takes Cairo, 7122; takes El Arisch; war against Aust. ; takes Jaffa ; besieges Acre; takes Mt. Tabor; repulsed at Acre ; leaves Egy., 7122; controls govt.; returns to Fr.; under New Directory; coup d' e^at; Council of Ancients dis- solved; expels Council of Five Hun- dred; chosen consul; consul for life, 7133; makes overtui'es to Eng.; occu- pies Tuileries, 7152; subdues royalists in Vendue ; crosses Alps into It.; in Milan; wins at Marengo, 714' j signs concordat with pope reestablishing religion, 715 1 ; assassination of, fails ; peace ; elected pres. of Italian Republic, 7152; i 3 t con- sul for life ; Simplon road made ; Code Napoleon ; Malta disputes ; war against Eng., 7153 ; makes insolent demands of Eng., 9313; builds docks at Antwerp, 5433; retaliation against Eng.; camp at Boulogne, 714' ; insults Eng. ambassa- dor; plans invasion Eng., 9313; conspir- ators defeated ; hereditary emperor ; crowned; K. of It.; Genoa annexed ; 3d coalition, Code N. promulgated, 7153; enters Vienna; wins Austerlitz, 716'; Peace of Presburg, Aust. cedes terri- tory, 717' ; restores calendar; appoints brother, Joseph, king of Naples, brother Louis, K. of Holland ; est. Confederation of Rhine ; ending Holy Rom. Emp. ; de- thrones Bourbons in Naples ; slanders Q. of Prus.; war with Prus., 717 2 ; insti- tutes Order of Iron Cross of It., 10853; wins at Jena ; occupies Berlin ; enters Vienna; invades Poland; against Rus., 7161 ; improves State service ; issues Ber- lin decree (Anti-Eng.) ; peace with Sax- ony, 7173; issues Milan decree, 9333; a t Bayonne, 11312; defeats Prus. atEylau ; at Friedkmd, 71G 2 ; peace with Rus. and Prus.; Prus. cedes large territory, 7172; revives education, 717' ; treaty of Kon- igsberg ; org. kingdom of Westphalia ; treaty of FontaineMeau ; Port, invaded ; alliance with Sp. ; Port, claimed ; crown of Sp. given ; height of glory, 7173 • Pe- ninsular war with G. Brit., 716 2 ; meets princes at Erfurt ; enters Madrid sup- ported by czar, 717 3 ; abolishes Inquisi- tion, 717'; 5th coalition, 7193; pope's remonstrances, 5193; -war with Aust. as ally of Eng.; wins at Abensberg ; at Landeshut ; wounded at Ratisbon ; takes Vienna again ; defeated at Aspern and Essling ; wins at Wagram ; peace, 718' ; king of Italy, 10853; deposes pope; abolishes pope's temporal power ; takes pope prisoner ; divorced ; excom- municated, 7192; retaliates against Am., 1151; marries Maria Louisa, 5203, 5211 ; annexes Hoi. and Hamburg, 7193; Napoleon II. born ; denationalizes all pro-British flags ; Eng. rejects overtures ; war against Rus.; in West Rus.; in Vilna, 718 2 ; restrains press, "il92; in Moscow; Rus. rejects proposals ; disas- trous retreat ; wins at Krasnoi ; hastes to Paris ; Rus. and Prus. against Fr., 7193; power in Ger., 8111 ; War of Lib- eration ; raises another army, 7183; new concordat with pope, 7211 ; in Bo- hemia ; wins at Liitzen ; at Bautzen ; at Hochkirchen; armistice, 720'; Austria declares war, 7212; wins at Dresden; repulsed at Nollendorf, 720' ; retreats; defeated at Leipsic ; wins at Hanau ; at Hochheim ; in Mentz, 720 2 ; empress regent ; leaves Paris ; wins at St. Di- zier ; defeated near river Aube ; wins at Champaubert ; at Montmirail, 7202; at Montereau ; at Craonne ; defeated at Laon ; wins at Reims ; defeated at St. Dizier ; allies enter Paris, 7203; Cong, of Chatillon ; empress flees ; throne for- feited ; abdicates ; receives sovreignty of Elba, 7212; Louis XVIII. enthroned; N. escapes ; at Cannes ; in Lyons ; ban against ; enters Paris in triumph ; "Hun- dred Days" commence, 7213; abolishes slave-trade, 7211; makes concessions, 7232; reorg. army; in Belg.; wins at Ligny ; defeated at Waterloo, 7221 ; ab- dicates, 7232; farewell to army; flees for Am.; surrenders to Brit.; sails for St. Helena, 7221 ; at St. Helena ; family banished ; d., 7233, 7273; remains in Fr., 7292, 7353; birth eel., 733' , 7383; will given to G. Brit., 7333; statue, 7381 , 7501. (See Coalition.) Napoleon II. Bonaparte, b., 7193; d., 7262. III., Charles Louis Napoleon Bona- parte,^, 7171 ; coup d'etat; proclaimed emp., fails, 7273; works, 7272, 7343, 7363, 737'; insurrection, 7293; pres. Fr., 8173; escape from prison, 7293; in Assembly; pres. Fr. republic; address; opposed; changes ministry; coup d'etat, 7313; grand banquet, 7303; Fr. sue cession, 731 3 ; recognized, 9573; banishes opponents ; at Tuileries, 7313; life endangered, 733' , 2,7351; tour in South Fr.; dynasty re- stored ; proclaimed emp., 7332; marries Eugenie ; peace address ; restores peer- age, 7331 ; declares war with Aust.. 5241 , 5252; in Algiers, 91 ; meets Ger. sover- eigns, 8212; ultimatum to Port. 11112; at Genoa; advises pope, 7352; Mexican policy, 735 3 ; excommunicated; against temporal power, 7343 ; at Strasburg, 815 3 ; proposes European eong., 822' ; demands of U. S., 10963; meets Bismarck, 8232; withdraws army from Mex., 2552, 7372; invites eong.,82:S3; visits Salzburg 5273; commands army at Metz ; succeeded by Bazaine, 738 1; concessions toward lib- eral government, 7391; proclaims war against Prussia; empress regent, 7393; surrenders at Sedan, 7402; prisoner at Wilhelmshohe, Prus., 7412; empire ends, 7411; issues a proclamation; displaced by 3d Republic ; Fr. capitulates, 745 1; protests, 7452; refuge in Eng., 745 3 ; as- sumes responsibility for surrender at Sedan, 7472; d., 746' , 7473; remains re- moved, 9972 ; body in mausoleum, 757 3 . Nnpoh'^.n III. rf riinlhf appears, 7343. , Naquet, Alfred Joseph, b.,7262; senator; arraigned, 7582. Naram-sin, temple, 11391 ; reigns, 11393. Naranjo, battle at, 6321 . Narbo, Martins, fnds. Provence, 10572. Narbonensis, Gallia, Rom. province, 10572. Narbonidus, finds records at Sippar, 1139' . Narbonne, Fr., fnd., 6613; surrendered, 6641; battle, 7701. Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, b., 7022; d., 7211. Narcein, asteroid, discovered, 7261. Narcissus launched, 9941, Narcissus rules Claudius, 10631; k. (54). , Bp., intro. Christianity, 7682. Narcotm discovered, 7142. Nardi, Jacobi, Jfisfoi-j/ of Florence, 10832. Nares, Capt. Sir George' Strong, b. (1831) ; arctic expedition, 9801. . James, b. ( 9042; d. (1783). , Robert, b. (1753) ; d., 9442. Narodnaia Volia reappears, 11203. Naronic lost ; life-boats found, 4273. Narragaiisett, collision, 3053. Narragansett, R. I., Indian battle, 462. Bay, cruiser Boston damaged, 3421. Narranjeri, Bible translated, 4962. Naraes, b.-d., 11062; rules Romans, 7712, 11071 ; disaffected, io.;o2 ; victories, 10302, 10312; recovers Rome, 10313, 10702, 10713; murders Goths, 7703; defeats Goths at Totila; at Capua, 10702 ; expels Tiridates,, 11533; rules It. as duke, 10713. Narsinhpur mission, 10483, 1049 1. Naruszewicz, Adam Stanislaw, b.-d. ,11143. Narva, battle at, 11141, 11341. Narvaez, Pamfilo de, b.-d., 11263; against Cortez ; captured, 181 ; in Fla., 182, 191 - T gov., 19 3 ; expedition; survivors, 203. , Ramon Maria, Duke of Valencia, b.-d., 11302; exiled, 11313. Nasby, Petroleum V. (David Ross Locke), b.(1833); works, 2603,2643; d. (1888). Naseby, Eng., battle of, 8843. Nash, John, b. (1752) ; rebuilds Haymar- ket Theater, 9401 ; d. (1835). , Richard, b., 8923; d., 9151. , Thos., b., 8722; -works, 8763; d.,8762. Nashua, N. H., McKean embezzlement, 4763; mills strike, 3531 . and Lowell R. R. opened, 1493. Naskrille runs blockade, 2002, 2042; in Eng.; leaves, 2022; destroyed, 2191. Nashville, Tenn., trading-post, 59' ; Univ. of Tenn. org., 983; Q. s. Presb. synod org., 1343; capital citv, 1352; R. C. dio- cese, 1483; ii. s. Somth Conven.; dis- union assembly, 1672; cholera at, 1673; lighted with gas, 1693; U. S. funds seized, 195i ; evacuated, 202' ; occupied, 2042; loyalty of^2073; Confederates re- pulsed, 2151 ; Rosecrans leaves, 2171; Union Conven.., 2253; Grant's headquar- ters, 2283; battle; Hood invests, 2402; state conven. meets, 2431 ; Central Coll. char., 2522; Fiske Univ. org., 2602; p e a- body Normal Coll. opd.; Vanderbilt Univ. org., Med. Dept. opd.. 2903; Med. Dept. of Univ. of Tenn. opd., 2963; statue of Jackson, 3041 ; centennial eel., 3053; eartliquake,3o2' ; Nat. League Rep. Clubs, 3551 ; tire, 3813; mob in, 4063. Nasmyth, Alexander, b., 9143; d., 9502. , James, b. (1808); inv. steam ram, 9481 ; inv. steam-hammer, 9521; sun observa- tions, 9641 ; d., 10022. Nassau wrecked, 9282. Nassau balloon, in "Weilburg, 9481 . — , Ger., annexed to Prus., 5272; Von Stein memorial, 826' ; see est., 9583; Bp. Churton cons., 9962. , W.I., mission at, 622. Dillenburg, Ct. Louis of, b.-d., 10983. , D. of, at Luxemburg, 5462. , House of, rules in Orange, 6813. , Rene de, rules, 10992. — — -Siegen, Joan Mauritz, Count of, b.-d., 11003. Nasse, Dr.. gov. of Rhine provinces, 8333. , Freidrich C. A., d., 8162. Nassr-ed-Din, b.-d., 1106 3 ; enthroned, 11081, 10432,3; in Europe, 5323, 11081. Nast, Abner, governor N. C, 913. , Thomas,!)., 1522. , Win., b., 8083; editor, 1503. Nata, Panama, founded, 173. Natal, Afr., two colleges, 5981; miBBlone, 5982,3, 6011; bishopric est., 5983; an- nexed G. B., 5992; independent colony, 5993; insurrection, 600', 2; Council of Education; Gordon memorial est., 6003; constitution modified, 601 2 ; clergy di- vided ; representative govt, est.; tele- fraph est., (1013, colonists disaffected; ulus' belief, 6031; offer of legislative council ^^a; responsible govt., 6043; emigre 1, 9413; Bp. Jolivet cons., 9742; bp. baynes cons., 10102. Natale mission est., 10463. Natalie, ex-queen, b. (1859) ; in Hung., 5343; expelled, 11242. Natchez, Miss., trading-post est,, 591 ; set- tled, 592; Indians attack ; war, 601 ; Eng. arrive, 783; first Bapt. church, 932; N. Gazette est., llli ; lottery est., 1191 ; yel- low fever,1313 : R.C. see e., 1483 ; tornado, 1501; disunion meetings, 1691 ; Confeds. surrender, 2072; Hood surrenders. 2463. , La., Inds. captured, 60' ; defeated,62i . Natchitoches, La., expedition, 231' . Nathan, prophet, fable, 11423. Natick, Mass., women on sch. board, 339' . National Acad. Bill passes Cong., 4131. of Art est., 4121 . of Design, building erected, 2541 .. of Science, extends membership, 2701; meets, 338 1. Nati-Navi. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1345 National Afro-Am. League org., 359' . Agricultural Conven. meets, 171' . Art Asso. Congress, 4061 . Assembly, Ger., meets at Frankfort, 5223; dissolved, 5232; meets, 5672. , Er., fmd., 7053; meets, 7072; de- crees, 7073; dissolved, 709' ; meets, 731' ; workman in, 7443; meets at Bordeaux, 745'; at Versailles; vote for Ver- sailles, 7452; dissensions in, 7463; per- manent committee. 747' ; committee for constitution, 7472; meets, 749' ; against senate ; motion to dissolve ; (5 parties in, 7492; passes new constitution, 7493; ap- peal to nation, 7542. , Ger., meets, 8172; est., 8212. Association Baptists. (See Baptists.) , Builders meets in N. Y., 3763. , Democratic Clubs conven, 4172; Cleveland's address, 4172. , Eng., fmd., 8752. for rifle-shooting meets, 966' , 974' , 982' , 1000' , 1002' . for Social Science, meetings, 962 ' . of Inventors org, 3803. of Military Surgeons org., 391 ' . of Naval Veterans org., 3263. Bank, first, charter ends, 1192. Bill amended, 2333. Charters Extension Bill, 311' . Circulation Act, 2712, 349' . Reserves, :i',T, certificates, 2572. Bankruptcy Bill, 257' . Banks, funds removed, 1412. org., 2293; tax of, defeated, 2333; loans of, 2653; call on, 3892; capital law passes, 285'. Tax Bill, 2352, 4652, 4672. (See Banks.) Baptist issued, 2503. Bar Asso. meets, Wash., D. C, 3963. Benevolent Institution est., 9372. Board of Health appointed, 3013. of Trade, session, 4232. Brewers' Association meets, 385' . Cong., political action, 2563. Brotherhood Ball Players org., 3233. Burial Case Association, session, 4593 . Capital Building Loan Asso., 3892. Casket Co., N. Y., incorporated, 3653. Cemeteries, soldiers', Congress pro- vides for, 257' ; Gettysburg dedi., 2293. Chautauqua, near Wash, opd., 3843. Cigarette and Tobacco Co., 4113. Civil Service Reform League, 3703, 3923. and Colonial League est., 9733. Colors Display Bill, N. Y., 455' . Colored Labor Conven. meets, 269' . ■ Commercial Conven. assembles, 2743. Commission, World's Fair, 3693. Conference of Charities and Correc- tions meets at Buffalo, 3583. Confectioners' Asso., 7th meeting, 3623. 6 Congress at Buenos Ayres, 4912. at Argos, 10353. Conservative Partv find., Ger., 8273. Club org., London, 995' . Convention. (See Paris.) Builders', 3523; hour payment, 3543. , Colored, at New Orleans, 2773 • at Red Oak, la., 3892. of Inventors, London, 166' . Radical Democrats.conven.,2792. of Soldiers and Sailors, 2552. of R. R. Commissio" 359'. of Temperance Wo' < \<*5' . (See under names ol parties.) Cordage Co., buys, 5933. Council of Educators, 3622. — — Covenant, Scot., signed, 8823. Cyclists' Union founded, 9843. Deaf Mute Coll. est., 2352, 2412. Debt, IT. S. A. (See text, pp. 103 to 155, on Jan. 1 of each year ; pp. 157-479, on July 1 of each year) ; in 1865, 249 ' ; re- funded, 2712 ; payment proposed, 2652. of Eng., 9012. Conversion Bill passed, 999' . Defense Govt, appt., 741'; favored, France, 7433. Democratic Conventions. (See Dem- ocratic Party.) Divorce Reform League meets, 4222. Editorial Asso. meets, 3443, 365', 3862,3872,464'. — — Education (Ireland), Bill, 10112. National Education Board formed, 496' . Society, Can., meets, 5922. , U. S. A., meets, 2782, 3423, 4002. ■ Union meets, 9723. Electric Light Asso. meets, 3782. Federal Asso. meets, Ger., 8213. Federation. (See France, 7073.) Conven. iu Dublin, 10052. of Employees find, Eng., 979'. Gallery, London, est., 9402, 956'. of Ireland opened, 9662. Grange of Patrons Industry org., 261' . of Husbandry meets, 4183 ; de- mands, 4442. Greenback Party fmd., 299'; con- vention at Indianapolis, 317 2 . Guard est., Fr., 7072 ; dissolved, 724' , 7463 ; reestablished, 724' ; reorg., 730' . Asso. meets, N. Y., 334'. of Ohio, John A. Logan, Jr., 1st lieutenant, 354' . of Seine abolished, 7453. of Sp., org., 11302; disorg., 1130' . Guild Alliance, Unitarian org., 3463. Health Society, London, fnd., 979'; Exhibition, 9913. Home, Togus Springs, 255' ; near Milwaukee, 269'. Independence eel., Phila., 1013. Industrial Conf. meets, St. Louis, 4 r ,23 ; favors People's Party, 4022. Irrigation Congress, 3913. Labor Congress meets, 2412, 271'. League l'or\'onsolidation, 9883. for Baseball formed, 3133. for Protection of Am. Institu- tions, address, 4443. invades Ulster, 9911 ; meeting pro- hibited, 9913, 11932 ; active in Ire., 997' ; proclaimed, 9973 ; conven. at Cardiff, 9972; demonstration, 10103. (See under Irish.) of Rep. Clubs meets, 355' , 429' . Federation fmd., 983' ; at Leeds, 985'; ends conference, 1011'. Liberal Club, supports Gladstone, 10012. Liberty Conven. meets, 157'. Live Stock Asso. org., 3193; 4223. Loyalists Conven. at Phila., 2552. Memorial Hall Asso. find., 3883. Mining Congress meets, 3953 ; favors free coinage, 4103. Municipal League organized, 4603 ; convention, 4762. Park at Chattanooga, 344' . (See California and Wyoming.) Pension Fund 'org., Eng., 9983. Photographers' Asso. Conven., 3882. Picket first issued, 3862. Portrait Gallery provided, 9602. Prison Reform Asso., org., 269'; meets, 321', 3932, 4183. Prohibition Party. (See Prohibition.) Provident Union r ml., 317' ; statistics, 4463. Quarantine Bill passes House, 423' . Quarterly Review founded, 1863. Real Estate Cong, meets, Ala., 3803. Reform Union meets, 9853, 10122. • Repositonj issued, 2922. — — - Republican Conven., etc. (See Re- publican Party.) Review issued, Eng., 9603. rifle-inei'tiiig. Belgium, 545' . school system agitated, Eng., 9623. Seamen's Union of Am. Conven., 4283. Shooting-match at Gotha, Ger., 8203. - — Silver Conven., St. Louis, Mo., 3492. (See Silver.) Smoke Abatement Inst, fnd., 9903. Social Science Asso. formed, 9602. (For yearly meetings see following pp.) Society, training school, 9352. for sick and wounded, 975' . Electro-Therapeutists, 4722. of Prof. Musicians, fnd., 9903. Soldiers' Home opened, 375'. Teachers' Association held, 343'. Temperance .Jubilee, London, 9903. League formed, Eng., 961' . Society foniied,2483. ,Foryearly meetings see following text.) • established, Eng., 953' . Thrift Society founded, 9843. Trade Society formed, 9752. Truss Society founded, 925' . Union founded, 309' ; statistics, 4463. National Union (Temperance) formed, 977', 9972. Conference, Cincinnati, 3852. Conven. of Conservatives, 2533. University Bill, intro. Cong., 3592. Volunteer Asso. formed, 962' . Waterways Conven. meets, 3932. Woman Suffrage Asso. meets, 4503. workshops established, Fr.,731'. Nationalists dispersed, 997'; meeting at Ballycoree, 9973 ; mobbed, 10003. Nutiir issued, Germany, 8183. Nalura, La, issued, Fr., 10902. Natural gas dis., 332', 3382, 350', 362', 380' , 394' , 402' ; well burns out, 392' . History Society, Boston, org., 138'. projected, Eng., 940' . , Museum of, opd. Phila., 110'. , Univ. of, dedicated, 111., 4182. selection theory. 962'. Naturalists, Am. Soc. meets, 348' , 446' . and Physicians Congress, 8362. Naturalization Act, first," F.ng., 8632. Treaty with Gr. Brit., 2672. Naturalized Citizens Bill, 2633. Naturforscher Verein formed. 812' . Naucratis.Egy., Grecian buildings erected, 6502. Naudain, Arnold, b. (1790) ; d., 276' . Naudet, Joseph, b., 7062, d., 7502. Naughten, Michael, ens. R. C. bp., 9862. Nauhyotl, king of .Mexico, d., Ill . Naulochus, defeat off, 10603. Naupactus. (See Lepanto.) ,Moritz Ernst Adolf. b.,s()63; d.,8262. Nauiuanu, Johann Gottlieb, b., 8003 ■ d 807'. Nausikan discovered, 5282. Nautical JiJar/arJiw issued. 9463. Nauvoo, 111., 'founded, 1502 ; laid out, 1633 ; Mormonmob,157' Mormon temple built, 1572,1582; Mormoiistabundoii, 1603,161' ; temple burned, 1642. Legion, review forbidden, 2713 ; com- panies dispersed, 2752. Nava, Jose Joaquin de, gov., 6303. Naval Academy. Annapolis, Md., 158' 3 250', 392' ; hazing prohibited, 284'. Arch. Marine Engi.. session, 444'. App. Bills pass" bouse, 353', 3571, 3592,3; 3771, 4052, 4251, 4611; pass sen- ate, 3593, 3773, 4072, 4252, 4652. Bill passes, G. B., 10012. Architects, Institution org. (1860.) Association Veterans org., 3263. Coast Volunteers Act, G. B., 9592. College founded, Eng., 9071 . Committee, Congresnappoints, 813. department reform, Gr., 10181. Discipline Act passed, G. B.,9653. Dry Docks on Puget Sound, 4181 . Force Act passed, Australia, 5003. Intelligence committee find., 9912. Department find., 996i , 9972. and Military Asylum est., 2431 . Officers, bill for promotion, 4792; con- vention in Boston, 3863. Order, U. S., est., 387' . ordnance proving-ground ; tests, 3941 . repairs ; limit, 3201 . reserves, U. S. A., org., 332t, 3332, 4201 , 4681 ; drill of on North River, 3881 ; annual cruise, 410' ,436' (appropriations, 4212; census, 4501. schools authorized, 2852. supremacy, struggle for, 241 . War College opd., 4621 . NavamorquenilciMarq. of, gov. Chili, 6053 Navara, battle of, 6801 . Navarin Island mission, 4903. Navarino, Gr., battle of, 7241; taken, 10342; fleet annihilated, 10343. Navarre sinks, 9913. Navarre annexed, 6873; partly annexed to Sp., 11262 ; kingdom fnd., 11272 ; con- quered ; crown passes to Fr., 11273 - kings of, 11272, 3; Carlistsin; uprising in ; invaded, 1132' ; action at. 1137' . , Count of, in Algeria, 8' . Navarrete, Martin Fernandez de, b.-d., 11291; works, 113H. Navarro, Luis Diez, gov., 6302, Navas de Tolosa, action at, 1126'. Navassa Island, Galena at, 344'; rioters reach Baltimore, 346' . Navesink Highlands, tugboat sinks, 4633. Navez, Francois Joseph, b.,5422; d., 5442. Navigation deepened, Can. ; opd., 5952. Act passed, 392; enforced, 43' , 472,3; 1346 Text Figures denote Page. INUllyv. Superior Figures indicate Column. Navi-Neri. anti-Amer., 412; third, 452 ; opposed., 473; repealed, 893; first, Eng., 8991 , Navigation Laws Kepeal Bill, G. B., 9552. est., Gr., 10152. Navy, officers appointed,81i ; first Am. fleet cruises, 821 ; foundation of, 853; war- Tessels, 802 ; strengthened, 90 1 ; pro- vided for, 1052; in 1798 ; dept. org., 1081 , 1092; Brooklyn yard est. ; reduced, 110 1 ; gunboat system intro., 1121; io hour labor system est., 153 1; rations, 1552; reorganized, 2112; strength in, 1862,2143; statistics, 1865, 2463; spirit ration ends, 2511; admiral, the ranking officer, 256' ; admiral and vice-adm. abolished, 2801 ; Reduction Bill passes,.'} l:> 2 ; dept. bureaus org,, 3421 ; Squadron of Evolution sails, 3521 + ; reduction of engineer corps stopped, 411)2; new flag, 3491; Cushing launched, 3521 ; Enlistment Bill intro., 3571 ; heavy ordnance manf.,3741 ; plans for dry dock, 3961 ; war-ships reclassified, 3931 . (See names of vessels.) , against gov't Chile, 6081. appropriation for, Ger., 7321 . , Eng., first naval victory, 8441 ; power- ful, Eng., 8453; pay office est., 8853; war ships lost, 9201 ; mutiny in, 9281 ; ordered to evacuate, U.S. A., 9333; numbers, 9361; screw propeller, 9501; list completed, 9521 ; strength, 9561 , 9601 , 966 1 ; flogging restricted, 962 1 ; expenses, 9661; Disci- pline Act amended, 10031 ; warships built, 10012. (See names of vessels.) first Fr., 664 1 ; aids Louis in Eng., 6701 ; first adin. appt., Fr., 6721 ; enlarged, 7561 ( 7581; ravages Kng. coast, 8681. largest ironclad launched, it., 10901. — - successful, Neth., 10981 . and Military Asylum est., 2431. , Roman, first appearance, 10521 . Nawab of Rampur in Am., 431 1 , 4343. Naxos Island colonized, 10153 ; f nd., 1051 1 ; revolts, 10173; destroyed, 1018 1 ; cap- tured, 10183; battle of, 10222. Nayibugas reigns, 11413. Naylor, James, b. (1616) ; punished, 8892; d. (1660). Nazarenes in Hung., 5262, 5311 . Nazareth, Palestine, battle at, 6541 ; ceded to Crusaders, 6552. , Madras, mission, 10462. , Pennsylvania, fnd., 65 2 . Neagle, John, b. (1796); d., 2481 . Neal, Dan., h.,S*M2- Puritans, 900^ ; d.,9103. , John, b. T 1042; works, 1271 , 1312, 1341 , 1371, 1423; d., 2921. , Jos. Clay,b. ,1141; work, 1583; d., 1623. — — , Lawrence T., nom. for gov., O., 4351 . Neale, Leonard, b., 662; d., 1262. Neander, Joachim, b. (1650 -); works, 7972, 8132; d. (1680). , Johann A. W., b., 8043; works, 8103, 8151; d., 8181. Nearchns, b., 10243; explorations, 10242. Nebe, Oscar, sentenced, 3272. Nel>-Ka reigns in Egy., 6453. Neb-kher-Ka reigns in Kgy., 6472. Neho, S. C, negro school difficulty, 4262. Nebraska, territory org., 175 1 ; Francis Burt, gov., 1771 ; T. B. Cuming; gov., 1772; Mark W. Izard, gov., 1702; Congre- gational Conf. org., 1822; Wm. A. Rich- ardson, gov.; J. Sterling Morton, gov., 1852; Meth. E. conf. find., 1862, 1902 ; Sam. W. Black, gov., 187 1 ; A Ivan Saun- ders, gov., 2032; bill for forming state, 2333; constitution trained, 2513; consti- tution ratified, 2531 , 'js:>2; Cong, admits, 2532,2563; David Butler, gov., 2553, 2593; negroes disfranchised, 2563 ; legislature accepts terms of admission ; admitted over veto, 2571 ; capital transferred to Lincoln, 2593 ; normal schools opd., 2603 ; prot. Epis. diocese, est. ; Univer- salist conven. org., 2642 ; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693 ; state insane asylum, 2743 ; Gov. Butler impeached, 275 1 ; Evang. Luth. syimd find., 2762 j University of N. opd., 2763; Wm.H. James, acting gov., 2772; Robt. W.Furnas, gov., 2851; grass- hopper plague, 2853 j Relief and Aid Soc. org., 2871; arbor day est., 2873; eldership est. in Church of God, 288a ; locust plague, 291i; Silas Garber, gov., 2912; tornado, 3001 ; Albinus Nance, gov., 3033 ; Slocum Law effective, 3071 ; N. Unitarian Asso., org., 3102; constitu- tional amend, rejected, 3103 ; northern boundary extended, 3111; James "W. Dawes, gov., 3152; land grants to Indi- ans, 3191; institution for feeble minded est., 3271 ; Wesleyan Univ. opd., 3322; insane asylums opd.; Algernon S. Pad- dock, gov., 3332 ; legislature taxes din- ing cars, 337 2 ; Industrial Home opd., 339i ; mammoth's skeleton unearthed, 3441 ; Prohibition party find., 3483 ; Labor Day est., 3511 ; legislature special ses- sion, 3612; Prohibitory Amend, rejected, 3711; corn famine, 3733; Farmer's Alli- ance in legislature, 3752 ; relief for Western farmers, 3771 ; James E. Boyd, gov., 3991 ; Lorenzo Crouse, gov., 4132 ; train robbery, 4182 ; state officials im- peached, 4263 ; trial, 4272 ; prairie fire, 4273; blizzard, 4541 ; Hibernians against Protection, 4583; aid for sufferers, 4693; Thomas J. Majors nom. for gov., 4692 ; straight Dem. ticket ; Dem. unite with Populists, 4731 ; Maximum Freight Law unconstitutional, 4772; destitution, 4793; Wm. V. Allen, gov. (1893). Nebraska Central Coll. est., 3223. City, Institution for Blind opd. , 291 1 . Wesleyan Univ. est., 3322. Nebuchadnezzar, warrior, 11421 ; burns temple, 11422 ; art patron ; takes Tyre ; conquers Egy.; invades Syria, 11461 ; at Carchemish, 6501 ; visions, 11463 ; dreams; reigns; in Judea, 11471 ; resumes throne, 11472; d., 11462. Nebular hypothesis, Eng., 9343. Necho I. reigns, 6512 ; at Megiddo, gar- risons; fortih'eat ions, 65 1 ; Red Sea and Nile canal; builds fleets, 6502 ; sends fleet for discovery, 651 2 ; captured, 6501 . Neckam, Alexander, Science, 8503, Necker, Jacques, b., 098 3 ; Compte Rendu published; resigns, 7<).~.3; disiuissed,707 2 ; loses influence, 7073; d.,7151. Neckerl, Leo Raymond de, b., 1082 ; d., 1421. NScrologie des Hommes, etc., issued, 7033. Necropolis at Assouan, Egy., 661 1 . Nectanebo I., reigns 6513; dethroned, 6513. II., reigns in Egy., 6513. Nectansmere, action at, 8421. Nectarius, bp. of Constantinople, 10291; d., 10303. Nede/rluitsehe Leftcmrfenir/en issued, 5443. Nrderiandsch Museum issued, 11022. Spectator issued, 11022. Needham, Marehmont, b. (1620); works, 8851; d. (1678). Needle-gun invented, 814 1 ; victories, 8243. Needlemakers incorporated, 7822. Neele, Henry, b., 9283; d. (1828;. Neely, Henry Adams, b., 1381 ; bp., 256i , Necpawa, The Pcqis!<-r, 5843. Neerwinden, Belg., battle of, 5181, 6941. Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Guttfried, 1.., S042; d., 8201 Ncl'i'i'-; L-Ua reigns in Egy., 647. -f-Ra reigns in Egy., 647i\ ka-Hor reigns in Egy., 6472. Ra reigns in Egy., 6453, 6472. , Pepi II., reigns, Egy., 6472. annu, reigns, Egy., 6472. khentu, reigns, Egy., 6472. nebi reigns in Egy.', 6472, Pepi-senb reigns", Egy., 6472. ■terer reigns in Egy., 6472. lission, 10472. Negato, Prince of, bombarded, 10921. Negley, James Scott, b., 1342 ; near Jas- per, 2083; near Nashville, 2151 . Negombo captured, 10441 . Negrelli-Moldelbe, Aloys von, b., 519 1 ; d.,5242. Negrete, Don Manuel de Salamanca y, captain-general, Cuba, 6242. , Gen., insurrection, Mex., 10961 , Negrier, Gen., Francois Oscar de, b. (1839); Chinese attack, 482 1 ; victories, 4822; wounded in duel, 7603. Negroes, insurrection, San Domingo, 462 } importation of, 553 ; insurrection in Va.. 1392; as soldiers, 2102, 2151 ; as soldiers opposed, 2112 ; in army, 2113, 2173, 2192; vote in D. C. ; conven., Indianapolis, 2252 ; killed in N. Y., 2253; for soldiers, 2293 ; in govt, service, 2311; in army; Confed., senate opposed, 243 2 ; suffrage extended, D. C, 24:13, 2552, 2591 ; Suf- frage Bill passes, 2o03 ; ascendency as Republicans, 2592 ; suffrage by 15th Amend.; Nat. Conven., Wash., 2653; eligible to office, Ga., 2672 ; resume of- fice, 2693; vote protected, supremacy in South, 2711; emigrate West, 30H ; in In- dian tribes, 3171 ; Emigration Bill, 3491 ; exodus in N. C, S. C, 3511 ; nrs t State fair, 3513 ; excluded from law school, 3682 ; Colonization Bill, 3752 ; mo b lynches,393i ; fast day of, 4062; conf . of , Ala., 4521 ; migration to Afr.,4743. (See Emancipation, Liberia, Slavery.) Negropont, naval battle near, 10761 . Nehavend, Persia, battle of, 4841 . Nehemiah, reforms of; expedition, 11463; views Jerusalem ruins ; gov. of Judea, 11473. Nehemialu written, 11463. Nehlig, Victor, h. (1830); in National Acad- emy Design, 2701 . Neild, John Camden, miser, d.,9571. Neill, Robert, b., 1502. , William, moderator, 1243. Neilson, Chas., in P. O. dept., 4472. , James B., hot-air blast, 9422. , John, b. (1745) ; in N. J., 861 ; d. (1833). — , Mr., murdered, 5631 . , Tyge, first book printed, 11041 , Neipperg, Gen. Adam Adelbert, b. (1775); Austrian commander, 514 1 ; at Aschaf- fenburg, 8242 ; d. (1829). Nekrasoff, Nikolai, b., 11163; works, 11171 ; d., 11182. Nelaton, Auguste, b. 7163 ; d., 7462. Neligh, Gates College opd., 3123. Nelson launched, 9801. , Minn., R.R. wreck, 4193. monument, explosion, Can., 5943, , N. Zeal., fnd., 11032 ; bishopric est., 9483 ; Bp. Mules cons., 10082. , C. Kinloeh, bishop of Ga., 4202. , Earl of, title created, 931 1 . , Henry Addison, b. (1820) ; moderator, 2582. , Horatio, Viscount, b.,9143; at Copen- hagen, 6381 ; in w. Indies, 9201 ; captures Elba, 926i ; at battle of Nile ; knighted; loses arm, 9281 ; in Mediterranean ; in Baltic Sea, 9301 ; pursues Sp. fleet, 9321 ; at Trafalgar, 7161 ; d., 9323; monument, 9381. pillar erected, 9381 . , Rnute, gov. Minn., 4471 . , Samuel, b., 1022 ; appointed justice, 1593 ; d.,2821. , T. A. R,, on Committee of 33, 1891 . , Thomas, statesman, 642; d., 1001. , , publisher, d., 10082. , Wm.', b. (1711); gov. Va.,773; d. (1772). , , b. (1825) ; org. Camp Dick Rob- inson, 1982 ; at Platte City, Mo.; atPike- ton, Ky., 2002; at Nashville, 2042; at Richmond, 2122; s ] 1G t, 2133, 2152. , Wolfred, b., 5762; insurgent, 5781; d., 5821. Nemausa, asteroid, discovered, 7342. Nemcewiez, Julian Ursin, b., 11143. Nemean games est., 10132, Nemesis, temple begun, 10203. Nemours, Fr., treaty of,signed, 6752; edict issued, 6843. , Due de (Pr. Louis CharleB Philippe Raphael d'Orleans), b., 72H; elected king of Belg., 5433; refuses crown, 7273; regent, 7293. Nenetta, asteroid, discovered, 7601 . Neo-platonists, at Alexandria, 6523. Neopolis. (See Naples.) Neosho, Mo , legislature meets, 2012; ac- tion at, 2063. Nepal, or Nepaul, ambassador from, 6132 ; conquered, 10442 ; treaty, 10453 ; war with Ghurkhas, 10461 ; revolution, 10492; widows as suttees, 10493. Nephalia, Feast of, 10162. Nephoscope invented, 7382. Nepos, Julius, reigns; deposed, 10712 ; d. (480). Neptune, arrival, 5991. , asteroid, discovered, 7281 , 8161 . , games to, 10132 ; temple erected, 10203; worshiped, 10503. Neraz, John Claude, b., (1829±); cons. bp. of San Antonio, 3063. Nereid in collision, 10013. Neresheim, battle of, 8062. Neri, Filippo de, St., b. ; intro. oratorio, 10802; inst. Trinity Fraternity, 108H; org. Brotherhood of Oratory, 10812; d., 10823. Nerigissar reigns, 11472. Mero-Newf. Text Figures denote Page, lNJL)ll*A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1347 Nero, Caius Claudius, against Hannibal, 10542. , Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus, b.-d., 10622; emp., 769 1 ; despoils Cor- inth, 10282; in Gr., 1021)3; erects palace, 10622; perseeutesChristians, 10623; burns Rome; infamy of, 1063 1 ; conspiracy against, 1063' , 3 ; revolts against ; com- mits suicide, 10633. Neron, Abb6, murdered, 4803. Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, b.-d., 10622 ; reigns, 1065 1. Nerval, Gerard de. (SeeGerard de Nerval.) Nervii, defeated, 662 1 . Nesbit Muir, battle of, 8601 . Neshaminy, Pa., Log College, 583, 603. JNesle, Fr., pillaged, 6781 . Nesmith, James Willis, b., 1282 j d. (1885). Nesos captured, 10262. Nespawa, Can., Register issued, 5843. Nesselrode, Karl Robert von, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. Nestor, Chronicle written, 11132 ; in Tro- jan war, 10141 . Nestorian, controversy, 10683 ; missiona- ries, 6123; heresy condemned, 10303. Nestorians, revivals, 11071; first church council, 11082. Nestorius, b.-d., 1154 2 ; doctrines opposed, 6543; patriarch of Constantinople, 10303. Neter-bain reigns in Egypt, 6453. hen-hotep-en-Amen reigns, 6503. ka-Ra reigns in Egypt, 6472. .Netherlands, (See text, pp. 1097-1102) ; Franks expelled from Batavia, 10673 ; Maximilian acquires, 509.2 ; war breaks out, 5122; purchases Delaware, 411; Dutch territories enlarged, 521 1 ; Peace of Ryswick, 6953 ; Peace of Utrecht, 6973; ceded to Fr., 5192, 7113; Ger.owns, 7872 ; Eng. takes Dutch possessions, 9273 ; Dutch trade in Japan, 10911; influence in Japan, 10913 ; leading traders, 11012 ; "War of Liberation ; insurrection; Duke of Alva arrives, 5401 ; Aust. rules, 5412 ; reverttoSp.; truce withSp., 5413; trans- ferred to Holl., 7193; boundaries; an- nexed to Fr., 5432 ; dissolution of, 5433 ; Hague, Triple Alliance signed, 6913 ; League of the Hague find., 6933; barrier towns open to Fr., 6953 ; independent, 7972; peace, 798 1; Ger. emp. removes treaties of, 8053 ; against Eng. colorB, 8941 ; barrier fortresses seized, 9021 . Netley Hospital commenced, Eng., 9611 . Netscher, Caspar, or Kaspar, b., 7963; d, 7982. Netshajew, Sergius, conspiracy, 11183. Nettleship, Henry, b. (1839) ; d., 10102. Nettleton, Allured B., intreas. dept., 3511 . Neu Breisach, taken, 7421 ,2. Neubruim, victory of Prussia, 8243. Neuchatel, Switz., annexed to Ger., 7993; treaty, 8193; reconquered ; Prus. rights, 8211; ceded to Fr.; canton; joins Act Mediation, 11382 ; free from Prus., 11383. Neue (Interred ungen issued, 7991 . Acerra Philohjira issued, 7991. Zeitimqvn voii //e/el/rteit Sac ken, 7991 , Neuhof, Baron, Th'eodor von, b., 7982; K. of Corsica, 6993; d., 8023. Neukomm, Chevalier Sigismund von, b., 8042; d., 8201. Neumann, Baron, intro. waltz, 9372. , Johann N., d., 1861. , Karl Friedrich, b., 8063; d., 8262. Neumark, Prus., battle at, 7121 . Neumeister, Erdmann, work, 7991 . Neunius, Hi.-ttori/ of Britons, 8443. Neurological Asso'., Am., org., 2901. Neusatz, Hung., editors duel, 5331. Neustria, It., ceded to Rollo, 6672. Neutrality, armed, announced, 11172. Act passed, 1053; Fr. and Eng., 1052; in Ky., Civil War, 195 1 ,2,3, 1932, 1982,3, 1992,3; in Md., 1951 ; in Mo., 1961 1992, 3; of Fr., 1972,8232; treaty, Belg.,5452; Fr. and U". S. A., 7353. proclamation, Mex., 1692. Neutrals protected, 1151. Neuville, Lemercier de, works, 7622. Nevada, silver dis., 1841; territory org., 1931 ; Carson Citv. capital, 2013; Jas. W. Nye, gov., 2032; State Govt. Bill passes, 2313; Meth. Epis. conf. org., 2332; State Constitutional Conven. meets, 2353; a d- .mitted, 2393, 2491; Henry G. Blaisdell, gov., 2413 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432 ; ttunnel undertaken, 243 3 ; gold and silver mines dis., 2491; boundary extended, 2523; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572; personal tax, law unconstitutional, 2593; ratifies 15th Amend., 2663; Luther R. Bradley, gov., 2772; State Univ. org., 2863; John H. Kinkead.gov., 3033; nickel dis. ,3121 ; JewettW.Adams.gov., 3153; C.C.Stev- enson, gov., 3293; storms, 3533; constitu- tion amended, 2972 ; Ross. K. Colcord, gov., 3991 ; State Univ. est. (1886) at Reno ; Dem. conv. favors silver coin- age ; Senator Jones asked to resign ; joins Populists, 4712. Nevada City, Cal., fire, 1693. City, Mo., miners' convention, 3113 ; insane asylum, 3272. Neve, Philippe de, gov., 791 . Nevesinje, uprising, 5281 . Nevile, Richard. (See Warwick, Earl of.) Nevill, Samuel T., elected bishop, 9742. Neville, George, degraded, 8643, Neville's Cross, Eng., battle of, 8581 . Nevin, John Williamson, b., 1102; d.,3223. Nevins, Mary A., gift to library, 3781 . , Miss, marriage of, 4022. — , N., d., 4521. Nevis, W. L, settled, 8832. Newabzunge, in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . New Albany, Ind., DePauwlTiiiv.org., 2543; jail entered, 269 1 ; kidnapping fails, 4442. New Albion, la., R. R. accident, 3113. , N. J., land grant, 351. Newall, Robert Sterling, inv. telegraph cables, 950 1 ; telescope, 9741 . New Amstel, Del., Dutch church est., 383. New Amsterdam. (See New York.) Newark, Can., burned, 1203; Parliament meets, 5773. , Del., Delaware Coll. org., 2583, 2703. , Eng., R. R. collision, 9753. , Mo., Feds, defeated, 2102. , N. J., settled, 432; Presbyterian ch. opd.,422; Puritans possess, 433; popula- tion, 492; patent leather mfg., 126 1 ; Soc. Evangelization of World org., 1443; rnilk condensed, 1661 ; R. C. diocese est., 1723; Fairmount Cemetery incor., 1793; Sol- diers' Home est., 255 1 ; St. Benedict's College org., 2623; p. E. diocese org., 2862; parochial schools order, 3522; Wes- ton's record, 2873; w. C. T. U. National Conven., 2943 ; State Normal Sc. opd., 3023; Charity Org. Soc. fmd.,3091 ; Even- inn News issued, 3143; anarchists eel., 3711 ; strike in thread mills, 3731 ; brew- eries bought, 3393,3433; bomb explosion, 3933; Alfred Parkes sentenced, 4043; Alden Fales convicted, 408 2 ; Italian padrone arrested, 4122; Ger. Cath conf. opd., 4161 ; Irish- Am. encampment, 4323; Rus. Hebrews ill-treated, 4362; Am flag only, 4622; Christopher embezzlement, 4631 ; train-plunderers, 4643; Frelinghuy- sen statue, 4681 ; garment-workers strike; tramps dispersed, 4722. Conf. Meth. Epis. org., 1782. New Athens, 0-, Franklin Coll. org., 1331 . New Bedford, Conn., free library, 1731 . , Mass., burned, 89i ; earthquake, 3321 ; Borden murder trial, 4291 . and Taunton R. R,, 1513. Keirhrrn runs Peraiseif ashore, 2342. New Berne, N. C, Indian massacre, 581 ; N. C. Gazette issued, 712; captured, 2051 ; action, 2081, 230 1 ; Edward Stanley in, 2093; Confederates attack, 216 1 . Newberry, S. C, college org., 1802. , John Stronu, b. (1822) ;" widow's gift, 4282; d., 4181. Newborough, Baron, title created, 9172. New Bridge, Va., Confeds. defeated, 20S3. Brunswick, Can., Fr. possession, 721 ; first Bapt. ch. in Am., 723, .-,751 ; loyalist settlers arrive ; province of, 5772; Chris- tian Messenger, 5791 ; rejects confedera- tion, 5831; alleged sea-serpent, 5921; bishopric est., 94S3; Fenians raid, 2522. , N. J., headquarters » >f Howe, S6 2 ; railroad to Trenton, 1453; Peter Hert- zogTheolog. Hall (Itutger's Coll.) dedi- cated, 1802; Scientific School opd., 2503. Newburgh, N. Y., Washington's head- quarters, 943; train wrecked, 435 2 . , Earl of, title created, 8911 . Newbury, battle of, 8841 ,2. Newburvport, Mass, first woolen mill, 1042; prints calico, 1061 ; fire, 1193. New Calabar, mission at, 11613. Caledonia, Jesuit missions in, 76 2 ; cable favored, 5013; se e est., 9803; Bp. Ridley elected, 9803. New Carthage, Ark., McClernand at, 2202. , Costa Rica, province est., G301 . , Sp., captured, 10542. Newcastle wrecked, 902 1 . Newcastle, Del., Are, 3913. on-Tyne, Eng , taken, 8481 ; coal dis., 8521; St. Nicholas' church burned; coal digging est., 8533; St. Nicholas' rebuilt, 8582; railway opd., 8781,8862; Courant, issued, 9043; mobs, 9051; Literary and Philosoph. Soc. fnd., 9271; Antiquarian Soc. est., 9362; r. Grainger erects mar- ket, 9481 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 9482, 9661 ; Grand Central Station built; bridge, high level, erected, 9541 ; Inst, of Mining En- gineers fnd.,9561 ; engineers strike, 975 2 ; Social Science Asso. meets, 9741 ; Coll. of Physical Science est., 9763; swing bridge complete,980i ; colliery explosion, 9853; Bp. Pearson cons.; Bp. Wilberforce cons.; Technical Coll. inaug.,986 2 ; char- tered, 9893; Sanitary Inst, meets, 9901; distress of unemployed, 993i ; ironwork- ers strike, 9942; Victoria, launched; Royal Mining, Engineering, Industrial Exhib. opnd., 9961 ; Durham Coll. of Science est., 9981 ; Bp. T. W. Wilkinson cons., 9982; Trades' Union Cong, opens; Liberal Federation Cong., 10071 . , N. S. W., strikes, 5002; minerB in pit, 5013; Bp. Stanton cons., 10042. , Pa., Penn lands, 492; Chronicle is- sued, 742 ; fire, 4773. , W. Australia, bishopric est., 9533. New Castle, Wash., striking miners under guard, 3871. , D. of, title created, 9112. (See Cav- endish and Pelham.) Newchwang mission, 6212, 6222; evacw ated, 6271. Newcomb, Harvey, b. (1803); d., 2272. , Richard S., d., 3881 . , Simon, b., 1442; go ld medal, 284 1. Newcomen, Thomas, steam-engine; min- ing, 9022, 9202; atmospheric engine, 9041; d., 9042. New Commission office, Eng., 8702. Concord, O., Muskingum College,149i . Newcross, R. R. collision, 9733. Newdegate, Charles, d., 9962. New Design, 111., Bapt. church imd., 1062. Ebenezer College fnd., Ga., 1782. Newell, John, pres. R. R., d., 4681 . , Samuel, b. (1785) ; miss, movement, 117i;atCalcutta,119i;ord.,1183;d.(1821). , William Augustus, b. (1819); governor N. J., 1832,3052. New Empire, Egy., extended, 6492. England, Icelanders visit, lit ; plague visits, 13 3 ; fnd., 8802; Puritan emigra- tion prohibited, 8823; divided, 31 1 ; storm, 341 ; colonies refuse to unite, 371 ; advancement of; commerce restricted, 372; prosperous; first confederate govt., 373; Quaker persecution, 402,3; popu- lation, 412, 533, 673, 713; Eng. regicides arrive, 412; commissioners, 431 ; burden of war, 46i; postal system, 473; defense of frontier, 50i ; power of clergy limited, 502; Fr. incursions, 521; whale fishery begins, 593; education, 723; prohibitory laws, 731 ; bill to restrain commerce, 793; fleet destroyed, 903; dark day; wrought iron nails, 931; Historical Li- brary fnd., 1583; snowstorm, 1721 ; post office robberies, 4361 ; protection statis- tics, 4463. (See names of N. E. States.)- Association of Farmers, Me- chanics, etc., fmd., 1411 . Conservatory of Music, 2581, 2701. Order of Protection fnd., 3292. Women's Club org., 2651 . Neio England Courant, 603. Memorial, 44 3 . East India Co. (See East India Co.") Evangelical church est., 4742. Newfoundland, Norse colonies est., 113; Dutch in; Cortereal visits, 123; dis., 5701 ; Portuguese fisheries, 173; Bretons visit, 163; fish in shoals, 182; fisheries used, 193, 579i ; attention in Pari., 23*; Gilbert lands, 25 2 ; Concepcion Bay col- ony, 291; settled, 8832; fish prepared, 352; a royal province, 423; Courcelles, gov., 432'; Placentia Bay colony fmd., 412; Eng. get, 5752; diocese est., 578 s ; fisheries, G. B. claims, 9573; Electric 1348' Text Figures denote Page, INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. NeWS-Newm. Telegraph Co., chartered, 11032; n. F., N. x., and. London Telegraph Co. org., 1753; Atlantic cable laid, 1853; declines Can. union, 5832, 5951 ; cable toN. York, 2893; Bp. Jones elected, 9803; Lieut. Greely leaves, 3001 ; gov't protest, 10033; fisheries Fr., modus rirciidi, 7G1* ; dispute submitted to arbitrator, 7G12 ; fisheries agreement of Fr. and Eng., 10052,3; ar- bitration, 592'' ; conven. protested, 5923 ; Bait Act unconstitutional, 10073 ; Fish- eries Law; David Crockett seized, 3693. New School Society org., 941 1 . France, [Canada], eons., 202; first set- tlement, 5711 ; vice-royalty, 5712; gov't; royal province, 5732. (See Canada.) Ger. People's Party, manifesto, 5312. Glasgow, Eastern Chronicle, 5791 . Granada, dis., 151 ; visited, 162; a vice-royalty, 592; conquered, 6281; re- public fnid., 6283. (See Colombia, pp. 628, 629.) Guinea, annexation; Ger. opposes an- nexation, 4992; colonization fails, 8372; Brit, protectorate, 9932. Newhall, Fales H., b., 1342. New Halle, So. Afr., mission, 11241 . New Hampshire, instruction vessel, 4361 . New Hampshire, religious tolerance, 301 ; land patent, 311 ; land grants, 323; first Cong, minister, 322; named, 331,432; unites with Mass., 372; separated from Mass., 473, 532, 653; John Cutts, gov.; Mason claims worth less, 473; revoltsin, 49 2 ; Indians attack, 50i ; reannexed to Mass., 513; land speculators, 523; inn- keepers fined, 543; Bellamont in author- ity; intemperance fined, 551; land dis- putes, 672; Mesheck "Weare, pres. of Council, (1775); John Langdon, gov. (1785), (1788), 1133, 1171 ; John Sullivan, gov. (1786); Josiah Bartlett, gov. (1790), 1051 ; ratifies the Constitution, 101 1; JohnT. Gilman, gov., 1053, 1213; first cotton mill at New Ipswich, 1121 ; Gen. Congregational Asso. org., 1163; Jere- miah Smith, gov., 117 2 ; Wm. Plumer, gov., 1192, 1252; Sam. Bell, gov., 1273; Levi Woodbury, gov., 1313; David L. Morrill, gov., 133 2 ; Gen. Conf. Free Will Baptist fmd., 1343; Benj. Pierce, gov., 1353, (1829); John Bell, gov., 1373; Matt. Harvey, gov., 1392; Jos. M. Harper, gov., 1393 ; Sam. Dins- moore, gov., 1393, 1671; Meth. Epis. Confer, org. ; Univ. State Conven. org., 1402; W. Badger, gov., 1452; Isaac Hill, gov., 1472; liquor license optional, 1492; John Paige, gov., 1512; Henry Hubbard, gov., 1553; John H. Steele, gov., 1592; Anthony Colby, gov., 1613; ten hours legal labor day, 1622; Jared W.Williams, gov., 1633; Noah Martin, gov., 1712; Nathan. B. Baker, gov., 1772, Ralph Metcalf, gov., 1792; Wm. Haile, gov., 1S32; -Ichabod Goodwin, gov., 1871 ; 1st regt. vols, leaves, 1943 ; Concord burned, 2013; Nathan. S. Berry, gov., 2032; Unit. Asso. org., 2191; Jos. A. Gilmore, gov. ,2203; ratifies l.;th Amend., 2432; Fred. Smyth, gov., 2511; ratifies 14th Amend., 2532 ; Walter Harriman gov., 2593; ratifies 15th Amend., 2672; Onslow Stearns, 2693; Compulsory Edu- cation Law effective, 2763; Jas. A. Wes- ton gov., 2772, 2873; Ezekiel Stra\v,gov., 2811 ; Atlantic cable landed, 2853; Person C. Cheney, gov., 2912; 12 constitutional amends, adopted; Benj. F. Prescott, gov., 2973; dry fog, 3033; Nathan. Head, gov., 3083; Chas. H. Bell, gov., 3093; Sam. W.Hale, gov., 3152; Moody Currier, gov., 3233; Chas. H. Sawyer, gov., 3293; 7 constitutional amendments adopted; prohibition liquor traffic rejected, 3362; decision against licenses, 343 1 ; David H. Goodell, gov., 3492; Soldiers' Home est., 3511; Franconia State Park pro- posed, 3521 ; Agri, Coll. fnd.,3542; J.M. Fletcher nom. gov., 369i ; lower house re- sents senate, 3732; legislature obstruct- ed, 3731, 3811; Local Option Bill re- jected, 3812; Lahor Day, legal holiday, 3983; Hiram A. Tuttle, gov., 3991; Luther F. Mc Kinney, nom. for gov., 4151 ; statue appropriation, 4273; John B. Smith, gov., 4471 ; forest fires, 4712,3. ■ Harmony, Ind., est., 1243, 1331 . Haven, Conn., purchased; settled, 353; religious toleration, 343, 353; colo- nies unite, 373, 432; Epis, Soc. fmd. ,563; Conn. Gazette, issued, 712; N. H. Post- Boy issued, 743; Brit, seize, 84 i; Tryon takes, 902; incor., 973; Religious Tract Soc. org., 1142; Female Miss. Soc. org., 1191 ; carriages muf., 1331 ; foreign mis- sion school est., 1263; 2d centennial, 1493; New Enylander appears, 1563; Am. CJi. Review appears, 1642; Evergreen Cemetery est., 1673; water supply est., 2033; News issued. 3023; James Malley acquitted, 310 2 ; Congregational Club fmd, 3162; Osborne Hall ded.,3503; R. C. school-books, 3722; Antigone per- formed, 3801 ; engineers refuse strike; railroad wrecks, 3991; mnfs. combine, 4133; Am. Inter. Sem. Alliance, 4421 ; Chinese gamblers, 4531. (New Haven colony, see Conn. See Yale University.) New Haven, Pa., Hoy family murder, 4303. Hebrides, convention signed, 7563; Fr. declines annexation, 7592; conven- tions, 9973. — - Holland, named, 4933. Inn Hall chartered, 8602. New Ironsides completed, 2171 . New Jerusalem, Gen. Conven. meets, 1362, 1422, 1442, 1462, 14S3 ( 1503, 1523, 154a, 1563, 1582, 1603, 1623, 1642, 1662, 16S3, 1702, 1722, 1702, 1782, 1821, 1842,3, 1881, 2092, 2352, 2482, 2522, 2562, 2662, 2702, 2742, 2782, 2821, 2882, 2942, 2983, 3002, 3063, 3102, 3123, 3202, 3223, 3262, 3302,3403, 3602,4062,4302,4621; Urbana University org., 1703. centenary eel., Eng., 990 2 . .Missionary Society org., 9411. New Jersey burns, 179 a . New Jersey, land grant, 331 ; Puritans in; intemperance lined, 423; named; sepa- rated from N. Y., 431 ; p. Carteret, gov., 431,471; immigration encouraged; pat. for land ; lands distributed; Puritans land grant; constitution adopted, 432; Conn, colonists in, 433 ; colonists refuse rent, 45 1 ; name changed; Dutch rule, 452; Edmund Andros, gov., 453, 511 ; laws perfected ; liquor forbidden to In- dians, 471 ; divided, 47 2 ; Quakers in ; Governor Cartaret arrested, 473, 482 ; tribute from, 47 3 ; Edward Byllinge, governor (1679) ; Sam. Jennings, deputy governor of West J., 473 ; claim relin- quished; General Sessions meets ; Penn's purchase confirmed, 49 1 ; Robt. Bar- clay, gov., of East J.; Thomas Rudyard, deputy ; Gawen Lawrie, gov. East J. ; Thos. Olive, dep. gov. West J. (1684) ; Scotch immigration, 492 ; John Skeine, gov. West J., 493 ; Lord Neill Campbell, Sep. gov. East J., 503 ; Andrew Hamil- ton, dep. gov. East J., 511, 532, 552; Dan. Coxe, gov. West J. ; gov't surren- dered, 5H ; offered for $25,000, 8953 ; no govt., 51 2 ; John Tatham, gov. East J. ; Edward Hunloke, dep. gov., West J. (1690); Col. Jos. Dudley, gov. East J.; proprietors gov. West J. (1691) ; print- ing forbidden ; first Epis. Church, 543; toleration granted, 542 ; Jer. Basse, gov., 55i ; Andrew Bowne, dep. gov. East J. (1G99) ; royal province; Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury in, 55 2 ; Lord Lovelace, Rich. Ingoldsby, Robt. Hunter, govs. ; paper money issued, 573 ; Wm. Burnet, gov., 593 ; JohnMontgomerie, gov., 613 ; Lewis Morris, pres. of council (1731); Wm. Crosby, gov. (1732) ; petition for separa- tion, 613 ; negro burnt alive, 631 ; John Anderson, pres. of council, 632 ; John Hamilton, pres., 633, 672 ; separate col- ony ; Lewis Morris, gov., 652; Coll. of N. J., chartered, 663. (See Princeton Univ.) John Reading, pres., 672, 713 ; Jonathan Belcher, gov., 672 ; popula- tion, 673 ; Francis Bernard, gov., 713 j Thos. Boone, gov. ; Josiah Hardy, gov., 732; William" Franklin, governor 733 ; British abandon posts, 85 1, 863 ; Wil- liam Livingstone, governor, 853, ms ; signs Articles of Confederation, 91 3 ; William Patterson, gov. (1790); rati- fies Federation < 'onsti tut ion, 1003 ; Rich. Howell.gov., 1053; Jos. Bloomfield.gov.; Aaron Ogden, gov., 1193 ; Wm. S. Pen- nington, gov., 1213, 1492 ; Mahlon Dick- erson, gov. ; Isaac H. Williamson, gov., 1252 ; patent leather mfg., 1261 ; Morris Canal begun, 1333 ; Peter D. Yroom, gov., 1373, 1433 ; Geo. W. Doane, cons. P. E. bp., 1402 ; Sam. L. Southard, gov.„ 1412 ; N. Y. boundary fixed, 1432 ; Elias P. Seeley, gov., 1433 ; m. E. Conf. fmd. r 146 2 ; Philemon Dickerson, gov., 1472 • Dan. Haines, gov., 1572, 1052 ; Chas. C. Stratton, gov., 1592 ; Geo. F. Fort, gov., 1092 ; N. Y. and Erie R. R. in J. City, 1733; Rodman M. Price, gov., 1772; Win.A Ncwe.ll, gov., 1832 ; eonservative on secession, 1891; Chas. S. Olden, gov., 1903 ; vols, go to war, 1942 ; prepares for civil war, 195 1 ; passes peace resolu- tions, 2192 ;doel Parker, gov., 2293,2811 ; rejects 13th Amendment, 2432 ; Marcus L. Ward, gov., 2")53 ; ratifies 14thAmend- ment, 255 2 ; withdraws ratification of 14th Amendment, 2612, 2G3i ; Congrega- tional Asso. org., 2662; Theo. F. Ran- dolph, gov., 2693 ; refuses to ratify 15th. Amendment, 2711; free school system intro., 2742; Afr. Meth. Epis. conf. fmd., 2782; Evan. Luth. synod org., 2802; General R. R. Law passes, 2853; compul- sory education laws, 2863 ; Jos. D. Bedle, gov., 2912 ; Asylum for Insane opd.,, 2923 ; Constitutional amendments rati- fied, 2892 ; state Board of Health org., 2972; Geo. B. McClellan, gov., 3012; State Normal School opd., 3023; Geo. C. Ludlow, gov., 3093 ; Leon Abbett, gov., 3193 ; storm, 3201 ; school for deaf mutes- opd., 3231; Labor Day est., 3291; Robt. S. Green, gov., 3293 ; Hunterdon Co., anti-license, 3332 ; Ballot Reform Bill passes; Re-districting II ill passes, 3391; Breweries liought, 3393 ; Leon Abbett, gov., 3451, 375i ; E. B. Grubb, nom. for gov., 3451 ; Local Option and High Li- cense repealed, 351 1 ; election frauds in Hudson Co., 3523, 3551, 3591 ( 3711 ? 3871 4083,4211; E. F. Donald unseated, 3592; glass-makers strike, 3523 ; Agri. College est., 3542 ; Industrial Senate find., 3551; Anti-Race-Track Bill, 3551; legal state senate, 4532; strike, 3643, 3883; Judi- ciary Revision Conven., 4052,4fi'3i; free schools, 3743 ; Excise Boards new power, 381 1 ; Congressional Reapportionment Bill signed, 3832; Pool -sellers Act uncon- stitutional, 3951 ; Half-Holiday Bill en- acted, 39S3 ; Australian Election System Bill, 3992; race-track bills, 4012, 4242, 4251 , 4271 ,4491 f 4552 ; Thos. J. Kennedy, nom. for gov., 4132; John Kean, Jr., nom. for gov. ; George T. Werts, nom. gov., 4151,4471; Central R.R. withdraws fromReading,4213;ParochialSchoolBill,. 4262 ; County Excise Law unconstitu- tional, 443 1 ; Gerrymander Act unconsti- tutional, 443i , 4592 ; Lehigh Valley R. R. strike, 4442; Dem. Senators org., 4491; Senate divided, two bodies, 449 1,2, 3; 4512, 4551 ; senators appeal to governor ; 4493; decision for senate, 455 1 ; female suffrage, 4553 ; Rep. election victories, 4572 ; Central Traction Co., file papers : wrecks on coast, 4573 ; Pool-selling and Book-making Bill, 4592 ; reform bills vetoed, 461 1 ; robbers den found, 4623 ; forest fires, 464 1 ; boycotting illegal , 4793 . New, John C, b., 1482. Lanark, Scot., infant schools, 9383. Newlands, F. G., b., 1641 . " New Laws " enacted, Peru, 231 . New Lebanon, N. H., Shakers in, 982,3. Liberty, Ky . , Concord Coll. org. , 2623 . Lights, laws against, 65 1 . Lisbon, O., Morgan captured, 2261 . London, Conn., settlement of, 392; missionaries, 542; press set up, 57 1 ; Brit, burn, 942 ; incorporated, 973 ; whale fishery, 1293; Groton monument, 1381; C. F. Hall sails north, 1861 ; Rom. Cath. summer school opd., 4122 ; Viking ship arrives, 4332. , Pa., Old Side Academy est., 663. Madrid, Mo., State independence de- clared, 1992 ; occupied, 2043. Newman, Francis, gov. Conn., K2;d. (1660). , William, b., 9323. , John Henry, b.,9303; card, priest, 9842 ; works, 9463, 0543, 9GS3, 9743 ; d., 10041. , Philip, b., 1342 ; bishop, 3302. Newmarket, Eng., racing intro., 8931 . New Market, Va., Federals routed, 2333. Bridge, Va., action at, 2021 . ^Newm-Newy. Text Figures denote Page- INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1349 New Jfemoirs or' Lift -rntitre issued, 907 1 . JSTew Mexico, 'Zuiii visit, 202 ; dis., 243 ; revolts, 491 ; uprising of Mex.; 6 Ams. killed, 1632 ; treaty of Guadalupe Hi- dalgo, 1633 ; territory org., 1G7 2 ; James S. Calhoun, gov., 1692 ; Col. E. V. Sum- ner, acting gov. ; John Griener, acting for. (1852) ; Wm. Carr Lane, gov., 1712 ; olon Borland, gov.; David Merri wether, gov.,1743; W.H. H.Davis, gov. (lS57);Ahr. Rencher, gov., 1832 ; Henry Connelly, gov., 2032 ; Confeds. occupy, 2043; Win. F.N.Arny, gov., '2593; Kobt. B.Mitchell, gov., 251 1 ; peonage abolished, 2562 ; at- tached to U.S., 26M; Wm. A. Pile gov., 2693 ; common schools est., 2763 ; Marsh Giddings, gov., 2772 ; home missions, 2903 ; Wm. D. Ritch, acting gov. (1875) ; Sam. B. Axtell, gov., 2951 ; disorders ar- rested, 2992- Utes expelled, 2991 ; Jesuit ' fathers defeated ; Lewis "Wallace, gov., 3012; Univ. of N.M.opd., 3082; Lionel A. Sheldon, gov. ,3132; Industrial Schoolest. at Santa Fe\ 319i ; Indians trouble, 3201 ; school for deaf mutes, 3231 ■ Admission Bill in Cong., 337 1 ; constitution adopted, -3452,3693; Edmund G. Ross, gov. (1885); L. Bradford, Prince, gov., 3492; State Univ.; School of Mines, Agri. Coll. est., 350 2 ; drought in, 3621; constitution amendments, 3672; disorderly persons proclaimed, 3992 ; High-license Law enacted, 3983; forest preserve est., 3993; fossils found, 406i ; Admission Billpasses, 4032, 409 1 ,447 1 ,465 1 ; telegraphers strike, 4171 ; w. T. Thornton, gov., 4472 ; Peralta grant claim, 4553. New Monthly Magazine issued, 9371 . Netherlands. (See New York.) Newnham Coll., Cambridge, opened, 9803. New Orange [Albany], N. Y., named, 453, New Orleans burned, 1013. New Orleans, La., fnd., 592; Ursulinenuns in, 60s ; Ger. settle, 61 1; Fr. authority, 612; Sp. possesses, 74' ; first drama, 1021 ; R. C. diocese est.. 1043 j negro insurrec- tion, 1161 ; Gen. Jackson in ; battle of, 1223 ; banks suspend, 1233 ; first P. E. ■church opd. at, 1243; yellow fever, 127 3 , 1333, 1733, 1752, 2593 steamer line toN. Y., 1293; Centenary Coll. est., 1323 ; N. O. Bee appears, 135 1 ; cholera rages, 1413; Tulane Univ. org., 1431; branch mint est., 1452 ; N. 0. Picayune issued, 1471 ; Coll. of Immaculate Conception org., 1551 ; Marquette burns, 1593 ; De Bow's Commercial Review appears, 1611 ; floods, 1641, 1673; sight steamboats burned. 1693; riotoverCubanexped., 1703; Asso. of Science org., 1721 ; disorder rules, 183 2 ; Sumter runs blockade, 1962 ; under C. martial law, 2001 ; Manassas strikes Richmond, 200 1 ; blockaded, 2021; Feds, capture, 2062, 3 ; Gen. Butler's offensive orders, 2072, 2142; recorder and chief of police arrested, 2081 ; aversion to Butler, 2083 ; State conven. meets, 2313 ; Webb captured, 2462; Republicans massacred ; constitutional convention, 2523 ; Gen. Sheridan's military dist., 257 2 ; colored judge presides, 25S3; shivery prohibited, 2592 ; Straight Univ. org., 2662 j Leland Univ. fnd., 270 3 ; R. R. bonds granted to, 2711; new charter, 2733 ; Mechanics Inst, seized, 2772 ; Exposition Park pur- chased, 2773 ; Southwestern Christian Advocate est. ; Univ. of, fnd., 2822; and org., 3003 ; rival factions, 2x:J2 ; Oarroll- ton annexed, 2873 ; state offices surren- dered, 2951 ; City Item issued, 2963; The States issued ; Southern Univ. opd., 3043; Southern Academic Inst, opd., 30S 2 ; strike, 3083; Charity Or^tnization Soc. org., 3151; Tulane' Univ. opd., 31S3 ; World's Cotton Exposition, 3193,3213 ; Normal School est.,3u23; school for deaf mutes, 3251 ; Evening News issued, 3502; Anti-Lottery League org., 3523 ; Con- fed. Memorial Day, 3551 ; Anti-Lottery League, State conven. ; Hennessy shot, 3703; assassins found guilty, 372*2 ; ac- quitted, 3S02; cotton firm fails, 3733; yew Delta issued, 3742 : Mardi Gras festival, 3763 ; bribery of jurors, 3802 ; mo b kills Italians, 3802, 40.13; O'Malley accused of bribery, 3S03; lynching; despatch, 381 1 ; lynchers' 'prosecution demanded, 3812 ; Italian diplomacy, 3813,10902; lottery charter, 3823; Bernard Glaudi convicted; jury bribery, 3831 ; oath-bound societies, 3832; Italian consul offends, 3S5 2 ; anti- lottery campaign, 3803 ± ; Fourth of July eel. ,3871 ; Garcia, embezzler, 3942; War- mouth faction, 4002; fire, 4033, 4053, 4352,4593; Conven. United Confed. vet- erans, 4043 ; rice trust, 405 3 ; Hennessy monument, 4061 ; Sullivan-Corbett fight, 4143 ; general strike, 418 2 ; Nicaragua Canal Conven. ; street railways pur- chased, 4193 ; Sunday laws enforced, 4222 ; strike order unlawful, 4263 ; R. C. cen- tennial, 4282; crevasse, 4313, 4332,3; Jeff. Davis's body removed, 4313 ; ne- groeslynched ; colored people protected, 4382; Maria trouble, 4443; Italian lynch- ing decision, 4612 ; bribery of Callahan, 4622 ; sugar-planters anti-Dem., 4691 , 4712 ; bribery indictments ; Louis Des- forges, bribery ; Numa Douboussat, bri- bery, 4702 ; Fitzpatrick impeachment suit, 4703 ; R. r. collision, 4733 ; race troubles, 4753; Knights of Labor protest, 4762 ; Exhibition Kill passed, 3172. New Party issued, 10002. New Plymouth, N. Z., founded, 11032, Newport, Eng., chartist rioters, 9511 ; dock laborers strike, 10031; colliery explo- sion, 10033 ; tank explodes, 10073 ; Arch- bp. Hedley cons., 9742. — — , R. I., harbor inspected, 191; civil govt, est., 353; Rapt, church find., 362,3; settled, 372 j Seven Day Bapt. ch. fmd., 422; Jewish worship, 522; p. E. ch. fmd., 542 ; p. e. missionary at, 562 ; Baptist Asso. fmd., 603; R. J. Gazette, 631; slaves iu, 733 ; artillery seized, 781 ; threatened, 803 ; Fr. fleet at, 883,921; torpedo school est. at, 268i ; Farmer's in- candescent lights made, 2901 ; fire at " The Breakers," 4193 ; Naval War Col- lege opened, 4621 . , Christopher, b. (1565) ; in Va., 261 , 3, 273; deserts colonists, 272 ; d., 261 . , Lord. (See Robert Joselyn.) News, Va., action at, 2021 . New Providence, W. I., settled, 8832 ; taken, 821 . New Quarterly Review issued, Eng., 9583. Quarterly Magazine, Sng., 9783. Review issued, Eng., 3231 . New Reform Bill introduced, 9932, River, W. Va., action at, 2003. Bridge, Confeds. defeated, 2323. Rochelle, N. Y., Huguenots in, 513 ; race fight, 4703. Ross, Ire., action at, 9281 - f Boyd attack, 985i. Rugby, Tenn., inaugurated, 3043. San Gaty flies Confederate flag, 1953. Newsham, Richard, gift of, 9921 . New Soo Line opened, Canada, 5892. South Wales dis., 5722; Sydney Ga- zette est.; N. S. W Advertiser, 4941 ; first church fmd., 4942 ; an Eng. settlement at Botany Bay ; felons ; Fr. expedition ; immigration, 4943 ; border police ; com- mercial crises, 4953 : constitution fmd., 4961 ; transportation of criminals to, ceases, 4903; separated, 497 1 ; new consti- tution ; nanhood suffrage, 497 2 ; first R. R., 4973 ; denominational schools un- aided, 4981 ; Royal Soc. est., 4981 ; R. R. connection complete, 4iMi3 ; floods, 5001 ; hurricane, 5001 ,5013 ; strike settled, 5003 ; yearly salaries, 5012 ; Bp. Barry cons., 9362. Newspaper Libel Act passes, 989 1 . Publishers' Asso. Am. Convention, 3362 3523, 3781 , 4n()3, 4242, 4521 , 4683. Newspapers, early, of U. S. A. 1st in Am., Public Occurrences, 503 ; Boston Gazette; Am. Weekly, Messenger, Phil., 5S 3 ; New Eng. Courant, Boston; Md. Gazette, 003 ; Penn. Gazette, 611 - S. C. Gazette; Week/,/ Journal, N. Y., it criticizes govt., 623 ; p. J. Gazette ; Va. Gazette, 631 • Gen. Mag and, Histori- cal Chronicle, 1st literary journal, 651 ; Eve. Post, N. Y., 671 ; N. C. Gazette; Conn. Gazette; N. H. Gazette, 71 1 ; Pro- vidence Gazette, R. I. ; Ga. Gazette, 731 ; Conn. Courant, Hartford ; New Castle Chronicle, Pa., 742 ; y. y. Journal or Gen. Advertiser; Conn. Journal and N. Haven Post-Boy, 743 ; Albany Gazette, N. Y., 771; y, J. Gazette, Burlington, 851; yt. Gazette, Brooklyn Hail Super- Extra Gazette, 95 2 ; 1st daily in Am., Penn Packet or Gen. Advertiser, Phila- 971; Falmouth Gazette Me., 983 ; Lex- iugton Gazette, 991 ; The Sentinel of the N. W. Territory, Cinn. , Knoxv'dle Ga- zette, Tenn., 1043 ; Moniteur, La., 1063 ; sedition, laws against, 1091 ; Natchez Ga- zette, Tenn., llli . (See names of news- papers in their alphabetical place in index, also under names of towns where issued.) Newspapers, early, in Can.; 1st, Que. Ga- zette, 742. , France (see text, p. 689+) ; Eng. (see text, p. 878+) ; Ire. (see text, p. 896+). issued, Eng., 9003; printed by steam power, 9362. fined, France, 7393. injunctions, Ger., 831*. in U. S., 1391 ; in 1393, 4442. New Sweden fnd., 351 ; dissolved, 411 . Testament, in Indian language, 423 ; translation, 5502, 5523, 6211; published, Den., 6371 ; restricted, Eng., 8683. Tamil mission opened, 10483. Newton, Mass., first Bapt. Church fmd., 663; Theological Inst, est., 1323; Con- gregational Club org., 3262. , Baron, title created, 10083. Butler, Ire., battle of, 8981. , Ephraim H., d., 2411 . , Heher, teachings opposed, 3842. , Sir Isaac, b., 8842 ; Differential Cal- culus, 8902; light; telescope; shape of earth, 8922; investigations ; gravitation, 8941; Principia, 896 2 ; theory of tides, 8961 ; in Royal Society, 8962, 9022; spec- trum, Optics, 9022; theory of fluids ; os- cillation of waves, 9041 ; d.,908i ; statue, 9122, 9621. , Isaac, engineer, b., 1482. , John, b., 9062 ; d. (1807). , , Gen., b., 1303 ; dismissed, 2182. , B., assistant bishop of Va., 4602. , Bp. Thomas, b. (1704) ; leader, 921 1 ; d. (1782). Newtonia, Mo., action at, 2141; price de- feated, 2392. Newtown, Mass., hegun,332; synod meets, 342 ; college at, 343. , Barry, Ire., riots, 9451 . , N. Y., settled, 393 ; Commissioner Krug, bribery, 4722. New Ulm, Minn., Indians attack, 2121 ; cyclone, 3081 . West Education Commis. org., 2983. Westminster, Can., R. C. diocese est., 5902; fire, 5912, 5932; see est.; Bp. Sil- litoe elected, 9803. Wilmington, Pa., Westminster Coll. organized, 1723. Windsor College organized, 1571. New York, cruiser, launched, 3961 . New York City (Manhattan), Spaniards visit; also Verazzano (?) and Gomez, 191 ; Hudson visits, 261 ; Under the Dutch : Dutch arrive ; erect huts ; est. trading-post, 29 1 ; John Smith subdues the Dutch ; Dutch build fort ; build the Onrust, 281; Sam. Argall destroys the post (?) ; New Netherland chartered ; settlement est., 291 ; Walloons arrive; Lutheran worship est., 30 1 ,2, 31 1 ; under Dutch West India Co., 303; Walloon col- ony arrive, 31i , 2 ; civil gov't est.; Cor- nelius May, gov., 312; first white child b.,303, 312'; Wm. Verhulst, gov. N.Neth.; Peter Minuet, gov.; j. ays .?24 for Manhat- tan Island, 31 2 ,3; friendly with Puri- tans, 313; 1st Dutch minister; Refmd. Dutch church est.; Presb. church est., 30 2 ; fur trade flourishes; charter of privileges, patroons like lords of Eur., 270 people, 313; houses, 30 3 ; manors created ; southern coast and Staten Isl- and purchased, 33i; Charles I., Eng., claims N. Neth., 333; Fort Amsterdam begun, 321 ; 2d Dutch minister arrives ; church built, 322; Wouter van Twiller, gov., 333; pulpit politics, 343; brandy distilled on Staten Island, 352; William Kieft, gov., 353; De Vries settles Staten Island, 37 2 ; Indians abused, war follows ; stone tavern built, 361 ; stone church built, 363; friendly Indians massacred, 371 ; 1st representative assembly, 372; Francis Doughty, Presb., preaches ; Ger. Lutherans arrive, 363; city hall built, 373; treaty with Indians; 100 citizens, 361 , 373 ; peace thanksgiving, 363; 1350 Text Figures denote Page, ll\l-)xl*X. Superior Figures indicate Column. New York. "Breucklyn" chartered; Peter Stuy- vesant gov.; slaves iiitro., 391 ; "Wall [St.] built across island against Indians, 381 j incorporated ; municipal gov't est., 393; war with Swedes (Del.); Indians rise, 40* ; Jews may settle ; intolerance ; only Dutch worship allowed ; Jews to worship privately, 40 1 ; minister Goet- water in, 402; streets paved and wind- mill built, 401; Eng. take, 421 , 453; Under the English : liquor traffic reg- elated, 423; population 10,000,432; Luth- erans may worship privately ; 1st church in Brooklyn, 422; Thos. Willett first mayor, 432, ( S ee text, alternate years for other mayors) ; Eng. oppress the Dutch; tyranny of Gov. Lovelace, 433; Rev. Jacob Fabric us in, 422; merchants meet daily, 45 - 1 ; May races, 453; Ger. Luth. church built; Eng take, 443; monthly mail to Boston, 453 ; Dutch cap- ture, renamed New Orange, restore, 441,452,3; 1st Epis. service, 4G3; slaves at $150 47i; trade becomes free, 491; Huguenot Presb. church est.; Jesuit Fathers arrive; R. Cath. worship, 482; toleration for Christians ; assenibly meets, 49 2 ; chartered, 503; joy over Eng. revolution ; feud of factions ; Capt. Leis- ler assumes govt.; committee of safety, 51 2 ; 1st colonial congress of governors ; Capt. Leisler and Milborne hanged, 513; episcopacy rejected ; toleration granted, 522; whipping-post, pillory, and duck- ing stool est., 531; episcopacy est. by law, 522,3; printing intro., 523; Refmcl. Prot. ch. incorp. ; 1st synagogue; (1st) Trinity Ch., 523 ; (j,000 citizens, 533, 553 ; A.D. 1700+; night watch est.; Capt. Kidd in, 543; lantern-lighted, 553; 1st public library in Am., 542; 1st ap- propriation for cleaning streets £20 (1690) ; pestilence, 55 3 ; Kings [Columbia] Coll.; King's Farm granted to Trinity Church, 543, 691 , 712, 731 ; Presb. minis- ters arrested, 563; gov. bribed; Luth. church est.; slave market ; Trinity Sch. est., 57 2 ; Baptist preaching intro'., 57' ; negro plot to burn, 583, Win. Tennent arrives ; Presb. church org., 58 2 ; first Bapt. church org., 602; N. Y. Gazette first paper; many Jews come, 603; Benj. Franklin in, 611; new charter, 613; i a t fire engines, department org.; Boston stage, 63 ; Weekly Journal, 623, editor Zenger imprisoned 031,3; fire in fort, 6t3 N i "Gazette zt Wr'kly Post-bcy negro conspiracy to burn, 65 2 ; John Cruger, mayor, 652, 713 ; Evening Post, 671; Nassau St- Theater, 66 1 ; Inde- pendent Reflector, M> rcury, and Pacquet ; Society Library, 69 1 ; 2d Nassau St. Theater,6Si , 703; King's College begun, 712; population 12,000, 713; i s t Metho- dist arrives ; clergy in politics ; 1st Bap- tist church org., 723; ferry to N. J., 733; Eng. preaching in Dutch churches, 741 ; Constitutional Gazette, 751 ; Anti-Stamp Act Cong.; Sons of Liberty, 752; Metho- dism intro.; John St. Theater est., 742; flag-pole cut down ; express to Phila., 2 days, 753; Chronicle, N. Y. Journal or Gen. Advertiser, 743; j G hn St. Meth. church dedicated, 762; Chamber of Com- merce fnd.; George III. statue, 773; liberty-pole cut, 772; McDougal impris- oned, 77 3 ; tea ship sent back, 783; favors cong., 793; War of Revolution: Tories mobbed; Riving/on's Gazetteer's office wrecked, 81 1 ; Colonial Assembly ends Tories ascendant, 812,823; Ams, occupy, 82 1; Washington arrives ; Gen, Howe in hay, 822; Tory conspiracy Brit, land on Staten Island, 823, 84 1 Gov. Tryon retires to war vessel, 83' plot to k. Washington ; hydrant water introduced, 833; British land on Long Island; battle of Long Island; Wash- ington retreats, S4i ; British enter ; battle of Harlem Heights; Nathan Hale banged; royalist corps raised, 842; Washington crosses Hudson River ;Brit. take Fort Washington, 843; jr. Y. Pac- quet, Am. Advertiser, John Englishman; King's Coll. a hospital, 85 1 ; pardon of- fered rebels, 852,3; conf. with Howe; great fire, Trinity Church burned, 853; Ams. raid Staten Island, 87'; Riving- ton's N. T. Royal Gazette issued, Brit. troops leave for West Indies, 89 1, for Ga., 901 ; Fort Mcintosh built ; Ethan Allen welcomed; Brit, winter in, 911 ; Benedict Arnold's proclamation ; loyal- ists org., 933; Brit, peace commissioner arrives, 953; Brit, evacuate; Washing- ton enters; Am. army disbands, 9C ; Under Americans: Presb. churches restored, 962; i s t Prot. Epis Conven. meets diocese of N. Y., 963; King's Col- lege changed to Columbia, 971 ; 11th Continental Cong, opens, 973; John St. Theater reopened; Contrast, Gamester, played, 981 ; St. Peter's, first R. C. ch., 982; Am. Epis. church separates ; Daily Advertiser; free colored schools, 983; Manumission Soc; Tammany Soc. org., 991, 1003: 12th Continental Cong., 991, 13th C. Cong., 992, 14th, 993; mo b de- stroys printing-office, 1003; 1st dentist's office est., 1001 ; A r . Y, Mag. and Liter- ary Repository, Independent Journal, Ar- gus or I )ail u Advertiser, Federalist, 10l)2; U.S. Gazette; An ti- Federal mob, 1003; last Continental Congress ; 1st Federal Cong.; capital of U. S. A., 1011 ; Wash- ington inaug celebration, 101 2 ; Castle Williams built, 1021 ; 2d Methodist church, 1023 ■ Congress removed to Phila., 1031 ,2; park project abandoned ; 1st N.Y.bank est. ;yellowfever,1033, 1073, 1133; steamboat built, J U4 2, 1ns 1 ; Minerva [Commercial Advertiser, 1083], 1043; col- ored Meth. ch.; 1st Miss. Soc. org. ,1063; Park Theater built, 1081 ; Meth.ch,Duane St., fmd., 1082; Monthly Mag. and Am. Review, 1091 ; A.D. 1800± : Brook- lyn Navy Yard est., 110 1 ; Am. Watch- man; Am. Citizen, 1103 \E veiling Post est., 1111; city hall built, 1121, H82; Acad, of Fine Arts; Botanical Garden est., 1121; Hfstorical Soc. inst.; labor strike, 1131 ; Clermont, steamboat, first trip, 1141 ; r. c. see erected ; Meth. Publish- ing House; Ladies'* Weekly Miscellany estt, 1143; steamboat Paragon built; Geo. F.Cook appears, HGi; Eng. used in Luth. church, 1163; great fire, 1173; Prot. Epis. Tract Soc. org., 1171 ; Liter- ary Miscellany est., 1191; first stereo- typing; N. Y. Tract Soc. org., 121 1 ; Brooklyn steam ferry, 1213; Fulton, frigate, launched, 1222; tf Y. Weekly Musi inn, 1232; chimnev-s weeps' cries forbidden; Peace Soc. fnd.; N. Y. Ma- rine Bible Soc. org., 125 1 ; Lyceum of Natural History inaug., 1261; hatters' union fmd., 1272; Gen. Montgomery buried, 127 3 ; Edmund Kean appears, 1281; mariners' church dedicated, 128 2 ; Bethel Union org., 1283; Mercantile Li- brary fnd.; Apprentice Library fnd., 1291; steamship line to New Orleans, 1293; steam-power printing-press est., 1301 j Albion ; Literary Review, 1311 ; Ob- server ; Christian Baptist; N. Y. Mirror, 1312; steamer to Norfolk, 1313; A.D. 1825+ : 1st opera ; homeopathy intro., 1321 ; Sunday Courier; Lafayette visits, 1331 ; boat arrives via Erie Canal, 1333; Acad. of Design, 134 1 ,2541 ; Edwin Forrest appears ; W. C. Muereadv appears, 1341 ; Air. Union Meth. church founded, 1343; Christian Advocate, 1351; Journal of < 'omnierce, 1351 , 14^3 ; Morning Enquirer, 1351 ; varnish mnf., 1361 ; C'ourrier des Etats-Unis ; Quarterly Review; Noah's National Advocate, 137 1 ; Charles John Kean appears, 1381; Primitive Meth. church org., 138 3 ; Spirit of the Times, 1391; high tariff conven.; Common Council divided, 1392; an omnibus ap- pears, 1393; Charles and Fanny Kemhlo appeal ; Ravel family appears, 1401 ; Knickerbocker Magazine; N. Y. Globe est., 1403 ; Asiatic cholera appears ; street railroad opd., 1413; operatic thea- ter opd.; Mechanics' Inst, est., 1421 ; Am. Monthly Magazine; Sun, and Jour- nal of Commerce est.; news by relays, 1423;" New- Yorker Staats-Zeitung ; elec- tion riot, 1431 ; anti-abolition mob. 1433; mayors first elected by citizens, 1432; pins mnf., 1441 ; ,-jty missionaries ; N.Y. Herald, 1443 ; mechanics hold conven., 1451; fire; cholera, 1453, 1673; Ellen Tree appears, 1461 ; N. Y. Express est., 1463; flour riot, 147 1; Morse exhibits telegraph, 1481; N. Y. Review issued, 1491 ; Croton Aqueduct, 1493, 1553, I653 r 3633; Harlem R. R. tunnel ; mercantile failures, 1493; Evening Express, 1503; fire, 1513; earthquake; Fanny Elsler dances; Trinity Church erected; John Baldwin Buekstone appears, 1521 ; 2Yib~ une, 1523; George Vanderhoff appears; Philharmonic Soc. concert, 154 1 ; St John's College fnd.; Ger. Meth. church org. ,1543; Polka dance intro., 157 1 ; Anna Cora Mowatt appears ; Washington statue ; hydropathic establishment opd., 1581 j Wesleyan Meth. org.; Five Points Mission org., 1582, 1741 j Swedish Mis- sion, 1582; Am. Review ; New Yorker Zei- tung est., 1583; fire, 1593; Washington monument, 1622 ; St. Francis Xavier Coll. org., 1631; w. C. Macready ap- pears, 1641; Hamburg-Am. line steam- ers est., 1G33; Coll. of City of N. Y. est., 1642; Associated Press find., 1643; Cen- tury Club formed ; Astor Place riot, 1643; Father Matthew in, 1651; park Theater burned ; Croton Aqueduct Bridge; Cypress Hill Cemetery est.; Calvary Cemetery opd.; gas in Brook- lyn, 1653; Jenny Lind sings ; F. B. Con- way appears, 100 1 ; VEco d Italia, 1062; Astor Library, 1063,1742,3023,3542; Hud- son River R.R. opd. ,1073; A.D. 1850+ : street explosion, 1673; Teresa Parodi appears; Lola Monte/, appears; Mme. Ponisi appears, 1681 ; R. C. archiepisco- pal see est.; Times est., 1683; Louis Kossuth in; Meth. Home opd., 1691; Erie R.R. opd.; schoolhouse panic, 1693; Central Park suggested, 1701; Y. M. C A. org., 1702; medal, to Henry Clay; Evergreen Cemetery est., 1712; Lutheran Cemetery est.; Bible House est., 1713; Henry Clay obsequies ; Thomas Kane's exped.; Wallaek's Theater opd.; Henri- etta Sontag appears, 1721 ; Frank Leslie's Illustrated est.; ( Upper est., 1731 ; Mer- cantile Library .Asso. fmd.; Manhattan Coll. est., 1731, 2252; banquet to John Mitchel ; charter changed, 1732; Great Bepuhlic burned; San Francisco sails ; Crystal Palace opd.; Clearing House est., 1733; Astor Library opd., 1742; Col. Loring murdered, 1743; firemen perish, 1753; Mile Rachel appears; Acad, of Music op. 1., 1701 ;Dr. Kane returns; East River frozen, 1781 , 2573; Adelaide Phil- lips appears, 178 1 ; lllustrirte Zeitwng fnd.; city officials indicted; poor relief plans; rilibust crs join Gen. Walker, 1783; Adriatic launched; Castle Garden a re- ceivingstation, 1793; Washington statue, 1801 ; Harper's Weekly fnd., 1802; Inman Line est., 1813; Central Park begun, 1821; police riots, 1823; Metropolitan Po- lice Law constitutional ; resisted ; colli- sion of police forces, 1823, 1331 ; " Dead Rabbits" control ; legislature interferes in gov't; Cent. Park Oommis., 1S32; Am. cup presented to Yacht Club, 1833; St. Patrick's Cathedral built,184i ,1802,3003; Mile. Piccolomini appears, 184 1 ; Crystal Palace burned, 1853; World est., 1863, 1991; Patti appears; Schiller's bust, 186i;AtliemrumCluMnd.,187i; A.D. 1S60± : fire, 1873; Japanese embassy; Prince of Wales in ; Hicks hanged, 1882; time ball placed; Union Miss. Society org., 1903; Clara Louise Kel- logg debut, 1902; Mayor Wood advises secession, 1911; Fort Pickens expedi- tion sails, 1921 ; 7th Regt. for Wash., 1941; Soldier's Relief Assn. find., 1943- patriotic war meeting, 195 1 ; billiard tournament, 1953; cotton advances, 1973; Bellevue Hospital Med. Coll. est.; Homrepathic Med. Coll. opd., 1991 ; Con- fed, prisoners at Ft. Lafayette, 2012; Monitor launched, 2022, sails, 2042; specie payments suspended; Produce Exchange org., 2032; slave-trader hanged, 2052; premium on gold, 207 3 ; press opposes Lincoln, 2111 ; U. S. Brew- ers' Asso. org., 215 2, 2971; Democratic Anti-Lincoln meeting, 2153; French and the Guion lines est., 2173; Union League' fnd., 2192, 2431 ; Valandigham sympathy conven.; Peace-party meeting held,. 2233; conscription begins, 2243, 2252; terrible anti-draft riot, 2253; Tribune of- fice dismantled, 2252; Nat. Academy of" Design begun, 2273; Woodlawn Ceine- New York. Text Figures denote Page. INJDilfA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1351 tery established, 2293 ; Sanitary Commis- sion Fair, 2312; Journal of Commerce and World suppressed, 233 3 ; Confed. plot to burn, 2393, 2412; Gen. Butler takes command, 239 2 ; Theo. Thomas concerts ; Edwin Booth plays, 2411 ; aid for Savannah sufferers ; petition for emancipation, 2423; high price paper, 2433 ;Lincoln obsequies in City Hall,247i; paid fire dept. inst., 2473; Ketchum for- geries, 2483; Barnum's Museum burned (Nov. 25, 1864), 2493, 2613, 2813; Mendels- sohn Glee Club organized.; Commerce statue, 2501 ; Free Methodist Society org., 2502; Manhattan Club fnd.; Disci- ples of Lassalle org.; Chimney Corner fnd.; Commercial Bulletin fnd., 2503; Board of Health est., 2511 , 3043; Acad, of Music and Univ. Med. Coll. burned, 2533; bust of Irving, 2541; City Mission and Tract Soc. org., 2542; Oa/ary Maga- zine, 2543; Nat. Acad, of Design, build- ing erected, 2541 ; Henrietta, Vesta, Fleet- wint/ sail on race, 2553; life-raft sails, 2561 ; City Hall Park, for P.O. site,2573; Black Crook performance, 258 1 ; Even- ing Telegram and News fnd., 2583; yel- low fever at quarantine ; single track elevated cable R. R. opd.; Gold and Stock Co. org., 2593; steam-motor man exhibited, 2601 ; dinner for Dickens, 2611 ; court house completed, 2613; Har- per's Bazaar fnd., 2623; Dem. Nat. Con- ven. meets, 2633; Booth's Theater opd.; Lincoln statue; Garibaldi statue, 264 1; Mercantile Library opd., 2651; George Peabody sails; Ryan's filibusters sail; Evening Mall fnd.; St.LouisColl.org., 2663; Hell Gate improvements, 2673, 2933; a. D. 1870- ; East River Bridge begun, 2681 ; Nat. History, Am. Museum, est. (1869), Sunday opening, 4141, new wing opd., 4161; price of gold; Erie Ring panic; "Black Friday," 2673; Augustin Daly's Theater, .2681 ; p e re Kyacinthe intro.; Baptist Home fnd., 269' ; Roosevelt Hospital begun (Oct. 29, 1869), opened Nov. 2, 1871, Anderson gift, 418 3 ; Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2701, 2741, 276 1 , 3022, 3321, 3341, 3381 , 3581 , 3681 , 3801 , 3981 , 4741 ; Public Record; Lenox Library, 2702,2963,3981 ; Times exposes Tweed King, 2703; Daniel MacFarland acquitted ; Tweed-Frear Charter granted ; city and county com- bined, 2711; New-Yorker Tages Nach- richten fnd., 2722; Tweed Ring domi- nates, 2731 ; White Star Lin'e est., 2733; Capt. Hall sails in Polaris ; Morse statue, 2741 ; religious riots, 2743; Tammany Hal] defeated, 2752,3; Grand Central Depot opd.; Red Star Line est., 2753; Witness, 2763; Forest and Stream, 2771 ; mechanics' combined strike, 2772; Gil- bert Elevated R. R. sold; Erie Ring collapses, 2773; newspapers overthrow Tweed Ring, 27S2, 2912, 297 1 ; Presb. Hospital opd.; strikes, 2783; statues of Shakespeare, Scott, and Franklin, 2801 ; trial of Tweed, 2811 ; Am. District Tele- graph Co. est.; Elevated R. R. Cos. fmd.; Netherlands Line est.; State Line est., 2813; Young "Women's C. A. incor., 2822; Soe. for Suppression of Vice est., 2831 ; financial panic ; Stock Exchange closed, 2833; Oratorio Soc. org., 2S41 ; charter amended ; Kingsbridgeannexed, 2851; White Cross Line est., 2853; sol- diers' monument set up, 2861; Cit a Rec- ord established, 2863; Amsterdam-Neth- erlands Line est., 2873 ; newspapers against Whisky Ring, 2883 ; cable to N. F. and Ire.; new post-office occupied, 2893; Soc. for Prevention of Cruelty to Children est.; Soc. of Sons of Revolu- tion est., 2911; great fire; Fourth Ave. tunnel ; North Dutch Church demol- ished, 2913; Journal and Puck appear, 2922; Seward statue, 2941; Soc. for Pre- vention of Crime est., 2943; Halleck statue, 2941 ; N. Y. Hospital opd.; fire, 2953; Communists meet, 2971 ; explosion in candy works, 2973; 6th Ave. Elevated R.R. opd., 2953 ; Museum, of Nat. History, 2961,3321,3822,4141,4161 ; A.D.1880+; 3d Ave. Elevated R. R. opd., 2973; Stew- art's body stolen, 299 1 ; 9th Ave. Ele- vated R. R.,2993, 3053; Coll. of Music incor.; Soc. of Am. Art ; Symphony Soc. org., 3001 ; Chinese Sunday-school org., 300 2 ; Christian Herald; Magazine of Art; Signs o/_ our Times; Texas Sift- ingSy est.; Univ. Club org.; Volkes-Zei- tung est., 300 3 ; Congregational Club org., 3022; New-Yorker Hen-Id est., 3023; 2d Ave. Elevated R. R. est., 3033; Sarah Bernhardt appears, 3041 ; Egyptian obel- isk, 3041 , 3061 , 3501 ; Dr. Tanner fasts 40 days; 9th Ave. Elevated reopd., 3053; Madison Sq. Garden opd.; bust of Moore; Burns statue, 3061 ; Critic est., 3003; Bor- deaux Lineest., 3073;, /m/y<.'est., 3082,3493; St. Mary's opd.; Charity Organization Soc. est., 3103; work, 4531; Jumbo ar- rives; Hudson River tunnel begun (1874), work stopped, resumed ( 1879), suspends, 3113, 3153 (1892) ; Park Theater burned, 3113; Am. Art Union incor. ,3121 • Actors' Fund est., 3131 ; East River Bridge opd., 312i, 3133, 3162; Washington statue, 3121, 3141; Argosy; Morning Journal, 3123; telephone 1 to Chicago, 3133; Metro- politan Opera House opd., 3141 ; Voice est., 3143; Brit, evacuation eel., 315 1 ; Standard Theater burned, 3153; earth- quakes; Statue of Liberty, 316 2 ; paint- ers' strike, 3171 ; Marine Nat. Bank sus- pends ; panic on Exchange, 3173; bust of Beethoven ; Bolivar statue, 3181 ; Church Temperance Soc. reports, 3191 ; Blaine defeated by alliteration, 3192; Elevated R. R. fare reduced, 3193 ; Arch- bp. Corrigan succeeds ; O'DonovanRossa assault, Statue of Liberty ree'd, 3203; buildings collapse, 3212; Brooklyn Ele- vated R.R. opd.; first cable road ; Grant obsequies, 3213; Dodge statue, 3221; King's Daughters and King's Sons fmd., 3222; Cosmopolitan est., ,3223; cigar-mak- ers strike; 3d Ave. car-line strike; Henry W. Jahne sentenced, 3232; John Most arrested, 3232, 3852; Forum; HI as Lindn; Listy ; Catholic News est., 3242; Com- mercial Temperance League org.; Al- dermanMc.f.^uaid sentenced, 3251 ; Jacob Sharp convicted, 3271 ; Internat. yacht race, 327 3 ; Ereninq World ; Press est., 3283; Unitarian Club org., 3282; Chinese mission work, 3302; Bellevue school for nurses, 3311; Garibaldi statue, 3321; Mail and Express purchased ; joss- house est., 3322; ex-Pres. Cleveland, lawyer, 3343; fire; Sunday stages with- drawn. 3353; K. Cath. pilgrims sail, 3361 ; Dr. M' Glynn attacks parochial schools, 3362; Greater New York Bill, 3372. (See New York State.) Centennial Loan Ex- hibition ; Centennial parade, 3381 ,3413; Sabbath reform movement, 3382; Cen- tennial services, 338 3 ; Dunraven's chal- lenge accepted; electric poles come down, 3393,3493; City Police Commis- sion Bill passed, 3392; Meth. Epis. Home dedicated ; Museum of A lit opd. on. Sun- days, 3403, 3843; Cunenuuigh Valley Re- lief , 3403 ; Grant and Ward indictments ; Jos. Pulitzer educates pom- boys, 3411; locusts in Central Park, 3422; Col Em- mons Clark retires, D. Appleton, Col. of 7th, 3421; special delivery letters, 3433; tidal waves at Coney Island, 3442; Emily Kempen opens law school ; Daily Gra- phic suspends, 3443; gas explosion, 3452; R. C. Total Abstinence Soc. org., 3462; Anti-Tammany mass -meeting, 347 2 ; "World Building corner-stone laid ; World's Fair subscriptions, 3473; Dr. Koch's lymph tested, 348', 3721, 3732; Music Teachers' Asso.meet; school com- missioners appointed, 3482; Hebrews est. free schools, 3482, 3782; Pan-Am. Cong. delegates, 349 1 ; Washington Memorial Arch fund ; World's Fair Guaranty fund, 3493,3513; Am. Fine Art Society fmd., 3501 ; Barnard Coll. org.; Good Neivs est. ; Lenox Lyceum opened, Homeopathic Medical Coll. opd., 3503; A.D. 1890+; Dem. governors honored ; Southern Society eulogizes Davis, 3511'; grippe prevails ; World's Fair commit- tee ; 20 post-office stations est., 3513; 6th Nat Bank wrecked, 3522, a, 3533 ;Centen- nialof Supreme Court eel.; "World's Fair mass-meeting ; Russian- Am. mass-meet- ing, 3523 ; cracker-makers trust, 3533; Patti concerts, 354 1 ; mass-meeting sch. conf., 3542 ; trial of Sheriff Flack, 3543, 3552 ; shirt-makers strike, 355 1; Jamee Meeks sentenced, 3552; Wash. Memorial Arch begun, 3561 ; bronze doors in Trin- ity Church, 3562 ; muss-meeting for clean streets ; framers strike ; clothing-mak- ers strike, 3563; bribery of aldermen, 3572; Castle Garden changed, 3573; rapid transit commissioners, 357 ,3893,4292, 3, 4313, 4451,3; Carnegie Hall begun, 3581 ; Soc. for Enforcement of Criminal Law ; carpenters strike, 3583; John Keenan indictments, 359 1; Commercial Advertiser building struck, 3601 ; Radi- cal Club org.; Consumers' League fmd., 3603 ; Citizens' Alliance fmd. ; Jay Gould fined ; strike against pool beer, 3611; consolidation commission, 3612; heat oppressive, 3621 ; first Hungarian rabbi in ; Baptist Institutional Church begun, 3622; cloak-makers locked out, 3623; fall of Bastile eel , 3643; Dr. Burt- sell removed, 3642; builders' strike; street-cleaners strike; Orangemen eel., 3643; Prison Asso. successful", 3651 ; fire, Western Union ; Lean's raft, 3653; cen- sus of, 3653, 3713; l ns t. for Eye and Ear Diseases est., 3661 ; brick-layers strike; Bavarian Yolkesfest opd., 3663; John Ericsson obsequies ; Single Tax conven., 3673; Greeley statue, 3681; Central Labor Federation fights ; public schools over- full, 3682; Comte de Paris arrives ; Rus- sian Hebrews org., 3683; People's Mu- nicipal League convenes, 3683, 3782, 3932; new city census, 3692,3713, 3723, 3792; Stanley's first lecture ; Cuban eel.; Salvation Army Cong., 3702; Comte de Paris in ; Tammany bribe, 3703 ; North River Bank, receiver appointed ; finan- cial distress, 3713; bribery of police^Tl 1 ; Irish agitators welcomed, 3711, 3723, 3851; Swedish eel., 3711; Citizens' Sav- ing Bank, run ; Sugar Trust, receivers, 3713; Washington tablet unveiled in St. Paul's, 3722; Soc. for Psychical Research find., 3723; clearing-house certificates, 3733; Brazilian embassy, 3731; Patrick Divver, a police justice, 3731 , 4522,4543, 3761; strike on school buildings, 3731; Das Margin Journal, 3742; total liquor shops, 3743; Wciber Zeitung, 3742; home- less women ; Herald jackets for news- boys, 3751 ; fire on river front, 3753; divorce lawyers sentenced, 3762; table glassware mnf. trust, 3773; Seney pic- tures sold, 3781; Gen. Sherman obse- quies ; cloak-makers' strike ; Troy Laun- dry .strike, 3782; k. r. tunnel disaster, 3783, 3793; Sugar Trust Investigation, 3791 ±; Parnell delegates arrive ; embez- zlers, Claassen and Sin nitons, sentenced; Italians against lynching, 3802; Sher- man statue fund, 3803; 4^1 st. reservoir garden project, 381 1 ; i I ugbes wins walk- ing-match ; Sugar Refining Trust ; fire ; telegraph wires and poles removed, 3813; walking delegate arrested; Dr. Briggs' trial for heresy; N. Niles arraigned. 3822; John T. Hill, defaulter ; mutilated body dis.; Patria Club first meets, 3823; Memorial Home for Aged Women, 383 1 ; Poles eel. anniversary ; house-smiths strike ; Lumber Dealers' Asso. boycotts Handlers' Union, 383 1 ; mutiny, 4593; Beth Israel Hospital opd., 3832; fire, 383 3 ; Parish benefactions, 385 1 ; medium obtains house, 3S5 2 ; S. S. Cox statue, 3861; law school chartered, 3862; dia- mond thief captured. 3871 ; Elevated R. R. out of Battery Park ; East River Bridge funds; Empire Printing Works burned, 3873; s. W. Lewis, defaulter, 3883; editors indicted, 3S83, 3891 ; Good- win shot ; Chinese raided, 389i ; cloak- makers strike ; Forresters parade, 389 2 ; petroleum rises ; great lumber raft ; four-track underground R. R t , 389 3 ; People's Baths opd.; Temple Beth-el, dedication, 3902 ; Mexican eel ; Swedes eel.; liquor-dealers protected, 3911 ; Park Place, disaster, 3911 ,3; fire, 3913; Ful- ton St. praver-nieeting, anniv., 3922; Woman's Univ. Club est., 3923; T. H. Stout, defaulter, 3932; Sir Edwin Ar- nold reads, 3942,3983; Prison Sunday, 394 2 ; anti-lottery mass-meeting, 3943; Vice-suppressing Soc, 3951 ; Grant Mon- ument fund, 3953, 4041 , 4053, 4093; fire, 395 3 ; School of Social Economics opd., 3962 ; Christmas Soc. org. , 3963 ,421 1 ; Rus- 1352 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Cotumn, New York. sell Sage, dynamite peril, 3963; arbitra- tion meeting ; E. M. Field insane, 3971 , 4022; Lion Tamer produced, 398 i ; Stuart and Coles benefactions ; John Carson murdered; Typotheta- cel.,399i ; Cham- ber of Commerce, AVorld's Fair, app., 3993; 4 Metb. churches unite, 4001 ; Car- lyle Harris convicted ; Carnegie's lec- ture ; strike, Edison Electric Co., 4002; Children's Hospital opd.; police mat- rons; Hotel Koyal tire, 4003, 4013; Dr. Parkhnrst denounces officials ; starving Russians aided, 400 3 ; Dem. mass-meet- ing, 401 1 ,2; city ceusus by police escort; fire, 4013; 6th Ave. surface road leased, 4013; Dr. Parkhurst against liquor-deal- ers, subpoenaed, 4022 ; Greater New York Bill, 4023, 4512, 4752 ; Anti-Maynard in- vestigation ; Cullum's benefactions ; E. L. Godkin arrested, 4023 ; vote carried, 4752 ; Standard Oil Trust dissolved ; West Side Park Bill, 4033; sale of Rob- ertson pictures, 404 1 ; labor unions unite; gift to trade-schools ; corrupt police department, 4042,3; colored mass-meet- ing, 4042; City Club, first meeting; Tif- fany and Co. forgery, 4043; tj. S. Bank defalcation; Ewer defalcation; Excise Law enforced, 4043, 4U63; Central Park Speedway Act repealed, 405 1 ; syndicate street railways ; rubber trust find. ; Win. Murray, supt. police, retires ; Inspector Byrnes, supt. police ; Mercantile Ex- change ; Grant Monument Asso., 4053; bone of St. Anne exhibited ; T. Dixon denounces Tammany, 4062; King's Daughters charity ; W. C. T. U. Nat. Con veu.; Pavers' Union strike ; Actors' Fund Fair, 4063; mass-meeting endorses Dr. Parkhurst; Cumminskey defalca- tion ; Barondess sentenced ; granite- cutters strike, 4071; Art Exhibition, 4081; grand jury discharged ; free medi- cal treatment ; Dillon benefactions ; prisoner shot in court ; Iron League dis- charges Knights of L., 4083; Christian Endeavor Conven.; R. C. chapel in Bel- levue Hospital ; Columbus statue, 410i ; kindergarten in schools, 4102 ; Produce Exchange charity ,4103; Tee-To-TumClub find. ,4111 ,4263; Armenian mass-meeting, 4122; politics in health dept., 4132; Art Loan Exhibition, 4141; cholera, 4141, 4152,3, 4173; A. J. Price, defaulter; Standard suspends ; R.C. school census ; sweating system investigation, 4142; illi- cit still seized, 4143; plunge from High Bridge, 4152; Metropolitan" Opera House tire T 4152; Fenciiuj Master produced,416i ; Columbian eel., 414 1 , 4162,3; Chinese mass-meeting, 41G3; Ruiz forgery ; cloak- makers break Sunday law, 4171 ; Appor- tionment Act upheld"; tire in synagogue, 4172; trolley forbidden ; Battery Park Aquarium; Dunraveu's challenge, 4173; franchisesfree,4173,4i;)3 ; embezzlement; Teachers'Coll. charter, 4 1X2; Anarchists' Memorial service, 4183; Dr. M'Glynn re- stored; St. John Cathedral, corner- stone, 4201 ; Industrial School opd., 4202; police accused, 4221, 4462,4482,3,4522, 4563, 4581 4623, 4643, 4651 ,3, 4662, 4683, 4703,4742,3,4761,3; Anton Kessler, mur- derer, 4222; underground road favored ; sole-leather trust, 4233; anti-Gardner conspiracy; Phillips Brooks memorial, 4242; United Charities Building pre- sented, 4243; Metropolitan Opera House bought, 425 3 ; earthquake, 42G1 ; pool- room raids; Judge Kick's decision op- posed; Teachers' Coll. gift; Dr. Rains- ford on church saloons, 4262; clothing- cutters lockout, 4263; Times changes owners, 4273; Audubon monument ; Ericsson's statue, 4281 ; Col. Shepard's will; printing anniversary; Duke de Veragua received, 4282,3; waiters strike, 4283; Columbian XavalParade,4283 ,4291; St. Luke's New Hospital, 429 1 ; gold cer- tificates suspended, 421)2; panic averted, 4293; Infanta Eulalie entertained; Jour- nal of Commerce and Dai I, >/ Commercial Bullet in consolidated, 4302; Whitman embezzlement, 4303; Francis Weeks ab- sconds, 430 2 ; murderer Johnson con- victed; cheap-milk depot opd., 4303; Custom House investigation, 4312; im- migration investigation, 431 i ; cable-cars on Broadway ; new piers and bulkhead plans, 4313; Briggs' case reopd.; Bus. ship arrives, 4321,4342,4352; Christian Union changed to Outlook ; school teach- ers dismissed ; Irving Savings Inst, rob- bery, 4322; Anti-sweating Law enforced; Gould inheritance tax, 4323 , 4753 ; bridge- jumpers, 4323, 4.532 ; anarchists meet, 4331 ; Norwegian Viking ship arrives ; Clearing House certificates, 4332, 3±, 4393; Washington tablet on City Hall, 4333 ; Sage suit, 4342; Madison Square Bank closes, 4353; Cashier Keeley ar- rested, 4361; mass-meeting for unem- ployed; Hebrew laborers riotous, 4362; yellow fever in harbor, 4372; Liberty Bell arrives ; Croton Aqueduct cost, 4373; ClausTimmerman. sentenced, 4381 ; Lord-mayor of Dublin in; Green and Collins, forgers ; Italian flag, City Hall, 4382; Mrs. Fitzgerald shoots Mrs. Pear- sail, 43S 3 ; excessive immigration, 4392; Joseph Chamberlain in ; Archduke Franz-Ferdinand arrives; police negli- gence^^; Dunraven dinner N.Y. Yacht Club; grand jury accused ; Chamber of Commerce favors silver repeal bill; J. Kaiser, incendiary, 440 3 ; Cotton Ex- change favors silver repeal bill, 4412; Presb. Hospital fire ; cholera by Russia, 4413; Anti-Maynard mass-meeting, 4421 ; Manhattan Bank forgers ; F. L. Mathes shot, 4422; defalcation, 4433,4451; vote canvassed without watchers, 4423; boiler explosion,4432; Polyclinic Hospital, frac- tured vertebrae restored ; Hale statue ; Mohammedan muezzin, 4441 ; burglars raid,4442; J. Y.Mc Kane's libel suit,4443; W. R. 1 Laid law's damage suit, 4442,4543; help for reformed women ; Capt. Dev- ery indicted, 4443; acquitted, 4563; Anti- Tammany Hall movement, 4451, 4682; election frauds, 4462, 4532; Dr. Park- hurst against Inspector Williams, 4462, 4482,4502; bigamist Grimm sentenced, 4482,3; Lexow committee, 4511, 4522, 4611,4652, 4683, 4722; Greek Orthodox church est., 4501; police census, 4502; D. J. Buckley sentenced ; Citizens' Re- lief Fund, 4503; Northern Lights, 4521; E. Wiman acquitted, 4521, 4623, 4643; civil justice Roeseh, admits fee, 4522 ; Capt. Westerfelt's trial. 4522, 4712; Irish flagon City Hall, 4522. 4551 ; Capt. O'Con- nor's trial, 4522, 4563; work for unskilled women, 453'; Hospital Saturday; R. S. Ely's will, 4542; F. E. Edgar defalca- tion, 4543; Civil Service Law violated, 4551 ; smallpox epidemic, 4553; Father Drumgoole's statue, 4561 ; saloon census of Sunday opening, 4563; Non-partizan Park Commission Bill vetoed, 4593 ; R. Croker resigns, 4593, 4623; Columbus statue, 4681; Greeley statue; Roman Catholic parochial school exhibit, 460i; N. Y. Chapter, Colonial Order, est.; pawn-shop, Provident Loan Soc; Kean embezzlement ; school for thiev- ery, 4602; Catherine Fitzgerald ac- quitted, 4603; Mutual Kinployment Soc., object; elephant Tip killed, 4613; bust of H. G. Pearson, 462 1 ; Philip Moran shot ; State Club opd., 4623; Capt. Price's trial ; Flag Day eel., 4633; Worthington embezzlement, 4642; Policeman Brady dismissed ; mass-meeting endorses Chi- cago strikers, 4643; trial of police offi- cials (see Police Accused), 4221 ; Police Commissioner John McClave resigns; East River Tunnel completed, 4653; Capt. Doherty trial, 4651 , 4662; Chinese Xews est., 4662; strikeon school buildings, 4663; Salvation Army Building, 4681 ; diamond thief captured, 4682 ; Alder- man Parks arrested ; strikers enjoined ; Mutual Employment Soc. est., 4691 ; Central Park suicide; infected cheese, 4693; Josephine Hoffman, k.,4702; anti- '* sweating " system strike; Supt. Byrnes' report,4703; Capt. Stephenson dismissed, 4703, 4763; citizens against Tammany; Committee of Seventy, 471 2, 4731 ,2,4751, 2; gov't corrupt, 4222, 4751; Builders' League find.; Geo. Appo wounded ; shirtmakers strike ; street-car robbery ; corruption in city offices, 4722; in police department, 4662, 4683, 47^2, 4743; sym- pathetic strike, 4723; tailors eel., 4731 ; Nathan Straus, W. L. Strong, nominees for mayor, Frederick Smythe and John W. Goff for recorder, 4732, 4751 ; Thor- waldsen statue, 4741 ; Teachers' College opd., 4742; Woman's Municipal League, 4743; Hugh J. Grant nom. for mayor ; murderer Leach surrenders ; Dist.-Att. Fellows's trial, 475i ; tenement house in- vestigation ; district attorney's neglect, 4752; fire, 4753; Seton Hospital opd.; John Burns arrives ; Seeley bank rob- bery; Parkhurst banquet; illicit still raid, 4762; Capt. Westervelt's trial,4763; fold at premium, 4772; sub-treas., big eposit, 4773; Capt. Creeden reinstated; committee to study liquor problem, 4791 ; Federation East Side Workers estab- lished; Carter, defaulter, 4792. (See Brooklyn.) New York State (NewNetherland); Span- iards visit (?) ; Verrazzano, and Gomez visit, 191 ; Champlain dis. Lake C, 261 ; Hudson ascends H. River, 262 , under Dutch rule: Dutch settle Manhattan, 29i , 2 ; fur trade on the Hudson, 291 ; John Smith (Va.) overpowers Dutch ; fort erected on Manhattan ; Onrest launched, 28i ; New Netherland Co. char- tered ; Ft. Nassau (Albany) erected, 29*; Fr. and Indians right, 281 ; Ft. Orange (Albany) built, 292, 301 , 311 ; Lutherans in New Amsterdam, 301; new charter, 303 ; Ft. Nassau built on the Delaware, 30i, 31i; Long Island granted to Loi I Stirling; Walloons arrive, 311; settle tho Hudson River region; civil gov't est. ; Capt. May, gov. ; 100 cattle arrive, 31- ; Win. Verhulst, gov. ; Peter Minuit, gov., 312, 3; many immigrants, 312; Man- hattan bought for ,si*4, 313; " Comfort- ers " lead Dutch Kefi umed worship, 302; slavery intro., 303 ; friendly with Puri- tans, 313; 1st Dutch minister; 1st Presb. church, 312; patroons like lords of Eur., 313; Reformed Dutch service at Albany, 321; manors created, 331; i s t church built ; purchase Cape May (N. J.), 332 ; territory claimed by Charles L, 333 ; Wouter Van Twiller, gov. ; purchase land in (Conn.) ; also in (Pa.), 333, 352 • buy lands in (N. J.), 352; Win. Kieft, gov ; open for trade, 353 ; distil brandy, 341 ; Indians abused ; war follows, 36i ; Puritan Presb. church at Southold, 362; immigration increases, 372 ; Indians seek revenge, 36 1 ; Indians torture Father Jogues, 362 ; 1st Representative Assem- bly, 372 ; massacre of friendly Indians ; Hutchinson family massacred ; truce with Indians; Indians subdued, 361; Dutch miss, for Indians ; First Eng. Presb. minister ; intolerance ; Ger. Luth- erans arrive, 363 ; peace with Indians, 361 ; toleration in Flushing, 363; popula- tion in 1645, 373 ; Brooklyn chartered ; Peter Stuyvesant, gov. ; slaves brought, 39i ; N. Eng., boundary est., 392 ; built Ft. Casimir (Del.), 381; Newtown and Flatbush patents, 393 ; church at Flat- bush, 383; gait springs dis., 38 1 ; elective municipality in N. Amsterdam, 393; Del. Swedes subdued, 401, 411 ; Algonquins subdued ; Jews not excluded, 40 1 ; [Del.] annexed, 41 1 ; Dutch intolerant, 401 , 2 ; Jews may worship privately, 401, 662; Baptists persecuted, 402; Indians attack Kingston, 421 ; Del. possessions sold, 423; New Netherland and New Amster- dam end ; under English rule: Eng. take New Netherland, 421 , 431 ; also Ft. Orange (Albany), 42i, 3 ; truce with In- dians, 42i ; an Eng. duchy; [N. J.] lands sold ; Richard Nicolls.Eiig. gov. ; Conn. yields claims to Long Island, 431; treaty with Five Nations, 42 1 ,432; Schenectady settled, 432; liquor traffic regulated, 423 ; N. Y. City incorp., 432 ; " Duke's Laws" enacted; Eng. oppress Dutch, 433; 1st church in Brooklyn, 422; Francis Lovelace, tyrannical gov., 433; arbitrary taxation ; protest ; annual assemblies demanded, 45i ; Ger. Lutherans build a church,443;May races est.; monthly post, N. Y., to Boston, 453; Dutch take N.Y. , 441,452; Anthony Colve, gov. ,453; Eng. acquire, 441 , 453 ; D. of York's patent enlarged ; Sir Edmund Andros assumes gov't ; arbitrary ; restored to Eng. ; dis- content with govt. ; treaty with Indians, 453; Andros repulsed in Conn., 471; 1st Prot. Epis. service, 463 ; claims New York. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 13b tribute of N.J. ,473; i s t Gen. Assembly ; grants toleration, 48 2 ; Huguenot Presb. cliurcb est., 482, 3 ; Thos. Dongan, gov., 482,492; Jesuits est. R. Cath. worship, 4S2; trade becomes free, 49 1 ; 1st session of Assembly ; Charter of Liberties passed, 492; Conn, boundary fixed, 493, 63 2 ; Fr. attack Seneeas, 501 ; made a roval province, 503; Indians repulse Fr., 50i ; Francis Nicholson, gov. (16SS-S9) ; Albany incorporated. ; Representative Assembly abolished, 503 ; annexed to N. Eng.; Andros, gov. -gen. of Brit. Am., 511 ; Henry Sloughter, gov. (1691), 511 ,3; glad tidings; revolution, Eng.; factional feuds ; Jacob Leisler assumes gov't (1689-91); committee of safety; conf. with Mohawks ; Francis Nicholson, tempo- rary gov., 512 ; Huguenots settle New Rocheile, 513 ; Indians burn Schenec- tady,50i ; 1st Colonial Congress. ; Can. to be conquered, 513; expedition fails, 50 1 ; arting-gov. Leisler hanged, 513; Schuy- ler's raid in Can., 521; whipping-post, pillory, and ducking stool est., 531 ; Richard Ingoldsby, acting gov. ; treaty with Iroquois, 532; Benj. Fletcher, gov., 521 , 2, 532; toleration enacted ; R. Cath. under Test Act, 522 ■ Fr against Mo- hawks ; also against Iroquois, 521 ; all taxed for clergy; episcopacy est. by law, 522; arbitrary gov't opposed, 532 ; Flet- ■cher defied in Hartford, 52 1 , 53 2 ; print- copal clergy legal, 523 ; votes of Assem- bly published ; population in 1696, 533 ; Lord Bellomont, gov. of N. Y., N. J., Mass., N. H., and Me., 533, 551 ; Jewish synagogue ; 1st Trinity church, N. Y. city, 523 ; Bellomont restricts liberties and enlarges governor's prerogative ; resented, 551 ; A.D. 1700f ; "popish priests" to be hanged, 542; treaty (?) with Iroquois, Ct. of Chancery est.; John Nanfangov.; L. Cornbury, gov. N.Y. and N.J.,552; to fortify Narrows, 541 ; King's Coll. (Columbia) inception, 543; preroga- tives unquestioned ; pestilence in N. Y. city, 553 ; slave market, 57 2 ; Presb. clergy arrested, 563; Cornbury reproved, 572, dismissed ; extravagant land grants vacated ; John Lovelace, gov. ; gov's revenue annual; contest; paper money issued ; Richard Ingoldsby, gov., 573 ; aids conquest of Can., 561 ; Palatines arrive ; Lutherans ; Baptist preaching, 571 ; GerardusBeeknian, gov.,57 3 ; Robt. Hunter, gov., 57 1 ,3; Lutherans in Scho- harie Co.,582;'council of gov's, and Indi- ans ; Oswego "fnd., 59 1 ; Tuscaroras in, 593; 1st Presb. church, 582; Peter Schuy- ler, acting-gov. ; Wm. Burnet, gov., 593; Conestoga Indian conf., 61 1 ; conf. with Iroquois, 612 ; Oswego trading house, 612, 3; 1st Bapt. church, 602; &, y Ga _ ztttt* issued, 603; Fr. build Ft. Niagara, 601 ; Indians seek Eng. protection, 61 2 ; John Montgomerie, gov., 613 ; many Jews in city, 603; Fr. build fortress, Crown Point, 621 ; Rip Van Dam, gov.; "Wm. Crosby, gov. ; Dem. vs. Autocratic Party, 632; stage route to Boston ; popu- lation in 1732, 633 ; Zenger criticizes gov't; imprisoned, 623, 632, 3; successful Indian missions, 623, 653 j Geo. Clarke, gov., 633 ; Hebrews disfranchised, 642 ; N. J. separated, 652 ; paper currency depreciated; Moravian Indian missions, 65 3 ; negro conspiracy (?), 65 2 ; Presb. Synod of N. Y. find., 65' , 66i ; JT. ¥. Gazette or Weekly Post-Hoy, 652; Geo. Clinton, gov. ; dissolves legislature, 653; gov. opposes missionaries, 643, 661 , 663; Indians take Saratoga, 661 ; Lottery Bill for college ; Eve. Post issued, 67 1 ; Colo- nial and Indian conf. ; revenue for king refused, 672; Coetus org. ,663; theatricals intro., 661 ; A.D. 1750± ; colony sur- passed by others ; an ti-Fr. Colonial Cong., 673; calendar changed, 692; Troy fnd., 693; Independent Rr% ict 'or, Mercury, and Pacquet,69i ; Sir Danvers Osborne, gov., 692; James DeLaneey, gov., 693, 713; King's Coll. (Columbia) opd., 691 ; mort- gages registered, 693 ; Indians destroy Hoosick and Schagtieoke,682; reformed classics org., 69 1 ; Cong, of seven colo- nies ; Fed. Constitution proposed, 69 3 ; Ft. William Henry built: Fr. fortify Ticonderoga, 70 1 ; Reformed Conferentic meets, 711 ; Sir Charles Hardy, gov., 712; Abercromliie's expedition fails; Fr. be- siege Ft. Ontario ; Oswego surrenders ; Ft. take William Henry, 701 ; Indians attack German Flats ; Eng. repulsed at Ft. Ticonderoga ; Eng. retreat to Ft. George; Ft. Stanwix built, 702; Eng. expedition ; Fr. leave Ft. Ticonderoga ; and Crown Point, 703, 721 ; 1st Metho- dist, 723; Cadwallader Golden, gov.; Robt. Monckton, gov., 732; treaty of Paris; peace, 733; \'t. claimed, 733, 751 ; (Jersey City) ferry est., 733; Stamp Act indignation, 743; Anti-Stamp Act Cong. ; "Declaration of Rights ; " Sons of Lib- erty org. ; Stamp Act enforced ; Sir Henry Moore gov., 75 2 ; Methodism in- tro. ,742; Assembly obstinate; suspended; express toPhila.,75 3 ; Indians civilized, 77i ; Chamber of Commerce incorp.,77 3 ; Shakers arrive, 763,782; Albany Gazette, 77 1 ; Lord John Dunmore, gov. ; Wm. Tryon, gov., 773; colonists divided ; Whigs and Tories, 79 1 ; Allen surprises Ft. Ticonderoga; Crown Point taken, 801 ; Sir John Johnson flees ; Continen- tal armv at Ft. Ticonderoga; expedition to Can., 802 ; Tory Coll. pres. mobbed ; Colonial Assembly ends ; Tory counties, 812; A.D.1775+; king's authority over- thrown, 813 j Gov. Tryon seeks safety, S31 ; Hickey assassination plot, 833 j Howe lands Brit, soldiers; Gen. Sullivan driven out of Can., commands on Long Island, defeated, 841 : many of militia desert ; Brit, army in N. Y. City ; battle of Harlem Heights ; Nathan Hale hanged; Royalist corps org. ; B. Arnold fights on Lake Champlain ; Arnold burns Crown Point; Aims, abandon Manhattan; defeat at White Plains ; Carleton retires to Can., 84.2 ; Washington enters N. J. ; Ft. Washington surrenders, 843; Riciny- ton's Gazetteer (Tory); John Englishman ; N. T. Pacquet; Am. Advertiser, 851 ; Alex. Hamilton aids Washington ; de- clared independent State ; Howe pro- claims pardon, 852 ; conf. with Howe ; pardon accepted, 853 ; Brit, seize stores at Peekskill. 86 1 ; Clias. Lee negotiates treason, 861 , 873 ; Brit, surprised at Sag Harbor; Burgoyne invades N. Y., at Crown Point, 86 2 '; Six Nations join Brit.; Brit, return to Staten Island ; Ams. abandon Ft. Ticonderoga ; Brit, at Whitehall, burn Ft. Ann ; Brit, at Ft. Edward ; Jane McCrea k., 863 j Brit, attack Ft. Stanwix ; battle of Oriskany ; Brit, expedition to Bennington ; Ams. raid Staten Island ; Gen. Gates com- mands Ams., 871 ; battle of Stillwater ; Brit, take Ft. Clinton and Ft. Montgom- ery ; battle of Saratoga, 872 ; Geo. Clin- ton, gov., 892 ; Washington at White Plains ; Indian council, Johnstown ; Chief Brant raids Mohawk Valley, Cobbleskill Valley, German Flats, 883 ■ signs articles of Confederation ; Tories to be banished, 893; Cherry Valley mas sacre, 901 ; Indian towns destroyed ; Stony Point fortified, taken, 902 • mas- sacres; Indian war, 901 , 2, 3; 921 ,3, 943; West Point fortified, 903; cedes Western lands, 913, 931, 953, 973; Tories burn Johnstown; Indians burn Canajoharie, 921 ; B. Arnold's treason, 922; Ams. raid Staten Island, 923 ; Board of Associated Loyalists find,; transfers land claims, 933 ; Brit, surrender Ogdensburg, 941 ; Am. headquarters at Newburg, 943 ; peace proposals, 952 ; Am. army dis- bands ; Brit, evacuate, 961 ; religious equality enacted, 962; Epis. diocese of N.Y.,9G3,!tN2 ; 11th Continental Congress inN.Y".,973; (seeN.Y. City) ; Lutheran Synod fmd., 982; Board of Regents est. ; Manumission Soc. ; Tammany Soc. org. ; 991 ; retires from Constitutional Con ven., 992; Conven. ratines Federal constitu- tion; Cayuga Indians sell lands, 101 1; Baptist Asso. fmd. ; public schools est., 1023.; John Jay, gov., counted out ; dis- count bank at Albany ; road surveyed in Genesee county, 1033; steamboat built, 1042, 1081 , 1141 , 1273 ; Union Coll. estab- lished, 1063 ; A.D. 1800+ ; Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 1083 ; John Jay, gov., Albany is capital, 1073; settlers enter Genesee Valley, 1073, ma ; Lyman Beecher or- dained, 1083 ; abolition of slavery, 1091 ; yellow fever, 1093, 1133 ; West Point Acad, est., 110 1 ; Geo. Clinton, gov., 1112; Buffalo laid out, 1113 ; Morgan Lewis, gov., 1132 ; first temperance soc, 1151; Daniel D. Tompkins, gov., 1152 ; Rochester fnd., 1153, 1193 ; Genesee Meth. Conf. find., 1171 ; army at Platts- burg, 11S2, 1221 ; weekly mails on Long Island, 1193 ; Brit, take Ogdensburg, 1201; Brit. a t SaeketCs Harbor, 1202; Brit, take Plattsburg, 1203, bum Buf- falo, etc., burn Malone, 1221; battle of Plattsburg, 1222 ; Madison University est. ; Erie Canal cut, 1251 , 3, 1273, 1293 1313, 1331 , 3 ; John Taylor, gov., 1252 ; DeWitt Clinton, gov., 1253, 1332 ; State library fnd., 1251 ,1271 ; Champlain Canal cut, 1273, 1331; Auburn prison opd., 1272 ; Colgate Univ. est., 1291; Joseph C. Yates, gov., 1312, 1343, 1353 ; Mor- mons fnd., 1311, 1423; Universalists conven. org.,1323; Hobart Coll. est., 1331 ; bounties for wolves, 1333 ; Sing Sing prison begun, 1352 ; Van Buren leads Dem., 137i ; Nath. Pitcher, acting gov., 1372 ; Martin Van Buren, gov., 1372, 3 ; Workingmen's Party appears, 1372 ; Cayuga and Seneca Canals ; Enos T. Throop, gov., 1373 ; imprisonment for debt abolished; Univ. of N.Y'. est., 139 1 , 1423; Hudson and Mohawk R.R., Harlem, 1 thaca, Oswego, rail roads, l:;: 13 ;Tro\-M.K. Conf. org., 1402; cholera, 1413 , 1453, 1673 ; Schenectady and Saratoga R. R., 1413 ; Millerites rise, 1422 ; Congregational Gen. Association fmd., 1423; suppression of lotteries ; Antislavery Soc. est., 1431 ; anti-abolition riots ; N. J. boundary fixed, 1432 ; Win. L. Marcy, gov., 1433 ; conven. of mechanics, 145 1 ; Locofocos rise, 1452 ; Erie railroad, 1453 ; Alfred Univ. est., 1463; Jamaica railroad; L T tica and Schenectady, 1473 ; Western, P. E. diocese of, est, 14S3 ; Harlem R. R. ; Chenango Canal, 1493; general banking law enacted, 1492; Chenango Canal com- pleted ; State banks resume, 1493; Wm. H. Seward, gov.; Liberty Party conven., 1512; Syracuse and Utica R. R. ; Syra- cuse and Auburn R. R., 1513; St. John's Coll. est., 1543 ; Rochester and Buffalo R. R.; Wm. C. Bouck, gov., 1553; Silas Wright, Jr., gov., 1592 ; " anti-renters " outrages, 157 1, 159 1; constitution con- ven. meets, 1612 ; manhood suffrage in- tro., 1613 ;teleg-raphintro.. 161 3,1632 ;John Young, gov., 1613 ; St. Francis Xavier Coll. est., 1631; spiritualism rises, 1632 1653; East N. Y. M. E. conf. fmd.; Coll. of N. Y. est., 1642; "Barnburners "Nat. conven. ; new code of laws adopted ; Free Soil Party Nat. Conven., 1651; Hamilton Fish, gov., 1671 ; Hudson River R.R., 1673 ; Univ. of Rochester est,, 1683 ; A.D. 1850± ; Washington Hunt, gov.; Whitehalland Rutland R.R. opd., 1692; Henry Clay burned, 1713; Man- hattan Coll.' est ,1731 ; gale, 174 1 ; Horatio Seymour, gov., 1743, 2293; N. Y. Central R. R., 1752, 3 ; Elmira Coll. est., 1783 ; M.H.Clark, Prohibition gov., 1792; Coll. of Our Lady; St. Lawrence Univ. est., 1802; J, A King, gov. ; Whigs interfere with local gov't, 1S32 ; St. Stephen's Coll. est., 1863; Edwin D. Morgan, gov., 1871; N. Y. senate votes for constitu- tion alpr oh ib., 1872; Prohibitory Amend, approved, 1922 ; St. Joseph's College ; Vassar Coll. est., 1991; Anti-Lineuln Dem. meeting. 2153, 2233; Union League fmd., 2192, 2431; Dem. Valandigham sympathy conven. ; Peace Party (Dem.) meeting, 2233 ; Manhattan Coll. est. ; Normal School est. at Oswego; Anti- Draft riots, 2252, 3 ; Horatio Seymour, fov., 2293 ; in draft riots, 225? ; opposes raft, 2273; asylum for inebriates, 2412; ratifies 13th Amend.. 2432 ; Reuben E. Fenton, gov., 2511 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572 ; public schools made free, 2582 ; normal school opd. at Brockport, 2603 ; Board of Charities est., 2611; Cornell Univ.; Wells Coll. est., 2623; soldiers memorial day eel., 2631 ; Tweed controls election, 265 1 ; Albany and Susq. R. R., 2653,2673; St. Louis Coll. est., 2603; new .354 Text Figures denote Page. INOKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Newy— NlclL capital, 2673, 2753, 3013, 4011 ; Hell Gate improvements, 2673, 2933, 3213; Normal schools, Potsdam and Portland, opd., 2663; JohnT. Hoffman, gov., 261)3; Can- isius Coll. est. ; St. John Baptist's Coll. ; Syracuse University est.,272i ; Tammany Hall defeated, 2752, 2872; Central N. Y. M. E. Conf. org., 2763 ; Judge Barnard convicted ; insane asylum at Buffalo, 2783; State Parks Commission est., 2791 ; synod of Evang. Luth. org., 2802; survey of Adirondack's, 2813 ; Free Meth. Conf. org., 2822 ; W. C. T. U. nucleus, 2831 2851 ; Wm. M. Tweed, sentenced, 2831; Colo- rado beetle in, 2833 ; compulsory educa- tion enacted. 2843,3463, 4051 , 4111 ; John A. Dix, gov., 2851 ; Samuel J. Tilden, gov., 2872 ; governor's term lengthened, 2S73; soldiers' home est., 2923 ; Lucius Rob- inson, gov., 2973; Chautauqua Literary Circle est., 3003; Oneida Community dis- solved, 3032; Lung Island Historical Soc. est., 3042; Alonzo B. Cornell, gov., 3052; Miller and Lapham, senators, 3092 ; Grover Cleveland, gov., 3112, 3153; re- signs. 3193, pros. C.S., 3192, 321 1 , declines prohibition, 3212, at Grant's funeral, 3213 ; State Charities and Corrections Council est., 3131; David B. Hill, gov., 3193, 3233, 3332 ; forest commissioners est.; Niagara Falls reservation est., 321 2; Board of Arbitration est., 3232; contract convict labor prohibited, 3303; electrical execution enacted, 3332,3492, 3631, 3651 ; Nat. Guard Asso. meets. 334 1; Canal Bill, 3353; Naval Militia Bill, 3352; Erie Canal enlargement, 3353; Ballot Reform Bill; substitute, 3472, passed, 3391 ,3551 ; Australian system adopted, 3392 ; Greater New York, 3372,4023, 4032,4231 ; 4272, 4512, 4752 ; secret ballot, 3372 t 3392, 3, 3532, 3552, 3, 3572; oil dis., 3381 ; natural gas dis., 3332 ; moneys for R. C. Protectory Bill defeated, 338*3 ; Woman Suffrage defeated, 3391, 4052; Dressed Beef Bill ; Excise Commission Bill ; Rapid Transit. Bill ; Police Justice Bills ; N. Y. City Police Coi a miss ion Bill ; Park Commission Bill, 3392 ; Saxton Ballot Keform Bill, 3392, 3, 3532, 3552, 3572, 3992; Saxton Aiiti-Pooi-SellingBill.3792, 4292; Anti-Bucket Bill, 3412; Mohawk lioud, 2421 ; Civil Service Reform League, 3472 ; Barnard Coll. est., 3502 ; a.D. 1890+ ; earthquake; Geo. Wm. Curtis, chancellor of regents, 352 1 ; inspectorsof elections are ministers, 3.531; World's Fair Bill, 3532, 3993, 4011 , 4271 ; Adiron- dacks Park Bill, 3532, 4011 ; ballot re- form, petition for, 3543 ; state care of Insane Bill, 3553, 3773, 381 1 , 4191 ; Non- partisan Police Bill, Ballot Reform Bill intro. ,355 s ; WeeklyPayment Billpasses, 3571 ; Prohibition Amend, to constitu- tion, 3571,2, 3592,3772, 3811; Two-Dol- lars-a-Day Bill ; Hudson River Bridge Bill, 3572 ; paper-mills synch..; water- power of Niagara Falls utilized, 357 3 ; Blackwell's Island; East River Bridge Bill, 3592, 3773, 4012 ; election frauds, 3591 ; Wood department in State Museum, 3641 ; Catholic schools, regent's report, 3642 ■ snow falls in Aug., 3661; Youths' Anti-smoking law, 3663 ; H. R. K. R. Yardmen quit work, 3663 ; supe- rior courts abolished, 3672; Stadler Dance Hall, Sunday sales, and Hil- dreth Liquor Bills defeated; N. Y., and Brooklyn Tunnel Bill, 381 1; no Knights of Labor employed on C. R. R., 368 3 ; Conf. of Prot. Denominations on public schools, 3702; Noyes election dis- pute, 3732; Stadler Special License Bill, 3783,381' ; Clifton race-track; operators punished, 3762; Anti-Pool-Selling Bill, 379 2 ; election cases transferred to courts ; Central R. R. ; traffic resumed, 3793 ; Anti-Pinkerton Bill, 3811,4012; Brook- lyn Tunnel Bill; Heirs Tax Bill, 3812; Schaff Excise Bill, 3813 ; univ. Exten- sion Bill, 3832 ; rose chosen for State flower, 3833 ; nominees for gov., Bruce, Flower, Fassett, 3912 ; State Liquor Dealers' Asso., 390 3 ; first train by Sound Ferry, 391 s ; tie vote, 3952 ; Dutchess County, other defective ballots, 395 2 -t-, 3971,4312 + , 4792 ; Democratic majority in senate, 3973 ; Sherwood seated, 3992 ; Judge Maynard confirmed, 3993, investigation, 4021, 4051 ; "Snap"Demo- cratic conven., 4003, 4011 ; Liquor Deal- ers' Excise Bill, 4003, 4011 , 4051 ; Three Bridges Bill, 4012, 4573 ; St. Lawrence Bridge Bill, 4013 ; Dem. anti-silver coinage; Grant Monument Bill, 403 1 ; constitutional amendments adopted ; Freedom of Worship BiU, 4032 ; West Side Park Bill ; census taken, 4033 ; "Huckleberry" R. R. Bill, 405', 4593 ; Woman Suffrage Bill, 4052 ; Constitu- tional Conven. Bill, 4052, 4231; Speed- way Act repealed, 4051 ; Statutory Re- vision Commission codes ; signed, 4072; Anti-Hill Conven., 4073, nominates Wheeler, 4732 ; Factory Bill signed, 4072 ; tramps seize freight train, 4083 ; State Arbitrators in Buffalo, 4142 ; Oneida County election case, 4171 ; Dem. sole inspectors, 4171 , 4192; Buffalo elec- tion frauds, 4192; Capitol Appropriation Bills intro., 401 1 ; Gov. Flower inaug., 4212; Brooklyn officials protected, 4223; Non-partizan Election Inspectors' Bill, 4243, 4552; Fire Island purchased, 4271 ; Buffalo Police Bill, 4272, 4283; Anti- Capital Punishment Bill, 4273 • Anti- Pool-Room Bill, 4292 ; state Art Teach- ers* Asso. session, 44S 2 ; Anti-Conspiracy Bill, 4283; Niagara Falls electric syndi- cate find., 4312 ; convicts work on roads, 433 2 ; tax-exempt property, 4372; Racing Asso. Tax Bill, 4532; Brooklyn Annexa- tion Bills signed, 4592; Pound Compul- sory Education Bill, 4611; Bi-Partizan Police Bills vetoed, 4533, 4572, 4612 ; electoral frauds, 4442, s, 4451, 2; coal deposit dis., 448i ; State parks proposed, 4493; Lexow investigating committee, 451i±(see N.Y.Citvt ; Side Door Saloon Bill lost; Flag on Public buildings Bill 4551 , 4612; Ehnira Reformatory investi- gation, 4551 ; Patriotic League of Revolu- tion, 4563; Colony for Epileptics enacted, 4592, opd., 4702 ; Canal Improvement Bill ; Non-partizan Park Commission Bill; Ives' Pool Bill unconstitutional, 4593 ; Constitutional Conven. officers, 4593, Female Suffrage petition, 4612, rs , strikers, 4643, Sunday liquor frame, 4663, to abolish coroners, 4712, railroading bills, amends, demanded, 4671, favors capital punishment, 4682, female suf- frage, 4683, death penalty, 4692, Educa- tional Amendments, 4702, abolition of convict labor, 4711, 2, railroad passes, 4712, Home rule, pool-selling, 4731 , Demo- crats arraign Republicans, adopts con- stitution, amendments divided, 473 2 , constitutional amendments approved, 4752; free library system extended, 462 1 ; investigation of Gov. Flower, 4551 , 4653; race-track decision ; education in charit- able institutions ; vaccination in schools, 4702 ; Levi P. Morton, gov., 4712 ; Stan- dard Oil Extradition, 4771 . New York Mills, cattle sale, 2833. University. (See Univ. of N. Y.) Yacht Club org. (1844) ; incorp. (1845); custodians of America cup, 1S33 ; Cambria defeated 2713 ; Livonia de- feated, 2753 ; Countess of Dufferin de- feated, 2933; Atalanta defeated, 3093; returns cup to donors, 313 3 ; Genesta de- feated, 3213 ; Galatea defeated, 3253 ; Thistle defeated, 3273; Dunraven's chal- lenge, 4173; Vigilant selected, 4392; Val- kyrie defeated, 4413. New York, cruiser, launched, 3961 ; trial trip, 4301 ; at Rio de Janeiro, 4461 . , steamship, flag raised, 4253; rec- ord, 4712,3. New York Custom House Bill passes, 3791 . Bridge Bills reported unfavor- ably in Congress, 401 2 , 4021 . _ and N. J. Bridge Bill, 4251 , 4412, 4431,4471,4492,4773. Central R. R. est., 1752 ; accident on, 1853 ; newspaper train, 325 3 ; train robbers on, 3931,4022. , N. H. R. R. bridge wreck, 1733. Newton Tbeolog. (Bapt.) Inst. est. (1825) at Newton, Mass., 1323. New Zealand. (See text, p. 1103) ; settled, 9512; mission, 10031; detached, 4953; bishopric est., 9483 ; detached bishopric, 4962 ; Maoris ins., 9(J4 1 , 9661 , 9672 ; strike, 5002; excluded, 5012 ; Christ church, see est., 9583 ; Bp. Julius cons., 1004 2 . New Zealand Company organized, 11032. Ney, Michel, Due d'Elchigen, Pr. de la- Moskowa, b., 7042 ; at Eichingen, 7141 ; at Dennewitz, 7201 ; shot, 722i ,2 ; statue 7321. Neyoor in Travancor, mission, 10462. Nez Perces, Presbyterians among, 2822. Nezahualcoytl, d., 122. Nezahuapilli, enthroned, 133 ; d., 161. Nezib, battle at, 6562. Nezlet-Rooman, mission, 657'. N'gami, Lake, Afr., dis., 5601 , 5982. Ngape, Burmese war, 10482. Nguyen dynasty, Annam, 4811 . Niafaaurut reigns, Egypt, 6513. Niagara lays Atlantic cable, 1833. blockades Charleston ; captures Gen- eral Parkhill, 1942, Georgia, 2372. Niagara, Can., see est., 9803; Bp. Hamilton consecrated, 9922. Falls, fort built, 481 ; rivalry for, 612 ; Table Rock falls, 1261 , 1661 , 172i ; men fall, 1753- Internat. Miss. Union inaug., 3182 ; Suspension Bridge opd., 1761, 3; 1773; Blondin crosses, 1853; Matt. Webb drowned ; Cantilever Bridge built ; peril of Maid of Mist, 315 3 ; State purchases park, 3212, 3 ; bridge wrecked, 3321; horseshoe rock drops, 3341 ; S. J. Dixon walks over, 3673; water power tunnel, 3573, 36S1, 4513; grant for electric machine, 589 2 Univ. Falls, N. Nibelungenot (Nibeliaigenlied) est., 7763. Nicander, at war with Argives, 10141 . Nicanor in Hellespont, 10243 ; at Caphar- salama ; killed in Adasa, 114S1. Nicaragua lost at sea, 3973. Nicaragua (see text,pp. 1103, 1104), dis.,162;. rulers, 172; explored, 191 ; colonists rebel, 221; Wm. Walker arrives, 1803 r 1822 ; treaty unratified, 3193; surrenders to San Salv., 1123 3 ; Blueiields report, 551 ; Am. interests protected, 4661 ; sov- ereignty recognized, 4711 ; allied to Gua- temala, 103S1 ; Honduras defeated, 10411 .. Canal, route surveyed, 11031 ,2,3 ; in- quiry resolution, 3992 ; conven. session, 4093, 4193 ; bill to incorporate, 3332,. 3363 ; bonds guaranteed, 3752 ; bill dis- cussed, 3791 , 4772 ; concessions granted, 11033 ; receiver appointed, 4373; reor- ganized, 4453. Niccolino, Ciovanni Battista, b, (1782);. works, 10871; d. (1861). Nice (Nic;ea), Asia, pillaged, 6611 ; crusa- ders win, 6682_; Gr. enip. reigns, 10351; conquered, 10:i>2 ; Latin Emp. est., 1553 - f Council of, bps., 6643, 7913, 10283. , Fr., truce of, ends war, 5112; annexed to Savoy, 6772; bombarded, 7901; sur- renders, 6941 ; annexed toFr., 7092, 7132 ; captured by Fr. ; taken by Austrians, 10841; transferred to Sardinia, 7213; treaty for annexing. 7352; accident, 7473 ; fire-panic, 10903, earthquake, 7561 , 11502. Nicene creed adopted, 10682. Niceola Pisano, Cathedral pulpit, 10761 . Nicephorus, in Asia. 10321 ; peace with Harun-al-Rascbid. I0331 ; reigns ; k.,1032i . II., Phocas, reigns, 10332; recovers Crete, etc, 10332; marries ; killed, 10323. ILL, reigns, 10333. Gregoras, b., 10343. Patricias, deposed, 10331. Nichailovitcb, N'ieolai, d., 11201. Nicholas L, the Great St., b.-d., 10721; pope, 10723. II., pope, 10731 . III., pope, 10763. IV., pope, embellishes Rome, 10762,3. V., b.-d., 10782 ; pope, 10791 ; com- mences ne.w St. Peter's, 10781; founds library, 10792. V., anti-pope, 10771 . I., Czar, b., 11162; reigns, 11173; abol- ishes slavery, 11172 ; manifesto for Chris- tianity, 11182 ; manumission of serfs, 11191 ; W ar with Western powers, 11192; at Varna, 5201 ; d., 11192. II., proclaimed emp. Russia, 11231 . of Guildford, work, 8523. , prince, b., 5652; recommended to Bulgaria, 5673; d., 5681 . , Czar, Turk, the " Sick Man," 11571 . : , St., d., 11542. , Czarowitch, d., 11182. , Grand Duke, b., 11163 ; d., 11221 . Nich-Norm. Text Figures denote Page. IN DrLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 18^5 Nicholas, G. D., insane, 11211. , Robt. chief justice, SS93. Nicholls, Francis T., gov., 2951 , 3012, 3332. Nichols, John b. 9103 ; d., 9422. , Louis, in Can. 5723. , Win. F., cons. P E. bishop, 3G21 . , Ripley, b. (1847) ; d., 3241 . Nicholson, Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . , Francis, lieut.-gov., N. Y.,511 ; flees; royal commission, 512; gov., 551,593 ; peace with Indians, 60 1 ; gov., N. S., 5752; d. (1728). , Henry Alleyne, voltaic battery, 930i . , Isaac, consecrated bishop, 386*1 , 3941 . , James, commodore, b., 642 ; d., 1122. , Margaret, assaults king, 9232. , William, b., 9123 ; d (1815). , Carmichael, b. (1800) ; d., 2781 . , Rufus, b. (1822) ; cons, bp., 2903. Nicholson's Crossing, R. R. accident, 3993. Nicias, peace of, 1020 2 ; executed, 10203 ; leader aristocratic party, 10212. Nickel dis., 3121, 11341 ; for coinage, 7533. Plate Road, accident, 3873. steel experiments, 3901 . Nickerson, Town Marshal, killed, 3722. Nickolsburg, peace signed, 526 2 . Nicksich, aid from Mukhtar Pasha, 5281 . Nicobar Isles, acquired by Eng., 9733. Nicodemus interviews Jesus, 11521. Nicolai, Christoph Friedrich, b., 8002; Se- baldus Nothanker, 8051 ; d., S102. , Karl O. E., b., 8102 ; d., 8181 . Nicolas rules Montenegro, 10972. , Don, in Newfoundland, 19 1 . , Sir Nicolas Harris, b., 9283 ; d., 9542. , Wilson C, gov., 1233. Nicolay, John George, b. (1832); Abraham Lincoln, 4791 . Nicole, Pierre, b.,6863; work, 6931 ; d.,6943. Nicolet, R. C. diocese est., 5842. Nicoll, James Craig, b. (1846); of Academy of Design, 3221. Nicollet, Jean Nicholas, b., 7062 ; d.,7283; Nicolls, Matthias, b. (1630+); mayor N.Y., 452 ; d. (1687). , Sir Richard, b. H624) ; gov. N.Y., 431 ; incorporates city, 432 ; d. (1672). , S. J., moderator, 280 2 . Nicols, Lewis, Indian missionary, 422. Nicomedes 1. reigns, 11492 ; d. (250i B.C.). III., Philopater, reigns ; expelled, 11511; routed by Mithridates, 10562; gives Bithynia to Rom.. 1059 1 ; d.(74 B.C.). Nicomedia, Asia, earthquakes, 1150 2 ; re- stored, 11533; Licinius surrenders, 10681 ; Othman invades, 11542 ; surrenders to Turks, 11541 ; massacre of Christians 1154 3 j capital Empire, 11551 j mission, 11563. Nicon, Patriarch, cruelties, 11143. Nicopoli taken, 11581 , Nicopolis, action at, 10341 ; defeat of Si- gismund, 11561 . Nicot, Jean, b., 6803; d., 6863. Nicotera, Giovanni, baron, b., 10862 • d., 10901 . Nicoya, Costa Rica, pirates; annexed, 6302. Nictheroy, Braz., victory, 558 s ; rebellion, 5601. Nicuessa, Diego de, b. (1465+) ; founds Nombre de Dios, 173 ; receives grant, 6282; gov., 6301; d. (1511). Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, b., 8042; Roman History, 8103; d., 8142. , Karstens, b. 8002; d., S103. Niederbronn, Alsace, skirmish at, 7381 . Nieh degraded, 6263. Niel, Adolpbe, b., 7143 ; minister of war, 7373 ; d., 7382. Nielsen, officer, death avenged, 8381 . Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, b. (1757); d., 11163. Niemen, Fr. army cross, 7183. Niemeyer, August H.,b., 8022 ; d., 8142. Nien-fei, rebels ; defeated, 6202. Niepce Jos. Nic^phore, b., 7031; dis. ac- tion of light. 7201 ; inv. a velocipede. 7222 ; photogalvanography, 7241 ; d., 7262. , de Saint-Victor, Claude Felix Abel, b., 7163; d., 7382. Nierses II., calls synod of bishops, 10711 . Nietzsche, Friedrich, Jenseits, etc., 8362. Nieure Zijdinghen at Antwerp, 5411 . Nieuwentyl, Bernardus, b.-d., 11003. Nieuwpoort, action at, 10982. Nieva, Conde de. (See Lopez de Zufliga.) Niger, Caius Pescennius, overthrown, 10641 ; in Sp., 1065 2 ; proclaimed emp., 10653; defeated; killed, 6521. Niger districts settled, 9951 . River. (See text, p. 1161.) Nightingale, Florence, b.,9402 ; army ser- vice, 9581 ; at Scutari, 11583. Nigra, Count, London Conference, 9932. Nihilists, arrest demanded, 5693 ; sen- tenced, 7583 ; against Czar, 7603 ; ex- pelled, 7652 ; trial of, 11191 ; active ; ex- ecuted, 11203; convicted at Kieff, 11211 ; offer to Czar ; manifesto, 11213. Nihon Bashi, mission at, 10922. Niigata, missions at, 10921 . Nike, asteroid, discovered, 7601 . Nikoforoff, arrested, 5683. Nikopoli, battle of, 5061 ; captured, 5651 . Nile, source dis., 560 3 ; inundation fails, 6542 ; rises ; bricks found, 6563 ; Brit, ascend, 66O1 ; battle of, 928i . Nile, steamer, wrecked, 9593. , ironclad, launched, 9981 . Niles, O., destitution, 4533. , Hezekiah, b., 89 » ; d., 1502. .John Milton, b. (1787); P. M. Gen., 1513 ; d (1856). , Wm. Woodruff, b. (1S32); bp., 2702. , N., embezzling, 3S22. Nilometer erected, 6542. Nilsson, Christine, b., 11361; as Violetta, 9701. , Sven, b.-d., 11342. Nimeguen, peace of, 5413; Eng. defeat, 710i; taken, 10981. Nimes, Fr., colony fnd., 661 1 ; conquered, 6621; plundered, 6622; united to Fr., 6732; Protestants massacred, 7231 ; Cath- olics massacred, 682 1; pacification of, 6371 ; burned and. plundered, 7221 ; mine explosion, 7573 ; Prot. Seminary, 7582. Nimrud, built, 11431 ; palace built, 11453. Nina sails; flag raised, 131; at Lisbon; Columbus sails, 142. stranded, 3801. Ninde, Wm. Xavier, b., 1402 ; bp., 3163. Ninety-Six, S. C, British take, 921 . Nineveh attacked, 11442; taken, 11471. 6481. Ning, Prince, rebels, 6141 . po taken, 6161 ; attacked, 6162 ; mis- sion, 6183,6192, 6211, 2 6222; desolated; retaken, 6201 ; occupied, 6202; medicinal work, 6211. hia, mission, 6242. Ninh-Binh, evacuated, 4802; yields, 4821 . Ninian, St., fnds. ch. in Galloway, 10702. Ninko reigns, 10913. Ninnescah, Kan., destroyed by gale, 3293. Niobe rescues filibusters, 6321 . bombards Omoa, 10411 . Niogo opened to commerce, 10931 . Nippon Islands, earthquake, 10921 . Nipsic wrecked at Sainoim Islands, 3361 . Nisard, Jean Marie Napoleon Desire^ b., 7163; d., 7562. Nisbet,EugeniusAristi.,b. (1803); d.,2721. Nish, Servia, action at, 1066 1; Turks de- feated, 5081 , Nisibis, action at, 10641 . Nitard, Jesuit, expelled, 11291 . Nitocris, Queen, avenges murder, 6471 . Ni-tek-tso, est. Christianity, 10941. Nitric acid, nature of„ 9222. ether discovered, 7981 . Nitrogen described, 9182. Nitrous oxid gas intro. in London, 9701 ; used in Am., 2411. Nitscbmann, John, b. (1703) ; missionary, 622 ; d. (1772). Nitta Yoshisada leads revolt ; destroys Kamakura, 10911 . Nitzsch, Gregor Wilhelm, b., 8043; d. t 8202 , Karl Ludwig, b., 8022 ; d., 8142. Nivollet, Fr., destroyed, 7561 . Nixon Dressed Beef Bill read, 3392. , Col., near Suffolk, 2211 . , John, d., 1242. Nizam Ali, treaty with Brit., 10453. Shahi dynasty reigns, 10433. — -ul-Mulk, yields to G. B., 10493. N6, Charles, Hfii-es et Impressions, 760 2 . Noachian deluge, 11401 . Noah begins ark, 11401 ;sonsdisperse,11412. , Mordecai, b., 962 ; d., 1681 . Noailles, Due Adrien Maurice de,b.,6923; d.,7031. , Louis Antoine de, cardinal, b. (1651); ecclesiastical head in Fr., 6971; appel- lant, 6991; d. (1729). , Philippe de, Due de Mouchv, b. (1715); marshal; at Dettingen, 7001 ; d. (1794). Nobili, Leopoldo, b. (1784) ; animal elec- tricity, 10861; d. (1834). Nobiling, Karl E., wounds Emp. William, 8291; suicide, S303. Nobility, Fr. contesting, 6692 ; Fr., privi- leges of, 691 2 ; records burned, 7083 ; new, 7191 ■ patents for English, 8583. Noble, Benj. F., sec. of interior, 3372. , Col., at Grand Pre, N. S., 661 . , Matthew, statue of Cromwell by,980 1 . , Noah, gov. Ind., 1392. , Patrick, b. (1787); gov. S. C, 1512; d. (1840). Nobles, Ger., disorder of, 7932. Noboa, Diego, recalls Jesuits, 6441 • pres. Ecuador, 6442. Nobrega, Manuel de, b., 1517 ; eBt. Sao- Paulo, 5522 ; provincial, 5531 ; d. (1570). Nobunaga rises, 10913 ; shogun; suicide, 10913. Nocton captured, 1182. Nodier, Charles, b. 7051; works, 7151. 7231 ; d., 7283. Noel, Francois Joseph Michel, b., 7022 • d., 7282. , Roden Berkeley Wriothesley, b. (1799); d., 10121. Noell, Thomas, mayor N. Y., 55 2 . Noir, Victor, b. (1848) ; killed, 7383. Noire, Ludwig, b., 8142 ; d., 8321 . Noisseville, Ger., Bazaine defeated, 740 2 . Nojara, battle of, 6741 . Nola, It., taken, 10521; action at; de- fended, 10542. Nolan, Capt., unseated, 9771. Noland, E. T., state treas., Mo., 3543. Nolensville, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2183. Nollekens, Joseph, b., 9083; d., 9403. Nollendorf, Bohemia, repulse at, 7201. Nollet, Jean Antoine, b., 6943 • d., 7042. Nombre de Dios, Panama, fnd., 173. Nominalists, controversy, 10763. Nominating conventions begin, Am., 1433. Non-conformists favored, 8963 ; perse- cuted, 8923; Bicentenary fund, 9662. importation asso. appear, Am., 753. Act revived, 1173. jurors taxed, Eng., 9072. resistant oath repealed, 9073. Union labor, World's Fair, 3763. Noor-ed-Dern, Egy. at war with, 6541 . Nootka Sound discovered, 5772. Norbanus, Caius, conquered, 10581 ; con- sul at Rome, 10591 ; d. (81+ B. c). Nobunaga, Ota, b., 10911 . Norbury, Earl, title created, 9412. Norcross, Henry L., dynamiter, 3963. Nordenflycht, Hedvig'Chark>ita,b. (1718) ;. Turtledove 11351 ; d. (1763). Nordenskjold, Baron Nils, Adolf Eric, b. 11041 ; polar exped , 9821 , 11053, 11361 . Xordisk Cnirtrsitets Tidsskrirt, 6403. Nordog Syd, 6403. Nordhausen, Richard, work, 8362. Nordhoff, Charles, journalist, b., 1381. Nordlingen, Ger., Protestants defeated, 5121 ; Spaniards defeated, 6881. Nore, Eng., mutiny at, 9281 . Norfolk, Conn, gymnasium opened, 4102 t , Neb., Ins:ine Asvlum opened, 3332. , Va., burned, 821, 833 ; taken, 902 ; steamer to N. Y., 1313 ; yellow fever, 1773; Navy Yard burned ; vessels sunk ; Gen. Taliaferro at, 194i ; Federals oc- cupy, 2071; fire, 4453. , Baron, title created, 8643. •, D. of, slander ; banished, 8612. , Duke of, dismissed, 9292. , Duke of, in Parliament, 945 2 . , Duke of, envoy extraordinary, 996 2 ; (See Howard, Thomas.) Island dis., 4932 ; colony, 4951 ; mis- sion, 5001 ; annexed, 9253 ; settled, 943 1 . Noricum subjugated, 10603; a Roman prov- ince, 10632 ; acquired, 10712. Norkitten, action at, 11141 . Norma, opera, in N. Y., 1761 . Normal School Bill passes, Fr., 7513, Norman, Okla., university located, 3743. , Col., at Jagdalak, 61 . , Sir Henry Wylie, governor, 5003. , Sir John, lord mayor London, 8633.. , Henry, Monetary System, 4203. , Robert, magnetic needle, 8741. line of kin^s established, 8473. barons revolt, 8481. Normanby, Marquis of, minister, 9032. , Marquis of, title created, 9451 . , Marquis of, gov. Australia, 4983,4991 : resigns, 4992. 1356 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Norm— Xoit. Normandy collides with Mary, 973 3 . Normandy, Fr., named, 6352; peasants re- volt, 6673 j war for duchy ; secured to Eng., 6693; conquered, 6713, 8481,8633 ; losttoEng., 8531. Normannia, cholera scare, 4141 , 3, 415 2 , 3; damaged by tidal wave ; returns, 4493. Normans and Saxons united, 849 2 . in Newfoundland, 163; absorbed, Eng., 8563; conquer Thessalonica, 10322; in S. It., 10721 ; settle at Aversa, 10733 ; take Naples, 10741; supreme in S. It., 10752 ; in JRus., 11132; i n Tunis, 11392. Normanton, Earl of, title created, 931 1 . Nornena, Francisco de Alva y, gov., 605 2 . Norridgewock, burned, GO 1 ; rebuilt, 622. Norris, John G., b., 1102. Norristown, Pa.,R. R. opened, 1413 ; Har- tranft monument, 384 i Norsk Maane. lSOOi ; William R. Davie, gov., 1093 ; Benjamin Williams, gov., 1093, 1152; James Tur- ner, gov., 1113; Lutheran synod formed, 1123;Nath. Alexander, gov., 1133; David Stone, gov. , 1153 ; Benj . Smith, gov., 1173 ; Wm. Hawkins, gov., 1192 ; Presb. synod org., 1212; Wm. Miller.gov., 1233; p ro t. Epis. diocese org., 125 1 ; John Branch gov., 1253 ; Jesse Franklin, gov., 1292 ; Gabriel Holmes, gov., 1293 ; Hutchins G. Burton, gov., 1332; James Iredell, gov., 1353; John Owen, gov., 1372; State Library fnd., 139 1 ; Montford Stokes, gov., 1392 ; David L. Swain, gov., 1412 ; M. E.conf. fmd., 1462 ; Edward B. Dudley, gov., 1492; John M.Morehead, gov.. 1552; Wm. A. Graham, gov., 1611 ; Chas. Manly gov., 1671; David S. Reid, gov., 1692 ; Thos. Bragg, gov., 1792; Judson College fnd., 1843; Coll. of, org., 1862 ; John W. Ellis, gov., 1871 ; Fed. forts seized ; gov. restores forts, 190 1 ; adheres to slave states, 1912; refuses troops, 1933; block- aded, 1942; u. S. mint seized ; blockade extended, 195 1 ; secedes, 1953 ; senators expelled, 1973 ; offices vacated ; M. N. Taylor elected gov. ; independence de- clared, 2012 ■ Burnside commands in, 2021 ; Burnside's expedition arrives, 2022 (see Burnside) ; Henry T. Clark, gov., 2032; Edward Stanley, niilUa.rygov.,2093; Burnside recalled, 210 2 ; Zebulon B. Vance, gov., 2173, 297 3 ; amnesty to sol- diers, 2252; -Wm. M. Holden, gov., 2473, 2511 (1868) ; secession ordinance re- pealed ; slavery abolished, 2491 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 249 2; Jonathan Worth gov., 2493, 2511 ; Constitutional conven. 2512; rejects 14th Amend. ; act of amnesty passed, 2552 ; Constitutional conven., 2611; readmitted, 2632; ratifies 14th Amend., 2633; ratines new cons., 263 1 ; R. C,vicarate apostolic est., 2642 j law- less secret societies proclaimed, 2691; militia suppress Kuklux, 2703 ; Gov. Holden impeached, 273 1 ; Kuklux pro- claimed, 2733; senator readmitted, 277 3 ; TodR. Caldwell, gov., 2772; amnesty to secret societies, 283 1 ; amendments rati- fied, 2832 ; compulsory education laws, 2863 ; Curtis H. Brogden, gov., 2873 ; Constitutional conven.; new cons, rati- fied, 2892 ; Thos. M. Holt, gov. (1891) ; Colored Normal School opd., 2963 ; Con- gregational conf. org., 3002 ; State In- dustrial Asso. org. ,303 2 ; Thos, J. Jarvis gov., 3033; asylum for insane, 3071 ; Pro- hibition Bill rejected, 3083 ; Normal School opd., 3082; dry fog, 3081; Pro- hibitory Amendment voted down, 3091; Prot. Epis. diocese erected, 3162; Alfred M. Scales, gov., 3233 ; Normal School opd., 3283, 3962 ; earthquake, 3321 ; Fe- male Coll. fnd., 3322; cloud-burst, 3411 ; land syndicate find., 3412 ; Daniel G. Fowle, gov., 3492 ; threatened by negro exodus, 3503, 3511 ; World's Fair appro- priation refused, 377 1 ; Normal School opd., 3962 ; illicit stills captured, 419i ; Elias Carr, gov., 4472 ; general strike 4563 ;Dem. for free silver,4692; Rep. favor Populists, 4731 ; Cong. conf. org., 3002. North Carolina, Univ. of, est. (1787) ; ob- servatory est., 1401; H.Smith's address, 4581. College, 1862. China, mission est., 6222; see est., 9722 ; Bishop Scott consecrated, 986 2 . Northeote, James, b., 9122; d., 9442. , Sir Stafford Henry, E. of Iddesleigh, b.,9383 ; minister, 11713,0792, !)933, 9953; in Joint Commission, 2732 ; against ob- struction, 9852 ; against Suez Canal mo- nopoly,9912; royal commission, 9951 ; d., 9962; statue, 9981. North Dakota. (See territorial history with South Dakota.) Territory org., 1931 ; N. Pacific R. R. begun at Grand Forks, 2773 ; Gen. Congre. Synod org., 3142; N. Dak. Univ. est., 3183; Local Op- tionLaw passed, 3291 ; Territory divided; N. Dak. Ter. org., 3292; John Miller gov., 3492;bill to a2; j ;i,sin;avk, capital; anti- trust clause in coiisti(-utiou,j45i ; prohi- bition ratified, 3471, 3483; state gov't operative, 3472; i s t legislature, 3483; La. lottery legalized. 3531 ; tornado, 3621 ; prairie fire, 3673; deaf mutes' school est., 3731 ; Agricultural Coll. est.; Nor- mal Schools est., 3742; La. Lottery officers indicted, 3942; Andrew H. Burke, gov., 3992; Indians cede land, 4172; Prohibitory Law constitutional, 4292; Universalist State conven., 4461 ; Eli C. D. Shortridge, gov., 4472; Roger Allen, gov. (1S95). Univ. org., 3183. Danville, Va., Dr. Moffett shot, 4183. Eastern R. R., Eng., strike, 9703. Eastham, Mass., cable laid, 3033. Northern and Continental collide, 3693. Northen, Amos Henry, d., 3301. , Wm. J., gov., 3751 , 4212. Northern Belie wrecked, 1813. Northern Illinois Coll. (non-sect.) est. (1854) at Fulton. Northern Indiana burns, 1813. Northern Liang conquered, 6131. Missionary Society org., 1083. Pacific R. R. chartered, 2353, 2712; begun, 2713, 2773; completed, 3153, 5853; wreck ,:s;>!)3 ; robbery. 4183 ; manage- ment, 4253; bond issue, 5893; strike, 4503; receivers appointed, 4372; deficit, 4733. R. R., N. Hanrp., opnd., 1613, 1633. Northesk, E. of, title created, 8851 . Northfield, Mass., coll. students' encamp- ment, 3422, 4i()i ; Clarke Inst, opd., 2591 ; Coll. Students' Conf. opens, 3622; Bible Cong.,3G42,:;,x ( ;i ,4341 ,466 1 ; Schoolsof Re- ligious Workers, 4122; Young Women's Conf., 4321,3, 463i; World's Students' Conf., 4342. , Minn., Carleton Coll. org., 2722. North fleet in collision. 9973. North Ga. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2522. German Lloyd Ss. line est., 1833. Germany annexed to Fr,, 8111; de- mands union of S. Gel'., 8253; cities de- clare for union, 8272; unity est., 5271 . Ger. Miss. Society org., 8143. Confederation fmd., 8251, 2; Pari, opened, 8253. Holland canal opened, 11022. Northington, Baron, title created, 9871 . , E. of, lord-lieut., 9232. North Kent Railway, collision, 9613. Little Rock, Ark., outrage, 4143. Northmen, in Greenland, 111 ; take Ant- werp, 5393; enter Seine, 6661; j n Paris, 6672; war with Ger., 7701 ; attack Prank- ish kingdoms, 7721 ; i n G. Brit., 8441 ; ravage Eng., 8461. North Point, Md., battle celebrated, 3683. pole, magnetic; discovered, 9441, Providence, R. I., first cotton mill erected, 1041. Queensland, Australia, diocese est., 4982; see est.; Bp. Stanton elected, 9803; Bp. Barlow cons., 10062. Northrup, H. P., cons. R. C. bp., 3102; transferred to Charleston, 3122. North Sea blocked, 6401 ; naval battle, 9141; vessels wrecked, 9913. North Star returns, 9561 . seized, 5933. North Tex., Female Coll. est., 2963. Northumberland wrecked, 9021. launched, 9681 . , Napoleon sails on, 7221 . Northumberland kingdom, 8413; ravaged, 8481; strikes, 9823; miners strike, 9943. , D. of, title created, 9152. , earldom abolished, 8491 . , Northumbria Christianized, 8422 ; con- quered,844 1 ; revolts, 8453 ^Romances, 8543 . North Wales Chronicle issued, 933 1 . Northway, Step. A., b., 1421 ; speech, 4392. Northwest Missouri Coll. (Meth. South) est. (1892) at Albany. boundary, 1572,3; settled, 1592. Nort-Ocal. Text Figures denote Page. 1JN L)rii.X, Superior Figures indicate Column. 1357 Northwest Passage dis. 9102, 9603; expe- dition to, 938*. Preventive and Reformatory Insti- tution fnd., 9591. - Texas M. E. Conf. fmd., 2522. Northwestern Baseball League find. ,3133. Coll. Napiersville, org., 1991 . R. R. collision, 9653. Univ., Evanston, 111., org., 1703, fnd., 1782; H. W. Rogers, pres., 378 1 ; library fnd., 3882; Emily Huntington Miller, prin. "Woman's Coll., 3902. , Wis., org., 2503. Northwiek, Lord, pictures sold, 9641. Norton, Baron, title created, 9751 . .Andrews, b.,981; works, 1191,1491; d., 1701 . , Caroline Elizabeth, b., 9343; d., 9822. , Charles S., commodore, 4561. , Elijah L., defeats e<>inpeusation,2193. , Joseph, governer S. C, 493. , Oliver Perry, d., 2961 . , S. F., candidate for pres., 4111 . Norwalk, Conn., burned, 902; felt cloth mnf., 14i"»i ; drawbridge disaster, 1733. Norway, Me., fire, 4593. . (See text, pp. 1104,1105.) Extradition treaty, 4431 ; conquered ; authentic his- tory begins, 6352 ; Denmark surrenders, 6393; war with Sweden, 11341 ; ceded to Sweden, 11363. Norwegian sailors in Labrador, 123 ; in Newfoundland, 11031. Evan. Luth. synod org., Am., 1723. Luth. church annual session, 3601 . Lutheran University org., la., 1991 . Mission Soc. org.; consolidated, 11053. Norwich, Conn., paper-mill est., 703; anti- abolition riot, 1451 ; Backus's gift, 4103. Norwich, Eng., see named, S4S3; cathedral erected, 8483, s.">42; cathedral burned, 8551; plague, 8593; tire, 8673; Courant issued, 9013; Weekly Mercury or Prot. Packet issued, 906j; canal and harbor opd., 9441; Brit. Asso. meets, 9662; So- cial Science Asso. meets, '974i; Bp. Sheepshanks cons., 10102 ; attacked, 8701; Blackfriars church erected, 8622; Nat. Fisheries Exhibition held, 9861 . ■ , Vt., University fnd., 1443. Norwich Postman issued, Eng., 9031. Norwood, Richard, measures degree, 8821 . Nostradamus, (Michel do Notredame or Nostre'dame), b., 67S3; Prophetical Cen- turies, 6831; d.,6823. Notes of an Englishman in Paris, 1008 2 . Nothelm, arctibp. of Canterbury, 8431 . Notium, naval battle near; 10221 . Notley, Thos., gov. Md., 473. Notman, John, b., 1162; d. (1865). Notre Dame, Ind., Univ. of, org., 1551 . Nott, Abner Kingman, b. (1834) ; d., 1842. , Edward, governor, Va., 572. , Eliphalet, b., 781 ; miss., 1171 ; mod- erator ; ordained, 1183 ; d., 2501. , Samuel, miss, in Calcutta, 10563. , Sir William, b. (1782); in Afghan, 42; d. (1845). Nottingham, Eng., N. Courant issued; N. Jour, issued, 9013; machinery riots, 9352; Luddite riots, 9372 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 9662 ; Church Cong. ; Archbp. Bagshawe cons., 9742 ; fund for education, 9792 ; miners strike, 1003 1 ; ensile burned, 9451 ; excessive heat, 980 1 , 9821 ; Art Museum opd., 9821; Nat. History museum opd., public library opd., 9363 ; Social Science Asso. meets, 9881. , Earl of, title created, 8831 . , — - of, minister, 8791 ,3. -, . (See Finch, Charles.) Nottinghamshire, lace mills burned, 10093. Noue> Francois de la, b. (1531) ; Discours, 6843 ; d. (1591). Noureddin (Malek-al-Adel Nured din Ma- homed), b. 1116i: ; takes Syria, 11541 ; d. (1173±). Nouvel, Father Henry, at St, Marie, 442. Nouvelle llih/'m/heque Hrittannique, 7012. Revue, La, issued, 7053. Nouvelles Deeourertcs dans touies les Par- ties issued, 693 1 . Nova Litferaria issued, Franconia, 8003. Germanise Collecta Hamburgi is- sued, 7981. Helvetica issued, 1137J Maris Balthici issued, 7991. Nova Scotia, Can., colonies est., 113, 27i Fr. expelled, 5701 ; missions, 5711 ; name changed, 8812 ; patentfor,303,332, 5713; restored to Fr., 5732 ; grant of, 5732, 8812; ceded to Fr., 433 ; under Fr. flag; part of Mass., 532 ; restored to Fr., 551 ; con- quest, 561 ,5743 ; surrendered, 5752 ; emi- grants come, 5753 ; disputed claims, 673; Boston troops aid, 68 1 ; exile of Aca- dians,682 ; Eng. takes, 702 ; constitution granted, 713 ; bishopric est., 5763, 9243 ; Bp. Courtney cons., 9983 ; Celtic settlers, 791 ; legislative assembly find.; Acadian Recorder; Presb. Church find., 5771 ; Nova Scotian issued, 5783 ; Congre., conf., 5S01; Casket issued, 5803; gold dis., 5813 ; coal deposits (lis., 5881 ; gov't loan, 589' ; i^iies, 590 1 . (See Acadia.) Novara, battle of, 5222. Novatian, first anti-pope, 10662. Nova Zembla explored, 243. Novello, Vincent, b., 9222 ; d., 9642. Novgorod, Rus., seized, 11133 ; subjugated, 11141 ; invaded, 1115 2 ; anniversary of Empire, 11191,2 ; monument, 1119 3 . Novi, It., battle at, 5182. Bazar, Bosnia, Austrians occupy, 5301 ; Turks attacked, 5321. Xovikoft', Nikolai Ivanovitch, b., 11143 ■ d., 11163. Nowgong mission, 10471 . Noy, Peter de la, mayor N. Y. ( 513. Noyes, Edward Follensbee, h. (1832) ; gov- ernor Ohio, 2811 ; d., 3661. , Geo. Rapall, b., 1081 ; d., 2621 . , H. A., election defeated, 3732. , John Humphrey, b., 1163; d., 3222. , William Curtis,' b. (1805) ; d., 2411 . Nubar Pasha, b. (1825) ; minister ; resigns, 6591. Nubia, Afr., annexed to Egy., 6473, 6572. Nubians in Egypt, 6541 . Nub-kau-Ra (Amen-em hat II.) reigns in Egypt, 6473. Nuccoli, Cecco, comic poetry, 10772, Nuevo Leon, Mex., insurrection in, 10961. Nugent, Lord George Grenville,b.,9243 ; d., 9562. , Sir George b. (1757); at Ballinahinch, 9281; d. (1849). Nuguffgur, Sepoy rebellion, 10481. Nuits, Fr., taken, 7421 ; Fr. defeated, 7431 . Nullification, ordinance passed ; legisla- tive, 1412 ; message against, 1413 ; re- pealed in S. C, 1432. Nulty, Thomas, cons, bishop, 9681 . Numa Pompilius, b.-d. , 10502 ; king, 1051 1 ; corrects calendar, 10502 • regulates reli- gious ceremonies, 10503. Numancia, at Alicante, 11321. Numantia, besieged; destroyed, 10561. Numantine War, 10561 , H251 . Numericanus, Marcus Aurelius, appointed Augustus, reigns; murdered, 10672. Numidia, war with Home, 81; Jugurthine War, 10561; reduced, 10581; a Roman province, 1061 1 ; united to Afr., 10613. Xumisinatir Chronicle, 9491. Numismatieal Society founded, 9491 . Nuncomar, bribery, 10453. Nufiez, Alvarez, b.-d., 11263 ; conquers Paraguay, 11051 ; at Callao, 11081. , Pedro, b.-d., 11092. , Rafael, pres., 6292 ; d , 6282. , Vasco. (See Balboa, V. N.) , Vela Blasco de, viceroy, 231 ; k., 221 . Nuns, eligible to teach, 3882 ; dress op- posed in public schools, 4521 ,46S1 ,4742 ; exempt from court, 5882; excluded from Fr. schools, 7553 ; expelled from con- vents, Ger., 8051 . (See Convents.) Nuova Antoloijia issued, 10883. Giornale Botanico issued, 10883. lievista. fnfernaziona/e issued, 10901. Nur-ed-din, b.-d., 11543. Nuremberg, Ger., fnd., 7753; independent, 7793; parchment factory, 7822 ; in civil war, 7842 ; center of literature, 785 1 ; 1st metal type ; Bible printed ; Gazette, 7871 ; center of art, 7882; accepts reformation, 7891; religious peace of, 7912; Gymna- sium iEgidianum removed, 793 1 ; obser- vatory est., 7963 ; annexed to Bav.,8092; IstR.R., 8141 ; occupied, 8242; riot, 8323. Nur-Ramman, king of Larsam, 11393. Nurse, Rebecca, witch, hanged, 531 . Nus, Eugene, b. (1816) ; Miss Million, 7371 ; d. (1894). Nusseer Khan, defeated ; routs Afghans., besieged, 538 1 ; assassinates brother, 5383 ; enthroned ; d., 5391. Nutt, Col., murder of, 3131. , Cyrus, b. (1814) ; d., 2881 . , S., erects forge in Pa., 581 . Nuttall, Enos, cons, bishop, 9862. , Thomas, b., 981 ; d., 1842. Nuvum, colony at, 10533. Nuyts, Peter, surveyor, 3941 . Nyack, N. Y-, locusts, 4.561 ; fire, 4752. Nyanza collides with Curfew, 6613. Nyberg, Julia Christina, b. (1785) ; Poems, 11362 ; d. (1854). Nye, Jas. Warren, b. (1814) ; gov., Nev. 2032; d., 292L Nyegush, Petrovicht, b. (1813) ; enthroned, 10971; d. (1851). Nye Tidender issued, 6383. O. Oadney, Dr., crosses Sahara, 9402. Oakboys organized, 9171 . Oakes, James, b., 1342. Oak, Fairlop, blown down, 9401 . Oak Grove, Va., Confeds. repulsed, 209i . Oakland, Cal., Chinese mission , 2962; In- stitution for Deaf, Dumb, Blind est., 2551 ; Chabot Observ. gift, 324 1 ; railway accident, 3593; unemployed men, 4562. Oakley, Sir C, governor, 10453. Oaks races begin, Eng., 9213. Oates, Titus, b., 8802 ; revelations of, 8943, 8951; fined, 8971; released, pensioned, 8993; d.,9022. , William C, b., 1442 • gov. Ala., 4573, 4771,4793. Oath Act, G. B., for Hebrews, 9651. of Office Bill, "Iron-clad," passes, 2112; repealed, 3172. Oaths Bill passes, 9552. of clergy, 8982. Oaxaca, or Oajae.a, Mex., taken, 10961. Obadiah, prophet, 11462. Obaldia, vice-pres., 6291 . Obando, Francisco de, governor, 6053. , Jose" Maria, b. (1797) ; pres., 6291 : d. (1861). Obeidullah, ruler ; murdered, 5492. Obelisk, shipped from Alexandria, 3041; in Central Park, 306i, 6841 ; examined, 3501 . (See London, Paris.) Obelisks, in Egypt, 6461 . Ober-Ammergau, Bav., Passion Play ,7943 . Oberkampf, Christoph Philipp, b. (1738) ; invents printing machine, 8041 ; d. (1815). Oberlin, 0., Coll. fnd., 1431 ; robbery, 4743. , Jean Frecienc, b., 7002 ; d, 7242. Ohenm, opera, appears, 8121. Obes, Julio Herreray, Pres. Uruguay, 11603. Obligado, D. Pastor, gov., 4911 , 2. Obold, city treas., accounts short, 4222. Obotrittii, on shores of Baltic Sea, 11132. Obregon, Juan de, gov., 6302. Obrenoviteli.Miloseh, rules Servia; prince; abdicates, 11232,3. O'Brien, Connor, detents Turlough, 8501 . , Cornelius, cons, archbp., 5842. , Donald, founds cathedral, 8522. , Fitz James, b. (1828) ; d., 2072. , Col. H. T., murdered, 2252. , Jer., b., 642 ; captain, 812 ; d. 1262. , Patrick, wounded, 10003 ■ arrested, 10051. , Thomas, escapes from keeper, 4043. (Fenian), executed, 9711. , William, b. (1852); in N. Y., 3711; i n Can., 5851; agitator, 9883; trial 9951, 10003, 1(1051; imprisoned, 11971, 10003, 10071 ; testimony, 9993 ; at Cork, 10003 ; riot; at Castlerea; in Manchester, 10003 ; sentenced, 10011,3; sails for N. Y., 10013. , , When We ire re Boys, 10043. , Smith, b., 9323; leader, 9533; contempt, 9532 ■ arrested ; trial ; trans- ported, 9552; d.,9681; statue, 9741. O'Bryan, William, founds Bible Christian Soc, 9371 . <>!>s<<7*ratio7ies selecta, etc., issued, 7991. ObserratioJis sur les Ecrits Mo/ /e rues, 6992. Observations sur la Litterature, 7012. Ohservateur Lift era-ire L\ issued, 7632. Ocala, Fla., negroes lynched, 4043. O'Callagban, Edmund Bailey, b. (1797); d., 3041. , Col., tenants evicted, 9971. , Henry, cons. R. C. bp., 9982. , Mr., in duel, 9392. 1358 Text Figures denote Page. INJDx^yC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Ocal-Ohio. O'Callaghan, Thomas, cons. bp. 9922. Ocampo, Sebastian de, b. (1495+) ; around Cuba, 163; dis. Havana, 6313. OcaBa, Sp., Spanish defeat, 7181 . Ocean, or Ockham, William of, b.-d., 8542. Occasional Conformity Bill passed, 905 2 . Occleve, Thos., b.-d., 8S82 ; work, 8603. Occoquan, Va., Federals captured at, 2163. Occum, Samson, b. (1723+) ; Indian miss., 643 ; ordained, 723 ; promotes Indian schools, 743; d. (1792). Ocean loaded with stone, 1251 . Ocean Grove, N. J., Asso.org., 2682; baby parade, 3891 ; camp-meeting, 3902; Bible Conference, 4341 ; Auditorium opd., 4641 ; anniversary, 4661 ; King's Sons and Daughters Convention, 4662. Ocean Monarch burned, 165 3 , 9553. Ocean Port, N. J., railroad accident, 2973. Oceanic record, 3473. Oceanus, explosion on, 2773 Ocean Wave burns, 1733. collides, 1813. explodes, 2753. Ocellus, b., 10211. OcHomogo, revolt quelled, 6303. Ochus. (See Artaxerxes.) Ockley, action at, 8441 . , Simon, b., 8942 ; d. (1720). O'Coiglev, James, executed, 9292. O'Connell, Daniel, b., 9191 ; in duel, 9372 ; in Pari., 9433, 9452, 9551 ; repeal motion, 9472 ; mayor, 9512 ; at Trim, 9531, deci- sion revised; imprisoned; addresses, 9532 ; d., 9542 ; statue, 9662, 9901 ; mon- ument ; burned in effigy, 9672. O'Connor, Arthur, b., 9163 ; trial of, 9292 ; threatens queen, 9771 ; d. (1852). , Connor MaeCormaek, beheaded, 8711 . , Dennis, cons. It. C. bp., 5902. , Feargus Edward, b., 9283 ; d., 9603. , Richard A., cons. E. C. bp., 5862. , Police Captain ; trial, 4522, 4563. , Thomas Power, b. (1848) ; Irish dele- gation arrives, 3711 . , William Douglas, b. (1833); d., 3382. O'Conor, Charles, b., 1122 ; nom. for pres. ; declines ; pop. vote, 2792 ; d., 316 2 . Octai Khan, ruler Bokhara, 5491 . Octavia, b. (42±); murdered, 10633. Octavian. (See Augustus.) Octavius, Marcus Cngeus, deposed, 10571; consul, 10573. October Club org., Eng., 9051 . Octroi Duties Abolishment Bill, Fr., passes, 7652; abolished, Belg., 545 2 . Odawara capital, 10913. Odd Fellows, order instituted, 1271 ; Sov- ereign Grand Lodge meets, 2743 ; day at World's Fair, 4383 ; statistics, 4463 ; Home dedicated, 4703. Odel, Anders, Sinclairxvisa, 11351 . Odell, Moses Fowler, b. (1818); d., 2521 . Oden, mission, 11242. Odenathus, against Sapor, 10661 ; recog- nized, 10672; d.,4831. Odenheimer, William Henry, b., 1262 ; cons, bp., 2862 ; d., 3022. Odessa, Rub., bombarded, 9581 ; Hetferia Philike est., 10353 ; Tjniv. fnd., 11183 ; Nihilists riots, 11191 ; martial law, 11212. Odger, Geo., pres. Inter. W.M.Asso., 9672. Odoacer, King, b., 10702; overthrows em- pire, 7693, 7681 ; peace with Tbeodoric, 7693 ; takes Rome, 10701 ; near Aquileia, 10301 ; k., 7693. O'Doherty, J. Keys. cons. R. C. bp., 10042. Odometers improved, 8941 . O'Donnell, Henry Joseph, Count of Abis- bal, b.-d., 11302. , Leopold, Count of Lucena, b.-d., 11303; takes Tetuan ; in Pampeluna ; retires to France; leads revolt in Ma- drid, 11301. , Chief, defeats O'Neill, 8721 . , Frank H., suspended in H. C, 9893. , Hugh, arrested, 4142. , Patrick, cons. R. C. bp., 9983. , , shoots J. Carey ; executed, 991 1 . O'Donoju, Juan, b.-d., 10951 ; signs treaty, 10953. O'Donovan, Henry W., d., 10022. , John, d., 9642. Odontologieal Six-iety formed, 9602. O'Dwver, Edward T., cons. It. C. bp., 9962; attacks John Dillon, 10043. Ofh/l, asteroid, discovered, 8161. Odysseus in Trojan war, 10141 . ■CEcolampadius, Job., b., 7862 ; d., 7902. Oeder, Georg Ludwig, b., 8002 ; d., 8043. GEdipus, myth of ; answers riddle, 10132 , K. of Thebes, 10133. Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob, b., 6382 ; works, 6391 , 6403 ; d., 6403. CEriophyta, Ga., action at, 10191 . Gilnotria, ancient name for Italy, 10133. CEnotrus. (See Magna Gracia, 10133.) Oersted, Anders Sandoe, b., 6382; d., 6403. , Hans Christian, b., 6382 ; electro- magnetic action ; on magnetic needle, 6381; d., 6403. Oeser, or Oser, Adam Friedrich, b., 7983; d., 8063. Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph, b., 7983 ; d., 8042. Oettinger, Eduard M., b., 8083 ; d., 8282. O'Farrell, Michael Joseph, b. (1832) ; consecrated Rom. Cath. bishop, 3082. , shoots Duke of Edinburgh, 4982. Ofen. (See Buda.) O'Ferrall, Charles T., b., 1522 ; gov. Va., 4371,4793 ; oyster question, 4532. Of fa, oonquers Kent, 8421 ; gift, 8442. Offenbach, Jacques, !>., 7223; d., 7522. Offenburg, Baden, Fr. defeated, 7981. Cilice seekers struggle, 1372. Official corruption prosecution, Fr., 7652. Ofterdingen, Heinrich von, b.-d., 7782. Og, King, defeated, 11401 . Ogdai, Mongol leader, 6133 ; d., 6142. Ogden, Utah, Meth. Univ. est., 3743; Sem- inary of, org., 2782. , Aaron, gov. K. J., 1193; d., 1502. , John, b., 1321. , Matthias, on Staten Island, 87 1; d. (1781). College, Ky., organized, 2963. Ogdensburg collides with Atlantic, 1713. Ogdensburg, N. Y., surrenders, 941; at- tempted capture, 118 2 ; taken by Brit., 1201 ; R. c. diocese est., 2802. Oge\ Jacques Vincent, b. (1755+) ; leads revolt in Haiti, 10401 ; d. (1791). Ogeron de la Bouere, Bertrand Denis d\ b. (1615) ; plants colony, 10401 ; d. (1675). Oggione, Marco, b., 10783 ; d., 10803. Ogi, Tokato, b.-d., 10912. Ogilby, John, b., 8762 ; d., 8942. Ogilvie, John, b., 9082 ; d., 9362. Ogle, Sam., gov. Md., 632, 3, 672; d.(1751). Oglesby, Richard .Tames, b., 1321 ; gov. 111., 2511,2851, 3233. Oglethorpe, flames Edward, b., 900 2 ; at Augusta, 621 ; organizes Ga. colony, 631 ; friendly to Indians, 631 , 2 ; grants Ga., 632 ; returns to America, 633 ; at St. Augustine ; invades Fla. ; protects col- onists, 641; closes administration, 652; meets Indian chiefs, 653; d., 9223. Ogobomosbaw, mission at, 11613. O'Gorman, Mahon, James Patrick, d., 10061. , Purcell, d.,9982. O'Grady, D., commits murder, 448 2 . Ogulnian law passed, 10533. Ogyges, deluge of, 10131 ; reign6, 10133. O'Hagan, Baron, title created, 9751 . , Lord Thomas, lord chancellor, 9732, 9852; d., 9941. , John, d., 10041. Oham, British ally, 6001 . O'Hara, Wm., b. (1816+) ; cons, bp., 2622. O'Hiqqins renamed, 6061. O'Higgins, Gen. Bernardo, b. (1776) ; dic- tator, resigns, 6071 ; d.(1842). Ohio, Fr. settle, 453, 592; Fr. territory by treaty of Ryswick, 551 ; route opd., 592; Delawares enter, 612 ; French est., 601 ; claimed by Eng. ; occupied, 653; Ohio Co., 672,3,993; possession disputed, 672, 682 ; Fr. and Indian allies in ; Washing- ton's mission, 092 ; valley settled, 693 ; liquor traffic, 731 ; ceded byFr. to Eng., 733; Bouquet's exped., 741 ; O. country annexed to Can. by Pari. (1765) ; Zane family, 773 ; Indian war, 781 ; Cincinnati fnd., 933, 1013 ; Clark's expedition, 943; Indians massacred, 943, 951 ; Va. cedes her claim, 97 2 ; Valley inspected ; tem- porary gov't., 973 ; Northwest ter. org., 992 ; "Marietta fnd., 1013 ; Arthur St. Clair.gov., 1011, 1032; war with Indians, 1021 + ;rhe Sentinel est. ,1043; Dayton laid out, 1053; First Cong, ch., 1062 ; » West- ern Reserve " first occupied, 1072; Cleve- land and Chillicothe fnd., 1073 ; A.D. 1800 +; State admitted; Chillicothe capital ; Chas. W. Bird, gov. ; admitted, 1113; Edward Tiffin, gov., 1132; o. Univ. est., 1131 ; Thos. Kirker, gov., 115 2 ; Sam. Huntingdon, gov., 1153 ; Return Jona- than Meigs, gov. (1810-14) ; Zanesville, capital (1811) ; Columbus laid out, 1193 ; Gen. Harrison commands Army of the West, 1202+ ; M. E. conf. fmd., 1211; steamboats intro., 1213 ; Presb. synod fmd., 1232; Othniel Looker, gov. ; Thos. Worthingham.gov., 1233 ; State Library est. ; Appeal issued, 1251 ; P. E. diocese org., 1263; Evan. Luth. Joint synod org., 1263, 1282; Ethan A. Brown, gov., 1272 ; wine mnf., 1301 ; p. E. diocese of Cincin- nati fmd., 1303; Jer. Morrow.gov., 1313; Allen Trimble, gov., 1312, 1352 ; Miami Univ. est., 1321 ; Western Reserve Presb. Synod fmd., 1323 ; Franklin Coll., Ken- yon Coll. est., 1331 ; Univ. State conven. org., 1343 ; Western Reserve Coll. est., 1351; Lane Theo. Sem. est., 1371; Mor- mon ch. org., 1383, 1402 ; Duncan Mc- Arthur, gov., 1392 ■ flood, 1401, 2541 ; Robt. Lucas, gov., 1412; St. Xavier Coll. est., 1403, 1423; Denison Univ. est., 1403, 1523 ; archbishopric of Cincinnati est., 1422 ; Oberlin Coll. est., 1431; Marietta Coll. est., 1443 ; Richmond Coll. (1835) ; O. Eldership of Church of God org.; gen. synod of E.Ohio, Evan. Luth., est., 1422; Ohio Canal opd., 1453 ; Joseph Vance, gov., 1472 ; Muskingum Coll. est., 1491 ; North O. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 1503 ; Wilson Shannon, gov., 1512,1553; Thos. Corwin, gov., 1531 ; O. Wesleyan Univ. est.; Cincinnati Wesleyan Coll., 1551; first R. R. completed (Cincinnati to Springfield, 1842) ; Wittenberg Coll. est., 1583; Evang. Luth., gen. synod of Miami, est., 1582; Thos. W. Bartley, gov.; Mor- decai Bartley, gov., 159 2 ; Mount Union Coll., 1611 ; Wm. Bebb, gov., 1613 ; gen. synod of Wittenberg, Evang. Luth., est., 1623; Farmer's Coll. and Oberlin Univ. est., 1631 ; Otterbein Univ., 1632 ; Ohio Central Coll. .Oxford Coll. est., 1663; Sea- bury Ford.gov., 167i . A.D. 1850+. Cap- ital Univ., Heidelberg Coll. est., 1683; Reuben Wood, gov., 1692; Cinn. M. E. Conf.org., 1702 ; Cong. Asso. of O. org.; Western Unit. conf. org., 1702; constitu- tion amended ; license laws forbidden ; Urbana Univ. est., 1703; railroads opd. : Columbus to Zeiiia (1850) ; Cleveland to Columbus (1851) ; Cleveland toPillsbury (1852); Cleveland to Toledo (1853); Wheel- ing, W. Va., to Columbus (1854); Pro- gressive Friends org., 1722 ; Antioch Coll. est., 1723; freshet, 1781 ; Central O. M. E. Conf. org., 1782; Wm.Medill, gov., 1743; Baldwin Univ. est., 1802; Salmon P. Chase, gov., 1812; HillsboroColl. est., 1823; Mount Unionest.,1843; Willoughby Coll. est., 1863, 2503 ; wheat crop de- stroyed, 1853 ; Wm.Dennison,gov., 190 a ; regiments for defense of Wash. ; depart- ment of O. created. 1942, 2121 ; Soldiers' Aid Soc. fmd., 1943 ; appropriation for regiments ; volunteers' debts exempt ; surplus of 10 regiments voted, 2032 ; State Univ. est., 2111; Kirby Smith threatens Cincinnati, 2123; David Tod, gov., 2173 ; C. L. Vallandigham opposes Lincoln, 2213+ ; Lincoln's reply to Ohio Committee ; Vallandigham nom. for gov., 2233; Wilherforce Univ. est., 2252; Gen. Morgan captured, 2261 ; Nat. Guard offers services, 2322; Ger. Wallace Coll. est., 2342; John Brough, gov., 2413; Chas. Anderson, gov., 2511 ; One Study (Scio) Coll., 2543; Jacob Dolson Cox, gov., 2553 ; rejects negro suffrage, 2562 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572 ; with- drawn, 2633; Hiram Coll., Scio Coll., est., 2583 ; Univ. of Wooster est., 2623 ; Rutherford B. Hayes, gov., 2652, 2893, 2951 ; Univ. of Cincinnati est.. 2702, 2722; Wilmington Coll., 2722 ; Miami Valley Coll., Buchtel Univ., 2771; Edward F. Noyes, gov., 2x1 1 ; State Univ. ; St. Jo- seph's Coll. est., 2823 ; Christian Tem- perance crusade, 2843; revised constitu- tion rejected, 2851 ; Woman's Christian Temperance Union find., 2862; Univ. of Cincinnati org. ,2863; license amend, re- jected, 2871 ; Wm. Allen, gov., 2873 ; Ashland Coll., Hebrew Union Coll. est., 2883 ; Southern O. diocese org., 2902 ; East O. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2903 ; Ohio -Onea. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Coli 1359 Agricultural and Mechanical Coll.; Rio Grande Coll. est., 2022; Thos. L. Young, gov., 2973; Free Meth. Conf. org., 3002 ; Cleveland Press ; Ashland tBapt.) Coll. est., 3003; Richard M. Bishop, gov., 3012; Chas. Foster, gov.,3052; floods, 254 1 ,3121 , 316L A.D. 1880+. Central O. Coll. est., 3123; Scott liquor law passed, 3171 j Geo. Hoadley, gov., 3193 ■ Prohibitory Con- stitutional Amend, adopted, 3171 ; water- spout at Zenia, 3221 ; tornado, 822 2 ; Board of Health est., 3231 ; Dow Law enacted, 325 1 ; Findlay Coll. est. (Church of God), (1886) ; Jos. Benson Foraker, gov., 3252 ; Shepardson Coll. est., 32S3 ; gas dis., 3321; Sunday liquor-law, 3331 ; R.R. strike ; White < 'aps, ;;.i.;2; Epworth League org., 3402; Jos. B. Foraker norn. for gov., 3412 ; James E. Campbell nom. for gov., 3451, 3873 ; Ohio River and Lake Erie connected, 3473 ; lieut.-gov. unseated, 3532 ; R. R. accidents. 3533, 4433, 4513; senate deadlock, 3532; R.C. Educational Union est., 356 2 ; Labor Day, legal holiday ; James E. Campbell, gov.,375i ;W.McKinley,Jr , nom. for gov., -3872,4312; Nat. People's Party org.,3872; John Seitz nom. for gov., 3892 ; Central States Unitarian conf. org , 3961 ; train held up, 4002; Wm. McKinley, Jr., in- aug., 4212, 4793; great miners' strike, 4291 ; liquor-dealers in politics, 4343 ; Lawrence T. Neal nom. for gov., 4352 ; miners out of work, 4511 ,3 ; Paige for- f;ery, 4542 ; unemployed seize train, 4582 ; emale suffrage in school elections, 4592 ; mines -eopd. ; Holcomb law valid, 4633; Am. railway union men dismissed, 4662; Populists and Labor Party combine, 4692 ; county commissioners indicted, 4723 ; popular election of senators fa- vored ; free-silver plank adopted, 4731 . •Ohio, Army of, Schofield commands,2322,3. Canal opened, 1453. State Univ. est. (1870), Columbus. University est. (1804), at Athens. Oliliuiiller, Jos. Daniel, b., 8043; d.,8143. ■Ohm, Georg Simon, b., 8043 ; Ohm's law discovered, 8121 ; d., 820' . ■ Ohnet, Georges, b. (1848) ; works, 7523, 7562. Ohod, battle 'of, 484' . Oil City, Pa., fire, 4093. Oilioll, King, killed, 840'. Oimara wins contest, 9733. Ojeda, Alonzo de, b., 11263; expeditions, 151,2,6282; in Colombia, 173; inVenez., 11601; grant, 6282; d. 1514 or 1515). Oiibway Missions under Wesleyans,5782. Ojin reigns, 10912. Okad Fair, 4833. O'Kane, James, b., 1502. O'Keechobee Lake, Fla., drainage of, O'Keefe, John, b., 9122 ; d., 9462. CKelley, Irish agitator, 9883. ', James, b. (1735) ; secedes, 1043 ; d. (1826). Oken, Lorenz, b., 8042 ; d., 8181 . Oki-Maehi reigns, 10913. Oklahoma, negroes shot, 3822 ; Indians expelled, 3013 ; closed to settlers, 3033 ; martial law, 3332; open to settlers, 3392; " boomers " driven out, 336' ; lands ceded, 337', 2 ; commission appointed, 3391 ; Guthrie laid out, 3393; municipal gov't org., 3392; Geo. W. Steele, gov. (1891); iron ore dis., 3421; territorial conven., 343' ; Okla. Town Site Bill, 3513, 5531 , 3553, 4492 ; many negro settlers, 3522; Temporary Gov't Bill, 3532, 3551 ; Cherokee strip entered, 3553 ; 1st terri- torial election, 365 2 ; sufferers relieved, 3662, 3671; capital at Okla. City, 3692 ; famine ; seed wheat furnished, 3693 ; Univ. located, 3743; women admitted to public office, 3X23; Cherokee strip closed, 3893, 3913; Indian lands opd.,3932; state conven. meets, 3972 ; Indian Messiah dance, 4142; Abraham J. Seay, gov. ,4212; tornado, 4261,4281,4501; Indians cede lands, 4311; statehood conven., 4351, 4371 ; outlaw fight, 4363 ; Cherokee strip open, 4391 ; blizzard, 4501 ; Indians fight, 4543,4562; train robbers. 4563 ; outlaws trouble, 457i,45S2,4C03,4642,3,465',4663, 4722, 4792 ; divorce suits, 4663 ; sand- storm, 4741 ; "Wm. C. Renfrew, gov., 4793. Okolona, Tenn., Beauregard at, 2082. Okrika, mission at, 11613. Okubo, Juzammi T., b., 10912; k., 10922. Okumo, Skighenobu, b., 10912. Olaechea, Francisco de, governor, 6302. Olaf I., Swe., reigns, 11051 ; expelled from Sweden; d., 11041. II., reigns, 11051 ; promotes Christian- ity, 11052 ; d., 11041 . III., the Ojuiet, reigns, 1105' . IV., reigns, 11051. V., reigns, 1105' . Skotkonung, intro. Christianity, 1133' . Olafser, Eggert, b. ; works ; d., 10423. Olaneta, Gen., wounded, 5501 . Olathe, Kan., Institute for Deaf, Dumb, and Blind established, 2503. , Mo., action at, 2011 . O'Laughlin, Michael, assassin of Lincoln, 2431 i 2482. Olaus IV. the Hungry, enthroned, 635 3 . V., reigns, 6372. Olbers, Heinrich Wm. Matthias, b., 8023; discovers asteroids, 8062; d., 8143. Olcott, H. S. , advocates Theosophieal Soc, 2902; lectures, 2923; presides, 10061 . Old and New magazine est., 270 3 . Old Believers expelled from Poland, 11143. Old Calabar, mission at, 11613. Oldcastle, Sir John, L. Cobham, b.-d., 8582; insurrectionist; escapes; hanged, 8622, 863'. Old Catholics org.; cong., 8262,3, 8283; 1st synod; church in Berlin; elect first Ger. bp., 8283; meet at Berne; at Geneva, 11382 ; excluded from R. decree, 5322. Colony R. R. officials sentenced, 4362. Czechs, leaders retire, 5343 ; agree- ment with, 8333. Olden, Charles Smith, b. (1799); gov.N.J., 1903; d.,2902. Oldenburg, Ger., ruled by counts, 7753; annexed to Den., 7853; house of, reigns, 6373; ruled by Denmark, 7973; resigned; a duchy, 8052; Peter Fred., D., 8053; in confed. of Rhine, 8093; Fr. gains, 811' ; receives Birkenfeld, 8113 ; treaty with Prus., 8252; restored, 7212; gains terr., 8113; Augustus, grand D., 8152; new constitution, 819 1 ; in tariff union; Peter, grand D., 8193; in North Ger. Confeder- ation; treaty with Prus., 825 2 . Ford Station, R. R. collision, 9893. Guard, 64th anniv., N. Y., 3561. Oldham, Eng., strike, 9811,10103; cotton- workers strike, 9831; cotton-weavers strike, 9943; wages raised, 10073. , John, banished, 31 2 ; in Me., 322 ; mur- dered, 341 . , , b., 8882; d., 8962. Old Lights, contention with, 651 . Oldmixon, John, b., 8922; d., 9103. Oldric, duke, 5032. Old River, La., Confederates defeated, 2183. Old Sarum, Eng., captured, 8401 , St. Mary's, Md., Calvert monument, Olds, Gamaliel Smith, b. (1777); d., 164' . Testament, revised, 3203, 9922. Oldtown, Wis., Father John, miss., 1642. Olearius, or Olschlager, Adam, b., 7922; d., 7963. O'Leary, pedestrian, record, 9833. Oleg, reigns, 11133; takes Smolensh, 1113' . Olen flourished, 10132. Oleomargarine, special tax, 3233, 3252; original packages ; law void, 3733. <)l,,a wrecked, 832'. 01g;a, baptized; fnds. Rus. church, 1113' ; regent, 11133 ; d., 1113' . Olid, Cristoval de, b. (1487±); in Hondu- ras, 182; d. (1524). Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques, b., 686 2 ; forms company, 5723; .(1802+); capitulates ,4901; besieges Montevideo, 11602; ,]. (1857). Oriel, Baron, title created, 9372, Oriental Congress opens, 10071. Origen, Adaniantius, b., 6522 ; persecuted, 6523 ; visits Rome, 10643 ; martyred 10663 ; d., 6522. Original Package Bill, 3483, 3593, 3631, 3652,3; 3(171; decision unconstitutional, 3573 ; law upheld, 3851. store in Pa., 3591 ; protest, 3623. Orilla, The Packet, 5823. Orinoco River, Columbus names, 143. 153. Orion wrecked, 9553. Oriskany, N. Y., battle of, 871. Orissa, Bengal, conquered, 9121, 10441; under Brit, rule, 9173 ; ceded, 10452 ; famine, 10493. Orizaba, Mex., action at, 10961 . Orkhan, rules ; takes Prusa, 1155 3 ; d. (1359). Orlando launched, 9941 . Orlean, Herr, denounces police, 5332. Orleans, Fr., heretics suffer, (1682 ; upris- ing, 6722 ; Univ. fnd., endowed, 6723 ; siege, 6701 , 6821 ,7681 ; siege raised, 6761 ; States-General meets, 6773 ; captured ; occupied ; retaken, 7422 ; surrenders, 7433. family, decree against, 7332; demand rights, 7392 ; services declined, 7412 ; princes excluded, Fr., 7543. , House of, est., 7253; enthroned, 6793. , Due d', revolts, 6792. , Due d' Jean Baptiste Gaston, b., 6862 ; at Castelnaudary, 6881 ; d., 6902. , Duchess of, Memoires, 6991 . , Duchess of, in Chambers, 7311 . , Henri Jules, Due d'Aumale, French Academy, 7321 . Louis, Due d', regent, assassinated, 6772. Orle-Ourl. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1361 pass Orleans, Due d', Louis Philippe Joseph, Philippe Egalite, h., 7003; objects to loan; imprisoned; banished, 707 2 ; guil- lotined, 7082. ■ , Due, d' Louis Philippe Robert, trial, sentence, 759 2 ; plot to proclaim ting, 7611. .Pierre J. D', b., 6883 ; d., 6943. Orkney, Earl of, title created, 9011. . Isles, ceded to Scotland, 8651 to Scottish crown, 11052. Orloff, Alexei, adm., b., 11143 ; comman- der, 10341 ; d., 11163. , Count Grigori, b.-d., 11143. , Prince, , b., 11162 ; d., 11182. , Nicholas, d., 11201 . Orm, or Ormulum, poet, OrmvXum, 8523 ; d.,8521. Ormathwaite, Baron, title created, 9651. Orme, Robert, b., 908i ; d., 9303. , William W., d., 2541 . Ormond, Alexander T., Concepts in Phi- losophy , 4782. Ormonde, Baron, title created, 9372. — ~, Marquis, title created, 9412. , (See Butler James.) mobs active, England, 9051 . Ormsbee, Ebenezer J., gov. Vt., 325 2 . Ormsby, George A., cons, bp., 10102. Ormuz, Persia, founded, 1107 3 . Ornamental gardening, England, 8662. Ornithological Society formed, 948 1 . Orono, Me., State Agricultural College organized, 2623. Oroquieta, action at, 11321 . O'Rorke, Patrick Henry, b., 1442 ; killed at Gettysburg (1863). Orosius, Paulus, b.-d., 11251 . Orozco y Berra, Manuel, b.-d., 10952. Orphantropheon established, 7982. Orpheus lost, 9661 . captures Frolic, 122 1 . Orr, James L., b., 1302 ; speaker, 1832 ; commissioner for S. C, 1892 ; governor, 2511; d.,2802. , Mrs. Sutherland, R.Browning, 11063. Orsay, Comte Alfred Guillaume Gabriel d', b., 7131; d., 7322. Orsini, Felici, b., 10862 ; conspirator, 7351 ; d., 10882. Orso, doge of Venice, killed, 10732. Orsova, Hung., Turks capture, 5141; r e- , stored to Porte, 515 2 ; 'steamboats at, 5213. Ortega, Gen., in Sp., 11301 . , Gen., faction for Mex., 10963. , Melchor, work, 11291 . Ortelius, or Oertel, Abra., b., 7882; d., 7922. Ortenau, Ger., ceded, 5193. Orthez, Fr., battle of, 9361 . Orthodoxy enforced, 28 2 ; protected, 543. Ortigia sinks L'Oncle Joseph, 7533. Ortnit issued, 7803. Orton, Arthur, trial ; sentence, 9752. , Azariah Giles, b. (1789); d., 2411 . , James, b., 1381 ; d., 2961 . , Jason Rockwood, b. (1806); d., 2561 . , fm„ 1342 ; d., 2982. Oruro, Bolivia, railroad, 551 3 . Osage blown up, 2442. Osage City, Kan., Hoover shot, 3803 ; tor- nado, 4281. Indians, act for removal, 271 2 . Osaka missions, 10921 ; opd., 10931 . Osawatomie, Kan., proslavery conflict, 180i; captured; John Brown's son Fred k.,18H ; insane asylum est., 2292; Brown monument, 2961 ; aerolite falls, 4261 . Osborn, Sir Danvers, gov. N. Y., 692. , Sellick, b., 961 ; d., 1342. , Sherard, b., 9403 ; fleet org., 6202 ; d., 9802. , Thomas A., gov. Kan., 2851 . Osborne, John E., gov., 4192, 4472. , Nathan W , commissioned col., 3301. •, Mrs. M. A., will, 3831 . ■, Lord Sidney Godolphin, d., 1000 1 . , Thomas O., b., 1402. , , Earl of Danby, b., 8822 ; im- peached, 895 2 ; liberated, 8972; 1. treas. ; minister, 8933, 8992, 3; d. (1712). Osbourne, Lloyd, The Wrecker, 4203. Oscar I., reigns, 11363 ; fnds. Order, 11052. II., b., 11361 ; marries ; reigns ; allow- ance reduced ; marries Sophia, 11363. Oscala, Fla., National Farmers' Alliance Meeting, 3723. Osceola, Mo., action at, 1983. , Pa., fire sweeps, 2913. Osceola, Seminole chief, b., 1122; leader, 1441 ; prisoner, 1481 ; d., 1502. Oscillation, theory of, intro., 11003. Osgood, David, b. (1747); d., 1302. , Mrs. (Francis Sargeant Locke), b., 1183 ; d. (1850). ■, Helen Louise Gibson, b., 1442 2621 d.. Sam., b. (1812); works, 2603 ; d. (1880). Osgoodby, Geo., " Murchison letter," 3333. O'Shaughnessy, Sir William Brooke, b., 9351 ; d. (1881). O'Shea, Captain, divorce, 10051. , Mrs., marries Parnell, 1007 1 . Oshkosh, Wis., Normal School opd., 3283; insane asylum est., 28H ; fire, 2853, 2893. Osiander, Andreas, b., 7863 ; d., 7921 . Osiris, worship of, 6463. Oskaloosa, Kan., women in office, 3311 . ColL org., la., 2093 ; Penn. Coll. est., 2822. Osman Digma, Arabian Sheik, b. (1836), atEl-Teb, 6601; commander, 6582; over- thrown, 6601 ; in Sudan, 6603. -Pasha, b.(1835±), at Plevna, 5652, 5661; defeated, 5661 ; in Turko-Russian war, 11581; occupies Oltenitz, 11181. Osmanieh, Imperial Order fnd., 11583. Osmium discovered, 9322. Osnabriick, Prus., made bishopric, 7703. Osorken I., reigns in Egypt, 6511 , II., reigns in Kgypt, 6511 . — - III., reigns in Egypt, 6511 . Ospina, Ro'lrigin'/, M.iriano,b.(1803); pres., 5291 ; deposed, 6291 ; d. (1885). Ossabaw Sound, Writer Witch taken, 2341 . Ossat, Cardinal Arnaud d', b. (1536), Let- ters, 6871 ; d. (1604). Ossi, Ferdinand, cons. R. C. bp., 996 2 . Ossian, Celtic bard, 8403 ; d., 8402. Ossipee at Port-au-Prince, 3401 . Ossoll, M. F. (See Fuller, Margaret Sarah.) Ossory, Ire., see est., 8403 ; Bp. Walsh elected,9803; Bp. Browning cons., 9922. , Earl of. (See Butler, Thos.) Ostade, Adrian van, b., 5403 ; d., 5422. Ostend, Belg., capitulates, 5401 ; Sp. be- siege, 5401 ; Fr. garrison at, 5421 ; Bruges canal works destroyed, 5433 ; theft, 5463 ; dvnamite explosion, 548i ; telegraph est., 9593 ; besieged, 11001 . Company fmd., 1045 2 . Manifesto issued, 1771 . Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm, Pr. von der, b. (1752); at Champaubert, 7202 • d. (1837). Osterhaus, Gen. Peter Joseph, b. (1820); near Searcy, 2081 . Ostermann, Count Andrei, b. (1686) ; at Kulm, 5201 ; d. (1747). Ostgaard, Nicolai Eaium, work, 11043. Ostia, It., built, 105H. Ostorius Scapula, bat. of Shropshire, 839 1 . Ostrander, James E., defaulter, 3911 . Ostrog, Rus., Slavonic Bible printed, 11151 . Ostrogoths invade Ger., 7681 , Ostrolenka, Poland, Rus. defeat, 7162 ; ac- tion at, 11161 . Ostromir Codex- written, 11131. O'Sullivan, James, cons, bp., 10042. Osuna, Duke of. (See Teliez y Giron.) Oswald, Saint, in Paris, 953; a t Heaven- field ; at Maserfield ; killed, 8421 . Oswego, N. Y., trading-post, 591, 612; ri- valry for, 612 ; fortress, 613 ; surrender, 701 ; surprised, 951 ; Brit, evacuate, 1061 ; Normal School est., 225 z ; Nat. Bank suspends, 3593 ; Soldiers' and Sailors' monument, 3861 ; railroad wreck T 4043. Canal completed, 1373. Otago, N. Zeal., fnd., 11032. Otalora, J. E„ pres., 6292. Ota Nobunaga, defeats Yoshimoto, 1091 1 . Oteiza, action at, 11322. Otey, James H., cons, bp., 1423; d., 2212. Otfried, version of C,,s/>ets, 7723; d.,7722. Othman, Sheik, Keith mission, 4882. conquests, 4841 ; a Mussulman, 484 3 ; calif,485i; killed, 4852. , the Turk, fnds. Ottoman emp., 10352 . ibn-Affan, reigns in Egypt, 6551 . , or Osman, I., b.-d., 11543; reigns, 11553 ; invades Nicomedia, 11542. II. reigns, 11572. III. reigns, 11572. Othniel, delivers Israelites, 11401 ; judges Israel, 11413. Otho I., b.-d., 7722 ; repulses Hungarians, 5021 ; conquest, 5032 ; League against Fr., 6713 ; victories; in Fr. wars, 772'; defeats Magyars, 7722 ; marries Q. Ade- laide, 7731 ; declines crown, 7732 ; expe- dition to It., 7722, 7741 ; religious re- forms, 7723 ; tribute from Bohemians, 7733 ; king of Ger., 7733, 10733 ; emp., 10753; crossesAlps,774i ; conquers Rome, 7751 ; K. of Lombardy, 10733 ; d., 7751. Otho II. invades Fr.,666i ;expeditions,774i ; emp., 7751 ; duke, 7811; claims Apulia and Calabria 10721; crowned, 10733; as- sassinated, 781i . III., emp., 7751 ; reigns, 775 1,2; expels pope John XVI., 10731 ; emp., 10733 ; scheme ; d., 7752. IV., K., 7792,3 ; at Strasburg, 7782 ; excommunicated, 7782, 7793, 10751 ; de- posed ; d., 7793. , Duke of Brunswick, 7811 . , K. of Bav., insane, 8323;opposed,8372. de la Roche, acquires Athens, 10351 . of Swabia, receives Lindolf , 7751 . of Wormsfeld, duke, 5032. , Marcus Salvius, b.-d., 10622 ; reigns ; defeated ; suicide, 10633. Otis, Elwell S., commissioned col., 3021 , , George A., b., 1381. , James, b., 602 ; speech of, 731 , 2 ; Rights of llrit. < Monies, 742 ; d., 961 . , Samuel A., b., 642 ; d., 1231 . Otranto, It., taken, 10341 . Ott, Gen., at Montebello, 7141 . Ottawa, Can., mission, 1303 ; Asso. Bapt. Churches meets, 5783 ; R. c. diocese est., 5801 ; Citizen issued, 5803; capital, 5812 ; R. C. archdiocese est., 5842; Le Canada, 5843 ; New Pari, meets ; territory di- vided, 585 2 ; Industrial Exhibition opd., 5853; Cath. meeting, 5861 ; Sons of Eng. conven., 5862; Dairymen's oonven.,5863 ; Coll. of Music, 5881; Bapt. conven.; Luth. Synod. ; Reformed Epis. Synod, 588 2 ; brakemenmeet, 58S3; Orange dem- onstration, 5891 ; o. and N Y Bridge Co. org., 5933 ; Liberal conven., 5953; Intercolonial Conf., 5962; new cabinet; ministry, 596 a . , Kan., Ottawa Univ. org., 2543. Indian missions, 1303, 1343, 5731 . Ottendorf, Sixt. de, work published, 5111. Ottendorfer, Oswald, b., 8123. Otterbein, Philip William, b., 602 ; in Pa., 691 ; d., 1211. University org., O., 1632. Otterburn, Eng., battle of, 8601 . , Battle of, written, 8663. Otter Creek, Vt., railroad wreck, 4373. , Col., at Battleford, 5841 . Otterville, Mo., train robbed, 3662. Otto, abdicates Hung. ; enthroned, 505 3 . I.,Freidrich Ludwig, king, b.-d. ,10343. IV., at battle of Bouvines, 6701 . , Duke of Aust., 5071 ; d., 5062. ,Friedrich Julian, b., 8083 ; d., 8262. bicycle first patented, 9S81 . Ottocar I., margrave, 5032 ; signs treaty; under ban, 501 1 ; declines throne ; inheri- tance ; refuses homage, 5052 ; d., 5042. II., against Prus., 7801 ; king of Ger. ; peace witli Rudolph I., 7813 ; k. (1278). III., margrave, 5032. IV.) margrave, 5033. V., margrave, 5033. VI., margrave, 5043; duke, 5051 . Ottoman emp. (see Greece, p. 1013+) j an- archy prevails, 157 1 ; alliance for, 951 2 ; fnd., 10352. Ottumwa, la., Lane embezzles, 3991 . Otumba, Plain of, Mex., battle, 181 . Otway, Thomas, b., 888 2 ; compositions, 661,8963 ; d., 8962. Ouachita, Ark., College fnd., 3242. Oudaen, Joachim, b., (1628) ; Johanna Gray, 11012 ; d. (1692). < Mnlenarde, Belg., Fr. defeated, 5421 . Oudh, or Oude, India, pacification of, 9633; conquered, 10441 ; independent, 10452 ; terr. ceded, 1047 2 ; chiefs surrender, 10481. Oudin<5, Eugene Andre, d., 7562 ; d. (1887). Oudinot, Nicolas Charles Victor, Due de Reggio, b., 7031 ; at Ostrolenka, 7162 ; at Grassbeeren, 7201; at Bar-sur-Aube, 7203 ; d., 7301 . Ouida. (See De la Ram£, Louise.) Ouimet, J. A., minister, 5931 , 5952, 5963. Ourique, Port , Alfonso I. conquers, 11091 . Our Lady of Angels College org., 1802. Our Lady the I'irt/in performed, 10982. Our Lord's Resurrection performed, 10983. 1362 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. OllSe Pale. Ouseley, Sir Frederick Arthur Gore, b., 942 2- d. 10001. , Sir William, b., 9183; d., 9502. Outhwaite, Joseph H., b., 1522. Outlaw, Koger, governor, 8573. Outram, Sir James, b., 9323; at Moham- merah, 9601 ; at Kooshab, 11081 ; d. (1863); statue, 9742. Ouvidor, Brazil, fnd., 5533. Ovalle, Jose Tomas, b. (.1791); pres., 6072; d. (1831). OYambo mission, 6003. Ovando, Nicolas de, b. (1460); gov.; res- cues Columbus, 172; d. (1518). Overbeck, Fried. Johann, b.,S043; d.,8262. Overbrook, Pa., St. Charles Borromeo Seminary org., 1403. Overbury, Sir Thomas, b. (1581); poisoned, 879'; d., 880'. Overdank, assassin; assassinated, 5303. Overland Monthly Maijuzinc issued, 2623. Oversee, Aust. advance, 5261 ; taken, 6402. Overweg, Adolf, b., 8122; d., 8181. Ovid, Publius Naso, b.-d., 10603; works, 10623; banished, 10632. Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Fernandez de, b.-d., 11263. Owden, Tims. Scnmbler, 1. mayor, 9832. Owego, N. Y., Nat. Bank suspends, 3593 ; tire, 1673. Owen, Capt., explorer, 10931 . , David Dale, b., 114i ; d., 1861 . — — , Rev. E., resigns, 5901 . , Elias K., b., 1422. -, Major, defeats Kabba Rega, 5643. , Mary A., Voodoo Tales, 4481 . , Sir Richard, b., H323; system of mam- malia, 9622; d., 10082. .Robert, b., 918 3 ; defeated in social- ism, 9311; d.,9622. , Dale, b., 1082; est. New Har- mony, 1331; d., 2942. Owens, S. M., nominee for gov. Minn. ,3651 . , W. C, plurality for Congress, 4731 . Owen's College, Manchester, fnd., 9531; opd., 9743; gift of Langworthy, 9791; becomes Victoria University, 9843. Owensboro, Ky., Thos. Young sentenced, 4131 ; women's temp, crusade, 430 2 . Owensburg, Kv., Confed. repulsed at, 213 2 . Owsley, William, b. (1782); gov. Ky.,1592; d. (1862). Oxenburg, Vise, title created, 9871 . Oxenden, Ashton, b. (1808); d., 5901. Oxenford, Baron, title created, 9511 . Oxford, Eng., restored, 8463; first. Nat. Council, 8472; stormed, 8481 ; printing, 8622; pestilence, 8653; see erected, 8Cn3 ; Fatal Assizes, 8733; Pari, at, 8853; sur- renders, 8861; O. Gazette issued, 8923; Pari, meets, 89:12; tire, 8933 ; Ashmolean Museum fnd., 8941 ; O. Journal issued, 9132; Union Soc. est., 9412; excursionists ki lied, 9633 ; declaration,9663 ; Bp. Stubbs cons., 9983. , la., incendiaries burn, 3683. , Mass., Universalists conf. at, 982. , Miss., Univ. of Mississippi fnd., 1642; action at, 2161 . , O., Miami Univ. org., 1323; Oxford College org., 1663. , Pa., Lincoln University org., 1762. , Edward, attempts assassination, 9511 . , Earl of. (See Harley, Robert.) , University; Academy of, fnd., 8443, or (1232); center of clerical study, 8503 ; foreign students; Univ. chests ; Univ. est., 8523, 8583, 8671 ; Merton Coll. fnd.; Balliol Coll. fnd., 8042; Oriel Coll. fnd.; Queen's Coll. fnd., 8563 ; St. Mary's Hall fnd., 8563; Magdalen Coll. fnd.; All Souls Coll. fnd., 8623; Lincoln Coll.; St. Mary Magdalen Hall est., 8642; Brazenose Coll. fnd.; Exeter Coll., Wm. Grocyn, 8663; Corpus Christi Coll. fnd., 8671 ; professorships est., 8691 ; St. Al- ban's Hall, est., 8703; St. John's Coll. fnd.; Trinity Coll. fnd., 8711; Jesus Coll. fnd.; Univ. incorp., 8743; Bodleian Library fnd., 8772; elective franchise, 8783; Botanic garden est., 8801; Wad- ham Coll. fnd., 8802; Pembroke Coll. fnd., 8811; Worcester Coll. fnd., 9043; Political Economy professorship est., 9423; Univ. Museum opd., 9641; Cath. professor, 9743; Magdalen Hall incor., 9783 ; New Coll. anniversary, 9842; Somerville Hall fnd., 9843; women ad- mitted, 9923; Univ. museum for weap- ons, 9961 • Indian Inst, fnd., 9842 ; Mansfield Coll. fnd., 9942; Holy Club find., 9083; Kadclitte Library fnd., 9091 ; students expelled, 9163; Radeliffe Ob- servatory fnd., 9182; Theological lec- tures, 9211; Hertford Coll. dissolved, 9331; Ashmolean Soc. fnd., 9431; Brit. Asso. meets and org., 9441 ; meets, 9521 , 9602, 10121 ; investigating committee ap- pointed; ll~yc/il'\i Bible printed, 9563; Keble Coll. fnd'., 9722; Hertford Coll. re- vived; Magdalen Hall incor., 97S3; New Coll., O., anniversary, 9842; mission to Calcutta org., 9862; Mr. Gladstone's lec- ture, 10083; Shelley monument, 10101; wins boat races, 10113, 10123. Oxley, Lieut., expedition, 4941 j Queens- land, 4951. Oxyarges reigns, 10133. Oxygen discovered, 11342. Oxymuriatie, first used, 9241. Oyama, Marshal, Jap. army, 6271 . Oyster Fisheries Act passes, Eng., 9712. Oysters scarce in England, 9813. Ozama lost, 4772. Ozark, Mo.,Kegulntors.tried,327l ; hanged, 3391; onyx caves discovered, 3721 . Ozone dis., at Basel, 11381 ; liquefied, 7521 ; produced, 2S01 . Ozonometers introduced, 9621. Pa-ankhi, princes rule under, 651 1 . Paars, Peder, Holberg, 6383. Pabama Indians destroy towns, 628 1 . Pacaud, trial of, 5951 . Pace, Peter, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822. Pachacamac, temple desecrated, 201 . Pacheco, Pres., elected, 551 3 . Pachomius, Saint, b., 6542; d. (349+). Pa Chow, explosion, 6253. Pachromius, builds monastery, 10683; d. (348±). Pacific, Atlantic record, 1693; lost, 1793; founders, 2293. Advocate est., Cal., 1782. Pacific cable to be laid, 5012. coast explored, 163, 1021. RevenueCutter Bill passes, 3993. College org., Cal., 1983. (Friends) org. at Newberg, Ore. Fur Co. founds Astoria, 117 3 . Ocean dis., 163; Magellan enters, 183. R. R., route, 1733; explorers for, 1752. , survey, 1743; Bill passes, 2073, 2093, 2112; amended, 2353. (See Union Pacific and Central Pacific R. R.) Univ. (Cong.) org. (1848), at Forest Grove, Ore. at College Park, Cal., 1702. Pacini, Giovanni, b., 10843; d., 10882. Packard, Alpheus Spring, b., 1502. , Fred. Adolphus, b., (1794); d., 2582. , Louis Richard, b., 1462; d. (1884). .Stephen B., gov. La., 2951, 2973; holds conventions, 2791 . Packer, Alfred, eats companions, 3243. , Asa, b., 1122; d., 3002. , William Fisher, b., 1141 ; gov. Pa., 1852; d., 2702. Packington, Sir John, minister, 9573, 9G3 2 . Paeoareos, Viscount, minister, 5591. Pacorus, b. (06+); killed, 10602. Pacte de Famine hold monopoly, Fr., 7053. Paddington. (See London.) Paddle Wheels patented, 9241. Paddock, Algernon Sidney, b., 1381 ; gov., 3332; Pure Food Bill, 4031. , Benjamin Henry, b., 1362; cons. P. E. bp., 2822; d., 3801. , John Adam, b. (1825); cons, bp.,3042. — •—, J. W., gov't R. R. director, 4473. Padelford, Seth, gov. R. I., 2693. Paderborn, Prus. bishopric, 7703. Padilla, Juan Lopez de, b.-d., 11263; leads insurrection, 6283. Padlock invented, 7902. Padre-Polli, mission, 10463. Padua, It., Church of St. Anthony heal- ings, 3403; surrenders, 5221 ; Verona and Vicenza league, 7791; besieged, 786 fnd., 10511; refugees in Venice, 1071: Univ. fnd., 10752; conquered, 1078 seized, 10792; botanical gardens, 10802 Paducah, Ky., occupied, 1982; Gen. For rest at, 2303; sheriff wounded, 4103. Pae, John P., commander-in-chief, 3271 . Pa^onians reduced, 10223. Paepe, Dr. Caesar de, d., 5461 . Piestum, It., Temple of Neptune, 10203 ; temple built, 10502; new colony, 10533. Paez, Francisco, b. (1564); in Abyssinia, 12; d. (1622). , Jose Antonio, b. (1790); pres. Vene- zuela, 11602; d. (1873). Pagan, Burma, destroyed, 10422; occu- pied, 10482. , Comte de, Blaise Francois, b., 6862; d., 6903. rites imitated, It., 10663; sacrifices forbidden, 10683; hostile societies, 6251 . Pagani, Nicolas, cons, bp., 9922. Paganini, Nicolo, b., 10843; appears, 944 1 ; d., 10862. Paganism, merits discussed, 10691 . Pagassi, Antonio, train-wrecker, 4002. Page, Calvin, recovers daughters, 3891. , Carroll S., governor Vt., 3751 . , Charles, in medical dept., 3261 . , Grafton, b. (1812) ; d.,2621. , H., b., 1561. , G. C, makes induction coil, 1481. , John, gov. N. H., 1512. , , b.(1787); gov.Va., 1113; d.(1865). , B., governor Vt., 2593. , Gen. R. L., at Mobile Bay, 2371 ; sur- renders Fort Morgan, 2372. , T., paints Venus, 186i . , Thomas Nelson, b. (1853) ; works, 3191,3283,3331,4791. , Wm., b., 1163 ; paintings, 2721 , 2861 , 3061, 3161; d., 3202. Paget, Sir George, d., 10081 . , Henry William, Marquisof Anglesey, b., 9163 ; d., 9582. , Sir James, b., 9363 ; n Pasteur method, 756'. , Sir William, minister, 8693, 8712. Pagin, Lord, arrested, 5943. Pagnani, Clement, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822. Pajou, Augustan, b., 6983; d., 7191 . Pakenham, Sir Edward .Michael, b. (1798); attacks Jackson, 1223; k., 1223, 1242. Pakhoi, mission, 6243. Pakington, Sir John Somerset, b. (1799) ; minister, 9633 ; d. (1880). Paig'e, Al'onz'o Chris., b. (1797) ; d., 2602. , David R., forger, 4542. Pailleron, Edouard Jules Henri, b., 7262 ; Academician, 7521 . Paine, O., railroad opened, 1713. , Charles, gov. Vt., 1052; d., 1722. , Elijah, b., 711 ; d., 1542. , Halbert Eleazar, b., 1342 ; assaultB Spring Hill, 2382. , J. Knowles, b. (1839) ; work, 4971 . , Martyn, b., 1042 ; d. (1877). , Robert, b. (1799) ; bp. 1603; d. (1882). , Treat, b. (1731) ; jurist ; d., 123'. , , Jr., author, b., 78'; d.,1163. , Thomas, b., 642 ; works, 83' , 85' ,927' ; d., 1162. Painerville, Mo., Confed. defeated, 226'. Pai-net'em I. reigns, Egypt, 6503. Pains and Penalties Bill rejected, 9412. Painter, Gamaliel', b. (1743) ; d., 1281. , Thomas, whipped, 363. Painting, first in Greece, 10131. Paisiello, Giovanni, b., 10842; d., 10862. Paixhans, Henri Joseph, b.,705' ; d., 7322. Palacio, Itainimulo Andrezia, pres., 11603. I'alacky, Francis, !>., 5191 ; d. (1876). Paladines, D'Aurelles de, b. (1804±) ; com- mands at Tours, 7421 ; at Orleans, 7422,3; at Louret, 7423 . Pala3ograpbical Soc. org., London, 9781. Palxontographiea] Society formed, 9541. Paheopolfs, capture of, 1052'. Palafox y Melzi, Jose de, D. of Saragossa, b.-d., 11302; at Saragossa, 7162. Palakolla factory opened, 10443. Palaprat, Jean, b. (1650); works, 695', 697' ; d. (1721.) Palatinate, war to obtain, 694' ; burned, 6952; falls to Bavaria, 7793; separated, 7832; united, 7973 ; insurrection. 8191 . Palatine Bridge, N. Y., R. R. ace, 3453. Palatines in N. Y., 571 +. Palatka, Fla., agents expelled, 4571 . Palencia, Sp., Univ. fnd. ; removed, 1127'. Palenque, Mex., ruins of, 661 , 10973. Palermo, It., massacre at, 6731; taken, 10522, 10533, 10701, 10741; earthquake, 10841 ; surrenders, 10861 ; Giornale rli Sla- tistica issued, 10871 ; insurrection, 10872, Pale -Para. Text Figures denote Page. UND-CLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1363 10881 , 10891 ; stormed, evacuated, 10881 ; prov. govt, find., 10891 . (See Panormus.) Pales discovered, 7321 . Palestine. (See text under Turkey) ; in- vaded, 650 1 ; Hebrew monarchy erected, 11432 ; coerced, 1147 1 ; Persian rule, 11472 ; under Gr. rule,11473 ; ruled by Per.,11472 ; taken by Autigonus ; subdued by Ptol- emy ; taken from Egy.; Egy. rules, 11491 ; given to Ptolemy V.; Egy. rules ; battle ground; ruled by Syria ;' ceded to Ptol- emy Philopator; seized; subject to Syria, 11492; earthquakes, 11502; Roman cen- sus taken. 11513; a Rom. province, aking- dom, 10632; independent, 11533; pest of locusts, 11541 ; ruled by Fatimite califs; ruled by Christians ; taken from Egy., 11552 ; Turks take, 10341 ; annexed to Turk., 11572; Moabite stone dis.; survey of, 976 1 , 11581; claims for holy places, 11191. Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, b., 10802 ■ work, 10813 ; d., 10823. Palestro, It., action at, 5241 . Paley, William, b., 9103; works, 9231 ,9271 ; d., 9323. Palfrey, F. W., d.,348i. , John Gorham, b., 1061 ; History of New England, 1863 ; d., 3062. , Warwick, d., 1S02. Palgrave, Sir Francis, b., 9243; Normandy and England, 9563 ; d., 9642. , Francis Turner, b. (1824); works, 9763. , Thos. Turner, Idylls and Songs, 9591 . , William Gifford, b., 9422 ; d., 9982. Pa-li-kao, Chinese defeat, 16201. Palikao, Comte de (Charles Guillaume Marie Apollinaire Antoine Cousin-Mon- tauban), b. (1796); minister war, 7393 leaves Paris for Belg.,7412; d. (1878). Palilsa, J., dis. minor planets, 5301 , 5321 . Palissot, de Montenoy, Charles, b., 6983 d„ 7211. Palissy, Bernard, b., 6802 ; works, 6832 6843 ; experiments in enamels ; makes Faience ware, 6822 ; d., 6842. Palla, la., Central University org., 1731 . Palladio, Andrea, b., 10802 ; d. (1580). Palladium discovered, 9322. Palladius, b. (367 1) ; sent to Scotland and Ireland, 8403; d. (431+). Pallas, asteroid, discovered, 8062. wrecked, 9613. Pallas rules Claudius, 10631 ; reigns, 11072; d. (63). , Peter Simon, b., 8003; d., 8102. Paltavicino, Sforza, b., 10823 ; d., 10831. Pallister, Sir William, b., 9442. Palm, Johannes Henricus van der, b. (1765); works, 11022; d. (1840). — — of Nuremburg, execution of, 716 J . Palma, Sp., Aurora, Maliorquina, 11311. ' , Gonzalo de, governor, 6301 . , Jacopo, b., 10783; d., 10803. , younger, b., 10803 ; d., 10823. Palmblad, Wilhelm Fredrik, b.-d., 11342 ; fnds. Aurora Formbundet, 11351 ; works, 11362. Palmeirim d'Inglaterra appears, 11091. Palmella, Duke of. (See Sousa-Holstein.) Palmer, Mass., strike, 4263. , Anthony, governor, 672; d., 662. , Col., in duel, 9372. , Erastus Dow, b., 1262. , Frank W., b., 1342 • in government printing department, 351 2 . George H., works, 3982. , James A., forger, 4043, , Shedden, b., 1162; d., 2582. , John, b. (1742) ; d., 8383. , McCauley, b., 1262; at Murfrees- boro, 2171 ; near Woodbury, 2182 ; at Ringgold, 2282; gov. 111., 2692; commands district of Ky., 2422 ; vote, 2812 ; n om. for gov., 3612; commander-iu-chief, 3891 ; pres. society, 3923. , Williamson, b., 1322. , Joseph, d., 2711. , Paul, forms church, 603. , Phoebe, b., 1141 ; d., 2861 . , Ray, b., 1142; -works, 1511, 1783,2923, 3063; d.,326i. , Roundell, b., 9363; L. Selbourne ; L. chancellor; Land Transfer Bill intro. 9773 ; minister, 9852 ; opens St. Paul School, 9923; Bar Asso. medal, 3903. , Rufus, 642. , Susan B., gift, 4063. , Thomas F., transported, 9272. Palmer, Thomas W., World's Fair Com- mission, 3633 ; u. S. minister, 3513; re- signs commission, 433 3 . , Tunis, b., 1321. , William Adams, b. (1791) ; governor Vt., 1393 ; d. (1860). , Col. W. J., raid, 2403. , Wm. Pitt, b., 1122 ; d. (1884). Palmerston, Viscount. (See Temple, John Henry.) Palmetto, Ga., Jeff. Davis visits, 2382. Palm-leaf hats manufactured, Mass., 1341 . Palmyra fnd., 11433 ; a Roman colony, 10653 ; conquered, 10661 ; ruins of, 11571 . , Kan., political fight, 1793. Palnadu, mission, 10471 . Palo Alto, Cal., battle, 160 1 ; Stanford Univ., 3263,3923. Palo Alto trots at Stockton, 3953. Palomino de Castro y Velaseo, Acislo An- tonio, b.-d., 11283. Palo Pinto, Tex., Federals defeated, 2463. Palos, Sp., Columbus sails, 131 ; dis. of Am. eel. ; Santa Maria sails, 11331 . Palovich revolts, 5281 . Paludan-Muller, Frederic, b., 6382; works, 6392,6403 ; d., 6421. Pamacagua, Mateo Garcia rebels, 11082. Pamir, troops in, 6241; explanations de- manded, 6252 ; Russians invade, 11221; Chinese withdraw, 6272. Pamplona, Columbia, captured, 936 1 ; up- rising, 11301. , Sp., surrendered, 7202. Pamphilus, St., b.-d., 11521 . Pamphylia, new province, 10613. Pananus, painter, 10203. Panama, Pizarro arrives, 173 ; Pizarro sails, 182 ; fnd., 193 ; seat of govt., 192 ; travelers perish, 213 ; sacked, 241 ; burned ; San Lorenzo destroyed, 441 ; Xn- dians destroy towns, 581 ; Am. property protected, 320 * ; appropriation of Cong., 3363 ; telegraph est., 9913 ; bread dis- tributed ; military force, 6282 ; treaty with Indians, 6283 ; a federal state ; se- cedes, 6291; rebellions, 6292; fire ; hy- draulics for minerals ; Kearsarge crew arrives, 6293; commerce restricted, 6303. Canal, in Cong., 2693, 3&33 ; commis- sioners appointed, 2773 j Blaine's Circu- lar letter, 3073. Co. org., 7533; i n Fr., 6293 ; new Co. fails ; workmen paid, 6293 ; bank- ruptcy bill; commercial standing, 7572, 3 ; bond issue ; depends on subscription ; dissolution decreed, 7573 ; no credit ; reports, 7593 j concession extended ; new contract, 6292 ; condition, 7632 ; parliamentary inquirer, 7651; swindlers deprived of decorations, 7673 ; see Fr., 6293; commercial bouses assist ; shares, 7573 ; contractors' offer ; work aban- doned, 6293 • lottery prize, 7563 j Loan Bill, 7591 ; report on, 7592, 7653 ; bonds issued, 7593 ; new scheme ; shares fall, 7613; concessions refused, 7652 ; special committee reports, 7613; scandal; De Lesseps trial, 7603, 7642, 3 ; investiga- tion resolution report, 4321 ; investiga- tion begins, 4243. Congress fails to meet, 1352. R. R., earthquakes destroy, 6282; fi rs t train, 6293. Pan-American Bimetallic convention, ses- sion, 4402, 4573. monetary conf., 3491 , 3552, 357 z , 3593,3631; held, 3593. Medical Congress, Wash., D. C, 4361 ,3. Republican Congress, centennial day, 3882. Anglican Conference of bishops at Lambeth, 9702, 9822. Panathemean games instituted, 10132. Pan-Chuang mission, 6223. Pandion reigns, 10133. Pandoo Madee, Sepoy rebellion, 1048'. Pandora, arctic expedition, 9801 . — -, asteroid, discovered, 1841. , frigate, wrecked, 9241. , war-ship, wrecked, 9342. Pandosia, It., action at, 10521. Pandulph, charter t<> legate, S, r .;;i ; d.(1226). Panet, Bernard Claude, R. C. bp., d., 5782. Pangani, Afr., captured, 5631; occupied, 3381 . Pango-Pango, claims of U. S., 3393. Panic, commercial, U. S., 1413, 1473 ; fail- 7112, ures in 1837, U. S., 1493 ; in G. B., 8933, 9551, 10073. Panic-stricken England, 9313. Panipat, India, victory of, 5 1 . Panitza, Major, confession, 5682; conspi- racy punished, 5692, 5682; trial,5682. Panizzi, Sir Anthony, b., 10843; d. (1879). Pankeng enthroned, 6112. Panmure, Lord. (See Fox, Maule.) Pannius, high-priest, 11523. Pannonia, invaded, 5021, 10693; Romans rule, 5023, 1062 1, 10632; under Croatia, 5031; acquired, 10712. Pannonian war, in Bosnia, 10603. Panama founders, 9913. Panopsea, asteroid, discovered, 732*1. Panorama issued, 11101. Panorama exhibited, 9241 . Panormus (see Palermo), 10522- captured, 10523. Pan-Presby. Cong, in London, 2882, 9802, 9902 ; inPhila.,3042 ; conf. at Belfast, 3182 ; at Edinburgh, 9822. Pan-Protestant Conf. at Worms, 8263. Pansa, Gaius Vibius, at Mutina, 10602; consul, 10612; k. (43 B.C.). Pantagraph improved, 940 1 . Panthay rising, 618 1 . Pantheon erected; opd., 9182, 10603 (?) ; dedicated, 10722; roof destroyed, 10822. Panzer, Georg Wolfgang, b., 8002; d., 8082. Paokwen enthroned, 613 1 . Paoli, Pa., Wayne at, 872 , PaBquale de, b., 6982 7021 ; defeated, 7041 ; revolts 10852; d., 7163. Paolluccio, Anafaesto, first doge at Ven- ice, 10731. Papacy, temporal power, Ger.,4303,770 2 ; Greeks acknowledge supremacy, 10703; despised ; summitof power, 7743; hatred of, Eng,, 8583; contention for crown, 10731, 10743; dominion restored, 10773; bills, imperial sanction, Aust., 517 1 ; conflict with gov't, 5442, 5453 ; power limited, Fr., 6923 ; encyclical prohibited, 7362; encyclical, 7542; gov't and nuncio circular, 767 2 ; recognizes power, Ger., 7702 j summons to emperor, 7743, 7751 ; releases allegiance, 7793 ; temporal power denied, 7832. (See Pope and R. Catholic.) Papal infallibility, Jesuits favor, 8263 ; protest against ; dogma promulgated, 8262 ; gov't disputes, 8282 ; encyclical issued, 3321,8283. interdict, Eng., 8683, 8723 ; interfer- ence in Ire., 9982; power supreme, 10743; nuncic opposes toleration, 11323. states fnd. 7713 10732 ; annexed to Fr., 10853; insurrection, 10881; vote for union 10893 ; Sardinians enter, 10881 . Paparo, John, divides bishoprics, 8502. Pape-Carpentier, Marie, b. 7222 ; d.,7502. Paper, made, 610 2 ; made of straw, 1361 ; high price, 2433 ; from asbestos, 7982 j machine inv., 8102, 8982; white manf., 8962; bottles appear, 3281; duties abol- ished, G. B., 9651 ,2. Duties Repeal Bill rejected, 9652. Hangings, used, Eng., 880 1 . Mnfrs'. Asso., Am., meets, 389'. mill, first est. in Am., 502, 60' , 703; in It., 10762 ; first in Eng., 8742. money issued, 673, 612, 793; substi- tute for taxation, 81 2 ; used in China, 6133 ; in Cuba, 6333. (See Money.) pulp bleached, 3321 . trust org. in England, 10033. Paphiagonia, surrendered to Rome, 10292 , Papias, Exposition of Oracles, 10643. Papier-mache, method of, 800 1 ;mnf.,9102. Papin, Denis, b., 6883 ; invents digester, 6922 ; devises steam-engine, 6942, 8001 ; invents heat-engine, 6942; d., 6963. Papineau, Louis Joseph, b., 5762 ; rebel leader, 5731 , 5792 ; reward for, 5792 - d., 5821. Papinian, iEmilius, b.-d., 10642 ■ improves justice, 10663. Papinsville, Mo., battle of, 1983. Papirius Cursor, Lucius, defeats Samnites, 10521 ; at Aquilonia, 10522. Paprade, P. M. V. R. de, Symphonies, 733* . Papyrography, invented, 5202. Para, Brazil, subdued, 554 1; rebellion, 5553 ; reportof church, 5563 ; boycotting league, 5583. Parachute constructed, 7041 . 1364 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Para-ParL Paradis, Father, summoned, 5882. Paradise of Dainty Devices issued, 8751. Paraffin, made, 818' ; mineral oil, 954 1 . Paragon built, 116' . Paraguay (see text, pp. 1105-1106), explored, 19i; Santo Espiritu built, 193; Ascen- sion fnd., 213 ; bishopric est. ; Jesuits labor; missions est., 222, 242, 262,3; Jesuit settlement, 29', 67 3 ; Buenos Ayres separated, 293 ; Indian slave raids, 323 ; Indian Jesuits, 553' ; Jesuits expelled, 742; diamonds dis., 5542 ; re- inforcements, 554' ; alliance with Braz., 5553 ; Water Witch attacked, 1772, 184 1 ; war, 556' ; peace with Braz., 557 1 ; moni- tors, 556 1 ; boundary treaty, 5512, Paramaribo, Guiana, Eng. colonists, 10391 ; mission established, 10393. Parana, Braz., civil war, 4902 ; insurgents hold, 492'; peace expedition, 5553; camp bombarded ; victory, 556' ; churches org., 5563 ; martial law, 5602. Parannis, governs for Commodus, 10652. Paray-le-Monial, Eng., pilgrims visit,9762. Parchment invented, 1148 2 . Pardo, Manuel, pres. Peru, 11082; k. (1878). Pardoe, Julia, b., 9322 ; d. (1862). Pardons, sale of, exposed, D. C, 2551 . Par£, Ambroise, b., 6802; Apologieet Voy- ages, 6843 ; d., 6842. Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano, b.-d., 10952. Parepa-Rosa (Euphrosyne Parepa de Boyesku), b. (1836) ; at Peace Jubilee, 266' ; d. (1874). Paret, Wm.,b. (1826); cons.P.E.bp.,2182. Parey-Chaley, mission, 10471. Parhelion appears, 7963. , H. M., dis. Galatea, 2661 . Paria, Venezuela, treaty of, 525'. Parieu, Maria Louis Pierre Felix Esquirou de, b. (1815) ; pres., 7392 ; d. (1893). Parini, Giuseppe, b., 10842 ; works, 10851 ; d., 10843. Paris, City of, arrives, 4133. , R. C pilgrims on, 4661 , Paris, Fr., Commune in ; iEtius at ; taken, 6622; St.Denis church fnd., 6642; burned; great council at, 6652 ; gen. assembly convoked, 7712 ; Louvre a royal resi- dence, 6642; besieged by Northmen; Northmen enter, 6661; pillaged, 6672; capital of France., 6673; A.D. 1000+; Hungary, students in, 5042 ; Cistercian convent fnd.; Port Royale des Champs fnd., 6703; colleges united; University fnd., 671i; development; Festival of Fools, 6712, 6771; Notre Dame built, 6721 , 2; Sorbonne est., 2722, 2731 , 6721 ; persecution of Templars, 6723 ; States- General meet, 67. v .3. H7r,2; Bastile begun, 6741 ;Louvre occupied, 6742; Coll. of Medi- cine fnd.; royal library fnd., 6743; riots ; barons k. ; black plague ; unsanitary condition, 675' ;revolt injtreaty withEng. rejected 6752; civil strife; anarchy, 6753; occupied by Eng., 676 ' ; Eng. evacuate ; hats made; Fr. repulsed by Eng., 6762; insurrection against taxation, 6763,6771 ; brigandage, 677 1 ; Cabochiens arise, 676» ; royal family tl. -es, C77 2; Ii n rg i Indians gov- ern,6773; recovered from Kng.,6773,8632; Pantheon erected, 6782, 7022 ; bridge of Notre Dame falls, 6782; Univ. has Gr. professor, 6783 ; first post-office, 6792 • Acad, of Music fnd. ; Hotel de Ville built; boulevards commenced; Louvre improved, 6802 ; Calvin preaches 6803 ; Jesuits est. ; placards against mass ; persecution of Christians, 681 1; Con- cordat refused, 6812; Fountain of Inno- cents erected ; palace of Tuileries, 6822; first Protest, church ; edict for questions of faith ; Sorbonne condemns Jesuits, 6823 ; coaches intro. ; forks used, 6833 ; besieged, 6841, 7312, 746a, 7413, Pont Neuf begun ; Hotel des Invalides erect- ed, 6841 ; Edict of Pacification, 6843; bed of justice est., 685' ; D. of Guise enters ; insurrection against K., 6853 ; Hotel Dieu fnd., 6861 ; Fr. Acad, fnd., 686 1 , 6872; Luxembourg Palace begun, 686 1 ; Cis- tercianconventremoved,687i ; RoyalPal- ace built, 6861 ; Port Royale des Champs refmd., 687' ; Concini overthrown, 6872 ; great revolution, 6873 ; block- aded, 6881 : Acad, of Fine Arts ; Val-de- Grace built, 6882 • wandering Jew ap- pears; Richelieu's influence; death, 6892; illumination by pitch ; louis d'or pieces struck; members of pari, arrested; re- forms for abuses ; taxes refused ; war of Fronde, 6893; Acad, of Belles-Lettres, 690';Acad.of Scienceest.,690i,6912;R O y. Observatory est., 6901 ; resort of scholars, 6911; Acad, of Architecture est.; Nat. Theater fnd. ; St. Denis arch erected, 6922; Mercure Ga/a»rissued,6931 ; female dancers intro. ; Le Triompke de r Amour played, 6932; national reverses, 695 2 ; A.D. 1700+ ; Champs Elysees a public promenade; palace erected, 6962; Port Royale des Champs, demolition. 697 '; Bastile opnd. ; dissolute regent ; Banque Generale est.; John Law's Mississippi Scheme, 6972 ; paper money issued, 6972,3; treaty of, 943, 5753, 6313, 7033, 7213, 7233, 7333, 9032 ; man with iron mask d., 6973; Acad, of Surgery est.; palace of Deputies erected, 6981 ; mir- acles at St. Medard, 6991; Law's Hank est., 593; finances low, 6992; military academy est., 7001; taxation of eccl. property; rise of freethinkers, 701 1; steamboats on Seine, 7022 ; Jesuits sup- pressed, 7032 ; clergy opposed ; pari. restricted ; pari, triumphs over State, 7033; balloon ascent, 7041 , 7102; Hostile pulled down, 7061, 707 1 ; Nat. Guard org., 7061 ; monasteries suppressed ;oath of ecclesiastics prescribed, 7062; Bulle- tin des Stances de rAssemblee National? ; Courier de Versailles; deaf-mutes insti- tute; Journal des Debats; Journal des H tats Gineraux; Lettres a- ses Commet- tants issued; Le Moiiiteur VnicerseUe ; Patriate Francois; lit. volutions de Paris; school for blind ; soc. of the Sorbonne broken up, 7063; feteof Federation eel. ; Francis, baker, murdered ; Jacobin clubs orig.; privileged elasses abolished ; Regency Club est.; riot ; titles abolished, 7071 ; Bastile taken by mob, 707 2 ; mon- asteries abolished ; Nat. Bank est., 7073; mob at Tuileries, 7081 , 7091 , 7252, 7303; Swiss Guards massacred, 7081 , 2; church plate for coinage ; pope's effigy burned, 7082; Reign of Terror; mob massacres prisoners; priests exiled; royal family imprisoned j royal family flees, 7083 ; Commune in, 7091+; Nat. fraternity; massacre by Jacobins ; Nat. conven. meets; Revolutionary Era; Revolution- ary Tribunal, 7092, a, 7141; trial of Louis XVI., 7092; Com. of Public Safety, 7093, 7112; Acad, of Natural Philos. est. ; Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers ; Institut Nat. est., 710 2 ; Festival of Rea- son; Fete del'Et re Supreme, 7103; bread riots, 7111, 7331 ; Christianity pro- scribed; Dantonists condemned, 711 1; Austriansin,518i ; Girondists executed ; guillotines glutted; Jacobins mobbed; wage rates est.; revolutionists executed ; slave-trade abolished, 7111; Committee Public Safety arrested ; insurrection against gov't."; Moderates control, 7112; Nat. Conven. ends ; Prairial insurrec- tion, 7113, 7133; gov't, of Directory; Royalists' insurrection, 7113 ; N. Bona- parte subdues, 710 2 ; Coup d'Etat suc- ceeds, 7132, 3; Ancients remove; dis- solved; N. Bonaparte's offer; Council of 500 expelled, 7133 ; Adams' Commission meets, 109'; A.D. 1800+ ; amnesty to emigrants, 7152; consulate, 7133 ; Napo- leon in, 7153 ; Pont des Invalides erected, 7162; allies capture; evacuate; Napoleon enters, marries Maria Louisa, 51203 ; em- press leaves; legislative assembly pro- rogued, 7212 ; allies enter, 5203, 8113 ; imperial guard dissolved; surrenders, 7221; velocipede patented, 7222; Bells of Notre Dame baptized ; Fr. Acad, re- org., 7231 ; Napoleon I. abdicates ; allies enter; Peace Soc. fmd., 7232; Amnesty Law passes ; gas intro., 7233 ; omnibus revived ; war of barricades, 7241 ; La Revue issued, 7252 ; Louvre taken ; July revolution ; siege ; Tuileries sacked, 7253; Luxor Obelisk erected, 0482, 7261 ; Soc. of Progress ; explosion; massacre of insurrectionists, 7272; cholera, 7273, 7493,7633; insurrection, 7273, 7293, 7301, 7313; election riots; Soc. of Rights of Man, 7272 ; gaming-houses prohibited, 7273; fortifications constructed, 7281; Creches est. ; Napoleon I. re-interred, 7292 ; Nat. Guard re-org., 730 1 ; funeral of revolutionary victims, 7303, 7311; peace cong. opd., 7303 ; Assembly at- tacked ; Executive Commission ; nat. workshops est. ; Socialist mobs ; Nat 1 . Assembly meets ; Revolution of Febru- rary , 731 1 , 826 1 ; Second Republic, 731 1 ; Louis Napoleon, pres., 7312; Consulta- tive Commission fnd. ; liberty trees planted, 7313; capitulation, 8261 • Louvre opd., 7321 ; World's Cong. Y. M. C. A. ; church of St. Genevieve opd., 7323 ; plot to assassinate prince-pres. ; social- ist demonstration, 7331 ; legislative chambers installed, 7332 ; first agricul- tural exhibition ; peace conf. ; telegraph to Bastia, 7333; Camp of Chalons, 7341 ; great aquarium, 7342 ; £' Univers sup- pressed,7343 ;Royal Library ,7351 ;greater liberty of speech, 735 z ; Grand Opera House erected, 736 1 ; riots, 7371, 7383, 7392,7(143; horse-flesh as food; Internat. Exhibition ; boulevards planned, 7373 ; Kinck murder, 7383 ; Claims of Napole- onic Dynasty ; Friends of Order fired on ; Journal Officiel ; requisitions on shop- keepers, 739 1; A.D. 1870+ ; fortified, 7401 ; Ger. advance on ; Ger. repulse Fr. sortie ; Ger. besiege ; actions at ; levy en masse, 7403 ; decree against foreigners, 741'; imperial correspondence seized; legislative chamber dissolved ; Nat. Guards preserve order, 741 2,3 ; first siege; Repub. manifesto, 7413 ; Ger. fire first shots ; St. Cloud burned, 7421 ; Imperial Guard suppressed, 7422 ; invested, 7423, 8261; Commune est.; defeated, 7432; mobilization of able men, 7422 ; bom- barded ; Fr. expelled from Mont Avron ; Forts Issy and Yanvres silenced, 7431; Republicans defeated, 7432; church bells for cannon ; Commune against gov't., 7433, 7441 , 2 ; Fr. capitulate ; Ger, enter; Ger. occupy forts ; Nat. Guard meeting suppressed ; troops reviewed, 7441 ; Co- lonne Vendome overthrown ; Commune in churches ; Guillotine burned; news- papers suppressed ; foreigners detailed ; reign of terror ; under martial law, 7443; capitulation signed ; food from Eng., 7451, 9751 ; Archbp. Darboy arrested, 2443, 7452, 3; Commune denounced; Communal election, 7452 j gov't at Bor- deaux ; Napoleon III. overthrown ; Third Republic fmd., 2451 , z; Commune revolts; Nat. Guard fmd. ; "advances" exacted, 745 2 ; cartridge factory ex- plodes ; Communists appeal to Fr. ; churches sacked ; Com. of Pub. Safety ; *■ famine ; Palais Royal injured ; resorts- reopd. ; Commune suppressed, 7453; women executed, 746 2 ; drinking fount- ains est. ; Communists shot ; Shah of Persia in, 7463 ; communist punished, 7471 ; new ministry; McMahon, pres., 7473; Grand Opera House opd.; review at Longchani ps; A' endome column restored, 7481 ; Figaro suspended, 7483 ■ Nomina- tion of Mayor's Hill passes, 7491; Inter- nat. Maritime Exhibition, 7493; Catholi Univ. est., 7502; Communists pardoned, 7503,7511, 2,7531; Library report; Mid- may mission fnd., 7502; Communists convicted ; Public Instruction Law, 7503 1 7542 ; Internat. Exhibition opd., 7513 - electric tramway est. ; museum est., 7521; Comedie Francaise eel.; crown jewels stolen, 7523 ; Bastile, fall eel., 3643, 7523, 7583, 7633; Republican Nat. fete; Victor Hugo feted, 7523 ; legisla- ture returns, 753 1 ; financial panic, 753- , 7593; high school approved, 7532;Pharo Chateau presented, 7533; statue of Re- public, 7541, 7581; labor disturbances, 7543; anarchists' demonstrations ; crem- atory est., 7552; telephone to Brussels, 7553 ; Gamhetta monument ; Shake- speare statue, 7561 ; Jewish mission,7562; laborers' strike, 7563 ; sewage of city, 7572; express to Constantinople; tele- phone est. ; Opera-Comique "burned ; Panama Canal Co. bonds increased, 7573 ; earthquakes ; Revolution Memo- rial Fund; A.D. 1890 4 - ; Pasteur Insti. work; Coligny statue ; Republic statue, 7581 ;ButtaloHill'sWildYVest,bull fights stopped ; cabmen strike; railroad strike, 7.1X3, 7603, 7GP ; Johnstown flood, gifts, 7583 ; Boulanger demonstration, 7592 • Universal Exposition, 7593; awards to Pari-Pass. Text Figures denote Page. IJNiJJliA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1365 U. S. A., 3473 ; new Salon, 7691 ; bakers' strike, 7603; telephone with Lond., 7613, 10041; Fenian center org., 9012; stage- drivers strike, 7603 ; Boulangists routed, 7611; dynamite explosions, 7623, 763 1 ; anniversary of Commune ; decree for exhib. in 1900; dynamite outrages; in- demnity, 7633 ; Arago and Renaudot statues, 7641 ; Jules Ferry funeral, 7642; Revolutionary proclamations, 7643 ; Cocarde forgeries, 7651; dynamite ex- plosions ; anarchists arrested, 7662, 3. Paris, Ky., action at, 2102; barbecue, 4703. , Tex., oil tire, 4133; mob, 4222. carries off Helen, 10143. , A. P., Romantic School, 7251. , G. B. P., ITist. cle Charlemagne, 7363. -, Comte de (Louis Philippe Alfred d'Orleans), pi\, b.,7282; enters Am. Fed- eral service, 19S3 ; in N. Y., 3683 ; with Gen.McClellan, 3693; entertained, 3703; visits Can., 5903 ; minister, 7511 ; family leaves Fr.,7553; d., 7631. , Matthew, b.-d., S502; works, 8523. University fnd., 6711 , 6743, 6783 ; re- habilitated, 685 1 ; lawcoui-ses, 6932; con- trols education, 7252. Parish Bank Friendlv Society est., 935 z . Councils Bill, 10112±. funds changed, Ger., 8293. , Henrv Woodbine, d., 10022. , JohnT., will, 3851. Parishes enlarged, 8622 ; provided, 9522. Park, Edwards Amasa, b., 1142. , James, moderator, 3581. , Mungo,b.,9183; exploration voyage, 9262,9322 ; d. (1806?). , Roswell, b. (1807) ; d., 2662. .National, in Wyo.,2773 ; inGa.,3441; in Cal., 369i , (See under cities for names of city parks.) College, Parkville, org., 2883. Parke, John Grubb, b., 1342 ; gen., at New Berne, 2051 ; at Petersburg, 2443. , Thomas Heazle, d., 10102. Parker, Albert Edmund, minister, 9952. , Amasa Junius, h., 1141 , , Arthur A., d., 1562. , Capt., explorer, 4942. , Col., at Independence, 2042; at War- rensburg, 2051 . , Dahigerrield, colonel, 4701 . , Edward G., b., 1322 ; d., 2602. , Foxhall, Alex., b., 1301 ; d. (1879). , Francis Wavland, b., 1482. , Sir Henry, d., 62i2. , Sir Hyde\ b., 9103 ; at Copenhagen, 6331; battle on Ger. ocean, 9202 ; fleet wrecked, 9221 ; leaves for Baltic, 9301 . ■, Isaac, b., 1502. , James, establishes 2T. T. Gazette, 652; publisher, 69 1 . , Joel, jurist, b., 1061 ; d. (1875). , , b. (1816) ; gov. N. J., 2293,2811 ; pres. nominee, 2773 ; declines nom., 2791 ; candidate for pres.,293i ; d. (1888). , John Henry, b., 9323 ; d. (1884). , Joseph, forms Baptist church, 60 3 . , , baccarat scandal, 10062. , Matthew, b., 866 1 ; archbp. Canter- bury, S722 ; Bishops' Bible, 8723; organ- izes antiquarian Soc, 874 1 ; d., 8742. .Sir Peter, b., 9062; on Sullivan's Island, 833 ; in N. Y., S41 ; d. (1811). , Sam., b., 662; cons, bp., 1123; d., 1122. , Theodore, b., 1162; works, 173 1 , 2723; d., 1861. , Sir Thomas, chief justice, 9052. , Thomas, Earl of Macclesfield, b. (1666) ; impeached, 9072 ; d. (1732). , Willard, b., 1082 ; d. (1884). , Sir William, b., 9222 ; d. (1366). , William Kitchen, d., 10022. Society organized, 9511 . Parkersburg, O., Gen. Morgan at, 2251 . , W. Va., R. R. opd. ( 1833; oil-well struck, 3541 ; R. R. collision, 3452. Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn., Confederates defeated, 2171. Parker Society founded, 9511 . Parkes, Alfred, wife-murderer, 4043. , Sir Henry, ministry, 5011 ,2 ; resigns, 5012. , Sir Harry Smith, d., 9941 . Parkhurst, Charles Henry, b. (1842) ; pres. Soc. for Suppression of Crime, 3823 ; on city officials, 4001 ,a ; municipal corrup- tion, 4021 ; subpoenaed, 4022 ; police de- partment evidence ; raid endorsed, 4043; protected crime crusade, 407 1; ByrneB* newspaper charges, 4191 ; letter to mayor, 4403 ; aid to reformed women, 4443 ; charges police inspectors, 4462, 448 2 ; city offices corrupt, 4722. Parkman, Francis, b., 1303; works, 137 1, 1663, 17Q3, 2412, 2503, 2603,2683,2871, 2963,3183; d.,4421. Parks, Alderman, arrested, N. Y., 4691. Parkville, Mo., Park Coll. org., 2883. , N. Y., train wreck, 4332. Parkyus, Mansfield, d., 10102. , Sir William, executed, 901 1. Parliament, Rump, of Aust., 5232. , first, of Can., 5793; seeks representa- tion, London, 5911 . abolished in Fr., 7053; 7072 ; exiled, 7053 ; grievances of, 707 2 . , Eng., first, of Saxons, S452; first writ, 8532; of Merton, 8533 ; the Mad, 855* ; H.C.fmd.,8552; regular form est., 8563; first speaker ; fraudulently packed, 8593; aids king in Fr. ; separated, 8592 ; on Coventry, S613 ; 40 shillings and resi- dence qualification, S632 ; acts printed; Journals of H. L. commence, 8663 ; members exempt, 8693, 9193 ; Jour- nals of H. C. begun, 8703 ; the Addled, 8811; Long Pari. ; omitted, 11 years; Short Pari., 8833; struggle with king, 8851,2,3; triennial meetings, SS51 ; king impeaches members ; Star Chamber Court abolished, 8852,3; the Rump Pari., 8373, 8891 ,2; h. L. abolished ; restored, 887 3 ; Cromwell dissolves ; " Barebones' Pari.," 8891 ; the Convention, 8891 ,S912, S99i; the Pension Pari., 8913 ; bribery in, 8891 ,8943; Roman Catholics excluded, 8951; refuses army supplies, S973; oaths taken; 8992; Triennial Pari., 9012 ; first pari, of G. B.,90:!3 ; septennial, 9053 ; journals printed, 9133; debates reported; 9193 ; restrictions, ;*232 ; clergy ineli- gible, 9303; first Pari., United Kingdom, 9312; reform favored, 9393; Rom. Cath. elected, 9433, 9452; Reform Bill, 9452,3; Houses burned, 947 3 ; franking relin- quished, 9512 ; new houses, 9512, 9551 ; privilege of Pari, settled, 9512; Hebrew admitted, 9632; oaths modified, 9691, 9873 ; representation, new, 9712 j ob- struction in, 9722, 9831, 9*52,9872 • meet- ing legalized, 9752 ; cloture adopted, 9912,9933; new rules introduced, 999 1 ; Reform Bill intro., 9713. (For opening and closing see text, p. 867 3 -i-). demanded, Ger., 817 1 ; preliminary, 817 1, 2 ; biennial est. ; Rump meets, 8193 ; Parliamentary Discipline Bill introduced, 8312. , Irish, meets, 8992 ; last, 9312. — — , Italian, meets at Rome, 10893. , New S. Wales, members salaried, 4983 ; dissolved, 5011. of Religions opens in Chicago, 4381 . , Scottish, last meeting, 9033. Reform Bill passes, Belg., 5471 . Parma, It., San Giovanni Evan^elista Ch. fnd., 10702; taken, 7801, 10S41 ; battle near, 69Si; ceded, 5153; battle of, 5182 ; given to Maria Louisa, 10871; insurrec- tion, 5201 ; revolution, 10891 ; appeals to Victor Emmanuel, 10891 . , Mich., Pentecost bands org., 3202. , Duke of. (See Farnese, A.) , Prince of, claims Port., 11102 ; at Zutphen, 8741 . Parmelee, Theo. Nelson, b. (1804); d., 2842. Parmenides, b., 10211; theory of change, 10171 ; executed, 10251. Parmentier, Jean, b.-d., 6783. Parmigiano, Francisco Maria Mazzuola, b. (1504) ; invents copper etching ; paints St. Jerome, 10802 ; d. (1540). Parnaces I. subdues Sinope, 11481. Parnell, Chas. Stewart, l>., 9522 ; in Nat. Land League, 9S5 2 ; leader, 9853; advo- cates boycotting; arrested, 9S63 ; Irish Amend, defeated; inanifesto,9S72, 10053; opposes Land Bill, 9873 ; imprisoned, 9883; released, 9891,2; holds conven- tion, 9951 ; amendment to address, 9953; press attacks Parnellism and Crime, 997 2 ; denounces Crimes Act, 9991 ; com- mission to investigate, 9992, 3, 1003 2 ; denies letters, 9992; life-member Nat. Liberal Club, 10012 ; letter denounces, 10021; ljbel suit with Times ; reelected chairman, 1003 2 ; Cath. primate's letter against, 10042 ; co-respondent, 10051; chairman; pulpits denounce ; marriage, 10052, 10071; speaks, 10052 ; leadership claimed ; motion to remove ; resigna- tion asked, 10053 ; opposed by bishops, 10062; leadership repudiated; d.,1006i; funeral, 10071. Parnell, Henry Brook, Lord Congleton, 9203 ■ d 950 2 . , Thomas, h.] 8942 ; d., 9062. Parnellite Land Law Amend. Bill, 9932. Parnellites fund from U. S.,3243 ; dele- gates ill, 3802; refused sacrament, 10062. Parny, Evariste Desire de Forges, Vi- comte de, b., 701 1 ; works, 7131 ,3 ; d.,721 1 . Parochial missions to Jews est., 9802. schools, non-supporters punished, Can., 5901 ; appeal to Council, 5942. Parodi, Teresa, appears in N. Y., 1681. Paroja, Gen., commander, 6061. Paros, Greece, attacked, 10181 . Parr, Catherine, b. (1513+) ; marries Henry VI1L, 8692; d. (1548). , John, governor N. S., 5753. , Samuel, b., 9122 ; d., 9422. , Thomas, d., 8822. Parra, Aquileo, president, 6292. Parral, mission at, 10962. Parrault, Charles, b„ 6863 ; works, 6951 ; d.,6962. Parrhasius, b., 10243. Parrish, Joseph, b.,912 ; d., 1522. Parrott, Robert Parker, b., 1122 ; d., 2962. Parry, William, executed, 875 2 . , Sir Edward, b., 9243; Arctic ex- ped., 5781,9381,2,9401, 9422; d.,9603. , H. Hutton, elected bishop, 9803. , Thomas Gambier, d., 9982. Parsdorf, armistice, 5182. Parsees expelled from Persia, 11063. Parsons plot to capture Michigan, 2382. Parsons, Albert R., executed, 3272. , Andrew, governor Mich., 1743. , Gen., at Carthage, 1962 ; at Prairie Grove, 2162. , John, elected bishop, 9393. , Levi, missionary, 1263, 11563. , Lewis E., gov. Ala., 2483, 2511 . , Lucy, anarchist, arrested, 3711. , Samuel, Landscape Gardening, 3982. , Theophilus, b., 662 ; Infinite and Finite, 2803 ; d., 1211. , Thomas William, b., 128i ; d. (1892). , William, impostor, 9171 . - — , , E. of Rosse,b., 9302; erects tel- escope, 9441 ; d.,970L , W. H., pres. National League Amer- ican Institutions, 4183. Parson's College org., la., 2922. Parthenire of Sparta, progeny of, 10151 . Parthenope, asteroid, discovered, 7301 . Parthenope (see Naples), 10152. Parthenopian Republic est., 10853. Parthia invaded, 11501; overrun, 1C242 ; annexed to Persia, 11071 . Parthian war, 10641; kingdom fnd., 11492. Parthians defeat P. ( 'rassus, lor,83 ; revolt ; war with Rome, 10621 ; j n Persia, 11061 ; rule Persia, 11071 . Partholan, in Ire., 8393. Partholani fnds. Phoenician colony, 11413. Particular Baptists. (See Baptists.) Partitions treaties, Fr., 695 3 . Partizanship obliterated, America, 125 3 . Parton, Arthur, b. (1842) ; in National Academy of Design, 241' . , James, b., 1302 ; works, 2412, 2503, 2603, 2643, 2871; d., 3922. - — , Sara Payson Willis, b., 1163 ; -works, 2723 ; d.,278i. Paruta, Paolo, b. (1540) ; Venice, 10832 ; d. (1598). Parysades reigns, 11473. Pascal, Blaise, b., 6S63 ; theory of atmos- phere, 6882; works, 6911 , 6931 ; d., 6903. Paschal, anti-pope, 10751 . I., St., pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . II., pope, 10743; submission, 7771 ; fugitive, 7772; d., 10742. , Thomas M., b., 1581 . Pasco, burned, 1103 1 . Paskevitch, Ivan Feodoroviteh, b., 11162 ; takes Kars, 11161 ; d., 11182. Paso de la Patria, battle at, 556 1 . Pasquier, Etienne, b., 6803 ; Recherchcs, 683*; d., 6862. , Due Etienne Denis, b., 7032; d.,7342. Pasque, Garibaldi defeated, 7423. Passanante, G., tries to assass. king, 1089 3 . 1366 Text Figures denote Page. 1JNL)JQ,-X.. Superior Figure indicate Column. Pass-Peas. Pass Christian, Miss., taken, 2061. Passaic, N. J., anti-tramp raid, 4043 ; s. B. Palmer's gift, 4063; m m s close, 4453. Passarowitz, Servia, peace of, 5151 Passau, Bavaria, bishop of, case of, 5171 ; convention of, 5103, 793a; burned, 7972 ; ceded, 6193. Passavant, Johann Dav., b., 8043; d.,8202. Passerat, Jean, b. (1534) ; works, 6871 ; d. (1602). Passion written, 6663. Passion Play at Gberammergau, 7943. Passover instituted, 11403; eel., 1146 2 ,3. Passow, Franz L. K. F., b., 8043; d., 8142. Passports required of immigrants, 2413. Pasta, Giuditra Negri, b., 10X43 ; d., 10882. Pastel painting invented, 686 1 ; Pasteur, Louis, b., 7242 ; vaccination of sheep ; Academician, 7521 ; experiments. 7541 , 7561 ; Inst, of, opd.,7541 ; L'histoire oVun Saranf,7~A 2 , diphtheria microbe, 7561 ; Inst., Paris, 7.~>S1 , gold medal, 7641 . Paston Letters issued, 8623. Pastor, Ludwig. works, S3G 2 . Pastora, Francisco Fernandez de la 6303. Pastoral Aid Soc, est. in Ch. of Eng., 9483 . leases granted, Australia, 4971 . Pastoureaux, uprising of, 6722, 3. Patagones, mission, 4903. Patagonia, Christoval Jacques in, 163 ; di- vided, 4913 ; boundary dispute, 6073. Patagonian Missionary Soc. org., 9523. Patapsco blown up, 2421 . Patapsco Kiver. flood in, 2633. Patay, Fr., battle of, 6761 . Patch, Elizabeth, d., 58 1 . -, Sam., b. (1807); killed, 1373. Pate, Capt., in Kan., 1793. assaults Queen Victoria, 9551 . Patendtre, M. J., Fr. minister, arr., 3973. Patent, first in U. S. A.; centennial, 3641 . office, burned, 1473; library fnd., 1503 completed, 1853, polychromy in, 2501 , Pater, Walter, b. (1839);' works,"878a, 10022 d. (1894) Paterculus.Caius Vellius, flourishes, 10623 Paterson, N. J.,R. R to Jersey City, opd. 1413: breweries sold, 3433; flre, 3533 3733, 3933 3973; Father M'Nulty beaten' 3803; centennial, 4113; silk-weavers strike, 4222 train wreck, 4332; C. Klose murders wife, 4343; Freeholders con- victed, 4422; mills close, 4453 ; aid for un- employed, 4462; strikers trouble, 4522, , Win., b., 662; justice, 1052; d. (1806). , , b., 8882; projects Bank of Eng., 9012 ; d. (1719). Pathan seized, 6263. Pathan kingdom founded, 10432. Pathaus attack British, 61. Pathological Society fmd., 9541 . Patin, Gill, Letters, 6931 . Patkul, Johann Reinhold, b.-d., 11142. Patmore, Coventry, Kearsey Dighton, b., 9403. Patna India, taken 9161; E. I. Co., 10443. Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, b., 9403. Patrae, in Achasan League, 10272; St. An- drew crucified. 11532. Patricians, social order, 10532. Patrick, St., in Ire., 8403; d.,8402, 8403. , Simon, b., 8821 ; d. (1707). Patriotic Asso. formed, 9872. Brotherhood, sentences, 9911 . League, Am., meets, 3603, 4563. , Fr., arsenals dis., 757 2 ; letters of, 7563 ; members arraigned, 7582 ■ Sons Am., state ticket, 3883. Patriots' Day celebrated, 4571. Pat Roger burns, 2853. Patronage abolished by Church of Scot., 9782 ; Bill for abolishment, Scot., 9793. Patrons of Husbandry, meeting, 359 2 . of Industry, Nat. Grange org., 2611; meets, 4183; demands, 4442, Patta, Brit, flag raised, lowered, 5632. Patten, Simon N., Protection, 3743. Patterson, Mo.. Federals defeated, 2203. , Daniel Tod, b (1786); d., 1502. , Eliz., b. (1785); weds, 7152 ; d. (1879). , J. C, minister militia, 5952. , J. N., in treasury department, 3512. , James W., b., 1303 ; d., 4281 . , John, d., 1142. , Josiah, b., 1482 ; speech, 4392. , Robert, senator, b., 662 ; d., 1123. , , Gen., b. (1792): crosses Potomac, 1961 , 2 ; at Bunker Hill, W. Va., 196» ; Johnston escapes, 1963; in Shenandoah, 1981 ; d. (1881). Patterson, Robt. Hogarth,b.,9403; d.(1886). , M„d.,1122. , R. W., moderator, 1862. , Thomas H., d., 3382 , Capt. Walter, gov. P. E. I., 5771 . Patti, Adelina Maria Clorinda, b., 10863 ; 1st appearance, 9641 ; in N. Y., 1861 , 3541 ; in Chicago, 3481. , Carlotta b (1840); d., 1090V Pattison Thomas, d.,3961. , Robert Emory, b. (1850); gov., 3153, 3992 ; vetoes 3862; nom. for pres., 4092. Pattinson's process, silver from lead, 9441 . Patton, Jacob Harris, b. (1820+) ; works, 1863, 3123, 3183 3323. , John Mercer, b. (1796) ; " Gag-Law" motion, 1492 j d. (1S58). , Robert M., gov Ala., 2511 . , W. S., arrested, 4422. , William Weston, b. (1821) ; letter to Christians, 1543 ; a., 3481 . Patusan, fort destroyed, 5522. Pauchow subdues Huns, 610V Paul, apostle, b.-d., 1150 2 , a Christian, 11523 ; in Brit., 83112 ; journeys, 10283, 11531,2; epistles, 1021H, 10623; prisoner, Rome, 10623 ; beheaded, 10623,10631. I, St., pope, 10722 ; d., 10721 . ■ II., b.-d., 107S3 ; pope, 10791 . III., pope, gives Plncentiu, 10813 ; An- ti-Algerine bull, 91 ; d., 10S03. IV., pope; Index Purgatorsi, 10812; d., 10803. V., b., 10803 ; pope, 10812 ; d., 10823. 1., b. 11143 ; reigns ; insane ; assassi- nated, 11173, 11162. Alexandrovitch, G. D., marries Alex- andra of Greece, 11212. , the Langobard, in court, 770 3 . of Samasata, bp. of Antioch, 1066 3 . , C. N., embezzler, 3991 . , David, moderator, 3122. , Jose Pablo Rojas. (See Rojas.) , Lewis, spinning machine, 9102. , Thebias, retires to Egypt, 1066 2 . , Vincent de, fnds. hospital, 6892; org. Sisters of Charity, 6883. Paula, Francis de. (See Francis.) Paulding, Adm. Hiram, b., 1062 ; burns Norfolk Navy Yard, 1941 ; d., 2982. , James Kirke, b., 91 2 ; works, 135i, 1143, 1271, 1323, 1403, 1431, 1492, 1631; sec. navy, 1492 ; d., 1861 . , John, b., 711 ; takes Maj. Andre, 922; d., 1262. , Leonard, b. (1S26) ; d., 2561 . .William, b.(17G9); mayor N. Y., 1333, 1353 ; d. (1854). Paulet,L.Wm.,neld-marshal,994t ;d.,1010i . , Wm., Marq. of Winchester, b. (1479+); minister, 8713; d. (1572). Pauli, Georg Reinhold, b., 8122 ; d., 8302. , Johannes, Jesting, 7892. Paulician sect persecuted, 10311 . Pauline captured, 9342. Paulists. (See Roman Catholics in Am.) Paull, Mr., in duel, 9332 Paulus Hook, N. J., Lee at, 903. , the Spaniard, oppresses, 8412. , Lucius jEmilius, consul ; falls, 10541 ; commands fleets ; defeats Antiochus II. ; drives back Macedonians, 1055 1 . , Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, b., 8023; d., 8181. , Julius, under Alex. Severus, 1065 3 . , Publius, becomes censor, 10532. Pauncefote, Sir Julian, in Am., 3392, 3472, 4771 ; minister, 1001 1 . Pauper children, boarding out, 9751 . Pauperism, social, considered, Eng., 873V Pausanius,leader,10182; executed.10191 ,3. , assassinates Philip II., 10251 . , b., 10283 ; Periegesis of Greece, 10292. , throne of Sparta ; k., 10232. Pauthier, Jean Pierre Guillaume, b., 7143; d., 7462. Pauw, Michael, buys Staten Island, 33 1 . Pauwels, Ferdinand, d., 5423. Pavia, Gen., at Cadiz, 11321 ; dissolves Cortes, 11332. , It., action near, 10541 ; taken, 10701 , 10721 ; developed ; capital of Lombardy, 10713; court at, 7732; burned, 5021 ; univ. chartered, 10772; battle of, 680 1 ; seized, 10841 ; republican uprising, 10892. Pavon, Col., at Mitre, 4902. Pavonia, N. J., massacre at, 371 . Pawnbroking introduced, 10793. Pawnee, Kan., legislature at, 177 2 . Paw-Paw, 111., swept away, 3601 . Pawtucket, R. I., cotton factory at, 1021 ; sewing thread mnf. at, 1042 ; Slater-Cot- ton Centennial, 3683. Paxico, Kan., R. R. collision, 4413. Paxton boys massacre Indians, 722. , Sir Joseph, b., 9323 ; Crystal Palace built, 9562 ; d., 9681. , J. C, at Cold Knob Mountain, 2161 . Payen, Anselme, b., 7102 ; d., 7461 . Payne Co., Okla., courthouse burned, 4793. , Edward John, History Am., 420 3 . , George, killed, 9352. , Henry B. , b., (1810); on Committee of Seven, 2933 ; on Electoral Commission, 2951 ; candidate for pres., 3051 . , James S., pres. West Coast, 11612. , John, b., 9502. , , b. (1815) ; bp., 1683; d. (1874). , Howard, b., 1022; d., 1701; in- terred at Washington, 3132. , Lewis, Lincoln assassination, 2431; stabs Sec. Seward ; sentenced.247 1 ,2482 ,3 . , Sereno E., b., 1561 . , William, pedometer patented, 9441 • ruling machine, 930 2 . Paynter, Samuel, gov. Del., 1332. , Thomas H., b., 1682. Paysandu taken, 5561 . Payson, Edward, b. (1783) ; d.; 1342. , Norman, discovers planets, 9602. Paz, Soldan, Mariano Felipe, b. (1821); works, 11083, 11091 ; d. (1886). Pazzi, Jacobi, forms conspiracy, 10793. Peabody, And. Preston, b., 1163; d.,426i. , Elizabeth Palmer, 1122. , George, b., 10G1 ; promotes education, 2562 ; sails for Eng., 2063 ; gifts to Lon- don, 9671, 9683, 9723 ; d., 2681 ; body in Am., 2693 ; funeral, 2691 ; statue, 9721 . , Nathaniel, b., 642 ; d., 1303. dwellings opened, 967 3 . Institute, 2543, 2562. Institute Library founded, 2922. Normal College 'opened, 2903. Peace, " Let us have," Gen. Grant, 2632. , G. B. and Am. ,961, 3; of Paris, 7033 ; of Prague, 7943 ; Congress at Paris, 7483. Commissioners for Virginia, 1912 ; in Washington, 1933. , Confed., 1931,2; unrecognized; demand refused, 1932,3. Cong, at Geneva ; at Berne, 1138 3 ; at World's Fair, 4363. , Confederate basis of, 2432. Conven., Wash., 1912,3 ; plan, 1933 ; in Delaware, 197 2 . of God est., 6682, 6691 . Jubilee, celebrated at Boston, 2661 . Preservation Act for Ire, 9733 ; or- dered enforced, 9812. Society established, England, 9391,2. Peacemaker explodes, 1561 . Peach Tree Creek, Ga., battle, 2362. Peacock captures Bpervier, 1221 ; in ex- ploring expedition, 1481 ; wrecked, 153 3 . Peacock, Sir Barnes, d., 1004V , Thomas Love, b., 9223 ; d., 9582. Peacocke, Jos. Ferguson, cons, bp., 10121 . Peale, Charles Wilson, b., 642 ; Washing- ton, 761,1041; d., 1342. , E. W., opens museum, 1101 . , John, Battle 0/ Niagara appears, 1271 . , Rembrandt, b., 912 ; Washington, 1401; Court of Death, VOW; d., 1861 ! Peapack, N. J., Smith reunion, 436 2 . Pearce, James A., b. (1805) ; sec. interior, 1672 ; d., 2172. Pea Ridge, battle of, 2042. Pearl-barley mill, invented, 7962. Pearls found in America, 3441 , 3452. Pears, Sir Thomas Townsend, d., 1008 1. IVarsall, Carrie, killed, 4383. Pearson, Albert J., b., 1602. , Charles Henry, d., 10121 . , Col., in Zulu war, 6002. , Emma Maria, d., 10101. , Henry G., d., 3382 ; bust, 4621 . , J. B., consecrated bishop, 986 2 . , John, b. (1612) ; d., 8962. , Wm. constructs planetarium, 9322. Peartree, William, mayor N. Y., 572. Peary, Robert Edwin, b. (1856) ; relief ex- pedition, 4001, 4081, 4ifli, 4321, 4341 ; Arctic Journal, 4482 ; Falcon, 4701 , 5941 . Peasants revolt, Eng., 8601 ; conspiracy of, 7873 ; war, Ger., 7861 , 7873, 7881 , 7892 ; Peas-Penn. Text Figures denote Page. INDJl«X. Superior Figures indicate Co)u 1367 revolt, 7892 ; represented, 8292 • upris- ing, Hung., 5082. Pease, Edward, builds K. R., 9421 . -, Edward M., gov. Tex., 1743, 2591 ,3. , Joseph, Quaker in Pari., 9471 ; against death penalty, 9873. Peaucellier, M., machine for motion, 738 2 . Pecci, Giacchino. (See Leo XIII.) Peck, Asahel, governor Vt., '2873. , Charles P., favors McKinley law, 4143, 4153. , George, b. (1797) ; d., 2921 . , Wilbur, gov. Wis., 3992; nom. for governor, 4712. , Jesse Truesdell, b., 1163 ; cons, bp., 2763; d.,3122. , Gen. John James, b. (1821) ; at Suf- folk, 2212 ; d., 2982. , John Mason, b. (1789) ; indictments against, 3103 ; d., 1842. Peckham, John, b. (1240±) ; archbishop, 8522 ; d. (1292). Pecock, Reginald, b.-d., 8602; works, 8623. Pecquet, Jean, b., 6863 ; d.,6922. Pecquigny, peace of, signed, 6792. Peculiar People founded, 9483. Pedal Harp, invented, 8002. organ, invented, 934 3 . Pedee River, Sherman crosses, 2441 . Pedersen, Christian, works, 3633. Pedometer, pocket patented, 9282, 9441 , Pedrarias. (See Avila, Pedro Arias.) Pedraza, Manuel Gomez, b. (1788±) ; presi- dent, 10962 ; d. (1851). Pedro I., b.-d., 5542 ; sails for Port., 5543; regent Braz. ; emp. ; abdicates, 555 2 . II., b., 5542 ; marries, 5543; emp. of Brazil, 5552 ; threatened ; returns from Europe, 5571 ; in Am., 2912, 5571 ; recep- tion ; sails on Alagoas , refuses pension ; opens assembly ; 'dethroned, 5572 ; ban- ished; in Portugal, 1110 1 ; declines ab- dication, 5573 ; proclaims himself regent, lllli; ill; refuses money ; d.,558 3 . I., reigns in Portugal, 11093. II., regent, reigns in Port., 11103. III., reigns in Portugal, 11103. IV., reigns; charter restored, 1111' . V.,b., 1110 2 ; reigns ; marries Princess Sophia Stephanie ; d., 11112. II.,kingof Araeon, defeated, k.,6701. , or Peter, the Cruel, b.-d., 11262; ex- pelled; restored toCastile,6753; against Henry II., 11261 ; reigns in Leon-Castile, 11273; Moors assist ; killed, 11261. , Prince, b., 5562. de Souza-Holstein, D. of Pamella, b.-d., 11102. Peeble's Farm, Va., Confeds. retire, 2383. Peekskill, N. Y., British at, 861 ; Peel, Arthur Wellesley, b. (1829) ; speaker, H. C.,9932, 10092. .Jonathan, b. (1799); minister, 969 2 , 9632; d. (1879). , Sir Robert, b., 9123 ; minister, 9413, 9433; Cath. Emancipation Bill, 9452; premier, 9473,9512; Sliding Scale Bill, 951 2 ; Income Tax Bill, 9513 ; Import Duties Bill, 9532 ; resigns, 953 2 ,3 ; d., 9562 ; statue, 9582, 9602, 9721 , 9821 . , Sir , b., 9243 ; cylinder carding machine, 916i; d., 9442. , Sir Thomas, project, 495 2 . Peele, Geo., b., 8721 ; works, 8751 ; d.,8762. Peer enters H. C, 8873. Peerage, hereditary, France, 7273 • for life opposed, England, 9612. Peers, new created, 7252, 8273 ; bill for creating, 9073 ; in Pari, elections, 9773. Peffer, William A., b., 1382 ; speech, 4372, 4392 ; amendment, 4431 ; bond issue, 4492; resolution, 4533; Land Bill, 4572. Pefore, Adm., minister, 767i . Peg- Leg Mine, search, 4233. Pegasus wrecked, 9533. Peggy Stewart, anniver. of burning, 4403. Pegram, Col. John, b. (1832); at Rich Mountain ; at Beverly, 1962 ; near Som- erset, 2202 ; killed, 2421 ,3. Pegu, Burma, dis., 10433; stormed, 10462 ; annexed to G. B., 9573 ; invaded, 11241 . Pegwacket, fight at, 601 . Peritang, Cathedral removed, 6242. Peirce, Benjamin, b. (1809) ; d., 3041 . Peiwar Pass, British defeat, 43. Peixoto Floriano, b., 5542 ; appointment, 5583, 5593 j plot against, 5583, 5602; pres. ; power unlimited, 5592 ; resigna- tion demanded, 5593. Pekah, at Jerusalem ; against Ahaz, 11441 j murders Pekahiah, 11451 ; reigns, 11452. Pekahiah, reigns, 1145 2 ; murdered, 11451 . Peking, peace preliminaries, 4x:;2; sacked, 612i; earthquake, 6142, 616 2 ; capital, 615i,2; observatory, 616 2 ; rebels de- feated, 6181 ; evacuated ; surrendered, 6201; threatened, 6202; mission, 6203, 6211, 2; convention signed, 6212, 6252; rebels approach, 6241 ; submerged, 6242, 6271; fire; tenders for R.R., 6253; canal to Pee-Ho, 6142 ; electric lights, 6253 ; Dutch embassy to, 617 2 ; emp. favors Ricci,6143; emperor's conf.,627 2 ; palace ravaged, 620 1; Eng. and Fr. embassies, 6213 ; P. Gazette, 6122, 6241 ; peace pre- liminaries, 4832 ; Rom. Cath. Christians, 6243- Rus. embassy in, 6171 ; Society lor Propagation Gospel, 623i ; Tartars in power, 6142. Peko, revolt, 528V IVIagian controversy, 8403. Pelagianism, intro., 10691 • condemned, 10702. Pelagius, fnds. Pelagian sect, 8403 j ban- ished, 10691; d.,8402. 1., pope, 10703. II., pope, 107U; d., 10721. Pelasgus reigns, 10133 ; acorn food, 10131 . Pelayo, reigns in Asturias and Leon, 11253 ; d., 11252. , Mendenez, works, 11323. Pelckmans, Godfrey, cons. R.C.bp., 10121 , Pelew Islands, seized by Japan, 1093 3 . Pelham-Clinton, Henry Pelham, D. of Newcastle, b.,9351 , minister,9592,9633; d. (1864> , George, elected bishop, 9303. , Sir Henry, b.,9002; lord treas., 9113; forms administration, 911 3 ; d., 9123. , J T., elected bishop, 9583. , Thomas Holies, D. of Newcastle, b., 9002; chancellor, Cambridge Univ., 9133; minister, 9133, 9153 ; premier, 9153 ; re- signs, 9152 ; d. (1768). , , Earl of Chichester, b., (1756) ; p.-m. gen., 9413; d. (1826). Pi'/icaii captures Argus, 120 3 . Pelissier, Aimable Jean Jacques, Due de Malakoff, b.,7102 ; suffocates Arabs, 83; d.,-91. Pell, George H., arrested, 3522,3. Pellegrini, Count Pelegrino, ass'ted, 10872. , Carlos, pres. Argentine, 4922. Pelletan, Pierre Clement Ku^ene.b., 72H ; d.,7541. Pelletier, Bertrand, b., 7023; d.,7123. , Pierre Joseph, b.,7062; dis. quinine, 7222 ; dis. narcein, 7261 ; d., 7282. Pellew, Edward, Viscount Exmouth, b., 9143; takes Fr. fleet, 710 1 ; aj^ainstpirates, 9381 ; in Algeria, 82 ; d., 9462. Pelley, Robert, governor, 5773. Pellican, Conrad, b., 7862 ; d., 7922. Pellico, Silvio, b., 10843 ; d., 10863. Pellison, Paul, b. (1624) ; works, 6903 ; d. (1693). Felly, Sir Lewis, d., 1008 1 . Pelnpidas commands Sacred Band, 10222 ; frees Thebes, 10233 ; slain, 10223, 10231. Peloponnesian War, first, 10201; league independent; confederacy meets, 10212; war ended, 10221. Peloponnesus, Gr., settled, 10133; invaded, 10151 , 10222,3 ; ravaged, 10261 . Pelops, institutes Olympic games, 10131 ; in Peloponnesus, 10133. Pelouze, Theophile Jules, b., 7163 ; d., 7362. Pels, Andries, Art of Poetry, 11012. Peltier, induction electrometer, 8161 . Peltzer, Leon and Armand, trial, 546i . Pelusium, Egypt, battle at, 6502. Pemba, ceded, 5633. Pemberton, Sir Francis, chief justice, 8953. , John Clifford, b. (1814) ; supersedes Van Dorn, 2142; at Black River; at Champion's Hill, 2221 ; at Salisbury, 2461; d. (1881). Pembina, territory fmd., ; changed to Huron, 2933. Pembroke wrecked, 912* . surrenders, 8861 . Pembroke, Earl of, title created, 871 1. (See Marshal.) , Thomas, E. of, pres. R. Soc, 8961 ; 1.- adm., 8992, 9031 ; minister, 8993, 9032, 3. Pefia Mura, action at, 11321 . Pena, Saenz, pres., 4923. Penal Code promulgated, 11023. laws repealed, Eng., 9213. ■ servitude recommended, G. B., 969*. Penang occupied, 1242 ; ceded, 925 2 ; mar- riage portion ; a Brit, province, 10453. Penaranda, Diego de Sojo y, fnds. Tala- manca, 630 1 . Pence, Lafe, b., 1821. Pencils made, 870 1 . Pencker, Gen. Eduard von, minister, 8173. Penda defeats Edwin; attacks Wessex, 8421 ; K. (655). Pender, Wm. Dorsey, b. (1854+) ; d., 225 1 . Pendergrast, Garrett Jesse, b. (1802) ; d., 2152. Pendlebury, mine explosion, 9933. Pendleton, Edmund, b., 601 ; d., 1102. , Geo. C, M. C, b., 1581 . , Hunt, b. (1825); for vice-pres., 2393 ; in election, 2412 ; defeated, 2432 ; intro. Civil Reform Bill, 3112 ; d., 3481 . Pendulum inv.. 8842; spiral spring inv., 9001 ; clock inv., 9061 ; improved, 11003. Penguin captured by Hornet, 1231 . Penguin mission, 498 2 . Penick, Chas. Clifton, b. (1843) ; bp., 2942. Peninsula campaign begins, 2061 . Co. fmd., Eng., 9493. War, period of, 9341 , 11101 . Penitents org. as nuns, 11291 . Penjdeh assured to Afgh., 52 ; given to Rus.; occupied; surrendered, 71. Penman, John S., resignation, 4321 . Penu, D. P., drives Kellogg out, 2853; trouble in La., 2853. , Davidson R., Fair Committee, 3633. , John, b. (1729); gov., 733; d. (1795). - — .Richard, b. (1734); gov., 773; inH.L., Eng., 9193; d. (1811). , William, adm., b., 8802; d. (1670). , William, b., 361 ; tried, 8923; Quaker leader, 8863; arrested, 8931; sails for Am., 8953; i n Pa., 483, 55i ; proprietor of Pa., 49i ; gov. Pa., 492, 551 : land grants in Del. ; purchase in N. J. ; proclamation, 491; in Phil., 492; de- prived of rights, 532 ; returns to Am., 543 ^ proposes a cong. ; frees slaves, 55 1 ; conditions and concessions ; at New- castle, 491 ; treaty with Indians, 492; restored, 532, 3; d., 592 ; eel., 4422. College, la., org., 2822. Safe Deposit and Trust Co., 3833. Haven, Pa., R. R. accidents, 3313. Pennant, Thomas, b., 9063; d., 9283. Pennecerrada, action at, 11301. Pennell, Joseph, b. (1859); work, 43. Pennefather, Edward, chief justice, 9512. Pennington, Alexander C, d.,256 1 . , John L,, gov. Dak., 2851 . , William, b. U796); speaker, 1872; gov. N. J., 1492; d. (1862). , Sanford, b. (1757); gov. N. J., 1213; d. (1826). Pennock, Caspar Wistar, b. (1799) ; d., 2561.- Pennoyer, Sylvester, gov., 3293, 3612, 3992. Pennsylvania bursts boilers, 1853. Pennsylvania, Walloons ascend the Dela- ware, 311 ; Swedes enter the Delaware, 351 ; Peter Hollander, gov., 372; Swedish colony settle Chester, 373 ; under the Dutch, 41i ; Alex. D'Hinyossa, gov., 412, 423; under the Eng., 453 ; Robt. Carr, governor, 423; Scotch Presb. and Men- nonites arrive, 482 • intemperance op- posed ; peacemakers appointed ; printing pres6 est. ; commonwealth proposed, 483 ; Wm. Markham, gov. (1681) ; Thos. Lloyd, pres. of Council (1684) ; first colony; granted to William Penn, 483, 49i ; Penn.gov.; purchases Swedes' land ; Phila. laid out ; D. of York cedes ; New- castle settled ; Welsh immigrants ; 1st Assembly ; treaty with Indians, 492 ; Thos. Lloyd, pres.; Germantown settled, 493 ; Presb. Church fmd. ; paper mill est., 502; John Blackwell, deputy gov., 511; [Delaware] secedes, 513; charter school est. j Prot. Epis. Church est., 523; Penn deprived of gov't., 532, 3 ; Benj. Fletcher (of N. T.), gov. (1693); post route est.; Wm.Markham.dep.gov. ,533^ later, Wm. Penn, 551 ; religious liberty est., 542; slaves freed, 551 ; A.D. 1700+ ; surrenders constitution ; Andrew Ham- ilton, dep. gov.; Edward Shippen, pres. (1703); John Evans, gov., 552; prov- 1368 Text Figures denote Page, lJNL)-h,X. Superior Figures indicate Colu Penn-Pere. ince Bet apart; yellow fever, 553, 733, 1093, 1113 ; Wm. Perm., personal gov. (1699); Chas. Gookin, dep. gov., 573; iron forge erected, 58 1 ; Dunkers (Ger. Bapt.) arrive; Phila. Presb. synod find., 582; slave trade prohibited, 583 ; Sir Wm. Keith, dep, gov.; deputies govern, 592; Log Coll. est., 603 ;Benj. Franklin arrives, 63i; paper money issued, 612 ; Patrick Gorden, dep. gov., G13; Catholics arrive ; Ger. Baptists est. monastic soc; 1st Ger. Luth. Church org., 622; library est.; Poor Richard's Almanac, 623 ; James Logan, pres. ; population, 63 3 ; Sunday school est. (?), 643 ; Geo. Thomas, dep.- gov., 65 2 ; Lancaster treaty, 653; Coetus fmd.. 663; univ. fnd., 671 ; A.D. 1750; + A. Palmer, pres.; James Hamilton, dep.- fov., 672, 713 ( 731 ; immigrants in, 673 ; orts est. in West, 681 , 9121 ; no fort on Ohio; stockade built at [Pittsburg]; Washington against the Fr., 6Si -■-; Brad- dock's defeat, 632; hospital est., 69i; plan for Am. union, 692 ; Robt. H. Mor- ris, dep.-gov.; land colonized, 693; N. Y. Presb. Synod unites, 711; taxation scheme; W. Denny, dep.-goy., 713 ; In- dians massacred, 722; prohibitory laws, 73 1 ; immigrants debarred ; John Penn, gov., 733 ; Methodism intro. ; Neir Castle < 'kr-micle issued, 742 ; express to N. Y., 753 ; Rich. Penn., gov., 773 ; anti-tea movement, 79 1 ; hostilities of settlers, 803; Franklin returns from Eng., 812; Colonial charter overthrown ; proprie- tary govt, ends, 832; Washington's army enters, leaves, 833-^, 87 1 ; Benj. Frank- lin, Committee of Safety, 853 ; Geo. Bryan, acting-gov., (1777) ; new constitu- tion, 85 3 ; Quakers arrested, 863 ; battle of Brandywine, S7 1 ; action at Diamond Island; Brit, at Germantown, 872; Thos. Wharton, pres., 892 ; Cong, at Phila., at Lancaster, York, 873; j os . Reed, pres., 913; Fort Miffin surrendered, S81 ; Wash- ington at Valley Forge ; Brit, leave for N.Y., 882; Wyoming massuere, 883; Con- federation signed, 893 ; Christ's Church left ; slavery abolished, 932 ; Wm. Moore, pres. (1781) ; John Dickinson, pres., 953 ; Prot. Epis. diocese est., 963 ; Benj. Franklin, pres. Supreme Council, 991 ; Harrisburg laid out, 993 • Franklin Coll. est. ; ratines Federation Constitu- tion, 1003 ; Thos. Mifflin, pres., 101 1 , 1032; Easton laid out (1790] ; anthracite coal dis., 1021; Jacob Albright's reforms; land granted to Lutherans, 1023; Consti- tution adopted, 1032; i s t turnpike, 105 3 ; Phila.Meth.Epis.Conf.org., 10G2; insur- rection against widow tax; Thos.M'Kean, gov., 1093; a. D. 1800+ ; Evan. Meth. Asso.org., 1103; Washington and Jeffer- son Coll. est., 1111 ; p. Acad. Fine Arts est., 114 1 ; Simon Snyder, gov. ; coal 1st mined, 1153; 1st (?) Sunday school est., 1163; poor children instructed, 1171; steamboat leaves Pittsburg, 1173; rolling millatPittsburg,1182; Campheliites rise, 1183 ; capital removed to Harrisburg, 1193 ; anthracite coal marketed, 1213 ; Allegheny Coll. est.; State library fnd., 1251 ; Wm. Findley, gov., 1253 ; Western Univ. est., 1283; ,j * m Heister, gov., 1292; coal marketed, 1293 ; John Andrew Shulze, gov., 1313; Pittsburg Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1322 ; Evang. Luth. Synod meets, 1343; school slates mnf., 1341; George Wolf, gov., 1373; Church of God fmd., 1382; East Penn. eldership fmd., 1383; p a . Coll. org.; Lafayette Coll. est., 1403 ; Universalist State Conven. org., 1402; R. R. Phila. and Harrisburg; West Chester R. R. opd., 1413; suppression of lotteries, 143 1 ; Jos. Ritner, gov., 1453; two rival legislatures; militia called out, 1493; iron made with coal, 1501; N. S. Presby. Synod org., 1502; David R. Por- ter, gov., 1512; Scranton fnd., 1533; East Pa. Gen. Synod Evan. Luth. org., 1543; defaults interest, 1553 ; n s, Presb. Synod, Western Pa., org.; R. C. dio- cese est., 1563; petroleum dis., 15S',392 3941 ; Eldership Church of God org., 1582; Francis R. Shunk, gov., 161 1 ; zinc dis., 1622; Wm. F. Johnson, acting-gov., 1652; univ. of Lewisbnrg est., 1663 ; Wm. Bigler, gov., 1712 ; Beaver Coll. est., 1731; Molly Maguires org., 1732; Pitts- burg Female Coll. est., 1763; James Pol- lock, gov., 1792; Penn. State Coll. org., 1823; R.R. and canals sold to Pa. R.R.Co., 1833; Win. F. Packer, gov., 1852; a. D. 1860± ; prepares for civil war, 1933 , 195 2 ; Andrew G. Curtin, gov., 2032 ; Molly Maguires operate, 2072,201)3, -_>172; Agri- cultural Coll. est., 2111 ; all able-bodied men called out against Confederates, 2131 ; Chambersburg raided, 2142,2223, 2363 ; Gen. Wool at Harrisburg, 2142 ; Confederate army at Chambersburg ; Confed. invasion," 223' , 3; 100,000 volun- teers called out, 2233 ; Harrisburg, Phila., threatened, 223= ; battle of Gettysburg, 2241 ; Stuart's raids, 2242 ; Phila. and Erie R. R. opd., 2393; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; Lehigh Univ. est., 2543; Penn. Hospital est., 2843; political temperance movement, 2562 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2573 ; John W. Geary, gov., 2593 ; Central Meth. Epis. Conf. fnd., 2622; Swarthmore Coll. est., 2663; fi re mAvondalecoal mine,267 3 ; ThielColl.; St. Vincent's Coll. ; Ursinus Coll. est., 2722; strikes in coal region, 2731 , 4703 ; Central Penn. P. E. diocese fmd., 2762 ; pres. proclamation to, 297 2 ; local option law, 2803, 2911 ; new constitution opera- tive; John F.Hartrauft, gov. ,2851, 2951 ; non-union men ill-treated, 2912; normal school opd., 2923; strikers resume work, 2971 ; Pittsburg Coll. org., 3003 ; Henry M. Hoyt, gov., 3033; coal miners strike, 3103, 3171 , 3203, 3211 ; floods, 3121 , 4093 ; glass-blowers strike, 31. >1 ; inundations, 3161; Robert E. Pattison, gov., 3153, 3992; Bullett Act passes, 3233; Cngreg. Asso. org., 3242; R. R, vestibule train intro., 3253; Brooks Law, 3292, 3303; James A. Beaver, gov., 3293.; earth- quake; tornadoes, 332i , 3583; collieries resume work, 3393 ; Johnstown flood, 3413; reports on floods, 3453; ship canal commission, 3473 ; J. W. Delamater, nom. gov., 3631 ; C. W. Miller, nom. for gov., 3672; new gas wells dis., 3721 ; L.V. R. R. coal rates, 3811; coke region; troops withdrawn, 3821 ; Brooks Whole- sale License Bill, 3832 ; Compulsory Education Bill vetoed, 3862; train rob- bers, 3902 ; investigation of officials, 3932; coke-workers org., 3963; Moon- shiners kill Hochstettcr, 4042; Home- stead strike, 4083, 4102 + ; R.R. explosion, 4193 ; Anti-cigarette Bill, 4223 ; wreck- ing train foiled, 4362; landing of Penn eel., 4422; nuns in public schools, 4521 ; 4681; 4742; Galusha A. Grow, M. C, 4532; strike in coke-region, 4543,4581, 4563; 4571, 4623; tramps steal trains, 4583; rioters warned, 46U; wheel trust fmd., 4733; R. R. collision, 4753, 4793; Daniel Hartman Hastings, gov. (1894). Pennyslvania Acad. Fine Arts est., 1141 , College org., 1403. Military,Coll. org., Chester (1862). State College org., 1823. & Reading R. R. controls roads, 4013. , University of, projected, 67 1 ; hospi- tal dedicated, 2843; S. W. Pepper's gift, 3843 ; boat-race, 317 3 ; opd. to women, 3132, 3471, 4041 ; course lengthened, 4562; W. Potter's gift, 4761 . Penny, Virginia, b., 1342. post annexed to crown, 8972. Postage Bill, G. B., 9493, 9512. postage jubilee, 10023. 1-Vnnv baker,' Isaac Samuels, b. (1807) ; d., 1623. Penobscot, Me., trading-post seized, 34i . and Kennebec R. R. completed, 1813. Peiirhyn, Baron, title created, 9G51. Penrose, W. J., shot, 3852. Penry, John, b. (1559); hanged, 8763. Pens, gold mnf., 1521; iron, 8962; steel, 9321 ; general use, 9401, 9461. Pi- a *<-(<■>>/ a sunk, 3381 . eclipse expedition, 3461 , 3531 ; flag- ship, 3661 , Fla., Spaniards settle, 521; R. C. church, 523 ; taken, 941 , 952, 126 1 ; bat- tle at, 1221 ; Gen. Jackson at, 1223; navy yard seized, 1901, 191 1; Confederates evacuate, 207 1 ; Confederate soldiers' monument, 3841 ; yellow fever, 435 3 . Pension Act, 813, 25^1, 3172,3193,3233, 3263, 3483, 3543, 3552, 3592, 3623,3631 3772, 3871 , 4031 , 42H , 4251 ,2. Pension Bureau investigation, 365 2 . Fund, Nat., org. Eng., 9983. Pensions, granted, 115 1, 1272, 1871; in Ga.,391 1 ; special tax, Ala., 421 1 ; order annulled, 4312 ; roll enlarged, 455 2 ; re- stricted, 3441 ; for army nurses, 3651 ; Indian war, 4141. (See Invalid.) Bill approved, Fr., 7672. by royal grant, G. B., 9492; provided, 9471. Pentaour, writer, 6483. Pentarchy of great powers, 5203. Pentateuch written, 11411 . Pentecost, at Jerusalem, 10623. , George Fred.,b. (1S43) ; in Ind., 3681 . bands org., 320 2 ; mission, 11053. Pentinger, Conrad, b., 7S6 2 . Pent land Hills, Scot., action at, 8921 . Pen-y-grage, colliery explosion, 9873. Penzance, Baron, title created, 9651 ; fa- vors C. J. Ridsdale, 9S02. Peonage abolished in New Mexico, 256 2 . People's Charter, Petition, G. B., 9513. Municipal League convention, 3683 ; organized, 378 2 . Party fmd., 3852 ; conven., 411 1 ; car- ries Kan. and N. Dak., 4192; meets, 4683; conf., 4793; in Can., 5892. Provident Assurance Soc. fnd., 9591 . Peoria, 111., N. S. Presb. synod org., 1562; John L. Spaulding, bp.,2942 ; R. C. dio- cese est., 2% 2 ; steamer ea-psizes, 4113 • steam-pipe collapses, 4553. Pepe, Gen. Guglielmo, b. (1783) ; leader, 10861; d., 10S63. Pepi I. reigns, Fr., 7472. II. reigns, 7472 ; expeditions, 6461 . Pepin, Heristal, mayor of palace, 6652, a j Pr. of Franks ; defeats Berthar, 6641 ; d., 6653, 7702. the Short, b.-d., 6642 ; donation of ; in It.; takes Narbonne, 664 1 ; delivers France, 4853. of Aquitania, comma nder-m-chief, 7701 ; regent, 667 1 ; d., 7731 . , Lake, Minn., Sea Wing capsizes, 3653. Pepoli, Gioachino, Marquis, b., 10862 ; d., 10901 . Peppard, Capt., duel, 8092. Pepper, William, b. (1843) ; gift, 3843. Pepperell, N.H., earthquake shocks, 3741 . , Sir William, b., 522 ; at Louisburg, 661; d.,721. Pepys, Sir Charles Christopher, b., 9222 ; commissioner, 9473 ; lord chancellor, 9492,9533; d.,9562. , Henry, elected bishop, 9423. , Samuel, b., 8822; Diart/, 8903 ; cup of tea, 8913; pies. Roy. Soc.,896i;d., 9022. Pequot war, 341 . IVraiba, captaincy of, 5532. Perak, British resident, 10492. Peralta grant claimed, 4553. , Fr., Ibanez de, governor, 605 3 . Perceval, Spencer, b., 9162 ; minister, 9333; premier, 9353; assassinated, 9371 . Perehard, Peter, lord mayor London, 9313. Perche, annexed to France, 6732, 6792. Percier, Charles, b., 7031 ; d., 7282. Percival, James Gates, b., 106 1 ; works, 1312, 1431, 1571; d., 1781. , Thomas, b. (1740) ; cod-liver oil rem- edy, 9221 ; d. (1S04). Percussion-caps used, 940 1 . Percy, Algernon, h. (1602); Duke of North- umberland ; minister, 8833; d. (1668). , , D. of Northumberland, b., 926=; minister, 9573; a. (1865). , Sir George, governor Va.,273. , Henry, found dead, S75 3 . , Sir , at Nesbit Muir ; at Homil- don Hill ; at Shrewsbury, 8601 ; d.,8602. , Hugh, Earl Northumberland, b. (1742) ; lord-lieut., 8172 ; d. (1816). , Lady Mary, founds convent, 5411 . , Thoinas, liunpowder plot, 8792. , , h., 9082 ; -works, 9171 ; d., 9351 . Society founded, 9511 . Percys revolt, Eng., 8613. Perczel, Gen., defeated, 5221 . Perdiccas, regent, 10253 ; invades Egypt, 6502; reigns, 10233 ; opposed, 10253; con- quers Cappadocia, 11481, 11491 • mur- dered, 10242. Pereda, Angel de, governor, 6052. Pexefixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, b., 6862; Roi Henri, 6911 ; d., 6922. Pereira, Antonio, gov. Costa Rica, 6301 . Pere-Pete. Text Figures denote Page. INDJiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 136'. Pereira, Duarte Coelho, captaincy, 553 2 . , vice-president Brazil, 5602. Pereire, Emile, b., 7143; Credit Mobilier, 7333,7373 ; d., 750t. , Isaac,b.,7163; C. Mobilier, 7333,7373. Perestralo, Raphael, to China, 6142. Pereyra, G. A., pres. Uruguay, 1160 2 . Perez, Antonio, b.-d., 11282. , Galdos (Benito), b., 11303. , Jose Joaquin, b., 60S 1 ; war renewed, 6061 ; president, 6072. , Juan, letter to Isabella, 122. , Santiago, b., 6282 , pres., 6292. Pergamus, kingdom fnd., 11491; extent of, 1149 2 ; Romans possess library, 1148 3 ; bequeathed to Romans, 11493. Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831; d., 10842. Periander rules, 10153 ; one of Seven Sages, 10163 ; d., 10162. Pericles, b.-d., 10162 ; reigns, 10153 ; be- gins long walls, 10183 ; improves Athens ; overruns Peloponnesus, 10191 ; in public affairs ; rival of Cimon ; in Megaris ; bribery of, 1020 1 ; subdues revolts ; rules commonwealth ; refounds Thurii, 10212. Perie, Jose, governor, 6303. P^rier, Casimir, b.,7043; d., 7262. , — -, b., 7192 ; ministry of, 7273 ; d., 7502. , Isaac, financier, d., 7522. Periers, Bonaventuredes, work, 6831. Perignon, Dominique Catherine, Marquis de, b., 7022; d., 7223. Perigueux, Fr., cathedral founded, 6683 ; taken, 6741, Perinthus, siege of, 10241. Peripatetic school of philos. fnd., 10243. Perit, Pelatiah, b. (1785) ; d., 2312. Perkins, Chas. Callahan, b., 1303; d.,324i. , Elisha, b., 642 ; d. (1799). , George Hamilton, b. <1S26) ; Capt., at Berwick Bay, 220L , Clement, b., 1502 j governor, 3033; senator, 4351. D., b.,1522. , Roberts, b., 1183 ; d., 2921 . , Jacob, b., 741 ; invents steel engrav- ing, 1261 ; steam-gun, 9402 ; d. (1849). , Justin, b. (1805) ; d., 2681 . , Thomas, b., 741 . , Handasyd, b. (1764) ; d., 1741 . Permissive Prohibitory Bill, G. B., 9673, 9732,9812, 9851. Pernambuco, Bra., captured, 5521 ; cap- taincy granted ; fnd., 553 2 ; republic est., 5551 , 2 ; bixa malady appears, 555 3 ; mission, 5562 ; boycotting league ; elec- tion riots, 558 3 ; martial law, 5601 . Peroifskaja, Sophie, arrested, 11211. Peronne, Fr., besieged, 7431 . Perote, Mex., taken, 1621 . Perowne, John James Stewart, b. (1824) ; consecrated bishop, 1004 2 . Perperna assassinates ; executed, 10581 . Perpetua, St., killed, 10643. Perpetual Edict signed, 10993 ; passes, 11013. Perpignan,Fr., cathedral fnd.; Univ. fnd., 6743 ; taken, 6781 ; surrenders, 6881 ; an- nexed to Fr., 6893. Perraud, Adolphe Louis Albert, Academi- cian, 7521 , Perrault, Claudius, b., 6862 ; works, 6952; d., 6942. Perrenot, Antoine. (See Granulla.) Perrens, Francois Tomme, b., 7242. Perrin, Abbe. Pierre, work, 6901 ; d., 6923. Perrine, W. W., cons, bishop, 10102. Perring, John, lord mayor London, 9313. Perronet. Jean Rodolphe, b., 6963. Perrot, Art, dans V Antiquite, 7661 . , Sir John, deputy, 8753. Perrotin, M., discovery planets, 7481. Perry, Ire., Bishop lliggins eons., 9902. , Kan., tornado, 4321 . , train robber, convicted, 4022. .Arthur Latham, b., 1381; Political Economy, 398 2. -, Benjamin Franklin, b. (1805) ; gover- nor S. C, 2483, 2511 ; d. (1886). , Charles, d.,5013. , Commander, ice-bound, 3881 . , Edward A., governor Fla., 3233. , Enoch Wood, b. (1831) ; National Academy Design, 2681 . , Madison S., governor, 1832. , Matthew Calbrith, b., 1042 ; bom- bards Tobasco, 160i ; takes Tuspan,162i ; in Japan, 1712, 172 1 , 1732, 10913 ; treaty with Japan, 1751 ; d., 1842; statue, 1881 . Perry, Oliver Hazard, b., 962 ; on Lake Erie, 1203 ; d., 1281 . , Stephen Joseph, b., 9462 ; d. (1889). , Thos. Sargent, b., 158 1; works, 3722. , William Stevens, b., 1402; bp.,2922. Perryville, Ky., battle of, 2142. , N.Y., trial of dynamite shell, 3661 . Persano, Count Carlo l'ellione di, b. (1806); Adm. at Lissa, 8242; d. (1883). Persepolis captured, 10242. Perseus, founds Lyceme, 10133; last K. of Macedon, 10273; war with Rome, 10281 ; in chaius ; campaigns against, 10551 ; empire ends, 10292. Persia. (See text pp. 1106-1108) ; subdued, 11442; wars; invades Gr., 1016 1; inva- sion, 1st, 10173; 2d, 3d, 10181 ; 4th, 10182; war ends, 10183; 2d expedition; crosses Hellespont, 10181 ; invasion arrested, 10122; independence of, 6513; oppresses Gr. cities, 10233; eonquered, 4851 , 10241 ; war with Gr., 10502; war with Romans, 10641, 10701, 10712; vanquished, 10302; empire destroyed; defeated, 4841; am- bassador from,613 2 ; insurrections, 4S71 , 2; war with Turk., 11561 ; invades India, 10441 ; Turks lose possessions, 11561 ; war with Rus., 11161 ; peace, 11173. Persian Calendar reformed, 11073. Persian Monarch ashore, 4593. Persians in Afgh., 41 ; take Herat, 42, 51 . Persico, Monsignor, represents pope, 9942. Persigny, Jean Baptist e Philibert, d.,746 1 . , Due de (Jean Gilbert Victor de Fia- lin),b.,717i ; instructs electors ; resigns, 7371 ; d. (1872). Persius, Flaccus Aulus, b.-d., 10622; So- Personal Liberty Bill, 1851 , 2032, 2113. Security Law. Eng., 8632. Perth Amboy, N. J., fnd., 492; Assembly meets, 553. , Can., Courier issned, 5791 . , Scot., fnd., 8393; captured, 8561 ,g5Si , 8721, 8842; burned, 8601; 2d Covenant signed, S722; Articles of, 8802; surren- ders, 8862; Albert statue, 9662; Bishop Parry elected, 9803. , W. Australia, settled, 495 2 ; diocese est., -4962; gold-field, 4981 ; see est., 9583; Bishop Gibney consecrated, 9962. , Earl of, title created, 8773. Perthes, Fried. Cliristol 1 ,h,b..,S03i;d.,8162. Pertinax, Helvius, b.-d., 10642; reigns ; murdered, 10651 ,2. Perty, Jos. Anton Maximilian, b., 8082; d., 8302. Pertz, Georg Heinrich, b., 8063; d., 8282. Peru. (See text, pp. 1108-1109); Manco Capac appears, ll 1 , 3 ; civilized soc. be- gins, ll 3 ; communism prevails, 11 2; Incas rule, 132, 152 ; Sinchi Rocca reigns ; Lloque Yupanqui reigns ; Mayta Capac reigns, 132; Rocca reigns ; despotism; Yuhuar-Huaccac reigns ; Uira-Cocha reigns ; Pachacutec Yupanqui reigns ; Tupac Capac reigns ; Huayna Capac reigns, 133; arts developed, 141 ; intoxi- cants used; highly civilized, 152; roads made, 161 ; capitulation, 182; conquest, 182, 193, 201; religion, 183; gov't of, 193; rebellion, 201, 232; Almagro ar- ""' ; Sp. province, 212; disputed 22 2 ; Pizarro rules; new laws revoked, 231 ; Sp. crown rules ; anarchy stamped out ; secure gov't est., 232- wheat reaped, 233; Jesuits; Inquisition, 242; Henri- quez viceroy, 252; Loyola viceroy ; Her- dato de Mendoza viceroy, 253; earth- quake, 502, 58i, 661; detached from Chile, 6051 ,2; Dutch attack, 11001 ; rup- ture with Sp., 11313; treaty with Chile, 6072; Harvard meteorological station est., 4421 ; Santa Cruz enters ; uprising ; invades Bolivia, 550 1, 3; Indians work mines ; confederation with Bolivia,5502; boundary treaty, r>51 2; treaty with Boli- via, 6072'; final 'treaty, 6073;' Chile aids, 6061; Chileans invade, 6061,2; Eng. at- tack, 9101 . , Neb., Normal Schools opened, 2603. Perugia, It. (See Perusia) ; cathedral erected, 10743 ; Cambio built ; con- quered, 10781 ; pawnbrokir.gintro. ,10793; taken, 10821, 10881 ; mission, 10883. Perugino, Pietro Vanucci, b.-d., 10783. Peruke-makers petition, Eng., 9172. Perusia, truce with Rome, 10521 ; reduced, 10522; surrendered; war of, 10602. (Same as Perugia.) Peruzzi, Baldassare, b., 10783; d., 10803. , Ubaldino, b., 10862; d., 10901. Pesaro, It., taken, 10881 . Pescadores Islands captured, 6241 . Pescara, Marquis < >f < Ferdinand Francesco d' Avalos), b., 10783; d., 10803. Peschel, Oskar Ferd., b., 8123; d., 8282. Peschiera, It., Aust. retains, 5552. Peschka-Leutner, Minna, b., 5203 ; d.(1890). Peschmann, R. J., confesses, 4483. Pesci, Francis, consecrated bishop, 9862. Peshawar, Ahmed in, 51 ; mission, 53. Pestal, conspiracy against Czar, 11173. 1'estalozzi, Johaiin Heinrich, b.-d., 11372. Pesth (Budapest), fnd., 5031 ; earthquake, 516 3 ; Danube overflows, 520 1 ; enip. ar- rives, 5262; anti-Jewish riots, 5303; mob, 5311; riots, 5322. Petah-ases adopted, 6453. Petau, Denis, b., 6842; d., 6902. Petchingans exterminated, 11141. Peter the Apostle, called, 11521 ; baptizes Cornelius, 11523 ; events of life and death, 11523 11531,2; Epistles written, 11531 ; bishop at Koine (?), 10623. I. (III.) of Aragmi, K.of Sieily,10772. II., K. of Aragon ; kingdom tributary to Holy See, 107.-.3; aids Messina, 10761 ; • K. of Sicily. 10772, reigns in Navarre, 11272; reigns in Aragon, 1127 3 . the Cruel. (See Pedro the Cruel.) III., reigns in Aragon, 11273; con- quers Sicily, 11261 . IV., the Ceremonious, reigns, 11273; aids Messina, 10761 . • 1., Hung., enthroned, 5032,3; de- throned, 5032. III., of Port., reigns, 5551 . III., of Rus., withdraws from Aust. alliance, 516 2 . I., Alexievitch the Great, b.-d., 11142; in Eng., 9011 ; against Turks ; visits Ger., HolL, and Eng.; a shipbuilder, 11141 ; enthroned ; recalled ; punishes rebel- lion of Strelitz ; fnds. St. Petersburg ; title of emp.; subdues Azo VIL, 561, 11572; reopens gold mine, 11153; at Pul- towa, 1134L II., b.-d., 11143; enthroned; deposed, 11153. III., b.-d., 11143; reigns in Rus., 11172. of Blois, on transubstantiation,6702. the Hermit, b.-d., 6682; preaches Crusade, C683, 7762; in Crusade, 10743. , K. of Hung., vassal of Ger., 775 a . , Martyr, b., 10791 ; d., 10803. , grand duke of Oldenburg, 8193. , Rus., impostor, 11191 . , the Wild Boy, found, 8012. Peter the Great launched, 11181 . Peterborough, Can., Revieic issued; Ex- aminer, 6803; ft. C. diocese est., 5842; high license, 5862; silver-cave, 5941 . , Eng., mob, 9172 ; see erected, 8683 ; Cathedral opd.. 10042, 10082. , Earl of. (See Mordaunt, Charles). Peterhead. Scot., Carnegie library, 10063. Peterkin, George William, b.(1841) ; cons. P. E. bishop, 2983. Peterman, August H., b., 8122; works, 8203; d., 8282. • , Julius Heinrich, b., 8071 ; d., 8282. Peters, Absalom, b. (1796), 2621 ; d. (1869). , Bonaventure, b.-d., 540 3 - , Carl, h. (1856) ; arrival, 4362; expedi- tion, 562 1 ; report of death, 563 1 ; in Sudan, 6603; in Africa, 8382. , Christian August Friedrich, b.,8083; d., 8301 . , Henry Frederick, b., 810=; disc. asteroids, 1963, 2152, 2483, 2521, 2581, 2601, 2621, 2681, 2701. 2741, 2781,2801, 2841 , 2881 , 2901 , 2961 , 0931 ( 30u i , 3021 ,2, 3141 , 3201 , 3241 , 3261 , 3441 ; d., 8341 . , Francis Lucas, b., 5403; d.,541i. , Hugh, b. (1598+) ; in Maas, 352; hanged (1660). , John, b., 5403; d., 5411 , , burned, 8743. , S., gov. Conn., 1392. , Samuel, b. (1735); Blue Laws of Conn., 952; d. (1826). , Wilhelm Karl Hartwig, b., 8103; d., 8302. .370 Text Figures denote Page. lNlJJliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Pete-Phil. Petersburg, St. (See St. Petersburg.) , Tenn., Confederate defeat, 2191. , Va., Brit, take, 941 ; R. R. to Rich- mond, 1493; Gen. Butler fails, 2342,3; losses before, 2351 ; mine exploded, 2363 ; siege continues, 2383 ; Gen. Grant's army before, 2392; Confederates cap- tured, 2443; fall of, 2451 ; State Normal and Collegiate Institute est., 3143; tire, 3492; monument, 3601 . and Roanoke Railroad opd., 1453. Petersen, Carl, b., 6382; d., 642 1 . , Niels Matthias, b., 64S2; History of Denmark, 6392; d., 6403. Peterson, R. E., d., 474i . , Theophilus B., d., 3742. Peterson's Magazine, Phila., est., 4202. Peter's pence, from N. Am., 350 2 ; on Pope's jubilee, 446 1 ; levy forbidden, Fr., 7343; tax confirmed, G. B,, 8431; col- lected, 8423. Peterwardein, Hung., Turks defeated, 5141 ; convention ; entered, 9373. Petigru, James Lewis, b., 1001 ; d., 2191 . Potion, Mayor, communist, 709'. , Alex Sabes, gov. Haiti; d., 10402. Petit, Jean Louis, b., 6922; structure of eye, 6942; inv. tourniquet, 6981 ; d., 7011. Petition, right denied in Cong., 1471 , 1591 ; restored, 1573 (See Gag Laws.) of rights, Eng., 8832. Petofi, Sandor, b., 5202; d., 5223. Petrarch, Francesco, b.-d., 10762; meets Laura; sonnets, 10771 ; crowned, 1077 2 . Petre, Baron of, title created, 8772. , Father, in Privy Council, 8973. , Lord, in H. L., 9932. , Sir William, minister, 8G93, 8712. Petreius, Marcus, surrenders at Ilerda, 10601; killed, 10602. Petri, Olaus, works, 11343. Petrie, George, b., 9243; d., 9701 . Petroleum, found, 1581 ; dis. in Pa., 1853; prices rise, 1933; excitement, 1993; low- est price, 2033; " shooting wells," 2171 ; in 1864,2373; at CobiagoT Cal., 3901 ; at Pittsburg, 3921; daily flow, 4181; in 0. t 4241, 4521; j u Dunkirk, N. Y. 4GS1; in N. J., 4701; at Kingsville, Can., 5861; dis., 5881; near Athabasca River, 5901 ; in Egy., 66H; used in Commune, 7453; in Ger., 8301 ; fields discovered, 11221 . Act passes, G. B., 9672. Petrolia, fire, 5912. Petronilla reigns, Aragon, 1127 2 . Petronius subdues Ethiopians, 10603. , Publius, gov. Syria, 11513. Pett, Peter, builds (Vmstant IVarwick,$82l . Pettengill Samuel M., d., 382 1 . Pettenkofen August von, d., 5322. Pettenkofer, Max von, b., 8122, Pettie, John, b., 9483. Pettigrew, Richard Franklin, b.,1641. Pettus, John J., gov. Miss., 1903. Petty,Sir Wm.,b.,8802 , works,8903 ;d.,8902. — ~, Fitzmaurice, Henry, Marq. of Lans- downe, b., 9211 ; minister, 9452, 9533. , , Henry Charles Keith, Marq. of Lansdowne, b., 9522; viceroy, 585', 2; leaves Can., 5862; d., 9662. , William, Lord Shelburne, b. (1737) ; minister, 9173- in duel, 9212; prime min- ister, 9232; d. (1805). Pevensey run ashore, 2342. PeTensey, Eng. South Saxons conquer, 8401; William of Normandy lands at, Peyrat, Alphonse, b. (1812) ; d., 760i . , Napoleon, b., 7191 . Peyronnet, Comte, Charles Ignace, b., 7043; d.. 7322. Peyster, Abraham de, mayor, N. Y., 532. , Johannes de, mayor, N. Y., 551 . Peyton, Sir Thomas, d., 9981 , Peytral, Paul Louis, minister of finance, 7571,7652. Pezet, Juan Antonio, b. (1810) ; revolt against, 11081 ; pres.Peru, 11083; indem- nity, 11083 ; d. (1879). Pfaffenhofen, Ger., Ft. defeated, 5142. Pfalzburg, Ger., Germans invest, 7381 ; re- pulsed, 7401. PfeifTer, Dr., dis. influenza bacillus, 8361 . , Henry, rights of peasants, 7893. , Ida Laura (Reyer), b., 5191 ; d., 5242. Pfordten, Ludwig Karl Heinrich von der, Baron, b.(1811); issues note,H232 ; d.{1880). Phiedrus., b., 10G22 ; fables of, 10623. Phaer, Thomas, sEneid, 8731 ; d. (1560). Phmtusa^ asteroid, discovered, 7601. Phair, John P., hanged, 3011 . Phalracus in sacred war, 10241 . Phalaris, reigns, 10172; roasted, 10171. Phales reigns, 11433. Phara-Norodoin, king, 4812. Pharaoh drowns, 11403. (See Meneptah II.) , alliance of Solomon, 6503. Necho, b. in Megiddo ; at Carche- mish, 11461 ; subdues Phenicia, 11471. Phares, Ida, notary public, 4553. Pharisees, rebellion of, 11502, Pharmaceutical Society formed, 950*. Iuternat. Congress, at London, 9871 . Pharmacists of IT. S. meet, 35S3. Pharmacopmia issued, 8803. Pharmacy Act passes, Kngland, 973 2 . Pharnabazus invades Kgypt, 0502; naval commander, 10203; leader, 10222. Pharnaces fnds. Cappadoeia, 11452. I., reigns, 1149 2 . IE., reigns in Pontus, 11511 . , K. of Bosporus, C;esar opposes; de- feated at Zela, 10601. Pharos built, 6522. Pharsalus, Gr., battle of, 10601 . Phasel, governor of Jerusalem, 11512. Phaulcon, Constantine, minister, 11241. Phaya Chakkri, fnds. dynasty, 11242. Phelan, Richard, b. (isr.) ; cons.R. C. bp., 3203 ; in diocese of Pittsburg, 3482. Phelps, Alinira Hart Lincoln, b., 1042 ; d. (1884). , Austin, b., 1301 ; d. (1890). , Benjamin K., b., 1402. , Edward J., b. (1822) ; TJ. S. minister to Eng. ,3212; in arbitration court.4331 ,2. , Eliz. Stuart, b., 1242; works, 2643, 2683, 2723, 2903, 29X3, 3031, 3143, 3283. , John S., b. (1X14) ; gov. Mo., 2973 ; on Committee of 33, 189i ; d. (1886). , W., b. (1813) ; negro recruits, 210 2 ; orders against, 2133 ; vote for president, 3051 ; d. (1885). , Oliver, b. (1749) : P. and Gorham Purchase sold, 992; d. (1809). , William Franklin, b., 1302. , Waller, b. (lXIV.It ; miuister,3513; an LL.D., 3622 ; d., 4621. Phenicia, conquered, 11451 ; subdued ; an- nexed to Babylon, 11471 ; conquered by Cyrus, 11472 ; ceded to Ptolemy, 11492 ; conquered by Romans, 11501 ; recovered by Egypt, 6531; granted to Cleopatra, 11512; annexed to Turk, 11572. Phenicians colonize Nfm.es, 6611 ; elevate Gauls, 6631; in Brit., 8393; voyage of dis., 6502 ; fnd. Cadiz, 11252 ; trade with England, 11422; in Spain, 11473. Pherse in Achaean League, 10271 . Pherecydes of Syros, teachings of, 10163. Phidias, b.-d., 101G2 ; completes Parthe- non ; statue of Jupiter, 10203. Phidon coins money, 10152. Phigalia, Gr., captured, 10141; Temple of Apollo built, 1020i,3. Phigalian Marbles, in Brit. Museum, 9381 ; 10211. Phi Gamma Delta, Coll. Fraternity, 4742. Philadelphia, trial trip, 3621 ; in commis- sion, 3641; accepted, 37X1 ; sails, 3941 . Philadelphia, Asia M., fnd., 11492 ; de- stroyed, 11561 . , Pa., first assembly ; laying out com- pleted ; printing-press est., 483; Walnut St. surveyed. 492; population, 493, 633, 693, 713, 1033; first Presb-,502, 522, 542; first P. E. services ; High Sell, est., 523; Baptists immersed ; first Bapt. ch. fmd., 542 ; chartered, 552 • yellow fever, 553, 733 ; A.D. 1 700 + ; Bapt. Asso, fmd. ; first Am. Presbytery org., 563; Presb. Synod of Phila. org., 582 ; Am. Weekly Mer- cury, 583 j Ger. Lutherans, 603 ; Pa. Ga- zette, 611; r. Cath. church built, 622; Library Co. fnd. ; Loganian Library fnd., 623 ; second Freemasons' lodge in Am., 631; Philosophical Soc. fmd., 651; thea- ter attempted, 661 : Bapt. ch. fmd.; org., 66 3 ; Arctic exped, ; first theater opd., 683; CongresB of governors, 71 a ; first medical school, 742 ; first Meth. church; Meth. org., 762 ; first steam engine, 78 1 ; 1st Continental Cong., 782, 792; against Brit, tea, 791; Am. hospital est., 802; Abolition Soc. fmd..81i; 2d C.Cong., 812; Pa. Mag., 831 ; Declaration of Indepen- dence adopted, 852 ; Howe threatens; Washington enters,87i ;4thC. Cong.,873; Brit. in,88i ,2; Howe's headquarters,882; 7th C. Cong. ; Tories leave, 893 ; severe winter, 911 ; coldest day,912, 2501 ; bank chartered, 913 ; Am. Daughters of Lib- erty org. ; bank for army provisions ; Christ's Church alone, 932 j New Cong, of Confederation opens, 933 ; John Moody hanged, 943; Bank of North Am. est., 952,3 ; despatch of victory read,. 952 ; Southwark Theater opens ; U. S. army revolts, 961; p a . Pacquet issued, 971 ; Phila. Directory, 983 ; Columbian Magazine, 991 ; Nat. Constitutional Con- ven. at, 992; first power loom, lOOi; Gen. Conven. P. E. meets ; church org., 1002 ; Coll. of Physicians est. ; Quakers emancipate slaves, 1003 ; capital of U. S. A., 1003, 1032; eel. independence, 1013^ steamboat to Trenton, 102 1; 2d Cong., 1032; Bank f U.S. est., 1032,3, 1473; bal- loon ascension, 1041 j Chestnut St. theater opd., 1042; 3d Cong, opens ; Genet ree'd, 1052 ; Insurance Co. incorporated, 1053 j Cooper first appears, 1061 ; The Literary Mag. Am. Register, 1063, 1443; 4th Cong, opens, 1072, 5th, 1073 ; Am. Universal Magazine, \(m; A.D. 1800+ : 6th Cong. opens, 1093; Museum of Nat. Hist, opd., 110'; 7th Cong, opens, 1112 ; aqueduct water intro., lllpj 8th Cong, opens, 1131 , 9th,1132;capitalU.S.A.remov'dtoWash. r 1131 ; commission house opd., 1133; Acad, of Fine Arts est., 1141; Am. Register; R. C. see erected, 1143 ; Mirror of Tastes, 1171 ; cotton goods printed, 1173; Acad- emy of Nat. Sciences est., 1182, 1261 ; earthquake, 1182; Library of Acad. Nat. Science, 1191; Analytical Mag., 1212; anthracite eoal ; first steam ferry ; banks suspend, 1213 ; Tract Soc. org., 1251 ; Sunday and Adult School Union est., 1263, 1443 ; anthracite coal sold, 1293 ; MercantileLibraryAsso.fnd.;71/wsewmof Foreign Literature, 1311; Queen's ware intro. ,1321 ; Am.Quar. Rcri< />-, 1351 ; Fair- mount water worksest., 1353; Meth.Prot. Ch. fmd., 1363 ; mint completed, 1373; The Cent issued, 1391 ; free-trade conven. opens, 1392 ; connection with Pittsburg, 1393 ; cholera, 1413, 1673 ; R. R. to Har- risburg, to Germantown, 1413 ; Am. Anti-Slavery Soc.org. ; Nat. Temp. Soc. org.; Whig barbecue, 143 1 ; teeth mnf. from minerals, 1441 j anti-abolition riot, • 1451, 1461, 1491, 1511, 1571; iron tubing and fittings mnf., 1461; Public Ledger, 1463; Laurel Hill semetery established ; lighted by gas, 1473 ; Gentleman's Mag- azine 1491; u. S. Bank suspends, 1493; High School observatory erected, 1501; U. S. bank fails, 1513, 1553 ; Wm. J. Florence appears, 1521 ; Philharmonic Soc. gives concert, 1541; Gen. Conven. P. E., 1582; Girard Coll. opd,, 1632; Sons of Am. org. ; Sin/leer's Am. Register ap- pears, 1632 ; Whig Nat. Conven. meets, 1651; fire, 1673, 2433, 3173, 3212, 3833, 3893, 4073 ; Woodlands Cemetery est., 1712; galvanized iron intro., 172*; Presb. Qitar. Review; St. Joseph's Coll. org., 1723; Nat. theater burned, 1753; tornado, 1781; Masonic Hall built, 1783; Fair- mount, 1793 ; Rep. Nat. Conven. meets, 1803; drowning, 1813; A.I>. 1860+ ; Jap- anese embassy ree'd, 1871 ; troops leave for Wash. ,1941 ; soldiers' refreshment sa- loon opd., 1971 ; Am. Party Nat. Conven., 1792; ChriBt Church Hospital, 201'; New Ironsides completed, 2171; Union League Club fnd., 2172; Chestnut St. theater opd., 219 1 ; Sympathy Conven., 2233; La Salle Coll. org. at, 2252 • Even- ing Telegraph, 2292; Sanitary Fair opd., 2352 ; Nat. Bank org., 2373 ; Savannah relief fund, 2423 ; Lincoln obsequies. 2473 ; Fenians meet, 2483 ; Saturday Night, 250 3 ; Antoine Probst executed ; Evening Star; Public Ledger, ,2522; Nat. Union Conven. of Conservatives opens, 2533 ; Conven. of Loyalists opens, 255 2 ; Americus Club org., '2562 ; Meth. Home for Aged opd., 2563 ; explosion in saw- mill, 2573 ; Am. Theater burned; Am. Naturalist Magazine ; Baptist Quarterly Review appears, 2583 ; new courthouse opd., 2613 ; presents League Island to gov't, 2621; Lippincott's Magazine, 2623; monument to Washington and Lafay- ette, 266i ; Nat. Labor Conven. meets, 2663 ; Chamber of Commerce dedicated, Phil-Phil. Text Figures denote Page. INDil».X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1371 2673, 2733; Knights of Labor org., 2691 ; exhibition of sand-blast, 2721 ; Public Record ,2702; Volunteer FireDept. abol- ished, 2723 ; Centennial Exhibition Act, 2732 ; paid fire department org., 2733 ; Presb. Hospital est., 2742; smallpox epi- demic, 2753 ; Orpheus Soc. org., 2701 ; Public Building begun, 2761, 2S*i; Cen- tennial Commission org., 2773 ; Lincoln monument, 27S' ; Masonic Temple ded., 2821 ? 2841 ; Girard Avenue Bridge com- pleted, 284i ; Produce Exchange org. ; Charley Ross stolen, 2S43; Cecilian Soc. org., 2872 ; Moody and Sankey meetings, 2882; Dailtf Cut); Dailif Tiim-s issued; Penn. Club org., 2883; Market St. Bridge burns, 2893 ; museum aud school incor- porated ; Acad, of Nat. Science opd. ; School of Industrial Art est., 290 1 ; R. C. dioceae erected, 2902 ; R. C. archiepisco- pal see, 2902; centennial year eel., 2911, 2923; Centennial Exhibition opd.,290i, 2913,2933; Am. Oath. Qnnrterh,; Spelling Reform Asso. org., 2922; Normal School opd., 2923 ; Bapt. Orphanage fnd., 2943; Jefferson Medical College opd., 2962; storm, 2981 ; Soc. for Organizing Charity fmd., 299*; telephone exchange opd., 3001; A.D. 1880+; News issued, 3031; Committee of One Hundred org., 3043 ; Golden Days issued, 3063 ; Medico-Chi- rurgical Coll. opens, 308 3 ; electric lights intro., 3093 ; centennial of settlement, 3113; Ladies* Home Journal, 3143 • Wm. Penn's cottage rebuilt, 3153 ; carpet- weavers strike, 319 1 ; Meth. Epis. Hos- pital est., 3203 ; Reform Charter by Bul- lett Act, 3233 ; Nugent's Home fnd., 3332; Centennial of signing Federal Con- stitution, 3J73 ; R. R. accident, 3313 ; church for deaf mutes cons., 3362; sugar refinery est., 34P 3 , 4033; Johnstown Re- lief Fund, 3522; Working Girls' Society Conven., 3563 ; Bank of Am. suspends, 3573 ; Temple theater burned, 3253 ; Standard Oil Co. Trust, 3713 ; G-. W. Childs's birthday eel., 3832 ; Spring Gar- den Nat. Bank closes, 3833, 3351 ; Treas. Bardsley embezzlement, 385 1, 3871, 2; Kennedy embezzlement, 3851; Lord Hawkes's Cricket Team, 3923 ; Conven. Coll. presidents and professors ; Drexel Inst, ded., 3961 ; Nat. Acad, expedition, 40t)i; Anna P. Wilsbach's will, 4022; remains of C. W. Riggin honored, 4121 ; robbery,4163; city wells filled, 4173; r.r. collision, 4173, 4253, 4753 ; Social Guar- dians assignment, 4173 ; electric cars intro. ; police census, 4193 ; Peterson's Magazine fnd., 4202; trolley system in- tro. ,4293; garment-workers strike, 4323; Drexel Art Gallery endowment, 4341; Emma Goldman arrested, 4362; Liberty Bell returned, 4432; Conf. on Good City Gov't, 4502; Barney Sacks, suicide, 4583; World's Fair Educational Exhibits se- cured, 4602; Order of Tonti assignment, 4613; Orangemen attacked, 4643; Naval Reserve training, 4G8i ; Cornstock causes arrests, 4691 ; Adm. Benham's reception, 4721 ; McClellan statue, 474i ; fraudulent Life Insurance scheme, 475 1 . Philadelphia, Tenn., action at, 227*. and Erie R. R. opened, 2393. Philsetus flourishes, 6523t Philamount, Virginia, action at, 2143. Philander Smith College fnd., 2962. Philanthropic Cong, at Brussels, 544*. Society established, 9251 . Philemon, Epistle to, written, 1153'. Philetserus, art patron, 11482 ; fnds. king- dom Pergamus ; reigns, 11491 , Philharmonic Society est., 9362 ; new so- ciety established, 9582. Philibert de Chalons, stadholder, 10992. Philidor, chess-player, wins, 9242, Philillovich, Joseph, 5322. Philip I., K. Castile, Aust., b.-d., 11263 ; marriage, 5093; regent, 5412j co-rulei in Castile, 11273; d., 5082. I., Fr., b.-d., 6683, at war with Robert, 6681 , excommunicatea ; in monastery; church revenue for vices, 6683, 6692 ; reigns; deserts queen ; elopes with Ber- trande. 6692; d., 6693. II. Augustus, Fr., b.-d., 6702 : attacks Normandy ; at war with King John ; invades Normandy, 6701 ; banishes Jews ; excommunicated ; in third crusade, 6703 ; marries Ingeburge, 6712 j divorces her, 6353 ; reigns, 6712 ; war on Eng. ; mar- ries Agnes de Meranie ; seizes Touraine ; d., 6713. Philip III., Fr., b.-d., 6722; patent of nobil- ity, 6731 ; reign6 ; d., 6732. IV., Fr., b.-d., 6722 against money lenders, 6731 ; marries; reigns, 6732; seizes pope; burns "Ausculto Fili" ; excom- municated, 6733 ; d., 6723. V., Fr., b.-d., 6722 ; reigns. 6733. VI., Fr., b.-d., 6722 ; atCrecy; at Cas- sel, 6741 • reigns ; d., 6751 . (Philippe), joint king, 6693. , It., killed in Verona, 10661. (Marcus Julius Philippus), reigns ; army revolts, 10671 ; Christianized, 10662; restores secular games in Rome, 10671 . I. reigns in Macedonia, 1015 3 . II., of Macedon, b.-d., 10231; se izes Pydnaand Potidrea ; conquers P:eonians and lllyrians ; takes Amphipolis, 10223 ; reigns, 10233 ; captures Olynthus ; con- quests ; war with Athens ; ends Sacred Wars; in Illyria, 10241; chosen leader, enlarges kingdom; in Macedonian coun- cil ; peace withAthenians; destroys cities of Phocis ; war against ; in Byzantium campaign ; league against ; takes terri- tory from Sparta ; grant to Athens ; de- signs of; assassinated, 10252. IV., of Macedon, reigns ; d., 10271 . V., of Macedon, b.-d., 10263; war with Rhodians ; war with Rome ; inElis ; sur- prised by Valerius, 10262 ; aids Achaean League ; reigns ; treaty with Hannibal against Rome ; treaty with Antiochus ; in Achaean League ; deserted by League ; Thrace ceded to ; peace with Romans ; abandons cities ; war indemnity, 10273 ; repulsed at Athens ; driven from Greece; resigns ; possessions, 10543. V., the Long; reigns Navarre, 11273. 1., Sp., b.-d., 11263 ; reigns ; d., 11273. II., Sp., king; b.-d, 11282; reigns, 5411 , 2, H293 ; usnrps crown, 5533 ; ex- tols massacre of St. Bartholomew, 6843; thrones ceded to, 7932 ; i n Eng., 8713, 8732; commands Armada, 8761; marries Mary of Eng., 11293 ; erects Escurial, 11281; persecutes, 11291; enforces de- crees; 10983- K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 ; est. Inquisition, lo:i83 ; to suppress Prot- estantism, 10983, 11291 ; succeeds father, 10992; conquers Port., 11101,2, 11293 ; III., Sp., b.-d., 11282; reigns, 5413, 11292 ; K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 ; cedes Neth. to Albert of Aust., 10993. IV., Sp., king; b.-d., 11283; reigns, 5413; expels Fr., 6881 ; seizes pope, 10763; K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 ; reigns in Sp. and Portugal, 11102, 11293. V., Sp., b.-d., 11283 ; claims Aust. in- heritance, 515 2 ; heir of Sp.; reigns, 6953, 11281 , 11293 ; possessions in Neth., 6953; at Saragossa, 6962 ; dethroned, 6972 ; re- enthroned, 6973; enters Madrid, 904 1 ; K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 ; resigns, 11293. , reigns in Sweden, 11333. , Indian chief, war, 441 . the Arabian, reigns in Rome, 10293 ; coregent murdered, 10671 . of Burgundy, regent of Fr.; d., 6772. the Disciple, in Samaria, 11523. " the Good," of Burg., enriches and corrupts church, 10983 ; reigns ; annexes Holl. ; summons states general, 10992. of Hesse, prisoner, 7901 . the Handsome, Count, rules Neth., 10992 ; marries, 10991 . , Count of Flanders, marries, 5451 . of Hohenstaufen, K., 7792, a. of Nassau, at Lucca, 7821 . the Tetrarch, rebuilds CsesareaPhi- lippi, 11512 ; dominion of, 11513. , Due d'Orleans, b. , 6883 ; regent, 6973 ; d., 6943 II., Due d'Orleans, b., 6922; d., 6982. , Ct. of Schauruburg-Lippe, 7972. , D. of Swabia, b.-d., 7782 ; K., 7792. , E. of Chesterfield, lord-lieut, 9113. , Charles, minister, 9592. , John W., capt. U. S. N., 336i . , Thomas, lord-lieut., 9512. , F., resigns treasury, 1911 . Philiphaugh, Scot., battle of, 8861 . Phifippi fnd., 10233 ; battle of, 10281 . , W. Va., action at, 1961. Philippians, Epistle to, written, 11531 . Philippicus (Bardanes), reigns, 10331 ■ as- sassinated, 10323. Philippine Islands : 1520, Aug. 7. A Span- ish expedition ol three ships under Ma- gellan reaches Cebu ; it has already dis. Mindanao. 1521, Apr. 25. Magellan is mortally wounded in askinnish. [Apr. 27. Dies.] 1565, Apr. 27. A Spanish expe- dition under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, having 400 men, including six Augustine monks, arrives at Cebu. 1570. Spaniards under Salcedo land near [Manila] ; the natives enter a treaty, and agree to sur- render their independence and pay trib- ute. [Batangas, Mindoro, and Panay are soon subdued.] 1610. Serious earth- quake. [1010, 1645, 1658, 1675, 1699, 1796, 1852, 1863 (400 people killed!, 1830, others.] 1622. Natives revolt against the tyr- anny of Churcb and State. [1629 ; other revolts, 1649, 1660, 1744, 1825, 1827, 1844] 1761, Sept. 22. Brit, under Adm. Cor- nish and Gen. Draper bombard Manila, 916i. [It falls.] 1765, Feb. 10. Peace of Paris ; it provides for the restoration of Manila to Spain. 1779. Jesuits expelled. [1852. They return.] 1872. Formidable rebellion at Cavity. [1896. Another re- bellion.] 1898, May 1. Com. Dewey de- stroys Sp. fleet at Manila. Islands ceded to U. S. by Sp. ; Aguinaldo attacks Ams. at Manila. Gen. Otis's campaign against revolting Tagals follows. Philippopolis, Rumelia, fnd., 10252 • mis- sion, 5653 ; meeting held, 5663 ; Alex, arrives, 5673 ; Ferdinand welcomed, 569 1 ; captured, 11642 ; revolution, 11593. Philippoteaux, Henri Emanuel Felix, b., 7222 ; d., 7541 . Philippsburg, Ger.. surrenders, 6981; taken, 796 1, 7981. Philips, Ambrose, b. (1670+) ; d., 9122. , Gen., gov. N. S., 5752. , John, b., 8942; d., 9022. , Sir Robert, imprisoned, 8813. , Samuel, b.,683; d., 1102. , William, b., 9191. I'liilipstown, Ire., fnd., 8732. Philistia, tribute to Assyria, 1145 1 . Philistines arise, Ger., 8152. Phillbroke, Mary, rejected, 4622. Phillimore, Sir Robert Joseph, b. (1810); judge-adv.-gen., 9772 ; d. (1885). Phillip, Capt. Arthur, settlement, Aus- tralia, 4943 ; gov. ; resigns, 4951 . , Ct. d'Evreux, reigns in Navarre, 11273 . Phillips, Beniamin Samuel, lord mayor, 9691 ; visits Belgium, 5451 . , Adelaide, b., 1421 ; appears, 1781 ; d., 3102. , Ambrose, b., 8922. , C, cons, bp., 10102. , George S., d., 3341 . , John, b.,582; d., 1061. , , b., 9302 ; d. (1874) , Judge, Kan., injunction, 3643. , Miss, at Peace Jubilee, 2661 . , Philip, b., 1422. , T., fire-annihilator inv., 9542. , Thos. W.,b., 1442; pres. conven., 3742. , Watts, b., 9442 ; d. (1874). , Wendell, b., 1163 ; antislavery advo- cate, 1491 ; nom. for gov., 2713 ; d.,3162, , Wm., b. (1731) ; gen. at Petersburg, 941 ; d. (1781). , Wirt, moderator, 1462 ; d., 2452. Phillipsburgh, Mo., R. R. wreck, 4173. , N. J., Bessemer process nmf., 1801; silk-workers attack, 4503, Phillpotts, Henry, b. (1777 or 1778); elected bp.,9423; d. (1869). Philo Judseus, b.-d., 11502. , Publius, laws of, 10532. Philobiblon Society instituted, 9583. Philological Asso., Am., 3431 , 3622, 3862. Soc.,inst.,932? ; useof Volapuk,9963. Philologists, Cong, of, opens in Phila., 4781 . Philomath, College, Ore., org., 2623. Philomel, Muscat, 4881. Philomela, asteroid, discovered, 3001 . Philomelus in Sacred War, 10241 . Philo Parsons seized, 5813. Philopcemen, b.-d., 10263 ; invades Elis ; at Man tinea, 10262 ; gen. Achrean League; abrogates Lycurgus laws ; Philip V. re- ceives, 10273 ; defeated; executed, 10263. Philosophia. asteroid, discovered, 7521- Philosophical lamp constructed, 812 1 . Magazine issued, 929 1 . 1372 Text Figures denote Page. INDl^yv. Superior Figures indicate Coiim Phil-Pine. Philosophical, Soc, Am., fnd., 651, 67'; publications, 761 ; anniversary, 1541. , G. B., 9221, 9382, 9391, 9503. of Aus., fnd., 4941 . Transactions issued, 891 1 . Philosophy, Am. Inst. Christian, 3642, 410*. revives, Arabia, 4862. , school of, Gr., 10163. Philostratus, b.-d., 10283. Phi lotus killed, 1025'. Philpot, John, clergyman, 8703. Philpott, Henry, bp., 9583 ; d., 10062. Phineas, high-priest, 11411 ; kills, 11412. Phinney, Ellen J., pres. Union, 3943. Phipps, Sir Constantine, lord chanc, 9052. , Constantino Henry, Marq. of Nor- mandy, b., 9283 ; d. (1863). , John, Barn n M ulgrave, b., 9103; N.W. passage, 9182 ; d., 9262. Phips, Spencer, gov. Mass., 672, 713. , Sir William, b., 38i ; at Port Royal ; at Quebec ; fleet wrecked, 501 ; erects Fort William Henry, 521 , 1692; gov. Mass., 532; d., 522. Plwcma, asteroid, discovered. 7321. Phocas, emperor, b.-d. ,10303; reigns, 10313; killed, 10302. Phocion, b.-d., 10231 ; forces Philip to raise siege, 10241; executed, 10253. Pluebe captures Essex, 1221 . Phrebidas in Thebes, 10222. Phcecus, inv. statue casting, 10142. Phiedra, asteroid, discovered, 2961. Pli'cnix makes first trip, 1141. burns, 1633. Clubs formed, 9631 . Park assassins betrayed ; trials, 991 1 . Phenixville, Pa., bone-cave dis., 2721. Phonetic Society formed, 9521 . Phonograph projected, 9121; announced, 2961 ; improved by Bidwell, 3021 ; inv. by T. A. Edison, 3281 ; improved, 3301 ; adapted to water-motor, 3741 . Phonography suggested, 763, 9122. Phoroneus, king, intro. sacrifices, 10131. Phosphor-bronze, invented, 5441. Phosphorus discovered, 7962. Pkosporus, newspaper, issued, 11362. Photms, b., 10322; patriarch; deposed; restored; writings; d., 10323. Photogalvanography, specimens of, 7241 . Photoglyphic engraving process, 9621. Photograph, negative, multiplying, 9501. Photographers, amateurs meet, 3723. Association meets, 3662, 3882, 5883. Photographic Society est., 9582. Photographs, produced, 9302; made on pa- per, 9481 ; ignited magnesium used, 968 1 . Photography, ammonia" used in, 2171 ; sub- carbonate of soda, 9332; collodion pro- cess dis., 9562; tannin process, 9642. Photoheliograph used, 2701 ; erected, 9621 . Photo-lithography introduced, 1861. Photophone invented, 2982. Phraates restores Roman prisoners, 10603. Phra Naret, in Ayuthia ; in Pegu, 11241 . Phraortes, subdued, 11442; reigns; k., 11453. Phrenology, lectures, Aust.-Hung., 519i . Phthia, asteroid, discovered, 2981 . Phylloxera Cong, at Bordeaux, 7521; checked, 7553 ; affects grape-vines, 11113. Phyrnon, commander ; killed, 10161. Physic gardens, first planted, 8721 . Physical Society org., London, 9781 . Physician, first royal, Eug., 849 2 . Physicians exempted as jurors, 8662. and Surgeons, Am., Cong., 3923, 4601. , College, opens, 3223. Physick, Philip Syng, b. (17681 ; d., 1482. Phythian, Robert L., commodore, 4561. Piacenza, It., battle at, 7001 ; Cathedral of San Sisto cons.; church council, 10743; under Scotti ; Univ. of Pavia est., 10752, 10772; united with States of Church, 10S13; ceded to Sp., 10852; given to Maria Louisa, 10871. Piankhi conquers Egv., 6501 ; reigns, 6511 . Piano first made in England. 9161 ; model of, 7982 ; inv., 10822 ; standard pitch, 3921; cabinet, patented, 9342. Pianori, attempts assassination, 7331. Piastus, Duke of Poland, 11132. Piatt, Donn, b., 1362- Gen. George H. Thomas, 4482; d., 3941. , John James, b. (1835) ; work, 2771 . .Mrs.(S.M.Bryan>,b.ll836>;Poe»!s,277i. Piau, effects of lightning, 5341 . Piazzi, Giuseppe, b., 10842; discovers planet, 10841 ; d., 10862. Picard, Jean, b., 6862; measures earth, 6922; d., 6923. , Louis Benoit, b., 7042; d., 7243. , Joseph Ernest, b., 7241; minis- ter, 7412, 7451; defense com., 7433; im- peached, 7452; d., 7502. Picardy, Fr., invaded, 6881 ; war in, 6901 . Picart, Bernard, b., 6922; d., 6983. , Claude, missionary, 362. Piccini, Niccolo, b.; La Luona Figliuola, 10841 ; d., 1084». Piccolomini, Ales., b. (1550+) ; d., 10811 . , royal adviser, 7853. , Maria, b (1836) ; in N. T., 1841 . , Ottavio, Gen., b., 5102; at Leipsic, 7961 ; d., 5123. Picenum, It., Rome conquers, 10522; Han- nibal occupies, 10541 . Pichegru, Charles, b., 7023; at Turgoing ; in Belgium, 710 1; at Mannheim, 710 2 ; transported, 7132 ; arrested, 7153 ; defeats Aust., 8061; conquers Neth., 11002; strangled, 7153. Piehineha, Mount Equa. battle on, 6431 . Pichler, Madame (Caroline von Greiner), b., 8031 ; d., 8162. Piekawillanv, U., post destroyed, 681. Pickens, Col. Andrew, b.,642; in Ga.,901, 943 ; fights Tories, 931 , in Cherokee country, 943; gov. S. C, 1252; d., 1262. , Francis W., b., 1141 ; gov. S. C, 1892, 1903; on paving debts, 1971 ; d., 2641 . , Israel, b. (1780) ; gov., 1293; d., 1342. Pickering, Charles, b. (1805) ; d., 2982. , John, b., 891 ; d., 1602. , Tim., b., 662; sec. state, 1072; d., 1362. William, gov. Washington, 2032. Pickersgill, Frederick Richard, b., 9402. , Lieut., in Arctic regions, 5762. Pickett, Geo. Edward, b., 1322; ;l t Gettys- burg, 2241 ; at New Berne, 2301 ; drives Sheridan back ; at Five Forks, 2-143; presented flag, 3401 ; d., 2881 . Picking, Henry F., captain U. S. N., 3341 . Pickler, John A., b., 1562. , Henry L., d., 2191 . Pico, Giovanni, Ct.of Miiandola,b.-d.,1783. , Pio, gov. Cal., 1412, 1611 ; d., 4701 . ' I'icot, Georges Marie Kene, b., 7282. Picou, Henri Pierre, b., 7242. Pictou, N. S., Standard issued, 5811. Picts settle in Scot., 8393 ; invade Brit., 7693, 8401, 8412. Pidjam, Kashgarians expelled, 6221 . Piedmont, It.,Fr. dei'eated,. r >14' ; Fr. enter, 5241; annexed to Fr., 7153; dispute, 7913; acquired, 10793; Sardinia gets, 10871 . , Va., Confederates defeated, 2342. Piedmontaise surrenders, 9341. Piepowder Court, Eng., 8652. Pierce, Aratus F., trial ; acquitted, 2772. , Bunj., b. (1757) ; gov., 1353; d. (1839). , Franklin, b., 1122; M. C, 1412; mar- ries ; signs Delavan declaration, 1451 ; nom. for pres., 1711; vote, 1712, 1732; inaugurated, 1732; opens Crystal Palace ; inaug. Washington Aqueduct, 1733; signs Kansas-Nebraska Bill ; vetoes Miss l>ix Bill, 1751 ; receives Father Vijil ; recog- nizes proslavery legislature, 179 2 ; recog- nizes filibuster Walker; again candi- date, 1803; speech at Concord, 2252; monetary proclamation, 6331; d., 2681 , Brig.^Gen., at Big Bethel, Va., 1961 . , Capt. Geo., wins rifle prize, 9741 . , Foster, b., 1163; eons, bp., 1762; d. (1884). , Gilbert A., inaug. gov. Dak., 3193. , Henry Niles, b. (1820) ; bishop, 2683. , John, land patent, 303, 311 . , Mr., Almanac, 343, 351. • Christian College, Cal., org., 2763. City College, Mo., founded, 3063. Piercy, Mr., mission at Canton, 6191 . Pierola, Nicolas de, b., 11082; flees, 6063; leader at Sorota, 11081 Pierpont, Francis H.,gov. W. Va., 1923, 2033, 2413, 2473. , John, b., 962; d., 2521 . Pierre, S. Dak., first legislature org.,3472; capital city, 3473. University, S. Dak., org., 3143. Pierrepont, Edwards, b., 1262 ; minister, toG. B.,2913 ; d., 4021. Pierretta, asteroid, discovered, 7601. Pierrot, president of Haiti, 10402. Pierson, Abraham, b. (1648) ; among In- dians, 403; est. church in Newark, 422 ; rector of Yale College, 543 ; d. (1707). Pierson, Henry R., d., 3501 . 1'ieta Station, Cal., stage robberies, 4723. Piete, Monts de, regulated by law, 7303. Pietermaritzburg, Natal, reinforcements arrive, 6002 ; mission, 5983, 5991 , 9722. Pietists founded, 7983. Pietro I., independence est., 1097 2 . II., rules, 10972. -, St., da Verona, murdered, 10773. Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, b., 6963 ; d., 7001 . Pigault-Lebrun, Charles Antoine Guil- laume, b., 7011; d., 7262. Pigeon Bill, Indian desperado, 4223. Pigeon shooting prohibited, 9932. Pignerol (or Pinerol), It., fortress of, 688' . 1'ignotti, Lorenzo, b., 10842 ; d., 10851. Pigott, Lord, governor, 10453. .Richard, punished for libel, 9711; forger; suicide of, 10003. Pigtail, Chinese adopt, 6151. Pig Tin Bill, passes Senate, 4252. Pike, Albert, Gen., b., 1162 ; assaults York, 1202; at Pete Ridge, 2042; d., 3801 . College (non-sect.), Bowling Green, Mo., organized (1881). , Mary Hayden Green, b., 1342. , Zeb. Montgomery, b., 912; d., 1211 . Pike's Peak sighted, 1561 ; gold dis., 1841 , R. R. completed, 3713; Inclined Railway 3873 ; forest reserve, 4013 ; snow, 4601 . Piketon, Ivy., Confederates defeated, 2002; action at, 2151 . Pilate, Pontius, procurator, 11513 ; gives up Jesus of Nazareth, 10623 ; d., 10622. Pilcamai/o joins insurgents, 608 2 . Pile, Wm. A., b. (1829) ; gov. N. Mex., 2693. Piles, Roger de, b., 6882; d., 6963. Pilgrim Fathers' monument, Mass., 3422. , United Order statistics, 3422. Pilgrimage of Grace insurrection,868i, 2, 3. I'ilgrimage to Parnassus acted, 8771. Pilgrimages, popular, Fr., 7482. Pilgrims, "Am., to Home. 2S42, 3362. in New England. (See text, p. 29+.) quarantined, 4K..X3, 7622. Pilgrim's Progress in Portuguese, 11101. Pilitz, Karl von, Gennanicus, 8281 . Pilkington, Sheriff, trial of, 8971 . Pillnitz. Ger., rulers meet, 5192 ; declara- tion of, 7091 ; treaty of, 8053. Pillory, set up, 531 ; abolished, 1111 ; rec- ognized, Eng., 8543, 873 Pillow, Gen., at Chapultepec, 1622; occu- pies Columbus, 1982 ; at Ft. Donelson, 2041; at Lafayette, 2351 . . Gideon Johnson, b. (1806) ; d., 2982. Pillsbury, Amos, b. (1805) ; d., 2821 . , Gilbert, d., 4201 . , John S., gov. Minn., 2951 ; gift, 3383. Pilmoor, Joseph, in Phila., 762; missionary, 9191 ; d. (1821). Pilot Knob, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 23S2. Pilot)', Karl Theodor, b., 8123; d., 8321 . Pilsen, Bohemia, defeat at, 7941 ; collision with troops, 5331 ; explosion, 5381 , 3. Pinchback, Pinekney Benton Stewart, b. (18371 ; lieut.-gov. La., 2752 ; holds con- ven.,' 2791 ; nom. for Cong., for gov. La., 2792; at Colored Men's Conven., 3523. Pinekney, Charles, b., 71i; governor S.C., 1013, 1073, 1161 ; d. (1824). , Cotesworth, b., 662; treaty of San Lorenzo, 1071 ; minister to Fr., 1072, electoral vote, 1073 ; 1112, 1132, 1153 ; treaty with Great Brit., 1151 ; d., 1322. , Henry Laurens, b. (1749) ; memorials refused, 1471 ; d. (1863). , Thomas, b., 662 ; minister to Eng., 1032 ; electoral vote, 1073 ; d., 1362. Pinckney's Island, action at, 2121 . Pindar, b.-d., 10162 ; Epinicia, 10171 ; house of. saved. 10241 , 10251 . Pindarees, war with, 10461 . Pine, Sir Benj. C. C, gov., 4982,3, 6012. Barren Creek, Ala., action at, 2442. Bluff, Ark., action at, 2271 ; supply train captured, 2321 . Grove Township, Pa., fire, 3833. Lake, N. Y., ice breaks, 3353. Mountain, Ga., Johnston evacuates, Gen. Polk k. ; Sherman occupies, 2342. Ridge, S. Dak., outbreak anticipated, 3701 ; Gen. Miles at; Gen. Brook relieved; Indian outbreak ; officers appointed .as Indian agents ; Indians surrender, 3741 . Pineda, in Mississippi, 183. Pinel, Philippe, b., 7003 ; treats lunatics, 7081 ; d., 7243. Pinerolo, pacification of, 8892. Pine-Plas. Text Figures denote Page. INDl^X. Superior Figures indicate Column, 1373 Pinetown, mission, 5983. Ping Quen, waterspout, 6241 . Pingree, Samuel Everett, b. (1832) ; gover- nor Vt., 3193. Pingti enthroned, 6113. Ping Wang enthroned, 6112. Ping-yang, mission, 6223; battle at, 6262 ; flooded, 10921. Pinillos, Juan, governor, 6303, Pinkerton, Allan, b. (1819) ; d., 3162. John, b., 9143 ; d., 9423. \ Rob. A., defeated, 4102 ; testifies ,419 2. system investigation, 4192. Pinkham, W. C, cons, bishop, 9962. Pinkie, battle of, 870 < . Pinkney, William, b., 74i ; atty. -general, 1213; d., 1302. , , b. (1810) ; bishop, 2702; d. (1S83). Pino, Joaquin del, b. (1730+) ; governor Chile, 6053 ; d. (1804). Pins, mnf., Am., 1182 ( 1441 ; 8681 ; solid heads mnf., 150i ; inv., Fr., 7822 ; intro., Eng., 8681 ; mfd. by machinery, 942* . Pinsker, Simcha, b., 5191 ; d., 5262. Pinta, voyage ; at Teneriffe, 13 1. leaves Havana, 6343. Pintard, John, b. (1759) ; d., 1562. Pinto, Francisco, Anibal, pres., 607 1 ,2. , FernSo Mendez, b.-d., 11092; visits Japan, 10911. , Serpa. (See Serpa Pinto.) Pintos, Gen., governor Argentine, 4911 . Pinzo, Alonzo, false cry of land, 13*. Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, b.-d., 11263. , Vincente Yafiez, b.-d., 11263 ; dis- covers Brazil, 15 1 ; discoveries, 163. Piombo, Sebastiano del, b., 10783 ; paints Holy Family, 10801 ; d., 10S03. Pioneer launched, 10943. Pio Nono, R. C. Coll. org., Ga., 2922. — - Pico, governor Cal. 1412, 1611 . Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, b., 7102 ; d., 752i . Piozzi, Mrs. (Hester Lynch Salisbury, also Mrs. Thrale), b., 9103 ; d. (1821). Pipe-Roll Society founded, 992.3. Piracicaba, girls' school, 556 3 . Piracy, in West Indies, 1312 ; suppressed, China, 4821, 3; in Borneo, 5512 ; pun- ished, 551i, 2 ; suppresses Roman com- merce, 10591 ; in Tripoli, 11382. PiroBus, Gr., harbor 10181 ; fortifications, 10183; seized, 10221; invaded, 10222. Pirates subsidized, Algiers, 91; famous, 93 ; D. Porter, subdues, 1301 ; in S. C, 581 ; in China, 6181 beheaded, 6251 ; dep- redations of ; atNicoya; sack Begasces, G302 ; at Tongking, 4321 , 7621 , 7661 ; war of, 10581; org. community, 10583; in Morocco, 10972 ; on board Jacob, 11331 . Pirie, John, lord mayor London, 9492. Pirkheimer, Willibald, work, 789=. Pirraasens, Bavaria, Fr. defeat, 7101 ,8061 . Pima, Saxony, battle of, 8021 . Pirogof, Nicholas, b., 11163; d., 11182. Piron, Alexis, b., 6942 ; Metromanie, 7012; d., 7042. Pirot, Servia, retreat to ; occupied, 5662. Pirua dynasty begins ; falls, ll 3 . Pisa, It.,fud., 10511 ; independent, 10733 ; cathedral begun ; war with Genoa, 10741 ; campanile begun, 10742 ; impor- tant city,10752; enriched ; possesses Sar- dinia, 10753 ; war with Florence ; fleet destroyed, 10761 ; admits invaders, 17821 ; naval power declines ; charters univ., 10772; besieged, 10781 ■ La Spienza com- menced, 10782; Council of, 5063, 78G3, 10791 ; ruled by Florence ; subject to Vis- conti, 1079 2 ; independent, 10793; Univ. fnd., 1077 2 ; TJniv. revived, 10812; Council of, 10811; loses independence, 10813; treaty of, 6913 ; Giomale issued, 10852. Pisagua blockaded, 6062; bombarded,6062, 6082 ; revolt, 608 1 ; naval engagement, occupied, 6082; cruelties, 6092. Pisan, Christine, de. (See Christine.) Pisander killed, 10222. Pisano, Andrea, b.-d., 10762. , Niccolo, b.-d., 10742. Pisaus conquers Corsica, 6661 . Piscataqua, N. J., Anabaptists at, 502. Pisistratue, b.-d., 10162 ; defeats Atheni- ans, 10161 ; fnds. library, 10163; rules; 3d tyranny, 10172; in Persian army, 1018 1 . Piski, battle at, 5221. Piso, Calpurnius Lucius, consul, 10592 ; conspiracy, 10633; gov. Syria, 1151 3 . Pistol, revolving, patented, 144i . PiBtols used, 8681. Pistoria, or Pistoia, It., action at, 1058 2 . Pitard, Jean, fraternity of surgeons, 6721 . Pitcairn, Archibald, b., 8882 ; d., 9042. Pitcairn's Island, mutiny at, 924' . Pitch for concert singing, London, 9721 ; piano standard, 3921 . Pitcher, Nathaniel, b. (1777) ; governor N. Y., 1372; d. (1836). Pitezel, Carrie, insurance fraud., 475 1 . Pithou, Pierre, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. Pitkin, Colo., ore discoveries, 412' . , Fred. Walker, b. (1837) ; gov., 3033. , John R. C, envoys, 3512. , Timothy, b., 741 ; d. (1847). Pitkins, William, governor Conn., 753. Pitman Sir Isaac, b., 9363. , John, commissioned major, 4561 . Pitra, Jean Baptiste, b., 7192 ; d., 7582. Pitt, William, b., 9022 , treas. fur lie., 9113 ; in Newcastle ministry, 713 ; dismissed, 915 2 ; conquest of Can., 703; sec. state, 915 a ; resigns ; pensioned ; wife's peer- age, 9153; created E. of Chatham ; prime minister, 9173; on Stamp Act, 752; con- ciliation motion, 79 3 ; commends colo- nists,81i,inParl.,83i ; last appear'e, 893. , , the younger, b., 9143; chancellor; L. admiralty ; reform motion defeated, 9232; premier, 9233,9332; helps loyalists in Am., 1003; i n duel, 9272; resigns ; for repeal, 9312; d., 9323; statue, 944i . Pittacus, b.-d., 10142; one of Seven Sages, 10163 ; reigns, 10161 ; overthrows Ma- lanchus, 10171 ; tyrant, 10172. Pittman's Ferry, Mo., action at, 2143. Pitt-Rivers, Gen., ancient weapons, 9961 . Pittsburg passes Island No. 10, 206 1. Pittsburg, Pa., named, 703; settled, 752 ; laid out, 973; p. Gazette, 99 1 , 1003; first Sunday-school fmd., 1163 , steamboat leaves for N.O., 1173; earthquake , roll- ing mill, 1182 ; Western Univ. of Pa. org., 1283 ; damask table linen mnf., 136i ; connected with Phila., 1393 ; R.c. diocese est., 1563; Holy Cross Coll. fnd., 1571 ; Alleghany Cemetery est., 159 3 ; fire, 1593,4213, 4353,4432; Evan. Luth. synod org., 1603 ; Free-Soil Party Con- ven., 1712; p. Female Coll. fnd., 1763; United Presb. Church of Am. fmd. ,1842; R. R. to Chicago, 1873; protected against Confederates, 2223; Soldiers' and Sailors' Conven., 225 2 ; Branch of Sanitary Com- mission org., 2292 ; Commercial Gazette, 2412 ; Prot. Epis. diocese of, est., 2502 ; gen. synod Evan. Luth. org., 2543 ■ Ho- meopathic Hospital est., 2551 ; Nat. Con- ven. of Citizens, Soldiers, and Sailors, 2552; p. Leader, 2722; flood, 2841, 2863; Sheridan's troops at, 2961 , great labor strike ; Nat. Stockman and Farmer, 296 a ; order restored, 296 1 : strikers' riots, 2971; strike ties up railroad, 2973; Mozart Club org., 2981 ; Daily Times fnd., 3023 ; strike, 3103 , 315 1 ; Free Meth. Conf . fmd., 3122; HolyGhost Rom. Cath. Coll. est., 3123; Press issued, 3143 ; Exposi- tion buildings burn, 3153 ; Union Vet- eran Legion org., 317i ; natural gas used, 3181; R.C. school dedicated, 3362; land- slide, 338i ; Kate Drexel, a sister of Mercy, 33S3 3522 ; Commercial Gazette, 2412 ; breweries controlled, 3433 • Car negie's free library, 3463, 3522, 3953; Sister Alphonse decision announced, 3482 ; public library, 3522; public hos- pital bequeathed, 3523 ; boltmakers strike, 3551; street railway franchises, 3553; gas well dis., 356i,368i; employ- ees federation unrecognized,3563; brake- men strike, 3611 ; iron-works shut down, 3733; grip, 3813; Cambria Iron Co., stores sold,3873; carpentersstrike,387i ; oil-well opd., 3921 ; general strike, 3931 ; Butler oil-well burns, 3941 ; Senator Quay's libel suit, 3943, 4002 ; free library gift, 3983; Sunday newspaper selling, fines, 399 1; supt. police poisoned, 4043 ; strike set- tled, 4123 ; puddlers strike, 4142 ; raid on disorderly houses, 4183 ; gas explo- sion, 4213 ; plate-glass factories close, 4352; iron-mills resume work,4373; "fire- bug," 4343; striking miners' trial, 4503; Wightman robbery, 463 1 ; G. A. R. en campment, 4703 ; Italian bankers ab- scond, 4711; car-lines consolidate, 4773 Landing, Tenn., action at, 2042, 2061 ; Grant at, 205 1 ; Buell at, 206 1 ; Pope joins Halleck, 2063. Pittsburg and Western R. R. strike, 3763. Pittsfield, Mass., summer frost at, 1661 . Pittston, Pa., earthquake, 3321. Piturine extracted, 4981.' Pius I., St., biyhop at Home, 10623. II., b. (14051; pope, 10791 ; d. (1464). III., b.-d., 10783; pope, 10791. IV., b., 10791 ; journey to Vienna,517l ; pope, 10812; d., 10803. - — V., b., 10802; pope, 10812; d., 1081 1. VI., pope, b., 10831; enip. controls, 5173; elected pope, 1085' ; prisoner of Fr., 7131,3 ; plea for church, 805 1 ; de- posed, 10851; d., 10843. — VII., b., 10842; pope, 1083; Fr. soldiers capture, 619 2 ; deposed, 7192; prisoner, 7193; excommunicates Napoleon, 10851; reigns, 10851 ( 10863 ; reest. Inquisition ; restores Jesuits ; opposes Freemasons ; annuls innovations ; edict against Bible societies, 10863 ; d., 10862. VIII., b., 10842; pope, 10863; d., 10862. IX., b., 10843 ; pope, 10863 ; doctrine of Immaculate Conception ; est. hier- archy in Eng.; reforms religious bodies \ legislative power, 10S63; prohibits Vncle Tom's Cabin, 10871; reforms instituted, 10872; power restored, 10873; against rebellious subjects, 1088 2 ; condemns Fenians ; in St. Peter's, 10883 ; issues Syllabus of Errors, 9663, 10883 ; jubilee eel., 10883; allocution against Fr. and Sardinia, 10891 ; sovereignty, 7382; ex- communicates subjects, 10891; refuses compromise, 10893 ; gift of relics, 3881 ; end of temporal power; jubilee, 10883; letter, 5283; d., 10882. Pixley, Annie, d., 1781. , Mr., obtains prize, 9621 . Pizarro, Hernando, d., 242. , Francisco, b.-d., 11263 ; in Panama, 173 ; asks aid from Sp. ; capitulation with Sp. crown, 182 ; conquest of Peru, I82 + ; sent to Sp., 20i ; brothers confine- ment, 202; cruelty to natives* returns to Am., 212 ; in Lima ; submits, 232 ; boun- dary dispute, 605 1; executes Atahualpa, 644i ; assassinated, 221 . , Gonzalo, in Ecu., 21 1 ; rebels, 23 1 ; commands Quito, 213; executed, 221. , Padre Juan, Indians kill, 6301. Pizigana, map of Atlantic, 121 . Place, C. P., cons, cardinal priest, 7382. Placentia [Piacenza], frontier fortress est., 10531 ; f n d., 10533 ; attacked, 10543 ; united with Milan, 10773; revolts, 10792; united with Parma, 10813; taken, 10841 ; a capital, 11031. Plaeeta, insurgents defeated, 6322. Placide, Henry, b. (1799) ; d., 2682. Placidia, Galla, b. (388 0; regent, 10711; marries Atawulf, 10713; d. (450+). Plafzburg eiiirenders, 7431 . Plague at Hong-Kong, 6273+; in Egy., 6533, 6573; in Gr., 10313; in F r ., 68 92 ; in G. Brit., S413, 8593, 8613, 8653, 8673. Pbiguee, ten, 11403. Ptainfield, Ind., reform school opd., 2611. , N. J., railway accident, 3973. Plains, Pa., prize-rights stopped, 4062. of Abraham, battle of, 5743. Plaisted, Harris Merrill, b. (1828) ; gov. Me., 3093. Plaistow, Royal Victoria docks opd., 9602. J'lan of Iguala issued, 1095 2 . Planch^, James Robinson, b., 9283 ; d., 9861. , Jean Baptiste G., b., 7171 ; d., 7322. Planck, Gottlieb Jakob, b., 8022; d., 8142. , Heinrich Ludwig. b., 8042; d., 8142. Plane charts used, 10781 . Planer, Johann Jacob, b., 8003; d., 8043. Planetarium constructed, 9322. Planetary orbits, stability proven, 7041 . Planets, minor. (See Asteroids.) Planing-machine,mtroduced;constructed, 1361,9302,9421. Plankington, Elizabeth, gift, 3201 . Planquette, Robert, b., 7302. Plans of defense sold, Fr., 7631 . Plantagenet, John, D. of Bedford, b. (1389) ; regent ; d. (1435) ; statue, 9343. , Geoffry. (See Geoffrey.) , Henry, in Eng., 8511 . House reigns, 851 1 . , Rich., D. of York, b. (1377) ; d., 8641 .. Planter runs out of Charleston, 2072. Platinum tinder invented, 7822. Plass, Bohemia, fire at, 53S 3 . 1374 Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DJl,A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Plas-Poll. Plassey, Bengal, action at, 9141 , Plata, explorations, 4892. Plataea, Gr. T under Athens, 10173 ; battle of; destroyed, 101X2 ; attacked ; siege of, 10201; rebuilt, 10233. Plate Act passes, Eng. ,9133; repealed,9213. Assay Office established, 9182. Glass Company established, 9182. prohibited in Eng., 9011 . Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand, b., 5423; d.,5461. Platen, August, b. 1 1 700) ; works, 8132 ■ d. (1835).' Plato, b.-d., 10211; definition of virtue, 10163; teachings of, 10211; flourishes, 10212 ; f nds. aead.; composes dialogues, 10231 ; mentions Atlantis, 112. Platon, Lefshin (Leffsehin), b.-d., 11143. Platonic theology extinct, 10163. Piatt, Carpenter^ gov. Mont., 3193. , Orville H., b., 1342 ; on Idaho admis- sion, 3491 ; on closure, 4391 . , Thomas Collier, b., 1421; removed from office, 34S3 ; senator ; resigns, 3073. Platte City, Mo., action at, 2002. Co. Defense Asso. meets, 1743. , Anson R. Graves, cons, bp., 3502. Platte's Bridge Station, Indians at, 2481 . Platteville, Wis., normal school opd., 2543. Plattsburg, Mo., action at, 2002. , N. Y., northern army at, 1182 ; Brit. take, 1203; Brit, attack"; Macomb with- draws ; battle at, 1222 ; R. c. summer school, 4342, 4642. Plautus, Marcus Accius, b.-d., 10531; works of, 10552. Playfair, Baron, title created, 10083. , John, b., 9122; d., 9383. , Lyon, postmaster-gen., 9792. Playitas, Lopez invades", 6321. Plays in streets, 8541 ; religious, 8542. Pleasant Hill, La., Gen. Banks at ; Taylor repulsed, 231 1 . Pleasonton, Alfred, b., 1321 ; a t Shepherds- town, 2141; at Aldie; at Brandy Station, 2223; at Middb-burg, 2231; at Gettys- burg, 2241 ; at Mine Creek. 238 1 . Pleasants, James, b., 76i ; gov. ,1313; d., 1462. Pleasantville.N.Y., wreck attempted, 3971 . Plebeian games instituted, 10531 . Plebeians, lands granted to ; in office, 10511 ; position of, 10503. Pleiade, La, org. in Fr.; founders of, 6811 . Plessis, Joseph Octave, b., 5781; cons., 5771 ; archbp., 57S2. Plevna, occupied, 5651 ,2; fighting; Osman Pasha at; siege of, 5652; supplies ; in- vested ; surrendered, 506 1 ; riots, 5682. Pleydelle-Bouverie, Edward, b., 10021. Pleyel, Ignaz, b., 8023; d., 8142. Plimsoll, Samuel, 1). (1824) ; work, 9783. Pliny (Caius Plinius Ciecilius Secundus), b.-d., 10(1^3; account of Christians, 1042; Nat. History, 10631; questor of Anda- lusia, 10633; is legate, 11533. Plitt, Gustav Leopold, b., 8143; d., 8301 . Plos taken bv Turks, 10781 . Plotinus, h., 6522; d. (270±). Ploug, Parmo Carl, d., 6421 . Plow used, 11402; cast iron intro., 1081; Invented, 6101 ; steam, 9481 , 9542. Plowden, Sir Edward, land grant, 351 f 2, Plucker, Julius, b., 8071 ; d., 8243. Plug Uglies rule Baltimore, 1832. Plum Creek, Neb., Indians attack, 2581 . Island for gov't purposes, 3873. Plumb, Preston It., I>.<1837); Free Coinage Silver Bill, 3731; d., 3961 , 3972. Plurner, William, b., 1102; gov . N.H., 1193, 1252; d., 1681. , Swan, b. (1802) ; moderator O. S. Presb., 1502; d. (1880). Plunder, Charles, b., 6883; d., 6962. Plummer, John F., director, 3512. , Joseph B., b. (1822); d., 2111. , William, b., 722; d. (1850). Plurnptre, Edward Hayes, b., 9403 • d., 10042. Plumstead, William, theater, 683. Plunket, Baron, title created, 9412. , David R., minister, 9933, 9953. , Oliver, b. (1630';); executed, 8953. , William Convngliam, baron, b.,9163; chancellor, 9152 <)473; d., 9583. Plunkett, Thomas Oliver W., d., 10021. , , cons, archbp., 9922. Plutarch, b.-d.,102.S3; TJres, 8751, 10291. Plutarch's Lives, translated, 8751. Plymore, Kan., gold discovered, 4021 . Plymouth ashore, K. I., 4633. Plymouth, Conn., clocks innfd. at, 104 f . , Eng., Pilgrims sail, 293 ; submarine boat tried, 918 2 ; breakwater begun, 9362; Brit. Asso. meet, 9482, 9741 ; Atlantic telegraph fleet sails, 9613; Albert viaduct opd.; 9622; Church Cong., 9742; Social Science Asso. meets, 9741 ; telephone ex- hibited^SJ 1 ; memorial of Armada,1004 1 . , Mass., John Carver, gov. ; Pilgrims land, 291; vessel built, 301; first mar- riage; treaty with Indians, 302; colony exports,303; cattle intro. ,31 2 ; company's interest purchased, 313 ; tolerance, 322; sachems' allegiance, 323; 3d land grant. 332 ; Thos. Prince, gov., 333 ; Bradford, gov., 351,3; Gen. Fundamentals est, 352 ; in New Eng. Confederacy, 373; In- dians attack, 462; Congreg. Church for -Unitarianism ; 110 3 ; Pilgrim Fathers monument, 3422. (See Mass.) , N. C, Federal expedition leaves, 2101; Confederates defeated, 2122 ; Con- federates destroy, 216 2 ; Confederates attack Albemarle at, 2321, 2391; Con- federates capture, 232i ; Federals take, 2392 ; State normal school opd., 3082. , N. H., normal school est., 2763. , Pa., accident, 3353, 4513; fire, 4753. Bay Conf., Unitarian org., 2562. Company chartered, 8792 ; send out ships, 27 2 ; reorganized, 293; sells, 313; surrenders charter, 352. Pneumatic Postal Tubes Bill intro., 3992. Despatch Co. suspends, 9813, Pniel, mission at, 11051. Po river inundations, 10893. Pocahontas, Ark., action at, 226*. , Miss., action at, 2283. saves Smith, 263 ; stolen; marries, 283; Christianized, 282; goes to Eng., 292; at Eng. court, 283; d.;262. Pocknell, Ley'thle .Shorthand, 9882. Pocock, Adm., commander, 722; defeats Fr. fleet, 7021, 9141. , Edward, h. (1604) ; d., 8982. Pococke, Richard, bp.; b., 9022; d., 9163. Pocomoke City, Md., fire, 4113. Pocotaligo.actioji at, 20S2, 2143, 2402, 2421. Podiebrad, George of, b.,506 2 ; aids Fred. IIL; conquests, 5081 ; pope threatens, 5082; regent, 5091 • excommunicated ; offers crown; king, 5092; d.,5082. Podol, Bohemia, engagement at, 8241. Poe, Edgar Allan, b. (1809) ; works, 1371 , 1491, 1523, 1571; d., 1662. , Orlando Metcalfe, b., 1402; col., 3301. Poema del Cid appears, 11271 . Poerio, uprising of, 10893. Poetic satire invented, 10563. Poey, Felipe, b., 1082; d., 6341. Poll, Sylvester, convicted of murder ,9903. Pogge, Paul, b. (1838); explorer, 10931 d. (1884). Poggendorf, Johanu Christian, b., 8063 d., 8282. Pogodin, Mikhail, b., 11162; works, 11183 d., 11182. Pogson discovers planets, 9641 , 966 2 . Pohlman, John William, d., 6183. Poirtiers takes Wasp, 1182; in Del., 120'. Poincare, Kaymond, minister, 7652, 7672. Poindexter, George, b., 912 ; gov., 1273, 1353; pres. senate, 1433; at Silver Creek, 2021 ; at Compton's Ferry, 2103 ; d. (1853). Poinsett, Joel Roberts, b., 912; sec. war, 1473; d. (1851). Point Levi, Can., Wolfe at, 703; posses- sion of, 5743. Lookout, Confederate sympathy,2472. Pleasant, Ark., levees give way,431 2 . , W. Va., battle, 781 , 2202. Solander, coal dis., 4941 . Poirier, murderer, executed, 7483. Poirters, Adriaen, Masquer, 11012. Poischwitz, Silesia, armistice of, 8101. Poisson, Simeon* Denis, b., 7051 ; d., 7282. Poissy Conference convened, 6823. Poitevin executed, 7463. Poitiers, Fr., battle of, 6741; univ. est., 6763; peace of, 6843. Poitou, Fr., invaded, 6702; homage to Henry, 8533. Poklo mission, 6203. Pola, Istria, lire, 5341 ; action near, 10761 . Polana, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . Poland, aduchy, 11132; peace with Henry; tribute to Henry II., 7752; Ger., influ- ence in, 7781 ; invaded, 11141 ; Louis of Hung, king, 5072; killing of old men legalized, 1115 1 ; war with Rus., 11141; conquered, 7782, 11153; against Turk., 10833; religious toleration, 11172; pesti- lence, 11173 ; falls, 11172 ; partition treaty, 5172, 8033, 8073, 11172; witches burned ; new constitution ; crown rev- enue sequestered, 11172; Russians in, 11161, 11172; Diet opd., 11173; Pamiet- nilc Uarsztttrslci issued, 11171 ; insurrec- tions, 8171 , 11173, 11192; kingdom fmd.; reduced; blotted out, 1117 3 ; sovereigns meet, 8193; military conscription, 11181 ; manumission of serfs ; regulations for dress, 11191, amnesty in; agitation ar- rested; administrative council app., 1119 2 ; church against army, 11182; con- fiscates church property , rupture with pope, 11183 ; amnesty, 11192 ; papal letter, 11183; Powers intervene, 11192 nation- ality abolished ; secret provisional gov't, 11192, 3 ; centenary of partition,, 11223 ; conspiracy for freedom, 11231 ; armistice with Sweden, 11353. Poland, John S., commissioned col., 3881 . , Luke Potter, b., 1242; d. (1887). Polar expedition; Dutch sails, 11021 . (See Arctic expedition.) Polaris sails; frozen in, 2741; survivors rescued, 2801. Polavieja, Gen., captain-gen., 6343. Polding, Bishop, arrives, 4942. Pole, Reginald, b.,866i; absolves clergy, 8703; archbp. Canterbury, 8722; d.,872i. Polemon I. conquers Bosporus, 11501 ; rules Pontus, 11511 . II. reigns, 11532. ■ Poles, eel. anniversary, 3831 ; in Hung., 5033; Soc. in Galicia, 5351 ; invade Ger., ■ 7741 ; sold to Turks, 11151 ; j u Fr. army ; at Ostrolenka; rise, 11161 ; amnesty, 11192 ; executed, 11163; patriotic, 11223. Polevoi, Nikolai, b., 11162; p e ter 1., 11171 ; d., 111S2. Polfontein mission, 11242. Polfrey, T. W.,d.,7582. Polhemus, John, d., 4781 . Policies of Assurances Act passes, 971 2 . Policy captures Essex, 120 2 . Polignac, Pr. Jules Auguste Armand Marie de, b., 7051 ; ministry, 7252 ; trial, 7253 ; liberated, 7272 ; d., 7302. , Pr. Melchoir de, b., 6902 ; d. (1742). , Pr., at Yellow Bayou, 2331 . Polish exiles revolt in Siberia, 11193. Jews in Bremen, 8353, language interdicted, 11183, 11211. succession, 5151 ; war of, 6993. Politian, Angelo Ambrogini, b.-d., 10783; works, 10792. Political assessments forbidden, 2943. bitterness, 1573. disabilities removed, 2692, 2791. economy a science, 920 2 . prisoners pardoned, Fr., 7331 ( 7452. rights restored, 2711 . and Social Science, Acad, fnd., 3481 . Union formed, Eng., 9452. Politics, no purity in, lngalls, 3983, Poli til: at/ Historic issued, 11042. Politique f'rancaise en Tuiiise, La, appears, 7602. Poliziano, same as Politian, A. A. Polk, James Knox, b.,1061 ; marries, 1331 ; M.C.,1332; signs Delavan's declaration, 1451; Speaker, 1453, 1492; gov. Tenn., 1512; vote for v. -pres., 1532; nom. for pres., 157 2 ; elected 1573; inaugurated, 1592; W ar message, 161 1 ; vetoes Harbor Bill, 1612; offer for Cuba, 1652, 6331; d., 1662; widow pensioned, 3111. , Leonidas, b., 1122; cons. P. E. bp., 1483; translated to La , 1542; commands Confed. dept., 19G2 ; occupies Ky., 1982; at Belmont, Mo., 2002; at Shiloh, 2061 ; at Murfreesboro, 2171 ; at Chickamauga, 22G3; in Tenn., 2322; killed, 2342, 2351 . , Sarah Childress pensioned, 3111. , T. M., defalcation, 3131. , Trusten.b. (1811); gov., 1833; d.,2902. .William, d., 1442. , Mecklenburg, b. (1844); Leonidas Polk, 4783. Tariff modified, 1812. Polka dance intro., Aust., 5202; Eng., 9531. Polke, Elise, b., 8122. Pollard, Edward Albert, b., 1502; d., 2782. Pollio,Trebellius, J'»,7»,s'/a?i History, 10671 . Poll-Port. Text Figures denote Page- IlN Dli.X!. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1375 Pollnitz, Karl Ludwig, b., 7982; d., 8041 . Pollock, Sir George, b.,9242; in Afghan, 42,53; d. (1872). , James, b. (1810) ; gov., 1792; d. (1890). , Maj., wins rifle prize, 10021 . , Mrs., award, 4323. , Thomas, pres. N. C, 691 , 612. , Sir William Frederick, d., 9982. , W. G., robbed on train, 4182. Pollok, Robert, b., 9283; Course of Time, 943'; d.,9423. Poll Tax, Eng., first, 8603,861'; granted king, 8633; assessment, ,8932, 9452; abol- ished in Bus., 11193, 11213. Polo, Marco, b.-d., 10762; traveler, 1076' ; in Japan, 1091' ; visits Kublai, 6143; in Tibet, 6153. Polotzk, Russia, battle at, 7182,3. Polotzki, Simeon, b.-d. ,11142; works, 1115' . Polowzes exterminated, 1114' . Poltimore, Baron, title created, 945' . Pol trot, John, shoots D. of Guise, 6833. Polwhele, Eichard, b. (1759+) ; Corn mill, 933' ; a. (1838). Polworth, Baron, title created, 897' . Polybius, b.-d., 10263; Rome, 10291; de- tained in Rome, 1055 2 . Polycarp, Bp., burned, 11521, 11532. Polychromyappliedto ceiling, Wash., 250i . Polycletus, b.,1021'. Polyfem issued, 11362. Polygamy, forbidden in ter., 2112; dis- franchisement, 271', 2972; abandoned in Utah, 3263, abolished, 3682,3 ; in Al- berta, 5883; crim.,5903; in Ct. Afr.,603' ; in Egy., 647' ; proh. in Ger., 775' ; forbid, in It., 10691 ; fi rs t practised, 11392. Polygnotus, painter, 10203; d., 10211. Polyhymnia, asteroid, discovered, 732'. Polynesian goes ashore, 4013. , collision, 5873. Polyphemus launched, 986' . Polysperchon, invadesGr.; retires to^Eto- lia, 10243; enthroned, 10253. Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, 1762. College (Meth.-South), Fort Worth, Tex., org. (1891). Soc, of Ky., Library, founded, 3023. Pombal, Marq. de (Sebastiao Jose de' Car- valho e Mello), b.-d., 11102 ; court in- trigues ; reest. Brazilian Co., 555' ; prime minister, Portugal, 11103. Pomerania, sinks, 2993; accident, 5953. Pomerania, Prus., conquered, 5121 ; an- nexed to Den. ; ceded to Prus., 639 3 ; ducal house extinct, 7972. Pomeranians on shores Baltic Sea, 11132. Pomeroy, Charles, speaker H. R., 2663. , Jesse, boy murderer, 2911 . , Samuel C, pres. vote, 3072 ; d., 3902. , Seth, b., 58'. Pomfret, John, b., 8922 ; d. (1703). Pommeray, Henri de la, d., 762' . Pomona wrecked, 185 3 . , asteroid, discovered, 732' . Pomone captured, 9342. Pompadour, Marq. de (Jeanne Antoinette Poissonle Normant d'Etioles), b., 6982 ; overthrows ministry, 8032 ; influence, 7013 ; d., 703' . Pompeia, asteroid, discovered, 302' . Pompeii, Italy^overwhelmed, 10622. Pompey (Cneius Pompeius Magnus), b.-d., 1056 3 ; joins Sulla; against Sertorius ; defeats Lepidus ; captures M. J. Brutus, defeated by Sertorius ; defeats and exe- cutes Perperna, 1058'; subdues Serto- rius, 11252 ; subdues Celtiberians, 1125' ; restores tribunate privileges, 1059'; an- nihilates insurgents in Apulia ; sup- presses piracy ; defeats Mithridates ; subdues Tigranes ; reduces Syria ; cap- tures, desecrates Jerusalem, 10582, 11502; dismisses his army; privateeitizen, 10582; dethrones Antiochus, 10592 ; triumph eel., 10591 ; disaffected by senate, 10592; gov. of Sp., 1125 2 ; in 1st triumvirate ; his veterans favored, 10592 ; triangular alliance renewed ; ruler of Sp. ; sole con- sul ; rival of Cpesar ; 2d triumvirate, 10593 ; war with Ctesar, 10583 ; flees from Rome to Gr. before Csesar, 1060 1 , 1061 1 ; captures Csesar's transports ; besieged by Csesar, defeats him ; defeated at Phar- salus, 10601 ; killed, 11501. Magnus Sextus defeated by Caesar in Sp. and at Munda, 10602 ; conquers Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Peloponnesus, 10613 ; defeated at Mylas, 10603. Pomponazzi, Pietro, b. (1462) ; Immor- tality, 10812 ; d. (1524+). Pompton, N. J., troops mutiny, 923. Ponce, Herman, explorer, 163. de Leon, Juan, b.-d., 11263. , Luis, b.-d., 11282. Poncelet, Jean Victor, b., 7062 ; d., 7362. Pond, Enoch, b., 1022 ; d., 3101 . , John, b., 9163 ; astronomer royal, 9343 ; d., 9442. Ponder, James, governor Del., 2692. Pondicherry, E. I., taken, 7081 ,9261 , 10442; capitulates, 9142; captured, 9201 ; action at, 10441 ; French settle, 10451 . Pondoland annexed, 10122. Ponema collides with Florida, 3173. Poniatowski, Pr., b.,7023; d., 7211. Ponisi, Madame, appears in N. Y., 168' . Pons, Jean Louis, b., 7023 ; redis. Encke's comet, 722'; d., 726'. Ponsa, Magdalen, d., 5342. Ponsard, Francois, b., 721'; works, 729', 7303 ; d., 7362. Ponson du Terrail, "Viscount Pierre Alexis de, b., 7243; d., 746'. Ponsonby, Baron, title created, 9112. , George, b. (1755) ; lord chancellor, 9332 ; d. (1817). Ponta da Arora, Brazil, fired on,«560' . Pont-a-Mousson,pope confirms university, 6382 ; advance on, 738' . Pontano, Giovanni, b. (1426) ; work, 10812; d. (1487+) . Pontbriand, H. M. D. de, cons., 575' . Pontchartrain, Comte de Louis Phely- peaux, b., 6883 ; d., 6982. Pontgrave, colony of, 571 3 . Pontiac, Mich., insane asylum opd., 301' . , b., 562 ■ conspiracy, 722 ; d., 76' . , vicariate established, 584 2 . Pontianus, St., pope, 10643. Pontifices appointed, 10503. Pontigny, Fi\, pilgrimage to shrine, 9782. Pontius, Caius, defeats Romans, 10522. Pilate. (See Pilate.) Pontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph Marie Ferrand, Comte de, works, 733' . Pont-Noyelles, Fr., battle at, 743'. I'ontoppidan, Erie, b., 6362; d.,6363. , Erik, bp., b., 6363; work, 637' ; d., 638' . Pontotoc, Confederates defeated, 2362. Pontus, a Roman province, 10592, 1065'; power; war, 11492; earthquakes, 11502. Pontypridd Junction, W., R. R. collision, 9833 ; explosion in colliery, 9953, 10113. Pony Express established, 1853, 1933. Pool, Maria Louise, work, 4462. Poole, Eng., public park opened, 10033. , Rev. A., suspended, 9622. , James, executed, 993'. , Matthew, b. (1624+) ; d., 8942. , Paul Falconer, b., 935' ; d. (1879). Poolesville,Md., act ion, 2123; raided, 216'. Poona, Bp. Biederlinden, cons. 9962 ; cap- tured, 1044' ; battle, 1046' ; mission, 10463. Poor, Agnes Blake, work, 4783. , Bishop, Aneren Riwle, 8523. Children's Aid Society est., 9972. Conrad, conspiracy, Ger., 7873. , Eng., punished, 869' ; support of, 873', 8753; overseers of, appointed, 8772. Knights of Windsor, order est., 8591 . Law Amendment Act passes, 9712, 9731,9812; assented, 9472. Law Unions report, G. B-, 9671 . Laws amended, G. B., 9471 , 9472, 9653. rates equalized, G. B., 9632. Poore, Benjamin Perley, b., 1282; d.,3261. Popai, revolting leader, 6152. Pope, elected by cardinals, 10742 ; inde- pendent of German emp., 10311 . .Alexander, b. ,8982; works, 9043, 9071 , 9091; d.,9103. .Charles Alex., b., 1262; d. 2702. , Mrs. Chas. B., library gift, 3443. , Hamilton, d., 4441 . , John, b. (1770) ; pres. senate, 1173 • gov. Ark., 1373 ; d. (1845). , Gen., b., 1302 ; occupies New Madrid, 2042,3 ; at Island No. 10, 2052, 2061; captures Point Pleasant, 2051; goes to Tenn., 2062 ; joins Halleck, 2063 ; at Farmington ; commands in Virginia, 2101 , 2 ; arrests disloyal citizens, 2102 ; crosses Rappahannock ; confronts Lee, 2103 ; at Groveton ; at Manassas ; base of supplies attacked, Va., 2122; relieved, 2123; commands 3d district, 2561,257a; relieved of district, 2581 ; d„ 4161 . Pope, W. H., captured in N. Mex., 3563. Pope's League against France, 10813. Popeliniere, Lancelot de la, France, 6851 . Popham, George, b. (1550+) ; colony in Me., 272 ; d. (1608). , Sir Home Riggs, b. (1762) ; conquest in Argentine, 4891 , 9321 , 9332 ; a t Cape Town, 5971 , 9332 ; d. (1820). , Sir John, b. (1531) ; chief justice, 8773; d. (1607). Popiel I., reigns, 11132. II., reigns, 11132. "Popish Plot" revealed, Eng., 8943. Popocatepetl, violent eruption, 10973. Popoff, Major, trial and sentence, 569 1 . Poppsea, Sabina, advisee Nero, 1063 3 . Poppig, Eduard Friedrich,b.,8063; d., 8243. Popular Science Monthly issued, 2782. Populists. (See People's Party.) Populonia, action at, 6621 , 10522. Porcelain, known, 610 2 ; mnf ., 6122; tower completed, 6142; in Eng., 6153, 9121 . Porcher, Francis Peyre, b., 1322. Porcile, E. H., R. C. pilgrimage, 4661 . Porcius Festus, procurator, 11533. Pork, Am., admitted, Aust.,5352; in Den., 6423 ; in Fr., 763t ; in Ger., 3912, 8352,3, 8363 ; in Italy, 3951. Porphyry, b.-d., 10283 ; workB, 10292. Porpoise exploring expedition, 148' . Porpora, Nicolo, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. Porsena, wars, 10501 ; aids Tarquin, 1051 2 . Porson, Richard, b., 9143 ; d., 9343. Porta, Giambattista della, b., 10803 ; in- vents camera obscura, 10802 ; d. (1615). Portaels, Jean Francois, b., 5423. Portage la Prairie, Manitoba Liberal iB- sued ; Review, 5843. Portal, Antoine, b., 7002 ; d., 7262. , Sir Gerald at Mengo, 5643. Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, b., 7003; d., 7163. , Comte, Jos. Marie, b., 7043 ; d., 7342. Portarlington, Earl, title created, 9231 . Port Arthur, gold-quartz dis.,592'; bom- barded, 6262 ; fort captured ; defense ; massacre ; Japan squadron at ; Chinese fleet confined 6263. Augustus, R. R., 4993. au^Prince, "W. I., earthquake de- stroys, 662. Bill, Boston, fast day for, 782. Breton, Fr. emigrants enter, 7533. — Costa, Cal., fire, 3452. Elizabeth, Cape Colony, mission, 6003, Portella, Ex-Gov., revolt for, 5593. Porteous, Capt. John, hanged, 9092. riots, debated, 9093. , Bp., Sunday Act of, 9211 . Porter, Albert G., b. (1824); gov. Ind., 3093. — , Alexander, b., 98' ; d., 1562. , Andrew, Gen., b., 642; d., 121' . , , Gen., b. (1810+); d., 276' . , Anna Maria, b., 9211 ; d., 9462. , Benj. C, Nat. Acad, of Design, 3061 . , Sir Charles, lord chancellor, 8993. , David, b., 93' ; captures Nocton, 1182; attacks Alert,ll&i ; subdues pirates, 1301 ; captures at Valparaiso, 1221 j sails in Es- sex, 1181 ; d., 1561 . , , Dixon, b., 1231 ; sails for Sumter, 192'; in Miss., 2062 ; at Vicksburg,2092; sends dummy past Vicksburg, 2183 ; cap- tures Arkansas Post, 2181 ; at Bruins- burg, 2203; at Grand Gulf, 2241; attacks Fort Hill, 2222; attacks Fort Anderson, 2302, 2422 ; on Red River, 2303, 2321 ; at Grand Ecore, 2321 ; attacks Ft. Fisher, 2403; vice-adm., 2521; adm., 2701 ; d., 378'. , , collector, killed, 4002. , R., gov. Pa., 1512. , Ebenezer, b., 762 ; d., 1422. • , Fitz-John, b., 1302 ; in Seven Days' Battles, 2091 ; at Moore's Mills ; at Flor- ida, Mo., 2102 ; at Kirksville, 2103 ; a t Bristoe Station, 2122 ; court martial, 2161; dismissed, 218 2 ; appeals to pres., 2701 ; rehearing, 2981 ; exonerated, 3001 , 3221 ; sentence remitted, 3103 ; Relief Bill, 3112 ; Bill for liberty vetoed, 316' ; Restoration Bill, 3172 ; col., 324'. , George, cons, bp., 9962, , B., gov. Mich., 1392 ; d., 1422. — — , Horace, b., 1482 ; Grant Monument Asso., 4022 ; address, 4041 . , James Davis, b. (1828) ; gov. Tenn., 2912 ; minister, 4473. , Lewis, b., 1362. 1376 Text Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Port-Powe. , 252 1 . Porter, Horace M., d., 2152. , Jane, b., 9203 ; works, 9311 , John Addison, b. (1822) ; d , Josiah, d., 4781 . , Moses, d., 1302. , Noah, b., 1163 ; -works, 2643, 2722, 2771,3223,3722; pies. Yale, 3763; d., 4021 . , Peter Buel, b. (1773) ; d., 1562. , Robert J., founds Press, 3283. , Sir Ker, b., 9191 ; d. (1842). , P., tariff commissioner, 3111. , Thomas, jurist, b. (1734); d., 1421 . , William David, b. (ISO!)) ; on Yazoo ; on Mississippi, 2171 ; d., 2332. , Trotter, b. (1809); d., 1842. Porterfleld, Col., at Philippi, \V. Va., 1961 . Porte St. Antoine, Conde defeated, 690 1 . Port Essington, Leiehart arrives, 4961 . Porteus, W\ S. Greely leaves Newfound- land, 3061 . 'Port Gibson, Miss., Confederates defeated at,221i; reunion,359i ; mob at, 4082. Hope, Can., Guide, 5791 . Hudson, La., Farragutat, 2201 ; Banks at 2222; surrenders, '2242; tornado, 4501 . , Jackson named, N.S.W., 4932. Jervis, N.Y., officials indicted ; negro lynched, 4082. Portland, Ind., gold discovered, 4501 . , Me., Zinn's Advocate, 1363; Soc. of Natural History, 1681 ; r.r. to Montreal opd.,1733; liquor riot, 1763; B.C. diocese est., 1782 ; flre, 2533, 3533 ; funeral of Peabody.2691 ; Congregational Club org., 3022; first Young IV,, pie's Soc. C. E. org., 3062; free public library given, 3362 ; dam bursts, 4353 ; election frauds, 4262. , N.Y., Normal schools est., 2663. , Ore., First Nat. Bank est., 2493; Med Portsmouth bombards Guavamas, 1622. Portsmouth, Eng., Naval Coll. fnd., 9071 ; vessels launched: Inflexible, 9741 ; Can- ada; Colossus, 9861 ; '('amperdown, 9921 ; Trafalgar, 9941 ; Vulcan, 10001 ; Bp. Vir- tue cons., 9862. , N. H., settlement, 311 , 2; church fel- lowship denied ; Epis. minister banishd, 362; Provincial Assembly, 473 ; Indians attack, 521; first P. E. church, 622; N.H. Gazette est., 712; fort captured, 781 ; Fr. vessel arrives, 862 ; America built, 941; first bank, 1033 ; tornado, 1622. , Va., taken, 902 ; yellow fever, 1773 ; Spear's raid, 2322 ; Pensacola sunk, 3381 . , E. of, title created, 9112. Port of Spain, Bp. Flood cons. B. C, 9962. Portugal (See text, pp. 1109-1111) ; against Tangier, 10971; gov. threatens Colum- bus, 142 ; driven out of Abyssinia, 13 ; occupies Muscat, 4873; in Madagascar; massacre, 10951 ; in Siam, 11241 ; debt, 5552 ; annexed to Sp., 5533 ; peace with Sp., 11293; war with Sp., 11301; revolts in Sp., 11281, 11293; cruelty; factories, 4813 ; yields Muscat, 4861, 4S73 ; i n In- dia, expelled ; war with Hindus, 10441 ; joins allies of Fr., 697 2 ; Conven. of Cintra entered, 7173 ; diamonds crown property, 613 ; Braz. Co. chartered, 712 733 ; protects Am. vessels, 992 ; ports closed, 9333 ; invaded ; governed by Fr., 7173; aids against Dutch, 554 1 ; Brit, force leave; constitutional monarchy restored, 11111; claims collected, 145 2 ; claims in Kongo, 10932,3 ; dispute with Eng., 10032 ; Delagoa Railway question, 10033; conven. with Eng. ; proposal of modus Vivendi, 10052 ; cable to Azores, 11113. ical Depart., "Willamette Univ., opd., Portuguese, on West Coast Afr., 11601 . 2543; Ore. Central R.R. begun, 2573; Porus, Pr., defeated, 1042' ; taken, 10242. P. E. diocese of, est., 2642; st. Helen's reigns in Babylon, 11452. Hall opd., 2663 ; Portland Univ. fnd., Posen, ceded, 8073 ; Germanized, 8313. 3743; Reform School est., 2782; fire>4 Posey, Thomas, b. (1750); gov. Indiana, 2833, 4733; Meth. Hospital fnd., 3292; [ 1213; d. (1818). drawbridge accident, 4432; floods, 4621 . Posidonius, b.-d., 10282. , Victoria, laid out, 4953; Henty fam- Post, Christian Frederick, b. (1710) ; mis., ily settle, 4952. 711 ; d. (1785). collides with Avalanche, 9833. , Philip Sidney, h., 1421 . -, D. Of, title created, 9051 . (See Cav- Postage, charges reduced, 1592, 1712, 3133, endish.) , Earl of. (See Weston, Richard.) cement first mentioned, 9402. Port Lokkoh, mission, 11603. of London Soc. est., 9383. Portman, Sir Win., chief justice, 8713. , Viscount, title created, 9751 . Portmore, Ire., captured, 8761 . Porto-Alegre Manoel de Aranjo, b., 5542. Porto Alegre, Braz., Muckers attacked, 5571 ; gov. chosen, 5592. Bello, W. I., named, 162; sacked, 24 taken, 42" 5912, 8712, 9073. 9091 , 9743. international, rates est., 3073; laws operative, 8293 ; colonics join union, 501 2. law, new, G. B., 9493. stamps, used. 1633,9512; legal tender, 2113; receipt stamps, 9873. Postal cards, one cent, issue, 2772, 2813. Congress meets, 1052, 7503. Free delivery, for N. Y., 1923; Bill passed, 423i; extended, 3272,3472 letter-sheet envelopes issued, 1923, 3252; notes authorized, 3133. buccaneers est., Money Orders provided for, 2333, 2393; in Eng.,9272 ,951 2 ; conven. with Fr., 9752. privileges denied, 445 3 ; receiving boxes established, 2213. system, in New Eng., 473; adopted in France, 7503. Telegraph Cable Co., N. Y., 3593. trains established, 9951 . formed, Germany, 8193. 462; New Eng. troops at, 641 ; centre of commerce, 673, 6293 ; captured, 9101 . Novo, India, action at, 10442. Port Orchard, Wash., naval station, 3921 . Porto Rico, W. I., dis. by Columbus, 142 ; subdued by Ponce de Leon, 161 ; Leon, gov., 173; San Juan Baptista fnd. (1511); sacked by Adm. Drake ; repulses Drake — and Hawkins, 241; sacked by D. of Cum- Postel, Guillaume, b., 6802; d., 6842. berland i 15981; unsuccessfully attacked Posten, D. H., shot, 4023. by the Dutch (1615); also by the Eng. Post-horses for news of war, Eng., 8653. (1678); also by Abercromby (1797); revolt houses established, France, 6791. for independence (1820); suppressed by Posthumous, Marcus Cassianus Latinus, Sp. (1823); appeals to Europe for protec- invades Samnium ; in Caudine Forks tion, 11033; slavery abolished, 11323 Seguro, Easter eel., 5523 ; Cabral ar- rives, 553i ; sugar works, 5532. Port Patrick, telegraph completed, 9593. -Phillip, Australia, convict colony ,4951 10521; defeats Franks, 11251; est. pireinGaul, 10G72; killed (267). Postmaster in H. C, Act, G. B., 9692. General, member of cabinet, 1372 -, G. B., united in one, 9453. colonized, 4952 ; population, 4953 ; sepa- Post-office, first Am. est., 813; rated from N. S. W., 4971 . Republic, Va., action at, 2083. Royal, N. S., colony deserted, 233, 272; Huguenot colony, 233; settlement. 271 ; burm-d, 28) : taken, 301, 561 ; Jesuits arrive, 282; seized, 501 ; surrenders 521 ; Mass. troopsattaek-,561 ; Fr. settlement, 5713; Fr. attacked, 5741 . , Jamaica ; fire, 673 ; cyclone, 781 . , S. C, Huguenots settle, 222; Lord Cardross at ,49 3 ; col. mists expelled, 501 ; Brit, expelled, 901 ; Confederates retreat, 2021 ; battle, 2002. Expedition , 2002, 2162. des Champs fnd. at Paris, 6703. grammars written, 691 1 . 1800, 1113; carriers uniformed. 2633; branch stations est. in N. Y., 3513. erected in Eng., 8853, 8912; est., 8893; completed, 9441 ; authorities cen- sured, 9773; register fee reduced, 9832. Acts consolidated, G. B., 9492; Act passes, 9752. App. Hill, 3303, 3371,3612,3631, 3791 ,2, 4091 , 4251 ,3, 4551 , 4591 , 4652. Direct'Tii issued, 9303. Protection Act passes, 9932. Savings Bank est., G. B., 9653. . (See under Money Order.) Poston, David H., shot, 3802. Postupic, Albr. Kostka de, in Fr., 5083. Potato discovered, 182; intro. in N. Eng., 592; jn Eng., 8733, 8773; starch from,, 9022; International Exhibition, 9853. Potato-beetle appears, 1873. Potemkin, Pr. Gregori Alexandrovitch,. b.-d., 11143. Potgieter, Everhard Johannes, b.-d. ,11021 . , Herman, murder of, 5991 . Pothier, Robert Joseph, b., 6943; d., 7042.- Pothinus, Bishop of Lyons, 6623. Pothuan, Vice-Adm., minister, 7451, 7512.. Potidasa, besieged. 1020'; revolts, 10212. Potocki, Count, minister, 5291 , 5092. Potomac attacks guallo Batto, 1401. , Army of the, org.. 1981 ; report, 2002, 2062; reviewed. 20(13; enters Va., 2143; advances on Richmond, 2322; winter quarters, 2391; reunion, 3871. (See names of commanders.) Potosi, Bolivia, battle near, 5501 ; silver discovered, 5513. Potsdam, N. Y., Normal School est., 2663. , Prus., Convention of, 8092. Pott, August Friedrich, b., 8082; d., 8321. Pottawattomie, Kan., fight, 1781 , 1793. Potter, Albert G., minister, 3513. , Alonzo, b., 1082; cons, bp., 1582; org. Evan. Educational Soc. 2152; d., 2481- , Asa P., 3943; indicted, 4023, 4283. , Chandler Eastman, b. (1807) ; d., 2622. , Cipriani, b., 9262; d. (1871). , G., d., 10101. , Hazard Arnold, b., 1162 ; d., 2681 . , Henry Codman, b., 1442; cons. bp.,. 3142; sermon, 3722; vs. Dr. Newton, 3842. , Horatio, b. (1802); cons. P. E. bishop, 1762; d., 3261. , John, b., 8923; Archbp. Canterbury, 9043; d., 9122. , Louis Joseph Antoine de, b.,5422; d.,5442. , Orlando B., d., 4481 . , Robert, b., 9062; d. (1804). , W., ex-minister, library gift, 4761 . Potteries founded, Eng., 9182. Potters flourish, Gr., 10142. Pottery, enameled, made, 6942. Trust formed, 3413. Pottinger. Sir Henry, h.,9243; at Macao, 6173; d. (1854). Potts, Benjamin F.. gov. Mont., 2732. , John, governor Va., 313. , Stacy Gardner, b. (1799) ; d., 2471 . Pottsville, Pa., mnf . iron, 1441 ; coal in mnfg. iron, 1501 ; cloudburst, 3881 ; non- union men employed, 3891 ; soldiers' monument, 3921 ; CO al deposits, 4081 . Potvin, Charles, b., 5423. Pouchet, Felix Archimede, b., 7143; d. (1872). Poughkeepsie, Constitution conven. at, 1011; Vassar Coll. fnd.,199i, Coll. Ob- servatory erected, 3001; labor strikes, 3623; " green goods " man shot, 4242. Pouillet, Claude Servais Mathias, b.,7082; d.,7382. Pouilly, Mensdorff, premier, 8231 . Poujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, b., 7143; ; Poulett, E of, title created, 9031. Poulson, Zachariah, b. (1761) ; d., 1562. Poundage, Eng., 8912; repealed, 9252. Pound Gap, Ky., action at, 2042. Poundmaker, Indian, 5841 ; surrender,584i . Poundridge, N. Y., boy kidnapped, 4002. Pourchot, Edme, b., 6902; d., 6983. Pourzan reigns, Armenia, 11551. Poussin, Caspar, b., 10823; d., 10831. , Nicolas, b., 6842; Blind Men of Jeri- cho, 6901 ; d., 6903. Pouyer-Qnertier, A. T., d., 7602. Poveda, Tomas Martin de, gov., 6053. Poverty Point, Miss., colony at, 55 2 . Povin, Prince of Croatia, 5031 . Powderlv, Terence V., gen. master-work- man, 3011; indorsed, 3663. Powell, Baden, b., 9283; d., 9642. , Humphrey, Liturgy, 8711. , John Wesley, ,b., 1422; at Wythe- ville, 2251 ; descends Colorado River,. 2661 ; in interior department, 3512. , Lazarus Whitehead, b. (1812) ; gov. 1692; for pacification, 189' ; d. (1867). , Lyman P., in Wis. University, 4162. , Will. Henry, b. (1825) ; Albert Galla- tin, 1561 ; at Front Royal, 2401 . Power-loom, in Phila., 1001 ; for mnf. car- pets, 1501 ; intro., 1622, 9322; invented,, 9222; destroyed, 9232, 9432. Powe-Pres. Text Figures denote Page. IN L)r!,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1377 Power, Pierce, cons. P. E. bp., 9962. , Richard, d., 10062. , Thomas C, b., 1502; B peech, 4392. Power's Art Gallery est., 2901 . Powers, Abigail, marries Fillmore, 1352. , H. Henry, b., 1442. , Hiram, b., 1122; executes busts, 144'; Greek Slave; Eve, 150' ; d., 282' . , John H., governor Neb., 3752. , Eidgely C, governor Miss., 2772. Powerscourt, Vise, of, title created, 9112. , Baron, title created, 9871 . Powhattan wrecked, 1753. , Indian, b. (1550±) ; d., 262. Powis, E. of, title created, 931' . , E. of (Win. Herbert), liberated, 8972. Powlett, Harry G., D. of Cleveland, d., 10061 . , Sir George, massacred, 8781. Pownall, Thomas, b. (1720) ; gov. Mass., 713; d., 1122. Poynings, Sir Edward, deputy, 8672; d., 866'. Poynter, Edward John, b., 9482. Poyntz, John, Earl Sj lencer , ininister,985 2 . Pozo, Almonte, battle near, 6081 . Pozzi di Borgo Carlo, Andrea, b., 11162. , Francis, cons. K. C. bishop, 9962. Ppzoomer, Carolus "Wilhelmus, b.-d., 11021. Pradier Jacques, b., 7082; d., 7322. Prado, Gen. Mariano Ignacio, b. (1826) ; chosen pres., 11082; at Sorota, 11081; revolt against, 11083. Pradon, Nicolas, b. (1632) ; PMdre et Hip- polyle, 6932; d. (1698). Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, b., 9303; d., 9483. Praemunire, Statute of, Eng., 8612. Prasneste, It., surrenders, 10581 . Prastorius, Michael, b., 7922; d., 7943. Pragmatic Sanction, 509 1 , 5143 ; approved, 5151 ; promulgated, 6732, 6763, 6773; ab- rogated, 6791 ; rescinded, 681 2 ; ratified, 7493. Prague, Bohemia, fnd., 5031 ; Benedictine monastery fnd., 5062; studium generale authorized, 5071 ; rebuilt, 7833; siege of, 5061; attacked; Compact of, 7S43; Jes- uits at, 5103 ; learned city, 511 1 ; cap- tured, 5121 , 5142; Bohemians defeated, 5131 ; bombarded, 7962 ; Swedes take, 712 2 ; recaptured, 7942; alliance with Saxons, 8012; abandoned, 5142; Maria Theresa crowned, 5152; battle of, 5161 ; Fr. occupy, 5183; Cong, at, 8112; insur- rection ; siege raised, 5221; Czechs rise; Slavonic Cong, meets, 5231 ; Prus. enter, 526 1 ; mission, 526 2 ; peace of, 5271 ; riots, 5291 , 5302; treaty abrogated, 8312; socialists imprisoned^ 5303; strik- ers win ; Filipoff silenced, 5323; eight- hour movement, 5331 ; bombs explode; emp. received; strike, 5343; Czechs honor Comenius, 5351; Czechs agitate, 5362; Charles of Bourbon marries, 5363; treason trials, 5372; anti-Ger. agitation, Univ. fnd., 5043, 5071 ; John Huss, professor ; professors withdraw, 7851 ; Wyclif's writings discussed, 506 2 ; Hus- site troubles in ; seat of heresy, 5071 ; Czech language taught, 5392; students dispersed, 5331 ; Omladina Society, trial of members, 537 2 . Praguerie appear, 6771 ; suppressed, 6791 . Prairie du Chien, Wis., taken, 122 1 ; K. E. opd., 1833. Grove, Ark. , Confederate defeat, 2162. View Normal School opd., 3023. Praise of Learning, copies of, 6483. Pram, Christian Henriksen, b.-d., 11041. Pranzini, murderer, 7562. Prat, Belosarion, forms cabinet, 6091 . , Matthew, Cadwallader Colden, por- trait, 761. Prati, Giovanni, b., 10862. Pratt, Calvin E., b. (1828) ; at Chapmans- ville, 1983. , Charles, b., 1381 ; gift to institute, 3843; d„ 3821. , , E. of Camden, b., 9042 ; lord chancellor, 9173; lord-lieut., 9273. , Daniel Darwin, b. (1813) ; d., 2942. , Enoch, h. (1808); library gift, 3231 . , Gen., in New Zealand, 9641 . , Sir James, b., 1442. , John, chief justice, 9072. , Judge, decision, 3842. Pratt, Orson, b., 1163, d. (1881). Institute, org. at Brooklyn, 3283 ; endowment of Chas. Pratt, 3843. Praxiteles, b., 10243; makes silver mirrors, 10243. Prayer-book Revision Soe. petition, 9902. (See Common Prayer-hook.) gauge debate originates, 9762. Preachers, Eug., restricted, 9163, 8743. Preakness, Am. army winters at, 923. Preang, villages destroyed by lava, 10921 . Preble, Edward, b., 723 ; against Moors, 1121 ; d., 1141 . , George Henry, b. (1816) ; d., 3201 . Precis Histon'i/urs appears, 5443. Preemption Free Land Bill, 1872; passes ; vetoed, I882. Prehistoric subjects, congress on, 737 1 . Prelacies est., Eng., 8502. Prelates, troubles in Bulg., 5681 ; confirma- tion of, Ger., 7743. Preller, Mr., murderer executed, 330 3 . , Friedrich, b.,S0S2; d., 8282. , Ludwig, b., 8083; d., 8202. Premislas, king of Poland ; assassinated, 11152. Premsyl, Duke, 5031 ; conquered, 5021 . , Ottocar enthroned, 505i, 2; marriage, 5052. II., duke, 505i ; enthroned, 5052. Prence, Thomas, b. (1601) ; gov. of Plym- outh (1634, 1638, 1657, 1673) ; d. (1673). Prendergast, Patrick E., assassin, 4421, 4442; guilty, 4642. Prentice, Fred. C, verdict for, 3432. , George, Wilbur Fi.ike, 3722. , Denison, b., 1102; d., 2682. Prentiss, Benjamin Mayberry, b. (1819) ; in court-martial, 2161 ; at Helena, 2242. , Mrs. (Elizabeth Payson), b., 1262; Stepping Heavenward, 2683; d., 2982. , Seargent (or Sargent) Smith, b., 1142; d., 1681. Prenzlau, Hohenlohe surrenders, 7161 . PreRaifaelite School est., Eng., 9561 . Presbyterians, U. S. A., in S. C., Hugue- nots in, 222,442,502,583,762, 1212, 1403, 2963. First church in Am. org., 302; j n Conn., intro., 321; Saybrook Platform union with Cong., 563 ; in N. Y., 362 ; Francis Dougherty in, 363 ; on Staten Island, 48 a ; ministers arrested, 563; aid from Glasgow, 58»; 723, 1042, 1123, 1142, 1211, 1281, 1303, 1363, 1463, 1563,1782, 3, 3362,4241;in N. C, 383, 402, 1212,2583; in N. J., Newark, Elizabeth, 422; Wood- bridge, Fairfield, 481, 2, 3; New Side 522, 563, 932, 3; project Princeton Coll., 663; 1203, 1311, 2663, 3742, 3922; i n Md., 482, 1571 , 2582 ; Francis Makemie starts a new era, 48 2 ; in Mass., 502, 622 ; in PUila., 502, 522, 3, 542, 563, 58 2 , 643, 711 . Brit, missionaries sent. 522; i n Va., 542, 712, 1322, 1731 . j- irst Am. presbytery, 563 ; union with Con- gregationalists, 563, 742, 1043, 1062, 1103, 1163, 1171 , 1183, 1463, 1702 ; Irish Presb. arrive, 582 ; Wm. Tennent joins ; synod of Phila. find., 582 ; Log Coll. est., 583 ; in Pa., 583, 043, 663, 1351, 1403, 1502, 1563, 1723, 2682, 2771 , 3443. Wilson Coll. org. at Chambersburg (1870). Old Side acad., 663 ; committee on conf., 602 ; Confession of Faith ; Adopting Act, 603; divided on Whiteneld's revivals, 043 ; schism In Phila., 643, 711 ; New Side vs. Old Side, 663 ; overtures of peace, 651 ; Brainerds with Indians ; synod of New York fmd., 663 ; Indian missions, 663, 723, 1422, 3, 1511, 1543, 1801, 2682, 2722, 2822, 2903, 2982, 3002, 3002, 3082, 3122, 3162, 3182 ; in N. H., 663, 1423. Inception Princeton Univ., 6i'.3; in Can., 762. Religious publications, 781 ; Meck- lenburg, Independence conven., N. C, 8H ; synod of N. Eng. fmd., 823, 951 ; i„ Ky„ 962, 982, 1083, 1103, 1121, 3, 1142, 1271,1731,2582,2682. Abingdon, presby- tery org.; standards revised, 982,3, 1001 , Gen. Assembly org., 1002; (See meetings on each succeeding year) ; in N.Y. City, 1312, 3321, 3443, 34(52, 3502, 3821, 4162, 4581 , 4601 , 4742. N. Y., missions, 1002 ; Gen. Synod becomes Gen. Assembly, 100 2 ; Northern presbytery org., 1043 ; N. Y. Missionary Society org., 1063 ; revival period ; camp-meetings, Ky., 1083, 1102, 1123; Com. on Missions fmd., 1103 ; Cumberland Presbytery cut off, 1123, 1142, H63; Reformed Presb. Synod org., 1163 ; Mission Board, 1183; Hamil- ton Coll. ; Theo. School at Princeton ; 1191; in Ga., 1212, 1583; in O., 1232,1323, 1351, 1363, 1371, 1663, 2543; in Tenn., 1233, 1263, 1283, 1343, 1631, 2602, 4181. Board of Missions org, 1243; Woman's Miss. Soc. est. ; anti-slavery, 1263 ; Center Coll., 1271 ; Auburn Theo. Sem. est., 1283, 1311 ; plan of correspondence ; Maryville Coll. est. ; Board of Educa- tion, 1283 ; union with Reformed Ch., 1303; Heathen Youth Soc. org., 1311; N. Y. Observer, 1312; Union Theo. Sem. est., 1323; Princeton Review*, 1331; in Ind., 1342, 1403, 1542, 1562, 1702. Con- grcgational delegates. !isfranckised,1343; Western Reserve Coll. ; Western Theo. Sem. est., 1351 ; i n Miss., 1363, 2942; i n Ala., 1363. 2022, 2902, ;i0S2. Lane Theo. Sem. est., 137', 1403; i„ m., 1383, 1391, 1402, 1483, 1562, 180' , 2502 ; McCormick Theo. Sem. est., 1383 ; i n Chicago, 1383, 1422, 2842, 36S2. Illinois Coll., 139' ; in Mo., 1402, 1783, 2582. Columbia Theo. Sem., S. C, Wabash Coll., Lafayette Coll., est., 1403 ; 1st church in Chicago, 1422 ; Hanover Coll., 1423 ; j n N. H., 1423; in Mich., 1442. Soc. for Evang. "World est. ; Marietta Coll., 1443 ; anti- liquor, 145' ; four presbyteries exscinded; Union Theo. Sem., 1463 ; Western Reserve Svnod cut off, 1482; Knox Coll., 111., 1483 ; Davidson Coll., 149'; split; New School and Old School Assemblies, 1502 ; New Windsor Coll., 157' ; Church Erection Fund, 1582, 1762; Oxford Coll., 1663; Austen Coll., 1683; i n Tex., 1683, 1702 ; i„ Wig., in Ark., 1702 ; in la., 1702,1742,1842,3183. Bibliotheca Sacra, 1703, in Cal., 1722,3, 182'. Com. on Publications ; Chinese missions est., 1722, 3; p. Quar. Review, 1723 ; Danville Theo. Sem. est., 173' ; Ministerial Relief est., 1782 ; Westminster Coll. ; El- mira Coll., 1783 ; opposes slavery, 180' , 1822 ; Trustees of Board of Domestic Missions; Highland Univ. 1822; in Kan., 1822. United Presb. Church of N. A. org., 1842 ; reunion Old Side and New Side, 1843 ; divided by civil war, 197', 219', 241'; Gen. Asso. of Confederate States org., 201', 250'; Com. of Home Missions (N. S.) ; leave Home Mis. Soc, 2023 ; o. S. and N. S. correspond, 2172 ; Southern presbyteries secede, 219' ; United Synod, south, unites, 241 ' ; Freed- man's Board org. ; liquor dealers ex- cluded; Irvington Coll. est. ,2502; O.S.and N. S. assemblies fraternize. 2542; Univ. of Wooster, Lehigh Univ.. 2543 ; South- ern Synods separate. 25S2; BiddleUniv., 2583 ; National Union P. Convention; King Coll., 2602 ; O. S. votes against union,2642; Ger. Theo.Sehool,2663; total abstinence, 2682, 385'; union of N. S. and O. S., 2682, 2702, 2922 ; secession ; first reunited Gen. A ssenibly.270 2 ; Wom- an's Board org., 2722 ; Phila. hospital, 2742 ; Ark. Coll. ; San Francisco Theo Sem.; Princeton Review, 2763; Lincoln Theo. Sem. (colored), 277'; Pan-Presb. Congress, Lond., 2882 ; Dr. D. Swing ac- quitted, 2S42 ; South-western P. Univ., 2903 ; lust, for Colored Teachers ; Par- son's Coll., 2922; enters P. alliance, 2942, 2962; Adger Coll., 2963 ; Bait Hospital, 297'; Pan-Presb. Conven., Phila., 3042. Belfast, 3182 ; Board Aid for Coll. org., 3122 ; Pierre Univ. ; in S. Dak., 3143. Lenox Coll., 3183 ;Macalestei Coll., 3223; in Minn., 3223, 3242. Reunion North and South considered,3282, 332' ,3402; dis- abled ministers' aid. 3292; centennial of Gen. Assembly, 330 2 ; revision of creed, 2302, 2402, 3462, 3, 3431 , 3582, 3682, 3842, 3862; Harrison's cabinet Presbs., 336 2 ; Gen. Ass. in, 1889, 3402 ; gov't appro- priation Ind. schools, 3423; Gen. Assem- bly Anti-license, 340 2 ; anniversary Log Coll., 3443; Welsh P. Conven.. 3602; Sun- day closing, World's Fair, 3701 ; Prof. Kriggs, 3742, 3822, 3842, 3922, 3942, 4062, 4163, 4302, 4321, 4401; Prof. Smith's trial, 4181 ,4562; dogmatic warfare, 4241 ; Presbyterians, Associate Presb. Ch., Am., 1st presbytery of Pa. org. (1753) ; of N. Y. (1776) ; partial union with Associate Reformed Church, 95 1 ; presbytery of Ky. 1378 Text Figures denote Page. INJ_)xl,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Pres-Prin. fmd. (179S); Synod of N. Am. find. (1801); excludes slaveholders ; southern seces- sion (1831) ; unites in forming United Presb. Church, 1842. Presbyterians in Can. ; presbytery of Truro fmd. ; service in Que. ; in Mont., 5763; P. Ch. of N. S. fmd. ; union of all, fails, 5771; synod of Can. fmd.; Home Missions, 57X2 ; Scotch P. divided, 57S3 ; United P. Synod fmd., 580' ; in N. S., 5802, 5882 ; Can. P. Church find. ; Free and United P. Churches unite, 5802 ; Presb. Ch. of Lower Provinces fmd. ; 1st Gen. Assembly, 5S22 ; P. church of Can. fmd., 5823 ; Woman's For. Miss. Soc. fmd., 5812; in Ont., 5862, 5882,5912; Gen. Assembly meets, 5882. , Cumberland Presbyterians cut off, 1123, 1143 ; org., 1163 ; Indian missions, 1263 ; Cumberland Univ., est., 1551 ; Bethel Coll.; Cane Hill Coll., 1703; Trin- ity Univ., Tex., 2663 ; Woman's Board of Missions org., 306 2 ; Gen. Assembly meets, Kansas City, Mo.. 3402; Mex. mis- sions, 10962. , Reformed, Church, U. S. A., presby- tery fmd., 782; dissolved; unites with Associate ch., 951 ; lief. Presbytery constituted, 1083 ; 1st synod, 1163; Gen. Synod, 1422 ; missions, 1463 ; Foreign Miss. Committee, 1563 ; bond and coven- ant signed, 2762 ; Christ in Constitution, U. S., 3622; expels ministers, 3843. Church, South ; Presbyterians di- vided byCivil War, 197' ; org., 2012, 2191 ;. United Synod of the South joins, 2411; name changed to 1'resb. Church in U.S. 2502 ; Central Univ., Ky., 2863; celebra- tion, 3262 ; Gen. Assembly at Chatta- nooga, 3402 ; at Ash eville ; statistics, 358 1 . (See Presbyterians above.) , United, Church ; Westminster Coll., 1723; Monmouth Coll. est., 1S02; org., 1842; Gen. Assembly meetings, 1843 ; and eachfollouing year; Women's (leu. Miss. Soc. org., 3142; anti-tobacco, 3622. in England; virtually fnd., 8742; 1st church, 8743 ; separate from Indepen- dents, 8843; est. by Pari.; in Pari. ; mis- sions in N. Eng., SS03; Savoy Conf., 8902; Uniformity Act, 8903 ; Conventicle Act, 8903, 8923 ;'Five Mile Act; Test Act, 8923; Toleration Act, 8982 ; Schism Act, 9043; Presb. Ch. of Eng. org., 9211; Foreign Missionary Soc. est., 9423 ; Welsh For. Miss. Soc. est., 950 2 ; Jewish mission, 9762 ; Pan-Presb. Cong., 9802, 9822, 9902; church reconstituted, 3803; Wo- man's Missionary Soc, 9841 . , Reformed, in Great Britain; secedes, 8942; declaration, 9111 . in Ireland, presbytery find, at Car- rickfergus (June 10', 1642) ; roval gift fud., 8923 ; toleration granted, 9003 ; the presbytery of Antrim secedes from the presbytery of Ulster (1726); Reformed Presbytery org. (1792); Gen. -Assembly fmd., 9502 ; Jewish Presb. Synod of Se- ceders org. (1818) ; mission, 9503 ; Pro- testant Alliance, 9523; Female Associa- tion org., 9782; Gen. Assembly in Belfast, 10002. Church in Scotland ; First Covenant ; first Book of Discipline ; succeeds Catho- licism, 8722 ; first Gen. Assembly ; Con- gregation of the Lord org., 8723; Second Book of Discipline, 8743; supplants epis- copacy ; liberty restricted, 8763, 8782; Articles of Perth, 8802; Nat. Covenant signed; declared independent; Coven- anters abolish episcopacy, 8823; Solemn League and Covenant approved, 8843 ; Westminster confession in, 8863 ; As- sembly dismissed by gov't., 888 2 ; dis- obeys Cromwell. 88S 3 ; persecution, 8902; gov't restores episcopacy; National Cov- enant signed; Solemn League and Cov- enant annulled, 39f>3 ;opposes episcopacy, 8921; many ministers return. 8922; Test Act against, 8953 ; United Societies of Covenanters meet ; Reformed Presb. Church secedes, 8942; confirmation age, 8962; Presbyterianism reestablished, 8982 ; Act of 'Settlement, SHS3 ; national religion of Scot., 9023; Soc. for Promo- tion of Christian Knowledge est.; patron- age restored, Glassites 9042; Gen. Assem- bly, 9063; rise; Associate Presbytery se- cede, 8093; Reformed Presbs. org., 911 1 ; Burghers and Anti-burghers, 9123,9203 ; Session and Relief Churches unite, 9123; Relief Church secedes, 915 1 ; First United Secession Ch. fmd., 9403, 9543; Foreign Mis. Com. ; Y. M. C. A. fmd., 9423; Dr. Duff, missionary, 9442, 9183, 9542, 9732; Veto Act, 9463; "Morisonians suspended, 9503 ; Disruption, Free Church secedes, 9522 ; United Presb. Church fmd., 9543 ; Nat. Bible Soc, 904 2 ; patronage abol- ished, 9782 ; Pan-Presb. Congress, 9802, 9822, 9902 ; Zenana mission work, 9862 ; Burgher con ventit in. 989 2 ; Home Mission to Jews, 9942; high commissioner, 10002; jubilee, 10102. Presbyterian College org., Clinton, S. C, (1880). Presburg, Ger., defeated, 5021 ; Diet of, 5133; peace signed, 5193; UngHsehes Magazin, 5171; anti-Jew riot, 5303; siege, 7742. Preseott, Can., insurrection at, 5781 . Co., Kan., deadly strum, 3261 . , Benjamin F., gov. N. H., 2973. , Richard, Gen., b. (1725) ; gov.-gen., 5772; captured, S63; exchanged, 8S2; d. (1788). , William, b., 602; d., 1061 . , Hickling, b.,' 1061 ; works, 1491 1571, 1632, 1783; d., 1842. Present Stat,- of Republic!: of Letters,909i . Presidency, U. S. A., nominations by Con- gressional caucus abandoned, 1332. President captured by Endymion, 1223; lost, 1533. Presidential elections, 101 1. (See each following quadrennium.) Salary main- tained, 2913. Succession Bill passed, 3132, 3212. Presles, Raoul de, De civitate Dei, 6743. Preslin, Due de, murders wife ; suicide, 7292,3. Press, Am., Asso. incorporated, 4273. , censorship relaxed, Rus., 11183; free- dom abolished, 11313. , freedom of, 631 , 4951 . 7252,7352,7532. , limited, Fr., 7273. , hydraulic, invented, 9381. , restricted, Fr., 7303, 7313, 7343, 7503, 7572, 765i; freedom legalized, 7391 ; de- cree repealed, 7511; restrictions re- moved, 7512. , , Great Britain, 8831 ; censorship license, 8883, 9012, 0291 ; censor, 9002. , , Spain, 11313. .suppressed, Ger., 8151; restricted, 8222; gov't defeated ; liberty upheld, 8292; political use, 8322. , unrestrained. Den., 6423. Presse, La, issued, 7271 . Pressense, Edmond Dehoult de, b., 7242; d., 7602. Pressing boards made. 8041 ; inv., 9142. Pressy, J. T., moderator, 1843. Prester John, in Abyssinia, 13. Preston, Eng., Guild Merchants' festival, 8503,991)3; battle of, 8S62; Jaeobitessur- render, 9041; strike, '.t.v.n , 9731; Derby statue, 9761 ; riots, 9831 ; Harris gift, 9842; free library fnd., 9902; Newsham gift, 9921 . , N. Y , insane asylum burned ; lives lost, 3593. , James P.; gov. Va., 1252; d., 1561 . , Robert E., 111 treas. dept., 4472. , Thomas Scott, b., 1322; d., 3941 . , William Ballard, b. (1805); sec. navy, 1653; d. (1862). , Campbell, b„ 1042; d., 1861 . , Lord, arrested, 899 3 . , Viscount, secretary of state, 897 3 . Prestonpans, Scot., action at, 9101. Prestwich, Joseph, b., 9363. Preto, ex-premier, banishment, 5591. Pretoria, Transvaal, mission, 11241 ; Bp. Bousfield elected, 9803. Pretorian Guard broken up, 10662. Pretorians, power of, 10632; murder Au- gusta. 10671. Pretorius, Andries, aid to Boers ; invades O. Free State, 59K1 ■ pies.. 5993; leader, 11052. Pretorship filled by Plebeians, 10532. Preuss, Johann David Erdmann, b., 8042; d., 8243. Prcussiscke Jahrloicli issued, 820 3 . Prevention of Crimes Act, 985=, 9893. of Cruelty to Animals Soc. fnd.,9412. of Cruelty to Children Act, 10123. Prevost, Sir George, b., 9163; at Platts- burg, 1222; d., 9382. , d'Exiles, Abbe Antoine Francois, b., 6943; ManonLescaut, 6992; d.,703i. , Gen. Augustine, b., 602; at Charles- ton, 902; at Fort Sunbury, 901 ; (1.(1786). , Louis Constant, b., 7062; d., 7322. , Marcel, Panama Canal scandal, 7643. , , Les Uemi-Vierges, 7662. Paradol, Lucien Anatole, b., 7243; d.,7382. , Pierre, b., 7031 ; d., 7242. Prevoyance, Society de est., 7462. Priam reigns, 11431 ; d., 10142. Price, A. J., defalcation, 4142. , Andrew, b., 1741 . , Bonamy, b. (1807) ; Royal Commis- sion, 9951 ; d., 9962. , Charles, lord-mayor London, 9313. , J. K., police captain, trial, 4522, 4623. , Richard, b., 9062; d., 9243. , Rodman McCawley, b. (1816) ; gov. N.J. ,1772; d.,4621. , Sterling, b., 1162; in Valley of Taos, 1621 ; gov. ,1743 ; at Carthage, Mo.,1962; at Boonville.1961 ; at Lexington, Mo., 1983; leads guerillas, 2022; at Pea Ridge, 2042; at Union Mills, 2121 ; a t luka, 2132; at Corinth, 2142; at Dardanelles, 2381; a t Springfield, 2181; at Ironton ; invades Mo., 2382; at Little Blue; at Mine Creek ; losses in Mo., 2391 ; at Big Blue, Little Osage, :mdNewtonia,2392; d.,2582. , T. B., d.,4161. , Thos. L., defeats Compensation, 2193. , W. H., killed, 4763. Prices, Eng., law for governing, 8623; re- stricted, 8672, 8692. , Prichard, James Cowles, b. (1786) ; work, 9371 ; d. (1848). Prideau, Lieut., in Abyssinia, 31 . Prideaux, Humphrey, b., 8862; d., 9062. , Gen. John, b. (1718) ; killed, 703. , , b., 582; d., 722. Prierias, Sylvester, assails Luther, 7882. Priessnako'ff hanged, 11203. Priessnitz, Yincenz, b.,8063; hydropathy, 5202; d., 8182. Priestley, Joseph, *b , 9082; hydrochloric acid, 9182; nitrous oxide gas, 9202; in Lunar Soc, 9212; d., 9323; statue, 9781 . Priests, marriage law, Hung., 5023; influ- encing wills, "5163; power curbed, 5423; missions of, 5751 ; illiterate in Fr., 6643; decree against, Fr., 7082,3; forbidden in politics, 7343, 75K2; indicted, Ger., 8351 ; insurrection of, Eng., 876 2 ; celibacy con- ditional, 10663; marriage permitted, 10682; celibacy rejected, 10683; sub-ru- lers of Palestine, 1147+ . Priesthood, augurs est., 10503; election for, 10563. Prigg Case, decision given, 1551 . Prim, Juan, Count of Reus, b.-d., 11303; exiled, 11313; revolts, 11302; in Cadiz; in prov. gov't, 11313; created marshal, 11321 ; insurrectionist, 11313; shot, 11323. Prima Vista discovered, 5711 . Prime, Edw. Dorr Griffin, b., 1231 ; d., 3801. , Samuel Ireuajus, b., 1183; d., 3202. , Win. Cowper, b., 1322. Primitive Methodists. (See Methodists.) Primo passes through Suez Canal, 6573. Primogeniture abolished in Aust.,497 2 ; in Hung., 7073; in Eng. law, 8491 . Primrose, Archibald Philip, Earl of Rose- bery, b., 9542; lord privy seal, 9933; K. of Garter, 10083; minister, 9952, 10092 Prince Edward Island. Eng. possess, 5743; in Confederation, 5833; One House, 5942. Rupert River, fort on, 5732. Prince wrecked, 9593. Albert in Arctic Sea, 9561 . George burned, 9141 , of Wales wrecked, Brazil, 9652. of Wales wrecked, Ire., 9333 Consort, title conferred, G. B., 9613. , L. B., gov. N. Mex., 3492; asks for troops, 3663. , Thomas, b., 502; gov. Mass., 333, 353, 412; d., 711. Princes succession, Ger., 8093. 1'rincess bursts boilers, 185 3 . Alice sinks, 9832. Princess Dagmar marries, 6421 . Princess Henriettc, collision, 5473. Ledge, Can., gold dis., 5881 . Princeton Rerieu- est., 1331 , 2763. Princeton, " Peacemaker," explodes, 156' . Prin-Prot. Text Figures denote Page. INDjCLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1379 Princeton, N. J., battle of, 86' ; Conti- nental Cong., 971 ; centennial eel., 2943. University; coll. of N. J., est. at Elizabethtown, 663; Nassau Hall fnd.; moved to Newark, 671 ; moved to Prince- ton; Jonathan Edwards, pres., 712; J. Witherspoon, pres., 763; Theological School est., 119', 1263 ; rebellion, 126'; observatory erected, 296' ; Clark equa- torial set up, 314' : MeCosh statue, 342' ; Susan Brown gift, 3602; Guyot's library, 3942; hazing abolished, 472'. , W. Va., action at, 208' . Principia presented, 8962. Pring, Martin, in Plymouth, 26' , 27' . Pringle, Sir John, b., 9022; pres. Eoyal Soe.,9182; d.,9223. , Thomas, b., 9243; d. (1834). Printers, local unions find., 1403. Printing, presses limited, 422, 432; pro- hibited in N. Y„ 502; in N. Y., 523; at Charleston, 623; fntro. in N. C, 67' ; set at Knoxville, 1043; steam-power press in N. Y., 130'; discovery eel., 151'; pro- hibited inN. J. ,1543 ; rotary made, 1622; anniversary of introduction, 42S 2 ; set up in Brazil, 554' ; encouraged in China, 0102; est. in Fr., 681' ; first i'11 Eng., 8642; set up, 8663; inv., 930' ; iron, gen. use, 9322 ; steam, inv., 9343 ; Albion intro., 938' ; automatic patented, 964' ; intro. Gr., 1035' ; intro. Montenegro, 1097' ; im- proved, 11002; in Uruiniah, 11073; intro. Hung.,50S3 , by movable type inv., Ger.. 7842, 787' ; in dyes invented, 7862; cylindri- cal machine inv., 804' . , intro. in Eng., 8622; Gothic types, 8642; Celtic letters intro., 8743; first patent, 876'; disorders repressed, 885', 8903; periodicals prohibited, 8943; first types, 906' ; in color; employed, 940 2 ; anastatic inv., 948'. Bill, U. S. A., 4012, 4192, 4412, 4771 . Printz, J., gov. Del., 363, 373. . Prior, Matthew, b., 8902; works, 897', 9003; d.,9062. , Richard, criminal, 4522. Priories mentioned, G. B-, 8423; seized in Eng., 8542; alien dissolved; suppressed, 8622. Prison Asso. successful, 365' . Charities Act, 9912. , cruelty in, Eng., 9092. Discipline Soc. est., 939'. labor, prohibited in N. Y., 3303. Ministers' Act., 9672. Prisoners, Am., aided, 89' ; in Eng., 123' ; released by Confederates, 204' ; political, released, Am., 2172; general exchange, 2283; political, discharged, 2352; par- doned, Fr., 7672 ; religious, released, Eng., 8962; of war, many, 920'; ex- change of, 9202. Counsel Bill passed, 8473. Pritchard, Charles, b. (1808=); d., 1010'. , Lieut. -Col., captures Jet. Davis, 2463. •, Mr., Due d'Orleans, 7293. Priscillian beheaded, 1069' . Priscillianists rise, 11252; fnd., 1069'. Privateering authorized, 80 2 ; abandoned, 203'. , IT. S. A. refuses to abolish, 961' . Privateers, enemies to Brit, commerce ; Am. instructions to, 832, 892; Confeder- ate, authorized, 194' ; damages by Con- federate, 212' , '.H.',3; used by Eng., 8563, Privy Council formed, Eng., 8453. Prize fighting, Morrissev defeats Heenan, 185'; punishable, 261'; Hall and Fitz- simmons, 388 3 ; prohibited by Cong., 3912 ; in Cal., 4262 ; pugilist killed, 342 ; Heenan and Sayers, 9643. (See Corbett, J. J.). money divided, Eng., 900' , 926' . Probst, Antoine, executed, 2522. Probus, Marcus Aurelius, defeats Franks, 6622; intro. vine culture, 6623; kills in- vaders, 6632 ; improvements in Ger,, 768' ; enters Gaul; in Ger.; exacts trib- ute; imperator, 7692; defeats Florian; against Ger. tribes; employs Ger. mer- cenaries, 1064'; defeats Varanes II., 1106'; reigns; killed, 10662, 10672. Procles enthroned, 1015' . ProclidEe, kings of, 1015' . Proclus, b.-d., 10303. Procne, asteroid, discovered, 300'. Procopius, Archbp., metropolitan, 10362. Procopius, rival of Sallust, k., 1068'. , historian, b.-d., 10303. — — , Andrew, Hussite leader, 5061 ; attends Gen. Council, 507' ; killed, 5062. Procter, Adelaide Anne, b., 9423; d., 968' . , Bryan \V., b.,9242; d., 9782. , Gen Henry D., b. (1765); at French- town, 120', 1212; besieges Ft. Meigs, 1202; assaults Ft. Stephenson; on river Thames, 1203; d. (1859). Proctor, John K., Civil Ser.Com.,445 1, 4473. , Joseph, b., 1242. , Kedtield.b., 1382; gov., 3012; sec. of war, 3372; eMigy discussed, 3531 ; enlists Indians, 378'. , Richard Anthony, b., 9482; d., 330' . Production, U. S. statistics, 1693+. Prcetus, divided kingdom, 10133. Profanity, S. C, a misdemeanor, 4762. tax, Eng., 901' . Profligacy abounds, Ger., 771 2 ; of Court, Eng., 891'. Progressive Amer. Party fmd., 463' . Friends org., 1723; prohibited Mar- riage Bill defeated, 957' . Prohibition, for Indians, 371, 2172; aban- doned in Pa., 371 ; law in Mass., 403, 41'; Amendment rejected, Neb., 71'; passes in Ore., 157'; first Maine law, 1612; adopted in Me., 1691,2593; Maine law repealed, 181 2 ; constitutional in N. Y., 319' ,2, 3S12, 3831 ; senate favors, 1872; in N. Y., 1922; in Army, 1991, 2021; Good Templars for, 2503; favored in Kan., 3032, 323', 329'; unconstitu- tional, 3592, 3712, 3792; rejected ill Mich., 3032, 3151 , 3291 ; at military posts, 3071 ; canteens at, 35S 2 ; rejected in N. C, 3091; adopted in la., 313', 3172, 323', 333' , 3562, 3571 , 3583, 371' ,2, 403' ,2; po- litically opposed by brewers; adopted in O.; for Alaska, 317'; sought in Mass., 3191,393'; approved by R. C. Council, 319'; adopted in N. Dak., 321', 341', 347', 3483, 4092; grows in Ga., 321', 329'; partial, 3S92; in R. I., 3223,3243, 3362; rescinded, 341 ' ; defeated in Tex., 3272, 3292; Federal Prohibition Bill, 2923,329'; partly in Mo., 3292; defeated in Ore., 3292; in W. Va., 3292,3332; re- jected in N. H., 3362; in S. Dak., 347', 3682, 3783; rejected in Wash.; rejected in Conn., 347'; conven. in Neb., 3483; rejected, 371'; submission in N. Y., 357', 2, 3592,3772, 381'; in Cambridge, Mass., 3723 ; partial in D. C, 3983 ; churches favor; Christian church, 3243; Church of God; Ger. Ref'd Church; Evangelical Church, 327' ; Weslevan Meth., 3292; Afr. Meth. Zion; Afr. Meth. Epis.; Meth. Epis., 3303, 407'; Moravian ; Seventh Day Adventists, 331'; by Presbyterian, 3402,3602; Evan. Lutheran, 3403; favored by Sons of Tem- perance, 3623; p. Bill in Cong., 367' ; by missionary societies, 3702 ; by Nat. Farmers' Cong., 3943. Party, inGa.,321' ; org. at Lawrence, Kan., 3172;National Conventions at Chi- cago, party org., 2672; at Columbus, O., 2773; at Cleveland, 2923, 305'; at Pitts- burg, Pa., 3173; a t Indianapolis, 331'; at Cincinnati, 4092; commission against, Can., 593'; in Ont., 5962; in Bechuana- land; by Chief Moshesh, 599' ; upheld, China, 6123. Nat. Party in G B., 997' . Park dedicated, 387' ; Temperance Cong., 461'. Prome captured, 10462; mission, 10472. Prometheus attacked, 9572. Promontory Point, U. and C. P. R.R. con- nected, 2673. Promotion and Diffusion of Knowledge Society fnd., 9432. of Social Purity League meets, 3803. Prony, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche, b., 7012; d., 7282. Propeller screw, first in IT. S., 157' ; pat- ented, 9262 ; first built, 948' ,2. Propertius, Ci/uthia; Synta.ris, 1061' . Property Qualification Abolishment Act, 9632. Propontis, coasts subdued, 1022' . Proportional Representation Society fmd., 9932; proposal rejected, 993 2 . Proscription laws abrogated, Fr., 745 3 . „,!„„,. r-„n„„„ /^„„„„s Elm . Proserpine wrecked, 928' . Prospective Rerun' issued, 953' . Prosper of Aquitaine, w r orks, 663' . Protagoras, b.-d., 1019' . Protection of Am. Institutions League address, 4443; opposed, 450' , 475' . for manufactures an issue, 1292. Protectionists favored; defeated, Austral., 499' ; meet Great Brit., 9552 ; ministry formed, 957 2 . Protective Tariff Bill, Am., 1313. (See Tariff.) adopted, Australia, 5012. in Austria, 5173. policy opposed, (Jan., 593' . Protector elective, Eng., 8892. Protector wrecked, 9493. Protectorate of Humphrey, 863' . established, Eng., 889' . Protein introduced, 1102' . Protestant Alliance formed, 9543. Association, Am., meets, 3852. organized, 921 ' , 9463. churches permitted, Hung., 517'. church of Prussia forbids socialism 834'. Conference, N. Y., 3702. Conservative Society est., 9442. Convocation Articles, Eng., 8802 ; Dissenters' relief, 9253. Episcopal Church, Am.; in Can., first Epis. service in Am., 242 ; j n Va., state religion; first service in, 262; daily ser- vice, 282; orthodoxy tested ; Pocahontas converted; compulsory attendance ; dis- sent a crime, 362 ; exclusive in, 402, 422; William and Mary Coll. est., 522 ; rev- enue in tobacco, 533-982,3,1002, 1022, 1232, 1363, 1543, 2622, 3142, 4602. in Me. : minister in, 262, 1282, 1622. in Mass. : among Puritans, 282; est. ,30', 2; service in Salem, 302 ; John Winthrop in ; leaders expelled ; Prayer Book in Boston, 382; compulsory in Boston, 422, 502; 1st church in Boston, 463 ; King's Chapel built, 502,602,603,962,3-1023, 1123, 1543, 2832, 3822, 3923, 4301, 440'. in Del. : 1st service, 343, 542, 57' , 1523, 3202. j n n. Y. : tolerated, 362; i s t ser- vice, 463; est. by law, 522 ; Trinity Ch. est., 523 ; King's farm granted ; Colum- bia Coll. est., 543 ; Trinity school est., 57'-9S2,3, 1103, 1171, 1331, 1382, 1603, 1582, 2412, 2642, 2662, 3142, 336', 3862, 3922; inN. H. : minister banished, 362, 622, 1103, 1563, 2702. Indian missions : 363,571, 622,3, 651, 1243, 1323, 1003 ; j„ N.C. : legalized, 442, 662,671; in S. C. : 482, 452, 563, 9S2,3, 119' , 1263, 1503, 1723, 2742,358' ,434'. Church bishopless,4t3; in Md. : est. by law, 522, 902, 1143, 1522, 2702,3182 ; in K. I. : in Newport, 542, 562, 1021 , 1562, 1762. Est. by law, N.C, 562. Miss, in Newport, R. I., 562; j n Conn., 563, 602, 962, 1082, 127', 1312. Prevails in N. Y., Va., S. C. ; Trinity School, N. Y., est., 57'; reproved in Mass., 602 ; in Bait., 643 ; royalistic, 723; s. Seabury elected bishop, 962,3. Standing Committee for union, 962; first conven. P. E. Church of Am. org., 963 ; in Pa., 963, 983, 1171 , 1323, 1343 ,1663, 1842, 2502, 2543, 2642, 2762, 3861 ; in N. Y. City, 963, 1271, 1762, 1863, 3562, 3702, 3842,4062, 4201 ,4341 , 4721 . 1st ordina- tion, 963 ; 1st gen. conven. ; King's Chapel, Boston, secedes, 982 ; in Va., 982,3, 1002, 1022, 1232, 1363, 1543, 2622, 3142, 4602; j n N. J., 982, 1241 1402,1631 , 1862,2862,3023; in Ky., 1363, 1402,2542, 2862. Bp. Griffith elected; bps. White and Provost cons., 983 ; separates from Ch. of Eng.; separation of Ch. and State, 98 3 ; constitution fmd.; Book of Prayer Americanized, 1002; Bp. Madison cons., Prayer Book used, 1022 ; in Vt., 1023, 1043, 1402,3, 1443, 2622, 4501 . Bp. Clag- gett cons., 1023 ; Bp. Bass cons., 1043, 1063; lands sequestered, Vt.; Bp. Smith cons., 1062 ; Bp. Jarvis eons., 1082 ; Bp. Moore cons., 1103, 1232 ; Bp. Parker cons., 1123 ; Bible and C. Prayer-Book Soc, 1163, 1642 ; Tract Soc. org., 1171 , 1243 ; bps. Hobart and Griswold cons., 1171 ; same as Ch. of Eng., 1183 ; Bp. Dehoncons., 1191 ; Bp. Kemp cons. ,1232; Bp. Croes cons.; first ch. in N. Orleans, 1243, in La., 1243, 1542, 3023, 3861; j n N. C, 1261,1383,1723; in Q.,1263, 1303, 1380 Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Prot-Prov. 1331, 1402, 1862, 2882, 2902, 3342, 3452, 3542,3742. Bp. Bowencons., 1263; Bp. Brownell cony.; Theo. Sem. est., N. Y., 1271. Domestic and Foreign Miss. Soc. est., 1283 ; in Ga., 1303, 1523, 2861 , 4201 . Bp. Eavenscroft eons., 131 1 ; Trinity Coll. eBt., 1312; Hobart Free Coll. est. ; Kenyon Coll. est., 133* ; in Miss., 1341, 1(362, 3122. Bp. H. V. Onderdonk, 1343; in Tenn., 1363, 24S2, 2643, 4341; Bp. Meade cons., 1363; in Ala., 1363, 13S2,3, 1442, 1563, 3761 ; Bp. Stone cons., 1382 ; Bp. Ives cons., 13S3 ; in Midi., 1402, 1462,2862, 3022, 3.W3, 3462,4162. Bps. Hopkins, Smith, Mcllvaine, and Doane cons., 1402 ; Bp. Otey cons., 1423 ; Bp. White Prayer-Book Soc. org., 1423 ; j n 111., 1442,3, 2832, 21)62, 2083, 4202. Bp. Kempes eons., 1442; Bp. Chase elected ; in Chicago, 1443 ; Miss. Soc. changed, Norwich Univ. est., 1443; Bp. McCoskry cons., 1462; Bp. Lancey cons., 1503; i n Mo., 1503, 1.-163, 2622, 3382. Bp. Glads- den eons., 1:>()3; Bp. Whittinghamcons., 1522 ; Bp. Elliot cons., 1523 ; bps. Lee and Polk cons., 1542 ; bps. Joans and Eastburn cons., 1543 ; Bp. Henshaw cons., 1562; bps. Chase, Cobbs, Hawkes, and Freeman eons., 1563; in Ark., 1563, 1862,2683,2762. Bp. H. V. Onderdonk suspended, 1563 ; Articles and Canons approved ; Bp. B. T. Onderdonk sus- pended. Bp. Potter cons., 1582 ; The Churchman, 158 3 ; Bp. Burgess cons. ; Soc. for Promoting 0. Knowledge est., 1623 ; i n Wis., 1631, 1731, 1762, 2542, 2882, 3382, 3041. Burlington College est., 1631 ; Evang. Literature Soc. org., 1642 ; i n Tex., 1642, 1862, 2842, 2862, 3282,4202. Bp. Doane's trial; bps. Up- fold and Green cons., 1662; i n ind., 1662,2482,3142; in Cal., 1032, 1723,25S3, 2862. Bp. Rutledge cons., 1683. Bp. Wainwright eons., 1702 ; i n la., 1723, 1741,1762,1843,2922. Bp. Ives cons.; deposed ; bps. Davis, Atkinson, Kip, cons., 1723 ; Racine Coll. est., 1731 ; Bp. Scott cons., 1741; bps. Lee, Potter, Clark, Kemper, Jackson, cons., 1762. in Wash., 1741, 2692,4202 ; in Ore., 1741,2642. Prot.Kpis. Quarterly, 1763; in Minn., 1822,1862. Bp. Bowman cons., 1842; Griswold College est., 1843; bps. Gregg, Odenheimer, Bedell, Whipple, Lay, and Talbot cons., 1862 ; in Kan., 1862, 2411, 3262. Soc. for Increase of Ministry fmd., 1862; St. Stephen's Coll. est., 1863 ; Bp. Steveus cons., 2023 ; Bp. Wilmer cons., 2052 ; Evang. Education Soc. fmd., 2152; Bp. Vail cons., 241 1 ; Bp. Cox cons., 2412 ; bps. Quintard, Talbot, Clarkson, and Randall cons., 2482 ; in Neb., 2482, 2642, 3502; i n Col., 2482, 2S22, 3282, 4221 . Reunion of Southern churches, 2502 ; bps. Williams, Wilmer, Cummings, Armitage, cons., 2542 ; Bp. Neely cons., 256 ] ; Bp. Young cons. ; in Fla., 2582. st. Augustine Coll., 2583; Bp. Beckwith cons., 2602; bps. Whittle, Bissell, Robertson, cons., 2622 ; ritual- ism discussed ; bps. Doane, Morris, Lit- tlejohn, cons., 2642; Univ. of tbe South., 2613 ; Bp. Huntington cons., 2662 ; bps. Whitaker, Pierce, cons., 2682,3; Reform conv.,2682; in Ariz., 2682, 3341 . Bps. Niles and Pinckney cons., 2702 ; Bp. Howe cons., 2742 ; Woman's Auxiliary org., 2762 ; bps. Hare, Auen, cons.; in S. Dak., 2802. Bps. Paddock, Lyman, Spaulding, cons.; secession of Reformed Epis. Ch., 2822 ; Bp. Elliott cons. ; Bp. Cummings deposed, 2842 ; Bp. Welles cons., 2861; bps. Wingfield, Odenheimer, Garrett, Dudley, Scarborough, cons. ; canon against ritualism ; Church Cong, org. ; Clergymen's Retiring Fund Soc. est., 2862; B p . Gillespie cons., 2863; bps. Jagger, McLaren, Brown, Adams, cons., 2882; in N.Mex., 2882, 3042. First eh. congress, 2882 ; Free and Open Church Asso. org., 2902 ; Bp. Perry cons., 2922 ; Cookman Inst. ; Nat. Repository , 2923 ; Up. Penick cons., 2942; i n W. Va., 2983; Girls' Friendly Soc. org. ; Soc. Promot- ing Christianity among Jews ; bps. Bur- gess, Peterkin, Seymour cons. ; Bp. Mc- Coskry deposed, 2983; Bp. Harris cons., 3022. Church Ger. Soc. org.; bps. Star- key, Gallagher, cons., 3023 ; Ch. Build- ing Fund org. ; bps. Dunlop, Brewer, Paddock cons. ; in Mont., 3042; j n Wash., 3042. Board of Missions est. ; 3062 ; ch. Temperance Soc, 3091 , 3191 ; Bp. Thompson eons., 3122; bps. Knicker- bocker, Potter, Randolph, Walker, cons., 3142 j i n n. Dak., 3142; inN.C, 3162,3, 4401. Enrichment ol' Prayer Book, 3162; Bp. Watson cons., 3163; Bishop Paret consecrated, 3182 ; Temperance report, 3191 ; Bishop Worthington eons., 3202 ; Daughters of the King ; Knights of Temperance, 3231 ; bps. Thomas, Talbot, cons. ,3262; in Wyo.,3262; inlda.,3262, 3861. Bps. Johnson, Leonard, cons. ,3282; inNev., 3282; in Utah, 3282. Bp. Cole- man cons., :>202; Students' Mission Asso.; Brotherhood of Lay Readers, 3322 ; bps. Kendrick, Vincent, cons., 3341, 2 ; N. Y. province fmd., 3361 ; Bp. Knight cons.; Bp. Bray deposed, 3882; Bp. Graf- ton cons., 3383 ; Colored P. E. Conf., 3443 ; revision of Prayer Book, 3461, 4162; bps. Leonard, Davies, cons., 3462; Bp. Graves eons., 350 2 ; H. MacQuearey deposed, 3542,3742; Bp. Nichols cons., 3621 ; Bp. Thomas eons., 3742 ; i n Ind. Ter., 3742. Bp. Jackson cons., 376 1 ; Bp. Brooks, 3822, 3342, 3923; bps. Nich- olson, Sessums, eons., 386 1 ;newhymnal; Board of Missions ; Bp. Thomas cons., 4162 ; Cathedral of St. John the Divine; Bp. Gray cons.; bps. Nelson, Hale, Kin- solving, Wells, Brooke, cons., 4202; i n Okla., 4202. Bp. Barker cons., 4221 ; Bp. Lawrence cons., 430 1 ; bps. Graves, McKim, cons. ,4321 ; bps. Capers, Gaylor, cons., 434 1 ; bps- Lawrence, Cheshire, cons., 4401; Bp. Hall cons., 450 1 ; Soc. for Seamen eel., 4562; Bp. Newton cons., 4602 ; Monastic Brotherhood fmd., 4721. Protestant Fpiseopal Church of Confed. States org., 2172. , first mission in world, Brazil, 5531 . , French College dedicated, 3471. Missions Conference, 9982. Reformation Society org., 9403. Society formed, 9423. war, Ger., 7901.' word obsolete, changed, 8123. Protestantism intro. in Fr., 6702; abjured, 6843; prostrate, 6871; no congregations, 6971; ruined in Ger., 7911; flourishes in Ger., 7923 ; est. in Eng., 8703 ; rules, 8722; missions in India, 10491. in Austro-Hung.: Wycklif's proposi- tions condemned,. 506 2; John Huss under ban, burned; Hussite party fmd., Jerome of Prague burned, Catholics expelled from Prague,5003;Taborites annihilated; Univ. of Prague suppressed, 5071 ; La- dislaus leader, Moravians appear, 5082; George Podiebrad under pope's ban, anti-Hussite crusade, 5083 ; called Pro- testants ; Reformation spreads; Schmal- kaldic League favors ; Peace of Nurein- burg favors ; Jesuits' order against ; Council of Trent against, 5102; Conven. of Passau, Peace of Augsburg, reaction against, toleration of, Protestant Union fmd., 5103; Thirty Years' War, 5111; re- volt of, 5113; Christian II. and Gustavus Adolphus aid, 512 1 ; Christian and John George under ban, reaction against, 5123 ; supreme in Bohemia ; rises in Hungary, 5131; Herrnhut est., 5143; advance in Hung., 5163 ; toleration in Aust., 5171 ; rights in Aust.-Hung., 5242; rights granted, 5252, 3 ; estates confis- cated, 5413. in Belgium : intro.; opposed; Alva's cruelty ; William of Orange, convert, 5411 ; Catholics and Protestants oppose each other in, 5423. inFr.: Luther's heresy condemned; first Protestants in Paris ; John Calvin preaches, persecuted, 6803 ; Calvin in Switz.; persecution of Albigenses, 681 1 . disturbs Council of Trent ; church in Paris ; advances in ; synod held ; Hugue- nots rise ; Poissy Conf. fails; concessions in, 6823 ; massacre at Vassy ; 36 years religious wars; tolerated; Huguenots again rise; gen. synod held, 683 1 ; St. Bartholomew's massacre, 6842; success- ful in war, 6843; toleration; Holy League against Prots. est.; Peace of Poitiers favors, 6852; edict of Nemours against ; Henry IV. abjures, 6843; edict of Nantes, 6863 ; Huguenot cause ruined ; tolera- tion, 687 1 ; Lutherans tolerated, 6923 ; edict of Nantes revoked ; persecution, 6931 ; Huguenots persecuted, 6943; Cami- sards revolt, 6971; severe laws against, 699 1 ; first nat. synod; declines, 7011; toleration, 7032, 7002 ; massacre at Nimes ; revival, 7231 . ProtestantisminGer.: Reformationbegins; Council of Basle, Switz., 7843; Fred. III. against, 7851 ; Bible first printed ; Luther born; Luther in Rome; Luther's reforma- tion begins, ;W2, Zwingli in Switz. ,11371 ; Diet of Worms, 78-S3; Anabaptists org., Reformation in Prus.; martyrs at Augs- burg ; Nuremberg accepts; alliance of Prots., 7891; reformers protest; Diet of Augsburg, 7902 ; fi rs t consistory in Saxony; Luther dies ; cause apparently ruined, interim of Augsburg, 7911; peace of Augsburg ; flourishes; reaction against ; Prot. Union ; Cath. League against, 7923; Prot. Union fmd.; peace with C. Lengue, 7933 ; Union ruined; edictof Restitution, 7943; p. Union, last of, 7952 ; toleration granted, 7971 ; Piet- ists fnd., 7983; edict uf tolerance, 8051. in Great Brit, : Act of Supremacy ; Church severed from Rome; persecution by Prot. ; Reformation in Ire., 868 2 ; Sapal interdict ; Reformation in Scot. ; latthew's Bible ; Prots. persecuted in Scot.; King's Book standardof doctrines, 8683; Knox reformers in Scot.; P. form- ally est. ; 1st Uniformity Act ; clergy marry ; Common Prayer-Book, 8701 ; Reformation annulled ; persecution by Cath.: reconciled to Rome ; bps. Hooper, Taylor, Farrar, Ridley, Latimer burned ; Bp. Cranni 2\ Outlining I'nif arianconf. org., 2562 ; Union for Christian work org., 2602 ; Normal School opd.,2742; R. C. diocese est., 2802 ; school for deaf opd., 2943 ; Nat. encampment G. A. R., 2972 ; Cong. Club fmd., 3502 ; Cushing launched, 3521 ; Ladies' Cycling Club est., 3533; Bible banished from schools, 3582 ; centennial of first Am. cotton- mill, 3693; Ladd Observatory, 3941 ; Has- well killed, 4111; fire, 4113; Loan Society pawn-shop, 460 2 . Prov-Prus. Text Figures denote Page. lJNJ_)ii.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1381 Providence Lake, Federals defeat, 21S 3 . and Stonington R. R. opd., 1493. Provident Knowledge Society est., 9763. Provisions of Merlon, Eng., 8533 ; of Ox- ford adopted, 8551 ; annulled, 8553. Provoked Huxl>aiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Prus-Pyrr. north, 8233 ; military movements, bat- tles, S24i ; Von Moltke on field ; rejects truce, 8242 j Peace of Prague ; evacuate Luxemburg, 8243 ; supreme in Ger. ; North Ger. Confederation est. ; demands Hanover, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort. Ger. Confederation dissolved ; peace with states, 8251, 2; Peace of Prague; gains Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, Frankfort ; cost of war ; gains Hesse Homburg ; alliance with N. Ger. states ; Annexation Bill passed ; treaty with Sax., with Oldenburg ; Schleswig-Hol- stein incorp., 8252 ; monarchy hereditary over N. Ger. States ; accepts N. Ger. constitution; Catholics oppose unity; new Landtag opd. ; treason in Hanover ; Bismarck chancellor, 825 3 ; Franco-Prus, war, battles, 738' +, 826' ; victorious ar- mies in Berlin, 8261 ; old Catholics ac- tive, 8282+ ; upheld in war against Fr., 8271 ; imperial crown offered king ; Ger. empire est.; papal infallibility disputes; Catholics oppose supremacy, 827 2 + ; quarrel with papacy, 8273 ; riots in Frankfort, 8291 ; Mennonites emigrate; clergy subordinated to State ; an ti- Jews movement condemned, 8;i()2; Anti-Sem- itic League find., 8303; Cong, of Berlin, 8311; Berlin Conf., 8312 ; conven. with Vatican, 8331 ; p r . William regent ; Frederick III., king ; "William II., king, 8332; church denounces Socialism, 8341 ; Conf. of Ger. Cath. Soc. ; excluding Jews from public schools, 8342. Prussic acid discovered, 7982, 11343. Pruth, Peace of, 11572. Prutz, Robert Ernst, b. (1816); works, 8162 ; d. (1872). Prymiw, asteroid, discovered, 3241. Prynne, William, b.. S7G2 ; HUtriomastix ; fined, 8831 • d., 8922. Pryor, Gen. Roger Atkinson, b. (1828) ; at Suffolk ; at Deserted House, 2181 , 2. Creek, I. T., train robbery, 4291 . Prytanis reigns Bosporus, 11491. Psalmana/.er, George, b., 6923. Psalms written, 11423. , Book of, printed, 7862. Psalter, first authorized copy, 6371. Psammetichus I., invades Palestine; mu- tiny in army, 6501 ; erects palace at Sais, 6502; conquests; reigns in Egypt, 6512 ; revolts, 11442 ; dethroned, 10172. IT., against Ethiopia, 6501; reigns in Egypt, 6512. III., defeated by Persians, 6502; reigns in Egypt, 6512. Psammuthis reigns in Egypt, 6513. Psyche, asteroid, discovered, 10862. Psychical Research, Soc. of, org., 9881 . Psychological Asso., Am., meets,478i ,479 2 . Society, London, org., 9801 . Psychrometer invented, 7261 . Ptah-hotep, manuscript writer, Ptolemaic system of astrono duced, 10642. Ptolemy I., Soter, b., 6503 ; takf Egypt, 11471 ,3; takes Jerusalem, 11481 , 11491; subdues Palestine; assassinates Simon III., 11493 ; founds museum and library, 6503 ; rules Egypt, G513 ; invades Gr., 10261; adorns Alexandria, 6522 ; ab- dicates, 6531 ; d., 6522. II., Philadelphus, b., 6503; in Afr.; defeated at Salamis ; aids Rhodians, 6502 ; marries, 6523 ; reigns in Egypt, 6531; d.,6522. III., war in Syria, 6521 ; rebuilds tem- ples, 6522 ; art patron, 6523 ; conquests of, 11481 ; hires Athenian manuscripts, 10271; reigns in Kgvpt, 6531. IV., defeats Ant i..,-hus III. ,6521; mur- ders relatives, 6523 ; reigns in Egy., 6531 ; at Raphia, 11481; against Jews! 11482; d., 6522. V., rules Palestine, 11492 ; Epiphanes enthroned, S531 ; d., 6522. VI., Philometor defeats Euergetes ; captured, 6521 , 6532 ; reigns in Egypt, 6531. VII., Euergetes, aid from Rome; reigns in Egypt, 6531 ; married, 6523, 6531; reinstated, 6521, 6532; expelled, 6531. VIII., reigns in Egy.; expelled, 6532 : d., 6522. IX., causes Cleopatra's death ; en- throned ; mother avenged, 6532. y intro- Jews to Ptolemy Auletes, divides kingdom, 6523, 653 2 j reigns in Egypt, expelled, regains throne, 6532. XII. ,warwith Cleopatra, 6521 ; reigns in Egypt ; expels Cleopatra ; drowned, 6532 j Caesar decides claims, 10611 . , Csesar's son, 6532. Ceraunus, king of Macedon ; gains Thrace and Macedonia ; killed, 1027 2 . , Claudius, b. ; on astronomy, 6522 ; system devised, 10643. Publications for the year, Fr., 7641 ; li- censed, Eng., 8751 . Public Analysts org., London, 9781 . Debt, National, U.S. A. ,1032; rapid re- duction, 3152,3252; Debt Bill for pay- ment, 2633. (See Debt.) Document Bill ; killed, 3993. Health Asso., Am., find., 2811 . Act passes, 9772, 9793, 10073. Instruction Law sanctioned, Belg., 5453. lands, sales encouraged, 2851 . Powers Bill reintroduced, Fr., 7493. Printing Bill, 4012, 3. Safety Bill passed, Fr., 7351 . School Protection League find., 4182. — Act passed, 4981 ; Australia ; Eng., 9723. system extended, Eng., 9743. Weal, League of, 679 1 . Works Act, G. B., 9672. Worship Regulation Act, 9782, 9802. Publilius, Volero, law of, 1051 2 . Pucara, battle at, 221 . Puckering, Sir John, keeper of 9eal, 8773. Puekler-Muskau, Pr. of, Hermann Lud- wig Heinrich von, b., 8042 ; d., 2862. Pudukattai mission. 10471. Puebla, Mex., Ams. enter, 1621 ; Am. be- sieged, 1622 ; action near ; taken, 10961 . Pueblo, Colo., cloud-hurst, 460i ; Indiana known, 202 ; R, R. to Denver, 2793. Puendo, Padre, d. 443. Puenta de la Reyna, battle, 11321 1 Puerto Cortes, Venez., rebel troops, 10411 . Puespolk llatval, fire at, 535 3 . Pueto, Gen., pres. Chile, 607 2 . Puffendoif (or Pufendorf), Baron Samuel, b.,7943; d.,7982. Pugatcheff, Yemelian, h. (1726); rebellion suppressed, 11161 ; executed (1775). Puget Sound, Wash. ; anniversary of dis., 4073; naval dry docks, 4181 . Univ., org. (1889); [merged into Consolidated Univ.]. , Pierre, b., 6863 • d., 6943. Pugh, Eliza Loftus Phillips, d., 3422. , George Ellis, b., 1302; d. (1870). , James L., b., 1381 ; speech, 4383. Pughe, William Owen, b., 9143 ; d., 9462. Pugin, Augustin Welby Northmore, b., 9363 ; d. (1852) Puisaye Count de, Joseph Genevieve, b. (1820'); at Quiberoii, 7102 ; d. (1827). Pujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, h., 7061 ; d., 7342. Pulaski, Tenn., Federals captured, 2063 ; Confederates captured, 2283. , Count, Casimir, b.-d., 11143 ; joins Washington, 863 ; in Am. army, 871 ; wounded, 91 1 ; d. (1779). Pulcheria, b. (399) ; regent, 10711 ; d., 10312. Pulchner, Gen., at llerniannstadt, 5221 . Pulci.Luigi, b.-d. ,10783; 11 Morgande ilag- giore, 10792. Pulgar, Fernando del, b. (1436+) ; work, 11291 ; d. (1490+). Pulger, Gen., pres. Venezuela, 11603. Pulitzer, Albert, Das Morgen Journal is- sued, 3742. , Joseph, educates poor boys, 3411; taAs. Evening World, 3283 ; buys World, 3143. Pullen, Com., at Jiddah, 4881 . Pullman, Sergt., wins rifle prize, 9741 . , George M., Car Co. org., 2613 ; pur- chases Union Car Co., 3353 ; statement, 4591 ; strike ; arbitration, 4643 ; destitu- tion, 4683 ; testimony, 4702 ; taxation, 4733 ; strike ; investigation, 475 2 . palace cars in tro. Midland R.R., 9793. Pulo-Condore, Fr. occupy, 4811. Pulszky, Francis Aureliiis, b., 5202. Pultenev Win., Etui of Bath, b. (1684); min- ister, 9113 ; d.,9162. Pultock, Robert, J'eter WilMns, 9131. Pultowa (or Pultava), action at, 11141 • princes duel, 11223. Pultusk, Poland, battle of, 716i , 11341 . Pumpkin-Vine Creek, Ga., action, 2341 . Pumps used, 8622. Punchard, George, b. (1806); d., 3022. Pungwe River, S. E. Afr., conflict on, 10061 ; free passage, 11113. Punic War (first), 10523, 10531; (second), 10531 ; (third), 10551. Punjab, overrun by Ahmed, 51 ; annexed, 10473 : conquered, 10441 ; uprising, 10462; presidency, 10491 . Punta Arenas, Nic, Walker lands at, 1803. de Obligata, Gen. Rosas attacked, 4901. Pupienus Maximus, elected augustus, 10671 ; reigus, 10293 ; d. (238). Purandokt reigns, 11072. Purbach, Georg, b.-d., 7842. Purcell, Henry, b., 8882; works, 8941 , 9001 ; d., 9002. , John Baptist, b. (1800) ; archbp.; creditors, 4202 ; d., 3141 . , Thomas, b., 8962; d. (1682). , Col., at Corinth, 2082. Society fud., 9811. Purchas, Samuel, b., 8742 ; Purchas, 8803;. d.,8821. , Mr., heresy of, 9743. Purdue University. Lafayette, org., 2863. Purefoy, Mr., kills duelist, 9251 . Purgatory, doctrine of, 10662. Purification, Feast of, instituted, 10711 . Purinton, C. S., defaulter, 47P1 . Puritan wins yacht race, 3213, 9953. Puritans, rise in Eng , 8722 ; common, 222, 8723 ; so-called, 8733 ; clergymen's meetings, 8742 ; opposed by Elizabeth, 8743; s ign petition, 8791 ; fnd. New Eng., 8802 ; in Hoi., 263 ; emigration of, 282, 323, 8832 ; aided ; request of, 282 ■ edu- cated, 322 ; perish, 331 ; limit suffrage, 332 ; in contempt, 371 ; turbulent, 372 ; inN. C.,413; religious observances, 422 ; annoyed, 432 ; forbidden emigration, 8823; divided, 8843; oppose theater, 8871 . Purkes, R. A., patents steam plow, 954 2 . Purna-puriyas reigns, 11413. Pursh, Frederick, b. (1774); d., 1282. Pushkin, Alexander Sergeievi ten, b., 11162; works, 11171 ; d., 11163. Pusey, Edward Bouverie, b., 9302; d.,9901 . Put-in-Bay, naval battle at, 1203. Putlitz, Gustav H. Gans., b., 8112; d. (1890). Putnam Co., O., funds embezzled, 4443. , Avery D., murder of, 2811 . , George J., On the Offensive, 4783. , Palmer, b. (1S14) ; d., 2782. Israel, b., 582 ; at Concord, 801 ; on Hog Island, 802 ; on Long Island, 841 ; famous ride, 902 ; d., 1022. , Mrs. (Mary Lowell), b., 1162. , Rufus, b. (1738) ; d., 1321 . Putnam's Ferry, Federals take, 205 2 . Magazine, 1731 . Puttenliam, George, b., 8762 ; Art of Eng. Poesie, 8752 ; d. (1600+). Putter, Johann Stephan, b.,8002; d.,8083. Puttkamer, Johanna von, marries Bis- marck, 8163. , Robert Victor von, b. (1828) ; minis- ter, 8302. Puycerda, besieged, 11322. Puy de Dome, Fr., observatory at, 7501 . Pwo mission, 1047 2 . Pyat, Felix, b. (1810) ; leader, 7432 ; im- prisoned 7523; d., 7582. Pydna, battle of, 10281 . Pye, Henry James, b., 9103 ; poet laure- ate, 9251 ; d. (1813). Pygmalion reigns, 11451 . Pylades, introduces pantomime, 10282. Pvlus fortified, 10202. Pym, John, b., 8742 ; impeached, 8852 ; d., 8843 (1643). Pynchon, John, b. (1621) ; d., 541 . , William, b.( 1590); at Springfield, 352; d. (1662). Pyne (Nationalist ), arrested, 9983. Pyramid, Great, built, 6451, 6461; opd., 6542. Pyramids, battle of, 6561 . Pyrenees, battles of, 9361 ; peace of , signed, 6913. Pyrometer invented, 9401 , H003. Pvrrho, b.-d., 10231. Pyrrhus, king, b.-d. , 1025 1 ; in Epirus, 1015 1 ; invades Italy; atBcneventum ; war with Demetrius ;'assists Svraeusans ; invades Macedonia; ravages Peloponnesus, 10261 . Pyth-Rade. Text Figures denote Page. IinDJo-X^. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1383 rules Epirus, 1027'; king of Macedon ; expelled, 10272 ; in Gi\; war in S. Italy ; at Asculum ; ally of Tarentines, 10522 j peace rejected, 10533. Pythagoras, b.-d., 10102; Gr. philos., 6503; music of spheres, 10162 ; doctrine of metempsychosis ; teachings of, 10163. Pytheas, Gr., account of Germans, 7683. Pythian games instituted, 10132 ; enlarged, 10171. Pyx, trial of, 9753. Q. euadra, Vicente, pres. Costa Rica, 631' . uadratus deposes Cumanus, 11533. Quadruple Alliance find., 907 2 ; against Fr., 6033; Sp. accepts terms, 6993; Eng., Aust., Prus., Eus. allied with Turk., 7293. Quaglio, Dominico, b., 8043; d., 8143. Quain, Jones, d., 968' . , Richard, b., 9382; d. (1887). Quakenbos, George Payn, b., 1342; d., 308'. Quaker Road, Va., Confederates driven from, 2442. Quakers. (See Friends.) Qualification Act passed, Eng., 9052. for Office, Abolition Act, 9692. Quallo Batto, Sumatra, attacked, 140' . -Quanah, Tex., Brice's embezzlement, 4763. Quantico, Va., train robbery, 473' . Quantrell, W. C, guerilla, at Indepen- dence, 2042; defeated in Mo., 205' ; raids Kan., 2143; near Blue Springs, 220'; raids Lawrence, 226' ; at Baxter's Springs, 2263. Qu'Appelle, Bishop Anson, cons., 9922. Quarantine Bill, 4213, 423' ,2. Quarles, Francis, b., 8762; works, 8823; d., 8S43. Quarry, Robert, gov. S. C, 493. Quarterly Recife appears, 137.' , 935' . Quartley, Arthur, b. (1839) ; paints Stormy Day, 298' ; d. (1886). Quatre-Bras, Belg., Fr. repulsed, 5422. Quatrefages de Breau, Jean Louis Ar- mand, b., 719' ; pres. Congress of Amer- icanists, 371' ; d.,762'. Quatremere, Etienne Marc, b., 705' ; d., 7323. de Quincy, Antoine Chrysostome, b. (1775) ; d., 7302. Quay, Matthew Stanley, b., 142' ; charges against, 3563; charges denied, 3782; re- signs, 3892; vs. Pittsburgh Post, 3942; wins libel suit, 4002. Quebec, Can., fnd., 5713; colony trans- ferred, 5732; conquest of, 32' ; Eng. pos- sess, 5732; seminary fnd., 343; popula- tion, 352, 633, 813; IJrsuline Convent; vicar apostolic est., 5723; seminary for priests ; diocese fnd., 573' ; R. C. bishop- ric, 443; Laval-Montmorency cons., 573' ; invasion of, 5722; Gen. Hospital est., 575 2 ; theatrical performance, 522; fleet arrives, 50'; attacked, 56', 72'; gov't for, 65 3 ; Eng. approach ; Wolfe checked, 703 + .5743; assaulted; capitulates, 72' ; Ramezay, gov., 73' ; Fr. retire, 72' ; Ga- zette issued, 5752; Q. Act, governs Can., 577'; colonial address to, 792; Q. Bill passes Pari., 79' ; legislative council est., 793; Arnold at, 803; siege begins, 576'; Presbyterian congregation, 5763; Pari., first meeting, 5772; see of, erected, 9263; cathedral erected; Mercury is- sued, '577' ; Are, 5773, 5793, 5813, 5833, 5853, 587', 3, 5913; Bank of, est., 5773; cholera, 5793 ; Gazette and East Town- ships Adv., 579' ; R. C. archdiocese est., 5783 ; Chronicle ; Laval University, 5803 ; riots, 581'; gov't seat, 5812; Courier du Canada, 581'; Canadian Confederation Conf., 582' ; scheme of confederation, 5813; union scheme adopted. 583' ; L'Evt- nement, 5823 ; earthquake,.";^' ,590' ; pari, houses burned ; Queen's congratulation, 5853; storms, 586', 504' ; rock slide, 588' ; relief for sufferers, 5883; artillery com- petition, 583' ; Ostensory in. 586'; explo- sion, 5932; ministry resigns, 595 2 ; Bp. Dunn cons., 10082; trials of Mercier and Paraud, 594 3 ; immigration prohibited; debt, 595' ; floods, 594' ; landslide ; mob, 596' ; Am. Forestry Asso. Conven.,5903; Quebec Bill passes, 577' . Quebh reigns in Egypt, 645 3 . Queen wrecked, 9293. Queen, power of, Eng., 8773. Anne touches to heal, 903'. Anne's War, 54' , 574' . Bounty est., Eng., 9032. Charlotte burned, 930' . Elizabeth founders, 9793. Euphemia's Songs written, 11343, of the West, captured; runs block- ade; destroyed, 2183. Victoria wrecked, 9593. , Walter W., d., 440'. Queen's Bench Prison, Act for abolishing, 9672. College, Birmingham, est., 9523, 9583. , Can., founded, 8623. Colleges Act, 953' . County, Ire., founded, 8732. Rangers recruited, 85' . Royal Reg't, 2d, organized, 890' . University in Ireland, est. in Dublin, 9563, 9C82; abolished, 9842; becomes Royal University of Ireland, 9862. University, Kingston, eBt, 579' . ware introduced, 132' . Queensbury, D. of, title created ; Marquis of, title created, 8932. Queensland, Australia, becomes province, 4972. Queenstown, Ire., named, 9553. , Can., Americans capture, 1182. Queiros, Pedro Fernandez de, b.-d., 11092. Quekett, John Thomas, b.,9363; d. (1861). Quellyn, Erasmus, b., 5403; d., 541' . , Jan Erasmus, b., 5403; d., 5422. Quelma, Arabs pillage, 10 z . < "u.-ntin, Col., in duel, 9372. Querard, Joseph Marie, b., 7123; d., 7362. Queretaro, Mex., peace signed, 165' ; Max- imilian arrives, 1096' ; battle, 1095' . Querouaille, Louise Renee de, b. (1649) ; created duchess, 893' ; d. (1734). Quesada, Manuel, b., 6322; commander, 632'; d., 634'. , Ximines. (See Ximinez, Quesada.) Quesnay, Francois, b. 7043 ; Economic Picture. 7032; d., 6943. Quesne, Marquis du, governor, 575 3 . Quesnoy, Fr., Austrians take, 518' . Question d' Alsace appears, 7602. Questbr, Plebeian, first elected, 1051 3 . Questors, additional number appointed, 10512,3. Quetelet, Lambert Adolph Jacques, b., 5422; d., 5442. Quetta, Afgh., Brit, occupy ; mission ; R. R. to Punjab, 72,3, 5393; fortress com- pleted, 10482. Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco de, b.-d., 11282. Quiberon, Fr., aid for Royalists ; taken, 7102. Quicherat, Louis, b., 7142; d., 754' . Quick, Robert Herbert, d., 10042. Quicksilver mine dis., Aust.-Hung., 5082; frozen, 924' . Quietists, org., 697'; condemned, 10832. Quievrain, French repulsed, 708' . Quigley, Dr., suspension, 3423; indicted, 3602. Quilimane, Livingstone arrives, 560 2 ; be- sieged, 11123. Quillota, Chile, troops defeated, 608' . Quilon, India, Bp. Ossi cons. ,9962; mission, 10462. Quiltings and velvets first made, 9142. Quimby, Isaac Ferdinand, b. (1843±) ; d., 3902. Quin, James, b. (1693) ; first appearance, 906' ; d. (1766). Quinault, Philip, b., 6882; works, 691' ,3, 6932; librettos, 693' ; d., 6942. Quinby, W. E., minister, 4473. Quincy, 111., R. C. diocese transferred, 1802; bridge opd., 2653; St. Francis Sol- anus Coll. est., 2822 ; Chaddoek Coll. fnd., 2883; p r ot. Epis. diocese fmd., 2983; Soldiers and Sailors Home dedi- cated, 3243; White Caps indicted, 4382. , Mass., horse-power railroad, 1353; R. R. wreck, 2993; derailed train, 3673; centennial eel., 41 13, 4213; Massey snoots Mary Lafane, 4262. , Edmund, b., 642; d. (1738). , Josiah, orator, b., 66 2 ; Boston Port Bill,l&2; d.,823. , , statesman, b., 762; d., 2352. , Louise Imogen, works, 329' . Quinet, Edgar, b., 715' ; works, 725' ,7263, 7291,7303, 7343, 735', 7363, 7483,750'; a radical, 7452; d. (1875). Quinine discovered, 7222. Quinn, Henry, charity gift, 10023. , J. P., Irish agitator, 9883 ; seditious speeches, 991' . , Wm. Paul, bp. Africa M. E., 1582. Quiftones, Francisco, governor, 6052. Quinretaro, action at, 1096' . Quinsan, taken, 620 2 . Quinsigamond Lake, Mass.,boat-race,3273. Quintana, battle at, 600' . , Manuel Jose, b.-d., 11302; works, 1131'. Quintard, Charles Todd, b., 132'; conse- crated P. E. bishop, 2482. Quinte burned, 5893. (.tuintero Bay, ships in, 605'. Quintilius Varius, Roman gov. ; revolt, 769'. Quintillian, Marcus Fabius, b.-d., 10622; emperor, 10672. Quintinie, Jean de la, b., 6863; d., 6942. Quintin's Bridge, N. J., action at, 8S2. Quintuple tro.ily signed, G. B.,9512. Quirke, Patrick', murderer executed, 999' . Quiroga, Jose, b.-d., 11283. , Rodrigo de, governor, 233, 6052. Quitman, John Anthony, b., 1082; at Cha- pultepec,1622; gov. Miss., Ii:;l2; d.,1842. Quito, annexed to Ecua.,592; destroyed, 683, 6432; conquest of, 643' , 644' ; siege, 6432; annexed to N. Granada; foreign kingdom ; Protestant burials, 644' ; first carriage, 6443. Quoits, game of, 10132. QUOtidienne, La, issued, 7083. Quo warranto passed, Eng., 855 3 ; for Mass., 492; for Conn, and S. C, 503; for Maryland, 51 ' . Qval, Segwald A., est. hospital, 3602. K. Kaab, Hung., battle of, 5183; taken, 5222; floods, 530' . Kabanus, Maurus, d., 7722. Rabbinical Hebrew Bilde printed, 10812. Rabbitpest, N. S. W., 500' ; reward, 5013. Rabelais, Franfois, b., 6783; works, 681' ; d., 6822. - Club, meets, 9842. Raboda, usurps throne, 1095' . Rab Rabina, completes Talmud, 1071'. Rabussou, Henri, Hallali, 7602. Rabutin, Roger de, Comte de Bussy, b. (1618); work, 6912; d. (1693). Bacan, Honorat, Marquis de, b. (1589); paraphrases on Psalms. 6903; d. (1670). Race conflicts in Am., 2923, 3643, 3971, 4022, 4092, 4162, 4342, 457', 4703, 4751, 479'. Racedo, Sefior, resigns, 4922. Racehorse lost, 966' . Race tracks under gov't., Fr., 7612. Rachel, Eliza or Elizabeth I'Ydix, b., 7223; ' N. Y., 176' ; d., 7342. Joachim, b., 7943; Satirische Gedichte, 797'; d. (1669). RacMs, king of Lombardy, 10732. Racine, WiB., cyclone at. 312'. , Antoine, cons, bp., 5822. , Jean Baptiste, b., 6883; in college, 689' ; pensioned, 691' ; works, 6912, 693' ,2, 6951,7012; d., 6943. , Louis, b.. 6942; d., 703' . College, Wis., org., 173'. Rack abolished in Eng.,'883' . Kadagaisus, commands Ger. troops in It., 1070' ; d. (400). Radcliff, Jacob, mayor N. Y., 1173, 1252. Radcliffe, Ann, gift, 4442. . Mrs. (Ann Ward), 9162 (or 1764); d., 9403. , James, b.. 8982; beheaded (1716). , Thomas, b. (1526+) ; V. lieut., 8713; 8732; 1. deputy, 8732; d. (1583). College, annex to Harvard, fnd., 3023; est., 444', 2; Agnes Irwin, dean, 4602. Rademacher, Joseph, b. (1840); cons. R. C. bp., Nashville, 3123. Radetzhy blown up, 528' . Radetzk'y, Joseph Wenzel. b., 5163 ; at Goito, 522'; at Shipka Pass, 5652; at Senova, 566'; d.,5243; statue, 5342. , Countess Josephine, suicide, 5323. 1384 Text Figures denote Page. INJjliX. Superior Figures indicate Column. E,adl H.&1C. Badicalg, Belg., reports refused, 5471 ; en- raged, Fr., 7463; active In G. B., 9393. Radma becomes king, 1095'. Radnor, E. of, title created, 9152. , E. of, minister, 8972. , W., taken, 8601. Radoslavolf ministry, 5673. Radoteur, Xe, issued, 7052. Radowitz, Joseph Maria, von, b., 8063; dismissed, 8192; d., 820' . Radstadt, Aust., peace of, 6973; Austrians defeated, 712' ; besieged, 7881 . Radstock, Baron, title created, 9311. Radul recognized as prince, 11121 . Kae, John, b. (1813); explorer. 5801; at St. Paul, 1701; searching expedition, 9582; d., 10102. Raeburn, Sir Henry, b., 9143; d., 9103. Riedwald, religion of, 8422. Rretia, conquered. 1<)<;03; Roman province, 10632. (See Rhajtia.) Raffaello or Raffaelle. (See Raphael.) Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, b., 9222; Singapore factory, 10472; d., 9422. Ratinesque, Constantine, b., 962; Smaltz, d., 1542. Rafn, Karl Christian, b., 6382; d., 6403. Ragaz, Switz., German defeat, 7842. Ragged Schools est., Eng., 9443. School Union org., 9531 . Ragimbert, king of Italy, 10731 . Raglan, Baron, title created, 9591 . (See Somerset.) Rags imported, 1173. Raguet, Condy, b. (1784); d., 1542. Ragusa, earthquake, 5123; ceded, 5193; war vessels at, 11593. Raliab, receives spies, 11401 ; preserved, 11411. Rahbek, Knud Lyne, b., 6381 ; d., 6383. Rahl, Col., at battle of Trenton, 851. Rahmo, mission, 10472. Rahova taken. 5661. Raiders, Confederate, in Can., 5S01. Raikes, Robert, b., 9082; reproved, 9092; est. Sunday-school, 9223; d., 9351 ; statue, 9841. . Henry Cecil, minister, 9953; d., 10061. Raikot mission, 10471. Railroads, horse-power in Mass., 1353; Albany to Schenectady, 1393 ; four- wheel trucks used; Boston and Worces- ter, 1413; Camden and Amboy, 1433; coal used, 1473 ; Raleigh and Gaston ; Wilmington; Roanoke, 1533; Richmond and Frederick completed, 1493; speed, 1653 ; in la^o, 1693 ; uniform gauge used, 1752; lands granted, 1813; R. R. post- office ; trial trip made, 2393 ; 1st dining- car, 2653; T. M. C. A. anniversary, 3322; Commissioners' Conven., Wash., D. C, 3591; officials indicted for tunnel disas- ter, 3783; many sold for creditors'claims, 3873; fast time, 3913 , 31173, 4ir,3 ; increase in U.S., 1871, 2753; employees conven., 4002; reduction rates Bill, 4013; officials sentenced, 4362; counterfeit tickets, 4442; commenced, Braz., 5553; Loan Act passes, Can., 5831; subsidies appropri- ations, 5933; appropriations for, Cape Colony, 6013; first China, 6233, 6252; in Eng., 9313; Am. Intermit. R. R. Conf. approved, Colo., 629,2; Fr. gov't controls, 7513; first in Ger., 8141; purchase op- posed, 8293; in Eng. iron-covered rails, 9061; for colli. -lies. 9102; cast-iron rails, 9162; fi rs t in Eng., 9241 , 9313; mails on, 945 2 ; atmospheric, first experiments; North Brit, built, 9521 ; from Cambridge to Lond. opd., 9522; cheap trains imper- ative ; schemes invest. ; gov't purchase, 9532; commis. constituted, 9533 ; mania; accidents compensated, 9551 ; Railway Acts, 9551, 9592; Arbitration Act, 9633; pneumatic opd., 9662; Clauses Consoli- dation Act, 9672; Metropolitan opd., 9673; Co 's Securities Act, 9092; against gov'tpurchase,9712, 9992; laws amended, 9732; Asso. est. to watch legislation, 9751 ; R.R. accidents, total, 9773; Trav- elers' Protection Soc. org., 9792; Co. re- sponsibility, 9812; speed of trains, 9993; 2d cla3S carriages withdrawn, 10113; St. Gothard opd., It., 10903; Mexico and Vera Cruz opd., 1097 2 ; concession granted, 10973. Supts., Am. Soe. meets, 3932. Telegraph Supts. Conven., 361 1 . Union, Am., men dismissed, 4662. Railroads, bridge-disasters on, U.S.A.: Norwalk open drawbridge, 1733; breaks through in Mo., 20 k., 1793 ; at Corry, Pa., 20 k., 2793; through Ashtabula bridge, O., 70 k., 2933; falls through at Ocean Port, N. J., 60 inj.; sinking near I >es Moines, I a., 17k., 2973; falls through at Tariffville, Conn., 16 k., 2993; falls through near Boston, 32 k. ; falls through near Chats- worth, 111., 75 k.,3273; near Blockshear, Ga., 27 k., 3293; near Orange Court House,Pa.,9k.,3313; falls at Spottsville, Ky., 12 k., 3373; falls through at Oak- land, Cal., 13 k., 3593; falls through at Kansas City, Mo., 9 k , 3713; falls near Medill, Mo., 7 k., 4073; near Milton, N. C, 7 k.; near Chester, Mass., 13 k., 4373; near Dunkirk, N. Y., 11 k.,4473; falls at Anniston, Ala., 1 k., 4733. Collisions: near Chicago, 20 k., 1733; at Campbell, Pa., 60 k., 1813; near San Francisco, 15 k., 2693; at Eureka, Mo., 19 k., 2713; at Revere, Mass., 20 k.,2753; at Spuvten Duyvil Creek, N. Y., 9 k., 3113; ne ar Connellsville, Pa., 14 d.,3173; near Aus- tell, Ga., 11 k., 3213; at Silver Creek, N. Y., 3253; near Hopedale, 111., 9 k.; near Kouts,Ind., 10 k.,3273; near Green- wood, Ky., 6 k., 3293; near Penn Haven, Pa., 61 k., 3313; a t Tallmadge, O., 10 k., 3353; atLatrobe, Pa., 25 k., 3413; near Parkersburg, W. Va.,4k.; near Middle- bury, Vt., several k., 3452; near Auburn Park, 111., 6 k.; at Palatine Bridge, N. Y-, several k., 345 3 ; near Hamburg, N. Y., 6k. ,3553; nearWarrenton,Mo„8k., 3613; near Florence, Colo., 5 k.,3693; Sloan's Valley, Ky., 7 k., 3713; Park Avenue, N. Y. City, 6 k., 3793; at Ra- venna, O., 19 k., 3873; at Hepburn, O., 9 k.; near Syracuse, N. Y., 13 k., 3893; near Zelienople, Pa., 8 k.; near Hawley- ville, Ky., several k.; near Kent, O., 3 k.,3933; at Plainneld. N. J., 3 k.,3973; at Eckenrode Mills, Pa., 14 k., 4153; on Fort Wayne Road, 13 k., 4172 ; near Phila.,7 k., 4173; near Grand Island, Neb., 4 k., 4193; near Alton, 111., 12 k., 4233; near Hartwell, Colo., 3 k.; at Phila.,4 k.,4253; at Somerset, Pa., 5 k., 4293; at Berlin, N. Y., 10 k.; near Long Is. City, 11 k., 4373; near Colehour, 111., Ilk., 4392; near Kingsbury, Ind., 4393; at Jackson, Miss., 13 k.; at Paxico, Kan., 2 k.; at Wellsville, O., 4 k.; at Battle Creek, Mich., 26 k., 4413; near Trenton, N. J., 4 k., 4432; on Rock Island Road, 6 k., 4433; at Hackensack, N. J., 11 k., 4493; at Seymour, Conn., 50 inj., 4653; near Phila., 2 k., 4753. - — derailed trains on;U. S. A.: Cam- den and Amboy, 21 k., 1773 ; near Deerfield, Mass., 12 k.; near Santee Swamp, S. C, 7 k., 3233 ; near White River June, Vt.,30 k., 3273; at Waters- meet, Mich., several k.; near Lincoln City, Md., 36 inj., 3353 ; at Thrax- ton, Va., 30 k., 3433 ; near Knoxville, Tenn., 5 k., 3452 ; a t White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., 11 k., 3493 ; near King's Mills, 0.,9 k.,3653; nearQuiney, Mass., 20 k., 3073; near Statesville, N.C., 20 k., 3913; B. & O., train, 30 inj., 4353. Wrecks, etc.: at Burlington, N. J., 21 k.; in 111., 40 k., 1773; at Utica, N. Y., 8 k.; near So. Bend, Mich., 38 k., 1853; Lake Shore, 41 k., 2593; at Carr's Rock, Pa., 26 k., 2613; at New Albion, la., 21 k., 3113; near Tehichipa, Cal., 15 k.; near Mason's Station, O., 53 inj., 3133; Grayville, 111., 9 k., 3153 ; White River, Ind., 6 k., 3173; Hackensack, N. J. ,9k., 3213; near Saluda, N. C, 5 k., 3253; near Rio, Wis., 22 k.; 3253; near Haver- hill, Mass., 9 k., 3293; Phila. & Reading, Pa., 8 k., 3313; near Joliet, 111., 4 k.; near Hamilton, Ont., 17 k., 3393. Mis- placed switch : at Quincy, Mass.. 21k;, 2993; Chicago & Northwestern, Wis., 5 k., 3613; near Limon, Colo., 1 k., 3653; at Kansas City, Mo., 2 k.; Louisville, N. A. & Chicago road, O., 6 k., at the Dalles, Ore., 10 k., 3533; at Shoemakersville, Pa., 20 k„ 3693; near Tarrytown, N. Y., 13 k., 3853; near Dover, 0., 1 k.; Ka- nawha & Mich, road, 14 k.,3873; near Middletown, O., 7 k.; near Louisville, Ky., 13 k., 3893; at Greenhurg, Pa.,3 k., 3933 ; Chicago, Burl. & Quincy road, 5 k.; near Toledo, O., 9 k., 3953; at Hast- ings, N. Y., 15 k., 3973; near Milwaukee, Wis.; 7 k.,4033; near Cleves, O., 7 d., 4073; at Lonesome Hollow, Ky., 7 k.; near Harrisburg, Pa., 12 k., 4093; West Shore road, several k ; at West Cambridge June, Mass., 9 k.,4153;near Grand Island, Neb., several k.; near Phillipsburg, Mo., 6 k., 4173 ; at Nelson, Minn., 8 k., 4193; at Lafayette, Ind., 10 k., 4293; at Parkville, N. Y., 8 k.; at Patterson, N. J., 5 k., 4332; at New- burg, N. Y., 5 k., 435 2 ; near Lindsey, N. Y., 3 k., 4353; at Gulfport, Miss., 3 k.,4373; near Manteno, 111., 8 k.,4393; Pittsburg, Ft. W. & Chicago road, 8 k.; near Nameoki, 111., 30 inj., 4413; near Lawrence, Kan., 4k., 449 3 ; near Marsh- field, Wis., 4 k., 4613; at Chillicothe, O., 3 k., 4633; near Mooschead Lake, Me., 5 k.,4653; Rock Isl., la., road, Ilk., 4693. Rail roads, disasters on; collisions ;Gt.Brit.: at Athertone,ll k.; at Clayton Tunnel,23 k.,9653 ; in Blackheath Tunnel , 6 k., 9673 ; at Abergele, 33 k. ; at New Cross, 2 k.; at Long Eaton June, 7 k.; near Welwyn, 3 k., 9733; near Newark, 19 k.; near Barns- ley, 14 k., 9753; at Rose Hill June, 2 k.j at Clifton June, 4 k.; at Woodhouse June, 2 k., 9773; near Mannel, 16 k., 9793; at Kildwick, 7 k.; near Hunting- ton, 14 k.; near Bath, 14 k., 9813; near Pontypridd June, 13 k.,9833; at Burs- cough, 8 k., 9853; at Desford, 5 k.; at Tayport, Fife, 4 k.; Highbury Tunnel, 5 d.; at Old Ford, 6 d., 9893; at Hex- thorpe, 25 d., 9973; near Armagh, 72 k., 10013; at Taunton, 10 k., 10053. , Wrecks, Gt. Brit. : Hampstead June, 16 k., 9653; at Winchburgh, 15 k.; near Lynn, 5 k.; Chatham June, 3 k.; at Brynkir Station, 6 k., 9693; near Carlisle 6k.; at Hatfield, 8 k.; atKirtlebridge,12 k.,9753; near Shrewsbury, 4 k.; on North- western road, 13 k., 977 a ; at Shipton, 34 k., 9793; near Morpeth, 5 k.; near Cork, 3 k.; near Talybont, 4 k., 9833; at Lofthouse,2 k.; near Wennington June, 8 k., 9S53; at Slough, 12 k., 9893; near Breamore, 5 k.; near Preston, 24 k., 9933; at Hampton Wick, 4 k., 9993 ; at Milngavie June, 30 inj., 10053; Hamp- stead Heath Station, 8 k., 1O093. (See under the names of various railroads.) speed on Gt. Northern and North- eastern R. E.,9993. Raimbert of Paris, Ogier le Danois, 6711 . Raimond, J. T., cons. R. C. bp., 9742. Raimondi, Marcantonio.b., 10783; d., 10803. Rain, Ger., victory at, 7942. Kaindle, Victor, embezzler, 6362. Rainey, J. H., first colored M. C, 2731 . Rains, James F., b., 1342; at Carthage, 1962; at Dug Spring, 1981 ; d., 2172. Rainsford, W. S., on chureh bar-rooms, 4062. , Sir Richard, chief justice, 8951 , Rais (or Retz), Baron de (Gilles de Laval), b.-d., 6762. Raismes, M. de, orator, 7563. Raisonnable lost, 9142. Rajagan, Raja, World's Fair, 4342. Rajah of Sikkim flees, 6252. RajainaheiHlri mission, 10472. Rajput states combine, 10451 . Rajputana mission, 10483; famine. 10493. Riikoezv, Franz Leopold, b., 5123 ; insur- rectionist, 5133; d., 5143. , George, revolt, 5132; d. (1648). , Sigismund, Pr. of Trans., 5113; in- vades Hung,; in Moravia 7961. Rakoto, Pr., enthroned, 10952. Rakovian Catechism published, 11143. Rakow, Rus.. Socinian church est., 11143. Rale, Sebastien, b., 6902; d., 6982. Raleigh, N.C., town laved out, 1033; State library fnd., 1391; R. Christian Advo- cate issued, 1802 ; Grant meets Sherman, 2462; State conven. meets, 2491, 2611; Shaw Univ. fnd., 2503 ; constitutional conven. meets, 2512,2892; colored peo- ple's conven., 2551 ; conservative mass- meeting, 2592 ; Interstate Exposition opens, 3933; Confederate Soldiers' Home fnd., 3983; anniversary, 4173. Raleigh launched, 4041 . , Sir Waiter, b., 8701; works, 8771, 8803 ; at Trinidad, 241 ; in N. C. ; in Rale-Ray. Text Figures denote Page. IN JDrL^S.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1385 Guiana, 243,253,28' ; 1st patent ; inVa., 252; sells rights; in Venezuela, 253;fails in colonizing, 29 1 ; invades Sp., 876' ; intro. mahogany, 8773; intro. tobacco, 8772; prisoner, 8773; conspirator ; tried ; convicted, 8792 ; released from prison, 881 ' ; explorations, 10393 ■ beheaded, 8801,8812. Baleigh and Gaston K. R. completed, 1533. Ralph, Earl of Norfolk, revolts, 848' . Ram No. 1 launched, 416' . Kama, Nicaragua, mission at, 11032. Ramadan, Mohammedan fast, 4843. Ramage, John, miniature painter, 76' . Ramah mission, 5822. Ramahyuck mission, 4963, 500'. Ramales, action at, 1132' . Ramaliane, mission at, 1124' . Ramanand, Vishnuite reformer, 1043'. Ramange, telescope erected, 940' . Ramanuja, Brahmin reformer, 1043' . Ramapatam mission, 10472. Bamberg, Gen., leader, 5312. Ranibouillet Decree issued, 1172. , Marquise. (See Vivonne.) Ramee, Louise de la (Uuida), works, 9683, 9743. Bameau, Jean Philippe, b., 6923; L'Endrl- aque, 698' ; d., 703'. Ramezay, gov. in Canada, 73' . Ramillies, Belg., Fr. defeated ; b. of, 542' . Rami! lies launched, 1008' . lost, 9142. Ramirez, Velasquez, gov., 630' . Ramiro I., reigns in Asturias, 11255 ; in Aragon,11272; cruelty to Saracens, 1126' ; d. (850). II., reigns in Asturias ; in Aragon, 11272; d. (950). III., reigns in Asturias, 11272. Bamleh captured, 658' . Bamman-Nirari I., reigns, 1143'. II., reigns, 1143' . III., defeats Benhadad; subdues Babylonia, 1144' ; reigns, 1145' . Rammohun, Roy, b.-d. t 10443 ; fnds. Brahman church, 10463. Ramon, Alonso Garcia, gov., 605 2 ; d., 605' . Eamorino (or Remorino), Girolamo Gio- vanni Pietro, b. (1790±) ; d., 10863. Ramos, Manuel, captured, 6342. Bampur Beauleah mission, 1049' . Bamsay, Baron, title created, 975' , 9963. , Alex., phys., b., 1242. , , gov. Minn., 167' , 1903. , Allan, b., 8962; Gentle Shepherd, 907' ; d.,9143. , , Younger, b. (1713±) ; d., 9223. , Andrew Crornbie, b. 9363; d. (1891). , Michael, b., 8962; d., 9103. , David, b, 662; d., 1242. , Fox Maule, b. (1801) ; minister, 9533; d. (1874). ■ , Francis Munroe, b. (1835) ; in navy dept., 3512, 4472 ; rear-adm., U. S. N!, 448'. , Geo., E. of Dalhousie, b. (1770). , James A. B., E. of Dalhousie, first Marq. of, b., 9362 ; gov.-gen., 9552, gov. of Can., 5773, 5792; d. (1838). , J. D., d., 1008' . , John Win., Earl of Dalhousie, opens Winchester Coll., 9923 ; minister, 9952 ; gov.-gen., 10473. — -, Thomas, b., 9042. Bamsden, Jesse, b., 9032 ; glass electrical machine, 916' ; theodolite, 924' ; d., 9302. Bamses (or Rameses) I., b., 6482 ; reigns in Egy., 6492. II., conquests, 648' , 6492; reigns, 6492; fosters king-worship ; greatest builder, 6482 ; jealous of fame ; married ; progeny, 648 3 ; against Hittites, 1140' ; persecutes Israelites, 11403. III., conquests, 648' ; reigns in Egy., 6493 ; art patron, 6482 ; cultivation of land, 6483; female conspirators, 649' . IV. to XIII., reigns in Egy., 6493. Ramseur, Gen. Stephen Dodsoh, b. (1837) ; near Rapidan, 232'; at Stephenson's Depot, 2362; d., 2392. Ramsey, Alex., b. (1815) ; sec. war, 303 3 . , David, inv. engines for plowing, 880' . Ramus, Jonas, works, 11042. , Peter (Pierre de la Ramee), b. 6802; works, 683' ; d. 6823. Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, b., 10783; d., 10803. Eana Khumbo Java Sthamba, 10423. Kanavalona I., reigns, 1095'. II., reigns, 10952. III., reigns, 10953. Kane, M., duel, 7463. Ranee, Armand Jean de Bouthillier de, b., 6863 ; d., 6943. Rand, Isaac, b., 642 ; d., 1302. Randal, Geo. Maxwell, b. (1810) ; cons. P. E. bp., 2482; d. (1873). Randall, Alex. W., gov. Wis., 1833; p.-m.- general, 2532; d., 278'. , Charles S., b., 132' ; d. (1881). , James Leslie, cons, bp., 10022. , Samuel Jackson, b.. 1362 • speaker, 2932, 2972, 3013, 3052; vo te, 305'; vote for speaker, 3092 ; vote for vice-pres., nom., 3173; d., 356'; eulogized, 357', 369'. Randolph, Vt., normal sch. opd.,2603, 2923. Randolph blown up, 882. , Alfred Magill, b. (1836) ; cons. P. E. bp., 3142. , Beverley, gov. Va., 101'. , E. of Moray, invades Eng., 856' . , Edmund, b. (1753) ; gov., ; in Consti- tutional conven., 992 ; atty.-gen., 1012; sec. of state, 1052; intrigue, 1053, d. 121' . , Edward, in Boston, 472,3. , John, b., 78' ; in Congress, 109 3 ; duel with Clay, 1352; d., 142'. , Peyton, b., 602; pre s. Cong., 792, 812 d., 823. , Theodore Frelinghuysen, b. (1826) gov. N. J., 2693; d., 3142. — , Thos. Mann, b. (1741); gov. Va., 1273 d. (1793). , , regent ; d., 8573. , , postmaster-general, 8753. , Wilton, shot by W. H. Clark, 351' . Macon College org., 1403. Randon, Gen., Jacques Louis C^sar Alex- andre, b. (1795) ; subdues revolt, Algeria, 83; d. (1871). Ranfurly, Baron, title created ; Earl, 9412. Rangoon (or Unnguu), Burma, fnd., 10452; taken, 1046', 2 ; Brit, officers insulted, 10462; Col. Browne at, 622'; mission, 10463, 1047' ; bishopric erected, 10463, 1049' ; see est., 9803; Bp. Strachan cons., 9862; annexed to G. B., 10473. Ranihhat mission, 1047' . Ranipet mission, 10483. Ranke, Leopold von, b., 8063; works, 8132, 8151,8163,8203; d., 832'. Ranki, Pazos, translates Testament, 5502. Rankin, Arthur McKee, b., 5782. , Henry, d., 6202. , Jeremiah Eames, b. (1828); pres. How- ard University, 347' . , John, walks to London, 9833. , Thos., b. (1738+); supt. of Meth.,782; Mr. Wesley's assistant, 919' ; d. (1810). Ranney.Rufus Percival, b. (1813) ; d.,396' . Ranseome, Fred., invents stone, 954'. Ransom, Epaphioditus, gov. Mich., 1652. , Matt W., b., 1342 ; senator, 2773 ; on Committee of Seven. 2933. , Thomas Edward Greenfield, b., 1422 ; at Charleston, Mo., 198' ; at Arkansas Pass, 2282; d.,2392. Ransome, J., missionary, 5563. Ranters appear, Eng., 8863. Rantoul, Robert J., b., 1122; d., 1702. Rantz, Count, battle Duttlingen, 796' . Ranulf de Glanville, at Alnwick, 850' . Raouf Pasha, at Shipka Pass, 566' . Rapaelje, Sarah, b., 312. Raphael, Alexander, sheriff, 9472. (or Rafael, or Kalfaelle), Sanzio d'Ur- bino, b., 107S3; works, 350' , 882' , 10782, architect of St. Peter's, 1080' ; d., 10802. Raphall, Morris Jacob, b. (1798) ; d., 262' . Raphia, Pal., action at, 1148'. Raphoe, Ire., Bp. Patrick O'Donnell, cons., 9983. Rapid City, S. Dak., School of Mines, 3283 ; platinum ore dis., 406' . Rajiid shells villages, 1008'. Rapidan, Gen. Lee behind, 228' ; Federals near; Confederates near, 232' . Bapin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, b.,6902; History ofEnq., 699' ; d., 6982. , Rene\"b.,6863; d., 6942. Rapp, Frederick, fnds. Harmonists, 8043. — , George, b., 803' ; fnds. Harmonists, 8043; d.,8162. Rappahannock Dept. fmd., 206'; Gen. Pope recrosses, 212' . Station,Va., Confederate defeat, 228'. Rappahannock, Lee at, 2283. Baptcha, fighting, 566' . Rarey, John S., b., 1322 ; horse trainer, 201', 962'; receives present, 9653; d., 254'. Baritan Canal, rights surrendered, 2673. Ras Ali deposed, 3' . Alulu, commander, 22; d., 33. Baschid Pasha assassinated, 11583. Rasgrad, Bulg., Mohammedan disturb- ances, 5682. Rashi (Rabbenu Shelomoh Yashaki), b.-d.. 602 Basoherina reigns, 10952. Baspail, Francois Vincent, b., 7102; d., 733' , 7502. Raspe, Henry, emp., 781'; in Thuringia ; defeats Conrad, 780' Rast, A., of Ark., on Committee of 33, 189' . Rastatt (and Baden) Peace of, 5143; Cong, of ; agreement with Fr., 8073 ; captured, 818' ; insurrection, 8183. Raster, Herman, Resolution, 2783. Ratcliffe, John, gov. Va., 272. , Rev., acquitted, 4542. Rathbone, Estes G., in p. o. dept., 3512. , Maj., wounded by Booth, 247' . * , Wm, statue unveiled, 982' . Rathdonnell, Baron, title created, 967'. Ratibor (Victor Moritz Karl), Duke of, b. (1818); d., 836'. Ratisbon (Regensburg), Ger., nobles bap- tized, 5022 ; taken, 5183, 7942 ; treaty- concluded, 6892 ; a truce signed, 6922*; Aust. expelled, 7181 ; Diet held, 7773 ; Diet at, 7903; electoral assembly at, 7953 ; Walhalla begun, 8141 ; boat upsets, 8353. Rattazzi, Mine., imprisoned, 7562. , Urbano, b., 10851 ; d., 10882. Rattler launched, 158' . Rattlesnake Point, train-wrecker, 3983. Katzseh, Friedrich A., M., d., 820'. Rau, Karl Heinrich, b., 8062; d., 8262. Rauban, mine explosion, 8333. Ranch, Christian Daniel, b., 8042 ; statue of Fred, the Great, 818' ; d., 820' . , Friederich Augustus, b., 1122 ; d., 1522. , Henry, missionary, 643. Raucoux, Austrians defeatj 700'; sur- rendered, 11002. Raude, Eric, in Greenland, 11', 3. Raum, Green Berry, b. (1829) ; in int. dept. 3512; charges against, 367 2 , 377 2 ; resigns, 3832. Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von, b., 8042; d., 828'. Raupach, Ernst Benj. Salomo, b. (1784) ; works, 815' ; d. (1852). Rauscher, Jos. Othmar von, b. (1797) ; car- dinal ; letter, 5273; d., 5282. Ravachol, anarchist, 7623. Ravago, P. Juan de Astrada, gov., 630'. Ravaillac, Francois, b., 6862 ; regicide, 6872; executed (1610). Bavel family appear, 140' . Ravelin, N. E., arrested, 4643. Raven Run, Pa., miners murdered, 289' . Ravenna, It., battle of, 680' ; captured. 1030' , 1070' , 1072' ; capital, 10313, 1071' ; annexed to Rome, 10533; cathedral fnd., 10683 ; imperial residence, 10693 ; sub- dued ; surrendered to Pepin, 10732 ; 6tatue of Dante, 10882 ; united to It., 10892. , O., railway accident, 3873. Ravenscroft, John Stark, b. (1772) ; cons. P. E. bp., 131'; d. (1830). • , Thos., b , 8762; harmonization, 880' . Ravensworth, Earl of, title created, 975' . Ravignan, Gustave Francois Xavier Dela- croix de, Jesuit, b., 7102; d., 7342. Rawdon, Francis, Marquis of Hastings, b., 9123; in Camden, S. C; at Hobkirk's Hill ; defeats Gen. Greene ; evacuates Camden, 94'; d., 9422. Rawlins, John A., b., 1382; B ec. of war, 267'; d., 2622. Bawlinson, George, b., 9363 ; works, 9663, 9723,9783, 10022. , Sir Henry Crcswieke, b., 935' . , Sir Wm., keeper, 8993. Rawson, Albert Leigliton, b., 1362. Ray, George W., b., 1562. , James P., gov. Ind., 1333. (or Wray), John, b., 8822 ; botanist; 1386 Text Figures denote Page. 1-NDll.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Ray-RegL journeys of, 8902; works, 8931 , 8941 : d., 9022. Ray, Private, wins rifle prize, 9821 . (Botanical) Soc. formed, 9521 . Rayleigh, Baron, title created, 9372. Raymbault, Charles, missionary; d., 36 2 . Raymond, Miss., Confederate defeat, 2221 . IV., Comte de Toulonse, b.-d., 6682. VI., Comte de Toulouse, b.-d., 6702; a count, 6712 ; joins crusade, 668 1, 3 ; defeated; besieged bySimon deMontfort, 6701 ; crusade against, 6702. , Count of Barcelona, in Aragon, 11272. , A. V. V., installed, 4602. , George Lansing, Art in Theory, 4783. , Henry Jar vis, b., 1282; fnds. N. Y. Times, 1683; d., 2662. , Lord Robert, b. ^1673±) ; chief justice, 9073; d. (1733). , Rossiter Wir thing ton, b., 1522 ; gift, 4202. Raynal, L'Abbe Guillaume Thomas Fran- cois, b.,6963; works, 7012, 7032; d.,7123. , M. David, minister, 753 2 , 7543. , Paul, work, 729 1 . Rayner, Isidor, b., 168 1. Raynouard, Francois Juste Marie, b., 7023; works, 6663, 7171 1 7231, 7272; d., 7262. Raysville, Miss., negroes lynched, 3991 . Razatindrahety reigns, 1095 3 . Razya, Empress, reigns, 10432. Razzi, Giovanni. (See Sodoma.) Re, Isle of, attacked, 6861. Reach, Angus Bethune, b., 9403; d. (1856). Read, Abner, b. (1S20) ; d., 2251 . , Geo. Campbell, b., 1882; d., 2132. , Jacob, b. (1752); pres. senate, 109 1; d. (1816). , Nathan, b., 722 ; d., 1662. , Thos. Buchanan, b., 1302 ; works, 1783, 1823,2133; d., 2781. Reade, Charles, b.,9303; works, 9583,9743; d., 9922. Reading, Eng., surrenders, 8841; abbots coin money, 8591; Bp. Randall cons., 10022. , Pa., Knights Golden Circle arrested, 2213; Lutherans Gen. Council, 2542 ; riots, 2971; tornadoes, 3321; R. R. acci- dent, 3673 ; fire, 3773; city treas. short, 4222; Webber attempts murder, 4623. Coal combine investigation, 4091 , 411»,415i. Iron Co. plant sold, 3433. — -R. R., employees strike, 3291, 4173; discharged employees, 4773. , John, gov., 672 ; pies, council, 71 3 . Ready, Col., gov. Pr. E. Island, 5771 . Readyville, Tenn., Confederates defeated, 2122. Reagan, John Heminger, b. (1818); confed. p.-m.-gen., 191 3 ; paroled, 249 1 ; for free coinage silver, 3483; amending Constitu- tion, 3572. Real Estate Nat. Cong, meets, 3803. Realists controversy, 10763. Ream, Vinnie, statue of Lincoln, 254 1 . Reams's Station, Va., Lee repulsed, 237 2 . Reaper patented, 1441 . Reaping-machine, public trial, 142 1; Mc- Cormick's perfected, 1602, 1701 , 258* . Reapportionment Bill passes, 3732, 4051 . Reason, goddess of, worshiped, 7103. Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault de, b., 6923 ; d. (1757). Reaux, Gideon T:i\h-]nnntdes,iristoriettes, 6931. Reay, Baron, title created, 881 1 , 9871 . , Lord, governor, 10473. Rebecca, riots, 9531 . Rebecque, Benjamin Constant de, works, 7211,7263. Rebellion, Am. war of, 1904- ; tariff, 1411 , 2,3; Shay's, 98i, 992; whisky, 1041 , 1053. Rebmann, John, joins Krapf, 5612. Rebwick, James, b., 1022. Recamier, Madame (Jeanne Francoise Julie Adelaide Bernard), b., 7043 ; d., 7302. Recared I. expels Franks, 11251 ; reigns, 11253. II. reigns, 11253. Recensent issued, 11022. Recesuinto, subdues Basques, 11251; reigns, 11253. Reihabites, Independent Order, statistics, 4463; Soc. formed in Eng., 9491 . Reehburg, Count, foreign minister, 5252 ; resigns, 823 1. Recidivists, Fr., transportation of, 7551 . Reciprocity, U.S., 1752, 2513, 2873, 3691,2, 3763, 3812, 3892, 3911 ,2, 3973, 4012, 4032, 4071 ,2, 4091 , 4212, 471 = , 4793. for Aust.-Hung., 5353. for Can., 5812,3, 5831 , 3 ? 5371 ,2, 5892, 5911,2,5923,5931,5951. for Chile, 6091. for Cuba, 6343. Reclus, Jean Jacques Elisee, b., 7261 . Recoinage Act passes, Eng.,901 2 . Recollects, active, 463; i u Can., 5703, 5731 . Reconstruction, U.S.A., Pres. Lincoln's plan, 2292; 2353, 2372,3,2432,2483, 2491, 2,3, 2511,2,3, 2523,2531,2,2571,2,3,2591, 2632,2692, 2701; Pres. Johnson's plan, 2473 ; completed, 2692 ; Standing and Select Committee, 4271 . Recrain, Isle of, pillaged, 8441 . Recreative Eve. Schools Asso. fnd., 9963. Rector, Henry M., governor Ark., 1903. College, Va., founded, 1511 . Red Bank, N. J., Fort Mercer attacked, 88i. Redden, Laura C, b., 1522. Red Eagle conferred, 8331 . Redemptorists fnd., 1085 1 ; Fathers of Douay ; Order dissolved, 7353 ; clergy readmitted, K322; admitted, 8372. Redesdale, Baron. (See Sir John Mitford.) , Lord, d., 9952. Redtield, S. Dak., natural gas dis., 3501 . , Isaac Fletcher, b., 1122; d., 2902. , William C, b. (1789) ; d., 1821 . Redgrave, Richard, b. (1804) ; d., 9982. Redhouxe, Sir James, d., 10062. Redi, Francesco, b., 10823; d. (1698). Redigher, Col., dismissed, 5671. Redistribution of Seats Act passed, 9951. Red Jacket, b., 683 ; d., 1382. Lodge reservation thrown open, 3391 . Men, Order of, founded, 771; statis- tics, 4463. Redmond, John E., speaks, 4082. , William H. R., imprisoned, 1001 1 . Red Mound, Tenn., action at, 2181 . Rednal, Eng., train wrecked, 9693. Red Oak, La., Nat. Colored Cong., 3892. Redpath, James, b., 1421 ; d., 3761 . Red Republicans, Fr., 7312. River, La., rises, 3581 , , Can., settlement, 5773; mission, 5792; R. R. extended, 5872. , China, open for trade, 6252 ; Fr. conquer valley, 4802. Expedition, La., 2303, 2311 , 2321 . Russia, added to Poland, 11133. Sea, Egyptians overwhelmed, 6481 ; cable, accelerates telegrams, 9622. Star line of steamers est., 2853. Redstone explodes, 1713. Creek, Pa., iron-mill est., 1241 . Red Wing, Minn., Hamilton University incorporated, 1762; fire, 4393. Reed, Andrew, b. (1787) ; founds Royal Hospital, 9571 ; d. (1862). , David, b., 2702 ; d. (1870). , Sir Edward J., Japan, 9863. , George E., president of Dickinson College, 3331. .Harrison, governor Fla., 2632, 2652; effort to impeach, 2773. , Henry, b., 1142 ; d., 1741 . , Isaac, b., 9103; d. (1807). , John J., promoted captain, 4201. , Joseph, b., 642 ; president Exeter Council, 913; d., 962. , Roland, b., 1702. , Thomas I'.rackett, b., 1502; enters H. from Me., 2972 ; speaker, 3483 ; made LL.D., 3622 ; thanks to, 3793 ; nom. for v.-pres. ; nom. for pres., 4091 ; speech, 4253, 4371 ; Reed's Rules, 4783. , William, pres. council, N. C, 61 2 . , Sir W., Law of Storms, 9491. , W. B., treaty^ U- S. minister, 0193. , Col., at Princeton, 851 ; at Lexington, 1982. Reeder, Andrew H., b. (1807) ; gov. Kan., 1771 ; nom. for Cong., 1772, 1791 ; irregu- larities ; removed, 177 2 ; elected to Cong., 1791 ; indictments against, 179 2 ; d., 2373. , Maj., at Mingo Swamp, 2182. Reedham, asvlum est., 9531. Reedtz, Mutt", Baron, premier, 6423. Reedy Fort Creek, N.C., skirmish at, 941 . Reedyville, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2381. Reek, Stephen, punished, 362. Rees, Dak., mission transferred, 3142. , Abraham, b.,9103; works, 9231,9311; d., 9422. Cyclopedia republished, 131 1 . Reese, David Meredith, b. (1800); d., 1983. Reeves, John, last witness, 8882. , William Day, cons, bp., 9962, 10063. Refining-houses built, Ger., 7822. Reflector, burning, invented, 7862. Reform Act approved at Vienna, 5312. Association formed, London, 9473, banquets held, France, 7311 . Bill discussed, G. B., 9453, 9572, 9551 , 9692,9712,9973; withdrawn, 9992. Club, London, formed, 9473. Reformation period, Aust.-Hung., 5083 ; in Denmark, 6363 ; in Fr., 6803 ; pro- gresses, 6823; in Ger., 7843,7882,7891,. 790-2,3 ; progress under Luther, 7S82,3, 7891; in Prus. ; spreads, 7891 ; anniver- sary of, 8123 ; begins in Eng., 8602; an- nulled, 8703 ; in G. B., 8682, 8703 ; in Scot., 8722; est. Netherlands, 10983. Reformatory School est., Eng., 9623. Reformed Church, Am. : Reformed Dutch begin worship in N. Y. ; first minister,. 301 ; org., 302 ; worship at Albany, 321 ; records begin; 1st church erected; 2d minister, school est., 322; preach poli- tics, 343; church at Albany, 362, 401,. 582, 4021 ; stone church in N. Y., 363; in Del. ; church at Flatbush, 383 ; tyran- nize N. Y.; church in Albany, 401 , 4021 \ oppress Lutherans, 443 ; Reformed Prot. Dutch church incorp.,523; 3d church in Albany, 58 2 ; Coetus org., 663 ; classics find., 691; conference fmd., 71 1; in N. J., 711, 743 ; preaching in Eng. N.Y.,. 741; Rutgers' Coll. est., 743, 1171 ; plan for union ; synod authorized, 763 ; mis- sion work adopted, 983 ; standards pub- lishedin Eng., 1042 ; constitution adopted; gen. synod org., 1043 ; minutes in Eng., 1062 ; Eng. exclusive, 1163 ; plan of cor- respondence, 12*2 ; union with Presby- terians, 1303 ; Christian Intelligencer, 1391 ; Board of Education ; mission board org., 1402 ; Indian miss., 1462, 1623, 1631 ; S. S. union fmd., 150 2 ; miss. soc. fmd., 1822; Hope Coll. est.; in Mich., 2502; name changed to Reformed Church, 2602 ; Ursinus Coll. est., 2722; Woman's Board of Foreign Missions org., 2903; favors temperance, 3271; Arabian mis- sion work, :s:;i)2, 4ss2; favors union, 3601; meetings of General Synod (see text, p. 106+) . of Fr. declines, 7011 ; synod ; wor- ship permitted, 6831 ; ministers expelled, Fr.,683i ; Gen. Synod at Paris, 7462, 7482. Episcopal Church, Am., org. ; Bishop Cummings presiding ; Bp. Cheney cons., 2822; Bp. Nicholson cons., 2903; Bishop Cridge, Bp. Fellows cons., 2923 ; Synod of the Pacific, of the Northwest, of the West; Common Prayer Book; Bp. Gregg cons., 2942 ; bps. Faysoux, Latane, Rich- ardson, and Bower eons., 3022 ; Synod Special, South org., 3023 ; Bp. Wilson %cons., 3042; Synod of Chicago fmd., 3062, of N y., of Phila. ; Bp. Whitehead cons., 3102 ; G. R. and Ire. synod sepa- rated from Am., 3122; svnod of Can., 3321 ; Woman's For. Miss. Soc. org.,3403; eel. in N. Y., 3481; 13th Gen. Council; Bp. Campbell cons., 3842. Synod, Can., 3321 ; in Ont., 5882. Reforms, asked, Belg., 5432 ; demanded, Reform Union, Nat., meets, USf>3, 10122. G. B., 8532 ; civil, Ger., 8053. Refugees, in Portugal, 5603 ; compensated in Fr,, 7252 ; Fr. in Eng., 8973. Refunding Art, passed U. S- A., 2732. Referendum established, 11383. Refunding Act passes Congress, 2732. Rega, Henry Joseph, b.-d., 5422. , King Kablia, defeated, 5643. Regan. Gen., at Thoury, 7403. Regency Bill, Eng., 9133, :rj;,3. 9353, 9452,. 95f2. Regensburg, Ger. (SeeRatisbon.) Regent's Canal finished, Eng., 9413. Reggio, It., taken, 10881 . Regibulus reigns, 1145 3 . Regillus, Lake, action at, 10501 . Regina, asteroid, discovered, 7561. '— — , Riel's trial at, 5851 . Reginald, at Tinmore, 8442. Regiomantanus, Johann Miiller, b.-d.. Regi-Revi. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1387 7842; adopts astrolabe, 121 ; invents re- flector ; decimal system, 7S6 2 . Regis, Jean Baptiste de, b., 6903; d., 6991 . Register, Salem, Mass., suspends, 4302. Registration Act passes, Capo Town, 6032. Bill passes, G. B., 10123. ■ law passes, Ger., 829* . Registry of deeds, Eng., 9033. Regium Donura est., 8923, 9743; revived, 8983. Regnard, Jean Francois, b., 6902; works, 6951,2; 6971, 6963; d. (1709). Regnault, Henri Victor, b.,719i; d.,7502. , Marie, murdered, 7562. Regnier, Jacques August Adolphe, b. ,715 1 ; d., 7542. , Mathurin, b., 6841 ; Satires, 6871 ; d., 6862. Regular Army and Navy Unionorg.,328 1 , 3661. Regulation Act passed for Ind., 10453. of Mines Act, 9652. Regulator, wind, invented, 9402. Regulus, Marcus Atilius, naval com- mander ; in Afr., 10523 ; consul; com- mander, 6621; defeated, I0262; commis- sion to Rome ; killed, 10531,3. Rehan, Ada, b., 9642; statue, 4261. Renim Bi Atalik, regicide, 5492. Rehoboam I. reigns, 11433; pays tribute to Egy., 6501 ; S ets up golden calves, 11423, Rehobotli, Mass., Indians attack, 462. , Md., Presbyterian Church fmd., 482. Reichardt, Johann Friedrich, b. (1752) ; Wachtdes Deutsclieii Vat er land, 8132; d. (1814). Reiehbauer, Herr, d., 5302. Reichel, Charles Parsons, cons, bp., 9922. Reichenbach, Prus.,cong. of, 8053; treaty, 8112 ; hurricane, 832 1; Frederick victo- rious, 5162. , Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig, b., 8062 ; d., 8301 . , Baron Karl von, b., 8043 ; names odyl,816i ; makes paraffin, S181 ; d.,8262. Reichsrath, Austro-Hung., reconstituted, 5251 , 3 ; supremacy, 5291 . Reichstag, first meeting, 5231 , 8272. Reid, Capt., defeats John Brown, 180 1. .David Boswell, b. (1805) ; inv. venti- lators, 9461; d. (1863). , Settle, b. (1813) ; gov.N.C, 1692. , Maj.-Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481. , Mayne, b., 1262 ; d.,3142. — — , Robert R., governor Fla., 1512. , R. T., Vivisection Bill, 9912. , Samuel Chester, b., 961 ; d., 1902. , Thomas, b.,9042; common-sense phi- losophy, 9122; works, 9131, 9163, 9231; d., 9283. — -, Whitelaw, b., 1482 ; Ohio in War, 2643; retires from Tribune, 3383; minis- ter, 3513; nom. for vice-pres., 4091 ; vote, 4192, 4243. — -, Sir William, b., 9283; d., 9622. , Private, wins rifle prize, 10001. ventilators introduced, 9461 . Reikiavik, anniversary celebrated, 10423. Reil, Johann Christian, b., 8023; d., 8102. Reilly, Bernard, cons. R. C. bishop, 974%. , James B;, b., 1581 . Reimann, E., History of Austria, 8322. Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, b. (1694) ; works, S051; d.,8031. Reims (or Rheims), church erected, 6631 ; sacked, 6ti22; Fr. kings crowned, 6633; be- sieged, 674 1 ; Charles VII. crowned, 677 3 ; Univ. fnd., 6812 ; New Testament pub- lished, 6843 ; Univ. suppressed, 7063 ; taken, 7203; Fr. troops leave, 7401 - Ger. headquarters, 7402. Reinach, Baron J., d., 762i . Reindeer, brig, captured, 1221. , steamer, explodes, 1713. Reinecki Furhs published, 6371. Reinesius, Thomas, b., 7922; d., 7963. Reinhard, Francis V., b., 8022 ; d., 8102. Reinhold,Karl Leonhard,b.,8023; d.,8122, Reinkens, Jos. Hubert, b., 8122 • bp.,8283. Reinsdorf, F. A., sentenced, 8311. R&pe, steel process patented, 9561. Reiske, Johann Jakob, b., 7983 ; d., 8041 . Reiss, Philip, electric telephone, 5441 . Reissiger, Karl Gottlieb, b.,8063. Reiter, Commander, case in senate, 3773. Reitz, F. W., inaugurated president, 11053. Relationes Curinsm issued in Latin, 11343, Relations Jesuits, Les, issued. 5731. Relay House, Md., seized, 1942, Release searches for Kane, 1761 ; brings him back, returns, 1781. Reliance wrecked, 951 3 , Relics, common (Gr. 604), 10722. Relief, exploring expedition, 1481. Relief Bill intro. Belg. , 547 2 ; Eng. , 921 1 . Church of Scot, fmd., 9131 . for Court of Claims, resolution, 399 3 , of Distress Act for Ire., passes, 985 2 . Religion de /' Univers, La, issued, 7291 . Religion of Am. colonists, 57 1 . in National Convention, Fr., 7103. ( State, changed, Fr., 7263. Religious instruction suppressed, Canada, 5582. Education, Am. Soc. for, 456 2 . ceremonies increase, 1066 3 . Charities Bill opposed, Belg., 5442. Corporations, non-liability, 3842. dispute, Ger., 8143. dissensions in Pari., Eng., 8871 . equali-ty, law enacted, 962. Equality Association formed, 9563. Freedom Bills passed, Hung., 5383, houses, many, Belgium, 5442. Liberty enacted, Neth., 11023. Messenger issued, 1331. orders abolished, Fr., 7522. orders suppressed, Sp., 11303. (See names of Orders.) primers published, Eng., 8682. riots, Belgium, 5442. rivalry, Eng., 8583. tests abolished by Pari., 9702, 9752. toleration in Peru, 11092. tumults in Netherlands, 10983. — — Tract Soc. org. in Albany, 118 3 ; in London, 9291. war in Europe, 6363. wars devastate Fr., 6831 . Rembrandt(Rembrandt Harmanzoon van Ryn),b.-d., 11003; works, 11002. Iteniev, Wm. B., in navy dept.,351 2 . Remington, Philo., b. (1816) ; d., 3382. rifle. (See Rifle.) Remithwaite, Ralph, work, 8803. Remonstrance, Grand, Eng., 8852. Remonstrants (see Anniniaiis), 11011. Remusat, Com to Francois Marie Charles de,b.,7123; foreign minister,7463;d., 7501. , John Pierre Abel, b., 706 2 ; works, 7232'; d., 7262. Remy, b.-d., 6623. Renaissance, period of, 5083, 8671 ; Great, inaugurated, 6813. Renals, Sir Jos., 1. mayor London, 10123. Renan, Jos. Erneste,b.,7242; works, 7303, 7363, 7482, 7503, 7542, 7562 ; d., 7622 ; widow's pension, 7652 ; d. (1892). Renata, Maria, burned, 8012. Renaud, G-uinglain, 6711. Ri-uaud de Montauban appears, 6723. Renaudot, Tbeophraste, b. (1584) ; works, 6891 ; d. (1653) ; statue, 7641 , Rencher, Abraham, gov. N. Mex., 183 2 . Rendlesheim, Baron, title created, 9311 . Rendsburg, Prus., Danes evacuate, 6402; taken, 8161,8221. Ren£, Duke of Anjou, b.-d., 10782. , Peter, wins rifle prize, 10021 . Renfrew, Wm. C, inaug. gov., Okla., 4793. Rennell, James, b., 9103; d., 9442, Rennie, John, b., 9151 ; stone bridge of Kelso, 9282; Waterloo Bridge, 9343,9381 ; d., 9403. , Sir John, b. (1796+) ; d., 9782. Reno,Nev., tire, 3013; Asylum opd., 3103. , Jesse Lee, b., 1322; at New Berne, 2051 ; at Camden, N.C., 2062; attacks Da- dians, 2921; d., 2132. Reuse, electoral meeting, 7832. Renshaw, Wm. Bainbridge, takes Galves- ton, 2142; k. at Galveston, 2181; d.H863). Rensselaer, Kiliaen van, manor land, 33 2 . Rensselaerwyck, N. Y., settled, 332. Rent tithe, recovery act, 10053. Rentes Conversion Rill passes, 767 2 . Rents in money, Eng., 8493, Renwick, James, b., 1262 ; d., 2191. Reorganization of Senate Rill, Fr., 7472, 7551. Repertorium der gesammten deutschen Li- teratur issued, 8151 . " Reptile " Bureaucracy, Ger., 8263. Representatives, House of, occupied, 1152; new apportionment, 2492 ; apportion- ment on basis of franchise, 251 2 . Reprisals, Pres. Jackson favors, 145 2 ; British make, 5553. Reprisals authorized, Eng., 9312. Republican issued, Denver, 2543. Clubs, Nat. League meets, 3551 , 4291 . League of U. S. org., in N. Y., 3291 ; conven. opens, 4633; College Clubs fmd., 407 2 ; convention, 4152. ministry formed, Fr., 751 2 . Nat. Conven. meets in Baltimore, 1392,2352 ; in Philadelphia, 1803,2791; in Chicago, 1873, 263 1, 3043, 3311 • in Cincinnati, 2931 • i n St. Louis, 3043. — — party rises; inception at Detroit; name at anti-Nebraska conven., 1752; antislavery prominent, 1791; Dred Scott decision favors, 1832 ; majority in Cong., 1871; elects first speaker, 1872; form Wide Awake clubs, 1882 ; 1st pres. elected ; majorities in I860, 1883 ; di- vided, 2352; divided on Reconstruction, 2491,2,2511; massacred in N. Orleans, 2523 ; state elections favor, 255 2 ; in elections 1867, 2592. Press Club, Mass., org., 3883. River, Kan., Indians raid, 2661 . Republicans, National, favor internal im- provements, 123 2 ; with Anti-Masons, 1392. Vatican favors conservative, in Fr., 7582; overthrown in Italy, 10612. Repulse founders, 9181 . launched, 10081 . Bay, visited, 5751 . Ri'jiunitjk der Oeleerden issued, 11012. Requesens y Zufiiga, Luis de, b. (1522) ; inNeth.; viceroy, Neth., 10993; d.,5412. Requiem appears, 8041 . Requier, Augustus Julian,b.,1322; d.(1887)~ Resaca de la Palma, Tex., battle, 1601 . , Ga., battle of, 2311; Confederate- repulse, 2383. Reschid (or Reheed), Pasha Mustapha, b.- d., 11563 ; takes part of Argos, 10342; d. (1858). Rescue sails for Arctic Ocean, 1661 . Resende, Garcia de,b. (1470+); Cancioneiro Geral, 11091; d. (1554). Reservation, Chippeway, sold, 3472. (See under Cherokee and Oklahoma.) Reserve, U. S. N., appropriation, 3781. Reserve wrecked, 9021. Resht, Persia, railway opened, 11083. Resistance blown up, 928 1 . Resolute presented to Q. Victoria, 1813. Resolution wrecked, 9021 . ResponsabiliUs , Les, 7483. Restitution, Edict of, 7943. Resumption of specie payments opposed,. U.S.,29!>2; resumed, 3012. Retaliation by Confeds., 1973, 2163, 2173. Bill (anti-i'anada), passed, 3312, 4091 1 4113, 4132. Retampal Springs, Tex., camp broken up r 3961. Rethel, Alfred, b., 8121 ; d., 8202. Retief, Pieter, leader, 5981. Retrospective Review issued, 9411 , Return from Parnassus acted, 877 2 . Retz, Cardinal de (Jean Francois Paul de Gondi), h., 6862; d., 6923. Retzsch, Friedrich A. M., b.. 8042. Reuben, inheritance of, 11413. Krueblin, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7882. Re Umberto launched, 10882. Reunion and Reform Asso. at Nashville,. 7243. Reuss uprising, 11321 , , the elder, joins Ger. Confed., 8252. Reuter, Fritz, b., 8102; works, 8202; d. (1874). , Julius, b., 8103; concession to, 7393. Reutlingen, Ger., battle of, 7841 . Revanche dn Cerf burned, 116 1. Revelation (Apocalypse) written, 11532. Explained and Defended, 1043. Revels, Hiram R., b.(1822) ; senator, 2671 , 2711 ; favors amnesty and suffrage, 2711 . Revelstoke, Baron, title created, 987 1. Revenue, annual, gov. N. Y.,573; in Am.. colonies, 611; demanded for king, 672; Federal, 1032. (Also each following year); internal system abolished, 1113;, internal est., 1213; by force, S. C, 1412; from lands, 179 1 ; in Civil War, 2153;. deficits provided for, 1932, 4412, 4732. Revere, Mass, R. R. accident, 2753. , John W., galvanized iron, 1361 . , Paul, b., 622; rides to Concord, 80*;. d., 1262. Reverend, title applied, Eng., 8882. Revista Contemporanea issued, 10871. 1388 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Revi-Rice. Revista de Ciendas y Letras issued, 6063. del Pac'tfico issued, 6063. Espanuta issued, 11311 . Lberica issued, 1131' . Medica-Quirurjivft issued, 6063. storica Italiana issued, 10902. Universal Lisbonvnse issued, 11101. Revivals, religious, prevail, 1523, 1S22. Revolt against taxes, Eng., 8471. Revolution, Eng., S99*. , Neth., 10993. peaceful arts accomplished, 9142. Revolutionary agitation, Ger., 817'. Tribunal. (See Paris.) War, Am., SO 1 to 953; ends, losses, costs, disbanding, farewell, 96* , 97 1 . Revolutions de Franvf et de Brabant, 7063. Revue, La, issued, 7323. archeotoijique. La, issued, 735' . Beige issued, 5443. Britannique, La, issued, 725* . Catholii/ui- appears, 5443. Critique d'Histoire el de Litterature, 7331. de Belgique issued, 5443. de Bru.vi'lles issued, 5443. de V Empire, La, issued, 7291 . de Liege issued, 5443. de Paris appears. 7252, 7661 . des Cours f/itteraires,La, issued, 7363. des Deux Mondes, La, appears, 7263. European-He, La, issued, 7343. Francaise, La, issued, 7251. German iij ue, La, issued, 7343; changed to La Revue Moderne, 7363. Historique, La, issued, 7502. Independante, La, issued, 7291 . Internal in n a/ e issued, 10902. Nationale, La, issued, 7343. Philosophique, La, issued, 7502. Suedoise issued, 11363. Suisse issued, 11381 . Trimeslr'telle issued, 5443. Key, Jean, b., 7043; d., 7302, Revbaud, Marie Roch Louis, b., 7142; d., 7521 Reyburn, John E., b., 158'. Reyland, J fro me Paturot, 729 1 Reymond, Mine., murderess, 7631. Reyna, Francisco Bruno Cerrando de, governor, 6302. Reynaud, Antoine Andre" Louis, d., 728 3 . Reynier, Gen. Jean Louis Ebenezer, b. (1771) ; at Maida, 7161 ; d. (1814). Reynolds, Admiral, perishes, 9342. — , George N., killed, 9251 . , John, governor La., 692,3. , , b. (1789+) ; gov. 111., 1392; d., 2471. , John Fulton, b., 1282; a t Cheat Mountain, "VV. Va., 1982; appt. 5th dis- trict, 2621; at Aquia Creek, 2121; a t Warrenton, 2151 ; at Fredericksburg, 2162; at Chaneellorsville, 221'; a t Get- tysburg, 2241 ; d., 2251. — -, J. M., in int. dept., 4472; pension de- , Sir Joshua, b., 9062; L>iscourses,9152- t pres. Royal Academy, 9162; d., 9262. , Robert J., gov. Del., 367 1 , 9991 . , T. C, transfers state seal, 2672. , Thomas, governor Mo., 1531 . , , Anti-Tobacco Crusade 9591 , , Walter, archbp. Canterbury 8562. , William Morton, b., 1183; J. (1876). , Mr., possession Wrange) Land, 3092. Reynoldsville and Dubois, strike, 4751 , Rezin I., reigns, 11433; against Ahaz. 11441. Rhaetia invaded, 5021 . (See Rretia.) Rbamdamistus. king of Armenia, 11513. Rhamnus Temple of Nemesis begun, 10203. Rhawm, W. H., chairman, 4403. Rhazes, d., 4862. Rhegium, It., captured, 10502, 10522. Rheinfelden, imperialists defeated, 7961. Rhenish Fred. Wilhelm Univ. fnd., 8131 . League meets at Mentz, 7812. Mission Society organized, 8143. Rhetel, Turenne defeated, 6901 . Rhett, William, at Charleston, S. C, 561 . Rhetz, Gen. Voigts, at Loiret, 7423. Rhine, Fr. cross, 5181,2; free to both countries, 5192; left bank ceded, 5193; canal to Vssel, 768 1 ; infected with chol- era, 8373; Confederacy of, 7161 ; dis- solved, 5211; Palatinate restored, 7972, 8112. Rhoda, mission, 6571. Rhode Island, colony fnd. by Roger "Wil- liams ; colonists protected, 35': strict laws, 342 ; First Baptist church, 343 ; toleration denied, 36 3 ; new constitution, 37 2 ; charter, 373 ; war against New Neth., 381 ; toleration granted, 382 ; church divided, 383 ; Wm. Coddington, governor at Portsmouth, 38 3 , 39 2 , 453 ; drunkenness punished ; slavery pro- hibited, John Coggshall, gov., 391; i s t gen. assembly code of laws ; John Smyth, gov., 392,3 ; N. Easton, gov., 392, 453 ; Sam Gorton, gov. ; admittance to New Eng. Confederacy refused, 392 ; Roger Williams, gov., 39 3 ; Hebrew congrega- tion, 402; 1st Quakers yearly meet, 403, 542; Benedict Arnold, gov. ,412, 441, 473; "Wm, Brenon, gov., 412, 433; Seventh Day Baptists Church org., 422,443; reli- gious freedom est., 422 ; charters re- newed, 423 ; \y. Clarke, gov., 471,503, 533 ; John Cranston, gov., 473 ; Peleg Sandford, gov., 491 ; Win. Coddington, Jr., gov., 492; Henry Bull, gov., 493, 513; charter rescinded, 51i ; charter resumed, 512,532 ; gov't dissolved, 511 ; John Eas- ton, gov., 513 ; Caleb Carr, gov. (1695) ; Sam'T Cranston, gov., 551; Prot. Epis. miss, in, 56 2 ; Uom. (laths, disfranchised, 582 ; hemp-duck mnf., 601 ; weekly con- tributions est. for ministry; General Baptists org., 003; Joseph Jenckes, gov., 613; Six Principle Baptists hold yearly meetings, 622; r, I. Gazette issued, 631 ; population, 633 ; Win. Wanton, gov., 63 2 ; John Wanton, gov., 63 3 ; Richard Ward, gov., 652 ; troops against Fr., 701 ; Wm. Green.-, gov., 053,713; Gideon Wan- ton, gov., 672; Stephen Uopkins, gov.; 712,3, 731 ; Sain. Ward, gov., 732,753; slaves in Newport, 733; Warren Baptist Asso. fmd., 742 ; Brown Univ. est., 742, 763 ; Six Principle Baptists secede, 76 2 ; Josiab Lyndon.gov.; Jos. Wanton, gov., 772; Gen. Congress proposed, 79i ; com- missions cruisers, 802 ; Nicholas Cooke, gov., 813, 831 ; repudiate allegiance to king, 823; disloyal to king, 832 ; British take, 843; action at Quaker Hill ; storm separates fleets, 88 3 ; Wm. Greene, Jr., gov., 913 ; John Collins, gov., 992 ; " homespun cloth " mnf., 100i ; P. E. dio. reorganized, 1022; approves Federal con- stitution, 103i; Arthur Fenner, gov., 1032; i s t cotton mill erected, 1041 ; cot- ton sewing thread mnf., 1042 ; 1st Sun- day School in New Eng. est., 1043; Paul Muniford.gov. ; Henry Smith, gov., 1133; Isaac Wilbur, gov., 1151 ; James Fenner, gov., 1152, 1332, 1572; Congregational Conf. org., 1163; "Wm. Jones, gov., 1192; Neh. R. Knight, gov. (1817) ; Wm. C. Gibbs, gov., 1293 ; riot at Providence, 1391; Lemuel H. Arnold, gov., 1393; John B. Francis, gov., 14.33 ; whipping law applied, repealed, 149 1 ; local op- tion, 1492; Universalis ts State Conven. org., 1502; Wm. Sprague, gov., 151 2 ; 1903 ; Sam. W. King, gov., 1512 ; rival gov't org., 1552 ; Cbas. Jackson, gov., 1611; Byron Diman, gov., 1613 ; Elisha Harris, gov., 1633 ; Henry P. Anthony, gov., 167' ; Philip Allen, gov., 1692; pro- hibitory law passes, 171 1, unconstitu- tional, 1732 ; Francis M. Dimond, gov., 1743; Wm. W. Hoppin, gov., 1772 ; pro- hibitory Law passed, 17X3, and repealed, 2292; Elisha Dyer, gov., 1832 ; Thomas G. Turner, gov.', 1872; Evening Bulletin, Providence, est., 2252; James Y. Smith, gov., 2293; Wm. C. Cozzens, gov., 2293 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432,2683; Ambrose Burnside, gov., 2553 ; Channing TJnita- rianConf.org., 2562; ratiliesHth Amend., 2573; Board of Charities and Correction org., 2691: Seth Padelford.gov.; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693 ; Roger Williams statue for Wash., D. C, 2721 ; imprison- ment for debt abolished, 2723 ; normal school opd., 2742,3742; Providence R. C. diocese est., 2802 ; prohibitory law passed, 2843; and repealed, 2911 ; Henry Howard, g«>v., 2x51 ; Henry Lippitt, gov., 2892, 2912, 0931 . sc hool for deaf at Prov- idence, 2943; Chas. C. Van Zandt, gov., 2973 ; House votes to reestablish whip- ping post; State Board of Health est., 3011; Alfred H. Littlefield, gov., 3043 ; Augustus O. Bourn, gov., 3153 ; prohibi- tion amend, submitted, approved, 323 2 , 3243 ; Geo. P. Wetmore, gov. , 3233 ; Dem. win elections, 3272 ; Compulsory School Law passes, 3283; John "W. Davis, gov., 3293, 3751 ; property qualifications re- moved, 3293 ; property qualification amend. ; Republicans rule, 3313 ; State Agricultural School est., 3323; Royal C. Taft, gov., 3332 ; Prohibitory Amend, resubmitted, 3362, and rescinded, 3411 • Australian ballot adopted, 3371, 3412, 3492, 381i, 3882; Herbert W Ladd, ' gov., 3373 ; State ticket in doubt, 3392 ; high license law enacted, 3431 ; legisla- ture elects state officers, 355 3 ; Bibles banished from schools, 358Z; centennial eel., 3693 ; election returns, 3812 ; R e - £ublican candidates elected, 3853 ; Gov. .add protects prize-fight, 395 1 ; Alex. Gibson nom. for gov., 4011 ; D. Russell Brown, nom. for gov., 4032, 4533; Re- publican nominees elected, 4091 ; legis- lature prorogued, 4312; gov's action in legislature upheld, 4352; weavers strike, 4402 ; Republicans carry State elections, 4553; 1), Russell Brown, gov., 4793. Rhodes, peopled, 11433; city fnd., 11473; earthquake, 11482, H562; flourishes, 11483; revolts against Athens, 10233; besieged, 10261; taken, 10313, 10321, 10341, H511; residence of Tiberius, 11513; held by Knights Hospitallers, 11553; subdued, 10621. , Alexander de, missionary, 4803. , Cecil J., b. (1853); Brit, resident, 6032 ; on Anglo-Ger. agreement ; pre- mier, 6033, 6043. , James Ford, History of U. S., 4203. , Lieut.-Col., at Bertram!. Mo., 2011 . , R. G., invents audiphone, 3061, , Wm. Birk, gift to hospital, 9843. Rhodians fnd. colonies in Catalonia, 11252. Rhodium discovered, 9322. Jl/todoj'f. asteroid, discovered, 2901 , Rhondda Valley, AY., mine explosion, 9973. Rhone freezes, 6962. Rhuddan Castle destroyed, 8541 , Rhyl, W., Church Congress at, 10062. Riall, Sir Phinehas, b., 9183; at Chip- pewa, 1221; d. (1851). Rialto, capital Republic of Venice, 10732. Riaz Pasha ministry, 6592, 6613. Ribalds established, 6701 , Ribault, Jean (John) b., 6803; dis. St. John River, 223; colony in Fla.; leaves colony, 233; aids Huguenots, 251; d., 6823. Ribblesdale, Baron, title created, 9252. Ribbon Society organized, 9411 . Ribeiro, Bemardin, Eclogues, 11091. , Joao Pedro, Researches in Chronol- ogy, 11101. Riheio, Sefior, resigns, 5573. Ribot, Augustin Theodule, b. (1823); d., 7621. , Alexander Felix Joseph, h. (1842) ; minister, 7611 , 7032, 7651 ; forms minis- try, 7651 ; premier, 7652. Ribbonism, Act for suppression of, 9753. Ricard, L Xavier de, Autour de Bona- parte, 7622. , M., minister, 7632. Ricardo, David, b., 9183; works, 9383; d., Ricards, J. D., R. C. bishop cons., 9742. Ricasoli, Baron Bettino, b., 10851; d., 10901. Riccaz, Alex., cens. R. C. bishop, 9962, Ricci, Matteo, b. (1552) ; Shanking mis- sion ; Jesuit arrives, 6143; at court, 6153; d., 6142. Riccio, Domenico, b., 10783; d., 10803. Rice, intro. Am., 502; restricted import, 672; culture in Lombardy, 10801. , Alex. Hamilton, b., 1262; gov., 2951. , Allen Thorndike, b. (1853) ; d., 3401 . , B. H., moderator, 1363. , David, b. (1733) ; Presb. in Ky., 962; d. (1816). , Henry Mower, b. (1816) ; on Commit- tee of 13, 1892. , James, b. (1844); Mortiboy, 9763; d. (1882). - — , Holt, moderator, 1282. , Luther, h. (17S3) ; ordained, 1183; d. (1836). , Nathan Lewis, b. (1807) ; moderator, 1782; d. (1877). , Nathaniel, governor, 633, 692. Rice-Rios. Text Figures denote Page. INUilX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1389 Rice, Thomas Spring, Lord Monteagle, b., 9243; d., 9701. , Wm. M., gift to Houston, 3843. Rich, Claudius James, b., 9242 ; d., 9403. ., Isaac, b. (1801) ; d., 2761 . , John T., nom. for gov, Mich., 4113, 4672 ; gov., 4471, 4793. , Pres., arrested in Ida., 3683. , Richard, b. (1498±) ; high chancellor, 8712 ; d. (1568). , Robert, Earl of Warwick, land granted ; transfers claim, 332 ; office in N. Eng.,373 ; d. (1658). Richard I., king, b.-d., 8502; prisoner, 5043 ; in third crusade, HT>(> i ; gets money by licenses ; reigns, 8513; at Ascalon, 8501 ; releases Scot, from homage ; est. licenses ; marries ; shipwrecked, 9513 ; gives Cyprus to Guyde Lusignan, 11553; takes Jaffa, 4872 ; released ; ransom price, 7792 ; recovers Normandy, 6701 ; d.,8531; statue, 9641. II., king, b.-d., 8582 ; tournament, .8563 : reigns, 8603 ; invades Scot., 8601 ; appoints Continual Council 861 1 ; mar- riage, 8612; pledge to Loudon; controls gov't, 8611 ; charters York, 8611 ; in Ire., 8603; a t Waterford, 8601, 8603; Christ- mas festival. 8603; prisoner; deposed; murdered, 8612 ; will, 8613. III., b., 8622,3; D. of Gloucester ; pro- tector ; supported for king ; reigns as Richard III. ; title continued, 8653 ; op- poses Henry of Tudor ; est. cavalry posts ; levies benevolences ; k., 8672. of Burgundy routs Northmen, 6661 . of Normandy, archbp. Canterbury, 8303 ; d. (1184). , D. of York, lord-lieut., 8632, 8652; protector ; rules ; arreste< I ; treason, 8633 ; claims crowu. 865 1 ; claim acknowledged, killed, 8641, 8651. , F. M., eons, cardinal priest, 7582. , Henry, erected monument, 9842 ; d., 9982. , Maurice, minister line arts, 7392. Plantagenet, E. of Cornwall.b. (1209); elected king, Ger., 781 2 ; delivers Jeru- salem, 8521 ; king of Romans, 8551 ; d. (1272). Richards, A. N., governor Can., 5833. , James A. D., b., 1581 . , John, defends charter, 491 ; d., 1842. , L. D., nominee for gov. Neb., 3652. , Paul, mayor N. Y., 633. , Thomas Addison, b. (1820) ; National Academy Design, 1701 . , Sir William Buel, d., 5881 . , , b., 1022 ; d. (1847). , Bishop, cons. E. Cape Colony, 9742. Richardson, AltredSpeucer, cons, bp., 3022. , Benjamin Ward, b., 9423. , Charles, b., 919 ' ; English Dictionary, 9491; d.(1865). , Francis, b., 1682 ; works, 3083, 3283, 3502. , Col., at Covington, Tenn., 2201 . , George F., b., 1681 . -, H. J., nom. governor Del., 3691 . — -, Henry Hobson, b. (1839) ; d., 3222. , Israel B.,b.,1262 ; at Savage Station, 2092 ; d., 2152. , Jas., b .(1809) ; explorer, 5783 ; d.(1851). , B., governor S. C, 1113. , D.,b.,1562. , Sir John, b., 9242 ; d., 9681 . , John Frarn, b. (1808) ; d., 2602. , Peter, b. (1801) ; gov. S. C, 153 1, 325 z ; against lynching, 3511 ; d. (1864). , Samuel, b., 8982; works, 9111; d., 9151. , Sir Thomas, b. (1569) ; chief justice, 8832 ; d. (1635). , William Alex., b., 1301 ; gov. Neb., 1852 ; minister, 2813 ; resigns, 2852 ; d., — — , Mr., murdered, 9661 . , Mr., killed in Boston, 771. Richaud, M., Fr. resident, 4833. Riche\ Gen. Jean Baptiste, b. (1780) ; pres- ident Haiti, 10402 ; d. (1847). Richelieu, Due de (Armand Jean Duples- sis), b., 6842 ; at La Rochelle ; est. Fr. Academy, 6861 ; cardinal; censured, 687 1 ; administration ; in states-gen., 6873 ; dismissal annulled, 6892 ; d., 6883. , Due de (Armand Emmanuel Duples- sis), b. (1766) ; ministry of, 7232 ; again ; resigns oihee, 7233. Richelieu, Due de (Louis Francois Armand Emmanuel Duplessist, b., 6943 ; treaty with D. of Cumberland, 8032 ; d., 7062 Richeniont, Constable de, at Paris, 6762 ; at Formigny, 6781 , Richense, regent of Poland, 11133. Ricliupin, Jean, b. (1849) ; Le Cadet, 7602. Richer, E.louard, b., 7082 ; d., 7262. Kichev, M. N., governor Can., 5832. Richings, Peter, d., 2721 ; d. (1871). Richmauii, Georg Wilholm, b.-d., 11143. Richmond, lnd., Earlham Coll. fnd., 1843 office of Jejfersonian wrecked, 2232 school for feeble-minded opened, 303 2 Orphan's Home, cruelty, 450 3 . , Ky., Federals routed, 2122 ; Central Univ. org., 2822, 2863. , Va., college proposed, 283 ; fnd., 653; capital, 913 ; stores burned, 923 ; evacu- ated, 942 ; constitutional conven. meets, 1091 , 2592 ; R. Inquirer, 1131 ; eclipse of sun, 1161 ; theater burned, 1193 ; Booth appears, 1281; R. c. diocese find., 130 3 ; State Library fnd., 1311; R. Whig ap- pears, 1351 ; R. R. to Frederick ; R. R. to Petersburg, 1493 ; R. Coll. org., 1523 ; Hollywood Cemetery opd., 1633 ; seced- ing Dem. Conven., 1873; Dem. Nat. Con- ven., 1882; Confed. capital, 1971 ; Confed. Provisional Cong., 1973, 2053 ; first Confed. Cong, meets, 2053 ; McClellan's advance begins, 2063 ; Confeds. concen- trate, 2072 ; bread riot, 2213; Meade ad- vances on, 2271 ; Grant advances on, 2322+ ■ 2d Confed. Cong, meets, 2333, 2393; Grant threatens, 2371 ; last Confed. Cong, adjourns ; evacuated, 2443 ; Fed- erals occupy, 245 1 ; lire, 2453; Lincoln at, 2451,3; review of Federal troops, 2452 ; seal of Confederacy .arrives at, 2453 ; Davis admitted to bail, 2563; Gen. Scho- tleld military commander, 2572 ; Davis returns to ; Constitutional Convention, 2592; Theological Sem. fnd., 2603 ; gal- leries fall, 2713 ; R. R. to Huntington, 285 2 ; statue of Gen. Jackson ; earth- quake, 2881 ; ciored People Educational Conven,, 28S 3 ; Hartshorn Memorial Coll. fnd., 3143 ; Rapt. Home for Aged Women est., 317 1 ; Times issued, 3242 • John Jasper's revival, 3383 ; decorated with Confed. flags, 3591 ; Lee statue, 2591 ; emancipation eel., 3703; Conven. South- ern Govs., 4282 ; Soldiers' and Sailors' monument, 4601 . Richmond built, 118 2 . struck by Manassas, 2001 ■ ordered to Samoa, 3381. , Duke of, title created, 8932. (See Lennox.) , Dean, d., 2521. , Legh, b., 9183 ; d., 9423. and Alleghany R. R. sold, 3393. Observatory, Eng., built, 9181. Rich Mountain, W. Va., battle of, 1962. Richter, Gustav, b. (1823); paints Daughter o/Jairus, 8201 ; d. (1884). , Eugen, b. (1838) ; attacks Bismarck, 8352. , Henry Jos., b. (1838) ; cons. bp., 3122. , Jean Paul Friedridi, b..S023; works, 8052, 8071 ,2 ; d., 8123 ■ statue, 4301 . Ricimer, defeats Vandals, 10701 ; rules Italy ; deposes Avitus ; d., 1071 2 . Ri. 'kinds, John E., gov. Mont., 4471. Ricker, Marilla, admitted to bar, 3643. Ricketts, James Brewerton, b., 1262 ; in court-martial, 2161 ; north of Rapidan, 2321 ; at Baltimore, 2361 ; d. (1887). Ricks, Judge, decision on strikes, 4723. Hicord, Philippe, b., 7143; d., 7581. Riddell, Arthur G., cons. R. C. bp., 9862. , John Leonard, b. (1807) ; d., 2582. Riddenberger Act passes, 3132. Kidding, George, cons, bishop, 9922. Riddle, D. H., moderator, 1682. , George R., b., 1262; d., 2561 . Riddleberger, Harrison Holt, b. (1844) ; d., 3521. Ridel, Stephen, chancellor, 8513. Kidgetield College, Md., organized, 2583. Kidgelev, Daniel Boone, b.(1813) ; d.,2621. , James Lot, b., 1141 ; d. (1881). Ri.lgeway, Col. Sir Jos. West, sec, 9973. , Robert, North Am. Birds, 3283. Ridley Hall, Cambridge, est., 9843. , Nicholas, b., 8661 ; burned, 8702,3. , William, mission, Australia, 496 2 . , , bishop New Caledonia, 9803. Riilpath, John Clark, b„ 1522. Ridsdale, Rev. C. J., trial, 9802. Hied, A list., treaty of, 5211 . Riedesel, Friedrieh Adolf von, b., 8002 ; d., S071. Riedinger, Johann Elias, b.,7982; d., 8031. Riego y Nunez Rafael del, leader, exe- cuted, 11312. Riel, Louis, b., 5782 ; revolt, provisional gov't, Can., 5832; surrenders, 5841 ; trial, 5851; insurrections, 5821, 5852 ; d., 5841. Riemarus, Hermann S., b., 7982. Kieiner, Isaac de, mayor N. Y., 552. Rienzi, Miss., action at, 2243. , Cola di, b.-d., 10762 ; revolution in Rome; executed, 10773. Rierson Island, annexed, 10013. Rieunier, Adm., minister, 7652. Rifle meeting, Nat., Belg., 5451 . , Spencer repeating pat., 1902. Rifled gun used, 7862. Riga, Russia, siege of, 11341 . liigand, Hyaciiitlie, I.., (l!ll)2 ; d., 7003. Kigaud, Gen., defeated, Haiti, 10401. Riggin, Charles W., killed, 4121. Uiggs, Elias, b., 1162. , Geo. Washington, b. (1813) ; d., 3081 . Right of search at sea renewed, 1851 . Rights of Man, declaration of, Fr., 7073. Rigord, b.-d., 6683. Rig-Veda edited by Max Muller, 9651 . Riimkronike appears, 6363. Riley, Gen. Bennett, b. (1787) ; governor California, 167 1; d. (1853). , Charles Valentine, b., 156 2 . , James Whiteomb, b. (1852) ; works, 3242, 3283, 3331 , 3962, 4731 . , John, b., 8862; workB,961i ; d.(1691). , Patrick, dynamiter, 4742. Rimini, Italy, council, 10683 ; cathedral erected, 10771; earthquake, 10822. Rimnik, Aust., victorious, 8041 . Rimouski, R. C., diocese of, 5822; hospital built, 5883. Rim Sin defeated, 11401 . Rinehart, William H., b., 1322; d., 2861. J'inif des Nibeluuijen performed, 8281. Ringgold, Ga., Confederate defeat 2281,2. , Capt., exploring expedition, 1721 . , George Hay, b. (1814); d., 2332. Rintoln University fnd., 795 1 ; suspends, 809 1. Rintunbur captured, 10422. Rio, Wis., R.R. accident, 3253. de Janeiro, Portuguese appear, 17 3 ; dis.,203 ; Bay dis., 5531 ;named ; Hugue- nots at ; Portuguese at, 5532, a ; Fr. set- tlement captured, 233, 5531 ,3; Prot. mis- sion, 5531 ; Fr. squadron takes ; gov. ca- pitulates ; Nat. Library ; tea-plant cul- tivated, 5541 ; Imperial chapel erected; Journal deCommereio est.; Meth. mission, 5542; Museum Nat. Hist. , 5541 ; hospital erected, 5543 ; mission, i .; ,4 3 . ; -, L -,63 ; polit- ical disorders, 5543 ; capital ; founded, 5551 ; Assembly opens, 5552; invaded; revolution, 5551 , 2 ; royal fugitives, 6551 ; Brit, officers arrested ; gas intro.,5553 ; girls' school fnd. ; current literature, 5562,5582; D. of Edinburgh visits ; mar- tial law proclaimed, 5571 ,5593, 5602; po- litical agitation, 557 1 ; Nat. Bank est., 5573; cannonaded; insurrection ; iron- clad launched ; siege ; surrender de- manded, 5581 f 2, 5593; boveotting league; rioting, 5583,5592 ; Nat. MortgageBank; ftrovisional gov't recognized ; State oans, 5591; belligerent rights refused; coffee syndicate; royal manifesto; troops to withdraw, 5593 ; u. S. squadron, 446i , 5601; siege abolished, 5(11)2; yellowfever, 5593,5603 ; royal residence, 11103. de la Plata, Braz., explorers, 4891; gov't, 4892 ; loss of life, 558i ; a vice- royalty, 11061 . Grande City, jail broken open, 2971 . College, org., Ohio, 2922. do Sul, Braz., subdued, 5541; re- bellion, 5553 ; battle, 5602; mission, 5562, 10962 ; battle at ; defeat of troops ; up- rising, 5581 , 3; victory, 5582 ; riots, 5583 ; independence, 5591 ; controls Junta ; dis- obeys State ; gov. deposed ; insurrec- tion ends; new flag; revolt, 5592,6601 ,2. Pongas, mission, 11003. Riordan, Patrick Win., b. (1841); cons, bp., 3142 ; archbp. San Francisco, 3182 ; in- vestigates Cleveland affair, 3461 . Rios, Pedro Venegas de los, gov., 6301 . 1390 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Riot-Robi. Biots, Boston, 743, Providence, 139' , New York, 143' ,2,147' ,1643, 1823, 3782, Phila., 145' , 157' , Baltimore, 1452, 1803, Cincin- nati, 147' , 317' , Columbia Co., N.Y.,1632, Christiana, Pa., 169' , New Orleans, 1703, Brooklyn, 1742. Chicago, 1703,3232, Port- land, 1763, Louisville, St. Louis, 177', Washington, 1823, Great Anti-Draft, New York, 2253, Charleston, 111., 2312, Savannah, 2333, Mobile, 2392, Memphis, 2522, Somerset, Kv., 269' , Austin. Miss., 2843, Vieksburg, Miss., 287', Yazoo City, Miss. , 28'.)' .Danville, 315' .Seattle, Wash*., 322', 3232, Hopedale, '_>., 333', Duluth, Minu., 3332, Carbon Hill, Ala., 376', Kearney, N, J., 378' , Connellsville, Pa., 3822, Grand Rapids, Mich., 3852, San Diego, Cal., 3882. Sacramento, Cal., To- nawauda, N. Y., 4082, Homestead, Pa., 4102, Star City, Ind., 4122, Buffalo, 4163, 1742, Cheyenne, Colo., 4163, Mononga- hela City, 4242, Auburn, Me., 4383, Ab- ington, .Mass., 43(12, Camden, N.J.,4423, Freeland, Pa., 4603, Wesley, 111., 4622, miners, Mich., 4642, R.R., Okla., 465', miners, Barnesboro, Pa., 4682, Maltby, Pa., 473' ; Chinese, New South Wales, Ballarat, Vic., 4963, Vienna, 5223, 533', 5362, Aust., 5323, 5331, 5302, Bohemia, 5302, 5331, 5351, Galicia, 533', 534', Hung., 531', 5322. 5343, 53o',5362, Bel- gium, 543', 548', Brussels, 5443, 547', 548' , Marchienne-au-Pont, 545' , Charle- roi.Mons, 5462, 548', Malignes,5463,Ant- werp, 547', 548', Grammont, Louvain, 548', Pleviia.5t;s2,Soriu, 570' i .Montreal, 579' ,5823, .583' ,5922, Quebec, 5811 .Chile, 5083, 6081 , Tangchow, China, Tien-tsin, 6212, Ching-KJang-Fu, Amoy, Fukien province, Hankow, Woo Hoo, 625', Bo- gota, Colombia, 6282, Alexandria, Egy., 658' , France, 7272, 73x1 , 7432, 71^43, 765 1 , Paris, 675' . 6763, 6872, 707' +, 711' , 7252, 7272, 7303, 733', 7371, 7333, 7543, 7043 ; Ger., 7872, 7892, 7941, 8152, 8163, 817', 829' , 8323, 833' , 8343, 835' , 3302 ; Great Britain, Birmingham, 91192, 1)252, 9703, 993', Brist.il. 9132, 927 1,945 1,10103, Ches- ter Castle, 9702, n. ar Carlisle, 9751 , Corn- wall, 9911 , Dungraven, Eng., 9691 , Dart- moor, 9372, Ens., 9352, 9391 , 9451 , Edin- burgh, 9411, Exeter, 0711 ; Ireland, 9152, 9292, 9372, 9392, 9412, 9432, 945', 947', 955',957', 963', 967' ,2, 9683, 9703, 977' , 983', 985', 9863, 987', 9883, 9943, 9963, 997' , 100U3, 1(||)71 , 10033, 1(1103; Glasgow, 9392, Hebrides, Scot., 9943, Kiddermins- ter, 993', Lancashire, 9432, Leicester, 9943, Lond., 895' ,905' ,9092, 9171 ,2,9212, 9272, 9352, 9372, 9392, 961', 967', 975', 9943, 9972, 10103, 1013' , Liverpool, 957' , 959' , 9943, Manchester. 931 2, 9711 , Maid- stone, Eng., 9292, Mold, 973', Notting- ham, Eng., 9372, 9683, Northampton, 9792, Paisley, 9392, Scot., 9292, Skve, Scot., 989', Stockport, Eng., 957', Sta- leybridgc. Eng., 967 ', SI. Helen's. Wigan, 10123, Wales, 9451 , 9531 , Worcester.Eng., 9092, 9251, Wrexham, Eng., 9891, 9943, Yarmouth, 9571. Ripley, Tenn., action at, 2181 . , Eleazer Wheelock, b., 95' ; d., 1502. , George, b., 1102; at Fort Erie, 122'; Am. Cyclopedia, 2823; d., 304'. , James W., b. (1797) ; d., 270' . , Lieut., hurt at sea, 338' . Ripon, Eng., treaty of, 8833; bishopric est., 948' ; Bishop Carpenter cons., 9922. , Wis.. Ripon College est., 173' . , Earl of, minister, 9433. .Marquis, title created, 975'. (See Robinson.) Rippey, William C, shoots Mackay, 4242. Rip Raps riot with Wampanags, 1803. Risakoff, condemned ; hanged, 1121' . Rising, Johann Claesson, b. (1600+) ; gov., 393. "Riska, W., colliery collision, 9853. Risley, John E., minister, 4473. Rispah watches bodies, 1143' . Rist, Johann, b. (1607) ; works, 795' , 797' ; d. (1667). Ristori, Adelaide, .Marchioness del Grillo, b., 10862. Ritchie, Alex. Hay, b. (1822) ; Nat. Acad- emy Design, 276' . , Mrs. (Anna Cora O. Mowatt), b., 128' ; appears, 158' ; Fashion, 1583; d., 2702. , Byron F., b., 1722. Ritchie, Col., at Shirley's Ford, 2132. , C. T., minister, 9953. , Thomas, b., 912; d., 174'. Rites, Tribunal of decision for foreign 6153. Ritner, Jos., b. (1780) ; gov. Pa., 1453; d., 268'. Ritschl, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8083. Ritson, Joseph, b., 9123; d., 9323. Rittenhouse, David, b., 62'; method of fluxions, 68' ; improved orrery, 74' ; pres. Am. Philosophical Society, 102' ; d. (1796). Ritter, Charles, defaulter, 3782. , Col. Eli, pres. Prohibition Nat. Con- vention, 4092. , Frederic Louis, b. (1834) ; d., 548' . Galmy appears, 791' . , Heinrich, b., 8043; History of Phi- losophy, 815'; d., 8262. , Johann W., dis. chemical rays, 8062; secondary pile, 9362. , Karl, b., 8042; work, 813'; d., 8202. Ritualism, canon against, 2862; con- demned, 9701,2. Ritualistic practices, protested, Can., 586' . Ritualists censured, 9702, 9722. Rivadaria, president Argentine, 4903. Rivas, Nic, Gen. Walker rights at, 176'. , Jose Maria, rises ; shot, 11233. , pres., war against Costa Rica, 6302. Rive, Auguste De La, b.-d. ;'invents galvan- ometer ; telephone, 1138'. River Falls, Wis., State. Normal School opd., 2903; lightning kills, 4332. , M., arbitrator, 7612. and Harbor Appropriation Bill, 1612, 1633, 1652, 3112 , 3593, 4072, 4592, 4C53, 469'; act unconstitutional, 4072. Rivera, Costa Rica, founded, 630' . , Alonso de, governor Chile, 6052. , Gen. Jose Fructuoso, b. (1790+) ; de- feated, 490' ; d. (1854). , Perafau de, gov. Colombia, 630' . Riverina; diocese, 4982; Bp. Linten cons., 9862. Rivers, Lord. (See Woodville.) Riversdale mission, 5983, 6003. Riverside Park, N.Y., Grant's monument, 3592 - Rives, John C, b., 106' ; d., 2332. , William Cabell, b., 1042; d., 262' . Riviere, Briton, b., 9502. , Capt. Henri, at Hanoi, 4802; in An- nam, 4813. , Pres. Herrard, fails to subdue, 10402. , M., finds human skeleton, 746'. , R. T., d., 4813. Rivington, James, b., 602; d. (1802). Rivinus, August (Juirinus, b. 1 1052) ; botan- ical student, 7982; d. (1723). Rivoli, It., battle at, 5182. liivoli taken, 9342. Rizo-Rhangabe, Alexander, b.-d., 10343. Rizzio, David, b., 10803; k., 873' , 10803. Roach, John, b. (1815) ; Relief Bill, 349' ; Congress investigation, 429' ; d. (1887). , N. W., speech, 441' . , William N., b., 1522. Road, National, Bill rejected, 1372. Roads, improved Macadam, 938 2 . Roane, John Selden, b. (1817) ; gov. Ark., 1652; d., 256'. Roanoke, Ga., burned, 1473. , Va., negro lvnehed, 40(13, cloud-burst, 414' ; mob, 4382, 4403. College organized. 173'. Island, N.C., settlement at, 252; Vir- ginia Dare born; abandoned, 24', 253; Burnside's expedition arrives, 2022; taken, 204' . R. R. completed, 1533. Robartes, Baron, title created, 965'. Robbery prevails, Eng., 8583. Robbia, Luca della, b.-d., 10782; invents delftware, 1078' . Robbins, Ashur, b., 71' ; d., 158' . , Gaston A., b., 1842. , Horace Walcott, Xat. Acad., 300'. , Maria, library gift, 3482. , Royal, b., 100' ; d., 1922. , Thomas, b. (1777) ; clerg.; d., 178'. Robe, J. H., gov. S. Australia, 497'. Robert wrecked, 9413. E. Lee burned, 3113. I., killed at battle of Soissons, 6673. I. (Robert Bruce), king, b.-d., 8542. II., king of Scot., b., 8562; reigns, 8593; d.,8602. Robert III., king of Scot., 861' ; d., 8613. , Count of Artois, battle of Spurs, 672' ; refuge in Eng., 675' ; d., 6722. , Capt., at Gainesville, 230' . de Courtenay reigns, 1035' . of Flanders, in First Crusade, 6683. Fleury, Joseph N., b., 7123; d., 760'. , D. of Fr., revolts ; reigns, 6673; routs Northmen, 666' ; k., 6673. , the Friesian, defeats Philip, 1098' . — — , E. of Gloucester, defeats Stephen ; captured, 850'. of Gloucester, b.-d., 8542; works, 8562. , Hubert, b., 69S3; d., 717' . , E. of Kildare, commissioner, 9052. , Earl of Mar, at Perth, 858' . I., the Devil, duke; d., 6692. II., D. of Normandy, excommuni- cated, 6662; marries cousin, 6663; reigns, 6673 ; joins First Crusade ; rebels against father ; imprisoned for life ; claim's father's throne, 668' ; pilgrimage to Holy Sepulchre, 6682; d., 668' . , D. of Normandy, revolts ; invades Eng., 848' ; imprisoned, 849' . the Strong, opposes Northmen, 666' . the Wise, K. of Naples, 10772; strug- gle for throne of It., 10773. Roberts, Baron, title created, 1009'. , David, b., 9283; d., 968'. , Frederick Sleigh, Baron, b. (1832) ; in Sepoy rebellion, 1048' ; in Burmese war; commander-in-chief, 1002' , 10482; annexes part of Afgh., 53; at Matoon ; at Kabul ; at Kandahar, 6' ,2; at Mazza, 62 ; proclaims martial law, 63 ; proclaims amnesty, 7' . , George Washington, b. (1833) ; d„ 2172. , J. J., pres. Liberia, 11612. , John W, ordained M. E. miss, bp., 2522. , Lord, lord-lieutenant, 8932. , Marshal Owen, b. (1814) ; org. Cable Co., 1753; d.,304'. , Roberts Richford, b. (1778) ; d., 1562. , Sergt., obtains prize, 962' . , William Charles, b. (1832) ; modera- tor. 3402, 3463. , : Milnor, b. (1810) ; d., 308' . Robertson, A. and J., editors, 743. , Anthony Lispenard, b. (1808) ; d., 264'. , Archibald, b. (1765) ; pictures sold, 404' ; d. (1835). , A. S., robbed, 445'. , Charles Franklin, b., 1442; cons. P. E. bishop, 2622; d., 3222. , Fred. William, b., 9382; d., 9582. , Jacob, b., 106'. , James, b., 642; d., 123'. , C, b.,9363; d., 990'. , J. P. B., Scotch Local Gov't Bill, 10013. - — , Sir John, ministry, Australia, 4993. , Margaret Bruntou. (See Mrs. Ken- dal.) , Munroe, murderer, hanged, 3043. , Samuel M., b., 170' . , Thomas Boiling, b. (1773) ; gov. La., 1292; d. (1828). , William, b., 9442; d., 976' . William, b., 9062; works, 9152,919', 9263; d.,9263. , W r indham, h. (1803) ; gov. Va., 1472; d. (1888). Roberval, expedition lost, 223 ; colony near Quebec, 23' ; in Can., 232. , Giles Personne de, b., 6862; d., 6923. Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore, b.,7023; leader of Jacobins, 707' ; head of gov't, 7093; favors Christianity, 7103, 7112; conspiracv against; falls, 711 2 ; guillotined, 7111,2. Robeson, George Maxwell, b., 1342 (1827); sec. navy, 2672, 2813. , Henry B., promoted capt., 326' . Robie, Frederick, inaug. gov. Me., 3162. Robin, Charles Philippe, b.,724' ; d.,7542. Hood, b., 8502, 851'. , Jean, b., 6822; d., 6863. Robins, Benjamin, b., 9022. Robinson, lost, 9513. Robinson, Camp Dick org., 198 2 . , Agnes Mary F., b., 9622. , Charles, M. C, indictments against; gov. Kan., 1792, 2032; Kansas Conjtict, 4203; d.,468'. , C, on Committee of 33, 189' . Hobi-Holt. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figurts indicate Column. 1391 Robiuson, Clarence, confesses murder, 473'. , Edward, b., 1042; -works, 1543, 1603; d.,219'. , Ezekiel Gilman, b., 1242; d. (1894). , Fred. John, E. of Kipon, Viscount Godericll, b., 9223; minister, 9432,3, 945 2 ; administration ; resigns, 9433 ■ d., 9622. , George Fred. Sam., Marq. of Ripon, b., 9423; i n Joint Commission, 2732; becomes Cathe>lie, 1)802; minister, 1009 2 ; viceroy, 10492; d., 9932. , De.vlcr, b. ( 1S34); gov. Mass. ,3152. , Sir Henry, b., 10101. , Henry Crabb, b., 9191 ; d., 970' . , Sir Hercules, gov. N. S. W., 4983, 5772; commissioner, 603'; S. Af. Exhi- bition; retires, 6033, gov. Ceylon, 1049'. , Horatio N., b., 1122; d., 256'. , Jas. F., gov. Ky., 2032, 2113. , J. B., gov. Ont., 5832. , Rev. John, b. (1575); imprisoned, 263; fnd. of NewEng.,8802; d. (1625); tablet, 11022. , B., b., 1602. , Sir B., b., 5762; d., 580' . , John Cleveland, b., 1262 ; comman- der-in-chief, 2972, 3011. , S., gov. Vt., 1743. , Thomas Ilomuey, b., 9262; d. (18S2). , Lucius B., b., 1342; gov. N. Y., 2973; d., 380'. , Mrs. (Mary Darby), b. (1758); last ap- pearance, 9202; d. (1800). , Moses, b. (1741); gov. Vt., 1013 ; d. (1813). , Stuart, b., 1242; d., 308' . , "William, iron method, 970' . , E., b., 123' ; d., 400' . , C. F., gov. "W. Australia, 499' ,2, 501', 5792; gov. Straits Settlements, 10492. , Stevens, b., 1262; d„2902, Robinsville, Miss., cyclone, 428'. Kobitaille, Theo., b. (1834); gov. Que., 5832. Robles, Gen. Francisco, pres Ecu.; intro. Fr. customs; abdicates, 6442. Robot, Isidore, cons. R. C. bp., 3742. Robson, John, premier Brit. Col., 5892. , Stuart, actor, b., 1462. Boca, Julio A., b. (1843); pres. Argentine, 491 3 ; endangered, 493'. , Gen., pres. Ecu., 6442. Rocafuerte, Vicente, b. (1783); pres. Ecu., 6442; d. (1847). Rocca, Inca, reigns, 133. Rochambeau. (See Vimeur.) Rochdale wrecked, 9333. Roche, James Jeffrey, b. (1847); John Boyle O'Reilly, 3963. , Jules, minister ,°761' . , Troilus de Mesgouat, Marquis de la, b. (1549); commission, 24' ; colony in New Fr., 253; i n Can., 25' . , Marie Regina, b., 916=; d., 9522. Rochebouet, Gen., forms Royalist Cabinet, 7512. Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri), Comte de Rochefort-Ludeav, b., 7262; libel, 739' ; deputy. 7.7.12; added to gov't, 7412; effects reconriliati 7432; resigns,7433; arrested, 7443,7453,7462; returns from exile, 7532; duel, 7563; leaves Paris, 758 3 ; warrant for, 759' ; sentenced, 7592. Rochefoucauld, Due de la, Francois, b., 6862; Memoirs, 6S9' ; letter to pope, 7633; d., 6923. Rochelle, La., restored to Fiance, 674' . Roches, Peter des, bp. "Winchester; min- ister; dismissed, 853 3 . Rochester, Eng., destroyed, 842' ; see erected, 8422; cathedra"! burned, 8493; diocese re-arranged, 9802; Bp. Thorold elected, 9S03. , Minn., asylum for inebriates, 2332, 3011 ; tornado, 3141. , N. Y., log cabin at, 1153; R. Daily Ad- vertiser, 135' ; cholera, 1413 ; R. ji, to Buffalo opd., 1553; Mount Hope Ceme- tery est., 159 3 ; Woman'sRights conven. meets, 1643; first spiritualistic lecture, 1653; E. c. diocese est., 2642; women at polls, 2773; wall gives way, 2813; Pow- ers Art Gallery est, 290'; Warner Ob- servatory erected, 302' ; treas. accounts short, 3543; soldiers' monument, 406'; fire, 4233; ice-cream poisoning, 433 3 . Rochester, E. of. (See "Wilmont, John. See Hyde, Lawrence.) , Viscount, minister, 8793. Rochet, Louis, b., 7223; d., 7502. Eochette, Desire Raoul, b.,7062; d., 7322. Rock Bluffs, lead discovered, 3621 . Island, 111., locomotives cross bridge, 1793; Miss. River bridge completed, 180'; R. R. strike, 419'. River, 111., M. E. Conf. fmd., 1543. Spring, Wyo., race riot, 3203. , John S., admitted to supreme ct., 2423. Rockaway Beach, N. Y., sanatorium ded- icated, 4063, 4342; big hotel sold, 3413; gamblers arrested, 4342. Rockefeller, John D., b. (1839); gift to Bapt. University, 3403, 3682, 4202, 4421 . Rocket locomotive travels, 9441 , Rock-fall at Ashley, 3593. Rockhampton, Austral., Bp. Dawes cons., 10082. Rock Hill College, Ind., org., 1822. Rockhill, W. W., in state dept.,4472. Rockingham, Marquis of. (See "Went- worth.) Rocks melted, experiments, 9222. Kockville, Md., Early encamps at, 2361. Rockwell, James Otis, b. 1142; d., 1382. Rocky Face Ridge, Ga., action at, 2322, 233i. Rocky Moimt, S. C, Sumter at, 92' . Rocky Mountain Star issued, 2583. , Unit. Conference org., 3582. Mountains, Verender visits, 575' . Rocoux, Belg., Austrians defeated, 5142. Rocroft, Capt., killed, 292. Rocroi, Fr., Spanish defeat, 688' ; taken, 743'. Rocwitha, works, 7723. Rod, Edouard, works, 7662. Roda, Gen. Caballero de, at Cadiz, 1132' . Rodas, Capt. -Gen. de, resigns, 633' . Rodburtus, Karl, b., 8082; d., 8282. Roddy, Col., near Corinth, 2162; prisoner at Selma, 245 ' . Roden, Earl, title created, 917 2 . Rodenbach, M., Le Reone du Silence, 760 2 . Roderic, at Jerez de la Frontera, 1125'; last king "West Goths, 8452, 11253; d., 11252. Roderigo, bribed to poison queen, 8772. Rodes, Gen. Robt. Emmet, b. (1829); at Gettysburg, 224' ; at Kelley's Ford, 228'; south of Rapidan, 232' ; at Berry- ville, 238' ; killed at Winchester, 2382. Rodgers, Christopher Ravmond Perry, b., 128'; d.,398'. , Dr. John, b. (1727); restores Presb. churches, N. Y., 962; d. (1811). , , Com,, b. (1771) ; d., 1502. , , shot, 453' . , , b. (1819); on James River, 208' ; captures Atlanta, 2223; d., 310' . Rodiger, Emil, b., 807' ; d., 8282. Roding, Itel, defeats Swiss allies; 784'. Rodman, Thomas Jeff., b., 1242; great gun cast, 1902; d., 274'. Rodney launched, 992' . Rodney, Miss., Alcorn Univ. org., 2763. , Caesar, b., 62' ; d., 96' ; monument, 346'. , Augustus, b. (1772), atty.-gen., 117'; d., 1321. , Caleb, gov. Del., 1312. .Daniel, b. (1764); gov. Del., 1233; electoral vote, 1292; d. (1846). , George Brydges, b. (1718); defeats Fr. fleet off Dominique, 7041 ; a t St. Vincent, 9201 ; i n w. I., 9202; takes Guiana, 10392; d. (1792). Rodoald, king of It., 10731 ; assassinated, 10713. Ihuhdph sunk, 2443. Rodriguez, Joaquim Jose, b. (1802) ; pres., 6312; d. (1873). Roe, Azel Stevens, b., 1082; moderator, 1103; d. (1886). , Edward Payson, b., 1502; works, 2803, 2871, 2911, 2923, 2983, 3003, 3083, 3163, 3183,3231, 3323; d., 3301. , Sir Thomas, mission to India, 8811 . Roebling, John Augustus, b., 1122 ; mnf . wire ropes, 1541; Niagara Bridge, 1761. , Washington Augustus, b. (1837); East River Bridge, 2681 ; d., 2662. Roebuck, John Arthur, b., 9303; invention, 9142; d., 9841. Roger I., b.-d., 10742; extinguishes Zihite dynasty, 11391 ; expels Greeks, 10741 ; Count of Sicily and Calabria, 1075 2 . Roger II., king, 10752 ; Ct. of Sicily and Calabria; subjugates Naples; first king of Naples, 1075 2 ; repulsed, 10322 ; con- quered, expelled from It., 7772. of Hovedon, Annals of England, 8523. of Wendover, t 'ltron icle, 8523; d.(1237). , Bp. of Sarum arrested, 8493. , Col., at Chapel Hill, 2191 . , "W. C, b., 1303. Supreme Court Bill intro., 3571 . Rogers City, .Mich., Kepke confesses, 3891 , , Abbie P., gift, 4532. , Andrew J., Reconstruction Com- mittee, 2493. , Daniel, gov. Del., 1091 . , Col. David, ascends Miss., 901 . , Fairman, b., 142' . , Frederick, promoted captain, 352'. , James, b. (1826) ; cons, bp., 5802. , Blythe, b., 1102; d., 1702. , Edwin Thorold, works, 9942, 10122; d., 1004'. , John, sculptor, b., 136 2 ; works, 1861 , 2023; Nat. Acad. Design, 2291. , Adm. John, b., 1183 ; i n Korea, 2721 , 10941 . , , b., 8662 ; Matthew's Bible, 8683 ; burned, 8702, 3. , Henry Darwin, b., 1142; d., 2521 . , H. H., children's library gift, 4192. , H. "W., Pres. Northwestern Univ., 3781. , Michael, Jesuit missionary, 6143. , Randolph, b., 1322; d. (1892). , Robt., b. (1722); on Lake Champlain, 702; recruits troops, 851 ; d. (1800±). , Sam., b., 9162 ; J'oems, 9251 ; d., 9603. , Wm. Barton, b., 1122; d., 3102. , Woodes, b. (16G5±) ; suppresses buc- caneers, 581 ; d. (1732). Rogerson, John, chief justice, 9073. Rogersville, Tenn., Federals defeated, 2281. Roget, Isaac, convicted, 125'. , Peter Mark, b. (1779) ; work, 9583 ; d. (1869). Rogier, Charles Latour, b.,5423; minister, 5452; d., 546'. d., 6882. Rohilla "War in Ind., 918' . Roblfs, Friedrich Gerhard, b., 8143 (or 1831). Roi Louis, Le, written, 669'. Modus issued, 6743. Roig, Jamne, Libre deles Dones, 1127' . Rojas, Francisco, works, 11292. , Paul Jose Pablo, b. (1845+) ; pres. Venezuela, 11603. Rokeby, Thomas de, gov., 8592; at battle Bramham Moor, 860'. Rokitansky, Baron Karl von, b., 519' 5282 d., Rola, N. Dak., joints raided, 4263. Roland the Frank, romantic hero, 665'. delaPlatieie,Madame(Manon Jeanne Phlipon), b., 7022 ; executed, 7082, 7103. de la Platiere, Jean Marie, b., 6983; dismissed, 709' ; d., 7082. , Philip, b., 7003; d., 7222. Roldan, Francisco, b. ^1450±); leads revolt, 153; d. (1502). Rolfe, John, cultivates tobacco, 28' ; mar- ries Pocahontas, 283. , Robt. Monsey, Baron Cranworth, b. (1790) ; commissioner, 955 3 ; minister, 9592, 3, 969' ; chief justice, 963' ; chancel- lor, 969' ; resigns, 9692; d. (1S68). Rolitt, Sir A. K., Women's Suffrage Bill, 10092. Rolle, Henry, b. (1589); chief justice, 8872; d. (1656). , Richard, b. (1290±) ; Pricke of Con- science, 8583; d., 8582. Rollenhagen, Georg, b. (1542) ; Frosch- mauseler, 793' ; d. (1609). Rollin, Charles, b., 6902; works, 699', 2; d.,7002. Rolling-machine invented, 508 2 . mill erected, 118 2 . Rollins College, Fla., org., 3223. Rollo, Baron, title created, 885' . , D. of Normandy, b.-d., 6662; besieges Paris, 666' ; baptized, 6662; leader, 635' ; grant of Neustria, 635 2 . Rolt, Sir John, lord justice, 9712. 1392 Text Figures denote Page. IJNJJiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Roma. Roma, temple erected to, 10642. Roniagna, It., conquered, 1078 1 ; insurrec- tion in, 520', 10891. Roraaine, Wm., b. (1714); religious leader, 921'; d. (1795). , W. G., d., 1010'. Koman, Andre Bienvenue, b. (1785) ; gov. Louisiana, 139 2 , 151 2 ; commissioner, 193'; d.,250'. Roman, Jose A., gov. Cal., 1032. Roman Catholic Church, Am., intro. by Columbus and other discoverers in W.I. , Cent. Am., N. and S.Am.; first Chris- tian worship, 133 ; 12 missionaries with Columbus; first converts, 14' ; 1st clergy- man, " Land of the Holy Cross," 142 ; 1st ordination ; Franciscans in Haiti, Mex., and Fla., 1G1 ; many Indian mis- sions, 161+ ; 200,000 converts ; Domini- cans arrive, 183. i n va., 1st service, 322 ; misc., 1303, 3403, 3462. In N. Mex., 203, 243, 302, 1682, 2682, 2882, 3182. in Can., Canada consecrated, 202; Jesuits in, 263, 282, 322, 342 + , 362 ; Recollects in, 302,34'; hospital for In- dians, 342; convent in Quebec, 35' ; Sul- picians in Montreal, 362, 3 ; Fa. Mar- quette a miss., 422, 442; Bp. Laval cons., 443 ; rivalry of orders, 463 ; Acadians banished, 71' ; tolerated, 782, 793. Do- minicans in Peru, 202; Franciscans in Paraguay ; Las Casas in Guatemala ; in Mex. ; archbishopric of Mex. and New Sp. erected ; Jesuits in Brazil, 222 ; i s t univ. in Am., 223. i n Fla., 222, 242, 523,57' ,1043,2722,2042,3682. In Ala., Jesuits, 222. Jesuits in Peru, Mex., Paraguay; inquisition est. inMex.; auto- da-fe" in Am., Peru, 242. In Me., Fran- ciscans in, 282, 602, 1732, 2882. Buenos Ayres, bishopric est., 28 2 . In Md., Jesuits in; Oath, colony, 322; lstchurch in Am., 342; rule, 362; Jesuits expelled, 363 ; disfranchised, 513 ; repressed by government, 542, 562; 57' , 78' , 963, 1002, 1023, 1143, 1363, 2622, 3132, 3323, 3163, 366' , 3742, 436' . In Mich., 482, 1422, 1503, 1822, 2963, 3022, 3102, 3122, 3302, 4162. i n if. y., Gov. Dongan, Cath. gov. ; Jesuits in, 482 ; 1563, 1623, 1723, 199', 2622, 2642, 2722, 2763, 2782, 2962, 3242, 3282, 3442, 3902, 4141, 4241, 4541, 4601 , 4641 , 4631 , 4702, 4721 . l n Ind., 502, 1442, 1571 , 1821 F 2, 2763, 2983. In Cal., given to Jesuits, 542 ; wealthy mis- sions, 1103; 1123, 1632, 1702,3, 1723, 1802, 1843, 2583, 2782, 2983, 3182. In S. C, 613, 1283, 3102, 3122. I„ Mass., 542, 1102, 1432, 1571, 2702, 2722,3942. In N. J., 542, 1723, 1802, 2623, 3082, 3522, 3642, 3702, 3881, 4182, 4221, 4262, 4361. Jesuits protect Indians, 571 . i n K.I., 582,2802,3262. In La., at N. O., 582; Ursuliue nuns inN. O.,603; archdiocese of N. O. erected, 1043 ; 1433, 1571, 199 1, 3062, 3202, 4282. In Tex., 582, 1343, 1623, 1783, 2S42, 2862, 3063, 3102, 3642, 3882, 3982, 4161 . l„ Miss., 582, 1433, 1821 ; Father Rasles k., 602. In Pa., 622,1403,1502, 1643,2252,2622,2642,2722, 2902, 3003, 3123, 3203, 3282, 3362, 3442, 3482, 4081 , 4681 , 4742. l n Phlla., 1st church, 602 ; 1102,1143, 1723, 2902, 2922, 3622. vs. Protestantism in New World, 691 ; Jesuits expel led, 723, 742, 731. in- dian missions, 723, 762, 85', 963, 982, 1483, 1523. Dr. Carroll, prefect apos- tolic, 963. in New York City, 982, 1543, 163', 1653, 1682, 1731, 1841, 1862, 2663, 2882, 3203, 3223, 3262, 3282, 3322, 3342, 3383, 3403, 3482, 3501, 3642, 3701, 3721,2,3761,3942,4011,4021,4062,4141,2, 4201 ,4741 ,4761 . In Boston, 1001 , 1143, 2211, 2502, 2862,3, 3931. Georgetown Acad, est., 1003, 104s ; St. Mary's Sem., Md., 1023 ; archdiocese of N. O. erected, 1043 . In D . C . , 1043 , 250 2 , 328 2 , 308 2 , 4042. St. Charles Coll., Md., 1123. I,, Ky., 1143, 1311, 1723, 2583, 2622, 3182. Mt. St. Mary's Coll., 1143; Regulations and Rules adopted, 117 1 ; Gonzaga Coll., 1311 . in Mo., 1343, 1403, 1562, 3, 1583, 1623, 1783, 2622, 2642, 3042, 380', 468'. Provincial Bait. Council, 1363 ; Spring Hill Coll., 1383; St. Xavier Coll., O., 1403, 1423, 1523. In Ohio, 1403, 1422,3, 1523, 1623, 2642, 2762, 2323, 3042, 3562, 3602,4202,466' . St.Chas.BorromeoSem. est., 140 3 . Archbishopric of Cincinnati erected, 1422, 2533 ; St. Charles Coll., 1503. In Iowa, 1483,2542, 2822,3082, 3163,3602. In Tenn., 1483, 2782, 3123, 3423. St. John's College, N.Y., 1543 ; Univ. of Notre Dame ; Coll. of Immacu- late Conception, 155'. In Ark., 1562, 2562. Coll. of Holy Cross, 157'. In Chicago, 158' , 2662, 3062, 3562, 3702. In. 111., 1581 , 1S02, 2863, 2942, 2962, 3082, 3282, 3302. in Conn., 1581,2, 3022, 3722, 4122. in Wis., 1582, 1802, 2642, 2902, 2943, 3082,3122, ;;,522,35X2,4061, 466'. St. Vincent's Coll., Mo., 1583. i„ Ore., 1603, 2663. 3202, 32S3. Archbishopric of St. Louis erected ; Germans secede, 1623 ; St. Marv's Coll., Del., 163' . In Del., 163' ,2642,3242. St . Francis Xavier Coll., 1631 ; Augustinian Coll., 1643 ; archdio- cese of Santa Ft' erected,1682. l„ "VT. Va., 1682, 2882. InWash.,State,1682, 2112. In Ga., 16S2, 2922, 3223. In Minn., 1632, 2382, 3163, 3302, 3482,3642, 36S2, 3701 ,4162,4322,4381. Archdiocese of N.Y.; of Santa Fe erected, 1682; Santa Clara Coll., 1702 ; archdiocese of San Francisco erected, 1723. I n Vt., 1723, 3183. St. Joseph's Coll., Phila., 1723 ; Manhattan Coll., 1731; American Party against,1743; Coll. of Christian Brothers; St. Mary's Univ., 1783; Seton Hall Coll.; Coll. of Our Lady of Angels ; St. Fran- cis de Sales Coll.. 1802 ; Bp. Elder cons., 1821; St. Benedict's Coll.; Rock Hill Coll., 1822. . in Kan., 1822, 2662, 2742, 3282,3; 3302, 3522. St. Ignatius Coll., 1843 ; St. Bonaventura Coll. ; Cecilian Coll., 1863; St. Joseph's and Jefferson colls., 1991; Holy Angels' Coll., 2111; Boston Coll., 2212 ; L a Salle Coll., 2252; Cath. Y. Mens' Soc 24S2; St. Louis Coll., 2502. Catholic \V,,rl,l. 2503 ; St. Augus- tine Coll , 2582 ; St. Meinrad's Coll. ; St. Vincent's Coll., 2583; St. Benedict's Coll., 2623. In Idaho, 2642, 3202. In N.C., 2022.2642,3302. In Colo., 2642, 3263. St. Ignatius Coll., Chicago ; St, Marv's Coll., Kan., 2662 ; St. Helen's Hall, St. Louis Coll., N. Y., 2663 ; Canisius Coll. ; St. John Baptist's Coll., Brooklyn ; St. Vincent's Coll., Pa., 2722 ; St. Mary's Coll., Cal., 2782 ; Christian Brothers Coll.; St. Joseph's Coll., la., and of O., 2822,3; Boston archdiocese erected ; Bu- reau of Cath. Missions, II. C, 2862, 32G2; St. Viateur's Coll., 2863; Santa Fe arch- bishopric erected, 288 2 ; Phila. archdio- cese erected ; Milwaukee archdiocese erected, 2902; PioNono Coll.; Am. Calk. Quart, rhi, 2922 l„ ind. Ter., 2942, 3742. Deaf Mute Inst., Wis.; Cath. Mu- tual Benefit Asso. find., 2943 ; Detroit Coll., 2963 ; Pittsburg Coll., 3003. in Alas., 3022. In Mont., 3022, 3163. in S. Dak., 3023, 3501, 4101. Chicago archdiocese erected, 3062. St. Joseph's Coll., 111., 3082 ; Holy Ghost Coll., Pa., 3123. In N.H., 3163, 3182. Third Ple- nary Council, 3182, 3191 ;St. John's B.E. Sem.; St. Joseph's Coll., Vt., 3183. i„ Neb., 3203, 3262, 3282. I„ Ariz., 3202, 3341. Archbp. Gibbons created cardinal, 3223. In Wyo., .1262,3. In Utah, 3262. Cath. Univ. of Am. org., 3282 ; (see below); Mt. Angel Coll. org., 3283; Nat. Conven. colored Caths., 3322 ; archdio- cese of St. Paul erected, 3302 ; Maguire burial decision, 3322; (lath. Colonization Soc. fmd., 3342 ; papal letter ; Pilgrims by Wieland, 3361 ; Drexel Industrial Coll., 3362; Educational Union; Kate Drexel a sister, 3383, 3522 ; Supreme Council Knights of Am., 3402 ; against secret societies ; gov't appropriation, Indian schools, 3403; Abstinence Soc. org., 3462; Bp. Ryan on Catholic writers, 3463; layman opens Halt, Cong.; Centen- nial eel.; Archbp. Satolli arrives ; High Licensemassi 'tiiig,346 3 ; Dr.M'Glynn, 3482+; Yale Club fmd.; Sister Alphonse sustained, 3432. In N. Dak., 3501. Encyclical, 3521 ; against Farmers' Alli- ance; Am. Cath. Clerical Union org., 3522 ; Cath. Educational Union fmd., 3562 ; Ger. C. societies against Bennett Law, 3582 ; Fr. Quigley indicted, 3602 ; Dr. Burtsall leaves N. Y.; Am. St. Ceci- lia Society meets, 3642; Ger. Cath. Cong., 2682, 3922', 4142; Y. M. Nat. Union Conv., D. C, 368, 4122 ; St. Leo's Coll., Fla., 3682; R. C. Press Asso. meets, 3822 ; Indian Bureau ignored, 3882 ; first bp. ceremo- nially enthroned in Am., 3941 ; first col- ored priest, 396' , InOkla.,398' . 1st summer school, 4122, 424' ; archbps. meet in N. Y., 418'; Dr. M'Glynn restored, 420'; apostolic delegate est., 422'; pa pacy in public schools, 4322 ; summer school at Plattsburg, 416', 4342, 464', 468' , 472' ; R. c. Cong., 4361 ; women in coll., 4381; Bible study enjoined, 4441; Cath. Benevolent Legion ; statistics, 4461 ; hone of Brother Gerard, 44S1 ; Eng. in churches, 4581 ; Indian Bureau reor- ganized, 4621 ; Satolli sustains Bp. Wat- terson, 4621 ; liquor dealers condemned, 4661 , 2 ; Am. Cath. Church fmd., 4701 ; Sulpicians in N. Y., 4741 ; against secret societies, 478i; Catholic Univ. of Am., D. C, org., 3282; corner stone laid, 3302, papal approval, 336i , opened, 3471 , Hall of Philosophy, 4041 . Roman Catholics inAust. : bishopric est. in N. S. W., 4942; mission started, 4962. in Austro-Hungary ; in Hung., 5023 ; defeat at Breitenfeld ; oppose Protestantism, 5121 ; clergy amenable, 5291 ; clergy disregard minister, 5342. in Belgium ; R. C. ministry fmd., 5452 ; carry elections, 5442 ; join Radi- cals, 5452 ; minority in elections, 5453; Liberals against, 5481 . in Brazil : violate constitution, 5562. in Canada : dioceses erected, Que- bec, 5723,5731; Halifax, 5771; Arichat, 5783 ; Charlottetown, Kingston, Mon- treal, 5782; Toronto,, St. Johns, 5783; Ottawa, St. Boniface, Oregon est., 5801 ; Chatham, Hamilton, London, St. Hya- cinthe, Three Rivers, Vancouver Island, 5802; Rimnuski, Sherbrooke, St, Albert, 5822; Alexandria. 590' ; New Westmins- ter, 5902 ; Chicoutimi, 5842 ; Arichat (changes name), 5843; Nicolet, Peterbo- rough, 5842 ; archdioceses, (,'uebec, 5783; Halifax, 5S02 ; Toronto, St. Boniface, 5822; Ottawa, 5842; Kingston est., 5901 . Liberty granted, 5751, 5763; vicariate est. in "Athabasca-Mackenzie, 5S02; pre- fecture est., Gulf of St. Lawrence; vica- riate est. inPontiac, 5842; separateCath. schools, 5843; favor Fr. in schools ; Cath. schools abolished, Man., 5902 ; priests instructed for political action, 5921 . — in France. (See Church in text, pp. 661-767.) in Germany. (See Church in text, pp. 768-837.) — in Great Britain, church est., 8402 ; George of Cappadoeia is adopted as patron saint ; l'elagius founds Pela- gians ; St, Patrick. in Ire., 8403; Augus- tine arrives ; Canterbury an archiepis- copal see ; see of Rochester, of Lon- don, est,, first convent, 8422 ; Lent first est.; Irish oppose Koine; St. Boniface (Winfrid) at York ; English ch. fully org.; first convent in Scot., 8423 ; Dun- Stan, archbp. ; supremacy of monastic orders; celibacy of clergy, 8443; tithes of one tenth ; Sab'balli, holy day, 8462; bps. made barons ; William II. resists the pope ; claims, 8482; papal authority fully established ; St. Anselm archbp. ; Cis- tercian monks arrive, 8483; appeals first made to pope ; Archbishop a Becket rules; Ire. given to Eng ; heretics de- stroyed ; Eng under papal interdict, 8502; Richard I. in 3d crusade: St. Pat- rick's Cathedral, Ire., fnd., 8503; king a papal vassal, 8521 ; Fng under interdict ; John deposed, excommunicated, yields, and becomes pope's vassal, cedes Ire. to pope; tenths for the pope; Archbp. Lang- ton ; Exeter nunnery founded, 8522 ; re- ligious plays encouraged ; Scotists vs. Thornists ; Blackfriars Convent, Lond., est.; Statute of Mortmain est.; Jews ex- pelled, 8542; king demands half of cler- gy's income ; clergy under ban ; great cloisters and monastic buildings est., 8562; Statute of Provisors against the pa- pacy ; Lollards oppose papacy ; Pari, re- fuses papal demands, 8582 ; clergy not liable to arrest for debt ; John Wycliff attacks rich hierarchy, 8583 ; Wycliff ex- alts Bible and opposes Rome ; Reforma- tion begins ; heretics to be burned, 8602j Eoma-Ross. Text Figures denote Page. llN JDJc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1393 110 priories suppressed, 8622 ; St. An- drews, Scot., an archbishopric, 8642; pro- fligate monasteries, 8642, 3, 8663; Henry VIII. declares Eng. church independent of Rome; Cranmer, archbp.; Eng. church severed from Rome by Act of Suprem- acy; Persecution of R. C.'s; monas- teries dissolved ; Fisher and More exe- cuted ; Pilgrimage of Grace uprising, 8682 ; Eng. under papal interdict ; con- fiscation of monasteries ; clergy excluded from Pari. ; Protestants persecuted in Scot., 8683 ; Catholicism restored by Mary; Protestants persecuted 3 years — Bps. Hooper, Taylor, Farrar, Ridley, and Latimer burned, 8703 ; earls lead insur- rection, 8721 ; John Knox in Scot.; Prot- estantism restored by Elizabeth ; Uni- formity enacted in Eng.; Conformity in Scot. ; abolished in Scot., 8722 ; priests plan an uprising, 876 2 ; Jesuits expelled ; recusancy not fined ; penal laws against R. Ca., 8782 ; Maids of the Cross est., 8802 ; Ulster Cs. massacre Protestants, 8843 ; Conformity A.ct tolerating Cs., 8903; ex- cluded from corporate offices, 8923 ; ex- cluded from Pari., 8942, 895 1 ,89S3 ; Gates' " Popish Plot " ; expelled from London, 8951; James II. favors Cs.; Test Act dis- pensed ; monasteries restored; bp.cons.; papal nuncio received ; Liberty of Con- science issued, 8963 ; Anti Cath. mobs ; Toleration Act, 8982 ; excluded from throne, 8983, 8993; persecuted by law, 9002; severe laws against in Ire.; sacra- mental test against; forbidden to marry Protestants, 9023 ; Indulgences by Relief bill ; obsolete anti-Cath. laws re- pealed ; Sacramental Test Act repealed in Ire., 9211; Gordon's "no popery" riots, 921 2; many C. disabilities removed, 9243 ; nuns at Winchester ; Mayuooth R. C. Coll., Ire., fnd., 9263; C. Emancipa- tion Bill, 945 2 ; C. Poor School Commis- sion est., 9543; synod at Thurles, Ire.; hierarchy est. ; Archbp. Cullen cons.; C. Defense Asso., est.; habits prohibited in streets, 9562 ; university originated; Religious Equality Association fmd., 9563; bps.forIre.cons.,9593 + ; C. Union Review est. ; univ. est., 9663 ; Ai-chbp. Manning cons., 9682 ; Oath's Bill, 9691 ; secret societies and mixed education condemned in Ire. ,9702; Truth Soc. est. 9722; League for restoration of temporal power, 9742; first made M. A. by Oxford; Eccl. Titles Act repealed ; university, Kensington, 9743 ; Cath. Club, London, est. ; Vatican Decrees published ; reli- gious tests for office abolished ; C. Union org.; C. Education Crisis fund ; pilgrim- age, 9762; C. Union of Dub. org., 9782; C. Coll., proposal rejected; mixed education condemned, 9802; Passionists monastery, opd., 9803 ; hierarchy in Scot. ; Christ's Cathedral, Dublin, reopd., 9822; Archbp. Newman, cardinal priest; bps. against Land League ; Univ. of Ire. Bill, 9842, 988 2 ; Archbp. McCabe, cardinal priest, 9882 ; political disaffection forbidden, 9902; Bp. Presicoinlre., 9942; Pope con- demns boycotting, etc.; anti-Italian pro- test, 9982; Manning Jubilee; pilgrims at Knock, Ire., 1000 2 ; split over univ., 10013 ; pope against Parnellites, 10022, 10042, 10062; archbishopric and pellium for Bp. Vaughn, 10082 ; pilgrims eel. pope's jubilee, 1010 2 ; Archbp. Vaughn a cardinal priest, 10122. Roman Catholics in Italy. (See text, pp. 1050-1090). Congress at Vienna, 532 2; League fmd., 5111, 7393. in Russia; coll. at St. Petersburg, convents abolished, 11183 ; churches closed,11202,3; toleration granted,11222. Congress in Madrid, 11323. . (See German Catholics.) Romandt, Charles R., d., 3481 . Romanes, George John, b. (1848) ; Darwin, 4203; d. (1894). Romano, Signor, suicide, 6323. , Giulio. (See Giulio.) , Michael Feodorovitch, b., 11142. Romanos, Ramon Mesonero, Panorama Matrileuse, 11311. Romans, Epistle to, written, 1143'. Romanus, pope, 10723. I., exiled; reigns, 10332. Romanus II., reigns; poisoned, 1033*. III., banishes relatives, 10323; reigns, 10333; poisoned, 10322, 1033». IV., defeats Digor ; at Manzikert, 10321 ; reigns, 10333 ; peace with Alp Arslan, 11552; captured, 11541 . Rombouts, Francis, mayor, N. Y-, 473. Rome, Ala., train robbers, 3963. , Ga., Federals occupy, 2331 • Sherman burns buildings, 240i; Shorter College fnd.,2962. " , It. (see pp. 1050-1090), towns fnd. in Ger., 7691; i n port., 11092; governs Sp., 11253 ; war with Persia, 11061 ; lan- guage distinguished from Teutonic, 6643; ambassador from, 6132; law in Ger., 7723 ; law intro. in Fr., 6732; payments de- manded, 855 2 ; expedition of Charles, 782i ; pope's residence at, 8583 ; F r . troops aid pope, 736 1 ; convention evacuation signed, 737 2 ; Sp. envoy not received, 11322; Fr. troops withdraw, 7403; diplo- matic relations cease with Belg., 5442 ; Am. Pilgrims visit, 336 2 ; Bulgarian dele- gates in, 5673; Anti-Fr. demonstrations, 7651 j ancient coins found, 6043. , N". Y., jire, 4453 ; bank robbery, 479 1 . etles Evequ.es published, 7351. Romeiro, Francis, in Uheos, 5532. Romer, Olaf, b. ; velocity of light, 6362; d.,638i. Romeyn, James, b. (1797); pres. synod, 1523, 1542; d. (1859). , JohnBrodhead, b. (1777) ; moderator, 1171; d. (1825). , James Van Campen, b. (1765); pres. synod, 1123, 1142; d. (1840). , Theodoric Dirck, b., 662; moderator, 1063; d., 1122. Romilda, treachery, murder, 7711 . Romilly, Baron, title created, 9651. , Sir Samuel, b., 9143; d., 9383. Romney off Boston coast, 74'. , W. Va., Confederates defeated at, 2002, a, 2022 ; Deaf and Blind School, 2723. , E. of, title created, 9311. , George, b., 9082 ; d., 9303. Romulus seized, 609 1 . born, 10502 • 1st king of Rome, 10511 ; est. caste; est. Circensian games, 10503; est. senate ; divides people, 10511 ; mur- dered, 10503. , Augustus, d., 10702. Ronalds, Sir Francis, b. (1788) ; electric telegraph, 9381 , 9402; d. (1873). Roncaglian Plains, Diet on, 7773. Roncesvalles, Sp., battle of, 6641 . Rondelet, Guillaume, b. (1507); d., 6822. , William, b., 6782. Ronge, Johannes, b., 810 2 ; attacks Arnold!, 8162; d., 8321. Ronne, Bone Falck, mission-boxes, 6383 ; fnds. Danish Missionary Society, 6383. , Ludwig Moritz Peter, b., 8082 ; d. (1891). Ronsard, Pierre de, b.,6803; works, 6831 ,2; d., 6842. Rood, Ogden, b., 7261 . Roodakee, b.-d., 11062. Roodenbeck, Eugene T'Kindt de, embez- Rooke, Sir George, b., 8882; in Port., 694i; takes Gibraltar ; at Cadiz, 6961 ; at Mal- aga, 902 1 ; d., 9042, Rooker, Emma, married, 10411 . Rookwood, Ambrose, executed, 9011 . , Baron, title created, 10091 . Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil von, Prus. gen., b., 8082 ; pres. Federal Council, 8292; d.,830i. Roos, Philipp Peter, b., 5411 ; d., 5422. Konsalkalo&t, 11221. Roosebeke, battle of, 6742. Roosevelt, James L., d., 288' . , Robert Barnwell, b. (1829); Five Acres Too Much, 2683. , Theodore, b. (1858); works, 3283 , 3323 ; civil service commissioner, 3512, 4473. Root, Francis M., d., 346i. , George Frederick, b., 282. Rope-making machine pat., 9222, 9261 . Roper, Col., killed, 9251 . Ropes, John Codman, b. (1836) ; Campaign of Waterloo, 4462. , Ripley, d., 3581. first mnf., Am., 261 ; of wire, 1541 . Roque, Jean Francois de la, receives titles, 213 ; in Canada, 6711 ,2. Roquette,Forcadela, minister agric.,7373; minister of interior, 7391 ,2. Ros, Baron de, title created, 854 3 . Rosa, Carl, b. (1843) ; at Peace Jubilee, 2661. , Salvator, b., 10823; d., 10831. Rosalie, asteroid, discovered, 10601 . Rosamunda poisons Alboin, 7703, 10713. Rosario, Argentine, captured, 4921, 556 2 ; boarding-school, 4903. Rosary invented, 11263. Rosas, Domingo Ortiz de, governor, 605'. , Juan Manuel de, b., 4893; joins Oribe ; deposed ; leader ; dictator, 4903; at Mon- tevideo, 4911, 11602; d., 4913. Roscelin, Jean, d., 6683. Roscoe, Sir Henry Enfield, b.,9462. , William, b.,*I)i23; d. (1831). Roscommon, E. of. (SeeDi 11' m, Wentworth.) Rose, Col., escapes Libby Prison, 230'. , Capt. Edward, obtains prize, 9621 . , Gustav, b., 8063 ; d., 8281 . , Heinrich, b., 8063 ; d., 8221 . , Hugh Henry, Lord Strathnairn, b., 9323 ; in Sepoy rebellion, 10481; com- mands in India, 10482; d., 9941 . , Sir John, d., 9982. , W. A., lord mayor London, 965 2, , William Stuart, b., 9191 ; d. (1843). Roseau, Bishop Naughten cons., 9862, Rosebeque, Flemings defeated at, 5391 . Rosebery, Baron, title created, 9412; Earl, 9031. , Earl of. (See Primrose, Philip.) Rosecrans, Sylvester H., b., 1342; d.,2982. , Wm. Starke, b., 1281 ; at Rich Moun- tain, 1962; succeeds Me.Clellan, 1963; at Carnifex, 1982 ; Maj.-Gen., 2042 ; at Iuka, Miss., 2132; at Corinth, 2142; com- mands Army of Cumberland ; succeeds Buell, 2143 ; at Murfreesboro ; leaves Nashville, 217 1 ; at Shelby ville ; at Hoover's Gap; in Tenn., 223 1 ; at Chat- tachoochee,224i ; moves southward,226i ; pursues Bragg; at Chattanooga, 2262 ; atChickamauga, 2263; relieved, 2271 ; re- inforced by Sherman, 2281 ; retired, 3371 ; in treas. dept., 3512; resigns, 4292. Rose Hill Junction, R.R. accident, 9773. Island, R. I., Plymouth ashore, 4633. IjMsrlin, b.-d., 6682. Rosellini, Ippolito, b., 10843; d., 10863. Rosen, Friedrich August, b., 8082; d.,8143. Rosenau, fire, 5353. Rosenberg, Rabbi H., expelled, 4182. , Henry, will, 4303. Rosenhane, Gustaf, works, 11343. Rosenkrans, Johann Karl Friedrich, b., 8082; d.,8301. Rosenmnller, Ernst Friedrich Karl, b., 8031; d.,8143. , Johann Christian, b., 8031 ; d., 8122. , Georg, b., 8002 ; d., 8103. Rosenthal, missionary, 23 ; imprisoned. 31 . Rosenweig, Jacob, trial for murder, 2783. Rose Poly technique Institute opened,3143 . Rosetta, Egy., French defeat, 6561 . Roseville, Pa., fire, 3633. Rosewater, Edward, est. Daily Bee, 2763. Rosicrucians of Germany, 7951 , Rosini, Giovanni, b., 10843; d. (1885). RoBlin, Scot., battle of, 8561 . Roslyn, Wash., bank cashier shot, 4163. Rosmini, Carlo de, b., 10842; d., 10862. Serbati, Antonio, b., 10843; d., 10882. Rosmital, Lew de, travels in Eur., 5083. Rosny, L6on de, b., 7262. Ross, Ire., see erected, 8403 ; Bp. Fitzger- ald cons., 9822. , Scot., see erected, 8483. , Alexander, embezzler, 4483. , Milton, b., 5781 . , Charley, abducted, 2843. , Edmund G., governor N. Mex., 325 2 . , George, b., 62i ; d., 912. , James, b. (1762) ; pres. senate, 1093 ; vote for vice-pres., 1252; d. (1847). , Sir Clark, b., 9302 ; relief expe- dition, 9541 ; north pole, magnetic, 9441 j d. (1862). , Sir John, b., 9203; exped., 5762, 9381, 9461; discoveries, 9441 ; d., 9603. , Lawrence Sullivan, b. (1838) ; gover- nor Texas, 3293. .Robert, Gen., b. (1770); killed at Baltimore, 1222 ; d. (1814). , - — , killed at Troy, 4522. , William H., governor Del., 1692. Rossa, Jeremiah O'Donovan, attempt to 1394 Text Figures denote Page, IJNDlL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Ross -Kudo. kill, 3203 ; Feni.-m, 9GS3; arrested, 9731 ; M.P. for Xipperary, 9733; expelled, 995' . Rossbach, Prus., battle of, 516 1 . Rossberg, Jit., Switz., land slide, 1138' . Kosse, Earl, title created, 931 1 . Rossel, Col., court-martial under, 745 a ; seutericed ; shot, 747' . Rosser, Thos. Lafayette, Gen., b. (1836) ; at Fisher's Hill, 2383. Rossetti, Christina Georgina, b., 9442. , Dante Gabriel, b., 9423; works, 9643, 9743 ; d., 990' . , Gabriele, b., 10843 ; d., 10863. , William Michael, b., 9442. Itossi, Ernesto, b., 10S62. , Giovanni Battistta de, b., 10862. , Pellegrino Luigi Odoardo, Count, b., 10843 ; assassinated, 10873. Rossini, Gioacehino Antonio, b., 10843 ; operas by, 1086' ; d., 10882. Eosslyn, Earl of. (See Wedderburn.) Rossmore, Baron, title created, 925' ,945' . Rostislaw, Duke of Kieff, 11133. Rostock. Ger., University founded, 785' . Rostoptehin, Count Feodor, b., 11162 ; d., 11163. Roth, Rudolf von, b., 8122. Rotharis, king of Italy, 1073'. Rothe, Richard, b., 8063 ; d., 8243. , Thuringian Chronicle, 7852. Rotherhithe', Eng., docks est., 8773. Rotherniel, Peter Frederick, b., 1262 ; paintings, 184' , 276' , 294' , 306' , 318' . Rothes, Earl of, title created, 8623. Rothesay, Duke of, title created, 8643. Rothmines, action at, 8862. Rothschild, Baron Lionel Nathan, b., 9343; returns to Pari., 9552, 957' , 9632, 969'; fuds. Jewish Synagogue, 9702 ; d. (1879). , Baron, title created, 987' . , Mayer Ansehn, b., 8003; begins busi- ness, 8052; d., 8102. , Sir Nathaniel, County l.-lieut., 10012. - — , Nathan Mayer, b„ 8042; d., 8142. , Regina, trip around world, 3543. Rothschilds, oppose Jewish oppression, 533'; proposition to Monetary Commis- sion, 949' ; gift to Pension Fund, 9983 ; Russian loan, 11232. Rotrou, Jean de, b., CS62 ; works, 687', 689'; d., 6902. Rotteck, Karl, b., 804' ; d., S143. Rotterdam, Neth., taken, 1098' ; bank of , tad., 11012 ; laborers strike, 11023. Rotton, Otto, d., 450' . Kottweil, Ger., French occupy, 790' . Rouatt, John L., governor Colo., 2912. Roubilliac, Louis Francois, b., 6943 ; d., 7023. Rouche, M., forced from Chambers, 7612. Roucber, Jean Antoine, b. (1745) ; Mois, 7052 ; d. (1794). Rouen, Fr., Charles of Navarre seized, 6752; a bishopric, Ci'.23; captured, 666' , 678'; guests seized, 6752; capitulates to Henry, 676'; Eng. evacuate, 678' , 8633; ceded, 6791; besieged, 682', G84' ; Fr. defeated, 7403 ; occupied, 7423 ; Cam- pagnie du Cap Nord formed, 10393. Roug£,Gen. de la Motte, army retires,742'. Rouget de l'lsle, Claude Joseph, b., 7023 ; d.,7262; statue, 762'. Rouher, Eugene, b.,721'; minister, 7313, 7373; pres. state council, 737' ; president senate, 7392 ; d. (1844). Roumanille, Joseph, b., 7223 ; d., 762' . Roundheads named ; org., 8852. Round Lake, missionaries resort, 3422. Roimdout, N. Y., Indian massacre, 42' ; Dr. Burtsell's parish, 3042. Rourke, Patrick H., d., 229' . Rous, Francis, b. (1579) ; publishes Bible, 8843, 887' ; d. (1659). Rouse's Point, Fenians' arms seized, 2522. Rousse, Aime^ Joseph Edmond, Academi- cian, 7521 . Rousseau, Jacques, or James, b. (1630); d., 6943. , Jean Baptiste, b., 6922; d., 7002. , Jacques, b., 0963, works, 7012,3, 7032, 7052; in Eng., 9172; d., 7043. , Lovell Harrison, Gen., b., 1282; at Murfreesboro, 2171; raids, 236i,2; at Youngstown, 236 2 ; at Murfreesboro, 2403; at Sitka Island, 2592; d.,2641. , F.yJoi/rrifil Enci/cln/iet/igne, 5423. Rousset, Camille Felix Michel, b. (1821) ; d., 7621. Roussillon, Fr., synod, GGS 2 ; acquired, 6791 ; rest., G793 ; Fr. possession, 6881 . Roustam, or Koustem, b.-d., 11062. Routt, John L., gov. Colo. ,2092, 2951, 3991. Rouvier, Maurice, b. (1842); minister, 7532, 7563, 7572, 7611 ; declines pres., 7632; resigns, 765'. Rouville, llertel de, Salmon Falls, 5721 . Rover, Philippe Emile de, resigns, 7652. Roveredo, Tyrol, Austrian defeat, 7121 . Rowan, Stephen c'legg, b, (1808); takes Elizabeth Citv, N. C, 2041 ; d., 3541 . , S. N., moderator, 1323. Rowe, George Fawcett, d., 3442. , James, missionary, 4962. , Nicholas, b., 8922; poet laureate, 9043 ; d., 9002. , Sophie, d., 8243. , W. A., cycle record, 3253. Rowell, Edward N., acquitted, 315'. Rowlandson, Thomas, b., 9143 ; d , 9423. liowlesburg, W. Va., Confederates de- feated, 2203. Rowley, Henry, cons. bp. Madag., 10943. Roxana, asteroid, discovered, 7601 . Roxana marries Alex., 10251 ; k., 1027'. Roxburghe Club instituted, 937' , 9463. , Duke of, title created, 903' . Roxbury, Mass., founded, 33' ; annexed to Boston, 2613. Roxolani, war with, 10G4' . Roy, K. J., president Liberia, 1161 2 . , William, b., 9063 ; trigonometrical survey, 922'; d. (1690). , Gen., defeated at Juniieges, 743'. Royal Academy of Arts est., 9162 ; first exhibition, 90S', 972'. of Music est., 908' , 9402. , Swed., est., 1135' . Adelaide wrecked, 9553. Agricultural Society est., 948' ; jubi- lee exhibition, 10013. American Magazine issued, 782. Aquarium Sob., London, org., 980*. Arcanum, Supreme Council org., 295' ; membership, 3851 ; report, 4303. Archaeological Institute find., 9521 . — — Arch Masons convocation, 388 3 . Arthur launched, 10041 . Asiatic Society org., 9402. Astronomical Society founded, 9401 . Botanical Society formed, 9482. Brit. Meteorological Soc. find., 9561. Canoe Club tad., 9703. Chamber est., Fr., 7013. College of Surgeons est., 86G3, 9112, 9241,9251,9311. ' Colonial Institute est., 973 3 . Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society est., 9631. Dublin Society fmd., 9081 . Exchange, Dublin, begun, 9181 . Exchange, London, repaired, 9181 . George sinks, 9221 . Geographical Society org., Eng., 9441 ; expedition, East Afr., 561' , 2, 5621 . Historical Society fnd., 9721 , 2. Horticultural Society est., 9322. Humane Society fnd., 919 2 . Hungarian Guard formed, 5281 . Inst. Brit. Architects org., 9461 . Institution fnd., London, 9301, 9322; opd., 9381 ; laboratory est., 9301 ; power- ful magnet exhibited, 9561 . of Liverpool fnd., 937' . of Manchester fnd., 9-102. Irish Guards fnd., 8961 . Royalists taxed; insurrection, Eng., 8892; insurrection, Fr., 7093 ; control coun- cil, 7132 ; cabinet find., 7512 ; meet in Paris, 7543. Royal Jennerian Institution fnd., 9302. gardens with Kew Botanical gar- dens, 9541 . Labor Commission appointed, 1007 2 . Library at Copenhagen, 6371. at Munich, 7923. Literary Fund fnd., 9252. London Yacht Club fnd., 949'. Magazine issued, 9152. Marriage Act passes, 9193 ; violated, 9252. Masonic Institution for girls est., 9252; for hi iys, 9292 ; for aged and widows, 951' • Medical Benevolent Coll. fmd., 961' . and Chirurgieal Soc. find., 9322. • Military College fnd., 9292; removed, Royal Military Tournament org., 9921 . Navy Artillery, Volunteers est., 9773. Oak launched, 9661 . Observatory est., Cape Town, 5971. (See Greenwich, Eng.) Orthopa-dic City Hospital, 9571. pensions checked, 9032. Polytechnic Institute opd., 9482. Red Cross for Ladies, order est., 991' . Regiment of Belgium org., 888' . School of Naval Architecture est., 967'. Scots Regiment oig., 882' . Society incor., 890'; meetings, 8802; receives Principia, 8962 ; first anniver- sary, 890'; library fnd., 8923; awards medal, 90.xi . 930 1 ;' Scientific Fund est., 9622; presidents, 891)1, S'J41, 8961,9021, 9061, 9122, 9182, 9261, 9322, 9422, 9482, 956' , 9621 , 0G42, 3 c, s i , ,,, s4 i , 990 , , 994, _ of Arts chartered, 8901. of Edinburgh fnd., 9102 ; chart- ered, 9221 . Good Fellows incorporated, 3131 ; statistics, 447 1 . of Literature org.. 9402; fnd.,941 1. of Music est., 9222. of Musicians est., 9112, 950' . Sovereign wrecked, 900' . burned, 926' . launched, 1004' . Spiritual Magazine issued, 77' . Templars of Temperance, 447' . Titles Hill passes, 9S12. Royalton, Vt , Indians attack, 923. Royal United Service Inst itution est., 945' . University, Ire. (See Queen's Uni- versity, Ire.) Victoria docks opd., 960 2 . Royce, Stephen, b. (1787); gov. Vt., 1772; d. (1S68). Royer, M. le, minister, 7513. Rover-Collard, Pierre Paul, b., 703' ; d., 7283. Royston, Peter S., elected bp., 9742. Roze, Marie, b., 7283. Kubaga mission work, 5612. Rubber vulcanized, 150' ; Trust find., at Trenton, 3513. Rubens, Christoph, b., 8082; d., 8282. , Peter Paul, b., 5403 ; works, 5402, 882'; court painter; decorates Luxem- bourg Palace, 5402; in Rome, 1082' ; great altar piece ; house in Antwerp, 5402 ; married, 541'; d., 5403; centenary of birth, 545'. Rubenstein, Rabbi Isaac, director-general, 3923. , Pasach N., dies, 2912. Rubini, Giovanni Battista, b., 10843 ; d., 10863. Rubinstein, Anton, b., 11163; d., 1122'. Rucellai, Giovanni, b. (1475) ; Ilosmunda ; Api, 10812; d. (1526). Rnchonnet.M. L., d., 1138'. Rucker, J. B., wounded, 4102. Ruckert, Friedrich, b., 8043; works, 8103, 8132; d.,8243. Rudbeck, Glaus, b. (1030) ; dis. lymphatics, 1134'; works, 11343; d. (1702). Rude, Fran v oise, it. (1784) ; statue of Ney, 732' ; d. (1855). Rudesheim, monument Hermania set, 830' . Rudini, Marquis A. di, premier, 10902 ; prosecution of N. O. lynchers, 3812. Rudlieb, Latin poem, appears, 775'. Rudolf (or Rudolph) 1. of Burgundy, K. of It., 10732, 3. I. of Hapsburg, b.-d., 778=; duke; Emperor of Ger., 5052, 3 ; assists Otto- car, 5041 ; warwithOttocarll.; conquers Austrians; captures Frederick ; in Wur- temberg; in Burgundy, 7802 ; despotism, 7823; d.,5042. II.,Emp., b., 7921; enthroned, 5103 ; crowned, 5112 ; conciliates Bohemians, 5113,7933; Pr. of Transylvania; cedes Hung. ; abdicates, 511 3 ; d., 5102. , Archduke crown pr., b., 5242 ; mar- ried, 5302 ; at Constantinople, 5303 ; suicide, 5311 . IV., D. of Aust., 5062 ; fnds. Univ. of Vienna, 5071. V., D. of Aust., d., 5062. , elected king of Fr., d., 6673. , King of Bohemia, d., 5042. II., D. of Saxony, 7833. invents wire-drawing, 782 2 . , D. of Swabia, elected rival emp., Eudo-Saar. Text Figures denote Page. INDl^X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1395 7762,777' ; defeats Henry IV., -wounded : d.,776'. Rudolf of Ems, works, 7803. Augustus, D, of Brunswick, 7073. , Lucretia, marries J. A. Garfield, 1851 . Rudolphine tables, by Kepler, 7921; com- pleted, 7943. Rueda, Lope de, works, 11291. Rufinus murdered, 10093. Rufus, P. Salpicius, proposes reforms, 10573. , William, builds Westminster Hall, 8482; feast of Whitsuntide, 8491 . Rugby School founded, 8731- Ruge, Arnold, b., S082; d., 8301 . Riigen, Ger., annexed to Den.; ceded to Prus., (5393; cede to Sweden, 11353. Ruger, Thomas Howard, b., 1421; com- mands in N. C, 2481 ; gov., 2593 ; com- missioned brig. -gen., 322' ; at Chicago, 4741. Ruggiero, Michael, missionary, 6143. Ruggles, Gen. Daniel, b. (1810) ; at Tupelo, 2212. , George D., com. col., 3341 ; appointed adjt.-gen., 4421 ; in war dept., 447 2 . Rugia quarantined, 4152. Ruiz, Dominico L., forgery, 4171 . , Juan, Ruenamor, poem, 11271. Rukli, Shah, reigns, 11073. Rules, new, of Procedure, adopted, 9991 . Rulhiere, Claude Oarloinan, works, 7131 . Ruling machines invented, 9221 ; im- proved, 9302. Ruloff, Edward H., trial ; execution, 274 2 . Rumania (see text, pp. 1112-1113), boun- dary est. for Turk., 11573; annexed to Turk., 11592 ; made- kingdom, 11593. Rumelia (or Roumelia), Gen. Gourko, enters, 565i ; Rus. expelled, 5652 ; rail- way opened, 11583. Rumford, Count. (See Thompson, Benj.) Rump, Parliament. (See Parliament.) Rumsey, James, b., 642; experiments with steam, 961 ; d., 1022. Runaway Act passed, Eng., 871-1 . Runeberg, Johann Ludwig, b.-d., 11361 ; woi-ks, 11362. Runels, Charles, gift, 3883. Runge, Otto t'hilipp, inv. colors, 8141 . Runjeet, Singh, b.-d., 10443. Runk, William W., suicide, 4163. Runkle, John Daniel, b., 1302. Runnels, Hiram G., gov. Miss., 143 3 , 1832. Runnymede, Eng., Magna Charta signed, 8532. Runyon, Theo., in army, 1942 ; ambassador to Berlin, 4473. Rupert, emp. Ger. 5073; K. of Ger.; d., 7853. , Prince, of Bavaria, insane, 8323. , , b., 7943; i n civil war, Eng.; at Stratton Hill, 884' ; improves mezzotint, 8862; lord admiralty, 8933; d., 7982. Land, bishopric established, 9543. Riippell, Wilhelm Peter Eduard Simon, b., 8063; d. (1844). Rural Hill, Confederates defeated, 2161 . Rurik, fnds. Russian monarchy, 11133; d., 1113'. Rurki, Punjab, mission, 10471 . Ruschenberger, Win. S. W., b., 1141. Rush ordered north, 4041 . , Benjamin, b., 662; sec. Abolition Soc, 811 ; famous tract, 991 ; d. (1813). , James, b., 981 ; d., 2662. , Richard, b., 931 ; atty.-gen., 1213; electoral vote, 1292, 1372; se c. treas., 1333 .William, b. (1756); executes busts 1001, 1021; d. (1833). Rushworth, John, b., 8781 ; d. (1586). Rusk, Harrv Welles, b., 1701. , Jeremiah McLain, b. (1S30); gov.Wis., 3132; sec. of agriculture, 3372; fl.,4441. , Thomas Jefferson, b., 1102 ; pres. senate, 1831; d., 178'. Raskin, John, !>., 9383; works, 9551 , 9663, 9763, 98G3, 9923; Museum of Art, Shef- field, 988 1 ; declines poet laureate, 1010 2 . Society formed, 9881 . Russ, John Denison, b., 1101 ; d. (1881). Russelkonda mission, 10483. Russell, A. J., pres. Liberia, 11612. , Benjamin E., b., 1581 . , Sir Charles, b. (1833) ; Arbitration Court, 4272; atty.-gen., 9951; counsel for Parnell, 9993; counsel, 10063; lord chief justice, 10123. Russell, Charles A., b„ 1701. , David A., b. (1822+) ; at Unionville, 2201 ; killed, 2382. , Edward, E. of Orford, b. (1651) ; at- tainder, 8992; off La Hogue, 6941; min- ister, 9012; 1. of admiralty, 8992; created E. of Orford, 9013; ha Spain, 11281; d. (1727). , Francis, in house, 8712. , I. C, dis. Alaska glacier, 3681; as- cends Mt. St. Elias, 3941 . , John, col. Royal Regiment Guards, 8901. , , first E. of Bedford, lord-lieut., 8G72; minister, 8712. , , D. of Bedford, lord-admiralty, 9073; minister, 9113; lord-lieut., 9153. , , Prohibition candidate, 277 3 . , Scott, b., 9343; d. (1882). , Lord , D. of Bedford, b., 9262; summons, 2012; minister, 945 2 , 9473, 9533, 0.7.12, 0G12, 9C33, SWIM ; Reform Bill, 9452,3, 9572, 9651; Municipal Corpora- tion Bill, 9473; attempts ministry, 9532; resumes office, 957 2 ; resigns, 9592, 9612, 9692; title earl created, 9651 ; d., 9822. , Lord, minister (1547), 8712. , Henry, b. (1827) ; promoted rear- admiral, 322 1". , Jonathan, b. (1771) ; Treaty of Ghent, 1233; d. (1832). , Lillian, b.; 1861 . , Peter, b. (1755+) ; governor, 5772; d. (1825+). , Lady (Rachel Wroi(hersley),b.,8822; d. (1723). , Sol. Smith, b., 1641. , Maj., tannin in photography, 9642. , William, b., 1082; d., 2821 . , Lord , b., 8822; political confed- eracy, 8971 ; executed, 8971 ,2. , Sir , d., 10081. , William E., gov. Mass., 3472, 3692, 3932, 3991, 4172, 4212, 4732; U om. for pres., 4092; d. (1895). , Howard, b., 9403. , Odo, Baron Ampthill, b., 944' ; d. (1884). , W. Clark, works, 10043. Russellville, Ala., negroes lynched, 3803. , Ky., Bethel Coll. org., 1762; Sover- eignty Conven., 2012; action at, 2141; Logan Female College founded, 2543. Russia brings cholera cases, 4413. issued, 11203. Russia (see text, pp. 1113-1123.) : Am. treaty, 1332, 2572; befriends Am., 2153; famine resolution, 3992; famine relief train, 4023; defends Bulgaria, 5651 ; em- bassies to Fr., 6913; declines mediation, 7432; alliance at Kalisch, 8111; hostile to Ger., 8312; armed neutrality, 9312, 11172; against Fr., 9332; war against (i. B., 9333; Eng. captures fleet, 9341; Al- lies war against, 9592; Goths repelled, 10692; war with Romans, 10641 ■ rupture with It., 10892; Japan restrains com- merce, 10913; treaty with Japan, 10923; treaty with Korea, 10943; war with Per- sia, 11062; treaty with Persia, 11083; war with Turk., 11123, 1156' ,11592; cedes conquests in Turk.; treaty with Turk.; manifesto against Turk., 11573; peace with Turk., 1159' ; Sarmatian slaves re- volt, 1068'. Russian-Am. Nat, League, N. Y., eel., 3543. Colonization Society organized, 3923. embargo against G. Brit., 9312; out- rages denounced, N. Y.,3523; legation notice, 4312; loan accepted Fr., 7573; exiles opposed, 5003 ; troops on frontier Aust., 5352; troops join Austrians, 516' ; papers excluded (Bulg.l, 5693; policy abandoned, 5673; in Hungary, 5222; treaty with China, 6193; naval officers, Fr. entertains, 7662. Extradition Treaty with U.S.A., 4243, 4252,4282, 4292,4312. Hebrews org., 3682; in Am., 3883; home for, 493' ; ill-treated, 4362. minerals to Leland Stanford Univer- sity, 384'. Thistle Bill, 4512, 4653, 4072. Russkol Vyestnik issued. 1117'. Russo-Ger. Commercial Treaty, 5372, 8372; treaty negotiations ruptured, 8353. Gr. Church, confession of faith, 11143. Turk, war, 525', 5281, 10973; Eng. neutrality, 983 1. Russy, Isaac D. de, commissioned col. ,3841 . Rust, Deputy Marshal, killed, 4223. , Rupreeht, copper-plate engrav.,7842. University founded, Miss., 2623. Rustchuk, Bulg., Alex, welcomed, 567 2 ; executions, 5681 ; revolt, 5681 ,2,3; in con- spiracy, 5682; action at, 11161. Rustow, Wilhelm Friedrich, b., 8122; sui- cide (1878). Rut, John, explorer, 191 . Ruteb.euf, b. (1230+) ; Pauereti Kulebu'uf, Tliiophile, 6731 ; d. (1280+). Ruter, Fritz, d.,8281. Rutgers College, N. J., chartered, 743; fnd., 1171 ; suspends work, 125 1 ; for- merly Queen's, 743, 1323; peter Hertzog Theological Hall (led., 1802; Scientific School Olid., 250 3 ; library presented to, 3482. Female College, N. Y.,vs. Tallman, 3852. , Henry, b., 662; d., 1382. Ruth, dwells with Naomi, 11422; marries Boaz, 11423. Rutherford, N.C., college organized, 1731 ; R. College opd., 2763. , Daniel, b. (1749); nitrogen, 9182; d., (1819). , John C, b. (1792) ; gov. Va., 1552; d., 2541 (1866). , Lewis Morris, b. (1816) ; d., 4061 . Ruthven, Can., gas well tired, 5892. , Scot., raid of, 8753. , Galway, L. Mountmorres shot, 9863. , Baron, title created, 8851. , James Alexander, d., 3481 . , John.E.of Gowrie, conspiracy against king, 8772. , William, E. Gowrie, executed, 8752. Rutilius, C. Marcius, dictator, 10532. Rutland, I), of. (See Manners, John.) Rutledge, Edward, b., 662; confers with Howe, 853; gov., 1093; d., 1082. , Frances Hughes, b., 1082; cons. P.E. bishop, 1683; d., 2541. - — , John, b., 642; electoral vote ; justice, S. C, 1012, 1072; d., 1082. Ruys, Augustin, explorer, 243. Ruyter, Michael Adriaanszoon de, b.-d., 11003 ; defeated, 11001 ; in Mediterranean; at Southwold, 6921 ; on Thames, 8921 . Ryan, Col., sails with filibusters, 2663. — — , Edward J., missing, 4083. , Father, imprisoned, 9971 . , James, cons. R. C. op., Am., 3302. , , cons. R. C. bp., Eng., 9762. , John, sheriff, 8712. , Patrick John, cons., 3302; archbp. (1883) ; supports Catholic writers, 3463; editor Qitarterlif Review, 3562; trans to Phila. June 8, 1884. - — , Stephen Vincent, b. (1X26) ; cons, bp., 2642; suit of Father Dent, 4062. , Thomas, minister, 351 3 . , William, b., 1522. Ryckaert, Martin, b.-d., 10983. Rvdberg, Abraham Victor, b., 11361 ; Last of the Athenians, 11363. Ryder, Sir Alfred P., adm., d., 9982. Ryder, Dudley, E. of Harrowby, chief jus- tice, 9133; minister, 9432; d. (1882). , Francis Stuart, minister, 9933. , Henry, b. (1777) ; elected bp., 9383; d. (1836). live, prices rise, Ger., 8353. House Plot discovered, R792, 8971. Ryerson, Adolphus E., b., 5762; d., 5841 . , Martin A., gift, 4221 . Ryle, John Charles, b., 9382; bp. Liver- pool, 9842. Ryiner, Thomas, b., 8822; d. (1713). Rymnik, action at, 1116 1 . Rysbraeek, Pieter, b.-d., 11003. Ryswick, Neth., peace of, 551 , 6953. Kzewuski, Count Stanislaus, Deborah, 7641. Saa, Gen., rebellion of, 4902. Saadani, massacre of missionaries, 5622; bombarded, 5631 ; Ger. attack, 8381 . Saadia, Ben Joseph (Saadia-Guon), b.-d., 6542. Saalfeld, Ger., battle at, 7161 ; acquired, 8133. Saar, strike, 5323; battle at, 8242. Saarbrtick, Prus., first action in Franco- Prus. war ; abandoned, 7381 . 1396 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Saar-St. Jo. Saargemund, Ger., Germans occupy, 7381 . Saavedra, Gen., in Uruguay, 1159 1 . , Angel de, Duke of Rivas, b.-d., 11302; works, 11311. Faxordo, Diego, b.-d., 11283; works, 11292. Sabaco, reigns, Egy., 651 1 ; defeats Sargon, 11442. Sabak-nefru-Ra reigns, Egy., 6473; ad- vanced, 6463. Sabbath sanctified, 11403; reform move- ment, 3382; observance discussed, 8802; recreations revived, 8823. Bill stolen, Eng., 8903. Day ordinance est., 8462. Observance Act passes, 8942. Union, Am., org., 3302j inPhila.,3792; World's Fair, 391 1 ; session, 4441. Sabathu mission, 10471 . Sabellius, condemned as heretic, 10663. Saberis founded, 10511 . Sabina, Kan., injustice, 4483. Sabine country annexed, 10533. Cross Roads, battle of, 2311 . Pass, Tex., blockade removed, 218 3 ; Banks at, 2262; destroyed, 3241 . , Edward, b., 9243; pres. Royal Society, 9642; d., 9922. , Joseph, d., 3062. , Lorenzo, b. (1803) ; d., 2942. Sabines, war with; take Rome, 10501; women seized, 10503; incorporated with Romans, 10511. Sabinianus, pope, 10711 . Sable Island, colony fails, 171 , 25 a . Sabutan Island annexed, 10073. Sacaza, Dr. Roberto, b. (1840) ; pres, 11033; overthrown, 11041 . Saccharometer invented, 730i . Sacchetti, Franco, b. (1335±) ; writings of, 10772; d. (1410). Sachem captured, 2262. Sacher-Masoch, Leopold R. von, b., 5203. Sacheverell, Henry, b., 8922; sermons against whigs, 9023; riots, 9043; im- peached, 9052; d.,9062. Sachs, Hans, b., 7862; works, 7892,7923, 7931; d., 7922. Sae it sen. Spiegel issued, 7783. Sackett's Harbor, squadron before, 120 2 ; burned, 1221. Sacks, Barney, matricide and suicide, 4583. Sacksensheim, Hermann von, works, 7871. Sackville, Can., Mt. Allison "Wesleyan College, 5803. , Baron, title created, 9751 . , Charles, E. of Dorset, b., 8822; d., 9022. , Thomas, E. of Dorset, b., 8682; min- ister, 8773; works, 8721,3; d. (1608). "West, Sir Lionel, minister, 3092; at Washington, 3273; recalled, 3312. Saco, Me., settlement at, 31 1, 332. Sacrament Controversy, Ger., 7891 . Sacramental test imposed, Eng., 9023. Sacramento, Oal., settlement at, 1513; battle of, 1621 ; State Library fnd., 1683; burned, 1713; Central Pacific R.R. built, 2193; Anti-Debris Conven., 3113; floods resolution, 3491 ; riot, 408 2 ; Lond. fruit train, 4113; capital, 4553; XJ. S. troopa for mob, 4641 ; levee breaks, 4653. Sacred Band enrolled, 10222. Black Stone dispute, 4853. War, Gr., 10161 , 10201 , 10241 . Sacrifices offered, Gr., 10131 , Sacrilege, death penalties abnlished,947i. Sacy, Baron Svlvestre (Antnine Isaac Sil- vestre), b.,7023; works, 117i, 7151; d., 7282. , Louis Isaac, b., 6862; d., 6923. Sadales, K. of Odrysoe, territory to Ro- mans, 10293. Saddles used, Eng., 8421. Sadducees appear, 11482. Sadi, b.-d., 11063. Sadler, Lieut., at Hillsborough, Ky.,2001. , Sir Ralph, b., 8661; minister, 8693; d., 8762. , William Windham, aerial voyage, 9222; killed (1824). Sadovsky, M., assassinated, 11211. Sadowa," Bohemia, battle at, 5261. Sadras, Ind., Dutch trade begins, 10443. Sadullah Pasha dies, 5343. Sadyattes, leader, 10141 ; reigns, 11453. Saengerfest in Milwaukee, 387' ; in N. Y., 4621,3. Saenz, Gen. Julio, minister, 6443. Safaneezah, Egy., mission, 6571. Safferian dynasty founded, 4871 . Safford, Henry Truman, b., 1462; dis. as- teroid Feronia, 1963. , A. P. K., gov. Ariz., 2692. Saga issued, 11042. Sagalla, mission, 5G12. Sagasta, Praxedes Mateo, b., 11303. Sage, Russell, b. (1816); office destroyed by dynamite, 3963; sued, 4342. Saget, Gen. Nissage, president, 10403. Sag Harbor, N. Y., capture of stores, 862. Saguntum, Sp., destroyed by Hannibal, 10531 ; battle, 10581 ; taken, 11251. Sagus Iron Works. Mass, castings, 361. Sahara Desert, 103; crossed, 9402. Sahu-Ka, great god, 6462.; reigns (Egy.), 6471; in Arabia, 6461. Said Pasha Mohammed, b.-d., 11563; grand vizier, 11593; shot, 6601. Sa'idTorkee, d., 4881. Saif , in power, 4833 Saigon, colony at, 7352; surrenders, 4801 ; treaty signed, 4812, 4823. Sailing, middle latitude, 8801. Sailor's Creek, Va., battle of, 2451 . Sails made from duck, 1161 . Sain foil, wins Derby, 10053. St. Adelbert, bp. of Prague ; retires to monastery, 5022. Albans, Eng., church built, 8423; bat- tle of, 8621 , 8641 ; borough disfranchised, 959i; bishopric created, 9802; Bp. Claughton elected, 9803 ; archbp. Smith cons., 9922; Bp. Festing cons., 10042 see est., 9732. , Vt., Confederates raid, 2391,3 raiders discharged, 5831; bank robbed 2393; Fenian arms seized, 2522. , Baron of, title created, 8932. Albert, R. C. diocese, 5822. Amand, Fr. defeat, 7081. - — , Almeric de, gov., 859 2 . Andrews, Scot., see created, 8443, 9083; archbishopric fnd., 8642. Univ. fnd., 8603 ; est., 9131 ; women in, 10083. Anne, bone of, exhibited, 4062. Anthony Falls, Minn., gold seekers, 553; State Univ. opd., 2662; united to Minneapolis, 2811. Arnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de, b., 7123; subdues Kabyles, 83; a t Varna; at Alma ; minister, T'\\* ; d., 7322, 9581 . Asaph, W., Bp. Hughes cons., 9642; Bp. Edwards cons., 10022. Augustine, Fla., castle built, 241; Indian mission, 242; Fr. attempt to cap- ture, 241 ; fnd., 251 ; captured, 421 ; Ogle- thorpe defeated, 64i; surrendered to FederalB, 2043; R. C. diocese, 2722; Inst. for Deaf est., 3191. College org., Cal., 2583. Avoid, Germans occupy, 7381 . Bartholomew, massacre of, 6851. Bartholomew's Island, restored to Fr., 7512; surrendered, 9202. Benedict's Coll. (R. Cath.) est., Atchi- son, Kan. (1858). Sainte-Beuve, Chas. Augustin, b. (1804); works, 7251 , 7283, 7303; d. (1869). St. Blaise (horse), sold, 3933. St. Bonaventura College org., 1863. Boniface, R. C. diocese est., 580i ; archdiocese, 5822; l,. Manitoba, 5823; miss, in Ger., 7702. (See Winfrid.) St. Catherine, The Miracle Play of, ap- pears, 8482. Catherines, Ont., Journal est., 5783 ; gas-well torpedoed, 5872. Cecilia Society of Am. meets, 3642. Charles, Ark., Confed. defeat, 2091 . , Mo., Confederates defeated near, 2351. Coll. (R. Cath.), Ellicott City, Md. (1848). - — Christopher Inland, settled, 8813; Eng., possession, 8832. St. Clair burns, 2933, St. Clair, Pa., locomotive explosion, 4013. River, Mich., tunneled, 3693; opd., 3913. , Arthur, b., 622; commissioned maj.-gen., 86i; leaves Ticonderoga; at Ilu'bbardtown, 863; report to Congress, 992; treaty with Indians, 10H; gov., 1011, 1032, 1073; commander; Indian war, 1021; d., 1262. Sainte-Claire-Deville, Charles, b., 7211 : d., 7501 . St. Clairsville, O., Appeal issued, 1251 . Clement's Island, Md., colony on,333. Cloud, Fr., Ancients remove to, 7133; conven. signed, 7232; wind-storm, 7601 . <■ . Minn., normal schools opd., 2662; tornado strikes, 3222, Croix, West Indies, missions, 622, 691,763. Davids, Bp. Jones cons., 9742; college fnd., 9411. Denis, Fr., Huguenots defeated, 6821 ; bombarded, 744 1 . , Charles de, works, 6891 . Dizier, Fr., allies defeated, 7202; Napoleon defeated, 7203; occupied, 7402. Edward's Coll. (R. Cath.), Austin, Texas, est. (1888). Saintes, Fr., battle of, 6702. St. Espiritu, Mich., mission at, 422. Etienne, Fr., explosion in coal-pit, 7593,7613,7633. de la Tour, patent for Nova Scotia, 332. Eustace, insurrection, 5781 . Evremonde (Charles de Marguetel de St.-Denis), b., 6862; d., 6912. Francis, Wis., St. Francis de Sales College org., 1802; R. c. normal school org., 2763. de Sales, mission est., Can., 482. , Solanus College est., 2822. Xavier College, 1631; admits women, 4381. Gall joins Act Mediation, 11382. Gaudens, Augustus, b. (1848); statue of Fai-ragut, 3061; of Lincoln, 3281 • in Academy Design, 3501 . Genest's, V Assemble' e et la France* 7482. St. George wrecked, 9342. wrecked, 9593. lost, 9913. Islaud, Me., colonists land, 262, 271. , Alas., seal fishery, 2671 . , N. Y., fire, 3893. , Can., R. R. accident, 5872. Knighthood est., 9392. George's Bank, Eng., fishing schoo- ners founder, 3153. chess club fmd., 9471 . Germain, treaty of, 333, 6822, 6933. Germains, E. of, title created, 937*. (see Granville, Edward.) Gervais-les-Bains, destroyed, 7621. Gothard, Hung., battle of, 5122. , It., railway opd., 101103; tunnel begun, 11383. Gregory of Tours, works, 6643. - — Helena, Napoleon arrives at, 7221; Napoleon's remains removed, 7292; Longwood bought, 7353; acquired by Eng., 8773; see est., 9583. Helens, colliers strike, 9703, 10111. Sainte-Hilaire, Barthel^my. (See BarthtS- 16my.) St. Hilaire, Can., R. R.' accident, 5813. , Augustede,b., 7142; d., 7322. , Etienne Geoffroy. (See Geof- froy.) Hilary, writes against Arianism, 6631 . Hyacinthe, Can., R.C. diocese est., 5802. Ignace, Can., mission at 443; mis- sion sacked, 5723, Jacob, battle of, 6781 . Jago, naval battle at, 9202. St. James explodes, 171 3 . St. James, Order of, fnd., 11263. , Neb., mammoth skeleton, 3441 . Jean d'Acre, bombarded, 9501 . (See Acre.) St. James's Gazette est., 10083. John, Mex., bombarded, 7261 . , N. B., Fr. possess, 9161; garri- son surrenders, 803; R. C. diocese est., 5783; Telegraph; Globe, 5811; fire, 5853; Sons of Temperance meet, 5i»22; raiders from Me., 2362. , W. L, Danish price for, 6422. • , Baron, title created, 8711. of Bletsoe, Baron, title treated, 9591. , Viscount, title created, 905 1 . , Henry, b. (1678); Viscount Bol- ingbroke ; minister, 905 2 ; dismissed, 9033; d. (1751). St. Jo-St. Se. Text Figures denote Page. INDzL-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1397 St. John, James Augustus, b., 9303; d. (1875). , John P., b., 142 1 ; gov, Kan., 2993, 3033 j nom. for pres., 3173; popular vote, 3192. , Oliver, b. (1598+); fined, 8811; d. (1673). , "William, lord keeper, 8712. ,W. P., resigns, 3511. Island, purchase treaty re- jected, 2711. Johns, Newfoundland, sufferers' fund, 4103, 10083; Roijal Gazette, 5771; Times and Gen. Rom. Advertiser \ 579 1; The Globe, 5811 ; Eve. Herald, 5843 ; camp inspection, 5881 ; fire; financial crisis, 11033. , S. Af., Bp. Key eons., 9962. Bluff, Fla., fired on, 2141 . Deaf Mute Institute, Wis., 2943. Coll. est., Md., 1003. . Wash., D. C. (R. Oath.), est. (1865). ■ , Fordham, N. Y.(R. Cath.), est. (1846). ■ River, dis. ,223; expedition, 2141. School, poor clergy, sons, 95S3. Univ. (R. Cath.), Collegeville, Minn,, est. (1857). Johnsbury, Vt., Museum, 3621 . Joseph, Mo., terminus of pony ex- press, 1933; B,. c. diocese est., 2642; Missouri River Improvement Conven- tion, 3093; Exposition buildings burned, 3453; fire, 4393; train robbery, 4483; Palace Car Co. capitalized, 4633. Joseph's Island, Mich., Indian refuge, - Coll., est. Dubuque, 2822. , est. Teutopolis, 1991; org., 30S2. , est. Phila., 1723. —Just, Cornwall, water in mine, 10093. , Antoine Louis Leon de, b.,703 2 ; d.,7102. , Letellier de, governor, 5832. Katherine, Order of, est., 9843. Lambert, Jean Francois, Marquis de, b. (1716); works, 7051 , 7131 ; d. (1803). Laurent, Can., halt-breeds meet,588 3 . St. Lawrence wrecked, 589 2 . St. Lawrence River explored, 203, 21 1 ; ice-bridge, 5932; Bridge Bill passes as- sembly, 4013; possessed for Fr., 5712; steamboat sinks, 5892; canals deepened, 5913. Gulf, explored, 163; survey of, 5901. Univ. est., 1802. Lazaro, French defeat, 7001 . Leger, Anthony, deputy, 8693, 8712. ■ , Barry, b. (17371; at Ft. Stanwix, 871; d., 1001. Leonards, Baron, title created, 9591 . , Baron. (See Sugden.) Leonard's College fnd., 6782, 867. Levan, Baron, title created, 9963. — - L6, Fr., captured, 6761 . St. Louis launched, 4753. St. Louis, Mo., settled, 493, 751 ; Sp. at- tacked; attacked by Brit., 921 ; aban- doned, 493; Missouri Gazette, 1143; first theatrical performance, 126i ; R. C. dio- cese, 1343; St. Louis Univ. org., 137 1 ; fnd., 1403; St. Louis Conf. find.; Hebrew synagogue built, 1583; Mercantile Li- brary fnd., 1611; R. C. archbishopric est., 1623; lighted with gas, 1653; fire, 1653,3553, 4033,4233; cholera at; Belle Fontaine Cemetery est., 167 3 ; cyclone at, 1681; Washington Univ. org., 1731; trains snow-bound, 1761; riot of Am. and Irish, 1771; Coll. of Christian Brothers org., 1783; train wrecked at, 1793; Free-State men embark for, 1811; connected with Baltimore by R. R., 1833; Prof. Wise ascension, 1841 ; over- land mail, 185 3 ; Minute Men and Home Guards org., 1902; under Gen. Harney, 1921, 194 2 ; arms removed, 1942; Con- federate cannon landed ; Lyon takes Camp Jackson, 1942 ; Snead's slaves manumitted, 1991; martial law, 202 1 ; Metropolitan police force, 2032; court- house completed, 2113: Conf ederates de- feated, 2203; Public School Library fnd.; Historical Soc. org., 2503; Caron- delet incorporated with, 2613; monu- ment to Benton, 262i; St. Louis Coll. org., 2663; Tower Grove Park donated, 2693; Labor Cong., 2743; Beethoven's Conservatory of Music est., 276 1 ; Tubu- lar bridge completed, 2841; headquar- ters of U S. A., 2861; boundaries ex- tended, 2912; new parks, 2913; Demo- cratic Nat. Con veil., 2931; Southern Hotel burned, 2953; dav school for deaf est., 30H; Choral Soc. org., 302 1 ; Manual Training School est.; Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons opd., 3023; Kep. Conven. at, 3013; Sjiorfinq Xcws ; Daily Chronicle, 3063 ; St. L. Post Despatch, editor acquitted, 3103; Evening Star Sayings, 3143 ; w. C. T. U. Nat. Con- ven., 319 1 ; Nat. Live Stock Asso. org., 3193 • Merchant's Bridge commenced, 325 3 ; troops protect mails, 3221; fire, 3333; Dr. Bray deposed, 3382; elevator companies combine, 3393; breweries sold; Wheat-growers conven., 3473 ; World's Fair, 3513; Alice Jackson abducted,351i ; tornado strikes, 3521 ; Merchant's bridge completed, 3581; Christian Endeavor Conven. ,3641 ; Wanamaker suicide, 3683; telegraphers strike; Loyal Legion Con- ven. begins, 3703; race-tight, 3782; Gen. Sherman's grave, 3793; Archbp. Kenrick cons., 3801 ; pool-rooms closed, 3863; train robbers, 3963; Nat. Industrial Conf. ,4022; flood, 4061 ; Nicaragua Canal Conven., 4093; Knights of Labor Conven., 4183; street R.R. mail car, 4193; brewery com- bine, 4233; Sunday-school Conven., 4361 ; water-famine, 4453; earthquake, 450 1 ; strike on N. Pacific R.R. , 4503 ; nickel-in- slot machines, 4531 ; Trans-Miss. Cong, meets, 4772; sheriff-elect indicted, 4792. St. Louis, Mother, d., 5881 . College org., N. Y., 2663. College, Wash., org.. 2502. .Order of, instituted, 6952. Univ., Mo., org., 1371. Lucia, W. I., acquired, 9313. Lucia's Bay, Eng. flag raised, 6032. Ludmila murdered, 5023. Malo, Fr., riot at, 7432; Cartier sails, 203,5712. Marc Gerardin, Francois Auguste, b.,7143; Gmrs de Litte.rafure draniathjue, 7291 ; d., 7461 . — — Marks, Fla., captured, 1261; "bom- barded, 694L Martin, Marquis L. C. de, works, 7052,7083,7151. Mary, Ga., taken, 2043. Mary's, Fla., attacked, 2151. , Kan., St. Mary's Coll. org., 2662. , Mich., mission, 343; conf., 442, , Senegambia, Eng. settle, 11613. Bridge, Va., fight at, 2351. College (R. C), St. Mary's, Ky., org. (1821). College, Del., org., 1631 . College, Eng., fnd., 8671 ; -dedi- cated, 8691. Matthews mission, 5983, Sainte Maure, Benoist de, works, 6711 . St. Meinrad, Ind., St. Meinrad's Coll., org., 2583. Menehoule, Ger. capture national guards, 7401 . Michael Knighthood est., 9392. Michel, Mont., Fr., destroyed, 7561 . Non, Abb£de(Jean Claude Richard), b. (1727) ; invents aquatinta, 6901 ; d. (1791). Nicholas written. 6711 . Magazine established, 2823. Olaf, Order of, founded, 11052. Coll. (Luth.), Northfield, Minn., established (1874). Olave. Richard de, bailiff, 8572. Omer, Fr.. captured, 6921 ; Fr. gains, 6933. Oswald, Baron, title created, 9871 . Patrick's Benevolent Soc. fnd., 9231 . Paul de Loanda, Livingstone at, 5602. Paul produced, 814 1 . , Can. Indian Industrial School, 5902. , Minn., first school est., 1631; Pioneer issued, 1643 ; capital removed, 2692; Macalaster Coll. org., 3223 ; brew- eries sold, 3393 ; cyclone, 3641; diocese made archbishopric, 3302; employees re- sign, 375 3 ; John Mohan captured, 3831; protest against prize-fight, 3SS 3 ; wolves near, 395 3 ; incendiarism for insurance, 3963 ; falling wall, 3973 ; sluice-bank breaks, 4133 ; fire, 4233 ; banks close, 4353; R. K. men attacked, 4662. St. Paul Coll. (Moth. Epis.), St. Paul's Park, Minn., established (1889). Island, Aust., Fr. possess, 7633. Ma, 3723, funeral ,3773; International Soc. Colonization Russian Jews ; joss-houses destroyed, 3762 ; Elizabeth wrecked, 3793; first block tin, 3853; free kindergarten fnd., 3863; Mnfs. Asso. org., 3903; cargo of slaves, 3911 ; Sarah A. Terry disappears ; highbinders' feud, 4003 ■ Korashan Messiah, 4021; largest, gold-brick, 4073 ; Mountebanks first sung, 4101 ; gold shipment, 4133,4393; sheriff refuses hanging, 4143; smuggling, 4182, 4483 j stage robbery, 4182 ; China- man shot, 4183 ; Mackay shot, 4242 ; Nawab of Rampur in, 4311 bank pecu- lations, 4343; Fair Bill passes, 4371; Union Sailors' outrages, 43S3 ; news- paper men indicted, 4451 j Drake Me- morial, 4481 ; Midwinter Fair opd., 4513; Somali arrives, 4553 ; Liberty Tree planted, 4573; W. B. Melville convicted, 46S2. San Francisco, Chile, battle at, 6062. , Peru, action at, 11081 . Gabriel, Cal., action at, 1621 . Sangallo, Giuliano da, b.-d., 10783. S:mg;t.iu'iti, Italians defeated at, 22. Sanger, A. L., d., 4481 . Sangster, Margaret E., edits Harper's Ba- zar, 3383. Sangli, Bombay mission, 10471 . Sanhedrim, instituted, 11403 j first men- tion, 11482. Sanitarium Bill in Congress, 405 2 . Sanitary Act, G. B., 9692. Assurance Asso. formed, 9871 . Commission, inception of, 1923, 1941 ; appointed, 1971 ; Auxiliary Soc, Lond., 2312 ; Auxiliary Relief Corps org., 2333. , N. W. branch, 2172; Pittsburg Branch, 2292 ; Auxiliary Society, 2312, 2333, European branch of. org., 2292 ; fair in N. Y., 2312; fair in Phila., 2352; in Chicago, 2472. Conference. Paris, 7661 . Congress, Intermit., 3071 , 9873. Institute of G. B., 9802. Laws Amendment Act passes, 9793. , Police Co., 2111 ; inspectors in army, 2073. San Jacinto arrives ; overhauls Trent ; at Boston, 2003 ; Alabama eludes, 2161 . , Mexicans defeated, 1461 . Jose\ Cal,, observatory erected, 3221 ■ capital, 4271 ; earthquake, 4501 . de Cueuta, Colombia, earthquake, 6282; capital Costa Rica, 6303. Juan, Arg., insurrection, 4912 ; R. R. tracks demolished, 4933 ; question of, 5572; boundary dispute, 1S73, 5833. Islands defended; boundary dis- pute, 185 2 , 1873 ; boundary commission meets, 2732 ; dispute arbitrated, 2792, 8292. de Nicaragua, bombarded, 1741 . del Norte seized, 11031 . , N. Hex., fossils found. 4061 . , W. I., treaty for sale, 2592. Sankara Acharya, est. Sivaite sect, 10431 . Sankcy, Ira David, b., 1522; in Phila. ,2XS2 ; in London, 9882,0922 ; in G. B., 9782 ; Gospel Hipnn Hon!: issued, 3431 . , William, d., 100S2. San-ko-lin-sin captures by treachery; re- treats, 6201 ; killed, 6202. Sanlique, J., musical notes, 6822. San Lorenzo Castle, Colombia, attacked, 6281. ■ — , Spain, treaty of, 107* . Luca, It., academy replaced, 10883. LucardeBarraine'da,Sp., strike, 11331. - — Luis Potosi, Mex., occupied, 10961; mission, 10062; capital, 10963. Marcos Univ., Peru, est., 223. Marino republic fnd. ,10712; independ- ence destroyed, 10813 • subject to pope, 10S5 2 ; confirmed to pope, 1087 2 ; enters convention, 10893. Martin captures vessel, 6061 . , Gen. Jose" de, b. (1778) ; at Chanch Rayada, 6061 ; in Peru, 11081 ; proclaims independence, 1108 2 ; d. (1S50). Mateo Mt., cliff-dwellers dis., 3341 . Miguel, Va.. settlement begins, 193, del Mezquital, Mex., mission, 10962. Mining Co., incorporated, 3773. Sannazaro, Jacopo, b., 10783; d., 10803. Sanons, Christianized, 7702. San Paulo, Braz., hardy men, 411 . Pedro, battle at, 10961 . , Diego de, Carcel de Amor, 11271 . Ramon, Miguel, b. (1802) ; president Peru, 11082 ; d. (1863). ■ Salvador, Columbus at, 13 3 ; con- quered, 182 ; Thome de Sousa at, 5533 ; colony est., 251 ; at war, 10381, 104H; captured, 10381 ; conquered, 11001 . (See text, Salvador, p. 1123.) Sansculottes, Republican leaders named, 7071. Sebastian, Colombia, founded, 173. , Sp., taken, 6981, 7201 ; Carlists defeated, 11301 . Sisto cathedral founded, 10743. Sanskrit College founded, 10442. Sanson, Nicolas, b., 6862 ; d., 6S03. Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, b. (1479); d. ,10811 . Sans Pared launched, 9961 . San Stefano, peace of, 566 3 . Sant, James, b., 9402. Santana, Pedro, leader, 643i ; pres. Domin- ican Republic, (I4.;2; against Pres.Baez, 6433; defeats Haitians, 10402. Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, b.-d., 10952 ; proclaims Vera Cruz Republic, 10953; deposes Guerrero; overthrows Bustamente ; dictator of Mexico ; pres.; deposed and exiled ; reinstated ; abdi- cates, 10962 ; returns from exile ; dis- missed by Fr. ; supported by faction, 10963; defeated, 1401 ; in Mex. war, 1621 . Barbara, Cal., Charleston arrives,338i . Casa, at Dalmatia ; at Loreto, 1076 3 . Catalina, Cal., discovered, 142. Catherina Is. surrenders, 5582; revo- lution, 5593, 5602. Clara, Cal., Coll. org., 1702; R. R. Co. est., 2613; Home opd., 3231; mission, 6341 ; Insane Asylum, 3291 . ■ Cruz, Andres, b. (1794±) ; pres. of Bo- livia; restores order, 550 3 ; entersPeru, 5501; d.,5502. , treaty for sale, 259 2 . ■ , Canary Island, attacked, 92S1 . ■ Fe\ Arg., fnd., 4892; Cong.,4911; gov. surrenders, 4921 ; revolution, 4923. , Sp., agreement with Columbus, 121. , N. Mex,, captured, 160 1 ; R. C. archdiocese, 1082 ; proslavery force at, 1811; evacuated, 2063; R. C. archbishop- ric, 2882 ; Univ. opd. at, 3082 ; state school est., 3191 ; School for Deaf Mutes, 3231 ; councilmen attacked, 3762 ; fire, 4073; r.k. accident, 3833; train robbery, 4082, 4711 ; strike off, 4283 ; work re- sumed, 4711 . Maria, Azores. Columbus arrives, 142. del Darien, Braz., settlement at, 173. , Panama, taken, 481 . Santa Maria leaves Havana, 0343; wrecked 142 ; sails, 131 , 11331 . Monica, Cal., hotel burned, 3353. Santander, mission, 11323 - steamer ex- plodes, 11331 . - — , Francisco de Paula, b.-d., 62S2; pres. Colombia, 6283. Santarem, R. R. to Lisbon, 11113; besieged, 11261 . Santa Rosa, Cal., Habeas Corpus sus- pended, 1952; Pacific College org., 1983; earthquake, 3521 . • Island, Fla., action at, 2001 . Vittoria, battle of, 6941 . Santas, J. Maximo, pres. Uruguay, 11603. Santayuna, Paraguayans defeated, 556 2 . San tee Agency, Neb'., mission, 3142. Indians granted land, Neb., 3231 . Swamp, S. C, train derailed, 3233. Santeul, Jean de, b., 6882; d., 6943. Santiago, Chile, fnd., 6052 ; San Felipe Univ. est., 6053 ; battle at, 606i ; earth- quake, 6063; advance on, 608 1 ; sham battle ; taken, 6083, 6092 ; mob ; forts strengthened, 60S 3 ; Balmaceda's sui- cide, 6092 ; fire ; Egan's house guarded, 6093. de Compostela taken, 11261 . de Cuba, fnd., 6313; capital, 173; burned, 6301 ; earthquake, 6322, 6341 ; re- bellion, 633 2 ; immigration meeting, 6333. , Dominican Republic, Haitians de- feated at, 6431. , Guatemala, earthquake, 10383. 1400 Text Figures denote Page. INl-)Ji,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Sant-Saxe. Santiago, Order of, fnd., Sp., 112G3. - — , Sp., Campania Church b besieged, 11322. , Tex., occupied, 216i . Santipur mission, Ind., 10481 . Santo, patriarch of Venice, 5342. Santob, Jew, Proverbes Morales, 11271. Santo Domingo, W. I., fnd., 153; fort con- structed, 141 , 2 ; sacked, 241 ; occupied, 432; insurrection, 4tJ2; treaty opposed, 2733. (See Haiti, p. 1040 ; and Dominican Republic, p. 643.) Santos, Braz., blockaded, 5581 ; boycotting league, 5583. San Vincente, Brazil, founded, 212. Sanvolle, Le Moyne, d., 541 , Sao Amaro, Braz., settlement, 5532. Saone River overflows, 7282. Saood reigns ; k.,4873, 4SS3. Sao Paulo, Braz., coll. est., 5522; hardy race, 5543 ; Am. school, 5562 ; mission, 5563 ; governor resigns, 5592 ; martial law, 5602. Salvador, Kongo, missions, 10941. Vicente, Bolivia, burned, 552 1. Piratininga, Braz., fnd., 5532. Saphir, Moritz, b., 8063. Sapor I., defeats Rmnans, 10661 ; conquests of, 10661 , H072; enters It., 11001 ; reigns, 11071 ; cruelty, 11073; assassinated, H062. II., reign's, 11072 ; contends with Rome, 10681, noiji ; proscribes Christian religion, 11063; war with Julian, 10681. III., reigns, 11072. Sappers and miners originated, G. B., 9361. Sappho, b., 10162 ; invents Sapphic verse, 10143; Poems, 10163. — wins race, 2713. 2753, 9733. , asteroid, discovered, 9662. Sapulpa, Jim, commands scouts, 4683. Saracens in N. Af., 81, 91 ; in Pyrenees, 485 2 ; in Egy,, 654 1 ; annexed by Turks, 6542; invade Gaul, 0641 ; defeated, 7701 , 7741 ; subdued in Sicily, 7782 ; wa r with Gr., 10301 , 2, 10331 , 10321 ; occupy Crete ; possess Samos, 10332 ; expelled from Crete, 10321; success in East, 10641; ■war with It.; conquer Sicily, 10721 ; con- quer Sardinia, 10732 ; j n Port., 11091 ; i n Sp., 11251,3; against Christians; pun- ished, 11261; in Carthage, 11392; over- run by Moors, 11272. Saragossa, Sp., fnd., 11252; taken, 7162, 11261, nasi, ii28i; church council at, 10683 ; Philip V. defeated, 6962 ; insur- rection, 11301 ; mission, 11323. Sarah, loss reported, 3353. Sarajevo taken, 5081 . Saraloff, cholera riots, 11223. Saratoga, X. V., attacked, 661 ; battle of, 872. Sarauw sentenced for treason, 831' . Sarawak, Borneo, Eng. settle; rebels, 5521 ; Rajah of ; expedition, 552 2 ; Chinese conspiracy; mission, 5523 ; annexed to G. B., 9993. Sardanapalus conquers Phenicia, 11441; in Egy., 6512. II., reigns, 11453. Sardica, Council of, Brit. bps. at, 840 2 . Sardina, Sefior, ransom for, 6342. Sardinia, subjugated, 10532; Rum .province, 10533 ; surrenders, 10613; taken by Van- dals, 10712; It. annexed, 10313; Sara- cens conquer, 10732 ; Genoese conquer, 10733, 10752 ; held by Pisa, 10753, by Ara- gon, 10773, by Fr. and Sp., 10781, by Eng., 10821 ; ceded to Aust., 10833 ; seized, 7993 ; a kingdom, 10833 ; peace of, 5152 ; acquires territory, 10852; insurrection in ; new code promulgated, 10872 j up- rising subdued; at war with Aust., 520i ; Jesuits expelled, 10863 ; ecclesiastical jurisdictions abolished ; against con- vents, 10873; Austrians enter, 5241 ; press assails Aust.; ultimatum to Aust. ; severs from Aust. ; war against ; disarmament, 5252 ; Pope's appeal against ; new con- stitution, 10891. Sardinians, rule in It., 10732; enter Milan, 5213. Sardis besieged ; taken, 11442 ; burned, 10173 ,11442 ,i 147 1 ; action near, 1022 1 ; sur- renders, 10242; council of, 10683; moon's eclipse, 11462 ; Tamerlane destroyed, 11542. Sardou, Victorien, b., 7261; works, 735', 7462,7522,7562,7581. Sargasso Sea, Columbus enters, 13* . 11312 ; Sargent, Chas. Sprague,b., 1522; Silvseof 2sbrth America, 396= , Dudley A., athletics in Harvard, 4761. , Epes, b., 1183; d., 3042. , John, missionary, 622, 3; d., 662. , , delegate, 1352. , Singer, b. (1856); EUaleo, 752* . , Lucius Manlius, b., 981 ; d., 2561 . , Winthrop, gov. Miss., 1093. prize won, Mass., 3602. Sargon, reigns, 11393 ; builder ; fighter, 11391. , reigns in Assyr. ; embassy to Heze- kiah, 1145 2 ; subjugates Carchemish, 11432 ; defeated ; captures Samaria, 11442 ; conqueror, 483 2 . Sarmatian slaves revolt, 10691 . Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, b., 4893 ; pres. Argentina, 4912; d. (1888). Saronic Gulf, action in, 10183. Sarpi, Paolo, b., 10803; d., 10823. Sarras, Egy., occupied, 6603. Sarrasin, Jean Francis, b. (1603) ; Con- spiration de Waldstein, 6931 ; d. (1654). Sarrien, Chas., minister, 7651. , Jean L. F., minister, 7552, a, 7571, 7651. Sars, Michel, b.-d., 11041 . Sarsfield, Patrick, siege of Limerick, 8981 ; d.,9002. Sartin, John, b., 1142. Sarto, Andrea del, b., 10783 ; Holy Family, 10801; d., 10803. Sartorius, Sir George Rose, d., 9941. , Count, defeats Don Miguel, 11101 . Sartwell, Henry Parker, b., 1022; d.,2582. Sasbach, Baden, battle at, 7962. Saskatchewan, Can., Riel insurrection, 5852 ; see erected, 9782 ; Bp. Pinkham cons., 9962. Sassacus defeats Albemarle, 2322. Sassi nides, dynasty of, 11071 ; last of, 11072. Satanita wins race, 4693. Satara, fort of, conquered, 10441; under Brit, rule, 10473. Satolli, Arehbp., arrives, 3463; apostolic delegate ; Wigger-ICilleen controversy, 4221 ; policy confirmed, 4302 ; English in Catholic cathedrals, 4581 ; sustains Bp. Watterson, 4001; against liquor-traffic, 4661, 2. Satory, Fr., military camp est., 7321 , Satricum, Latin colony at, 1051 3 . Satsuma clans, rebellion of, 10932. Satterly, A. W., nom. for v.-pres., 4093. Saturday Maqazine , Am., appears, 1311 . issued, G. B., 9463. Saturn, satellites dis., 6922, 954 1 ; inner ring dis,, 9561 . Saturninus, L. Apuleius, leader, in Rome, 10573. Saturnus worshiped, 10503. Safyra da t'v/ice e inftlice Vida appears, 11091. Satyrus, reigns, 11473. Saucourt, Northmen defeated at, 6661. Sauer, Andrew, embezzler, 4531 . Sauk Rapids, Minn., tornado at, 3222, Saul, 1st K. Israel, 11432; delf Gilead, 11421 ; est. standing army, 11421 ; against Amalekites ; at Mt. Gilboa, 11421; rejected as king; burnt ottering, 11422; consults witch, 11431 ; search for David, 11432. , D., Poems, 8362. Saulcy, Louis Felicien Jos. Caignart de, b., 7162; d., 7522. Saulsbury, Eli, b., 1262 ; nom. for pres., 2792; d., 4261. , Grove, gov., Del., 2511 . , Willard, b., 4021 ; d., 4041 . Sault Ste. Marie fnd., 433 ; chapel built, 443. Saumara built, 4871 . Saumarez, Baron de, title created, 945 1 . Saunders, Alvan, gov. Neb., 2032. , E. of, lord admiralty, 9133. , Sir Edmund, chief justice ; minister, 8972; d. (1683). , Sir Edward, chief justice, 8732. , George N., capture, 2473. , Sir James, b. (1757) defeats Sp. fleet, 9301; d. (1836). Saunderson, Nicholas, b. (1682) ; d., 9103. Sauppe, Hermann, b., S08 3 . Saurin, Jacques, b., 6923; d., 6983. Sam-ma, Baron, ambassador, 4371 . Saussaye, De, explorer, 5713. Saussier, Gen., election vote, 7571 . Saussure, Horace Ben6dicte de, b.-d., 11372. Sautre, "Wm., burned, 8602. Saux, Sophie de, b., 7243. Savage Station, Va., battle at, 2092. .JamesW., director U. P. R.R.Co.,3512. , John, b., 1362; d. (1888). , , conspirator, 8753. , Minot Judson, b., 1522. , Richard, b., 9002; d., 9103. Club formed, 9623. Savannah taken, 1961 ; prisoners, 197 3 . wrecked passengers arrive, 4373. Savannah, Ga., settled; streets laid out, 632; Moravians at, 633 ; Jews org., 622 ; Church of Eng. org., 711 ; Georgia Ga- zette, 731; attacked, 901, 91 1 , siege of, 903 ; captured, 90i ; Brit, evacuate, 943; fire, 1073,3393, 4513; storm, 1121 ; yellow fever, 1273, 1293; burned, 1293; freshet in river, 1501; bread riot, 2333; Sher- man at, 2402, 3 ; Sherman leaves, 2421 ; anniversary of settlement, 3133 ; cy- clones, 3201 ; Robt. Williuk, k., 3802 ; train robbers, 3911; wharf laborers strike, 3923 ; David Porter k., 4002; City of Birmiiii/1/nm arrives, 4373 ; longshore- men's battle, 4703; fire in steamers, 475 3 . , M. E. Conference fmd., 2903. , Tenn. River expedition lands, 2043. Savary, Gen. Anne Jean Marie Rene\ b. (J774), in Algeria, 82; d. (1883). , Jacques, b., 6863; d., 6942. , Nicolas, b., 701 1 ; d., 7062. Savatopulk in Moravia, 5031 ; d., 5022. Savery, Capt. Thomas, inventions, 9001 ; atmospheric engine, 9041 ; d. (1715). Savigny, Gen. Karl Friedrieh von, b., 8042 ; Possession, 8083; d., 8202. Savile, Baron, title created, 9963. , Geo.,Marq. of Halifax, b.,8822; min- ister, 8972; pres. gov't, 8991 ; d. (1695). , Sir Henry, b., 8701; works, 8751, 8771; d., 8802. Savings Banks. fSee also Banks.) , G. B-, Pari, controls, 9391 ; post- age stamps, 987 2 . Bill passes, Fr., 7652. Investment Acts, 9692, 9732. Savoie, Marie Josephine Louise de, mar- ries Louis XVIII. , 7053. Savolax, annexed to Sweden, 11352. Savoldo, Girolamo, paints Holy Family, 10801 . Savona, It., captured, 10841. Savonarola, Girolamo, b., 10783 ; leader reformation, 10791; writings, 1079 2 ; rules Florence, 10793; d., 10791. Savory, Joseph, elected lord mayor, 10052. Savoy, Fr. annexed, 7092; ceded to Fr., 713 2 ; treaty for annexing, 735 2 ; erected 1 a duchy, 10792; Royal Acad, est., 10822; war with Genoa, 10821; occupied, 10841. , Duke of. (See Eugene, Prince.) Conferences, fruitless, 8902. confession approved, 463. Save, circular, introduced, 9242. fly, wheat pest, appears, 3581 . Sawmills, Augsburg, Breslau, Silesia, 7822; erected, G. 15., S901 , 9181 , 11053; in Ger., 7681 ; wind, invented, 8821 . Sawtelle, Charles G.,com. col., 4701. Sawyer, Charles H., gov. N. H., 3293. , Philetus, b., 1242. , Wm. E., incandescent lamp, 298* . , Kingston, b., 9423; d. (1876). Sax, Antoine Joseph (Adolph Sax), b. (1814); d., 7661 . Saxa Rubra, It., action at, 1066 2 . Saxe-Altenberg in N. Ger. Confederation, 8252. Coburg-Gotha, Ger., fnd., 7973; John Ernest, !>., 7902 ; his sons rule as dukes, 8012; Ernest Fred. I., D., 8033; Francis Fred. Anthony, H.,8073; Ernest III., D., 8092 ; in Germanic Confed., 8113 ; de- posed ; exchanges territory ; Ernest I., D., 8133 ; reforms est., 8171 ; in N. Ger. Confederation, 8252 ; D. of Edinburgh ; reigns, 8371 . .Hermann Maurice, Count of, b., 6943; takes Brussels, 542i ; at Fontenoy ; mar- shal-gen. of Fr. ; in Holl. ; takes Namur, 7001 ; conquests, 11002; d., 8022. Hildburghausen, Prince of, at Ross- bach, 7021. Saxe-Schi. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1401 Saxe, John Godfrey, b., 1242; works, 1643; 1863,2551, 2903; d.,3261. Meiningen, Ger., fnd., 7973; annexa- tions, 8133 ; joins Ger. Confederation, 8252. -Teschen, D. of. (See Albert Kasi- — — Weimar, Ger., fnd., Eisenach an- nexed, 7972; divided, 7973 ; reunited, 8012 ; center of learning, 8033 ; Charles Albert, D., 8033 ; becomes duchy, 8092 ; accessions of territory; a grand duchy, 811 2 ; in Confederation ; new constitu- tion, 8113 ; Charles Fred., G. D., 8152 ; Charles Alex., G. 1)., 8193; Liberal party active, 8212 ; in N. Ger. Confederation, 8252; Pr. William bankrupt, 8343. , Gustave, Pr. of, d., 5342. Eisenach, Duke, b. (1604): d., 8361. theater, Ger., 7822, 8052. -Sax ton, Joseph, b., 1082 ; magneto-electric machine, 946 1 ; d., 2821 . , Rufus, b. (1824); enlists negroes, 2121 ; at Charleston, 247 i . Saxo Grammaticus, b.-d.,635i; mentions skating, 6353; translation of, 637 1 . Saxon Clironirle appears, 7803. Heptarchy, 8432, 3452 ; dynasty falls, 8461 ; supremacy restored, 847 2 . English language intro., 8483. Saxons, country of, 7691; aid Carausius, 7692 ; invade Brit., 8412 ; invade Rom. empire, 10712 ; enter Kent, 8401 ; do- mestic, 8411; revive idolatry, 8403 ; i n Eng.,7712; inNeth., 10973; independent, 7712; war vote, 7713; subjugated, 7701, 7771 ; repudiate Christian faith, 6643 ; conveyance law of land, 8451 ; revolt, 775 3 ; army surrenders, 5142 ; defeated by Henry III., 7742 j Maurice besieges Magdeburg; defeats Imperialists, 7921 ; concessions to Protestants revoked ; Jesuits in favor, 7923; Augustus, elector, 7932; Christian I., elector ; Christian II., John Geo. I., 7983 ; Altenburg inde- pendent ; Prot. union meets, 7933 ; suffers in 30 yrs'. war ; Leipsic taken ; Magde- burg blockaded, 7941 ( 7951 ; Tilly takes Madgeburg ; Gustavus wins at Leipsic ; invades Bohemia ; Wallenstein invades ; Gustavus wins at Liitzen, 7942 ; B. of Magdeburg, 796 1; John Geo. II.; John Geo. III., electors, 7973 ; B. of Olsnitz, of Brandiez; 2d B. Leipsic; Pietists rise, 7983; League of Augsburg ; John George IV., elector; Fred. Augustus L, elector ; electors are kings of Poland ; alliance with Den. and Bus., 7993 j invaded by Fred. II., 8001 ; Moravians commence Herrnhut, 8003; war of the Polish suc- cession ; Fred. Augustus II., elector, 5012 ; ally of Aust. ; indemnity to Prus., 8013; 3d Silesian war ; Fred. II. invades ; Fr. allies in; Aust. overruns, 8021 ; Peace of Hubertsburg ; Fred. Augustus III., elector, 9033; ally of Prus., 8052, 819 1 ; Fred. II. opposes emp. ; League of Ger. Princes find. ; Fred. William II. reigns; Cong, of Reiekenbaeh meets, 8053 ; in coalition, 9332; Fr. takes territory, 7161 , withdraws from alliance, 8092, 3; peace with Napoleon, 7172 ; loses Magdeburg ; Aust. holds Dresden, 8093 ; Napoleonic wars ; battles, 8101 ; Univ. Wittenberg joined, to Halle ; king flees, ; Fr. enter, 8111; leaves Confed. Rhine, 8112; Prus. gains part ; in Germanic Confederation, 8113; Univ. of Urfurt suspends, 8131; Ger. Union of Nat. Philosophers org. 8132; railway, Leipsic to Dresden, 814 1 ; Anthony Clement k. ; revolution ; Fred. Augustus II., regent; king, 1831; new con- stitution Zollverein est., 8152, riots, 817 1 ; insurrection, 8181 ; in alliance, 3 kings ; favors revision ; Union Pari, est., 819 1 ; John, king, 8211 ; invades Holstein ; Prus. invades, 8221 , 8241 ; ally of Aust., 8221 ; capital punishment abo|ished,825i , treaty with Prus., 8252 ; Albert, king, 8292; women in Univ., 8322; shoe dealers' strike, 8343. Saxony, Ger., Arminius revolts, 7681 ; Laws of Ina; bishoprics est., 7703 ; Sax- onssettlein Eng.,7712; rebellion against Charlemagne ; Franks subjugate ; re- volt, 7713; Magyars made, 772i ; monas- tery of Magdeburg est., 7723; duchy est.; Magdeburg fnd., 7732; s. Dynasty rules Ger.; North Mark est., 7733 ; House of Billing rules, 7733 ; Magdeburg arch- bishopricfnd.,7742; Henry IV. invades ; revolters defeated ; Wends defeated ; imperialists defeated, 7761 ; subdued by Henry, 7771; given to Albert, 7772; Henry the Lion D. ; Guelfs vs. Ghibel- lines ; Albert the Bear abdicates ; given to Henry the Lion, 7773; Bernard, D. ; Anhalt and Wittenberg annexed ; Henry overthrown; electoral divided, 7791 ; Hohenstaufens vs. Welfs, 7793 ; Dresden fnd., 7812; divided into duchies, 7812; Adolf devastates, 7821; Meissen Cathedral fnd. ,7*22; Altenburg annexed, 7S32; Wittenberg favored; Kudolph II., first elector, 7833; Univ. of Erfurt est., Univ. of Leipsic, 7851; given to Fred. ; Thuringia separated ; reunited, 7853 ; rifled gun inv., 7862 ; Univ. of Witten- berg fnd. ; Martin Luther in Univ., 7871 ; Leipsic fairs important ; divided ; Dres- den, capital ; Fred. ILL, D. of part ; Fred. III., D., 7872 ; George elector, 7873 ; encaustic painting ; lace-making ; Luth- er's Beformation, 7882, 3 ; Anabaptists appear; Protestant alliance, 7891; Ar- ticles of Muhlhausen ; John, elector, 7893; Protestants under ban, 7911 ; elec- tor presents a Protest ; elector chief of League of Schmalcald ; John Fred., D., 7912 ; Henry, elector ; Maurice, elec- tor ; Protestants under ban ; Altenburg added; Duke Maurice, elector; Dresden, capital, 7913. Saxony, peace of, 5132, 800i , 8252. Say, Horace Emile, b., 7102; d., 7342. , Jean Baptiste, b. (1767) ; Political Economy, 7152; d., 7262. , Leon, b. (1826); minister, 7473,7493,7511,2,3, 7532; Academician, 7521 ; pres. senate, 753 1 . , Lord Treas., executed; 862* . , Thomas, b., 982; d., 1422. Saybrooke, Conn., fort built ; Indians ravage, 341 ; Dutch expelled, 352; pur- chased, 373; Puritans at, 47i; British surprise, 1221 ; wreck, 4773. Platform formed, 563. Sayce, Archibald H.,b.,9522; works, 9963. Saye, Baron, title created, 8772. (or Say) and Sele, Viscount (Wm. Fiennes, b. 1582); minister, 8912; d. (1662). Sayers, Joseph D., b., 1522. , Thomas, prize fighter, 9643. Sayids, House of, reigns, 1043 3 ; over- thrown, 10452. Sayings of Alfred, author unknown, 8523. Sayle, Wm., in S. C, 451 . Sayre, Pa., murder in, 4511 . , David Austen, b. (1793); d., 2702. Sayreville, N.J. .Clemens Warner stabbed, 4743. Sayward, unlawful sealing, 3772. Sayyid (or Sayid), takes Medina, 4861; reigns, 4873, Ali, Sultan, 5632. Aseer, deposed, 4883. Barghash-b in-Said, decree, 5613 • d., 5623. Khalifa-Said, Sultan, 5623. Khiz Khan reigns, 10433. of Muscat, d., 5613. Thuwainy obtains Oman, 4882, Zan- zibar, 4883. Toorkee captures Muscat, 4883. Sazava, monastery of, fnd., 5023. Sealawags, nicknamed, 277 2 . Scales, Alfred Moore, b. (1827); gov., 3233. Scaliger, Joseph J., b., 6803; works, 6851, 6871; d.,6862. , Julius Caisar, b., 10783; works, 10812; d., 10803. Scammon, Rachel, in N. H., 583. Scanderberg, Rev. (Alexander), or Geo. Castriota, b.-d., 11562; defeated, 11561 . Scandia, cholera, 4153. Scandinavian Soc. advances confedera- tion, 11363. Scandinavians in Greenland, 1038 2 . Scanlan, Lawrence, cons, vicar apostolic, 3262. , William J., d., 1781 . Scanlen and Molteno ministry fmd., 6031 . Scannell, Richard, cons. E. C. bp., 3282. Scapula, John, b., 7902. Scarborough, E. of, title created, 8991 . , John, b. (1831); cons. P. E. bp., 2862. Scariff, eviction riots, 9871. Scarlatti, Alessandro, b., 10831 ■ works of, 10822; d., 10841. Scarpa, Antonio, b., 10842; d., 10862. Scarphea, action at, 10281 . Scarron, Paul, b., G862; works, 6891 6903; d., 6902. Scarrytown, W. Va., Federals captured, 1963. Scarsdale, Baron, title created, 9152. Scaurus, Marius Amilius, invades Tau- risci, 502 1 ; Roman prefect, 1151 2 ; builds marble theater, 1150 1,2; victories in Syria, 11511. Sceaux, Prus., attacked, 7403. Sceptre takes Dutch E. Indiaman, 9261; wrecked, 9282. Schack, Ct. Adolf Friedrich von, b. (1815) ; Moors in Spain, 8342. Godenhaus Wilhelm Friedrich, b., 8043; d.,8202. Schadow, Johann Gottfried, b., 8023; d., 8181. Schaeberle's comet visible, 988i . Schaefrer, Chas. Fred., b., 1141 ; d., 3022. Schafer, Arnold, b., 8122; d., 8302. Schaff, Philip, b., 1281; works, 2603,2651, 3323, 3982; d.,4401. .Sehaghticoke, N. Y., settlement destroyed, 681. Scharf, John Thomas, b. (1843); gift to Johns Hopkins University, 3822. , Joseph, trial of, 5303. Scharnhorst, Gerhard David von, b., 8023; commission, 8081 ; d., 8102. Scharnow, riot, 11223. Schassburg, Hung., battle, 5222. Schauenstein, Count Buol,prime minister, 5243; resigns, 5252. Schaumburg-Lippe, Ger. est., Philip, count, 7972; prineipalitv. .su ( .)3; in confedera- tion, 8113; in Tariff Union, 8193. Scheffel, Jos. Victor von, b., 8123; d.,8321. Schemer, Johann, b. (1621); works,797i,2; d. (1679). Schemer, Christoph, b. (1575) ; invents pantagraph, 7921; invents helioscope, 7943; d. (1650). Schelandre, Jean de, Tyr et Siddon, 6872. Schelde (or Scheldt), closed to commerce, 5413, 5431, 5473; abolishment of dues celebrated; 5443; capitalized by treaty, 11023. Scheele, Karl Wilhelm, b.-d.; discoveries of, 11342. Schell City, Mo., train robbed; 3702. Schellendorf, Count von, retires, 8332; minister, 8371. Scheller, Geo., arrested for arson, 3133. Schelling, Friedrich G., b., 8023; d., 8143. , Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, b., 8041; works, 8072; d., 8201. Schemberg, Theodorich, Frau Jutte, 7871 . Schenck, Robert Cumming, b., 1162; de- feated at Vienna, 196 1 ; at McDowell, 2071 ; martial law in Md., 2232; arrests disloyalists, 2292; minister to G. B., 2731 ; in Joint Commission, 2732 in Em- ma Mines fraud; resigns, 2913; at Lin- coln Tower, 9792; d., 3541 . Bill passes, 2592, 2663, 2671. Schendel, Petrus van, b., 5423; d., 5442. Schenectady, N. T., purchased, 413; set- tled, 43 2 ; attacked, 501 ; Academy fmd., 983; Union Coll. org., 1063; R. R. to Al- bany, 1393; 200th anniversary of mas- sacre, 3523; Conven. Y. W.C. A., 4001; burned, 5721. and SaratogaR. R. opd., 1413. Schenk, Hugo, executed, 5303. Schenkel, Daniel, b., 8102; d., 8302. Schenkendorf , Max von, b. (1783); Poems, 8111; d. (1817). Scherer, Gen. Barthelemy Louis Joseph, b. (1747); at Valenciennes, 710i ; atMag- nano, 7122; d. (1804). , Edmond Henri Adolphe, b., 7222; works, 7303, 7351 ; d., 7581 . Schereschewsky, Samuel T. J., cons. P.E. miss, bp., 2962. Schermerhorn, Simon J., b., 1342. Scherzer, Karl von, b., 5202. Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio, b., 10862; double canal in Mars, 4122. Schieren, Mayor, prohibits boxing, 4531. Schill, Ferdinand von, b., 8041 ; ends war with Fr., 8081; d., 8083. Schiller wrecked, 8293. Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von, 1402 Text Figures denote Page. 1JN L)fc,X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Schi-Seot. b.,8023; works, 8051,2, 807', 2, 9291; d., 8082; bust, 186'. Schilling, Johann, b., 8142. Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, b., 8042; d.,816'. Schism of the West, 7842; formal, Eng., 8723. Actintro. Eng., 9043; passed, 9052; repealed, 9072. Sehlagiiitweit, Adolf, b., 8142; d., 820'. , Baron Hermann von, b., 8123; d., 8302. , Kobert, b., 8142; d., 8302. Schlauch, L., consecrated, 536' . Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, b.,803'; ■works, 8072, 8091, 8132; d., 8162. , Elias, Theatrical Works, 801'. , Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von, b., 803', works, 8072; d., 8142. Schlegler Asso. formed, 7852. Schleicher, August, b., 8122; d., 8243. Schleiden, Matthias Jakob, b., 8082 ; d., 830'. Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel, b., 803' ; works, 8072, 8132; d., 8143. Schleuburg, Count J. M., at Corfu, 10341. Schleswig, Prus., Aust.-Prus. Army in, 5261 ; war with, 6361 ; conquered, 636' , 638'. 794'; surrendered to Danes, 7752; annexed to Den., 8222; incorporated with Prus., 8252; freedom favored, 831 ' . -Holstein ; Ditmarshes war with Den.; Danes defeated, 7861 Ditmarshes submit to Den., 7932; conquered by Im- perialists, 7941 ; Altona burned, 7981 ; union with Den. decreed, 8171; wars against Den.; Fred. VII. against, 6401; revolt ; incorporated ; question dis- cussed, 8172; common gov't est., 8173; 2d war; 3d war, 8181; claims recog- nized; gov't recognized, 81S3; constitu- tion illegal; constitution revived, 8211; ceded, 5233; dispute, 8212, 8222, S23', 8252; war in, 822', Federal Commis- sioners in, 6413; conquered, 796' ; incor- poration prevented, 5261 ; ceded to allies, 5263 ; rights transferred, 5272. Conference meets, 967 2 . Schlettstiidt, tier., bombarded, 7422. Schley, William, b. (1786); gov. Ga., 1453; d.(1858). , Winfleld Scott, b. (1839); commands expedition ; finds Greely expedition, 316' ; promoted capt., 328' ; final re- port, 3993. Schlever, Johami Martin, invents Yola- piik, 754'; Volapiik, 8303. SehlietrVn, Gen. von. chief of gcn.staff,834i . Schliemann, Heinrich, b., 8122; works, 8251,829', 8.303; explorations at Troy; at Mycenrc, 1158' ; d., 834' . Schloss, David F., Industrial Remunera- tion, 4203. Schlossarck executed, 5303. Schlosser, Friedrich C, b., 8042; works, 8052, 807', 813', 8163; d., 8202. Schlozer, August L. von, b.,8002; History of North, 805' ; d., 8083. Sehnialkald, alliance of, 7903; league fa- vored, 5102. Sclimauss, Johami Jakob, b., 7982; d., 8023. Schmerling, Anton von, b. (1805) minis- ter, 8173; ministry ends, 823'; d. (1893). Selunid, Leopold, b., 8083; d. (1869). Schmidt, Dervck, gov. Pa. (1655). , Heinrich Julian, b., 8122; d., 8321 . , Michael L., b., 8002; d., 8063. Schmittberger, Police Capt., bribery, 4523. Schmitz, Leouhard, b., 8083; d., 10022. Sclnnolk, Benjamin, b., 7903; d., 8002. Schmucker, Sam. Simon, h. (1799); d., 2821 . Schneider, Augusta, shoots tenant, 4403. , Conrad "victor, b., 7923; d., 7971 . , Joseph Eugene, b., 7163; pres. cham- ber, 7373; d., 7501. , Hortense Catherine, b., 7262. , Johann Georg, b., 8022; d., 8122. Schnell, Augustus, surety for J. Davis, 2563. Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, b., 8063; d., 8281. Schoener, Leonard, burned, 7902. Schoenfelder, Prof., Archbp. of Bamberg, 8342. Schoepf, Maj., at NewportNews,202'. Schofield, John McAllister, b., 1382; com- mands army of Mo., 2222; moves 23d corps, 2301 ; at Goldsboro; at Kinston, 2303; commands army of Ohio, 2322; reaches Columbia; retires before Hood, 2401; at Franklin, 2402; commands in N. C, 2421 ; captures Ft. Anderson, 2422; defeats Confederates at Kinston, 2441 ; commands 1st military district, 256'; at Richmond, 2572; removed, 262' : sec. war, 263', 267'; maj.-gen., 266' ; trial of Fitz-John Porter, 298' ; military board, 322' ; commander U. S. A., 330' . Schb'ffer, Peter, b., 7843; d., 7863. SchofHer, M., beheaded, 4803. Scholecher, Victor, abolishes slavery, 7303. Scholey, George, lord mayor Loud. ,9353. SehoH,'Maximiliaii Samson Friedrich, b., 8023; d., 8142. Scholten, Johannes Hendrik, b.-d., 1102' . Scholz, Dr. von, minister; resigns, 835' . Schomberg, Capt., in Madagascar, 9342. , Fred, von, b. (1615); commands at Villaviciosa, 1128' ; in Eng. with Wil- liam of Orange, 8901 ; k. (1690). , Comte Henri de, b., 684' ; at Castel- nandary, 68S' ; d., 6882. SchombuVgk, Sir Kobert Hermann, b., 8082; water-lily, 9482; d., 822'. Schonbein, Christian Friedrich, b., 8063. dis. antozone. 820'; dis. ozone, 1138'; guncotton;colloilioii,8l61, 11381 ;d.,8243. , Johann L.. d., 8222. Schonborn, F. de Paul, Cardinal, 5322. Schbnbrann, O., Indian mission opd., 763. Schonbrunn, Aust., peace of, 5193; sover- eigns meet, 8231 . Schbnebeck, Bruno von, Sour/ or' Solomon, 7803. Schonlein, Johann Lucas, b.,8062; d.(1864). School Act, reformatory, passes, 9623. , Can., passes, 5823. Inspection Bill opposed, Ger., 8263, Schoolcraft, Henry Kowe, b., 104*; disc. source of Miss. River, 1401 ; works, 1283, 1443; d., 2411. School of Philo.; Seaside Assembly, 3862. Schools opposed, Algeria, 102; in Iceland, 132. , Am. Conf. of Protestant Denomina- tions on morals in, 3702; in the South progressing, 3423 ; public, defense of, la., 3602; no Bible in, 3923; p op e Leo's letter on, 4322. provided in Aust., 5242. increased, Hung., 5321. , Can., separate lor R. C. denied, 5902, 592'. , China, established, 6102; promoted by emperor. 6142. , Ger., est. imperial control by Joseph II., Ger., 8052; free, are est., 813'. , G. B., teach in English, 8603; charity first in London, 8963, 9043; charter est., 9091; infant, first in Scot., 9383; in Lon- don, 9391; Board-schools in Sheffield, 9783. in railway cars, Rus., 11203. Schoolship Cornwall established, 9631. Schoonmaker, Augustus, l>. (1828) ; Inter- state Commissioner, 351 2 . , Jacob, pres. Reformed synod, 1351. Schopenhauer, Arthur, b., 8043 ; advocates pessimism, 8121 ; works, 8131 ; d. (I860.) — — , Madam (Johanna HenrietteTrosina), b., 8031; d., 8181. Schopflin, Johann Daniel, b., 7982; d., 8031. Sehopper, Hermann, Speculum vitas auli- cx, 7931 . Schottelius, Justus G., works, 7971. Schouler, James, b., 1502; works, 3063, 4482. Schouvaloff, Count Peter, d., 11201. Schouw, Joachim Fredic, b., 6382; Geog- raphy of Plants, 6391 ; d., 6403. Schrader', F.berhard, b., 8143. Schreuder mission, 5982. Schreyer, Adolph, b., 8142. Schro'ter, Christoph Gottlieb, b. (1649); in- vents pianoforte, 7982; d. (1782), Schubert, Franz Peter, b., 8063; d., 8141. Schuehburg, Richard, Yankee Doodle, 9132. Schufeldt, Commodore Robert W., sent to Korea, 10941 . Schulembourg, Johann Matthias, b.,7963; d., 8003. Seluilte, Johann Friedrich von, 8141. Schultz, C. A., feud, 3903. , Heinrich, writes music, 7943; pre- pares cinnebar, 7982. , John Christian, b. (1840) ; gov. Man- itoba ; gives hospital site, 5862. Schultze, Ernst, d., 812' . , Johann Abraham Peter, b., 8003; d.. 807'. , Max Johann Sigismund, b., 8123; d., 828'. Scbulze, Ernst, b., 8043; Enchanted Hose, 813'. — Delitzsch, Hermann, b., 807' ; d., 8302. Schumacher, Hendrick Christian, b., 6382: d., 6403. , Peter, C. of Griffenfeld, b., 6362; d., 6363. Schumann, Robert, b., 8102; d., 820' . , Valentine, A'achtbuclilein, 793'. Schrums, Mrs. Annie, murdered, 448 3 . Sehuremaii, John, president synod, 1242. , W. H., embezzling, 4303. Schurman, Jacob Gould, b. (1854) ; presi- dent Cornell, 4042. Schurz, Carl, b., 1362; pres. Liberal Re- publicans, 2783; minister, 295 2 ; presi- dent Reform League, 4763. Schuyler, Eugene, b.. 1522; d. (1890). , Peter, b. (1675) ; Can. raid ; protects settlers ; liberates Mohawks, 52' ; leads Iroquois, 574' ; commands in N. Y., 593; d. (1724). , Philip John, b. (1733) ; with Wash- ington at Morristown, 843; commands northern army, 86 2 ; in N. Y., 87'; d., 1122. Schuylkill, Pa., Dutch purchase land, 333. Schwab, anarchist, sentenced, 3272. , Count, monument to, 364' . Schwabe, Heinrich Samuel, b. (17S9) ; dis. sun-spots, 812' ; d. (1875). , Magiste, works, 801' . Sclrwabenspif act issued, 7783. Sehwach, Smaa/lif/tr appears, 11042. Schwanhard uses tiuoric acid, 7963. Schwann, Theodor, b., 8102; cell theory, 814' ; d., 8302. Schwanthaler, Ludwig Michael, b., 8082; d.,8102. Schwartz, Mine. (Marie Sophie Birath) , b., 1136' ; works, 11363. , Wilhelm, b., 8122. Schwarz, Christian Friedrich, b.,8002; d., 8063. , Karl Heinrich Wilhelm, b., 8102. Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt, principality, 7993; in Confederation, 8093. Sondershausen, principality, 7992; Confederation, 8093; hi N. Ger.' Confed- eration, 8252. Schwarzenberg, Pr. Alexis, wounded, 5323. , Felix Ludwig Johann Friedrich von, b. (1800); ministry, 5233, 8173; against union, 8192; d. (1852). , Prince Karl Philipp von, b., 5163; in Bohemian armv. 52(1' ; against Napo- leon, 7181; at Nbllendorf, 7201 ; at Leip- sic,7202; atBar-sur-Aube,7203; d.,8122. Schwatka, Fred., b., 1662; leads Franklin search expedition, 3021; in N. Mex., 3401; in Chicago, 3533; Land of Cliff- dwellers, 4782; d., 4161. Schwechat, Hungarians routed at, 5221. Schwcglcr, Albrecht, b., 8122 ; works, 8163 ; d., 8201 . Schweidnitz, Prus., Austrians take ; Fred- erick II. takes, 5162; castle stormed; Austrians defeated, 8022. Schweinfurth Georg August, b., 8143. Schweinitz, Edmund Alexander, b., 1322; (1887). , von, Lewis David, b., 931 ; d., 1422. Schweinschadel, Bohemia, engagement, 8241. Schwenckfeld, Kaspar, b., 7862; d., 7922. Schwenkfelders, memorial reunion, 3942. Schwerin, Count Kurt Christoph, b.(1684); Prussian leader, 5141 ; killed, 5161 . Ministry resigns, 8213. Schwetschke. Karl Gnstav, b., 8082. Sehwilgue, Jean Baptiste, b. (1776); weigh- ing machine, 8062; repairs Strasburg clock; 8161; d. (1856). Schwyz, war with Zurich, 11371 ; chartered 11373. Science, Am. Asso. for Advancement of, founded. (See Am. Association.) Sciences advance, Eng., 8901 . Scientific researches made public, 9242. Scotch colonists in Canada, 5713. Crofters tenure, 9952. E. I. Co. started, 10451 . Guards protect Fr. king, 6763. Scot-Seem. Text Figures denote Page. IN -Oil. A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1403 Scotch Intelligence issued, S851 . — -Irish Congress, Atlanta, 4062, 4302. — - Local Government Bill, 10013, 10123. Scotists appear, 8542. Scotland, Morisonians suspended ; Wit- ness issued, 9503; Queen's first visit, 9513; steam-hammer inv., 9521; discus- sions on livings ; Free Church secedes, 9522; poor-law system est., 953'; United Presb. Church fmd. by union ; Edin- burgh Philo. Soc. org., 9543; Nat. Gal- lery fnd., 950 1 ; Sunday closing enforced, 959' ; Meteorological Society fud., 9602; Aberdeen Univ. amalgamates Marisehal and King's colls., 9023; Nat. Bible Soc. org., 9642; vaccination compulsory, 9673; Nat. Museum of Science and Art opd., 968 1 ; Parliamentary Reform favored, 9693; Parliamentary Reform Bill for, 9713; Tay Bridge opd., 9741 ; Education Act passed, 9703; patronage in est. church abolished, 9782; Stephen Mitch- ell founds free library, 9791 ; Epis. Church Central Committee ; Episcopal Church Woman's Miss. Asso , 9S0 3 ; R. Cath. hierarchy restored, 9822; destruc- tive gales, 9881*; Home Rule movement org., 9892; Acad, of Music est., 9901 ; ejectments resisted, 9943; Forth Bridge opd., 10921, 10033, 10053; Home Rule Asso. Conf., 1005'; women in St. An- drew's Univ., 10082; Free Church jubi- lee, 10102; miners' strike ends, 101U. (See text, pp. 839-1012 following locality word. Scot.) Scots Greys Regt. formed, 8961 . Scott, Abraham M., gov. Miss., 1393. , Austin, pres. Rutgers College, 3722. , Carolina Lavinia, marries Benjamin Harrison, 1732. , Charles, governor Ky., 1153. , C. Pern . consecrated bishop, 9862. , Sir Geo. Gilbert, b. (1810+) ; designs entrance Westminster, 9882; d. (1878). , James A., pres. World's Fair, 3S13. , John, E. of Eldon, b., 9123; chief justice, 9233; minister. 931 2, 9332, 3, 9372; d., 9482. , , governor Guiana, 10393. , — -W., d., 41S1. , Levi, b. (1802) ; ord. M. E. hp., 1702; d. (1882). .Michael, b. (1789); works, 9443; d., 8562. , (or Scotl. magician, d., 856 2 . , R. H., Weather Charts, Storm Warn- ings, 9811 . , Robert Kingston, h. (1826) ; gov. S.C., 2653. , Roger, trial of, 363 . Siddons, Mrs. (Mary Frances), b., 10462. , Thomas, b., 9122; d., 9403. , Fielding, b. (1807) ; cons. P. E. "bishop, 1741 ; d. (1867). , H. S., b., 9522. — -, Sir Walter, b., 9183; works, 9291, 9331 , 9371 ,2, 9423, 9431 ; d., 9402; monu- ment, 9501 ; statue, 2801 . William, M Congress, d., 3922. , Anderson, b. (1S13) ; moderator, 1842; d. (1885). , , Baron St.. well, b., 91113; d., 9482. , Bell, ., 962 ; d., 2521 . Seattle, Wash., Anti-Chinese rioters, 3221 , 2, 3232 ; fire, 3413 ; recovers, 3432; anni- versary of fire, .ir;i|3 ; Telei/mjili issued, 3743; Washington Univ. frid., 1991. Seaioanhaka burned, 3053 . Sea Wi/ng capsized', 3653. Seay, A. J., inaug. gov. Okla., 4211. , Thomas, governor Ala., 3252, 3332. Sebastian, Brazil, founded, 251. , king of Port., b.-d., 11092 ; reigns, 11093 ; invades Morocco, 11101 ; k., 10971 . , Wm. King. I). (1814) ; expelled, 1973 ; d. (1865). Sebastiani, Cointe, Francois Bastien Hor- ace, b., 7043 ; d., 7302. Sehastojtol, iron-clad launched, 11221; Tchesme launched, 11231 . .Russia, bombarded, 9581, 9601 ; de- stroyed ; evacuated, 9601 , Sebennytus, dynasty at, 651 3 . Secandum, battle at, 8421 . Secannus, .Einilius, theater of, 10513. Secession, U. S. A., first conspiracy, 1192 ; in Mass., 1232 ; threatened, 1671 ; secret prelude, 18S2; S. C. proposes ; non-coer- cion, 1883 ; Sec. Cobb joins; Jeff. Davis advocates ; committee for pacification ; Commissioners for ; commended by M. C, 1891; s. C. leads, 1S92; states secede; caucus at Wash. ; control of South ; Sec. Thompson joins, 191 1 ; ratified in Tex., 1923 ; of Va., 1933; mob at Balti- more, 1941,3; by coercion, 195 3 ; re- jected in Md., 1951 . (See Southern Con- federacy and each seceding State.) Secessionists seize forts, 1901 ; in North, 2021. Secessionville, S. C, Feds, defeated, 2091 . Secchi, Pietro Angelo, b., 10N02; a^ 10882. Sechenheim, Ger., battle of, 7861 , Seckendorf, Count Friedrich Heinrich von, b., 7963 ; d., 8023. , Veit Ludwig von, b., 7943 ; d., 79S2. Seeker, Thos., b. (1093) ; archbp. Canter- bury, 9151; d. (1768). Secocceni, lying, leader, 11242. Secretan, M. E . paintings of, 7581 . Secret-Ballot Bill rejected, G. B., 9572 ; law in Am., 3492. (See Australian ballot.) Service, vote passes, Fr., 7612 ; fund voted, 7652. Societies condemned, Ire., 9702. Secretary bursts boilers, 1753. Secretin, M., trial for fraud, 7603. Secular education, state controls, 5291 . games restored, 1067 1 . Union, Am., World's Fair, 4022. Security from Violence Act passes, 9672. Sedaine, Michel Jean, b. (1719); works, 7013, 7033, 7051 ; d. (1797). Sedalia, Mo., Nat. Farmers' Cong., 3943 ; dam, 4432. Sedan, Fr., tower of, 6873 ; joins with Sp., 6881 ; p ro t. Univ. abolished, 6951 ; p r . retreat to ; battle of, 7402 ; surrender announced; emp. becomes prisoner, 7411 . Day, anniversary eel., Ger., 836 3 . Sedoleii rescues Aurora, 1073. Sedgemoor, Eng., battle of, 8961 . Sedgewiek, Adam, b., 9223 ; d. (1873). Sedgwick, Catherine y I aria, I >., 100 1 ; works, 1311,1463; d., 2582. , Henry, Elements of Politics, 10082. , Gen. John, b., 1211; near Corinth, ■2081; at Chancellorsville, 2211; at Get- tysburg, 2241 ; at Rappahannock Station, 2281 ; near Kapidan, 2321 ; k., 2323. , Theodore b. (1747) ; speaker house, 1093; pres. senate, 1092 ; d., 1211 . , , h. (1811) ; d., 1842. Seditious writings prohibited, Eng., 9272 ; speeches criminal, 9552. Sedley, Sir Charles, b., 8822 ; d., 9022. Sedwards, Jeffery, org. Temp. Soc, 9432. Seebeck, Johann Thomas, b. (1770) ; ther- mo-electricity, 8121 ; d. (1S31). Seed Supply Act passes, G. B., 9852. Seeley, Elias P., governor N. J., 1433. , F. A., minister to Madrid, 355 2 . , John Robert, b., 9462 ; works, 9702, 9843. , Julius Hawley, b., 1321 . , Samuel C, defaulter, 4762. Seely, Henry B., a commander, 3221 . Seeriiann, Berthold, b. ,8123 ; d., 8262. 1404 Text Figures denote Page. IN J-)li.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Seet-Seve. Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, b., 8031 ; d., 8102. Seftou, Earl, title created, 9172 ; Baron, title created, 945 i . Sefulu, mission, 6023. Segan-Foo, China, taken, 6122. Segrave, Baron, title created, 855 1 . Seguin, Arthur Edward, b. (1809); d., 3041 . , Edouard, b., 7192 - d., 7522. Seguir, Alcaeer, captured, 10971. Selgur, Comte, Louis Philippe de, b., 7011 j d., 7261. , Comte, Philippe Paul de, b., 7051; NapoUon, 725 1 ; d., 7462. Se-hotep-ab-Ka reigns, Egypt, 6472. Seikwan, battle at, 6262. Seilah, Fr. missionaries dead, 5632. Seiss, Joseph Augustis, b., 1303. Seitz, John, nom. for gov., Ohio, 389 2 . Sejanus, poisons Drusus, 10631 ; under Tiberius ; killed, 10632. Sekander Lodi, reigns, 10433. Sekenen-Ra reigns, "Egypt, 6473. Sekigahara, battle of, 10911. Selborne,Lord. (See Palmer, Roundell.) , Earl of, title created, 9871 . , Society established, 9943. ;Selden, John, b., 8742 ; Table Talk, 8983 ; d., 8882. Sele, Baron, title created, 8772. ; Selectmen appointed, Mass., 352. Select Vieivs of Literature, 1191 . Selenium discovered, 11361 . Seleucia burned, 1064 1 ; taken, 1151 1 ; con- quered, 11061 ; Council of, meets, 11063 ; capital, 11491 ; inhabitants killed, 11532; annexed to Mesopotamia, 11551. Soleueidre, rule Asia, 10272. Seleucidan Era, begins, 11073. Seleucus reigns, 1147 3 . Seleucus I., Nicator, divides empire, 10271 ; unites empire, 10272 ; reigns ; fnds. em- pire ; takes Babylon, 11491; recovers Babylon, 10253 ; divorces queen, 11483 ; at Ipsus ; war with Lysimachus, 10261; d., 10272, 11482, H491. IV., Philopator, reigns, 1149 2 . Callinicus, reigns, 11491. Ceraunus, reigns, 11491. . Self-binders introduced, Am., 2761. denying' >rdinaneepassed, Eng.,8871 ; . Selfridge, Capt. Thomas Oliver, b. (1804) ; decoration by Fr.,466 3 ; made commo- dore, 4561 . Seliml.,b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572; subdues Egypt, 6542; calif ale, 4873; i,, Cairo, 6553. II., reigns, 11572 ; in Tunis, 11392. III., b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 11572. Bey, prisoner, E. Africa, 5641 . Selinginsk, mission at, 11171 . Seliverskoff, (Jen., killed, 7603. Seljuk, Turkish leader, 11552. dynasty divided, 1155 2 . Turks invade empire, 10321 ; rule Per- sia, 11072; kingdom declines, 4872. Selkirk, Alexander, b., 8942; d., 9062. , Lord, in Hudson Bay territory, 9373. , hospital site, Can., 5862 ; settlement founded, 5773. Sellar, William Young, d., 1004t . Sellasia, action at, 10262. Sellon, Lvdia Priscilla, est. sisterhoods, 9543. Selma, Ala., Federals capture, 2451 ; Bur- rill School opd., 2623; Univ. fnd., 3002. Selmer, Christian, impeached, 1105 2 . Selons, Henry C, d., 10041 . Seluan, N., eons, bishop, 10082. Selwyn, Sir Ohas. Jasper, 1. justice, 9713. , George Augustus, b., 9351 ; d. (1879). , John R., elected bishop, 9803. College. (See Cambridge.) Selymbria taken, 10221 . Semalle leaves Peking, 6233. Semanario Erudite issued, 11292. Patriotico issued, 11311. Pittoresro Espa/'io/ issued, 11311. Se-ma-tsien, historical dates, 6102. Sembratowics, Archbp., assaulted, 5342. Semen-Ptah reigns, Egypt, 6453. Seminara, It., battle of, 6782. Seminole Indians removed, 1851. war in Ala., 1261 , 1701 . Semiramis, employs eunuchs, 11411 ; wife of Ramman-Xarari III., 11451 . Semitic religion in Egypt, 6482. Sender, Johann Salonio, b., 7983; d.,8043. ;, Semraes, Raphael, b., 1162; commands Sumter, 1962; commands Alabama, 2121 1 2343; Service Afloat, 2683; d.,2961. Sempach, Switz., battle of, 506i. Semper, Gottfried, b., 8082; d., 8301. , Karl, h., 8142. Sempill, Baron, title created, 867 1 . Semple, Eugene, nom. for gov., 3451 . , James, b. (1798) ; d., 2541 . Semprad, King, martyred, 11551. Sempronius, Caius, leader civil strife, 10571. Senalfe, Abys., Italians in, 22. Senancour, Etieime Pivert de, b., 7042 ; works, 7151 ( 7231 ; d., 7283. Senate, U. S., eminent, 1G71 ; library fnd., 1703 ; occupies new chamber, 1852; extra sessions, 2433, ^,373, ^72, 3372; elections regulated, 2532 ; all-night session, 4251 ; long session, 4411; counting quorum, 4572. , Fr., est., 6332, 7492 ; last meeting, 741i ; constituted, 7493. , Roman, ratifies laws, 10632. Senator by appointment void, 4371. Senators by direct vote, 4671. Sendai, missions at, 10921,2. Sendall, "Walter J., governor, 6031 . Seneca Falls, N. Y., fire, 3653 . Indians, mission among, 1103. Mills, Md., Cont'eds. attack, 8961. , Lucius Annseus, b.-d., 10622,3; notes gravitation; studies tides, 10622; works of, 10623; teacher to Nero, 10633; killed, 10631. Senefelder, Alois, or Aloys, b., 8031 ; lith- ography, 5191 ; papvgraphy, 520 2 ; d., 5203. Seneffe, Belg., battle of, 6921 . Se-nefer-ka-Ra reigns, Egypt, 6472, Seneferu reigns, Egypt, 6451,3; leaves in- scription, 6452. Senegal (see text, p. 1161) ; recovered by France, 7053; taken by British, 9341. Senegambia, cedes territorial rights, 7631 . (See text, p. 1161.) Seney, George I., b., 1342; sale of pictures, 3781; d., 4261. Senez, bishop of, expelled, 6991. Senior, Nassau Wm, b., 9243; d., 9681. Senkorics, Fortress, taken, 5281. Sennaar, Africa, taken, 6602. Sennacherib reigns, 11453 ; defeats Egyp- tians, 650 1 ; great campaign ; takes Ash- dod, 11442; in Judea, 11453. Senner, Dr., examination, 4311. Senones, Celtic, besiege Arretium ; de- feated, 10522. Senova, Turk., battle at, 5661 . Senta, reigns, Egypt, 6453. Sentenne, Cure, denounces Labor Day, 5882. Senter, DeWitt C, gov. Tenn., 2693. Sentinum, Italy, battle of, 6621 . Sentius Saturnius, legatus, 1151 3 . Seoul, Japanese repulse troops, 6261 ; fa- natical outbreak, 10941 ; mission, 10942 ; Union Christian Church org., 10942. Separatists, appear ; committed to Black- well, 8723. Sepharvaim, colony planted, 1145 3 . Sepoy Rebellion in India, 10481 ; mutiny, 6182,9321,9601. Septamania, annexed to Fr., 6653. Septennial Act passed, Eng., 9053. Septien, Jose" Manuel Pareja y.adm.,6072. Septuagint version of scriptures, 6523 ; translated, 11483. Sequoia Park enactment, Cal., 3691 , 3921 . Ser reigns, Egypt, 6453. Seraing, Belg.,' anarchists, 5471 ; dynamite explosion, 548i . Serajevo, Bosnia, founded, 5093 ; bom- barded, 5281 ; taken, 5123. Serampur, Ind., Danes settle, 10443 ; mis- sionaries arrive, 10462 ; College of, fnd., 10463. Seraphine, introduced by Green, 9461 . Serapis, battle with, 903. Serapis, worshiped, Rome, 10643 ; temple and worship destroyed, 6543. Serfdom, in Cape Colony, 5972 ; abolished in Ger., 797 i,Ki:i2; abolished, Eng.,891 1,2; abolished in Russia, 11191. Serfs, in Mex. and Peru, 113; condition improved, Hung., 5172; in Brit., 841 1 ; emancipation in Russia, 11211. Sergeant, John, b., 912 ; electoral vote, 1413 ; d., 1702. Sergius I., St., pope, 10722; changes name for pope ; inst. Feast Nativity of Virgin, 10723 ; d., 10721. Sergius II., pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . III., pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . IV., pope, 10731 • d., 10722. Seria Frio, Brazil, diamond mines, 60i . Seribas, expedition against ; pirates, 5521 . Seringapatam, India, taken, 924 1 ; mutiny at, 9341 ; stormed, 10442. Serna, Gen. Jose^ de la, defeated, 5501 . Serokina, mission, 6571 , Serpa-Pinto, Alex. Alberto da Rocha, b.-d., 11102 ; attacks Africans, 11122. Serpent launched, 9961 ; i UlS t, 10041 . Serpentine, first worked, 7921. Serra, Junipero, b. (1712) ; at San Diego, 762 ; d. (1734). Serrano y Dominguez, Francisco, Duke de la Torre, b.-d., 11303 ; at Alcolla, 1130 2 ; assumes gov't; exiled, 11313 ; in Navarre ; commands troops, 11321 ; chief executive Sp. ; regent, 11332. Serres, Etieime Renaud Augustin,b.,7062; d., 7332. Sertorius, Quintus, b.-d., 10563 ; besieges Rome, 10562 ; driven from Sp. ; war against ; defeats Pompey, 10581 ; revolts, 11252 ; murdered, 10581 . (younger), leader of Democrats, 1059t. Servant, Adam, mayor of London, 8513. Servants, Duty Act, Eng., 921 2 ; tax im- posed, 9232. Servetus, Michael, b.-d., 11263 ; discovery of circulation of blood, 11281; burned, 11372. Servia, speed record, 9893. Servia (see text, pp. 1123, 1124); invaded, 10522 ; Goths defeated, 10661 ; annexed, Turk., 11572, 11592; ceded, 5151; Aust. in, 5163; supports Herzegovina, 5281; settled, 5653 ; W ar against Turk., 11581; Turk, 'signs peace, 11592 ; war against Bulg., 5671; warned, 5332; rebel refu- gees, 5671. Servian colonists, serfs, 515 1 ; press at- tacks Aust., 5332 ; raids, 5671 ; boundary treaty, 5691. Servians leave Bulg., 5662 ; decorated by emp.,5343; exodus to Russia, 5153. Service Pension Bill intro., U. S. A., 349'. Servile War, 1st, 2d, 10561 ,2. Servilius, Cneius, against Hannibal, 10541 . , Publius, against pirates ; conquests, 105S1. Servitude of Aliens Bill, U. S. A., 2843, 2852. Seryer Pasha, defeats insurgents, 5281. Sesheke, mission, 6023. Sesostris, King, Egypt, b.-d., 6482. (Rameses II. '.'), conquests, 11413. Sessums, Davis, cons, assistant bp., 3861. Seth, preserver of religion, 11391. Set-es, reigns, Egypt, 6453. Seti I., reigns, Egypt, 0492 ; conquests, 4831 ,2,6481 ; favors pi dytheistic religion ; sinks artesian well ; named, 6482. Setia, Latin colony at, 10513. Setin, Lieut., in duel, 9531 . Setler, Michael, martyr, 7891 . Setnekht, reigns, Egypt, 6493. Seton Hall College established, 1802. Settle, Thomas, b., 2501 ; Pies. Republican Nat. Convention, 279 1 ; d. (1357). Settled I. ami Act passes Eng., 9912. Settlement Act passes, 8891. Seuthes, king of Odrysa*, 10213. Seven Days' Battles, Ya., 2091. Pines, Va., battle of, 2082. Sacraments, decreed, Ger., 7851 . Sages of, Gr., 10163. Seventh-Day Adventists. (See Adventists.) Baptists. (See Baptists). Years' War, 5142, 7033, 7973. Severinus, pope, 10722. Severn launched, 9921 , Severn, joined to Thames by canal, 9253. Severndroog, taken, 9241 . Severnoi Arkli'ir issued, 11171. Severus, Flavius Valerius Augustus ; Caesar, k., 10673. - — , Libius, reigns ; 10712. , Lucius Septimus, b.-d., 10642; at By- zantium, 10641; favors Jews; persecu- tor, 10643 ; reigns, 10293, 10652 ; builds at Baalbec, 11532 ; crushes Niger ; over- throws Albinus ; conquests in Scot., 10653 ; i T1 Egypt, 6533 ; victory near Lyons, 6622 ; i n Gt. Brit. ; wall built, 8401; Caledonian treaty, 8411; d., 10653. , Marcus Aurelius Alexander, b.-d., Sevi-Shel. Text Figures denote Page. IN D.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1405 10642 ; at Palmyra, 10641 ; rules, 10653; ruler in Eng., 10651 ; defeats Alemanni, 1068' ; killed, 10653. Sevier, Ambrose Hundley, b. (1802) ; signs peace with Hex., 165' ; d. (1848). , John, b., 662 ; against Indians, 923 ; gov., 99', 1132; d., 1242. River, Utah, dam bursts, 3G1 3 . Sevierville, Tenn., Conf eds. defeated, 230' . Se'vigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Mar- quise de, b., 6863; Letters, 693' ; d.,6943. Seville, Sp., taken, 1126' ; Univ. founded, 1127' ; annexed, 11273 ; bombarded, 1130' . woman burned, 1131 ' ; insurrections, 11323 ; peace signed, 6993. Sevres, Fr., porcelain factory established, 7022 ; surrenders, 7403. Sewage Bill passes, Fr., 7572. Sewall, Samuel, b., 38' ; confession of, 53' ; Selling of Joseph, 543 ; d., 62' . , , clergyman, b. (1785) ; d., 2602. , Thomas, writer, b. (1786) ; d., 158' . Seward, Anna, b., 9122; d., 935' . , George Frederick, stabbed, 247' . , Wm, Henry, b., 110' ; gov., N. Y., 1512 ; dominates N. Y. politics, 165 2 ; nom. for pres., 1873; on Committee of 13, 189 2 ; replies to commissioners, 1922; sec. state, 193' ; Eng. refuses demands 1992 ; assassins' plan ; meets Confed. Commissioners, 243' ; stabbed, 247' ; Ala- bama claims, 2552; d.,278'; statue,294'. Sewel, William, b., 8882. Sewell's Point, Va., Federals attacked, 1943, 207'. Sewer Pipe Trust fnd., U.S.A., 3353, 4293. Sewing-machine, invented, 154' ,5202,726' , 9322 ; patented, 1602. needles made, 872' . silk manufactured, 136' . Sextant, in Arabia, 486' ; reflecting, made, Eng., 908' ; inv., Fr., 792' . Sexton, Thomas, house defended, 997'; lord mayor of .Dublin, 997 3 ; examined, 9993. , Irish agitator, 9883. Sextus, Lucius, union of classes ; first curule magistrate, 10513. Seydlitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von, b. (1721); at Frieberg, 5162 ; d. (1773). Seyffarth, Gustav, b. (1796) ; d., 3202. Seymour, Conn., R. R. collision, 4653. , A. L., indicted contempt of sen., 4732. , Axny, shoots Judge Ferrell, 475' . , Charles B., d., 262' . , Edward, D. of Somerset, b.,8662; in- vades Scot., 870' ; minister ; dismissed, 8712; beheaded, 870' , 8712. , Sir , b. (1633); minister, 8912, 8933: opposed asspeaker,8952; d.(1708). , Sir Francis, d., 10022. , George Franklin, b., 1362 ; cons. P. E. bishop, 2983. , Horatio, b., 1162 ; gov., N. Y., 1743, 2152, 2293 ; draft riot in N. Y., 2252 ; against draft, 2273; nom. for pres, U. S., 2633; vote, 2651,3; d., 3222. , Isaac, d., 229'. , Jane, marries Henry, 869' ; d., 8692. , John, governor Md., 572. , S., in interior dept., 447 2 . , Sir Michael Culme, b. (1802) ; destroys fleet ; at Canton, 6182 ; at Alexandria, 658' ; commands Mediterranean fleet, 1010'. , Rev. Richard, colonist, 262. , Henry F.,Marq. of Drogheda,d.,1008'. , Thomas, L. Sudely, beheaded, 871 2 . , Hart, b. (1808); gov. Conn., 169' ; candidate pres. nom, 2393 ; d. (1868). , Truman, b. (1824) ; assaults Ft. Wag- ner, 225' ; leads Fla. expedition, 230' ; de- feated at Olustee Station, 2302; d.,394'. Seyssel, Claude de, b., 6782 ; works, 681' ; d., 6803. Sezzo Frio, Braz., diamonds dis., 554' . Sezegedin, seat of government, 523' . Sforza, house of, rules Milan, 10793. , Francesco, Duke, b.-d., 10782. , D. Ludovico, captured, 1078' ; rules in Milan, 7873, 10793 ; d., 10802. STiabak conquers Egypt, 650' . Shabotok reigns, Egypt, 651' . Shackleford, Gen. James M., b. (1827) ; at Bean's Station, 2283. Shadrach in fiery furnace, 11463. Shadwell, Launcelot, vice-chancellor; com- missioner, 9473, 9553. , Thomas b., 8842 ; poet laureate, 8983. Shadyside, N. J., fire, 3453. Shafer, Helen Almira, d., 448' . Shaffer, Chauncy, d., 460' . . J. Wilson, gov. Utah, 2693; restrains militia, 2701,2713. Shafford, Alfred, lynched, 3332. Shatter, Wm. Rufus, b. (1835); col. vol. (1864); a colonel U. S. A., 300'; brevet brig.-gen. (1865). Shaftsbury, Vt., Bapt. church fmd., 762. Shaftesbury, Earl of, title created, 8932. , Earl of. (See Cooper.) Shah-Abdul-Azim, R. R. opened, 11083. Shairp, John Campbell, b., 9383 ; works, 9722,9882 ; d., 994'. Shakers in Am., 763, 782, 982,3 ; sign cov- enant, 1062. Shakespeare, William, b., 872' ; leaves Stratford, 876' ; Globe theater built ; Lord Chamberlain's company, 876 2 ; works, 877' , 2 ; d., 880' ; works appear, 881' ; statue in Fr., 756' ; in Eng., 978' ; in N. Y., 280'. fund est., 9643; jubilee eel., 919' ,9483. house sold, 9553. Memorial Asso.,org., 978' ; Memorial theater opd., 984' . , Society of, fnd., 9503; issues works, Alex. Dyce edits Works of Shake- spe, ,962 1522 ; Shakh Mali, conqueror, writer, 53 Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, b. works, 3983, 4782. Shallum reigns, 11452 ; murders Zachariah; murdered, 1145' . Shalmaneser I. reigns, 1143' ; subjugates Carchemish, 11432. II. reigns, 1145' ; invades Babylon ; atKarkar; enters Damascus ; subjugates Jehu ; defeats Hazael, 1144' . III., reigns, 11452 ; expeditions of, 1144'. IV. reigns, 11452 ; abandons siege of Tyre, 11442 ; subdues revolt ; besieges Samaria, 1144' ; subdues Israel, 1145 2 . Shamger kills Philistines, 1142'; judges Israel, 11413. Shammi (Doctor), b.-d., 1152' . Shamokin, Pa., Elixir causes death, 344' ; explosion, 4273,4733. Shamshi-Ramman II. reigns, 1145' . Shamyl, d., 11182. Shand, Baron, title created, 1009' . Shanghai, China, taken, 6162, 618' ; mis- sion, 617', 6183, 619', 6203 ; rebels ex- pelled, 618' ; insurrection, 6193; advance on ; rebels repulsed, 620' ; Soc. for Chris- tian Literature, 6223; opposition toR.R. ; R. R. to Woosung, 6233 ; literary center, 6242 ; miss. conf. ; mission-press, 6243 ; mob burns consulate, ^625' ; protected, 6263 ; fire, 6273; Fr. storm camp, 734' . Shauhaikwan, Japanese occupy, 627' . Shanking, Jesuit mission, 6143. Shannon captures Chesapeake, 1202. , Earl of, title created, 9132. , Wilson, b. (1802) ; gov. Kan., 1512, 1553, 1772, 1791 ; exchanges guns for prisoners, 181' ; d. (1877). Shans, Burma, mission, 10472. Shan-si, mission, 6223, 623' ; famine, B233. tung, capital, 611 ' ; mission, 6203 ; famine, 6253. Shaohing, mission, 6183, 621' , 6222. Shapuntsai, pirate leader, 618' . Sliarbot Lake, coal dis., 590' . Shard, J. Ii., moderator, 2502. Sharkey, William Lewis, b., (1797); provi- sional gov. Miss., 2483, 251' ; d. (1873). Sharman, Private, wins prize, 966' . SliarnotT, corpse found, 11212. Sharp, James, b. (1618) ; archbp. St. An- drews, 8903; murdered, 8943. , Granville, b., 9082 ; d., 9363. , Jacob, convicted, sentenced, 327' . , John, b. (1644) ; archbishop of York, 8983 ; d. (1714). , Martin, d., 1000' . , William, b., 9103, or (1749) ; d. (1824). Sharpe, Horatio, gov. Md., 693. Sharpsburg, Md., Confed. dispersed, 214'. Shnrswood, Goo., b., 1162 ; d., 3122. Shasta. Cal., Bank of , robbed, 4343. Shattuck, Aaron Draper, b. (1832) ; Acad, of Design, 2023; paintings, 264', 284', 286', 290', 294', 298', 306', 310', 312', 316', 318'. Shaw, Annie Cornelia, b., (1852) ; Russet Year, 322' . Shaw, D.B., d., 470'. , George, b., 9123. , B., b., 174' . , Henry, d., 3442 ; d. (1813). , Wheeler, b., 1262 ; works, 255' ; d., 3202. , Sir James, lord mayor, London, 9313. , J. D., shot, 387'. , Lemuel, b. (1781); d., 1922. , Robert Gould, b. (1837); d., 225'. , Thomas Budd, b. (1813) ; work, 2603 • d. (1862). , Wm., E. of Cathcart, b., 9123; Home Rule leader, 9852 ; manifesto, 987 2 ; se- cedes from party, 989' . , , missionary 5972. , Capt., killed, 600'. , Dr., political sermon, 8642. University, fnd., N. C, 2503. Shawnee Mound, Mo., action at, 201'. Shawnees Indians uprise, 116' . Shaw-Lefevre, Charles, Viscount Evers- ley, d., 9982. , Geo. ,postmaster-gen., 9932; min- ister, 10092. Shawneeton, Kan., burned, 2143. Shays, Daniel, b., 663 ; rebel, 98' , 992 ; d., 1322. Sliea, " Bat," trial, 4642. , John Dawson Gilmary, b.,132' ; work, 3243 ; d., 402' . Sheaffe, Gen., gov., 5772; at York, 1202. Sheakley, James, gov. Alas., 4793. Shear-steel manufactured, 930' . Sheba, expedition against David, 1143 3 . Sheboygan, Wis., copper-ore found, 442' . Shedd, Win. Greenough Taylor, b., 1282 - d., 474'. Shee, Sir Martin Archer, b., 9183 ; pres. Royal Academy, 944' ; d., 9562. , William, appointed justice, 9672. Sheehan, J. D., M. P., conspiracy, 10002. , J. D., pcdlcr murdered, 4062. , John C., defies Lexow Com., 4523, , R. A., cons., R. C. bp., 10082. , Wm F., Buffalo Police Bill, 4292. Sheehey, Alderman, murdered, 9643. Sheep, Va\£., exports to Spain, 8653. Sheepshanks, John, b. (1787) ; gift of paint- ings, 9602; d. (1863). , , cons, bp., 10102. Sheerness, Eng., burned, 892' ; Swallow launched, 992' . Sheffield, Eng. , hospital at, 881 ' ; Cutlers' Hall built, 9073 ; cast steel made, 918' ; Plate Assay office, 9182 ; shear-steel made, 930'; destructive rioters, 9372; Literary and Phil. Soc. org., 9401; a borough, 9453 ; Wesley Coll., opd., 9491 ; R.R. opd., 9522 • Athenaaum and Me- chanics Institution opd., 9542 ; church Cong, at, 9742; board-schools opd., 9783; Firth Park opd. ; public museum and Hall opd., 9801; Firth Coll. endowed, 9842; Institution for blind, 9851; Buskin Museum of Art, 9881; Corn exchange built, 9893 ; Conservative demonstration,. 9931. , Earl, title created, 9372. , John, Duke of Buckinghamshire, b., 8862; lord-lieut., 9213; d., 9062. Sheil, Richard Lalor, b., 9243 , d., 9562. Shekosniko, N. Y., mission at, 643. Shelburne, Earl of, title created, 905 1. (See Petty, Wm.) Shelby, Isaac, b. (1750); gov. Ky., 1033, 1051 , 1193 ; d. (1826). Depot, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2143. Shelby, Gen., at Duvall's Bluff, 2372. Shelbyville, Tenn., Confederate de- feat, 2231 ; lynching, 4083. Sheldon, Charles H., gov. S. Dak., 4472- nom. for gov., 4711 . , Gilbert, b. (1598); archbp. Canter- bury, 8902; d. (1677). , John, works, 8803. , Lionel Allen, b. (1829); gov., 3132. , Wm., intro. tapestry making, 8801 . Shell, George W., d., 1382. Shellabarger, Samuel, b. (1817); Credit Mobilier investigation, 2812. Shelley, Mrs. (Mary Wollstonecraft God- win), b., 9283; works, 9391, 947'; d., 9562. , Percy Bysshe, b., 9262; works, 937', 9383,9411; d,9403; monument, 1010'; Shelley Society fnd., London, 9942. Shell Mound, Tenn., Confederates de- feated, 227'. 1406 Text Figures denote Page. 1NDJ1..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Shel-Shun. Slieltou Works, Pa., bought by English, 3613. , Thomas, trans. Don Quixote, 8783. Shenanfloali, privateering, 2202; surren- dered, 24S1 . Shenandoah, la., Western Normal Coll. opd., 3082. , Va., Indians expelled, 70i ; Gen. Banks in valley, 205' ; Jackson's cam- paign, 207' } Federals ravage, 2103; Gen. Sigel in, 2322; Sheridan in, 238'; Sheridan devastates, 2383. Shendy, Nubia, taken, 660' . Shenendeh reigns, 11072. Shen-se devastated, 614' . Shen annexed, 6113. si, mission, 6223. Shenstone, William, b., 9042; work, 909' ; d.,9162. Shepard, Charles Upham.b., 1122; d.,3222. , Edward M., prosecutor, 4423, , Elliot Fitch, b. 1442; purchases Mail and Express, 3322; d., 426' ; will filed, 4282. Shepardson Coll. fnd. at Granville, 3283. Shepherd, Alex E., gov. of D. C, 2832. , Edwin M., promoted captain, 420' . , James, attends assassination, 907' . College org., W. Va., 277' . Sliejilienless wrecked, 1573. Shepherdstown, W. Va., Federals cross Potomac, 2132; action, 214' , 2243; Early crosses, 237' . Shepherdsville, Ky., Federals capture, 2123; action, 2132. Shepley, George Forster, b. (1819); appt. gov. La., 2133; d. (1878). Sheppey Island, ravaged, 844' . Shepses-ka-f, reigns. Egypt, 647'. Shepstone, Sir Theopliilus, proclamation, 11243; d., 1010'. " Sher Afzul Khan" expelled, 72. Sherard, Baron, title created, 881'. Slierborne, see erected, 8423. , Baron, title created, 923'. Sherbro, Africa, mission at, 11613. Sherbrooke, R. C. diocese est., 5822. , Sir John Coape, gov., 5773. Shere Ali, in Afgh. (p. 4 4 -), assassinates E. S. Bourke, 977' ; d., 63. dil Khan, rules ; murdered, 5392. Shah Soor, conquers Delhi, 10422; revolts, 10433; dethroned, 10422. Shing, attacked ; surrenders, 10462. Sherger-ad-Durr, regent, Egypt, 655 2 . Sheridan, Philip Henry, b., 1382; a t Mur- freesboro, 217'; commands cavalry, in Army of Potomac, 231', north of Rapi- dan, 2321; at Todd's Tavern; on raid, 2323, 2332 ; joins Butler; joins Grant; at fellow Tavern, 233' ; at Cold Har- bor; at Hawe's Shop, 234'; near Tre- vilian Station ; makes 2d raid, 2342 ; at White House ; at King and Queen's Courthouse, 2343, at Jones's Bridge, St. Mary's Bridge, 235' ; com- mands Army of Shenandoah, 237'; at Bunker Hill) 2372; in Shenandoah Val- ley, 238'; at Winchester; at Fisher's Hill, 2332 ; devastates Valley, 2383 ; "Sheridan's Eide"; at Cedar Creek, 239'; maj.-gen. U.S. A., 240'; raids, 2422; enters Charlottesville, 2423; at White House; at Columbia, Va., 244' ; at Dinwiddie Courthouse; at FiveForks; on Quaker Eoad ; at City Point, 2442 ; forced hack, 2443 ; at Amelia Court- house; pursues Lee, 24">1 ; at Appomat- tox Station, 2452; ;it Clover Hill, 2461 ; commands 5th military district, 256'; at New Orleans, 2572; removes Gov. Wells, 2573; relieved of 5th district, 258' , 262' ; removes Gov. Throckmorton; removed from La., 259'; course ap- proved by Cong., 261'; rank lieut.-gen., 266'; commands against Indians, 2922; quells Pittsburg riots, 2961; commands U. S. Army, 3141 ; rank of gen.; d., 3301 ; widow pensioned, 3371 . , P. J., Phoenix Park murders, 991 1 . , Eichard Biinsley, b., 9123; works, 9192, 9291 ; in H. C, 9213, d., 9382. Sheriff's Fund est., Eng., 9352. Sherifs, dynasty reigns, Morocco, 10971 . Sherlock, Thomas, bp., b., 8942; J. (1761). , William, writer, b.. 8842; <]., 9022. Sherman, Tex., Austin College fud., 1683; murder conspiracy, 428 2 . , Buren Robinson, b. (1836); gov., 3052. Sherman, Frank Dempster, works, 328 3 . , James S.,b., 1761. , John, b., 1303; speakership coutest, 1872; intro. Nat. Bank Bill, 2192; Sub- stitute Bill passes senate ; house re- jects it, 2571 ; sec. treas., 2953; vote for pres. candidate, 3043,3051, 3173; pres. of senate, 3212; Election of Representa- tives Bill intro., 3333; Anti-Trust Bill, 3483, 3591 ; Bill for Lieut-gen., 3491 ; up- holds sec. of treas., 451'; Silver Pur- chase Eepeal Hill, 40S3, 4112, 4192, 4223, 4332,4351,2, 4363, 4371,2, 4412; Letter on Eepeal Bill, 4223; Bond Amendment, 4243,4251,2. , Lydia, convicted of murder, 2843. , Eoger, b., 601 ; on committee, 833; d., 1042; statue, 276'. , Thomas Ewing, in Society of Jesus, 3362. , West, b. (1818+); d., 3002. , Wm. Tecumseh, b., 1282; brig. -gen. of vols., 1943; commands in Ivy", 200' ; commands Port Royal expedition, 2002; in Tenn., 205' ; at Shiloh, 2061 ; advances on Vicksburg, 2162 ; superseded, 2163 ; at Chickasaw Bayou. 217' ; at Vicksburg, 2212; at Jackson, 222' ; at Bolton, 2242, 3 ; besieges Johnston, 2243; at Memphis; at Colliersville, 2263; takes Missionary Eidge, 2282 ; leaves Vicksburg ; at Bol- ton, 230' ; commands in west ; expedi- tion at Meridian, 2302; commands mili- tary division. Miss., 2303; at EockyFace Eidge; campaign to Chattahoochee; be- gins At lanta campaign, 2322 ; at Rocky Face Eidge and Dallas; at Eesaca ; at Snake Gap Creek ; near Camp Creek, 233'; crosses Etowah; approaches Dal- las, 2332; outflanks Johnston, 2341 ; Gen. Blair re-enforces ; at Lost Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, and Little Kene- saw; at Pine Mountain, 2342; at Kulp House ; near Kenesaw ; at Marietta, 2351 ; tit Chattahoochee; near Smyrna Camp Ground, 2361 ; inarch to Atlanta; 2d battle of Atlanta, 2362,3; maj,-gen. IT. S. A.; besieges Atlanta, 2371,2; enters Atlanta ; truce with Hood ; attacks Gen. Hardee, 2381; at Alla- toona Pass, 2383 ; cuts wires ; from Atlanta to the sea; at Milledgeville ; at Griswold ; burns part of Atlanta; burns Borne , 240i ; reaches sea ; at Savan- nah, 2402 ; Cong, thanks ; demands Sa- vannah ; at Savannah, 2403; leaves Sa- vannah, 2421 ; at Columbia, 2422 ; takes Fayetteville ; crosses Cape Fear River; crosses Pedee River, 2441 ; returns to Goldsboro, 2443 ; occupies Raleigh ; be- gins advance, 2461 ; accepts Johnston's surrender, 2462; peace memorandum disapproved, 2172; appt. lieut-gen., 2521 ; Memoirs, 2911; relinquishes command, 3141; vote, nominee for pres, 3043, 3173; lays corner-stone 3461 ; reception in Washington, 3583; d., 37s 1 ; interment, 3793; Statue Fund, 3803; Sherpur, action near, 61 . Sherwin, John Keyse, b., 9123; d. (1790). Sherwood, Mo., Federals defeated, 2221 . Sheshonk I., conquests, 0.~,01 ; reigns, Egy., , . 651 1 . II., reigns, Egy., 6511 . III. (Shashank), reigns, 9511. IV., reigns, Egy., 6511. Shetland Isles ceded to Scot., S651 ; storm destroys vessels, 9873. Sliidznoka, mission workers at, 10922. - Shield, Wellington, presented, 9402. Shields, George H., int. dept., 351 2 . , James, h. (181ID; at Winchester, 2051 ; at Port Republic, 2083 ; d. (1862); statue, 4441. Shiels, W., premier, 5943. Shiite Mohammedans, power in Persia, 11071 ; settle in Persia, 11072. Shiites recognize Ali, 4S52. Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow, b. (1814; ; d.,3721. Shilling coined, Eng., 8673. Shiloh wrecked, 5873. Shiloh, tabernacle at, 11411 . , battle of, 2061 ; Nat. Park Act signed, 4793. Shimabara, Christians revolt at, 10911 . Shimadju Saburo, dies, 10923. Shimoga, Mysore mission, 10483. Shimonoseke, missions at, 10921 . Shiner, Tex., thieves captured, 4762. Shinwarris def . by Gholam, 6 s : peace, 7'. Ship-building Hill passes S., 4072. carpenters vs. Am. competition, 613. , first, Gr., 10132; submarine, 11002. Island seized, 190' . Shipka Pass, Turks expelled, 565' ; Sulei- man Pasha at, 51532; action at, 1158' . Shipley, Col. G. H., gov., 2093. , Jos. L., Pres, Rep. Press Club, 3883. Ship-money legal, Eng., 883 3 . Shippen. Edward. Pres. council, 553. Shipping Bill, 365' , 3752, 3792, 3. and Industrial League, Am., 353' . Shipping and Mercantile Gazette issued, 9483. registered, Eng., 9253. ■ Union find., 10043. Ships, act against unseaworthy, 9812, , iron, constructed, 938'. Shipton, R. R. accident, 9793. Shiras, Alex., sanitary coininiss., 197'. , Geo., Jr., b., 1402; justice, 4112, 4172. Shires, Eng. divided into, 8453. Shirlaw, Walter, b., 1482 ; in Nat. Acad, of Design, 332' . Shirley, James, b., S762 ; yvorks, 883' ; d., 8922. , Wm. b. (1705) ; gov. Mass., 653, 693 ; commander, 082; foreolonial union, 693; resigns, 70' ; d. (1771). Shirley's Ford, Mo., Confederate defeat, 2132. Shirwa, Lake, Afr„ dis., 5603. Shishak invades Judea, 1142 1 ; takes Jeru- salem, 11423. Slioa rebels, 32. Sho-Bandai-San, volcanic eruption, 10921 . Shoeblack Society Brigades est., 9571 . Shoemakersville, Pa., railway accident, 3693. Shoenberger, John II., bequests, 3523. Shoes, pointed, Eng., 8043 ; intro., 8831 . Shoe-string iiinf. opposed, Eng., 9252. Shogai Matsura visits V . S., 4351 . Shoguns become " Mayors of Palace," 10912. Shone, Samuel, cons, bp., 9922. Shoovalof, Andrei Peter, h., 11163 ; d. (17S9). Shop Hours Regulation Act passed, 9963. Bill passes, 10092; shoplifting felonious, Eng., 9011 ; shop-tax enacted, Eng., 9232 Shore, John, Lord Teignmouth, b., 9123 ; gov.- gen., 10453. Short, Charles, b., 1301 ; d., 3242. Sliortall, John T., Pres. Asso., 4723. Shorter, John Gill, b. (1818); gov. Ala., 2032; d. (1872). , Edward, patent granted, 9262. College, fnd., 2962. Shorthand intro. Eng., 9122, Dictionary issued, 921' . " Short-laved " Administration fmd., Eng., 9113. Shorfridge, Eli C. D., gov.N. Dak., 4472. Shoshone Co., Ida., martial law, 4112. Indians, territory, 263. Shot-tower companies form trust, 367 3 . Shoulderbone, Ga., Indian treaty, 992. Shoup, Francis Asbury, b. (1834; ; work, 3982. , Geo. L., b., 1462 ; gov. Ida., 375' ; speech, 4383. Shovel, Sir Cloudsley, b., 8882 ; ship- wrecked, 9021 ; d., 9022. Slireve, Samuel Henry, b., 1362; d. (1884). Shrewsbury, Eng., battle of, 860" ; pesti- lence, 8713 ; R. R. accident, 977 3 ; Bp Knight cons., 9822; Bp.Slaiuer cons. ,9983. , N. J., settled, 432. , Earl of, title created, 8023. , Earl of. (See Talbot, Charles.) Shricveport, La., levees break, 455 3 . Shriver, in House of Representatives, 1571. Shropshire, Eng., battle of, 8391 ; iron- workers strike, 9943. Shubert, Neb., bank fails,' 4331 . Shubrick, John Templar, b. (1778); d., 1242. , Wm. Branford, b , 1022; d., 2842. Shnja Shah, yrith Brit, marches on Sind, 41 ; reigns 51 ; assassinated, 42. Shulter, polyeliroinises patent office, 2501. Shultze, Capt., at Aldie, 2191. Shulze, John Andrew, gov. Pa., 1313. Shunk, Francis H., gov. Pa., 161' . Slum-King, tire, 6273. Nung invents plow, 6101 . Shuq-Silv. Text Figures denote Page. INDiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1407 Shuqualak Female Coll. fnd., Miss., 3063. Shurtleff Coll., 111., est., 1351 . Sliutargardan, battle at, 61 . Shute, Baron, title evented, 987' . , Samuel, b. (1(353) ; gov., 592 ; goes to Eng. ; receives power, 612 ; d. (1742). Shuttle-fly used, 9121 ; throwing intro., 9143. Siam (see text, p. 1124); China rules, 6272; Fr. embassy to, 695* ; battle at Khong, 4823; Fr. blockade ; consents to Fr. ulti- matum, 765 3 ; ambassadors, 1)613; treaty with, 9612. Siamese Islands, Fr. occupy, 7641 . twins, born, 11242; d., 2861 . Sialkot mission, 10472. Siang enthroned, China, 6H1 . Wang enthroned, China, 6112. Siaokia enthroned, 6112. Siaosin enthroned, 611*. Siaoy enthroned, 6112. Siber, Col., at Fayetteville, Va., 2131 . Siberia conquered by Bus., 11152; frozen body of mammoth' found, 11162 ; exiles revolt, 11193, 11212 ; number of exiles ; outrages on exiles ; solitary confinement for females, 11212; flogging of females abolished, 11223. Sibilet, Thomas, b. (1512±) ; Art Poitique, 6831 ; d. (1589). Sibley, Henrv. b. (1815 O ; at Ft. Fillmore, 2103 ; at Yellow Medicine River, 2141 ; d. (1886). , H., b. (1811) ; gov. Minn., 1852 ; d., 3781 . , John Langdon, b. (1804); d., 3202. , Joseph C, b., 1682. Sibour, Marie Dominique Auguste, b. (1792); archbp. of Paris, assassinated, 7332. Sibsagor mission, 10471 . Sicard, Abbe Roch Ambroise Cucurron, b.,7002; d., 7242. , Montgomery, a commoilore, 4561 . Sichel, Julius, b., 8082; d., 8243. Sicilians in Tripoli, 11381 . Sicilian Vespers, 6721 , 6731; reenacted in Sp., 7162; period of, 10772. Sicily, Gr. settle in, 10153; Naxos, Gela, Camarina, Agrigentuni, Messina, and Syracuse fnd., 10153, 105H ; sends out colonies, 10511; Phalaris reigns, 10172; invaded by Carthaginians. 10501 ; Oli- garchy expelled ; Gelon, Thrasybulus rule, 10182, 10192, 3, 11512; invaded by Athenians, 10202; Athenians as slaves, 10203 ; Dionysius rules, 10512 ; Cartha- ginians massacred, 10511 ;civil war, 10223 ; Dionysius the Younger rules, 10233 ; Dionysius expelled ; Timoleon reigns ; Agathocles rules in Syracuse, 10532 ; Carthaginians in 10521 ; Hiero II., king of Syracuse, 10533 ; pyrrhus assists, 10261; invaded by Romans, 10523; Clau- -dius Caudex in ; Valerius Maximus in 10523 ; Dion welcomed, 10233 ; assas- sinated, 1025 2 ; Syracuse tributary to Rome, 10533 ; Hiero II. deserts Cartha- ginians ; Hanno defeated ; Cuius Duilius in naval battle; Hasdrubal in ; Adherbal in; Romans lose 2 fleets. 10523 ; Hamil- car in, 10182, 10523 ; Carthaginian fleet destroyed, 10531 ; resigned by Carthage, 10533 ; Hieronymus rules Syracuse ; rup- ture with Rome, 10552 ; invaded by Romans ; Syracuse, Agrigentum taken ; Sicily subjugated, 10542 ; slaves rise against Romans, 10561, 2, 10631; Eunus -captured, 10561 ; war with Sextus Pom- peius, 10602; 10613 ; Octavian conducts ■war; Lepidus lands, 10602; Agrippa con- quers, 10603; slaves punished", 10631 ; in- vaded by Goths ; Belisarius conquers, 10301 ; invaded bv Vandals, 10701 ; subju- gated, 10301 , 10601 ; Constantine IV. -quells, 10302; Benedictines enter, 10703; confiscated bv Leo III., 1073 2 ; Constans murdered, 10313 ; Gr. lose, 10332 ; con- quered by Saracens, 10721 ; taken by Christians ; Gr. and Saracens expelled ; silk culture intro., 10741 ; culture of sugar-cane, 10742 ; -won bv Henrv VI., 10741 ; united to S. It., 10752 ; ruled by Germans ; Roger II., king, 10752 ; Sara- cens subdue, 7782; Papal party expelled, 7801 ; Eng. possesses, 8551 ; separate from Naples, 10772, 10793, 10853 ; revolts, 10761 , 10772; Sicilian Vespers, 10772; an- nexed to Sp., 11261 ; separated from Sp. ; reunited, 10773 ; Two Sicilies restored ; separated from Naples, 10792 ; John of Aragon k. ; Ferdinand the Cath. k., 10793 ; conquered by Fr. and Sp., 6782 ; annexed to Sp., 10793 ; Messina revolts, 10833 ; Dutch and Spanish in, 10821 ; earthquake, 10822 ; owned by Aust., 10833; claimed by Charles VI., 5151; 6eized, 7993 ; invaded, 10S21 ; ceded to Savoy, 6973,10833; invaded by Sp., 10821 ; earthquakes, 10841 ; ruled by Sp., 10852 ; subdued, 11281 ; separated from Naples ; under Brit, protection, 1085 3 ; united to Naples ; Ferdinand I. (IV.), king, 10871 ; Francis I., king ; revolution ; Ferdinand II., king ; provisional gov't proclaimed ; liberal constitution granted; insurrec- tion in Messina ; Bourbon family ex- cluded, 10872 ; Jesuits expelled, 10863 ; Neapolitans in, 10861 ; Francis II., k., 10891; insurrections, 10881,10891; Gari- baldi's campaign ; Gen. Cialdiniin, 1088 1 ; Francis II. deposed ; Neapolitans evacu- ate, 10891 ; Garibaldi dictator, 10891, 2; Mafia outrages, 10893; constitution pro- claimed, 10S91 ; anti-tax riots ; exter- mination of brigandage, 10903 ; siege declared, 10902. Sickingen, Franz von, b., 7862 ; -war of nobles, 7881; league for Reformation, 7893; d.,7882. Sickles, Daniel Edgar, b., 130 3 ; acquitted, 185 1; at Gettysburg, 224 1 ; commands 2d military district, 2561; at Columbia, 2572; relieved, 2581 ; removed, 2591 . , Jacob, pres., 1191 . Sicyon, kingdom of, 10132 liberated, 10272. Siddons, Marv Frances Scott, b., 10462. , Sarah, b., 9123; d., 9442. Side-saddles introduced, Eng., 8613. Sidi Ali Pasha, bey, 11393. Sidmouth, Viscount of, title created, 931 1 . (See Addington.) Sidnaeester, sees united, 8483. Sidney, la., W. Mavhor arrested, 4211. .Algernon, b., 8802; work, 8911; at- tainder, 8992; executed, 8972. , Lord Godolphin, b. (1635) ; minister, 8972, 8993 ; d. (1712). , Sir Henrv, deputy, 8732 ; lord lieu- tenant, 8993 ; d. (1586). , Sir Philip, b., 8702; atZutphen, 8741 ; works, 8761 ; invades Flanders; wounded, 10981 ; d., 8762. Sidon, Pal., Mohammedans capture, 487 3 ; tribute to Assyr., 11451 ; destroyed, 11453, 11461. Sidonius, Apollinaris, b. (430±) ; work, 6631 ; d. (482 or 484). Siebold, Karl Theodor Ernst ■ d., 8302 Q,b.,6 -, Philipp Franz von, b., 8063. , Col., at Dalton, 2372. Steele, le, issued, 7271. Siege Bill passed, Fr., 7512. Siegen, Ludwig von, inv. mezzotinto, 7962. Siegfried, Bishop, chancellor, Ger., 7811. , Jules, minister, Fr.,7652. , Walter, Tino-MoraU, 8362. Siegerich, murder of, 7703 . Siemens, Sir Charles Karl Wm., b., 8121 ; armature produced, 958 2 ; inv. furnaces, 9642; electric light vegetation, 9841 ; d., 8302. , Ernst Werner, b., 8121 ; d., 8361 . Siena, Guido da, b.-d., 10783. Sienna, Univ., commenced, 10752. Sierra Leone, Afr., dis., 11601 ; mission; diocese fmd., 11603; acquired by Eng., 9252 ; bishopric est., 9543; Bp. Ingham eons., 9862 ; Sofas defeated, 10101 . Sierra Nevada,^ cholera on, 1773. Nevada, highest peaks, 2501 . Sieunti, expedition against Tartars, 6101 ; enthroned, 6113. Sieyershauseu, Prus., battle at, 7921 . Sieyes, L'Abbe, Comte Emmanuel Jos., b., 7003; rep. leader, 7133; d., 7262. Siireau, Chief, defeated, 6042. Sigebert 1., marries, 6651 ; K., 6652; mur- dered, 6651. II., king, 6653. , commences Cambridge Univ., 8431 . Sigel, Franz, b., 1321, at Carthage, Mo., 1962; at Pea Ridge, 2042; at Centerville, 2122 ; in Shenandoah Yallev, 2322 ; in Dept. W. Va., 2332 ; at New Market, 2331 ; relieved, 2342. Sigiburg captured, Fr., 770' . Sigismund, b.-d., 7822; emp., 5073, 7853; K. of Hung., 5072; K. of It., 10792; K. of Bohemia, 7853; K. of Italy; emp. ; deposed, 10702; at. Nicopolis, 11561 ; sells margravate of Brandenburg ; dethroned, 7S53 ; d., 5082. I., reigns in Poland, 11152. II., reigns in Poland, 11152. III., K. of Poland, b., 7922 ; K. of Swe.; reigns in Poland, 11152 ; defeated at Linkoping, 11341 ; reigns, 11352 ; de- throned, 11353; charters "univ., 7931; d., 7943. - — , Archduke of Aust., d., 5342. , Duke of Outer Austria, 5091 . , D. of Bavaria, 7872; war with Switz., 11371 . , John, king, 5112. , king of Burgundy, drowned, 7703, Sigmaringen, Prus., fire in palace, 8373, Signals, sea, systematized, 8961 . Signay, Jos, cons, bp., 5782; archbp., 5783. Sigournev, Lydia 11 nut ley, b., 1022; works, 1251 , 13'12, 1543, 1551 ; d., 2471 . Sigurd I., reigns, 11051 . Ring, in Bravalla, 6341 . Snogoje, enthroned, 6352. Sikanderabad, mission, 10471; taken, 10481. Sikes, William Wirt, b. (1836) ; d., 3141 . Sikh war, first, 10461 ; second, 10462. Sikhs org., 10451 ; exterminated, 10441; conquer Kashmir, 10461 , Sikki killed, 8383. Sikkim, British repulsed, 10482. Sikokuni, at war with Boers, 6001 . Siladitya convenes council, 10431 . Silanus, M. Junius, commands, 10561, Silchester, Baron, title created, 9372. Silesia, restored to Bohemia,5043 ; Breslau, capital, 7783 ; Ger. influence in, 7781 ; an- nexed, 507 2 ; anti-reformation, 5123; in- vaded, 7942 ; 1st war, 5141; ceded to Prus., 5152,3, 5162,3; 2d war, 5142 ; 3d war, 5141 ; recognizes Maria Theresa, 5151 ; allies at, 720i ; waterspouts, 812 1; Aust. enter, 5261 ; River Neiss overflows, 5301; explosion, 8333; Galician miners expelled, 5322. Silhouette, Etienne de, b., Silicon discovered, 11361 . Silistria, Bulgaria, revolt, 5 11121 ; Turks defeated; su action at, 11562. Silk, sewing, mnf. by machinery, 1361 . , mnf. intro. in Gaul, 6641 ; culture in Sicily, 10741 ; mantles intro., 8551 ; stock- ings first worn in Fr., 6833; mnf., 8781 ; broad, woven, 880 1 ; weaving improved, 8982; culture excitement, 1453; crop re- duced, 7333; industry in U.S., 2601; sta- tion est., 3513. Sill, Joshua W., b. (1831) ; d., 2172. Silliman,Benj.,b.,912;work,127i ; d.,2411. , , Jr., b., 1242 ; d., 3182. , Horace B., pres. of Hamilton College, 3902. Sillitoe, A. W., elected bishop, 9803. Silva, Antonio Diniz da Cruz e, Hyssope. 11101 . Silver, fulmination of, 7061 ; dis. in Nev., 1841; Black Hills, 2541 ; in Colo., 2993, 3021 ; in Salisbury, N. C; in Chickasaw Nation, 3461 ; Fairport, la., 3761 ; I n d. Ter., 3913; West Superior, Wis., 3921; mines close, 405 3 , 4333 ; purchase of, omitted; resolution, 4192, 4392; fnArk., 4122; in Tex., 4141; and zinc, Ind., 4241 ; inS. Austral., 4961 ;inLaPaz, 5513; from lead ore, process introduced, Eng., 9441 ; in Potosi, 5513 ; Peruvian, legal tender, 11083 ; roubles, coinage suspended, 1123 1 ; utensils used, Eng., 856 3 . Bill, Bland, free coinage of, 2951,2, 2972, 2991, 4003, 4012,3, 4031,3, 4083, 4352, 4371 , 4491 , 4512, 4532, 4553. , Bullion Purchase, Repeal, 4112, 4192, 4223, 4231 , 2, 4243, 4331 , 2, 4351, 2, 4363, 4371 ,2, 4391 , 2, 4403, 4412 ; passes, 4431. , Reagan's Free Coinage of, 3483, 3592, 3612, 3632,3, 3651 , 3, 3731 , 3752, 3, 3772,3791, 3833,3992. -, Stewart's Fsee, passes senate, 4093; killed, 4112. Coinage suspended ; trade dollar coined, 2812; suppression of, 2991; un- limited, 4671 . in China, 6251 . , 6963. 581 ,3; invaded, renders, 1116 1 ; 1408 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Silv-Slav. Silver Commission adjourns, 837 2 . Conf., Ger. government in, 837' . Congress, Internat., 3992,401', 837'. Conven., St. Louis, 3192: at El Paso, 397'. Creek, Mo., action at, 202' . , N. Y., railroad accident, 3253. currency, France, 7653. Lake, Edisonlndustrial Works, 3653; fire, 4793. Law, resolutions of Commercial Con- vention, 4383. Pool Investigation Committee, 3753, 3763,3771,3. Silversmiths' Co. incorporated, 4193. Silvestre, Baron de, Augustin Francois, d., 7302. , Gregorio, b. (1520); work, 1129'; d. (1570). Simcoe, John Graves, gov. Can., 577 2 . Simeon, reign of, 5653. Stylites, b.-d., 11542 ; a pillar saint, 10703. Simeoni, Giovanni, b. (1816) ; d., 1090' . Simmons, A., arrested, 3523. , Geoffrey, trial of, 981' . , James A., embezzler, 3802. , Mr., balloon ascension, 988' . Simms, William Gilmore, b., 1122; works, 1423 , 1443 , 145 ' , 1463 , 1523 , 170 ' , 2603 ■ d. (1870). Simnel, Lambert, claims Eng. crown, 866' . Simon, high priest, 1151 2 . 1., reigns, 11483 ; high priest, 11463 ; repairs temple, 11482. II., high priest, 11482: assassinated, 11493. III., rules in Judea, 11493. IV., high priest, 11502. V., high priest, 11503. , Duke of Moscow, enthroned, 11152. of Sudbury, murdered, 8603. Cantherus, high priest, 11523. , Jules, b., 721 ' ; works, 7283, 733' ,7412, 745' , 7473, 751' ; Order of Black Eagle, 8342. , M. E., Emperor Frederick, 7582. Maccabeus, high priest, 11483; prince of Jerusalem, 11493. Magus, founds Simonians, 1153'. , Richard, b., 6882 ; d., 6963. Simonians founded, 1153' . Simonides, iambic poet, 10143; d., 10142. , b.-d., 10162 ; iy r i c poet, 1017'. Simon's Bay, wreck of Birkenhead, 598' . Simons, Thomas, dis. comet, 211' . , Young, b. (1828) ; d., 2982. Simony, condemned at synod, 7743 • pre- vails, 7743, 785' , 7863, 1073' . Simoon, Thomas, b.,9042. Simor, John, b. (1813) ; cons, cardinal priest, 5283; d., 5342. Simplicius, St., pope, 10703; d. (483). Simplon road constructed, 7153. Simpson Creek, Ya., first Bapt.ch.fmd., 783. , Edward, b. (1824) ; Confederates sur- render to, 2462. , James, d., 478' . , Sir Young, b., 935' ; d., 9742. , Jeremiah, b., 1542. , Matthew, b., 1163; ord. M.E. bp., 1702; at Lincoln's funeral, 2472 ; d., 3162. , Thomas, b. (1808) ; explorations of, 578' ; d. (1840). , , math., b. (1710) ; d., 915' . — — , Williamji., gov. S.C.,3012; resigns, 305'. , Dr., pres. Ger. Parliament, 8253. College, la., established, 2583. Simrott, W. A., absconds, 463' . Sims, George B., sentenced, 373' . , James Marion, b. (1813) ; d., 3142. , William H., in int. dept., 4472. Simsbury, Conn., mine for prison, 793. Sims-Edison torpedo boat tested, 388'. Sinchi Rocca, reign of, 132. Sinclair, Baron, title created, 867'. , Catherine, b., 9302; d., 968' . , James Augustus, Earl of Caithness, d., 10042. , Sir John, b., 9123 ; d., 9462. Sind, India, conquered, 1044' , 10473 ; an- nexed, 10443 ; transferred, 10452. Sindercomb, Miles, plot of, 8892. Sindian family important, 10452. Singapore, Brit, settle; G. B. annexes,9393; Bp. Hose cons., 9862; mission, 10463; St. Andrew's Cathedral, 1047 ' ; Brit, factory established, 10472. Singer, Otto, d., 448'. Singerly, William Miskey, b. (1832) ; nom. for governor Pa., 4633. Singing lessons in public schools, 148' . 1 Singleton, John, minister, 9433. , J. W., d.,404'. Sing Sing, N. Y., prison commenced, 1352. Sinhore, mission, 657'. Sin-Idiimam, king of Larsam, 11393. Sinking Creek, W. Ya., action at, 216' . Fund Act passed, 9072. Bill, Pitt's, 9233. (G. B.), reduced, Eng., 9433. Sinope captured, 10582 ; Turk, fleet de- stroyed, 1118' ; attacked; subdued, 1148' ; capital, 11492. Sinoris El Fayoom, mission, 657' . Sin Otefchestra issued, 1117'. shar-ishkun reigns, 11453. Sinsheim, Baden, Imperialists defeated, 692'. Sio Khe, hospital, 6243. Sion, Mt., Syrian fort taken, 114S' . Siong-Siong, ruler, 10942. Sioux Bill passed in senate, 337' . Camp, S. Dak., 374' . City, la., G. C. Haddock murdered, 3243; Training School opil., 3502 ; flood- wave, 406' , 4073; ex-county officials in- dicted, 4763. Falls, S. Dak., school for deaf mutes fnd., 307'; S. F. Univ. fnd., 3143; con- stitution approved, 341'; constitution adopted, 347 ' ; K. C. diocese est., 350'; saloons reduced, 4122. Indians retire to Can., 300' ; pow-wow with Gen. Brooks, 372' ; war, 211' . Reservation, S. Dak., settlers, 353 2 ; gold found, 370'. Sipe, William A., b., 1562. Sippar, temple built, 1139'. Sir Hugo wins Derby, 10053, 10093. Siricius, St., pope, iu663, 1069' . Sirhts wrecked, 934' . Sirmia to Attila, 503' . Sirmium, church council at, 5022. Siroes kills Chosroes II., 11073. Slscar, Gregoria Mayans y,Retorica, 11292. Sisebut reigns, 11253. Sisenando reigns, 1125 3 . Sisera defeated, 1140' , 1141 ' . Siserostat invented, 738 2 . Sisinnius, pope, 10722; d.(708). Sismondi, Jean diaries Leonard Simonde de, b. (1773) ; Histiilretlvs Francois, 7232; d. (1842). Sisseton, Ind. reservation, S. Dak., 405 2 . Sisterhoods est., G. B., 9543. Sisters seized, 5852. Sisters of Charity, t Oder org., 6883. Sistof, Bulg., Biblical Institute fnd., 5662. Sistova, Bulg., treaty of, 519 2 . Sisyphus, institutes isthmian games, 1013 2 ; founds Corinth, 10133. Sitalces, furnishes army, 1020' . Sitka Island, Alas., Gen. Kousseau pos- Sitting Bull defeated, 300' ; Indians of, return, 304' . Sinan Wang enthroned, 6112. Siulo, Chinese proviuce, 6132. Sivaite sect established in India, 1043'. Sivaji, Mahratta, b.-d., 10443 ; rebels,1044' ; forms Mahratti kingdom; declares inde- pendence ; d., 10451 . Sivas, mission of American Board, 11563, Si-Votha, Prince, leader, 4833. Siira discovered, 5283. Siward dies, 8473. .Six Acts passed, G. B., 9393. Articles Statute passed, 8683. Companies formed, 6233. Principle Baptists. (See Baptists.) Sixteen, Council of, formed, Fr., 6852. Sixth Nation formed by Indians, 593. Sixtus I., St ., bishop at Koine, 10623 ; erects altars, 10643. II., St., pope, 10643; martyred, 10663. III., St., pope, 10702. IV., pope, b.-d., 10782. TV., pope, 10791. V., pope, 10812; favors Jews, 10832. Sjervorog Mts., Malay mission, 10483. Sjbberg, Erik, b. (1794); Poems, 11362; d. (1828). Sjogren, Andreas Johann, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. "Skaag's men" terrorize colored people in Kentucky, 2551 . Skaania annexed, 6372. Skalitz, Bohemia, battle of, 8241 . Skalla-Grim in Iceland, 10412. Skandia issued, 1136 2 . slc'indinavisk Museum issued, 639' . Skating known, 8511 . Skeena River, explorations on, 5861 ; land- slide, 5921 . Skeine, John, governor N. J., 493. Skeleton Canon, Ariz., Indians yield, 324 1 . Skelton, John, b., 864' ; works, 8643, 8663; d. (1529?). , Martha, married, 77 1 . Skene, Philip, b. (1725) ; d., 1162. Skerrett, Joseph S., commander Pacific Station, 4181; transferred, 4421; frus- trates dynamite plot, 10413. Skillinti-Xl'ni'i-'tii issued, 11042. Skinner, Kichard, b. (1778); gov., 1292; d. (1883). , Thomas Harvey, b. (1791) ; modera- tor, 1762; d. (1871). Skiold, reign of, 6352. Skiolduugs rule, 11332. Skipwith, Miss., levee breaks down, 3541 . Skobeleff, Mikhail Dimitryevitch, b., 11163; in Cent. Asia, 11201; at Lovatz, 5652; at Scnova, 5G6' ; d., 11201. Skolno, along Labrador, 123. Skye, no-rent riots, 9891 . Slack, James Kichard, b. (1784): at Pea Kidge, 2042; ,1. ,m66). Slade, Dr. Henry, trial of, 9812. , Wm., b. (1786); gov. Vt., 1592: d. (1859). Slailen, Sir Edward Kose, d., 1002'. Slalzar, Lucio, minister, 6443. Slankamen, battle of, 5122. Slate Creek, Ky., furnace at, 102'. Slater, Samuel, b, (1768) ; first cotton mill, 102', 104'; est. first S.-School, 1043; d. (1835). , Cotton Centennial begins, 3683. Slates, school, mnf . in Pa., 134' . Slaughter, Carthaginians, 1051'; Tyrians, 1146' ; Capuans, 10,542; Romans, 1056' ,2; Cimbians, etc., 6621 ; in Pontus, 1056' ; in A.. Minor, 11503; in Perusia, 1061'; in Jerusalem, 11521; in Syria, 11532; in Alexandria 653 1 ; Ger. tribes, 1066 1 ; in Gaul, 7692; Tliessalonica, 10292; Con- stantinople, 10301; of monks, Eng., 8422; of Danes, Eng., 8461; in France, 670' , 683' ; of Jews, Eng., 851' ; of Brit- ish in Ire., 8523; m Sweden, 1135'; St. Bartholomew, 685 1 ; in Croatia, 11563 ; in Russia, 1115 1 ; in Italy, 10832; of Brit, in Ireland, 8841; of Scotch at Glencoe, 9003; a t Thorn, Prus. (1724) ; in Cyprus, 11573; at Batavia (1740) ; at Ismail, Rus.; at Praga, Bus., 1116' ; in Ire., 9292; Fr. Royalists, 7tl,K3, 7092; at San Domingo, W. I., Mar. 29, 1804, all the whites murdered ; Fr. in Madrid, 11312; Mamelukes, 656 1 ; at Nimes, Fr., 7231; at Scio, etc., 10342; of Janissaries at Constantinople, 11571 ; Brit, in Afgh., 42; in Ageria, 83; in Syria, 11571; i n Utah, 1823; in India, 1048'; at Damas- cus, 11582; in China, 6242; in Borneo, 5522; m Buenos Ayres, 4913; in South Carolina, 2923; in Afgh., 63; in Alex- andria, 658'. (See Indians and Mas- , Gabriel, governor Ky., 1252. , Col., at Palo Pinto, 2463. Slaugliterville, Ky., action near, 2123. Slav dvnasty established in Poland, 7731. Slave-dealers on Ger. territory, 8382; de- feated, E. Afr., 5642. hunting expeditions popular in Egy., 6483. — — Importation Act passed, 45 2 ; decis- ion for inheritance of, 3451 ; children free, 6571, 6323. market, N. Y. City, 572; intimida- tion, 191'. Slaver hanged in N. Y., 2052. Slave States become a minority, 1903. trade, Abys., suppression, 3'; Eng. gov't upholds ; opposed in Am., 61'; for- bidden, 833; no longer Sp. monopoly, 1003,6323; is piracy, 1291 ; treaty against, 1553,2073; prohibited, 2353; treaty with Neth.,93!i3; abolished from Hung., 5172; suppressed, Braz., 5543, 5552, 503' , 6323; neglect of suppression, 5553; abolished, Gold Coast, 116H; Den. opposes, 6392; Ecuador opposes, 6433 ; abolished by Ft., Slav-Smit. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1409 721'; prohibited by sea, Ger.; Eng. be- gins, 8731; exportation stopped, 8383; abolished in Tripoli, 11393. Slavery abolished, Algeria, 91,2; intro. in Am., 283; prohibited in R. I., 39 i ; in- tro. in N. C, 45 1 ; Boston opposes, 551 j forbidden in Ga., 631 ; Cong, prohibits, 83i;inColonies,S:")2; Mass. abolishes,933; Pa. abolishes, 032 ; opposed by Meth., 932, 971 ; law for abolition of, 071 ; local- ity for, limited, 99 1 ; Baptists against, 100 2 ; Anti-slavery Soc. org.; prohibited in 6 States; J. Buchanan's address, 1031 ; anti-s. petition, 1071 ; gradual abolition, N. Y., 1091 , and in N. J.; Abolition Soc. dwindles, 113i ; Cong, agitated, 1192; public agitation, 127 1 ; Mo. Compromise Bill ; 'extension prohibited, 129 1 ; excite- ment; Mo. admitted, 1292; agitation violent, 1312; agitation by Liberator, 1391; Anti-s. Soc. org., 1401, 143 1, and meeting broken up ; pro-s. violence and opposition ; abolition riots in N. Y., 1432; anti-s. literature, suppression of; anti-s. movement opposed ; anti-aboli- tion riots, 1451; Northern agitation, 145 2 ; mail matter excluded, 1453; phi- lanthropist destroyed, 1463; petition to abolish, in D. C; memorials refused by Cong.; right of petition denied, 1471; proslavery mob destroys Pa. Hall ; Rev. E. J. Lovejoy murdered, 149 1; " Gag- Law" passed, 1492,3, 1531 ; abolitionists org. political party ; L'Amistad arrives, 151i; riot at Cincinnati; uprising on Creole, 153 1 ; mob at Phila.; suppressing slave-trade; law of s. supreme, 155 1 ; disturbs Meth., 1563; Tex. annexation, 157 2 ; divides Democrats, 157 2 , 187 2 ; divides two parties, 1573; divideB Bap- tists, 1582..1603; balance of States,1593; Bapt. missions suffer, 1603; Wilmot Pro- viso agitation, 1612; extended, 1633; abolished in D. C, 1652; divides Whigs ; divides Democrats, 1651 ; Fugitive-Slave Law violated, 1663 j Fillmore favors com- promise ; wronged, 1672; Clay's Compro- mise Bill; in Terr. ; debates in Cong.,1671 , 1751 ; Webster's speech, agitation, 1671 ; debate on admission of Cal.; Fugitive Slave Bill passed, 1672; riot at Christi- ana, 1691 j agitation quieted by compro- mise, 1712; women against, 1711 ; Burns rescue, 1742; agitation ceases, 1743, and renewed, 1751 ; repeal of Missouri Com- promise ; Kan.-Neb. Bill ; enlargement of area ; Emigrant Aid Co., 1751 ; North and South antagonistic ; emigration to Kan., 1763; Kan. legislature upholds, 177i ; election forTer. legislature ; splits Am. party, 177 2 ; pro-s. party meets in Kan.; Topeka Conven., anti-s. accepted, 1791 ; pro-s. legislature recognized in Kan., 1792 ; pro-s. conflict at Osawatomie; Presbyterians condemn, 180 1, 1822; s .- trade revival proposed, 1803; pro-s. trou- bles in Kan., 181i ; pro-s. party aided by U. S. troops, 1821 • Dred Scott decision, 1831; Republican party against; Kan. election, 1832; "Personal Liberty Bill" passed, 1851; anti-constitution in Kan., 1852; pro-s. resolutions pass senate, 1872; Knights of Golden Circle, 1853; free States control gov't, 1903; in territories, 1922; nat., perpetual, unchangeable plan, 1923; coerces Border States, 193 1 ; 13th Amend, for.1031 .2293 ; bill to abolish in D. C, 1993, 2013, 2072; divides Cong., 2013; fugitives not returned; gradual abolition, 205 3 ; anti-slave treaty, 207 3 ; excluded from territories, 2093; or freedom, U. S. choosing, 215 3 ; 13th Con- stitutional Amend, prohibiting, intro., 229 2 , and approved, senate, 231 3 , it fails in house, 235 2 , and house passes, 2431 ; repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, 2352, 3; ^coastwise slave-trade bill approved, 2353; prohibited by 13th Amend., 2493; Cong, abolishes, as an institution in U.S.; Tenn. abolishes, 243 1, and N. C, and Ala., 249i, and La., 2592; Am. Anti-s. Soc. dissolved, 2703; Vienna Cong, abol- ishes, 5203; abolished in Boli v., 5502; in Braz., 5543, 5571 ,2; abolishing law nul- lified, 5572; disguised, Transvaal, 5991; abolished, Colombia, 6282; intro., Cuba, 6312; abolished in Cuba, 6332, and in Den., 6392; m Ecu., 6433; of captives, Egy., 6471 ; favors Thothmes III. build- ing, 6483; abolition decreed, Egy., 6583; abolished inj Fr.. 7303; abounding in Brit., 8411 • prohibited in G. Brit., 9102; Abolition Slavery Bill defeated, 9272; abolished in E. I., 9492; abolished in Guate., 10391, in Madagascar, 10952; Christian, abolished in Morocco, 10972; abolished in Rus., 11172; abolished in Porto Rico, 11323; abolished in Sweden, 11363. Slaves, Algerine, 91 ; catching Indians for; traffic in W. I., 172; intro. in N. Y., 303, 391 ; traffic in Boston, 37 1; marriage among, honored, Pa.; Wm. Penn frees, 551 ; real estate, 572; baptism, 57 1 , 582,3; Eng. exclusive transport; peti- tion against freeing, Pa., 583 ; Chris- tianity, 603; run to Fla., 632; colonists desire, 652; many fugitives, 93 2 ; Qua- kers emancipate, 1003; in 1790, 103 1 ; masters summary power; Fugitive S, Act, 105i ; importation prohibited by Cong., 1143; in 1810, 1171; returned to Afr.,1272; total in 1820; trade in, piracy, 1291; Sunday-schools for, prohibited, 1212; in 1850, 169'; rise on Creole, 1552; capturing fugitives, 1711 ; in 1860, 1871; contraband of war, 1961, 1971 ; confis- cated, 199 1 , 2 , 2013 , 5613 ; Fremont manu- mits, 1991 ; excluded from camps, 2003; enlisted, made free, 2031 , 2302, 2313; not returned„205 3 ; freed in S. C. by Hunter, 2071; military labor of, 2101; freed by confiscation, 2112; J. Davis recommends enlisting, 2392; liberated, E. Afr., 5623; s.-traders defeated,5643; intro. , Cape Col- ony, 5973; liberation opposed by Boers, 5991 ; released, Tunis, 11392; free, Braz.; population, 5571 ,2; sexagenarian, free, 5572; rntro., yearly Cuba, 631 2 ; impor- tation prohibited, 6331 ,3; emancipation, 6323, 6332; mutilated bodies, Egy., 6471 ; in Gaul, 6652; transported, 9251; colo- nial freed, G. B., 947 1; revolt of, It., 1063 1 ; emancipation of, Venez., 11603, Slave-trade favored, Eng., 9003, 9252; im- portant, 9031; declaration of, 906 3 ; ef- forts tosuppress,923i ,9251 ;bp. of Loud., abolition provided, 927 1 ; organized ef- fort, 9352; suppression of, 9512; treaty, Eng. with U.S. ,9671, 2; Suppression Act passes, 977 3 ; suppressed in Kongo, 10932; begins in Port., 11093; decree against ; abolished on royal estates, 11113; abolished, 11311,2. Slavin, Frank, pugilist, 10023. Slavisa, king, 5033. Slavonians, Gr. missionaries visit, 502 3 ; rise in revolution, 523 1; separate gov't, 5273; devastate Gr., 10302; ravage It., 10721 . Slavonic Cong, at Prague, 5231 . Slavs, attempt to conciliate, 531 2 ; revolt, Bohemia, 7712; i n Ger., 7721; inRus., 11132; cone, at Moscow, 11193. Sleeper, Jacob, d., 3382. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Monument,474i . Sleidan, Johann, b., 7S63; work, 7923; d., 7922. Slemme, Edmund, reigns in Sweden, 11333, Slemmer, Adam J., b. (1S28); holds Fort Pickens, Fla., 1901 ; d. (1868). Slevin, Hugh, Parkhurst's charges, 4403; trial, 4522. Slidell, John, b., 1042; bill to purchase Cuba, 1S5 2 ; senator ; withdraws, 1913; Confed. commissioner ; sails ; seized, in Boston ; in prison, 201 2 ; released, 2013 ; sails for Europe, 2032; d., 2741 . , , ill-treats Chinamen, 4443. Sliding Scale Act passes, 9433, 9512. Sligo, Marquis of, title created, 931 1 . Sling used, 11402. Slivnitza, Servians defeated, 566 2 . Sloan, J. M M Shorthand, 9902. Sloan's Valley, Ky., railway accident, 3713. Slc-ane, Sir Hans, b., 8902; pres. Royal So- ciety ,9061 ; library bought, 9132;d.(1752). , Sir John, designs Bank of Eng., 9401 . , "William M., work, 4462. Sloat, Com. John Drake, b. (1780); at Mon- terey, 1612, 1G21 ; gov. Cal., 1613; d. (1867). Slocum, David, robbed, 479 1 . , Henry "Wadsworth, b., 1342 ; near Charleston, 2161 ; at Gettysburg, 2241 ; at Jackson, 2361 ; at Grand Gulf; action between Pontotoc and Tupelo, 236 2 ; at Atlanta, 2381 ; Atlanta to the sea, 2401 ; at Averysboro; atBentonville; at Golda- boro, 2441 ; in Credit Mobilier investiga- tion, 2812; d.,4562. Slough, R. R. accident at, 9893. , Col. John P., b. (1829; ; at Vallis, 2051 ; court, 2161 ; d. (1866). Sloughter, Henry, signs death warrants, 503; gov., 51i; inN.Y., 513; d.,632. Sluis, battle of, 6741 ; taken, 10982. Slums of cities, Cong, investigation, 4111 . Sluyter, missionary in New York, 463. Small Agricultural Holdings Bill, 10092. German party formed, 818 3 . pox rages, Braz., 5573; inoculation for, G. B.,9061. Smalls, Elliott, contest in congress, 3363. , Robert, b. (1839); runs Planter out of Charleston, 2072. Smart, Benj. Humphrey, b., 9242; d.,9762. , Col., at Patterson, Mo., 2203. Smeaton, John, b.,'9062; Eddystone light- house rebuilt, 9142; d.,9262. Smee, Alfred, electric battery constructed, 9501. Sinellie, William, b. (1740); Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9191 ; d. (1795). Smerdis, killed, 11062. Smiles, Samuel, b., 9382; works, 9631, 9763,9811. Smilie, Geo. Henry, b. (1840) ; in Nat. Academy, 3121 . Smillie, James David, b. (1833) ; in Nat. Academy, 294 1 . Smirke, Sir Robert, b., 9211 ; d., 9701. Smith, Abigail, married, 743. , Adam, b., 9062; works, 9152, 92H; d., 9243. , A. L., in Parnell Commission, 999 2 . , Albert, b., 9382. , Alexander, b.,9442; d. (1867). , Alfred T., commissioned col., 4521 . , Andrew Jackson., b. (1815) ; at Milli- ken's Bend, 2171; captures Fort de Russy, 2302; enters Red River, 2303; at Cane River, 231 1; at Grand Ecore, 2321; at Yellow Bayou, 2331; between Pontotoc and Tupelo, 2362 • attacks Spanish fort, 2442. , A. "W., noni. for gov. Kan., 4093. , Benj., b. (1750); gov. N. C, 1173; d. (1829). , Bosworth, b. (1794); cons. P. E. bp., 1402; d. (1884). , Leigh, b. (1828) ; discoveries, 9761 ; polar expedition, 9841 9861 . , Caleb B., b. (1808); sec. int., 1931 ; d., 2291. , C. D., gov. Can., 5771 . , Sir C. G., gov., 10492. , Charles Emory, b. (1842); minister, resigns, 4072. , Ferguson, b. (1807); gen in Tenn., 2043, 2051; d., 2072. , Christopher, 1. mayor London, 9353. , Sir Culling Bradley, in Evang. Alli- ance, 9523. , Sir Donald, last spike in C. P. R. R,, 5853. , E. D., White Caps, 4263. , Edward Kirby, b. (1824) ; threatens Cincinnati; at Richmond, Ky., 2122; at Murfreesboro, 217 1 ; at Jenkins's Ferry, 2321; at Griswold, 2401; able to con- tinue war, 2462; surrenders, 2463; polit- ical disabilities, 2992; d., 4261. , Gen., commands at Baltimore, 1222. , Col. Euan, antislavery decree, 5633. , Francis Pettit, b. (1808) ; intro. pro- peller screw, 1481; patented, 9481; d. (1874). , Frank, minister, Can., 5931, 5952, 5963. , Geo., hanged, 3071 . , , b. (1840); explorations in Assyr., 11581; Assyrian 1 discoveries, 9783; stud- ies inscriptions, 11562; d. (1876). , K., Molly Maguiresmurder,2292. , W., gov. Va., 1192. , M. C, b., 1602. , Gerret, b., 1062; d., 2861. , Goldwin, b.,9403; againstC.P. R.R., , Green Clay, b. (1832); gov. Mont., 2553; candidate for pres., 2931; vote, 293 2 295 2 . , Gustavus Woodson, b. (1822); Battle of Seven Pines, 3982. , Capt. H., at Aden, 10473. , Henry, gov. R.I., 1133. 1410 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Smit-Soci. Smith, Henry, prov. gov. Tex., 1453. , Boynton, b. (1815) ; moderator, 229'; d. (1877). , George Wakelyn (Sir Harrv), b. (178S); ends war, Cape Colony, 598'; gov., 5992 ; defeats Sikhs, 1046' ; in Orange Free State, 11052; d. (1877). , Rev. P., trial, 418' , 4562. , Hezekiah, b. (1737); pastor Haverhill Baptist Church, 742; d. (1805). , Hoke, sec. interior, 427' ; Commence- ment Address, 458' . , Horace, b., 9203; Rejected Addresses, 937'; d.,9542. , Hubbell, forgery, 4702. , Hyruin, Mormon, shot, 1563. .Israel, b. (1810); gov. Vt., 1152; d. (1781). , Jacob H., commissioned major, 456' . , James, b., 019' ; Rejected Addresses, 937'. , , Jr., b., 1682. , A., cons. R. C. bp., 10042. , Sir Edward, b., 9143; d., 9423. , Milton, gov. (4a., 281'. , Youngs, b. (1809) ; gov. B. I., 2293; d. (18"6). , Jem, pugilist, !)072, 1002= Smith, William, architect, d., 10062. , Sir , b., 9363 ; WO rks, 951' ; 9551 ; 9583, 9643; d., 10122. , ,cons. archbp. St. Andrews, 9922. , E., b. (1824); gov. "Wis., 3012. , Farrar, b. (1S24) ; at ColdHarbor, 234'; at Petersburg, 2343; work, 4462. , H., gov. Ala., 2652; enjoins counting votes, 273' . , Henry, b. (1S25) ; minister, 9933, 9953, 9972; chief sec, 9951; lord admi- ralty, 9831; d., 10062. , , b. (1,sl;5) ; electoral vote for vice- pres., 1372, 1472 ; gov. S.C., 1613, 2652. , Robertson, b. (1846) ; Britannica, 9S42; d. 10121. , S., leaves Memphis, 2301 ; at West Point, Miss., 2302. , Saumarez, cons, bp., 10042 ; d., 10082. , Sir Sidney, b., 9162; d., 9502. , Capt., at Linn Creek, 2041 . family reunion, N. J., 4362. College, Mass., org., 2883 ; observa- tory erected, 324 1 . (See Northampton, Mass.) , expedition sails, 9121 ; at Wagner Bay, 575' Sobieslaus I., duke, 5033. II. enthroned, 5051 . Sobranje, legislative chamber, 5663, Sobraon, India, action at, 10461 . Sobremonte, Viceroy, attacks, 489' . Sochovukopf, M., expelled, 5683. Social clubs est., Gr., 10143. Congress, Paris, 763' . Democrats Congress opd., 836 3 . Guardian Orderassignlnent, 4173. Purity Movement org., 3203. • Science, Am. Acad, of Political and, fnd., 348'. Asso., Am., fmd., 250'; conv., '"' 3,4142, 470 3 ; prison reform, 4.'W1 62,9741,9881. -, Je'-emiah, b. (1759); gov. N. H., 1172; Smithtield, Or. Free State, . 11051 . Smith's Falls, Ont., U. S. treas. agent withdrawn, 595 3 . Smitbson, James Lewis Macie, b., 741 ; d., 1362; legacy received, 1501. Smithsonian Institution, est., 1602; library burned, 2423 ; partially burned, 251 3 ; Chinese jewel, 3413; Hodgkin's gift, 3942. Smithville, Ark., action near, 209' d. (18-12). — , John, b., 8742; works, 263, 302; pris- one-; on Chesapeake Bay; on Susque- hanna River, 261 ; conspiracy against; la~o if; life saved; gov. Va.,263, 392,3; excluded from council ; imprisoned ; p-es of Va., 272; elected pres. ; ill; re- leased by Indians; sails for Eng., 27 3 ; de-troys Fr. colony ; on Manhattan Is- &mnTakof£,Trudedyuhi/f Cruelty to Children, Am., 2911 ; same in G. B., 9931 . of Progress, Paris, 7272. for promoting Christianity, etc., 8131 . for Promoting Christian Knowledge in England, 9002; i n Scotland, 9042. for Promoting Gospel among Seamen, 1263. for Promoting Religious Knowledge, 9131. for Promotion of Evangelical Knowl- edge, 1623. for Promotion of Female Education in Japan, 10922. for Promotion of Music meets, 464i . for Promotion of Science and Useful Artsfmd., N. Y., 1521. for Propagation of Gospel org., 382, 9023 , 9403, same among Indians, 542 ; same in India, 10462, 10471 . for Protection of Legal Rights, 3723. for est. playgrounds, 9631 . for Psychical Research, Am., 3723; Eng., 9881 . Society of Red Cross, 54G2. for Reformation Manners, 899 1 , 9011 . Relief of Aged and Destitute Clergy- men, 1643. of Rights of Man in Paris, 7272. of Royal Templars of Temperance, 2731. of Sons of Revolution, 2911 . for Support of Heathen Youth, 1311 . — — for Suppression of Crime, 3823. for Suppression of Slave-trade, 9251 . for Suppression of Vice (see Park- hurst, Charles), 2S31 ; sameinEng.,9Sli . of Surgeons reorganized, 9102. for Abolishing of Vivisection, 9811 . of War of 1812 in N. Y., 1331, 3683 ; same in Pa., 1823. for Young Men fail, 9151. (See Ameri- can, British, International, etc.) Soeinians, est. church at Rakow, 11143. Socinus, Faustus, b., 10803; d., 10823. , La3lius,b. (,1525) ; fnds. Univ. Society, 10811; d. (1562). Socono, Woman's Christian Temperance Union org., 10972. Socorro, N. Hex., School of Mines estab- lished, 3502. Socotra acquired by G. B., 9953. Socrates, b.-d., 1019 1 ; composes orations, 10231 ; condemned ; d., 10232. Soda ammonia process invented, 9482. Soden, Herr von, governor, 838 2 . Sodom destroyed, 11402. Sodoma, II. (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, or Razzi), b. (1477); d., 10803. Sodor, see erected, S40 2 ; Bp. Bardsley cons., 99G2 ; Bp. Straton cons., 100S2. Soest, Prussia, resists Dietrich 11., 7341 ; besieged, 7842. Sofi'aride dynasty established, 1107 2 . Sofia, Bulgaria, a mission, 5653 ; Turks defeated; taken; battle, 5661; siege, 5662, 5681,3, 5691; Alexander leaves, 5673; assassination plotdis. ; Holy Synod meets, 5681; brigands hanged ; Batcheff assassination, 6682 ; Ferdinand and bride welcomed, 5683, 5091 ; hurricane, 5693; riot, 5701 +. Sotrdian Rock, fortress taken, 10242, Sogdianus, deposed, 11071 • murders XerxeB II., 11073. Sohn, Karl Ferdinand, b., 8082 ; d., 8243. Soissons, Fr., Church Council at, 6643, 6683; battle, 666 1, 770 1; academy est., 6931 ; Congress of, 6993; attacked, 7403 ; surrenders, 7421 . Sola Pablo V. de, gov. Cal., 1252, 1312. Solamon, King, deposed, 5023. Solander, Daniel Charles, b.-d., 11342, Solano in Paraguay, 11052. Solar eclipse, occurs, 2661,3841; observa- tions, Eng., 9041 ; spectrum lines, 8101 , 9302; year, length of, 10531. (See Eclipse). Soldiers, Washington's, destitute, 923, 932; allowance for, 81 2 ; preservation of graves, 2521 ; negro enlisted, 2121 ; re- lief org., 1923, 1971 ;Home,Nat.,opd.,375i . Nat. Park, N. and S. survivors re- Soldiers' and Sailors' Convention, Cleve- land, 2552. Solebay lost, 9041 . Solebay, naval battle near, 8921. Soleil, Jean Baptiste Francois, b. (1798); invents saccharometer, 7301 ; d. (1878). Solemn Declaration, G. B., 9653, League and Covenant in Scot., 8843; signed, 8853, 8863 ; annulled, 8903. Soler, Manuel, governor, 6303. Soley, James Russell, b. (1851) ; in navy department, 8512. Solferino launched, 7341 . Solferino, Italy, battle of, 5241 . Solier, Fr. Antonio de San Mig. y, bp., 6051 . Soliman reigns, Morocco ; abolishes sla- very, 10972. , calif of Moslems, 4852. Solis, Antonio de, b.-d., 11283; work, 11292. , Juan Diaz de, discoveries, 163, 4891 ; in Uruguay, 163 ; d., 161 . Solomon, Col., at Newtonia, 2141 , , King, alliance with Pharaoh, 6503 ; studies Natural History, 11422 ; marries princess of Egypt, 1143 1 ; erection of 1st temple, 11422";' idolatry, 11423 ; harem, 6503; writes Pror<-rl>x, 11423; d., 11433. Solomon, Song of, written, 11423. Solon, b.-d., 10142 ; one of Seven Sages; funeral oral ion, 10163; recovers Salamis; code, 10171 ; constitutional oath ; returns to Gr.; archon for life, 10172. Solon, Order of. (See under Order.) Solorzano, Alonzo de Castillo, work, 11292. Solosa, Carlists defeated, 11321. Solovieff, Alexander, attempt against Czar, 11191. , Sergius, b. (1820) ; History of Russia, 11203; d. (1879). Soltikoff, Count Peter, b. (1700+) ; Aust. leader, 5162 ; d. (1772). Solvyns, Baron, d., 5481. Solivai/ wrecked, 9533. Sohva'y Moss, battle of, 8681 . Solynian, captures Cappadocia, 11541. rules Turkey ; killed, 11571 . I., reigns, 11572 ; takes Belgrade, 5082; invades Hung., 5101; annexes Tripoli, 11381; at Vienna, 5101; i n Hung., 5112 ; d.,5101. II., b.-d., 11562. invades Hung.; aids Francis I., 7901; besieges Belgrade, 11231. (See Suleyman.) Solymosi, Esther, murder of, 5303. Somali returns, 4553. Somali ceded, 5633. Somalis routed, 5643. Somerein, gasoline explosion, 5353. Somerhill, Baron, title created, 9412. Somerled, Scot., invades Eng., S501. Somers capsized, 161 3 ; wrecked, 1622. Somers, Baron, title created, 9231 . , Sir George, in Bermudas, 8793. , Lord John, b., 88S 2 ; lord keeper, 9012; dismissed; chancellor, 9013; d., 9062. Somers, Peter J., b., 1682. Somerset, Ky., Confeds. defeat, 2202; reg- ulators' riot, 2691 , , Pa., R. R. collision, 4293. , Col., at Fort Armstrong, 9561 , , D. of, title created, 871i. (See Bean- fort, H., Seymour, Edw. ; Carr, Robert.) , Duke of, minister, 9692, , Edward, Marquis of Worcester, sig- naling telegraph, 8821 ; d., 8922. , Lady Henry, 1'res. Brit. Temp. Asso., 3943; yice-pres. W. C. T. U., 4402. , Fitzroy James Henry, Baron Raglan, b., 9243; at battle of Balaklava ; at Alma ; at Varna, 9581 ; d., 9603 — , slave, trial of, 9192. Somerton, battle at, 8421 . , Baron, title created, 9751 . Somerville, Mass, first telephone to, 294* . , Me., plumbago mine dis., 3421 . Heights, Va.. Federals defeated, 2071. , Mary, b., 9211 ; d., 9762. , William, b., 9002, or (1677) ; d. (1742). Somervitte, mission, 6023, Somhlolo sentenced, 6022. Somkeli submits, 6022 ; trial, 6033. Sommelsdijk, governor, 10391 , Sommering, Samuel Thomas von, b,, 8023; d.,8142. Somorrostro, action at, 11321 . Somyor, mint-master, 4853. Sondes, Earl of, title created, 9871. Song dynasty rules, 6131 . Song of Battle of Maiden appears, 846 3 . of Brunanburh written, 8443. Songe du Vergier, Le, issued, 6743. Sonis, Col., defeats Arabs, 101 . Sonnini, de Manoneourt, Charles Nicolas Sigisbert, b., 701 1 ; d., 7192. Sonntag, Win. L., in Acad, of Design, 2023. Sonoma, Cal., captured* 1601. Sonora, Republic proclaimed, 1743 ; mis- sion at, 10962. Sonorri, b., Ill . Sons of America organized, 1632. of Clergy, festival instituted, 8S83 ; musical festival, 9042. of England, Convention, Can., 5862. of Liberty org., 75 2 ; Am. Knights or- ganized, 2392. of Revolution org. in "Wash., 3563 ; anniversary, 4102; Cong, of, 4062,4323. ■ of Temperance org., 155 1 ; Lincoln joins, 1711; meeting, 3623; session at St. John, Can., 5922. of Veterans encampment, N.Y., 4623. Sontag, outlaw yvounded, 4322. , Henriette, Countess Rossi, b., 80S* appears. 1721 ; d., 8201 . Sontay. forts captured, 4821 . Sonier-Lie-th-h':)!^ appears, 10991. Sonthals of Bengal revolt, 10462. 1412 Text Figures denote Page. IJMJJl^yC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Sooc-Sout. Soochoo, rebels defeated, 61S3 ; Gordon fails, 6202; mission, 0222; fir..-, 6253. Sooloo, Sultan of, rebels, 5522 ■ submits, 5512. Soonees formed, 4851 . Soor, battle of, 5142, 5261 . Sophia, or Sofia, occup ; ed, 115S1 . , Archduchess, d. 528 2 . , Princess of Hanover, d., 9052, princess, b.-d., 5242. of Wiirtemberg, marries "William III. 11023; d., 11021. Sophie, PHncess of Prussia, marries, 8331 . Sophocles,b.-d., 10162; prize; works, 10191 ; manuscriot, 1027 1. Sophomsba, first drama in Europe, 10S01 . Sorakichi, Matsada R., d., 3902. Sorbon, Robert de, b.-d., 6702 , fnds. Sor- bonne Soc, 6722 p fnds. College, 6731 ■ it s broken up ' 7 062. Sorceries, statue against, Erg , 8731. Sorel, Agnes b (1-109) d., 6"82. , Albert, Academician, 7561 . So^es, Jacob, pirate, ^21 . Sorghum, nt. Am. 1801 ; sugar mnf., 3101. Soria, Cristobal gnacio de 630 2 . Sorocaba, mission work, 5563. Sorocco, N Mex., gOi.d discovered, 4501 . Sorota, insurrection at, ^108i . Sosnowice Russia, strike, 11212. Sosthenes, d., 10272. Sotelo, "'ather, put to death, 10911 . Soterus, St., pope, 10643. Sothel, Seth, gov. N. C., 493, 513 ; ban- ished, 511. Sothern, Henry Askew, b., 1382 ; d., 3062. Sothiac festival in Egypt, 64G3 ; cycle, 6582. Soto, Bernado, pros. Costa Rica, 631 2 . , Fernando, or Hernando, b.-d., 1126 3 . sails for Fla., 202 ; fights Indians, 202, 211 ; in Fla., 202, 211 ; i n Ga. ; in Miss., cruelty; expedition, 212; gov., Cuba, 213; Indians worship, 221; dig. Miss., 222; expedition at Panuco ; reaches Ark.; in La., 223 ; d., 221 ; buried, 223. , M. A., Pres. Honduras, 10413. Sotomayor, Alonso de, governor, 60S 2 ; at Antofagasta, 606 1 . , Eloi de Sa, Jardin do Ceo, 11102. y Vald^s, Ramon, b., 6063. Souhise, Benjamin de Rohan, b., 6842 ; leader revolts, (5873 ; d., 6883. , Pr. de (Charles de Rohan), b. (1715) ; at Rossbach, 702i ; commander, 802i ; d. (1787). Soublette, Carlos, b. (1790) ; pres. Vene- zuela, 11602 ; d. (1870). Soudan. (See Sudan.) Soufnot,JacquesGermain,b.,6963;d.,705i. Soui, science and education ; library gift, 6122 Soukari's forest, fire, 103. Soulard, Archbp. Xavier Gouthe, fined, 763L Soule College, Tenn., founded, 1723. , Joshua, b. (1781) ; cons, bp., 1322 ; d. (1867). , Pierre, b., 1102 ; Ostend Manifesto, 6331; d., 2701. , "Wilson, d., 4661. Souli£, MelchiorFrecb3ric,b.,7143; works, 7271,7291; d., 7302 Soulouque, Faustin Elie, b. (1785); at Las Carreras, 6431 ; Pres., 10402; d. (1867). Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, D. de Dalrna- tie,b.,7042; at Corunna,7162; takes Ba- dajoz, at Lilerena, at Alhuera, 7182 ; in Pyrenees, 720 1 ; commander-in-chief, 7221 ; ministry, 7273, 7293 , gen. of Fr., 7281 ; atHellesberg, 808 1 : atOrthez,93Gi ; d., 7302. Soul-Winning andPrayer Union fmd., 9862. Soumet, Alexandre, b. (1788); works, 7243; d. (1845). Sounddues suspended, 1752; u. S. refuses, 1791. Sourville, Anne H. de C. de, d., 6943. Sousa, Alfonso de, in Brazil, 203, 21 2; Rio de Janeiro, 5532. , Antonio Jose de, D. of Terceira, b.-d., 11102. , Goncalode, on W. Coast Afr.,116H. , Holstein, Pedrode, b. (1786); Duke of Palmella, resigns ; regent in Port. ,11111 ; d. (1850). , Pero Lopes de, b. (1503±) ; Aao Amaro, 5532; d. (1539). .Thome" de, b. (1510+) ; at San Salva- dor, 5533. South, Robert, b., 882=; d., 9062. African Republic (see text, pp. 1124, 1125); find., 5993, 98G1 ; Coll. est., 598 1 ; church org., 599 1 ; Stafford House Com- mittee org., 6002 ; Confederation, dele- gates meet, 6012; Boers agreed; State recognized, 6032; Kafirs disturb, 6042; Bd. Jones eons., 9742; independent, 9861 ; Asso. est., 987' ; Company's charter ga- zetted, 10053 ; Eng. and Port, conflict, 10061 . (See Transvaal.) American Republics recognized, 1312; Cong, of delegates, 1352; boundary ques- tion arbitrated, 4112. Southampton, Eng. , Am. life raft at, 256 1 ; Pr. Isabella arrives, 5563 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 9521,9881; Church Cong. at,9742 ; strikes, 10043, 10051 ; railway opd., 9501 . , N. Y., founded, 372 ; 250th anniver- sary, 3613; whale caught, 4473. South Anna, Va.,ContVds. detVatedat,223i . Southard, S. G., suicide, murder, 43S3. , Samuel L., b,982 ; sec. of navy, 1333; gov. N. J., 1412 ; pres. Senate, 1532 ■ d., 1542. South Australia separated, 4952 ; Stuart's explorations, 4962 ; representative gov.; legislative council, 497 1; wheat crop, 5013, earthquake, 530 1 ; colonized, 9492. Australian Act passed, 495 2 .- , Baron, title created, 9212. Bend, Ind. R.R. accident at, 185 3 ; bank robbery, 4443. Bermondsey, fire, 9973. Bethlehem, Pa., Lehigh University org,, 2543. Southbridge, Mass., R.R. accident, 4773. South Britain, Roman province, 10632. Cal. Five Meth. C< mferenee org., 3742. Carolina, U.S.A., Sp. holds, 251 ; land grants, 423, sain. ■ extended, 432; Sps. in- vade, 441 ; Wm. Sayle, gov. (1669); Pres- byterians and Independents settle; tol- eration.44 2 ; Fundamental Constitutions; Eng. on Ashley River ; self govt., 45 ; J. West, gov., 452, again (1674, 1684); Dutch arrive ; Sir J. Yeamans, gov.; new govt, demanded, 452; slave wars, 481; opposing parties, 483; Jos. Morton, gov., 492; Richard Kirk, gov.; Robert Quarry, gov., 493 ; rice planted, 502, >y_>2; James Colleton, gov.; Huguenots arrive; writs against, 503; Huguenots in, 511 ,3 ; mar- tial law; Seth Sothel, gov., 513; Philip Ludwell, gov.; Tims. Sinitli.gov.; legis- lature acts rejected; Locke scheme abandoned; Jos. Blake, gov., 533, also (1696) ; moderate party favored; John Archdale, gov., 53 3 ; Indian towns de- stroyed, 541 ; dissenters abound, Chris- tians enfranchised, 542 ; orthodoxy pro- tected ; 1st P. E. minister, 543 ; pesti- lence in; immigration, 551; debt of; James Moore, gov., 55 2 ; Sir Nat'l John- eon, gov. ; refuses hereditary nobility, 553 ; dissenters prevail, 562 disfranch.se- ment illegal, intolerance repealed; 1st church, 56 3 ; baptism of slaves, 571 ; Fr. invade ; dissenters' disfranchise re- pealed, Gov. Johnson executive, 572; Ed. Tynte, gov.; Robt. Gibbes, gov.,57 3 ; pirate's suppressed, 58'; interest issue; Chas. Craven, gov., 591; Rob't Daniel, go^., 592 ; James Moore, gov. ; Arthur Middle-ton, gov., 593, Gl 2; Francis Nichol- son, gov., population ; govt, revolution- ized, 593; invaded, 601 ; p-oprietarygo^t. overthrown, 61 1 ; N. and S. divided; Ger. Palatines arrive, 613; Robt. John- son, gov., 632 ; yellow fever ; T Brough- ton, gov., 633 ; 'indigo intro., 651 ; negro teaching prohibited ; Wm. Bull, gov., 652, 732; insurrection, 652; fire; Fr. col- ony fails; James Glen, gov., 633; Library Soc. fnd., 671; Indians leave Brit, do- mains, 712; Win. H. Littleton, gov., 713; Thos. Boone, gov., 73 2 ; land bounties, 75i; Chas. Montague, gov. ,753; Ger. set- tle in, 79i ; aid to Bostonians, 792; Wm. Campbell, gov., 813; John Rutledge, gov., 831, again (1779); militia in, 861 ; Rawlin Lowndes, gov. (1778) ; Ninety Six taken, 921 ; military race, 923 ; negroes flee to Brit., 932; royal authority reest., 933 ; Am. takes Brit, posts ; battle of Eutaw Springs ; Greene retires from Ninety Six, 942 ; John Matthews, gov. (1782); Benj. Guerard, gov. (1783); govs, at Wash., 953 ; cedes western land claims, 993; Wm. Moultrie, gov. (1785), 1613; again, 1053; Thos. Pinckney, gov. (1787), 101 3 ; ratifies constitution, 101 1; State Convention meets, 1031 ; Arnoldus Van- derhorst, governor, 1051 ; Charles Pinck- ney, governor, 1073,1151; Edward Rut>- ledge, gov., 1093 ; s. C. Coll. org. at Co- lumbia, 1111 ; John Drayton, gov., 1112, 1153; Jas.B. Richardson, gov., 1113;Paul Hamilton, gov., 113 2 ; Henry Middleton, gov., 1173; Jos. Alston, gov., H9 3 ; Pres- byterian Synod org., 1212; DavidR. Wil- liams, gov.", 1233; Andrew Pickens, gov., 1252 ; John Geddes, gov., 1272 ; Thos. Bennett, gov., 1292 ; night or Sunday- Schools for slaves prohib ; ted, 1312; John L. Wilson, gov., 1313; United Synod So. (Evang. Luth.), org., 1323; Rich. J. Man- ning, gov., 133 2 ; John Taylor, gov., 1352; Steph. D.Miiler, gov., 1372; James Ham- ilton, gov., 1392; Columbia Theo. Sem. est., 1403 ; incipient rebellion ; reward offered against Liberator, 1411; Robert Y. Hayne, gov.; nullification ordinance passed; State Conven. meets, 1412 , se- cession threatened , U. S Force Act de- clared void nullification repealed, 143 2 ; Geo McDuffie, gov., slavery mob enters post-office , U. S. mails opd, 145 2 rail- road opd., 1453 ; Pierce M. Butler, gov., 1472 ; Patrick Noble, gov., 1512 , p, K. Hennegan, gov. ; John P. Richardson, go 17 ., 153 ; James H. Hammond, gov., 1553; William Aiken, gov., 1592 ; David Johnson, gov., 1613 ; W. B. Seabrook, go"., 16o2; calls a Southern Cong., 1672; John H. Means, gov., 1G9 2; JohnL. Man- ning, go^., 17 2; James II. Adams, gov., 17'<2 ; Newbury Coil, org., 1802 , Robert F. W. Alston, gov., 1812 ; Wm. H. Gist, gov., 1852; Asso. of 1SG0 fmd., 1882; elec- tion excitement in 1860 ; secession advo- cated Senators resign ; conven. called ; secession assumed, 1883 ; State Conven.; E W Pickens, gov ; secedes by ordi- nance ; sends commissioners to D. C. f 1892 3, 190 3 , fo^ts requested; request withdrawn Caleb Cushmg sent to S.C., 1892, independence declared, 189 2 ,3; members of Cong withdraw, 1893 , Ft. Johnson seized, shot at Star of the If'est, 1901; Francis W. Pickens, gov., 1892, 190 3 ; Gen. Beauregard in command; Maj. Anderson cut off, 1921 ; Gov. Pick- ens notified ; constitution revised ; Ft. Sumter surrendered, 1933; Niagara cap- tures Gen. Parkhitl ; Charleston block- aded, 1942; privateer Savannah escapes, 196 ; prohibits payment of northern creditors, 197 ' ; Sem Chestnut expelled, 19S3 ; Confed. envoys leave, 2001 , 2012 ; Nashville runs blockade; battle of Port Royal, 2002 • 17 hrilks block channel, 2021,2; privateer Isabel escapes ; action at Port Royal Ferry, 202 1 ; teachers for freedmen, 2052 ; skirmish at Edisto Is- land, 206 2 ; Gen. Hunter emancipates slaves, 2071 ; Planter runa blockade, 2072; action on James Island, 2083, 2091,2243; 2203, 2422; action on Pinckney's island, 212 ; 1st reg. S. C. vols, (colored) org., 2151; M. L.Bonham, gov., 2173; block- ade declared open, 2182 ; Charleston bombarded,32202 ; Federal raid up the Cambahee, 2241 ; Morris Is. surprised, 2242; Ft. Wagner assaulted, 2243,2251, 2202 ; Federals' siege of Ft. Sumter, 2251 , 2261,2; Charleston bombarded, 2261 ; ac- tion at Honey Hill ; at Devreaux Neck, 2402 ; A. G. Magrath, gov., 2413 ; action at Pocotaligo ; at Salkehatchie, 2421; action at Aiken; Federals enter Colum- bia and Charleston, 2422 • Sherman crosses Pedee River, 244 1 ; provisional govt, est., 2473 ; Garrison speaks in Charleston, 247 1 ; Avery Institute opd., 2482 ; Benj. F. Perry, provisional gov., 2483; ordinance of secession repealed ; 13th Amend, ratified; new constitution enacted, 2491 ; James L. Or, gov., 251 1 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2552; constitu- tional conven. meets, 2611 ; new consti- tution ratiiied, 2013 ; State readmitted, 2632; supt. of schools elected, 2043; Kob- ert K. Scott, gov., 2653 ; ratifies 15th Amend., 2671; f re e school system est., 2702; Habeas Corpus suspended, 2751 ,2 ; Franklin J. Moses, Jr., gov., 281 1; in- dicted ; State debt repudiated ; Normal Sout-Spai. Text Figures denote Page. INDiiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1413 scliool at Columbia, 2843 ; Dan. H. Cham- berlain, gov., 2912 ; organizations dis- band ; electoral vote disputed, 293 2 ; Wade Hampton, gov., 2932, 2973 ; certi- ficates to Kepub. pres. electors ; 2 Legis- lative bodies; 2 governors, Dan. H. Cham- berlain, gov., 2932 ; electoral vote dis- puted, 2951 ; ex-Treasurer F. L. Cardoza ■convicted; political frauds, 2971; debts scaled, 2993 ; Wra, D. Simpson, gov. ; elec- tors bribery exposed, 3012 ■ department of Agric. est., 3021; Gov. Simpson re- signs; T.B.Jeter, gov. ,305 1 ; Johnson Ha- good, gov., 3052; negroes terrorized, 309* ; Hugh S. Thompson, gov., 3132 ; John P. Richardson, gov., 325 2 ; pension system enacted, 3292 ; Confed. seal given to,3333; justice for lynchers ; negro exodus ; de- tectives driven out by negroes ; negroes lynched, 351 1 ; colored people's 1st State fair, 3513; colored convention assembly, 3591 ; Benj. R. Tillman, gov., 3751 , 4212; J. D. Shaw shot, 3871; excessive R.R. taxes, 4251; Evans Liquor Law opera- tive, 4323 ; Dispensary Law unconstitu- tional, 4332, 4572, 4683 ; state dispensa- ries est., 4333 ; Dispensary Law enforce- ment resisted, 4342 ; gov.'s appeal for Sea Islands sufferers, 4363 ; cyclone, 4361 1 4401; gov. suppresses opposition; rebel- lion against Liquor Law, 4543; gov. as- sumes control, 4552; civil status restored, 4571; Evans Liquor Law valid, 4583; State under prohibition, 4593; State dis- pensaries reopd., 46(32; gov.'s liquor proc- lamation, 407 1 ; Dispensary Law uncon- stitutional, 4682; Dispensary Law consti- tutional, 4723; Intoxication and Prof ane Language Bill, 4762 ; John Gary Evans, inaug., 4793. (See Fort Sumter.) South Carolina Coll. est., 1111 , Church, Old, Boston, seized, 50 2 ; erected, 603 ; tea question discussed in, 782; as riding-school, 823. Southcott, Joanna, b., 9123; fanatic, 9131, 9263 ; d.,9363. South Dakota, territorial history (N. and S.Dak.); first settled, 1691 ; territory org., 193i ; ter. govs., Win. Jayne, 2032, New- ton Edmonds, 2193, Andrew J. Faulk, 2253, John A. Burbank, 2693, John L. Pennington, 2851 ; Win. A. Howard (1878), Gilbert A. Pierce, 3193, Louis K. Church, 3252, Arthur C. Mellette (1889) ; Yank- ton, capital, 2173 ; Dak. Ind. missions est., 2631; S. D. Congregational Asso. fmd., 2762 ; Indians surrender lands, 2953 ; school for deaf mutes, 3071 ; Free Meth. Conf. fmd., 3122 ; Yankton Coll. opd.,3123; Univ. of, org.; Normal schools opd., 3143 • tin dis., 3141 ; Constitution adopted ; Insane Asylum at Yankton, 3171 ; Agricultural Coll. opd. ; bill for admission, 3193,3363,3371 ; Constitution framed, 3211, 2; Dakota Univ. est., 3223; State School of Mines opd., 3283 ; Local Option Law passed, 329 1 ; North and South D. separated, 3292 ; gas struck, 332i; riot, 3331; windstorms and prairie fires, 3381 ; Kepub. Conven. called, 3431 ; P. F. M'Clure nom. for gov., 3451 , 3473 ; Arthur C.Mellette nom. for gov., 3451; 1st Legislature meets, 347 2 , 3513 ; ad- mitted to the Union ; Constitution adopted, it prohibits the sale of intoxi- cants, 3472 ; Arthur C. Mellette, gov., 3492,3993; Rom. Cath., diocese est., 3501 ; liquor dealers continue business, 3511; dust blizzard, 3561 ; woman suffrage soc. org., 3603; Independent party fmd., 3623; gold dis., 3681 ; strikes ; Prohibition Law operative, 36S 2 ; troops arrive, 3701 ; armed Indians alarm, 3721; destitution, 3733; capital punishment rejected, 377 2 ; Prohibition question resubmitted, 3783, and sustained, 4232 ; divorces limited, 3891; platinum ore dis., 4061 ; r. c. In- dian Cong., 4101 ; cowboys k., 4223 ; Re- apportionment Act unconstitutional, 4243,4632; cattle thieves scattered, 4271 ; C. H. Sheldon, gov., 4472 ; prairie fires, 4641 ; free silver platform adopted, 471 1 . Univ., est., 3143. Southeastern R. R. and London R. R. Co., amalgamate, 9832. Railway, opened to Dover, 9521. Southern Baptists. (See Baptists.) Theological Seminary est. (1859). College org., Ga., 1571 . Southern Confederacy, South. Cong.called, 1672; states secede : S. C, 1892; Miss., Fla., Ala., 191 1 ; Ga., La., 1912; Tex., Va.,1913; Ark., 1952; N.C.,1953; Tenn., 1972- Mo.(?), Ky. (?), 2012 ; official be- ginning of, 1892; senators resign, 1883 + ; seizes forts, 190i ; provisions for, 1912 ; 1st Provisional Cong. org. ; provisional constitution adopted and style ; Cong, elects pres., etc.; it assumes nat. prerog- atives ; Montgomery, Ala., capital, 191 3 ; call for volunteers, 1921; enraged feel- ings, 192 2 ; sends 3 commissioners to Wash., 1931,3; importation of slaves prohibited ; controls military affairs ; army of 100,000 ; constitution adopted ; demands independence ; adopts perma- nent constitution, 1931 ; appoints for- eign commissioners; states to cede forts to ; provides for a revenue ; Provisional Cong, closes, 1932 ; coast blockaded ; privateers for, 1941 ; Lee commands in Va.; La. raises troops ; increase of army, 1942; forts blockaded ; telegrams seized.; compact with Va.; Provisonal Cong, meets, 1951 ,2; -war recognized; Va. en- ters Confed. Cong., 1952; Eng." recog- nizes ; aliens' property confiscated ; Cong, adjourns to Richmond, U. S. mails withdrawn, 195 3 ; postal commu- nications prohibited by U. S. ; Rich- mond the capital, 1971 ; Fr. neutral ; U. S. passports required, 1972; to raise a million men, 1973; 3d Provisional Cong, at Richmond, 1973, 1992; value of Con- fed. dollar, 1973+ ; army in 1861,1981; confiscation of property of Confederates; G. Brit, communicates with ; Lincoln prohibits commercial intercourse ; cit- izens of U. S. exiled, 1992; passes re- quired, 1993, 2001 ; envoys run blockade, 2001 ; Army of Va. org., 2003; envoys re- leased ; general election ; Davis and Stephens elected ; conven. in Ky.; 4th Prov. Cong, opens; Cong, admits Ky., 2012; confiscation of Confed. Property Bill, 2013 ; peace resolutions in Cong., 2033;army under Beauregard,2042; prov. Cong., last session ; first Confed. Cong, meets; Jeff. Davis inaug. pres., 2053; Gen. Johnston commands army of Va. ; commerce cut off, 2062 ; gunboats re- pulsed in Tenn., 2071 ; Conscription Act passes ; 1st Cong, closes 1st session, 207 3 ; Lee commands Army of Va., 2083 ; con- fiscation of rebels' property, 2112 ; i s t Cong., 2d session opens, 2113 ; retalia- tion ordered, 2133, 2152 ; Eng. recogni- tion proposed, 2152; conscription, 2153, 2312,3;negroes guarded; Cong, adjourns, 215 3 ; Davis opposes enlisting negroes, 2173 ; death for officers of negro regi- ments ; on emancipation proclamation, 2192; dismisses consuls, 2233; 1st con- scription proclamation, 225 3 ; bankruptcy exposed, 2273; raid disclosed, 2281 ; com- pulsory funding of finances recom- mended, 229 2 ; army south of Rapidan, 2321; 2d Cong, meets, 2333,2393; Gen. Hood commands dept. of Tenn., 236 2 ; seal finished, 2373 ; enlistment of negroes authorized, 2431 , 2; and defeated, 2432; 3 peace commissioners sen t, 243 1 ,2; Cong. issues address, 2432 ; Confed. raiders from Can. attack St. Albans, 5801 ; raiders dis- charged, 5831; Confed. debt repudiated by Federal Cong., 2432,3; Davis's last message ; last Cong, adjourns ; gov't leaves Richmond ; Davis, Danville ad- dress ; correspondence with Eng. on privateers begins ; seal arrives at Rich- mond, 2453; surrender of Lee, 24G1 ; ports closed by Federals, 2472 ; opened, 2473 ; 2491; Eng. and Fr. rescind recognition, 2473,9691; southern ports closed, 2472, and reopened, 2473; Confed. prisoners released ; southern ports, restrictions removed, 249 1; insurrection declared suppressed, 2523; Confeds. disfranchised in W. Va. and Tenn., 2531 ; states with invalid gov'ts, 2611; amnesty extended, 263 2 ; legal and political disabilities re- moved, 2633, 2711 ; states represented in Cong., 2711; flags not restored, 3272; Confed. monument at Petersburg, 3601 ; Confed. veterans reunion held, 3623 ; veterans' reception in N. Y., 3821 ; Con- fed. Soldiers' Home, 3983; flag returned from Boston, 4001 . Southern Convention of Churches, 3163. Exposition at Louisville, Ky., 3153; at Montgomery, 3473; at Augusta, 3953. Governor's' Convention, 4283. 111. Conf. (Meth. Epis.) org., 1702. Immigration Land and Title Co. org., 4613. Interstate Exposition opens, Raleigh, 3933. Ky. College (Christian) est. at Hop- kinsville (1849). Southern Literary Gazette appears, 1331 , Southern Pacific R. R. chartered, 2733 ; train robbers, 3911, 4503; conven. for, 2893 ; formed, 7213. — — University (Meth. Epis. S.), est. at Greensboro, Ala., 180 2 . Southeme, Thomas, b.,8902; d. (1746). Southesk, Earl of, title created, 8831 , Southey, Robert, b., 919 1; works, 9271, 9311 , 9371 , 9411 ; poet laureate, 9371 • d.. 9522. , Mrs. Robert, b., 9242. Southgate, Horatio, b. (1812) ; cons. P. E. bishop. 156 3 . South German States protest against alli- ance, 8253. - — Hadley canal opened, 1053. Kentucky College organized, 3082. Southold, N. Y., Puritan Church; PreBb. church fmd., 362 ; Founder's monument, 4401. Lawrence, Mass., cyclone damages, 3641. Mountain, Md., battles of, 2131 ; Early approaches, 2361 . South Orange, N. J,, Seton Hall College fnd., 1802 ; Smith embezzlement, 4343. Omaha, Neb., fire, 475 3 . Southport, Eng., British Asso. sits, 9881. South Portland detained by gov't., 4151 . South Saxons, kingdom established, 8413. ■ Sea Bubble, formed, 9053 ; investi- gated, 9071. ■ Side R.R., Va., Feds, attack, 2391 , Staffordshire, Eng., strike, 9943. Vallejo, Cal., Julia explodes, 3293. Southwark, Eng., Bp. Butt eons., 9982; Bp. Yeatman cons., 10063; bridgeopd.,9382; Congregational Church formed, 8782. Southwell, Eng., see fnd., 0922; Collegiate Ch. opd., 9982 ; Bp. Ridding cons., 9922. , Sir Robert, pres. Royal Society, 8961 . , Viscount, title created, 9172. ■ , William, cabinet pianos, 9342. Southwest Afr., Ger. boundaries, 8382. - — African Co. formed, 8353. Bapt. Coll. est. at Bolivar, Mo., 3003. Kansas College est., 3242. ■ Missouri, M. E. conference org., 2842 Silver Conven., El Paso, Tex., 3971 . Southwestern Baptist University est. at Jackson, Tenn. (1845). Presb. Univ. est., Tenn., 2903. Univ. (Meth. Epis. S.) est. at George- town, Tex. (1872). Southwick, clergyman executed, 8S8 2 - Southwold, Eng.," battle of, 692i . Southworth, Mrs. (Emma D. E. Nevitt), b., 1281 ; Allsicorth Abbey, 2503. Soutsong, suppresses rebellion, 6132; d., 6122. Soutza, Prince, duel, 7483. Souvaroff . (See Suvarof .) Souvenirs du Geveral Jarras appears, 7622. du C. de Roclu rhouart, Les, 7602. du Genirol du Jjarail appears, 7641 . Souvestre, Kmile, b., 7163 ; d., 7322. Souza-Botelho, A. M. E. F., works, 710Q, 7171. , Thome de, at Bahia, 23 2 . Sovercirl/., raid, 2202 ; escapes from Libby Prison, 2301 ; d. (1864). Strelitz (Neustrelitz) ; org., 11141 • rebel- lion of, 11153. Strelnikoff, Gen., assassinated, 11211. Stremayr, Dr., forms new ministry, 5311 . Strickland, Agnes, b., 9331; Queens of Eng., 9503 ; d\, 9782. Strikes ; in N. Y., 1131 , 2772, 2783; in Fall River, Mass, 2891 ; in Mass.-Me., 2943 ; R.R., in Md. ; in W. Va., 2963; Reading and Pittsburg, Pa., 2971 ; at New Orleans, 3083 ; miners and iron workers, Pitts- burg, Pa., 3103, 3151 ; weavers and spin- ners, Mass., N. Y., 3103; bricklayers, at Chicago, 3132; glass-blowers; telegraph- ers, 3151 ; in Brazil, Ind.; miners in Pa., 317 1 , 3203 , 321 1 ; painters in N. Y. ; spin- ners at Fall River, Mass., 3171; miners in Hocking Valley. O., 317 2; carpet- weav- ers at Philadelphia, 3191; rolling-mill hands, Cleveland, O..3203; shoemakers, Brockton, Mass., 3211 ; glove-makers, N. Y., 3231; cigar-makers, N. Y.; Third Ave. horse-car line ; lumber shovers ; Pac. R.R. ; stove molders ; street car, 3233 ; pork-packers, Chicago, 3243, 3251 ; on Reading R.R., 3291; onC. B.Q. R.R., 3292; coal-dock laborers, Duluth ; L. E. & W. R. R. ; Burlington, R.R., 3332 ; in Haverhill, 3511; of rolling-mill at Fla.; glass-makers, 3523; Nashua Mills, N.H.; N. Y.C. R. R.,3531; Ashland, Wis.; bolt- makers, Pittsburg; Sheldon Axle Works, Wilkesbarre, Pa. ; shirt-makers, N. Y., ended ; switchmen, C. and Nw. R. R., 3551 ; .Chicago carpenters and plumb- ers ; clothing-makers, N. Y. ; framers 3563; waiters in Chicago, 3591; brake- men, Pittsburg; street-car men, Colum- bus ; switchmen, Cleveland, O. ; miners, Mich.; pool beer,N. Y., 3611 ; at Pough- keepsie, N. Y.; at Louisville, Ky., 3623 ; cloak-makers, N. Y., 3623, 3892; train- men,Ill.,3623,3663; street-cleaning dept., N.Y.,3642; N.J. steel- works men; union workmen, N.Y., 3643; coal-miners, Ala., 3651 ; lumberman in Minn., 3661 ; Knights of Labor, N. Y., 3662 ; carpenters in Cinn., O.; varnishers and painters, N.Y., 366 3 ; telegraphers, St. Louis, 3703 ; thread mills, Newark ; school building, N. Y., 3731 ; coke-makers, Connelsville, Pa.; Pittsburg and Western R.R., 3763; Dob- son's mills, Boston ; Troy Laundry Co., N. Y., 3782 ; street-car, Detroit, Mich., marble-cutters, Chicago, miners, Ind., 3823; strikers fined, 389 1; general, in North and East for eight-hour day and higher wages; house-smiths, N.Y.; street- cars, Long Island City, 3S31 ; molders sympathetic, Chicago, "3863 ; street-car, Newark, N. J., 3833 ; cabinet-makers, Chicago, 3903 ; wharf men, Savannah, Ga., 3923 ; Buffalo lithographers, 3931 ; coal miners, Pittsburg, 3931 , 4123; trou- ble, Crested Butt, Colo., 3971 • engineers refuse at New Haven ; R.R. at Gorcum, Tex.; street-cars, Indianapolis, 399 1; 4022; electric car, Allegheny, Pa.; Edison Electric Co., N. Y. ; laundry workers, Troy, N. Y., 4002 ; granite-cutters, New Eng., 4063, 4071 ; Pavers' Union, N. Y., 4063; street-cars, Cleveland, O., 4083; coal-miners, Coal Creek, Tenn. ; U. S. troops, Duquesne, Pa., 412i ; R. R. men, Buffalo, 4123, Gov. Flower's proclama- tion, 4142 ; sawmills, Steven's Point, Wis., 4123; miners, Tracy City,in Oliver Springs, in Coal Creek, Term., 4131; shoemakers, N.Y. ; puddlers, Pittsburg, 4142 • d. and R. G. R. R. ; telegraphers, Santa Fe R. R., 4171 ; general, New Or- leans ; street railway, Ci.luinbus.O., 4182; telegraphers, Rock Island R.R., 111.; school-teachers, Garden City, 4191 ; elec- tric line men, Toledo, O., 4211; resume work, Dunkirk, N.Y.; silk-weavers, Pat- terson,^ J., 4222; Nanticoke mine, Pa., 4242 ; Lake Shore R. R.; switchmen, O.; T., A. H. and N. M. R. R., Mich., 4262 ; weavers, Palmer, Mass. ; carriage-mak- ers, Boston ; unlawful in La., 4263 ; on World's Fair buildings ; Mich, decision against ; Santa Fell. R.,4271 , 4282; min- ers in Ind, 4273 j Union Pacific shops, Neb., 4282; iron-workers, N.Mex.; wait- ers, N. J.; guards, World's Fair, 4283, 4531 ; coal-miners in O., 4291; gold-mi- ners, Wash., 4301 • garment-workers, Phila. ; street-cars, Bridgeport, Conn. ; lumbermen, Tonawanda, N. Y., 4323 ; coal-men, Kan. ,4342; miners, Colo., 4343, 4382; R. R., Decatur, Ala., 438'; wire- workers, Trenton, N. J., 4382; R.R. men, Indianola, 111.; weavers in R. I., 4402; Le- high Valley R. R., 4442 ; traction-men, Bridgeport, Coim..44S3; hatters, Conn., 4502; N. Pacific R.R., and decision re- versed, 4723; silk factories, N.J. .strikers attack silk-workers. 4503, 4522; miners, W. Va., 4522; dyers, Patterson, N. J., 4531 ; street-cars, Long Island City, 4542; coke region, Pa., 4543, 4571, 458'i ; gen- eral, N. Dak. to Wash.; Great Northern R.R. ; painters, Chicago, 4563; miners in U.S. ,4571 ; coal-miners, 111. -Tenn. , Crip- ple Creek, Colo., Mt. Iron mine, Minn., 4582 ; Pullman Palace Car employees, 45*3,4591 ; U. S. troops subdue in Ala., 45S3 ; Evansville and Terre Haute R.R.; street-cars, Brooklyn, 4603 ; Cripple Creek, Colo., 461 1; miners, Md. and Mich. ; miners, Mclvecsport, Pa. ; R. R. men, O., 4622; R.R. men, Buffalo, N.Y. ; resolutions of sympathy for, 4643; dock- men, Duluth, Minn. ; Trinidad, Cal. ; vi- olent at Sacramento, 4642 ; Constitu- tional Conven., N. Y., on, 4643 ; injunc- tion against, 4651; Pullman, Chicago, 4643, 4683, 4702, 4733, 4752; R, R. block- ades ; Pres. Debbs arrested, 465 2 ; In- vestigating Committee, pres. consents ; R. R. men, Toledo, O., 4653; firemen dis- missed ; off' S.Pacific R.R.; R.R. rails re- moved, 4662, it ends, 471 1 ; mechanics and workmen in N. Y.; beef-killers, Omaha, Neb., 4663 ; stockyards, Chicago, off, 4683- textile workers, Mass.; sympathetic condemned, 4691; garment-workers, N. Y.,4703; coke-workers, Pa., 4703,4751; garment-makers, Boston; garment-work- ers, Newark, N. J.; shirt-makers, N.Y., 4722; decision against engineers, 4723 ; weavers, Fall River, Mass. ; cigar-mak- ers, Fla., 4731 ; arson during, O., 4762; La- bor Commission report on, 476 3 , 4772; street-car, Wash., D. C, 4763. Strikes, Eng., in Lond., 9471 • union work- ers great "puddlers, 9683; colliers near St. Helens ; Northeastern R.R. ; London and Brighton R. R. ; tailors in London, 9703; on Great Southern and Western R. R., 9823 ; shipwrights, Eng., 9943 ; at Blackburn, 9983; railway men; engi- neers ; dock laborers ; tailors ; ship-car- penters ; shoemakers ; miners ; general, 10031 ; dock, 10043 j shipyard men ; dock men; sailors, etc. ; colliers, 10051; R.R. men, 10052 j ship-workers, 10063 ; omni- bus, London; miners, W., 10071; coal porters, London; great coal-miners, 100s3, 10111 , 10123 ; great cotton-workers, 10091 , 10103 ; dock laborers, Hull ; Victoria docks, Lond., 10103; mill-hands in Scot., 10111 ; Lond. cab-drivers ; miners, 10131 , , New Zealand ; frequent, New Castle ; Sydney, 5002 ; settled, N. S. W.. 5003 ; in Moravia, 531 1; in Prague, 5323,5343; riots, Kladno, Bohemia; in Saar ; in Brunn,5323; in Vienna, 5323, 5333,5343; in Gratz; Wilczek collieries, 533 1 ; in Belgium ; in Namur and Liege ; dock la- borers at Antwerp ; coal-miners, Mons, 5462 ; Borinage District, 5463 ; general, Belg., 5471, 5481,2; Charleroi District, 5482; Cornwall, Can., 5862,3 ; Toronto, 5863 ; Halifax, 5SS3 ; Can. Pacific R. R., 5942 ; nitrate districts, Chile, 6083 ; hi Havana, 634 1; at Lyons, Fr., 7272; i n Fr., 7503, 7543, 7603, 7033, 7C42; fund for strikers, Fr., 7592; j n Berlin, in Nurem- burg, in Westphalia, 8323 ; miners at Sosnowice, Rus., 11212. Strikers denied amnesty in Fr., 7592 ; im- prisoned, 8331 ; make trouble, 8343±. Stringham, Silas Horton, b., 1082; com- mands Hatteras exped., 1981 ; d., 2902. Strinnholm, AnderB Magnus, b. (1786); His- tory of Sweden, 11362 ; d. (1857). Strobel, E. H., minister, 4473. Strong, Caleb, b. (1745) ; gov., 1112, 1193 - d. (1819). , Gen. Geo. Crockett, b. (1832); assault* Fort Wagner, 2243; d., 2272. , James, b., 1302; ^orks, 2603; d.,468i. , C, work, 4783. , Josiah, New Era, 4481 . , Luther M., b., 1502. , S. H., chief-justice, Can., 5952. , Thos. M., pres. Reformed Synod, 1462. , William, b., 1142 ; associate justice,, 2731 ; on Electoral Commission, 2951 . , L., mayor, N. Y., 4732. Strongbow. (See Clare, Richard.) Strother, David Hunter, b.,1242. Stroud, Lord, impeached, 8852. Struensee, Johann Friedrich, h., 6381 ; be- headed, 6392. Struthas slays Thibron, 10222. Strutt, Joseph, b., 9103 ; d., 9303. Struve, Burkhard Gotthelf, b., 7963 ; d., 8002. , Georg Adam, b., 7943 ; d., 7982. , Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von, h. T 8062 ; d., 8222. , Gustave von, b. (1805) ; insurrection leader, 8172 ; d. (1870.) • , Otto Wilhelm von, b., 11163. Stryker, M. W., pres. Hamilton Coll., 4221 „ Strype, John, b., SS43; d., 9083. Strzelecki, Count, gold discovery, 4942 ; explorations, 4961 . Stuart, Alexander, administration, Aus- tral., 4992. , Baron, title created, 9252. , Alex. H. H., b. (1807) ; sec. interior, 1672; d.,3781. , Arabella, b., 8742; imprisoned, 8793 ; d.,880i. - , Archibald, trip inland, 5961 . , Maj.-Gen. Charles, in duel, 9232 ; d., 10081 . , Edward, b., 9062 ; d., 9243. , Edmund Craig, elected bp., 9803. , George Hay, b. (1816); pres., 2602. , Gilbert Charles, b.,711 ; works, 1041. 1061, 1341; d.,1362. , Granville, minister 4473. , Henry A., d., 4281 . , Benedict, Duke of York, d., 9331 . , James, E. of Moray, b., 8681 ; titles of, 8643 ; at Langside. 8721 ; regent; as- sassinated, 8733 ; d., 8742. , Gen. Ewell Brown, b. (1833); at Dranesville, 2021 ; raid, 2091 , 2143 ; near Mattapony River, 2103 ; at Rapidan, 2111 ; captures Catlett's Station, 2121 ; at Edwards'Ferry ; crosses Potomac, 2123, 2142 ; in Md., 2123 ; in Pa., 2142 ; a t Shelby depot, 2143 ; at Dumfries, 2163; at Beverly Ford; at Brandy. Station, 2223 ; at A ldie, 2231 ; at Carlisle ; at Get- tysburg, 2241 ; joins Lee, 2242 ; south of Rapidan, 2321 ; at Todd's Tavern, 2323 ; killed at Yellow Tavern, 2331 . , Francis Edward, Chevalier de St. George, b., 8992; proclaimed; aban- dons followers, 905 3 ; acknowledged as king, 9032 ; attempt to land in Scot., . 9033,9041; d., 9163. , John, Earl of Bute, b., 9042 ; minis- ter, 9153. , Sir John, at Maida, 7161 . , MacDonell, b. (1818) ; inland lakes, 4961; crosses eont.,4962; d.,(1866). , Mary Macrae, d., 3961 . , Moses, b.,93 1 ; miss, movement, 1171; works, 1212, 1351 , 1403, 1551 ; d., 1702. , Robert, at Berwick, 8581 . , House of, 8791 ; restoration of, 891*. , Lady, fined for playing faro, 929 2 . Stubbea hit k quarantined, 4152. Stubbs, Geo., b., 9062, or (1722); d. (1806). , Wm., b. (1825); Constitutional HisU of Eng., 9791 ; cons, bp., 9983. Stucco-work invented, 10761 . Students, shot, Cuba, 6323 ■ in politics ; societies of, Ger., 8132 ; political disturb- ance by, in Hung., 5322; in Rub., 11183±; religious culture, 11221. Studley, John B., b., 1402. Stueben, Baron Fred. Wm. A., d., 1042. Stukelev, William, b., 8962; discovers Cur- sus, 9061; d.,9163. Stundists persecuted, 11201 ( 11222. Sture, Sten defeated, 11341; fnds. Univ. TJpsala, 11343; protector, 11352 ; d.(1504). , (the Younger), protector, 11352; d. (1520). Stur-Sund. Text Figures denote Page. IJNUJi-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1419 Sture, Svante Nilsso, protector, 11352 ; d. (1512). Sturekronikorna written, 11343. Sturgeon, Mo., Confed. defeat, 2141. , William, b., 9223; d., 9582. Sturgis, Gen. Samuel D., b. (3846) ; at Fay- etteville, Va., 215^; at Brice's Gross Roads, 2342; d., 3442. Sturleson, Snorro, murdered, 13 2 . Sturm, Christopher Cbristian, b., 8002; d., 8043. , Johann, b., 7S63; d., 7922. Sturt, Chas., explorer. 4941; advance 4961; d.,9722. Stuttgart, Ger., Castle of, burned, 7S03 ; 1st mentioned, 781 1 ; capital, 7872 ; Pari. adjourns to, 5232; statues of Bismarck and Yon Moltke, 8321; r,. r, collision, 8333. Stuyvesant, Peter, b.,V/262 ; gov. N. T.; claims to lands, 39i ; in Del., 401 ; signs capitulation, 42i ; d., 431 . Styria, margravate, 5032 ; margraves of, 503 2 , 3; ceded to Hung., 5041; annexed to Aust.; lapses to empire, 5051 ; imperial fief, 505 2 ; conquered, 5052 ; Jesuits arrive, 5103; earthquakes, 5302. Suadea, Ref. Presb. mission at, 115S2. Suakim, Egy., attacked, 6582, 6601 ; open to commerce, 661 2 . Suarez, Francisco, b.-d., 1128 2 . Subhankuly, ruler, Bokhara, 5492. Submarine cable, Dover and Fr., 9561 . Congress, Paris, 7523. Sub-prefects removed, Fr., 7511 . Subsidies levied, Eng., 8593. Subtropical Exhibition, Fla., opened, 3511,3. Sucasica, Indian uprising, 5502. Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Due d'Albufera, b., 7042; takes Valencia; at Albufera, 7182; at Castalla, 7183; d., 7243. Suckling, Sir John, b., 8782 • WO rks, 8831 ; d. (1642?). Sucre, Antonio Jos6 de, b.-d., 5502; enters Peru, 550i ; driven from La Paz ; pres., 5503 l Ecu., 6431 Sucro, battle at, 10581. Slid America collides, 757 3 . Sudan (or Soudan) , independence of, 651 1 ; slave dealers rebel, 658 1 ; defense, 6593; abandoned to Mahdists, 6602 ; war in, 9921 j Pioneer Mission party, 358 2 . , campaign, 9921 j Can. offers men for, 5852. Sudbury, Mass., Indians attack, 462. , Simon of, archbp. Canterbury, d., 8602. Sudeikin, Lieut., assassinated, 11211. Sudeley, Baron, title created, 9451. Sudermann, Herman, works, 8362. I Sudley, Baron, title created, 9871 . Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene, b.,7151 ; works, ■ 7263,7271,7291, 2; d., 7323. Suessa Pometia conquered, 10511 . Suetonius Paulinus in Mauritania, 81 ; commander ; subdues Druids, 8391 . Suevi invade Bom. empire, 10641 ; invade , Sp., 10701; in Sp., 11253. Suez, telegraph line to Aden, 6573, 11583; l occupied, 6581. Canal begun, 6563, 6573 ; part opd. ; . Fr. loan, 6573; Eng. buys, 6591 , 3; inter- nal protection, 659 2 ; Brit, neutrality; formally opd. ; raises toll, 6593 ; plans for widening; neutral, 6612, 7573 ; 1st ship in, 9713 ; opd., 9733 ; Brit. Gov't buys shares, 981 3 ; agreement, ratified, 991 3 ; conventions signed ; canal com- missions, 9973 ; vote against, 753 3 ; pen- sions to de Lesseps family, 7663. Suffavean dynasty est., 11072. Surheld, Conn., school largest attendance inN. Eng., 3642. , Baron, title created, 923 2 . , R. Rodolph, d., 10062. Suffolk, Eng., action in, 8461 . Conf., Unit, org., Boston, 2542, , Va., Federals occupy, 2081 ; expedi- tion leaves, 2161 ; action, 2181; Confed. defeated, 221 1 ; Federals capture, 2303. , Thomas, Earl of, minister, 881 1 . , E. of (William de la Pole), adviser to K.; arrested ; sentenced ; beheaded, 8633. , E. of, title created, S77 2 ; minister, 8791, 2. Suffrage, limited, 451 ; restricted to whites, Kan., 1852 ; of free men protected, 251 2 ; 1 to negroes in D. C, 2552, 2591 ; impartial in South, 2571; impartial by Amend., 265 3 ; negro, asked for, Kan., 2672 ; Act to protect, 2732; universal in Landtag, 8271 ; extended iu It., 10902. demonstration, Aust.-Hung., 536 2 ; Bill discussed, 5372. , Braz., for males, 5572. , Borough, reduced, Eng., 9832. (See Female Suffrage.) Conf., Brussels. 5463. Suffrein, Moiis, at battle St. Jago, 9202. Sufi dynasty est., IIO72. , Shah, reigns, 11072. II., Shah, reigns, 11072. Suft Meedom mission, 6571 . Sugar, made from starch, 1116 2 ; bounties, Am., 4732, 9992; frauds, report in sen- ate, 3371 ; refining, Eng., 890 1 ; tariff, Cuba, 6333; tax, Eng., 8973. Act modified, 75 1 . ■ Bill in senate, 477 2 . cane intro., Am., 662, 693; to W. Ind., 6313; in Madeira, 11093; in Sicily, 10742; in Japan, 10912; in Cyprus, 11551. , Abbot, of St. Denis, b., 6682 ; minister, 6693; d., 6712. River, pearls found, 3441 . Trust dissolved, 363 1 ; investigation, 3802, 37S2, 4533, 4592; charges, 4613; report, 4612, 463 2 ; senate consideration, 461 3 ; examinations, 463 2 ; indictments, 4642, 4651. 4723; committee reopens, senators exonerated, 4671 ; report signed, 467 2 ; refuse to show books, 379 3 . Creek, Ark., action at, 2042. Sugden, Edward Burtenshaw, Baron St. Leonards, b. (1781); lord chancellor, 947 a ; 9512,9572; minister, 9572; d. (1875). , John, cons. bp. Free Church, 9803. Suhm, Peter Frederik, b., 6381 ; d., 6382. Sui, at war, 612 1. Suicides, bodies of, 9912. Suidas, b., 10322. Suintila, reigns, 11253. Sujin, reigns, 10912. Sukkur mission, 10483. Suleiman, Pasba, commands, 5661; at Shipka Pass, 5652. , leader, 620 2 ; for Eng. recognition, 6221 ; applies to Eng., 6232. Sami convicted, 658 3 . Suleymau Aba-Jabir, at Mecca, 4861 . assassinates Kleber, 7141 . (See Soly- Sulfureous carbon produced, 7821 . Sulina, Rus., batteries destroyed, 9581 . Suliotes, rebel, 10342, 10353 ; BU b., 11573. Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, b.-d., 10563 ; con- quers Rome ; attacks Mithridates VI. ; defeats Archelaus ; captures Bovianum ; dismissed ; fines cities of Gr. ; in Mithri- datic War ; war with Marius, 10562 ; sends library to Rome, 10563 ; consul ; reforms; deposed, 10573 • atBrundusiuni, 10581; builds capitol, 10583; conquers Norbanus ; in Capua ; defeats Marius at Sacriportus ; in Etruria; repels Samnites at Colline Gate, 10581; edict against Saninite prisoners ; liberates slaves, 10583 ; Constitution by ; dictator; consul ; abdicates ; treaty with Mithridates ; d., 10591. Sullivan Co., N. V., train-wreckers, 3411 ; canvassers, 3952. , Alexander M., d., 9922. , , sentenced, 3482. , Arthur Seymour, b., 9522, r (1842) ; works, 978 1 , 9S4i t rced, 3921 , 5811 1 , 9443; street cars prohibited, 5921 . , Fr., battles prohibited, 668 2 ; opening of museums, 7482. Liquor Law passed, O., 3331 . -Rest Bill passes, 5343, 5352. dress parad.es abolished, Am., 3361 . newspaper selling opposed, i99 ■. Observance Cong., Paris, T58 3 . opening, Metropolitan Museum Art,. 4031 ; museums, Eng., refused, 9782, 9822; motion rejected, 9793. labor prohibited, Eng., 8411 . Act passes, 921 1; amended, 9743 ; closing unobserved, 9443. Bill, G. B., 9612. , " Billy," evangelist, 3361 . Lecture Soc. fmd., 9722. school, Internat. lesson course, 3403; World's Conven., 3423 ; 6th Internat. Conven. meets, 3621 ; conven., 4361 ; buildings exempt, 9722 ; monument to,. 9842; centenary of est., 9832. Union Am. fmd., 1323. fmd. , Eng. , 9303 . Society org., 9811; opening refused, 9821 • Closing Act passes, 9831 ; opposed. by Pari., 985i 2; Closing Bill, 1001 2. Sunderland lost, 9142. Sunderland, Eng., engineers strike, 994». 1420 Text Figures denote Page. lJNL)il.-/v. Superior Figures indicate Column. Simd-Synd. Sunderland, Le Roy, d., 3202. , Earl of. (See Spencer.) Sundry Civil App. Bill passes, 337', 3613, 3652, 6772, 3792, 4072, 4131 , 4232, 4251 ,2, 451'. Sung dynasty rules, 6133. Sunincas, Moors defeated at, 1126' . Sunium, Temple of Athene begun, 10203. Sunnites oppose Ali, 4852. Sunol, trotter, sold, 3473; trots, 3673,3953. Suomi mission, 10483. Superb wrecked, 922' . Superintendents of Insane Asylums meet, Niagara Falls, 361'. Superior wrecked, 180' , Superior Courts abolished, N. Y., 367 2 . Gubernative Prov. Union installed, 6303. Supplement rfes Nourelles Ecclesiastigues issued, 6992. Supplementary Reconstruction Act, passes, 2572, 259' ; vetoed, 2572. Supremacy of pope acknowledged, 10703. Supreme Council of Labor, est., 761 2 . Court, Cong, limits membership, 2532; open, 4172. of Judicature, operative, 9812; Act passes, 9832. Surajah Dowlah.capt vires Calcutta, 1044' ; d., 10443. Surat, B. I., taken, 9153; pillaged, 1044'; gov't seat removed, 1045' ; mission, 10462, 1047'. Surgeons' Society fnd., London, 9102. Surinam, Guiana, dis., 15'; settled, 332; taken, 42'; occupied, 433; Moravians in, 623; Maroon revolt, 773; colonists, 1039'. Surname Act passed, 865' . Surnames employed, 847' , 851'. Surplices, intro., 10723; hist worn, 10682. Surprise captures Kit/., 92S3; d., 9742. Symington, W., steamboat on canal, 9242; steamboat experiment, 980' . Symmachus, St., pope, 10703; pleads for Paganism, 1069'. Symonds, John Addington, b., 9502; works, 3743, 3002, 97S3, 9923, 10043; d., 1010'. Syncellus, George, Select Chronicle, 10323. Syndicate, flour. Minneapolis ; iron, Mil- waukee ; Denver breweries, 3433; starch factories, Des Moines ; Cleveland brew- Synn-Talm. Text Figures denote Page IJN'jDli^X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1421 eries, 3533; p a . cotton-mills, 3553; Bos- ton breweries ; Murphy Varnish Co., Newark ; paper-mills, ;;.i;3; Roach ship- building works, Chester, 3(133; arrears of taxes, Brooklyn, 3653; oil-carrying craft, 3713; English in Am.; O. oil works, 3S33; Stores of Cambria Iron Co., 3873; street- cars, lighting, Milwaukee, 3S93; land in Ky., 31133; Chicago haul, 3953; street-car lilies, N. Y., 4053; m fu-. W orks, Hart- ford; street E. It., N. Y., 4193; Chicago stock-yards, 4232; lumber, Minn., 4233; iron and steel, Cincinnati ; cooperage, N. Y,; Am. press, N. J., 4273; electric power, Niagara, 4312; Lincoln Home- stead, Ky., 451 3 ; banks in important cities, 4772; in Can.,coffee,5593; cotton, 595 3 ; brewery plants ; twine factories, 5913; silver, 5932. Synnot, detective, killed, 10083. Syracuse, N. Y., salt infd., 9S< ; S. & Au- burn R. R. opd., 1513; explosion, 153 3 ; S. & UticaR.R. opd., 1573; Xorlhem Chris- tian Adrocate issued, 1543; fire, 1813, 3813,3953; Gen. Assembly N. S. Presb. meets, 2023; 2d Nat. Unitarian Conf., 2542; R. C. diocese est., 3242; Glass Cos. consolidate, 3493; Reform Party Con- ven.,3611; railway accident, 3893; Con- ven. Typographical Unions, 393 1 ; Dem. State Conven., 4073; sheriff's sale, 4473; Indian Council, 4681 . , Sicily, fnd., 10153, 10511 ; expedition against ; stormed ; besieged, 10202,10542; captured, 10202, 10512 ; Temple of Mi- nerva built, 1050 2 ; tributary to Rome, 10533; destroyed by earthquake, 10802; surrenders, 10861 . (See Sicily.) Univ., fnd., 272 2; observatory erected, 3281; gift; Wolfe Collection at univ., 3522; J. R. Day, chancellor, 4421 . Syria, revolts against Egy., 6492; invaded, 11441 ; alliance against ; annexed to As- syria, 1145 1 ; tributary to Assyria, 11452; conquered, 11461 ; taken by Antiochua III., 11492; W ar with Romans, 10553; in- vades Judea, 11493; reconquered, 1150 3 ; annexed to Armenia ; taken by Romans, 11511; reduced, 10532; marble theater built, 11501 ,2; Roman province, 10592, 10732, 11511,2; Crassus rules, 10593; Parthian invasion ; Parthians take ; proconsuls as rulers, 11512; Octavian's advance, 10603; earthquakes, 11502; an- nexes Chalcis, 11533; Parthian invasion, 10641 ; Pers. invasion ; Saracen invasion, 11522; Persians devastate, 11061 ; Jacob- ites fnd., 10703; ravaged by Chosroes, 10302, by Arabs, 10313, by Antony, 10602; Christian massacre, 10722; conquered by califs, 11541 j taken from Egy., 1155 2 ; desolated by Crusaders, 11551 ; emirs re- volt; subdued, 10321; Noureddin con- quers, 11541 ; annexed to Turk., 11572; overrun byTartars, 1154 1,2; conquered by Mozuffer, 6541 , by Arabs, 10302, by ca- lifs, 10321 ; Christians expelled, 11542; Turks take, 10341 ; plague, 11571 ; Mo- hammedanism intro., 10351 ; taken by Fr., 11573; ceded to Ali, 6572; massacre of Christians, 11571, 11583; Syrian expedi- tion, 965 2 ; Fr. troops avenge Christians, 7341 ; Fr. troops withdrawn, 7353, 11591 ; Protestant Coll. opd., 11582; earthquake, 11562; Ref. Presb. mission, 11582; text of the four Gospels found, 4881 . Syriam, E. I., fort taken, 10461 . Syro-Egyptian Society formed, 9521 . SyudRedin, driven out, 4882; he regains office, 4883. Szaikszo, battle of, 5221 . Szapary, Count Julius von, premier, 5332; minister, 5333; resigns, 5363; shot, 5361. Szchuen, annexed, 6113, 6133; revolt sub- dued, 6121; mission, 6223; murderers punished, 6251. Szechenyi, Istian, b., 5191 ; d., 5242. Szegedin, Hung., flood wave, 530i ,2; quay falls in river, 5333. Szekhely, George von Mailath von, mur- dered, 5303. Szemakwang, Garr/c/i of S zemalacang ,&Y12 . Szentivanyi, Carl, pres Reichstag, 5271 . Szil, crushed in wine-press, 5323. Szilagyi, D. von, appointed, 5383. Szlavy ministry resigns, 529 2 . Szobozlo riots, 5362. Szolnok, battle at, 5222. Szorek, battle at, 5222. Taaffe, premier, changes ministry, Aust., 5312. , Viscount, Ire., title created, 881 1 . Taba Mossegu, mission, 11242 Tabernacle of Moses built, 11402; at Sinai, 11403; atShiloh, 11411. Tabitha restored, 11523. Table Bay, breakwater, 5993. Tablets, use Of, 6103. Tabontes defeated, 5062. Tabor, Bohemia, built, 5073. , la., Tabor College organized, 2543. , Carlos It., minister, 6443. Taborites, annihilated, 507 1 ; divided; burned ; separate from Bohemian ch., 6063. Tabriz, mission at, 11071 , 11082. Taehe, Alex. Antoinc, b. (1S23); cons.R. C. bishop, 5802 ; archbp., 5822 ; d., 5961 . Tachos in Egypt, 10233. Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, b.-d., 10623. , Marcus Claudius, b.-d., 10642; against Alani, 10661 ; reigns ; d., 10672. Tacna, surrenders, 6062, 11083 ; ceded, G073. Tacoma, Wash., Geo. Francis Train ar- rives in, 3593; land engulfed, 4773. Tacon, Gen., gov.-gen. Cuba, 6331 . Tacua sinks, 607 3 . Tacuarembo, gold dis., 11602 ; mission, 11603. Taddeo, paintings, 10781 . Tadinas, battle of, 10702. Tadmor. (See Palmyra.) Taetwine, archbp. Canterbury, 8431. Tafalla, action at, 11322. Taffeta, first manufactured, 8762. Tatfra, Tamils kingdom, 10432. Tafna, fort taken by French, 8 3 . Taft, Alphonso, b. (1810) ; attorney-gen., 2931 ; d., 3842. , Royal C, governor, R. I., 3332. Tages, Maximo, pres. Uruguay, 11603. Taggert, senator, is acting governor, 357 2 . Tagguin, surprised, 101 . Tagher, action at, 8561 . Tagliamento, It., Austrian defeat, 7121 , Taglioiii, Marie, b.-d., 11361. , Marie, b. (1833) ; d., 5342. Tagus captures Ceres, 9361 . Ta^us, American squadron at, 11111 . Taherite dynasty established, 4S71 ,11072. Taherites overthrown, 4871 . Tahir Pasha reignB, Egypt, 6572. Tahiti, cargo of slaves, 3911 . Tahiti, French occupy, 7281 ; annexed to France, 7531 , 7G13. Tahlequah, Ind. Ter., sem. for girls, 3423; Indian desperado, 4223. Tahmasp II. recovers throne, 1107 2 . Tahureau, Jacques, b. (1527) ; work, 6831 ; d. (1786). Tai-char, mission, 6211. Taif, Wahabis subdue, 4861 . Taiguen, artillery used, 6122. Taikang enthroned, Egypt, 6111 . Taikia enthroned, 6112. Taiko-Sarna, emp., invades Korea, 10941 . Tai-ku, mission, 6231 . Tailer, Wm., governor, Mass., 592, 652. Tailbaud, M., minister, 7491. Taillandier, Rene Gaspar Ernest, b., 7223; works, 7303, 7331 ; d., 7521 . Taille, Jean de la, works, 6832. Taillebourg, Fr., battle of, 6702. Taillon, L. O., premier, 595 2 . Tailors strike, England, 10083. Tailour, Lieut., destroys Fr. ships, 9341 . Taimar Shah executed, 71 . Taine, Hippo! vie Adolphe,b., 7243 ; works, 7323, 7363, 7462, 7483, 7562 ; d., 7641 . Tainter, Sumner, inv. photophone, 2982 ; sound by electricity, 3081 . Tai-ping, China, army increased, 6171 ; dy- nasty proclaimed; rebellion, 618 1 ; re- bellion, semi-religious, 6191. Tai-pings at Nanking, 6201 . Taira clans, war with Minamoto, Jap., 10901 ; in military offices, 10912. no Kiyomori, prime minister, d., 10912. Taishan-fu, mission, 6223. Tait, Archibald Campbell, b., 9351 ; arch- bishop Canterbury, 9722 ; a., 9901 . , Arthur F. , in Nat. Acad. Design, 1841 . , PeterGuthrie,b.,9422; ozone theory, 9641. Taiting, China, enthroned, 6112. Taitsan, China, captured, 6202. Tai-tso, Japan, ruler, 10942. Taitsong, standing army, 6121 , 6132 ; en- throned, 6123 ; recovers empire ; alliance with Turks, 6132 ; d., 6122. Taitsou, China, at Loo-chow, 6121; en- courages arts, 6122 ; gains throne, 6133 ; d., 6122. Taiwou, China, enthroned, 611 2 . Taiyuen, artillery used at, 6121 ; mission, 6223. Takahira reigns, Japan, 10912. Takeleth I. reigns, Egypt, 6511 . II. reigns, Egypt, 6511. Taku, China, allies land, 6201 ; forts taken, 6182, 6201. Ta-ku-tang, mission, 6222. Talamanca, fnd. ; Indian uprising, 6301, and resubjected, 630 2 . Talavera de la Reina, Sp., battle of, 7181 ; taken, 11261 . , archpriest of, works, 1127 1 . Talaveranno, Fernando, gov., Chile, 6052. Talhert, W. J., b., 1581. Talbot, Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury, b., 8902 ; minister, 8992, 9012 ; lord-lieut., lord-treas., 9052 ; d., 9062. , , Lord Talbot, b. (1684) ; lord chancellor, 9093 ; d. (1737). , Col. at Black River, 1982. , Earl of, title created, 9231 . , Earl, Charles Chetwynd, b. (1777) ; lord-lieut., 9393 ; d., (1849). — , Ethelbert, b. (1848) ; cons, missionary bishop, 3262 ; of Ga., 3861 . ^, John, Earl of Shrewsbury, b. (1373) ; lord-lieut., 8631 ,2 ; evacuates Rouen, _ killed, 6781. — , Joseph Cruikshank, b. (1816) ; cons. bp., 1862 ; in Ind., 2482 ; d. (1883). , Matthew, governor, 1273. , Richard, Earl of Tyrconnel, lord- lieut., 8973 ; d. (1691). Thomas, b. (1818) ; governor, Mass., 2873,3033; d. (1886). , Wm. Henry Fox, b., 9302; observes spectrum, 9421 ; photographs on paper, 9481 ; negative photograph, 950 1 ; photo- glyphic engraving process, 9621 ; d., 9822. , missionary in Conn., 542. Talcose silica deposits dis., Colo., 4161 . Talcott, Joseph, b. (1669) ; gov., Conn., 612 ; d. (1741). Tale of the Tim Brothers, 6483. Talfourd, Thomas, iron bridge, 9262. , Sir Noon, b., 9263 ; d. (1854). Talhouet (Auguste Frederic Bon Amour), Marquis de, b. (1788) ; minister public works, Fr., 7392 ; d. (1842). Taliaferro, Benjamin, b., 662 ; a., 1301. , Wm. Booth, b. (1822) ; in Va., 1941 . Talien-Wan, China, Chinese possess forts, 6263. Talifoo, China, captured, 6221 . Talladee, C. W., d., 4701 . Talladega, Ala., battle, 1203 ; Acad, for Blind opens, 3331 ; T. Coll. opd., 2583. Tallaght, Fenian uprising. 9703 . Tallahassee blown up, 2421 . Tallahassee, Fla., Gen. Jones surrenders, 2463 ; State conven., 249 1 , 2Gli ; Consti- tutional Union Party org., 2591 . Tallah-ud-din reigns, Ind., 10432. Tallard, Due de (Camille d'Hostun), b. (1652) ; at Blenheim, 5123 ; d. (1728). Tallet, Louis de, shelters Calvin, 6803. Tallevgauni mission; 10483. Talleyrand-Pei'igord, Charles Maurice de, b.,7022 ; minister ; resigns, 7232; d.,72S2. Tallien, Jean Lambert, b., 7042 ; d., 7223. Tallmadge, O., collision, 3353 ; Female Charitable Society org., 1243. , Benjamin, b., 683 ; d. (1835). , Fred. Augustus, b. (1792) ; d., 2662. , James, b., 912 ; slavery amendment, 1272 ; d., 1722. , Nathaniel P., governor, 1592. Tallman, Jacob B., vs. Rutgers Female College, 3852. Tallow candles, common, Eng., 8541 . Tallushatchie, Ala., Indians at. 1203. Talma, Francois Joseph, b.,703i ; d.,7243. Talmage, Sam. Kennedy, b. (1798); d.,2481 . , Thomas De Witt, b., 1402 ; works, 2723, 2871 ; new Tabernacle built, 2842 ; Tabernacle destroyed ; 2d Tabernacle, 3462, 3821 ; preaches on Mars Hill, 348i ; at Hawarden ; returns from Eur., 3522 ; New Tabernacle opd. , 3821 ; in old South 1422 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Talm-Tayl. Church, Boston, 385 1 ; visits Russia, 411 ' , 11223; anniversary, 4581 ; tour of world, 4602, 4743 ; resignation, 4742. Talmud, translated, 4862; (second) com- pleted, 10711. Babylonicum printed, 10812. Hierosolytanum printed, 10812. , Jerusalem, compiled, 11532. Taltal occupied, 6082. Talybont, E. R. accident, 9833. Tamanieb. Sudan, battle of, 6601 . Tamaqua, Pa., Molly Maguires in, 2891 . Tamar reinforcements for Natal, 6002. Tamar Sbab executed, 71 . Tamarack Mine, Mich., strike, 3611. Tamatave, Madagascar, bombarded, 10953; expedition against, 10952. Tamaulipas, Mex., expedition lands, 10951 . Tamberlik, Enrico, b.-d., 10901 . Tamerlane, b.-d., 10431 ; begins conquests, 41; in India, 41, 10422; at Balkh, 51; conquers Bokhara, 5491 ; at Aleppo, 6542 ; in Armenia, 11542 ; overthrows Tughlak dynasty, 10133 ; invades Persia, 11002, 11072 ; pyramid of skulls, 11073 ; burns Moscow, 11141 ; House of, reigns, 11433. Tameeyah, mission, 6571 . Tammany Hall, defeated, 2751; protest against, 3472; bribe offered, 3703. Society, N. Y., org., 991; 1st meets, 1003. Tampico, Mex., occupied, 16U2; evacuated ; taken, 10961 ; mission, 10962. Tamsin, bombarded; Chinese defea*, 6221 . Tanagra, Gr., action at, 10193. Tanbody, mission at, G571 . Tancred and Hitniunda issued, 8731. Tancred, b.-d., 6683 ; 1st crusade, 6683 ; king of Naples, 10753 ; besieged at Na- ples, 7792. Tanda, mission, 6571 . Tandy, Napper, liberated; flees, 9282. , Tanenberg, battle of, 7841 . -{"""Taney, Roger Brooke, b., 891 ; atty.-gen., 139 2 ; S ec. treas., 1433 ; chief justice su- preme court, 1,472 ; renders Dred Scott decision, 1831 . and John Mcrrvman, 1953; d.,_2392; oust, 2852. Tang dynasty rules, China, 6131 ; Golden Age of literature, 6122. Tanganyika, Lake, dis., 5611, 8381; com- pany to develop, 6033; slave-raids, 8383; surveyed, 10931 ; missions, 10941. Tang Chuang, mission work, 6243. Tangier, ceded to Eng., 10972 ; Spanish squadron at, 10973. Tanis, Louis, insurrection, 10403. , Hyksos dynasty at, 6473, 6493, 651 1 . Tankerville, Earl of, title created, 9051 . Tann, Baron Ludwig von der, b., 8103 ; at Artenay; at Orleans, 742 1 ; defeated Or- leans, 7422 ; d.,830l. Tannah, Lnd., 1st railway opened, 10473. Tannahill, Robert, b., 9191 ; Poems, 9331; d., 9351. Tanner, Henry S., fast, 3053 ; sentenced, 10011; imprisoned, 10003 ;wounded,10083. , James, resigns office, 3451 . Tannhauser appears, 8161. Tanning, by electricity discovered, 6341 ; in Egypt,6462. Tanta, mission, 6571 . Tantalum columbium discovered, 11361 . Tantia Topi defeated, Sepoy rebellion, 10481 ; captured, 10482. Taonism abolished, 6122; declines, 6123. Taonist priests forbidden marriage ; ban- ished, 6123. Taoukwang, reply to Pottinger, 6171 ; en- throned, 6172; d., 6183. Tapestry, first made by Flemings, 6861; intro. Eng., 8801 . Tapia, Don Eugenio de, b.-d., 11302. Taplin, George, opens mission, 4962. Tappan, N. Y., Aiidre^ tried, 922; monu- ment to Maj. Andr6, 3021 . , A. B., Grand Sachem, Tammany ,3451 , , Arthur, b., 981 ; org. antislavery so- ciety, 1411 1431; d., 2481. , Henry Philip, b., 1122; d., 3081. , John, d., 2721 . , Lewis, b. (1788); mob attacks, 1432 ; d., 2821. , Mason Weare, b. (1817); on Commit- tee of 33, 1891 ; d. (1886). , William Bingham, b., 1042; d., 1662. Tar, made from pit-coal, 9221 . 'Tara, Ire., action at, 9281 . Tarapaca, Chile, taken, 6062; ceded, 6073. Tarbac, W., mine explosion, 10033. Tarbell, John Adams, b. (1810); d., 2312. Tarbes, battle at, 7203. Tarbox, Increase Niles, b. (1815); d., 3301 . Tard's Dirtiuiutaire . C, 3351, 3983 ; Indians instructed, 3263; Ch. of God for prohib.; Ger. Re- formed Ch., sentiments ; Evangelical Ch. for prohib., 3271 ; Mich, has partial prohib.; Federal prohib. pn -posed; Ivans. restricts druggists, 329 1 ; Mo. partially prohibits; Wesleyans for prohib., 329 2 ; Nat. Repub. Conven. for ; Afr. Metho- dists, 3303; Meth. Epis. Ch. for prohib., 3303, 4071; High License Congress in Mass., 3332; in Boston, 3362 ; in Mich. ; in R. 1., 343i ; in "Wis., 351 1 ; defeated in la., 3562; in Bait., 3751 ; inN. Mex.,3983; Moravians, Adventists, for prohib. ; N. Y. City regulates ; original package struggle, la., 3331 , 3563, 3583, 3591 ,3603, 302 1 . 3643 , 30G2, 371 1 , 385 1 , 2 ; Ohio passes Sunday Law, 3331, 3363; p a . senate passes prohib., 3342 ; Conn, against women's vote ; Lad. decision, license a special tax. 341i ; Omaha prohib. conven.; N. Dak. prohibits, 3483 ; dealers rebel in S. Dak., 351i ; crusade in Mo., 3523 ; divisions in la., 3551 ; beer in canteens, saloonists excluded, 3583; Presbyterians commend prohib., 360 2 ; Meth Protest- ants for prohib., 3603; N. Y. T. conven.; Reform Party, N. Y. ; N. Y. Citizens' Alliance, 361 1 ; R. R. Cos. against sa- loons, 3611, 37S3 ; Independent Party; 3623; Non-Partizan W. C.T. U. org.,3623, 3712, 3943; Sons of T. for prohib., 3623 ; citizens violent, la., 3643; in Kan. ,.3752; in O., 3803; local option constitutional, Mich., 3702; Cambridge, Mass., "no- license," 3723; saloons in N. Y.,3741, 4022, 4043,4063, 4761 ; wrecks of society, TJ. S. A.,375i ; illicit stills, Fla., 37S3; Pa., 4002, 4042 ; Ky., 4042 ; N. Y., 4143 ; Tenn., 4163; N. C.,4191; Md.,4203; Me. enacts rigid law, 3803, 383 1 .3942; Sunday Law struggle, 3803, 385i ,3'j03, 3931 ,4062, 4262; protests against gov't extension of traffic ; Del. enacts local option ; saloon- ists ineligible, 383 1 ; gov't commission of inquiry ; N. Y. Excise Reform Asso., 3851; anti-prohib. conven., "Wis., 3863 ; Prohibition Park, 3871 , 3882, 4611 , 4631 ; Ga. limits distance, 3892; prohib. peti- tion 10 miles long, 3931 ; Brooklyn saloons, 4022; Boston Anti-Saloon League org., 4042 ; Brooklyn Enforcement League, 4083, 4522 ; Cong, prohibits intoxicants, World's Fair ; reconsiders, 4112; Tee-To- Tum est., N. Y., 411 1 ; saloons in S. Dak., 4122; first sales inVineland; Murphy's pledges, 4191 ; saloon annex to churches, war on "joints," Kan., 4262 ; saloon screens removed, la., 430 3 ; S. 0. dispen- saries monopolize traffic. 4323, 4331 ,4342, 4502, 4543, 4583, 4723; Ohio dealers in politics, 4343; elections in Conn., 4422 ; R. C. decisions against traffic, 4661 , 2; Brooklyn Law Enforcement League, 475i ; intoxication a misdemeanor, 4762; N. Y. Committee of Fifty, 4791. (See License, Liquor, Local Option, and Pro- hibition.) Temperance, Conference, Internat., 990 3 . Jubilee, National, London, 9903. League, National, formed, Eng.,9611. Society, Church 1 >f England, f ml. ,9762. , National, fmd.,2483. (For meet- ings see text in each following year.) formed, Eng., 9531 . Union, National, formed, 9771 , 9972. , National Conference for, 3S52. Templars, Order of, statutes drawn, 6691 ; knights persecuted, 6723± ; burned; or- der abolished, 6731. (See Teutonic Knights.) Temple of Abydos erected; of Ammon erected, 648 2 ; of Der-el-Bahari, at Kar- nak, 646 2 ; of Jupiter at Corinth; of Athens, 10162 • of Victory; Theseum, 10191 j of I>ianaatEphesus~, 10162, 10461 ; destroyed, 10282, 114(32<; and re-erected, 11462 ; of Edfoo, 6522; f Gebel-Barkal, 6481 ■ of Juggernaut ; state allowance to, IO472 ; of Jupiter Ammon, expedition against, 6503 ■ to Roma erected, 1064 2 ; of Serapis, library of, 655 1; of Venus erected, 10642. , N. H., glass-factory erected, 931 . - — , Earl, lord admiralty, 9133; minister, dismissed, 9152 ; lord-lieut., 9232 ; re- signs, 9233. , Frederick, b. (1821) ; cons, bp., 9663, 9922; spelling reform association, 9843. , Henry John, Viscount Palmerston, b., 9223; minister, 9353,9372, 9432, 9452, 9472,3, 9533, 9591,3, 9633; disapproves Russell, 2012 j offers IT. S. mediation, 2152; ministry famed, 9691; d.,9681. , "William, governor Del., 1613. , Sir , b., 8822; works, 8931 , 8983 ; forms Council of Thirty ; resigns from Council, 8952 ; d., 9002. , Granville, b. (1824) ; d., 4641. Hall, London, 8741 . of Stowe, Earl of, title created, 9412. Templemore, Baron, title created, 9451 . Temples destroyed in Egy., 6463; of Abu- Simbel built, 6482. Templeton, Viscount, title created, 9311 . Temporal power, foundation of, 10682; be- gins, 10723 ; abolished. losr,3, 10873 ; re- stored, 10871; downfall, 10873 ; restora- tion demanded, 586i ; denied, 7822; con- sidered, 8342; declaration against, 10883. Ten Virgins written, 6711. Tenants' Defense Conven., Ire., 10023. League formed, 10011. Relief Bill rejected, 9953. Ten Broeck, running record, 2953. Ten Commandments given, 11403, 11411 . Tunerani, Pietro, b., 10843 ; d. (1869). Teneriffe, expedition waits, 131 . Teniers, David, b.-d., 5403. , (younger), b., 5403 ; d., 5422. Tenison, Thomas, b. (1636) ; archbp. of Canterbury, 8983 ; d. (1715). Tennant, Sir James Emerson, b., 9323; d., 9722. , "William, b., 9223; d., 9542. , M., moderator, b., 1082. Tennemann, Wilhelm Gottlieb, b., 8023 ; d., 8122. Tennent, Gilbert, b., 541 , William, b., 562 ; : Log College, 5S3.G03; a., 89'. Tennessee captured, 237 1 . Tennessee, labor contract binding, 393; explored, 653; 1st settlement, 713; Bapt. churches find., 742; Watauga Asso. set- tles; settlers in, 772; expedition against Indians, 902; settlers revolt, 972; John Sevier, gov.; state of Franklin, 99 1 ; Knoxville settled, 1013 ; Wni. Blount, gov. Ter., 1032 ; 1st printing-press, 1043; John Sevier, gov., 1072, 1132; admitted ; constitution adopted, 1072; Archibald Roane, gov. (1801); Univ. org., 983, 1143; Wm. Blount, gov., 1172 ; Jos. McMinn, gov., 1252; Evan. Luth. Synod org., 1283; Memphis laid out; Wm. Carroll, gov., 1293, 1373; N. S.Presb. synod org., 1343; capital moved to Nashville, 135 2 ; Sam Houston,gov.,1353;P.E. diocese est., 1363; Newton Cannon, gov., 145 3 ; meteoric shower, 1481; James K. Polk, gov., 151 2 ; James C. Jones, gov., 155 2 ; Southwest- ern Bapt. Univ. est. at Jackson (1845) ; Aaron V. Brown, gov., 161 1 ; Neil S. N. Y.,582; est. Brown, gov., 1633; Hiwassee Coll. fnd., 1663; "Win. Trousdale, gov., 1671; calls Southern Cong., 1672 ; f m , B. Campbell, gov., 1692; And. Johnson, gov. ,1743,2053; Isham G. Harris, gov. (1857) ; unionists elect, 1913; enters military league, 1942; gov. seizes U. S funds, 195 1 ; league with Confederacy ; refuses troops to Lincoln ; enters league with S. Confed., 1952; Union conven. meets ; independence proclaimed ; ratified ; secedes by proc- lamation, 1972 ; senator expelled, 1973 ; Tenn. River expedition lands, 2043 ; Army of Tenn. find., 2063; state reor- ganized; many unionists, 2073; guerillas overrun, 2091 ; Unionists meet, 2093 ; Fed. raiders devastate, 2163; Confeds. defeated at Nolensville, 218 3 ; Union Conven. meets, 2253; Confeds. defeated at Columbia and Collinsville, 228i ; Con- feds. defeated at Sevierville, 2301 ; loyal conven. reorg. State, 2413; slavery pro- hibited. 2431 ; new constitution ratified, 2432, 2711; ratifies 13th Amend., 2453; insurrection suppressed, 2483; Wm. G. Brownlow, gov., 2511 ; secessionists dis- franchised, 2531 ; ratifies 14th Amend.; readmitted, 253 2 ; Meth. Epis. conf.org., 2543; negroes and Indians testimony ac- cepted, 255 1 ; color distinctions abolished; political disabilities ; Kuklux Klan pen- alty, 2652 ; martial law, 2653 ; ratifies 15th Amend.; DeWitt C. Senter, gov., 2693 ; constitutional conven. ; constitution rat- ified, 2711; Central South Cong. Asso. org., 2742 ; Agricul. Bureau provided, 2752 ; Le Moyne Normal School est.,2763 ; John C. Brown, gov., 2772 ; new State movement ; State conven. at Jackson, 2832; negro uprising, 2851; insane asy- lum at Kiioxvilh.', ^^72 ; constitutional conven. , 289 2 ; Southwestern Presb. Univ. est., 2903; James D. Porter, Jr., gov., 2912; scaling of public debt, 3013, 3032 ; Albert S. Marks, gov., 303 3 ; farmers in- aug. New Rugby, 3043 ; Alvin Hawkins, gov., 3093 ; p,,]k defalcation, 3131 ; State debt, 3152; Wm. B. Bate, gov., 3153; Hos- pital for Insane, 3263 ; Prohibitorv Amend, defeated, 3272; Robt. L. Taylor gov., 3293; Mormons driven out, 3422,3; reunion of veterans, 3441; East Tenn. Land Co. org., 3493 ; earthquake, 3521, 4501 ; J. P. Buchanan, gov., 3051 ; negro lynched, 3883; convict leases, 3912,4022, 4131,2; Nat. Guard Bill passes, 3912; Labor Day, legal holiday, 398 3 ; refuses World's Fair appro.; Dor itch Election Bill passes, 399 2 ; White Caps' raid, 4062; Confed. Soldiers' Home opd.,4063; illicit still captured, 4163 ; gold found, 430i ; coal miners strike, 4582; Peter Turney, gov. (1893) ; banks resume business, 4353; Dem. lose elections, 4672 ; H. Clay Evans, gov. (1895), 4692. Tennessee, Univ. of, org., 983, 1143; Med. Dept. Univ. of Tenn. opened, 2963. Tenney, Sanborn, b. (1827) ; d., 2961 . Tennis introduced, Eng., 8911 . Tournament, Ladies' National, 4083. Tennyson, Alfred, b., 9343; works, 9431, 9503, 9603, 9723, 9442, 3, 10103; poet lau- reate, 9563 ; d., 10081. , Baron, title created, 9871. , Charles. (See Turner, C. T.) , Frederick, h. (1S06±) ; Daphne, 10063. Tenoarino destroyed, 10953. Tenochtitlan, Mexico, founded, 133. Tenterden, Baron, title created, 9412 , Lord. (See Abbott, Charles.) Tenths collected, Eng., 8522 ; king de- mands, 8551 . Tenure of Land Bill, 10091 . of office, 4 years, 129 1 ; Bill intro., 2252; Bill discussed ; it includes cabinet ; passes, 2563; substitute for, 267 1 ; vetoed; passed over veto, 257 1 ; Act repealed; substitute Act, 2671. Tepanecs invade Mexico, 121 , 133. Teplitz, alliance formed, 521 1 ; ministerial conference at, 5212. Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, b.-d., works, 10552. Teres retains independence, 10173. Terhune, Mrs. (Mary Virginia Hawes),Ma- rionHarland,b.,r2S 2 ; works, 1731, 1783, 1823, 2651, 2722, 2771. 2S23.L'943,3083, 3151. Ternaux-Compans, Henri,b.,9163; d. (1864). Terntowski, Ferdinand B., d., 8262. Tero-Thea. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1425 Teroiianne besieged ; capitulates, 680 1 ; surrenders, 682* , 7921 . Terpander, b. ; improves lyre, 10142 j musician, 10143. Terpsichore, asteroid, discovered, 7342. captured, 936 t . Terra del Fuego divided, 4913 ; mission- aries killed, 4902; civilized, 4932. Firma, name for Venezuela, 11601 . Terral, Ben, nom. for v.-pres., 4111 . Terrall, Chas.M., commissioned col., 4201. Terre Haute, Ind.,'Rose Polytechnic In- stitute opd., 3143; relief mass-meeting, 4443. Terrell, Alexander W., minister, 4473. , Edwin H., envoys, 3513. Terreuce Bay fisheries failed, 5893. Terrier, Louis, minister, 7652. Terrill, Wui.R., b. (1832); d., 2152. Terris, William, b., 9542. Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act passes, 9832. Territory, proposed division in U. S., 972. Terror, Reign of (see Paris), 7083, 7443. Terrorists in Ire., 9863. Terry, Ky., mob violence suppressed, 2981 . , Alfred Howe, b., 1342 ; assaults James Island, 2243 ; on Darby town Road, 2383; leaves Fortress Monroe ; at Ft. Fisher, 2403; captures Ft. Anderson, 2422; com- mands Ga. District, 2681 ■ n military board, 322 1 ; d., 372 1. , D. S., kills Broderick, 1871 . , Eli, manufactures clocks, 1041 . , Ellen Alice, b., 9542. (See Kelly, E. A. T.) , Kate, last appearance as Juliet, 9701 . -, Sarah Althea, disappearance, 4003. , Silas W., promoted captain, 4201 . , William L., b., 1682. Tersteegen, Gerhard, b., 7982; d., 8031. Tertullian (Quintus Septimus Florens Tertullianus), b.-d., 10642; a Christian, 10643. Terunish, Queen, Abys., 32. Tervoort, Henry, burned, 8743. Tesch shoots at king, 8171 . Teschen, Peace concluded, 5173, Tescott, Kan., bank robbery, 4702, Tescuco occupied, 181 . Test Act, Eng., passes, 8923; enforced, 522; dispensed with, S963; repealed, 9253. Testament, copies forbidden, 6703 ; Old and New, in Greek, 10883. Testament of Love issued, 8603. Testatori of Milan invents violin, 10822. Testri, Fr., battle of, 6641 . Teta reigns, Egy., 6453, 6472. Tete, Livingstone arrives at, 560 2 . Tetricus captured, 1066 1 ; in Gaul and Sp., 10672. Tetsong prohibition, 6123. Tettenhall, action at, 8442. Tetuan, Morocco, taken, 11301. Tetzel, Johann, b. (1455±) ; indulgences condemned, 7882 • rates, absolution, 7863; d. (1590). Teuffel, Wilhelm Sigismond, b., 8122 ; work, 8251; d., 8282. Teutoburg, Romans defeated at, 10621 . Teuton founders, 9893. Teutones defeat Romans in Illyria, 10561. Teutonic in trans-ocean race, 3452; record 3673,3913,3933. tribes, migration of, 7602 7691, 2 f 10693. Knights conquer Poland, 7783 ; in Holy Land, 7782 ; conquer Prus., 7801 j defeated, 7841 ; oppressive, 7842; opposed, 7853 ; bribe emp., 7872 ; grand master made prince, 7892. (See Templars.) language intro., Ger., 7703. Teutons invade Gaul, 6621 ? 6631 f 2; against Gauls, 6632. Teutopolis, 111., St. Joseph's College char- tered, 3082. Teutsche Acta Eruditorum issued, 7991 . Tewflk, Mahommed Pasha, b. (1852) ; dis- missed; pres. council, 6591 • d., 6611 , 3. Bey at Sinkat, 6582. Tewkesbury, Eng., battle of, 8641 , Texan Legion Ky., surrenders, 2203. Texarkana, Ark., negro burned at stake, 4022; Prof. Ellis wounded, 4722. , Tex., train robbery, 361 1 . Texas launched, 4081 . Texas, Franciscan missionaries in, 582 • U. S. claims surrendered to Sp., 1272 ; colonization begins, 1293; Austin grant by Mex,, 1312, 3, war for independence, 142i ; declares independence ; Henry Smith, provisional pres., 145 3 ; republi- can gov't fmd., 147 1 ; Sam. Houston, preB., 1472, 1552 ; Democrats favor an- nexation, 1472; East Meth. Epis. confer- ence fmd., 1503 ; M'irabeau B. Lamar, pres., 1512; David G. Burnet, pres., 1531 j annexation plan, 157 2 , 159 1 ; VanBuren's opposition; annexed, 1591, 2; Anson, Jones, pres., 1592; admitted; constitu- tion ratified, 1593 ; 1st legislatuie; war precipitated, 161 1; J. P. Henderson, gov., 1613; Geo. T. Wood, gov., 1633 ; P. E. diocese org., 1662; P. Hansborough Bell, gov., 167i; James S. Calhoun, gov., 169 2 ; Evan. Luth. synod org., 1702 ; Edward M. Pease, gov., 1743 ; El- dership Church of God org., 1822; H. G. Runnels, gov., 1832; Sam HouBton, gov., 1872 ■ Secession conven., 1912 ; State secedes, 1913 ; Gen. Twiggs surrenders ; FederalB surrender, 192 1 ; Secession ratified, 1923; represented in both con- gresses ; proclaimed out of Union ; Gov. Houston blocks secession, 1931; State Conven. ; ratifies Confederate Constitu- tion; conven. vacates governorship, 1932; payment of Northern debts prohibited, 1972 ; senators expelled, 1973 ; Edward Clark, gov. ; Francis R. Lubbock, gov., 2032 ; Fr. steamers arrive to invade Mex., 2281; Pendleton Murrray, gov., 229 3 ; A. J. Hamilton, provisional gov., 2483, 249 1 , 251 1 ; proclamation for recon- struction, 2483; Constitutional conven., 2513 ; Northwest Meth. Epis. South. Conf. fmd., 2522 ; constitution ratified, 2532; war ended, 2533; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 2543; J. w. Throckmorton, gov., 2553; Edward M. Pease, gov., 2593; state convention held, 2632 ; no voting, 265 2 ; rivers rise, 2661; Constitution ratified, 2692; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693 ; read- mitted to Cong. ; ratifies 14th and 15th amend., 2711; Edmund J. Davis, gov., 2732 ; public school system intro., 2742 ; Southwestern Univ. (Meth. E. S.) est. at Georgetown (1872) ; special election ; Henderson Coll. org., 2823; E. J. Davis and Richard Coke for gov., 2832, 2873 ; North T. Meth. Epis. Conf. South org., 284 2 ; special election unconstitutional ; two legislatures org., 285 1 ; Western Texas P. E. diocese org., 286 2 ; storm damages coast, 288i ; constitutional con- ven. ; new Constitution ratified, 2892 ; local option guaranteed, 291 1; Agricul. and Mechanical Coll. opd., 2922; normal school opd. at Cedar Falls. 2923; Rich. R. Hubbard, gov. , 295 1 ; North T. Female Coll. est., 2963; state troops attacked by Mexicans, 2961 ; Eastern conven. of Bapt. fmd., 2982; Prairie View Normal School opd,, 3023; Sam Houston Normal School opd., 3031 ; Oran M.Roberts, gov., 3033 ; State univ. org. , 308 1 , 3 , 3143 ; John Ireland, gov., 3153 ; cyclone, 324* ; Pro- hibitory Amend, defeated, 3292 j Law- rence S. Ross, gov., 3293; election out- rages debated, 3363 ; tin ore dis., 3381; floods, 3421, 2, 4701; Arbor Day fixed, 3513 ; hurricane, 35S1 ; train robberies, 3611, 39ii ( 4742, 4762; harbor improve- ments enacted, 3693; earthquakes, 3741 ; nuns eligible to teach, 3882 ; Constitu- tional Amends, ratified, 3892 • Dyren- forth rain experiments, 390i ; against Bible in public schools, 3923 ; Garza's men pursued, 398 ' ; Universalist State conven. org., 3982; Gorcum strikers, 399 1 ; James S. Hogg, gov. , 399 2 ; drought, 4073 ; no part in World's Fair, 4113 ; bandits against U. S. troops, 4201 ; mob checked, 4223 • land commissioner im- peached, 4272; cyclone, 4281 , 4561 ; mail stage robbery, 4402; Sheriff Dickson shot, 4503; heavy storms, 4541 ; destitu- tion, 4553 ; Chas. A. Culbertson, gov., 469 2 ; boll-worms, 4701 ; floods destroy R. R., 4713 ; Standard Oil Trust indict- ment, 4771 ; prairie fire, 4773 ; requisi- tion for Flagler, 4792; R. R. collision, 4793. Texas Univ. org., 3081, 3, 3143 ; Medical Branch Univ. opd., 3923. Texel Island, surrender at, 9282. Texier, Charles Felix Marie, b.,7143; d., 7461. Teynham, Baron, title created, 881 1 . Tezcucano subdued, 12 1 ; Tezcuco, Mex., art and culture, 121; king's concubines, 132. Thaarup, Thomas, b., 6381 ; d., 6382. Thaba-Bosiou, O. Free State, mission at, 1105L Timelier, James, b. (1754) ; d., 1562. Thackeray, William Makepeace, b., 9351 ; works, 9491 , 9543, 9643 ; d., 9662. Thackwell, Gen., in Sikh war, 10462. Thaer, Albert, b., 8022 ; d., 8142. Thai-Nguyen captured, 4821 . Thalberg, Sigismund, b.-d., 11381. Thales, b.-d.; primary substance; earth's form, 10142 ; astronomer ; predictB eclipse, 1016 1, 11462; fnds. Ionic phil- osophy ; one of Seven Sages, 10163. Thalestris visits Alex., 10242, 10251. Thames wrecked, 951 3 . Thames, overflows, 352 1 ; frozen, 8622, 9143 ; ebbs and flows, 8S82, 9202 ; naval battle, 8921 ; regatta on, 9192 ; canal to Severn, 9253; fair on ice; 1st steam- vessel on, 9362, 9381; very low, 9402 bridged, 8502 ; conservation of, 9631 navigable, 8813 ; traffic blocked, 9281 overflows, 9813; tunnel begun, 9421 Embankment Bill passes, 9672, first stone laid, 967 3 , Burns statue on, 9921 . Thanhoa, pirates defeated, 7621; French occupy, 4822. Thanksgiving Day, est., Mass., 321,363; observed, 371,713,5903; Southern, 2133; national for victories, 239 3 ; inU. S. for peace, 249 2 . in Eng., 9011, 9023, 9252, 937', 9623 ; London, royal, 9243. Than-Moi attacked, 4823. Thann, battle at, 5183. Thapsus, Afr., battle of, 10601 . Thasos, punished, 10183 ; secedes, 10193 ; conquered, 1016 1 . Thatcher, Adm., James, b., 683 ; attacks Sp. fort, 2442 ; takes Fort Blakely, 2452; d.,3821. Thatone mission, 10472. Thau-Khai, King, 4833. Thaw, William, d., 3442. Thaxter, Celia, works, 2823, 2871, 3003 3191; d.,4701. Thaxton, Va., R. R. accident, 3433. Thayer, Samuel R., minister, 3513 ; gov. refuses to vacate, 3752 ; reinstated, 3832; resigns, 4012. , Wm. R., Italian Independence, 446 2 . , W. governor, Oregon, 3012. Thayetmayo mission, 10463. Theater, Am.: 1st play in Can., 522 ; i s t play in W. Indies ; 1st play in Boston, in Phila., in N. Y., 661 ; inVa. by first, regular stock co., 682; 2d theater in N. T. ; 1st in Phila., 683; i n n. Y., 703; play in R. I., 722 ; ist play written by Am.; inN. Y.,74i; play in Albany, 761 ; inS. C, 781 ,981; Brit, officers in Boston, 823 ; 1st in Bait., 891 ; in N. Y., 981 ; 1st in La.; in Boston, 1021, 1041, H61 ; in Hartford, 1061 ; G. F. Cook, Mrs. Duff appear, 1161 ; E. Kean, J. B. Booth ap- pear, 1281; C. Matthews appears, 1301 ; E. Forrest, W. C. Mac-ready, J. H.Hack- ett, appear, 1341; C. J. Kean appears, 1381 ; Ravel family, C. Kemble, F. Kem- ble appear, 140 1 ; opera fails, 1421 ; c. Cushman appears, 1441 ,1481 ; Ellen Tree appears, 1461 ; F. Elsler, W. J. Florence appear, 1521 ; G. Vanderhoff appears, 1541 ; Mrs. Mowatt appears, 15S1 ; 1st in Chicago, 1622 ; w. C. Macready, F. S. Chanfrau appear, 1641 , E. Booth, F. B. Conway ; Jenny Lind Bings ; 1661 , T. Pa- rodi, Mad. Ponisi, Lola Montez appear, 1681 ; Wallack's est., 1721 ; opera, Castle Garden, Acad, of Music, N. Y., Mile. Rachel appears, 1761 ; A. Phillips ap- pears, 1781 ; Mile. Piccolomini appears, 1841 ; a. Patti appears, 1861 ; C. L. Kel- logg appears, 190i ; E. Forrest, J. McCul- lough appear, 219 1 ; 1st in Brooklyn, 2291 ; E. Booth appears, 2411 ; j. Jeffer- son appears, 2501 ; G. L. Fox appears, 2601; Booth's opd.. 2641; Daly's opd., 2681 ; S. Bernhardtappears,304i ; Henry Irving, E. A. Terry Kelley appear, 3141 . , Eng., miracle play intro., 8482; street- plays performed and Chester mysteries, 8541; parish clerks perform, 860 1 ; 1st regular comedy ; sacred drama, 8701 ; 1426 Text Figures denote Page, INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Thea-Thom. 1st tragedy, 872' ; stage, plays licensed ; Blackfriars' Theater built, 874'; Shake- speare in Lond., 8761 , his Glohe Theater built; Lord Chamberlain's Co., 8762; Puritans close, 8871 ; 1st female actor, 8881,8901; theaters reopd.,8911; Drury Lane T. rebuilt, 8022 ; operas intro., 8961 ; Lincoln's Inn T. opd., 9001 ; Haymarket T. opd., 0021; Her Majesty's T. [Italian Opera House], opd. ,0021 ; Handel's opera, 9041; Convent Harden T. opd.; Eng. opera intro., OOSi ; Handel's Jephthayer- formed ; Queen's T., Manchester, 9122 ; Covent Garden Theatrical Fund est., 9142 ; Sadler's Wells T. opd., 0161 ; Pan- theon bnilt ; Liverpool T. built, Miss Farrenin ; Ast.ley's Amphitheater opd. ; Garrick in Lond., 0182 ; Mrs. Robinson in Lond., 0202 ; Surrey T. opd. ; T. at Exeter, 9221 ; J. Braham appears ; It. Opera revived, 9241 ; Mad. Storace, C. B. Incledon appear ; Lodiska performed, 3242 ; Lyceum built ; Miss Mellon ap- pears, 9262; Creation composed, 928 2 ; Betty appears, 9302 ; Olympic Adelphoi T. opd. ; T. Royal, Manchester, built, 9322 ; Lyceum opd., 9343 ; Mrs. Jordan, last appearance, Macready as Romeo, 9362; J. B. Booth appears, 9381; Hay- market T. rebuilt, 9401 ; Shepherd's last appearance, 940 2 ; Liver. T., Liverpool, 9421 ; Queen's T. opd., 9422 ; F. Kemble appears; Garrick T. opd.; Strand T. opd., 9441; E. Kean, last appearance; Lyceum reopd.; The Mountain Sylph produced; St. James [Princess's] opd., 9461, 9501; CityT. opd., J. Listen, last appearance, 9841; A. Kemble, 1st appearance, 9501; Maryleboue T. opd., 9502 ; Astley's Am- phitheater reopd., 9521 ; Jenny Lind ap- pears, 9541 ; Lyceum reopd., 9561 ; stan- dard T. opd., 9582 ; Covent Garden re- opd., 9621; Adelina Patti appears, 9641 ; Royalty T., Soho, opd., 9661 ; Kate J. Bateman appears, 9662 ; Holborn T. [MirrorJ opd., 9681 ; Mile. Nilsson, Mile. Kellog appear, Kate Terry last appear. ; EastLondon T., Queen's T.; St. George's Opera House opd., 9701 ; Globe T.; Gaiety T. ; Charing Cross T. ; Vaudeville T. opd., 9721 ; Opera Comique opd., 9741 ; Royal Alexandra T. opd., 9761 ; H. Irving appears ; Pirate* of Penzance, Lohengrin produced, 97si; National Opera House fnd., 9801 ; Imperial T. opd., 9841 ; Prin- cesses T. rebuilt, 986 1, 9881; Savoy T. opd. ; Patience, Ring ties Xibe/ungenpro- duced,988 1 ; IoUtuthe produced, 9901 ; Al- hambra rebuilt, Empire T. opd., 0921 ; Yeoman of the Guard produced, 9081 ; Irving in Lond., 10061 ; Trafalgar Square T. opd., //ad, Ion Hall produced, 10081 . Theater, Dublin, Ire., 1st, 8821 ; Orange St. T. built, 8901 ; Aungier Street T. [Victor] built ; Crow Street Music Hall built, 9081; 1st Oratorio, llandels; Fishamble Street Music Hall opd.; Chapel Street T opd., 9102; Crow Street T. opd., 9142; T. Royal opd. ; Hawkins Street T. opd., 9401 ; Queen's T. opd., 9521 . , Scot., Theater of Music built, 8922 ; Allan Ramsay's T. built, 9081 ; T. Royal opd., 9181 ; Victoria (Coburg) T. opd., 9382; Caledonian T. opd., 9401 . Theatines, Order of, founded, 10811. Theatrical fund est., 9142, 9511 . performances, Fr., 6742,3; first in Japan, 10911 ■ i n it., 10622. Tbeban Sacred Band annihilated, 10241 . ThebanB, est. republic, 10151 ; revolt, 10241 . Thebaw, King, sent to Madras ; cruelty, 1049 2-. Thebean Legion, martyred, 10663. Thebes, Egypt, dynasty at, 6471 ; capital of dynasty, 647 2 ; new empire est. ; build- ings at, 6481; dynasties est., 649 1 ; public library at, 6483 ; Ramesseum built, 6482; captured, 651 2 ; sacked; falls; decays, 6501 ; siege of, 6521 . , Gr., fnd., 10133; wa rs, 10141 ; Greeks before, 10183; ally of Sparta ; liberated, war with Sparta, 10222 ; freed from Spartans ; head of Boeotian League, 10233 ; garrison in Cadmea ; destroyed, 10241, 11453; rebuilt, 10253. Theed, William, b. (1804); d., 1006>. Theiss, river, overflows, 5301 . Thellusson Act passes, Eng., 931 2 . Themis, asteroid, discovered, 10862. Themistocles, b.-d., 10162 ; statesman, 10192; banished; driven to Persia, 10103. Thenard, Arnauld Paul Edniond, b.,7223 ; d., 7542. , Baron Louis Jacques, b., 7043; work, 7192; d., 7323. Theobald, or Thibaud, archbp. Canter- bury, 8483 ; intro. law study, 8493 • ex- iled, 8502; d., (1161). I. reigns in Navarre, 11272. II. reigns in Navarre, 11273. . Lewis, d., 9103. Theocritus, b., 10263 ; flourishes, 6523 ; Idylls, 10271. Theodates reigns ; assassinated, 10713. Theodebald, king, d., 6642. (Hildebaldl, assassinated, 10713. Theodohert sacrifices children, 7703. Theodolinda, Queen, a Christian, 770 2 ; se- lects king; Christian influence, 7711; d., 7702. Theodolite completed, 9241. Theodora, empress, b.-d., 1030 3 ; reigns, 10333. , " the Younger," a power, 10733. Theodore, vengeance of ; routs gov. of Tigre ; submits, 21 ; oppression of, 3 2 ; suicide, 33. ■ of Tarsus, in Eng. ; archbp. of Can- terbury, 8423 ; est. Canterbury School, 8431. I., pope; d., 10721. II., pope; d., 10721. Lascaris I., reigns, 10351 . Theodoret, b.-d., 11542; bp. of Antioch, 10702. - — , Bp. of Cyprus, b.-d., 10283. Theodoric the Great, b.-d., 10702; est. East Goth kingdom, 10693 ; hostage for peace; general, 10312 ; invasions, 10301 ; devel- ops Pavia, 10713; peace with Odoacer, ascends throne, 7603 ; suppresses gladi- atorial contests, 10713; at Aries, 6641; subdues Thuringia, 771 2 ; subdues Italy, 10701 . I., reigns, 1125 3 ; settles along Dan- ube, 7693. II., reigns, 11253. Theodorus I., pope; title of Sovereign Pontiff, 10722; d., 10721. LI.,-pope, 10723. of Cyrene, b., 10243. Angelus, seizes Epirus ; made em- peror ; captive, 10351 . Theodosius I., Flavius, b.-d., 10682 ; de- feats invaders, 8401 ; peace with Goths, 769 2 ; supports orthodoxy, 10683 ; ruleB inE., 10093 ; co-regent, 7092 ; proclaims doctrines, 10291 ; enrolls Goths ; at Aqui- leia, 1028 2 ; destroys Serapis temple, 6543 ; abolishes Eleusinian mysteries; abolishes Olympic games ; expelled from Church, 10691; massacre at Thessalou- ica, 10292; suppresses idolatry, 10691 ; at Frigidus, 10282; last sole emp.; d., 10693. II., reigns, 10312; emp. of West; con- quers John the usurper, 10711; revival of learning, 1031 1 ; at Council Ephesue, 10303; code promulgated, 10312; Grecian architecture, 10702. III., reigns, 10331. writes Pouehenia, 11132. , bishop, expelled, Bulg., 568 Theognis, poet, 10163. Theohania marries Nicephorus II., 10323. Theology, medicine, law, and arts sup- pressed, 7103. Theidngisrh Tijdsrhrift issued, 11022. Theopbano, Queen, regent ; d., 7752. Theophilus, high priest, 11523. , condemns image worship, 10322 ; reigns, 10332 ; in Armenia, 11541 , 11551 . Theophrastus, b.-d., 10231 ; studies botany, 10243 ; works, 10271. Theophylact, b.-d., 10322. Tlieosinia, in Messenian Avar, 10141 . Theosophic Soc, Lond., Conven., 10061 ,2 ; Madame Biavatsky and Col. Olcott ad- vocated, 2902; Nat. Conven., 3823, 4283. Theosophists, Am., meet, 3383 ; teachers dismissed, 4322. Theosojihy, lectures by Olcott, 3923 ; "White Lotus Day" observed, 4291; E. Indians welcomed, 4363. Theramenes, d., 10231. Theremin, Ludwig Friedrich Franz., b., 8042 ; d., 8162. Theresa, Empress, Braz., b.,5542; at Wash- ington, 2912; d.,5881. Theresa, St., b.-d., 11282. Therese, Alexandre, d., 7301 . , Charlotte, d., 7302. Thermes, Paul de la Barthe de. b. (1482); at Gravelines, 6821 ; d. (1562). Thermidor suppressed, 7601 . Thermo-electricity discovered, 8121. electrometer invented, 9422. Thermometer invented, 8001 , 11002 ; alco- hol T. devised, 8801 . Thermopylae, A niphietyonicCouncil, 10152; battle, 10181 , 10342; Brennus at, 10261 . Theseus conquers Amazons, 10131 ; fnds. Athens; K., 10133 ; steals Helen, 10143. Thesiger, Fred., L. Chelmsford, b., 9263 ; minister, 9632; in Zulu war,6002; leader, 6001; d.,9822. Thespise destroyed, 10182. Thespis, b.; Alcestis; 1st tragedian, 10162. Thessalonians, Epistles to, written, 11531. Thessalonica, fnd., 10253 ; massacre at. 10292; taken, 10321 , 2, 10341 . Thessalv, Turk, subdued, 10241 ; overrun with Goths, 10293; ceded to Gr., 11593. Thessander, king of Thebes, 10133. Thetford, Bishop Lloyd, cons., 10121. Tbeudas leads revolt, killed, 11533. Theudebert, confined, killed, 7711 . Theuderich, cruelty; poisoned, 7711. Theudewald executed, 7701 . Theudis reigns, 11253 ; d., (548). Theudisela reigns, 11253. Thevenot, dean de, b., 6882; d., 6903. , Melehisedeeh, b., 6863 ; d., 6942. , M., minister, 7572. Thibaud. (See Theobald.) Thibaudeau, Comte, Antoine Claire de, b., 7031 ; d., 7322. Thibaudin, Gen., minister, 7543 ; resigns, 7551. Thibaut, rebels against Louis VII., 6681 . , Anton F. J., b., 8041 ; d., 8143. , Comte de Champagne, b.-d., 6702. Thibetans in Bokhara, 5491 . Thibodeaux, H. S., gov. La., 1312. Thibron, leader, 10221 ; killed, 10222. Thicbault, Gustave, murdered, 9671 . Thiel, College org., 2722. Thien Tu, k., 4811 ; d., 4813. Thierry, Amedee Simon Dominique, b., 7123 ; works, 7323, 7331 ; d. (1873). , Edouard, b. (1813); d., 7661 . , Jacques Nicolas Augustin, b., 7102 ; works, 7251 , 7283; d., 7322. I., Fred., reigns in Austrasia, 6652. II., king; d., 6652. IV., king, 6653. Thiers, Louis Adolphe, b., 7123 ; works, 7251,7292; ministry, 7273, 7293; fall ; ex- iled, 7293 ; returns from exile, 7332 ; leads opposition, 7371,3, 7453; on de- fense committee, 741 1 ; diplomatic mis- sion fails ; appeals to Vienna, 7413 ; ne- gotiates with Bismarck, 7433 ; peace with Ger.; pres. provisional gov't, 7451; im- peached, 7152; issues decree, 7453; pres. Fr. republic, 7463 ; advocates duties ; est. ministry in Paris J inaugural, 747 2 ; resigns, 7473 ; Republican leader, 751 2 ; senator, 7511; d., 7502. . Thiersch, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8042; d., 8202. Thimble League, queen patronizes, 9963. Thimbles made of gold, 1501 ; mnf ., 9001 . Thimonnier, inv. sewing machine, 7261. Thhit/i-alla collides with Geiser, 8333. Thionville, Ger., surrenders to Fr., 6821; taken, 6881 ; bombarded, 7402, 7423 ; in- vested, 7422; ceded to Ger., 7451 . Thirkill, Lancelot, explorer, 151 . Thirlwall, Connop, bp., b., 9283; Greece, 9483 ; d. (1875). Thirty dukes rule, 10313. Years' War, 5101 ; cause, 5111; ends, 5122,5132, 7062 ; affects, 7951. Thisbe, asteroid, dis. 2521 . Thistle, loses yacht race, 3273. , crew murdered, 6182. Thistle, order of, inst., 8692. Thiu, German god, 7682. Thizy, cotton-weavers strike, 7582. Thlotse Heights, mission, 11053. Thode, Henry, Der Ring des Frangipani, 8362. Thokore, of Marvi, arrives, Am., 4343. Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu, b., 8063; fnds. society ; Christianity among Jews, 8131 ; d., 8282. Thorn, James, b., 9283 ; d., 9562. Thom-Tici. Text Figures denote Page. IinDJI-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1427 Thorn, John, impostor, 9491 . Thomas, St., apostle, in China, 6103. , A. G., pres. Conven. Disciples, 3182. , Antoine Leonard, b. (1732) ; works, 7032, 7052 ; d. (1785). , Arthur L., gov. Utah, 3492. -, B. L., cons. card, priest, 7022. , Clement, b. (1S00); gen.; assassinated, 7442 ; murderers sentenced, 746 a . , Col., killed in duel, 9231 . , Count, acquires Piedmont, 10793. , Cyrus, b., 1322. , Duke of Clarence, gov. Ire., 8613. , Earl of Elgin. (See Bruce.) , Earl of Sussex. (See Sussex.) , Elisha Smith, b. (1834) ; cons. P. E. bp., 3262, 3742. , Evans, massacred by Indians, 2801 . , Gen., at Constantinople, 10321 . , Sir George, b. (1705±) ; gov. Pa., 652; d. (1775). , George Henry, b., 1242; commands in Ivy., 1982; at Mill Springs, 2022 ; at Shi- lob, 20G1; at Murfreesboro, 2171; at Milliken's Bend, 2222; at Chickamauga, 226 3 ; commands Army of Cumberland, 227i, 2322, 2561 ; at Chattanooga, 2282 ; at Columbia, 240 1 ; at Nashville, 2402 ; maj.-gen.,U. S. A., 2403; 3d military dis- trict, 2661 ; d., 2701. , Jas., Jr., surety for Jeff. Davis, 2563. , Henry F., b., 1562. , Isaiah, b., 662 ; d., 1382. , John, sculptor, b., 9363 ; d. (1862). , .missionary, 9263; in India, 10443. , , gen., b., 60 2 ; at Dorchester Heights, 821 ; retreat from Quebec ; d., , L., inp.-o. dept, 4472; in dept. of justice, 4473. , Joseph, b., 1163. — — , Julia Martha, murdered, 9843. , Lorenzo, b. (1804); appt. sec. war ; de- clared illegal ; arrested, bailed, released, 2612; d. (1875). , Philip F., b. (1810); sec. of treas., 1891 ; aided by banks, 1893 ; resigns, 1911 . , Theodore, b., 1442 ; concerts in N.Y., 2411 ; resignation ordered, 4301 ; festival, Cincinnati, 4601 . , Gaillard, b., 1382. , William, W., minister, 3513. , W. E., bp. of Northern Mich., 4162. Thomasius, Christian, b. (1655) ; Monats- gesprache, 7991; d. (1728). Thomasville, Ga., train robbery, 4631 . , N. C, Female Coll. org., 1783 ; Bapt. Orphanage fnd., 3231 . Thomists appear, 8542. Thompson, Gen. Alex. Ramsay, k., 1441 . , Alfred Wordsworth, b., 1522. — — , Arthur J., Animal Life, 4782. , A. M., norn. for vice-pres., 3051 ; pres. vote, 3072. , Sir August Rivers, d., 10042. , Benjamin, Poems of , 39 1 . , Sir , Count Rumford, 1)., 683, 9123; water boils by friction, 9282 ; medal awarded, 9301 ; Tory officer, 943; ambas- sador, 4473; d., 1231. , Capt., at Warrensburg, 2051 . , Cephas Giovanni, b., 1162; d. (1888). , Charles, b., 602 ; d., 1321 . , — — Powlett, gov. -gen. Can., 5793. ., Daniel Pierce, b., 1061 ; d., 2621 . , Denman, b., 1421 . , Edward, b. (1810) ; ord. Meth. Epis. bp.,2332; d. (1870). , Eliza J., pres. Woman's Crusade,2831 . , Frederick D., At Sea, 4482. , Sir Henry, b. (1820); originates Prayer Gauge debate, 9762. , Hugh Miller, b. (1830); cons, bp., 3122. , S., gov. S.C., 3132 ; Civil Service commission, 3512. , Jacob, b. (1810) ; sec. int., 1831 ; re- signs, 1911 ; gov. Miss., 217 3 ; reward for capture, 2473 ; amnesty refused, 2912 ; d.,3202. , Rev. James, suspended, Can., 5921. , Gen. Jeff. C, at Ironton, Mo. ; at Fredericktown ; at Big River Bridge, 200i; east of Helena, 2103; captured, 2261 ; surrenders, 2463. , Jerome, b., 1232 ; d. (1886). , Sir John S. D. arbitrator 4252 ; min. justice, 593i ; r. c. public schools, 5942 ; premier, 6951 , 2 ; cabinet find., 595 2 ; d., 5961. Thompson, Joseph, expedition for E.Afr., 5612. , Parrisli, b., 1281 ; d. (1879). , Launt, b., 1421 ; in Academy Design, 2171; d. 4721. , Sir Matthew W., d., 10062. , Maurice, b., 1562. , M. L. P., moderator, 1842. , Mr., photographs bottom of sea, 9642. , Richard Wigginton, b. (1809) ; sec. navy, 2953 ; resigns, 305 2 . - — , liobt. Ellis, b. (1844) ; Life of George H. Stuart, 3743. , Smith, b., 741 ; sec. navy, 1292 ; jus- tice U. S. Supreme Court, 1313 ; d. (1843). , Thomas £,., minister, 4473. , Waddy, b. (1798) ; d., 2641 . , Wm., lord mayor, London, 9413. , , bp., 9583; archbp., 9663. , P., for gov. Me., 3632. , Wordsworth, Acad. Design, 2861 . , smoke-consuming furnace, 9941 . Thompsonville, 111., farmers boycott the merchants, 3891 . Thorns, William John. !>., 9323- d. (1885). Thomson, Chas., b. (1729); sec. Continental Cong., 792, 812; d. (1824). , L., moderator, '3322, 3402. , James, poet, b. 9022 ; works, 9071 , 9131; d., 9122. , , engineer, b., 9382; works, 979' . , Sir William, b., 9422; d., 10042. Thongze mission, 10472. Thorbecke, Jan Rudolph, b.-d., 11021. Thoreau, Henry D., b., 1262; works, 1763, 2253, 2412, 2503 ; d., 2072. Thorinum, discovered, 11361. Thorn, W. Prus., fnd., 781 1 ; treaty at, 7872; religious riot, 8003. , Poland, Protestants are persecuted, 11143. Thornburn, Grant, b. (1773); d., 2291 . Thornbury, Pa., first iron mill, 661 . , Maj.j k. at Milk Creek, Colo., 3021 . Thorncliffe, riot and strike, 973 1 . Thorncreek, Pa., oil-well sunk, 3181 . Thorndike, Rachel Sherman, Letters, 478 2 . Thome, Edwin F., b., 1581 . , Robert, explorer, 5701 . Thomhill, Sir James, b., 8942 ; opens Academy of Art, 9061 ; d., 9032. Thornton, Ark., race-war, 416 2 . . Capt., attacked on Rio Grande, 1601 . , Sir Edward, b. (1817); proposes joint commission, 2732. , Samuel, elected bp., 9803. , W. T., gov. N. Mex., 4472. Thorold, Anthony Wilson, cons, bp.,9803. , .elected bp., 9803; cons, bp., 10062. Thorolf in Iceland, 10412. Thoroughfare Gap, Va., Federals occupy, 2061 ; Confederates capture, 2142. Thorp, William, gov. Del., 1613. Thorpe, Benjamin, b., 9343 ; d., 9742. , John T., lord mayor, 9393. , Robert, voyage, 8662. , William fie, hanged, 8591 . Thorp's Springs, Tex., Add-Rau Christian Coll. org., 2823. Thorrismund, reigns, 11253. Thorstien, on New England coast, 112. Thorvaldsen, Albert, b., 6382; d., 6403; statue, New York, 4741 , Thorwald, visits New Eng. ; avenges in- sult ; explorations extended, 112. Thou, Jacques Auguste de, b.,6822; work, 6871 ; d., 6862. Thoury, Germans defeated, 7403. Thousand Islands, Can., sold, 5962. Park, Miss. Union, 5843. Years' Jubilee, celebrated, 8163. Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine, b., 7223 ; minister, 7352; resigns, 7353 ; d., 7362. Tbothmes I., married, 648 3 ; conquests, 6491 ; worships Amnion, 6482. II. reigns (Egy.), 6491 . — — III. reigns (Kgy.>, l>49 2 ; conquests, 6481; chronology of kings, 648 3 . IV. reigns (Egy.), 6492. Thoweynee, killed, 4883. Thrace conquered, 1016', 1024'; settled, 1151 'j coast subdued, 10161 ; Greek colo- nies in, 10193 ; Athenian empire over- thrown, 10213; invaded, 10241, 10321; tributary, 10252; ceded to Philip V., 10273 ; Goths overrun, 10293, 11541 ; rav- aged, 10301, 1032'; Lysimachus rules, 11491 ; Turks in, 10352; rebellion, 11513 ; subdued, 10621 ; Rom province 10632, 11513; conquered, 11542. Thracian Chersonese conquered, 10223 ; possession dispute, 10233 Thrasybulus rules, expelled, 10193 - com- mander. 1U2D3; atMunyclna, 1022i ; over- throws Thirty Tyrants, 10232; d., 10231. Thrax, Maximinus, expels Alemanni, 10641 . Thread, cotton sewing rnnf, 1042. Three Rivers, Can., battle of, 5761; R. c. diocese est., 6802; farmers pay tithes. 6902. Threshing-machine invented, 9081 9202. Thrift Society, Nat., fnd., 9843. Thring, Baron, title created, 9963. Throckmorton, James Webb, b. (1825) J gov. Tex., 2553, removed, 2591. Throop, Enos Thompson,, b. (1784); gov. N. Y., 1373. Polytechnic Inst, est,, Pasadena, Cal. (1891). Tlxucydides, b.-d., 10191; leader; ban- ished; Peloponnesian War, 10212. Thumb, Tom. (See Stratton, Charles Sherwood). Thiimmel, Moritz August, b, (1738) j Wil- helmine, 8032; d. (1817). Thunberg, Karl Peter, b. -d., 11342. Thunderer, launched, 974' ; explosion on, 9801,9841. Thundering Legion escapes, 10641, Thurber, H.* J., sec. to Cleveland, 425*. Thureau-Dangin, Paul Louis, Academi- cian, 7561. Thurgau canton, Act Mediation 11382. Thurii, fnd., 10193; refnd., 1021 2; captured, 10281 . Thuringia, Ger., separate from Sax,, 7853. Thurloe, John, b., 8801 ; d. (1668). Thurlow, Baron, title created, 9252. , Baron Edward, b., 9082; lord chanc, 9213,9233; minister. 9233; d.,933'. Thurman, Allen G., b., 1211 ; on Commit- tee of Seven, 2933; on Electoral Com- mission, 2951; pres. senate, 3013, 3033; conven. vote, 305 1; vote for vice-pres., 3173; nom. for pres., 3311 ; birthday cel- ebration, 3712. Thurn, Count Heinrich Matthias von, b. (1580) ; at Vienna, 5101 ; a. (1636+). Thurot, Francois, b. (1727) ; invades Ire- land ; Isle of Man; killed, 702 1. Thursby, Emma, b., 1821. Thurston, Asa, b. (1787); miss., 1263; d. (1868). , Gates P., works, 3962, , Lorin A., Hawaiian minister, 4312. , Robert Henry, b. (1839) ; works, 4782. Thury, Cassini de. (See Cassini.) Tliutnelda, asteroid, discovered, 5282, Thwaites, Reuben Gold, b. (1863) ; Colo- nies, 3962. Tliymactes reigns, 10133. Thymbra, battle at, 11461. Thynne, Thomas, murdered, 895'. Thyra, asteroid, discovered, 2741- , Princess, Den., marries, 6423. Ti, tomb of, 6461. Tiago, explosion on, 3633. Tiben, synod of Armenian bishops, 10711 . Tiber captures Leo, 1231 . Tiber River, floating mills on, 10702; over- flows, 10882; improvements; inunda- tion, 10893. Tiberias, Pal., Christians defeated at,4872 ; mission, 11582. , Lake, crusaders defeated, 654', Tiberius, Alex., procurator, 1153 3 . - — , Claudius Nero I 'avsar, b. d., 10603; re- sides at Rhodes, 11513; emperor, 769', 10632; est. Roman power in Ger, , 769' ; associate ruler, 10313; against Suevi; in Aust., 1062'; power of; retires to Capri ; sent to Armenia, 10632. II. reigns, 10313. , usurper, degraded, 10312. Tibet, subdued, 612' ; Buddhism prevails, 6123; Jesuits enter, 0143; annexed to Ind., 6151,3; earthquake, 6271; Fort of Lingtu captured, 9981 . Tibni, reigns ; k„ 11433. Tibullus, book of poems, 10611 . Tibur, villa erected, 10642. Tichborne trial begins, 9752. Tichenor, Isaac, b. (1754); gov. Vt., 1091, 1153; d. (1838). Tichi enthroned, 611' . Ticino, Switz., fortifications, 5262; canton joins Act Mediation, 11382. 1428 Text Figures denote Page, INDEX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Tick-Tole. Tickell, Thomas, b., S962; d., 9103. Tickets of leave granted, G. B., 9611. Ticknor, George, b., 1022; works, 1663, 2272; d., 2721. Ticonderoga, N. Y., fortified, 682, 701 ; ambuscade; battle, 702; surrendered to Allen, SOi; Continental army at ; Schuy- ler leaves, 802; celebration, 3832. Tide-mills in Venice, 10741 . Tides explained, 7041 , 7921 . Tidnint/ar om den Lardas Arbelen issued, 11351. Tidss!:ri['t for Litleratur oq Kritick, Den., 6391. - Tidssli-if/for Litterci/in\S\ve.,issnedM3G2. Tieck, Christian Friedrich, b., S042; d., 8181. , Luuwig, b.,804i; works, 8071, 8091, 8132,8151; d.,8201. Tiedge, Christoph August, b., 8032; Ura- nia, 8072; d., 8162. Tieling mission, 6222. Tiemann, Daniel N., mayor N. T., 1S5 2 . Tien, worship of, 6163. Tsin, treaty with China signed, 1851 ; treaty signed, 4812, 4831, 9632; treaty ratified, 4S32; expedition at, 61S 3 ; mis- sion, 6203, 0222, 0231, 6243; occupied, 6201 ;nrob massacres rnissionaries,6212±; treaty supplement, 6213; treaty vio- lated, 6221 , 7341 ; hospital started, 6231 ; submerged, 6242; R. R. opens, 6253; troops ordered, 626 2 ; consuls seek pro- tection, 6272,3. "Wang, northern march, 618 1 . Tierney, George, b. (1761) ; in duel, 9272; minister, 9433; d. (1830). Tierra de Santo Cruz, named, 553 1 . Firma, province formed, 62S3. Tiersot. Julian, works, 7602. Tietjen, F., discovers asteroid, 8221. Tifernum, action at, 10522. Tiffany, Louis Comfort, b. (1848) ; Acad- emy of Design, 3061 . , O. H., clergyman, d., 3941 . Tiffin, O., Heidelberg Coll. fnd.,1683 ; show- er of snails, 3881. .Edward, b. (1776); gov., 1132; d. (1829). Tiflis, built, 11132; capital, 11173. Tigellinus, adviser of Nero, 10633. Tiger, Indian trader, 291. , ashore, 9581 . Tiglathinin reigns, 11413. Tiglath-Pileser I., victories, 11421 ; builder, 11422; reigns, 11432. ■ II. reigns. 11433. III., reigns, 11452; expeditions of ; ally of Ahaz, 11441; ar t patron, 11412; captivity of Jews, 11443. Tigranes I., reigns, 11472; annexes Syria to Armenia, 11511; ravages Cappadocia, 11501; war on, 10582, 10591; submits to Pompey, 105S2, 11501 ; aggressions of, 10591. II., enthroned, 11511 ,3. III., governor Syria, 11513. IV., king of Armenia, 11513. Tigranocerta, battle at, 10582, 11501 . To/cess rescue of I'alaris exped., 2801. Ti'/dschn ft voor Xedcrlan/lsch /nt/ie issued, 11022. Tijdstroom issued, 11022. Tiki seizes throne, 611 1 . Tiklat-Adar II. reigns, 11433. Tikou, est. schools, 6102: enthroned, 6111. Tilbury lost, 9141. Tilden, Samuel Jones, b., 1232; gov. N.Y., 2872; nom. for pres., 2931; vote, 2932, 3051 ; electoral vote, 2952; declines can- didacy, 3051 ; d., 3241. Tilford, Tenn., Federals defeated, 2262. Tilghman, B. C.inv. of sand-blast, 2721 . , William, b., 711 ; d., 1342. Tilikot, battle of, 10422. Till Eulenspiegel stories appear, 7871 . Tillemont, Sebastien Le Nain de, b., 6882; work, 6951 ; d., 6943. Tilley, Sir S. L., governor N. B., 5831 . Tillman, Benj. Ryan, nom. for gov. S. C, 3552,3691; gov., 3751, 4212; senator, 4772. , James F., in treas. dept., 4472. Tilloch, Mr., stereotyping, 9202. Tillotson, John, b., 8822; archbp. Canter- bury, 8983; d., 9002. Tilly, Count of (Johann Tserclaes), b., 7922; commands Catholics, 5101 ; in Thirty Years' War, 7941 ; d., 7943. Tilsit, Prus., peace of, 7172. Tilton, N. H., Soldiers' Home est., 3511. , Theo., b. (1835); against Beecher,2S43. , W. S., d.,3382. Tima mission, 6571 . Timanthes, b., 10263. of Cythnos, b., 10231 . Timber, growth encouraged, 2851, 3012, 3552,3691. reserves, Manitoba, 5963. Timble, Allen, d., 2682. Tiinbuctoo, Fr. expelled ; occupied, 101 ; column annihilated, 103,7661 ; occupied, 7652; independent, 10972. Time ball, placed, N. Y., 1902; electric, set up, Bng., 9602. keeper, John Harrison's used, 9161 . pieces produced, 9081 , Times, est., 9231 , 9251 ; trial, 9972; Parnell Commission reports, 10032. Tininierman. Clans, sentenced, 4381. Timoleon, reigns, 10532; d., 10243. Timotheus, destroys Spartan fleet, 10222; commands Athenians, 10223. Timothy stoned, 11532. Timothy, Epistle to, written, 11532. Timour, or Timur, captures Bajazet, 11121 ; saves Greek empire; 1035 2 . Timrod, Henry, b. (1829) ; Poems, 1881 ; d. (1867). Timsah, Lake, channel from Mediterra- nean, 6573. Timur Shah, reigns, 51; d.,43. Tin, dis. in S. Dak., 3141 ; in Tex., 3381 ; in Mex., 11973; production Am., 4252; duties, 4253. plate Bill, 4111 , 4252. industry, increase, 4172; mills closed, 4733. Tinchebray, Fr., battle of, 6681 . Ting, Admiral, degraded, 627 2 . ■ Ang, a convert, 6191 . Wang enthroned, 6112. Tinghai, bombarded ; taken, 6162; Tingitana, Roman province, 10632. Tinmore, action at, S442. Tinnevelli, India, Bp. Elwes cons., 10121; mission, 10462. Tinning of iron intro., Eng., 8941 . Tinsley's Mai/a-Jnv issued, 9702. Tintoretto, jacopo Robusti, b., 10802; d. (1594). Tinware mfg. in colonies, 761 , Tioga, N. \., patriots succeed, 903. Tip, elephant, killed, 4613. 'J.'ipolitza taken, 10342. Tippecanoe, Ind., battle of, 1161 . Tippermuir, Scot., action at, 8842. Tippling Acts passed, Kng., 8791 . Tippoo Sahib, b.-d., 10443; attacks Rajah Travancore ; conquered, 10442 ; sultan of Mysore; treaty with Eng., 10453. Tib, letter to, 5462 ; meets Stanley, 8381 ; paralyzed, 5633. Tipton, Ind., gas-well struck, 3681 . Tirant lo 'Blanch*- appears, 11271 . Tirard, Pierre Emmanuel, minister, 753 2 , 3, 7543, 7571, 765i, 2; premier; new ministry, 7572; d., 7661 . Tirhakah vanquished; 6501 ; aids Heze- kiah, 650 2 ; defeated by Sennacherib, 11442; takes Memphis, 6501; reigns, Egy.,6511. Thidates II., enthroned, Armenia; ex- pelled, 11533 ; restored, 10033, 11533. Tillemont, Belg., French defeat, 6961. Tirloch, King, d., 8482. Tirman, Louis, governor ; retires, 102. Tirnova, Bulg., captured, 5651 ; against ministry ; Alex, arrives ; Nat. Assembly meets, 500 3 : manifesto issued, 5673. Tirsa, asteroid, discovered, 7561. Tiryns, Gr., walls erected, 10141. Tischendorff, Lobegott Friedrich Kon- stantin von, b., 8103; dis. Codex Sinaiti- cus, 8162; d., 8281. Tisdale, John A., shot, 3963. Tissaphernes, Persian satrap, 10221 ; k. (396+ B.C.). Tissot, John M., cons, bp., 9681 . , Pierre Francois, b., 7042; d., 7322. , Simon Auguste Andre, b.-d., 1137 2 . Tisza von Borosjeno, Koloman, b. (1820) ; premier, 5293 ; ministry reorganized ; ministry resigns, 5311,5333; Army Bill, 5321; assassination plot, 5323; abused; vindicated, 5332. Titania, America outsails, 1693. Titans, revolt of, 10131 . Tithe Commutation Act passes, 9492. Tithes abolished, Fr.,7073; imposed, Ger., 7702; compulsory, Eng., 8442; collected. 8451 ; for church, 8462. Ttian, Tziano Vecellio, b., 10783 ; works, of, 10801 ;d., 10811. Titicaea, Lake, battle near, 221 , 5501 . Titres de la Dynastic Imperiale, Les,7383. Tittmann, Johann A., b., 8041 ; d., 8142. Titus, Epistle to, written, 11532. , Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, b.-d., 10622 ; emperor, 10633 ; against Jews, 10621; takes Jerusalem, 10621, 11502, 1151 1 ; Triumphal Arch erected, 10622 ; destroys Temple, Jerusalem, 10623 ; assassinated, 10633. , Col., captured; exchanged, 1811 . , Col., Killinq no Murder, 8893. , James, killed T. Smith, 3263. Titusville, Pa., petroleum dis., 1853. Tiverton, R. I., Bapt. church fmd., 262. Tiy enthroned, 6112, 6131 . Ti Yuen enthroned, 6113. Tizoc enthroned, 133 ; d., 122. Tlascalon conquered, 181 . Tleincen captured bv French, 82, 3. Tobacco, Am., cultivation, 281, 6313; currency, 292, 302; exported, 31 1, 713; monoply, 312-1 ; duty on, 483 ; church revenue, 543; legal tender, 632; fine cut. mnf., 1461 ; internal revenue tax, 3013 ; prohibited in West Point Military Acad., 3073; sale of tobacco restricted, Conn. , 3363; denounced by Ger. Baptists, 3403; trust fmd., 3413 ; largest crop, 3933 ; intro., Eng.; proclamation against, 8772; cultivation restricted, 8073 ; prohibited to preachers, 9163 ; cultivation per- mitted, 9053; consumption of, 9993; con- sumption in Bus., 11213 ; intro. in Sp., 11281 . Act approved, 3773 ; T. Rebate Bill, 3732. Tobasco, Mex., bombarded, 1601 . Tobago, W. I., settled, 373 ; taken ; re- taken, 441 ; recovered by Fr., 7053; neutral, 672. Tobitschau, Aust.-Hung., action at, 5261 . To-Cheng, mission, 6203. Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clerel de, b„ 7103; works, 7271,7331 ; d., 7342. Tocuyo settled, 11601. Tod, David, b. (1805) ; gov. O., 2173 ; d. (1868). Todd, John, b., 1082; d., 2821 . , Mabel Loomis, Eclipses of Sun, 4783. , Maj., declines colonelcy, 5881. , Mary, marries A. Lincoln, 1551 . - — , Robert Bentley, b., 9351 . , Thomas b., 74i ; justice, 1152. Todd's Tavern, Va., Confederates de- feated, 2323. Todgarth mission, 10483. Todleben (or Totleben), Count Franz Eduard b., 11163; at Plevna, promoted, 5652 ; commands, 5661 ; d., 11201 . Toebbe, Augustus Mary, d., 3162. Togrel (or Togrul) Beg, elected snltan, 11552; conquers Persia, 4872; rules Per- sia, 11072. Togugawa rises to power ; shoguns rule; titles, 10913. Togus Springs, Me., soldiers' home, 2551 . Tokar, Nubia, surrenders, 6601 ; taken, 6603. Tokay, Hung., fire, 5353. Tokoly, Emile, prince Transylvania, 5133. Tokolyi, Eiueric, Protestant leader, 5122. Tokyo, Jap., missions at, 10921 ; Biblical Inst. est. ; library fnd. ; mission work ; native church est. ; univ. est., 10922 ; Viscount Arniori assassinated ; food scarce, 100'J3; e ; q,ital, 10031 ; ambassador from China, 6273. Tola reigns, 11431 . Toland, John, b., 8922; d. (1722). Tolbiacum Zulpich, battle at, 6622. Toledo, la.. Western College org., 1802. , O., Nat. Greenback Conven., 2991; Dr. Quiglev suspended, 3423 ; earth- quake, 3001 ,'3741 ; railway accident, 3953; bribery in Common Council, 4103, 4182; electric wires cut, 421 1 ; R. R. men with strikers, 4262 ; R. R. boycotts illegal, 4282; cadets start for Chicago, 4342; fire, 4493, 4773; R. R. strike, 4653. , Sp., church council, 11252; capital, Sp., 11253 ; conquered ; taken, 11261 ; archbp., primate of Sp., 11263 ; univ. Tole-Towl. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1429 fnd., 11271; annexed by Ferdinand, 11273. Toledo, Francisco de, b.-d., 11282 ; vice- roy, 251. , Pedro de, b.-d., 11263. Tolentino, battle at, 5201 . Tolerance granted by emp., It. ,'10851 . Toleration in N. Eng., 362 ; denied ; in Flusliing, N. Y., 363; i u Del. ; in R. I., 382, 422 ; in Md., 382 ; i n New Amster- dam, 40 1 ; in N.Y., 482,492; inN.C.,523; in N. J. ; in Pa., 542 ; i n Hung., 5163 ; edict of, 6543, 7062, 805 1 ; granted by Henry IV., Fr.,6K.~,3; to Huguenots, 687 1 ; in Pr., 6892, 7OG2 ; to Lutherans, 6923 ; forbidden Huguenots, 6943; to Vaudois, 6951 j principles prevail, 7032; to Protes- tants in Bavaria, 7913; in Ger., 7923, 7971 ; to Protestants, 7923; edict of,S05i ; to Waldenses, 8883 ; recommended, G.B., 890 2 ; to Dissenters, 9063; to all religious, 11173 ; prohibited, 11202 ; to Catholics, 11222 ; decreed, 11303 ; i n Sp., 11322 ; ex- tended Swe., 11361; Act passes, Chile, 6072,8982,8992. Toliekona rules Mongols' gov., 6151 . Tolland, John, at Wytheville, 2251; raid inW. Va.,226i. Toll-bars appear, Eng., 8553. Tollemache, Baron, title created, 9751 . Tollens, Hendrik, b. (1780), Winter in Nova Zembla, 11022; d. (1856). Tolligunge mission, 10471. Tolliver, Craig, killed, 3271. Tolly, Marshal Barclay de, at Smolensk, 7182; leaves Vilna, 7182. Tolosa, Sp., action at, 11321 . . (See Toulouse.) Tolosa, asteroid, discovered, 7481. Tolsto'i, Count Alexii Konstantinovitch, b., 11163; works, 11183; d., 11182. , Count Dmitri, b., 1116 3 ; minister, 11213; d., 11201. , Count Lyeff , or Lyoif , Nikolaievich, b., 11163 ; Kreutzer Sonata excluded, 3642; works, 11183. Toltec empire est.; fall of, 113. Toltecan family in Peru, Mex., and Bogota, 152. Toltecs invade Mex., Hi j civilization, 112; decay, 152. Toman Bey, sultan, 655 3 . T.uiiich, Pere, work, 11271. Tomline, George, bp. of "Winchester, b., 9123; bp., 9383; d. (1827). Tomlinson, Gideon, b. (1780); gov. Conn., 1353; d. (1854). Tomo-chichi, present to Gov. Oglethorpe, 63i. Tompion, Thomas, invents escapement, 9001. Tompkins, Charles H., b. (1830) ; military commissioner, 2472; col., 3061 . , Daniel D., b., 78 1 ; gov. N. Y., 1152; electoral vote, 1252, 1292 ; vice-pres., 1292; d., 1322. Toms River, N. J., blockhouse taken, 943. Tonawanda, N. Y., riot, 408 2 ; troops ordered, 432 1 ; strike, 4323. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, b. 9162; captured, 9282; suicide, 9292; d., 9283. Tonga Islands, Brit, protection, 10052. Tonghaks attack Koshin, 6271 . Tongking (see Annam, text pp. 480-483), annexed to China as a province ; only tributary state, 6152 ; defense of, 6221 ; Fr. conquer, 6232 ; evacuation de- manded ; Fr. recognized, 6233 ; telegraph complete, 6253 ; subdued, 748 1 ; Fr. credit ; protectorate threatened, 7551 ; Fr. garrison overcome, 7601 ; pirate stronghold captured, 762 1 ; pirates attack Ft., 7661. Toniataba, E. I., captured, 10081 . Tonic Sol-fa Asso. founded ; est., 9582. Tonnage dues abolished, Fr., 7372 ; granted to Eng., 8912; repealed, 9252. Tonti on Mississippi River, 5733. , Lorenzo, b., 10823. , Order of, assignment, 4613. Too-Fuku-no-in, succeeds to throne, 10913. Tooke, John Home, b.,9082; work, 9251; d., 9363. Toole, Jos. K., nom. for gov., 3451 ; gov. Montana, 3492. Too-le, Mongol leader, 6141 . Tooloonide, dynasty overthrown, 11552. Toombs, Robert, b., 1162; on Committee of 33, 1S9 2 ; denounces Lincoln, 1911; sec. State, 1913; exposes Confederacy, 2273; amnesty refused, 2912; d., 3202. Toomey, Michael, d., 1821 . Toorkee, guerilla hands, 4881 . Toosoon Pasha, against Wahabis; at Me- dina, 6562. Tooth, Rev. A. H., inhibited, 9803. Toj>eka, Kan., Free-State conven.; Con- stitution, 1791 ; legislature meets, 179 2 , 1811; Free-State legislature org.; dis- persed, 1812; Washburn Coll.org., 2502; colored conven. at, 2511, 267 2 ; Capital issued, 2662 ■ Farmers' Cong, meets, 3313; State Conven. against whisky in- vasion, 3623; injunction against original packages, 3643; Pres. Harrison at, 3701 ; original package agent sentenced, 3852; Republicans vs. Populists; political compromise, 4242; Republicans hold Representatives Hall, 4251 ; M. E. Lease in Charities Board, 451 2 . Topelius, Zucharias.b., 11163. Topiltzin Ceacatl Quetzalcoatl, est. cap- ital, 113. Toplady, Augustus Montagu, Rock of Ages, hymn, 9211 . Toplitz, sovereigns meet at, 8212. Topographical Society fnd., Lond., 9861 . Topsham, Eng., canal at, 8953. TordenBkjold, Peter, b., 6363; d., 6381 . Torebio, St., archbp., b. (1534); at Lima, 242; d. (1606). Toreno, Jose Maria Queypo de Llano Ruiz de Savaria, b.-d., 11302. Torgau, Prus., allies possess, 7212; Prot- estant alliance at, 789 3 ; besieged; re- taken; surrenders, 8101 ; Frederick vic- torious at, 5162, 8021, Tories, punishment of, 783; named, 791 ; arrest urged, 813; measures against, 831 ; banished; leave Phila.,893; against Mass., 893, 913; defeated in N. C, 93i ; in Eng., 972. Tornado, at Natchez, 1501; i n Me., 1701, 3921; obstructs P. & C. R. R., 1741; in Phila., 1781; in Ill.,Ia., 1861 ; Mo., Kan-, Neb., 301)1; Rochester, Minn., 314 1 ; Buf- falo, 3321 ; St. Cloud, Minn.; in 0., 3222; Lockport, N. Y.; Reading, Pa., 3321; N. Dak., 3621 ; St. Louis, 3521 ; Frank- lin, Pa., 3581; N. Dak., 3641; Okla., 4261 , 456i ; Kan., 423' , 432i , 4561 ; West- ern states, 4281; Ark., 4301, 4501, 4733; La., 4321, 4501; Ind., 3222, 4561; Mich, and Minn., 4561 ; Ohio, 4421 , 4561 ; Tex., 4561 ; in the South, 310 1 , 3161 ; Ga., La., 3121; 111., 3222; Pa., 3321. Torney, George H., a major, 4561 . Toronto (York), Can., fnd., 5772; as- saulted, 1202 ; Can. Science Asso. meets, 3442; Bapt. Y. P. Union Conven., 4661 ; York seat of gov't, 5773; insurrection, 5781; diocese est.; Uuiv. fnd., 5783; Christian Guardian, 5721; Globe,- Up- per Can. Coll. and Academy, 579 1; re- named Toronto, 5793; Canadian Bap- tist; Christian Messenger; Univ., Trin- ity Coll.; Univ. renamed, 5803; R. c. archdiocese est., 5822; The Mail, 5823; Evening News ; Eratina Telenram; War Cry, 5843; dynamite in, 5851; fire; In- dustrial Exposition opd; R. R. collision, 5S53; Empire; Jailers Cong.; Toronto Mail, libel suit ; novels destroyed ; Sat- urday Night; Weekly Empire; W. En- franchisement Asso., 586 2 ; A. O. United Workmen ; Harvey arrested ; strike, 5863; Industrial Exposition, 5872; Sur- gical Hospital for Women, 5863; Bapt. Cong, of Am. meets; Presb. Gen. As- sem. meets, 5882; W. C. T. U. Conven., 5883; dancing exhibitions agitate, 5891 ; Exhibition opd.; syndicate buys brew- eries, 5893; diocesan jubilee, 5901 ; Univ. burned, 5913, Univ. rebuilt, 590 2 ; no Sunday street-cars, 51)2 1 , 5943; Harbor Works scandal, 5922; Liberal demon- stration, 5923 ; Industrial Exhibition, 5933 ; females on school-board ; free text-books; Sun, 5942; Sunday driving fined; women practise in courts, 5943; Columbian caravels, 5953; Macdonald's statue, 5961 ; labor procession, 5962; bish- opric est., 9483; Bp. s wen ton elected,9803. Torpedo, submarine invented, 1121 ; shells inv., 9201 ; school est. at Newport, 2681 . Torpichen, Baron, title created, 8731 . Torquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus, near Trifanum, 10521 . Torquemada, Tomas de, b.-d., 11262. Torre del Greco destroyed, 10822, 10841. Torregiani, Elzear, elected bp., 9803. Torrenee, Major, at Silver ( 'reek, Mo., 2021 . Torrens, William Torrens Maccullaugh, b., 9363. Torres, Luis Vac/, de, explorer, 4931 . ■ Vedras, defended, 7181 ; action, 11101 . Torrey, John, b. (1796); d., 2802. Torricelli, Evangelist;!,, discovers barom- eter, 10822; d., 10823. Torrington, Eng., action at, S86 1 . , Viscount of, title created, 9051 . , Viscount, George Byng, b., 8902; off Beachy Head, 6941; against. Spanish fleet, 9061 • Lord of Admiralty, 9073; d. (1733). Torstenson, Lennart, b.-d., 11342; com- mander; conquers Moravia, 7961; at Jenkau, 5122; in Ger.; at Magdeburg; conquers Holstein, 6361 . Tortola, W. I., settled, 8932. Tortugas, Fla., Habeas Corpus suspended, 1952. Islands discovered, 162. Torture, punishment by, abolished in Hung., 5172; in Fr., 7053; in Eng., 9112. Tory conspiracy dis., S'J3; origin, 8812. peers created, Eng., 9052. Toscanelli, Paoli, encourages Columbus, 123, Tostig, Earl of Northumberland, 8473; killed, 8461. Total Abstinence Society org., U.S.A., 3462. Tothmes III., art patron, 6481 . Totila takes Naples ; takes Rome ; wounded, 10702; reigns, 10713; d., 10301, 11131. Totopotomoy River, Grant and Lee at, Tott, Baron de, Francois, b., 6983; d.,7082. Tottel, Richard, work, S723. Totten, Joseph G., b., 1001 ; d., 2332. Tottenham Savings Bank instituted, 9292. Touat Oasis, sovereignty of, 703 2 . Toucey, Isaac, b. (1796); gov., 1613; d.(1869). ■ , Jacob, sec. navy, 1831 . Tougaloo University, Miss., est., 2663. Toul,Fr., taken, 6882; besieged, 7401; at- tack, 7402. Toulon, Fr., bombarded, 6961; Eng. de- feated, 7001; surrenders, 708' ; taken by Eng., 7101; cholera at, 7553; Jaxvregue- berry launched, 7661 . Toulouse, Fr., Tolosa, capital West Goths, 6623; taken, 6622; settled by Romans, 10572; fnd., 6611, 10711; captured, 6641 ; county created, 6653 ; dukes of Aqui- taine reign, 6652; conquered, 6701; in- quisition est.; massacre at, 6703; Univ. of est., 6711; annexed, 6713; united to Fr. monarchy, 6732; battle of, 7203; in- undated, 7481 , 7493; army corps mobil- ized, 7561 ; war of succession, 8501 , , Comte de, at Malaga, 902i . Touraine, Fr. occupy, 4811; ceded, 6692; seized, 6713. Tour du Monde issued, 7343. Tourgee, Albion Winegar, b. (1838); works, 2871,3031, 3143, 3743,3982. Tourjee, Eben, d., 3801 . Tournaments, frequent in Fr.,6663; abol- ished, 6831; prohibited, Eng., 8523. Tournay, Belg., Fr. attack allies, 5181 . ■ Tournei'ort, Joseph Pitten de, b., 6902; botanical system, 6942; d., 6963. Tournelles, Rastile, captured, 6761. Tourniquet invented, 6981 . Touro, Judah, b. (1776); d., 1742 Touron, Annam, stormed, 4801 . Tours, Fr., Alcuin in Abbey of St. Mar- tin's, 6651 ; States-General' meets, 6792; council of clergy, 6812; Roman circus dis., 7333; occupied, 743 1; successor of Jeanne d'Arc appears, 7433, Tourville, Comte de (Anne Hilarion de Conteutin), b., 6883 ; at Beachy Head; battle,La Iiogue ; in Belg.,6941 ; d. (1701). Toussaint, Anna L. G. (See Bosboom.) L'Ouverture, b., 66 2 ; adopts consti- tution; aids Fr.; deserts Sp.; fights Sp., 10401; surrenders, 7141, 10402; capitu- lated; arrested, 10402; d. (1803). Toutinho, Pedro de Canipo, captaincy ,5532. Tower, Minn., striking miners, 40S1, 3 . , Orson Squire, d., 3262. Towle, George Makepeace, b. (1841); Glimpses of History, 2503: d.,4341. 1430 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. ToWIl-TreV. Town, Fr., liberties increase, 0693. Creek, N. C, action at, 2302, 0422. , Francis L., commissioned col., 4581 . • Sites Entry Bill passes, 4512. Town Topics issued, 3023. Towns, Edwin F., a colonel, 322* . , George W. B., gov. Ga., 1633. , M. L., resolution, 4643. Townsend, Wash., tleet sails, 457 3 . , Edward D., d., 4282. , Luther Tracy, !>., 1462. .Thomas S., b. (1829); Nat. Records purchased, 369 1 . Townshend Act repealed, 77 3 . , Lord, in duel, 9192. , Marquis of, title created, 923 1 . , Viscount Charles b., 8942; se c. state, 9073; d. (1738). , , b., 906 3 ; asst. prime minister; lord-lieut.,9173; d. (1767). , Richard Wellington, b. (1840) ; d., 336'. , Thomas, minister, 9232. Towton, Eng., battle of, 864' . Toxophilites Society founded, 9212. Toy, Crawford Howell, b., 1462; work, 3962. Tracer, Charles, b.,1623; d. (1885). Tract Soc. Am. (See Am. Tract Soc.) , Conn., organized, 125' . , Evangelical, organized, 1183. , Religious, org. at Albany, 1183. Tractsfor the Tinus published, 946 2 . Tracy, Tenu., explosion, 4662; riots, 413'. , Comte Alex. Cesar Victor Charles Destutt de, b. (1754) ; works, 715' , 7192; d., 7262. , De Prouville, Marquis of, b. (1603); at Montreal, 5732; d. (1670). , Benj. Franklin, b. (1830) ; sec. of navy, 3372; navy dept. org., 342' ; reclas- sifies war-ships, 398'. , Joseph, b. (1794) ; d., 284' . , Sir R., commissioner, 9072. .Uriah, b. (1755); pres. senate, 1093; d. (1807). , William, kills Becket, 8512. , W. W., pres. Republican Club, 4292. Trade, colonial limited; Am., prohibited with Fr., 593; interdicted, 1172,3; re- strictions removed, 1173; restrictions N. and S. removed in South, 2483 ; de- pression of, G. B-, 995' . (See Commerce.) dollar not legal tender, 2932. marks legalized, 3092. policy, sustained. Can., 593' ; recipro- city defeated, 5863. Society, Nat., formed, 9752. Union Act passes, G. B., 9753 ; amended, 9812. - — Congress in Paris, 7553; advocates nationalization, 990 3 ; disapproves na- tionalization land, 991 ' ; in Liverpool, 10043; at Newcastle, 1007'. Unions organized, 169' . Trades separated, Eng., 8813. and Labor Asso., World's Fair, 4443. Societies Cong, at Manchester, 973' . Unions, laws against, abolished, 943' . Tradescant, John, b., 8782; d., 8842. Trafalgar launched, 994' . Trafalgar Cape, battle of, 719' j disheartens. Napoleon, 9332. Traritdy of Sir T. More produced, 87G3. Train, George Francis, b. (1829) ; opens street railways, 964' ; trip round world, 3543, 3593. Training-school begun, 935 2 ; fnd., Batter- sea, 9503. ship, first on Thames, 925' ; est., 9683. Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, b.-d., 10623; reigns; annexes territory; war with Dacians, 1065' ; subdues Dacians, 769'; against Parthians ; conquers Se- leucia; seizes Ctesiphon ; in Transvlva- nia ; reduces Dacia, 1064' ; bridges Dan- ube; persecutes Christians, 10642; eel. triumph ; est. orphan houses ; d., 1065'. Trajan's Arch, Pillar erected , 10642. Tralee, dynamite Edinburgh House, 993' . Trail, Russell Thatcher, b., 1183; d., 296'. Tramroad, iron, completed, 930'. Tramways used, 812' , 912' . Tranguebar, Danes settle, 10443; Protes- tant mission, 10443, 1047' . Transalpine Gaul, partly captured, 10561 . Transcaucasia, fighting grasshoppers, 1120' ; earthquake, 1122'. Transcribing manuscripts fashionable, Transcript issued, Can., 5843. Transfiguration, Feast of, eel., 10703. Transforming Act passed, Eng., 8992. Transfusion of blood practised, 6782. Transkei, mission, 6003; annexed, 6012. Transmission of Powers Bill, Fr., 7492. Trans-Mississippi Cong., Denver, 385', 3, 4772. Sahara R. R. opened, 103. Siberian R. R. opened, 11232. Transportation opposed, Australia, 4963; Act. Eng., 8932; sentences, 907'; for crime ceases, 9192; in G. B., 9473. Transubstantiation, opposed, 8462; doc- trine accepted, 1073' ; adopted, 1075' . Transvaal, diamonds, 598'; color-line drawn, 5992; arbitration; boundaries enlarged, 601'; flag unfurled, 6012; an- archy, 61113; Republic annexed, 6012; in- surrection, 6013; Dinizulu invades, 6022; gold-seekers, 6023; republic, 603' ; treaty of peace, 6(1:!', 9873; see of, est., 9803; an- nexed, 9832; proclaimed, 11243. (See South Afrieau Republic.) Transylvania, Hung., Dacian war, 1064'; defeat Turks, 508' ; J. Zapolya, pr.,511' ; principality fnd.; J. Sigismund, king ; S. B. Zapolya, pr.,511 2 ; Gabriel I., pr.; Ga- briel II.,pr.; Sigismund Batory, pr.; Sig- ismund Rakocsy, pr.; Stephen Borskay pr., 5113; Michael I. pr., 5132; reformed religion, 513' ; E. Tokoly, pr.,5133; Geo. I.,pr.; J.Kemin,pr.; revolt against Aust.; war with Turks, 5132; Michael II., pr., 5133; F. Rakocsy, pr., 5143; Pragmatic Sanction, 515'; Diet convoked, 5263; union with Hung., 5272; cyclone, 532' ; church fight, 534 3 ; conquered by Mi- chael, lll'J 2 ; annexed to Turkey, 1157 2 . Coll., Ky., fnd., 109'; joined to Ken- tucky University, 2422. Trappist monks in Ire., 7263, 9442. Trasimene Lake, action at, 1054' . Traugott, Romuald, hanged, 11193. Trautenau, Bohemia, action at. 526'. Trautwine, John C, b., 1162; d. (1883). Travancore, India, see of, est., 980 3 ; Bp. Hodges consecrated, 10042. Trave, La, captured, 936' . Traverse City, Mich., insane asylum, 313' . Travnik, Austrians occupy, 528'. Treadmill invented, 938' . Ti'cadwell, Daniel, b., 1022; d., 2762. , John, b. (1745) ; gov. Conn., 1172; d. (1823). Treason, report on, 852; in Egypt, 6612; plotted, Braz., 5682. Treasons, statute of, passes, Eng., 8592. Treasury, U. S., germ of department org., 832; department formed, 1012; building burned, 1433; in 1858, 1852; issues bonds, 1882; highest reserve, 477'; lowest re- serve, 4792 ; debt reduced, 3532, 3632, 3673, 3912; redemption of bonds, 3672; debt, 3712,375 1.3S7 2, 3992. 4083, 4172,4451; 449' ; report (1893), 447'; deficit, 465'; bids for loan, 477'. Notes, issued, 1492; authorized, 2013, 2193; legal-tender, 2053, 2112; issue, 2193, 2553; Chicago bankers liny, 4273. Treat, Robert, Am., b., 62' ; gov. Conn., 492,513. Treaties relating to U. S. A., Mass., with Massasoit, 303"; New Netherlands with Inds., 33' ; Eng.-Sp. of Aix-la-Chapelle, 433; Penn with lnds.; Shockamoxon, 492; Colonists-Inds.; Albany, 493, 532, 552,591,673; Eng.-Fr. of Utrecht, 59' ; Inds. with British, 612,3, 71', 2; Inds. with Colonists at Lancaster, Pa., 65 3 ; Va.-Inds., 67' , C92; Eng.-Fr.-Sp. of Aix- la-Chapelle 672; Mass.-lndians, 672; Fr.- Sp., ceding Louisiana. 732; G. B.-Fr.- Sp.-Port., of Paris, 733; U.S. A., 203'; Fr., 853,873, 89 2 , 1093; purchase, 1113; extradition, 405' , 4232; G. B., 913, 952, 3, 97' , of Paris ; Jay's 1053; Monroe and Pinckney, 113', 1252, 1592, 1672, 1752, 2073, 2513, 2672, 2692, 2873; Swe., 97'; with Inds., 973, 99', 2, 101', 1031,1051, 1072, 1172, 1252, 1332, 2571, 3a5', 3372, 3432, 3632, 4172, 4211; Prus., 973; Mo- rocco, 992,3; Algiers, 1072, 1193; Sp., of San Lorenzo, 1071; of Ildefonso, 111 1 ; ceding Fla., 1272, 1433, 3872; Tripoli, 1132; San Salvador, 3973; Honduras, 4071 ; Norway, extradition, 4431; Rus., boundary, 1332; commercial, 1412; pur- chase of Alaska, 257 2 ; extradition, 4312; Columbia, 1333; Germany, 3572, 3933; Denmark, 1372, 2592; Brazil, 3772; Turkey, 1373 ; Dominican Republic, 2692, 2712, 3892; Mex., boundary, 1392; ceding territory, 1633, 165' , 1732. 1903; Naples, 1411; 1'exas, 1572; China, 1572, 1592, 1851 ,2633, 3073; immigration, 3293; Jap., 1751, 1831, 3073, 3363, 4771; of Paris, 2031; Hawaii, 2591; annexation, 4251, 427'; Dominican Republic, 2692; Belg., 3793, 3832, 3992; Guatemala, 3973, 4072; Eng., of Ghent, 1233; commercial, 1252; indemnittcat ion, 1352; Oregon, 1353, 1592, 1612; Washington boundary, 1553; Bulwer-Clayton, Can. 167 2 ; reciprocity, 1752,2513; accedes to treaty of Paris. 2031 ; antislave trade, 2073; of Wash- ington, Alabama claims, 2652, 2751 ; San Juan, 2792; fisheries, 3293,3311; extra- dition,i349i , 3552; Samoan, 3572; Bering Sea, 3952, 4031 . (For treaties between other countries follow text. Also see titles of treaties.) Trebelli-Bettini, Zelia, d., 7621. Trebia, action at, 10541 . Trebinje, insurgents defeated ; surren- ders, 6281 . Trebizonde, seat of empire, 11553 ; taken, 11561 ; Turks take, 10341 . Trebonianus Gallus reigns, 10293. Trehonius, Caius, captures Marseilles, 10601. Treby, Sir Geo., b. (1644); lord keeper. 9013 ; d. (1702). Tredegar, S. C, manganese found, 360'. ■ , Baron, title created, 959'. Tredgold, Thomas, b., 9243 ; d. (1829). Tree, Ellen. (See Kean, Mrs.) , Lambert, com. for vice.-pres., 409*. Trees, of Liberty planted, Fr, ,7073; sacred to gods, Ger., 7682. Trefoil, Smaadigte, 11042. Treilhard, Count Jean Baptiste, b. (1742) ; forced to retire, 7133 ; d. (1810). Trelawney, Bishop, acquitted, 8963. Tremilius, Emmanuel, b. (1510±); d., 10822. Trench, Baron Franz von der, b., 79S3; d., 8003. , Baron Friedrich von der, b., 8002 ; d.,8063. , Richard Chenevix, b., 9331 ; works, 9563, 9842 ; archbp., 9663 ; d., 9942. , Thomas, governor Md., 55 3 . Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf, b., 8082 ; d., 8281. Trenholm, Geo. A., paroled, 249' ; d. (1876). , William L., Pinpli'x Money, 4482. Trent, Confed. envoys, 200' , 20l'i , 2022,3. Trent, Tyrol, council of, 681'; dissolved, 6823 ; decrees enforced, 10983. Trenton lighted by electricity, 312' ; wrecked at Samoa, 336'; battery of, saved, 338'. Trenton, N. C, action near, 208'. , N. J., occupied by Washington, 843 ; battle of, 85' ; Continental Con- gress meets, 972; steel guns mnfd., 1963; homefor soldiers' children, 2453 ; school for deaf mutes, 323' ; pottery trust fmd., 3413 ; rubber trust fmd., 3513 ; Am. Gas Investment Co., 3633 ; hattle monu- ment, 396', 440', 3; leather trust; U. S. Cutlery Co., 4093 ; Race-track Bills rally, 4243 ; Am. Stave and Cooperage Co., 4273 ; strike. 4382 ; R. R. collision, 4432; Miss Phillbroke's application, 4622 ; Phila. and N. Y. Traction Co., 4653; Great White Spirit Co. org., 4752. , Tenn., action at, 2182 ; negroes shot, 285', 3871. Bridge, N. C, Confeds. defeated, 2072. Trenton's Neck, skirmish at, 2083. Trentowski, Ferdinand B., b., 11163 ; d., 11182. Trepotf, Gen., shot at, 11191 . Treskow, Gen., ordered to So. Fr., 7403; at Dreux, 7423. Tr&sor Rationale issued, Belg., 5443. Tresilian, chief justice, executed, 860 3 . Tressan, La Vergne de, works, 7052, 7131. Trevecca, W., theolog. school fnd., 9131 . Trevellick, Richard, pres. Greenback Con- vention, 3051 . Trevelyan, Sir Charles Edward, h., 9331 ; governor Madras, 10491 ■ ,\., 994 2 . , Sir George Otto, b., 9482 ; work, 9811; chancellor Lancaster. 993 2 ; chief secre- tary, 9892 ; minister, 9952, 10092. Trev-Tuek. Text Figures denote Page, IND-h-yC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1431 Treves, Prus., fnd.,769i ; taken, 6881 , 6921 , 6981, 7962 ; bprie. fnd., 7682 ; c h. coun- cil, 7682, 7843 ; church of Simeon fnd., 7682 ; archbishopric find., 7723 ; Univ. of est., 7863, 787' ; besieged, 7881 ; electo- rate revoked, 7923; occupied, 7981; p r . exiles in, 8072 ; pilgrimages t o cathedral, 8342; prosperous, lnii:;2; capital, 10673. Trevethick, patent granted, 9302. Trevilian Station, Va., Sheridan at, 2342. Trevira. (See Treves.) Treviranus, Gottfried Keiuhold, b., 8042 ; d.,8143. Trevisa, John, Polychronicon, 8603 ; d., 8622. Trevise, Due de. (See Mortier.) Treviso, It., Univ. chartered, 10771. Trevor, George, b. (1809) ; d., 9982. , Sir John, b. (1535) ; keeper, 8993; ex- pelled, 9003,9012 ; d. (1717). Trew, Ohristoph Jakob, b., 7982 ; d.,8031. Trial at bar adopted, G. B., 9472 ; by com- bat first, It., 10733 ; by jury, est., Gr., 8431 ; by juries, Rus., 11192, 14333 ; by jury, Fr., 7472; by ordeal, abolished, G. B., 8523 ; by peers, est. It., 10712 ; by torture, abolished, Port., 11113. for Treason Act, G. B., 9012. Triana wrecked off Cuttyhunk, 3701 . , Rodrigo de, discovers land, 132. Tribunal of Rites, decision of, 6151 , Tribunate, privileges restored, 10591 . Tribune, La, wrecked, 9281 . Tribunes, increased to ten, 1051 2 ; military successors to decemvirs ; military, abol- ished, 10513 ; power in senate, 10532. Tribur, or Trebur, Ger., Diet of, 7751 ,3. Trichinopoli, India, battle at, 7001 . Tridates II., reigns, 11533 ; converted, 11543. Triennial Act repealed, Eng., 8913; passed, 8851. Meeting. (See Baptist.) Parliament Act, Eng., 9012. Trieste, Aust., severe cold, 5341 ; water- spout, 5342 ; Episcopal palace endan- gered, 535i ; dynamite explosion ; free port, 5353 ; storm, 5361 . Trillo, Juan de Ocon y, governor, 6301 . Trim, Ire., bishopric created, 8403. Trimberg, Hogo von, Renner, 7823. Trimble, Allen, b. (1783); governor O., 1312, 1352 ; d. (1870). , Robert, b., 891 ; justice U. S. court, 1352 ; d. (1828). Trimlestown, Baron, title created, 8631 . Trimountain (Boston), founded, 331 . Trincomalee, Fr. fleet defeated, 10442. Trinidad, W. I., dis., 143 ; settled, 173, 631 3 ; taken, 24 1 , 462 ; G. B. acquires, 9292 ; see est., 9722 ; Bp. Hayes cons., 10022 ; mission, 11603. , Cal., riotous strikers, 4642. Trinitarians, rupture with Unitarians, N. Eng., 1243. Trinity painted, 7862. Trinity Coll. est., Dublin, 8771 , 8783, 8831 ; barracks, 8983 ; erected, 9152 ; religious tests abolished, 9771 . . (See Cambridge and Oxford.) est., Durham, N. C, 1863. est., Hartford, Conn., 1312. Fraternity instituted, Rome, 1081 1 . Univ. (Cumb. Presb.), est.,Tehuacana, Texas (1869). Trinpany, A. V., missionary, 5822. Triopas reigns in Argos, 10133. Tripartite treaty signed, Fr., 7333. Triple Alliance War, Brazil, 5561 ; signed against Fr., 6913 ; fmd. against Sweden andSp., 6973 ; Rus., Aust., Er., fmd. 8032; Ger., Aust., It. against Rus., Fr., 10902 ; extended, 5352, 8352,3. Tripoli, Afr., war withU. S. A.,1101 , 1112; siege of, 1121 ; Am. prisoners liberated, 1133 ; treaty with U. S. A., 1132 ; taken from Christians, 654 2 . (See text, pp. 1138, 1139.) Tripolis, or Tripolitza, taken, 10321 ; stormed, 10342. T""ipp, Bartlett, minister, 4473. Triremes invented, 10142. Trissino, Gian-Giorgio, b. (1478) ; "work, 10812 ; d. (1550). Trist, Mr., commissioner, 1633. Tristan l'Hermite, Francois, b., 6862 ; d., 6902. Tristant issued, 7783. Tritrea in Achaean League, 1027 1 . Triumph launched, 9701 . of Germanicus painted, 8281 . Triumvir, appointed, 6071 ; lstfmd.,1059'; 2d fmd., 10612; war of, 10602. Triune, Tenn., action at, 2222. Trivet, Nicholas, b. (1258±) ; work, 8562 ; d. (1358). Trn, Bulg., battle of, 5662. Trobriand, Philippe Regis de, b., 7222. Trochu, Gen. Louis Jules, b., 7222 ; forti- fies Paris, 7401 ; decree against foreign- ers ; gov. of Paris ; refuses gov't of Fr., 741 1 ; issues proclamation ; pres. senate, 7412; resigns; sortie from Paris, 7441; libeled, 7463. Troil, Uno, b.-d., 11342. Troisville, Belg., taken, 7101 . Trojan Pass, Russians take, 5661 , War, 10141. Trojans Bettle in Latium, 10511 . Trollope. Anthony, b., 9363; works, 9543, 9723; <£., 9901. , Mrs. (Frances Milton), d., 9662. , Thomas Adolphus, b.,9351 ; d., 10082. Trommsdorff, Johann Bartkoloniaus, b., 8031 ; d., 8143. Tromp, Admiral Cornelius, or Cornells, van, b.-d., 11003. , Marten Harpertzoon van, b.-d., 10983; adm., at Dunkirk, 6881 ; naval battles of; at Downs, 8881: in Eng. Channel; victories, 1100 1 ; killed, 888 1 . Troost, Gerard, b., 851 ; d., 1682. Troplong, Raymond Theodore, b., 7012; d., 7382. Troppau, Silesia, emperors meet at, 5212; Anti-Semites opposed, 5362. Tros reigns, 11413. Tross-jagerndorf, battle of, 5161 . Troubadour period, 6663, 6691 . Troublesome llviqu of Kino John, 8771 . Troup, George M., b'. (1780) ; gov. Ga., 1313 ; d. (1856). Trousdale, William, gov. Tenn., 1671. Trousers, loose, intro., G. B., 9391 . Trousseau, Armand, b., 7143; d., 7362. Trowbridge, John, b., 1562. , Townsend, b., 1342. , William Petit, b., 1362; d. (1892). Troy, Ala., normal school opened, 3282. , Ancient, Asia, siege of ; captured, 11421 ; destroyed, 10141 ; site explored, 11581. , N. T., first house, 693; fire, 1293, 1773, 2073; Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst, org., 1323 ; horseshoes made, 1441 ; landslide, 1541 ; stove-molders strike, 323 2 ; steam- boats sold, 3493 ; soldiers' and sailors' monument, 3901 ; laundry strike, 3782, 4002; Liberty Bell cast, 4332 ; election riot, 4522 ; Bipartisan Election Inspec- tors Bill, 4533 ; citizens' petition, 4552 ; " Bat " Shea's trial, 4642. Troyes, Pr., capitulates, 6761; treaty of, signed, 6773, 8733; allies retreat to, 7203. , Chrestien de. (See Chrestien.) , Jeande, Chrvnujiw Scnnuito, 6431 . Tupelo, Miss., Confederates defeated, 2212, 2362; Hood retreats to, 2403. Tupper, Sir Charles, b. (1S21) ; minister fisheries, Can., 5931, 5952; knighted, 5943; justice, 5963; at Washington, 3273; reciprocity, 381 2 . , Martin Farquhar, b., 9351; works, 9503 ; d., 10021 . Tura mission, 10472. Turbine, Ralph de, archbp. Canterbury, 8483. wheel inv. by Fourneyron, 7241 , Turcoing, Neth., allies defeated, 7101. Turcomans defeated, 6 2 . Turco-Russian neutrality of rulers, 5293. Turenne, Vicomte de (Henry de la Tour d'Auvergne), b., 686 2 ; at Mergentheim, 6361; in Fr, army; campaign in Ger., 68S1, 6921; j i ns royalists; at Rhetel, 6901; inNeth. ,5401, 6921 ; in Palatinate, 6921 ; end of Thirty Years' War, 7961 ; joins court party, 6912 ; commander; in Hesse, 7961 ; at Dunkirk, 8881; k.,6921. Turgeneff, Ivan, b., 11163 ; works, 11172 ; d., 11201. Turgeon, Peter Flavian, cons. bp. Que., 5S02; d.,5821. Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de l'Aulne, b., 69S 2 ; comptroller-general, 7053; d., 7051. Turin, It., siege raised, 5141 ; surrenders, 6881; peace of, 694 1 ; battle at, 6961, 10662; captured, 10541; Savoy acquires, 10752; Univ. fuel., 10791 ; occupied by Fr., 10813, 111853; seized, 10841 ; L' Opinion Re- vista Conieinj/onaict : Sardinia gets, 10871 ; R. R. to Lusa; R.R. to Florence, 10873 ; monument to Cavour, 10882. Turkestan independent, 4871; province fnd., 11193. Turkey (see text, pp. 1139-1159); indepen- dence of, 92; treaty with U. S., 1373; fleet captured, 6563 ; quadruple alliance with, 7293 ; Eng. trade, 8713; appeals to Eng., 9592; Eng. aids, 9581; wars with Rome, 10281 ; aid for Christians, 9803 ; peace with Venice ; peace with Austria, 11572 ; ally of Fr., 11553 ; manifesto against ; treaty with Rus. ; league with Eng. and Rus., 11573; war with Monte- negro; war with Servia ; Turko-Russian war; evacuation, 115S1 ; famine, 11583 ; war with, Rus., 11141, 1116I , 11181 ; war indemnity pressed, 11213; Servia strug- gles against, 11233; treaty to maintain empire, 5251 ; I'ers. invade, 10101 , 10181 ; Goths invade, 10282; Huns invade; Betas ravages, 10301; Romans invade, 10321; Gr. revolts ; Suliotcs rebel, 10353; Great Brit, aids, 1037 2 ; Romans invade, 10551 ; Gauls invade, 105(1 1 ; rupture with Gr., 10572; Pompey in, 1060 1 ; Goths ravage, 10661, 10681. red dye introduced, 7002. and Levant Co. chartered, 8753. Turkeys introduced, Fr., 6833. Turkheim, Imperialists defeated, 6921. Turkish Mission Aid Soc. org., 9583. " Turkish tax" refused, Fr., 7912. Turkoman dynasty fnd., 11073. Turkomans defeated, 62; conquer Persia ; driven out, 11072. Turko-Russian war, 5651 -K Turks, 1st mentioned, 10313; invade Asia M., 10321 ; i n N. Afr., 81 ; conquer Egy. and Arabia ; expelled, 4861 ; conquer Wahabis, 4882 ; in Arabia, 4883 ; tribute to, 5112 ; in Aust., 514i ; hold Greece, 1035 3 ; in Hung., 5141, 7881; conquer Bokhara, 5491 ; ]n China, 6131 ; in Italy, 10781; in B. Lepanto, 10801; conquered, 10821; invade Montenegro, 10971,2; war with Montenegro, 10972; war withpers., 11061; Port, troops against, 11101 ; mas- sacred, 11121; defeat Servians, 11231. Turnau, engagement at, 8241 , Turnebus, Adrianus, b., 6S02; d., 6842. Turner, A. W., arrested, 4122. , Charles, d., 9622. , Tennyson, b. (1808) ; Poems by Two Brothers, 9431 ; d. (1874). , Yardley, b. (1S50) ; Academy of Design, 3241 . , Col., at Salem, Mo., 2003. , Edward, b. (1797); d., 9482. , Francis. Bp., acquitted, 8963; d.(1700). , Palgrave, b., 9422. , Sir George James, lord justice, 9592. , Henry G., b., 1502, , MeXeal, b. (1833); mobbed, 3271. , James, b. (1766) ; gov. N. C, 111 3 ; d. (1824). , W., nom. for. gov., 367 2 . , J. Fraser, cons, bp., 9663. , John Wesley, b. (1833) ; at Forts Gregg and Witworth, 2443. , Joseph Edward, d.. 3422. , Mallord William, b., 9191; paintings, 11322, 9343, u;ji;2, 9381 ; d.,9562. , Nat, b. (1800 ■ ); leads negro insurrec- tion, 1391 ; d. (1831). Nolin feud fight, 4503. , Richard, temperance address, 9471 . , Samuel Hulbeart, b., 1022 ; d.,2023. , Sharon, h. (1768); d., 9542. , Thomas G., gov. R. I., 1872. , W. A., arrested, 4743. Turner, William, cons, bp., 10102. , Wadden, b., 1162 ; d., 1842. Falls, .Mass., Indians defeated, 462. Turpie, David, b., 1362. Turpin, archbp. of Reims, works, 6663 ■ d. (812±). , Louis W., b., 1662. Turquet, Dei)., arraigned, 758 2 . Turretini, Francois, b.-d., 11371 . , Jean Alphonse, b.-d., 11372. Tuscaloosa Univ., Ala., org., 1391 ; French College est., 1822; institute opd., 2922. Tuscans, defeated at Tusculum, 10501 . Tuscany, It., annexed to Rome, 10532 ; duchyin Medici family, 10813 ; occupied by Fr., 10841 ; annexed to Fr., 1085 3 ; ceded to Parma, 5193 ; occupancy pro- tested ; restored, 5253; new constitution, 10872 ; provisional gov't, 10883 ; appeal to Victor Emmanuel ; votes for union, 10891. Tuscarora village burned by Brit., 1211 . Tusculum destroyed, 778 1 ; action at, 10501 . Tuscumbia, Ala.', Confederates defeated, 2162, 2203; J. Steele shot, 3643. , Tenn., Blair at, 2271 . Tuskegee, Ala., Normal and Industrial School est., 3082 ; colored people's con- vention, 421 1 . Tuspan, Mex., taken, 1621 . Tuttle, Charles Wesley, b.(1829); d.,3081. , Frederick A., gov. Ariz., 313 2 . , Hiram A., gov. N. H., 3692, 3991 . , H. P., dis. asteroids, Maia, 1922, Cly- tia, 2072 ; comet, 2111. Tu Wensin (Suleiman), d., 6222. Tuyen-Kouan, siege of, 4822. Quan, besieged, 6241 . ' Tuyutu, battle at, 5561 . Twain, Mark. (See Clemens, Samuel.) Tweed wrecked, 9553. Frear charter, granted in N.Y., 27H . , Wm. M., b., 1303 ; controls election, 2651; swindle in N. Y., 2731; arrested; in Tombs, 2743 ; trial, 281 1 ; 2d trial, 2831 ; civil suit, 2883; verdict, 2911; arrested in Sp.; inN.Y.,2923 ; discloses scheme, 297 1; d.,2982. Ring, exposed by N. Y. Times, 270 3 ; in- vestigation, 2743 ; newspapers oppose, 2782. Tweeddale, Baron, title created, 9871 . Tweedmouth, Baron, title created, 9871. Twesten, August I let lev Christian, b., 8043; d.,8282. , Karl, b., 8122; d., 8262. Twiggs, David Emanuel, b., 1022 ; casb- iered ; superseded in Tex. ; surrenders, 1921 ; d., 2132. Twiller. W. mter van, gov. N. Y., 333. Twiss, Sir Travel's, b., S351 . Ttri.ts's Index to Sh(tk13, 305' ,3, 3073, 3093, 3111 , 3133, 3152,3, 3173 3193, 3212,3, 3251,3, 3272, 3293, 3311, 3333, 3431 , 3632, 4093, 4213, 4331 , 4473; treaty with Korea, 10943; treaty with Mad., 10953; W ar with Mex., 1091!' ; boundary dispute with Mex., 10962; war claims re- fused by Port., lllli ; treaty with Siam, 11242; Sp. acknowledges independence, 11312; claims from Cuban duties, 11333; Brewers' Asso., Wash., D. C, 3591; Apostolic delegate est., 4221 . United States South, failure, 1672. United States captures Macedonia, 118 2 . United States Cutlery Co. incorporated, 4093. United States Magazine appears, 1083. United States Military Acad. (See "West Point.) Naval Acad. (See Annapolis.) United States Review appears, 359 3 . United States Rolling Stock Co., assign- ment, 3733. Workmen. (See Ancient Order U. W.) Universal Amnesty Bill fails, 2912. Exhibition opd. in Paris, 7593. Universal German Library, 803 2 . suffrage, Aust., agitated, 536 2 ; Bill favored ; in Socialist Assembly, 5363; extended ; in Bohemia, 537 1 ; Leopold favors, Belg., 547 1 ; petition to Council ; Socialists favor, 5463 ; in Brussels ; in Belgium, 5481. favored, Swe.. 11332, 11333. Universalist Church, Am., first believers, 422,482; first preacher, 651. In Pa., 65i , 951 , 1402. J. Mayhew avows, 723; founder Murray arrives, 742. In Mass., 723, 932, 982, 1422, 1703. In N. J., 742,583. First church, 932; lstconven., 982; new era, new theology; H. Ballou preaches, 1033; Winchester Confession adopted, 1123. in n. y., 1323, 1802 InO., 1343, 2782. In Me., 1362. in Conn., 1402. InN.H.,1402. State conven. org., 1323, 1402, 1442, 1483, 1563, 1583, 2862, 2882, 2962, 3982, 4461. In Pa., 1402. in K. I., 1502. i n Mich., 1562. U.Qiltrterhi Review, 1583. Inlnd.,1642. In Wis., 1642. Tufts Coll., Mass., org., 1703; St. Lawrence Univ., 1802. In Kan., 2682, 2882. Buchtel Coll., O., 2782. In Ida., 2962. In Tex., 3982. in W. Va.,3982. In Vt.,446i. In Can., 446'. In Wash., 4461. Universities, degrees inst., 10752; suffer from plague, 1077 2 ; at Bologna; reor- ganized, Fr., 7151 ; emp. seeks to control, Ger., 805 2 ; under police supervision, 8131 ; Act passes, G. B., 9832; riots of students, Bus.; gov't restrictions, 11203. University of Alabama est., 1391, 2742, 3163. of Arizona org. at Tucson (1891). of California est., 2623, 2822, 3282; Lick Observatory est., 3301 , 4142. of Chicago est., 3522, 3682, 4162, 4182, 420 2 , 4221 . of Cincinnati est., 270 2 , 2863. of City of New York est., 139' , 1423; Butler gift, 3582; J. Hall, chanc, 3843, 4041; land purchase, 430 2 ; Lagarde Li- brary, 4342; graduates of, 4041, 4562; Medical College burned, 2533. of Colorado est., 2962. of Denver est., 2093. of Deseret est, 2662. of Florida est., 3582. of Georgia est., 983. of Idaho est. (1892). of Illinois est., 2583. of Indianapolis est. (1850). Institute (non-sect.), org., Lockhart, Miss. (1881). of Iowa org., Iowa City (1855). of Kansas est., 2191 , 2543. of Lewisburg est., 1663. of Louisiana est., 3003. of Maine org. at Orono (1865). University of Michigan est., 1483, 1543 2703,4021. of Minnesota est., 2623. of Mississippi est., 1642. of Missouri est., 1543. of Montana est. (1895). of Nashville est., 9S3. of Nebraska est, 2663, 2763. of Nevada org., 2863. of New Mexico est., 3082, 3502. — — of North Carolina est, 1063, 458' . of North Dakota est., 3183. of Notre Dame org., 155' . of Oklahoma est. (1892). of Omaha est. (1880). of Oregon est., 2922. of Pacific est., 1702. of Pennsylvania est., 347' , 3843, 3882, 456i,2. of Rochester est., 1683. of Southern California est., 3042. of South Dakota est., 3143. of the South est., 2643. of Tennessee est., 1143. (See Nash- ville.) of Texas est., 3143. of Urbana est., 1703. of Utah est., 1683, 3643. of Vermont est., 1023. of Virginia est., 133' , 2923. of Washington est. (1892). of Wisconsin est., 1643. of Wooster est., 2623. of Wyoming est., 3263. of Berlin est., 8103. of Paris controls education, 725' . of Rostock, fnd., 785'; Faculty of Theology, 7852. of Toronto, Can., 5803. — of Trinity Coll. fnd., Toronto, 5803. (See also specific names in Vocabulary place as Cambridge, Dublin, Harvard, Oxford, Victoria, Yale, etc.) boat-races, 3153, 3213, 3253. Club, N.Y., org. ,3003; admits women, 4562. degrees denied to women, Scot., 979'. Extension, N. Y., 380', 3832, 396'; conf., Phila., 4202; summer meeting, 4342; society first meeting, 464'. Settlement, art exhibit, 408' ; aids poor ; society meets, 4262. Tests Bill passes, 9732; testB abol- ished, 9743. Unstrut, Ger., victory on, 772' . Unyamyembe, explorers reach, 561' . Updegraff, Thomas, b., 1422. Upfold, George, b. (1796) ; cons, bishop, 1662; d. (1872). Upham, Charles Wentworth, b., 1102; d., 2881. , Frederick W., d., 380' . , Thomas Cogswell, b., 1082; d., 2762. , W. H., nom. for governor Wis., 4672. Upington ministry funned, 6032. Upjohn, Richard, b. (1802) ; d., 2982. Upper Alton, 111., Shurtletf College, 135' . Canada Coll. and Academy fnd., 679' . Germany founded, 769'. Iowa University founded, 1822. Upsala, fortress taken; Garden est., 1134' ; archbishopric est. ; University fnd., 11343; Theolog. Sel 1 opd., 1136'. Upshur, Abel Parker, b. (1790) ; sec. navy, 1533 ; killed, 156'. Upton, Anson J., chancellor, 416 2 . , Gen. Emory, b. (1839); work, 2603; d. (1881). , George F., Vise. Templeton, d., 1002' . , John, steam-plow, 948' . Ur, ruling city, 11393. Uraca reigns in Leon-Castile, 11272. Urambo, mission, 8383. Uranium discovered, 804' . Uranus in Greece, 10133. Uranus, planet, discovered, 9202, 954'. Urartu, KiiiLi, expeditions against, 1144'. Urban, Sir Ben]. D\ sets boundary, 598' . Urban I., St., pope, 10643. IX, pope, 10743 ; council, 10323; re- strictions in Lord's Supper, 10743; d., 10742. IXI., pope, d., 10742. IV., pope, d., 10762. V\, pope, 1077' ; d., 10762. VT.j pope, 1077' ; d., 10762. VII., pope, 10812; d., 10822. Urban VIII., pope, 10832; d., 10823 Ur-Bahu reigns, 11393. Urbana, Md., action near, 120' . , O., University org., 1703. Urbieus, Lollius. governor, 10652. Urbina, dictator Ecuador, 6442. Urbino, It., taken, 1078' ; duchy created ; seized, 10793 ; goes to L. de Medici ; an- nexed to Papal States, 10813; annexed to Italy, 10892. , Gen., at battle of Galte, 6432. Urdu, asteroid, discovered, 2901 . Urdamen captures Pharaoh Necho, 650' . Urfe, Honors d', b., 6823; Astrie, 6871 ; d., 6863. Urgel, action at, 11322. Ur-Gur, king of Shumer, 11393. Uri, Switz., confederated, 11373. Uriarte, Higinio, elected president, 11063. Uric secedes, 11382. Urquhart, Richard, b., 878' ; d., 8902. Urquiza, Justo Jose, b., 4893; at Buenos Ayres, 4901, 2; gov., 4903; deposed; de- feat at India Muerta, 490' ; commander, 490 2 ; conquest ; navigation secured ; pres. ; deposed ; dictator ; repels fili- busters, 491' ; neutral, 4912; assassi- nated, 4913. Urraca attacks Countess of Port., 1126' . Urriola, Col., leader, 6072; killed, 606'. Ursere Zeit issued, 8203. Ursicinus elected anti-pope, 1068 3 . Ursinus College organized, Pa., 2722. , Zacharius, b., 7902; d.,7922. Ursua, Pedro d', in Colombia ; seeks El- dorado, 223. Ursula, d., 8402. Ursuline nuns, order fnd., 1081'; est. at New Orleans, 603. Uruguay. (See text, pp. 1159-1160.) Urukh, king, builder, 1140'. Urumiah, Per., revival, 1107'; printing- press est., 11073. Usagala, Stanley meets missionaries ,5622. Usambara, Moslems close mosques, 8383. Usambrioa, Mackav remains at, 562' . User-en-Ra, in Arabia, 646' ; titles, 6462 ; reigns, Egypt, 647' . User-ka-f reigns, Egypt, 647' . Usertsen I., art patron, 646' ± ; erects obe- lisk, 646'. II., and III. reign, 6473. Usher, or Ussher, James, archbp. of Ar- magh, chronol&gist, b.,S742 ; d., 8882. Usibepu, Chief,atUlundi,602'; defeated, 6022. Uskuto, Bp. Theodosius expelled, 568' . lissagah dies, 429'. Usse, Anthony, cons. R. C. bishop, 1012' . Ussing, Tage Algreen, b., 6382; d., 642' . Ustariz, Juan Andres de, gov., 605 3 . Usu, mission at, 1161 2. " Usufruct," cipher despatches, 3012. Usury prohibited, Eng., 8592; allowed to Christians, It., 10793. Usutus, Chief, fugitive, 6022. Utah, U. S. A.: ceded by Mex. to U. S., 1633: territory org., 1672; Univ. of Utah fnd., 1683; Brigham Young, gov., 1692; Col. E. J. Steptoe, gov., 177' ; State of Deseret fnd., 179 2 ; revolt against U. S., 1812; rebellion ; army atSaltLake, 182' ; Mountain Meadow massacre, 1823 ; Young vs. army, 183' ; A. Cummings gov., 1832, 1971 ; leaders indicted for treason, 1832; compromise; peace, 1841; J. W. Dawson, gov.; S. Harding, gov., 2032 ; conven. meets ; Constitution rati- fied, 2053 ; Morrisites defy sheriff, 2093, 2213 ; D. Doty, gov., 2413 ; C. Durkee, gov., 2512 ; Union Pacific R. R. com- pleted, 2673; Univ. of Deseret est., 2662; Mormons rise against B. Young, 269'; J. Wilson Slaffer, gov., 261)3 ; Mormon militia repressed, 270' , 2713, 2742, 2752 ; protest against interference with polyg- amy, 2703; polygamists deprived of civil rights; woman's suffrage est., 271'; Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institu- tion est., 2733 ; B. Young arrested for bigamy; escapes, 2743, 2783,287'; Geo. L.Woods, gov., 277'; Ogden Sem. est., 278 2 ; B. Young resigns temporal power, 2802 ; Geo. w. Emery, gov., 2912 ; John Taylor, chief apostle, 2962; Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2982; Brigham Young Coll. est., 3003 ; Eli H. Murray, gov., 3052; Congregational Asso. fmd., 310 2 ; mis- sionaries sent out, 3142; expelled Mor- mons enter Montana, 3152; Deaf Mutes Instit. est., 319'; Edmunds Anti-Polyg- Ute-Vane. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1435 amy Bill, 311' , 3203, it is constitutional, 3212 ; Insane Asylum est., 3231 ; Caleb W. West, goT., 3252; Women's Indus- trial Home est., 3263; prot. Epis. dio- cese, 328 2 ; mineral wax ; ice-cave, 3341 ; Gentiles elect, 3352,3432; priesthood de- ficient, 3462 ; A. L. Thomas, gov., 3492; migration to Mex., 3553; Utah Univ., 3643; Agricultural Coll est., 3662; polyg- amy abolished, 3682, 3 ; free schools, 3743; Irrigation Cong., 391'; Liberals elect, 4012; Mormon Temple built, 404' ; 4261; Gov't Bill passes, 4111 ; admission, 4291,2,4693; U. and Nevada consolida- tion, 4391; W. West, gov., 4472; receiver for Mormon church fuiuls.-lUl 2; wreckers caught, 4662; Kep. Conven., free coinage of silver, 4712 ; settlers against Utes, 4762; annexation resolution, 4772. Ute Indians removed from N. Mex., 2991 ; subdued, 4761 ,2. Utica (Tunis), flourishes ; ally of Car- thage, 11391 ; Koman armies unite, 10551 ; captured, 10601 . , N. Y., (N. S.) Presb. synod find., 1363 ; conven. of mechanics, 1451 ; Barnburners Bern. Conven. meets, 1651 ; Gen. Asso. N. S. Presb. meets, 1702; B.R. accident, 1853; Saturday Globe issued, 3123 ; fire, 3533, 4293 ; natural gas found, 3621 ; against gambling, 4531 ; M'Leod ac- quitted, 5791. and Schenectady R. B. opened, 146 3 . Utopia, steamboat, accident, 3813. sinks, 10903. Utraquist Synod, imitate Luther, 5083 . Utrecht, Neth., Peace of, 59 1 , 6973; Pr. of Orange abandons, 6921 ; quarrel of minis- ters, 6972; Union of, 5411 ; Christian Ch. fnd.,1097' ; in alliance, 10991 ; surrendered to Prus., 11002; observatory est., 11003; annexed to Fr., 11013; Miss. Soe. fnd., 11022 ; anniversary of Seven United Provinces, 11023. , Adriaan van, b.-d., 5403. Uttlman, Barbara, lace-making, 788 2 . Uttoxeter, Scots surrender at, 8862. Uvalde, socialist refused naturalization, 3931 ; flood, 4713. Uyui, mission, 8383. Vz, Johann P., b., 7983; works, 8011 ; d., 8063. Uzbeck Tartars, in Bokhara, 5491 . Uzzah smitten, 11423. Uzzi, high priest, 11411 . Uzziah (Azariah), reigns, 11451 . , defeated, 11441 . Vaal River, R. R. connection, 6033. Vaart, Jan van der, b.-d., 11003. Vaballathus, heir to Palmyra, 10672. Vaca, Cabeza de. (See Cabeza.) Vaccai, or Vaccaj, Nicolo, d., 10863. Vaccination, intra., Am., 613, 11073; Anti- Compulsory League org., 4571 ; Law con- stitutional, Conn.; in Hartford schools, 4602; not compulsory, N. Y., 4612; riots, Can., 5851; fi rs t used in Ger.,8041; in Belg.,5441; in Persia, 11073; idea con- ceived, Eng., 9202 ; experiment, 9262; lymph procured, 950i ; Act passes, G.B., 9512; compulsory, 9591 ; opposed, 9751 . Vacherot, Etienne, b., 7191 ; works, 7292, 7343, 7383. Vacquerie, Auguste, b., 7223. Vacslav, the Saint, duke, 5032. Vaderlandsche Lettrroennhufeii, 11012. Vadimonian Lake, battle at, 6621 , 10521 . Vagrancy, penalties, Eng., 8671 ; punished, 8752. Vail, Chas. N., Bridge Commission, 3613. , Thomas Hubbard, b. (1812) ; cons. P. E. bishop, 2411; d., 3461. Vaillant, Auguste, anarchist, 766 2 ; bomb in Chamber of Deputies, 7671 ; executed, 7663. , Jean Baptiste Philibert, b., 7062 ; minister fine arts, 7392; d. (1872). , Sebastien, b., 6903; d., 6982. Vakhtang builds Tiflis, 11132. Valabhis dynasty reigns, 10432. Valaduc, prince Carinthia, 5031 . Valais canton, joins Act Mediation, 11382. Valarsaces, or Vagharshag, est. Arsacidse dynasty, 1149 3 . Valderrama, Baltazar Francisco de, gov., 6302. V aides, Juan de, work, 11291 ; d. (1540). Valdivia, Pedro de, b.-d., 11263; fnds. Val- paraiso, 23 1; conquers Chile ; to Peru; repulsed, 6042 ; return, 6043; explorer, 6051 ; taken, 6061 ; killed, 6043, 6051 . Valdrome, Chevandier de, minister, 7392. Valee, Comte Sylvain Charles, b. (1773) ; in Algeria, 83, 93; d. (1846). Valencay, Fr., treaty of, 11312. Valence, Fr., University est., 6783. Valencia, Sp., taken, 7LS2; capital, 11272 ; Vanciotiero General, 11271 ; insurrection, 11301 ; conspiracy, 11313 ; surrendered, 11321; taken, 11261, 11321; cholera, 11323, 11331; bomb for archbp., 11331; Tirant /o' Blanche, 11271. , Gen., defeated at Conteras, 1621 . Valenciennes, Fr., siege of, 6901,10981; captured, 6921, 7081, 710', 722'; Fr. gains, 6933 ; revolt, 7823. Valengia, annexed to Ger., 7993. Valens, Flavius, b.-d., 106S2; defeated, 1068': reigns, 10692; Augustus, 10293; killed, 10282. Valentia, Ire., cable laid, 2833, 1833, 2533. , Scot., a Boman province, 1069 3 . , Lord, in duel, 9272. , Viscount, title created, 881'. Valentin, Gabriel Gustav,b.,8102; d.,8302. Valentine founders, 9853. , pope, d., 1072'. , St., beheaded, 10663. Valentinian I., b.-d., 10682; defeats Ale- manni, 1068' ; reigns, 10692. II., b.-d., 10682 ;reigns,10693; strangled, 6633. III. (Flavius Placidus Valentinianus), b.-d., 10702; at Council Ephesus, 10303; reigns, 1071 1 ; assassinated, 10712, 3. Valentius, pope, 10723. Valerian (Publius Aurelius Licinius Vale- rianus), persecutes Christians, 10663; reigns, captured by Pers.; conquests; prisoner, 1060'; executed, 10671,2; d., 10662. Valerius defeats Philip V., 10262. - — Gratus rules in Judea, 11513. Maximus, historian, b., 10622. Corvinus Messala, against Car- thaginians and Syracusans, 10523. Valette, Marquis de la, minister, 739' . Valfogona, massacre of prisoners, 11322. Valkyrie in N. Y., 439 3 ; races Viqllant, 4413. II. races Defender ; wins race, 10013. Valla, Lorenzo, 'b.-d., 10782. Vallabha-Swami, religion of pleasure, 1043' ; enthroned, 10432. Valladolid, Univ. fnd., 1127'; recovered from Saracens, 1127 2 . Vallandigham, Clement L., b. 1282 ; ob- structionist, 203'; anti-Lincoln speech, 2213; arrested, 2212; escorted to Confed. lines, 2222; i n Bermuda, 223' ; nom. for gov. O.; release urged ; no Habeas Cor- pus, 2233; in Nova Scotia, 2242; returns from Can., 2352; kills himself, 2753. Valle, Pietro della, d., 1083'. Vallejo, Manuel G., d., 352' . Valley City, N. Dak., Normal schools, 3742. Forge, Pa., sufferings ; Fr. aUiance celebrated ; encounter, 88 2 . of Taos, action in, 1631 . Valliant launched, 966' . Valliant, Francois le. (See Le Valliant.) Valliere, Duchesse de la, Louise Francoise de la Baume le Blanc, b., 6883; d., 6963. Vallis Ranch, Confeds. defeated, 205' . Vallombrosa, It., Benedictine Abbey at, 10742. Valmy, Fr., battle at, 70S' . Valois, House of, enthroned, 6751 . , Charles de. (See Angouleme, Ducd'.) , Felix de, forms Mathurins, 6703. Valparaiso, Cal., mobs org., 3992. , Chile, fnd., 6052 ; bombarded, 606 '; earthquake ; storm, 6063; revolt ; threat- ened, 6081 ; plot foiled, 6082 ; battle ; surrenders, 6083; eel.; Baltimore crew attacked, 609 1. Valsalva, Antonio Maria, b., 1083' ; d., 10832. Valsequa, chart of Atlantic, 121 . Valtelline, It., Fr. seize, 6861 ; Protes- tants massacred, 10823. Valtezza, battle at, 11562. Valverde, N. Mex., action at, 2042. Van, Turk., mission, 11563 ; council dis- solved, 11582. Vanadis, asteroid, discovered, 748' . VanAlen, J. J., ambassador, 439' ; resigns, 4412. Van Allen, W., Coxey resolution, 4592. Van Arnburg, Isaac, b., 1242 ; d., 250' . Van Arteveld, Philippe, killed, 6742. Vanbrugh, Sir John, b., 8922; works, 9003;. d., 9063. Van Brunt, Gershom Jacques, b. (1798) ; d., 229'. VanBuren, Ark., Confederate defeat, 2143, 217'. , John, b., 1162; d., 254'. , Martin, b. (1782) ; marries, 1143; elec- toral vote, 1332, 1413, 1472, 1532, 1652; gov., 1353, 1372,3 ; leads N. Y. democ- racy, 137'; sec. state, 1372 ; nom. for pres., 141 1,1513, 165 ',2; vice-pres., 1432; signs Delavan's declaration, 145' ; pop- ular vote, 1472, 153', 1652; inaug. Pres., 1473; pres. nomination, 151 3 ; successful administration; est. 10-hour system, 153' ; "successful but inglorious," 153'; mis- take ; opposes Tex., 159' ; d., 2111 . , W. H., Sanitary Commissioner, 197' . Vance, Jos., b. (1786) ; gov., 1472; d. (1852). , Zebulon, b., 1382 ; gov. N. C, 2173 ;, 2973; speech, 4372; d., 4562. Van Courtland, Henry C, d., 9982. Vancouver, Br. Col., Haytien Republic seized, 5952; Sp. Beize, 577 2 ; petroleum dis.,688i. City, Wash., Holy Angels' Coll. est., 2111 ; defective youth school, 3263. , Wash., Bishop of Nesqually's land claim, 3712. Island, Can., settled, 5772 ; captured bySp.,924'; diocese est.; coal dis., 580' ; granted Hudson Bay Co., 581 2 ; Scottish crofters, 595'. , George, b., 9123; explorer, 102' ,576*,. 1041' ; possessions of Sp. received, 577*; voyage, 9262 ; d. (1798). Vandalia wrecked, 336' , 338' . Vandals in N. Afr., 8'; expelled, 8', 9' ; settle in Gaul, 6632, 3 ; in Ger., 6622; pos- sess Dacia, 7692 ; invade Boman empire^ 1064'; i n Tunis, 1139'; in Fr., 1067'; expedition against ; invade Afr. ; invade Sp. ; in Sicily, 1070'; take Sardinia; plunder It., 10712 ; conquer Morocco, 1097' ; power ; destroyed in Air., 1030' . Vandamme, Dominique Josephe, Comte d'Unebourg, b., 7042; a t Kulm, 520';. at Nollendorf, 720' ; d., 726' . Vanderbilt, Congress thanks for, 231*. Vanderbilt, Cornelius, b., 1042 ; gift to U. S., 2312 ; gift to Univ., 2903 ; d., 294' - , Geo. W., gilt to Fine Art Soc, 396' . ■ , William Henry, b. (1821) ; d., 3202. , W. K., yacht Alia sinks, 4133. Univ. (Meth. Epis. S.) org., Nashville Tenn. (1872). Vanderbilts control D., L. and W., 4432. Vanderhorst, Arnoldus, gov. S. C, 105' . Vanderhoff, George, appears, 154'. Vanderlyn, John, b., 85' ; paintings, 112' ;. 114' ; d., 1702. Vanderpool, Geo., trial for murder, 274*. Van Der Voort, Paul, commander-in- chief, 3103. Vandersmissen, M., sentenced, 5462. Vandervelde, Willem, b.-d., 11003. Van de Vyver, bp. of Bichmond, 3462. de Weyer, Sylvanus, b. (1802±) ; d. (1874) ; statue, 544'. Diemen's Land. (See Tasmania.) Dorn, Earl, b., 1303 ; atSaluria,1942 ;, at Pea Bidge, 2042 ; at Farmington, 207' ; at Vicksburg, 2102 ; at Corinth ; super- seded by Pemberton, 2142 ; at Davis Mills, 2163 ; at Franklin, 2202 ; captures a Bosecrans force, 220'; near Franklin, 221'; assassinated, 222'; d., 2232. Dyck, Sir Anthony, b.-d., 6403 ; ap- prenticed ; enters Bubens' studio ; altar- piece, 5402 ; paintings, 880' , 882' . Dyke, Henry J., b., 1302; moderator, 2942 ; d., 3842. Vane, Earl of, title created, 941*. , Sir Henry, b., 8782; in Mass.; gov., 352 ; returns to Eng., 353 ; minister, 8833 ; beheaded (1662). , Charles William Stewart, M. of Lon- donderry, b., 9203; d., 9583. Van Eyck, Hubert and John, fnd. Flemish; School, 10982. Elton, Hendrik Dirk Krhseman, b.,, 1362 ; Nat. Academy, 314'. 1436 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Vailf— Venl. Van Fleet, Abraham, d., 4781. Vangerow, Karl Adolf von, b., 80S 3 ; d.; 8262. Tan Gorder, G. S., Election Inspectors Bill, 4243. Belmont. (See Belmont.) Vanguard wrecked, 9021 , sunk, 9801. Horn, James J., a colonel, 3821 . , Major Thos. B., at Brownstown, 1181 ; at Kansas City, 1933. Huten, Philip, search for Eldorado, 223. Vaniere, Jacques, b., 6903 ; d., 7002. Vanini, Lucilio, b., 10822 ; work, 10832 ; burned, 6871. Vanloo, Charles Andre, b., 6962 ; d., 7031 . , Jean Baptiste, b., 6923 ; d., 7003. Marum, electric machine constructed, 11003. Murray, minister to France, 1093. Ness, Cornelius Peter, b. (1782) ; gov. Vt„ 1313 ; d., 16S2. Nort, W. G., nom. for gov. Md., 3912. Vanorden, E., mission, 5563. Van Pare, George, martyr, burned, 8703. Vanquelin, Louis Nicolas, d., 7243. Van Renssalaer, Cortlandt, b., 1142 ; mod- erator, 1821 ; d., 1862. , Col. Henry, d., 2312. , Solomon, b., 781 , Gen. at Queens- town, 1182 ; d., 1702. , Stephen, b., 741 ; d., 1502. Sautvoord, George, b., 1281 ; d., 2212. Shaick, Gen. Gozen, b. (1737) ; destroys Ind. towns, 902; d. (1787). Vansittart, H., gov., India, 10452. , Nicholas, L. Bexlev, b. (1766) ; min- ister, 9372 ; d. (1851). Van Straubenzee, Sir Charles T., d., 10081 . ■ Syckel, Judge, church lotteries, 4721 . Tromp, Adm. (See Tromp.) Vechten, Jacob, b. (1788) ; pres. synod, 1563, 1662 ; d. (1871). Voorhis, Henry C, b., 1702. Vranken, Sam. A., pres. Reformed Synod, 1423. Wart, Isaac, b., 722 ; d., 1362. Zandt, Charles C, gov. R. I., 2973 ; d., 4621. Vapereau, Louis Gustave, b., 7223. Varanes I. (Bahrain), persecutions cf, 11063 ; reigns, 11071. II., defeated, 11061 ; reigns, 11071 . III., resists Romans; defeated; reigns, 1107L IV., reigns, 11072. V., conquers Arabia Felix, 11061 ; per- secutes Christians, 11063 ; reigns, 1107 2 . Varaville. invaders conquered, G681 . Varchi, Benedetto, b. (1502) ; works, 10S12; d. (1565). Varela, Pedro, pres. Uruguay, 11603. Vargas, Jose Maria, pres. Venezuela ; re- signs, 11602. , Luis de, b.-d., 11263. Varian, Isaac L., mayor N. V., 151 2 . Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes issued, 11311 . Varignon, Pierre, b., 6902 ; d., 6982. Varley, Cromwell, musical telephone, 9741. Varna, Hung, defeated, 5081 ; Ladislaus falls, 5091; Russian army in, 5201; re- stored bv Russia. 5653 ; Russians land; mission, 5662 ; Alex, arrives, 5663; Eng. army at ; armies leave, 9581 ; surrenders, 11562. Varnes, Crete, seized, 11581 . Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de, b., 554 2 ■ d. 556 2 . vo'nEnse, Karl August, b., 8042; d., 8202. Varnish, mnf. in Am., 1361 . Varnuni, Jos. Bradley, It. (17554-) ; speaker, 1151 , 1172; pres. senate, 1213 ; d. (1821). Varoli Costanzo, b.-d., 10803. , N., discovers optic nerves, 10802. Varro, Caius Terentius, elected consul; army annihilated, 10541; capitulates at Cadiz, 10603. , Marcus Terentius, b.-d., 10563. , Publius Terentius, b.-d., 10583. Varroy, M., minister, Fr.. 7532. Varus, Publius Quintilius, commands, 10621; gov. Syria. 11513 ; suicide, 10621 . , killed at Simula, 10G02. asari, Giorgio, b. ; paints Supper of St. Gregory, 10802 ; d., 1081' . Vase, Portland, smashed, repaired, 9521 , Vasey, George, b., 1302. Vashon Coll. (non-sect.), org. at Bur-ton, Wash. (1892). Vasilii I., reigns in Russia, 11152. « II., reigns, 1115 2 . III., rules Moscow, 11152. IV., rules Moscow ; banished; returns, 11152. V., enthroned as Czar of Muscovy, receives title of emperor, 11152. Choniski, Czar of Russia, 1115 2 . Vasquez, Juan Francisco Saenz, gov. ; expels pirates, 6302. Vassar, Matthew, b., 1022; gift to college, 1991; d., 2621. — — College fnd., 1991; name changed, 2562 ; observatory established, 3001 . Vassy, Fr., attack on Huguenots, 6821; massacre of Protestants, 6831 . Vater, Johann Severin, b., 8031 ; d., 8123. Vatican, Rome, papal residence, 10762 ; reading-room gift, 5373. Codex, Old and New Testament in Greek, 10883. Vatke, Johann Karl Wilhelm, b., 8083 ; d., 8302. Vattel, Emmeric de, b.-d., 11372. Vauban, S^bastien LePrestrede, b.,6882; at Treves, 6921 ; works, 7011 ; d., 6%3. Vaucanson, Jacques de, b., 6963; d., 7051 . Vaucelles, Fr., truce concluded at, 6832. Vauchamps, Prussians defeat, 7203. Vaud, Switz., canton, joins Act Mediation, secedes, 11382. Vaudois (or Waldenses) sect prospers, 5062; freedom of religion, 6951 . Vaudreuil, Marquis de (Philippe de Ri- guad), b., lis,S3 ; governor, 5752,3 ; signs ■conven. for Can., 7033 ; d., 6982. Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, b., 6842 ; d., 6902. Vaughan, Alfred, b., 9403 ; d. (1857). , J., Gen., at Carroll Station, 2382; at Morristown, 2391 . , Henry, b., 8802 ; Silex Srint.il/aiKi, 8883 ; d. (1693). , Herbert, cons. R. C. bp., 9742 ; archbp. Westminster ; pallium conferred, 10082; cons, cardinal priest, 10103. , Sir John, Gen., b., 9103. , Thomas, b., 8802. — -, William, forger, executed, 9152. , , cons. R. C. bp., 9603 ; est. Truth Society, 9722. Vaughn, Sir William, b. (1577) ; Golden Fleece, 322 ; d. (1640). , Robert, governor, Md., 391 . , Sir Thomas, executed, 8653. Vaulabelle, Achille Tenoille de, b., 7142 ; work, 7291 ; d., 7522. Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, b., 7031 ; min- erals discovered, 7123 ; d. (1829). Vautier, Benjamin, D., 11381 . Vauvenargucs, Marquis de (Due de Cla- pier), b. (1715) ; Human Mind, 7012 ; d. (1747). Vaux, Baron, title created, 8672. , Count, lands in Corsica, 7041 . , Robert, b., 981 ; d., 1462. , William Sandys Wright, b., 9383 ; d. (1885). Veazey, Wheelock G., interstate com- missioner, 3512, 4473. Veccio, Palma, Time Graces, 10801 . Vecellio, Marco, b., 10803. Vechte, Antoine, b., 7223; d., 7382. Vedder, Elihu, b., 1462 ; Nat. Academy Design, 2501 , Vedel, A. G., collects Kjiemjieriser, 6371. Veqa Polar expedition, 9821. Vega, Carpio Lope, Felix de, b.-d., 11282. - — , Francisco Laso de la, governor, 6052. , Garcillaso Inoa de la, b.-d., 11282 ; works of, 11291 ,2, H303. , Georg von, b., 5143; k. (1802). Vegetarian Society fnd., 9551. Vehicle tax, England, 9233. Vehmic Tribunals, nourish, 778 2 . Vehse, Karl Eduard, b., 8082 ; d., 8262. Veientes, defeated by Romans ; slayFabii, 105O1 . Veiga, Diego Laureneo da, gov., Brazil, 252. Veii, It., taken ; wars with, 10501 . Veit, Philipp, b., 8062 ; d., 8282. Veitch, John, b., 9442 ; d., 9941 . , , b. (1829 + V, d., 10121. , William, b., 9263; d. (1885). Vela, Blasco Nunez. (See Nunez.) Velasco, Jose Miguel de, b. (1795±); pres. Bolivia, 5503; d. (1859). - — , Rodrigo Arias Meldonado y, gov., 6302. Velasquez, Diego, b.-d., 11283; conquers Cuba, 16i; Sp. leader, 631i; atBaracoa. 6313. , Rodriguez de Silva, b. (1599); paintings, 11282; d. (1660). Veldeke, Heinrich von, JEneid, 7783. Velencze, battle at, 5221 . Veli Mehemet, ruler Bokhara, 5492. Velleda, asteroid, discovered, 7461 . Vellctri, It., action at, 10861. Vellore, India, Sepoys rebel, 10461 . Vellum leaves in books, 10271. Velocipede, inv., 7222; description, 704'; in use, 9642; common, 9713. Velpean, Alfred Armand Louis Marie, b., 7102; d., 7362. Velvet, mnf. intro., England, 8962, 9142. Venable, Charles S., b., 1342. , William, lord mayor London, 9413. V enables, George S., d., 9982. Vendal drowns herself, 11132. Vendean insurgents assemble, Fr., 7113; sign treaty, 7112. Vendee, Fr., subjugation completed, 7141 ; war of, 7081 . Vendome, Fr., French defeated, 5421 . , Louis Joseph, Due de, b., 6902; at Oudenarde, 5141'; d., 6963. , Francois de , Due de Beaufort, b., 6862; war of Sp. succession, 6961; at Villa Viciosa, 698i, 11281; d., 6903. . Column. (See Paris.) Venedey, Jakob, b., 8082; d., 8262. Venedi inhabit Prussia, 7683. Veneer mills invented, 7921 . Venerable captures Fr. frigates, 9361. Veneration of saints, Ger., 7723. Venetia, It., ceded to Fr., 10S92 ; It. covets, 5271 ; seized, 8251; transferred to It., 5271, 10892; ceded to Austria, 10852; ceded to France, 8251 . Venetians against Algerines, 81 ; take Zadar, 504 1 ; hold Ionian Islands; in Gr., 10353; aid crusaders; in Tyre, 10741 ; war with Turks, 11542; defeat Turks, 10821. Venezuela goes ashore, 4013. Venezuela, S. Am. (see text, p. 1160); gold dis., 202; f„d.; withdraws from S. Am. Republic. 0283; to join Confederation, 6291 ; Arbitration Treaty, 4032. , Gulf of, discovered, 151. Vengeur, Le, suppressed, 744 3 . Vengeance escapes, 1081 . Venice, Gauls conquer, 10531,2; fnd., 10712; campanile commenced; basilica rebuilt; St. Mark's Church built, 10723; Republic est., 10732; independent, 10733; war with Genoa, 10741 , 10761 ; important city, 10752 ; burned ; enriched by cru- saders ; maritime power; quarantine enforced ; bank fnd. ; commercial power ; dominion over sea, 10753, 10773; peace signed, 7791 ; war with Hungary, 1076' ; Doge's palace begun, 107(12; Great Council ceases ; acquires Corfu, 10773; alliance against Fred. II, 10772; treaty with Sultan ; loses Istria, Dalmatia; golden book of nobility ; gov't by Coun- cil of Ten, 10773; acquires Padua and Verona; loses provinces ; Palazzo Ven- dramin-Calergi built; takes Brescia; war with Turks, 107S', 1080', 1082', 10833; height of power, 10792; acquires Cyprus; against Naples; declines; burned; gov't of Inquisitors, 10793; war with Fr., 1080' ; Gazetta issued, 10812; despoiled ; Grand Council .Pa- lazzo Ducale burned, 10813; Bridge of Sighs built ; aids Greece ; war with pope, 10S2' ; retains Dalmatia, 515'; peace with Turk., 11572; Jesuits ex- iled. 10832; disregards papal interdict; Galleria de Minerva, 10833; Giordano Bruno burned, 10S32; surrenders Crete. 10833; Bonaparte est. gov't, 7132; ceded toAust., 10852; ceded to It., 10853; re- volts, 8173 ; free port ; incorporated with Sardinia ; insurrection; Republic proclaimed; 10872; taken. 5223; Victor Emmanuel enters, 10892; Internat. Fine Arts Exhibition; Bruno statue, 1090'. Preferred performed, 76' . Venlo, Neth., taken, 902'; besieged, 1098' ; surrendered, 11002. Venn-Vict. Text Figures denote Page. IN JDxLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1437 Venner, Thomas, leader of revolt, 8912. Venoues, King, in Armenia, 1151 3 . Venosta, Marquis Emilio Yisconti, arbi- trator, 4252. Ventidius Cumanus, procurator, 11533. Ventilators inv., 9102; intro. Eng., 946' ; work on, 9482. Ventimiglia, Antonio, d., 5513. Ventriloquism, described, 11442. Venus, Temple of, erected, 10642. Venus, transit foretold, 7943; transit ob- served, 882' , 9H3, 9181 . Venus de Medicis removed to France,6922. Ventry, Baron, title created, 9311 . Vera, action at, 11322. , Augusto, b., 10802; d., 10901. ^— Cruz, fnd., 192; Oortez arrives, 212 ; Scott lands, 1621; bombarded, 1621, 7261, 10961; evacuated; surrendered, 1621, 10961; Maximilian and Charlotte land, 5263; republic proclaimed, 10953. Veragua, Colombia, secedes, 6291. , Dukede, arrives X. Y., 4282; recep- tion, 4283, 43H. Verapoli, Bp. Berardi elected, 9803. Verba Buena, Cal., missions at, 851. Verboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph, b.,5423; d.,5461. Vercellse (or Vercelli), It., battle at, 10562; University fnd., 10752. Vereingetorix, surrenders, 6622; against Caesar, 10583. Verdaguer, Peter, vicar-apostolic, 8642. Verden, Prus., ceded to Hanover, 11353. Verdi, Giuseppe, b., 10862; writes operas, 10861 ; Legion of Honor, 7671 . Verdun, Fr.,Treatyof,667' ; annexed,6S32, 7813; Prussians take, 70S1 ; ceded to Eng., 9072; attack repulsed; emperor's headquarters, 7401 ; Fr. resist, 7402; Ger. invest, 7403; capitulates, 7422; bishopric, 7703. Vere, Robert de, title of marquis, 8603; gov. Ire.; impeached, 861'. , Thomas de, b., S682. Vereez, dynamite wrecks house, 535'. Verela, Sixto, killed, 6342. Verelst, Harry, gov., India, 10453. Veremundo I. (Bermuda) reigns, 11253. II. (Bermuda) reigns, 11272. III. (Bermuda) reigns, 11272. Verendre, explorer; in Rocky Mts., 5751 . Verestchagin, Basil, or Vasili, b., 11163. Vergas, Diego de, in Mexico, 521 . Yergennes, Comte de (Chas. Gravier), b. (1717); king's favorite, 7053; d. (1787). Verger, Jean, assassinates Sibour, 733 2 . Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro), b.-d., 105S3; works, 10603. Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, b., 7033; d., 7082. Verhuel, Carel Hendrik, b.-d., 11011 . Verhulst, William, governor, 312. Verlage, action at, 2243. Vermandois, Fr., incorporated, 6713; united to Fr., 6712. Vermeulen, Jan, b.-d., 5403. Vermillion, S. Dak., University of S. Dak. org., 3143. Vermilye, Thomas Edward, b. (1803); pres. Reform Synod, 1642. Vermischte Biljliothel; issued, 799'. Vermont, U. S. A. ; Fr. settle, 612; royal claims, 733; State, 893; intemperance fined, 912; Thos. Chittenden, gov., 913, 1032; i s t newspaper issued. 952; Moses Robinson, gov., 101 3 ; P. E. diocese org., 1023, 1403; Univ. fnd., 1023; state ad- mitted ; approves Fed. Constitution, 1032, 1072; Congregational Conven org., 1062; p au i Brigham, gov., 1091; Isaac Tichnor, gov., 1091, 1153; Israel Smith, gov., 1152; Jonas Galusha, gov., 1172, 1252; Martin Chittenden, gov., 1213; 1st bank est., 1273; Rich. Skinner, gov., 1292; o. P. Van Ness, gov., 1313; Ezra Butler, gov., 1352; Sam. C. Crafts; gov., 1372; Wm.A. Palmer.gov., 1393; Silas H. Jenison, gov., 1453; Charles Paine, gov., 1552; Moth. Epis. Conf.fmd., 1563; John Mattocks, gov., 1572; Wm. Slade, gov., 1592; Horace Eaton, gov., 1613; Carlos Coolidge, gov., 167'; Charles K. Williams, gov., 1092; Krastus Fairbanks, gov., 1712, 1903; John S.Robinson, gov., 1743; Stephen Royce, gov., 1772; Ry- land Fletcher, gov., 1812; Personal Lib- erty Bill passes, 1851; repealed, 2032; Hiland Hall, gov., 1852; Fred. Holbrook, gov., 2032; John G. Smith, gov., 2293; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; Paul Dil- lingham, gov. ,2512; ratities 14th Amend., 2552, 2592; John B. Paige, gov., 2593; Normal School opd., 2003, 2923; ratifies 15th Amend., 2672; Peter T. Washburn, gov., 2693; G. W. Hendee (1870), John W. Stewart, gov., 273 2 ; Constitution amended, 277 2 ; governors: Julius Con- verse, 2811, Asahel Peck, 2X73, Horace Fairbanks, 295 ' , Redfield Proctor, 3012, Roswell Karnham, 3052, John L. Bar- stow, 3132, Sam. E. Pingree, 3193, Eben. J. Ormsbee, 3252; Soldiers' Home lo- cated,3263;Wm.P.Dillingbam,gov.,3332; legislature rejects female stiff rage,3723; Carroll S. Paige, gov.; 375'; Levi K. Fuller, gov., 409 2 , 4212; Univeraalist State Conven. org., 4461; Urban A. Woodruff, gov. (1894). Verne, Jules, b., 7243; works, 7363, 7432, 7462, 7602. Vernet, Antoine Charles, Horace, b., 7023 ; d., 7262. , Claude Joseph, b., 6963; d., 7062. , Emile Jean Horace, b., 7062 ; Battle of Jena, 7201 ; d., 7362. Yerneuil, Fr., battle of, 6761 . Vernois, Verdiz du, minister, S33 2 ; resigns, 8352. Vernon, Ind., action at, 2243. , Baron, title created, 9152. , Edward, b., 8902; at Porto Bello, 64' , 910'; at Cartagena; in Am., 910'; d., 9143. Vernor, Henry G., b., 5782. Veron, Louis Desire, b., 713' ; d., 7362. Verona, It., action at, 10662 ; conquered, 1078' ; taken, 712' ; Fr. defeat,7122; Cong, of, 5212; Austria retains, 525 2 . Veronese, Paul (Paolo Carliari), b., 10S03; painting, 10802 ; d., 10822. Verplanck, Guliau Crommelin, b., 98'; works, 127' , 12X3, 1323,1431 ,1631 ; d.,2701. Verplank's Point, N. Y., subdued, 902. Verrazzano, Giovanni da, b., 10783 ; sails west, 182 ; explorations, 19' , 5701 , 5711 ; claims for Fr., 193 ; d., 10803. Verrochi, Andrea, b. (1432) ; takes casts from faces, 1078' ; d. (1488). Versailles, Fr., treaty signed, 953, 5153, 4811,8053; hunting seat at, 6893; palace mobbed ; Paris Pari, summoned to, 707' ; bread riot, 7073 ; vine disease, 7313 ; Fr. surrender ; Ger. headquarters, 7403; sor- tie against, 742' ; Ger. army leaves, 7442; treaty with Ger., 745'; Nat. Assembly at, 7452 ; Assembly reopens, 7472; anar- chists convicted, 763' . Yerstegan, Richard, d., S822. Vertin, John, cons. R. C. bp., 3022. Vertot, d'Aubceuf, Rene Aubert de, b., 6902; works, 695' , 699' ; d., 6983. Vertue, George, b., 8962 ; d., 9143. Verulam, Eng., council of, 8403. , Lord. (See Bacon, Francis.) — , E. of, title created, 9372. Verus, Lucius Anrelius (M. Aurelius), war in Asia, 10041 ; adopted ; co-regent, 1065 2 ; d. (ISO). Verville, Beroalde de, work, 687' . Vervins, Fr., Treaty of, 6872. Vesalius, Andreas, b.-d., 10982 ; dissects body, 5402 ; works, 10802. Vesci, Baron de, title created, 987'; vis- count, title created, 9172. Vesey, W., pastor Trinity, N.Y., 523. Vesoul, Fr., captured, 742'. Vesovici family murdered, 5023. Yespasianus, Titus Flavius Sabinus, b.-d., 10622; against Jews; conquests, 1062'; invades Judea, 11533 ; erects Coliseum ; erects Temple to Peace, 10622 ; defeats Aulus Vitellius ; reigns in Greece, 1063 3 ; takes Rhodes, 1151' . Vespucci, Amerigo, b., 10783 ; 1st voyage, 143; in Ojeda's expedition, 15' ; as pilot, 16'; in Brazil; 3d voyage, 162; narra- tive, 17'; dis. in Am., 553', 10782, 11262; d., 10802. Vessel, 1st built in Am. .28' ,30' ; 1st built in West, 463; forbidden to sail, 35'; sunk, Fr., 743. Vest, George C, b., 1382 ; favors free coin- age, 4363 . Vesta collides with Arctic, 1773. , asteroid, discovered, 8062. Vesta worshiped, 10503. Vestals est., 10503. Vesteras, fortress taken, 1134' . Vestibule dining-cars intro., G. B., 1011 3 . Vestiges of Creation appears, 9523. Vestris, Gaetano Apollim- llaldassare, b., 6983 ; d. (1842). Vesuvius, eruption, 10022, 10702, 10822, 1084', 10862; suicide in, 10873. Veszary, Claudius, consecrated, 536' . Veterans of 1870, order created, 8363. Veterinary Surgeons' Act passed, 989'. Vethake, Henry, d., 254' . Veto, President's, first overridden, 1592. Yetters, J. 1'., inv. pedal harp, 8002. Yeturius, T., in Caudine Forks, 1052' . Veuillot, Louis, b., 721' ; d., 754' . Vevaliches, Gen., at Alcolla, 11302. Vey, mission at, 11613. "Vezin, Hermann, b., 1362. "Via jEmilia constructed, 10543. Viacha, battle at, 550' . Vial, C.ipt. W. G., shot, 417' . Viand, Louis Marie Julien (Pierre Loti), Academician, 756' . Viardot-Garcia, Micliele Fcrdinande Paul- ine, b., 724'. Viau, Theophile de, b. (1590) ; Pyrami et Thisbi, 6872 ; Q . (1626). Vibbard, Chauncy, d., 3842. Vibert, Jehan Georges, b. (1840) ; works, 6482,743'. Vibilia, asteroid, discovered, 288' . Vibourg Jan, ceded to Rus., 1135 3 . Vicat, Louis Joseph, b., 7062 ; d., 7342. Vice, Eng., proclamation against, 925' . (See under Society.) Vice-adm., rank abolished, U.S.A., 280' . Vice-chancellor, 3d app., 957 2 . Vicente, Gil, b. (1471) ■ ) ; hie:, l'ereira, 1109' ; d. (1537?). Vicenza, It., taken, 786' ; Univ. of, fmd., 10752; univ. Soc. fnd., 1081'. Vick, makes a clock, 6742. Vicksburg, Miss., yellow fever, 175 2 ; for- tified, 190' ; defenses, 2072; Farragut at, 208', 2092 ; campaign, 208' , 2092, 2222 ; invested, 208'; Farragut passes, 210'; Van Dorn commands, 2102 ; Pemberton supersedes Van Dorn, 2142 ; Grant moves on, 2143, 2162, 222' ; expedition, 2163,217', 2182 ; mine fired, 223', 224'; surrenders, 224 2 ; Sherman leaves, 230'; Grierson's raid, 2403 ; Gen. Old in mili- tary district, 2572; race riot, 287' ; Levee Conven., 3153; reunion of Blue and Gray, 3591,360'. Vico, Giovanni Battista, b. (1668); works, 10833 ; d,, 10842. Vicq d'Azyr, Felix, b., 7002; d., 7102. Victor I., St., pope, killed, 10643. II., pope, 1073' . III., pope, 10743. IY r ., anti-pope, 1075' . Amadeus II. (I.), b., 1083' ; d., 10842. (See Amadeus II.) III., b., 1084' ; d., 10843. Claude, Due de Belluno, b., 7031 ; d., - — , Perrin, b. (1764); marshal, at Tal- avera de la Reina, 7181 ; at Barrosa, 9342; d. (1841). Emmanuel I., b., 10842; K.; abdicates, 10853 ; d., 10862. II., b., 10862 ; K. of Sardinia, 10873; at Solferino, 5241; recognized, 8232 ; commander, 8241 , 10881 ; K. of Na- ples, 10891 ; surrenders civil lists, 10892 ; d., 10882; statue, 1090'. , Ferdinand, b., 108S2. , Pr., Bonapartists' leader, 7533, 755' . Victoria sunk, 5853. wrecked, 757 3 . launched, 996' ; sunk, 1010' . , Austral., bishopric divided, 4962; con- victs arrive ; gold-field disturbances ; population, 4963 ; Brit, province, 497'; ballot system; constitution, 497 2 ; com- mercial crisis, 4973; creditors protected; judges dismissed ; ministry resigns; min- istry reformed ; ministry approved, 499' ; strikes, 5002 ; City of Melbourne Bank fails, 5013 ; bishopric est., 9543 ; bishop Burdon cons., 9742. , Br. Col., selected port, 5793; Colonist, ' 581' ;R.R.opd.,5813; John Grant, mayor; 5863 ; sealers for Bering Sea, 5933, 'Ma- jestic arrives, 595 3 . , Queen (Alexandrina Victoria), b., 939 3 ; reigns, 9492; accession eel., Can., 1438 Text Figures denote Page. INDxl/X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Vict-Vinc. 5783; crowned, 9492; Chinese appeal to, 617* ; marries, 9512; attempted assassi- nations; 1st in Scot, 9513; statue erected, 9522, 9861, 9921, 99(51, 10OO1 ;' in Ger., 9531 ; in Ire., 9551,2,3, 9591, 9631; at Manchester, 9o7' ; visits Belgium, 5443; Resolute presented, 181 3 ; 1st cable mes- sage, 1853, 2533; proclaimed queen in India, 963 2 ; Prince Albert, queen's con- sort d.,9642; works, 9702,3, 9771,9923; life threatened, 977i ; thanks from Fr., 7483; proclaimed Km press of India, 9S1 2 , 10491; Order of White Elephant, 9S41 ; cables to Mrs. Garfield, 3083; Arab horses for, 4883; jubilee, 9971; jubilee gift to pope, 9962 ; meets Bismarck, 8323 ; cables Pres. Harrison, 3892; writes Bar- oness McDonald, 5922; reviews Fr. and Brit, fleets, 762i. Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, princess royal, h., 950 2 ; royal 'dower, 9613; weds Prince Fred. William of Prus., 9631 . , daughter of Alfred Ernest, b., 9813. , daughter Prince of Wales, b., 9731 . , Duchess of Kent, d., 9642, Melita, Princess of Saxe-Coburg, married, 8363. , Princess of Ger., marries Pr. Adol- phus, 10051, , Princess of Prus., married, 8343. (Vitoria) Francesco, d., 11282. , Guadalupe (Juan Felix Fernandez), b.-d., 10952; president, 10953. , Apache leader, killed, 3041. and Albert, Order of, est., 965' . Coll., Can., confederation restrained, 5862. Cross instituted, 9G1'. diamond found, 6022. Falls, East Afr., discovered, 5602. , Manuel, governor, 139 2 . Nyanza, dis., 560 3 , 561 1 ; fortified sta- tion, 8362. , Treaty of, 11601 ; mission, 11613. Univ. org., 5791 ; confederated with Toronto, 5862. Victorious takes Rivoli, 9342. Victory wrecked, 9101 . , bears body of Nelson, 9321 . Victualling office instituted, Eng., 8901; changed, 9472. Vicuna Mackenna, Benj., b. (1831); d., 6063. , Seflor, for pres., 609i ; elected, 6092. Vida, Marco Girolamo, b., 1078 3 ; d., 10803. Viday LTecuos de Estabnnillo donzales^La, 11292. Vidal, F. A., pres. Uruguay, 11603. , Ramon, works, 11271 . 1'idar issued, 1104 2 . Videla, Gen., rebellion of, 4902. Vidocq, Eugene Francois, b., 7043; d., 7302 , Vie, treaty of, 6892. Vie de Saint Alexis, La, written, 6691 . Grigoire^ La, written, 6691 . Vieira, Joao Fernandez, leader, 361 . Vien, Joseph Marie, b., 6971 ; d., 719 1. Vienna, taken, 504 1 ; Jewish synagogue est., 5042; Imperial City, 5043; capital empire, 5052, 6672; synod est., 6723; en- larged, 5053; St. Stephen Cathedral be- gun, 5062; Univ. of, 5071 ; Concordat of, with pope, 7851 ; Frederick III. besieged, 5081; Imperial Library fnd.; enlarged, 6083; Aulic Council; Matthias takes, 5093; Solyman besieges, 5101; Corpus Christi procession abandoned ; peace of, tolerateB Protestants, 5103; besieged by Turks, 5122; Swedes approach, 6361; Cong, of, 7213, 8113; lottery for hospital, 513i ; gTand alliance; Leopold I. flees ; Turks in; wolves ravage, 5133; Prag- matic Sanction, 5143; treaty of, 5151, 5251,5263,5272,7013,8052; normal school; state controls schools ; TJniv. of, profes- sors chosen,517i ; removal of crown,5173; Napoleon captures ; Fr. evacuate ; peace with Fr., 5183; Peace of, 5193; sub- merged, 5202; slavery abolished; Bona- parte marries Maria Louisa, 520 3 ; Cong, of, 5211, 5432; alliance fmd.; treaty of. signed, 5211,2; treaty revoked, 5213; conf. at, 5212; Cong, settles boundaries. 521i; agitations; steamboats in; con- trol of burgher-guard ; Constituent Diet fmd.; Cong, signs Final Act, 5213; Hun- garians approach ; besiege ; withdraw ; bombarded; taken, 5221 ; riot, 5223, 5331,5362; treaty of, 8191; 2d tion; Reichstag meets, 5231; reconsti- tuted, 5251 ; Imperialists in, 5232; St. Stephen's crown, 5233; Hung, army ap- proaches^:^ 2 ; assassination of emperor fails, 5243; conferences; preliminaries of peace; treaty of, 5251; enlarged, 5252,3; fortifications demolished, 525 3 ; Prus. besiege ,5261 ,2; treaty of, 5263; peace of, 6413 ; sultan in, 5262 ; peace of, 5272 ; fi- nancial conven.; dual gov't approved, 527 3 ; Polar expedition arrives ; Medical Cong, held; Palace of Fine Arts fnd., 52S2; Old Catholics meet, 5283; Danube channel opd.; water-works opd.; Inter- nal Exhibition ; sharp-shooting match, 5293; storm; Art Exhibition ; shoemak- ers riot, 5301; Maria Theresa monu- ment ; Internat. Literary Society meets : K. and Q. of It. in ; Meteorological Cong., 5302; Hygienic Cong.; Socialists expelled; conspiracies, 5203; Beetho- ven's funeral eel.; Industrial Exhibition, 5311; conspiracy to burn, 531 1,2; Wil- liam II. visits, 5311; police approved; Reform Act appr. >ved, 531 2 ; star of Beth- lehem appears, 5321 ; Cath. Cong, meets, 5322; strike, 5323, 5331, 5343; Shah visits, 5323; May-day eel.; Rothschilds threaten to go; Socialists in riots, 5331 ; suburbs in- corp., 5332; tramway reforms demanded, 5332,3; water famine; grain market boy- cotted ; work ceases ; influenza in, 5333 ; Museum of Fine Arts opd. ; earthquakes, 5341 ; Radetzky statue; Meth. church closed; primate threatened, 5342; Ger. emp. at ; Agri. Cong, opens, 5343; fires ; famine sufferers ; Austro-Hung. conf., 5351 ; police suppress workingmen,535i , 6362; murders, 5351; World's Fair ap- propriation, 5353; Democratic Asso. dis- solved, 535 2 ; Agri. Exhibition; panic; press attacks McKinley Bill ; recipro- city with U. S.; Internat. Postal Conf. meets, 5353; Acad, of Art, anniversary, 5361; primate of Hung., assassination attempted, 5362; meetings for suffrage, 5362,3; Ferles' suicide; Oder and Dan- ube river connect : emperors confer, 5363; conven. with G. Brit., 5372; Inter- nat. Exhibition, 537 3 ; Strauss jubilee, 5381,2; suffrage demonstration; hail- storms; Socialists arrested, 5381; post- office to Brussels, 5413. Vienna, W. Va., Federals surprised, 196 1 ; action at, 200 3 . Vienne, Fr., capital of Burgundy, 6633; general conference, 7822. Viennet, Jean Pons Guillaume, b., 7043; d., 7382. Vientenilla, Gen., at battle of Calte, 6432; leads revolt; president Ecuador, 6443. Vieta, Francois, b., 6803; d., 6862. Viette, M., minister, 757 1 , 7632, 7652. Vieussens, Raimond, b., 6883; d., 6971. Vieux Testament, Le, appears, 6783. Vieuxtemps, Henri, b., 5423; d., 5461 . Vieyra, Joal Fernandes, leader of revolt, 5543. Viger, Albert, minister, 7652, 7671 ,2. Vigil, Father, ree'd by Pres. Pierce, 1792. Vigilance Committee. (See Cal.) Vigilant seizes ship, 5861 . , selected for race, 4392; wins Am. cup, 4413; loses race, 4672,3,4693. Vigilantius, writes on worship, 6631. Vigilius, pope, 10703; d. (554). Vigne, Jean, b., 292. , Peter de la, for poison, 7812. Vigny, Alfred Victor de, Comte, b., 7123; works, 7251,7271; d., 73G2. Vigo, Sp., Wm, M. Tweed arrested, 2923; attacked ; taken, 11281 ; Carlists defeat, 11301. , Bay of, Fr., fleet attacked, 6961 . Vi.jaya rules in Ceylon, 10432. Yijil, Father, minister, 1792. Viking ship at N. Y., 4332, H053; for World's Fair, 4332; given Chicago, 4613. Vikings attack Franks, 7721 . Vikramaditya conquers Scythians, 10421. Vilagos, Gen. Gorgey surrenders, 52l'3. Vilas, Wm. F., b., 1522; minister, 3212; defends sec. treas., 4511 ; defendB presi- dent, 4671. Vilemov, truce signed, 5081 . Yillaeh ceded, 5193. Villafranca, It., peace signed, 6241, 525 2 ; emperors meet, 525 2 . Village Creek, Ark., Confederates de - feated, 2091. Villagran, Francisco de, capt.-gen., 605 2 . Villain, Giovanni, b.-d., 10762. Villa-nova, Port., St. Augustinian College est., 1643. — — Coll. (It. Cath.), org. at Villanova, Pa., (1842.) Villanueva, Joaquin Lorenzo de, b.-d., 11283. Villars, Due de (Claude Louis Hector), b., 6902; at Friedlengen, 694 1 ; suppresses Camisards ; war of Sp. Succession, 6961 ; Imperialists defeated, 6961; a t Malpla- quet, 5141; in WUrteniberg, 798 1; d., 6983. Villarsel, Diego de, leader, 489 2 . Villavieiosa, Port., action at, 11101 ,11281 . Ville de Havre sinks, 7493. Villefranche, Fr., Am. squadron sails, 3521. Villegagnon, Nicolas Durand de, b.(1510); colonists in Brazil, 232; joins Catholics, 222, 233; Rio de Janeiro, 553i ; d (1571). Villegas, Esteban Manuel de, b.-d., 11283; Amatorias, 11292. Ville hardouin, Geoffrey de, b.-d., 6702; obtains Achaia, 6713. Ville-la-Grande, conflict at, 7341 . Villele, Comte Jean Baptiste Seraphin Joseph de, b., 7043; premier, 7233; re- signs, 7252; d.,7322. Villemain, Abet Francois, b.,706 2 ; works, 7251,7292,7482; d., 7382. Villeme, M., photos for sculpture, 7361 „ Villenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, b., 7023; d., 7283. Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste Silvestre de, b.,703i ; at Trafalgar, 7161 ; d.,7163. Villere, Jacques, b. (1761) ; gov. La., 1252; d. (1S31). Villerme, Louis Rene, b., 7051 ; d., 7362. Villeroi, Due de (Francois de Neufville), b., 6883; at Chiari, 6941 ; war of Sp. Suc- cession, 6961; bombards Brussels, 5421 ; d.,6983. Villers, Charles Francois Dominique de, b., 7031; d.,7222. ', Le Myre De, Fr. force, 4813. Villersexel, Fr., French defeated, 7431. Villeta, near Paris, battle at, 5561 , Villetard, Le testament de Cesar Oirodot, 7343. Villette, Colonel, imprisoned, 748®. Villieger, George, d., 8822. Villiers, Charles Pclham, leader Anti-corn League, 9493; minister, 9692. , George, D. of Buckingham, b. (1592) , attacks Isle of Re, 68Gi ; created D. of Buckingham, 8812; minister; 8811,2; aids Huguenots, 8821 ; impeachment, 8813; assassinated, 883i. , , D. of Buckingham, b., 8821 ; The Rehearsal, 893 1 ; minister, 8932; d., 8982. , , General, d., 10062. , Wm. Frederick, E. of Clarendon, b., 9302; minister, 9492, 9593, 9731 ; Ala- bama Claims, 2652,3, 2692; ,1., 9742. Villius, L., lex annalis est., 10553. Villoison, Jean Baptiste Gaspard d'Ansse de, b., 7011; d.,7163. Villon, Francois, b. (1431) ; works, 6783; d. (1484+ ). Tuna, occupied, 7182; Univ. of Kieff, 11171 ; Czechs in Greek Church, 11202. Vimeiro, Port., battle at, 7162. Vimeure, Jean Baptiste Donatien de, Comte de Rochambeau, b., 6982; aids Am. colonies, 7053; arrives in Am.; at Newport, 922; with Washington, 922, 942; d.,7163. Vina, Cal., ruffians attack, 450 2 . del Mar, battle at, 6083. Vince, Samuel, d., 9403. Vincennes, Fr., balloon ascension, 744 3 ; review of troops, 7501 . , Ind., misson at, 502; fed., 553; cap- tured; retaken, 90i; R. C. diocese est., 1442. Univ. (non-sect.), org. at Vincennes, Ind. (1806). VineentK's exploring expedition, 1481. Vincennes, Jean Baptiste Bissot de, b., 5722; d.,5751. Vincent, Boyd, b. (1845); eons, bp., 3342. de Paul, St., b., 6841 ; d., 6902. , I. H., defalcation, 3131. , Gen. John, at Burlington Heights, 1202. Vinc-Virg. Text Figures denote Page. l.N-L)-Il*-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1439 Vincent, John Heyl, b. t 1402; elected bp., 3302. "Vinci, Leonardo da, b., 10783; works, 1078', 2, 10833; d., 10S02. Vincke, Ernest Georg von, b., 8102; d., 8282. Vindelicia, conquered, 10603; Rom. prov- ince, 10(332. Vindex, C. Julius, rebels, 6632; defeated, 5021. Vinegar Hill, Ire., action at, 9281 . Vinelnid, N. J., Home, Feeble minds, opens, 3331 ; i s t liquor-license, 4191. Vines, Richard, b. (1585 ±) ; in Me., 332; d. (1651). , Sidney H., Text-book of Botany, 4782. Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe, b.-d., 1138 1 . Vineyard Haven, Mass., fire, 315 3 . Vinyoria sinks, 9853. Vining, Frank, forger, 4222. Vinje, Aasmuud Olafsen, b. (1818) ; Store- gut, 11043; d. (1870). Vinland, search for, 122. Vinoy, Gen., in Paris, 7402; retires, 7442; suppresses newspapers, 7443; deposed, 7452. Vinton, Fred. Porter, b. (1846) ; Academy of Design, 4981. Vinuconda mission, 1047 * . Violet wrecked, 961 3 . Violins introduced, 894 1 . Viollet Le Due, Eugene Emmanuel, b., 7211; d., 7521. Vionville, battle of, 7401 . Virchow, Rudolf, b., 8122 ; at Medical Cong., 8341. Virey, Julien Jos., b., 7043; d., 7283. Virgin Islands settled, 8932. Virginia, U". S. A. : Dominican missionaries in, 18 3 ; named ; Melendez colonizes, 252; religious charter, 262 ; colonists perish ; colonists become pirates ; property in common, 263; 1st charter, 271 ; Ed. Wing- field, gov; John Ratclitfe, gov., 272; Capt. John Smith, gov., Geo. Percy, gov. ; Lord Delaware, gov., 273 ; immigrants arrive, 273 282; famine ; Inferior Council ; gold- seeking, 273 ; Church of Eng. confirmed ; colonists return ; orthodoxy enforced, 282 j immigrant reenforcements ; felons held as slaves ; land divided ; women imported, 293, 303 ; Sir Thomas Dale, gov., 291 j Sir Thomas Gates, gov. ; land grants ; starving-time, 291 ; Geo. Yeard- Tey, gov., 292, 3, 313; Sam. Argall, gov., 292; colonies increased; popular gov't, 29 a ; 1st gristmill; industries; Indians attack; settlers' depredations, 301 ; Univ. fmd., 302; ^st Assembly; new constitu- tion, 303; people massacred ; population, 311 ,413,451 , 633; colonists perish; royal colony, 312,493; Sir Francis Wyatt, gov., 31 2 ; iooo emigrants; Francis West, gov.; John Potts, gov., 313 ; R. c. services begun, 322; John Harvey, gov., 331 , 352; non-Conformists expelled, 342 ; John West, gov., 352 j colonists persecuted, 353, 413 ; Sir F. Wyatt, gov., 353 ; Sir Wm. Berkeley, gov., 372, 3, 412; trade crippled, 372; favors king, 38 1 ; churches est., 382; building list, 391 ; R. Bennett, gov., 393 • Lord Culpepper, land grant, 392; loyalists surrender ; Rich. Bennett, gov., 393 j laws against Quakers ; Bap- tists oppressed; religious liberty ; tolera- tion, 403; Ed. Diggs, gov., 41i, 43» ; hereditary slavery; intemperance; Sam. Matthews, gov. ; commerce oppressed, Sir Wm. Berkeley, gov. (1663-77), 412; Assembly perpetual ; Col. Francis Mory- --"'son, gov., 413 ; royalists ; "The Old Dominion, "412; imposition on tobacco ; royalist assembly, 413 ; intolerance ; Separatists oppressed, 422 ; clergy re- strained ; killing of slaves unpunished, 423; Dutch ravage coast, 441 ; education opposed ; felons excluded ; 48 parishes, 443; colored refugees ; dismembered by grants ; non-Christian servants, slaves ; suffrage limited; unequal taxation, 451 ; grant changed; leased, 45 2 ; Lord Cul- pepper, gov., 453, 472, 3 ; reform move- ment suppressed ; remonstrance of colo- nists, 45 3 ; Bacon's rebellion ; liberal charter ; liquor forbidden ; two parties, 47 1 ; 1st Revolution in Am. ; 1st martyr to liberty, 472 ; king's commissioners ; Sir Herbert Jeffreys, gov. ; legal reforma- tion ; popular conven. ; tyranny of gov., 472; Sir Henry Chicheley, gov.,443, 473; Cromwell's soldiers executed, 482; print- ing-press suppressed ; Eng. servants banished to ; tobacco duty ; toleration denied servants, 48 3 ; Lord Howard of Effingham, gov., 492 ; royal appeals for- bidden, 492; distress prevails; again a royal province, 493; despotism resisted, 503; Kath. Bacon, gov. 511 ; Fr. Protes- tants enter, 513 ; Presbyterians in, 522, 542; William and Mary Coll., 522, 3 ; Sir Edm.Andros,gov.,532; industry ebbs and immigration languish., 533 ; A.D. 1700+ clergy irremovable, 543 ; p. Nicholson, gov., 551 ; Huguenots in, 552; Edw. Nott, gov. ; Edin. Jennings, gov. ; slaves, real estate, 572; Alex. Spotswood, gov., 573; §ig-iron mnf., 581 ; 1st Bapists, 582 ; in- ians honor, 58 3 ; p.-o. extended, 592 j negroes disfranchised ; opposition to slave trade, 61'; Hugh Drysdale, gov., 612 ■ Robt. Carter, gov. ; Wm. Gooch, gov., 613; y. Gazette appears, 631 ; land purchase, 67 1; Thos. Lee, gov.; Lewis Burwell, gov. ; Lord Albemarle, gov. ; Washington and Lee Univ. org., 671; Lord Halifax in, 67 2 ; regular theatrical troop, 681 ; Geo. Washington serves, 581 , 2 t 592, 3, 701 , a ; church attendance required, 69i ; Robt. Dinwiddle, gov., 692; Ft. encroach in; Colonial Cong., 693 j Washington against lnds., 701; John Blair, gov., 713 ; p. Henry pleads ; collision of authorities, 733 ; Francis Fauquier, gov.; tobacco exported, 713 ; leads in education, 723 j social laws rigor- ous, 73i ; denies king's taxation; P. Henry's speech, 751 ; Lord de Botetourt, gov.; against slavery ; John Blair, lieut.- gov. ; gov. dissolves assembly ; non-im- portation agreement, 77 2 ; Wm. Nelson, gov., 773 ; Lord Dunmore, gov., 783 ;gov. removes powder ; patriots force pay- ment, SO 1 ; in Va. ; War of Revolution ; fighting, 803, 821, 871, 882, 902, 921, 3, 941 , 2 , 3; Declaration of Rights adopted ; 833; Patrick Henry, gov., 853,973; Thos. Jefferson, gov., 913 ; Thos. Nelson, gov. (1781) ; Benj. Harrison, gov. (1781-84) ; offers lands to Cong., 933 ; conquest planned, 941 ; Lafayette in, 942 ; cedes western claims, 953, 972 ; Edm. Ran- dolph, gov., 992; Beverly Randolph, gov.; ratifies Federal constitution, 101 1 ; Henry Lee, gov., 1032; James Wood, gov., 1073 ; Harper's Ferry a Federal armory, 1081; A.D. 1800+ Jas.Monroe,gov., 1093, H92;Washington andj effersonColl.org., llli ; John Page, gov., 1113 ; Accomack Bapt. Asso. fmd., 1143 ; w. H. Cabell, gov., 1133 ; John Tyler, gov., 1153, 1333 ; naval battle off coast, 1182; James Mon- roe, gov. ; Geo. W. Smith, gov., 1192 ; James Barbour, gov., 1193 ; Wilson C. Nicolas, gov., 1233 ; James P. Preston, gov., 1252 ; Thos. M. Randolph, gov., 1273 ; Luth. Synod fmd., 1283 ; state library fnd., 131 1 ; 1st observatory, 1321 ; University org., 1331 ; James Pleasant, gov., 1313 ; -sVm. B. Giles, gov., 1353 ; United Synod South, Evan. Luth., org., 1383 j negro insurrection, 1391, 2; John Floyd, gov., 1392,1671 ; 1st railroad opd., 1413; Littleton W. Tazewell, gov., 1452; Wyndham Roberts, gov., 1472 ; Emory and Henry Coll. org., 149 1; Dav. Camp- bell, gov., 1492; Thos. W. Gilmer, gov., 1531 ; Southwest United Synod, Evan. Luth. org., 1543; John Rutherford, gov., 1552; James M'Dowell, gov., 1572 ; Wm. Smith, gov., 1612 (1864-65); Constitu- tional Conven. meets, 1691 ; illiteracy in (1850), 1691 ; John Johnson, gov. (1851-52); Jos. Johnson, gov., 171 2 ; Henry A. Wise.gov., 1812; Richmond Central R.R. opd.,1833; Mount Vernon sold,185i; John Brown raid, 1863, 1S71 ; J. Letcher, gov., 190 3 ; coercion by Confederates ; legisla- ture meets, 1911 ; peace commissioners sent to Wash., 1912; election, 1933; state conven., 1913; F. H.Pierpont, gov., 1923, 2032, 2413; state conven. meets, 1923; conven. rejects secession ; commission- ers for Wash., 1932; secedes, 1933 ; ves- sels sunk at Norfolk, 1941 ; S. Confeder- acy recognized ; prepares for war, 1943 j blockade extended ; commission- ers to S. Confederacy; secession precipi- tated, 1951, 2; military league, 1951; admitted in S. Confed., 1952; West Va. loyal, 1952, 1972 ; secession, subject to ratification, 1952, ratified; favor seces- sion or leave state, 1953; slaves as con- traband, 1961, 1971 ; state troops trans- ferred to Confederacy, 1961; ordinance to reorganize, 1972 ; senators expelled, 1973; loyalty to U. S. treason, 1991; Unionists exiled, 1992 ; ( S ee Southern Confederacy : Congress) ; army of Poto- mac reorganized, 198 1, 2003; Civil War ; actions in Va. in 1861 \- ; Sewall's Point, Big Bethel, 190 1; Martinsburg, Manas- sas-Bull Run, 1962, 3; Ball's Bluff, 2001 ; Lancaster, Dranesville, Vienna, 2003; Dranesville, Newport, News, New Mar- ket ; actions in 1862 : Big Bethel, 2021 ; Fairfax Courthouse, Linn Creek, Bloom- ing Gap, 2041 ; Winchester, Hampton Roads, Centerville, 2043 ; Winchester, Yorktown , 205 1 ; Wo- alstock, 2052 ; York- town, Thoroughfare Gap, 206 1 ; York- town.Lee's Mills, 2062; West Point, York- town, 2063; Williamsburg, West Point, McDowell, Sonierville Heights, SewelTfl Point, Norfolk, 2071; Drewey's Bluff, Front Royal, New Bridge, 208*; Win- chester, Hanover Courthouse, Front Royal, Fair Oaks (Seven Pines), 2082 ; Strasburg, New Bridge, Cross Keys, Port Republic, iiosa ; SI ua rl 's raid, 2091 , 2142 ; Seven Days' Battle, MechanicB- ville, Beaver Dam Creek, -J09i; Chicka- hoininy, Gain's Mill, Savage's Station, "White Oak Swamp, Frayser's Farm OGlendale), Malvern Hill, 2092; Orange Courthouse, Malvern Hill, 2102, 3; Mattapony River, Cedar Mt., Shenan- doah Valley, Jackson's raids, 2103 ; White Oak Ridge, Catlett's Station, Waterloo Bridge, Kettle Run, 2121; Centerville, Manassas Junction, Grove- ton, City Point, Manassas, Chantilly, 2122 ; Fairfax Courthouse, Edward's Ferry, Williamsburg, 21L'3; Fayetteville, Harper's Ferry, 2131 ; Warrenton, 2141 ; Thoroughfare Gap, 2142; Philomount, 2143 ; Warrenton, Fredericksburg, Fay- etteville, 2151 ; Winchester, Cold Knob Mt., Hartwood, Berryville, King George C. H., 2161; Port Royal, Blackwater, Fredericksburg, 2162,3 ; Occoquan, Dum- fries, 2163. Actions in 1863: Suffolk, 2181; Deserted House, 2182; Williams- burg, Annandale, 2183 ; Woodstock, Aldie, Chapel Hill, 2191 ; Fairfax Court- house, 220i ; Dranesville, Londoun Co. raid, 2202; Strasburg, Chancellorsville, 2203; Stoneman's raid, Chancellorsville, Williamsburg, Suffolk, 2211 ; Warrenton Junction, Suffolk, 2212; Culpepper con- centration, 2222 ■ Brandy Station, Bev- erly Ford, Winchester, Aldie, 2223; Mid- dleburg, South Anna, Lee crosses Harper's Ferry, 223 1 ; Hanover Junction, 2241 ; Monterey Gap, Jones' raid, Staun- ton, 2242 ; Antietam, Falling Waters, Sheppardstown, 2243 ; Manassas Gap, 225i ; Kelley'sFord,226i ; Warm Springs, Cumberland Gap, 2262 ; Culpepper Court- house, Madison Courthouse, 2263 ; race ends ; Bristow's Station, Backland's Mills, 2271 ; Rappahannock Station, Kelley's Ford, 2281 ; Locust Grove, 2282; MineRun, Averell's raid, 2283. Actions in 1864: Jonesville, 2283; Dranesville, Kilpatrick's raid, 2302; Suffolk, Grant's first headquarters at Culpepper, 230 1 ; Grant's campaign, 2322+ ; Spear's raid; battle of Wilderness ; Bermuda Hun- dred, 2322 ; Spottsylvania Court-House; Guiney Station ; Cloyd's Mt. ; New- River ; Wytheville, 2323 ; Yellow Tavern, 2331; Sheridan's raid; Drury's Bluff; New Market; Winchester, 233i ; North Anna ; Wilson's Landing, 2332; Pamun- key River ; Hawes' Shop; Cold Harbor; Bermuda Hundred, L'o4i ; Sheridan's 2d raid ; Piedmont ; Staunton ; Petersburg ; Trevilian Station, 2342; Petersburg; Reams's Station, Lynchburg, King and Q.'s Court-H. ; White House; Weldon R. R., 2343+; Jones's Bridge ; Early's raid, 235 1; White's Ford, Stephenson's Depot, 2352 ; Kearnstown ; Petersburg, 2363 ; Moorefield, 2371 ; Strawberry Plains ; Crooked Run ; Weldon R. R. ; Duvall's Bluff; Reams's Station, 2372 ; Petersburg Berryville, Sycamore Ch., 1440 Text Figures denote Page. lN.D.h,.\. Superior Figures indicate Colu Virg-Wagn. 238' ; "Winchester battle ; Fisher's Hill ; Spring Hill ; Fort Harrison, Chapiu's Bluff, 2382 ; Peeble's Farm ; Petersburg ; Abingdon ; Sbeuaudoah Valley devas- tated ; Fisher's Hill ; Darbytown Road 2383; Cedar Creek; Hatcher's Kun; Dutch Gap Canal dim, 239' ; Petersburg; Fort Sedgwick, 2392; Front Royal ; Ber- muda Hundred, 240'; Hatcher's Eun ; Darby's Mill's, 242'; Sheridan's raid; Waynesboro, 2422. Actions in 1865 : Grant's final advance ; Fort Steadmau ; Quaker Koad ; Dinwiddle C. -House; Five Forks, 2442, 3 ; Boydton ; White Oak Roads ; battle of Five Forks ; Peters- burg ; Richmond abandoned, 2443 ; Petersburg falls ; Amelia C.-House ; Sailor's Creek ; High Bridge ; Farm- ville, 2451; Wytheville ; Appomattox Station, 245 2 ; * Appomatox C.-House ; Lee's surrender, 2461 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432 ; restored to union, 2473; Jeff. Davis indicted, 2531; ratifies 14th Amend., 2552 ; under Federal gov't ; re- jects 14th Amend., 2572 ; Constitutional Conven., 2592 ; Meth. Epis. Conf. find., 2602; new constitution adopted, 2613, 2672 ; Hampton Inst, org., 2043 ; not voting in nat. election, 2652 ; Henry H. Wells, gov., 2653 ; Gen. Canby, military gov., 207 2; legislature meets; ratifies 14th and 15th Amends., 2692 ; fully re- constructed ; M. C. admitted ; turned over to State authorities, 2093; Gilbert C. Walker, gov., 2732 ; eldership of Church of God org., 2802 ; Constitution amended ; .laities L. Kemper, gov., 287 3 ; Fred. W. M. Holliday, gov., 3012 ; Con- stitutional Amend, abrogated, 3112 ; normal school opd., 3123 ; corporal pun- ishment abolished, 3131 ; Wm. E. Cam- eron, gov., 3132; Normal and Collegiate Inst, est., 3143 ; lunatic asylum provided, 3191 ;McCormiek observatory dedicated, 3201 ; Fitzhugh Lee, gov., 3252; gold dis., 3361 ; ballot reform, 3392 ; fc, F. Mahone nom. for gov., 3451 ; frost in July, 3621; Phil. W. McKinney, gov., 3751 ; Gerrymandei ing Reapportionment Bill, 3793 ; Debt Bill passes S., 4023 ; Republicans unite with 3d party, 4172; no Republican nominations, 4:152; Chas. T. O'Ferrall, gov., 4371, 4793; oyster schooners captured, 4532. (See South- ern Confederacy.) Virginia, stabbed in forum by father, 1051 3. Central R. R. completed, 1833. City, Nev., first sermon, 2822; fire, 2893; Enterprise suspends, 4221 . Military Inst. org. at Petersburg, Va. " (1839). Polytechnic Inst. org. at Blacksburg, Va. (1872). Virginius captured ; Americans shot ; sur- vivors surrendered ; founders, 2833 ; Sp. indemnity fixed, 287 3 . Viriathus, Lusitanian, betrayed; d., 10551 . Viridomar, commander, 6621 . Virtue, John, eons. R. C. bp., 9862. Vischer, Friedrich Theodor, b., 80S3 ; d., 8321. Vischering, Droste von, quarrel, 8153. Visconti, Azzo, lord of Milan, 10773. , Emiro Quirino, d., 10862. , Filippo Maria, D. of Milan ; war with Florence, 10781 . , Galeazzo, at Milan, 10761 ; lord of Milan; rules Lombardy, 10773. , Gian Galeazzo takes title D. of Milan, 10792. , Giovanni, lord of Milan, 10773. , Matteo, the Great, b.-d., 10762 ; de- feats Torriani, 10701 ; captain of the people, 10772 ; gov. Venice, 10773. , family ascendant, 10772. Visbni Volotchok, colony at, 11212. Vishnu Purana written, 10431 . Visigoths. (See West Goths.) Vistor, Marshal, at Barosa, 7181. Vistula River, flotilla on, 11201 . Vital statistics, G. B., 9492. Vitalianus besieges Constantinople, 10303. , St., pope ; orders church services in Latin, 10722. Vitebsk, Russia, French defeated, 7183. Vitellischi, Mutius, Jesuit gen., 10811 . Vitellius, legatus in Syria, 1151 3 . , Aulus, reigns, 10031 ,3; defeats Otho, 10633 ; put to death, 10631 . Viterbo, It., action at, 10881 . Vitericus reigns, 11253. Vitiges, conquers Milan, 7703 ; reigns, 1071 3 ; attacks Rome ; captures Ravenna; in Constantinople, 10301 ; captured, 10702. Vitry, Fr., castle of, burned, 66S1 , 0693. le-Franeois surrendered, 7401 . Vitterheteus Yanner established, 11351 . I'ittnria surrendered to Spain, 11321. Vittoria, Sp. battle of , 9361 . Vitu, Afr., McKenzie at, 5032 ; ceded, 5633 ; Ger. outposts raided ; captured, 8382 ; massacre, 838 3 . , Auguste, d., 7621 , Vitus, St. Anthony, relics removed, 7723. Vivaneo, Gen., insurrectionist, 11081 . Vivarini, Bartolomeo, paints St. George and the Dragon, 10821 . Vivero, Manuel de Bustamente y, gover- nor, C. R., 6302. Vives, Juan Louis, b.-d., 11263. Vivian, patent granted, 9302. , Baron, title created, 9511. , Henry H., Lord Swansea, d., 10121 . Viviani, Vincenzo, b., 10823; d., 10831. Vivisection condemned, 9651 ; society for abolishing, 981 1 ; Internat. Asso. against, 9812. Vivonne, Catherine de, Marquise de Ram- bouillet, b., 6842 ; d., 6903. Vivius Lupus, governor, 1065 2 . Vizagapatam, .Madras, mission, 10462. Vizcaino, Sebastian, d., 11283. Vizcaya collision, 3713. Vizetelly, Henry Richard, b., 9403 ; d., 10102. Vlaardingen, action at, 10981 . Vladimir, fnd., cap. grand duchy, 1115 1 . I., the Great, baptized, 11131 ; marries Anne, 11132 ; grand duke, 11133 ; d., 11131. , Duke of Kieff, 11133. Vladislav. (See Ladislaus.) II., duke, 5033; king, 5043; abdicates, 505i. Vladivostok fortified, 11221 . Vlaemoche Rederyleer issued, 5443. Vlamingh, explorer, 4933. Voeux, Sir G. Wm., des. gov., 11032. Vogel, Eduard, b., 8142 ; d., 8201. Yoges, Capt. ordered to Fort Pickens, 1921. Vogt, Karl, b., 8122 ; works, 8163, 8203. Vogue, Chas. Jean Melchior, b., 7243. Voigt, Johannes, b., 8043 ; d., 8221 . Voirol, Gen., gov. Algeria, 92. Voiture, Vincent, b., 086 1 ; Uranie, 6891; d., 6883. Volagt: attacked, 6161. Vola'piik, invented, 7541 ; successful, 3323; convention held, 3662. Volcano de Agua, destroys Guatemala, 10383. Volhynia, Russia, invaded, 11181. Volkmann, Alfred Wilhelm, b., 8071 ; d., 8282. Volney, Cointe, Cnnstautin Francois Chas- sebceuf de, b., 7023 ; d., 722a. Vologarses III., king in Armenia, 11533. Volontaire captures Aspasia, 1231. Volpiscus, Flavius, Augustan History, 10071. Volscii, defeated. 10501 ; subjugated, 10532. Volta, Count, Alessandro, b., 10842 ; elec- trophorus improved, 9221 ; researches, 9242; dis. chemical electricity, 10841; d., 10862. Voltaic arc exhibited, 9362. battery inv., 10841 ; improved, 9381 . Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de, b., 6943; works, 6013, 6972, 6991,2, 7012, 7032 ; leader, 7011 ; in Eng., 9072; .1., 7043. Volteline, Protestant, massacred, 1137 2 . Volterra, Daniele da, b. ; Descent from Cross, 10802 ; d., 10803. Voltri, It., Fr. defeat, 7141 . Volturno, It., action at, 10881 . Voluntary School Society fmd., 9523. Volunteer wins yacht race, 3273 ; pur- chased, 3353. Volunteer Army Service corps est., 9721 . force est., 926 1 , 932 1 ; appropriation, Eng., 9772. Reserve for Navy Act, G. B., 962i . Volunteers for Mexican war, 1011, 1643 ; for Civil war, 1922, 1942, 1952,1973,2101' a, 2111, 2362, 2373, 2413; favored in Ohio, 2032. organized, Can., 5812. Volunteers, Ger. calls for, 8111 . First Middlesex, fmd., Eng., 9321; Officers' Decoration instituted, 1010 1 . Act amended, 9732. Volusianus killed, 10671 . Vornpomem annexed to Prus., 7993. Vondel, Joost van den, b.-d., 10983; works, 11012. Voorhees, Daniel Wolsey, b., 134 2 ; Bank Issue Bill, 4363. Repeal Bill passes, 4431 . Vorontzof, Mikhail Seminovitch,b.,1116 2 ; d., 11182. Vorosmarty, Mihaly, b., 5191 ; d., 5242. Vorstius, Conrad, b., 7922 ; d., 7943. Vortigern, king, 8412. Vos, Jan, Aaron and Titus, Medea, 11012. Vosges, Fr., Fr. army defeated, 7422. Voss, Johann Heinrich, b., 8022 ; works, 8051, 8071 ; d., 8123. , R., works, 8322, 8342. Vossem, Peace of, 6933. Vossius, or Voss, Gerard Johannes, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. , Isaac, b., 7943 ; d., 7982. Vote, Congress enforces right to, 2711 . Voting by proxy abolished, 9813. (See Suffrage.) Vouet, Simon, b., 6842 ; d., 6883. Vound, chieftain, leader, 5653. Vouti, expedition, 610 1 ; patronizes art and science, 6102; enthroned, 0113, 6131. Vox Femr/iiiia issued, 11102. Vratislav I., duke, 6032. II., duke ; king, 5033. Vrizy stormed, 7402., Vroom, Peter D., gov. N. J., 1373, 1433. Vrooman, Henry, d., 3382. Vucatovitch surrenders, 5261. Vuillaume, Jean Baptiste, b. ( 7131; d., 7482. Vulcan launched, 10001 . , planet, discovered, 7342. Vulgate Bible, Mentz, 7871 . Vulpius, Christian A., b., 8023. Vulso, L. Manlius, naval com., 10523. Vyver, Van de, A., promoted bp., 3403. , S. Van de, installed bishop, 3462. W. Waagen, Gustav Friedrich, b., 8063 ; d., 8243. "Wabash, I ml., train wreckers, 3851. College established, 1403. R. R., robbery, 4242. and Erie Canal completed, 1712. Wace, Master Robert, b.-d., 8482 ; works, 8503. Wac liter, Johann, b., 7963 ; d., 8023. , Karl Georg von, b., 8063 ; d., 8301 . Wachusett captures Flnrida, 2383. Waddington, Wm. Henri, b., 7242 ; min- ister, 7473, 7512 ; ambassador at Berlin, 751 2 ; premier, 7513 ; resigns, 7531 Congre of Berlin, 8311; London Con- ference, 9932 ; d., 8661. Wade, Benj. Franklin, b., 108 2 ; senator, 1692 ; on Committee of 13, 1892 ; on war investigation com., 2031 ; pres. senate, 2572; conven. vote, v. -Pres., 2631 ; com- mission, 2732; d.,2982; , Field-Marshal, commander-in-chief; Royalist commander, 9101 . , James F., a colonel, 3261 . Wadesmill, TlmmasClark lueinorial, 9841 . Wadhnins, Edgar P., cons. R. C. bp., 2782. Wadleigh, Bainbridge, 3761. , Geo. H., promoted captain, 4481 . Wadswoitli, .lames, b., 761 ; d., 1562. , Samuel, b. (1807) ; in Army of Potomac, 2043 ; defends Wash., 2061 ; nom. for gov., 2152 ; k., 2322 ; d., 2332. , W., b., 1602. .Joseph, Charter Oak, 61'; intimi- dates Gov. Fletcher, 533. Wage-workers' Political Alliance peti- tions president, 3703. Wager, Sir Charles, b. (1666) ; lord admi- ralty, 9073 ; d. (1743). River, Capt. Back's voyage, 9481. Wages regulated by law, Eng., 8671 ; table of, 8971 ; of harvestmen, 907', 9112, 9152, 9252, 9272, 9311, 9431 ; laborers', 8691, 8971,9491. Waggoner, Link, killed, 4703. Waghausel, Ger., battle at, 818L Wagner Inlet, visited, 5751 . Wagn-Wals. Text Figures denote Page. INDxLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1441 Wagner, Irving P., b., 1702. , John, commander G. A. R., 3043. , Moritz, b., 8102 ; d., 8321 . , Kicbard, b., 8082 ; operas, 816' , 8243, 8281 , 9781 ; London festival, 9821 ; d., , Rudolph Johannes, b.,8123; d.,830i. , Wilhelm Eichard, b., 8102; d., 8302. Palace Car Co. incorporated, 2613. Wagram, Aust., battle of, 5183. Wagsham Gobazye revolts, 32, Wahabis, 4861 to 488 2 ; insurrection of, 11662; overthrown, 11573. Wahayama, floods, 10921 . Wahlstatt, Silesia, battle at, 7201 . Wahoo Swamp, Indian fight at, 1461 . Waiapu, N. Z., see of, est., 9583; Bp. Stu- art elected, 9803; Bp. Williams cons., 10121 . Waijen enthroned, 6112. Wailly, Charles de, b., 6983; d., 7131. Wainwright, Jonathan M., d., 2191 . , Mayhew, b. (1792) ; cons. P. E. bishop, 1702; d., 1741. Wairarapu wrecked, 11033. Waite, Gen. Carlos Adolphus, b. (1800) ; commands in Tex., 1921 ; d., 2521 . , Davis H., gov., 4471; arrested ; ac- quitted, 4702; nom. for gov., 471 2. , Morrison Remick, b., 1242 ; chief jus- tice, 2852; N. Y. and N. H. case, 3133 ; d., 3282. Waithman, Robert, lord mayor London, 9413; obelisk in memory of, 9461 . Waitzen, Hung., action at, 5222. Wakayama, lives lost ; famine, 10921 . Wake Forest, N. C, College est., 1423. , William, archbp. Canterbury, 9043. Wakefield, Bng., battle, 8641; Bishop Walsham cons., 9983. , Mass., quarter-millennial anniver- sary, 4613. , R. I., burglars, 4602. , Edward Gibbon, b., 9233; d. (1862). , Gilbert, b., 9143; d.,9303. , Mrs. Priscilla, est. bank, 9311 , Wakes, regulations for, Eng., 869 2 ; intro- duction, It., 10713. Wakkersoon, mission, 11243. Wakley, Thomas, b., 9263; d., 9662. Walbrook Church completed, 8941 . Walch, Christian Wilhelm Franz, b., 8002; d., 8042. Walcher, Bishop, Earl, d., 8482. Walcheren expedition fails, 9341 . , Isle of, fever ravages army, 9341 . Walckenaer, Charles Athanase, b., 7042 ; d., 7322. Walcott, Charles Doolittle, b. (1850) ; in interior department, 4472. Waldashach, Prussian victory, 8242. Waldeck, Count [Prince of Prus.], (Georg Friedrich), b. (1620) ; at Munster, 7903 ; defeated at Fleurus, 5421 ; d. (1692). , Count (Jean Fred.), d., 7501 . Pyrmont, Ger., principality, 7992 j new constitution, 8113. Rousseau, minister, 7532, 7543. Waldegrave, Earl of, title created, 9051 . Waldemar, Prince, elected Prince of Bul- garia ; declines, 567 *. I. (Valdemar), b.-d.; conquests ; de- feats, 635i ; builos Copenhagen ; elected, 6353. II.,inBornhceved; inPrus.; in Rus.; unfurls standard, 6351 ; converts pagans, 6352; attempts to regain Holstein ; im- prisoned ; loses power ; reigns ; unsuc- cessful in Nor. and Swe., 6353; d., 6351 ; kingdom divided, 637 1 . III. accepts peace of Stralsmund ; reigns, 6372; d.,6362. TV., of Den., ravages Sweden, 11341 . V. reigns, 11351 . (false) appears, 7833. Walden, Baron Howard de, title created, 8772. , John M., elected M. E. bishop, 3163. Waldenses appear, 6702 ; massacred at Toulouse, 6703; persecuted, 8822; tolera- tion, 8883, 8892. (See Vaudois.) Waldhouser, Conrad, attempts reforma- tion, 5062. Waldis, Burkhard, b. (1500+) ; works, 791 1 . Waldo, Daniel, b. (1762) ; d., 2373. , Pierre, b.-d., 6683. Waldoborough, Me., settled, 652. Waldseemiiller, Martin, b. (1470+); d.,7882. Wales, invaded, 7121 ; Romans resisted, 8391 ; leek, national emblem, 8401 ; Eng. language in ; see of Asaph; see of Clan- ilail, K403; early kings, 8432; devastated, 8442; earlyrulers, 8452,3,8473,8493, 8551 ; Roderie rules, 845 2 ; subjugated, 8461; wolves' heads as tribute, 8471 ; conquest of, 8541,8552; insurrection; statute of W. promulgated ; 8553; united to Eng., 8553, 8692; rebellion, 8601; Merthyr- Tydvil canal opd., 0273 ; Fr. invasion, 9281 ; St. David's Coll. fnd., 9411 ; chain suspension bridge erected, 9421; Brit. Tubular Suspension Bridge erected ; Conway Tubular Bridge erected, 9541 ; Aberystwith College (nil., 9763 ; strike, 9772,3, 10023, 10071 , 10111 ; tithe collec- tors mobbed, 10003 ; earthquake, 10081 , 10101 ; University College, library opd., 10082; coal-pit explosion ami lire, 10093, 10113, 10123 ; Great Western Colliery fire, 10113. Walewski, Comte Alexandre Florian Jo- seph Colonna,b., 7191 ; resigns, 7352,7373; d.,7382. Walhalla, Bavaria, begun, 8141 . , S. C, W. Female College opd., 2782; Alger College org., 2963. Wali.l I., calif, 4852. II., calif, 4852. Walke, Commander Henry, b. (1808) ; passes Island No. 10, 2061 . Walker, senator seated, N. Y., 3992. .makes ice, 922 1; friction matches, , Amasa, b., 1082; d., 2881 . , Andrew, est. Ragged School, 9491; gift of, 9821. - — , Sir Charles P. Beauchamp, d., 10102. , D. A., Civil Service commissioner, , David, hanged, 3303. , S., governor Fla.,2553. - — , Francis Amasa, b. (1840); works, 3031 ; Monetary Conference, 4132. , Frederick, b., 9502; d.,9802. , George Leon, Thomas Hooker, 39&2. , , defense of Londonderry, 8981 . , Gilbert Carleton, b. (1832) ; gov. Va., 2732; Va. reconstrurte.l, 2693; d. (1885). , Henderson, b. (1660) : gov. N. C, 552; d. (1704). , Horatio, in Acad, of Design, 3981 . , Sir Hovenden, b. (1660+) ; at Quebec, 561 ; d. (1726). , James, b., 1042 ; president Harvard, 173i; d., 2861. , B., presidential vote for, 2932 ; electoral vote, 295 2 . - — , P., d., 3641. , John, b., 9082 ; d., 9331 . , George, rear-adm., 4481 , , Joseph, governor La., 1692. , H., b., 1362. , Leroy Pope, Confed. sec. war, 1913 ; at Pocotaligo, 2143 ; near Tupelo, 2362; d. (1888). , Rev. R. H., Uganda mission, 5621 . , Robert John, b. (1801) ; gov. Kan., 1831 ,3; sec. treas., 1592; d., 2681 . , Samuel, lord chancellor, 10092. , Sears Cook, b., 1122; d., 1722. , William, filibuster, b., 1322 ; sails for Cal., 1732; in Lower Cal.; in Sonora, 1743; defeats Nicaraguans, 1761 ; leaves N. Y-, 1783 ; at Nicaragua ; recognized as pres., 1803; expedition lands, 1823 ; expedition wreeked, 1851 ; sails for Hon- duras, 1882; in Costa Rica, 6311; in Guatemala, 1038 2 ; driven from Nica- ragua; aids Nicaragua, 11032 ; d., 1862. , W., cons. P. E. bishop, 3142. Williston, work, 4782. Walking-sticks, term applied to M.P., 9832. Walk-in-the-lVitter launched, 1273. Wall, great Chinese, built, 6101; Agrico- la's, 8391; Antoninus's, 8392; Severus' 8401. Wall, D. C, bomb discovered, 4611. Wallace, Ida., fire, 3653. , Alfred Russell, b., 9403 ; works, 9621 ; 9743, 10022. , Capt., at Wounded Knee, 3741. , Corporal, shot, 9891 . , D. A., moderator, 2411 . , David, b. (1799) ; gov., 1492; d. (1859). , Horace Binney, b., 1262; d., 1781. , Joseph, work, 47S 2 . , Gen. Lewis, b. (1827) ; works, 2823, 3063, 3323, 3502, 4442 ; saves Cincinnati, 2122; on the Monocacy, 2361 ; military commission, 247 2 ; gov. New Mex., 3012. Wallace, N. Clarke, comptroller customs, Can., 5952, 5963. , Sir Richard, gift to Paris, 7463; d., 10041. ■ , Rush R., commodore, 4561 . , Prof. William, b. (1768) ; pantagraph improved, 9401 ; d. (1843). , , b.-d., 8542 ; defeats Eng., 8561 ; executed, 857 1 . , H., governor WaBh., 2032, 2293 = speaker, 2932. , Harvey Lamb, b. (1821); d.,2072. , M., commissioned major, 4561 . , Vincent, b., 9363; d., 9681 . Wallachia, conquered, 11561 ; revolts, 11562 ; Aust. enter, 5241 • army with- drawn, 5252; evacuated; invasions of; laid waste; uprising, 11121; gov't pur- chased by Alex. ; oath to Russian queen ; princes purchase appointments ; re- turned, 11122. Wallachians expelled from Poland, 11141 . Wallack, James William, b. (1795) ; opens theater, 1721; d.,241i. , Lester (John Johnstone W.), b. (1820); d.,330i. Walla-Walla, printing-press set up, 151 1 ; missionaries murdered, 1623 ; constitu- tion convention, 2992 ; Witman College opened, 3143. Wallenstein, Albrecht Eusebius von, Duke of Friedland, b., 7922; defeats Protest- ants, 5121 ; dismissal, 6121 , 7941 ; peace atLubeck; recalled, 5121 ; invades Den., 6361; D. of Meckleuburg, 6373; com- mands imperial army ; in Nuremburg, 7941 ; cruelty ; faces Gustavus ; relieves Maximilian, 7942; prince of emp.,7952; lands bestowed ; power alarms ; army disbanded ; loses favor ; treason ; at Eger; assassinated, 7953 ; d., 7943. Waller, Edmund, b., 8781; works, 8803, 8851,8883,8903; plot of , 8853 ; d., 8962. , Thomas M., gov. Conn., 3152; World's Fair Commission, 3633. , Sir William, parliamentary gen., b., 876 2 ; at Landsdown ; at Cropredy Bridge, 8841; d.,8922. Wallia fights for Romans, 10701 . Wallin, Johan Olif , b. (1779) ; National Hymn Bonk of Sweden, 11362; d. (1839). Walling, Henry Francis, d., 3301 . Wallingford, Conn., Baptist church, 623. Wallis, Samuel, voyage, 9161; explora- tions, 4932 ; d. (1795). , Dr., deaf mutes, 8871 . , John, b., 8801 ; d., 9022. , Sir Provo William Parry, d., 10081 . Wallon, Henri Alexandre, b., 7192; works, 7303, 7351, 7363, 7482, 7522, 7602; minis- ter, 7493. Walloons, persecuted, 301 ; build Fort Orange; in N. Y., 31 1; near Hudson River, 312. Wallscourt, Baron, title created, 9311. Walmannsthal, mission, 11241 . Walmesley, Charles, b., 9062 ; d. (1797), 9283. Walpole, N. H., Farmer's Museum, 1043. .Horace, E. of Orford, b., 9062; Cas- tle of Otranto, 9171 ; d. (1797). , Sir Robert, E. of Orford, b., 8942; bill, 672; minister, 9033; premier, 9053, 907 3 ; resigns ; created E. of Orford, 9113; d.,9103. , Spencer Horatio, b. (1806); minister, 9573, 9632, 9692; withdraws, 9633. Walram, Archbp., freed, 7822. Walruff, John, upholds prohibition, 3232„ Walsh, John, minister, resigns, 303 2 . , , b. (1830); cons., 5822; archbp., 5882; testimony, 9993. , Henry, d., 998L , Mayor of Wexford, imprisoned, 10051. , Michael, convicted of murder, 9903. , Mr., arrested, 9863. ,N., printing in Celtic letters, 8743. , Patrick, senator for Ga., 455 2 . , , executed, 9903. , Robert, b., 962; Am. Quarterly Be- view, 1351 ; d., 1842. , Thomas, arrested, 9891 . , William, cons, bp., 10063. , J. cons, archbp., 9922. , Parkerham, elected bp., 980 a . Walsham, William, cons, bp., 9983. Walsingham, Baron, title created, 9212. 1442 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Wals-Wash.. Walsingham, Sir Francis, b., 868=: minis- ter, 8753; d. (1590;. Walthall, Edward Cary, b., 1382. Waltham, Mass., first power cotton mill, 1231; statuary destroyed, 4642. Walter, Hubert, death of, 8522. , Johann Gottlieb, b., 8002; d., 8122. , John, b., 9103; logographic printing, 9222; d., 10121. of the Strong Hand appears, 7723. , the Penniless, nobility support, 6683; in Crusade, 10743. , Thomas Ustick, b., 1122; d., 328'. Waltheof, Earl, beheaded, 849' . Walther von der Vogehveide, b.-d., 7782; collection for choral singing, 7892. Walters, Mr., gift to Art Museum, 3381 . , Robert, mayor N. Y., 59 3 . , William Thompson, d., 4761. Walton, Ind., tenant shot, 4403. Junction, Eiig., R.R. accident, 9713. , F. A., absconds, 3523. , Geo., b. (1740±); gov. Ga., 1013; d., 1122. , Izaak, b., 8762; Complete Angler, 8883; d., 8962. Waltz introduced into England, 9372. Waltzeemiiller, Martin, names America, 171. Walworth, Frank M-, sentenced, 2931 . ■ , Reuben Hyde, b. (1789); d., 2582. , William, lord mayor London, 8611 . Wamba, subdues Saracens, 11251 • reigns, 11253. Wambe wrecked, 3113. Wampanoags defeated in R. I., 461 . Wampum; currency, 313. Wanamaker, Alfred, a suicide, 3683. , John, b. (1837); p.-m. gen., 3372; Log College eel., 3443; letter-box order,415i. Wanborough, battle at, 8421 . Wandewasli, India, action at, 9142, 10442. Wandsworth, Eng., first Presb. church, 8743; j r on tramroad, 9301 . Wangeman, A. G., robbed, 4762. Wangti, inventions of, 6101 . Wanleli, land grant, 6152; d., 6142. WangMaug rebellion, China, 6101,6113; enthroned, 6113. Wanstead, Eng., Orphan Asylum est. ,9422. Wantage, Baron, title created, 9871. Wanton, Gideon, gov. R. I., 672. , John, gov. R. 1., 633. , William, gov. R. I., 632. Wapping, E. India warehouse burned, 9273. War, Civil, war funds, 1972; loan, 1973; appropriations, 1992 ; investigation, Cong., 2913, 2031; able governors, 2032; complications; Order No. 1, 203 3 ; daily cost, 2093; last loan, 2433; ends, 2473; total cost, 2491 . (See pp. 188-248.) , French and Indian. (See pp. 68-73.) .King Philip's (Indian). ( See pp.44-46.) — , Mexican. (See pp. 158-164). of 1812, Cong, declares war, 1192; politics in, 1173; New Eng. opposes, 1173, 1193. (See pp. 118-123.) — — , Revolutionary, for American Inde- pendence. (See pp. 80-97.) Warbeck, Perkin, pretender ; at Beaulieu monastery, 8671; attacks; defeated; hanged, 8661 . Warburg, Prus., French defeat, 7021 , 8021 . Warburton, Eliot Bartholomew George, b., 9351; d., 9582. , Wm, b., 900= Ward, Artemas, 1 chief, 802; d., 1082. , Artemus, humorist. (See Brown, C.F.) , Edgar M., Academy Design, 3141 . , Sir Edward, lord keeper, 901 3 . , Edward Matthew, b., 9382; d. (1879). — , Elizabeth Phelps, b. (1844); Doctor Zay, 3191 . , Ferdinand, indicted, 3411; released from Sing Sing, 4063. , Freda, assaulted, 4002. , Frederick, b. (1851); enters service; reorganizes army, 6201 ; d. (1862). , Gen., envoy at Peking, 185 3 . , Sir H., gov., 10491. , Herbert D., work, 3743. , Mrs. Humphry (Mary Augusta Ar- nold), b. (1851); works, 9983. , John, d. 10041 . , Quincy Adams, b., 1382; paints, 1821,2023; Acad. Design, 2291; statue of Lincoln, 2901 , of Washington, 3121 . Ward, John S., breach of privilege, 9852. , Marcus Lawrence, b. (1812); gov. N. J., 2553; vetoes, 2612; d. (1884). , Mr., expelled H. C. for forgery, 9072. -, Nathaniel, b. (157S+); Simple Cobbler of Agawam, 383; d. (1653+). , N. B., devises Wardian cases, 9441 . , Radcliffe, electric omnibus, 10001 . , Richard, b. (16S9); gov., 652; d. (1763). , Robert Plumer, b., 9163; d. (1846). , Rodney C, d., 3442. , S., gov. India, 10491 . , Sam., b. (1725); gov. R. I., 732, 753; opposes Stamp Act, 752; d. (1776). Warden, D., train wrecker, 4642. Wardian Cases devised, 9441 . Wardley, James, revives Friends' Society, 9123. Wardner, Ida., non-union men, 4103; U.S. troops, 410' . Wardrop, Maj., in Sudan, 6602. Ware, Edward Ash, cons. bp. Derby, 10022. , Henry, Jr., b., 1042; Harvard prof., 1123; d., 1562. , , b., 741 ; d. (1845). , , cons, bp., 10022. , William, b., 1062; d., 1702. Wareham, Eng., taken, 8441 . Warham, Wm., b. (1450-;-); archbp. Can- terbury, 8622; lord chan., 8672; d. (1532). Warehousemen's Asso. org., U. S., 3932. Warehouse system est., 1612. Waring, Edward John, d., 10042. , George E., b. (1833); work, 4782; d. (1898). Warm Springs, Va., action at, 2262. Warmouth, Henry C., gov. La., 265 2 ; sus- pended, 2793. faction, New Orleans, 4002. Warmstadt, battle at, 7761 . Warner, A. J., pres. Silver Conven., 3492. , Charles Dudley, b., 1362 ; works, 2723,2802, 2823, 2943, 2983, 3003, 3263, 3503, 3963. , Daniel B., pres. Liberia, Afr., 11612. , JohnD., b., 1682. , Olin Levi, b. (1844) ; sculptor, 3161 ; Academy of Design, 3501 . , Seth, b., 642; at Crown Point, 801; d., 962. , Susan (Elizabeth Wetherell),b., 1281 ; works, 1683, 3031 ; d., 3202. , William, b. (1840); commander-in- chief, 3303. , Maj. , nom. for gov. Mo., 4071 . , , b. (1558) ; Albion y s England, 8763; d. (1609). Observatory est., Rochester, 3021 . Warrants, general, illegal, Eng., 9173. Warren, R. I., Brown University est., 742. Baptist Association formed, 74 2 . , Charles, b.,9403. , Sir , commissioner with Kruger, 6032. , Sir , excavations at Jerusalem, 11581. , Fitz Henry, d., 2982. , Francis E., b., 1562; gov. Wyo., 3492, 3671 . , Gouverneur Kemble, b., 1382 ; north of Rapidan, 2321 ; at Spot tsylvania, 2323; takes Weldon R. R. ; at Globe Tavern, 2372 ; at Peeble's Farm, 2383; at Hatch- er's Run, 2391 ; at Five Forks ; reenforcea Sheridan; relieved, 2443 ; d., 3102. , John, b., 683 ; d. (1815). , Sir John Borlase, b.,9123 ; captures Fr. ships, 9231 ; blockades Chesapeake Bay, 1201; d.,9403. , Collins, anatomist, b., 912; d., 1781. , Joseph, b., 642; leaves Harvard, 723; massacre oration, 831 ; d., 823. , Lieut., wins rifle prize, 9941. . Mercy, b., 602; Am. Revolution, 1131 . , Sir Peter, b., 9022; d., 9123. , Samuel, b., 9331 ; works, 9443 ; d., 9822. , S. D., estate damaged, 464 2 . , Wm., Jr., b., 1183 ; d., 3301 . Warrenne, Earl, treachery of, 855 3 . Warrensburg, Mo., Confederates defeated, 2051; State Normal School est., 2763. Warrenstown, Ire., tenants' right demon- stration, 9571 , Warrenton, Mo., Central Wesleyan Coll. fnd., 2412; collision, 3611 . , Va., Federals take, 2141 ; action, 2151 ; Confederates defeated, 2212. Warriner, Francis, b. (1805); d., 2521. Warrington, Lewis, b., 951 ; d., 1682. Warrior launched, 9641 . Warrior, Ala., Prohibitionist killed, 4003. Warsaw, Mo., battle near, 1961 . , N. Y., Liberty Party Conven. meetB, at, 1512; rock salt dis., 2981 . , Aust., enlarged, 5193. - — , Rus., diet est. at, 11152 ; Polish de- feat, 11141 ; alliance of; capital of Po- land, 11153; surrenders to Charles XII., 11141 ; Rus. garrison expelled; taken, 11161 ; a duchy ; annexed to Saxony ; general diet at ; overrun ; revolution, 11173; riot, 11191 ; sovereigns meet, 8212; besieged, 11192 ; Reign of Terror, 11181 ; military arrests 11182; decree on educa- tion; Univ. provided for, 11183; martial law, 11212; Nihilist printing-est., 11211; anarchists arrested ; bomb in Greek ch.; centenary of partition of Poland, 11223. Wartburg, Cape Colony, mission, 5983. , Ger., festival of, 8123. , Evan. Luth. General Synod org., 2942. Wartenburg, Prus., battle of, 7202. Warton, Joseph, b., 9062. , Thomas, b., 9081 • poet laureate, 9151 ; d., 9243. , William, Hist, of Eng. Poetry, 9192. Warwick, Abraham, surety for Jefferson Davis, 2563. , E. of (Richard Neville), b.-d., 8622 ; arrested, 861 2 ; captures Sp. fleet, 8621 ; in Eng., 8643; intrigues against king; instigates rebellion; declared traitor, killed, 8652. , Earl of, title created, 9112. , Earl of. (See Edward Plantagenet.) , Earl of. (See Dudley, John ; Rich, Robert). , John G., d., 4121 . Warwickshire, Eng., Kenilworth castle built, 8482 ; miners strike, 981 1 . Washburn, Cadwallader Colden,b. (1818); on Committee of 33, 1891 ; commands Tex. expedition, 2281; gov. Wis., 2811; d. (1882). , Emory, b. (1800); gov. Mass., 1771 . , Israel, Jr., b. (1813) ; gov. Me., 2032 ; occupies Helena, 2101 ; near La Grange, 218i; d., 3122. , John W., defaulter, 4382. , Peter Thacher, b. (1814) ; gov. Yt., 2693 ; d. (1870). , Wm. Barrett, b. (1820) ; gov. Mass., 2811; d. (1887). , : Drew, b., 1382. College org., 250 2 . Flour Mills, Wis., burn, 2993. Washburne, Elihu Benjamin, b. (1816); defends Grant, 2073; Joint Com. of Re- construction, 2493 ; gee. state retires ; minister to Fr., 2671 ; nom. for pres. can- didate, 3043, 3051 ; work, 3291 ; d., 3262. , Hempstead, mayor, Chicago, 3811 ; closes gambling-houses, 3823. Wasltituitun puts to sea, 1241, sails, 1623. , state : Alexander Mackenzie reaches coast, 1041 ; Territory created, 1743 ; printing-press set up, 151i , Isaac I. Stevens, gov., 1743; J. p, Anderson, gov., 1832; Fayette M'Mullen, gov.. 1833; Univ. est., Seattle, 1991; R. D. Gohlson, gov.;.Wm. Pickering, gov.; Wm. H. Wallace, gov., 2032; Nat. Deaf Mute Coll. opd., 2352; Marshall F. Moore, gov., 2593; Alvin Flanders, gov., 2683; Ed. S. Salomon, gov., 2732; Elj. shaP. Ferry, gov., 291'; Constitutional Conven.; Constitution ratified, 2992,3; Wm. A. Newell, gov., 3052; Free Meth. Conf.org., 3182; Watson C. Squire.gov., 3193; Chinese protected. 3211 ,3, 3232; Anti-Chinese riot, 3232; school for defective youths opd., 3263, Normal School at Lynden, 3242, tunnel under Cascade Range, 3313 ; insane asylum opens, 3332; Bill to admit, 3363; Ena- bling Act signed, 337' ; Gen, Congrega- tional Asso. org., 3422; E. P. Ferry nom. for gov.; Eugene Semple nom. for gov., 345'; constitution ratified; Prohibition law rejected, 347'; admitted, 3472; storm, 3521 ; cattle thieves, 3802, -wheat crop destroyed, 386'; Italians riotous, race-fight, 3863; state Railroad Com- missioners, 359' ; Great Northern R. R. completed, 4213; gold strike, 430'; John H. McGraw, gov., 4472 ; wheat de- "Wash-Weav. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1443 stroyed, 4493; cloudburst, 4641; fire in mine, 4712: woman suffrage adopted, 343*. "Washington, D. C, cityfnd., 1033; capitol begun, 1041 ; }y (ls h. tin-cite, 1063 ; Intelli- gencer issued, 111 i ; Brit, advance on, 1222; Nat. Library burned, 1232- Am. Colonization Soe.i'inl.,12oi ; eapitolbuilt, 1273, 1341 ; Columbian Univ. fnd., 1311 ; treasury building destroyed, 1433; pat- ent office and post-office burned, 1473; telegraph to Bait, est., 150' ; Democratic Review est., 1483; Soc. for Promotion of Science and Useful Arts est., 152 i ; Naval Observatory est., 1541 ; Kossuth arrives, 1691 ; w. Univ. org., 173' ; aqueduct in- aug., 1733; race riot, 1323; representa- tives in new chamber, 1S3 2 ; senate in new chamber, 1852; patent office com- pleted, 1853; Japanese embassy rec'd 1871; defenses planned, 1901; Lincoln arrives, 1923; defense in Civil War, 1923, 1941 ,2, 1981 , 2061 , 2082, 2123; Con- federate Commissioners in, 1932; balloon ascension, 1963; Holy Angels' Coll. org., 21H; Nat. Acad, of Science est., 2212; Gen. Grant arrives, 2302; Conf. Meth, Epis.org., 2332; Ladies' National Cove- nant fmd., 2333; Gen. Early threatens, 2351, 2361; Smithsonian Institution li- brary burned, 2423 ; review of Fed, army, 2463; obsequies of Lincoln held, 2472 ; polychromy applied to patent office ; dome of capitol frescoed, 250i ; St. Louis Coll. org.; surgeon-gen's of- fice library fnd., 2502; Howard lust, fnd., 2523; Mary Harris tried, 2551; Howard Univ. org., 2583; Corcoran Art Gallery donated, 262 1 , 2701 ; Bureau of Education library fnd., 2623; Chinese embassy in, 2632; Xat. Con veil. Colored Men Asso., 2653; Burlingame treaty ne- gotiated, 2633 ; Clark equatorial mounted, 2S2 1 ; Lincoln Park ; statue of Lincoln, 290 1 ; National Tribune, 2962; Soc. Asso. Charities org., 3072; Chas. Guiteau hanged, 3103; National Theater burns, 3212 ; Cath. Univ. of Am. org., 3232, 3302, 3471; National Economist, 3322 j site of Zoological Park, 3401 j S ale of pardons exposed, 2551 ; Bill to est. Univ. of U. S., 3582; Italo-Amg. hold meeting 387 1; Nat. Art Asso. Cong., 4061; f r . legation an embassy, 4252; Webster statue, 4273; Ford's Thea- ter disaster, 4323 ; Lincoln Memorial Home opd., 4413. (See District of Co- lumbia.) , la., Gen. Ass. United Presb. meets, 2502. , N. J., zinc manufacture, 1501 . , N. C, Federals at, 2051 ; action near, 2082, 2123. , Pa., Wash, and Jefferson Coll. est., 1111; militia arrive, 194 1 ; Slocum rob- bery, 4791. , Bushrod, b., 723; justice, 1092; d., 1362. , George, b., 621 ; surveyor-gen., 673; at Fort Necessity; at Great Meadows; adj.-gen. for Va.; lieut.-col., 681 ; visits Lake Erie; Fr. aggressions, 692, 7021 ; Indians threaten, 69 2 ; brings letter; visits Am. colonies, 693; in Shenandoah Valley, 701; resigns, 703; marries, 71 2 ; at Cambridge ; commander-in-chief, 802, 813; at Boston, 811 , 822, S31 , 1013; at Charlestown, Mass., 82 1 ; no super- vision of navy ; leaves Cambridge ; in New York, 822; gold medal, 831 ; plot against, 833; army report; retreats to New York, 84 1 ; in North Castle, N. Y., retreats to N. J.; in Pa., 843; crosses Bel. at Trenton, 851 ; at Princeton, 861 ; recrosses the Del., 863; forbids games; letter from Howe, 85 2; military power, ■853; at Morristown, SfJi ; force increased, 86 2 ; marches south, 863; in Phila.; en- ters Chesapeake Valley, 87 1; at White Marsh, 881 ; conspiracy against, 8S 2 ; at Monmouth ; at White Plains, 883; at Middlebrook, 901 ; army destitute, 91 1 ; meets Rochambeau, 92 1, 942; troops mutiny, 921 ,3; at Totowa, 923; a lieut.- gen. and adm. of Fr., 933; reenforced "by Fr.; transfers army from N. Y. to Va., 942; at Williamsburg ; Newburgh, headquarters, 943; despatch of victory, :95 2 ; farewell address ; surrenders com- mission, 96'; last circular, 97 1; ad- dresses Congress, 972; inspects O.Val- ley, 97 3 ; pres. Nat. Constitution Con- ven., 992; electoral vote, 1012, 1032 1073; 1st. pres. U. S.; approves Tariff Act, 1012; visiting tour, 1013, 1023, 1051; re-elected pres., 1023; second term; proclamation of neutrality, 1051; lieut.- gen., 1061; ascendency over people, 1071 ; declines 3d term; farewell ad- dress, 1072; meets Cong, last time, 107 3 ; appointed 1st general, 108 1 ; d., 1082, 1091; monument, N. Y., 1622; monu- ment, D. C, 1041, 1742, 2932; farewell address Ms. sold, 1673; statue in Phila., 2661; i u N. Y., 158 1, 180 1, 3121, 3141, and in Milwaukee, 320i . Washington, Joseph E., b., 1682. .Madison, leads uprising slaves, 153 1 . , Martha, d., 1102. , Mary, day at World's Fair, 4403. , Wm. Augustine, b. (1752); d., 1162. and Bait. R. R. sold, 3453. Centennial Arch fnd. , 366 1 . College (non-sect.) org at Chester- town, Md. (1783). (non-Beet.) org. at Wash. Coll., Tenn. (1795). Court-houBe, O., lynchers, 4731 ; tor- nado, 3201 . inauguration, centennial, 349 1 ; tab- let unveiled, 3722; birthday honored, 4251,4532. and Jefferson College org., 1111 . and Lafayette, monument to, 2661 . and Lee University fnd., 67i. monument, description, 318 ! ; black destroyed, 1742; appropriation for, 2932; inaugurated, 3201 . , Treaty of, find., 1553, 2751 , 5833; op- posed, 5833. Univ. (non-sect.) org. at St. Louia, Mo. (1853). Washingtonian temp. movement org., 1511 , Wasp captures Frolic, 11S2; captures Rein- deer, 1221 . lost, 9921 . Wasta, mission, 6571 . Watch and Ward Act enforced, G. B., 9391. Watches mnf. by machinery, 1821 ; first made, 7863; in Eng., 8753; i s t used in Eng., 8833; pocket made, 8882; i nv ., 8941 ; marine inv., 9061 • taxed, 9292. Watchman issued, Eng., 946 3 . Water; components, 7041, 7221; supply, London, 8521 ; salt, freshened, 8961 ; by friction, 9282; decomposed, 9301 , 9541 . Beggars capture Brille, 5401. Waterberg, mission, 11242. Waterbury, Conn., Silas Bronson Library fnd., 2703. , N. J., lawyer, d., 4562. , Vt., Insane Asylum opened, 333 2 . , Ward, kidnapped, 4002. Water-famine, St. Louis, Mo., 4453. Waterford, Conn., Bapt. church org., 572. , Ire., built, 8452; fire, 8473; Trinity Cathedral fnd., 8483; see unites with Lismore, 8582; Richard II. lands, 860 1; W. Flyintj Post, 9091; w. Chronicle, 9171; storm, 9201; cathedral destroyed, 9373; see unites with Cashel, 9462; mar- tello tower attacked, 971 1; Bp. Power cons., 9962; election riots; Irish Nat. Federation, 10071. , Marquis of, title created, 923'. Water-glass invented, 8121 . lily, Victoria Eegia intro., 9482. Waterloo lost, 9513. Waterloo, battle of, 5422, 7221 . , Duke of Brunswick's statue, 5461 . Waterloo Advertiser, 5803. Waterloo Bridge, Va., skirmish at, 2121 , , Sir Sidney. 1. mayor Lond., 9753. Waterman, Robert Whitney, b. (1826); d., 380 1. Water-mills in operation, 10622. organ invented, 10552. Waterpark, E., title created, 9252. Waters, Horace, b., 1183; d., 4281. , Margaret, convicted, 9751 . , Richard, bp. Af. M. E. ch., 1403. , W. E., pres. Wells College, 4682. Watersmeet, Mich., car accident, 3353. Waterspout, Canon City, Colo., 4101; Chang Ping, 6241 ; destructive, 9441 ; Watertown, N. Y., fire, 3553; bank run prevented, 4333; train wreckers, 4663. - — , Wis., Northwestern Univ. org., 2503. Waterville, Me., Colby Univ. fnd., 1291 . Waterways Conven., Nat., meets, 3932. Water Witc h fired on, 1772; Confederates capture, 2341 . Watkins, N. Y., cashier absconds, 4503. Watling Island dis., 132; Columbus on coast, 142. Watrous, George H., d., 3422. , electricity, transmission of, 9121. Watson, Alfred Augustus, b. (1818); cons. P. E. bp., 3163. , Andrew, moderator Gen. Assem., 3742. , Baron, title created, 9871 . , J. B., d.,5013. , James Craig, b. (1838) ; dis. satellites, 1881, 2272, 2581, 2621, 2741, 2761, 2861, 2901, 2961; se ea Vulcan, 2981; intra- Mercurial planets, 3001 ; d., 3041 . , J. Crittenden promoted captain, 326 1 , , John, first Am, artist, 581 . , Fanning, b., 912 ; d., 1862. , Lewis F., d., 3661 . , Richard, bp. of Llandaff, b., 9083 ; d. (1816). , Thomas, b. (1557+) ; work, 875 1; d. (1592). , E., intoxication, 4131 , , William, works, 9863, 10022, 10122, Watt, James, b., 9082 ; mathematical in- struments, 9142 ; method of condensa- tion ; steam-engine inv., 9161, model, 9162; awarded patent, 9181,9221; with Boulton, 9181; expansion engine, 9202 ; in Lunar Society, 9212 ; water composi- tion, 9221; rotary engine, 9241 ; gas used, 9282 ; stereo plates, 9381 ; d., 9383. , Joseph, exports wheat, 2653. , Robert, b., 9191 ; d. (1819). Watteau, Antoine, b., 6923 ; d., 6982. Watterson, Henry, b. (1840) ; nom. for vice- president, 4092. , Hervey McGee, d., 3922. , John Ambrose, b. (1844) ; cons. R. C. bp.,3042; sustained, 4661 . W T attignies, Fr., Austrians defeated, 7101, Watts, George Frederick, b., 9403. , Isaac, b., 8923 ; d., 9122, , John, baptisms, 54 2 . , Thomas Hill, b. (1819) ; gov. Ala., 2293 d., 4141 Waud Ali Shah rules, 10473. Waudenkolk, Adm., captured, 5581. Waugh, Beverly, b. (1789) ; cons. Meth. Epis. bishop, 1462 ; d. (1858). , Daniel, b., 1522, Vauhatehie, Tenn., battle of, 2271 , Waukomis, Okla., bridge burned, 4642 j Waverly, N. Y., A. Hyatt, murderer, 4602. , Tenn., action at, 2143. Wawasset burns, 2833. Waxhaw Creek, S. C, Buford massacre, 921. Way, James, missionary, 4962. , Lewis, Christian Soc. former, 8131. Wayland, Francis, b., 106 1 ; works, 145*, 1491, 1763 ; d., 2481. Wayman, Alex. Washington, b., 1301 , Wayne, Pa., Drexel Industrial College founded, 3362. , Anthony, b., 662 • brig.-gen., 861 ; at Paoli, Pa., 872 ; at Stony Point, 902 ; at Ball's Ferry, 921 ; commander of army, 1021; attacks Indians in O.; builds Fort Greenville; builds Ft. Recovery, 104 1j treaty with Indians, 107i ; d., 1061 . , James Moore, b. (1790) ; justice U. S. Supreme Court, 1453 ; d. (1867). Waynesboro, Ga., Haven Normal Acad- emy founded, 2623. , Va., Sheridan raids; Confederates defeated, 2422. Wazen, sheriff of, detained, 102. Wazirabad mission, 10483. Weadock, Th. A., b., 1682. Wearmouth, library fnd. by Benedict BiB- cop, 8431 ; monastery founded, 8423. Weather Bureau est., 2693 ■ transferred, 3692, 3872. Weathersfield, Conn., conference, 94'. Weathershed, Richard, archbishop, 8522. Weaver, James, B., b. (1833) ; nom. for pres., 305i, 411i, 415 2 ; popular vote, 3051 , 4192 ; electoral vote, 4243. , Jonathan, b. (1824) ; elected bp., 2452. 1444 Text Figures denote Page. 1JN D-K-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. "WeaV— W6sL Weaverville, N. C, college org., 2863. "Weavers riots, England, 935 2 . Weaving in Chile, 605' . Webb captured, 2462. Webb, Alex. Stewart, b. (1835) ; at Brio- tow's Station, 2271 . , Allan B., cons, bishop, 9862. , Charles, b. (1724) ; refuses aid, 701 ; d. (1794±). , James Watson, b., 1102 ; d., 3162. , Lucy Ware, marries R. Hayes, 1711. , Matt... swims English channel, 9813 ; drowned, 3153. , Mohammed Alex. Russell, repudi- ated, 4761 . , Thomas, b. (1724) ; intro. Meth. in Phila., 742 ; d. (1796). , Samuel, Bibliotheca Literaria, 9071 . , Wm. Henry, b. (1816) ; endows col- lege home, 2642. Webbe, John, publisher, 651 . , William, English l'oetrie, 8752. Webber, Chas. Wilkins, b. (1819) ; d., 1781 . , W., arrested, 4623. , W. T. I., cons, bishop, 9922. Weber invents machine ram, 7901 . , Georg, b., 8083 ; d., 8321 . , Baron Karl Maria Friedrich Ernst von, h., 8043 ; d., 8123. , Paul, b., 8122. , Veit, German Ballads, 7871 . , Wilhelm Eduard, b.,S082 ; dismissed from university, 8152 ; d. (1891). Webster Co., Kv., action in, 2151 . , B. C, shoots Goodwin, 3891 , 4163. , Daniel, b., 951 ; enters coll. ,1091 ; stud- ies law, 1133 ; enters Cong., 1192 ; slavery agitation, 129 ' ; oration at Bunker Hill, 1321 , 1541 ; defends Union, 1373 ; opposes removal of funds, 1412 ; nullification de- bate, 1413 ; electoral vote ; popular vote, 1472 ; sec. state, 1532,3, 1553, 1672; signs Wash, treaty, 1553 ; against antislavery friends, 167 1 ; candidate at Whig Con- vention, 1711 ; d., 1702, 1712; 100th An- niversary eel., 3103 ; statues, 3222, 4273. , John, dramatist, works, 8783 ; d., 8882. , , governor, Conn., 411 . , Major, at Huntersville, 2021 . , Katherine, murderess, executed,9343. , Noah, b., 711 ; works, 963, 983, 1003, 1043, 1083, 1363, 1523, 2412; Copyright Act, 1023 ; on Am. policy, 991 ; dictionary revised, 1583 ; d., 1562. , Pelatiah, b. (1725) ; gov't revision, 953 ; d. (1795). , Sir Richard Everard, minister, 9933, 9953 ; counsel for Times, 9993 ; banquet to, 10003. Weckherlin, Rudolf, b. (1584) ; Oden wnd Gesange, 7951 ; d. (1653±). Wedde, funeral attendance, 8331. Wedderburn, Alexander, Baron Lough- borough, Earl of Roslyn, b., 9082 ; com- missioner, 9233 ; d. (1805). Wedel, Georg Wolfgang, b.,7963 ; d., 7983. Wedell, Gen. H. von, Prussian leader,5l61 . Weder, Gen. von, at Belfort, 8261 . Wedgwood, Josiah, b.,9082 ; produces W. pottery, 9161 , 9182 ; d., 9263. , Thomas, photographs produced, 9302. Weed, Stephen Hillsdale, b. (1834); d., 2251. , Thurlow, b., 1062 ; political leader, 1652 ; d., 3102. Weeden, Wm. B., work, 3743. Weehawken captures Atlanta, 2223 ; sinks, 2283. Weekly Memorials for the Ingenius, 8943. Weeks, Francis H., defalcation, 4302. Weems, Mason Locke, b., 1322 ; d. (1825). Weeninx, Jan, b.-d., 11003. Wei, Gen., beheaded by proxy, 6271 . Weiber Ztitung issued, 3742. Weigel, Christian E. von, b., 8003 ; d., 8142. Weighing machine invented, 8062. Weights and Measures, International Con- gress, 7503. Weih, John, convicted of robbery, 4002. Wei-Hai-Wei fortified, G263. Wei-Hien, mission, 6231 . Weik, Jesse W-, joint author, />mco/tt,3502. Weil, Benjamin, claimants, 3993. , Gustav, b., 8083 ; d., 8321 . Weiland, Der Deutsche Merkur, 8051 . Weilburg, Prus. Nassau, balloon at, 9481 . Weili Wang enthroned, 6112. Weimar, Fruchtbringende Soc. fmd., 7951 . Weingarten, treaty of, 789 3 . Weinsburg, Ger., battle of, 5041 , 7881 . Weir, Julian Alden, b. (1852); Academy of Design, 3241. - — , Robert Walter, b., 1102; d. (1889). Weisbach, Julius, d., 8262. Weisbaden, inundated, 830 1; statue of emp., 8361. Weise, Christian, b. (1642); works, 7971; d. (1708). Weishaupt, Adam, b.,8003; fnds. Illumi- nati Soc, 8052; d.,8142. Weiss, Geo. Michael, in Pa., 603. , Jean Jacques, works, 7G61, 7602. Weisse, Christian Felix, b., 8002 ; works, 8031,8051; d., 8082. Weissenberg, tier., battle of, 7381 ; stormed, 8061. Weissert, A. G., commander G.A.R.,4151. Wei Tsing, against Tartars, 6101 . Weitzel, Gen. Godfrey, b. (1835) ; at Don- aldsonville, 2143 ; „n Bayou Tecbe, 2181 ; defeated on James, 239 ' ; occupies Rich- mond, 2451; d. (1884). Wekerle, Dr., fms. new ministry, 5363 ; re- signs, 5382,3 ; conferences ; cabinet, 5383. Wolby, Amelia B., b., 1301 ; d. (1802). , Thomas Kuile, elected bp., 9583. Welcker, Friedrich Gottlieb, b., 8042 ; work, 8132; d., 8243. Weld, Frederick A., gov., 4983, 10492. Wehion Extradition Act, 5872, 5892. , Moses, robbed, 468 3 . R. R., force advances, 2343; Wilson's raid on, 2351. Weleed, El, reigns, Egy., 6552. Welf, or Guelf, of Altorf, duke, 5033. , possesses Bavaria, 7753. — - V., marries Matilda of Tuscany, 10753. VI., claims Bavaria, 777 3 . Welfesholze, Ger., battle of, 7761 . Welfs defeated, 7781. Welhaven, Joliann Sebastian Cammer- meyer, b. (1807); works, 11042 ; d. (1873). Weiland, Out., Tribune, 6803. Canal commenced, 5793 ; opd., 5873; 1st vessel, 1393, 1813. Weller, Congressman, encounter, 1571. , John B., b. (1812) ; gov. Cal., 1852 ; d. (1875). Welles, Edward Randolph, b. (1830); cons. P. E. bp., 2861; d., 3301. , Gideon, b., 1102 ; sec. navy, 1931 ; d., 2982. , Sir Robert, insurrectionist, 865 2 . , Thos., b. (1598); gov., 411 ,2; d. (1660). Wellesley, Mass., Wellesley College org., 2883 ; Martineau statue, 3241 ; Stetson gift, 3362; dedicated, 3471 . , Marquis of, Henry Richard Charles Cowley, d., 9922. (or Wesley), Arthur, Visc't Wellesley, D. of Wellington, b., 9182 ; enters army, 9241; jnParl.; minister, 9333, 9433, 9473, 9512 ; at Vimeiro, 716 2 ; takes Oporto, 7181 -, atTalavera de laReina, 7181 ; titleB conferred, 9341 ; in Sp., 7182; atAlmeida, 9342; in Port., 7181, 9341; campaign in Belg.,722i ; in Fr.; campaign in Sp.,9361 ; created duke; in House, It:;, 3; assassina- tion attempted, 939 2 ; W. shield pre- sented, 9402; conspiracy against, 9412; lord lieut., 9413 ; commander-in-chief, 9421 , 9501 ; premier, 9452 ; opposes Pari, reform, 9452; mobbed, 9471; j n India, 10441 , 2 ; d.,9582 ; funeral, 9573 ; statue, 9521,9981. — — (or Wesley), Marq. of, Richard Cow- ley, b., 9151 ; resigns, 9353 ; lord lieut., 9472; d.,9502. Wellingborough, Eng., shop laborers' strike, 1005 1. , Australia, mission, 4942, 4962 ; coal- mines shut down, 5872. , Kan., cyclone, 4061 . , N. Zealand, New Zealand Co. settles, 11032; see est, 9583; Bp. Hatfield cons., 9742. , Baron of, title created, 9372. , Duke of. (See Welleslev, Arthur.) College, Sandhurst, est., 9611 . Wellingtonia Gigantea, disc, 168'. Wellman top-card cotton stripper, 1721 . Wells, Eng., see created, 8443 ; Bp. Ken- nion cons., 10121 . , David Ames, b., 1362. , ElijaR., d.,3801. , Henry Horatio, b. (1823) ; gov. "Va., 2653. , Horace, b., 1242; d., 164'. Wells, James M., gov. La., 251' Reconstruction Act, 2573. , Lemuel H., Bp. Wash., 4202. , Lord, lord lieut. Ire., 863 2 . , Owen A., b., 1562. , Samuel, b. (1801); gov. Me., 1812 : d. (186S). , Roberts, b., 1282; d. (1876). , William, deputy, 8632. , Gorman, d., 10062. College org., N. Y., 2623. , Fargo and Co., robbery, 399' ; 4063 : 40S3, 4703, 4723. Wellsville, O., R. R. collision, 4413. Wels, Aust., Hungarians defeated, 5021 . Welsh invade Eng., 8601 ; church disest., 1009', 10102; wars, 8501; emigrants in Pa., 492. (See Wales.) Local Option Bill passed, 10053. Presby. Mission Society est., 950 2 . Sunday Liquor Closing Act passed. 9891. - — , Aristides, surety for Jeff. Davis, 3563. , Vicar, hanged, 8702. Weltmann, wife poisoner, 8203. Welwyn, R. R. collision, 9733. AVeiiivss, Baron, title created, 9372. , Earl of, title created, 8831 . Wenceslaus I., king, 5051 . II., prisoner ; king, 5043, 5052; d.,6042 III., reign, 5053; assassinated, 5043. , Prince, king, 5053; reigns in Poland abandons Poland, 11152. , b., 5062 ; K. of Bohemia; K. of Ro- mans, 5072; abdication, 5073; emit. Ger. 5072; war against, 5061 ; proclaims pub- lic peace ; imprisoned, deposed. 785 2 d., 5073. Wen-Chau, mission, 6223. Wenchow, pirates, 6251 . Wenckhein, Baron of, ministry, 5292. Wendell, Barrett, works, 3982, 4203. Wends, defeated, 772 1 ; rebel, 7741 ; drive Ger. to N. Mark, 7752; converted, 7763; revolt, 6351; war with Danes, 6351; i n Bus., 11132. Wenlock, Baron, title created, 9451 . Wenman, William, publisher, 691 . Wennington Junction, K.R. accident, 9853. Wenti, restores literature, 6102; order for old men; abolishes mutilation, 611 1 ; en- throned, 6113, 6131 ; at Techow, 6141 . Wentworth, explorer, 4941 ; at Cartagena. 9101 . , Benning, b., 522; d., 762. , Chas. W., Marq. of Rockingham, b., 9082; ministry, 751 , 953; d., 9232. , John, b. (1815); mem. Cong.; d.,3301. , Sir , b., 622 ; gov. N. H. (1767); gov. N. S., 5753; d., 1282. - — , Peter, protest in Parliament, 8752. , Thos., E. of Strafford, b., 8762; coun- cillor, 8832; lord lieut. ; treason; minis- ter,8833; trial; execution, 885 1 ; d.,8842. Werbach, Baden, battle at, 8243. Werder, Von, August, at Strasburg, 7381 ; takes Nuits, 7421; at Basque, 7423; at Dijon ; at Nuits, 7431 ; at Belfort, 7441 ■ b., 8321. Werf, Van der, Adriaan, b.-d., 11003. Weraeland arrives in Chicago, 4073. , Henrik Arnold, b.-d., 11041; works, 11042. Werner, Count of Hapsburg, 5033. , Abraham Gottlob, b.,8022; d., 8122. , Friedrich Liu 1 wig Z; u ■ h arias, b., 8031 ; 24th of Feb., 8091 ; d., 8123. Wernicke, Christian, b., (1670+) ; Volume of Epigrams, 7991 ; d. (1720+). Werth, Gen. Johann von (Jean de Weert), at Duttlingen, 7961 ; d. (1652). Werts, George Theodore, b. (1846) ; gov. N. J., 4151, 4471.' Wescote, Baron, title created, 917 2 . Wesel, annexed to Fr., 7161 . Wesley, 111., coal-miners riot, 4622. , Charles, b., 9202; sails for Am., 623; returns to Eng., 642; at Oxford, 9073; " rest to his soul," 9091 ; d., 9243. , John, b., 9022,3; early home, 3862; reorg. Christian community, 8962 ; en- ters coll., 9063; sails for Am., 623, 9083; returns from Am. ; builds meeting- houses ; observes Moravians ; curate, 9083; conversion, 9103; in Herrnhut, Ger.; preaching ; slandered; excessive preaching; ducked, 9111; temperance Btand, 9112; hi Ire., 9123, 9151 ; in Scot., 9131; est. Methodist conferences, 9223; Wesl-Weym. Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1445 authority ends in XT. S.,963; anniversary eel., 3541 ; John Wesley Swedish, mission begun, 1582. Wesley, Samuel, b., 8902; marries, 8991. College, Sheffield, opened, 9491 . Wesley an Church. (See Methodists.) College founded, Cincinnati, 155 i . , N. S. W., subscription, -4963. Female College founded, Ont., 5803. Lay Mission started, China, 6242. University, Conn., fnd., 139' ; library fnd.,1423; boat-races, 3153. est., la., 1571 , 1782. org., 111., 1731 ; Hiram Buck gift, 3923. , East, Tenn., org., 2602. at Cameron, Mo., 3283. , Lincoln, Neb., opd., 3322. Wessels, Gen. Henry W., b. (1809+) ; pris- oner at Plymouth, 2321 , Wessex, Eng., Christianized, 8422; rav- aged, 8441 ; annexes Mercia, S453; king- dom fnd., 8413; earldom abolished, 8491 . West Africa synod constituted, 11612. African Conf., slave-trade prohibited, Westall, Richard, b., 9163; d., 9482. West, A. M. , nom. for vice-pres. , 305 1 ,3172 . Belfast, Ire., religious riots, 9943 ,9!«i3. Benj., b., 642; J),2 ; Secret Ballot Lawenacted ; Wm. D. Hoard, gov., 3492; Local Option Bill passed, 351' ; Am. Cath. Clerical Union org., 3522 ; excite- ment ; English in public schools, 3542 ■ Supreme Ct. decision against Bible in schools, 354 2 ; Bennett School Law issue, 3542+ ; Ger. Catholics against Bennett Law, 358 2 ; Republicans divide on Ben- nett Law, 3602, 3731 ; Democrats oppose Bennett Law, 3672, 3 ; Bennett Law re- scinded, 3702, 3763 ; recount gives Re- publicans control, 373' ; land claims filed, 3952 ; settlers rush in, 3953 ; Geo. W. Peck, gov., 3992; special session leg- islature for reapportionment, 409' , 417 2 ; reapportionment invalid ; Apportion- ment Bill; no agreement, 4172; arrested legislators, 4272 ; Anti-Pinkerton Bill, 4273 ; forest fires, 4332, 4353, 4663, 4673, 4713,4733; copper ore found, 442' ; army worm devastates, 466' ; Geo. W. Peck renom. gov., 4712 ; canal survey com- pleted, 4772; Win. II. I'pham, gov. (1895). Univ. org., 1643; Charles Kendall Adams, pres., 4042, 4221 ; Univ. Exten- sion Dept., 4162. Wise, George' Douglas, 1)., 1442. , Henry Alex., b., 1123; gov. Va., 1812; inW.Va.,1982; at Roanoke Island, 204'; d., 266' . , IsaacMayer, b.(1819); presides, 3862. , John, b. (1808) ; balloon ascension, 1841 ; d. (1879). , Mr., steel pens, 932' . , William C, promoted captain, 448' . Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, b. 9303; archbp., 9562 ;/.v,/,;,j/„,!i ( ;03;(j.,9681. Wishar, George, b., 870' ; burned, 869'. "Wisner, Moses, gov. Mich., 187'. , Wm., moderator, 1523. , C, moderator, 1782. Wisnetzar, battle of, 798' . Wissig, Philip threatens, 4523. Wissmann, Hermann von, b. (1853) ; at Zanzibar, 838' , 2 ; at Pangani ; at Wingi, 663' ; explorer, 1093' ; at Lubuku ; fnds. Luluburg and Luebo, 10932. Wistar, Casper, b., 723; d., 1262. Witboy, Hemic, defeated, 8383. Witch, burned in Peru, 11093. Witchcraft, New Eng., punished, 41'; breaks out, 523; victims, 53' . punished, Fr., 685' . felony, Eng., 8692; statute against, 873', 879'; punished, 8943, 1079'; lawa repealed, 9093. Witches executed, 8643, 903' ; test of, 9152. convicted, Fr., 679'; burned, 685'; punished, 6912. burned, It., 1081'. burned, Russia, 11172. burned in Geneva, 11373. Wither, George, b.,8762 ; works, 8802; d 8922. Witherell, Lizzie, burglar, 385' . Withering Wm., b. (1741) ; in Lunar Soc, 9212; d., (1799). 1450 Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. With- "Wood. Witherings, Thomas, postmaster, 8832, Witherington, Buccaneer, at Bahia, 241 . Withers, Jones Mitchel, b. (1814); at Mnr- freesboro, 2171 . Witherspoon, John, b. t 601 ; pres. N. J. Coll., 762,3; moderator, 1462; d., 1042. Withlaeooehee, Fla., Seminoles defeated at, 1441. Witiza reigns, 11253. Witman College, Wash., opd., 3143. Wittekind, Saxon, baptized, 6643; leader; submits to Charlemagne, 7713. Wittenberg, O., W. College org., 1583; Gen. Synod Evan. Luth. of, org., 1623; , Prus., belongs to Saxony, 7791; fa- vored by Golden Bull, 7833 ; Univ., char- tered; Martin Luther, professor, 7871; possessed by allies, 7212 ; retaken, 810i ; Univ. unites with Halle, 8111 . Wittenborg, John, invades Denmark ; ex- ecuted, 7821 . Wittenmeyer, Annie, pres. W. C. T. U., 2911,2943,2971,3011. Witter, Wm., against infant baptism, 37 1. , Speaker of Montana, d., 3771 . Witteric, takes throne of W. Goths, 7712. Witteveen, Pastor, fnds. Ermelo Miss. Society, 11021 , Wittgensteig, Marshal, in Dresden, 7183. Wittingham, William K., b., 1122. Wittstock, Swedes victorious, 5121 . Witu, E. Afr., investigation ; ceded, 5633; captured, 5643. Witzeleben, Karl August Friedrich von, b., 8041 ; d., 8143. Witzius, Hermann, b.-d., 11003. Wladislaw attacks Mark of Brandenburg 7821. . (See LadislauB.) Woburn, Mass., anniversary, 4173. Wodehouse, John, Earl of Kimberley, b., 9422 • u. S. Civil War statement, 9652 ; lordlieut., 9672; minister, 9731,9852, 9912, 9952, 10092 ; chancellor, 9893 ; tar- iff system, 4983. , Sir Philip, governor, 10473. Woden, German god, 7682. Wodrow, Robert, b. (1679) ; d., 9082. Wofford College org., S. C, 1763. Wohler, Friedrich, b., 8071 ; d., 8302. Wohlgemuth, Michael, b., 7842 ; d., 7882. Wokong surrenders, 6202. Wolcott, Edward O., b., 1641 ; Silver Pur- chase Repeal Bill amend., 4231 ; speech, 4372 4391 . , John (Peter Pindar), b., 9103 ; d., 9383. , Oliver, b., 722 ; g0 v. Conn., 1073, 1272 ; d., 1421. , Roger, b., 463 ; gov. Mass., 673; d., 741 . , — -, b. (1847); gov. Mass. (1874+). Wolcottville, Conn., brass kettles, 1441. Wolf, Christian von, b. (1679) ; works, 7991 , 8011; d. (1754). , Friedrich August, b., 8023 ; work, 8071; d.,8123. , George, b. (1777) ; gov. Pa., 1373 ; d. (1840). , J. G., shot, 4723. , Johann Christoph von, b., 7971 ; d., 8022. Wolfall, Master, 1st communion in Am., 5703. Wolfboro, N. H., hall and library dedi- cated, 3522. Wolfdietrich issued, 7803. Wolfe, Arthur, chief justice, 9293. , Charles, b., 9243 ; work, 9391 ; d., 9403. , James, b., 9081; in Am., 702; at Point Levi ; checked at Quebec, 703 ; killed, 721 ; d., 722. Wolff, Albert, b., 8103 ; d., 7621 . , Betjen, works, 11012. , Emil, b., 8082 ; d., 8301 . , Sir H. Drummond, b. (1830) ; signs convention, 6612. , Wilhelm, b., 8121. Wolfley, Lewis, governor, Ariz., 3492. Wolford, Capt., near Lebanon, 2151 . Wollaston, Mass., settlement, 313. , Wm. Hyde, b.,9163 ; solar spectrum, 9302 ; dis. rhodium ; dis. palladium, 9322 ; camera lucida, 9342 ; voltaic battery, 938i; pres. Royal Soc, 9401 ; d.,9423. Wb'llner, Dr., excommunicated, 8263. Wollstonecraft, Mary. (See Godwin, Mrs.) Wolowski, Louis Francois Michel Ray- mond, b., 7191 ; d., 7601. Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, Vise. Wolseley, b., 9462 ; at Fort Garry, 5821 ; for Natal, 6001,2; gov. Cape Colony, 6012,3; re- ceives Zulus, 6013 ; in Sudan, 6601 +; in Cairo, 6612 ; commander ; in Dublin, 10041; in So. Afr. Rep., 11242; in W. Afr., 11612. , "Viscount of, title created, 9871 . Wolsey, Thomas, b., 8642 ; bp.of Lincoln; archbp. of York ; cardinal high chanc, 8673 ; loses favor, 8692 • d. (1530). Wolstenholme's Sound, Canada, dis., 281. Wolverene donated, 4993. Wolverton, Baron, title created, 9651 . , Simon P., b., 1482. Wolves, mandate for destruction of, 8553. Woman practices in U. S. Sup. Ct., 3522. Woman's Christian Temperance Union, germinates at Fredonia, 2831 ; org., 2S62, 2871,2911; Nat. Conven., 2943, 2971, 3011,3032; 3071, 3091, 3131, 3151, 3191, 3203, 3251, 3291, 3712, 3942, 4171, 4402, 4743, 5S83, 5891 ; Worlds W. C. T. U. org., 3151 ; department.of temperance instruc- tion fmd., 3091 ; Temple, Chicago, cor- ner-stone laid, 3701 ; division by seces- sion, 3712; ill-treated in North Dakota, 4263 ; World's Fair session, 4402 ; foun- tain in Willard Hall, 4733; org. in Eng., 10972. , non-partisan fnd., 3623 ; convention, 371 2 , 3943. Committee of Christian Work, 9762. Meth. Epis. College founded, 3322. Municipal League, niass-meeting,4743. Nat. Indian Assn.. mission-work, 3182; at Boston, 3712; at New Haven, 4762. Nat. Triennial Council meets, 378 2 . Prison Association reports, 3762. Relief Corps of U. S., 3862, 3891 . Republican League org., 3311 . Rights Convention meets, 1643. Suffrage campaign, 2592 N. Y., 339 1; adopted in Utah, 2711; campaign In Kan., 2592 ; Constitutional Amend, to secure, 3591 ; Wash, constitu- tional conven. submits, 3431, and re- jected, 347' ; billfor cities rejected, 3572; Suifrage Bill fails, N. Y., 4052 ; conven- tions, 269' ,2,3, 4503; unconstitutional in Mich., 4412. Asso., Am., org., 269 2 ; meetB, 3991,4222,4503. League, N. Y., petition to czar, 3551 ; reception, N. Y., 3802. Amend. Bill reported, 3591 . Bill, Eng., 9932, 9991 , 10092. Soc, annual meeting, 9943 ; Nat. Conven., 9723. Society org. in S. Dak., 3G03. in France, 7632. Women, meeting of, Mass. colony, 323; patriotic Am., 932 ; lawyers in Su- preme Courts, 301i,2; excluded from gov't, 309' ; administration in Kansas, 331' ; stage robbers, 4042 ; inlaw schools, 4071 ; in public offices, Kan., 4543 ; in- spectors of streets, Chicago, 4622. , manners of, Fr., 6751 ; influence in society, 69a 2 ; in factories, 7613 ; labor ; regulated, 7683 ; honored, 7711 . imported, Va., 283, 303, 881' ; posi- tion improved, Eng., 9491 ; marriage property, 975'; degrees denied to, 9791. bill for, 'in Loud. Council rejected, 1001 2 . churching of, Italy, 10643. Women's Clubs, Cell. Federation Conven., 3563 ; Am. Federation, 4063,4583 ; State Federation begins, 4751 . Congress, Paris, 7563. Crusade. (See Temperance.) Education Union founded, 9763. Enfranchisement Society fnd., Can., 5862,5903. Missionary Societies. (See names of various churches.) Protective and Provident League founded, 9792. Wonderful Parliament, England, 8611 . Woo Hoo, riot at, 6251 . How, influence, 6123 ; abdicates; ex- cludes heir, 6132 ; d., 6122. Wood, used to make paper, 268' ; first en- graving, 784 2 ; e ngruvingi in proved, 9242. , Alphonso, b., 1162 ; d., 3062. , Anthony, b., 8822; d., 9002. , Col., at Trenton, 2182. , Sir Charles, Viscount Halifax, min- ister, 9612, 9692; d., 9941. Wood, De Volson, b., 1402. , Fernando, b. (1812) ; mayor N. Y., 179',1903; arrested, 1823 ; resists police law, 183' ; advises secession, 1911 ; leads peace-party, 2233 ; vote for speaker, 283 2 ; d., 3062. , George Bacon, b., 106 2 ; physician, author, d., 3002. , T., governor Tex., 1633. , Sir Henry Evelyn, b. (1838) ; changes made, 6031 ; at Cairo, 6682 ; in Sudan, 6602; against Zulus, 6001 . , Horatio C, b., 1522. , James, b. (1750) ; gov. Va., 1073 ; moderator, 2411 ; d., 2561 . , John George, b., 9423; d., 100O1 . , I., comptroller Can., 595 2 . , F., comptroller Can., 5963. , Leonard, b., 781 . , Lieut.-Col., at Coldwater, 2183. , Marshall W., commissioned major, 4561. — — , Sir Matthew, b. (1768) ; lord mayor, London, 9353; d. (1843). , R. C, sanitary commissioner, 197'. , Reuben, b. (1792) ; gov. O., 1692 ; d. (1864). , Thomas Waterman, b., 130 3 ; paint- ings, 2601, 3021, 3061, 3101, 3121, 3161 , 3181 , 3221 , 3061 ; Acad. Design, 2761 . , Walter Abbott, b. (1815) ; d., 3981 . , Sir Wm. Page, b. (1801) ; lord justice, 9713; minister, 9732; d. (1881). Lake, Minn., Indians defeated, 2141 , Woodberry, George Edward, b. (1855) ; works, 3743. Woodbine, La., Normal School opd., 3183. Woodbridge, Cal., San Joaquin Valley College org., 2962. , N. J., first printing-press, 691. , Wm., b. (1780) ; gov., 1531 ; d. (1861). Woodbury, Tenn., action, 2182, 2202. , George Edward, b., 1761 . , Levi, b., 1001 ; gov. N. H., 1313; B eo. navy, 1392 ; s ec. treas., 1473 ; justice, 1593; d., 1682. Woodfall, William (Junius's), b., 9103. Woodford, William, b. (1735); brig.-gen., commissioned, 86' ; d. (1780). Woodhouso . I unction, U.K. collision, 9773. , Sir Philip, gov. Cape Colony, 5993. Woodhull, Caleb S., gov. N. Y., 1671. , John, b. (1744) ; moderator, 1023; d. (1824). , S. S., pres. Reformed Synod, 1283. Woodland, Cal., Hesperian Coll. org. ,2662. , Wis., cyclone, 1821 . Woodley, A., kills Miss Buchanan, 4583. Woodlock, Bartholomew, cons, bp.,9823. Woodmason, ruling machine, 9302. Woodmen of the World Society est., 3983; statistics, 4471 . Wood-paving unsuccessful, Eng., 9501 . Woodrow, James, evolutionist case, 3402. Woodruff, Carle A., commissioned major, 4501. , Col., at Barbourville, W. Va., 1962. , W. E., accounts short, 3751 ; ac- quitted, 3863. , Wilford, b. (1807) ; Mormor. pres. for- bids plural marriages, 3682 ; completes temple, 4041 . W r oods, George L., gov. Ore., 2553; gov. Utah, 2772 ; d., 3501 .' , John L., gift to college, 4202. , Katharine, Musk to Dawn, 4462. , Leonard, b., 114' ; d., 174' . , William Burnham, !>. 1322 ; justice supreme court, 3052; d. (1887). Woodson, Daniel, acting gov. Kan., 1773 ; against rebellion, 181 1 . , Silas, governor Mo., 2851 . Woodson's Gap, Tenn., action at, 2062. Woodstock, N. B., Carli'tnn .Sentinel, 6791 ; College buildings, 585i ; trial of Bir- chall, 6903. Woodstock, Eng., great park, 8493. , Md., center of population, 1293. , Va., Gen. Banks at, 2052; Confeds. defeated, 2191 . , Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, gov. Ire. ; arrested, 861 2. Woodville, Pa., mob of strikers, 4502. , Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2143. , Anthony, Earl of Rivers, b. (1442) ; works, 8642; beheaded, 8653. .Elizabeth. (See Elizabeth Woodville.) Woodward, Col., at Ft. Donelson, 2121 . , E. T., d., 4521 . Wood-Wris. Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1451 "Woodward, Frederick A., b., 1741 . , Joseph Janvier, b., U2> ; d., 3162. Woodwark, Okla., robbery, 4531 . Woodworth, Mrs., predictions believed, Cal., 3562. , Samuel, b., 962; d., 1542. , William, planing machine, 1361 . "Wool, duties on, Eng., 8552; importation from Ire. prohibited, 9013; commerce of Eng., 8493; first spun, 858* ; Act passed, 9072, 9113; duty repealed, 911a ; law re- pealed, 9413. growers Asso., petition to pres.,3412. Wool, John Ellis, b., 962; commands Fort- ress Monroe, 19S1 ; occupies Norfolk, 2071 ; dept. Maryland, 2083 ; d., 2681 . Woolen Exhibition, International, 9S73. goods manufactured, 1042. manufacture est., Eng., 8562. Woolf, cylinder expansion engine, 9322. Woolley, Henry, White Gaps kill, 4571 . Woolraan, John, b., 5S 2 ; Journal of, 78 2 ; d., 762. Woolner, Thomas, b., 9422 ; statue of queen, 9921. Woolsey, Sarah Ghauncey (Susan Cool- idge), b. {1815 i:) ; Katy Did, 2803. ,Theo.Dwight,b.,110i ;works,143i ,1451 , 1431 , 1551 ; p r es. of Yale, 1611 ; d., 3422. Wool-shearers' strike, Eng., 10051 . Woolson, Constance Fenimore, b. (1848) ; works, 2911, 3031, 3063, 3263, 4783; d. (1894). Woolwich, Eng., arsenal at ; largest gun cast, 110 ton, 9061 ; Royal Military Acad, org., 9101 ; rnagueto-electricity used,950 2 ; dockyard closed ; floating dry-dock launched, 9721 ; arsenal flooded, 9813 j collision on Thames, 9833 ; Gordon's dynamo machine, 9901 ; steam ferry opd., 10013. Woomer, Ephraim, b., 1562. Wooster, O., Univ. of Wooster est., 2543; University org., 2623. , David, b. (1710) ; d., 891 . Woo-sung captured, 616 2 . "Worcester, Cape Colony, mission, 6023. , Eug., see erected, 3423; married priests leave, 816 2 ; threatened, 860 1 ; battle of , 88*1; W. Postman, 8983,9943; anti-ma- chinery riot, 925i ; cathedral opd., 978 2 ; Baxter statue, 9S0 2 . , Mass., granted, 43 3 ; settled, 59i ; Am. Antiquarian Soc. Library, 119i ; knives mfd., 1361 ; College of the Holy Cross org., 1571 ; nre , 1753; Free Public Library fnd., 1843; W. Co. Mutual Asso. org., 2291 ; Polytechnic Inst, org., 2623 ; Normal School opd., 2843; Clark Univ. dedicated, 3463 ; strike, 3611 ; musical festival, 3921 ; summer school, 4102; ex- plosion, 4233. , Earl of. (See Tiptoft, John.) , Earl of, minister, 879 1 . , Earl of, minister, 8793. , Joseph Emerson, b., 962; d., 2482. , missionary, opposed, 1383. ■, Noah, b., 71i ; work, 1403; d., 1482. , Samuel, b. (1770) ; board of commis- sioners, 1163; d. (1821). Worden, John Lorimer, b., 1262; Congress thanks, 2183. Wordner, Ida., fire, 4293. Wordsworth, Christopher, b. (1808±) ; elected bishop, 9533; d. (1885). , John, cons, bishop, 9922. , William, b., 9183; works, 9271 , 9331 , 9371,9563; poet laureate, 9523; d., 9562. Society formed, London, 9862. Work, ten hours legal day's, 1632; eight hours, 2631 . Working classes restless, Eng., 8591 . Girls Clubs, conven.,2563, 4583, Workingmen, Cong, at Brussels, 5451. , New Eng. Association, 1591 . Workingmen's Asso., Interuat., 9672,9771. Benevolent Asso. orders strike, 2731. Club and Institute Union est., 9663, 9633. College est. London, Cambridge, 9591 , 9703. dwellings protected, 9773. Exhibition, International, 974'. International Association demonstra- tion, Am., 2772; crushed in Fr., 7463. ■ International Conference, 7543. Organization appears, 137 2 . ticket appears, 137 2 ; Party reorgan- ized, 2983. Working- worn en's Bill, Fr., 7592, College begun, 9682. Workman, Mr., gift of, 5S83. Workmen, in Fr. army, 7312; compulsory funds, Ger., 8323. Workmen's International Congress at Lausanne, 11383. Congress, International Social, Ber- ,8351 eetings, Belg., 5471 . Nat'l presidential conven., 2791. Peace Asso. meets, London, 9752. Social Education League find., 9843. Works of Learned issued, 8983. Workshop Regulation Act passes, 9703. World's Agricultural Cong, opens, 4413. World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago; finances, 3473, 3493, 3513, 3912, 4033, 4131,2, 4193, 4271; legislation, 3491, 3532,3551 ,2, 3571 ,2, 3713,3771 , 3812, 3912, 3993,4011, 4031, 4131, 4271; location, 3513, 3523, 3532; site, 3653,3693; Sun- day opening difficulty, 3701,3722,3911, 3972, 4022, 4032, 4042, 4072, 4103. 4112,3, 4143,4191,4291, 4302,3, 4322,3, 4342,3; liquor selling, 4112; incorporated and org., 3573; commission org., 3632, 3693; George R. Davis, director-general, 3693; women managers organize, 3712; presi- dent's proclamation, 3733; non-union labor, 3763; Italians fear union men, 378 2 ; J. A. Scott, pres. board directors, 3813; directors' banquet, 3923; direc- tory reelects Pres. Baker, 4053; Texas declines part, 4113; memorial half-dol- lars, 4132, 4193; dedicated; Mr. Cleve- land absent, 417i,3; Ada Rehan statue cast, 426i ; Columbian Guards strike, 4283; gates closed Sunday; opened; Woman's Building finished, 4291 ; ex- hibitors time extended, 4292; admis- sions; directorate officers elected; Spanish caravels arrive, 4293, 4333 ; Theo. Thomas resigns, 430 1 ; Judiciary Committee's report accepted, 4303 ; Sunday attendance, 431 1, 4323; English and Italian exhibits ; floor breaks ; for- eign exhibitors withdraw ; gates closed Sunday ; Swiss exhibit closed, 4313 ; Gladstone's statue, 432 1 ; German day attendance, 4322; battle of Bunker Hill eel., 4323; Independence Day; Liberty Bell dedicated, 433 1 ; lace missing ; com- pleted; admission payments; fire; Pres. Palmer resigns; R.R. rates, 4333; Edi- torial Day; cold storage warehouse fire ; open all Sundays, 4.543; Sunday attend- ance, 4351 , 4381 , 4393; attendance, 4353; Cadets' lawn party; Jewish Cong. ; Peace Cong., 436 2 ; live stock exhibit, 4373; Pari, of Religion, 4381; Odd Fel- lows' day, 4383; artisans arrive, 4392; Chicago day; Public School day, 440 2 ; Am. Bankers' Asso. Conven. ; Mary Washington day, 4403; duties remitted; governments thanked, 4412; large pro- fits, 4413; Midway Plaisance fight, 4422; admissions ; cities represented by may- ors; close, 4432; statistics, 4433; assets shrinking, 4453; buildings burned, 4493, 4513,4533, 4653; dividend to stockhold- ers, 451 3 ; Columbian Guards strike, 4531, 4553; Field Columbian Museum dedicated, 4601 ; Fr. Republic vs. U. S. World's Fair, 4612; Salvage Co. claim for damage, 467 3 . Exhibition, Antwerp, 5493. Industrial Cotton Exposition opened, 3193. Peace Jubilee celebrated, 2781 ,3. Students' Conf. closes, 4342, Sunday School Conven. opd., 10002. W. C.T. U. org., 3151. Worlingham, Baron, title created, 9451 . Worm, Olaus, b.-d., 6362. Worms, Ger., fnd., 7692; plundered ; re- built, 7693 '; Mayfield assembly, 7713 ; Diet deposes Gregory, 7751; Concordat, 7763; battle. 780 V"; Imperial Diet, 7873; Diet of, 7883, 7893; taken, 7961; occu- pied, 798 1 ; retaken, 806 1; Luther mon- ument, 825 1 ; flooded, 8301. Wormwood, Scrubbs, Eng., experiments in atmospheric railways, 9521 . Wornum, Ralph Nicholson, b., 9363; d. (1877). Worsane, Jens Jacob Asmussen, b., 6382; d., 6421. Worship, ancient Egyptian, 6463. Worship of ancestors, forbidden; toler- ated, 6143. Worsley, subterranean canals completed, 9161. Worsted, first spun, 8581 . Bill passed, 3573,3593. Worth, Alsace, battle of, 7381 . , Jonathan, b. (1802); gov. N. C, 2493, 2511; d. (1869). ■, Wm. Jenkins, b., 1042; captures Sal- tillo, 1602 ; at Chapultepec, 1622 ; at Molino del Rey, 1622; d., 1662; shaft unveiled, 182 1. Worthington, George, b. (1848) ; cons. P. E. bp., 3202. , N. E., strike investigation, 4662. , Richard, embezzler, 4642. , Thomas, b. (1773) ; gov. O., 1233 ; d. (1327). Wotton, Sir Henry, b., 8722; -\york, 8883; d., 8822. , William, b. (1666) ; d. 9063. Won Sankwei, leads rebellion, 6142,6153. Woukai enthroned, 6112. Woulfe, Peter, scientific lectures, 916i ; d. (1806). Wounded Knee Creek, S« Dak., battle, 3741 ; Col. Forsyth exonerated, 3781. Wouters, Francois, b., 540 3 ; d., 5411. Wonting enthroned, 6112. Woutsong, against religions, 6123. Wou-Wang dynasty est.; divides country, 6112. Wouy enthroned, 611 2. "Woyenthiii, mission, 11242. Wrangel, Ct. Karl Gustav von, b.-d., 11342 joppresses Danes, 6361 ;commander, 7961 ; general, 5122. - — , Baron Friedrich Heinrich Ernst von, b. (1784); at Danewerk, 6401 ; in Berlin, 8161; at Susmarehausen, 796 2 ; at Eck- ernforde ; in Holstein, 6402; d. (1871). Land, possession of, 3092. Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch von, b., 11162; d., 11182. Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel Wm., b. (1751); d. t 9442. Wray, Sir Christopher, chief iustiee, 8753. Wrede, Karl Philipp, Prince, b. 8031 ; at Hanau, 7202; d., 8143. Wren, Sir Christopher, b., 8822; completes cathedral, 9042; d.,9062. Wrexham, W., miners riot, 9891, 9943; col- liery explosion, 10013. "Wright, Arthur Williams, b., 1462; pro- duces ozone, 2801. , Ashley B., b., 1522. , Austin J., pork conspiracy, 4163. , Capt., near Lebanon, 200i . , Capt., settlement Australia, 4951 . , Carroll Davidson, b. (1840); commis- sioner of Labor, 336 3 ; in labor dept., 3512, 4473; investigation, 4662; in int. dept., 4472. , Elizur, b., 1122; d., 3202. -^-, Frances, b., 9263; d., 9582. ■ , Geo. Fred., b., 1502; work, 3963,4203. , HoratioGouverneur, b.,1303; at Cold Harbor, 234 1 ; at Weldon R. R., 2343; defense of Washington, 236 1 ; Army of Shenandoah, 2371 ; at Cedar Creek,239i ; at Petersburg, 2443. , J. H., d., 4761. , Sir James, b. (1714+); gov. Ga,, 732; d. (1785). , John, gunpowder plot, 8792. , Jos., b. (1756); John Jay, 98 1 ; d.(1793). , Albert, b.(1810); gov. Ind., 1671 ; d. (1867). , P., commissioned colonel, 4581 . , Major, defeats Confederates, 2001 . , Marcus J., General Scott, 4791. , Myron, b., 1623. — , Sir Nathan, b. (1653); lord keeper, 9033, 9032; d. (1721). , Patience, sculptor, 66 2 . , Richard, in Philadelphia, 763. , Sir Robert, chief justice, 8973. , Silas, b. (1795); leads Barnburners, 1651 ; gov. N. Y., 1592; d., 1623. , Strethill, electrophone inv.,9662. , Thomas, b., 935i; William Cowper, 10082; d., 9822. , William, b., 9442. Wriothesley, Henry, E. of Southampton, b., 8742; imprisoned, 8813; d. (1624). , Thomas, lord chancellor, 8693; min- ister, 8712. Wrisberg, Heinrich A., b., 8002; d., 8083. 1452 Text Figures denote Page. lJNJJJC/^C. Superior Figures indicate Column. Writ-Yeat. "Writing invented, 650 2 ; alphabetical, found, 11402. "Wrottesley, Baron, title created, 9451 . , Baron, John, b., 9283; d. (1867). Wsewoiod I., expels Isialaw; duke, 1113*. II., Duke of Kieif, 11133. III., Grand Duke of Vladimir, 11151 . Wuchang mission, (3203, 621' , 6222. Wuhu, China, governor removed, 6252; mission,G-42;missionariesattaeked,6251. Wulfere, King, founds abbey, 8423. Wulfred, arelibp. Canterbury, 8442. Wunderlich, Karl August, b., 8103; d., 8282. "Wundt, Wilhelni Max, b., 8142. "Wupperthal mission, 5982. "Wurmser.Count Dagobert Sigismund von, b.,5143; at Kovedere, 7121; at Mann- heim, 7102; capitulates, 7121 ; at Weis- senburg, 806i; d.,519i. Wiirtemberg, Ger.; B. of Weinsberg, 7761 ; Welfs defeated, 7781 ; Diet of, 7792 ; uim besieged, 7801 ; Eberhard againstSwabia, 780 2 ; Stuttgart mentioned, 7811 ; county of, 7813 ; uim cathedral fnd., 7822 ; B. of Reutlingen, of Doliingen, 7841 ; Swa- bian City League est.. 7852 ; Univ. of Tubingen fnd., 7871 ; Esslingen under Baden ; Albert III., margrave, John III.; Stuttgart, capital ; Great Swabian League find., 7872 ; duchy est. ; Eber- hard I., D. ; Eberhard II., D. ; Uric, D. ; Poor Conrad conspiracy, 7S7 3 ; Peas- ants' War, 7881 ; Albert a Protestant, 7891 ; Protestant league, 7923 ; Chris- topher, D., 7931 ; Lours, D. ; Fred. I.,D.; John Fred., D.,7933 ; Eberhard III., I)., 795 2 ; League of Heilbronn ; Peace of Prague, 7953 ; Fr. invade, 7961 ; ff m . Louis, D. ; Eberhard Louis, D., 7973 ; Maximilian takes Uim ; Fr. invasion, 7981 ; duke turns Catholic ; Chas. Alex., D. ; Chas. Eugene, D., 8012; Louis Eu- gene, D.,8073 ; ma lean electorate, 8091 j Fred. I., D. ; Fred. II., D. ; cedes terri- tory to Fr. ; leaves Confed. of Rhine, 7212 ; Fred. II., king, 8992 ; i n Q. Con- federation, 8113 ; leaves Confederation, 8112; Wm. I., king ; representative gov't, 8113 ; serfdom abolished, 8132 ; work- men's schools est., 8163 ; 4 parties ; rep- resentatives resign, 8172 ; favors Con- federate revision, S19i ; disperses Rump Pari., 5232 ; against Prus., 8192 ; con- cordat with Rome. 8211 ; ally of Aust., 8221 ; Chas. I., king, 8231 ; peace with Prus., 8251 ; pays indemnity to Prus., 8252 ; joins N. Ger. Confederation, 8272; Pr. William shot, 8331 . , Prince of, at Halle, 7161 . , Duchess of, d., 7282. Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, b., 7223 ; d.,7542. •, Henry, b., 13G2. Wurttemberqiseke Xebenstunden, 7991 . Wiirzburg, Ger., battle at, 5182 ; bom- barded ; Prussians enter, 5262 ; Diet assemblies, 7773, 7792 ; witches punished, 7951,8012; Bavaria receives, 8091 ; occu- pied, 8242 ; citadel bombarded, 8243. , Johannes von, work, 7823. Wu-slish-shan mob, 6223. Wuttke, Heinrich, b., 8122 ; d., 8282. Wyandotes, expedition against, 943; mis- sionary for, 1282, 1303. Wyandotte, Kan., State convention, 1S52. , Mich., Salvationists attacked, 4162. Wyant, Alex. H., b. (1838) ; d., 4181 . , E. L., member of the National Acad- emy of Design, 2681 . Wyatt, Sir Francis, governor, 303, 312, 353; d. (1644). , James, b., 9103 ; Pan theonopd., 9182; Lee Priory erected, 9222 ; Fonthill Ab- bey, 9262; pres. Royal Acad., 9322 ; d., 9363. , John, executed, 8703. , , wins prize, 966< . , Matthew Digby, b., 9403 ; d., 9822. , Sir Thomas, b.. SG61 ; work, 8691 ; leads rebellion, 8701 ; opposes royal treaty, 8712 ; executed, 8<;s2, 8701, 8713. "Wycherly, William, b.,8842; works, 8931 ; d., 9042. Wyclif (or Wyclilfe), John, b.-d., a562 ; writings discussed, 5062 ; summoned to London, 8533 ; doctrines ; denies tran- substantiation ; translation of Bible ; works ; escapes martyrdom ; followers persecuted, 8602; bones burned, S622. Wycoff, Isaac Newton, b. (1792); pres. Ref. Synod, 1483 ; d. (1869). Wvcombe, lEng., Roya Military College, 9292. Wykeham founders, 9913. Wykeham, William of, b.-d., 8562. Wylie Station, Tex., agent arrested, 4743. Wvllie, Sir William, d., lOOSi . Wyllys, Geo., b. (1570±) ; gov. Conn., 373 ; d. (1645). Wyraan, Andrew A., d., 4761 . , James, guilty of extortion, 4003. , Jeffries, b., 123 2 ; sanitary commis- sioner, 197i; d.,2842. , Walter, in treas. dept., 4472. Wynants, Jan, b.-d., 10983. YVvnford, Baron, title created, 9412. Wvndliam, Thomas, lord lieut., 9073. , Sir William, b., 9462 ; d. (1740). Wynn, C. W. W., minister, 9432,3. Wynne, Frederick Richards, cons, bishop, 10102. "Wyoming, Pa., massacre, 883 , avenged, 891 ; tornado, 3661. State ; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1702 ; Daily Argus issued; Unci:// Mountain Star issued, 2583 ; gold dis., 2601 , 3361 ; territory org., 2633 ; coal dis., 2641 ; John A. Campbell, gov. (1869) ; John M. Thayer (1875) ; Yellowstone Park est., 2761 , 2773 ; female suffrage permitted, 2971; John M. Hovt, gov. (1879); Wm. Hale (1883) ; F. E. Warren (1885) ; Thomas Moonlight (1887) ; W. Univ. opd., 3263 ; female suffrage est., 3293 ; Deaf and Dumb school opd., 3332 ; state admitted, 3371, 3491, 3552, 3631, Constitutional Conven. called, 3412; Cheyenne, capital, 3452 ; constitution ratified, 3483 ; F. E. Warren, governor Ter.,3492 ; Excelsior Geyser active, 3641 , 4661 ; 1st State Con- vention, 3671 ; i s t State gov. elected, F. E. Warren, 3691 ; Forest Reservation est., 3812 ; Indians cede reservation, 3933 ; ranchmen shot, 3963 ; cattlemen's disturbances, 4041 1 cattle thieves, 4043 ; cowboys subside, 4122; president's pro- clamation, 4131 ; John E. Osborne, gov., 4192,4472 ; desperados killed, 4211 ; Amos W. Barber, gov. (1892), Wm. A. Rich- ards (1895) ; blizzard, 4541 . Wyse, L. N. Bonaparte, b., 7283 ; reportB to Panama Canal Commission, 7613. Wysocki, Joseph, insurrectionist, 11181; d., 11182. , Peter, b., 11162 ; d., 11163. "Wythe, George, 602 ; d., 1123. Wytheville, Va., action at, 2251 ; Confeds. defeated, 2323 ; Confed. stores destroyed, Xanthippe, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . Xanthippe, b., 10211. Xitnthippus, commander, 10183 ; in Afr., 10262 ; aids Carthaginians ; defeats Ro- mans, 10523. Xanthus, taken, 11461 . Xavier, St. Francis, b.-d., 11263 ; in Goa, India, 10432 ; in China, 6143 ; in Japan, 10911. , Silva, conspiracy, 5551 . Xeuia, O., waterspout, 3222. , Grand Duchess marries, 11223. Xenocrates, b.-d., 10231 . Xenophanes, founder of Eleatic school, 10163. Xenophon, b.-d., 10211; works, 1019'; leader, 10221 . Xeres (or .Jerez de la Frontera),Anarchists attack, 11331. Xerxes, the Great, b.-d., 11062 ; reigns in Egypt, 11513 ; reigns, 11071 , 11472 ; enters Greece ; in Mysia ; commander, 10181 ; losses ; non-resistance in Gr. ; retreats, 10182; heralds of, 10192; murdered, 11073. II., Sogdianus, reigns, 11473 ; mur- dered, 11072. Xesibeland invaded, 6022. Ximena, French defeated, 71S2. Xinienes, Francisco, b.-d., 11263 ; Crestia, 11271 ; regent, 11293. de Queseda, Gonsalo, b. (1495±) ; in New Granada, 21)' ; d. (after 1576). Xoite, dynasty at, 6473. Xylander, Wilhelin, b., 7902 ; d., 7922. Yacht race, 4693. (See also names of competing yachts.) Yacubbin-Leis, gov. Bokhara, 5491. Yadkin, N. C, tight at the, 931 . Yadrintsef, Nikolai M., d., 11221 . Yaliuar-Huaccac, Inca, reigns, 133. Yakima, Wash., Coxeyites trouble, 458». Beg, ruler China, 6213 ; assassinated, 6221. Yakoob, in Afghanistan, 52,3 ; gov.; abdi- cates ; treaty with, 63. Yakoub takes Tripoli, 11381 . Yakub Ebn Seis founds dynasty, 4871 . Yale, Pa., fatal fight, 4663. , Elihu, b., 381 ; d., 601 . University, college chartered; opd.; A. Pierson, rector ; first student, 543; T. Cutler, rector ; moved to New Haven, 583 ;Elisha Williams, rector,603; against Whitefield; Thomas Clap, pres., 651; Naphtali Daggett, pres., 743 ; Ezra Stiles, pres., 691; observatory erected, 1381, 312'; alumni endowment, 140 3 ; Y. Lit- erary Magazine appears, 1463; Theo. D. Woolsey, pres., 161 1; endowment in- creased, 173' ; School of Fine Arts opd., 254'; Noah Porter, pres., 2763; Bona- parte publications presented, 3411 ; Prof. Loomis's gift, 3443; Moody's religious services, 348 2 ; systematic Bible study, 347i ; R. Cath. Club fmd., 3482; Osborne Hall dedicated, 3503; Cornell freshmen defeated, 3623; gift of Mrs. Osborne, 3831; cap and gown adopted, 3842; first woman admitted, 3862; post-graduate courses for both sexes, 4022; gymnasium built, 4221 j Soc. of Naturalists meet, 4461. Yaloo River, naval battle ; troops land, 6263. Yamashina, Prince, in D. C, 4731 . Yamaska, earthquake, 5961. Yaniato-Dake reigns, 1091 2 . Yancey, Wm. Lowndes, h., 1232; d., 2272. Yang-Chau(Yangehow), mission-houses de- stroyed, 6211; mission, 6212; redress declined, 6213. Yang Keend., 6122. Yangkia enthroned, 6112. Yang-tse valley, Eng. attack, 6272. Yang-tse-Kiang (Yellow River), British as- cend, 6162; Chinese settle, 6111 ; dikes cut, 6142. Yangti, expedition of, 6121 ; builds canals ; library gift, 6122; enthroned; levies laborers, 6123; assassinated, 6122,3. Yankee captures Thames, 1202. Doodle sung, 912, 9132. Yankton, S. Dak., made capital of Dak., 2173; Insane Asylum at., 3171. ■ College opened, 3123. Yao, the Great, abstainer, 6103; en- throned ; improvements, 611 1 ,3. Yara, insurrection, 633'. Yarborough, E. of, title created, 9451. Yard measure formed, 8482. Yarimar, Prince, at Copenhagen, 6361. . Yarmouth destroys Randolph, 882. Yarmouth, Eng., Nelson pillar erected, 938' ; bridge falls, 9533; riots, 957' ; dis- franchised, 9703; Aquarium and Winter Garden opened, 980' . , Mass., anniversary, 3453. Yaroslav, Itusskvaia Pravda, 1113'; d., (1054). Yaroslavez, contest at, 7183. Yarrell, William, b., 9223; d., 9603. Yarriba. (See text, p. 1161.) Yates, Edmund Hodgson, b., 9442; works, 9683; d., 10121. , Joseph, governor N. Y., 131 2 . , Richard, b. (1818) ; gov. 111., 2032; sends troops to Cairo, 1941; appoints Grant, 1942; d. (1873). Yazoo sinks, 3133. Yazoo City, Miss., disunion meetings, 1691; Cairo blown up, 2162; taken by Federals, 222' ; Confeds. defeated, 2302; riots, 289'; fire, 3493. country, Miss., Spain evacuates, 1092. • Pass, Miss., action at; levee cut, 218 3 . Yeamans, Sir John, b. (1605±) ; in N. C, 431,2; intro. slavery, 451 ; gov., 452; d. (1076+). Yeardley, Geo., b. (1580±) ; gov. Va., 292, 3, 312; d., 301. Yeatmen, W. H., consecrated bp., 10363. Yedd-Zald. Text Figures denote Page. 1JN1 J_)Jl,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 1453. Yeddo, Jap., first theater opd.; ruinous earthquake, 10911; free hospital est., 1091 2 ; opd. to trade, 10922; sugar-cane intro., 10912; important city, 10913. (See Tokyo.) Yeh, captive, 61S 2 ; joins army ; rewarded, 6262; degraded, 6263. Yelizavetgrad, Rus., anti-Semitic riots, 11222. Yell, Archibald, b. (1797) ; gov. Ark., 1531 ; d. (1847). Yellow Bayou, La., Confeds. repulsed, Creek, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2103. fever, in Phila.,553, 733, 1053, ma; in N. C, 573; in s. C, 633, 1273; in W. I., 653, 673; in Havana, 6313; in New York, 1033, 1073, 1133, 2593, 4372; in U. S., 1093; in Baltimore, 1113; in Southern States, 1273, 2993; at Natchez, Miss., 1313; m New Orleans, 1333, 1733, 1752,3, 2593; great sums raised, 173 2 ; in Vicks- burg, 175 2 ; at Portsmouth and Norfolk, "Va., 1773; in La., 2993; at Jacksonville, 3313; panic, Pensacola, Fla., 4353; in Brunswick, Ga., 4393; appears, Brazil, 5553; rages, 5573, 5593, 5603; in Halifax, Can., 5873 ; in Aspinwall, 6293 ; in Spain, 11311. Medicine River, Minn., Indian battle, 2141. Springs, O., Antioch Coll. org., 1723. Tavern, Va., cavalry battle, 2331 . Yellowstone Nat. Park, "Wyo., est., 2761 , 2773, 4072; geyser active, 364i , 4661 ; elk and buffalos destroyed, 4541 . Yellville, Ark., salt-works destroyed, 2163. Yemen, invasion, 4831 ; monarchy est., 4832; overthrown, 4833; monarchy ab- sorbed, 4851 ; revolt, 4881 , 11581 , Yemenites, expel Turks, 4861 j est. king- dom, 4873. Yen Ching, ambassador, in N. Y., 4613. Yenell, George Henry, b., 1382. Yenta, made prince, 6152. Yeola, religious riots, 10493. Yeomans, James D., Interstate Commerce Commission, 4473. , John William, b. (1800) ; moderator, 1902; d. (1863). Yeou Wang enthroned, 611 2 . Yepez, Gen., overthrows Conservatives, 6443. Yermuk, action at, 10302. Yewell, George Henry, b. (1830) ; in Nat. Academy of Design, 3061 . Yezdegerd Era begins, 11073 . I., reigns, 11072; conquers Armenia, 11061 . II. reigns, 11072. ILL, reigns, 13072; d., 11062. YezidL, calif, 4852; inEgy., 6552. II., calif, 4852. III., calif ; d.,4852. Yindaawango action, Burmese war, 10482. Yingtse mission, 6212. Ying Wang enthroned, 6131 . Kngavi, battle at, 5501 . Yngtsong, captured; restored, 6152; mur- dered, 615 1. Yoe-Duc, king, 4831 . Yokio, Heishiro assassinated, 10921. Yokohama, Jap., mission, 10921, 2; floods, 10921; fishing-place; destroyed by fire; Y. and Tokyo Railroad, 10922; Internat. Exhibition opened, 10923. Yondu, colliery explosion, 10093. Yonge, Charles, Duke, b., 9363. , Charlotte Mary, b., 9403. Yonghai, Ire., riots., 9971 . Yonglo, encourages literature ; d., 6142. Yonkers, N. Y., Salvationists arrested, 3562; Soldiers' and Sailors' monument, 3861 , 3901 . Yoriiye reigns, 1091 2 . Yoritomo, reigns ; generalissimo ; con- quests; d., 10912. York, Can. (See Toronto.) , Eng., archbishopric erected, 8402; center of European learning ; school and library est.,8431 ; St. Mary's Abbey fmd., 8463; burned, 8481 ; nre,8493; chartered, 861 1 ; Guildhall erected, 8622; taken,8S4i ; bridge falls, 9653; Fine Arts Exhibition opened, 9841 ; Royal Agricultural Soc. meets, 9901 ; bishop appointed, 10682. , Me., Indians attack, 521 . — , House of, reigns, 8651 . Minster, Eng., erected, 8502. York, Duke of, Frederick Augustus, b., 9162; at Valenciennes, 70S1 ; at Dunkirk ; at Bois-le-Duc; at Nimeguen, 7101; in duel, 9252; recalled from Holl.; com- mander-in-chief, 9261 ; at Alkmar, 7123; capt.-gen. ; surrenders, 9282 ; charges against, 9352 ; acquitted, 9353 ; com- mander-in-chief, 9342; as prince regent, 9353; defeated at Montmirail, 7202; lord justice, 9413; d., 9423,9432.. , George, D. of, b. 9691 ; marries, 10101 . , Patrick, hired to kill queen, 8773. - — College (U. Breth.), org. at York, Neb. (1890). River, Va., burn gunboats, 206 3 . Yorke, Charles, Lord Morden, b., 9062; lord chancellor, 9193. , , E. of Hardwicke, b., 9183; lord lieut., 9312 ; lord admiralty, 9332; min- ister, 9592, 9632. , Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, b., 8982 ; chief justice ; lord chanc, 9093 ; d., 9162. Yorkshire, Eng., inundated, 8962, 9131; petition in Parliament, 9213 ; Philosoph- ical Soc. org., 940i ; Coll. of Science opd., 9733, 9801; earthquake, 992 1 ; miners strike, 9811; Inst, opd., 9923 ; colliers strike, 9931 ; riots, 1011 1. Yorktomi captures Avery, 1202. sails, 3951. Yorktown, Va., Brit, forces concentrate, 942; siege, 943; Brit, surrender, 952, 9202; news of victory, 952; siege begun, 2061 ; action ; Johnston commands, 2062; Confeds. evacuate, 206 3 ; memorial, 3051 ; anniversary eel., 3093. Yosemite Valley a national park, 2351 . Yoshiake, shogun, 10913. Yoshikage deposes Yoshiake, 10913. Yoshimoto defeated, 10911. Yoshimune shogun, 10913. Yoshitsune reigns, 1091 2. Youan Wang enthroned, 6112. You-Kiang attacked, 6183. Youmans, Edward Livingstone, b., 1301 ; d., 3261 . Young, Alex., b. (1800); moderator, 2291 ; d. (1854), 3801. , Allen, polar expedition, 9801 , , Arthur, b., 9103; Travels in France, 9271; d.,9403. , Col. A. W., gov. P. E. Island, 5792. , Bennett H., raids St. Albans, 2391 . - — , Brigham, b., 110 1 ; pres. of Mormons, 1571; leader, 1582; i n Utah, 1623; g0 v. Utah, 1692; u. S. justice ignored, 3771 ; forbids U. S. force to enter ; removed, 1831; indicted for treason, 183 2 ; Mor- mons rebel against, 2691; approves woman suffrage, 271 1 ; arrested ; escapes trial, 2743 ; surrenders, 277 2 ; bigamy proceedings annulled, 2783; resigns tem- poral power, 2802; indicted, 287 1 ; sup- ports wife, 2883; d.,2961. , Capt., at Dunksburg, Mo., 2003. , Charles Augustus, b., 1422. Czech party rejected, 5293; agitation; excluded; protest, 537 1. — , Edward, b., 8962; works, 9063,9111, 9171; d., 9163. , Edward Daniel, b. (1831) ; search for Livingstone, 5611 . , George Paxton, b. (1S18) ; d., 5861 . , Sir Henry Fox, gov., 497 1 . , James,uses type-composing machine, 950 2 ; paraffin from mineral oil, 9541 . , John, Puritan church organizer, 362. — , , b. (1802) ; gov., 1613; d. (1852). , Sir , b. (1807) ; gov. N. S. Wales, 4972; gov.-gen. Can., 5832; d. (1876). , JohnClark,b.(l*o;ii; moderator, 1723; d. (1857). , Freeman, b. (1820) ; cons. P. E. bishop, 2582; d., 3202. , Matthew, b. ? 9123; d., 9303. Men's Christian Asso. org., 1683 ; est. in N. \ ., 1702 ; Internal. Assembly, D.C., 2742; Railroad. Y. M. C. A. anniversary, 3322; 35th anniversary, Brooklyn, 3342; conven.inPhila.,3383; in Kan. City ; In- ternat. Conven., 3831 ; in Indianapolis, 4301; World's Cong., Chicago, 440 1 ; in Paris, 7323 ; in Amsterdam, 11022; i n Lon- don, 10121 ; org. in London, Can., 5783; rg. in Montreal, 5802 ; rg. in Glasgow, 9423; org. in London, 9523; buys Exeter Hall, 9842; Foreign Miss. Soc. founded, 9803. ■ , Pierce Manning Butler, b. (1839) ; minister, 4473. Young, Richard, cons, bishop, 9922. , Robert, impostor, 9003. , , b. (1822); Concordance, 9843. , Thomas, sentenced, 4131 . , , b., 9183 ; interference of light, theory of light, 9302; d., 9442. , Lowry, h. (1832) ; gov. O., 2973;. d. (1888). Italy Party founded; rise in Bologna,. 10872. Democratic League, conven., 3451 . Young Misses' Magazine, 1443. Young People's Society Christian En- deavor, membership, 3842; meets, 3862, (See Christian Endeavor.) Women's Christian Asso. incor.,2502;. 2822 ; Internat. Asso. fmd., 3263; con- vention, 3462, 4001 . Young's Point, Ark., Grantoccupies, 218 2 ; expedition returns, 2201 . Youngstown, Ala., Gen. Rousseau at, 2362.. , N. Y.j burned by British, 1211 . , 0., miser dies, 3682. Youtville, Cal., Veterans' Home, 3503. Yples, Charles de, b.-d., 5402. Ypres, Belg., surrenders, 6921 ; Fr. gains,. 6933; « Alpha and Omega" est., 10991 . Ypsilanti, Mich., tornado, 4281 . , Alexander, b.-d., 10343 ; leader in Roumania, 1034 2 ; leader Hetseria Phil- ike, 10353. , Demetrius, b. (1793) ; d., 11123. Ysabeau, Clement Alexandre, b. (1754) ;. d., 7582. , Victor Frederic Alexandre, b. (1793) ;. d., 7462. Ysleta, Tenn., election fight, 3643. Ysui Kwo Yin, minister, 4372. Ytsong reigns, 6123. Yttrium first obtained, 8141 , Yu enthroned, 611 1 . Yuangti enthroned, 613 1 . Yucatan dis., 163; conquest, 182; Cortez. arrives, 183; separated from Mex., 233; Indians slaves, 6323; declares independ- ence, 10952; revolts, 10963. Yuen-Ching reigns, 6151 . Yuenti enthroned, 6113,6131. Yuen-Tsung reigns, 6121 . Yu Ho Canal completed, 6142. Yuh-shau, mission, 6223. Yule, Henry, b.,9403; d. (1889). Yungay, Peruvians attack pres., 5503. Yung-Ching expels missionaries from schools, 6142; enthroned, 6172 ; d., 6163.. Yungki enthroned, 6112. Yung Ping, mission work, 6242. Yunnan, China, Mohammedanism intro.,, 6142 ; Mohammedans attack, 6181 , 3 ; massacre of Mohammedans, 6391 ; Mo- hammedans rebel, 6192,3, 6202, 6213^ mission,623i ; Chinese missionaries,6242 t Fu capitulates, 6201 . Yupanqui, Inca Lloque, reigns, 132. , Pachacutec, reigns, 13 3 . Yussuf-el-Tehri, last emir, 11253. Yu-yaou taken, 6162. Yvan, Melchior, b., 7151 ; d., 7462. Yvon, Adolphe, b., 7223; d., 7641 . Y Wang, enthroned, 6112. Z. Zabzalians, sect arises, 13543. Zacatecas, mission at, 30962. Zaccheus entertains Christ, 31523. Zach, Franz Xavier von, b., 5143; d., 6202.. Zachariah, Just F. W., b., 8002; d., 8042. , reigns, 1145 2 ; murdered, 11451. Zachary, St., pope, 10722; d., 10721 . Zacher, Ernst Julius August, b., 8121 . Zacoone, Pierre, b., 7223. Zacynthus [Zante], captured, 10262. Zadar taken, 5041 . Zafarwal mission, 10483. Zagazig, mission, 6571. Zagonyi, Maj.. at Springfield, Mo., 2002. Zagoskin, Mikhail, b., 1116 2 ; Young Mus- covite, 1117 1; d., 11182. Zagrab (or Agram), University fnd., 5283. Zaher Beybars, Ez, sultan, 6553. Berbook, Ez, sultan, 6553. Zahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm, b., 8071 ; d., 8262. Zala, anti-Jewish riots, 5303. Zaldiver, R., pres. San Salvador, 13232. Zaldua, F. J ., pres. Colombia, 6292 ; d.,, 6282. 1454 Text Figures denote Page. IJNJjiiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Zale-Zyll. Zaleski, Bohdan Joseph, b., 11162 ; d., 1120'. Zaleucus, compiles laws, 10143, 10153 ; code, restrictions, 10151. Zaluski, Josef Andrew, b.-d., 11142. Zania, Afr., Hannibal's army annihilated, 10543; battle at, 662' ; invaded, 6641 . Zamacois, Eduardo, b.-d., 11303. Zamama-sum-iddina defeated, 11401 . Zaman enthroned ; dethroned, 51 . Zambert, Bartholomew, translation Eu- clid's Elements, 1079 2 . Zambesi, Afr., Mackenzie arrives, 5612. River, course traced, 560 2 ; reached, 5601 ; mission ; steamers on, 11122. Zamoiski, Jan, b.-d., 11142. , Androej, b.-d., 11143. Zamosc, allies possess, 7212 ; retaken, 8101. Zamoyski, Count, exiled, 11192. Zancle. (See Messina.) Zancoff, Dragan, b. (1828); inEng.,5662; accusation, 5683 ; ministry ; resigns, 5671; arrested, 5662; released, 5673. Zane family settle in O., 773. Zanesville, O., partly burned, 4791 . Zanzibar, Stanley arrives at, 2701; Ben- nett expedition starts, 2721 • Madjid ob- tains, 5613 ; Brit, protectorate recog., 761i j peace declared, 8382; coast ceded toGer., 8352, 8382; missionaries killed, 8383 ; fleet at, 10021 ; Eng. protectorate, 10052; free port, 10091; war with Mo- zambique, 11121 , (See text, pp. 561-564.) Zapolya, John, b. (1487) ; rival king, 5093 ; crowned, 5111 : anti-king, 511 2 ; favored, 788i ; defeats Ger. emp., 7881 ; d., 5102. , , b. (1540) ; Pr. of Transylvania, 5111 ; d. (1570±). , Stephen Batory, grand prince, 5112 j d. (1499). Zara, Aust., captured, 10741 ; revolts from Venice, 10753; Louis of Hung, defeated, 10761 . Zarala, Gen., at Montevideo, 601 . Zaribrod, Servians defeated, 566 2 . Zasius, TJlric, b., 7862; d., 7902. Zauner, Franz, b., 8003; d., 8122. Zavala, Gen., at Montevideo, 11593. , Joaquin, pres. Nicaragua, 11033. Zayas, Maria de, in China, 6143; Novelas, 11292. Zea, Francisco Antonia, b., 762. Zeachen, explorer, 4931 . Zealand overflowed, 6381 . Zechariah, the priest, killed, 11443. ■, prophet, completes temple, 11463. Zedekiah reigns, 11471. Zedeslav, Prince, 5031 . Zeditz, Joseph C. von, d., 8043. Zedler, Johann H., Universal Lexicon of Science and Arts, 8011 . Zedlitzs, Count von, resigns, 8363 ; d., 8202. Zedwitz, Baron von, marriage at "Wash- ington, D. C, 3611. Zeigler, Anselm von, Asiatic Banise, 7991 , Zeisbergur, David, b., 601 ; d., 1142. Zela, action at, 10601 . Zelas reigns, 11492. Zeley, Maj., at Smithville, 2091 . Zelia, minor planet, discovered, 7411 . Zelienopole, Pa., railway collision, 3933. Zell, W. X., embezzler, 448 3 ; surrenders, Zeller,' Eduard, b.,8103; works, 8152,8202; , Jules Sylvain, b., 7223. Zemethen, Burmese war, 10482. .Zenger, John Peter, b. (1680±) ; Weekly Journal, 623; arrested, 63 1 , 2; acquitted, 631 ; d. (1746). Zenji, Isono, " mother of drama," flour- ishes 10911 . Zeno, b'.-d. , 10243 ; fnds. Stoic school, 10263 . , Antonio, explorer, 10383. , Apostolo, works, 10833. of Elea, b., 10162. , the Isaurian, emperor, 10312; issues Henoticon, 10703. , Nicolo, b.-d., 10762; visits Greenland, 123; in China, 6142. * of Pontus, king of Armenia, 11513. Zenobia, Queen, defeated, 652 1 ; conquers Egy., 6533; regent in Palmyra, 10672; d., 11542. Zenodotus, b., 10263. Zenta, Hung., Turks defeated, 6122. Zepce, action at, 5281 . Zephaniah, prophet, 11443. Zephyrinus, St., pope, 10643. Zerabi mission, 6571 . Zerah invades Palestine, 6501 j at Mare- shak, 11421. Zerkler, Thomasin, Welsche Gast, 7783. Zerubbabel leads Jews back to Pal., 11472. Zesen, Philipp von, b. (1619) ; works, 7971 ; d. (1689). Zetetical Soc. est., S83i . Zethos besieges Thebes, 10131 . Zetland, Marquis of, title created, 1091 . Zettersedt, Johan Wilhelm, b.-d., 11342. Zetunium, battle of, 5651 . Zeuss, Johann Kasper, b., 8083; d., 8201. Zenxis, b., 10211. Zhidiata, Luke, Discourse, 11132. Zhookovsky, Vasilii Andreievitch, b., 11162; translations, 11171 ; d., 11182. Ziar Yen Foo, arrival, 4613. Zich, Johann, stones ambassador, 530 3 . Zidek, Paul, works, 5083. Ziegler, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8023 ; d., 8141. Zlem, Felix, b., 7241 . Ziemomislas elected D. of Poland, 11132. Ziemovitus elected D. of Poland, 11132. Zier, Victor Casimir, b., 7242. Ziethen, Hans Johachim von, b., 798 3 ; d., 8043. Zifkoff, regent, Bulgaria, 5673. Zihite dynasty extinguished, 11391 . Zimines, John, assassinates Nicephorus II., 10323, 10332. Zimmermann, Albert, b., 8083. , Clemens von, b., 8043; d., 8262. , Eberhard A. W. von, b., 8003 ;